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Tous las autras exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commandant par la pramiAra page qui comporta una empreinte d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporta une telle amprainta. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernilra image de cheque microfiche, salon la cas: la symbola —*> signifie "A SUIVRE", la symbola V signifie "FIN", Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent itra film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est IWmi i partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, da gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 SUP PLEMENT TO WEEK LY BULLETIn) Of THB CPIEPARTMEOT OF TOADE AND COMMERCE 3 HANDBOOK -'^m / / EXPORT TO SOUTH AMERICA / BY MR. H. R. P OUSSETTB. PnliM i hrt by AuduHrlty «f Sir Gcmrte E. Foster, K.GJif.Gn MJP. JtMftn* ^ end* «M CemuMfvik OTTAWA «0?BBHM1KT^^INTIN0 BT7BBAV SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY BULLETIN or THE DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE HANDBOOK roB EXPORT TO SOLTH AMERICA BY MR. H. R. POUSSETTE, Canadian Trade Commissioner at Buenos Aires. PuUltbed tqr Authority of Sir Geoi«e E. Foster, K.CJM.G., M.P. Uinister s/ Trade and Commerc*. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BURBAV 1»16 iHTSODircnoir. Thf purpose of the supplement to the Weekly Bulietiu prefieiited herewith is to indicate the more impcrtant pniblems and methods of trade which have to be taken int4i ac'i>unt in connection with the export trade to South America. Information •with re>|K'Ct to these markets hn- niipciiri'd fmni tinif tu time in the Weekly Bulletin and attention may lie called in tlic pn-fiit iii-tiimv tu the rop rourso of the Mar l!'!-'!, Mr. I'mK-cIti" vi^itcil tiic principal Si.iitli .ViiuTii'aii ri'imlilifs and carot'ully iiKpiin-il iiitr' thi- I'nr tin- -ale of Caiiaiiiaii prodiu-t-. Before returning to his p. st in Hin no^ .\iri'~. 'Mr. l'oii>-i'ttf -jwiit several months in Canada visiting It-ailinsr indn-trial i'-taliliT.linii nt~ ami interviewing heads of firms with refer- ence to South Anierieau |wp--ilMlitie-. Further particulars in relation tii the trade ■with these eountriis wa> al>o -iven in tlu' -upplement dealing with the war and it.s relation to Canadian traile. In order, thi'retoro, to amplify the information already published, Mr. Poussette has prepared data eoncerninif the more impoitant points which have to be considered hy exporters shipping to South America. This data is presented herewith in the hope that it may be of assistance to Canadians desirous of <>pening np or extending their trade with the countries coneorned. R. GRIGG, Commigsioner of Comnverce. •OTt.\WA, Sn\y 2. 1»15. 82631—4 TABLE OF COST£«n. Chai'tf.b ^«oe. 1. Sur.i x I'rc.-ciit <. Hinlitii.iis 7 II. TliL' (^ui'stiou of Kt^ri-et'iitutiou . . 14 III. The Question of Represeutatiuii (cunttnued) Si IV. Credits ««;J Financing Kxpurts 80 V. Details as to Shipments 8S VI. Till' SnhmittinR of Quotations 4.T VII. Facilitii- t<.r T.iidi' 45 VIll. riiitt-d St;iti'.« Activities 51 Appendix A: London Otfi<'e> of Smitli Anit'rican Firmt 54 Appendix B: Trade Tab'es 67 Commercial Intelligence Service 68 Enlarged Canadian Trade Inte]li»{en<>e M Publications of the Department of Trade end Comi' ■ -t 66 82631— 2i EXPORT TO SOUTH AMERICA. Chapter I. SURVEY OF PEESEKT CONDITIONS. If i- .iittiiMilt t.. -M.v :it till- it' till' .■,.niiitiiiii> which i \:-t in S.nith Ameri- i jii i!i:irki t- .in- Wi ll liiiMWn tu ( .ni.i'ii.ii; cxi'i irti rs. hut they iuii- ihih riii.nc such . Iijiiui - -iii.-c the "iithrc.ik th' w.w tliat |'i.<-ihl.v they have ic' Im ii! f.^lowcd in ti ' 1 1 iiiiTiinri. All I'l' tlic Ki ]inii!ic- ;ir' |M"iiii: throiiph o:ic ■ t' th> nicst severe tin lucial cri-fs ..t' thi'ir hi-t..ry. 'rii, Ivirepi Mii cnutlict mny he 'put h.rwiird as a convenient, renson t'nr this stntc oi' atiuir-: luit i> only a cnntrihiitury I'lictor, as busi- nct^H C(>iiilition.« were in uii unhealtliy state prior to that event. There was much financial jtringcncy prior to th4> outbreak of hostilities, and war iiu rcly intensified it. These reniiirks ean at least U- taken a* applying to all of the Republic* of the eastern coast and to Paraguay. Chile and Peru- Some of them are feeling it more sharply than others. Speeulation has bred extravagance, and the other economic ills whidi usually follow upon it. ARCEXTIKA. S|M euhitien iu ArL;entina ha- i l eu ocintiucii .ilii;..st entirely t.. n .il e tati. located in tlie eiiie- and the cuni|'- During tlu wave jtirt passed, land attained a high and purely ileiiii.uis value, and now that this has fallen, capital to a large amount il heiu^r tied up. The views of Dr. lie 1.1 I'laza. wh" iueceecle.l to th;' Pr.'si'ieati il eh lir, on the deatii of its late occupant, Dr. Biique Saenz Peuo, are interesting as coming from a distinguished statesnmn who has a reputation for sounduesg of views. They have been given to the public through the medium of a commercial man, whose name has not been mentioned. Excerpts from this interview, as taken from an article appear- ing in the Rerifw of (he Rirer Plate, are a* follows: — ECOXOMIC BENEFITS TO BE DERfVED. ■' Admitt«l that our financial mechanism could not but feel the intense reper- cu«sion fif the upheaval suffered by the great European centres to which it is so closely allied. Hence, restricfeil or. lit. withhfpldiiig of capital and paralization of businees. But in the meantime, the .\ri:entine eci.nomie organization not only remains inacces- sible to those etTect-. hut it al-e reni.iiii- intact in all its viirour. an.'eiitine meat ••ncl irraiti eanurif he di-peii-ecl with and ihe-i' will nie, » with ample ileniand and remunerative jirices. Tin jire-peet- for the barve-^t ceuhl .^'t he better. If results only appro.xiuuite to what we are jii-titied in looking for. liie cash value of the harvest sho\ild not ln> less than million dollars. There are, moreover, still in the country three and a half million tons of maize which is in a condition to be exported now that the climatic ditticultie.« have disappeared. These are factors of wealth which are not subject to the eventualities of the war and which aSord an iinmjetakRW«> 5nd«*s "f the national economy. It t* sufReisnt to mention ihtm to ihow the inconsistency of the alarmist propagandists who depict a disastrous situation and who eliiniour for heroic remedies to conjure it.'' 7 8 TRADE .4 YD COMMERCE l'RF.SEX r DIl-Flri t.TIKS MAINLY FIXANt lAI.. ■'Dr. de la Plaza partifularly iii>ists tli:it tin- sitiuiti.m i>f tlu- country camii.t he gauged by the diffieulties which provoked the liaukruptey of individual .sp(<'iilutors. Many people had embarked upon the hazardous paths confiding in a riii>id in< v.>ase ill values and they to-day in face of the prevailing restriction, find it impossible to liquidate tli' ir ventures. But these personal situations constitute an infinitesimal minority, und it w..uld be absurd beruu.-c of them to pretend to adopt any remedy of a Kiiieral luitiin . FurtlxTinor.-. no i>au;n'ea would be efficacious to remedy them. The ^'risi^ in il .^tate lia~ |ir.i\..k.d b.v tin- artiti'-ial intlalion of valuer. Once this exaggerated valuation was cheeked, a fall was I'atallv. irresisti!)ly inevitable for those who had cnibarkr.! in li oi„Talion~ on a i-rr.lit b;,-i-. .\- a niafin- ..f fart, the European conflagration lia» only prcci|iitatcd events. Tlic causes of the cn>i> were already there and sooner or later they had to proiluce their effeets." PRKAKXT I'OSITIO.N. Although some firm? will doidjtless liiive to so into li.piiilation in tbc next tbrc(> months, it is hoped that it will not involve any of the larger one*: and that it the hopes for a s-'ood cron be fulfilled, the remainder will \» placed beyond serious danger. This is the position, and exporters -bould keep in touch with the crop prospects through the -lain news in thi ir dail.v paper-, and tlirough any other medium, Cana- dian or .\nierienti. that takes partieiilar net.' of South .\nieriean current affairs. One satisfactory feature i-. tiiat the friiXoritieos which had to close down on the outbreak of the war owina: to the .h^ran:;. ineiil ..f . oinMa re ' :.iid tinanee, are now busily employed and :-hipi)inL' renuhirl.v. One e,,nlraet alone, involvin- i:..iMiO tons per moqth, is reported between tin' Hriti^h (o.verninent and the variou- .XrTeiitine meat- freezing establisiiinents. .\iioth.'r factor to be c -idere.l i-. that the a! uiidant rains of the past winter have assur<-d the gra/in- I'or the m xt two or three ye.ir- at lea-t. which is of much importance to a country shiiiping about *ltl.->,»(iiUHiii worth of animal products per year. DECLINR IN TR.*nE. As showini: liii' deelini' in trade whieli Argentina ha- been . xperiencing. the figures taken from the Government trade -rati-tics are very illuniinativc. as aKo are the railway returns for the period fnjni .Iidy 1 up to the week cndinii S(>ptcinber \i. 1914. The trade statistics together with other returns, show that the inip'Tts Inive fallen off in the six months ending .Tune 30. 1914. to the extent of *:t-'.l.-.^.T2.-> gold, and the railway tratSe returns have fallen off by no less than |l,.i.W.:$sT. The custome receipts from January 1 to September 15 sliow a falling-off of ^0.707.aw of Conversion, is 16d. to the miircis. or iiulreis to the siiven-ign. but on Augu>t 3, exchange shop!« were paying as high as ii milreis for a sovereign, although natnr- nlly only for small amounts. In the first week of August, to «ave the situati' n. the SI ri'LlCilEST TO WEEKLY BULLETIN 9 (irvcrniiKMit (!o<'l;iri-ii :i iiMniloriiiiii. An uiIvitm' fniturc i- tin' il. finilt in iliviil.Mui-! which tlie Govemnieut liad to iiiaki' uii it> ."i per < iMit liuiii <>t' uf which ttJ.StJJ.OCH) is outstanding, and its 4 per cent loan of lUlO, of whieh there is £9,807,000 outstand- ing. IMl'nliTWl I. Ill 1 nIKl.l; llmP Ti • iiinzii . CiiffiM'. which i^ the iirini-ii'.i! smircc ot' wraith in tlir llrimlilii-. hi\> ^iitTcn d under scviTC (iithcnltics. Tin- I'nitcil Slalc- licinii' aliii.i-t the onl.v hii.vcr fur the ninmpnt, th(> dcnli r< iiatiirallv l.iwcr tlu ir prici - in trout ol' tlic otTcrini-'^ of Brazilian sellers who iirm-nlly rciiuiic fuinU to inid llicir ohlitrai ion>. CntTcc lia> cnini' to he looked upon in tlio I'nitt'd States vcrv nineh n- a neee-sily. nut a- ali-oliitely needful to support life, hut perhaps more as an adi.im t to the tahle. enierin.; int" the =anie category as hutter, eggs, etc. But in other parts of tlie w.irlil thi- does not apply to the same extent, and it may be assiiinrd that the jiraciiec of eeonmny imposed upon the people of Europe, South America and other parts of the world will result in a curtailment of consumption whieh must react upon the Brazilian position. The following report gives some indication as to the eonditions at present existing in Brazil. It is written hy a gentleman who has lived for some time in Rio de Janeiro, is well aei|uainteii with local conditions, and is in a position to be well informed upon tlie state of the e.mntry: — PliESKNT OUTIoOK POOR. Busine-s ioiiiliiion> in Bra/il are very had and do not seem to he improving. Duriufr the tir^t -ix nmntlis of the year the ( eivernnieni jiraetieally paid i)o accounts for supplies, and finally resorted to a v. ry larL'e i-ue of paper nmney- -.TiO.OOO eoiitos — which were put into I'irenlation aiid relieved the tinaneial -iiual'on to some extent. A loan of £.'!(>,()OO.ihki was being iieimtiati'd, hut the uuthrcak of the war made the transaction impossiidc. The outbreak of the war necessitated a moratorium at first for thirty days; after- wards extended to December 13. Exchange which for years had been 18d. gradually dropped to lod.. but then recovered to 13Jd. I'he coffee crop, however, is beginning to be moved and more exchange is now offeriiiL'. The situation in nortlierii Brazil i- very had: the whole Amazon district, includ- ina the states of I'ara and Oeara, fcclimr the etTeels of the low prices of rubber. It is hoped that as a residt of the hoyeott of Cicrman ai}d .\iistrian lieet siiL'ar hy Great Britain, tlie northern states iirodu 'inL' -n^ar may henetit, hnt this will take gome time. Imports have fallen off very heavily, over 70 per cent, and as the Government deiiends largely npon the customs receipts for its revenue, this is most serious. -I i.'^Ksi iii\ ~ im; »i.i I iiiNi. Til \ni;. The ontlonk f,,r tin- |,re-ent i- hy le. mean- hriulil. and m-eat care would have to 1 xerei^ed ill o|,e!i i iiii ..eeouiits. 'I'lien ean lie iio dniila th ai maniifaetiirer- -endinL' nut their i.uii npre^i'iitative- prcpari'd to remain hmu' eiiouiih t^. -tudy tiie trade and the waiii- ot the people, woidd he repaid for tln-ir trouhie. It -lioiild iie p ...iiied out that unless they are prepared to extend credits, if is useless to think of doimr linsmess. The English. German and French honsi - sivc lon« credits and have for this re.i-ou a very strong hold on the merchants. Since the outbreak of the war there has been much attention iriveii lo the markets ni Brazil hy Anierieuu uianufueturera and merchants, and with the cstahlislnueiit in the near future, as protuised. of a branch of the Xatioiial t'ity Hank, their ctl'orts will he facilitateil. 10 Some .■arp...- ,.f An.orivan .-al U^iv. In-. n i>,.p..rt,.l. Ti„ 1 .ni>-.l Mat, - St.'o! Pr,«luets Compaiiy l.avo a line ..f fnidit -.t. aim rs ri.mwUL:. an.l lli.^ l-l-.v-l .ra/iU. r.. ;.re sen.liuK -onie of their steamer* to the State-, wliik^ ll,e r.a.ni"'" ami Holt. 1 nnre ami Bei.th T.ini- are iiiaintaiuinjr their reiinlar servii-e-. It -houl.i 1h- i.,.inti.l out tiiat to send eireill.in' or other printed matter m any ..tlur lai.m.aiio rlian I>ortii|-Mie-e is ui^ele-s. Many eireular* are =eut in Spanish and Etif{li-li ; they jio ut oneo into the waste-paper Imsket. TitR l-oI ITICAI. sin ATioN. The (lov.nanent defaulted the iiitore-t of hond-. .iue in .Inlv. llUt. Uut a new tM.Mliu- loan l,a- l.o..n arranged to .■,.ver the aiuoiaits. thus h.'lpinp the .>xehanfro It .. .1.,- P.. iv thit . iTort will ho made to r.-du-e the tantT. whieh is not ba- a anv uoU thou.i.i out -,v-t,,n. ri.i^ v. ill uno ri-,' to oppoMtion the part ut the ,„;„.ula.-tu,v,- ;,i,o an v,.,-y in.hly ,,r, .„ .-., ,1. Uo.al.ly in oortain liUo, -u.'h as eottou |),.-p;te all dirti.-nllio>. tia tuturo of lirazil is lull ot pro,,,.-. A .-ouutry so neh in material produ,-ts. so .liversiH.Ml in .-limate, from the temperate to the tro|u -al 7ont-. ha- a L'reat future hefore it. I i:i ,.i \\. ari' M iy I thi r,' i- .'11 oapital -iniilar to iho-c iviuiiinu' in -..M.,"i,:'l III"!'' ■,• ■1 I'oit, nu,l til,' ,li-tiirl'aiiri' to or, , lit. -tapl,- iii,lii-trii- an- tli, fro- tlie last to -utTiT iliuiinuti,in. Ha- Hiim nMal ,-o|oiiti,.ii- m I rii::ua ArtJeiitina. e.\eept that perhal - tli, I'.-iti.i exeejit for the st,'ppaf.'e ..f tiif ll^u ol l,.r, i this Repuhlie should ^taml ■ ,iii i'y 'h,' war. a- tli, duetioii of meat and urain. wI.om. (•.msuini.tion must !„ , mi l:. Chil.. „,, ,,, th, . omii,,-!,.-, ..I oi ih,' |.iv-, nt world-uid,- ,1,-, re-si,,n. pave the i,i,,,ression of hein^' in th- mo.t -atistaotory ,M.m,u, nMal -t ,t ■. ami ent.thd 10 . nter- taui. a..eordinjr to its si/.', hriphi hopo> f. r tla- lutu.v. I;, t tho-e hop, s we:e base i- that -la main -our.-,- ot w,.,,ltl, is contained in the nitrate industry. wln,-h t,.r |,ro-,„.rity n-,,uir, - tlu- tnli,,, i>l deveh.ptnent of npriciiltttre in the old, r parts ,.f tli,- w,,rl,l. ouinir to th,-,r , , i ,-i..l- P„„. u 1 this product to fertilize their worn-out lands. This industry, whiU- it i- the m lii.-tav of the eountry. is ulsf. its weakness, for. unfortunutely. it has eause.l too -iroiiL' a' r,-lian,'e l^ inii put upon it. Chile hm hi'en enrrying most of her eptrs in ,„a. l,;.-k, t an,! unhappily f..r li, r she is* n- w realizing the disadvantajre of that P„li,-v (o rmanv lia> l., ,„ 1,,-r 1« -I ,-u-tom,-r for nitrate, hut with agriculture seri- ,„i-lv ,li-rupi,-.l in that ,-,,uiitrv ami o,,uimuiiieati.,ns almost entirely cut off. her Hi ni.rt- tl„ pr,-,.,t tim,- ma-l 1..- r,.lu...l t„ nil. Other ..ountries h.iye aUo ..ur- tailed or -topp,.,| tla-ir iuioort- for a. r.-u ll ■ : ,-al pnrp -e-. the etT.-,-t ot whieh is that Chile now linds la-r-. If in ,-i,-.-nm-1.in.-.- uliioii i,..t a liltl,- .-mharra-in;.:. I he war mav liave some ,-rt,-, t <>\\\u\i I,, th.- h.-avy .•onMimptiou ,,t , xpl,,sives. as iiilrat,- is tised in'their eomiiosition. but whether this will he material or not it is impossible to say. VVMV. The pr-sent position of I'-ru i. not m.-oira-inL'. Tl.i- ,1h,- primarily t,> the politi.-a: unre>t. whieh ha,- m.« i.,-,-u yoinr for ..v,-r a "'""■.'";;,'."",', .!."" tin- has Iteen the tinali'-iai Hrii.ii.-n.-y of !)■•■!.. y ma-.Ur! r- ' • >••• K,.publie to a portion that, from t.-l, urapl.i,- an,l , r, - a,h „-. v-nl,l aM,. ar to l,e . little short of despairinfr. i .i , . Tl hief exporti* of Peru are eopper. .•,.tt,,n an,l sugar aii,l. alter that, p, tr,.- h utii. -ilver, rubber and wool, the total amounting to a little over t9.(KM».t«>il. SI l'1'I.F.ilEyT TO WF.EKI.Y BCLLETIK 11 THE VOUTIIKHV KKPmi.lrs. Kniador, ( 'olfmibia and Ven. zu. ln ..li-'ut to U- in :i In-tt-r position to ^tallll the present strain than any of the other Kepiibli.-s of this .■ontiiient. ii- th. ir eM ort^ not lieitijr relatively lanio, they are le.-s <' -'endent li; on the state of tlie wurlii'- nuiiUcts. X.>r (Ioc s speeiilation -eem to have bw-nie the evil that it was in the Ueimblies of the ci-r. rn seahoanl. To tile observer it a.ipeared that the mndition-! wer.> more oahn. an.l tlM ii- u i- la. kin- tli.it feverish desire to amass wealth quiekly that has been to., evbl. iit in ~oni. . f thi' ..th. rs. Another i int in their favour is th:it the Ooniin.Hlitie. wbirj, tl..-y exp..rl niv . itln r tli.-.^ ■>! | ^nie n.^rer^Mty or what n!i(?ht be termed, for v.- uit of a b.'tter won', ^i ini-prin r nee. -- itie-. i;i I M)oi(. K.Mui.joi-'- .-in.-f - 'iii-.v ..f w.Mltb 111- in li.-i- i hi nt.it i.ms. :i- cocoa i .lUi * np not lc>- than I'er cent of \u-r i.ital < \\«t .-n-tiinicr and, tortnnat.'ly. ibc ful.' is fairly .•yn V< tlia! .-.untn. Tli.' .•Ifcrt wlil.ai tb.- present .listni-bancc «ill l.avc on 'lie iisc ..f .'..ca remain- t. b.- s b.it n '.ah it will (loubtb'ss be curtailed in .-onsnniiition and tlie prie.-< c ,n-e pi'-ntiy rcibu' d. it lias eonie too nnn-h into \isi>. owintr to it* hiifhly nutritive qualities, to admit of it- beiiis classinl as a luxury. Coffee is exported to a eomparatively small i xtmt. f rmiiig not more than about \\eT cent of the tota' export.*. C0I.OMBI.\. In Colombia, eoffee is the principle pr..aii.-!. an.) i- bcin.i? Rrown in c.n-tantly increasing quantities. It is an advantnire tln.i lb.' l i itcd States is its lest eustomer, not only owif.^ to the former beinfr neutral and . ..ii-eoiiciitly less affected by the war, but also by rea-son of its proximity, and tiie fai't that there is repular conn.' tim between the two. maintained by ships of I'nlted States regLster. Gold ranks m .\' to coffee, and for tliat then' is always a market. Hides ome third; thii, m.iy fall in price, but nevortheb ss. the world nmst have footwear and the manifold arfcles made from leather, of which saddlery and hanu'ss are n.it th.' least. Bana'ias ate touith on the list. 'I bis is 11 urowinir tm h . and . k ..f in. sniall importance to th ' Republic, and it bus the aiivaiitiitfc ..f b. i.;:^ .■ .ndii. 1. .1 alni. -t entirely with the rniieil St te*. Tobacco has been i:..iii^; to Ilainbnru. ^bippe ! b.v (i.rnian e .ii iiiis>i..n Ivuses h eated in liiirran.piilbi. 'I'lii- bnsine-s will i.robahiy 1... .li-.,r!iani/..-.l. but the effet-t should not be serious exc-ept to the firowii- of the .Maifiialcna Valley. Nty/.n i. . A- in (■..l..nibia. . ..He.. t'..rni- the prin.'i|ial • X|...rl . f Vci..-/.iiehi. Tb.' tif;-iirc- tor I'.Ml' were T'.i.nno.iMiii b..li' ar- ..ut . f a t..|al tra.i.' ..f 1:! 1 .oon.i loc I b-. The valine "i ih • bolivar is a littl.. les- than ■!» .-eiits. Tbc rnit.Mi Stat.- takes ab.ait 1" p.'r ..f the output, the balance lieinu' .livid..! b..t\vi...u Friince, (ieriiiany. Spain . ne Netherlands, in the order named. Kxiiorts ..f . .i. oa amounted in the sani." . . . t.) 12.i>ii of trade. Kl Tl «K l'H"ISl"l;i TS. In till' lop-uoinu. .