CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 Series 
 ({Monographs) 
 
 ICIVIH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographles) 
 
 Canadian Instituta for Historical Microraproductlon. / Institut Canadian da microraproduction. historiquas 
 
Tachnical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 HTI Coloured covers / 
 ' — ' Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers da;iiaged / 
 
 ' — ' Couverture endommagto 
 
 I 1 Covers restored and/or lamlriated / 
 — ' Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculde 
 
 I I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 [ [ Coloured maps / Cartes geographlques en couleur 
 
 I I Coloured Ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / 
 
 Encre de couleur (I.e. autre que bleue ou noirB) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 I I Bound with other material / 
 — ' Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 I I Only edition available / 
 ' — I Seule 6dit!on disponible 
 
 I I Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin / La reliure serree peut 
 causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsk)n le long de 
 la marge intdrieure. 
 
 I I Blank leaves added during restoralksns may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have 
 been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines 
 pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, k>rsque cela dtait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. 
 
 L"nstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur examplaire qu'il lui a 
 ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-6tre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modifications dans la m6th- 
 ode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessocs. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag^s 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 — ' Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicultes 
 
 
 
 D 
 IZl 
 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / 
 Pages d^colordes, tachetees ou piques 
 
 Pages detached / Pages d6tach6es 
 
 Showthrough / Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies / 
 Qualite inhale de I'impresston 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been returned to 
 ensure the best possible image / Les pages 
 totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un 
 feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont §t6 film6es 
 a nouveau de fafon a obtenir la meilleure 
 image possible. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the 
 best possible image / Les pages s'opposant 
 ayant des colorations variables ou des decol- 
 orations sont film6es deux fois afin d'obtenir la 
 meilleur image possible. 
 
 rss^:r::;x»«*^ -«..«.«.....,.„„,,.„.,„. 
 
 This item is f ilmad at the reduction ratio checked beiow/ 
 
 Ce document est f time su uux de reduction indique ci-dcssous. 
 
 14X 18X 
 
 lOX 
 
 n 
 
 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 30X 
 
 7^ 
 
 12X 
 
 -I6X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 22X 
 
The copy filmed here hat been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Harriat Irving Library 
 Univartity of Naw Bruntwick 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and iegibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol ^*> (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grice i ia 
 g*n*rosit* de: 
 
 Harriat Irving Library 
 Univartity of Naw Bruntwick 
 
 Les images suivantes ont At* reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at 
 de la nettet* de l'exemplaire film«, at en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 fiimage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmte en commen^ant 
 par le premier plat at en terminant soit par la 
 derniire page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmte en commen^ant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte una empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par 
 la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifio "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre 
 filmte A des taux de r6duction diff«rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul clich«, 11 est film* A partir 
 de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPV RISOIUTION TiST CHART 
 
 (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) 
 
 ^ APPLIED liVHGE Inc 
 
 ^BJ 1653 East Moin SIfeel 
 
 B'^S Rochester, New York 14609 USA 
 
 ^g (716) »S2 - 0300 - Phone 
 
 ^^ (716) 288 - 5989 -Fas 
 
X /Aflt^^^^^f^ A.Ji^^'^ 
 
 f] 
 
 '^^^^ FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANAJ 
 ,, 'i'^ SECOND SERIES— 1908-1903* - <5 : ^ ^'^ O 
 
 VOLUME VIII SECTION IV ^'^ ' ^ 
 
 OBOLOQICAL AND BIOLOOICAL SCIENCES 
 
 NOTES ON CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 By G. F. MATTHEW, LL.D. 
 
 FOR SALE BY 
 
 J. HOPE ft SONS, OTTAWA ; THE COPP-CLARK CO., TORONTO 
 
 BERNARD QUARITCH, LONDON. ENGLAND 
 
 xgoa 
 
Sbctioh IV., 1002 
 
 . \ ^^ '«' '• .V ,, 
 
 
 R<«^ 
 
 THANi. R. S. C. 
 
 Ill- — Notes on Cambrian Faunas. 
 By G. F. Matthew, LL.D. 
 
 Earlier " notea " were publUhed In these Tran.actlon. In 1M7-M and •». 
 (Read May 27. 1902.) 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 Oboloid Shells of the Cambrian SYSTE.\r in Canada 
 AND Their Relationship. 
 
 Much has been done of late years to make known to us the type 
 of Eichwald's genus Oboh.s. and especially through the monograph 
 on this genus proparcd by Michwitz. Through his writings we now 
 know the main {mints of the internal anatomy of that genus as pre- 
 sented m the type species 0. Apollonis and its variety Quenstedti, and 
 can see how easily it might be misunderstood from the older repre- 
 sentations of its form and internal features. 
 
 Depending, as the palaeontologists have had to in the first case, 
 on external features as the means of determining the genus a 
 number of species have b^en referred to Obolus, which, when better 
 known were found to exhibit important points of difference, these 
 were chiefly in the moulding of the interior surface of the valves 
 
 Of this moulding of the interior, the most distinctive markings 
 are those which indicate the points of attachment of the muscles that 
 move the valves, and the impressions of the main trunks of the 
 circulatory system. Much vacation was found in these two sets 
 of markmgs, showing radical differences in the arrangement of the 
 internal parts of the animal. Yet the more obvious characters of the 
 external form, and the surface markings of the valves, are those which 
 must necessarily first be used in assigning the species \> its genus. 
 
 We propose in this brief note to point out some distinctions 
 which have been made out from a knowledge of the internal char- 
 acters of the shells of the Oboii of the Cambrian System in Canada- 
 and indicate some possible relations to other genera of shells that 
 nave been assigned to the genus Obolus. 
 
 The species are referred to in succession, taking the oldest first 
 and continuing with those that are found in successively higher 
 horizons in the Cambrian. 
 
