IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // ^ J^^. II 1.0 I.I 1^ |S6 1^ 12.2 i l« 11:25 1 1.4 2.0 I 1.6 -► I, <^ 'W. 'V^ / Hiotographic .Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTH.N.Y. MSaO (716) S73-4S03 <^.>^ '^ ^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical l\^icroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculie □ Cover title missing/ Letit titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas dt6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; Various pagings. The toth L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6x6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. r~| Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqu6es I — I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ The poss of th filmi Origi begii the I sion, othe first sion. Drill □ Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes i^ D Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Qualitd in6gale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl6mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible The shall TINL whic Mapi diffe entir begii right requi meth Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6X6 film^es 6 nouveau de fapon 6 obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X »X • v^ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exempiaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exempiaire filmi, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »• (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applias. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film6s en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen9ant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiimds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^1 •^ o * A (^1 re u 4 o CI 1^ ^ CT' 72 rt iM] .,^<^ V^j., ".*';^B >i« >>/^K -1^ m Dc Pr WiM In I < C \ ^^ L/ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Dedication • ••• iv Preface • ix Introductory Remarks • 14 Ague \ 197 Apples, Pears^ Cherries 6L7, 7 9 Beer........ 136 Bees 201 Borrowing 38 Bread-makings &e., &c •*. 91 Buckwheat 109 Cakes; &c....... ^ '. 101 Carpets, Home>made • 177 Canada, Letters from • 214 Candl^Makhig, .^^ 168 Cheese do ** .......* 185 Coffee and Tea, Substitutes for 133 Com, Indian * .^12 Curing of Fish 159 Moat 148 Dairy 180 Dysentery • 199 Dying Wool, (fee 172 Fish 159 Fire 194 Fruits, 79 Game 153 A ▼I FEMALK EHIORANt's GUinR. Gardening * ...60 Knitting, 178 Land, Value of ' 49 Letters From Canada 214 Miscellaneous Matter • 221 Months, Summary of operations in 202 to 213 Oatmeal 110 Peaches 87 Poetry 22 Poultry 190 Potatoes 122 Pumpkins 127 Property, Security of - 56 Productions, Natural, of Canada* • • • 202 Rice, Indian 107 Settlement, Description of New .51 Ship Stores.-. .t 41 Soap-Making ..•••• 163 Sugar, Making of Maple • 141 Vegetables 62, 130 Venison. • 151 Wild Fruits 80 Wool 171 CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. Taole to calculate equivalent value of Currency and Cents 4 " " Sterling Money and Currency. 5 " Land Measure. 9 " Short Weight into Long Weight and Long Weight into Short 11 " To buy and sell by the Great Hundred. 11 " Wages, to Calculate 12 " " Income and Expenses 30 " Length and Breadth of Imperial Acre, &c 9 " Interest Tables • 12 " Useful Information to Farmers ••?, 13 Emigrants, Information as to transmitting Moneys to Enropo safely. 36 Crown Lands, Conditions to be Observed. 36 Deaths and Census of Deaths in the Canadas in 1853 12 Canada, Condition of. Collated from Census Returns 14 to 24 Deaths, Comparative Batio of, in the Canadas and United States 27 Wheat, Average Produce of in ditto* 29 Products Agricultural, Comparison of in ditto 40 Temperature and Climate ;— Comparative Meteorology in Toronto, U. C, and High-field House, Nottingham, England 37 Comparative Mean Temperature for the year and different sea- sons, and also the extremes of Temperature and climatic differ- ences in various parts of Europe and America 10, 38 Tariff :— New, of Duties, to come into operation first of April, 1855. ... 31 Postage :— New Book BegulatioDS 40 foil toil . ) PREFACE. Among the many boolis that havo been written for the instruc- |tion of the Canadian emigrant, there are none excUisively devoted for the use of the wives and daughters of the future settler, who for the most part, possess but a very vague idea of the particular luties whicii they are destined to undertake, and are often totally mprepared to meet the emergencies of their new mode of life. As a general thing they are told that they must prepare their linds for some hardships and privations, and that they will have exert themselves in a variety of ways to which they have hi- i^herto been strangers ; but the exact nature of that work, and Ibow it is to be performed, is left untold. The consequence of '/fhis is, that the females have everything to learn, with few oppor- mities of acquiring the requisite knowledge, which is often ob- lined under circumstances, and in situations the most discour- .| jiging ; while their hearts are yet filled with natural yearnings after 4/lhe land of their birth, (dear even to the poorest emigrant), with rrief for the friends of their early days, and while every object in khis new country is strange to them. Disheartened by repeated failures, unused to the expedients which the older inhabitants idopt in any case of difficulty, repining and disgust take the place )f cheerful activity ; troubles increase, and the power to over- lonie them decreases ; domestic happiness disappears. The wo- B TREFACE. inan toils on heart-sick and pining for the home she left behind her. The husband reproaches his brolien-hearted partner, and both blame the Colony for the failure of the individual. Having myself suffered from the disadvantage of acquiring all my knowledge of Canadian housekeeping by personal experience, and having heard other females similarly situated lament the want of some simple useful book to give them an insight into the cus- toms and occupations incidental to a Canadian settler's life, I have taken upon me to endeavor to supply this want, and have with much labour collected such useful matter as I thought best calcu- lated to afford the instruction required. As even the materials differ, and the method of preparing food varies greatly between the colony and the Mother-country, I have given in this little book the most approved recipes for cooking cer- tain dishes, the usual mode of manufacturing maple-sugar, soap, candles, bread and other articles of household expenditure ; in short, whatever subject is in any way connected with the manage- ment of a Canadian settler's housf, either as regards economy or profit, I have introduced into the work for the benefit of the future settler's wife and family. As this little work has been written for all classes, and more par- ticularly for the wives and daughters of the small farmers, and a part ot it is also addressed to the wives of tlie labourer and me- chanics, I aimed at no beauty of style. It was not written with the intention of amusing, but simply of instructing and advising. PREFACE. XI she left beliind I partner, and lual. if acquiring all lal experience, nent the want it into the cus- 3r's life, I have and h ave with ght best calcu- )reparing food >untrv, I have r cookincf cer- le-siigar, soap, nditure ; in the manage- [s economy or of the future Ind more par- ^rracrs, and a iier and me- Iwritten with [nd advising. I might have offered my female friends a work of fiction or of amusing facts, into which it would have been an easy matter to have interwoven a mass of personal adventure, with useful inform- ation drawn from ray own experience during twenty-two years sojourn in the Colony ; but I well knew that knowledge conveyed through such a medium is seldom attended with practical results ; it is indeed something like searching through a bushel of chaff to discover a few solitary grains of wheat. I therefore preferred col- lating my instruction into the more homely but satisfactory form of a Manual of Canadian housewifery, well contented to abandon the paths of literary fame, if I could render a solid benefit to those of my own sex who through duty or necessity are about to become sojourners in the Western Wilderness. It is now twenty years ago since I wrote a work with the view of preparing females of my own class more paiticularly, for the changes that awaited them in the life of a Canadian emigrant's wife. This book was entitled " Letters from the Backwoods of Canada," and made one of the volumes in Knight's " Library of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge," and was, I believe, well re- ceived by the public ; but as I had then been but a short time resident in the country, it was necessarily deficient in many points of knowledge which I have since become aware were essen- tial for the instruction of the emigrant's wife. These deficiencies I have endeavoured to supply in the present work, and must here acknowledge with thanks the assistance that I have leceived from several ladies of my acquaintance, who have kindly supplied me with hints from their own experience on various matters. To Mr. W. McKyep, Mrs. McKycs and Miss McKyes I am PREFACE. largely indebted for much useful information ; also to Mrs. Stewart of Auburn jDouro, and her kind family; and to Misses A. and M. Ferguson ; with many others, by whose instruction I have baen largely benefitted ; and take the present opportunity of publicly acknowledging my obligations. Hoping that my little volume may prove a useful guide, I dedi- cate it with heartfelt good wishes to the "Wives and Daughters of the Canadian Emigrant. f ! i t J i i' ■ ' i Mra. Stewart s A. and M. I have baen Y of publicly uide, I dedi- Daughters of INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, \ ADDRESSED TO HUSBANDS AND FATHERS. Before the master of the household fully decides upon takin<^ so important a step as leaving his native land to become a settler in Canada, let him first commune with himself and ask the important question, llave I sufficient energy of character to enable me to con- form to the changes that may await me in my new mode of life?— Let him next consider the capabilities of his partner ; her health and general temper; for a sickly, peevish, discontented person will make but a poor settler's wife in a country where cheerfulness of mind and activity of body are very essential to the prosperity of the household. In Canada persevering energy and industry, with sobriety, will overcome all obstacles, and in time will place the very poorest family in a position of substantial comfort that no personal exertions alone could have procured for them elsewhere. To the indolent or to the intemperate man Canada offers no such M promise ; but where is the country in which such a person will thrive ;:||l or grow wealthy? He has not the elements of success within him. — 'km It is in vain for such a one to cross the Atlantic ; for he will bear ^ with him that fatal enemy which kept him poor at home. The active, hard-working inhabitants who are earning their bread honestly by the sweat of their brow, or by the exertion of mental power, have no sympathy with such men. Canada is not the land for the idle sen- sualist. He must forsake the error of his ways at once, or he will sink into ruin here as he would have done had he staid in the old country. But it is not for such persons that our book is intended. TO WIVES AND DAUGHTERS. As soon as the fitness of emigrating to Canada has been fully de- cided upon, let the females of the family ask God's blessing upon their undertaking ; ever bearing in mind that " unless the Lord build 14 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. the house, their labour is but lost that build it ; unless the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." In all their trials let them look to Him who can bring all things to pass in His good time, and who can guard them from every peril, if they will only believe in His promises, and commit their ways to Him. As soon, then, as the resolution to emigrate has been fixed, let the females of the house make up their minds to take a cheerful and ac- tive part in the work of preparation. Let them at once cast aside all vain opposition and selfish regrets, and hopefully look to their fu- ture country as to a land of promise, soberly and quietly turning their attention to making the necessary arrangements for the import- ant change that is before them. Let them remember that all practical knowledge is highly valuable in the land to which they are going. An acquaintance with the homely art of baking and making bread, which most servants and small housekeepers know how to practice, but which many young females that live in large towns and cities where the baker supplies the bread to the family, do not, is necessary to be acquired. Cooking, curing' meat, making butter and cheese, knitting, dress- making and tailoring — for most of the country -people here make the everyday clothing of their husbands, brothers or sons — ai'e good to be learned. By ripping to pieces any well-fitting old garment, a suitable pattern may be obtained of men's clothes ; and many a fair hand I have seen occupied in making garments of this description. For a quarter of a dollar. Is. 3d., a tailor will cut out a pair of fine cloth trowsers ; for a coat they charge more ; but a good cloth is always better to have made up by a regular tailor : loose summer coats may be made at home, but may be bought cheap, ready-made, in the stores. My female friends must bear in mind that it is one of the settler's great objects to make as little outlay of money as possible. I allude to such as come out to Canada with very little available capital ex- cepting what arises from the actual labour of their own hands, by which they must realize the means of paying for their land or the rental of a farm. Everything that is done in the house by the hands of the family, is so much saved or so much earned towards the pay- 1 ^^ iK el 4% INTRODUCTORY RKMAKKS. 15 lie Lord keep heir trials let is good time, ily believe in fixed, let the serful and ac- ce cast aside k to their fu- ietly turning r the import- fhly valuable b the homely ;s and small oung females ies the bread itting, dress- re make the good to be t, a suitable fair hand I lion. For a f fine cloth ;h is always I' coats may de, in the Ihe settler's I allude capital ex- hands, by ind or the [the hands Is the pay- ling for the land or building houses and barns, buying stock or carry- ing on the necessary improvements on tlic place :*thc sooner this great object is accomplished, the sooner will the settler and his family |reali/:e the comfort of feeling themselves independent. The necessity of becoming acquainted with the common branches jof houseliold work may not at first ha quite agreeable to such a-j have been unaccustomed to take an active part in the dut^s of tha house. Though their position in society may have been such as to exempt them from what they consider menial occupations, still they will be wise to lay aside their pride and refinement, and api)ly them- selves practically to the acquirement of such useful matters as thoso I have named — if they arc destined to a life in a colony — even though their friends may be so well off as to have it in their power to keep servants, and live in ease and comfort. Uut if they live in a country l)lace, they may be left without the assistance of a female-servant in the house, a contingency which has often happened from sudden ill- ness, a servant's parents sending for them home, which they will often • Jl do without consulting either your convenience or their daughter's ' wishes, or some act on the part of the servant may induce her to be :§l discharged before her place can be filled ; in such an emergency tho ■f settler's wife may find herself greatly at a loss, wiihout some know- ledge of what her family requires at her hands. I have before now seen a ragged Irish boy called in from the clearing by his lady- '. mistress, to assist her in the mystery of nuiking a loaf of bread, and ;*: teaching her how to bake it in the bake kettle. She had all the re- , quisiie materials, but was ignorant of the simple practical art of •J making bread. ;*■ Another who knew quite well how to make a loaf and bake it too, yet knew nothing of the art of nuiking yeast to raise it with, and so the family lived upon unleavened cakes, or damjiers, as the Austra- lians call them, till they were heartily tired of them : at last a set- tler's wife calling in to rest herself, and seeing the flat cakes baking, asked the servant why they did not make raised bread : " Ijecause wo have no yeast, and do not know how to make any here in these hor- rible backwoods," was tho girl's rejdy. The neighbour, I dare say, was astonished at the ignorance of both mistress and maid ; but she gave them some hops and a little barm, and told the girl how to Ai m 16 1 EMALE emigrant's GUIDE. niukc the yeast callctl hop-risincr ; and this valuable piece of know- Icdj'-e stood them" in good stead: from that time they were able to make lidit bread ; the uirl shrcwdlv icmarkiii']^ to her niistre?s, that a little help was worth a deal of pity. A few simj)le directions for making barm as it is here practiced, would have obviated the diffi- culty at first. As this is one of the very ih'st things that the house- wife has to attend to in the cooking department, I have placed the raising and making of bread at the beginning of the work. The making and baking of really good household ijread is a thing of the greatest consequence to the health and comfort of a fa- mily. As the young learn more quickly than the old, I would advise the daughters of the intending emigrant to acquire whatever useful arts they think likely to prove serviceable to them in their new country. Instead of suffering a false pride to stand in their way of acquiring practical household knowledge, let it be their pride — their noble, ho- nest i)ride — to fit themselves for the state which they will be called upon to fill — a part in the active drama of life ; to put in practice that which they learned to repeat with their lips in childhood as a portion of the catechism, " To do my duty in that state of life, unto which it may please God to call me." Let them earnestly believe that it is by the will of Cod that they are called to share the fortunes of their jjarents in the land they have chosen, and that as