■..mm. r. ;.il an.i tin.inei.il I'ondition.* in S,..ith .Vm.'ri.M h ive b..eii lU'siTibe.! in rather .Irab .■..h.ur-. but th..r.' w iuld be n.> obj.'.t in att. niptinu to 8-»6ai— :j ,li-..„i-,- il., -iiM.n..,. xvhi.l, i- i.biiily ;„M'nrr.,t. Bi.t if th.- i.r..>r„i i. a.^pres^ing. , h;fMr,n- ,...i„. ,nu,.h ,.. iu-i.nv hn,,.-. m>u1 it is with this that Can..aum exporters h„v. .-hioliv , >„■,.,•,. .l,. >M-.lv, . On, .■,.-n.t..-. very powerfully m favour of S,.u,i. A.n,.ri..n...nM,H.tv,.. i- rha, ah,,.-, u i,l,M>t ..x.-r,,,,,.,, th.- exports v W rh,ss*..l as -..minsr within tho .Mt.j:..ry .f u.-.-.^sit, . - ..r „n-,u...,..s,,uv Th. e mipht W- a aitfr-renre of ..,.i„i,.„ w,th n j-Mvl t. th.- n>tna,._,.t of ( hue. . o to tlu. lillors of the wornout or poor -.il. wi.- iv this o-vurs m .•.nr..,,o. U ,s nr^n as needful, au.l the ^ame may be said of th. i-P^r of Chih- an.l !N ru. in relat;on to on.- of the ino>t iinpo'tant in.lustrie* in tlie worl.l. • , , ■ Wj.il-t all the R.-pnhli.- must sntT.-r from tlu- >horta>:.- -t .-apital thai !> likelv ,■„-...■. i..v a ,.. rio.l of y.-ar-. ^till. i.lle n.om-y is ronstantly sf.ekin.u' n.r;nu,.Ta- tive'inv.-tn,. ,.., a,al ,t .,11 l,av,. ,„a„.v ,r.nin«- in South Ameri.-a. Another laet.,r to he .-..nM.l.-r. .! i- that .1 ,n„ni.ra.i. „. Th.-r.- is mn.-h reason for hehevmg that with the n-tun, of p. a,-,.. n.any , ,.1, .f ,1 „.in..n, „t l-uro,,.- w,ll seek new homes in ,he w,-t.--n l.-n.i-ph.T.-. «h. .-.- tl„ v n,.,v 1,,,,,.- to ,.n.,..y tl,.- In,,t- of their labour in »rr.-at, r tran„uil,ly. an.l .-.a,.,- Mw,, .1,. .„.n„..,,- hunh n ... .ax:,t„.n. uh.-h >s likelv t.. be the aftermath of the pre^ nt Mru,-.d.-. I nl.->< th- .•ata-ly-n. uhu-1, ha. fallen upon the ....ntinent should in turn descend upon S .uth An...r,ra. ,t -h..ui.l he reasonable to look forward to u large m.-asnre of prosp, i-i.y wh. n u..nnal ,-,.n. >t,..us , ,„-.. ,n..n. hohl sway. The people of South America -an- re,-.-.v,n:i a ..-v. r- an.l n.o- . ,l„t >rv 1. --..1, Tii. v an- l, ai.,inf-' to e.'.,nomize mid to do without luxuries, that not ) ,„., ^v. r. , ,,n-i,l,-n-.l ,>,-.•, -arie=. and they are realizing the immense ultimate ,li-a,!vauf,". ..t ati.-mi.tini: t.. do t,.o nu..-h at once. Speaking particularly of the H.publi.-. ..f til. east .-..aM, it may be on carefully for a peri..d of years, th.-n perhaps fa.t.-r a.,.l fa.t.-r. „nfil tl,. n- ai,..th..r break- down Fiuhr ordinary .■ir..umstan._-e>-. h,.w.n-er, that .v nt -i,..iil.l tak.- pla-.-e tar in the future tliat it may be neglected for all present i.racti.al purp..s,.s, and in any ease it will be as easily foreseen by those with far vision, a* has been the present one. ril..|'\..\M.\ IN nil, IMTKri STATKS. Sh,.rtlv after the .-..iniueii.-eni.-nt of the war th.- pn .s ,.f the riiit. d States entered upon a .-amraign dir.-.-t.-.l t.. wards spurring mamifa.-tun-r. and ,.Np..rters ot t he Tnited States to nssuil the South American markets witii all the energy possible. Apparently this propaganda was not participated in cither by the Director of the Pan- Ain.-rican" Union or th. Tt.-partment of Commerce. Two translations of press cables, appearing in two local papers, La Xacion and La Prenaa, are giren below:— M-Tl|.-KlT\TlVr. W\RVlNr.S. -Washington. Septemlw^r 18.-Mr. Ke.iti.-l.i. Tn.!. r Se.-r.tary „f ( ■..,n.ll.-r,■.^ stated to-dav in the Senate that he did not cmsider th.- pn-.-nt an ..pi.ortuii.- tune f.^r th.- Fnited States to initiate a general commer. ial .-ainpaign in the N..iith Ain.-ri.-aii Republics rte'.lving to a question put by a s.-nal..r as to the pr..babl.. .-ost ..t ..quip- ping an.l .-..n.lu.-tiiig a floating exhibition of Unitwl States products to th.- priu. ipal port.. ..f S..,i,l, Ameri.-a, in national transport ships, Mr. Redfield is reported t.. have s.ai.1 that th. littint.' ..ut ..i" sn.-h an exhibiti..n. carrying private produce, should not I.',- , arri. .l .ut ,in.l. r th.> ansjii.-es .,f the Federal (iovernment. He added that the etT.-.-t> ..f tl,.- war in Kurope had not aiTe.-t.-.i ii.i- p,iri-i,a>liit: (".".i. v rr.iith Aaw»ri-.n», but had onlv afTecti-.! its ..urrent i-redit r.-s. nr.-.'s an.l its inip..rtiti;; ,-apa<-ity. Finally. Mr. Redtield said, 'The most , pn.priate p..H.y jn-:t n..w w..iil.l !..- th.. apph.'ati..n of ' ■ measures tending to assist South Am.-ri.'a to reinfor.-.- its credit h.-lore expecting it to increase imports.* " >( ri'i.hAir.M TO wf EKi.r bvu.ktix 13 •• Wa-lniiirton. Seiitfiiil.cr Jl. - Al'ti-r liavinir received replies from thirty-four fapit;,]- iiTi.l . Hi.- ..f (Viitral niul S,.,uii Am.-ri.'u. to the t. l.-L'r:i|.hie i.Kiiiiry as to the MtiK.ti..ii .-ivaf.l by the war. Mr. B:iri> tt. I»in-,-i,.r of thr I'^m- AiM. rlraii Tnion, made a .-tat. iueiit .i.lvisinsr the piihli.- a< t.. til.. i..tiii.' c-mliti. n- rr,-.j,;\ l.y tli.' .■onfli<-t. and deelaring that the true situation of tin- ••ountries ..f the ..utlierii liemisphere present? only an op^ ortunity for e(i-opernti..ii. iuvestiieatioii and preparatinii for better times, rathtr than an opportunity fcr selling products. Mr. P.arrott -tated that peonnmienlly the various countries are now passing throupli critical -iluatioiis, which malsc ..Tiiiia rri.il iiiterchanpre with the United States impossible under the conditions ill whi. li it i- ii~iially effected He further stated that the eominereial situation of Central ami Soutli .\nierica require- a-tivc tinancial eo-operation in the fom of monetary advances and reasonable credit- in order that the exportationa of raw material may be defleeted from Europe i>nd attracted towards the United States." THE .ACTUAL S1TC.\TI0N. Thc-e -tatcinciit- rcpre-ent tlie actual -ituariou. .ind ilic a.lvi.'.. ;.'iveM might be assimilated by Canadian exporter-. Much has apparently been made ,,f tlie elin na- tion of German, Belgian, l"reu< li and Austrian competition, without, or hu : cr- feetly, u-nlerstanding that this has been more than offset by the heavy falhng-ofi in trade. Kxcept in certain lines which have been exclusively supplied by one or more of thi l ountrics mentioned, this derangement of trade is perhaps more important for thi l ift ct- whicli it will have upon the future than for those it is likely to exert upon tlic pre-^cnt. Thi' advi.i> «i\cu to manufact irers in Canada is. that they should not expect too niHcli from the Scuth American Republics in immediately recuperating themselves for lo-s of orders . ithcr at home or abroad, hut that tliey ^liouhl look upon the next vi^ir a- a iierio.l for careful a-id tliorouph preparation for tlie better times whi. il an. lils. ly t.. ni-ue. ^larli. t-. and the wants of the people, sh. uld be carefully Studied and no effort should be neglected to form the most satisfactory c(,nnection8 in the various Republics. It takes time, energy and money to create a business in Canada and it will require time, energy and money to secu»e business in South America, and Canadians should make these sacrifices if they are desirous of attaining full success. OPPOKTUNITV FOR CANADUN8. The above survey has been made, in an attempt to demonstrate the reasons for bacilli a prediction of an era of rea-onahle and stead, prosperity for the greater part of S,,uth Ameri.-a, The hare facts have been eiven in t^-e hope that they will be weighed by Canadian manufacturers, and that if they seem sufficient will cause them to take m..re inter(>st in this part of the world, and to en.leavou' to se .1,.- M ...rw^u „,„•,-. ..,;.„..,. . . u ing report an attempt has been made to .-onsia- r th. qu.-t..,u f'" '' ' ^ ^^^V; 1^ helVf"! to (Canadian manufaeturers who contemplate extendms the sc-jh. of their operations to include oversea oouutri.'*. , „. « int Forei^in r.pr. ..-ntatives may be divided into two ,.h..^.s. (I) '1— ; " .,{ a iM-tt.T t. rn,. n,av i,e designated as direet n>pnsentar.ve-. :u,a ' ' ' \ "V''-'''^' renr.s..„t ,..vr~ Tl,...- two may aRain be .subdiviAnl >nto other-, as ,1) int.. (-.) av. . pr:~...„.,iv,.-, r..M,l,.nt r-pr-sontatives. and .11) into "M'-. .-m. mtsi m1,,,m',. (M ,n:u,of.,.tun.r-- a.nn.-. whose head.piarter. are outs.de ot the . . ;,, I I,. ,1.. l,u~in. " , ) niainifaeturers' or eommission agents. ^^r^LdU :::ul:;lwiu''i. .1 - <«- i>..i„e.. and <.> .nport- Tng or jobbing hou.e*. The«e elas.iHeations an^ rough, but they will *erve the pur- posed of this report. 1'HK1.1MIN.\H\ tllN.SU>KRATl")N.S XECKSS.^RY. Before examiniuK the various kinds of repr*>sentation in detail, it nu^ht K,. a-. ..,.11 t : Li.l. r the subject in a general way. There may 1„. taken, ther-tor,.. th,- ..a-e .,f a nK,„uta,.,nn.r. who. from nel.nrm..n ,1 l.^tli. -.-.ks a wider tnarket for the product of las faetorj. H.nnn. arid .lK„ in ...Ttain parts of the world there is a demand for th.s produ,-,. .nd I .1 , , , .,1,1.. is n.-ird- pri.v and .|uality t aupete with <»ncem.s already : Hi t u ex -t.^ i td'a -n„aM,.'-,.llin« a.en-y. .\nd it is in this initial ;t nia V ma n.f,,'.tnrers fail, -..n. nn,,- fron, -1 v ind,.l..nee. but P-»«Wy mon> f^^^^Uy from inexperienee, eoupled with a These remarks apply equally to manufacturers in Canada, the I n.ted Kingdom ana H"\i^a"wrtained that his product .-an .■..n.|.. t, i,. th.- .-.untry ' under consideration, it being assumtni that tlie trad.' .s an .nii".rtant ..n. . .in.l that sln"e of it would make a welcome addition to his bus,ne-s. d>e tnanuta, tur. r ha- ;,„„ ,:, ,h„.„.„nn.. h.,w far he is prepnr.^ to^go to sej-ure it. t th.> ,„.nu tnu. h wt .,.,,„.,„l „„ uh.-th. r he is diffident, and lacks faith in h.m^.lf and hts I-r-i' ■ t '.r | ..lh. r W is full .,. ,l, t..rnm,ation. ..nergy and courage. It the former, h.s attempt e„.n.at,v,.. a„.i ...tv .,n.. w,ll know that it is .o and will give it sent attention but if the latt..r. nn,...rt..rs will s,„.n r-alize that a new competitor has eome into the • Held wi m th..v -anno, ne.de. t. Th- .liff. n.n.- h-tw,..,, t! e two will be seen in the manner i whi;.h thev -e. al.ou, pr..parn,. 1,.r th. u- ,„ w v.-nttire. and se-unng ..gents. ?^r^dent mat, lo^kin. only to .h- nt. w,ll ,,.,l,ahly d-nan. a- a pr. tiinnary to any dealings, that his goo.ls be pai.i l-r hv -a-h „..,,,.-, . ..,nn, ,N . restricting himself in his choice a .vp.v..-u.at,v, . 1 a.,-,; w h 1- no less than his colleague, will hcf..r,- nttt.n.' h,n-.-ll. ...m ,n.,-nr.. t.. .. . - • a cash basis will alTeet his efforts for ample and permanent tnturc -nc.r-,. an.l uh.^th, r security .-a.un.t be obtained without fettering undiil.v the seoi-e ,>1 h.s -•.lergN . It i- securii.v > .o,ii . „^f,iirees to ..iiah .- them t.) iiiidcr- t ikeii for nr.ml. •! that nei'hcr are « lth"'.tt -ttltl' f m res"iirit-_ f.k.. th.' v,.ntnr.-. .r at least that they possess substantial bank cr.Ml.t. ' \ ti c l,. -it .t,n« timorous man has little etfwt uiwn trade, and usually drops ■ .,u.t Sooner .r lat. r. >t i- unnc.vssary >,-ider his case: the aim will be to assist m his ..hoi..,., tl,,. n.an wh„ has ,,l..„ty .r>t :,n.l Lility. and who is prepan'd to adopt as vigorous an.l aggressive measur..s a- h., m. an- will permit. Sf /'/'tKWKVr TO WEEKLY HVLLETIH 15 THMRUCGII KKOWLEDOE or THE ril!U>. Whilst it mn.v Im' ;il.-..lulcly i -i ntial. -till u l.i iii-vtT pn.-siW.-. a prospective foreign field -liniiM li. u-itr,| l.v a iii. miImt ..t' tli.' liriii. as rirst-liand kiiowlf.]j;f is iuvuluublo. iiMil i! rnahi. - llir trav, Il.T t.. a-i i rtain tlic l^'st uicaii- t'..r pla.'iiiR his l.re not feasible, howevi r. lie -.iHiuhi . ndeavnur hy . very avail- able means, to obtain all the data possible, to Kiiiile him in his t'utur.' euiuliict. If there is a trade oonitnifsioner in the country, his services should be enlisted, and any repi.rts of his published in the Weekly Bulletin should ho carefully studietl. Informa- tien can also he -allied from eonsidar reiwrts. An idea of the history of the country -h.Mil.l ..l.taiiK il. ami a tfood kiKvwledjre also of its freo(rraphy. and the trade routes that aiT..r.l ,-. .inmim ieal i. .11 with i*. It i- le.t u-ually ilitfii ult to tiud some person who ha- a fairly iiitiiiiaie ae.iiiaiiitainr with pra^-t irally any eoiiiitry on which data is reipiired. hut mili-ss an iiif..rmaiit i- kimui, t.. he pi rfe.-tly reliahle. .-very opportunity -hould be taki ii to euuipare hi- -tatciiieiit- with th..-r ..f ntlier-. There is nothillg fanciful in the advice ^iven aliMve; it i- intended for those who desire to compete in overseas trade, mid who are jirepaicd to ^jiare 110 i tfort in order to attain >iiccesa. M.IATS. Instead of the mauofaeturi r hrst ^eekiiiK an .lueiit. it y he that one or more first seek him, haviutr heard that be has an article whii h thi y helieve couhl be handled with advanta««c to themiwlves. .Sueh people, as is natural, are usually not unmindful to set before the manufacturer the facilities which they have for selling his product, and if it suits them will usually try to tie him up to n contract for as long a period a- possible. Such pnietice is snore or less common the world over. Sometimes cash I'.ivini ut- ari' held out as an inducement, and this has a strong influence on many maiiufartnrers. for it I'aii 1h> easily understood that it must be very satisfactory to li- paid fur j^iMids hy i-ash asiaiu-t doi-umenls at port of shipment, as it relieves the manufacturer ..f much anxiety. Hut whiUt safety should he the first <'oiisideration, safety without husiiiess i- tint nf niii.-li avail, and it i- p. — ilile tliat the ajieiits willing t.i pay ill cash miulit n.>t l>c the ino-t >atisfai-t u-y from the inaiiufact ur( r's point of view. NothiiifJ di-para.L'ii...' is intended a};ainst a tirm w l\ci may >eek an ajreiicy : the riMsoii for iiitrodiiciuM !h<' -uhji ct is to >uf;.ire-t caution in makiufr iM.ntract-. It is seldom that there i- any s;reat need for haste in -uch ncirotiations. for whil-t pro- crastination is to he deprccati-d. there -lu.ulil always he ample time for makin? inquiries, as to the Kiian< ial ^talldinfi of the propos.'d a^ri nts. their foreisru (■(Uince- tions. and their facilities for selling the particular goods made hy the manufacturer. It would he tetter to break the negotiations off altogether than to . onclMde a contrnct without having first made a thorough investigation through impartial sources on the lines indicated above. If the proposed contract did not appear to confer a distinct aiivantaire. an etfi rt ^hmild then he made to coiuluct the iuvestiiration by means of the cahle. It is better to spend money in ti-legraphing than perhaps to lose one or two years of opportunity. ntRKCT 1(1 I'll rsl:\T\Tlo\. Where the bu.siness warrants it. direct iK'rsonal representation will usually he found the most satisfactor>- in every respect. Through its means, the maiuifaettirer bus the satisfaction of having his business in charge of one whom he knows intimately and trust-, and who hns n technical knowledge of the goods he has to sell, and can be , xiKiteci 10 be imbued with tin .tilu-ia-in of hi.s employers. This representatiou iiuiy take the form of ("I a travellinir sah'sman. or ^h^ a branch office. Taking tir-t ( " ^ : this largely depends upon whether a salesman is sufficient m himself to secure the business, or whether he needs a resident agent to .issist him. / AM/,/ I \ h I iiMMKIH r. encountered, uud wht-ther tin- li..u-.- i- \. \, imiiiv . mark i. Hnnl. ,.s,a.,li-l>..a. -•'■I^i:;::,-./-'' '^i; :;^.t5ve of tie ,na.,., fa,.,..ror ..o,„..- ,„1 ..n In- v.-, . u =o^. instances it i.mv I i.ly i r-ary t-.r . iraN. lln.. -M.-n, n, I .lu T t tSs^ra t.T that h- .aav .in.l ^\vM 1..- ...... 1- — "" V I rcSd^t iont .f .o„.e kind -r a joWl-r. N.. Lard a>,,l ta-. ru -an l.; ..v.m, tc m ih .a..... tlu. he.t way t.. trva, tla-.n .-an only !«■ learnt l.v . xporuMU-... 1 111; 1 II. iK K "K \ »V1.KSM \V. n f , > ; ,1 i t . t - I,, a wu-.l ; ^ I.. t'.P dloi-v tl"™ BeW ... . . ' . ^ ^^^^ , .^^ ca-ole.«nes* be out of i.la.... l.o '" ,.'[ i,,.., f n .*f«1 man. »ay a*r.et tia. , .;;::,;;;;^,;:,,;-;;;::,;;,.y .nt -traiiu'ly 'lii- |>"iiit i- . ;;;;ic;;k;r- Or it n,«yi,c that a i- r^-^^-x:::^;:;^^^^^ Auaj - - 111' overlooked. Or it may he that a tii.ii. be somewhat unsteady, because ho l.a- ^ ^ _ , ^^^^^ ..l.ara.'t, ri-t I. lan. \vh" will I, that tne -;;7j;-;;,:,„,.u^ eu*,om.r. hu own and hi- ,„u,„ry-- ,„s.st on - „ .u., -mL them. Importers in Latin Atneriea have .mportan.v. uMi. lly . m « ,, ,,,.„..r, ,>,„„ the United State* extollinii ^::u;Xi V i'; . ; :i:;;u,: m:;h.„,.. ..,„. product, it^may .afeiy be .aid A warning may hon- ho trivn a^^un-t 1.. " . ■ t ■ i-' - it is of little avail, and n.u-h ..f it u..t l.-in;; uiMhT-t 1. t,„. n-. .i ..t t • apt iob the conversation of .eriousn... an.l di..ni.y. Thw .1 n..t nioan that .,11 A,uon,-an "Wn are „hje..tionable: many of thou. '-'■'^'f -''i^t;:;:;:;':. l,„.ines.: hnt -in. o the oon.plaint i. tro.,u....tly hoanl. .t i. ; ' Jl*^! " "f* Lin 'onipuuiii jn.|<"-"".- — • ■- ,111 e-xport. rs. - , .at I la y may avoid th.-e mist-ko^. The travelling salesman should aHo ^ "'Fnu!!'■^t. ■I!ri''i'n'-ai.ri'^^ pr..llddy gathered that the representative f.r forei.. w,,,!. nu-t l.o ah..- -h,. avrap-. .md thorefore any tendency to ehoo.e one !^™uaking. li,.w.-ver, from i^rsonal cxperien.-e and that ot otl.or-, a tra^. I. r .h„uld'l 1.1. to Muikc a trip to inchuh-. say Brazil. Fn.jruay and Ar-ont,i.a. an.l t.. l.wt ovor five n o.tl,-. a. the rato of ah.uit -til a day. from the time ot leav.ng Canada. ««umin.^ thai l„. .lo,- n..t oarry hcavv !,a»i.'a..-. Travelling on the West coast is a little ch.-apor. hut the railway journ.'y ..vor the niount.v.ns is expensive, ihe cos ' , , .11 ,... .,....,„,.,.),,. l,.,,,vt). ..f -t:,v in tl:.- various cities. \\ ith reeard depend.-, t.; :: ■ -mail • x-. i.,. ■•I-o •' ■•- , ,, , 11.- . to hotels, tlio only ...y otToriic' a .•i,..ioo Uu,.,,..- Air-, a- >n .11 ...1,..-. tho h.-^t n..t very good. The amount per dion. iiivon al...v,-. it i n.. !»■ .•oin..inl...,v,l ,.nly an •average one. and without hoiiitr oxtrava-ant, it culd easily l.o ..x.mv.I.mI. >o tli.it tWiTelliug representntiv.'s should not h.. a •ou-i-.l ..f wasting money, it m sonic pla.r-< Ill-II SI I'I'I.KUKM Tit WF.KKI V HL U.KTIS 17 l.llU till, risrur.-. Su.-h itoin. a* ,.nu-rt.iiniinf. motor car., uu.l «-;'l>lin». uM .■ .-;!% to !»:; t» r .l.v. A-»uinii.«; that thi:' wtim.ite h correct, it will thus i.', .; ,1,:,,' . iiv,. >.,..ui ■ trip ;r,,rn Caiuida to South Amerioa. us far a* the KiTer I'l .ti. . •,n'l...\i..,H. .,t . ..-1 ot about and if .mother two month* K- taken, and th« r^-f.in, in.ul. via Chile. Peru aud Panama, the whole journey should not come to more than ifii.oOo. TIMl. iJl 'il lUF.I) AM) CITIES TO BK VISITEP. ,„„. „„,„i,„„.,l .l„.v. i- only t:,k, ,> a^ an example, it must not be eoi-i'^cd .,- ,ixn,.. n, anv war ,1,.. l.„.'tl. of Ti-n- -u-l. a tr,, Av.nU nnwume which will dvpend hrjc v u, ,„ ,hc da., of 1- .o i 1.1. ul„.,h,.r it is a ,r..l„n.nary vH.t. tl« 'uniw a J variety of the ,.o„„„o,.a,. - ha,„lM. ot- ro„-i,l..ra.,K- .nore time might be necessary, or on the other han.l. ..mrwla.i 1.-... h.' p.in, >pal .-.t,.- to . .. . .J 1.. >..t.:«~ *u..« \n tVta\r ..r.l. r ■oiniiii; troiii tin' iiortii. liio visited would be, takinft them m their or.i. r omuiL' troni tl... ,. , Santos. San Paulo, in Brazil; Montevideo in rri.u'uay: l.u.mo, Auv-. Ivo.uio l„,h,a Ulanea. in Arpentina. These should suffi.'e. thouuh lialna. in the north ot I.r.m . ,ni«iit lu- a.Uh d. anthe .-apuai). ami V,l,Mrai^o- though if ^teana r ,-on„. eti .n. would perniit of three or foui da.vs at Autofa^a-ta. a .la.rt =tay there inij-'ht be profitable, as it i* the pruicipjl inm of entr>- for Bolivia, and is becoming the principal port for the nitrate trade. Ttt.\VELr,ER'8 LICENSES. The question of cuuimereial travellers' licenses has to be taken int. a.-.our,t. These vary widely according to locality and the class of . me,!, ami ii .vry- where paid, would total a considerable =nm. Ii..wev..r. where the bu- i. - i- trau-a. t- through an established house or agent, who liave tak.Mi ..ut ihe •• parente- .l. inan.le.l bv the law. the pa.vment of licenses is usually obviate.l. lb., .-..^t ,,t li.vn— in tlie cities ,.r pr..vin.-, s likely to be visited is given below, but their correctness h not guaraiiteeil, as tlii>y may have changed since last reported. Argentina.