94 
 
 ROYA' SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 OSOUTS T0URKNTI9 (Plate 1, fig 
 
 This specie*, found in the shales enclosed in volcanic rocks 
 of the bMc of the Cttnibrian, is referred to the Re.ius only on the 
 basib ( general form. The internal moulding of the shell is not 
 known, but the dopretsed band on the median line of dorsal valve 
 indicates a relationship to the following species: 
 
 Oboltts THip^RiLiis (Plate 1, fig. ?)■ 
 
 This species from the base of the Lower Etcheininian. is easily 
 distinct from the type of the genus by the advanced position of the 
 anterior adductors of the dorsal -Ive, and the close association with 
 tb .n of the ";" laterals. In 0. Apollonis the first named muscles 
 are wide ^part and the "/" laterals are far in advance of them. 
 There is also in the Etcheminian form a small scar between these 
 laterals from which, with them, the species takes its name. Of this 
 scar the cause is not known, b"t in size and appearance it resembles 
 those made bj the " ; " laterals. 
 
 OBOLtTB DIBCTB (Plate 1, fig. 8). 
 
 This form by the arrangement of the central group of muscles 
 and the sculpture sh -ws it relation U) the preceding. It is larger and 
 more orbicular. 
 
 Obolub .squiputeib (Plate 1, fig. •!)• 
 
 This Obolus also has the two pairs of scars of the central muscles 
 of the dorsal valve, approximated, but the auppoeed " ; " laterals are 
 unusually large. It also has the small median scir that is found in 
 the other two. The three form a series of closely related J onus 
 (eoobolus). 
 
 Obolus lens-pkimus. 
 
 This small Obolus is the initial form of a quite different series. 
 The preceding three have the vascular trunks of the ventral valve 
 wide apart as in Oholus Apollonis. In the series of which 0. Ims- 
 primus is the oldest known form, the vascular trunks of this valve 
 are approximated so as to resemble those of the Lingulepis. They 
 may even be so close together as to enclose only a third of the an 
 
 of the valve. 
 
 > The full description of this and the three following new species will 
 be found In the author's report to the Director of the Geological Survey 
 of Canada, on the Cambrian Rocks of Cape Breton. 
 
[••ATrilEW] 
 
 CAMURIAN FAUNAS 
 
 9S 
 
 Th" ttrnoimt of chitinou. umKer m H... vbIvoh of the «peoi..s of 
 thU group „ ...all. an.! th. outer «hol. may have been r.'.ar.o.? 1 
 
 Oboltts lenb (Plate 1, fjg. 6). 
 
 This form is considerably larger than the prece^'ing. and. like it 
 hn. regular ooncen.rie ridge« on the Burfaeo. fn this charact.-r thev- 
 
 oU Z , ' '' '^' "^""^ Ktcheminian. which have a surface 
 ornamentation of wi.ving irregular ridges. 
 
 Obolus Bbetonensis (Plate 1, fig, 6). 
 The preceding .pedes ia found both .ibove and below this one- 
 a mud m which clay N/as more plentiful. This species had moro 
 
 In the base of tins division of the Etcheminian is a large Obolus 
 .vhoso character are not suHiciently known to enable t'to use U 
 in this comparison {Of major). » ub lo use u 
 
 Opolus ruLCHEB (Plate 1, fig. 7). 
 
 In the oase of the St. Jch-^ tn-oun annt^ » nu^i 
 type quite di:feront f.-.m eith r ofTeVece^g It" ^3^ '' " 
 mzed by the peeulia. ornameMation of'cre'^ra^ed ^d^ s temlZ 
 th BO of IpHde. pannula. The dorsal, by it. incurvea aLd flaTten^ 
 posterior ,lq:e, an-, its internal markings, shows a resembTance to the 
 markuig. of Acrochele, and the beak of the ventral is more pro™^ nt 
 th n IS usual m ^-^bolus; but it is not pushed forward as in AcrrtheJe 
 nor 18 the cardi ,al area visible from above ^crothele, 
 
 valve, and shows that m the ventral valve of this anPriVs ih. , i 
 
06 
 
 ROYAL WK^IETY W Ci»NAl>A 
 
 OUOI-UB PHISTINLH (I'lalf 1, fig. 8). 
 
 Nfurl\ coti'riiporuiu'ou.-. willi tin- Ittut i» a somowhat lurgt-r *pt>ciei», 
 whii'h. if tho iiiarkinKH are intcrpreti-d aright, had similurly advunceil 
 ctntittlH in the ventral valve, but the anterior udductors of the dorful 
 are uuusuully far Imck. Thin in touiiterhulanced by the position of 
 the "j" lateraU whieb are only ] of tho length of tho valve from 
 the front. Tho aurface markingn are tine and more like later than 
 earlier spccieD. 
 
 The Piiradoxides U'dn, though ronluiuing u varieil fauna and 
 Bi'vcral geiitra of Brachiopoda, shown hardly a single example of 
 Ooolus; this in especially true of the l^ower Parudoxiden bedn. where 
 the bulk of the fauna is found. 
 
 Obolub Ella (Plate 1, fig. 9). 
 
 This form, formerly referred to Lingulella, is decidedly Oboloid 
 in shape. It differs from tho type in the backward position of the 
 ";■" laterals of the dorsal valve; also tho anterior adductors of this 
 valve are set further back than in 0. Apollonix. Mr. Wakott'a refer- 
 ence of it to VVestonia would also indicate that the sculpturing of the 
 surface of the valves differs ♦'rom that of Eichwald'e species. 
 
 ObOLUS BEFUL0EN8 (Plate 1, fig. 11). 
 
 This species ie very near the geological horizon of Oboltis Apollonis, 
 hut lived ir a different habitat. The latter species abounded in sand- 
 stone beds, but the former in fine dark gray shales or mud-beds. Being 
 very thin, the internal markings of the valves of 0. refulgens are faint, 
 and it in only lately that specimens have been found which show that it 
 is not a typical Obolus. In Obolus proper (Euobolus) the scars of the 
 anterior adductors of the dorsal valve are separated far from each 
 other, but in this species they are closely approximated; they are 
 closer together than those of Lingulella, and are parallelled only by 
 those of Mon iboUna, Salter. Lingulella Darisii, which is nearly co- 
 temporary with these two forms, is intermediate between them as 
 regards the approximation of these two muscle scars. 
 
 From an examination of the internal features of the valves of 
 the several species of Obolus, which the author has briefly outlined 
 above, the reference of these species to that ■genus, taking 0. ApoUonis 
 
 i\. 
 