that is the Btate of life they are called to by his will, they are bound to strive to do their duty in it with cheerfulness. There should therefore be no wavering on their part; no yielding to prejudices and pride. Old things are passed a^\•ay. The greatest heroine in life is she M-ho knowii)g her diitv, resolves not onlv to do it, but to do it to the bejst of her abilities, with heart and mind bent upon the work. I address this passage more especially to the daughters of the emigrant, for to them belongs the task of cheering and uj)holding their mother in the trials that mav await her. It is oilen in consi- deration of the future welfare of their children, that the parents are, rtfter many ])ainful struggles, induced to quit the land of their birth and the home that was endeared to them alike by their cares and their joys ; and though the children may not know this to be the ■'■ a| rei ch INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 17 icce of know- ' were able to mistress, that directions for atod the dilli- lat the liouse- ve placed the work. The is a thing of jrt of a fa- Id advise tlie er useful arts new country, of acfjuiring iir noble, ho- vill be called it in practice ildhood as a of life, unto believe that fortunes of that is the ito strive to yieldinpf to |ie greatest >nlv to do liuind bent |rs of tho fil)liolding' in consi- [rcnls are, icir birth pares and be the [main-spring that urges them to make the sacrifice, in most cases it is '' so ; and this consideration should have its full weight, and induce the children to do all in their power to repay their parents for the love that urges them to such a decision. The young learn to conform more readily to change of country than the old. Novelty has for them a great charm : and then hope is more lively in the young heart than in the old. To them a field of healthy enterprise is open, which they have only to enter upon with a cheerful heart and plenty of determination, and they will hardly fail of reaching a respectable state of independence. The wives and daughters of the small farmers and of the working cla,ss, should feel the difficulties of a settler's life far less keenly than any other, as their habits and general knowledge of rural affairs have fitted them for the active labours that may fall to their lot in Ca- nada. Though much that they have to perform will be new to them, it will only be the manner of doing it, and the diflbrence of some of • the materials that they will have to make use of : enured from child- hood to toil, they may soon learu to conform to their change of life. The position of servants is much improved in one respect : their services are more valuable in a country where there is less competi- tion among tho working class. They can soon save enough to be independent. They have the cheering prospect always before them : It depends upon ourselves to better our own condition. In this coun- try honest industry always commands respect : by it we can in time raise ourselves, and no one can keep us down. Yet I have observed with much surprize that there is no class of emigrants more discontented than the wives and daughters of those men who were accustomed to earn their bread by the severest toil, in which they too were by necessity obliged to share, often with pa- tience and cheerfulness under privations the most heartbreaking, with no hope of amendment, no refuge but the grave from poverty and all its miseries. Surely to persons thus situated, the change of country should be regarded with hopeful feelings ; seeing that it opens a gate which leads from poverty to independence, from present misery to future comfort. 18 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. At first the strangeness of all things around them, the loss of fa- miliar faces and familiar objects, and the want of all their little house- hold conveniences, are sensibly felt ; and these things make them un- comfortable and peevish : but a little reasoning with themselves would show that such inconveniences belong to the nature of their new position, and that a little time will do away with the evil they complain of. After a while new feelings, new attachments to persons and things, come to fill up the void : they begin to take an interest in the new duties that are before them, and by degrees conform to the change ; and an era in their lives commences, which is the begin- ning to them of a better and more prosperous state of things. It frequently happens that I'cfore the poor emigrant can settle upon land of his own, he is obliged to send the older children out to service. Perhaps he gets employment for himself and his wife, on some farm, where they can manage to keep the younger members of the family with them, if there is a small house or shanty convenient, on or near the farm on which they are hired. Sometimes a farmer can get a small farm on shares ; but it is seldom a satisfactory mode of rental, and often ends in rtisagreemeut. As no man can serve two masters, neither can one farm support two, unless both parties are which rarely happens, quite disinterested and free from selfishness, each exacting no more than his due. It is seldom these partnerships turn out well. There is an error which female servants are very apt to fall into in this country, which as a true friend, I would guard them against committing. This is adopting a free and easy manner, often border- ing upon impertinence, towards their employers. They are apt to think that because they are entitled to a higher rate of wages, they are not bound to render their mistresses the same respect of man- ners as was usual in the old country. Now, as they receive more, they ought not to be less thankful to those who pay them well, and should be equally zealous in doing their duty. They should bear in mind that they are commanded to render " honor to whom honor Is due." A female servant in Canada whose manners are respectful IN'TRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 19 he loss of fa- r little house- ake them un- 1 themselves ture of their the evil they persons and an interest in •nform to the is the begiu- hings. nt can settle ildren out to his wife, on ' members of Y convenient, mes a farmer ;ory mode of an serve two parties are bhness, each partnerships I mid wcll-bohaved, will always be treated with consideration and even with affection. After all, good-lireedin!:^ is as charmini^ a trait in a ! servant as it is in a huly. AVere there more of that kindly feeling jcxistinir between the upper and lower classes, both parties would be I benefitted, and a bond of union established, which would extend be- yond the duration of a few months or a few years, and be continued throuuh life : how much more satisfactory than that unloving strife ' where the mistress is haughty and the servant insolent. But while I would recommend respect and obedience on the part of the servant, to her employer I would say, treat your servants with i consideration : if you respect her she will also respect you ; if she idoes her duty, she is inferior to no one living as a member of the [great human family. The same Lord who says by the mouth of his apostle, " Servants oliey your masters," has also added, " and ye mas- ters do ye also the same, forbearing threatening ; knowing that your f master also is in heaven, and that with him there is no respect of ' j)ersons." Your servants as long as they are with you. are of your household, [and should be so treated that they should learn to look up to you in [love as well as reverence. If they are new comers to Canada, they have everything to learn ; and will of course feel strange and awkward to the ways of the co- lony, and require to be patiently dealt with. They may have their regrets and sorrows yet rankling in their hearts for those dear friends tliey have left behind them, and require kindness and sympath}-.— . ricmeiiiber that you also are a stranger and sojourner in a strange I'Hid, and should feel for them and bear with them as becomes Chris- tian.]. Servants in Canada arc seldom hired excepting by the month. — The female servant by the full calendar month ; the men and bovs' month is four weeks only. From three to four dollars a month is the usual wages given to female servants ; and two, and two dollars and a half, to girls of fourteen and sixteen years of age, unless they are very small, and very ignorant of the work of the country ; then less is given. Indeed, if a young girl were to give her services lor a 20 FEMALE EMIGR^VXTS GUIDE. month or two, with a good clever mistress, for her board alone, she would be the gainer liy the bargain, in the useful knowledge which she would acquire, and which would enable her to take a better place, and command higher wages. It is a connnon error in girls coming direct from the old country, and who have all Canada's ways to learn, to ask the highest rate of wages, expecting the same as those who are twice as efTicient. This is not reasonable ; and if the demand be yielded to from necessity, there is seldom much satisfaction or har- mony, both parties being respectively discontented with the other. The one gives too much, the other does too little in return for high wages. Very little if any alteration has taken place nominally in the rate of servants' wages during twenty-one years that I have lived in Ca- nada, but a great increase in point of fact. * Twenty years ago the eervant-girl gave from Is. Cd. to 2s. Cd. a yard for cotton prints, 10s. and 12s. a j)air for very coarse shoes and boots : common white ca- lico was Is. and Is. 3d. per yard, and other articles of clothing in proportion. Now she can buy good fast prints at 9d. and lOd., and some as low as 7jd. and 8d. per yard, calicoes and factory cottons from 4jd. to 9d. or lOd. ; shoes, light American-made and very pretty, from 43. Gd. to 7s. Gd., and those made to order Gs, 3d. to 7s. Gd. ; boots 10s. ; straw bonnets from Is. Gd., coarse beehive plat, to such as are very tasteful and elegant in shape and quality, of the most delicate fancy chips and straws, proportionably cheap. Thus while her wages remain the same, her outlay is decreased nearly one-half. Eibbons and light fancy goods arc still much higher in price than they are in the old country ; so arc stuffs and -merinos. A very poor, thin Coburg cloth, or Orleans, fetches Is. or Is. 3d. per yard ; mous- selin de laincs vary from 9d. to Is. Gd. Probably the time will come when woollen goods will be manufactured in the colony ; but the time for that is not yet at hand. The country flannel, home-spun, home-dyed and sometimes home-woven, is the sort of material worn in the house by the farmer's family when at work. IS'othing can be more suitable to the climate, and the labours of a ^'aii.„dian settler's wife or daughter, than gowns made of this country flannel : it is very * Since tho vibove stntemetit wns written th? waives both of men and women have borne a higher rale ; and eoiiie articles oC clothing have been lai-cd in i rice. Sec the tables of rates of wagf:s and goodd lor lc54. Jn 1 IXTRODUCTORY ADDRKSS. 21 rd alone, she rtledg-e which I better place, girls coming ivays to learn, as those who e demand be -ction or har- le other. The ' high wages. y in the rate : lived in Ca- ears ago the n prints, 10s, lon white ca- f clothing in nd lOd., and 'tory cottons e and very r Cs. 3d. to cchivc plat, lity, of the decreased price than very poor, ^rd ; mous- will come l; but the lome-spun, [crial worn tug can be m settler's it is very kvomen have |i.'c. See the urablo, lasting often two or three seasons. When worn out as a ecent working dress, it makes good sleigh-quilts for travelling, or an 1)0 cut up into rag-carpets, for a description of which see the ar- able — Rag-Carpets : and for instructions in dyeing the wool or yarn for the flannel see Di/eing. I have been thus minute in naming the rices of women's wearing apparel, that the careful wife may be en- bled to calculate the expedienpy of purchasing a stock of clothes, (.'fore leaving home, or ^yaiting till she arrives in Canada, to make .^icr noedful purchases. To such as can prudently spare a small sum ■^for buying clothes, I may point out a few purchases that would be frrTiiadc more advantacreouslv in Endand or Scotland than in Canada : IfHst. A stock, say two pairs a piece for each person, of good^shoes.— .'he leather here is not nearly so durable as what is prepared at ome, and conscfiuenlly the shoes wear out much sooner, where the oads are rough and the work hard. No one need encumber them- eWes with clogs or pattens : the rough roads render them worse than .iseless, ev'on dangerous, in the spring and fall, the only wet seasons : n winter the snow clogs them up, and you could not walk ten yards n them; and in summer there is no need of them : buy shoes instead; ;|or for winter wear, a good pair of duffle boots, the sole overlaid with .^india-rubber or gutta percha. f; India-rubber boots and over-shoes can be bought from 4s. to 7s. Cd., ^ -if extra good, and lined with fur or fine flannel. Gentlemen's boots, |long or short, can be had also, but I do not know at what cost. Old women's list shoes are good for the house in the snowy season, or good, strongly-made carpet shoes ; but these last, with a little inge- nuity, you can make for yourself Flannel I also recommend, as an advisable purchasa: yon must give from Is. 9d. to 2s. Gd. for either white or red, and a still higher J price for fine fabrics ; which I know is much higher than they can be S bought for at home. Good scarlet or blue flannel shirts are worn ■^: by all tUe emigrants that work on land or at trades in Canada ; and even throngh the hottest summer weather the men still prefer them to cotton or linen. A superior quality, twilled and of some delicate check, as pale blue, pink or green, are much the fashion among the gentlemen ; thia 22 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. 1. material however is more costly, and can hardly be bought under 3s. 6d. or 4s. a yard. A sort of ovcrshirt made full and belted in at the -^'aist, is frequently worn, made of homespun flannel, dyed brown or blue, and looks neat and comfortable ; others of coarse brown li- nen, or canvas, called logging-shirts, are adopted by the choppers in their rough work of clearing up the fallows : these are not very un- like the short loose slop frocks of the peasants of the Eastern Coun- ties of England, reaching no lower than the hips. Merino or cottage stuffs are also good to bring out, also Scotch plaids and tweeds, strong checks for aprons, and fine white cotton stockings : those who wear silk, had better bring u supply for h oli- day wear : satin shoes are very high, but are only needed by the wealthy, or those ladies who expect to live in some of the larger towns or cities ; but the farmer's wife in Canada has little need of such luxuries — they are out of place and keeping. ON DRESS. It that one of the blessings 'of this new country, son's respectability does by no means depend upon these points of style in dress ; and many a pleasant little evening dance I have seen, where the young ladies wore merino frocks, cut high or low, and prunella shoes, and no disparaging remarks were made by any of the party. How much more sensible I thought these young people, than if they had made themselves slaves to the tyrant fashion. Nevertheless, in some of the large towns the young people do dress extravagantly, and even exceed those of Britain in their de- votion to fine and costly apparel. The folly of this is apparent to every sensible person. AV'hen I hear women talk of nothing but dress, I caimot help thinking that it is because they have nothing more interesting to talk about ; that their minds are uninformed, and bare, while their bodies are clothed with purple and fine linen. To dress neatly and with taste and even elegance is an accomplishment ■which I should desire to see practised by all females ; but to make dress the • one engrossing business and thought of life, is vain and foolish. One thing is certain, that a lady will be a lady, even in the plainest dress ; a vulgar minded woman will never be a lady, in the most costly garments. Good sense is as much marked by the ii a tr INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 23 bought under d belted in at , dyed bro wn Tse brown li- e choppers in ! not ver}' un- iastern Coun- t, also Scotch white cotton pply for holi- leded by the f the larger little need of a young per- |these points ancc I have [igh or low, pade by any hcse young the tyrant nug people in their de- pparent to thing but jVe nothing rmed, and inen. To |iplishment t to make vain and en in the lady, in id by the tyle of a person's dress, as by their conversation, the servant-girl jho expends half her wages on a costly shawl, or ma; a, and bon- iet to wear over a fine shabby gown, or with coarse shoes and stock- up?, docs not show as much sense as she who purchases at less cost complete dress, each article suited to the other. They both at- iract attention, it is true ; but in a different degree. The man of mse will notice the one for her wisdom ; the other for her folly.— To plead fashion, is like following a multitude to do evil. CANADA A FIELD FOR YOUXGER WORKING FEMALES. Quitting the subject of dress, which perhaps I have dwelt too long ipon, I will go to a subject of more importance : the field which [Canada opens for the employment of the younger female emigrants %f the working class. At this very minute I was assured by one of |the best and most intelligent of our farmers, that the Township of f JTamilton alone could give immediate employment to five hundred •^^^cnialcs ; and most other townships in the same degree. What an Inducement to young girls to emigrate is this ! good wages, in a icalthy and improving country ; and what is better, in one where idleness and immorality are not the characteristics of the inhabitants: ^ where steady industry is sure to be rewarded by marriage with young Lmcn who are able to place their wives in a very different station from '} that of servitude. ITow many young women who were formerly ser- '"i' vants in my house, are now farmel s' wives, going to church or the ; market towns with their own sleighs or light waggons, and in point ■ >;of dress, better clothed than myself. Though Australia may offer the temptation of greater wages to ,» female servants ; yet the discomforts they are exposed to, must be a V great drawback ; and the immoral, disjointed state of domestic life, ifor decent, wr-U-conducted young women, I should think, would more . than counterbalance the nominal advantages from greater wages.