— following is taken from the Argentine Year Book. 1914:— Federal Capital: Kepresentatives of foreign iirms not having a shop or warehouse for selling to the general public, foreign or travelling commercial agents, $500 m n ($1 m/n is wiual to 42-45 <'ents Canadian). Provinces: Commercial travllers uh.. «..rk in the provinces are .ubje.-t t., heavy license fees in each province, as folh.u-: l'r.,vin.v .,f I5..o.k.s Aires, fiou p.r annum; Santa Fe, $400 per annum: Entre Hio-. *.ioe.. hall-year. *:iOO; e.,rd..ba. :fl(Jo. halt- year $200; Santiago del Estero. $30<) per aiuiuni; 8au I.uis. .$;!0() p,r annum; ^alta. from «•«) to $1,000 a.-cording to goods to be sold; Saii Juan, *00(J per annum; .Meu- doza January to April, $600; from May to August, $500; September to December, $40o'; Corrientes. *tii«t to $1,000; Jujuy, $2tW; Xational Territ.>ri(^s. $iOo. Bratil—ThQ laws in regard to commercial travellers throughout Brazil are com- plex, and vary from $15 up to $300 or more per annum. r/iiJc— Commercial travellers are able to trade in Chile without restrictions. cdumUia.—^so restrictions are imposed upon commercial travellers visiting Colouibiu. Ecuador. In Ecuador it is not necessary for commercial travellers to take out licen-e>. i'aiui/KUi/.- l.ieenM , for comniereiiil travellers in Paraguay vary from $45 to $100. With exchange at its present rate this would amount to very little in gold currency. 18 i;,-,, So r.Mri.ii.,1,:. ar.' ii..|k.-..1 n.ii.r.ial tniv.ll.-ri. iii FW exwpt ill tl,, . it.v of ^r.'<|iiipa. whon- it ii» iM-«> vi*itrl<- m some republii-s only an itndcrtakinB to nay the duty is W|uired. II, .t :A\ .1 till Latin Anwrii-an r«|i»b1io, on II ri 1 xpi.rtatiim within a ctTtain litm- limit; TIIK Ilt:m>KNTIMi <>K M<>HE TIIW ONK KIKM. ;>\'Ti '.111 'I'lii' . Ni'. II- •; -I iiiliiiL' a Ir.n i lliiiu i . : in - alat iv lt--. nfii l>.v t\vi> or iiiori' tinii- '■..iiiliiiiiiiK loi tin- |.m-|pM.i . I In |.r- t'.niiHl ii'low. in n-liTi'iii-.- to i-la» II. .-ul.-.l:i--o- '"K {!■>. an. apiilii-alilf to th ■ iimlor iin-iiit i-iili-r.ifion. Cn-c -li..iih that if thi* plan Ik- ai|o|.ti il. lliat tlir man dio-, i. i- .-aiial'';.' .it n iir.-ciitiiii; .•tlV.-i ivrly all of the tirm* who have luiiibiiuil totitthi-r. ami t a< h one of tho latter slioiilil >at-,-^ty tlu ni-elves as to tlii« tifn«'"i l>y iiersional examination. r,.iil.| ir Lircatly n iiiai'k- \^liH-li will I i I. will I'l- (-(111:111.^ Ill- taki u lo I Il^llr^■ I'ASSPOBTS. Travellers from the I>oiniiii-in will be well advised if they take out a iia-^-iiort. It i- I -ore than likily tliat tlii> will never be required of them, unless for ideutifiea- tioii p ari . I'Uf tla <'aMoii inipit aris.. where it w ndd be very much wanted, so that it woiilil t.f a- w, il to tak«< tin- iTocaiition. vflftifMlo'b' as the extieiise is only i .iiniii.il, iial th.- ir..ull.- involved i^ insiiTTiitioiint. It should lie duly signed at the til. I.- it 1- t iU. n o,ii. as lailure to do this might n-nder it worthless at a time when it iniirlit hi- in. il.-.l. CLOTHES .\SD BAGIiAlJE. With regard to . loth. s. In the winter the same clothes worn in the milder parts .1 ( Ilia. la .liiriiii; that -. .i- u will he requiretl in Montevideo and Buenos Aires, as .lith oii^h till- "I atli.-r i- not -o .-old the i-liniate is txeeediiigly damp and consequently pi -at rat in-.:. In tin- -uinii ■ r il .onil'ort i- t.T 1 njoyi-d. white drill or .silk clothing -hoiil.l 1m- l.roni;ht to w.-ar in llr.izil. or any I'.irt ill rni^ii.ix. ArLii-iitiiia .mil I'li'il.-. .M i l, I in tl,i- i aro ",-ni in -Inly ami .\nt:ii-t in I'ana'l.i will .1, . - \Vlii'-l it i- I'li-ti-ral.li- to l.riiii; 1 nin ii tli.ui avoiili-il. iMiot- .an l-.- i,iir.-li:i-i-il an.>«lii i-i- in S, a hi^ilii-r prii-e. Large trunks ami Imim- oi.glit t.. he avoided. It is inii.-h iiion- .-oiiveuieiit in every way to have, siiy, tour -mall trunks than two large ones; thev are more easily haiidleil, and are subject to less wear and tear. of tin- tropics. During this season. ,,rlh. rn parts, tlu- -aim- i-lothc> that l-nt till' lii.'liti-r tli.-y an- tin- lictti-r. to,, litlli . >ii)ii-rtluitii-- -lioulil be iiitli .\iiii-rira. altlioawli iir.iluil'ly at KIJI ll'I'KP Uiril nil IS loll M Ml" IN. .\ travelling salesuian .should not leave tiie Doininiun witiioiil i.cint; .<|iii|iped with the fullest information about the eommoditie.* that he has to s,.l!; m,,! it is >^dvi>ab!e to consult a to rist ngeney with n-pard t t route-i. etc. It should be his care SI m.KVKST TU WEKKI.Y BVLl.ETIS 19 jiii'l ! riilr t.i ri'-i'(.ii-ilq|it\ tiirc :iIm- lilii t Ih'tc-. iUXl i-lu il .iM.I I i.ih.iriit.- ,,;,|,. |., ;,ii-«.r .vi-ry li!.'itiiii:iti- .in'-li 'ii I"" '>'"'; " mint ! .• iiml. rtMk.-M liL'tillv. Ai. inliiiuii.' Uii. .u i.f the mniiufac- t cM i-.x iirli.-li- i- M.MT- iirv : a liiirrl.-il trip ihr.HiLili tli.^ l'.i. |..ry i, u<<\ Mitti.'ifnt. as SU|UTliri.,l LlH.wli.li;,- i .11 (lctii-l..l tin- It tiln.' Ik' Tt , I llilllll llt>t<'s I.I- i.ik. u. -utl:. i. litly ••.■pi. Ill- I.. I.nii;;- li.i'-k t.. Iii- iTiin.l tli.- v^iriun- tious M'fli li.v liiiii. .ir it' lii^ i-:mti"t liuikr tin -.' Iiiiii-i ll. In- iri^lil jro into the iitfiif inmi<' tliat tiny < iiii 1..- :.uulinl wlmi li irr im runts. The w.'iiiht nf « ac-!i arlii-lp »h..tiW Imj kiin«u, the number that ko int.. a y .\-: ;iih1 its fiross wi iirht whi ii |.a< K<'.( iiii.l cuhic moa^uriinftits. tht! railway rates to sial'oar.l pri.c- f.i..l.. >l.;iiiii r. -liipiiiiii.' rnt.-!i fn.m p.«rt of shipment to the principal \iotX* ot . iitrv ill til.' 1 '.iiiitri.'- t.i 111' vi-iieil. so that tlie c.i.f. prices can be iiiuited. He may i,,- :i.k..l .pii':-! i..ii- :i'- I., th.' piii kiiur. flf nindc. ti.r kind of woni employed, etc. Tie -li.'iild kii.'W th.' , ni;ili ..l' tiiii.- liki-ly t.. l.i' i'..ii-iiiii.'.l in .■x.'.-uf iiiR an order, in the riiilway j..iini.y I., .ni.l I'p.iii lli.' I'j. t-ry t.. |...i't ..f -liiimi. lit. t'p.iii thereto the |iort .'iilry. til.' iMiiiil..'r iiinl iiiiiin - 'A lli. -t.-jiudiii' liii. -. I't.'. II.' -li.nil.l ti.' iiMc t^. give the net pri'-.'- •■n k.'in- ii-ki il, witk.iUt iia\ lu;i t.. tlir..ii;.'li an . Inl.. riit.' iirith- metieal ealeuliili.iii tk^t in..y arouse Misiiic'i..ii. It i- in th.' ..t-.'rvMti..ii o' -ii.'li .1. t:nl> lis iiro (•iiiiiiHrat.'il iil.ov.' tinit siic.-fss is ..l.t^in,.!. If it is f.lt tluit tli.y . nt^iil t.... iiiii.li ti'i.iil.li'. it .'iiii he tiiki'ii as an iii.li.'iiti..n flnit tlu'i-c is la.-kin;.' :i .'^iiiiii'ily t..r thoroughness and att.nti.m t.. ih'tail that may prevent th.' Iiilh'-t sii.'c. ss in tho . nt. r- prise. It should not fall to the saU'jinian to obtain all of this int'oriniiti..ii liinw. ll. Most of it can be obtaine..(l kn.iwledge .if French, as next to Spanif that is probably the most wiilely kn..un laniruaL'.' in S.Mitli Anii'rii-a ain.iiiKst V- I'ducated classes. There slionl.I I..' pl.'iity ..f niatiTial avnikil.l.' in ('ana. la ainoniist either the Enclish or the Kr.'L.'li of til.' nr.'v in f t^n. l kut in this .'. ,iiii...'t i. m it niiuht h.' well to r.inark that now is tl..> tini.' t.. .•..niin.'ii.-.' t,. train up yuiiLT in.'ii with a .'luiinianil of languasies. for >ervi.'.' in th.' f..ri ii;ii tra.l.' .1. ',iartiii.'iit. If Cma.liau iiianiiliH iurer- ar«> ever to sueee-Ml in their atti'iiipt to .Mptnr.' f..r.'ii;ii mark, t-^, th. y nn>-t un.ier- stand that it is m-ces-ary to lie . ..nstantly lookin^r ah. a.l. an. I in im lii parlinent is this more necessary than the on.' whieli takes .hart;. ..f th. ir -ales. It >ii..nl.l he -.heir <-!.;-e to ensure that there i- alvv iy- in training; new ni.'ii t.. ri'plaei' tli. .si' who are doinjt the work, so that at ini time sli.inlil tii.' -in....th runiiin,:r of the business be brought to n standstill for want of exiH>rt ami . lli. i. iit a-~i-taiiee. 'VVIiere samples are necessary, as ftdl a line as is convenient sii.nild he carried. I'rohahly the ni.'st convenient way of tinanciiig such a trip is to estimate the cost and fiirui-h a I. ti. r . f . r.'.lit for that amount. Or a letter of credit may be furnished for only half th. am.'iiHt ami tin- oilier half remitted at a later date, but care shouH tiikeii t.i see that th.' -al.'-m.ni i- ai if tlni.- \\..rri.'il l.y neglect t.. k.'.'p him in funds. l;.'f..re l.'avini:' th.' -uh.j.'. t. thi' ..pp.Tt unity pr.'-. nt.-d by this r.-port i-* taken, to inipri-s np..n export. t- tk.- a.lvi-al.ilil\ ..f .■uipkiv im; ( "aiia.li.ins. ,,r failin;,' thoni Bi-itisiier,-. t.i represent ihi'ui in forrit;u .-..iiiui i. -. On,' .-f fli.' -tr-.tigc^t argument-^ in favour of this is, that wherever these representatives go, they will come into contact 82831—4 20 l!riii-li tratioii of (.stiiWisliiiifi branch offiot-s abroad, n- it i- afT.vto,! bv .nany -aoto,-. In tbo tir-t ,,larc it .-onM oni.v bo nmlcrtak.-n ,vW tb.T,. i< a M.iti.-icnt .l.inaiol to wan-ant it, ami wlaiv it .- 'Kn,.wn t bat ll,.. co,n...o.litv which it ,.ro,,oM.,l t . -,•11 .-an ,i,.o.c i„ ,,Halil.v an,l ,„■> ■,■ u ,.h tl,o-o which it has to meet in o,,. „ , on.pctitio.l. It al-o acpcn,!- m-n the cla~> ot ro.inno.l.tv that is to Ih> sold, and whether a vcr.v ilitilimtc kiiowb d;;,' ot the t. rntoiy to l,c exploited is necessarv. The business in .•ouiieetion willi .a rtaiii liii.'S m .Xfjiciitma is a w ry iiitrbat.' on,', an.l re,,iiirc< most .-arefiil liaiidliii(j an,l tlie utmost viirdaucc if lo-i - arc to b,- avoi,l<',l. , , , a: Tl„' bram h otti,-,' vari,- in extent and importance. It may be merely an oth-'C i„ ,.l,.,r \ a bona- otti, ,• man. wlcv biisin,'s< it i- t,- look after sales, an.l ^icii.'rally to kcep^,n ry r to , n,plo> .nt. nM-. an.l m pa-- o„ all onba-- ro v,v,al to h.^ conipanv in ll„- tno.l,- a,b.pt.',l by an onlinary n,an.,ta,-tnr, r'- au.ait. ( .r o„ lb,- otlaT hand, tiic bran. h n,av have its ,.wn .t,,rcb,ai<.'. ami ,'xe,ai^ all ,.r,lcr-^ iv, Iiotn vto,-k in haii.i. The latter entails nanv troubb-. an.l p, rbap- a littb' mon- r:-k. but it i- v.Tv .•eiivenieiit for the h.cal import.r-. and it fa.-ilitat.- ,lo-,. -np. rvi- Its -m-.c-'-. would .h.peiid largely on the branch maluiMPr: tins b,-.n- lb, . ; it may b,. n.'.lilv iinaKin..d that t.. s.'.-ure the rifrht class ..f man inu>t in tb,- naiuiv o! tiniiiis 1„. i-v niatt.r A bran.-h ..ffice is a departure which Miould be work-.l up to by , ., ,„,.. .,„,l -boiibl only b.' iin.l..rtak.'n wh.Mi it .-an be support.".! with th,- utni.>st y].' .ir'-^l^y.- -lioubl b.- notliin- -],a-mo,li,- abont it. In -oim- cuntri.'s the ditliciilt ics w.ail.l bo t.'wcr than in otb.T-: ..no ..t tb,- ni.-t inlba-nlial fa.'tors in tbi. ivu'ard would be the nature an,i b'nirtb of .•.viit-. an.l tb,- -tat,- of ,-..mm.T,aal ralily to b,. .„ unt.-red. To av,.id the pitfalls wlii.b tlu- ::ra.,tin^ ,.l .av.l.t pn-,.nt- ,n .M i-y ,.„untrv. and more parti.'ularly in new ,.n, -. I... al kn..« ,- an ..s-, ntial. tliat t,, .Mi-nr.' this, if the manauer is n..t a h«'al man. .b,.ul.l .•. rtamly bav.- ..n l.is -t .tr <,m who is. who .'an jtivc him s.aiiid advice ..u all .lu. stioiis whi. h .Icman.t tor ,|„ ir -.,|uti,.ii an iiitiniat.' knowb..l}.'e ..f the peeuliur <-.mdition.s atTe.-tinjf the cminunity ,, wbl. b tb.' bu-in,— is b. inw .-arried on. It is here that the R-mark abov.-. as t,. ,,. „i„., „|, v,.un:; na n. part i.a.lai 'y ai.pli,-. Probably the most siiitalde inat..nal w,.a|,l a v,.iiiir man ula. b,>- b,-,.,, bp.nt;bt up in tlw ..ountry in whi.'h it is .h'sired .iiim. ri ial traiiiinu' ami .'Xp.Ti.-m'.' b, lor.' op.rat,-. aial lia^ p.Tliap- ba.l -..m.' b,.;m: tak..n t.. I'ana.la. If b.' b.. r.liabl.-. h- ..njilit aft.T a f.-w y.'ars at the fa.'tory to In. cxtr..m.'l.\ .veil Htted t.. take chante of « branch office, or to a.*.ume the post of u-f t,, the baisr credits ext.Ml.h..!. ', ,,,,,i,Miij l.ii-iii.--. ,i- il :1a- .■r.'p i- i; 1 tlio imp..rt,.r- nr.. p.ii.l. hut if imt. th. .■Ii i,'.iivi..- "iial .'ami' -t..r. k.-. p.'i- r.-.H'W tb.'ir bill-. .,r a lai-,' part ..f \h,-m. Tra.b' ,.f till- parti. ailar natiitv i- u-uall> b, 't, r 1,'lt t.. |...ail linn-, u l,., ar,- t li. .i , .,i j liK familiar with lo.'al .■..n,:iti..ii-. an.l wli.. Iiav,- an intlinat,- km.wb.li:, ..I tb,' . la-- wl,,. I. .tin fiieir ciistiUiu-r- i i However, b..for.' .'mbarkini; uim.ii -ii.'b an .'nt.'rpn-,' a- ..|i,'ninn a l.rau.'li m a for, i;.rn .•..iintrv. n.. Hrm who pn.fess t., U> tinuM by .■..mm..n--, n-,- prin.Mpl.- w.,ul.l ,.n-i.l.r .[..iiiLT without first visitins the new Hehl an.l stii.lyinn it ch.sely and I'Klian.-tlv.'ly. T,. ai't otherwise would he t.i crmrt ditiHster. HI I'PLKilEST to WEEKLY BVLIETIX 21 Chapter III. IHE (ITJESTION OF rEPBESENTATION (Continued). KM'oliT III.MMISSKIN HKl'SES. From tlic oxi>..rtcrV iioiiit of viuw, uiul speaking in a jrpucral st'iiso. th. r.- i* a fri.nil nor of the remarks would deiwnd largely upon iIh' attitu.l.- "t the . xp.TtiT .n- , Npnrtcr towards overseas trade, that is wiirlli. r h.' u| it a- a ti ini.. .rary (•\|M..lu.nt to tide ever a sla.-k period in his hoiiir iL.irkct. ..r a- a d.'iKiitiiiv iu vvliieli he ran -re an (.p|i..rtiiiiit,v t.. -ciain' wider niark.-l- for the pr.«lii.-l of hi- tact..r,v. K,.r tlic lonii.T. tlie e\port .■..iiiiiii-iMii hcii-e will meet nil reiiii'remeiit-. a- it reliev.'- him ol tiuam-ial re-poii-iliilitiis. and Mipplie> his laek of e.\pert kiiowieilne of the many detail- tliat enter into the hii-in<->-. It i- hardly mn-essary for him to even eluHise between -i veial. if more than om> :-lioiiM de-ire to hiindle his goods, or do more than satisfy himself as to the tiuaneial stahility of any one of them : havimr received payment for the shipment, he is out of the transaetion. and h:i- IH' furthrr inten-t. l-nr till amhitioii- man. laiwevcr. tlu ipie-tioii is one of importanee, and eau be ^ali-la ' l.Tilx -mIvi iI ..lily alti r .'an fill i iim -t ir.H i' ^n. t'li the (.lie hand lii< is relieval of the w.irry and lalioiir nf Hiiancini: and markttin^r lii- product, which to the uninifi- nted. when . niitcmplatin^r transaction- in far-di-tant land-, a-r-iimc lar^-c propnrticn-. But on the other iuiiul he may tiiid a lack ..t' ..nlcr- in iiropoi-tion to the lack .<( tmal.:,' experienced. He may Im- fortunate and hit .ai a very cHicieiit -cllin;;- .ii-;;ani/at i ii his eommission hou.st-. or he may find tiiat several liuudred thoii>aiid dollar- ot capital is not neeessiirily a guaranty that they ean sueeessfully represent him. It will ticneially he found tiiat where an article makes a success iu a fortMgn market, that the credit i;hi- I., the house handliii!! it. ami they naturally take care that this -huiild he tin:- a iiiaiiiita •turcr niiiiht tind after -cvcral years of large business that so far a- he wa- ciccnnd hi- name wa- ne more i-lahli-hcd than when his prodiU't first entered the t'oreiyii tichl. Another di-a.lvaiitaf;c which the I'liiled Stale- commis-ioii lioii-e- have l'..r Canadian exporter-, and thi- applie- particularly {<■ .Vmcri.'an trade, i-. that the Canadian goodi. vvliieli tla'y handle are more than likely to heceine known as 1 mted States produets. It may lii' tholl^'ht at tir-t that this is of little importance, hut Canadian prmluets are usually of good (piality, and there ean Ik- no nuestion th.it in the casi' of Caii.idn. where her iiiferiiational commercial future is yet to he realized. ,.iie pr.Hliiei will iielp t.. -ell am. till r. where the soiirei- of origin is definitely known. 'I'he ilependen ■!■ ..I' many Canadian exporti r- upon Xew York eoniinission houses is a striking iiidicali'in thai the Canadiap expert trade ha- let yet atliiiiieij -iitliciellt roltustlies- to -land on il- own. I!\ -lii.|\, hy eneri;\. hy e, ,-, ,perat ion hetweeii maiiii- f.-ietnrers, hank-, and railway ami -Ii ain-h;p e,.iiipaiiie-. a -I n ilii: ctfort -hdiiM he ni ah- to break away frem tin- depeiidcncc and to -trikc cut an ori;;inal path wliic-h. wliil-t it nuiy be fraught with a certain amount ol liaiiyer. will in the end prove the iiio-t atlvantageous, as it will conduce to self relianc*', wider knowdedge and a inori' imle- pendeiit and eoiirageous spirit. THK |.| M TloV* Of AN (i^SetiliT CDMMIHSKtS HOf.SE. Il miuht lie well t.i examine the t'oneiieii- of a leHjlimalc export c,.mnil--;Mii hnutw. Their ostensiHe sphere is to act a> piircha>iiig agents for foreign ciistoiiicrt. 22 TR.\ni: IV/) i iiUMFRrK ill rrtiirii t'..r a ,-..i,ir.ii"i..ii xanini; I'n.iu 1 t- •"• '-' UU an.l wlii -li i- -tipp.-.'d t.. repnwnt flicir only pr..til in tlir tnni-iH li.ui, . what may 1.,^ iria.lr iti tli.- li. arri. il ..iit in -.•nil- iii>taii.-('s. lint is u prai-tico tliiit i> n.'t liy aiiv im-inis niiiviT>iil. Kr..in a priu-ti- ,nl |...int ..f view. li..wfv..r. tile inip.irtor woiiM liinlly sivin to hiivi- ii just fiuiso of . ..Miplaint it lif .-an pnr.-Iia-.- lii- at a >atin.l tlu' .■oinniir-'i. n li.iii-i-. nii;;lil tin.' tli. ni-. K .- I.. ]ir..iiii-i!ii; tlii- iimi no riioro. ^II.Ml.'N l\|..-l\M'IN nil, I IM VIISSION IIOIIK. Tlu iiiiiii"i..n I1..U-. will. I.raii.h.- al.n.a.l wlii.-li limit t li.'iii-.'h , - t.. laiyim: ..„ , „iii"i...i f..r toiviiiii .-11. nt- aiv i...t 111 ..-n.n-. - l' lli.'in an. I p. rlia].- most of tli..|ii •■onil.im. ihi- l.u-iii. -- vvitli that ..f iiirr.-haii!- aii.i man 11 fa. t 11 ivr-' a-, nt-, 111 tlu' latt.T case tiioy will h.- M . Uin- aiini M.-. luit hof..r.. .■iit.Tim.' int.. a .'..n' . n i with any 011.. .if tlifni. it woiil.l l.f vvli to Milij...-t t.. a M aivhin- aiialy-- any pr. t. n -i.ms which ihcy may make a- to their 1 '.ilify t.i li in.ll.- ih.' 1- .if a laainifa.-tuivr. A- tlioy will want all the tlata ohtaimihle with reitanl t.i tlii' hitter's pr.i.lii. l. it -lioiilil 11, ,t he ..lit of the way for him to a>k that they reeiproi-ate liy affiirdinjj' full information a- t.> th. ir ..i-ani/ati..!.. rule— the tiliii i- well known lie sliouhl ask for the hank ivf. ivii th.' iiaiii.- . f -..111.' ..f ili.'iv .-lieiit- ill tl iintry or coniitries in which it i- .l.-iii-.l t.. .1.. I.ii-iii. ; an. I al-.. t.ir th.' iiain. - -'tur manilfaetti r. r- with whom ihev ileal. II.- .-.•nhl in.j.' :- a- t.. the hr; h ..Iti.v- ahmail: whether th.' .--i i"i..ii house i- willni-. ill ll al ..f -| ifviiii; f..r exclusive tiliii- ri:;ht-, |m .■..iiline tlu'n:selves t.i the one mark, aial if they will udvi^rti.-e it ; a- L. I1..W many ..ihef ai-'eii.ne- they have, and their nature; whother they propose t.. take . liarne ..f the -ellitii; them- -(•Ives for the whole territorj- .ir to farm it out in whole or in part t.i -uh-atrein'ie-^: These and other ipieri«« that will sugttest themselves t" intelli^'.-nt maiiiifaetiir. r-' -h,.nhl he ~ati>fa. t..rily answered: they will take time, but it is sehlom that there is aiivtliini; t.. he yaiiied hy undue ha-=ti'. 'I'hi- tiiiaii.-ial -taii.l-Mi; ..f ai-> tiriii in N..rth America or Europe is easily a-.-ertaiiied. It 1- 11. 't -. > -i-y t" c t.. tli.-ir l..--t advaiilau.-, ih.- inaim- fa'cturer would W well advised t.. take tlut ..tticial int.. hi- e.iiitiileii.c (tli.- latn i- is under oath to pr«*erve it). I'Xphiiu hi> oiijcci , to him an. I fiiriii-h him with the names of the clients of the commission house. Wlu re a trade nni — i.aier i- 11. .t availahle. it m;^ht he aicomplished throntfh the Hritish Con-iihu- Servii'e, or the foreign ,.,„it thm- .'f the manufacturer's own hankers. Cv. ii ih.- nam.'- .•..iini-.-ti..ti- nearer h..tne. 0:; manufacturer can investifrate !,,r Iniii-.-lf. and tlii- la- -h..n|.l .1.. tlior..iiuhly . t.: h ari. if the commission li.iuse is . uiviiiy full -at isfnci am. S..I11I- tirili- .•hlilil t.. hav inn-.-t i..ii- all li- w..|-hl. ali.l will have tli.- athlvt— .- ..I -■ini'' in-'T''"''' "" ih. ir l.'ttcrh.-a.l-. lai' .i.v. iiaati^n will 11. .t i iMr.'.iueiit ly prove that the-e are ineivly arraii:- ■iin-nt- with l-. '- an firms to repre-ent thi-ni. and hand on to them any hiisin.— ih .1 may h.- .ilV, riii:;. I here is u wide difference iH'tweeu ,.u. h an arraiitrt'iix'"'- »"iitiiic thi'iriM-lvcs ti. Hii.v oiii', ami they will even ^i—. rt tluit on.' will h. l]. |.. -.11 the utlii-r. In ciTtiiin lines there is some truth in this; but the •■hief lulvantuge of sucli an iirrauK'eniiMit i- for tliiniselves. as it relieves them of n pood deal of trouble, iind .Hi (■ii.-i.iiiit. riiii; ..piii-itii.Ti t.i .'lie iiiiikc tliev are able to retire that and bring out ai]..tli. i-. Th. re iiKi.v li,- iiiii.