(MATrilBMr] 
 
 fAMHKIAN KAINA8 
 
 97 
 
 a« the t>pe. « oviJ^ uljr o,h,„ to ,uc..t.on; the amng-m.-nt of ,ho 
 u .. -cr. .u.d of the va-oular trunk., rd-.-e^ thu.n ,o oth.T 1 I 
 h.r than u, OMu.. u, „^,,.,k..l l,y the .p..i.. aU.v.. n.nu/ Fo^ 
 h.. reason .e hav„ felt i. neoo».ary to propose .ub-gon-ri. „«,„" 
 to indicate the«o in.,K)rtan, Jiir..r..nct.« 
 
 Th.. oldo.t group (Eooboliw) diiror. iron, the type in the 
 
 cr:.rr::7;'!tv-:rr. '^" "■" - -'- 
 
 of the area of the valve wh«.rp»« in /^) i„ ;; ■ ... 
 
 surface in thuK enclosed '^""''""' ""'•*•"" "^ '''" 
 
 The hird group (Bot<,fordia) diffem in the olo«o grouping of 
 
 til XZ "'" '*' *'>^'^--' -»-• «"d the poeterior'^it on of 
 
 the la te „ «c.p«. AUo m the very l«.go callus of the venVal valve 
 
 llu fourth group re,,r..8ented by Obolu^ pristinus is different 
 
 ^//a whS M ■ w "• '''"'P'' "" *'"' '■"•' "^ development of 0/,«/„. 
 ff//a which Mr Walcc on account of it« .urface. ha« referred to 
 h.« .ubgenu« We«tonia; it, however. ha« no re.semblaneo to We.To.ia 
 
 J^rlhe;"^:,?^''"^' ^"' ''' "^" '"^-"'-^ "' *»>« ^-' ar^ '"-h 
 
 -nn/*?* !'*^ ^"f (Monobolina) diff from the tvpe in the clo«o 
 approximation of the anterior adductor .f the dorjvalve 
 
 ^FooKnl'wr ^'^^d'''^^^"^^* in the sculpture.- In the fir«t group 
 (Eoobolus) th>8 coDBists of cloBe, fine irregular waving concentric riL2 
 
 X: T hftll^^K l-r r"^" '^' '""- rU^rc^nc^nfric 
 Z^Ta V ^l"^ (B«t8fordia), of cancellated ridge«, forming a 
 marked patter. In the fourth, of (Ine concentric rfdg;.,. irre^flnr 
 
 ter! Lt7 °,""' P^^™°«-«- '- the fifth (Monobolina^ in 
 Tery fine and regular concentric ridges. 
 
 relaZ!;i ^T^'""^ ^^^". '' *" "^^'^'P* *" ^^""' ^^^5'''"^ the possible 
 relations of the .everal species to each other, and to other genera 
 and subgenera of the Cambrian system. ^ ' 
 
 The table shows the horizon in the Cambrian at which each of 
 
 other ^r? "^^'""^ '" ^'1'"^ ^'^"*"'''' '^'th ^^'"^ ^«f««°ces to 
 Other species occurring outside that region. 
 
98 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 CONJECTDRAL 
 TO THE 
 
 Dictyon'-ma 
 
 Peltura 
 
 Olenua 
 
 Tipper 
 Paradoxides 
 
 Lower 
 Paradoxides 
 
 Protolenus 
 
 Upper 
 Etclieminian 
 
 Lower 
 Etcheminian 
 
 Goldbrook 
 
 Base of the 
 Cambrian 
 
 Pre Cambrian 
 
 Lines of Descent or the Canadian Obou, with KErERaifcEs 
 
 OLDEST known AtREMATA. ThE ZoNAL HORIZONS OF THE 
 SEVERAL SPECIES A..;. SHOWN IN THE MARGIN. 
 
 Obolus ( Euobolu8) 
 ApoUonia 
 
 Obolus (Monobolina> 
 refulgens 
 
 0(We8tonia) Iphidea ^, / 
 
 ^'i'* pannula LinKnlella Linguella 
 
 ' Davisii concinna 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
 Obolus, Hp. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 Obolus 
 pristinus 
 
 Lingnlepis 
 Starri 
 
 O. (Botefordia) L. Martinensis 
 pulcher 
 
 0. (Palfieobolus) 
 Bretonensis 
 lens 
 lens-primus 
 
 8:!?! 
 
 O. (Eoobolus) 
 
 sequipntele 
 O. (E) discus 
 C (E) triparilis 
 
 .0(E?>torrenti8 
 
 L. laivia 
 
 L. radula 
 L. Dawsoni 
 
 L. longinervis Lingulalla 
 I Selwyni I 
 
 I / \ I 
 
 L. Gr^wa / L. longovali» 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 L. pumila 
 
 LeptoboluB Obolus Lingulepis 
 
 L. cf. longovalifl 
 
 Lingulella 
 
 Atremata 
 
[mattbiw] 
 No. 6. 
 
 CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 99 
 
 Development in Size of the Inahticclate Bhachiopods 
 OF THE Basal Cambkian. 
 
 nf .J^^'^^.'^g t*»« Brachiopods of the Coldbrook Terrane (Base 
 of the Cambrian) with resembling forms of the next terrane above, 
 
 1?17 T. rf .*^'* '"^ '^^ '^' ^'""''^ '^' ^^««™Wing forms wore 
 arger. This lud been found to hold in the genus Acrotreta, which 
 m the range of time from the beginning of the Cambrian to the 
 Lower Ordovician increased considerably in the height of the ventral 
 valve, and also in the bulk of the valves generally 
 
 That this enlargement of the valves did not affect one genus 
 
 only, but was notable in several, seems to indicate that there i. a 
 
 aw of general application in the development of the Brachiopoda 
 
 m this direction such as is seen to have acted in the case of the 
 
 Horse and of other Tertiary Mammalia. 
 
 Owing to the smaUness of these early Brachiopods thi. peculiar- 
 
 ty m the forms of the successive faunas is easily overlooked, but 
 
 n reality the change of bulk is quite noticeable, and in some cases 
 
 IS nearly as great as that observed in the species counted in the 
 
 descent of the Horse from Hyracotherium to the modern Horse 
 
 The enlargement of the species of Acrotreta from the first that 
 
 vSr^ '"^ !. ^""^ '* *^' ^"'"^""'^ ^' th^i^ culmination in Ordo- 
 umn Time is described in some detail in a paper by the writer con- 
 tributed the Bulletin of the Natural Histo^ Society of New Br^ns- 
 wick, last yaar. 
 