— :. The industrious, sober-minded labourer, with a numerous family of ^ daughters, one would imagine would rather bring them to Canada, where they can get immediate employment in respectable families ; where they will get good wages and have every chance of bettering their condition and rising in the world, by becoming the wives of thriving farmers' sons or industrious artizans ; than form connex- 24 FEMALE EMIGRAXTS GUIDE. ions with such characters as swarm the streets of Melbourne and Geelong, thoug^h these may be able to fill their hands with gold, and clothe them with satin aud velvet. In the one country there is a steady progress to prosperity and lasting comfort, where they may sec their children become land- owners after them, while in the other, Ihcre is little real stability, and small prospect of a life of domestic happiness to look forward to. I might say, as the j>Teat lawgiver said to the Israelites, " Good and evil are before you, choose ye between them." } si' TWiose whose destination is intended to be in the Canadian towns will find little difference in regard to their personal comforts to what they were accustomed to enjoy at home. If they have capital they can em- ploy it to advantage ; if they are mechanics, or artizar.s they will have have little difficulty in obtaining employment as journeymen. — The stores in Canada are well furnished with every species of goods ; groceries, hardware and food4)f all kinds can also be obtained. "With health and industry, they will have little real cause of complaint. It is those who go into the woods aud into distant settlements in the uncleared wilderness that need have any fear of encountering hardships and privations ; and such persons should carefully consider their own qualifications and those of their wives aud children before they decide upon embarking in the laborious occupation of backwoodsmen in a new country like Canada. Strong, patient, enduring, hopeful men and women, able to bear hardships and any amount of bodily toil, (and there are many such,) these may be pioneers to open out the forest- lands; while the old-country farmer will find it much better to pur. chase cleared farms or farms that are partially cleared, in improving townships, where there are villages aud markets and good roads ; by so doing they will escape much of the disappointment and loss, as well as the bodily hardships that are too often the lot of those who go back into the unreclaimed forest lands. Whatever be the determination of the intended emigrant, let him not exclude from his entire confidence the wife of his bosom, the na- tural sharer of his fortunes, be the path which leads to them rough or smooth. She ought not to be dragged as an unwilling sacrifice at : f .. IM INTRODITTORY ADDRESS. 'ZD [elbourne and (V'ith gold, aud )rosperity and become land- stability, and orward to. I s, " Good and ian towns will to what they they can eni- they will have Dunieymen.— ies of goods ; ained. With )mplaint. It smcnts in the Ing hardships [er their own they decide odsmen in a iopeful men bodily toil, i the forest- tter to pur- improving roads ; by md loss, as those who it, let him jm, the na- ^em rough lacrifice at tlio shrine of duty from homo, kindred and friends, without her lull '•nii.-cnt : tiio difhcultles as well as the apparent advantages ought to 1)1' laid candidly before her, and her acMcc and opinion asked; or how cim hlie be expected to enter heart and soul into her husband's hopes n\ ])hins ; nor shoidd such of the children as are capable of form- ng opinions on the subject be shut out from tlic family council ; for et parents bear this fact in mind, that much of their own future pros- erity will depend upon the exertion of their children in the land to vij^which they are going ; and also let them consider that those chil- ". dren's lot in life is involved in the important decision they are about to make. Let perfect confidence be established in the family : it ill avoid much future domestic misery and unavailing repining.— 'ainily union is like the kej'-stone of an arch : it keeps all the rest of he building from falling asunder. A man's friends should be those f his own houseliold. "Woman, whose nature is to love home and to cling to all home ies and associations, cannot be torn from that spot that is the little ontre of joy and peace and comfort to her, without many painful p-ets. Xo matter however poor she ^ may be, how low her lot in ife may be cast, home to her is dear, the thought of it and the love iffiof it clings closely to her wherever she goes. The remem- .#brance of it never leaves her ; it is graven on her heart. Her "ijHhoutrhts wander back to it across the broad waters of the ocean that v'^'are bearing her far from it. In the new land it is still present to her ",v'rnental eve, and years after she has formed another home for herself v-^he can still recal the bowery lane, the daisied meadow, the moss- A.^rown well, the simple hawthorn hedge that bound the garden-plot, ."^'"jthe woodbine porch, the thatched roof and narrow casement window i;of her early home. She hears the singing of the birds, the murmur- ing of the bees, the tinkling of the rill, and busv hum of cheerful ■pabour from the village or the farm, when those beside her can hear .only the deep cadence of the wind among the lofty forest-trees, the jangling of the cattle-bells, or strokes of the choppers axe in the wooils. As the seasons return she thinks of the flowers that she ,^ loved In childhood ; the pale primrose, the cowslip and the bluebell, ^ "^^ ith the humljle daisy and heath-Howers ; and what would she not give for one, just one of those old familiar flowers! No wonder that the heart of the emigrant's wife is sometimes sad, and needs to bo 26 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. dealt penlly with by her less sensitive partner ; who if she were less devoted to home, would hardly love her more, for in this attachment to home lies much of her chal-m as a wife and mother in his eyes. — But kindness and syiujiathy, which she has need of, in time reconciles her to her change of life ; new ties, new interests, new comforts arise; and she ceases to repine, if she does not cease to love, that which she has lost : in after life the recollection comes like some pleasant dream or a fair picture to her mind, but she has ceased to j^ricve or to re- j(ret ; and perhaps like a wise woman she says — " All things are for the best. It is good for us to be here." ADORNMENT OP HOME. "What effect should this love of her old home produce in the emi- grant-wife? Surely an earnest endeavour to render her new dwelling equally charming ; to adorn it within and without as much as cir- cumstances will permit, not expending her husband's means in the purchase of costly furniture which would be out of keeping in a log- house, but adopting such things as are suitable, neat and simple ; studying comfort and convenience before show and finery. Many in- conveniences must be expected at the outset; but the industrious fe- male will endeavor to supply these wants by the exercise of a little ingenuity and taste. It is a great mistake to neglect those little household adornments which will give a look of cheerfulness to the very humblest home. Nothing contributes so much to comfort and to the outward ap- pearance of a Canadian house as the erection of the verandah or stoup, as the Dutch settlers call it, round the building. It affords a grateful shade from the summer heat, a shelter from the cold, and is a source of cleanliness to the interior. It gives a pretty, rural look to the poorest log-house, and as it can be put up with little expense, it should never be omitted. A few unbarked cedar posts, with a slab or shingled roof, costs very little. The floor should be of plank; but even with a hard dry earthen floor, swept every day with an Indian broom, it will still prove a great comfort. Those who build frame or stone or brick houses seldom neglect the addition of a ve- randah ; to the common log-house it is equally desirable ; nor need any one want for climbers with which to adorn the pillars. in •nl IXTRODLTTORY ADDRESS. 27 f she were less his .attachment r in his eyes. — time reconciles comforts arise; that which she )leasant dream (•ricve or to re- things are for Lce in the emi- new dwellinor much as cir- means in the ping in a log- t and simple ; k. ;Many iu- iidustrious fe- ise of a little those little Illness to the outward ap- erandah or It affords a cold, and is , rural look tie expense, osts, with a e of plank; ly with an who build 3n of a ve- nor need SHADE ri-ANTS. Amoncr the wild plants of Canada there are nianv graceful climb- 5, which are to be found in almost every locality. Nature, as if to ivite you to ornament your cottage-homes, has kindly jn'ovided so lany varieties of shade-plants, that you may choose at will. First, then, I will point out to your attention the wild grape, which to be found luxuriating in every swamp, near the margin of lakes bid rivers, wreatiiing the trees and tall bushes with its abundant fo- iage and purple clusters. The Fox-grape and the Frost-grape* are Iniong the common wild varieties, and will produce a great quantity "^f fruit, which, though very acid, is far from being unpalatable when cooked with a sufficiency of sugar. I'rom the wild grape a fine jelly can be made by pressing the lice from the husks and seeds and boiling it with the proportion of lugar usual in making currant-jelly, i. e., one pound of sugar to one )int of juice. An excellent home-made wine can also be manufac- tured from these grapes. They are not ripe till the middle of Octo- )er, and should not be gathered till the frost has softened them ; Hfrora this circumstance, no doubt, the name of Frost-g-rape has been pven to one species. The wild vino planted at the foot of some dead ind unsightly tree, will cover it with its luxuriant growth, and cou- irert that which would otherwise have been an unseendy object into lone of great ornament. I knew a gentleman who caused a small lead tree to be cut down and planted near a big oak stump in his jarden, round which a young grape was twining : the vine soon fascended the dead tree, covering every branch and twig, and forming |a bower above the stump, and affording an abundant crop of fruit. M The commonest climber for a log-house is the hop, which is, as you ■•^■will find, an indispensable plant in a Canadian garden, it being the f^principal ingredient in making the yeast with which the household M bread is raised. Planted near the pillars of your verandah, it forms j a graceful drapeiy of leaves and flowers, which arc pleasing to look upon, and valuable either for use or sale. * There are many other varieties of wild grapes, some of which have, by careful g?.rJen cult'vation, been greatly iinprcived. Cuttings may be [made early ia April, or the young vines planted in September or October. 28 FEMALE EMIGRANT 8 GUIDE. The Canadian Ivy, or Virginian Creeper, is another charming climber, which if planted near the walls of your house, will quickly cover the rough logs with its dark glossy leaves in summer, and in the fall delight the eye with its gorgeous crimson tints. The Wild Clematis or Traveller's Joy may be found growing in the beaver meadows and other open thickets. This also is most or- namental as a shade-plant for a verandah. Then there is the climb- ing Furaatory, better known by the name by which its seeds are sold by the gardener, " Cypress vine." This elegant creeper is a native of Canada, and may be seen in old neglected clearings near the water, running up the stems of trees and flinging its graceful tendrils and leaves of tender green over the old grey mossy branches of cedar or pine, adorning the hoary boughs with garlands of the loveliest pink flowers. I have seen this climbing Fumatory in great quantities in the woods, but found it no easy matter to ol^tain the ripe seeds, un- less purchased from a seedsman : it is much cultivated in towns as a shade plant near the verandahs. Besides those already described I may here mention the scarlet- runner, a flower the humming-birds love to visit. The wild cucum- ber, a very graceful trailing plant. The ISIajor Colvolvulus or Morn- ing Glory. The wild honeysuckle, sweet pea and prairie-rose. These last-named are not natives, with the exception of the wild or bush honeysuckle, which is to be found in the forest. The flowers are pale red, but scentless ; nevertheless it is very well worth cultivating. I am the more particular in pointing out to you how you may im- prove the outside of your dwellings, because the log-house is rough and unsightly ; and I know well that your comfort and cheerfulness of mind will be increased by the care you are led to bestow upon your new home in endeavouring to ornament it and render it more agreeable to the eye. The cultivation of a few flowers, of vegetables and fruit, will be a source of continual pleasure and interest to your- self and children, and you will soon learn to love your home, and cease to regret that dear one you have left. I write from my own experience. I too have felt all the painful regrets incidental to a long separation from my native land and my beloved early home. I have experienced all that you who read this book can ever feel, and perhaps far more than you will ever have cause for feeling. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 20 other charming ISO, will quickly summer, and in md growing in ilso is most or- re is the climb- 3 seeds are sold T is a native o f near the water, 'ul tendrils and les of cedar or 3 loveliest pink Lt quantities in ripe seeds, un- l in towns as a m the scarlet- le wild cucum- ulus or Morn- ■rose. These wild or bush )wers are pale tivating. you may im- 3 use is rough cheerfulness )estow upon nder it more f vegetables •est to your- r home, and the painful md and my 10 read this ever have CONTRAST NOW TO PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT. The emigrants of the present day can hardly now meet with the rials and hardships that were the lot of those who came to the Pro- ince twenty years ago, and these last infinitely less than those who [receded them at a still earlier period. "When I listen, as I often do, to the experiences of the old settlers |f forty or fifty years standing, at a time when the backwoodsman liared the almost unbroken wilderness with the unchristianized In- lian, the wolf and the bear ; when his seed-corn had to be carried a listance of thirty miles upon his shoulders, and his family were de- )endent upon the game and fish that he brought home till the time »f the harvest ; when there were no mills to grind his flour save the Ittle handmill, which kept the children busy to obtain enough coarse lour to make bread from day to day ; when no sabbath-bell was ever loard to mark the holy day, and all was lonely, wild and savage irourid him. Then my own first trials seemed to sink into utter in- lignificanco, and I was almost ashamed to think how severely they had )een felt. Many a talc of trial and of enterprize I have listened to with i^)reathles3 interest, related by these patriarchs of the colony, while Ijpeated beside the blazing log-fire, surrounded by the comforts which they had won for their children by every species of toil and priva- tion. Yet they too had overcome the hardships incidental to a first settlement, and were at rest, and could look back on their former struggles with that sort of pride which is felt by the war-worn sol- lier in fighting over again his battles by his own peaceful hearth. These old settlers^rfind their children have seen the whole face of the country changed. They have seen the forest disappear before |tl-C axe of the industrious emigrant ; they have seen towns and vil- vglages spring up whore the bear and the wolf had their lair. They ;^' have seen the white-sailed vessel and the steamer plough those lakes and rivers where the solitary Indian silently glided over their lonely waters in his frail canoe. They have seen highways opened out through impenetrable swamps where human foot however adventurous had never trod. The busy mill-wheels have dashed whore only tho foaming rocks broke the onward flow of the forest stream. They have seen Uod's holy temples rise, pointing upwards with their glit- 30 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. i: > tcrlng spIrc3~above the lowlier habitations of men, and have heard the sabbath-bell calling the Christian worshippers to prayer. They have seen the savage Indian bending there in mute reverence, or lift- ing his voice in hymns of praise to that blessed Redeemer who had called him out of darkness into his marvellous light. And stranger things he may now behold in that mysterious wire, that now conveys a whispered message from one end of the Province to the other with lightning swiftness ; and see the iron railway already traversing the Province, and bringing the far-off produce of the woods to the store of the merchant and to the city mart. Such are the changes which the old settler has witnessed ; and I have noted them for your encouragement and satisfaction, and that you may form some little notion of what is going on in this compa. ratj"^ely newly-settled country; and that you may form some idea of wLut it is likely to become in the course of a few more years, when its commerce and agriculture and its population shall have increased, and its internal resources shall have been more perfectly developed. In the long-settled portions of the Province a traveller may almost imagine that he is in England ; there are no stumps to disfigure the fields, and but very few of the old log-houses remaining : these have for the most part given place to neat painted frame, brick or stone cottages, surrounded with orchards, cornfields and pastures. Some peculiarities Tbe will notice, which will strike him as unlike what he has been used to see in the old country ; and there are old familiar ob- jects which will be missed in the landscape, such as the venerable grey tower of the old church, the ancient ruins, the old castles and fine old manor-houses, with many other things which exist in the old country. Here all is new ; time has not yet laid its mellowing touch upon the land. We are but in our infancy ; but it is a vigorous and healthy one, full of promise for future greatness and strength. ■A' ■A i'^ .1 