-li ill till- elaini "f tlie comniissioii agent that he will >t..iillv ri t'ii-c i.i !..■ lii'M il.'wii t • make, and it i- f.ir the Tiiaiiii fnc-t iir.T t.. i|i .-ii|.' whether h.- will lak.' half a Lial' ■■v n..ii.- ;it all. All I'tfi.rt. li..w. v. r, ..f aii.v partieular article -h.inl.l 1..- .Miiliu.-.l to the make ..f the .aie manut'acliir.f. ev.^ii if it be iiiwe--an' t.. .itT.T .iii.t hi u:; in eoniiM'nsatioti. When an aj{<'>it"s siieeess depends iip.iii ..ne make, he . an bi- .l. |i. ii.lc.l ii|i<>ii to |iiit iiiiieh more eMer(r,v into sellinf; it than if he had tiie di-|(.isal ot several, ail of whii-h were tH|ually frmid in his eyes. Tin: (;l 1 -HON OK ADVKKTISIXIi. The (inestion of udvertisin(f is one that should also be tietiiied. if the ).'...mI- to be sold are likely to re|my the ex|H'iiditiire of money in such dirn-tion. Most probably the inaiiiifactiirer will be invitiKl t.i i-ontriliiite towards the exjM'nse of a eampaifrn, if it -InHil.l III' I . ii-iderei! expeilicnt t.i .•mbai'k np.m on.'. In -neli an eviMit. la' slionlil -ate- .:;nanl hi- iiil.n-t- b.v -pe.-ifyiii« that hi- nana-. .T that of tbi' fa.-tory. or tli.' mark iiii.h r w lii.'li the arti.-l.' i- known, -hall h.- ili-tiii.-t!y -tat.-.l in tin- a.lv.-i't i-. ni.'iit. I'll.' aim of every exporter ^lioiild be P. .■>tabli>h a repiitati..;; and name t'l.r his pr.Kluet. in every market in wliieli it is sold. M MBKH ItV KKl'IIKSE.NTATIONSi IIKl.D. It i- wi ll ti. kii.iw ih.' : iimh. r ..f ri'pre-.'ii lal i. .n- li. hl li,\ a -.•llinii aL'ent, and thi'ir iiatiir.'. hi l'i.i'.' an-an^ini; t. rm-. Si.na- -.'Hint; .if:, lu-i. - w ill l.iki alm..-t an imliiiiited nninlii i-. ..f .M iy vari. ty .in. I .icMTipt i. .ii. kii..wiiii; lull wi'll that th.y .■aim..! p.i— ibly il.i j,i-li.'.> t.i all. mile-^ tliey haM' a laru. -. llinu -lalT. I'-uallv lli.y hai..' t.. .I.^p.-ml iip.iii ..r.linary iutelli(fenee in their -ale-iiL ii. and ilii- h. inH -". it i- P... niu.'li to i xp.'. t thai these men. even with the abliliilan 'f . r. •■ that >.ime ..f tla-m ini.l..ubt- eill> |i.i--.-... i-an >ni'eessfidly .sell ;i diversity ..f pr.nl. - •. -ii.-li a- -tei-1 j:...i.U .I'li.l ^..ft Koods, printiiijt paper and boots and -hoes; yet that is what not a few attempt. Certain varieties si'll more easil.v than otliers and yield h lar>{er profit even with a -nudler ■•.an- niission: it is obvi.in> therefore, human nature lieinfr wliat it is, that the salesmitii will follow the lines ;.f lea-t resistance. If eonseientioii-. he will not it\\'>' in without an attempt, but be often makes the mi-take of Ibiiikimr that there i> sometbiny wronjr with hi- pviiiliii-t, wh.'ii it i- only that li.' liim-.df i- hal f-bearti'd in bis etTorl. Time i- al-.. a I'a.-I.ir. ail. I -. iliiii; laki - tilii.-, 'I'll.- -:d. -iiiah iiia\ lia\.' P. Wiiil half an li..iir h. f..r.' h.' . an ih.- hii\.-r. .m.l th. ii he put ..If P. ,in..lh.-|- .hiy ; h.' may h.n.' P. iii.ik.- -. \. ral \i-il- aii.l in lii. . n.l h. .li-app.T P .I. Tlil- li.'iiii; ,i -. lliii^ aL;. ii.-\. nnl. -- -ilpp.irted b,\ a laiv -latV. . .i I i lli.-a iit l> iiiiil.-i'tak.- P. haiidl.' tw.-iity. tliirt.x or forty lines. The abovi' remark- apply partiiailarly to South .\meriea, where the mallana i-xpre-sion (to-morrow) i- niii. li in u-. -I 11 \..1,S. II 1' .iriiiiiit; ..III HKeii.'ie- t.i -iib-a!.'.'iit- i- -. .iiii't i ii . - d..iH . -.. that li. f..r.' . ntiTiiiij int.. ^ ( , ; . ^ 1.1 I ... . I ; _l ^ ■ x . I. t . .. . ! : ( ; t i _ ■ . ! .. ;;..;■!,,.! \.v I !:.- jiiirly -lijiiiirj It. .ii' l.> I'll, i.r 111 .r.' thir.l parti.-. Suh .iii.ii.-i. - li.i\. ih.' .li-.iib aiilaL'. iif 111 ■.■!--! I 1 1 1 1 ii.' iw.i . ..iiiiiii--i"ii-. ami it ill.' M'... ai;i.;ri'i;aP' iim iii.'rr than th. i.rnlar i-omiiii — ion iliey are then -^.i -mall a^ p. de-lroy mu.-ii of the i ntivi' p. i-nthn-ia-i if effort. ArrnnjretniMits of tld* kind are Letter avoided. 24 NKCKSSITI K'.U IMU I'KNKKNT MTION. Tl„rr li=.s b.^-n no int.-nfi...! in tlu- t- r. ll. w mion tlu. fmi.-tio,,. ..xm-i-..'.! l,v ,.x|.„rt .•n.nmisM.m l.on.os tmt my-My h' .'Xnn.in.. ihr.n. in ..rd.;r thi.f ( :.nM. mm nmnut:,. tur..,- »l„'n tlu-y lu. t,. i-la.-in^ uK-n-i.-s. n.av U. in n position to .•lino... that ,1— wliirh hol.i, out tl,.. most iiromisr ..f suowss aii.l satisfactory relations. 1 h.y l, ,v,. ,, rlonn, ,| ;■ n-rlul ivi. o to tl... .•..inmvr.-ial .•..ninuuiity m tli.- .•ountrics in . lli. v .,iv lo. Mt, .l. ;in.l l.:.v.- l...on ii,-truni.-ntal in initiatin;-' int.. tor.'inn tra.l.-. ,„.,>.v tin,,- who o,l,..,-ui-. ,„i::li. T„ r l,.,v -i.l.T, .! it. :,„.I l.v tl,.. ..xi«.rt kli..Vvl.-.iKe nl,i.-i, tl,...v hav.. l,ro„^l,t t , lu-ar o„ iho M,l,i...-f. lli.-v l^nv.. ,lo,„. „,„ -1. to ...In.-at.. manu- facturi'rs t.i a U'ttor iipprotMatioii ..f its r.>.niir. iit -. Soni.. .-xiMirt li.ms..- an- y:."..!. soi,i.- i,,.litr. r. i,t. ami -.i,,.- ar. m-oI.— iI riii- fi.l. It vvill als.. 1... f.,uii|Hirti.in of tli.' fori-i^rii trado of Cana.hi i- il.mi' thiol, \. v York ,.oi„mi-io„ l„.us..,, S,.ni.. .>f thi'in ar.' finan.'iully --itr.mfr. ami aro ivlial.h' aii.l .atisfa..t..ry | ph- with uhi<-h to ,l, al. m-vrth.-h-. it s.-oins ratli. r : ii- i',.-,io!i ..f \v,.aki,.--. wh.ai th,. manu I'a, t ,, ivr- of on iiiitry have t,i ..mplov tho m,.r.'.hai,t- ot aiiotli. r T.. mark.-t th. ir p|....ln, t- ,ii ..^,■l- nlri.-. Th.- iH,-iti,,n li,.tvvivn Cana.la an.l N-.w Y..rk. i- a„al.,::..u- to that h. tu.vii S.-a,.,l„,av,.i a,al llam- l.urfT. It l.'av..s th.. .l(.p..|ia..nt- in a u.-,ik iti..i,. a- .-ntiivly apart Ip.ii; iIh pur- .-ImsinK ...mntrh's. tli..y an- siil.j..,-t t,, .lisl.M.ati.a,-. ..f tra.l.. ai,.l linai,...', )i. ..u.' ...unitrv only Imt in tw.,. .Norway an.l S«v .li.l o t ■ .a„- nifii.-i' t-arP t.i .1., that \vhi..h . in'musta - ar,. f..r. ii,« iip..n tlu iii. 1 h. y ar.' timlinti tha .n r.-iility th.- al.ility has l,... ii lat. nl it, ila i,!. hut that th.' lin,.- ..I l.-ist r..sistaii.... lay towunls llambiirji. Similarly tlw N.-w V.,rk .■..miiiis-i..i, I,..,,-.- -li 'iihl ,..a-.. t.i .'Xi-I. Canadian .'xportors \v..ul.l. no .l.uiht, tiiid a way ..f uiark. tn.ir th,.ir |,i-,„l;,. t- at,. I w..i,l i ov, ivin.' will, th. ir ..wii ..^it.riry an.l ri.s.,iir,'|.fiilii..->. all .litK..ulties ,.o,m,.rt..,l with tin, nvA. -hippinu. pa.-kiim. ..t.... hut up t,. tho pivM-nt. tli.-y havi- n.it v(.t fi'lt till' lu'i'i'ssity f.ir iiiiU'i«.ndt'iit a.'ti.m of tin- kind niniired. MAM t-ACTl ltKlls' ACKNT."*. I I,,,,, riain ri,-,,,... ,,ml,.r th.. .•la-sin..ati..M ..f Cla-s 1! (/.) who in ri'tum for us.mllv a salary an. ..„,nii-i..a a-t a- -..UiuL- ai;, nt- f,.r i.,a..iifa.;tnr.'rs 'I hi^ p.,rli..iihtr..la-'i„ v,.r a.-t a- „ rt. i-; th. y . ith. r -.11 ahr 1 thn.iid, th..ir own l.ra.u'li „t«...'s. or . !-, thr..M..h -,h a..„t- a iuf.l hv th. ,,,. I h. ha-.' th..,,' n,|n..-t tor a trial upon tli..ir -ahilily P. ivl,..\.. th,. maiiuta..tiin r .,i \'ur ,Ap.„-.- aial tr..i,hl.. "\ ■irranKintt <'..nm'<-fion.s iihr.ui.l. that i- a.f a- hi- r. pr. -. iiiat i\.-. In.' .laim ami riifhtly. Iliat it i« iiniH,ssil.l,. t.. ....mim.ii:... an .■: port tra,!.. with.. at th.. .Ap.ai.litnr,. ..t a ....rtaiii anioiiiit of nionry. and that tlif sum |mid to tl ii. - ,la!> an.l -ion. or it mav h.. in salarv .mly. d.H..s not r..pn.s..nt m.,r.' than wliiit w..,il.l ..nlinarily h.. ■fonn.l ii.'...c-,sary. if as iiiiu'li. Tlify iil*.. ■•I.iiin that tlu' mumira.'t«ri.'r wlu. know-* N/ /■/•/ / \ / /" WI.IM.) Ill I.I.KTIS 25 littl.' or iiofhiii^: ..t" .•xiM.rt Innlf. Ili- tl„' furfli. r M.lvMiif;!-.- li.n in- In- U,Yv\m utvm\- iziitiuli ill tlir hiili.i> of .•Xl'crts. wli.. Imvr w..rUi'.l it out to an rxa-t mo to liciit. wlioro the salarj- or ooutribution to expenses paid. inifjht just as well hiiVf ixt ii thrown into tiie sea. I'HKCAlTloNS m;i KSsMiV. On iM'iiiK iipiiroai-hed by a manut'iictur.Ts' aji' i't tor :in ayoucy. mnoh tlio -aiiio l>recaufi4>iis as wen- reconiinended to In- adopted in tlu' eas.- ot . xport iiou-. -1 h. lie I'inployed. His clainis for patronage j>hould he investisuted. aud ae sliould he a:-ked t,i -how the roiison- tor his l„ li. f that he can do business. If this be done, it will be fouiiil that -onio of iho-i' fii-ni- ha\o a iiio-t -upertii-ial isno\vled>re of the territories uhi. h iho> pr..|io-, to , ,,\,-r. aii.l that tlicir olTors if a<-. opt.-il can meet with nothiii« 1,1,1 i.nlurr. To illn-iiMto tlii-. an cxaniplo may !„■ c-it.-d hy takiiin the ease of an .\m. riran, who ha- hi. n oinph.yrd in a ma.-hin. ry hou-,. in I'.noiio- .\iri-. where lie has h.ari.t II ii 1 ilral in .-onrnM l ion witii that hranoh of hu-im— . an.l ha- al— piohod up Spanish, and a fair in-iu'lit into l.atiu Aiiirriran ou-tom-. Iiahit- and c hai-aoim-l n--. His Imiii-c may al>o liave a hranoli ni I'l-ii-nay that ha- hroui:hf him into toii,-h v.itl. that repuhiic, and v'oinn to ami fro p. riodioally hi'two.-n ihiono. Aire - and hi- lio ill the TnitiHl States, he lia- >oon -omrthin:: of Kio .Ic .lanioi-,, and Sant,-. llavmii sueei-eded ill aei-uimihitiiiK some eapital and perha|is havinn tlie proiiii-. ,.f nioi-.-. hi may deeide to start up in Xew York as a mannfa<'turers" iifrent to handl. Latin .Xinon eaii liiisiness, believiiif; that he has had suflieient e.xiH'rienee to earry hiiii throu({h. He has ^vfw in .\rireiitina that ttiere has In-en a larjre demand for Xorth Ameriean vi hicli-. >-p,. ially liii-t;ii-: an.l -o anionyrst others, ho detennil!i>s tn solieit the siip- pr.rt of a . ari ia:^o fa. toiy in hi- vi nture. Bcint: a salesman and it may lie a very trood ..no. II i- |...-ihh- iliat it li...- n..t ur t.. him to elosely studj- the trade statistics of till- .•..iintric- wlii. h ho pr..(io-i- t.. vi-it. Ho may -u.-. i od in iiiton-t in;;- a oarria^io fai-t..ry in his t..iir, tlio arraii'_'i'inonl heiiio that in n tiirii for a oortaiii -alary or .■..nlriliiiti..n t.nvanl- oxpon-i-. ho will iindertako t.. .1.. his he-t to jilaee all a^'eiioy f..r tln in in oaoh ,.f tlio ooiinti ies vi-it. il. He may l>e porfooily -oioiitioii- ami put forth his lie-t otforts to earn liis salary, but exifept in .Vryi'iitiiia and rrufiuay ho has but little i-hiiii f siu-eess. for the reason that the demand for veliiele.^ in the other eouiitries of South .\iiierii a is >tiiall. and is firaetieally eontiiied to "eoehes" in the eities, there beiiijr no lountry r..ads. Altiioii^rh a study of the statisties. or a knowled(?e of the tojmKrapliy of the various roptihlii s would have obviated it. exiM-nsMi* are ineiirnHl for a journey throlijth.iut all of ih.in. An iiiiiiiir.v ain.in;;-t maiiufaeturers would doubtless show that many other -imilar in-taiioi'- (-..iilci l.o oito.l. I'll.. ..I.j.'.'t ..f ;;..inu int.. thi- -nl.j. ot ha- n..l hoi n t.. Li'litth' inanufa.-tiir. r-' ai;rnts III any way. hut ratlior t.. pr. .m..lr .-aul i..n and i iivo-t iuat i. m on tin- (i art ..| tin- ( 'anadian iniiniifaeturers. in ..rdor that tlio latter may h.. -avod fr..iii oxpori. noo- that .mii only be disapp.iiiitiiitr. and may have the etf. ot ..f ili-.'..ura-inir tln iii fn.m furthor attompi-. Installer- have i-..|llo t.. ii,.tiee that tlivo .■vidom o ..f thi-o tirm- liavini; p,Tf..ria. .1 the most useful and sati^faetory service-, whioli help- t.. -upp..rt ili.- arKumciit in fav.mr of careful inve.stijratioti. It does not follow lliat In caiiso a man may know a country. and the 1 tnuunjre sjxvken in it, that he will make a li' I salesman or suwessfiil oriranizer: that is the first essential, but lie must also Ih' asked t.i show reasons why ho <1 Id l.o entru-tod with the r. preseiitation of an important factor.-, and promised a salary with. ait liaviiii; Hr-t oariioil it. M M I'M nilMIS V Ml 1 . .\I M l-Sl.l\ M.l NTS. ( 1. \SS II ( C ). There is yet the . • i ohi-- of iiiaiiu faoliirei-' or <-oiniiii — ioii aueiit. Cla— II d ), who ...ts or has bis Itodquarters in the country in which it i* desired to eomtnence 26 TUMn: AMI i ti\nn:i!i i: business, or in oxu- of a jrr.m,. ..t n..i};l.l...uri.i>r .-..mitri. ^. Ot ili.m .,11. ,1ns kind of r..i.r.--t.t;,tion ^i-vmx to hol.l out tl..' proniiM' of (;m.t..st nn.l ii...-t li,>tHm^ sii,m...>s. Thi- i MM 1.0 iM-t illii witli Canadum till, II, 1-. 'Ihi- , \tr.M-i • iiuil, ill viirio,.- ,-,.uiitri.-s from ijufbracho wood, a pr.nluH ,.'r tl„' Ai-ii. mill'' ' Iki'". -iii'l .■'•■iM.|ii, iitl,v li,' will Imvf to nuvf .-ompetition. He has til, -:iiiH' " li,i!.-,- "t V. !T, -, nt.iiiv, - :i- ;\ ( 'aM;i,linu iiu, nu fin-turcr ; li.' can employ an Kriiviitiii,'. Now York. ;iii Kii^;li-li -i' : ntiii, nt;il ,-oinini.-i..ii li-iw,.; ,.r ho niiirhf emplov tin., u l„, woiv ii,i,rk, l inu S.,uii, .\i,.. ri.Mn pr.i.iu,-!- -i,,'!, tin- rin, !,,-;,. !,.. oxtra.-t. hi,l.->. --otf.-o. si.frar. im,.,!. , t,-., in tlw riiit.'.l Stnt. - -.uul Cana,!:,. al.aiL' -iioilar lines to til,' nianufa •turer- ay.-m roferr.Mt to at.ove: or ha- tla- liirth.T "plinii ot .'inpU.,vilic ail eiiersi. ti.-. reliable tiriii of nianufaetur, r>" ami , ,,iiiiiii-inn af:, iit- uli,> have their liea,l' '^i' 'li^U'lvantaue of not having a,-t,ianv -.■,•„ tl„- pi- - .'t luamifa.'tui 1 lla- i:--,!- wlii-li !>•■ ha- to -,■11. hut in ■oni.' lilies this i> not a he.-ivy liaiidi<-ap. an,l .ai tlu- .ah. r h.iii,! tln'iv an- ii.a .i ^-nvit maiiv repn'sentative> wh,. e.|uip tlieniselv.- with ihi- kn..ul,,lu,-. Th.y niay |..,y a visit to the works, hut the iinpre-sioiis re.-eive.l are >nun t,.r^'otliii. 1 hi- is ,.iily ni. ntioiied f.ir the sake ,,f .•oniiiari>,,ii. The wider ae()Uaintfliiec the ajreut has with hi- -nh,i,', t tla- in..ri' -in-.-c-sful he -hould 1«'. Whil-t ,ai -,il>.i'< t .,f hii.il afreiits. it -houhl 1h> mentioned that it is only li,r,.,i:^h ill, 1,1 th.,t hii-iii.— .,- ., nil,' ■■an !„■ tr;,i,-.i,-te,l with the Federal and I'rovineial (;,.v,-nini,ait-. ii. .v, lai in. ut . .wii. ,1 rallu.iy-. ■■U: Tin- .'lass ,.f hiisiiiess re,|uir.'S n tirni iii! . .Hal an- w. II -kii. 'Wii. In -.at,,' lin,- it is so important that it n.iuin- f:iv.,t ,-;,re and atteiit i.,ii, ami eaii ,aily ii.iiolle.l hy people of standiuK. A tirst-elass native firni might be the U'st for stieh a purpose. \ 111.1 \iMS,. I l l: : -I \i 1-^ i:i ^1 ii:H'. A reliable an. iit will -ell only to tinns of piod -taii.lii,^. .lu.l altlloll^;ll he takes I, ri-k hiiiisi lf, it will be his pride to eons.'rve th." interest- of his priiieipal. Ill- iv|,:ii.,ti..ii i- hi- .apital. that his interest^ (fo hand-in-liand with those of the ,.\p.ai,.r. S.,iii,' ..r til.' 1..-I-I;i;muii ai„l -ii<',-e-fill of tin- ela- of au'elit-. vvli.. have h' hard ami l:.,o,| u.,rk. hiiilt ,i hii-in,— . ami tlii> .-pii-ially appli,- t.. tl,..-,. who hamHo iiia,-hiii,Ty. railway iiial, i :al. .i... uh, 'h iv.piiiv- t.',-liiiii-al traiiiiiii;. .l.aii.iml a retaiuiim lee, the ani.aint uha h u,a.l,l%.. a:;aiii-t .■..miiii-ioii- ,.;,ni, .l. •| h, y ■ •hiini. ami m.t wifh..iit rea-.ii. that tl„A -apply . .\pert kih.ui, pr, iin-.-. .'I.ThMl >ervi,-,-. -al,-lli.ai. et,-.. all ,.f whieh ha%,- a v., hie. aii.l that vvla'tli. r -la-.M-l al ,.|- la.t. the nianufa. turer should eoulrihute t.iwanls th.' eo^t .>f tlle-e wliilst th.^ m.irk. t I- heiut' 't.-t,',!. (1th, T niaiiiifactiiriT-" awents also require this. Th.' retainini; I-.' iii.iy run i., tr.iiii .-li"! I" ■'^:''"" a iiioutli. F.Np.irters are ..fteii iiieliue,! t.i , lemur at -„. h 1... .i.at .,- th,'y know imthinir of the lmsiii..ss-jfettiiiL' ahil..y ,,l',|„, i,„.,,l in,,, . I, It ih. ;r pr..,lii.'l i- 'ahl.- h.f tla- Io.mI market, thi'y do n.,t .-an- t,, ri-k th.' -,iiii "i lu.'U. } uiii.-h mas uiw i... r.-ult tor tii,' expemlililt'e. It may. la.w.'Ver. I..' p,.iiite,l ..lit th.il .i linn with an e-tahli-li<',l r"pi,tati,,n w.iuld . 1.! ,,>. ,., ij,..j,.v; t!,. ;.,tr...|;:;.! i. !! : :!' al! a!"!' !" nu'V'K- !'"V t|"' -alo- >'( p,,.'k,'t- iii- a v.'.ir or tu..'- n-l ■> i a i t. ■ fh.'s .•••ubl .ithaJ ri-k lli.ar r. |m.! .i'.ai Mi ihi- wav. They -ay that until llay t. -t ti,e m.,rk, t i hor..utilily it i- imi,.,",l,h ih. ih p. f,.nii an ,'.pitii,.n. and that there i- iio r.>a-on why tliev -la.iii.l ,L:iv,- th. ir - .vi.-.- i;ratiiit..u-ly to a niauufa,'tiir, r for this piirp.is,.. Tlu'y .•laiiii. tl,.,t . it !„■ I,,iiml ihal an arti.-l.' i- not -uitabU' lor the l.«'al market, or lor -..nu' r. a^on I'i.nnot i>Dm|R'te. s^^'PLESE^T to weekly bvliktis 27 thnt th<> knnwlpdsrf- is worth something to the manufaeturers, and may be the tnenns of -.:ivii!ir ;i l:iri:i' -uni ni iii.nny. nr it may put thrni in the way of making an imiiriivi'iiu'iil \\\\\> \\ iihiy iiltiiiiiitily ii'iid to surcess. Ol.n ESTABLISHED FIRMS VKlisI s \1 U , Whilst it is nntnrnl that an exportor in l.H.kiiiji fur a for. itiii iijrtMit vvcuM eiul.'a- \i.iir to iiorurc the •'.■rviccs of a firm with an established reputation, it sometinies lLi|.lH ii-, MwinLi- to tho iKiliiiv ..f till' connnodity or other i-ir^'imistanees. that in the I 11(1 it iiiiL'ht lie for lii- lii-l iiHiTi-^ts if he wore to entrust his ropresoiitation to a yonn»r. hut ener^olic iiini iiyuiv-ivc ai^vnt wlio. if tli. y Ii;mI ip.t y, i Kuilt up ;i -iiccossful husiiio-srut lo;i-t lioro m ;;..oc1 .-liMrarter. Stiou-ly , -t;ilili-li< il tiriii-, wlio Imvc In. rue the luMt :iim1 l.iliour of file day, aro itu-lined to avoid :ij;i ii' i''-^ w'ni. li pp.iiiisc iil.uiniaii.-o of hard woriv witliout too nuirh rotiirn. Alaiiy of tlieui would n.it -iil. r j now husiness uidess it lield a prospe<-t of a lurii-nv, r of many thou-:iini- of (|..ll;ii-. Tli. .say that any other kind does not pay them. Sueh linns are well adapted for iiiaiiiifai- tiirers of ninehinery, railway material, etc.. etc., but not for the makers of articles wliicli rei|iiirc constant and vigorous interviewing of wholesale houses; for the latter elass, a yoiinir firm will usually ffive the hf'st results. ( oMiiivM'ios Koi! ei lii'osKs iw in;n!i:sK\ l A i io\. V'ounjf tirms. like older mu's, retpiire a steady iiii-onie to pay thi'ir otfico :iiid iivinir expenses, and they also may ask for a salary or jjfuaranteed monthly allowam e to tide flu 111 over the testing' time. Tliis (pu'stion of employing sueh finns, who are known to liavo looal knowleiitro. e.xperieui-e, aliility and a sjood name, is one that should be .•arofully studied l.y .•.\p..rters in Canada. Sniiie of tlioiii would seem to lend them- .-. Ivi- more tliaii others t luiliiiiatioiis or srroiip- of niaiiu facturers, who desire to enter a new market. Take tlie ea-e ..f a firm e,,inpo-e,l of two i,^irtiii>rs, who have a eertaili i iimher of atjeneies; one of the niemher- fi^k- after the -ellmn end. whilst the other attends to the offiee manafrenieiit. tinaneinL:. et.-. 'I hey may he wiUimr to take on other ajfeneies. hut cannot do -o without further assistaueo, and heiiifi yoiiiifr and perhaps family men, they may n .1 e;,re to take risks whieh mipht entail a loss that they are not in a pfisition to atiurd. If four or more manufacturers, however, eould he found who woidd combine tofrether to guarantee from $125 to $300 a month for, say two years, the .litfieiilty might be overcome, as sueh a guarantee would enable iheiii tt, eiiiiaire the -erviccs of a salesnniu. who could devote himself entirely to j.u-hiiii; the uooiK .•\p.u-lr.i hy thi- iiartieiihir irroup. Say sLt firms manufaeturing HiKiil.- wliieh were -iniil.ir yet woulcl 11, ,t eoiupete with oiii' aiiotlicr, were to eoinhiin' and to ;iLiree t.> i.:uarMiilee lii^tweeii them .ti'i"! a month for two years. This would work out at ahoiit ^W:, a month eaeli, or .tfi'ii a year, which i> not a large sum, and perhaps woiiM 1) ' a small iti iii in the advertisinu: 1.111 of most of them. Tt is presumed that before making such a departure the pr()spect> of success would have been well canvassed; as by doing this, the chances of complete failure are reduced to a minimum. The above idea could pi-rhups be given the most jiractical cifeet if the group were eoiliposed of manufaetiirers loctttetl in the snnie town or in neighbouring towns, as with hut little ineonveni 'lice tliey would he able to meet together perioijjcidly t" compare notes and discuss tlii ir foreijni aH:i'iicy. and any plans which they iiiiKlit make for altering or iiniiroviim it. Thi^ is a >iihjei'f which mi;;. it he taken up hy honrds ((..,,{,. :.. I'.wn- ;[itd ','itie- wh." in jo n.-t i. .n \\ttli .;iich :i hody ;is the Canadian Manufacturer^' .