 Increase in s.zk ok the Ventral valvks op Acrotreta ,n the Cambrian 
 
 AND Lower Ordovician. 
 
 Terrane <»r Assise 
 
 Name 
 
 1 
 
 .c 
 
 sit 
 
 2 
 
 2-4 
 1-5 
 13 
 85 
 
 1 
 
 Coldbrook terrane 
 
 Lower Etoherainian 
 
 Upper Paradoxides 
 
 Dolgelly Group 
 
 A. papillata-prima 
 
 A. papillata 
 
 A. socialis, V. Seeb 
 
 mm 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 mm 
 2i 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3i 
 
 4 
 
 5- 
 
 7-6 
 
 9- 
 
 Llandeilo Group 
 
 A. subconica, Kutorga. . 
 
 0-76 
 
 Increase of the latest be- 
 yond the first 
 
 la 
 
 32 
 
 ^iA,l, ^' u t' ^ **'"■'* ''•^"°'° '^°^« t^« proportion of the 
 wid h to the height of the valve, from which it wiU be seen that the 
 ventral valve became proportionally higher as time went on. 
 
 Sec. IV., 1902. 6. 
 
lOO 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 It is conceivable that if we could follow the series in the phylum 
 of Acrotreta farther back in time, we would meet valves in which 
 the umbo would be no higher than in Acrothele or Linnarssonia; or 
 even until the umbo came down to the plane of the edges of the valve. 
 
 The fourth column represents the area of the opening of the 
 valve, assuming it to be square, which, of course, it is not; but the 
 extra third is left as an offset to the " third dimension," viz., the 
 height, which is not shown in this and the following tables. This 
 column is intended, therefore, to represent the bulk of the shell. 
 In the case of Acrotreta it may be gathered from this table that the 
 Ordovician Acrotretas had attained three times the bulk of the 
 species that appeared at the beginning of Cambrian time. This then 
 is the result of the observations already made on the genus Acrotreta. 
 
 Let me see how far this result is borne out by observations on 
 other genera. 
 
 Several genera of Brachiopods are known to have appeared 
 simultaneously in the base of the Cambrian in the Acadian provinces 
 of Canada. These are: 
 
 Acrothyra. 
 
 Acrotreta. 
 
 Leptobolus. 
 
 Lingulepis. 
 
 Lingulella. 
 
 OboluB. 
 
 On comparing the species of these genera which appeared in the 
 Coldbrook or lowest terrane, with the species in the next terrane 
 which they most resemble, a decided, though not very great increase 
 in bulk, is observable. This will be seen by the following table : 
 
 Coldbrook Terrane 
 
 Etcbemin Terranx 
 
 Species and Mutations 
 
 .49 
 
 
 1 
 
 Species 
 
 -a 
 
 a 
 
 •a 
 •a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Acrothyra signata-prima 
 
 Acrotreta, papillata prima. . 
 
 Leptobolus, torrentis 
 
 Lingulepis pnmila 
 
 Linguella, c.f. longovalia 
 
 Obolus torrentis 
 
 mm 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7J 
 
 6 
 
 mm 
 21 
 
 2i 
 
 2 
 
 4i 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 450 
 500 
 600 
 
 27- 
 
 37-5 
 
 36 
 
 A. signata 
 
 A. papillata. 
 
 L. atavus . . . 
 
 mm 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 mm 
 3 
 
 2i 
 
 3i 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6-25 
 17-60 
 88- 
 54 
 72- 
 
 E.16 
 K3d 
 E. 3e 
 
 L. longlnerTis 
 
 L. longovalia 
 
 O.triparilis 
 
 E.26 
 E.l« 
 E. lb 
 
 
 
 
 
 fiSBa 
 
[UATTHXW] 
 
 or 
 
 CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 lOl 
 
 A circumstance affecting this comparison is that more abundant 
 collections were made from the Etchemin terrane than from the 
 Coldbrook, and as the size of the largest valves is recorded in the 
 description of the species, this would give the Etchemin species an 
 advantage as regards comparative size. But even after eliminating 
 this possible occasion of a greater than the natural difference, there 
 remains enough variation to prove an increase in size of the Brachio- 
 pods as time went on. 
 
 For the purpose of checking this result, an examination was 
 made more in detail of the last four of the genera named above, 
 as they are represented by species in the Etcheminian terrane, from 
 which it will be seen that an increase in size is noticeable in all these 
 genera, as they pass through the Etchemin terrane. The assise where 
 each species occurs is given in the margin of the following table. The 
 assises occur in the following order from below upward, the Coldbrook 
 being the lower terrane. 
 
 i 
 
 Co: FOSSILIFEBOUS \ 
 
 Shalk of the / 
 
 
 Coldbrook 
 Terranb 
 
 
 E.la 
 
 
 
 
 
 E. 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 E.le 
 E. Id 
 
 Division 1 
 
 9 
 5 
 
 
 3 the 
 
 E. le ) 
 
 3 
 
 
 rrane 
 
 E. 2 a 
 
 
 rease 
 
 E-2& I DivUionS 
 E.2C J 
 
 
 Etchemin Terrane 
 
 : 
 
 E.3o ^ 
 
 ■J 
 
 
 1 
 
 E. 3 6 
 E-3c 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 E.3d 
 E. 3« 
 
 Division 3 
 
 s. 
 
 C3 • 
 
 
 E.16 
 
 
 E.3d 
 
 E. 3/ ; j 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 The fauna of the two lower divisions of the Etcheminian is 
 distinct by its species from that of the upper division, and to some 
 extent also by the genera. 
 
lOS 
 
 BOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Leftobolub. 
 
 This is represented by two phyla in one of which the 3pecies 
 are diminutiye, tumid, long-oval, thin shelled brachiopods with the 
 vascnlar trunks close to the margins. In the other phylum (L. 
 collicia, etc.) the 'pecies are somewhat larger and the margins of the 
 valves flatter. It is the first phylum which is considered here. 
 
 Valves of the smaller Leptoboli of the Etchemin Terrane, showiho 
 the increase in size from tbkir first appearance onward. 
 