f Hi FIIRXISIIIXO LOG HOUSE. In furnishing a Canadian log-house the main study should be to unite simplicity with cheapness and comfort. It would be strangely out of character to introduce gay, showy, or rich and costly articles of furniture into so rough and homtly a dwelling. A log-house U INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 31 1 have heard rayer. They rence, or lift- mer who had And stranger now convevs le other with raversing the s to the store lessed ; and I tion, and that n this compa. some idea of e years, when ave increased, tly developed. ;r may almost disfigure the these have •rick or stone iures. Some ike what he familiar ob- he venerable castles and t in the old •wing touch igorous and gth. lould be to [e strangely stly articles bg-house U M better to be simply furnished. Those who begin with moderation are more likely to be able to increase their comforts in the course of a few years. Let us see now what can be done towards making your log parlour comfortable at a small cost. A dozen of painted Canadian chairs, such as arc in common use here, will cost you £2 10s. You can ge^ plainer ones for 2s. 9d. or 3s. a chair : of course you may get very excellent articles if you give a higher price ; but we are not going to buy drawing-room furniture. You can buy rocking chairs, small, at 7s. Gd. ; large, with elbows, 15s. : you can cushion them yourself. A good drugget, which I would advise you to bring with you, or Scotch carpet, will cover your rough floor ; when you lay it down, spread straw or hay over the boards ; this will save your carpet from cutting. A stained pine table may be had for 12s. or 15s. Walnut or cherry wood costs more ; but the pine with a nice cover will an- swer at first. For a flowered mohair you must give five or six dol- lars. A piece of chintz of suitable pattern will cost you 16s. the piece of twenty-eight yards. This will curtain your windows : and a common pine sofa stuffed with wool, though many use fine hay for the back and sides, can be bought cheap, if covered by your own hands. If your husband or elder sons arc at all skilled in the use of tools, they can make out of common pine boards the frame-work or couches, or sofas, which look when covered and stuffed, as well as what the cabinet-maker will charge several pounds for. A common box or two .stuffed so as to form a cushion on the top, and finished with a flounce of chintz, wfll fill the recess of the windows. A set of book-shelves stained with Spanish brown, to hold your library. — A set of corner shelves, fitted into the angles of the room, one above the other, diminishing in size, form an useful receptacle for any little ornamental matters, or for flowers in the summer, and gives a pleasant finish and an air of taste to the room. A few prints, or pictures, in frames of oak or black wahiut, should not be omitted, if you can bring such ornaments with you. These things are sources of plea- sure to yourselves, and of interest to others. They are intellectual luxuries, that even the very poorest man regards with delight, and possesses if he can, to adorn his cottage wall.^, however lowly that cottnire mav be. 32 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. I ] I ; r ! ) I am goin<:^ to add another comfort to your little parlour — a clock: very neat dials in cherry or oak frame?, may be bought from Ts. 6d. to $5. The cheapest will keep good time, but do not strike. Very handsome clocks may be bouj^ht for ten dollars, in elegant frames ; but we must not be too extravagant in our notions. I would recommend a good cooking-stove in your kitchen : it is more convenient, and is not so destructive to clothes as the great log fires. A stove large enough to cook food for a family of ten or twelve persons, will cost from twenty to thirty dollars. This will in- clude every necessary cooking utensil. Cheap stoves are often like other cheap articles, the dearest in the end : a good, weighty casting should be preferred to a thinner and lighter one ; though the latter will look just as good as the former : they are apt to crack, and the inner plates wear out soon. There are now a great variety of patterns in cooking-stoves, many of which I know to be good. I will mention a few : — " The Lion," " Farmers' Friend," " Burr," "Canadian Ilot-Air," "Clinton IIot-Air;" these two last require dry wood ; and the common " Premium" stove, which is a good useful stove, but seldom a good casting, and sold at a low price. If you buy a small-sized stove, you will not be able to bake a good joint of meat or good-sized loaves of bread in it. If you have a chimney, and prefer relying on cooking with the bake-kettle, I would also recommend a roaster, or bachelor's oven : this will oost only a few shillings, and prove a great convenience, as you can bake rolls, cakes, pies and meat in it. An outside oven, built of stones, bricks, or clay, is put up at small cost, and is a great comfort. * The heating it once or twice a week, will save you much work, and you will enjoy bread much better and sweeter than any baked in a stove, oven or bake-kettle. Many persons who have large houses of stone or brick, now adopt the plan of heating them with hot air, which is conveyed by means of pipes into the rooms. An ornamented, circular grating admits * Two men, or n man and a boy wili l)uil(l a roniiuon-aized clay ovcni in a day or less, if they understand the \^ork and prepare the materials before- hand. 3 tl I t, 1 the l.NTRODCCTOrwY ADDRESS. 33 iir — a clock : from 7s. 6cl. rike. Very ^ant frames ; itclicn : it is lie great log ly of ten or This will in- re often like g'bty casting ^h the latter ack, and the tovcs, many ■■ The Lion," 1 IIot-Air;" lium" stove, and sold at be able to n it. ig with the lor's oven : enience, as tside oven, is a great you much I* than any mw adopt by means rg admits ^y oviMi in tia bcforc- ,V; the heated air, by opening or shutting the grates. The furnace is in the cellar, ami is nuide large enough to allow of a cousiiL'rablo ([uan tity of wood being put in at once. A house thus heated is kept at summer heat in the coldest wea- ther ; and can be made cooler by shutting the grates in any room. The temperature of liouses heated tims is very jileasant, and cer- t..'..ily does not seem so unliealthy as those warmed by metal stoves, besides there being far less risk from fire. Those who wish to enjoy the cheerful appearance of a fire in their vsitting room, can have one; as little wood is required in such case. The poorer settlers, to whom the outlay of a dollar is often an ob- jc r, nuike very good wasliing tubs out of old barrels, by sawing one in lialf, leaving two of the staves a few inclics higher than the rest, for handles. Painted wasliing-tubs made of pine, iron liooped, co.st a dollar ; painted water-pails only Is. (Jd. a piece ; but they are not very durable. Owing to the dryness of the air, great care is requisite to keep your tubs, barrels and pails in proper order. Many a good vessel of this kind is lost for want of a little attention. The wa-ihing tubs should be kept in the cellar, or with water in them. Those who keep servants umst not forget to warn them of this fact. In fitting up your house, do not sacrifice all comfort in the kitchen, for the sake of a best room for receiving company. If you wish to enjoy a cheerful room, by all moans have a fire- place in it. A blazing log-fire is an object that inspires cheerfulness. A stove in the hall or passage is a great comfort in winter ; and the pi])e conducted rightly will warm the upj)er rooms ; but do not let the stove supersede the cheering fire in the sitting-room. Or if youp house has been built only to be heated by stoves, choose one that, with a grate in front, can be opened to show the fire. A handsome parlour-stove can now be got for twelve dollars. Tanned and dyed sheep-skins imike excellent door mats, atul warm hearth-rugs. AN'ith smtdl outlay of money your room will thus be conjfortably furnished. A delightful easy-chair can bo made out of a very rough material — nothing better than a connnon fiour barrel. 1 will, as well as I 34 FKMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. I 1 :i !l. ;i . V can, direct voa how these harrel-chairs arc made. The first four or five staves of a good, sound, clean Hour barrel are to he sawn ofl", level, within two feet of the ground, or higher, if you think that will be too low for the scat : this is for the front : leave the two staves on either side a few inches hinhcr for the elbows ; the staves that re- main are left to form the hollow back : augur holes are next made all round, on a level' with the seat, in all the staves ; through these holes ropes are passed and interlaced, so as to fovra a secure seat : a bit of thin board may then be nailed, flat, on the rough edge of the elbow staves, and a coarse covering, of linen or sacking, tacked on over the back and arms : this is stuffed with cotton-wool, soft hay, or sheep's wool, and then a chintz cover over the whole, and well- filled cushion for the seat, completes the chair. Two or three of such Beats in a sitting-room, give it an air of great comfort at a snudl cost. Those settlers who come out with sufficient means, and go at once on cleared famis, which is by far the best plan, will be able to pur- chase very handsome furniture of black walnut or cherry wood at moderate cost. Furniture, new and handsome, and even costly, is to be met with in any of the large towns ; and it would be impertinent in mc to offer advice as to the style to be observed by such persons : it is to the small farmer, and poorer class, that my hints are addressed. The shanty, or small log-house of the poorer emigrant, is often en- tirely furnished by his own hands. A rude bedstead, formed of ce- dar poles, a coarse linen bag filled with hay or dried moss, and bol- ster of the same, is the bed he lies on ; his seats arc benches, nailed together ; a table of deal boards, a few stools, a few shelves for the crockery and tinware ; these are often all that the poor emigrant can call his own in the way of furniture. Little enough and rude enough. Yet let not the heart of the wife despond. It is only the first trial ; better things are in store for her. ^ [Many an officer's wife, and the wives of Scotch and English gen- tlemen, in the early state of the colony have been no better off". — Many a wealthy landowner in Canada was born in circumstances as unfavourable. Men who now occupy the liighest situations in the country, have been brought up in a rude log-shanty, little better than an Indian wigwam. Let these things serve to cheer the heart and •J, 4 ■4 m [i |4^i'ii: •' INTRODUCTORY ADDRESg. 35 i first four cr be sawn ofl', link that will le two staves uvcs that To- re next made lirouirh these :;ure scat : a L edge of the ig, tacked on ool, soft hay, )le, and well- three of such a small cost. d g-o at once al)lc to pur- ny wood at 1 costly, is to 'i impertinent ch persons : addressed. is often en- ■med of ce- ^s, and bol- 'hes, nailed ACS for the nigrant can ide enough, first trial ; * smooth the r' icrh wavs of the settler's first outset in Canadian life.^ Awl lot me ai.d that now there is more facilitv for the incomiiisjr cmi- L'r;uit's settlin-JT with comfort, than there v>as twenty or thirty vears auo ; unlc.Yill attend his exertions. A curse is in the cup ; it lingers in the dregs to embitter his own life and that of his hapless partner and children. As of the sluggard, so also may it be said of the intemperate — "The drnnkard shall starve in harvest." It is in vain for the women of the household to work hard and to bear their part of the hardships incidental to a settler's life, if the husband gives himself up as a slave to this miserable vice. I dwell more earnestly upon this piinful subject, because unfortu- nately the poison sold to the public under the name of whiskey, is so cheap, that for a few pence a man may degrade himself below the beasts that perish, and barter away his soul for that which profiteth not ; bring shame and disgrace upon his name, and bitterness of lieart into the bosom of his family. I have known sad instances of this abhorrent vice, even among the women ; and they have justified themselves with saying — " "\Ve do it in self-defence, and because our husbands set us the example : it is in vain for us to strive and strive; for everything is going to ruin." Alas that such a plea should ever be made by a wife. Let the man remember that God has set him for the support of the wife : he is the head, and should set an example of virtue, and strength, rather than of vice and weakness. Let both avoid this deadly sin, if they would prosper in life, and steadfastly re- sist the temptation that besets them on every side. And not to the poor man alone would I speak; for this evil habit pervades all classes; and many a young man of fair expectations is ruined by this indul- gence, and many a flourishing home is made desolate by him who founded it. The last state of this man is worse than the first. FEMALE ENERGY. I I? It is a matter of surprize to many persons to sec the great amount of energy of mind and personal exertion that women will make under the most adverse circumstances in this country. 1 have marked with astonishment and admiration acts of female heroism, for such it may be termed in women whose former habits of life had exempted them from any kind of laborious work, urged by some unforeseen exigency, INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS. 37 dispensably iiukard flat- rse is in the that of his [) may it be rvest." It is md to bear he husband ise iinfortu- liskev, is so f below the ?h. profiteth itterncss of instances of ,ve justified because our and strive ; ^hould ever set him for m example Let both idfastly re- not to the all classes; this indul- him who st. pprform tasks from which many men would have shrunk. Sometimes aroused by the indolence and inactivity of their husl)and.s or sons, tlioy have rbsolutcly set their own shoulders to the wheel, and borne the burden with unshrinking perseverence unaided ; forming a briglit example to all around them, and showing what can be done when the mind is capable of overcoming the weakness of the body. A poor settler was killed by the full of a tree, in his fallow. The wife was left with six children, the youngest a babe, the eldest a boy of fourteen. This family belonged to the labouring class. The widow did not sit down and fold her hands in utter despair, in this sad situation; but when the first natural grief had subsided, she roused herself to do what she could for the sake of her infants. Some help no doubt she got from kind ncighboui*s ; but she did not dejicnd on them alone. She and her eldest son together, piled the brush on the new fallow ; and with their united exertions and the help of the oxen, they managed to log and burn off the Spring fallow. I dare say they got some help, or called a logging Bee, to aid in this work.— They managed, this poor widow and her children, to get two or three acres of wheat in, and potatoes, and a patch of corn ; and to raise a few vegetables. They made a brush fence and secured the fields from cattle breaking in, and then harvested the crops in due time, the lad working out sometimes for a week or so, to help earn a trifle to assist them. That fall they underbrushed a few acres more land, the mother helping to chop the small trees herself, and young ones piling the brush. They had some ague, and lost one cow, during that year ; but still they fainted not, and put trust in Ilim who is the helper of the widow and fatherless. Many little sums of money were earned by the boys shaping axe-handles, which they sold at the stores, and beech brooms : these are much used about barns and in rough work. They are like the Indian brooms, peeled from a stick of iron-wood, blue-beech, or oak. Whip-handles of hickory, too, they madto. They sold that winter maple sugar and molasses ; and the widow knitted socks far some of the neighbours, and made slip])ers of listing. The boys also made some money by carrying in loads of oak and hem- lock bark, to the tanners, from whom they got orders on the stores for groceries, clothes and such things. By degrees their stock in- ■ ^H J ' ] I I' I k I I f I I I a; I, : I i% '] V, \\ (;, 38 FEMALE EMIGRAXTS GUIDE. creased, and Ihoy managed hj dint of care and incessant labour to pay up small instalments on their land. How this was all done by a weak woman and lier children, seems almost a miracle, but they brought the strong- will to help the weak arm. 1 heard this stoiy from good authority, from the physician who at- tended upon one of the children in sickness, and who had been called in at the inquest that was held on the body of her husband. Dr. II. often named this woman as an example of female energy under the most trying circumstances; and I give it to show what even a poor, desolate widow may do, even in a situation of such dire distress. BORROWING. And now I would say a few words about borrowing — a suljject on which so much has been said by different writers who have touched upon the domestic peculiarities of the Canadians and Yankees. In a new settlement where people live scattered, and far from stores and villages, the most careful of housewives will sometimes run out of necessaries, and may be glad of the accommodation of a cupful of tea, or a little sugar ; of barni to raise fresh rising, or flour to bake with. Perhaps the mill is far ofij and the good man has been too much occupied to take in a grist. Or medicine may bo needed in a case of sudden illness. AVell, all these are legitimate reasons for borrowing, and all kindly, well-disposed neighbours will lend with hearty good-will : it is one of the exigencies of a remote settlement, and happens over and over again. But as there are many who arc not over scrupulous in these mat- ters, it is best to keep a true account in black and white, and let the borrowed things be weighed or measured, and returned by the same weight }ind measure. This method will save much heart-burning and some unpleasant wrangling with neighbours ; and if the same mea- sure is meted to you withal, there will be no cause of complaint on either side. On your part be honest and punctual in returning, and then you can with a better face demand similar treatment. Do not refuse your neighbors in their hour of need, for you also may bo ^m i: : INTRODUCTORY ADDRK^;;;. 