\--ociation could leii.l vn-y eti, ciu,- jid in hrimiini; tojjether manufai'tiirers in one imlustrial centre, or in iii'it;hhourinn lentri-. In this I'rainee- tion it may be ji liiited out that Argentina offers one of the best fields for such an experiment, for tnc following reasons: Buenos .\ires is the capital and has a iH>pulu- mm- 5 28 7 K.U»K t.VO I tniMKRVE ,• „ , 1 -,r,MH,n ,,„| u iti,;,, . iM.lin- 1 .".n mil.- th.T.. arr tW ritio*. La Plata i;;..,n'i.. i'.-..'. .n.l M..ut..vHl f :;:.o.(M«>. tlu. f.mr m«W « toU. ,.rl.... ,.o,H.la,u.M ..f ...r rn.. In :,.M,ti..„ tl ,1,,-.. a w-ahhy n.rnl Arp..ntine for-iKU tr:,.!- i- tn,n.,.-t,..l ,n I'.u, ,,.,- A,n-. „,..-, M . h.,hn„v ,. I.„ IM-.ta aiul lt..>ari... wl.iUt ,,rol.al.l.v an .-lual ,,ro,.orti..„ „t ti,.t M I r. k'u.> M..n.-...l „riliU th.. ,.r,.-,-. N M^ it uiv,- |.rn,„i-... l.i..iu.- -houl.i in.prov.. .pito o ,.„,„li-i,...- '., il,. . Il:, r ...untri,.-. Any important h.-al tirm. whi.-h hav.- woatluTnl ,l,i. 1-t' , n.,. . ri-i- -lionhl. with h. tt. r tini,-. U- l-yon,l .11 .-.-.r of .liffi.-ultu^. Flu- ,.r..,..nt «onl,l th. rHon- -.■.■in l.. I- a favonraM. tin,, tor C.Ha.lian nianufa.-turf-r. to uiKk-rfaki- >mh a d.-iiartun- a- ha- U-im (.iithm' to Kiv.- them tlu' >ol.- w<'wy for what i- known a- a " hn a.l- ; nil-hnlti r lino." ai ■ . • In Vr.'ontma. nnl.- a in.inufa.titr.T is prepaml to o|«-n hi« own oft.v. it is , IV to , nipl .V th. n ior ni a iol.hin.L' laai^o to introdn.'*- such lines as af:ri<-ul- ,',r ,1 inil irri-ati.,:: ,nao|,i,H ,-v. Tla-o lino- oannot h.. -ohl without a oamp .-oniuvtlon, ..i,h,T with tin- o,,untn -tonko.por- or with tho VaTHv ostanoi.Tos. an. it is only 1,,...,. hou-,- that havo thi-. It L'o,.- witl,..nt -;,yin. rla.t aL-rioulmral nnpl.-m.-nts „,,..la„..rv. win.ln.ill-. mu-t W k..pt in - ..-k. an.l no i,n,,ortin^' lams., will nn.l,.r- tak.. to .1.'. this, or vv.,rk up a tnalo f..r any partioular mark, unl.- th.y ar,. -.uv ..I tlio ..x.-lu-iv,. aL'. i.ov for a sutii.-i.-ntly ha.^- tiin.^ to mak,. it w..rth th.ar whil... I !»■ .an,.' nniark appli.-' t.' sn.h artirles as .■arria*.'.-. m.^tor ..irs. of. On tho othor hatul. ),„w. v. r. an . xolusiv.' au. n- y in suoh artiflos as t.a.ls. furniture., win-, lumhor. ..f . w.a.hl not h, i:iv,.n to any ono hous... a- tlu-,. nr.- trcmTal lin.'s and tho -.on,, mark ,„.,v 1„. -t,. k, ,1 l.v ., nun,!., r ..f .loah r-. I'.u.'uos Ain-s has sovral very lar^to johhinjr l„.i'i-.- -.n.l a- tla V ai-o w, 11 known mannfa.-tur..rs ar.. vry Sflad to niak.' .-.jntraets with t'h...n for han.llin. tl,. ir l-...!-. Tl,.. taot. l„.wov, r. that a larp firm t-ak.^ m ,u..n.-v for a .-.Ttain tnark ..f an arti.-h- .1... - n,.t -ay that th.y ar.. i.'....nr t- .lo a larse la.-i.u- in that, unh- it i- ..Npn-ly -tipulato.l that tlair att..nt,on -houhl ho .Hno.l t.. tl,.. on.- mark ami n.. ..th.T. Th.. larL-.' h.ais.- whi.-h hav.. h....n v.-ry -, ..ss- • ful in huMn..ss ar.. usually ili.l..|K-ii.l<.nt. an.l are .lisin.'lin.Mi to ti.. llam-oh, - u,. in this niann.r. ami .•..ns,.,pK.ntly a nninhor ..f th.m ar.' s.'..n .■arrymi: a nnmlxT ot mark- ..f th.' -amo arlh-h'. in s„mo of which th..y mu-t n,-..-ar,ly .1., y.ry l.tth. 1,,,-ino- A m.,nnfa. tunr ha. to .•Ii.m.s.. at tinii's a- t.. whether h.. will haml over •1„. ..x.-lu-iv, -. llinu riuht- in a .-ertain t..rrit..ry t.. .me h.mse. ..r wli..th..r he would ,„•, f. r to hav.- it in tl... l an.l- ..f an aL^ nt wh.. w.ail.l s..ll f.. all alik... In s..me mstaliet^ ,.„. f..rni. r poHry will pay atid ui -.i a>..> th.. latt».r. hut more often than not it will he f.iund that the latter will be num. {irotitable than the former. LONCU>N* OFFICES. ].„ I,,,.,. l,.,vi,,.. tl„ -,il.i.,t ..f r..pre«..ntatioii it would Ih» w..|l t.) e.msider the ,.n. Miny of urtir. - in l.on.lon. A litth- inv..sti>ratio.i will slu.w that a preat number of SI I'rLEMEST m iVKKKI.Y Itl l.l.F.TtS 29 linii- li:ivf rithcr tin ir ■■ttic i-. liriiin-li ..ttii-t-, nr nyi iit- liu nteil in I.iiiulnii. which I'fliof filhcr contrcil- tlii'ir iiffiiir* nr sit Icji^t net !i> Imycr- t'nr thcni in Loiitlnn of any artu-lf whii-h tli«'.v |mr<*liii-i«' in the »{K-n market. This ^M'in^f tlu> casi-. it would .tet'in »'Ji|K'(li«'nl for Canatliati niunufacturf-rs t msidor this <|f»'stinn, for if they are to do a lartfc lpii«iii<-s in South Anicrii-a or in many othi-r parts of the world, it will be nMt's-iirv for tin m t.. t into toii -li with tliosc l.oiiiloii nftico-. 'I'lii- Si.uiii Anii iir.m riii!w;iy< «hi<-li linvi- their lii-:nli|iiiirtrrs in i-^n^'hinil. nnil they im hiili' the ino-t iin|icirtiUit one-, ilo iirjriii-;illy .\\\ tln-ir |inn-h:i-ini; in l.unilon. 'I'hi- :ilone i- iiri|Mirl:int niiil -ImuM he -nttieiont riM-on t'nf thi- i-»t;ilili~hnii'nt of Knf;li-li iitti'c - r..r juy ('Mnaiiliin niiinuf:M-tnriT r,t' iMiluay rnllinu -t..rli .ir r:iilwiiy miitiTiiil. A ii-I of tiirx' .ittii'o- i- liivcii in ji|i|MMiiiix A nt tK. hjcU of thi- -npiiloinont, and it will !«■ sti-n that it is a fairly hiriri' one. London i- :i un .it hii-im-- oi iitio and •■very Canadian inaniifaeturer who asjiires to expand should hiok forward to having an offie»> in that nietroiHdis. or at least an ajrenf who wuuld he able to transact his biisines- for hini. and lirinjr him into toiieh with thost* firms who every year buy 1 rfte ((iiantities of material for their foreign conneetions. 30 ruAitt: .i.vo nnnn:in t: Chapter IV. CREDITS AND FIHAIICISO EXPOETS. 1, i. . .,H.m- .1- ...mM.h.i,,. o„ ,1,. P.r, ..t n,.Hv S„u,h Ah,,-,-,-... .„,,...•„•,- .h.t ,,,,,,.1,., „ tl,n- months- .Iraft frH.n an K,n-, r,.,,„ ..x,,...'!.-.' In- iwi nt, hi1> ,„„u l,..f,.r.. a ruit..l S,a,... .inn will ...11 1. -nv..,,,,.,, ,„, ,1,.. S..,„l, .\„,. ri. :,„ ... liav,. th.' a<-.-..n.n...lati,m r h\y «rant..,l t.. n^.al, tin,,- l.v K,„-..|...... -In,.,., :,„.i ,< l,.,rl. l,i> pri.l.. to .,mu- ..xtont that -o ...any .\.,rtl, a,,., no .I'.ul.t t„ tl,.. ..p. -in,- of a 1,.- i. ..t N-w V..rk hank, and ... tl,.- .lo-. r <.u,b wlii.-h l.as 1m'.... an.l is Uunfi nia.k- ..f South .\im-ri.-ui. .•oiiiu.fn-.al .•...>.l.ti..u.^. I ST.H K>i iMtlSIF.n. Tl„. n ,-..,, .1,.- H 1 "f . -v.lii ta. lliti..^ in So..th Ameri.... is ,.m- that .hottW , ,. , ',,,1 |,s ( ,„ , li ,„- It i- a ,H . la„.l, ami thvr.-f.,r.> .>.tsh is liot abundant ;:.ii:rin.at.. at ,o„. ,1.,.,,,,.,. ....... -r^^-^^-i ::,;;:;■•::„;; noiH'ssity to i-arry law si. a ti'li'srrani and ju-rhaps ha\ ( ■;m;i.li;i., wi'stiTii iirovin... no..;sity to -arry law sto-U. It is „..t a- a,, „ .• -r ,„ < ' ' ■ t..l..*rr .„> a.,d l-rhaps hav.- th.' «o.«ls i.: .t thr,.. -k- n, ,- a ,„. r,. l a,,, ■ , .1,. ^ : w,.-t,.n. nrovin..... umk-r ..-rtain .-onditio,,-; .„ ,1,.. torn,,.,- .-a-,- M,,. ,,,.,-rw, Si .||,l■ „,,„|,l i,.,v,- I., 1» i..iti-d by months instead ..f by w.-.-ks II- l|,;l> t r till > ,.|-iii,iri' < ,i,„.. ,„t,r ... -ix „,..„.!,-. Ti,,"'l...-P^.ai<-'.-,.h.-r"an unfamiliarity with i"t.T>n.tion.,l I,.-,,,- ,„;,> .,•«,„• that i. not UH-aUs.> thoy .lo not trnst Sot.tl, Ana-ri-an (. ,-i-i|uiri' i :,-li pa> p,'..|,lit ..f tli. i.' l.'-i.i^ "' im|„.,.ti-r- that tli. v f.-iiuin- ,. till' part of till- banks. I St \t. TKIIM- Tne usual n.|..l,.id.- of payi„« for m.-r.-han-li- n.-tv .t 1,- a~ |-..11..»-: ,1) Tl... in.p..;!:r ntay op.-i a 1 k -.n-lit in favour of the ..xp....-.- ■ J' ,, „,. ,:;) I,., may. if he i~ huyinfl on -iM-n a..e.,u..t. r.-nu. a. l„s ,-..„v .„ . .,. . . .1 d,-aw„ on 1 by .be shipiMT. to he paid at si^ht or .n what.-ver .nteryal .d t.n.e iieiv l, ivi' bii',, prrvii.,,-!y arranned. . .i "' ■ ', ,' ,„„„.,-, :-arv „. say that to the North Ameriean ,„a,„i la. turer the li,,, tu,'. „,.-.l....l- w..nl,l 1... .1h- .u..st satisfa,..ory: but thi-y are so d^a.U auiajrcms to ,.. ,„v,.,- a^ ... l.e ..l„,..-t „...l.«ible In pni-.i-al affairs. The hr.st >s only jus a lit le 1' ; palat- that, ,1 1. a„,l ...f .va-o„. Th,- hrm who has , a. up the .„..li. l' r..~.ri...e,i by jn^t .la- an,o„„. wl,i,-l, that .■.•-dt. extends, .md without having •.„„ds in hand tu r-ali.e !.,«... it. It ..u.ins that from the ti.no the .-renht bas Ihvu St PI'I.F.VEXT TO VEKKl.T BVI,LETIS 31 iirrantinl until \\w nrrivnl of tlw coiisijfiniKMit. the iiniount ifpreseiitiug the v«l(i« iiivi.I\ < il i> (li inl. mil. -s (if coiir-c tin- (toimIs liavt- Ix-fii j-oUl by the importer to a . ii-tcinii r tnr lurwani drlivi ry in n tuni tor cii^'li or a iii'potiuble security. The third iiiftliixl of iiM.viMi iit is cniiiloyed to it i-onsiderable extent in the Manchester goods' tr»de, liut littlo oiit-iilc of that. 'i'lii- |o:irlh iiii'tlioii i- the >t firinTiill.v f(il|..ui,l. i\ni\ it i- ii> a rule the tiiin-st iiu tliod. 'I'lu- I xi'orti r ■Iraw- a liill on tlif I'u-tuna r. at >a.v tlin i' inontlis' «i|tht. It i.« nssuine«l that the drawer lia> liad a reliable report on the standin(f of the < ustomer, Hiid has satisfied hiiiiwelf that he is ttikiiiK no more than a fair business risk. Having made a draft on *uy a firm in Montevideo, he ean, if his credit is (tood, now Bell it to a hank hy ^vritiIl^r his name aeross the fain- us seeurity in case of its non-payment, and to tlie hill he attae'ne^ the doeunient" endorsed to the order of the same bank. The .l.MMiiiii iil- -ImuM lie in (Inplieati-. and a rcipy nf each attai-hed to the draft, first and -i i-ond of e.\ehan>re. the two part> of whieh >hoid. .ll • t exactly $1(I.IMHI insi, ad of $!t less, as w IM'l liV \T|oN M. TPtVOINC. Tlie question of credit, as it itTeet- inti rn^.t ional tradinsf, is a large one, and has naturally been reduced to a more e.\aet science aiiionfi-t Kuropcaii and Eastern traders than amongst those of the Western Hemisphere. The objection most commonly raised to overseas trade is. that owing to distance it is difficult to obtain reliable reports and ihi n fore undue risks have to he taken. There is no business man of any consideration who-r- liuancial standinfr cannot he ascertained within five to fifty hours hy means of the ti'lesraph ami -uhmarin. cahle. This may he ohtiiined through the medium of hanks na-r-.-:!!!! aL^-.-iicieS. or f ri'-'!!'.ls. or t|iree colllllined, none of which IS infallible, liut the -auu- means mn-t he cmploycil for -ecnriuH: n-p.a't- on ■■ustoincr- rcsiding in the uianufaeturer's own country, and it was not so long ago that the western provinces were as inaewssible to Eastern Canada as Rio and Buenos Airea are to-t'ay. ^ TR.xm .»v;» rnVVKRVF. \ „,.t..l.l.. tin.Mri.T -t»t,.,l -v,.,-.,! V.,,.- ..... tliai .■r..,lit u,.- l.ru.lv :. inatt..r of ,l,.,r;..-t.T ami that r nl u:,- ... Inul--, i,n,..r,aM,v A ur.fv.-lv .....r man w tl. an l...„o..raW.. n: .n.> ..l.t.u, ,.r..,lit ...ul, I,.. >v.:,-..i . n-l, .. S,. whil.- it .na.v U- -n hat .litH-ult t,> „l.,:,i„ ...f,.,! .,„.,„■> ,1 r,,n„.. l.r 1 - -., t.. a..-rtai.. th.. .-hara-t.-r i n.-n-hant l..-.r- . ... wl,. ,!,. r h.. ^ 1 „,.„,,| „„, ,,„„ti,M,.. t.. ..xpninl a. it ami thr Kur..,H-at. ■i...r. h.,.,.. 1"^' ,,.,,,|,i„.v ,t r..r l.mi.' woul.l .-.aM- to .Jo Im-ili.-s ..|| Mirh 111..-. Hu' Llfa ul ;„ili,„it...l ..r ,1, ai.i.u,,, .■r..,li. i* ....t ...,t,..i.,.lat..l f..r a im.m....t. hut .ml.v that k.u.l wiiifh all..vv.".l by fh.- law't aiiJ iii.wt »u.f.— ful tinns. IIW'K VSSI.STAXCK. (•„ ,„ ,,,.,.. ,,1 .l.. r,. i- ,,r..'.;,l.ly x^•■ fr.-.' .li-.-mint ..ia.k..t in <\:na.la f..r hilU .,r.wi, .... S.:,.,!, .\in. i-,.-... Su. h , -la- ..f atTair- r-a,-.- .li.aavanta^-.n.ly the |'r..',...ial.lv all .iraft. .lra«n in ; un.ry ...ui >..u.l, .\,.,.T,.-a. ai. -nt 1,> tl.. „„nnfa.-t..r,.rV l,ank t.> thrir la-a-l ..t«.-. an.l L.v -h- la.-r ... . N.- N ..rK -.r I .hm a^....y. Th.. ,„a..nfa.-tur..r ha, t.. a... ,, -la- r.,,,. ..t . x-han... nx. •! !.> la- l,,„k «l,i. l, niav 1h. th.- l"-^t ..f the .lay. alth..u«l. n i- har.llv lik.-lv ... h- -.. . a..ui,,M. ;„„„ nn.l.. 1«- ..hlai...-.! if la- wrn- aWr t.. ..tf. r hi- .Iraft ... -v, r.,l l.r..k.T-. Nn il,,,!,, ,„ ,.,„, .1 Cana.la-- f.-r.-iirn tra.l. ..xpaiuls M.rh di-al.iliti.- a- ni- will .li.a|.l«-ir. „„1 .,n- .i,... 1.1. lii- vvill laa.l.. «laT..l.y Miaiiiifu.-tiir.Ts may U- pla.-.'.l ii|"'n a lu-ir.- ;.,,ual .......1... ill ta.-ilm.- will, ti... f .li- rnit..J Stat.- an.l Eur..|.f. . l.-r,„„ i,.!„iiHa.i..n .■li. il...l ui..„ li. r.,na,l;, la-. v,.ar. ,. w.mld ai.|K'ar that it a ,nai...fa-tnn.r .lra«- a 1..11 u,,..„ a .■..,■, ,.„ -u-l r. ->m. |.la,-,..l t., 1„- ■■n-.ht will h, . .W,it...l f.. th.^ t..tal am ..t ..v. r.lr.,ft. wl,..,v -u.-h h.i- l.. , ,, ari-aii..-.i. I hat i. .. if a mam.fa.-tur..r i- ..11.- . I a.-....u,n,..,la....n n,, „. > ..... ahva, ly u-.l *«M«N. „f this, an.l .lra«- a Mil ..p.... a f..r..i... .n.,..- I..r *l.i "Ml. ,l„. l,al,,„.-.- .,t his a.-.-..iiim.«lati.m i, .v.l.....Mi t.. *t....MH.. unril .1... ,.. .•.•■1- " ■ !■ r,.,. ; .Ivat. r...-.-iv..t .-nly .-..in.' l.a.'k .ip..n the .lraw..r ..t hill, it . h„,l,| t..'pr"t.-. aft.T ..n S,,uth .\ni..ri..an .•..i.ntri..s. par.i.i.h.rly a- up ... a t.-w .v.-a/s „go till'..- wi-n- siipiMist'd t.. Ih' ill a e.iustaiit state of n-v.ilutiun. « 1»AUT Pl..\YKI> t»Y TIIK BANKS. Th.- b«,.l is f..r.....l t,. tak.. -..1... ri-k. an.l .hi- van.- in rh. r..ti.. Ha -My ..f i, "liv^t. If tlu. client h. ,.. .-t.- .Iv ...1 .h.- n-k p,a, n..,lly ,„1. ,„,. , ■ ... r,rv is th.- .-as.-, as in th n.n..,.n.-y ..f .la n-i^n-.. r..tu-,n. ... a. .-.-p. th- : . "-nlr inahl.- t., pay it wh.-n .lu... In .1,- f-rnaT. ,h,. -hi,.-n,.n. .;t - may 1 ,i„.„u„ ,„...., tl... hank-- han.l<. i.i whi-h ..v.-nt l.av. a...,. ... . .■■ , ,„ |.,. ., 1 ,,nv l..>- in.-nrri..l. in -timatmjr th.' .h-«r.-.- ..t ri-k t.. '.i'!un„',l ii, ll,'.V-„pp..-i.i..n .hat .h.' -hil r is kn.,wn t., 1». s,.m.nvhat shaky, ami th.- ; ,\ ,h n'i.'....' is l"li.v-.l - -l-htfnl. .in., re^rar.! must h.- ^iven t.. tlu- \ ., , .,,,,1 ,1-,, 1,, .■,.inin,.r..ial an.l finan.-ial .•..n.liti.m« ruimp h;T.;..nnU-y , 7 X':" i n:. ,■,,,.>.: .. > -ia l-.U'- alal a- ,., wln-th.-r U 1... .u.p..n.i.-.i up..n ... .1.. -h.i. 1..;-. .1-- ' ha^ani .... a ship.n. n. -f -tapl.- .■..ni......l.ti..- wl,..,, ..-a.l,. hr,;k i- -r.iall. . - t ^ hn.wn ..n tlu- a..-...V hamls. f. h- -hi t, r h- Cana-hau ^'^^ ' ^'TT' U ^ i.n.l-al.lv r..«li/.e .... the ^.....Is with little and may .-ven make a pr..ht. If trade St PPLKVKST TO WKKKLY Bl LLKTiS 33 »K' -1 rk. I1..W. M'f. llir .lifti^-ulty iu.-iv.i-, (l. On t; I- vj. li M...t..r rnr-. wlii' li li:iv • 11 riM.lv -1^1. • wli. ii l.ii-iii.— i- l.ri-k. Imt :irr m ilrii;: ..11 tin- iii;irkft wIumi it i- tl:it. tiir ri-k tluii v^ri.- «itli tmlf iilitl..i, . A iLiiiiiicnt ..f |..Ti-li.iMr l' I- .itford- tlif iiiiiiiiiiuin of inifi'ty, if it may ilctiTioriitc iiml luivn- kii..win).' tlir . in-, iii-taii< .-. iiml thf ursriH-y f»f »n •'Ui'ly "al*". itp iiriiilil.v Imi'k to tMni' wn tlir priic. Siii'h hj'iiiB tin- (•in-«in!'taiK'«-^. uiul i'>iis in S.iutli AiiMTicu bt-iiiK us littli? kiiMWii to th<> iivt-riiiri- liaiik iimnii« canily ii|i|>rfciiitiMl til, It lie i- loiith to ,i--imii- v.liat iimy to him «i>i»nr hi-uvy T\*k*. rnl«>*i» tlif iil)ovi> view \ti- 1 r r.. Ill ..11^, it -i-. iii- to M.-i-ciituiitf tlif iKi'd for «tiiily atnl iiiviMtijfiitioti ..(■ llio -.iliiiM't. Till- iMiiiii-i' iMii liil|' till' iMiiiiiiljriiirir 1" iimki- iiMrmy, ^iinl tlii' iiuiiiil'iii-luriT"- i.ro-|H ritv will .■^.inlii.-r \.. t\\>- l.:iuk'- |prM-|M rit.v. :iii.l th^t li itli will rctu-t fiivoiiriilily iipon tli.' 1 )oiiiiiiio!i. I'.nt ..ir. . iiv.- . .|i<-ivti..ii l„ t«i-, ii tlio li:iiil imirki't- I. ml till r..iHliti..ii- riliiiir tluTfiii. Th«' riiitftl Stat»»« have taken tip thi* t|iifstioii ami almiily tlu- fffect i* beiiin frit. If ilisiTiniiiiatioii ha-ed ujxui tin- ailvii-c of rclitilili' .•orr.-iionili iit- 1h' I'lnpioy.Ml m chiio-'iiii; ciiitomer-. ami if «'coiioini<' conditions U- carefully studied from various points of view, miii dilii;ciiiT l>c ex.-rcised in siftiiiir all rei«>rts ettianatiiiir from the ■ •.!iiilry iiiiili-r mi^ u, iln ii- i- no iiion- rca-m to iipprclicml lo—o- from overseas than lioi;i limiiolic tiMilf. It limy < vtii !»■ ^uiil that tlurc are iiiaiiiifactiirers in Caiiuda whose fon-iKii ain-iiunts <-atise them less uneasinei>« than many of their hunK> ones. I o|:i II , \ i.\i 11 \N(iK. There wouhl seem to U' con-jderahlc confusion in the idea« held rciiardius foreign I'xcliHUKe amoii;i those whii only iMi-asirinally have to deal in it. Tliroutth the medium of l)ills of e.Nchanue the nei-essity to remit (loUl in settlement of ilclits ci.iitractiHl ahroad ■» ohviatcd. Kor if.A in oiii iiiitry owes Z in another, .Mill ^' ill the latter i-i'iiii'iy .r.M- II in tin t'lriiiiT. it i- .tlivimi- that hy a little ( 11. "p, •ration a j;oi.d (li-:il ■■f troiililo uml ri-k may ho -av.il. It' thv aiii.iuiit- inv.,lvc,l were tor ijil.i"'*' ill ' M'-h It Would .iiily hi- iiiT,'--a-y t>.r A pay thi- -iiiii 11. I'lid V to pay the -aiiic aliioiiiit to /, to i-oiiiplctely and -ati-tactcrily >cttlc r\u- t\\,, transactions. All foreijfii exciiaiiui' i- Morcly :i v.iria • a .d" thi» prini-iple with hrokcrs and hankers as interincdiario to tacilitatc the hii>iiii Tli.- mint par of esehaiijre is the hases of foreifrn exdianjte. It is the uni' if jtoUl currency of one country espresseil in the currency of ..iiother. The most fan.Iliar example of this is the exehanRP rate hi twtrii Canada and Kiiiiland. which is iH.SHS (^inadian money to the sovereijin. lint the mint par of i x. h.i iiuc may not he the actual rate of cxchanir*' — usually it is not. Thi- dcpi'iid-, i nlircly upon tin- di-maiid. Wh. ii a rouiitry is cxportim: lic.ivily to another, or wlirn il i- -olliny lafiii- i|iiaiititic- ..| -iniritio-. or h..rrowiii,L' uro it -iiui-. exchaniic will fall, and tin- coiivcr-c will t'on-r it up. It depend- upon the amount of exchaii-:e which i- put upon the I'.xidiaiifie market. 1 1 a irrcat uuiiiy people ilc-jrc to sell drall- ou 1 1 'ii. they would have to aeeept a hi^Iier rate, or in reality take fewer Caiiudian dolhir>- for each -overeiL'ii than it' the dem:iud were small. ItM'K OK K\( ll.XNUK WITH AK'-KSll.NA. The mint p.ir ••f 1 xehan;;e liefwi'cii Canada and Arfieiitiiia i- ii days' eomtnen-ial exchan^re. Sin.-.- tl... „..tl.r.-.k of ,1..- w.„- -x.-l.nn.,- lia- o...,lh,t-,l ,-„„-i,len,l>ly. Imt nnw thnt there is a .W.uly Imh...-- nf .ra,l.- i>. l.v..ur ,.f Ar^.-ntin.. it 1...- 1" M,r l;,>rly In nornu,l tim.-s tl.c n.f Lo.,.l,.>. runs iK tw,-.. In 1.1. t,. r.M. t,> ,u> Ar^vntin.- ,,.1.1 ,lollar. tho lowest l...int U-mp generally in the nu.nth ..t .lun.-. whilst the ln.l>. -t ,> rem-h,-.l earlv in .lanuary. when the new ^-raiu j..ins th.- slupi.i. nts ot W....1 aln-aily in full -winjr. "Th.Te w.-re uo .lealitiRS in esehantre in IJu.n..- Air.s for the hrst tw., or tin-,-.- w. . U- ,.f th.- war: aft.-r that it ..p.Mie.l at Wd., later it fell to 48d., owina to heavy r,.,n.llan.-. - .In.- t.. 1...U.1,..,. aiul tla- pra.'ti.-al eessation of the exportation ol in.-:il. On .Inly -'11. I'.iU, '."I .hiv-' ...nini.-r.-ial .-x.-liaufre ..n London was quoted at 4iVi«d., and on 0."t,"l„ r ITtli at A&iA. Su,-li a tlu,-tuati..M w,.uhl make a difFerenee of £189-11-10 !-„ tUMKiii. ,„• ii. ai-lv -J iH-r .'.-nt. uhi,-li a- may lu- m-.-u !< v,-ry .-..iwiil.TaWe. The tiuetuati,.ns in ex,-iiani:.- in ..th,-r part-^ ..f South Am.-|-i.-a i- l,n.-lly .lls.•u^sed in <'hiil.ter VI. I'..>f.,r.- th.- pr.-.-nt .-ri^i-^ -.-f in tli.- ],r.,l,l.-m ,.t ,-x,-i,ani;, wa- .-.n a.-ut.- ono in Chile, and it is more so than evr t..-.lay. a- it ha< ri>.-i. h. avily aL-aiust that republie. ehicHy owing to the great deereas.. in the exi-.Tt^ .,1 n.tr.it. . 1 \n< .,ue»tlon, a< it affects Chile, was reviewed in Wwkly BuUetin No. 489 ..f June I'.tl3. SI PFIEIIKXT TO \Vt:HKl.Y niLLETlX 35 Chapter V. PETAILS AS TO SHIPMENTS. I'AC KlVCi. Few maniifa t, ;!.-.< rc.ih/t' i »• sui.rfin. iini.ni-tiinc.' ..f M ii.liiii! their iirodiicts to fnreiKii murkuis. piick.-.! . i -ueh ii wav tluit ilicy will arrive in ;ni uiidaiiuiK<'. n.l tlu' ni;i.\iMiuin amount ..f -..,,,1- tnr a niiniiuum amount of shipping charges, with the -:ilVly ol' thi ilrril- tin- tir~l iMn-i(l( rati<.tl. Very ..ft, I, iii-irn. ti.m- In nuvni t.. iiailiinir ar.' forwarded with initial orders. Wlicn -nrh .in- r.-c-civiMi it i> inu>t (—cnlial thai tii.