 AasiM 
 
 Name 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 Co- 
 
 LifintoboluB torrentis^ 
 
 mm 
 3- 
 
 3-8 
 
 42 
 
 6-7 
 
 1'8 
 
 mm 
 
 a 
 
 2-4 
 23 
 3 1 
 31 
 
 1-5 
 16 
 1 8 
 1 84 
 1 56 
 
 B' 
 
 E. Id 
 
 
 91 
 
 E.2a<r) 
 E.Sd 
 E. 3« 
 
 L InsulaB 
 
 L atevus 
 
 L . atavus 
 
 9-7 
 17.7 
 14.9 
 
 
 TncrAnaA of thn l&tARt l^vond the first.. 
 
 
 
 2-6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 LlNQULEPIS. 
 
 Under this generic name there are at least two phyla. One 
 presenting small, thick shelled species, the other of larger species 
 {L. Oregwa, etc.), that appeared in the principal mudbed of the Lower 
 Etchemin fauna, and has not been met with higher up; for no Lingu- 
 lepis is yet known in the Upper Etchemin Fauna. The phylum of 
 small forms is here presented: 
 
 Valves of the smaller Lingulepides of the Etchemin Terrane, showino 
 the increase in size from their first appearance onward. 
 
 Assise 
 
 Co. 
 E. Id 
 E.2b 
 
 Name. 
 
 Lingulepis pumlla 
 
 L Gregwa-robuste 
 
 L longinervis 
 
 Increase of the latest beyond the first. 
 
 a 
 
 mm 
 
 e 
 
 lOi 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 44 
 
 7J 
 8 
 
 
 1-33 
 1 64 
 
 1-38 
 
 27- 
 78.76 
 
 8-3 
 
 * A full description of tliis and other new species of Cambrian fossils In 
 these tables will be found in the writer's Report to the Director of the Geo- 
 logical Survey of Canada on the Cambrian Rocks of Cape Breton. 
 
[mattbiw] 
 
 CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 108 
 
 LiNOULKLLA.. 
 
 The Lingulellas of these lower Cambrian Zones are none of them 
 typical, that is they have not the " satchel shape " form characterizing 
 the type of the genus, L. Davisii, 6f the Upper Cambrian. Those 
 that are treated of here belong to a phylum of oval forma which are 
 found at intervals throughout the Cambrian system. The Lingu- 
 lepides just cited are perhaps nearer Lingulella-typical, than the species 
 named below. 
 
 Valves of oval Limoulelljb or thb Etchbmim Tbhraite, showing 
 
 INCRKABK IN SIZE FROM THBIR FIBST APPBARANCB ONWARD^ 
 
 Assise 
 
 Co: 
 E. Ic 
 E.le 
 
 Namb 
 
 LingulelU ef. longovAlls 
 
 L longovalls 
 
 L longovalis 
 
 Increase of the latest beyond the first 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 60 
 
 leo 
 
 150 
 
 < 
 
 3750 
 40- 
 
 64- 
 
 1-6 
 
 The increase in area is only one-h«lf above the first integer; but 
 then the range in time was short, viz.: Coldbrook and one-half of 
 the Lower Etchemin Fauna. 
 
 Obolus. 
 
 Here is a complex group in which several phyla are involved: 
 Size of valves of the Oboli as the species bcccked each other in the 
 
 Etchemin Terrane. 
 
 Assise 
 
 Co: 
 B.16 
 E. le 
 E. 2 (at) 
 E.36<£re 
 E.8d 
 
 Name 
 
 Obolua torrentis 
 
 O »7iparilis 
 
 O discus 
 
 O sequiputeis 
 
 O lens. ' 
 
 O Bretonensis ^■ 
 
 Increase of the latest beyond the first 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 9 
 
 12 
 14 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 •a 
 
 5 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 12 
 17 
 
 
 -83 
 -88 
 85 
 98 
 ■86 
 1 13 
 
 I 
 
 30- 
 
 72- 
 
 86-5 
 132- 
 168- 
 256- 
 
 8.5 
 
 4.4 
 
 In this series there are at least two phyla. The interior of 
 0. torrentis is unknown, but the next three are characterized by the 
 equality and regular arrangement of the central scars of the dorsal 
 valve (including the anterior laterals), and by the possession of a small 
 scar in the middle of this group of muscles.. The first phylum may 
 
104 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 be regarded as running through the Coldbrook and Lower Etchemin 
 Faunas, and to have increased four fold in that time; or, if one ahould 
 omit the Coldbrook species, they doubled in size. 
 
 The series of Oboli as a whole increased eight fold; but the two 
 species of the Upper Etcheminian are of a different phylum, one 
 especially, 0. Bretonensis, was separate, if one may judge by the unusual 
 course of the vascular trunks of the ventral valve, which, for an Obolus, 
 are very close together. The two species of this faune (0. lens and 
 0. Bretonensis) have a similar sculpture, and are likely to be from 
 the same root form. 
 
 As a result of this enquiry one may present the following con- 
 densed statement: 
 
 Range in Time. 
 
 Entire Cambrian . 
 Basal Cambrian . . 
 
 Inclndes Lower 
 
 Etchemin 
 
 Same, or for 4*3 rate 
 
 Basal Ctmbrlan.. 
 Lower Etchemin 
 
 inclutiive 
 
 Basal Cambrian as 
 
 a whole 
 
 Name of the Genus or Phtlum ntoM 
 
 WHICH THE FOBMS HAVE SPRUNG 
 
 Acrotreta, earliest species. A. papillata prima 
 Leptobolus, " " L. torrentls 
 
 Lingulepis, 
 Llngulella, 
 Obolus, 
 
 L. pumila 
 
 L. of. lonKovalis 
 O torrentis 
 
 Obolus. as a itwnus. baaed on form. 
 
 Number of integers 
 
 of increase of 
 
 bulk of the latest 
 
 species beyond 
 
 the first. 
 
 3-2 
 S-5 
 
 SS 
 
 4-3 or 1-6 
 
 4 4 
 
 8-5 
 
 ACBOTHTBA. 
 
 As a contrast to thia result we present the variations traceable 
 in the genus Acrothyra, from its earliest known appearance to the 
 latest form, of whic^ we have positive knowledge. This covers the 
 whole of the Basal Cam"i/rian time. 
 