39 t labour to 1 (lone by a ', but tlipy ian who at- becu called id. lale cncrpry show what )f such dire I subject on ivc touched iikces. id far from 1 sometimes dation of a rising:, or :jood man |iuc may be all kindly, it is one tr and over [these mat- ind let the the same lirning and pame mea- uplaint on (rning, and [so may bo glutl of a similar favour. In the Backwoods cspocially, people can- not be indcjieiKk'jit i>f the hi'lp and sympathy of their Icllow crea- tures. Xcverlhelcss do not accustom yourself to dejjcud too much u])on any one. l!ecur..-e you find by c.\})eriencc that you can borrow a pot or a pun, X bakc-kctlle or a wa.-;hing-tul), at a neighbour's house, that \a no sroijd reason for not buviu": one for yourself, and wearing out Mrs. .So-and-so's in your own service. Once in a while, or till you have supplied the want, is all very well ; but do not wear out the face of friendship, and be taxed with meanness. vServants have a passion for borrowing, and will often carry on a system of the kind for months, unsanctioned by their mistres^ies ; and sometimes coolness will arise between friends through this cause. In towns there is little excuse for borrowing : the same absolute necessity for it does not exist. If a nciuiibour, or one who is hardlv to be so called, comes to bor- row I. -tick's of wearing apparel, or things that they have no justifia- ble cause for asking the loan of, refuse at once and unhesitatingly. I once lived near a family who made a dead set at me in the bor- rowing way. One day a little damsel of thirteen years of age, came up quite out of breath to ask the loan of a best night-cap, as she was going out on a visit ; also three nice worked-lace or musUn col- lars — one for herself, one for her sister, and the third was for a cou- sin, a new-arrival ; a pair of Avalking-boots to go to the fair in at , and a straw hat for her brother Sam, who had worn out his ; and to crown all, a small-tooth comb, " to redd up their hair with, to make them nice." I refused all with veiy little remorse ; but the little damsel looked so rueful and begged so hard about the collars, that I gave her two, leaving the cousin to shift as she best could ; but I told her not to return them, as I never lent clothes, and warned her to come no more on such an errand. She got the shoes elsewhere, and, as I heard they were worn out in the service before they were returned. Now against such a shameless abuse of the borrowing system, every one is justified in making a stand: it is an imposition, and by no means to be tolerated 40 FEMALE EJIIORANld GLIDE. ;H ' Anotlicr woninn came to l)orro\v a ))t'.>t l)al»y-rol)0, lacc-cap ancJ Cue fiaiiiH'l jiL'tlicoat, us islie said slie had jiolliiii.ii' yrand t'liou^U to take thu baby to chmvli tu ]»ility, ami the poor emigrant need fear no unfair dealing, if they place themselves and family under iheir care. At any rate the greatest caution should be practiced in a;;certaining the character borne by the captains and owners of the vessels in which t1' emigrant is about to end)ark ; even the ship itself should ha\c a character for safety, and good speed. 1'hose persons who provide their own sea-stores, had better consult some careful and experienced friend on the sulyect. There are many who are better qualified than myself, to afford them this valuable information. LUOGAGE. As to furniture, and iron-ware, I would by no means advise the emigrant to burden himself with such matters ; for he will find that by the time ho reaches his port of destination, the freightage, ware- house room, custom-house duties, and injuiy that they have sustained in the transit, Avill have made them dear l»argains, besides not })eing as suitable to the country as those things that are sold in the towns in Canada, Good clothing and plenty of good shoes and boots, are your best stores, and for personal luggage you will have no freight to pay. A list of the contents of each box or trunk, being put within the lid, and showed to the custom-house ofllcer, will save a great deal of unpacking and trouble. Any of your friends sending out a box to you, by forwarding an invoice and a low cstinmte of the value of the goods, the address of the party, and the bill of lading, properly signed by the captain to whose care i is assigned, to the 42 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. !,■ !' ■■ 1 , i t: forwarder at Montreal, will save both delay and expence. Macpher- Bon, Crane & Co., Montreal, or Gillespie & Company, with many others of equal respectability, may be relied upon. For upwards of twenty years I have had boxes and packages forwarded through Macpherson, Crane & Co., Montreal, without a single instance of loss: the bill of lading and invoice being always sent by post as soon as obtained : by attention to this advice much vexatious delay is saved, and the boxes pass unopened through the custom-house. I now copy for the instruction of the emigrant, the following ad. vice which was published in the "Old Countryman", an excellent Toronto bi-weekly paper : Emioration to Canada. — The arrangements made by the Go- vernment of Canada for the reception and protection of emigrants on their arrival at Quebec contrast in a remarkable manner with the want of such arrangements at New York, and the other ports of the United States, to which emigrants are conveyed from Europe. On the arrival of each enn'grant ship in the river St. Lawrence, she is boarded by the medical officer of the Emigrant Hospital at Grosse Isle, situated a few miles below Quebec, and, whenever disease pre- vails in a ship, the emigrants are landed, and remain at the hospital, at the expense of the Colonial Government, until they are cured.— On the ship's arrival at Quebec, Mr. Buchanan, the government agent of emigrants, proceeds at once on board, for it is his duty to advise and protect each emigi-aut on his arrival. ITe inquires into all complaints, and sees that the provisions of the Passenger Act are strictly enforced. This he is enabled to do in a most eftectual man- ner, as under an arrangement sanctioned by the Commissioners of Emigration in Great Britain, whenever an emigrant vessel leaves any British port for Quebec, the emigration officer of that port forwards to Mr. Buchanan, by mail steamer, a duplicate list of her passengers, with their names, age, sex, trade, &c. This list is usually received by him two or three weeks before the vessel reaches Quebec, so that ho is not only fully prepared for her arrival, but is furnished with every Particular which may be useful to him in protecting the emigrants.— f just cause of coni|ilaint exist, he institutes, under a very summary law of the Province of Canada, legal proceedings against themasler: but so thoroughly are the value and efficiency of this officer felt, that eince a very short period subsequent to his appointment, it has very rarely been found necessary to take such proceedings. In cases where emigrants have-arrived without sufficient funds to take them to places where employment is abundant and remunerative, their fares have been paid by Mr, Buchanan, out of the funds in his possession snip STORES, 4C. FOR THE VOYAGE. 43 Macpher- •with many upwards of ed through inceof loss: as soon as ay is saved, >llowing ad. in excellent by the Go- migrants on er with the ports of the lUrope. On •ence, she is il at Grosse disease pre- he hospital, re cured.— overnment his duty to u|uircs into vr Act are ctual man- ssioners of leaves any t forwariis passengers, eceived by so that he with every igrants.— 7 summary he master: r felt, that t, it has In cases e them to Itheir fares osscssiou ■I for the purpose. Emigrants from other than British ports experi- ence precisely the same protection at the hands of Mr. Buchanan.— In 18.53 about one-sixth of the emigration to Canada was G To the United States 10s. less is cbarged for any passenger under fourteen years of age ; to Canada one-lialf less is charged ; under twelve months often free of all charge. From London £1 higher is charged than the above rates. The rates of passage are higher than they were last year, on ac- count of the high prices of provisions and increased expenses in the fitting up of ships, caused by the regulations of the late acts of par- liament. Some steamers take passengers from Liverpool to Philadelphia for £8 8s. Od. Others go in summer from Liverpool to Montreal, in Canada, for £7 7s. Od., including provisions. In the winter months they go to Portland in Maine, where the iare, including railway fare, also is £7 7s. Od. : to New York it is £8 8s. Od. PURCHASE OP PASSAGE TICKETS. I would recommend emigrants to employ no one, but purchase for themselves at the Head Agency Office of the ship at the port of em- barkation ; or from the master of the ship in which they are about to sail ; where they will be more likely to be charged the market rate. This ticket should be given up to no one, but should be kept till after the end of the voyage by the passenger, in order that he may at all times know his rights. Ships with but one sleeping deck are preferable to those with two, on account of health ; aud the less crowded with passengers the bet- ter for comfort. * ''' '-if \ ^¥ As to those who wish to buy land, let them see it first, and avoid the neighbourhood of marshes, and rivers, where sickness is sure to prevail, f In the States of America, the price of Government land is One dollar and a quarter per acre. In Canada the government land is 7s. 6d. per acre. OUTFIT OF PROVISIONS, tJTENSILS AND BEDDING. The quantities of provisions which each passenger, fourteen years of age and upwards, is entitled to receive on the voyage to America, in- cluding the time of detention, if any, at the port of embarkation, are according to * The humane writer of the "Advice to Emigrants" from which the above remarks are taken, though a person of education and relinenient, and in delicate liealth, voluntarily chose to come out to CanacJa as a steerage passenger, that he might test in his own person the privntions and discom- forts to w hich the poorer eniiprnnt pasfcngers aro exposed, and be enabled to atlbrd suitable advice respecting the voyage-out to others. \ This rather belongs to pmall lakes and plow-flowingwnters with low fiat ihores. Rapid riveiB with high steep banks are not so unhealthy. !l^ 'nger under jed ; under IS. year, on ac- cuses in the acts of par- ade! phia for Montreal, in liter months •ailway tare, :)urcliase for port of era- ly are about 1 the market »uld he kept rder that he se with two, !;ers the bet- and avoid 33 is sure to tnment land government ' SHIP-STORES, AC, FOR THE VOYAGE. British Law, 45 n quarts of water daily. 2\ lbs of bread or biscuit weekly. 1 lb ^^*heaten flour f) lb oat meal • • • 2 lb rice 1 \ lb sugar* • weekly. 2 oz. tea, or 4 oz. coiibe or cocoa " 2 oz. salt American Law. 3 qts. of water daily. 2 J lb navy broad • ••• 1 lb wheatun Hour • • • 6 lbs outiiical 1 lb of salt pork (free from bone.) • weekly. ^ lb sugar 2 oz. tea 8 oz, of molasses and vin- weckly. egar According to an act of Parliament which came in force on 1st Oi. >ber, 1H52, certain articles may be substituted for the oatmeal and il ' the option of the master of the ship. In every Passenger ship issues of provisions shall be made daily before two o'clock in the afternoon, as near as may be in the propor- tion of one-seventh of the weeklv allowance on each day. I'he first of such issues shall be made before two o'clock in the afternoon of the day of embarkation to such passengers as shall be then on board, and all articles that require to be cooked shall be issued in a cooked state. 'J'his excellent Parliamentary regulation is often evaded. — Each passenger is entitled to lodgings and provisions on board from the day appointed for sailing in his ticket, or else to Is. per day, for every day of detention, and the same for forty-eight hours after ar- riving in America. |en years of LUierica, in- libarkation, which the lenient, and a BteeiaKC Ind cliscoiii- Ibe enabled \s with low dthy. EXTRA PROVISIOXS FOR THE VOYAGE. As respects extra provisions, as great a quantity as heretofore will probably not be required, if the ship's provisions are issued according to law, cooked. In my recent voyage in the "Washington from Liverpool to New- York, which voyage occu])ied thirty-seven days, 1 took out the fol- lowing extras, which 1 found (juite suilicient. IJ stone wheaten flour; G lbs bacon ; 2\ lbs butter ; a 4-lb loaf, hard l>aked ; J lb tea ; 2 lbs brown sugar ; salt, soaj), and bread soda for raising cakes. These ex- tras cost 10s. Gd. I also took the following articles — the prices us follows :— 46 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. If^ ' F p. d. Tin water-can holding six quarts • •• 8 Large tin hooked-saucepan 6 Frying pan 8 Tin wash-basin ' 6 Tin tea-pot • 4 Tin kettle 9 Two deep tin-plates 3 Two pint-mugs 3 Two knives, forks and spoons 9 Barrel and padlock for holding provisions • 1 Straw mattrass • • 1 Blanket, single • 2 Rugs 1 3 Sheets, each 10 J The handles and spouts of the tin-ware should be rivetted as well as soldered. Families would do well to take out a covered slop-pail and a broom. The bottoms of the chests and trunks should have two strips of wood nailed to them to keep them from the damp floor. In addition to the extra stores, a cheese, a few herrings, with some potatoes and onions may be added. [The eyes or shoots can be de- stroyed by drying the roots in an oven after the baking heat is off, for a few minutes ; or they may be rubbed off with a coarse cloth from time to time.] Preserved milk is also a good thing ; it can be kept good for some time. * As little luggage as possible should be taken, as the carriage often comes to as much as the first cost : woollen, and shoes, however, are cheaper at home, and therefore it is advisable to bring a good supply. Fruits and green vegetables should be eaten very sparingly at first: the free indulgence in fresh meat is also apt to bring on diarrhoea.— Many deaths happen in consequence of want of prudent attention to temperance in meats and drinks on first coming ashore. Emiouants on Landing, should not linger about the suburbs of the ports and large towns, but go at once into the interior, for it is one hundred chances to one against their getting employment at these seaports. There is a great propensity in the poorer sort of emigrants to linger idling about the cities, spending their time and their little means, often refusing work when it is oflercd them, till their last penny is spent, when the trunks and other property are seized to p ly for lodging. It is best to get work as fast aa possible, and it is unreason- able to look for the highest rate of wages till a little experience in * Fresh milk put into a close jar and set in a pot of water, heft boiling for six or eight hours, and when cool bottled and corked with wnxcd corks, will keep some time. An ounce of white pugar boiled with the milk or cream will help to preserve it; and just before bottling, a small quantity — half a tea-spooufui — of carbonate ofeoda, may be added. p. d. 1 • • • o ... 6 • . • o ... 6 t . . • 4 .... 9 ... o INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 47 . • . . 1 ... * 1 ....2 . • . * X 3 9 3 lOJ tted as well red slop-pail should have damp floor. s, with some s can be de- eat is off, for e cloth from can be kept irriage often lowcver, are ^ood supply. igly at first: liarrhoca.— ittention to suburbs of |or, for it is ?nt at these emigrants their little ' last penny I to p ly for unreuson- lerience in |e|)t boiling ixcd corks, Ithe milk or In quantity ■1% * 'm the work of the country has made thera expert in the handling of the tools, which are often very different to those with which they have been used to labour. Intoxicating drinks are unfortunately very cheap in America and Canada. They are a great curse to the emigrant, and the main ob- stacle to his bettering his condition. Emigrants would do well to take the temperance pledge before sailing; as no liquors are allowed on board ship, they will have a beautiful opportunity of breaking themselves in to total abstinence of a practice which is injurious to health, expensive and selfish, as it robs them of the power of main- taining their families and adding to their comforts."'— »^b ridged from " Immigration to America" by Vere Foster, Esq. I have given you the substance of this valuable advice to emi- grants, with here and there a few words added or omitted' as the case might be. I have omitted saying that the most eligible part of Canada for emigrants desiring to buy wild land, is the western portion of the Upper Province, or that peninsula that lies between the great waters of Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron and the smaller lake Simcoe. Rail- roads and public works are being carried on in this part of the coun- try ; the land is of the richest and most fertile description, and the climate is less severe. The new townships afford excellent chances for mechanics settling in small villages, where such trades as the shoemaker, blacksmith, carpenter, wheelwright and others, are much needed, and in these new settlements labour of this kind pays well, because there is less competition to regulate the prices. It is a good thing for those who grow up with a new place ; they are sure to be- come rich men. I will also add a piece of additional advice. Let the immigrant on landing at any of the frontier towns ask for the Government agent but if none be resident in the place, and he is at a loss for advice as to the best mode of proceeding, let him then enquire for the clergy- man, the mayor or one of the head gentlemen or merchants of the town. These persons have no interest to deceive or mislead in any way, and will give you all the information that you may need as to the best way of lodging; and disposing of your family, and also the most likely persons to afford you employment. 