-y >h..ul(l he earried ' often (lietated liy tirni> possessing' an intimate ]-. Factory organization is no stronger than the weakest link of the chain of ot« riitions that connects the buying of the raw imiterial with the remittance of the eiistoiner. One of ll iplaiiit^ atiain-t \orth Amcrii-iin packing (the term " Xorth American" is etiiployed n- tlie .nmiilaint ap|ilie- eipially to the I'nited States and Caniula i i- th ii li,feri..r and old e:i>e- are u«-i\. Tliere is no reason that this should be so; indeed ii i- p.'or , .-..iioniy. Importers demand ...-od, adequate, new casing, and as a rule do not demur in paying for it. I'KWU TIONAKV DKTAILS. For niM.-liiner% -p. . . :i-e- -li..ii!d I.. .l. -i:^n. .l. l..r.:;e . .i-e- eonlainnm- sn.'h floods a:, thn-linm inaelune-. iii..l..r . mi-, el. .. -Ii.iuld !"■ bi;.. , .1 m .me ..r ni..iv |ilaee~. iind round tliein a hand painle.l plaiiilv ..11 th. ..ut-i.le; and ni Kn^;li-h. and al-o in the language of the nitry ..f d. -1 1 iial i..n. - .■ham." " slinjr." or -..mi. '( the . a>e. when the sling takes the strain. In many of thi. ports in South America the discharging is done into lighters, Miinctiinc< in rather open roadsteads where the sea may be rough. At the best, -teve.lorini; 1- n..t yi-ntle, ami in thi- part of the w..rhl the -ling is useil freely, often to drag a hox fr..m a eorm r of the hold when it might niori' jiroperly be done by hand. 3g 111 1 \ /' ' "1/ K K;i.-li .•ommoait.v ri.niirv- it. uwii parti. -uhir iii.-tli.-.l ..f iia.-kini;'. ;iiMi ..l.-.Tv.iti,,ii ■ .Mphil^i^.- th.' .iiff.T. u.-.- in imi-kii.L'. Sum.- pa. kini.' ii,.li. at.- that inn, h ■ aiv tli,.u-lit anil iiiu.-imity lias 1um.ii -;..-nt iiimmi it. wlnl.' aii..tl!.-i- l"t v ill -linw flic -trrcM.t>p.'.i nu-tl-Hcl. hav. ii fMll..\v.>.l. It -Ink.- tii.' ..I.-. -v.t sin-nlai- tliat tUv ^ I iia lli-l- arc not iimrc Miii.-kly .liscov.T.'.l aii.l f..ll..w.Ml liy til..-,. ri,ip|„.|-- kU.-v pra. li.,- i- n I" iinpr.,v..inciit. Tiikin;.' i.iU' •>r two .■Xiinipl.'s. It w, ll til, It !,..!il,.- in .-.i- - -filler t>,,ni th,' r,.ntrli liaii.Uini;- .,f ■^tcvclnr.-'. l,ut a, a nilc ra.vlnl pa,-ki,,^ ,Mn ..v. r, tin- In tl„. inli.ri..r ..f I'. rn. an im,M.rt,ML' merchant slu.vvcl what h- c,.n-i,hTc.l a tine -ainpl.' ,.1 ,-arctnl packiiiL;- „t l.nltlc-.. The arrangement ..f tl.i- wa-. thai in ih.' enil- ,.f th.' l.,.xe- ,.n tl,.. m-nh.. a -hall .w eirfular hnh- was cut ,,iit jii-t lariie em.ii).'h to Ht til.' l-a^,- ,.f th.- i-ttl.'. uliil,. th,' n.-.-k wa- supp..rt...l hv a hri-b..; ami th.. spa.-.- in l..'tw,., n wa- till,-,! wiili -aw,lii-t. II..- ,.tTiM-( was. that alth..ni.'l. .ii-.-liar^iiit.' fr..m steam.-r- I'a.l t. h. ,:,.n.' m a partn-illarlv I. a.l n.a.l-t. ad. the |MT.-. iita!.'«' ,.t' liri'iikiijifs Wiis r...luc...| t,. ahout I p<-r cent, which lu -M,-h a < la-- ,.1' iii.'r..haii.li-i' i- -> low iis t.' he iiinppr(>eiiil)le. I'll. nil, ! li.itli- ar>- iii,-lin,..l P. -iitT.'r in tran-iHirt. To .iver.-oiiic thi- an arranirc- II, ,., I, ,,1 „ 1,1, |,|,,,-k- ..1- pluii- titt.-.l in till- int..ri..r of the .'a-e hii- h.-. n .l..>iu-m-.l t.. pi-,-v. iit iii,.v. iii.-nt. Tla- iN.tli i- l.la,-.-,l in th.' .-as., iip-i.l.' .Lwii: at tin- Lnvcr cormT ,v !,,„ 1,1, „-U- ;,iv pla.v.l u ith tl„.|i- -I.I.- ^..iiLiv.l ..i.t t,. tit ill.- .-in-vc.l .-.li;.- ..f the l.ath ; ,.tli,.|- 1.1, ..-k- aiv pla.-...l liall--.^,iv up tli.- -i.l,-. .iial .H lia- '•■ m. r- i -a ■ • "r ni.T. are tiN.-.l with th.-ir iii-i.l.- .-.1^.- li..ll..w.-.l .'Ut P, in.-.-t lli.- .iirv,- ..f t|.,- I.jlii. ■Ihi- arriiiincineiit of l.l...-k.. t,.!;. tl,.-r with a ei-rtain ani.nint ..t •■ , \,.,-l-i,.r." pi-.A.-nt- any lii..v.-nicMt .if the hath wh.-ii in th.- I'ase. aii.l llm- av..i.U ahrasi..n .if lli.- . ii iiii. l ,-iii.i .leiits oil the metal. Tli. s.. iii-taiicc- are merely iiienti.nictl to sliow that pa. kiinr may he (Icsifrned to meet pra. ti.'ally cvi'iy liee.l. \ MOPKI. sMII-MrAT. One of the hc-t .•xaiii|,l.- I'.i kiicj i- r..|'..rr.-.i P. in a r.'p.irt -.|ii, tw.. y.-al's aii.i. It wa- part ..f a -liipin.n' -i -:il.-i.l,itiii>r inai-hines .•Diisifineii from a fact..ry ill till- riiitcl States t.. th. au.-nl in .\rk'.'ntiiia. Ka.-li hox was ..f hriulit. new w.....!. splcmliilly iiia.li'. anil wa- for pra. ti.-al piir|...-.-. as inla. t as the .lay it h fl tin- w.irks. Kach ease Imre the iiaiii.- ..f tli tisiaii.-i- plainly -t.'ii..illi..l in hla.-k, a!-,, th.' iiaini' .if the makers. Fiirlh.'riii..r.' tliiTc was -.■.-iii-i-ly ta.-k.-.l ..n I.. ..n, ..t' ili, la,-,- a ,-ar.l wlii.-h l...rc ..ii it- -iirfa.-.' a li-t of th.- p. lit-, riii- li-i print. .1 1,-L'il.U. itainc.l th.- iiai f I'a.-h arti.-l.-. .-v.-n t,. tla- lit.-ratiir.' a.-,'..tiip:iii.\ in^ tl"- iiLc-hin. . .\i;aiii-t .-a.-li ,.f th.-iii wa- typ.-.l. ii..t writt.-n. the niimlii'r of lli.- p.-i-ti,-ular ai-ti,-l>' -.vlii.-h ili,- ,-:i-, ,-. .lit .i iii.-,l. In it- w.iv ihl- -iup- llieilt wil« perf.-,-l .iial a- -iliiph- a- it wa- p, i-|',-, l, 'rii- l.- ic !i.-,-,l L. ..l»-ii tli,- ca«»' to as.-crtain what it ilain.-.l. a ..;l.iii.-.- .;it tin- ,.iit-i,li. -utti,-,-,l. In . icth.-r part ..f the t..WM iiiiil 11 iliiy .>r tw.. afl.-r. lla- - .-ascs ,,r -iinilar .,ii.- w, i-.- ..I.-.tvciI luiii!.' >liippi'il from the air.'iit'» pla.'c ..f hii-iii.'-s. apparently witlioil h.iviim li.'.'n .i|ii'iieil or i'hiiii(re.l in any way. IS«iTlir< TI.'MS, .\l liiii.-s -hipp.'f- wh.'ii tl., \ r, .-, i>,- iii-ti-ii ■ti,.ii- «ilh r,-i;,ir,l P. pa kitiL'. l,.,.k lipi.li til. Ill a- tr.. ill. I. -..111.- an, I a- in. I,- uliini- ,,ii tli.- part ,,| tli.. iinp .rtiT-. hut if til,,-,. -liipp. r- ...iil.l 11, IV. I ar,.iin.l aii.l I liv. .iil.' Ii tli,- int. ri,.r ..f S..iith .\ni.Ti,'a. partii'iilai ly thai (larl hor.l.-niii; "H th.' w. -t.-rii aii.l icrlhi'm .-,.a-l-. tlii'y w iiil.l iinilerstHii.l the rea-oli f.>r what 1.. 'li. iii -.'.111 tiresome (liri'.'ti..iis. hi timt part of rh iliiieiit jii-t liietilioiii-il, railway anil water triiii-p.irtati.>ii is v.Ty iiiaih'.|iiati', .-on-c.pii nlly it has t.i lie siip|ilciiu'titiHl liy milled iinil lliima«. iiinl •tiTii-wlu'el, tiat- i,..ti..i I -tiaiiih..Ht- or I'liiioe... The I'liicl ..f ii mule or lUima i« tixi-.i. iii|l'i'.pieiitl,v ill.- iiia'iiiiiiim wci'jlit lai.l iliwii i;i the iii^trifti ili« «hiiihl not h.' i'X.'ihmIi il hy «. Uii I'll as 11 poiiml. v/ I'l-I.KMh.ST rn WKKhr.Y ftri.l.KTlX 37 Aiioihi T thiiiii' ili;it rlii- iiitcrii.r triiii-piirtiitiiMi -ii!ri;< -t-, i- tht> nt'od for oarc wll,-ll In..- :il-ti..|i- -Ihll :r- -rr,.u-. li..lt-. li:it-. i-l.'.. .irr i ll.'lll. Ii-.l ill II Wlli'll till- ,111. IV.. I 111., tliiy -li..iilil I'l' -.•.■iirrlv \vni|.|H'.l up in .-iiiiv^i- .111. 1 fj-tnicl t.. tli" Mtii lf \vli..'h tiii.v ,i.c..iii|..iiiv. ■•urh r..r .■xjiiipl. ^1- .1 p.irt ..t a iiiiii-hiui-. 'I'lii' rci-.u r..r lliis is tliiit -li..ulil the I'ii-iii;.' Imi-ohh- lir..ki-ii. llif -mull |i:irt- will ii. t 1..' 1 --t .r even M'lmnitcd frmu tin- artii-U' whii-li tlii-y .■)cci>iii|iaii,v. Wh. 11 it 1- . .n-i.l. .. .1 th.it lii'l'iirt' a .•'lii|niu'nt can .irrivc at >iiiin> iutorinr tnwii* and citic- in I olmnlii 1. -m. Ii l"iir I'xuiuplc aM Mciic' •i. it lia> tn lio transt'erri'd t'rimi tlu' .*tt'anit'r tn tlic wlmi i, '• .111 till- wharf til tilt' train, 'ri.ni tii<' train to a riv»>r stcnimT, and from that to a railr.i.id, i.nil from that auain t.. innlcs. anil from tin- mnli- to a thin! railroad, it will !«• l'.ndiT-tn..d tliiit till' i.:i.kiiii; i- -uliiuittrd to n.» -mall -MMiii. Oiif (-..n-iii. r:iti<.ii liml ri'i|iiiri- lli.iiiulit i- lli.' tritipi rntiiri- t.i wlii.-li a .•i.mni..dit,v will I..- -ilLj. t..| |.. ..11 liir .iml iiu- lll;l.\illl,IIII it will -t:i|i.l uitln.llt . 1. ■! . ri. .r.-l- lion. (Vit;iiri proiliirt- -liouM l.o ki pt iiun.v Irom tin- lioiliT-. ami it' tin- lii-at ..I tin- Tropics is to he fncouiitiTcd. phici-d in the coolest i)art of the «hip. CHKiKivi;. A l'rr.|iiciil call-.' ..I' .Miii|il:iiiit anioiiu-t iniportcr- is that irood- are n.it sufficiently .■lici'ki il l..'fi.rc li. iiii; ill tlii'iv iM-i -. whi.'h lends t.> annoyance and cLiinis .m fji,. li 111 I. jm.I i \|.l.iii;ii'i'M- iii ill. .iliii r. Till' |..i. kiiitr departiii.Mit 'l' .111 .Ap. .rtinsr ciiii-cni sli.iiil.l !..■ pki.-nl ill till . har^!.' ..t a liitihly .■.niipetent, rc-oiir -cliil. mid ali ive all relialiU- in.ni. wli.. . ;iii l.e .li pi iidml iipim to en>iire that the contents of every pn-k.!};'!' arc .-lii-i kcl with the iiiv..i. .'. Not inl'n ipiciilly a -aviii;.' can 1"' iii;i.l. "ii -hippiiifct char:;. - li\ . )i. |..-:im -cvcriil -inidl packafie- in one larire .•a-e. Iml when tlii- i» done care -houl.l he taken that one niiiy n.it damafre the other. For example, it wonld not lie advisahle t.. enelo-e a fragile rti 1. with a heavy, -olid one, or a )irea«y one with another one on which jirease miv'ht li.iM' .1 ilalii.ii: i iiii ctTc.-t. ('.ina.li.iii tinn- -ii..ii|.l. uli.'ii ilic m- --a i 11 1'. .rni.it i. .11 i- t'..rtli.'..iii;iii;. cli--ify ,..i. h |i ,Ti .,f «..il.l p. ulii. h i!ii> -liip. lUiiy -iiii. tli. ir pn 111. t-. I'lic prepird dal'i -h'iiil.l ill. liid.' not. - a- t.. the iimiiiici- ..f ili-. li.i 1 icj. . tli.-i. y -t.'\ riii^. whet 111 I- ..pill r...iil-, liarli.iin-- or il...'k-iile. With thi- in ii iiid ti..ri- ■■..iil.l he little d'tticnlty in -upplyin;; packiiii; t.i.nieet each eircnm-lance. In some liii;hly .irt;ani/.i d. projire— ive factorie-. a practi. e i- nrnlc ..|' . ii.-. .11 r.ii: i ii^ I ni|ilovccs to -ii^'sie-t improvement. In tin e\p..rt trade thi- ia. •client priii.-iple mi-iii h.' elTc'tively applied ill many way-, and particularly to the -nhje.-t under di-ciis-ion. I iiipl..vecs -h.add he -timiilated to sttidy the very hest form of packiiij.' nmler varyim.' , , I i i, i.ii- the ..pen rnail-tciid or the 1 ii.-l..-ed ha-in. iiiiiiiiiu al-o to -ecnrc a iii.ixiniiini el .1. •■.iiiinieil;ili..n f..r ;i iiiiiiiiinini ..t -p;icc, .\nd filially, the rc-nlt- -le.iil.l l... -lll.lllitll d p. te-t- :l- II. Mr |.. ill. .Ii-tll ll e..:i,lil i..ll- 11- ,-.111 I.,- illl:li;illed. SiO.-e lic.irly every I'.i. t..r\ li 1- ,1 . r.iii.-. . n-e- . an l..- pulle.l ah.. lit ;iii.l dr.-ppe.l. .jii-t a- iiiielit liappeii in di-ei armiii; l'r..ni .1 -hip. 'I'lii- i.le.i iii.i.\ in- a ii..\. 1 ili pnrtiire. ami tikiv evi'n ean-e a siniie, hm it i- ,iii-i ..ih' .1 tin -e -I. t.nl- th.it l'..nn the chain of sncces-. 1 . 1. .I'lii \'rio\ 01 ii.iiiMi \i -1 i|...i|.>. The pr.ihli in ..I' p.iikiiiu' iiiiiiht he stndiiil with irreat advantaire in Cinadian tc"hnie..l li.'eU. .iml ."i Id he .|. \el. .pd a- part of their re-iilar ciir-c hence the ipi. -ti..n .■! pi, i. 111:1 il iip..n ilie -yllal. 1- ..f tli.-e . ..In. at i. .mi I iii-r it iit i. ai- -lioiild ic-eive c.iri till . ..n-iil. r;ili..ii. The i.li a ni:;;iit he further dcM L.pe.l. ilint tlie-e -..li.! .1-, ..r peril. ip- .'lie .il' ill. Ill ill p . II ;.-ii l.ir. iiiii;lit he ..|' ureil ,1 --1 -1 ,1 n ii m.i n 11 1 .n 1 n r. ■• fhroiitih .■m ■ 'iir.iu' i 111.; ;iie l.iii.i -.li.iinl li.. 11 , -. ;, . :.. •worked out hy the -Indent-. ( .e.irdinatioli ol inleie-l- lor the hemiil ..I the v\h .le ha- duiu' il jtrciit ileal for (lertnnii enmimTei', iitid it •hoitld <|o tho mum* for thiit of Ciiiiiulii. 38 TH.int: 1>0 lOMMKItCF. FiM.llv. it i..»v 1... ,aid that a.. .-xiH.rtor .l...„l.l M-v. r 1« .•.mr. l.v .m-ti. .! u al. 1,.. ,....kn,.'. MM.I should ...mstautly t.lKloavour to iinpruvr it. .■■th, r tl,r..,mi. tlu ,ufr-"."t.v ' t luiM-,.l. .,r hi:' assistants, or b.v dis.-(.vt.rinjf niui utilizing: th.- .mi.r.,viiuuts oi his i-i.iu|iftitiir-. MARKIXO. Wh. n. v, r p.,-siM,-. i. is ..sseutinl that the n..rkin^ ..I all pa.-ka>t,-s f<.r t-xport U. d...... witl> a Mwi. il. Th- :ui.1r..-s ,l,o,.W Ik- plai>,l.v ,,.int«l and the n.struetious inseribod i.i as nmuy lan,nM;:r- a- i- „. . essao-. although not too much relmnoe can 1h' pl.ifed on their being strictly follHU. . in the weights us.k1 by the eountry of .lestinatioii. whieh to S..uth Amerieaii ports should W in kih>s. IMKi MKNTS. 1„ ,.a-e n|- -l„pn,..,t- wi,.-,v the pavtorot i- f be n.ad.' by the aeeeptanee of a draft, the doeuu' .nt^ u-i,allv altaeh. d t.. tli. latt.T are the inv..,ee. bill ..f ladmK. eonsular invoiee and poliey of in-„ran.-e. In-t.ad of a eo„-ul:,r ,m. ■. .-. rtitieate of origin is sometime- „.-.--ar>. a- in tli. .-a- ..f -hippin. In.,. Cauaaa t;. S..>ith .\friea. Someeountn. r,,,nir.. thnr -t- ..l iiu, „ a„d ..tl„ nmre. hut ,nl..n„a- lion sueh as this is Usually best obtaine.l from the eou-ul o! t'u eouutry l.. uhiel, .-hipnunt is to be made. HefTulations with regard to invoices vary with eolintries. Son..' -tatc - HMpiire a -epaiate invoiee for ea.'h mark, while others will aUow a number o, mark- to be ,.„iriv,l ,1, tia ■ d-. uiia nt. Fe.- al-o vary. s,„„c are trifling while others are ,. |,.,r,nv. lv la avv Thr I'ai, .\m.Ti,-an Tnion has reeogniz.'d the biek of uniformity amon.-l l.atin .Vmrr an --ai.- and trvin. .•.■rr.rt it: if the atteu.pt prove M, ful. the IVMill «ill I..' : nvenn ii r I,, all having ,l, al,n- with tlie n piddli'S. S..nie l.at.ii Amerieaii ntn. - n .piiiv .-..n-olar invoi.v- t,. mad.' .an ii. Sp,,in-h. out this does not apply to either Argentina or Chile, neilh. i- doe- I'.ra/il ie deHne I a- - A r. .-. ipt for iiood- -hippe.l in a v, -el. an,l contains the terms ami liti...i> u| which they aiv l.. . arne.i; A- a nUc t.,ur •>ets of bills of lading alv rc,|inn-,l. .,n.l p..-ibly iiauv, iw,. t,. be atla.-lad t.. the negotiable security, one for tla- tihs of the evp,,rl.T. and ..nc l..f lla- -hip; th, .-i,-iil of the eountry of destination nmy also reiiuire one. It is very tieeessary that an endeavour shoulit be miuh. to obtain ■■chm hdl- of lading, a- if it were shown by this document that pm-kages had been handed to the ship in a .lama;;,,! cn.iilion. it might rea.'t pr. judii'ially iiP"n the exporter. Bills of huliug are a- a general rule ina.h' out t.. or.ler. and in thai form are neKotiable. loHKIi.N ivvoiris. The abs.dute n..e-ily lor arrura.y In tla pn p.i.ation of foreiffn invoi.-es eaunot hv too forcibly impressed uiMiii all exporters. Krror« and omisi-ionsi are liable to be si i'ri.i:Mt:\T m wkkki-Y BiiLF.Tiy 39 -..v..n lv ,„nr-l,. <. tl,r nrrivMl ..f tli.' tfnn.ls at til.- port of (lestliuitioli, m t.u't tins ,.,„ 1„ , ,k. n :.„■ M ,.,.rt:n„tv n, iv^.nl I in- .-nmitri.... A .•..|..v of tlu- .nvo..-e should I,, !n ...rh -t ..1 th.- l.il! ..1 In.liuL;, ..,„. -1i..m1,1 1... <,M,t t., the- .ni|mrtor by „,:,il. uliil,- ..,„■ i- ivIaiiH'.l Tor III.' til.- ..I th. .■•<|...rt, r. , , . ■ 1„ ,1... I,„.lv of thr invoi,-.. ih.MV -h..nl,l I..- -.|"-'I>"1 'I"' ^""1 ''^ " tl... various ••a-^cs a.,.! pa.-ka^.-. a.ul th. nt.^nt- of th.- .th.T -.n^ly n. l,.t~ til,- i.ri.-..s of ..am.-. All .-harfi.-s s.u-h as railaR.-. shippiuir. ii.runv,! n nnr. i. m with th.- -hi|.m.-..t an- also i.,rlml.«l. To illustrat.- tk- alM.v.-. an .xtn,.-, ^n. M 1„.1.,« t ,k. ,1 IrnMi an a-tnal invoir,-. a .-opy of whi.-h apiK-ar.-.l m a r.'port wnlt.-u at I )„,!., ,,. pnhii~h.-.l ill a sp.-.-ial M.ppl.-mt-nt to the W'eekh, llnll. lm m 1 (.•.•. nih.-r. li.lii. Ii uill 1.1' not.'tl that in this inv..i.-." th.- (rross ami net w.-ifrhts oi .-a.-li pa.-kai.'.- aiT -t:lt.'>l. 1 • Mu-k- .a, tl.r inv..i. r .-..rr, -|,.,n,l nuvk- ...i thr |.M,-kau,-. all.l it ,,lvisahh' li.M III.- lalt. r a.lM.il ..I th.- in-i.int i.l. , , i i li.-.it i. -n ..I tl..- -..nt.-nt^. In thw ,.„„M.-.-ti..ii. II..- .I.tli.-ulli- ..I MU '.mvvu-v .-I wiiHliiull- i.ii^l.t 1..- ,n.-nl...u.-.l ;i- .ui illustrati.ai ..f lli.- p.HnI t.. 1..- l.i-nuui.t -mt. 11. mpiaiu.'.l tint li. l...-n Mihj.-.-t.-.l t.. 11.. Mnall tr..uhl.-, ...wiii^' i" >i"f l-'in;; ■'I'l'' i.h'ntify n-ti.lii.v ih,- .-..utauuii^ „HV parli.-nlar part of a mill wlii. li was r.-.p.iri-d. H.- silKsi.-sto.l tl.at . a.-h MZ.- ..t i.nll >li.iiil.l hav.- it-^ i.l.-iilifyiiitr iiiinilicr. whi.-li iiuinh.-r would lu- st.-nrill'-.l ..n th.- .ar..-. \,„1 if ,h ,„pl.-i.- iriill w.-n- .livi.l.-.i lip int.. say tlmt- parts, h<- w.iuhl y:iv.- .-a.-h pari a niiml..-r. that hv th.- h.-lp ..f th,- invoi.-<- h.> Wouhl h,- ahl.- t.i lay I,:, h.u.l -.11 ail. pai-t. 'I'hi- -v-i.-ia --I i.l. ii t ith-at i. .ii -liouhl la-vr vary, s,i that with,mt h.'.i„- „,,.-iM-.l tii.-i-.- u...ihl ii.-'v.T h.- -ii.v .l...iht a> t.. th iit.-iit- ..f .-a.-h .-as.-. K..r .-xaniph-. th.- thr. .- pa.-ka-.- .-oiitainini; a iiiiiiihi-r s mill w-.iil.l 1..- mark.-.! I. s J. s ;!, in su.-h a way that th.- mark- w..iii.l li.- n-a.lily vi-ihl.- wh.-n -t..r.-.l in a \var.-li..u-.-. 42 TRAlif: t\7» fOMMKRVK cr tliilt tin s ;irr :i!.-c.lnii l.v up I.. -| I i. .11. mill wln-rt- tlu'V ;iri' Milil l).v «-i'i(jht>. th.it nill iii. :i>iiri' i- ^!v..ri. It' tin- i- n-t it IimiIs t.. .-Ijiiii- ..n the jinrt of til.' f-Lii^imii i-. . It.'ii t'rictiuii jii.l -..up tiiiii'~ iinitii:il r. .•l iiiuii.ill.'n. <»n ii.. ■ ..•.•..uiit -h..iil,i ..n.. ..r > \:\-' ..f .-irti.-l.. L.- -nl-tittitiMl f..r Mihitii. r lli.it h.i- l.cii -[..•.■ilir.l. Til.- n-.i-iii- 1..1V, I.. 1«. rN ..riml^ -lr..iii: .1 ii t !i. .ri/. -n.-li :i I'l liiri- ;i- lliis. I'-iiallv it \v..iil(l !"■ iiiui-li iK-ttcr to 'Irl.iy i -lii|.iiit iii .)r a p.irt ..t it ami i alpli' f..r instrticti'iii>. riiinilliiiri/i'(! -iili-titntiiiu i- a t'r.-.|ui.iit -.mri f ut' i i.iiiplaiut <>ii the part nf imiiorti r-, and nfti.|i lcail> to a ;rri.at lii.al nf aiiu...vaiiii.. wliii'li in turn inipi'ril- liU«iiii.-~ n-latiiiii-i. I'. r -uinll -liippi I-. . vi'U iIi.ki' wlm an' not well versed in the intrieiu'ies nt' ,-liippiu- al.r..M.I. it will ii-iiallv 'u- iii.i-t ivc.nieut L. ure tile -erviees i.f au intinly i-.lial.lo -hippli;:: ,.-.iil ..I ll" l"'!'' -I -liipru.-iil, uli.. will atti-ed t.i tli.' (l.-pal.-hin-- ..f th. -d ..r. |..ir.U 1..11 ..: . 1. ..'ii ui. nt . t.-, Tlic I'ei- ..f -u.-li all air.'Ut an. U..t usually .■\. .--,\. . :!,.| m uiaii.\ .-a-. - it la > -p'-ut. \Vi.. ii -tii|.pii!'^ t.i Si.utli Anieri.-a Ir.iUi ( ana. la. it ihi- uielli..d uere ad..pte(l. it w.mld U- ueee-.-ary to tiiai an aiiftit iu .V. w V..rk. A :-'...i.l man may usually 1h> di-eoviTed by nuikitic in.piirii'S llml■n;:^-t trii'ml- have had eX|M.rieiu-<- ..I' hu-ine-* dealiiiirs with t..n i::!i e.uintrie-.. E.\p.irter- whe-e -liipnient-» are Iarj;e and .■.intinn..us will prohahly lin.l ;i .■nnvenieiit t.i have tla ir ..»n .!<}!<•«■ in .Vew Vi.rk t.i attend to the many detail- i'oiine..ted with ."-ean -hipoiui.'. .'.1. I1 -hipiuiai! .mail- .■i ftaiii ex|iiii-. -. i' i- a t: 1 plan, wln-n- it <-aii he arraiiii.il. P. .MUil.iii. -. v.i-al iin.l. i- li.M.l. a- l.v .|..ii.L; ihi- will n-ult in tli.- ^ai ^'1;^ .'l' a iiiiini.. r ..I I. >-. It i- advi-al.lo t.. t..ll..w up -liipui.-nt- with iii.piiri.--. I., a-.-.-rta i 11 tr.au tli.' eoiisiiriiees if the y.i.id- whieh tln'y li.,\.' 1 eiv.-d lunf l.i-i-u tiivinc -at i-l a. t i. .11. an.l if not. the rea-on. N'.it iufp-iimiitly -hipini ut- ar.' made hy iiiaiiut'aeturer- thr.anih eommissioli houses without their knowint! the nam. - ..I' the .■..nsi:jiii.es, and while .it eoiirse till' i-oinmissioti h..u-e- have ii perl'ec t riKlit to withhold tin' names of their eiisfiners. -till it will d.. im harm to make the attempt; and every uuinnfaeturer sli..ulil de-ire, if only I..r hi- own -ati-faetimi. to know the fate of the prodiiets of hi- fa.'tory. SI I'l'LKUKM TO WKEKIY HVLLKJIS 43 Chapter VI. THE SVBMITTIHG OF QHmTIOHS. Tin iniiiiiKT i>f ^iilitiiittiii^; i|u..tiiti.iii- to forriirn (•ii. It inislit U- iiH'iitii'iiiil tliiit ynod- -nlil ..ii .-.i.t. tei-iii* iire iiMuaUy invoicni in the ciirreiie.v of the l oimtry of tiiiiitioii. In iiiiilitimi til tliese terniH there i^* also f.fi.r.. signifyin); fni- on rail. This ineludes cost of rfoods and any exiM>nses iie<-e*sar>' to jilaee thi'tn in the railway station. Another is f.a.s., sijmify- iiifr free aliitiji-iile -liip. Thi-. a- will lie en-t nf the troods and fr ■iL'litasre to tlie pi rt nf ili ^tiiiatlMii. A further tertii i- al-o ii-eii hy -niin' expnrter-. i.e.. r.i.f. \- e.. Iiieaniiur iii^t. ni-uraiice. freiL^lit ami I'XrliaiiLie. whieh will he the -aiiie a- the r.i.f, liu'iitioiieil .ihiiM' tciiietliiT with any further ihar^'e- whi''li iiilL'lit he iiicurri'd l'ir ex<'lia|iire. in eonneetiun with the tiiiam-ini:. F.o.li. is \\\ i;\( ii.\\";k. I'ldess an e-\porter completely iiiidi r-lamls the vajrarie- nf e.\cliaii>£e, or enotiffli at least to estimate its tUiet iiatidiis within reasonable boniids. it i« to his interest to (iiiote in the currency of his eniinfry, so that if a sale be cfTected tin payment will be in the same mi'diiim. Failing this, it is the part of caiitioii to specify a immitial rate, and to arr^injte to whose neeonnt an.v loss on exchange shall be chartied. WKI<;HT8 .