 SiZB OF VENTRAL VALVES OF ACROTHYRA FROM THEIR FIRST APPEARANCE 
 TO THE TOP OF THE BaSAL CaMBRIAN. **»*«l^B 
 
 Assise 
 
 Co: 
 E. 16 
 £.1 e 
 B. Id 
 E. 2 c 
 E. 3 a 
 E. 3e 
 E.3« 
 
 Name 
 
 A. signata- prima. 
 
 A. signata (type) 
 
 A sera. 
 
 A tarda 
 
 A orta 
 
 .A. proavia-prlma 
 
 A crassa. 
 
 A. proavia (type) 
 
 Increase of the latest beyond the first., 
 
 c 
 
 mm 
 24 
 3 
 
 2J 
 2i 
 2 
 3 
 
 2J 
 3 
 
 .e 
 
 mm 
 2i 
 2 
 
 2i 
 3 
 
 If 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 a. 
 
 mm 
 U 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 2 
 li 
 
 14 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S B 
 
 « 
 
 gts 
 
 IK 
 
 Oi 
 
 < 
 
 1-7 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 1- 
 
 13 
 
 1-3 
 
 6-25 
 
 6- 
 
 6-26 
 
 7-6 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 6' 
 
 8' 
 
 • 
 
 05 
 
CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 tOB 
 
 [mattbiw] 
 
 An increaee in the elevation of the ventral valve (see fourth 
 column) it quite as noticeable in this genus as in Acrotreta as it ia 
 found in the Basal Cambrian; but so far as bulk of the valve is con- 
 cerned the two genera differ, for /crothyra shows no increase, but 
 on the contrary, if anything, a reduction in bulk. It would seem to 
 have been a closed type, which had reached its culmination and was 
 not capablp of further development. 
 
 No. 7. Did the Upper Etcheminian Fauna invade Eastekk 
 Canada from the Southeast? 
 
 Some years ago, when president of Section IV. of this Society, 
 the writer had the honour of asking the attention of the members of 
 this section to certain conditions of the fauna and sediments of the 
 early Palaeozoic in the North Atlantic region, that seemed to indicate 
 the manner of the migration of animal species at certain times from 
 one side of the Atlantic to the other; the faunas in some cases being 
 home from Europe to America, and in others from the latter continent 
 to Europe. 
 
 These conjectures in regard to the migration of species were based 
 largely on the known spread of the genera from certain provinces 
 where the faunas were in full force, to others where they were repre- 
 sented by a limited number of species. 
 
 For instance, the Paradoxides fauna, of which Anopolinus is a 
 member, appeared to have its headquarters in Northern Europe, for 
 there not only does it have the greatest variety of genera, but it a' 3 
 shows the most continuous chronological suceession. Anopolii ■, 
 while it is found in Scandinavia and Britain and extends as far west 
 as Newfoundland, has not been found in Canada. And the species 
 of Paradoxides abundant in Europe and well represented as far as 
 Maritime Canada, is reduced to one species (or two) in Massachusetts, 
 and west of this is unknown. 
 
 A representative form of one species of this fauna, a Liostracus 
 (the Conocephalites tener of Hartt), which we had thought to be pecu- 
 liarly American, was sent to me this summer from the south of France, 
 by Mons. Jean Miquel, it thus also proves to be European, but belongs 
 in the southern faciee of this fauna, represented in Paradoxides 
 rugulosus and the associate species. The American fauna of Para- 
 doxides thus drew its representatives from Ijoth the northern and 
 southern provinces in Europe. It would be an instructive study to 
 ascertain how and why the northern fauna of Paradoxides prevailed over 
 the southern in Maritime Canada, and what held the Upper Fauna of 
 
100 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Paradoxides thero, while the Olenus fauna was being developed in 
 Europe. 
 
 In the article on the distribution of the Cambrian Faunas above 
 referred to, the present writer ventured to suggest that the fauna of 
 the Utica slate was a cold deep-water fauna, swept in upon America 
 from the North Atlantic -■ an. Since then R. Rudemaun, the talented 
 Assistant Palaeontologis- jf the New York State survey, has found 
 proof of the existence ^x" such a current irom the northeast prevail- 
 ing over northeastern New York in Utica timee. This he has demon- 
 strated by observations on the attitude of colonies of graptolites 
 entombed in the Utica shale in that region. 
 
 In the present author's article above cited, it was also inferred 
 that t'.ie central part of North America was the headquarters of the 
 Olenolb's fauna, because it was there represented by a variety of 
 species, whereas in Europe the fauna where it had been found consisted 
 of only a few species, stragglers from the main swarm. The argu- 
 ment in reference to the Paradoxides fauna would imply a reversed 
 current in the time of the Olenellus fauna, viz. : one flowing to the 
 northeast, and carrying with it the migrating young of the Benthos. 
 A possible confirmation of this view is found in the attitude of the 
 entombed shells of the Etcheminian faunas in Cape Breton, especially 
 the Upper fauna. 
 
 In the Upper Etcheminian ft. ana the orientation of its Brachio- 
 pods to the northeast is of a very marked character, indicating a 
 current setting to the northeast along the Cambrian shore during the 
 time of the entombment of the Upper Etcheminian fauna. 
 
 In the Lower Etcheminian the orientation is more capricious, 
 some beds showing it distinctly and others not at all. But in the 
 fossils of the Upper fauna it is very conspicuous in many of the layers. 
 Sometimes as many as eighty per cent, of the valves are turned in 
 the direction of the current. This would indicate a steady flow of 
 water setting to the northeast during the time of the entombment of 
 the Upper Etcheminian fauna. 
 
 It is in accord-^nce with this that the fauna changed suddenly at 
 the beginning of this time, a new set of species, and one new genes 
 appearing among the Brachiopods. There was also a change in the 
 kind of sediment deposited, as hard massive sandstones gave place to 
 more flaggy beds and shales. 
 
 It does not seem likely that the phenomenon of orientation to 
 the northeast was due to tidal action, for in the valley where this 
 feature is most noticeable, the beds in which it was observed thicken 
 to the southwest, indicating that the opening of the bay was in that 
 
[mattrbw] 
 
 CAMBRIAN FAUNAS 
 
 t07 
 
 direction. BuriaU in :idal mud would occur in largost numlK-re at the 
 recession of the tide, and tho valves would have been orientid to the 
 southwest, whereas these valvos have just tho opposite direction. 
 