48 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. In Toronto Mr. Ilawke, the Crown Agent, will give all attention to you : he is a man whose knowledge is only surpassed by his up- rightness and benevolence. You have only to ask his address ; any one will direct you to his office. One more piece of advice I would give to mothers who have young girls whom they may think proper to put to service ; or to servant girls who come out without parents to act for them. Be careful how you enter into low families such as the keepers of low boarding houses or taverns, without endeavouring to learn something of the character of the parties, and by no means let relations or friends se- parate in a strange place without making some written note of their place of abode or future destination : by such carelessness many young people have lost all trace of their fathers and mothers, sisters and brothers, or of the friend under whose care they were placed by their relatives, and have suffered the most painful anxiety. Negli- gence of this kind is very much to be condemned and should be avoided. This is an error that often arises from ignorance and want of proper consideration. Perhaps you who read this book may deem such advice uncalled for, and so it may be in the case of all careful and thoughtful persons ; but these may come out in the same vessel with others who are of a reckless, improvident nature, on whom they may impress the value of the advice here given. Among the Irish and even more cautious Scotch emigrants I have met with many many instances of children being left in a strange land without a trace of their place of residence being preserved, — the children in their turn having no clue by which to discover their parents. rOSTAOR. In Canada the rates of postage are not high, though still they are greater than in the old country. Three-pence will pay a single letter to any part of the Province, and 7jd. to Great Britain, if marked Tia, Halifax : if sent unmarked it goes through the United States and costs lOd. postage. In every large town once or •ice a month a printed list of un- claimed letters lying at the Pc ^ 'Office is published in one of the newspapers, by which regulatio - very few letters are lost. i 'I VALUE OF LAND. 49 Owing' to the rapid progress made in the Province during the last few j'curs in population, trade, agriculture and general improvement, lumls have increased in value, and it now requires as many pounds to j)urcliase a farm as formerly it cost dollars. The growth of towns and villages, the making of roads, gravel, plank and now rail-roads; the building of bridges, the improvement of Hiland navigation, mills of all sorts, cloth fi - *'^s, and the opportu- nities of attending public worship have, under a peaceful government, ellected this change ; and wise men will consider that the increased value of lands is a convincing proof of the flourishing condition of the peoj)lc and the resources of the country, and feel encouraged By the prospect of a fair return for capital invested either in land or any other speculation connected with the merchandize of the country. The crown lands to the Westward, in the newly surveyed counties, are selling at 12s. Gd. currency per acre. The soil is of great fertility; and to this portion of the Province vast numV»ers are directing their steps ; certain that in a few years the value of these +)ush farms will be increased fourfold ; but let none but the strong in arm and will go upon wild land. The giants of the forest are not brought down without much severe toil ; and many hardships must be endured in a backwoodsman's life, especially by the wife and children. If all pull together, and the women will be content to bear their part with cheerfulness, no doubt success will follow their honest endeavours.— But a wild farm is not to be made in one, two or even five years.— 1'hc new soil will indeed yield her increase to a large amount, but it takes years to clear enough to make a really good farm, to get barns and sheds and fences and a comfortable dwelling-house : few persons accomplish all this under ten, fifteen and sometimes even tw'enty years. I am speaking now of the poor man, whose only capital is his labour and that of his family ; and many a farmer who now rides to market or church in his own waggon and with his wife and children, well and even handsomely clad, by his side, has begun the world in Canada with no other capital. It is true his head has grown grey while these comforts were being earned, but he has no parish poor-house in the distance to look forward to as his last resource, or the bitter legacy of poverty to bequeath to his famishing children and broken-hearted widow. And with so fair a prospect {"or the future, wives aud mothers 50 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. will strive to bear with patience the trials and toils which lead to no desirable an end, but leu not the men rashly and unadvisedly adopt the life of settlers in the Bush, without carefully considering the advantag:cs and disadvantages that this mode of life ofier over any other ; next his own capabilities for succ osfully carrying it into effect, and also those of his wife ^nd family : if he be by nature in- dolent, and in temper desponding, easily daunted by diliiculties and of a weak frame of body, such a life would not suit him. If his wife be a weakly woman, destitute of mental energy, unable to bear up under the trials of life, she is not fit for a life of hardship— it will be useless cruelty to expose her to it. If the children are very young and helpless, they can only increase the settler's difficulties, and render no assistance in the work of clearing ; but if on the contrary the man be of a hardy, healthy, vigorous frame of body, and c cheer- ful, ho[)eful temper, with a kind partner, willing to aid both within doors and without, the mother of healthy children, then there is every chance that they will become prosperous settlers, an honor to the country of their adoption. The sons and daughters Mill be a help to them instead of a drawback, and the more there are from six years old and ujnvards to lend a hand in the work of clearing, the better for them : they will soon be beyond the reach of poverty. It is such settlers as these that Canada requires and will receive with joy To all such she bids a hearty welcome and God speed ; and I trust the intelligent wives and daughters of such settlers may derive some as- sistance in their household labours from the instruction conveyed to them as well as to others in the pages of this book, which is not in- tended to induce any one to emigrate to Canada, but to instruct them in certain points of household economy, that they may not have to learn as many have done, by repeated failures and losses, the simi)le elements of Canadian housekeeping. Among the many works most particularly valuable for afibrding the best information for Kmigrants, I would jioint out "Brown's Tiew's of Canada and the Colonists, Second Edition, P^dinburgh, 1851," and Major Strickland's " Twenty-seven years' residence in Canada." The former supplies all necessary statistics, written with nmch good sense judgment and ability, while the latter, besides being very amusing, DESCRIPTION OP A NEW SETTLEMENT. 51 5 which lead 1 unadvisedly ^ consideritij^ lb ofl'er over iTyiiig it into by nature in- iiliculties and If his wife le to bear up ip — it will be ■e very young 2g, and render contrary the id c cheer- both within there is every honor to the 1 be a help to rom six years g, the better It is such ith joy To 1(1 1 trust the ive some as- conveyed to ich is not in- nstruct them not have to b, the simple [or afibrdinp [wn's T lew's 1851, ''ami lada." The I good sense ry amusing, ¥■ contains the best practical advice for all classes of settlers ; but un- fortunately is published at a i)rice that j)laces it out of the reach of the " reoplc." It is a ])ity that the plain, practical portion of the work is not i.^sued in a j)anij)hlet form, at a rate which woidd place it at once within the means of the poorer class of emigrants, to whom it would be invaluable, as it gives every j)ossible instruction that they require as back-woods settlers. i?. 1 DESCRII'TIOX OF A NEW SETTLEMENT. Extracted from Major Stricn'hind's " Tivcnty-scven years^ Residence in Canada West.'^ "On the IGth of May, 1826, I moved up with all my goods and chattels, which were then easily packed into a single-horse waggon, and consisted of a ])lougli-iron, six pails, a sugar-kettle, two iion pots, a tVying-i)au with a long handle, a tea-kettle, a low cups and saucers,^' a chest of carpenter's tools, a Canadian axe, and a cross-cut saw. " My stock of provisions comprised a parcel of groceries, half * bari'cl of jjoi'k, and a barrel of flour. " 'J'he roads were so bad (in those days when there were no roads) tluit it took n;e three days to perform a journey of little more than iifly mik's. ['i'his was twenty-eight years ago, let it be remembered, when travelling was a matter of great difliculty.] We, that is my two labourers and myself, had numerous upsets, but reached at last the promised land. " My friends in Douro turned out the next day and assisted me to put up the walls of my shanty and roof it with basswood troughs, and it was completed bei'ore dark. ['J'his shanty was for a temporary shelter only, while working on the chopping, and preparing lor the building of a good log-house.] " I was kept busy for more than a week chinking between the logs, and i)!astering up all the crevices, cutting out the doorway and place for the window-casing, then nudther to sup])ort my bed, ■vvliich was a gocd one, and the only article of luxury in my possession. " I had ioolishly hired two Irish emigrants who had not been in Canada longer than myself, and of course knew nothing of either chopping, logging or fencing, or indeed of any work belonging to the country. The consecjuence of this imprudence was that the first ten acres I cleared cost me nearly £5 an acre — at least £2 more than it should have done. * " I found chopping in the summer months very laborious. I should have underbrushed my fallow in the fall before the leaves fell, and cho])ped the large timber during the winter months, when I should havt* had the warm weather for logging and burning, Avhich should be completed by the first day of September. For want of experi- ence it was all uphill work with me. ■Jr ■» * * * * " A person who understands chopping can save himself a good deal of trouLle and hard work by making what is called a Plan heap. Three or four of tliesc may be made on an acre, but not more. The largest and most dillicult trees are felled, the limbs only being cut off and piled. Then all the trees that Avill fall in the same direction should be thrown along on the top of the others, the more the bet- ter chance of burning well. " If you succeed in getting a good fallow, the chances are, if your plan-heaps are well made, that the timber will be for the most part consumed, which will save a great many blows with the axe, and some heavy logging, f " As soon as the ground was cool enough after the burn was over, I made a Logging Bee, at which I had five yoke of oxen and twenty men. The teamster selects a large V ; to commence a heap — one which is too pondrous for the cattle to draw : against this the other logs are drawn«and piled : the men with handspikes roll them up one above the other, until the heap is seven or eight feet high and ten or twelve broad — all the chips, sticks, roots, and other rubbish are thrown up on the top of the heap. A team and four men can pick and log an acre a day if the burn has been good. * Tiie usual price for chopping, lodging and fencing an nrre of hardwood land is from eleven to twelve dollars ; but if the pine, hemlock and spruce preclomiuate, tourteen dollars is given. t I have been told that in the western townships where the land is very heavily tiinbered, the usual phui now n(]opted by llie settlers is to chop one year and let the timber lie till the following year when it is lired. The lire burns all up, so that a few charred log.s and brands which are easily logged up is all that remain. This lightens the labour! am told very much ; it is practised in the " Queeu'd Bush." 'i 1 i s 1 S ::K' '\\ -ill b wt u.- DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SETTLEMENT. 53 " yiy hive worked well, for we had five acres log-g-ed and fired that nijrht. ' On a (hvi'k niulit a hundn;d or two of such lieaps all on fire at once have a very fine effect, and shed a broad glare of ligiit over the country fur a considerable distiaice. * * * * * * " My next steps towards my houso-buihlin;^ was to build a limo heap for the plasterinf? of my walls and building my chimneys. "We Bet to work, and built an immense log heap : we made a frame of logs on the top of the heap to keep tlie stone from falling over the side. We drew twentv cart loads of limestone broken up small with a sledge hammer, v Jcli was piled into the frame, and fire apj)lied below. Til is is the easiest way in the busk of getting a supply of this useful material. " 1 built my house of elm logs, thirty-six feet long by twenty-four feet wide, which I divided into three rooms on the ground floor l)esidc.s an entrance-hall and staircase, and three bed-rooms above. I Avas busy till October making shingles, roofing, cutting out the door and windows, and hewing the logs smooth inside with broad axe." [Then follows a description and direction for making shingles.] In the XII chapter we have an excellent passage about the choice of land, but I must refer my reader to the work itself for that, and many other most valuable hints, and go ou to select another passage or two on building &c. " The best time of the year to commence operations is early in ►Sept. The weather is then moderately warm and pleasant, and there are no flies in the bush to annoy you. " A log-shanty twenty-four feet long by sixteen feet wide is large enough to begin with, and should be roofed with shingles or troughs.* A cellar should be dug near the fire-place commodious enough to contain twenty or thirty bushels of potatoes, a barrel or two of pork or other matters. " As soon as your shanty is completed, measure off as many acres as you intend to chop during the winter, and mark the boundaries by a blazed-line [notched trf js] on each side. The next operation is to cut down all the small trees and brush — this is called under-brushing". The rule is, to cut down every thing close to the ground from the diameter of six inches and under. " There are two modes of piling, either in heaps or windrows. If I your fallow be full of })ine, hendock, balsam, cedar and the like, then ; 1 should advise windrows ; and when hardwood predominates, heaps "* 1 his is a chopper's shanty : a good shelter for those who are clearinqf \m the bush or lumbering. It bhould be chinked, and made wind and water I tight. 54 FEMALR KMir.RAXTS GUIDE. m are hotter. Tlic hrnsh should he carefully piled and laid all one war, hy which means it packs and hums better. "'I'lic ciioppiny- now ho'-ins, and may ho followed without inter- ruption until the season for su^ar-mukini^ connnences. The heads of the trees should be thrown on the heaps, or windrow ; this a bkiU'ul cho])per will seldom fail to do. "The trunks of the trees must be cut into lengths from fourteen to sixteen feet, according to the size of the timber. * * ^ ***** "The emigrant should endeavour to get as much chopping done the first three years as possible, as after that time, he will have many other things to attend to. [It is a mistake to clear more wild land than a man and his family can work-, as it is apt to get overrun with a second growth of brtish and the fire-weed, and give a great deal of troul)le, besides making a dirty-looking, slovenly farm.] " In the month of May, the settlers should log up three or four acres for spring cro])s, such as potatoes, (which are always a great crop in the new soil,) Indian corn and turnips, which last require to be pitted or stored from the effects of the severe winter frost. "The remainder of the fallow should be burnt off and logged up in July ; the rail-cuts split into (luarters and drawn aside ready for sj)litting up into rails. After the log-heaps are burned out, rake the ashes while hot into heaps, if you intend to make potash.* " As soon as the settler is ready to build, let him if he can command the means, put up a good , frame, rough-cast, or a good stone-honsc. AVith the addition of £150 in cash, and the raw material, a substantial family-house can l)e built which will last a vast number of years." ^ So far my brother. I will now add a few remarks myself. There are many very substantial dwellings now seen on the old clearing?, builtof stone collected from the surface of the field. These are faced with a proper instrument into forjn, and in skilful hands are used as a proper building material. They have rather a motley surface, unless the building is rough-cast, but are very warm in winter and cool in summer. I like the deep recesses which the windows form in this sort of building ; they remind one of some of the old-fashioned houses at * See chap. xiii. page 17U, " Twenty-seven years residence in Qanada West." I could, with great advantage to the emis;rant, have made more copious extracts from my brothei '3 useful work, but 1 must content myself with such as more especi;illy bear upon the subject of the fiist settlement. It is much to be regretted that the liigh price ot these volumes places the work out of the power of the poorer class of the settlers, who would have found much that was praciicully useful to them, as well as to the reader to whom it is more particularly addressed. A ctieap abridgment would be very useful to all classes of emigrants, and I hope may be pubhslied soon. ♦S id •"»:'■ INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 05 1 all one •wav, vithout intcr- The liciuls of this a skilful m fourteen to hopping done ill have inivny lore wild land , overrun with I great deal of three or fonr always a great last require to frost. [f and logged n aside ready irncd out, rake lotash.'^ # can command |1 stone-house. , a substantial of years." [yself. There old clearing?, Iiese are faced are used as a [urface, unless ;v and cool in .; n in this sort led houses at ^ |e ia Qauada .| uore copious myself witli Muent. It is \es the work huve found ler to whom lid be very 1 soon. lionip, v/ith low window seats. I enjoy to sit in these gossiping corners. A good verandah round takes off from the patchy look of these stone- houses. 'J'hcn there is the strip-house, and the vertical clapboard, or jdaiik-house, and the block-house, cither upright or horizontally laid ; all those are preferable in every respect to the connnon log-house or to the shanty ; but persons must be guided by their circumstances in building. Jjut those who can afford a hundred or two pounds to make themselves comi'ortable, do so at once, but it is not wise to ex- j)end all their ready money in building a frame house at first. Among other reasons I would ui-ge one, which is : — in buildl.ig oa wild laud, owing to the nature of the forest land, it is very diiliclt to .