\M> MKASl'KKS. It is important that <'aniiiliaii matinfaetiirers -hniild umler-laiid l.ie various weights, measurement-, mrii m i, - .iml laiiuiiawes wlii:'li are in ii-i- in Latin .\nierieau ri'pnhlio-. Till- 111, trie. il -\-t, in i- ii-,'il t lirm mhoiii. Spani-h i- -p 'k, ii in e\ery repnhlii- ■ \eepi lira/il. win re i'ortUHin-e is the laiiKnaue of the eountry. Jn some uf 44 TKMih 1 \ /» ' "1/ \ii:ii> h: • h.' -tiit<>- olil Si.iinl-h lurji^un-^ an' iim'<1. ImU a kii..ul. tin -.■ i- ..i.ly ihmm— iiry ti> ii rr^idi.tit. nr t.. ..lu' iim.-h iiittTi'^tcil in iIh' i- :il . . .imii. n-.' .ni.l pm.lncti.Mi : I.. i'Xp.irtfr. ii t i>rfh.-M*i<>ii "f the niftriciil .-.v>fiiii iill that ii.i'dl'ul. S.iiuc of tlif term-' iiiiwt ill U:«\ with thfir F.ufrli'h iMiiiivaleiit*. ar<> sfivpii Inflow: — Kilometrr - i> «- mili s Ltlr II. J- KalloriB. I;. , ,,,1,1,.- 23,lllcil hi-luw; — III A niriitiii'i tlicr.' lire two i hi-'M'* of cirrcni-y. tho solil peso niid thf piii«T ih'm»: ll,,. tMi-hii r i- .-.liLil t.i '.nil .Tilt- ("aiiiiiliiiii anil the Intfor to rent- CiinailiiUi. 'I'lic l;iri. r i- ku.oMi .1- ■• 111. .no da uai imial " ami i- -yiiihollznl liy " in n " to iliy tin- -yiiil.,,1 -" i..r.. -olhiil..!. Tin' \rjr vain., ot a pound r-t.-rlin;; in papi-r i-nrroiioy i- *1 1.4.'.. whirli. < \r, i,\ !',,|- ihr tiio-liiatiini- due to oxi-lmiijrc. ha* lift-ti miiinfaiiuii tor a I'oii^idor.dili. n L. i- .i yfar«. In Cliih' thiTo ari> idso two idas-o* of i-iirrfiii-y. th>- «old and paprr oiirrcncy. Imt till. I'onm r i< not n-od in i-oiiniuTco and oaii tlii-i^-fori' lie disn-jiardi-d. Tlio value of til., p.--.. till tiiato- will, ly. thr roa ladiaii. I-',,!-,- -..111,. \, ar-. up t.. thr ..iitl.rr.ik ..f tin- war. I'liii had lieen enjoviier a fiold ■■Taiiiiard. thr ■■-<•[" hriiii;- thr unit, thr par \aliir ..f uliirh wa- l' -iiillinir-. .r l" -ole- t.i tlio •• lihra " (pound), i' tim- l.riii;^ -iniihir t.. l-'.imli-li nirrmi y. ll..wrvrr. tlir -..vrrninent have heeii eouipolli'd to make an iTfUr of papi'r money, with tin' inevitahle iv.-iiit that thi' value of tile sol has Ihi'ii deprtH-iated, whieh a few months airo aiiumtiti'd t.i !t jH'r cent. Hi uiiihir i- -opposed to }iave a ifold standard, of whieh the suen> is the unit, with a v.ihir ..I L' -hilliiii;-. .r 1" -m-res to the pound. This unit like many otluTs in Latin .Vnirrira. ha- -iitfiTnl lr..in an eli.vation of exrhanjje in tlie la-^t few months. In Ciilomhiii, rttirially there i- a i;rld -tandai-d, uilli a pi — ., thr par v. due of which i- iipial to one dollar Canadian, hut owinji to tlie lark of metal, thr paper i«'. tliat of tin riiuiitry. or more. SI ri'l.KMI-M lit ir/.7,A/.) /II 1. 1. 1.1 1 \ 46 Chapter VII. FA. UXIES FOR TRADE. NTiwisiiir 1 •■\m:i Til IV. I- 11 i-lit I'r.Mii l''.;i~ti-rn (';iiiail.i fur S.,utii Aim rii^ui imrt- i- ii-ii^illv -lupin il \ i < \i-\v \'.irk IT 11. allliiiiii;li it iMii ;il-.i In' ruiiti-il x i:i I,ivrrp."il. Williiii llii' 1 i-t Irw liiiiMlli- il \v;i- tiiiiiiil limrc luiiVfiiiiMlt tn -hi|i -nmc |iiTi-li;ilili- k'nml^ trmn tlic' Diiiiiiiiiiiii viii the liittiT riiiitc tliaii viii the fiirmi r. Tlii- jlti'rM;itiv(> ri>iit<' i-* imt uftcn taken into coiL-ifliTati'in. Imt it wnuid Ik- a." Wfii. in view of the imiwirtani'i- .if the .iiu-^*- lii'U. that care !«■ taki'ii to asi-tTtaiii thf i-hoaiifft and most satintactnry nu'ims of' >l'.iir iiif,' fioiids. For the prficnt. thv war riskr* ma.v he t-. if ;i IultIi I'li-t tr:iii-p..rt mil t nili /i-- ii Imv I'ost of pro- dm-tiiiii. tlw fnrniiT will i-vcn tr.iii-ii iid tin- laitn- in iiiiini iliatr iiiiportani'i'. Ilclow is appiMidt'd a li-t nf -ti nni-liip lim -. plyiiit; lictwci'ii .\<'\v York and South American ports, toftether with tin' addresses id' their New York otfieea. I! xn.W.W < o-ol'KR.\TION. Til iiiiiki' till' liii-ines- ,if i-xportinjr a^ >iinple as is consisti-nt with ctheiency. it is I'i^rldy ili-iralili if tlie .uTanjreineiit is not alnady in vnixiie, that the railways in ('iiiiad.i -liiiuld \h- ahle to (piote thri.,it;li rate- to any foreign port, a- well as i.s.siie a fliriiiii;li liiil of lading. This i> the -y-toin in foref in (icrinany mi the state railways, and there ean he no qnestioii that it has heeii of nntolil Ufsistunc'e to the foreiftii trade of that country. It is one of the many details that received th«> careful attention of the Kitvernment, durin>r the struf-'tfh- that enahleil Germany from hemn a commercial country of almost secondary importam'o, to (rain a place se<'ond only U> the rniteinu > : Xew York ai tie Line, Hanover Stpiare, Xew York. Now York an American Line, 11 Broadway, X'iw York. 46 ; I HI I \ /I I II \i ui III t: I nii..! I ruii (■..., IT |!;iii, r.v I'hi... N. u Vi.rk. \li rc l.iiir. \V. i; (iiM.-i- iV ('.!.. W: v. r Si|uni-'. Xew York. \\( -! C j-t l.iiii. J.'. l!pKiil StriTl, New York. * I'llllilmil ilii'l ( 'ulnm^nil I'liiti il Kriiil C... IT r.allro I'l.i.-. , Nr.v >'.ii-k. IJ...v,il Miiil Stiitiii I'Mfki^t Cii., Actiit-. Klilir l)i'iii|i~tir l.iiii-. Moutrtiil. I'l H' nil !■! . U(..v;il Hiit. ii \Vc -I IikIIm I. ill. . > nri.li:.- Street. N'ew York. K. il •■ I. in. . -J \V:,II Sin . t. .\,.\v Vnrk. hliim S'llllli I" I'llrilli ( oi/.s/ /'oi/>.— Mereliants l.iiie. Seattle. M Ml - vMi nu 11.11 r. .Miiil.-i via .New York iuUlrc-xii U> lUr v.i^t .-oii^t o) .S„iitli ri. n. (•..hmhiu- :ilM.iit ei)fliteeii to lueiit.v ilii.V!- in the |>ii-sii){e to Uio. one (lay tiion- to Siint .-. lu. nt.\ -tlirif to tweiity-tive (lii.vs to Moiiteviili'o. unci from there on to Iiiieiio> Aires it turther Imlf dny. (■;irKo hoiit:. mnke the vo.vii>:e to Kiver Plate |Mirts in ahout u niontli, anil to Kio and S.iiit..- ill :il».iit tui iitv foiir (la.vs. Several t:iails from .Vew York to Artretitina have l.ri 11 iii-|iMirlii il vi;i I ': 1 1111 iiiM. hilt so fur thl- (lepartiire has not proved a siiei-ess, judj;- iiifi tr.iiii th.- il^.ti - "t tilt- K tl.T- r ive.l. -Ml N ll. r« the VWt Coast proeeed via I'liiKiiii.i. ulirn- .■.iiiuiTt !■ Ml- ari' iiiaiii' I'nr i'ai-iti.- ('..:i~t |inrt-. (■•inaihi li:!- a parr. 1 |i.i-t a rra iii;.-iii.iit with .\ri;.'iil ii.a. .iiiil ii'' .l^'iii'l v^il' .itli.r S..11II1 .\iii. ri.'aii Stat.~. I.ut thi- . I..-- ..t mail matt, r ha- t.. !>.■ .l.-pat. L.-.l via l-.a-laml. ..witi^: t.i tlif refii-al ..f tli. ruitnl Stat.- tr..M'riim. lit t.. all..u it- traii-it .n r.— their ti rrit..r.\ . Su.-li a .li-iil.ilitv im-.-liiil.- it- .■iii|il.iymi-iit . x.-.-pt t.j . a-t .-...i-t p.'rl-. ..\mu(.' t.i ih.' inn. that w..iil.i lu — arlly h. ii-iiiiieil hy tlii- .•in-iiit.iii- r..titi-. Am . !i..rt shoiilil he niaili- t.. iiiakf tin- utility a- i \ih dit i. .11- a- p..>-ihle. f..r it t.inii- a m ry i-i.ii- venient inean^ for >hippiiitr .•.•rtain elas-.- of m. r. Iiauilise in >mall -hipnieiit-. One iiiivautaKe tint it |..->e-ses ir-. tliiU at tlie Soutli .\nierii>an eiiil [iini I | ost i- n.il -iih.ieet to the sami' ilelayn as ordinary freijrht. It has heen -tilted that one of the (irineipal express ^-oniimnies ,,t the I'nited States, v\ ill extend if- ni tivities t.. iiiehide South .\ineriea. If this plan i> i-arried out, <'itnn- .lian . xp .rt. r- will l..iiht tiavt? the iK-iietit of sueh a r-mivenienee tliroiijrh the wm- paiiy - ( aiuidian e. .nni et i..ii-. SI'.\Ms|l I.XMl'xi.l Th, -lii.lv ..t the .^pani-li lam-'iiau-e niisiht protitiihly rei-eive re attention in I'jiiaila. l'r..m l. tt. r- r. .-. iv. .1 it i- apparent that it i- nut ireiierally kii.iwn tliat from tf„ -..iitiu rn inir.l.a-- .l' T.Aa-. 1.. <'.;|.i' 11. ■ni. Span - 1 i- lii.' ..tli.-ial lan;;!!,.-.' ..f all th.- Ciiilial aial S..iith .'.111. -ri. -ail Slat.-, with tin- tlh iX.-.i>ti f llr,i/il, lit. I..ii> ..f liriti-h Ihiahi'-a-. aial tla- (iuiai It i- al -.'.1 in Spaii; an. I \\ tierev.T -hi' llii- or has had nil.i lies. M..r..over it . iciii to Italian aii.l {'..rliiuii. -e, that 11 tli..i'..u^''h kiiowiedire of the first helps to an umlerstandinjr of tin ..th. r two. Kvery year .Spanish jrrows in importance «ith tin- ever-inena^inji \oliuiie of l..::1tu .Xnii rieai! e.!!ii!neri'e. fn ticnnal times, thi-^ volume of trade umoiints to alMint !i:.*.oiKi.|.oo.iiiiii, in t. 11 y. ar- it iiiiiy he d.mhle that aiiioniit. The trade of Spain i> about j64(Mi,(Mio.i)iMi p, r annum, 'rinis in markets ('ex.-lii.l i iiu' Brazil) \vli..>i- hiiyini.' and -ellinff p.'iwer reaehi- t- n.Mrl> .•<;l',.Miii.iiiiii,ihiii, Spani-h i- tla- lainjaai^.' in ..an ii-.-. From the -laii.l-p..iiit ..f .•..mmrr.aal utility in r.'latinii t.. ( 'aiiiiiiiau exp..rt-, next t.i Kiijilish. Spanish easily stands first. One vc'ry importiint feature whieh should l>e si t'H.t:UKST TO WKKKU HLLLETIS 47 .>i |.t .■li.iirl\ III view i-. tliat it atlonl- all i iifr,\ i.. .-..initrii-^ tlial |irc"|iir. nnv iriiltt'riiil. ini! iiiaiiiilai-tiin- In ,.iil,v a ^iiiall cKvn .•. Tli.- I'r. ii.-li iiiarki't 1ms u volume of *-'.7i"'."i"i.. 1 11.' (i. riiiiiii riiurki't has a total of iM,44H».(NKM*M): Aiistriii-JIiiiijrar^-. i|!l.<«MMKMMHX», <«' nil>iin-<•.<«>••. I'.nr t!i.- t'..iir .■(.initri.-> tii.-iih..;iril ali..vr .irr ciiLMircil in nianufiictnrinL'. an.l .•.,nsr.iii..Ml l.v .|,, i,,,t ami iiia> ii.'V.t |.n>«i iit lin' -.,n\r ,,|>|,.,r- liiriitir- t.. Caiia.liaii man ii fai-l ii nT-. a- ,1., tli..-, ,.1 ihr S|mii i-li--|irak i iiir npulili.-. Sn. il I.: iiit; tlir .M~i'. S|iaMi-ii -li..iilii i„- , m . iiiMi;. .1 in CamMliaii -clinul- ami parti- i nlarl.v ,ii t|,,- l.ii-im-- c-..lli tri-. if flic l)..]n]n:. i: i- .-vct I., havi' a -nppl.v ,.t' -,ili-^ im n. i ..rn'>|i. ii.li iii i' i-i.-rk^. ami Inaii- <■( il. jiartim iit« >iiital>li' for liarullintf Latin Atncriftin hu.sint>ss. KtlRKIlJV SAI.KS MWAI.KHX. Tin- titif "f I'nn-iiin ~al. - nianam r i~ -..iiicliim- iif;litl.v a.--uiiiril with Imt lirii f tlii.ui.'lit t.r fhi- rc-pi.ii-il>ilil\ u'in li -nrh a--iiinptii.n I'litail-. N'n man -Imulil tliii- -tvli- hiiii-i lt mil,--- In- niHii r-taml- -.•i.-ii.-. ..| i \pi.rlini;: t'nr tla-ri' i- -ii.-li a ;..'n ii.-,-, if -I'li iirc uii aii~ kn..uli--l. in ami -it:iiitii - -kill as tlu> itrmluct nl' tr.ain- uiir. Ill till- rasi', tin- kmiwli-.lu'f that nni-t lu- -y-tiiiiizcil i- an iindt'rstiin'liiiK >>( tnrt iiiTi i xrliaiinf, iirrjuiriit inn nf ■l.i(Miim nt>. '•iiiiii)i)atiim of pricps fa).l>. nnd i .i.f.. liui kiiif.'. MiarkiiiK, .. farility in <'iirrt's|Hini|ciiiv thsit will iMiKUrp the dictation of ii letter .siiitcil to the teniiM-ni.nent of the person to whom ■* U mlilrcsM-il aial his eiiviripiiinciit. iiiiil it emhnni's the mode of Inindiinw: dissii. ; id perhaps aii«r.v iMist.am i-. 'J hejM- are essential, and an aci|iiainti i-liip w iiiu niarki t-. lam^iiai;i -. .ai>- tonis, and aetnal ..r iir.spr.-tivc rlient- i~ iiiylily dr-iraMc . and finally a traim d iiiiiiyiiia- tioil ami an al I ,• ..l la. t. K.piipp,,! uiil, tl„-.., a I.Tvi-n sal.- iiianauvr -I,.. old lie aide In -,,lvi aii\ ..nliiiary prniil. ni tliar i- lik.-iy t.. pn-i'iit itself, and uiiat is so ii>etiil, he will lie alilc In |irnj...-t hi- niiml aerns- the int.Tveniii)j: -pai-e. and l.i iniii);ine himself in lii- cn-t . i'- pla. i . T.. \n- aide to se<' and to .siv with .sympathy the other's point of view, isai, .iitaiiinii iit . : niin.l lhat i- of ineah'ulnble Value. The Iw.rii salesman intimately (•lainpreheiids the pysi'luilo^y of etiiiimere**, whili^t tin onliuarv on** niav not fome to a realization that sueh a daissitieation exists. A foreign .sales manajrer should b«> alert, and ready to appropriate to himself every idea ..f whii h u-e l an h. nia.le, im matter where or how enenntiteriHl : he therefore ri i|niri- a plastie niinil that will he siis,.epfilil,. tn new idea-. ,.11.1 !i, -1 1,1 tr.lin him-, If I,, he scb-eouseiimsly alert to what.'vi'i- may he lii.m.tieiall.v a — iniilat.d intn hi- hiisim--. id'i.-t ,,f f,Ti-i-n -ah'-, and . veii .if rnrn sp,,n,l, in-e. -hmild m.t always 1m» left entir.ly in the hands ,if the nuinasrer nf the hp art m.nt. Imt miftht with advant- a>re 1k> si hj.-eted to -nine -ii|«-rvision. sii. h as i- pmhahly the ease in all oriranized eommereial eoneeriis. Anothi-r n»ason for this i.s. that foreiirn sales managers are liahle to (diaiifre, and if they .-arry the threads* of the business almost entirely in their h:'iuls. their hiss is apt to Und to a i-ertain amount of dislnentinn. ( uHKKSl'llNDKXrK. To many extorters, <"orrespondenee with foreiftii it>uiitries is a stumbling hloek. nlthouf^h there is no partienlar rea.son that this slionM be so. Various eoiintri. s and penph- have thi ir eharaeteri-t ies in eorres|>ondem r a- in ,,|lirr matters. It is tln ri |nre exiH.ilient that tliese -hnnl.l 1., nnlerst. •■ •(!. T^ thr l.alin .Vim i-i,'.iii. hii-im-- i-,,ri> -p.aid- ' a- , liii-ti' l in t .maiia .ind tin I'lii'-.l Slate-, i- ,ipt t,i -ei iii iinn.'ee— arily ;.in-.|,,.-. .iii.j i.i.knif; in ;ii.-. iillie .n i. ■! n ini n i - liial an- lieaP In iiim. Tile Latin AiniTieaii may h,. nair,- ,:i-iiy l,.,l than iln..ii, and is innst siiseeptihle to politenes-. Koreijriiers estahlishinjf theni-elves in one of the Kepublies, lieeonie aeeiistouifd to the h'ss vigorous, but more eourteous eu8tom.s, and notie*' an iiifriuKniciif f them. 48 TRAOr. .4.\r» fOMMESCE All ..xaniplc of a to<. brusqiu- U'tt.T hiis .-umv miMitl.v to li;ui,l. Imvin- l" .'., ,lir.-. t,.l a South American firm by a CrtiiadiHii mauufueturtT. Tlir... puraffruphs x-WWil run J- lolli.wr : •• \Vl„n v,,u ui, ..nl,T froiu m cu-tcUMT. VMU will rn.-ln-;. ii„|uiries from n pom! ,M.T.-;u,tilc :.i;.'..rv nranliu;: him. Wr «ouhl i.u,.r -.- up,.u vou the importanee of „nl.v H'Uiu- t.. rir«t-rl;," tinu- h.-au-r ;,.v A 1..U- u.iy In.m BiU'ilo* Aires, and it i< oiilv .-^utV to (lu lni>iii.'>s uf thi^ kind with tii-t-. la- 1 -r-^. ■•On shipment of (r.u.ds we will semi diMtt atta.-h.-.i t.. hill nf h.dint: thi- .ud, aii EuKlish or American br.iik. and enstomer will take delivery ,4 p.ods ,m pa.vm. ut .,t draft. , •• \V, will pay yon a . ummis-ieii c,f .". jH-r .•eiit on all business y.m secure for us and will maki' iMvuic iit t.. y>u as -o,,n as our draft is settled." WliiUt it would not have iul.rtrrr.l with the business d.'al. this .-orrespomlem-e .•uuhl have luvn euu.-hed in .n..r- a;:r. , ahlr la.,^ua^-e. It is .niri-'est. d that the foUowins would hnve be»>n more ae-i'pfalilc t.. lla .■,.irr-| ,.iHh nt- : ••When v.m send u« , r.l.-r tr..,u a rn-r..inv,: wv shall he ,.hlii:ed it y.Mi w,ll kindlv attach' an inquiry In. in a reliahle mer.-antilr a^eney .■uureruini.' hi~ -taudim.'. We are anxious to deal only with tirst-dass h..u-es. but are plad to think that it is unn.-ee>,ary to impress this n|M.n you. as we f»-«'l sure that your loiiit and extensive experit in i' will lie a proteetiim to us. -Our t.rin- ..f bu-ine-s are. that mi shipment of order we will draw upon the ,.„, „.,. at -i;:lit a;:ain-t d... iim. nt- thrnu;;h an Kiij-'li-h or American billlk. and we triiM tliat this'metliod ,,f payment will U rntiivly .■..nveiiient to your customers and also to yourselves. "We propose t.i allow you a eouimi-ioii ot .-. p,r .-ent on all orders tak.n by you, n-mittanee to k- ma.le imm. .liately ,m the draft h. iny retired. _but we would t«- glad to learn if these tonus will 1h' c.mveuieiit and ajrreeable to you." There are few civilized jH'ople whi> arc not su.sccptible to politen.— , and a happily won!, d better will not intmiueiuly smooth away iiuiny a ditfieiilty. It is 111, iio doiiht for a business man to turn from dictatiiiM: a di.zcn letters to firms all ov. r \oiih .\nioi-ha iii .i -tyh' under-t I hy thi'in. to dii-tatc one to a Latin- Amerieaii linn in ., form that will h. ino-t appreciated. The foreign eorre-ponilent ihi'l-efore re.|llin- to ho . ithor v. iy v, r~alih or -oiiiolhin;; of a -pe.-iali-I in hi- line. It i< n..t wi-h.'d to iini.l;. in ihi- thai l aiiadiau linii- alv .li irtiou- in thru To ..pondeiio.- lo olio aiiolhor. hul muoh i- taki n tor i.ranl. .| I.oIwim ii tla in lli.il in l.atin America shoubl \»- in cold type. The priie iph lo koop in mind, i- not to ho too eomliii.-ed il- if in a Ki-eat hmry. 'o l.< nnifoiniK . oin-tron-, and t.. n m. in'.i : l!:;'.! tl„ rrespoo'li'"' l"''"* "' '"' " '''"'''y i"tellin<'iil ^md 1' iiiforiiied biisiiiiss man. , Wlion wriliiin to h.ic itin firms it i- advisable not to use colbupiialisms. or any ,1,,,, |,.,ve a piiivly loeal -iunitieamT, In Canada, the muneiiclatiire more or Ic— lollowed. hul South .\iiiorn a ha- horoiue a. . u-toined lo lMi:;li-li Icrin-. owiiiL'' to ooimiK'n-ial ■j„l,.r ir-o rov. Tin:; inoiv than a ceiitiiry. Ii. la-e it i- hotter to n-o il,o 1 ,tt. i- ula io il ditfei- troiu till' Canadi.an. ■ • .it h.i-l put 1' ii. hr.i kol-. A- liino pa--r. th,-. differeliecs will no d.uiht tend to .|i -;,i,po:i i' or i-lli i,. anouolal u iv- «iil h no kiiown. Sbiii»r shoidd be -trietly avoided a- it piobahly will not be understood, aii.l if it wer.'. would be mori' likely to do harm flum it-od. Th.- Iditin American ha- a vi^ry str.mn sense of the dimiity of thinifx. |i !- hoitor to a<-unie when dc-eribiny tin' merits ..f an article, that the corrr- .|„,, I, n. tiniiu .ihoiil il. 'Ii.n. th.it la lia- a -mull kn.nvledue of it. And an , fforl -hoiilil ho Mi.alo IV Ia n di.ialiin; .i loltor, to vi-uali/<' tho iHTsoii who will read it. -o th.it the letli r may bo made to . oiih.rin to iho liia- of an interest ini.' talk, rather •Jiaii to eoniiiiiiiiieiilioii ill whiidi pir-ouality i- hidden under STA(!E. It -i riii- ililHi-iilt tci |i4>rjiliad<> iii.iiiiit'jclun r- t" Ihmi' in iniml, t'n.it tlic |inst:i(rc ti' Siiutli AiHcrii a i- five <-piits and not tvv... Hntli ( iiiiinliiiiis and AnKTi<'iins HK ncfflfcttiil in tlii- rcs"-'<-t It mnv lie siiid to I..' dn,' to iiotliin^f but iflackiti>ss, as one Nant .stovk Arm. Uno. f luTrnarto) Hrotht-r. lintii^. ) lifinianot ) . . HrotherB. llijo Son. Hijof Sons. Vila. < viiKla) Walow. SU1"M. < KUccyorf»» ) Su; Tt-ssors. I'alle . , sir. ■ft. /'(// lllilllrxi . ' " i'.i i.hia . . . Company. Iiaiao Krothcr. Irniftu.s Krothers. l-'illui Sun. Kilho.*; Sons. iviuval , .. ..Widow. Hua Slrt-ft. Til W^l \ rio\^. U 111 n It I- ill . I -..,, IV to w rili- in Spaiii-li or I'ortiimir-i . and ro,-onv-i- lia> to ho liad to a t r.;ii-lator. it i- iiiyhl.v advi-aldr to iMiMirc tlial In i- intirclv tamiliar u illi till' idioiii-. Till- niori- idionial ii-all.v llir tran-lator i-an write, tile more lorei- will tile letter liavi'. Oin' diffieiilt.v -lioiild. Inuvi ver. lie rernirniml. If an intellifcent triinslatur has u elear eoni i-ptinn id' just what tlie writer desires to euiivey, it is nuieh ea.sier for tiiiii to eonipoM- a idear. vifforous letter than if hi- ha* to make u litenii trunslatioii of di'.'tatetl matter. I'HK.vni. Many iniiHirters in South Ameriea who eainiot eorrt^sjumd iti Kli^Iish. can do so in French. CO-OI'KII \TIO\. Canada eaidi year is steadily iiierea^inu the volume of her exports of maiiufaetured troiHU, and year hy year the interest in this liraneh of eomment' i« wiileninir, the time would -ih'MI opiHirtiine therefore to eonsider the manner \vh(>reliy tlie ([iicstion of ioiciLin trade iiia.' I"' more seriously >tiidied. One of the iirohli ni- to lir voImiI i- lo previ iit till- nmi-nt ili/al iiiii of tin a->i-tanr<' and information fiinii-lird hy liie ( iovern nil III . Ili.i' .i lariio jiarl ol ill - atii iii|ili'd l o . i|ic rat ion i- w.i-lrd i- l« in(i eon-lanllv ili nion-i rated liy e.xpnrtrr- and pro<|ieel ive I'.xporters. It wonld seem ilesiraldc that llio-e inamifailurer' who hiive leunied their le.sson, and who have a larpr and pn lit a !i!i- ::irr;;;n rlnntelr, "hiiuld !a-!p '.vith vahi.iide ndvire aiul frieUtii,V eiiconraiJi iiienI, llio-t who aii' still struifjiliii^r upward-, and f lirthprmorp, tllPy eould stimulate iiiiere>t ill tiiis lii|rhly im|H>rtuui (|Uert- elUT» und sueifs*. 50 r „K„ruM,. h.t..l,v 1h...„ unt.Hl t.. ,mr.-lmso " „.mU-i..-< 'nnml:. " .'f>'"l>- „r,.|. ,, ,„ .• 1.. tl,,.- ,K„M,t:„ tur, ,l nut.iap the f..i.ntr>-. It nu.y. howf-vi-r. U- ;.sU.l ' , , ,v i- „..t . .. .lu.v l.i.l n|,„„ „unufa-tr,r.-rs nn.l a- to wlu-thor it not also : „„ „„„„ „:,„,|,„.„„, l,v ..v,.ry „.,...,- in .lu.ir power to nuTcaso tlu- „.,„.„ ,ra.l. ..I .-..n.,!.., I'u .vl.y a-i-.:,,. ...