 If then the burial of tL3 shells was not by tidal mud but through 
 sediment carried on a continuous marine current, this current undoubt- 
 edly set steadily to the northeast. The nature of the sediment wliich 
 it carried and the species of fossils entombed by it, show that it was 
 a shore current. Whether the current, of the open ocean set in 
 the same direction, or not, there is no evidence to show. This may 
 have had a reversed direction, just as the Gulf stream is complimentary 
 to the Arctic current along the coast at the present day; but so far 
 as the shore animals are concerned, these were subject to the condi- 
 tions of transportation above inferred. 
 
 We as yet know nothing of the deep water animals of this time, 
 which may have dwelt in a southwest current as did those of the 
 Utica slate, and probably also those of the Paradoxides beds. 
 
 Full particulars of observations on the orientation of the Cape 
 Breton Cambrian fossils are contained in the repori, on that region 
 recently submitted by the writer to the Director of the Canadian Geo- 
 logical Survey. 
 
 No. 8. Cambrian Brachiopoda and Mollusca of Mt. Stephen, B.C., 
 
 WITH THB DESCRIPTION OP A NEW SPECIES OF MeTOPTOMA. 
 
 At the time that the trilobltes of the Mt. Stephen fauna were 
 reviewed by the author, the Brachipods were left, in hope that better 
 material would come into his hands, t''.an were found in the Walker 
 collection. Since then, through the kindness of the late Director of 
 the Geological Survey of Canada, opportunity was furnished to examine 
 the collections that had been made for that survey by Messrs. 
 McConnell and Ami. These gave some further material for study. 
 
 In this year, through the courtesy of the Director of the U. S. 
 Geological Survey, I have seen the types of the species from i. . 
 Stephen described by him (except the Crania) and so am in a position 
 to identify with some certainty the several Brachiopods collected by 
 Mr. Walker and Dr. Ami. 
 
 Mr. Walcott, through the occurrence of several of the Mt. Stephen 
 species in the Cambrian strata of central Nevada, correlates them with 
 the fossils of a certain belt of shales that occurs in a section in that 
 district.* ■_ 
 
 • Am. Jour. Scl., Vol. XXXVI. Sept.. 1888. 
 
'°* ROYAL SOCIEm- OF CANADA 
 
 He iummtriM. thi» Motion u followi :— 
 
 1. Qu.rtl.ite [.t the top of which i. the Olenellu, f.«„»] ^Z 
 
 .pedes corresponding to the Mt. Stephen F.un»] ....... i 450 
 
 locephalu, (Eulam-Ni.be f.un., A(i. Br6gger) J 3.OOO 
 
 i. abf«V^i)ot!:°'>i'' T: '^°™P°°'*^« t^ that of Mt. StepC 
 
 ^^ vif , *** **^ *•"* pubUction of thii iection, Mr Walcott 
 
 chT™^ T?.'*' ^'^ ^"^^^'P^ «' ^^^ Mt. Stephen F.urth 
 character* of which, a. deacribed by him, are here given'. 
 
 "LimnLELLA MaCCONNELLI, 11. gp." 
 
 "Shell aubapatulate, height and breadth aa 7 tc 4i Ventral 
 ralve subattenuate toward the apex; broadest midway vith th.rir. 
 converging Rightly toward the fronl, and rati™ raJidl^Uard th 
 
 subequal; the b'oad front ia squarely rounded 
 
 8tron?!h r"**"^"^ "' somewhat flattened in the shale, but the rather 
 
 tte r»J„t,„„ .re „.ch ^^r than the ooKce-tric linS An2Zt 
 
 "ChANIA (?) COLUMBIANA, n. sp." 
 
 of «^ .pme. appear .b«„l the m.rgi„. i,u„,e,e,, j J... 
 
 ... ™' S'"™ "'ereMe is made on account of the 8nrt.ce ch.r 
 
[MATniiw] CAMBRIAN ¥AVVAt> t09 
 
 There is no example of thia form in the Walker or Canad. Surv. 
 Coilectioni. 
 
 "ACROTRETA (IKMMA, VM. KKI'HKHHA, li. VUr." 
 
 "The specimens from Mt. Stephen are relttivtly much lower ar^ 
 broader in proportion to the height than the ivpical forms of .1, gimma. 
 On this account they are considered as a Tariety," 
 
 Mr. Walcott writes to me to say that the dorsal which he referred 
 to Linnaramnia sagittalia Salt, he now thinks to be the dorsal valve of 
 of the above spieciei. 
 
 In the Walker collection is a dorsal valve which, by its aharp 
 median septum and other features, appears to be the dorsal valve of 
 this Acrotreta; the species pppears to be sufficiently distinct from 
 A. gemma and may be called A. dtprusa, Walcott. 
 
 " Orthisina Alberta, n. sp." 
 
 " Shell transversely suboval, front broadly rounded ; the straight 
 hinge-line is shorter than the full breadth of the valve; the area of 
 the ventral valve high, bent backward from the hinge-line, divided 
 by a large foramen that is cDvered by a convex deltidium. The area 
 of the dorsal valve slopes back at about a rifht angle to the valve. 
 The broad short foramen appears to have be?n covered by a low 
 deltidium. 
 
 Surface marked by radiating costae five in the distance of 3 mm. 
 on the frontal margin. 
 
 This species recalls Orthis Lindatromi, Linrs. from the Paradox- 
 ides zone of Sweden." 
 
 Examples from the Walker collection are not well preserved and 
 show no further characters. 
 
 There is another Orthid in the Walker collection, with ribs much 
 wider apart, but not in good preservation. 
 
 "KuTOBoiNA Prospectensis, Walc.,? 
 
 » 1 
 
 "A fragment of a species of Kutorgina, closely related to 
 K. prospectensis, occurs ou slate ih ,ion with Ptychoparia 
 
 Cordillera. It not improbably represt s jew spedefl." 
 
 "NTo example of this was found in the oollections that passed under 
 
 • Am. Jour. Scl.. Vol. XXXVI., Sept., 1888, p. 1«6. 
 