-elect a good rite for a house or the best ; and it is mortifying to lint out thai, you have selected the very least eligible on the land for the residcr.v e : it is better to bear with cheerfulness a small evil for a ye^v or two than have a ceaselcs^s cause of regret for many years. It i ; sJways neces- saty to have wat(?r both for household purposes and near the cattle- yard. Good chain pumps can now be bought at a cost of a few dollars ; and for soft water, tanks lined with water-lhne can be constructed to any size. This is a great comfort if properly finished with a i)ump — the coldest water can be obtained ; the expense ia proportioned to the size. In building a house a cellar lined with stone or cedar slabs or ver- tical squared posts, and well lighted and ventilated, is a great object: ii will be found the most valuable room in the house. The comfort of buch an addition to the dwelling is in. -i' aiable ; and I strongly commend the utility of it to every person who would enjoy sweet wholesome milk, butter or any sort of provisions. A good house is nothing, wanting this convenience, and the poorest log-house is the better for it ; but the access to the under-ground apartment should not be in the floor of the kitchen or any public passage : many limbs are broken yearly by this careless management. An entrance below the stairs or in some distant corner, wild a post and rail to guard it, is just as easy as in the centre of a floor wliere it forms a fatal trap for the careless and unwary. An ice-house in so warm a climate as the summer months present, is also a great luxury. The construction is neither expensive nor dif- ficult, and it would soon pay itself. Fresh meat can be hung up for 56 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. % any time uninjured in tlic icc-liouso, -vvlicn it would be spoiled by the ordinary suinnior-heat in any other situation. A lump of ice put into the drinking water, cools it to a delightful tem})erature, and every one who has experienced the comfort of iced butter, and the luxury of iced creams, will agree with me it is a ])ity every housewife has not such a convenience at her comnumd as an ice-house. I have placed my notice of this article in the chapter that is more particularly addressed to the men, because it depends upon them and not upon their wives, having these comforts constructed. A little at- tention to the conveniences of the house, and to the wishes of the mispress in its fitting up and arrangements, would save much loss and greatly promote the general hapi)iness. Where there is a willingness on the husband's part to do all that is rea3onal)le to promote the internal comfort ; the wife on hers must cheerfully make the best of her lot — remembering that no state in life, however luxurious, is without its trials. Nay, many a rich wonuin would exchange her aching heart and weary spirit, for one cheerful, active, healthy day spent so usefully and tranquilly as inthe Canadian sottl(M''s humbl(> log-house, surrounded by a happy, busy family, enjoying what she cannot amid all her dear- bought luxuries, have the satisfaction of :i hopeful and contented heart. I < REMARKS OP SECURITY OV PEIiSOX AND PROrERTY IX CANADA. There is one thing which can hardly fail to strike an emigrant from the Old Country, on his arrival in Cai;;ula. It is this, — The feeling of complete security which he enjoys, whether in his own dwelling or in his journeys abroad through the land. He sees no fear — he need see none. lie is not in a land spoiled and ro1)bed, where every nuin'a hand is against his fellow — where envy and distrust beset him on every side. At first indeed he is surprised at the apparently stupid neglect of the proper means of sectu'ity that he notices in the dwellings of all classes of pc^ople, especially in the lonely country places, where the want of security would really invite rapine and muvder. "ITow is this," lie says, "you use neither bolt, nor lock, nor bar. I sec no shutter to your windows ; miy, you sleep often with your doors ojten upon ilic latch, and in summer with open doors and win■„ r- , "-^ *''° '■""'■^^Rri' IN CANADA 57 fnend reply smilino- • - i,„,„ „,„ ^' -,-.hori,. bars uo.VolttZ , I"! "'"^"^'' ^^ Our safetv lie, people whose necessities are nt""?""'^ """ '™ ""^ -""-oi ;«- ■ neither a. our riehes s^ ZtlZuS ''^" '" ^'^'^ '^« for they eonsist not in glitterin,. jewels ,? • "'""' """" '» '''"' »s. " «ut even food and clothe! '"' "" ^"'''•" ,.„,^^ ., clothes th„s carelessly guarded are tempta- statrr' i3 the inrerence tha. the no. eonter draws Tro. '^, That he is in a country wborp f?m • i ,.. because they are enabled' b tt ett' H^ "' ^"^-«""^ "-"-*, ;■" "' "^™"''nee the necessaries on fe "i""';-"^- '>»*- to ob- l;m that it is the miseries arisin. C 1 T ," "<" ^'» P™ve to Men do not often violate thhw of T '^^^ """'"""'=« »™'e.- by necessity. Ph,ee the po I j^ 1°T> ."""^^ -irivcn to do so bread ia Canada where ho sees \!r V" ™^ "^ -=»"•»? his "■"'ho can win by honest ttiard™?, "" '"■"■■'" "'«-' '^d" ""-' look beyond that grave of a «oor ™ ' ^" """ ''"''^ "P ">« head ho-o-andsoe in the far-olF vL.a'a horV""^"'^ P''™" »»* ■"ft '";™ '•""■^''. and can go dow„ to hi, "'' "'""'' *'' O'™ that he has left a name au.l f u^ 7 '^''™ *"h the thought. ™en like this do not ste"! ""'"""' '^"' '''» -^''"J'^n after him:!!! Hobbory is not a crime of „„ " ;-t- towns such acts" ol ~ l"""™"" '" ^"-"^ J" '" "--ertyis to be found bariL:™"""'""'' '^ '' ^^ there ere you „,ay sleep with your door nnb r ,"1"°" '" '""""•^ ?'««'• «'le.,ce is rarely, if eve, abused your ,n ! , '"'''■ ^'o"'' «»«. ^^■hon I lived in the , . " "^ ""^"^^ ^'''"*''- ;'o... .he door .:!J t :*::!ir' «^ ,r -^ »y other habita. ;-> -.d lain d„.n before {X l"""?,''*' " ^'^'^"^ •>-' on- "« nu'inestioned. In the early s at "f2?M ""'■'"'' '" "'« "><>">■ ■i' t 58 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDK. % fy I I t> 1 I) I aa, pass the night with or without leave, arise by the first dawr. of day, gather their garments about them, resume tlieir weapons, and silently and noiselessly depart. Sometimes a leash of wild ducks hung to the door-latch, or a haunch of venison left in the kitchen, would be Ibuud as a token of gratitude for the warmth and shelter afforded them. Many strangers, both male and female, have found shelter un ler our roof, and never were we led to regret that we had not turned the houseless wanderer from our door. It is delightful this consciousness of perfect security : your hard is against no man, and no man's hand is against you. "We dwell in peace among our own people. What a contrast to my home, in England, ■where by sunset every door was secured with locks and heavy bars and bolts ; every window carefully barricaded, and every room and corner in and around the dwelling duly searched, before we ventured to lie down to rest, lest our sleep should be broken in upon by the midnight thief. As night drew on, an atmosphere of doubt and dread seemed to encompass one. The approach of a stranger wns* beheld with suspicion ; and however great his need, we dared not a I ford him the shelter of our roof, lest our so doing should open tli .» door to robber or murderer. At first I could hardly understand why it happened that I never felt the same sensation of fear in Canada is I had done in England. My mind seemed lightened of a heavy b r- den ; and I, who had been so timid, grew brave and fearless amid i lie gloomy forests of Canada. Now, I know how to value this gr at blessing. Let the traveller seek shelter in the poorest shanty, am(v g the lowest Irish settlers, and he need fear no evil, for never havi- 1 heard of the rites of hospitality being violated, or the country «iis- graced by such acts of cold-blooded atrocity as arc recorded by 1 'le public papers in tlie Old Country. Here wc have no bush-rangers, no convicts to disturb the peace of the inhabitants of the land, as in Australia. No savage hordes .tf Caffres to jnvade and carry off our cattle and stores of grain as jil the Cape; but peace and industry are on every side. ''The land is nl rest and breaks forth into singing." Surely wo ought to be a hiijipy and a contented people, full of gratitude to tliat Almighty Cod s\\.o has given us this fair and fruitful land to dwell in. t clawi: of cJar, IS, and silently ^s hung to the ould be .'bund ded them. shelter im ler lot turned the your hard is iwell in peace r in England, d heavy bars y room and Ave ventured "pon by the doubt and stranger was lared not al iJd open til ,) 3rstand why Canada is heavy b 'r- ss amid i !ie this gr at nty, ame, g- 3ver have I ountry (ifg. cJed by 1 'le peace of ' hordes ,>f rniin as .•(( land is al - a Jliljtjiy God wlio XATL'RAL PRO "'"■""- ^«™^-"'o» OK ™e ro«..,T. 59 ■n ;t m„l,i,.. ,„o,, than „„,u„„'';";t T, ""= S™""^. '- sees to fctroy : |,e does not k„o,v ,1 „ , "'•"""" ''^''^^ '' « hi, lot --- - "■■■^ ^0.0.0. . j;;;:r: trt;:t:r "^' '° '^^ JLet us now pause for o f. • ^^"^ loie^t. -*en-.l i. tl,eLoa,i; bo "oI'T" r""" "•" -"'^'J- ->-t raw "'■J Ins fa,„il;,. ^ '' "™*<"' -P for tho use „f the K,„igr J «f '^:xz^;t t:: ^x^^^- ;» «- ^*e o^ the or |( spread abroad i„ „ « neJfoZ '> "P' """'' ''^^"^ ^^ «oft: -"^ or tI,o virgiu soil, ro,„Ie,. 1 t Z: '!?■''' ''" "^'"""'•^'"= "■« -? gram crop.,. R-om tl.e • m, " l'""^ ^^ ■'^"■"""« '-»•.,. »»ke broo™ to s,veop thehous ttob """T" ""'P k,,!,, can II-o biekory, oak and 'roek-eln, 11 ' "'''^ "^""" ""^ doors.- ""f 0. !.>,„, ,,, „„; ■ PP'^ "- '-"'"OS and other useful h« loff-hou,,e is roofed. The W ?,""''' '*'"''«'«"vith wl.ieh »-.y other forest trees ea„ be ,a tof f :'" ''"^^-« J- oalc and ^ock and oak furni.-h I^-inds of wild fruita Ij'iHv for tanning the sh ■oots and flowers. The hem- wilds are the spontane oes 1 '!« wears. IVIany O ^'^^° '^^•f'^t shelter A^wl and hi ^^^^"^^ ^-^ ^^ ^- "se ; the lakes and The sk i"'^ of the Avild '''' growth of the woods and streams wild I''''oni the bird; canoe that ni rht II a til animals reward the hunte ousand useful r and trajiper. much sKiJl as tl ^:':^awi,i(o settlor has le' ;'^<;"f s can be n.ade. and the \ '^' native hu\ *>'• ">ust wo omit tl inn. a'-Hod to make with as ^^ the senior its 10 ]'i"oduct of the '''-•--•"thesapro '17'''' "r''''"' "•'"'■'' ^''-^ ^ "' ""=""■■ '""'"sses aud vinegar. 1^' r' .^nr- 60 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. These are a few of the native resources of the forest. True they are not to be obtained without toil, neither is the costly product of the silkworm, the gems of the mine, or even the coarsest woollen gar- ment made without labour and care. ■ H ■ l| A FEW HINTS ON GARDENING. • Owing to the frosts and chilling winds that prevail during the month of April, and often into the early part of May, very little work is done in the garden excepting it be in the matter of planting out trees and bushes ; grafting and ])runlng, and preparing the ground by rough digging or bringing in manure. The second week in May is generally the time for putting in all kinds of garden seeds : any time from the first week in May to the last, sowing may be carried on. Kidney beans are seldom quite secure from frost before the 2r)th. I have seen both beans, melons, and cucumbers cut off in one night, when they were in six or eight leaves. If the season be warm and showery early sowing may succeed, but unless guarded by glass, or oiled-paper I'ramcs, the tender vegetables should hardly be put in the open ground before the IStli or 20th May : corn is never sale before that time. The coldness of the ground and the sharpness of the air, in some seasons, check vegetation, so that the late sowers often suc- ceed better than they who put the seeds in early. Having given some directions in various places about planting corn, potatoes, melons, and some other vegetables, I shall now add a few memoranda that n)ay be useful to the emigrant-gardener. If you wish to have strong and early cabbage-plants, sow in any old boxes or even old sugar-troughs, putting some manure at the bottom, and six or eight inches of good black leaf-mould on the top, and set in a sunny aspect. The plants thus sown will not be touched Ijy the fly. If sown later in May, set your trough on some raised place, and water them from time to time. Or you may sow on the open ground, and sprinkle wood-ashes or soot over the ground : this will protect the plants. — The fly also eats off seedling tomatoes, and the same sprinkling will be necessary to preserve them. In sowing peas, single rows are better in this country than double ones, as unless there bo a good current of air among the plants they are apt to be mildewed. liettuces sow themselves in the fall, and you may plant them ont early in a bed, when they will have the start of those sown in the middle of May. Those who have a root-house or cellar usually store their cabbago.«? in the I'ullowiiig way : they tie several together by the stem near tho root, and then hang them across a line or pole head downwards : others pit them head downwards in a pit in the earth, and cover them '!■ I it True they itly product of it woollen gar- il during the y, very little r of planting ig the ground week in May n seeds : any be carried on. the 2r)th. I in one night, be warm and by glass, or bo put in the !r sale before ss of the air, irs often suc- aving given 'n, potatoes, memoranda vish to havo or even old six or eight iinny aspect. f sown later r them from md sprinkle le plants. — first with dry straw nnri +1, . , ^^ the root shou d be Ztl^'u '''^^' ^^^^h above that Th . ^•iil afford good earit / "^^ ^^ ^^" ^^Pn»g- when if nlo ^Z*^*" ^'^*^^» not to be hfd^^.^' '^''^' ^-^er greens at L^Tn ^^Z^^^ ihere are manv snb^fif,,*^ /• s:^z^ i ":?«*" "h/aSn" err- ^ -'-^ "- to^poW; '„"- '^ -'». but m. a,.o :S:;:^S^-W Aoon.i K.,1 .. .. "^^^"^ valuable as a cut- 62 FEMALE EMIGRANTS OUIDE. Sweet Marjoram is not commonly met with. I would also bring out some nice flower-seeds, and also veo^etable seeds of p-ood kinds, especially fine sorts of cabbage. You should learn to save your own seeds. Good seeds will meet with a market at the stores. t-' P < The following plain, practical hints on the cultivation of ordinary garden vegetables, taken from Fleming's printed catalogue, will be found useful to many of our readers. — Most kinds of seeds grow more freely if soaked in soft water from twelve to forty-eight hours before sowing ; seeds of hard nature such as blood-beet, numgel and sugar beets, nasturtium, &c., often fail from want of attention to this circumstance. Rolling the ground after sowin Dlaml th. "^ ■'*'"P''f pinch .|„ien,i-,i''','''«i''''"t>i have iave l,.,„(. ^ """ "'™"' ^"" siJ . shoots, o« S ?o, '°°'' *'"''='' "'"l Carrots -Thn . "'"^ "P""* '» ;.-'' : oil. th.t^ "£:;'* -'''^ ^•™™" <•«'■ ff-win. Carrot, • . ""'' '■> -M»v, i„ drill., o, ?o ,; fn ","'■"' ," « P'-evio',s S ' «„' *'P , ■•■'? "- Can.„,3 a„ .';■"■ '"'""^^^ "' '■•-■■''I s.vstcm theS ' '""■'■' '"'-'*• lucuSt- '!'"' "*«•«"> "S""' " '^ '''^'' "^■"- £ '- 'p^" as;^^Sie r;: ^■^"l .1 little Jlth tt;?" ^ ''^^■•" l>«''o file ri;r^'?.'^^^«^-«tho ^'"•^ seed ; s) a e t! o ^'1 ^" P^' ^ '« ^P'^ 'e sTt a Si '«'"' * ^^^^ tho ^M>PPar. CV e vni . ''"^ ^^''^^^ '^ »^ it .-i bo'l ?• .^ ^"^ ^^"-^h over -^on as they ;7 ;;'f, ^.'^''^t to br pl.^ed l*'i^ ^^^^^ ^e.^in to ^s a corroctivp f A n '^ ir. 64 FEMALE KMIGItANTS GUIDE. f . pillars of the Terandah, or porrli, of thedwelling-honsc ; or in hills in the garden. When in open ground, the hop must be supported with poles at least ten or fifteen feet high, set firmly in the ground. — The hop must be planted in very rich mould, and early in the Spring, that is before the sprouts begin to shoot above the ground. Two good buds at least are required for every root that you set. The Hop seldom is of much benefit the first year that it is planted, though if the ground be very rich, and the roots strong, the vines will pro- duce even the first year. A* little stirring of the mould, and a spade- ful or two of fresh manure thrown on the plant in the fall, when the old runners have been cut down, will ensure you a fine crop the second year. Hops will always sell well if carefully harvested. In another part of the book I mention that they should be gathered fresh and green : dull, faded, frost-bitten hops are of little worth. When plucked they should be carefully picked from leaves and stalks, and spread out on a clean floor in a dry chamber ; and when quite dry packed closely into bags and hung up in a dry place. Many persons content themselves with cutting the vines long after they are ripe for gathering, and throwing them into a lumber room, there to be plucked as they are required ; but this is a very slovenly way. Children can pick hops at the proper season, and store them by when dry, without much labour, and just as well as the mother could do it herself. The following article I have selected from the Old Countryman, a popular and useful Canadian paper : — " QARDENIXG. " We feel bound constantly to urge upon the attention of our read- ers the profit and importance of a good gavan. J\> influence is good every way. It spreads the table with palatable and nutiltious food, and fills the dessert dishes with luxuries, and thus saves the cash ■which must otherwise be paid for beef, ham, veal, and lamb ; besides promoting the health and spirits more than the meat would. Then a good garden is a civilizer. The garden and orchard beautify the home wonderfully and kindle emotions which never die out of the heart. But wc must say a word or two on individual plants, and first of— Asparagus. This is a delicious vegetable. What the old bed re- quires id the Spring is to cut oflf the last year's stalks just above the ground, and burn them t loosen the earth about the roots, and clean up the whole bed. As the sweetness and tenderness of this plant depends upon its rapidity of growth, the soil should be made very rich. Beans should be planted as soon as you feel secure from frost. — They are ornamental when planted in hills two or more feet apart, with birch sticks stuck about the edge, and tied together at the top. OAKl^EMAG, 65 'i'iien there are neas nT„7 i . ^' balsams and car^ o, J-'l"' ^'•''»™"•"^' ^pot ^' IT L,*;" ',' '^ ''?^'^' ^ye need not gS to'^he S T ^^'^ "'^"<^ners^Mhe flow ^'""^^''^^^ especialJy iu sucJi n M . ! "^^'^^ ^°^ Poetry, it is natmi f ^''f ^^^^^n. ^ iu .