«.nU ,.r„-,.r,ty. an.l the pr-.v.s.ou o ..,„.,;,,„ ,1, wl„. , ,1 ... I. i- -f,. ,o -.y ,!,;,> .n..,„.r ;,.,..>„„.,. to tins .ul.ject would , f ,r..at l,..u..tit ... ,..,„> ...u Hi .•,.„.- ,1,.. a,v ,..-.l.y -otT,.,.,,. fro,,, .he . f liavillB ili.lustrifs ,-l..-,'a .l..wn. or worliiim oii Avr\ tiin.v •n,i. ,.,..1 wo,.l.l iK. matoriall.v a.lva„-..l if tl„.,- ul-l m,o, ,-o,„.,-.n..n un..n.- „, „ ,,n.-„t i„ foreign trad-. ,n„l if hTo,-, w.-re ,n„d.. „„„.„.m ,1„.„ . , I ,,,, ,„„ , ,„.l„.v of „di,»r the effort, of the Departui.'.it ot 1 fade , „; ,.:„ ;„ , a,;, .,.,.1 .,-i-ti„i: tl.e lanie 1 y of those who re.,u,re th,. a,d , , ; ,., ,„, , i,;..i,iv u-. ful -. rviro. (ira.hially siieh an ussoeiatioii nufht draw "'"^ ;h!'i. !!.;'-''..■.! ,h,. ..uoMio... th... idea, eouw i. exehange.1. well a^ hein*: patrio.i,-. .his would ho h..,H..io,al .o ,ho now „„ ,„lu.,-. tor ,s ev.de. t in tho,!;. lines in whioh ,.„„„,. , i„o„ i~ ovor-U.v,,. .ore,.,, „-.do ou.h. prov.le o„th-t that n.iirht serve .o n du,-,. .he presM.re at ho,,.,. S„eh an assoeiation eould do ,u,>eh to e„....,r.^o .v 1 MnnuUo .l. -tudy o. ,l„ .,.ie„ f foreign trade in the teehnieal .el,ools and Ln-no .- '■''I'-^''-- ,„, „i„„ ,l nl:,r lootores on the snbj.vt. It would he d.iheuh to -o, a l„n,. , , ,l„.,r n-ofuhn- I. i- wll known that some inannfaeturers by their „„-takes have l„-i „... ..niv ,„onov ,l„ n,-olv,-. l,n, have hron^d.t Canadian prmluets into disrepute. It is in.por.an. a. .hi- -.m::v ,.f do, .L.pn.en. m, Canadian foreign eomu.ere.al relatu.ns that every etfor, ho ,„a.le .o pnv., mo I, o,- ..rn„c*s, and on tho other hand to bnild up a name for Caiiatliaii -hippers and proihict-. tfl l'I'LEHh \r TO WKICKI.Y Ht U.ETIS 51 Chapter VIII. UNITED STATES ACTIVITIES. Ti,c I iiitdl Stiito nvf wMik'wiv- irriMt cffurts t(i r.ikt> mlvantapf (if the present aliiiciniiiil -iliMlinii. Mini wiiil-l till- |iriiii-i|i:il Kun>|Mnii iiianiinn-tiii-iii^ inuiitrics are [111 -m-cMipicil with wiir. Ill i-iiH-iiii(hili- :ini| «rc iitlv i-xlrrnl thrii- tiMilr with Latin t ii ii. Tlli^ ini'Vcini lit i> 111' ilrl|iiirtiiliri- In ( ;llli| -hulllil In- rln-i lv I'lillowed. ] ii icltil'nrt'. Lntiii Aiiii-rii-a liinki il priiiriiiall.v tu Kur'i|ii' t.i su|i|ily hiT witli those pdiids wliich sill' liiK- iii't |iriiihii-i' hi)>elf; iis u ('onseiilii'iu-i- nt' thi-. tnuli,' hiis fallen into u rut from whivh in the ordinary course of events, it would require no small force to dislmlpe it. But the upheaval eauaed by the present war, has largely upset established conditions, and is providing the force, iiientioiicd above a> hi iufr ncccssiiry, to briuff about a re-arraiitrtnii'nt of the avenues of trade. Such a plieiiiiiiieiiiiii a- this, from the view imiiit nf n iiimn ri-ial relatimi- lu tween the rnited State- and Latin Anierien, can be oidy favourable to the former, and that tin ir most iiroKres.-ive busi- ness men have fully realized the fact, is abundantly evident. THE PRESENT OPKiBTl^Nl j V. In i-ei-tain " man m aetiiriusition. There is now pood reason to believe, however that some, per- hai>s a larp' part (if tliat advantai;e i< ahuut tu lie In-t : it i- alinn-t uiiavuiilalile if the Jiresent eimtliet la^t* for two ur time years. In spite nf th unniereial depression, the Latin .Xinerieaii n pnblies liave net eea-ed tu luiy altnuether. and even if their purchases he redueed iiy half, even liy twn-thirds. the reiiiainder would sfiH make a respectable -iini. particularly fur those eduiitrics which are still able to supply nipiire- ments, and who have h(>en freed fri>m the strong competition of Germany. Belgium and France. The coimnercial depression which has been coming on for some time, together with the outbreak of the war. has had a verj' stroii«- inllueiiee upon nil cInsMt of the community, and upon the various governments, the iirim ipal effect of which is to imllice iheni tu pri:etiee a -.\-lein ..f eennouiy. that Inr a '■■•n-iiii raMe niiniher of years has bei-n furei^'ii tu lln ir nmile nl' life. One nf tlir trail- iiin-t i unininn in human iiatnre. i- an adaplaliiliiy tu new litimi-: tlin- in time tin |.,.ip|,. ,,f South Ameriea will deiditless beeonie re-i^rned ii. the prex iil sitiialiori. and they will I'om- nteiu'e again to purchase, even if in very restrieteil quantities, those coiunioditie.; which they have Ixretofore r>'i|uired. Tin Tnit^'d Stafei. occupy a strategic jiosition. Not being entangled in Kuropean iiolitii's, they are entirely fr«>t' to devote their energie* til the comnnr<-iMl conflict, i-o that it «e<'m» to be aintort beyond doubt that before another year has pa»»eil. South .\iuericnn importers will be lookiiiir tu the I'nited St.iti- tu -npplx their ih nianijs, and allhinit'li the -lyle- and mark- .if -unn- ef the artii le- may he -mni-wh.it new. nevi rlliele— n.ei — ity will nvi remne antipalliy, and in time the eiin-niner w ill -i 1 1 le i|. .u n I., ii-i .\meriean linml- as ennl ' IK a- in the p. -I ill iia- liiii-e 111' Kiiriipean predni'lion. it is iiere tiiat ( aniui. .11 havi^ her i.;ip irinnity. If tin I niiiil States can sell her priKhn t- tu Latin .\ineriea. so should t)ie Dnminioii, and although the former may have certain ailvantages hi the way of larger home markets, and thewfore greater prwhiction. and nUo iM rhap« in means nf co,nnnun,.ati.,n. n.vor.h,.|, tl,.-^.. uu.y W otf..t 1^- tlu- .i.-pho greater attoMti. a, tu th,>- .i. t.il- wln,.l> „u,k- t..r - -s. in oxpon tnule. It in tla- t.uuro the cl mnneU o „l, .n,-liM, in . n„.,v .lnv,.,ly nortlxTn .liro.ti-n. on,- r.-ult be. that u...ne». n,n in S.,u-1, A.n.v. . will vi-i- in nu,..h h,r.,.r ninnkT.. nnL.tm centre, in the Unuea 8t.„.... un,l vvh, „ -hi- t.k.- pl--. ,t .l,ouM Iv th. ..aro „t r-unulu.,. manu- facturer. , th.r th,.-.. . , !,„•,. ta,.,l„ P. v„ri.,u. m.-ai- nupi-vin. trade rMati^n. between S,.u,l> A„.,.ri.-, in.l rni....i Slat.- > th- in..-, inu-rtant .hat ot e-tah- li^hiuK hran.h, ^ ..f AnuThM,. hank- in .1... prin-ipal ■■ap.tal- ..t th. -^.uth.rn - tinent. Very -hnrtly aft.r tl». pa-a.- ..f .la- Cii.t, „.:v aial F?auk,n. IJ. ... W a- .- infrt.m. the Xa.innal City Bank of N.nv York. ,...n.n„ n..,.,l .o n.ake arra,... it- P'r th, estahli4in,.-l.t ..f Rranehe. in Rio do Jan. im an.) Rmau.. .\,r.-, l.y.h ..I tta-o are now -p. an.l in full runninu' ..r,!er. an.l the inHuen.^e nt the hran.-h n, Bueno. Air.- i- alp a.]v i.-Mi- f. lt nn ex.'han^'e . .peraf ion-^. The^e Anieri.-an hanks are likely to he of iuuoh l..-,„.|it t„ .h, , „,M„aT. f .la- .-untry whi.h they represent, an.l h.v their pn.iti..„ .lay may. ..r v.-ry n will !»• aM. t... -apply re,...rt< .m all e..,uinereu.l firm* in tin- .■..iiutry in wlii.-ii lia^y arr l..cat.'.l. . , • ■ , , Even if the ha.ik- .1.. .i 't .-a.-- en-a^.' in all iK. a- .-at,..,,- ..t l.-i.nn,,., I.a.ik- inp. thev will -till h.- al.lr P. do a Iar;:e hu-in.- in a. -an, -la - a- , a. , a lal exten.liutt ere.lit to tho-r firm* that .Mrry on a tra.lr h.aw.M n South Aiiaa-ir.i an.l tlie United State-. Tt i* reporte,! that they hav.- alrea.ly .li:-el..MMl a polny .t a-i-liiia trade with lh.> T'nit.'.l S.al.-. to .he exelusion of other .-ountries and tor .hi- pur- pose -ire *-.i.l t.. i.e r. a.lv P. op-n .Tclit- for T'nited Stat.'s firms whi.'h would he refu.'.'d i„',-..i.n-.ai.a, with huMu.-ss for tinn.< ..f ..ther e.amtri.-. If it he trm- that this poliey is h.-inir pur-u. .l. it is an ..xerlh-nt . xann.l.' of i.ra..ti.-al patriotism appli.>d to business life. I„arc.l...rt whieh appear-l in .i.- W, ,k!v RuUe.n. o, .lanaavy 1:.. .1:.. .n.a>,n,n was made of .la.hank.n. hu-in,- . , A : . ■ : ■ i • ... -al oM l.o po--,laI„y_ „ 1 n : „.,1 hanks e^tablishinir branel,,- in Bu. n..- Air- an.l K.o .U- .lan.nr.. an.l al-^.; th- ..i..;nMn: whieh there s,.,.mcd t.. he for a braneh of a -tmn- Canadian hank. I in. .-I S!a.. s tiiian. ial . in u- ha.l .ii.eu..sed Mieh a proj.vt for s.inie y.-ars. hut it remaiia.i P,r the Nati.mal ( i.v Hank of N'ew York t.. take .l.-tinite aetion. Whether the vniiiiv will be protitahle ..v n... .-.a o,,lv h.. ,l..|.-nu!u..l witli lime. It i' open to spe.-uhit;..n as to ust h..w ma.-., .ia . v-ham:.' whi.-h i- h..ina dealt ill hy the Fnited Stal.-s bank ,„,„1„ ;„.,.,, .,,.,iro,l hs a C.n.idian ...ti.-o. if tl i.p..rtiiiiity fv establish in Arsentinu and hra/ll th.> tir>l hraii 'li.- ..f ativ. N..|-lh Ainerieaii hanking institution hud been taken advaiifaire by a Cana.lian hank. IDST \f. rxM Mf N 1. ATIOV . An .lia !■ .L p iiur.. whi. li it is reported the rnite.l States hope to make is that ,,f ,„tiiPli-i,inj .1 tw...-.ni |..,-til rat., with all I.aliii Ani.-ri<-an e..untrie-. iiistmd of the pr.-«enl late of tiv iil. Any ..n.- wia. l,a- a kii.iwledac ns to what eheap postage p,„i u, mpli-ii a, tla' wa.^ ..f proiuoi i ii- .'..minaiii.-,iti..ii between two countries, will appndi.'iid tla- .tl'.i viia h -u.'h a nw\o w.a.j.l hav in devehiplnK closer relati.MH hetw.-..|i til- TniP.! Stap- an. I th.. I.aiin Ana li-an r. pal. In-. STi' -iio" i ^ M Ml - il Al i'lS. A -till liirtii. r .itt. iupt in the direi'tion irnUrat-d above is the effort being "iide to ini|.row the moan- ..r ■■..iniiinna ata.n. Th.. I'l '.1 St, pMposinR to aequire ihips to auuiu.nl th.'ir m..|vaiit il.' iii.inra. .Vlfady several -hips have been placed SI I'fLEMKM Tit WEKKLY BILLET IS S3 upon tilt- ■ I \". ,u- rvii-,.. an. I it iiuy \ tirst tiffc-sitic* for iinTfa-iiiin the trade between the I'uited States anii Argentina was that of an improved steamship service. That this advice was not entirely disinterested may l>e assumed, when the srrowirig imivirtani-i' of the ArK-entiiie exiii>rt« of aniimil> ami animal prodin-t- to the United State; i-; taken into eon.-ideration. As furtiii i- -howinir tlu- trend i>f oiiinicn in tin- I'niir'l Stati--. tlii' apip.iiniinrnt of nine i'onimiTi ;,i! aiiai'ln'- lo I'liitiM) Statrs li-uai !■ .n- in vari.^ns cuMntrie-; i^ aiuiDiiiiceil. It is .siKiiiti.a';- iliai n.i 1.— 'lian tlircr nt' tlu-c arc accredited to South American capitals, nani. iy. lii,, ,|,. Jan. n-.., Hui'ip.- Aire- an. I Lima. Till. IMTrn >TVH:s ^^ lUMvKll.'i T.l SiK Til AMl;l!ll \. It wai rc.'i iitly anii..iiii>-(fl that the (i.ivernini tit of Arceiitina had floate.i .1 I m of fl5,00<).I I.atii, .\n.. ricai. i.ii . 'ii.'- \iitli '...-iii-. uliiUi h:in- .|ii'.cl!\ iirMiitalil.-. an. I indirectly hciicii.n-il to tlum-. i\ thi- will at the -aine tiiii.' .Ir. mneh to nssist the commens' •• lit ry. It i- -ai.l that . x. lianuc i< ijo'cnt in its intluenco on the dj " c ion of tra.l. : if sncli h.- .1 f.i. t. an.l .-a-h th.vv^ int.i Soutli America from the ['niter! Siate>, it will ri'act on th.' .•..inmcr.' ■ of the ooimtry providing the funds. Canada tiirouRh iter cio^e eonnectiun with New Vork and with her ntimerous branches of chartered banks in that city, should be able to partieipate in thi-i ailvantiifje, if the neces-sary enterprise to profit by the opiwrtnnity be forth -oniimr. Before lenvinpr the subject of United State- tra(I.\ it will 1„- ..f intcn -t t.. iDtc the irnpr..- ( n:,ni uiii.-h ha^ tak.ii |.la. c in .■N|...rt- to Ar-.-niini. In th.' !a-t n'v,- years tin-,' iiav.- iii.T.'a-c.| i'r,,ni Ij.oimi.iiihi t,, ,i!(;;;.iHf0.uiMi, 'l"i„. chief are Tegetable .uni tnin.-r.il oil-. ini|i..rlcil in IHI:;. to tli.- value of 1 .".,7 1 1 .Hi mi ; aL'ricnltur.il iraplenieiit- aicl ma.'hincry in the >,im.' \. ir. *,"i.--;il'.'io(I: artii'lcs and materials used in transportation ..l' all kin.j.;, .«:..(l4i;.(>oo ; hnihlinir m iteri.il. .« 1 2,326.000 ; leather and articles ina.le of leather, ifil.inti.mK*; tim!H>r and articles of wood, )il2.623,ftOO ; ehomical and pliarina.'. li.Ml -nh-tances, $-.>,544,0(Kl. The trade tiitures for the past year when publisheil will Ih^ worth studying to a.scertaia the changes which will hare taken place, as compared with the ,vonr mentioned above. P\N AMEHirAMSM. 'I'll/- M'.-in- to have been -inc.. the ..iithreak of the war a drawing together of the Uniteil Stat<- aiel -iine ..f the South .\meriean republics. From cable reports, it wonhi ap|>ear liiat .Il-. u-si.ins have been j-oing on in Washington, between certain South American diplomats and officials of the State Department, with regard to the interruptions of the commerce of neutral nations. It is further announced that a conference has be»'n called of the ministers of finance of th, j.atin .Vnierh an ic|iiil.li,.. or their representatives to sit at Washington. What will he the outcome of this , nii .1 at the present m..ni,-nt he foret..l.l. hnl it may he taken tor :;ranted th.it it is ali of a general >. lieine. It is possihli. thai thi- pooling of iiitcrcM- may iiave the elfect of tiabtciiing the bonds of friendsliip botwen the United States and South American republics. Without any desire t.i toiicli upon political matters, the subject is mentioned here, as it may have an infliiein-e one way or tlie other on commerciol relation*, and it is with the idi'a ..f a--isting Canadi.iii .wporters to follow the events which :irr fr;in=pir- ing in conne< ti..n with Latin American traile that the alxive has been writt. ii. Can 1. la BOW aspires to export to South America, ami commercially she is very closely coiim'.'ted with the Unite.! Sialc«. ilicref. two should hr iuti ir^t to tht- iHt>plf of tlif Dninininii. TKAin: .i.vn vomvkhve Appendix A, BEITISH SOUTH AMERICAN FIRMS WITH OFFICES IN LOHDOH. HRAZH.. Kill J. nil Iro iili-iii. '.Ill ii'sA, (•aiiiioii Street. Liundon. .Nir I'Milill .V: I'll.. Itio ill' jMtii-iro I 'I*i'o . falmerston House. liO?i<1on. I'.io ili^ Janeiro. 39 St. James Street, S W.. LOII'itiTl ■ ,.1 l!> I'u. l-lil.. Itai lie .fatieiro [lU in. i.l»-nt. Lotiitianl Street. London. Ill : wiiuil I 'o . liio Janeiro .-, Ml. H. \\ 1 -^Iniuisler, S.W •.nil. .Ml »;aW A: ' C) . lytil . Uio lie Jam iro. Ni I Ni: . .M. t.i u A; ' 'o.. I.til . I. line Street, Ijondon. 1:1 A: <'U. tiMi .)■■ .!:ilU';rii S. li.ll. Swlioiim *: "'o . '-''l .Manihester ir Hr Klo lie Janeiro . Ltd . I'ntgiiayana llr.'Z I lit! ■» Southern Tty . Ltd.. i4 gueen Vii'toria .Street, Lor.dcn. I'ruiiuay li.v. ''o, Lt , t'.i> .i.tndu. L'ttliSUAY Ii1t-in. :il»i(,. London. .•i.-\V.«t..r., iif I'iiit;ll.i.\ lly . Salto .Si.i tl, \V . ^■• 't, 'if rrunna.v lly '"o, Ltd. .1 copthnll Avenue. I..«m<1im. UL l'I'l.LMI-M 1 1, \Vt^:t:hl.) LU IJ.L US AKiili.NTlNK IlKI'lHl.li'. 55 Kuropfaii l-'inn. Asar, Croaa & Co , lAil . Bu«noa Aires. Allardice & Dlmalow, B«tl, Geo., & Sons, Uuenoa Aires Beraler, Waechter & < 'u , Argentina Aieency Ltd., But*>ii>!f Aires. Buenoa Alrrs & Paciflo Ky.. I^td., Buenos Aires Buxton, CaKHini ft i'o . Buenos Aires. Caoaela ft Co., Buenos Aires. Drysdale, Juan & Jose y Cia , Bueno* Aires. Drysdale, TMotnu.H > 'o , B'jiTios Aires. Evans, Thornton & i ■> Buenos Aires. Franklin ft Herrera. \.\-\ Hut'Hos Aires Hess, Meiisies ft Co , Hock, Daylii y Cla . Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires. Kerrin ft Hudson, Hueni>M .Viri's. lia New Broiid ."^tin t. Lundott Huxton. Cassini & Co.. .'>7r. 7 Salisbury House, London Wall. NVurettl Ik Kambra. Holborn Viaduct. \MTi\. J. C.. ft W.. Birmingham. Urysdale, John, ft Joseph ft Co., .Vew Broad Strent, I^ondon. t»OUBlU\ . I il-\ .iilale & \ I'rpool. l:;van!*. AT'thiir »;., Ac Co.. 1.1 South Plaee, London. Franklin & II. in i i. l.i.l I .MoiUK.at^ Street. Ijondon. Men»;es. William, & Co., 18". Fenohuri'h Street, London Wilde, .lohii. Kiiiiibury Pavmif-nt House, L.ondon. Myer, Penxil A., 31 nuke Street, London. Kidiner, Henilerson A: Co . Salisbury House, London WaP, Tudor. MtHire ft Co.. 1» Ludstate Hill, London & Paris. Bu''no^ .A'rrs. Miir,..!, .Moii|.'in.i\or Co.. Paris. Vcitlianlt & Hall. Ltd . 41 Kast.lii 1". Loniton. Siliiil, Settiohnt !on. Enrinup Ltd.. RlrTniinhain, 56 K..1I K i Ml. K;.ll...i:. !.><•': .v . H. it. '.y .V f.i.. 1.1.1 v.. .1 Imi. V:>li';ir.iiHr ValpalMiso, \'ali>ar;tiw. Hiuh Ac ("o.. Valparaiso. \'a!|.araiso Valiiaraiso. Wi-II'. .S.'Ott A I'o.. Valparai»o. THMH: .4V/> HfVMHtU k <;nii.K. I '.! :"<.iM-. \.\ "li »v ' . 1^ i:Mi.m s;i-ftt. i; :i .. . ,'. '■<... I.iil.. 1 1» < aniioii Sir. t-t. l.oiiilon. I . ! I . li. !■■ .S ,V ' . .-> .:i SI. llrU-IlV. l.t.ii.litii ,(!'.! M.tnrhetter. ■ . Ai.Ih . A: Sonn Hishoi>!>Katt-, LOTi.l.Jll. 'Irahaiil. I[■'.. I W.-at I'.....-: Dpt.). i;: Tokenhouse Yanl. I>on*t., London a:i ^ *'o.. 4 Ktnehurch Av»'nue. London. Si t.;t. .\. ' i . >v ' '.. . 4 Ka^l. h.-ap. Lon\niKHi t. * u' 5 1 i S ii I 5 3 i " U - i r i ^- « ii H ,-. i 7 ^ ,i =. r. r. vf s 00 O H ■r. H S 5 V- E X ^ 5 ' " '-" « S iJ ^ :s ~ " — — -J i — IS 5 I I I" ,5. = f:?.?,,=l'r:«iif; if. 3 ?i r: ^ c — ■* i-i - r f 1 t» 5^ tj 5 = i ?, i& ? S ' 5 V 5 £ i2 5 - « 1^1 ^ — r2 ^ X X r; - ^ 2 a| 5 Z-, ;j r. r I r. -J r*. n X r -c — — — X i-i-.- 2 ; X — — .*/. X — ^ ^ 5 /. ?. 5 2 '-r r - T. n ?i Sz in 5 ? i 5 3 ; - .,i "'"^ I ; ; if I i ^~ i H * ^^J- J' *f i'I'u:m£\t to wkekkt bvilftis 99 TKAKK OK CAN \1)V WITH Sol I H AMKUK AN < (il NTlMKS. War t-niM March 31, 1<)14. r..iintn> Arp'iitina Bolivia r.r.-./.i! fliii.' (N'lfirrii'ia I'k.'umlur IVru rrofniay Wm-sjela Houth Aintrkan RfpuUiefi. liii|Kirtt«. 2,«itt!.7Iti I. ;'•,:(. 7s,-) l."i*l..'>4."> •i.«r.7 .V.,63H 5.525,505 K\|"iri~ ToUJ. ? s 4,7:W.IIH!I -' "'•r7 7''i7. (>."•> l:i4.47'< •i">,i>-u \<*,ur, 11.817 uo.Bir. i3»,3m ftol.7li7 I46,aSS 272.5W »,m,m 60 r«.im. i vo rnvvKnvK 8^1 : i 5 as 55 s to c 0. i v; B : s i s a s 5~ I I ill 55i 5 5J ' X S ■ S X Tj ?i y» — 2 t i t: : V X K m 3 ■ ■ " 3 £ i z s t X > z 3C n i V X as S a -I s: ti< u o to c o as < 5? X . ■ » X _ s* • V 5 S? 5 XX f §§ 1 1-5 Si b . J JM:- : ^4 4 (>4 C £ - i -= 3 * ••l.t:)IE\/ TD l EKLT BVI 61 ill <9 5 S 2 X S X « * 5 » : 5 m K K S S» 5 1 * 5 £ X 5 * m K X t. M. 155 t- X X X s III r- 55 1 P - « « ■ m5 M i is ' X X X X X 15 5 Hi « 5 - - I % 5 5 55 5 i 13 5SI » s • * 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^5 ='«'§' 1= ui fiii 5i5- ill 28- X 2 * * 2 S X XX X' X W T» 71 — r 5 5 5 X X. — « 3" 5f as : i 555 f Si ■555 lis I ^ Is ; f 5 - - 1 - 3 ?^ ' • 3 t *- - t ? 2 . S 5 5 SI i'i'i.t:uf:\r ro UA;f;A7,i bvllkiis 63 COMMERCIAL ZHTELLIGENCE SERVICE. Th* Oapartment of Trade and Commeros invites eorrespondane* from Canadian «xport*r« or importe'S upon all trade mattari. Canadian Trade Commiaaionart and Commarcial Agents should be kept supplied w^th catalogues, price lists, diaoeunt rates, etc, and the names and addresses of trade representatives by Canadian axportars.' Cat- aleguea ahould state whether prices are at fMteiy point, f,a.h. at part af ahipmaflt. or. which ia prsfarabis, c.i.f. at foreign port. CANADIAN TRADE Argantina Rapublie, H. R. Pooaaattab 278 Batcarcs, Buenoa Atraa CaMa Addraaa, Canadkia. Auttralaaia. O. H, Boaa. Stock Szchanse Buildlnr Mel- bourne. CoNe AMrfM Canadian. Britiah Waat Indiaa. B. R S Flood. Bri'iKetown. Barbados, acent also for thH Hermuilas an<] British Guiana. Cabif addrt's.1, Canadian. J. W. Bess, 6 ; OaMa addrtf China. ,^ iiang Road, ShanghaL ;anc'ynia. Cuba. Acting Tr:ide Cornmiss.oruM . Loiija del Comercio, Apartado 12'J0. Havana. Cable •ddrees, Cantraotm. France. Philippe Roy, Commissioner Ueneral, 17 aad 1* Boulevard dea Capuclna% Parla. Oakle (HMraas. Btadaeona. Max 10>, Tokohama. O. B. Johnaon, p.o Cakia Helland. Aotinc Trade Commissioner. ZuldbUak. tt. COMMISSIONERS. Nawfoundland. W. B. Nicholson, Bank of MoBtraal Build- ing, Water Street, St John'a. COM* address, CanadtaH. New Zealand. W. A. Beddoe, Union Bulldlnga, Cuatoma Street, Auckland. CoMa €UUrt*», CoM- d.. ..>.„t made l.y the Minister of Trade .nd ComiMroe wiUi Su Fxlward ( r • in .lulv, 1012. the Department is able to present *e f«n«^ brt ol n ore important British Consulates .hose officers have ^^^^^^^^^ ^ Foreign Office to an.wer inquiries from and give information to Canadiant wbo wm to consult them in leferettce to trade matten. Brazil : Bahia, British Consul. Bio de Janeiro, British Consul General. ChUe: Valparaiw, Britiah Conaul General. China: Harbin, Britiah ConauL Colombia: Bagot, British Consul General. Eesadw: Quito, Britiah Conanl General. Egypt: Alexandria, Britiah Conaul GenaraL France. Havre, British Consul General. Marseilles, Gritiah Consul General. ladia: Calcuttfl. l)ire< tor General of Commer '•ial Intelligence. Italy: Genoa. British Conaol OaseraL Ifilan, British CounL Mexico: Ifesieo, Britiah CmmuI GaitenL Hetherlaada: Amaterdam, Britiah ConauL Panama: Colon, British Conaul. Panama, Britiah Vice-Consul. Pen: Lima. British Vice