"O ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 Iphidra pannula, White tp. 
 
 re^mbh. that o7Jwr«X!f f'T^'f?'*'' °'°»™«°t*"o«. ^»»ich 
 
 -e front m^ »« developed cb.efly on the middle ,onc of the .hell 
 "e rront jmrt being conoentrically striated onlv qtiii *k 
 ' .'•saU which show thn «.„„ n *• ™*®° <*°v- »*>!'. there are 
 
 ACBOTHBLE SITBSIDITA, White. 
 
 Obolub Ella, Hall & W. 
 
 don^z:StS:n!;;i^:y^^ r^- -- '-^^ -^ they 
 
 with Obolus than llSla and f J ''° '.''''"'" '°"" *^^«^ ''«tt«^ 
 low broad aXureao th" ' Tr",' '' ^'^'"''- ^-^^^P^ *»>« 
 
 in different loo^ities and se^irn^ts ^ ^reL^rtT h«"^ 
 genus >r«/onta on account of it« b„,^« , ! • '* °®^ «°^ 
 
 few specimens in m^Zl ^"'' ''^'''^ " '''' «^«^ ^^ the 
 
[MATnilw] 
 
 CAMBRIAN FAUNAfl 
 
 AcROTRRTA of RaILRYI.* 
 
 Ill 
 
 A thin-ih«Ued form which hM luffend much from compreMton, 
 U not rare in the Mt. St«phen thale. A« in A. BaiUyi ih» »reB of 
 the ventrRl trIvc ii quite ihort. and tho median ridge of the interior 
 of the donal hat the broad lance-formed end of that of Linnariwonia. 
 
 Seulpturt. Thi« oonaiatit of very fine concentric itriw, tomewhat 
 obacured by n minute granulation. 
 
 Sixt. Length, 3^ mm.; width, 4 mm.; height (aa compretaed in 
 the shale) Ibm than 1 mm. 
 
 Thin species in very Linnarssonia-liko but the beak is too sharp 
 and too much elevated for that genua; also the amooth ahining ihell 
 of Linnartsonia is wanting. 
 
 LEPTOBOr.UH cf. OHANDIB.' 
 
 A number of examplee of a small brachiopod were found, which 
 by ita size and form comet near the above spec-es.' It it a thinner 
 and flatter shell but the difference may be due to the occurrence in 
 thale in place of sandstone. There is less difference in the compara- 
 tive length of the two valves than in L. grandis, and the scuipturu 
 also is different. Sculpture consisU of faintly marked line, foiiccntric 
 striae, with more distinct undulations of growth, th whole olwcurcd 
 by a minuto /jranulation. 
 
 It is distinct from Hall's species of the Utica slat .u the absence 
 of minute concentric striae, distinct, c1obi« and t^ular, also in ita 
 lar^^er size. 
 
 Metoptoma Amu, n. sp. (Plate 1, %. 18). 
 
 Examples of this shell are usually much flattened and the natural 
 form obscured. The apex was usually somewhat excentric and was 
 acuminate. Outside of the acuminate apex the slopes of the sheU 
 were convex, and so continued to the margin. 
 
 Sculpture. Only very faintly marked radiating striae are visible 
 and s few concentric undulations of growth. 
 
 Size. Length of orifice 10 mm.; width, 8^ mm.; height (as com- 
 pressed in the shale), 2 mm. 
 
 This species was not quite so large as Metoptoma Barrandei 
 Lmrs., and differed m its smooth surface. It was much flatter and 
 was smaller than the Metoptomae of the Potsdam sandstone of Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 • Trant. Roy. Soc. Can.. Vol. III., p. 36. pi. v.. fi„. l^HisTjT" 
 
 • Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. XI.. p. W. pi. u, ngs. 7a to e. 
 
112 
 
 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE. 
 
 Fig. 1. Obolut torrentit. Dorsal valve, Mag. J. Coldbrook terrane- 
 Fig. 2. Oiolut triparili»—a, Ventral valve— 6, Dorsal valve, Interior— c. Sec- 
 tion of same. All mag. J. Lower Etchemlnian. 
 
 Fig. 3. Obolug discus— a, "Ventral valve— 6, Dorsal valve— c, Interior of same. 
 
 All mag. J -d. Cardinal area of dorsal, further enlarged. Lower Etchemlnian. 
 
 Fig. 4. Oholus aquiputei»—a. Ventral valve— 6, Interior of same— <■, Dorsal 
 
 valve— <J, Interior of same. All mag. { — «, Surface markings, enlarged V 
 
 Lower Etchemlnian. 
 
 Fig. 6. Oholus Bretonensis—a, Ventral valve— 6, Interior of same— «, Section 
 of s&me— <{, Dorsal valve— e. Interior of same. All mag. f. Upper Etche- 
 mlnian. 
 
 Fig. 6. Oholus lens—c, Ventral valve— 6, Interior of same— c. Section of 
 same. All mag. 2j —d. Dorsal valve— e, Interior of same. Both mag. J Upper 
 Etchemlnian. 
 
 Fig. 7. Obolu* pulcker—a. Ventral valve, outline of interior— 6, Dorsal valve. 
 Interior. Both mag. f. Protolenus Fauna. 
 
 Fig. 8. Ob'lus pristinus—a. Ventral valve— 6, Side of same— c. Mould of a 
 ventral (?)— d, Back view of same. All mag. f — e. Dorsal valve, young, mould 
 of. Mag. *. Protolenus Fauna. 
 
 Fig. 9. Oholus Ella— a. Ventral, outline of Interior— J, Dorsal valve, outline 
 of interior. Both mag. ^. Peltura Fauna. 
 
 Fig. 10. Oholus ApolUmis. Eichwald, var. Quenstedti. After Michwitz. Dia- 
 grams of the ventral and dorsal valves, enlarged; showing positions of the 
 muscle scars and vascular trunks (the branches of the latter are omitted). 
 Dlctyonema Fauna, or below. 
 
 Fig. 11. Oholus refulgms—a. Ventral valve, interior— 6, Dorsal valve, mould 
 of interior. Both mag. |. Dlctyonema Fauna. 
 
 Fig. 12. Metoptoma Amii, n. sp. — o. Shell seen from above — 6, Some from the 
 side. Both mag. |. Peltura Fauna of Mt. Stephen, Field, B.C. 
 
 '. SOu^iX-.'^^'' Ill II W I l^ili I I l|ii 
 
[HATTHa 
 
[MATTBKWai 
 
HBRIAN FAUNAS