^ucii a group as thisA ^® everywhere, but If but our watchful eyes ^ ' Can trace ,t midst familia'r hin.. vve insist upon it fhnf ^^ - ^ ^ namental. It will ,', ^^'^'"^ '^ ^inie with all to hn • i he new settler win i — ' ■'lacii mould of (1,„ , ™^ "'^ *''« 'ommoncst nnt ? f " '" S-'vo to climate where hotZT' ""• ™'' «"«= «?tat':.f •« ^''"^ "<•■'' niauy davs toffelltr .i V"^'-'""- "''""J raiiEes frnm «o°l 'i"' ^»" "• a Wes andfruit to ;'Tf l"""^ ""o summer monil IT®" , *" "« o f„ country or t)^/ ^''^ ^'7 rapidly ^,?/i ',^'''"^8 both veireta • ,^a«t of To So «LT;,'""l"P'="^'' 'ha ii'SSlff? ^,""'"''' J^i-ie '-« -P the '«'^ P-W'lt ^;^^^^^^^^ • 66 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. ■'V;! irrapc, with many other kinds are rarely met with in tlio eastern por- tion of the I'rovince, unless trained on south walls, and protected durinp^ tlie cold season. Pears, however, will prrow well : Apples of the finest quality, and many other fruits in the townships between Toronto and Montreal. I have heard that the apples of the Lower Province are considered by horticulturists to be of the finest quality. There are several sorts of apples in great repute in our orchards, and should be cultivated by those who are planting trees-*-" Pomme-gris," " Canada-red", " St. Lawrence" and " Hawlcy's Pi]>pin", with some others of excellent reputation ; but as I have devoted a separate sec- tion to Apples and the Orchard, I need say no more on this head in this place. ,1 ' ii "With a little attention and labour, the vegetable garden may be carried to great fterfection by the women and children, with a little assistance IVuui the men at the outset, in digging the grou^l, and se- curing the fences, or any work that may require strength to effect. In the new ground tho surface is often eneuml)ered with large stones, and these must either remain a blot on. the fair features of the garden plot, or be rolled away by the strong arm of the men, aided by the lever. These surface stones may be made very serviceable in tilling up the lower part of the fence, or, piled in large heaps, be rendered ornamental by giving them the elfect of rockwork. 1 know many gardeners whose rustic seats, overarched by climbing plants, have been made both useful and ornamental with these blocks of granite and limestone forming the seat, ytone-crop, orpine, and many other plants, set in a little soil among the crevices, have transformed the unsightly masses into an interesting and sightly object. The Wild Cucumber, Orange Gourd, Wild Clematis, and a number of other shrubby climbing-plants, will thrive and cover the rocky pile with luxuriant foliage. Thus by the exertion of a little ingenuity, the garden of the settler may be rendered not only highly useful, but veiy ornamental. A little taste displayed about the rudest dwelling, will raise the inmates in the eyes of their neighbours. There are very few i^ersons totally insensible to the enjoyment of the beautiful, either in nature or art, and still fewer who are insensible to the approbation of their fellow men ; this feeling is no doubt implanted in them by the Great Creator, to encourage them in the pursuit of purer, mori' intellectual pleasures than belong to their grosser natures. As nv ii cultivate the mind they rise in the scale of creation, and become nv re capable of adoring the Almighty through the works of his hand-' — I think there can be no doubt but that whatever elevates the hi, her faculties of the soul, brings man a step nearer to his Maker. How much pleasauter is the aspect of a house surrounded by a garden, nicely weeded and kept, than the desolate chip-yard, unre- the eastern por- '. ftnd protected ell : Apples of nsliips betweea s of the Lower 3 finest quality, r orchards, and " Ponime-gris," in", with some 1 separate sec- >n this head in garden may be h with a little fou#d, and se- 1 to effect. In l/irge stones, 3f tlio garden aided by the ible in lillinir r be rendered know many plants, have \s of g-ranite I many other isfornied the The Wild er of other y pile with -Gimity, the uJ, but v^\y ivelling, will re are very i^'iful, either pprobatioii in thein by lurer, mor'' !• As ni' II come nil I'e s hand' — tlie hi : her •APPLES. lieved by anv oreen tmp a,, a ^* settloments in Ca"ada W, ?'''?' *'^''^* '' ^o often seen fn fl. •^pot excite; what Cme aff ' r '^''''^'''^ ^^^^J'"?-^ cTn 'ucl o^' "'^ enn-grant wife? Eve hoiSf.]""' '''' '' "'^"'"Sh h th? i' ^ ^'T 1- own hands, let he^ ^ ^ -^ ^^ve to labo.ur;!^,^,^;:^ APPLES -*■ »VUUl(.l tnerefrirn o,-7,.* T • '^'•^ clearer, say 2. fid '.i ^'""'' ^"^ ^^^'^led chetriol Z'' \^'^- ^ taWe-apple mav bp rl S"""^ ^-^ ^'^^n^e, if we ca.wT r '^ ^''''^ ^^^'^ Jowin-r 8 "im i^ -e'"^'' ^^^' ^•'''^"nd • ti ev .vn. ^ ^''" ^« t^'^' best 68 FEMALE EMIOKAM S OllDIc:, 1^ i >■■> - .til ^Vlieu these imrsliiifrs are well up in six or eiplit ujavos, woed them carefully by hand, or with an old knill". The pips should be sown in drills, a foot apart ; the seeds six or eijrht inches apart ; but as ground is no object, and the young trees will be twice as strong and straight with room allowed to grow in, 1 would rather weed them out so that each sapling stood eighteen inches apart each way ; you may ])lant out those you remove, and they will be none the worse for the re- setting. By the third year these young trees may be grafted, or else they may be removed to the situation in the garden or orchard they are meant to occupy ; and after this removal good well-formed branches may be encouraged, but spurs and sprouts are better kept from filling up the middle of the tree. Seedlings thus managed, and the roots kept well worked about at the surface with the hoe, will stand a fair chance of becoming a valuable orchard. You will be surprised at the rapid advance of these trees in a few years time. A scattering of wood-ashes on the ground, or a little manure, well worked in with the hoe in the Fall, will do great things for your plantation. Many persons grow young nurseries for the sake of grafting on the young vigorous stocks. In Canada root grafting is very much practiced. My female readers will say, these directions arc all very well, but this is men's work ; we women have nothing to do with nurseries, ex- cept in the house ; but let me now say a few words on this head. In Canada where the heavy labour of felling trees and cultivating the ground falls to the lot of the men, who have for some years enough to do to clear ground to support the family and raise means towards paying instalments on the land, little leisure is left for the garden and orchard : the consequence is that these most necessary appendages to a farm-house are either totally neglected or left to the management of women and children. That there is a miserable want of foresight in this, there can be no doubt, for the garden when well cultivated pro- duces as large an amount of valuable crop as any part of the farm.^ In any of the towns in the Fall or in "Winter, a head of good cabbage will fetch 3d or 4d., onions a dollar a bushel, carrots from 3s. to is. a bushel, and other vegetables in like manner ; and as food for the household consumption, they cannot be too highly valued, even for the sake of preserving the health. Nevertheless if the men will not devote a portion of time to the cultivation of the garden, and orchard, the women must, or else forego all the comfort that they would other- wise enjoy. After all, when the enclosure is made, and the ground levelled and laid out in walks, and plots, the sowing of the seeds, and keeping the crops weeded and hoed, is not so very heavy a task : with the aid of the children and occasional help of one of the elder boys, a good piece of garden may be cultivated. The tending of a nursery of young vos, woed them iii'l 1)0 sown in ; but as ground ig and straiglit t-'ui out so that vou may plant n-ae for the re- ^, or else they hard they are med brannhes pt from miing and the roots II stand a fair ' surprised at scattering- of "•lied in with tion. Many )n the young practiced. ^rj well, but urseries, e.x- 1 head. APri.ES. 69 trees from the first e mound, and also cS-eti^ J ™'i|,*™ tfe r»-/*"«n *;'»-!« !|-"i7d f «:, ?,a ret;-" if '" -■-'-. "f-n have proen.;., +1 ' ^ ^<^ouU\ have h^r] .. , • T^*^ ^'^"? enout»-h to 70 FE.MALK EMIGRANT rf GUIDE. f 1 * ^., Nfixt to a picket fence made of split cedars, with cedar posts, a log fence is the best in situations where sawn lumber is not easily })ro- cured, but the logs should be secured from rolling by stakes and riders. These fences are only suitable to bush settlements, but as my book is intended for emigrants of all sorts, and conditions, and es])ecially for the working hands, I have dwelt more nn'nutely on -sucli things as may suit their j)articular circumstances, th.ough I trust it nuiy also contain matter of valuable instruction to all classes. I must now return to the subject from which I first started, Apple- Orchards and Apples. I again repeat my advice to buy grafted trees if you can afford to do so. There are agents who travel the comitry, and penetrate even to the verge of the foi^est, to collect orders for trees, iVom dilferent nurserv-gardens in the United States, and also from the larue towns in (janada. I recommend you to deal with the latter, for this reason: your trees are likely to reach your hands sooner after being taken out of the ground : give your strict orders to have the trees well rooted, and the roots matted ; and deal with men of good character, who arc well known, and have an established reputation. I will give you :i, list of the most ai)proved and valuable Apples, at the end of this article. In planting your trees do not be afraid to make the hole wide enough ; it is better to dig the soil well, and let every part be tho- rouglily worked till it be fine and mellow : this is better than jtuttint;' manure to the roots, which gardeners dj not recommend. AVith a sharp knife cut the bruised roots, and if the top be large, and the roots small, reduce the branches : if the roots be large and si)reading, little pruning is requisite : the young trees that have thriven best have been uncut when planted. The careful planter will make holes deep, that a good bed of fria- ble, sandy loam may be spread at the bottom to set the trees on. It makes a great dillercncc on what soil the roots are bedded. liCt the tree be held up by one person, while another carefully ar- ranges the roots, so that they lie in a natural way in contact with the soil ; then lightly strew in the earth, with the hands, and fill up tlio hole with good soil, ])ressing tlu^ earth down : when ])lanted, a quan- tity of half-decayed litter should be placed round the tree, as far lu-^ the roots extend : this is calltMl by the gardeners mulching, and servo-; to keep the ground moist and mellow. If you think it needful to support the tree from the action of the wind, tie it to a stake, but place a bit of ohl cloth lu'tweenthe stake and the young tree, to keep the bark iVom being rubbed. " Jn most cases,'' savs a skilful Amei'i- can horticulturist, "it is better to thin out, than to shorten the branches of the newly taken-uj) trees ; lea\es are necessaiy to the formation of roots, and if you dcjuive the young tree of all its boughs, you stop it- resources for root-<;i'owlh." ;li cedar posts, a ^ not easily pro- takes and riclcrs. t as my book is itl es])ecialiy for •sucli tilings as ■ust it niay also started, Apple- 1 can afTord to penetrate even from difFerejit 10 large towns or tills reason: nng taken out ^s well rooted, acler, who arc ■ill give you a J end of this lie hole wide part he tho- than ])utting "fl. "With a ai'ge, and the ' id spreading 'en best have bed of fria- rees on. It I. carefully ar- ict with the 1 nil up tho cd, a quaii- ^(\ as far as , and servos ; needful (o stake, Init <-'e, to keo/i ful Auiori- <' I)nuiclios i'lnatioii of oustopita ; APPLES •■•'-".t a„ ;,eh e4?|?,!""'l >",'"' .• «-itl° you ^L^^^ ^')''"'>^' »ith a ''«oro. \n 'l, o I «^''"'^'''''« <■"' the sciow ?''"/• "''°'*"i of wood •■are to ku-i , -f ""■'' '^""o Pare a nv h V ," ''''^'^ "f "■fn weoS ^lai.co\ .;;;?/;tr of ba,t';„ j,::^ij '^^ ^ ''""O'l ")to ihe S "'.^p '"'^Of part or wcllo °^i if "f ?' ^'"■^■'' '"^- 1^,:^^ r "" ^-"' sirtiS t'.o" tk':;: ^•^'•^Ic'tint L' . f ^^''<' on -t, fillTntiJ '^'"^ "^^^'ther one sh d . • ""^ ^^^« A^'aft close to ..m "'-'^•\"^ the bark of 'J^v, w./iero you ^co th covering ev ^ypnrt of II it : th en ap- I'l UIl ^'•''«c.idngof\i^:;;:i:/;ij;;'''nndaii(,io ^^y die 1 s now petfin J ^^'«o '-onnd the part ««tweek^-;E;:;i:j"^«^«v«urth pteinlier. lan it was, and earlier 72 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. where the lowest bud rests on the stock : do this effectually, and spread the wax over the crack on the crown of the stock, bringing a little of it all round the edge of the bark, to keep it from drying up. Some wind a strip of cloth, or thread, round, to secure the graft from being moved by any accident : others leave it to chance. You can do so if you like, only there is an old proverb in favor of the binding: "Safe bind, safe find." I have only described one method of grafting, but there are many equally simple and safe, which any one conversant with the practice of grafting, will describe, or what is still better, cut a branch, and a scion, and show you the process. I learned to graft from a Canadian lady in her own parlour. I will now give you the receipt for pre- paring the grafting v»'ax. GRAFTING WAX is made in the following proportions : one part of common beef-tallow; two partly bees' wax ; and four parts resin. Melt the whole together, f)Our into a pail of cold water; rub a little of the grease on your ninds, to prevent the wax froDi sticking, and then as it cools work it well with your hanis, first in the water and then on a bit of board, till it is thorougly kneaded, and will be soft and plastic, without ad- hering to the fingers or runniiig tliin. This wax is spread over the sawn limb and round the graft, and down the wounded bark, so as to exclude the air and moisture ; if too soft add a little more wax, or if too hard a little more tallow. Some use cobbler's wax, some apply pitch, and the common tur- pentine from the pines ; but the wax is neatest, cleanest, and best. — Clay is of little use, as it either dries witii the sun, or cracks with the frost. Some use bass bark to bind round the grafts. Tiie tools used by those persons who make grafting a business, or have large orchards, are a grafting saw, a pruning knife, a wedge- handled knife, a small hannner with an axe at one end. for mrd «-oo,I. a* „ 'PI •'-' t.Hoosiii<.- til,, v^. /^'"'-'^e all but one ip-ilfiiTr* ^-■^^^h or ,a- b ?;'^, ^'^T^'^ ^^ ^^•'-'^^t. Soa ; I'^f 'W>le trees, as tht bark, and ro o-v ''"''^^^ ''^PP'^ and 2 '" ' 7\''^'^'0"""en(]e(I to ^^'^ the t- .;',?''• ^" ^'^'^ -^'^^'J^. .-^ caa^n 1 no?' ^« P'-^'^-c^t scaly '^'"■''^■- Tli,. e .m> p? -f^'" •^■'^""^^ tAvig-s. li| o "''t^' P^'^'^'^' ^vhich will bo r-e;^'S/ 1^^-;:; ^^'^^ou'l^iS^it-^^-t or.,our o. t^'»>''^' you J.,ve boor . "' ^'^''^"^- ^^« tJ,e nino rf?- '''^' ^^'^^'l^' *^P- '^'-e the iiativor -f ' .'' '^'^^^^^'nvc o' h ,' '^^'''^ ^'''^^^''^^^s.- '^^st adapted i^. ^^^ 'Y'''' ^'"'^ al^s r'<^^f %^"^^^ *^'^^^ ^^^-t P^!:^^S^'P"^Sr^ '>-. Sweet '•' •■> S'«,t bear, n 1 r^ll,'" "'" ^""■^'' i''" c° S ^ ?="-' °f "'"so ' "" •' *""-■ siveol, juiey a,,j,|c " I' ""louse ; it '- i-uud Grceiuug^ Ribstouo I ; 74 FEMALE EMlGRVHiTS GUIDE. ■P li >m Iff Pippin*, Newtown Pippin'*'", Po iime Griao, Spitzcnburg*, "White Winter Pearniain, Yellow Bellilower, Ladica' Sweeting. These are all choice sorts. There are many other capital apples, but these are the most cele- brated, and therefore I have selected Ihem. Those marked with a star are of the best quality, but all are good. The mulching the trees as before noticed, is of grea. utiliiy, but not too deeply. Or if much litter be laid round in the Fall, remove it in the Sprin,'>', and stir the ground with the hoe : covering the roots too thickly keeps the sun from warming the earth about them. Having done with the ])lanting, I wil now give some good locipcs for the cooking, and end with some remarks on the storing of Apples. APPLE-I'IE Every one knows how to make a common apple pie or pudding. — But in case there may be a few among my emigrant friends, who have been unused even to this simple process in cooking, I will siiy : peel and core your apples ; good acid cooking-apples are better than sweet ones ; drop them into a pan of c can water as yon pare them; in the pie-dish place a tea-cup, turned bottom upwards ; put in a large table-spoonful of sugar, and two or three cloves, oi a bit of lemon peel, if you have these things at hand ; fill your dish with the cored apples ; a very small (piuntity of v aier — a large table spoonful will sullice ; add two or three more clo es. and more snjiar ; cover with your paste, rolled thin ; finely crimp tl\; edge, and scallop with your finger and the edge of the knife. A lew delicate leaves, cut and marked to resemble apple lea\es, ])laced ii. the centre, give a ];rctty look to the dish; but this is a mere matter ot laste. If you have anj cause to think that the fruit is not (piite soft, when the cru:-t, is baked, set the dish on the top of one of your stove griddles, and L>t it sim iner a while. Some ])ersons slew the apples first, season and put them into the dish, and when cool, cover and bake ; but I iLink the apples never taste so well as when baked in the old way. The reason for inserting a cup in the pie js tliis : the juice and sugar draws under the cup, and is thus ke])t from boiling out : paring the apples into the dish of water ]ir(serves them from nuMiinp l)rown or black, and the moisture thev imbibe renders no o her water tieccs- sary, or very little. The Canadians season their pics w th nutmeg and allspice, making them sickly tasted ; they stew the appiestih they are an msipid pulp, and sw(>eten them till the fine acid is de>trovc(l. A good, juicy, fine-(iavour(Hl apjile-pie is a ra.re disli to meet with in hotels and among the old CunadiHii and Vankee settler:^. DRIED APPLES. The drying of apples is a great business in the liouses ot the Cana- dian farmers, where they have orchards, or live near < hose who have largo orchards, who will sell the inferior IVuit very cheap, as low a^ ft ^'.tf o- Tlicse are APPI, the most cele- luuked wiiU a mulching- the J«^^ply- Or if ''^.(>i'in,";. and thicldj keeps .trood iGcipes f pnd'dinq-. fJs, ^v]lo have i^l siij : pcf;l belter tlian 1 pare lliem; ' i put in a .01 a bit of '^■'h with tlio ^>Ie spoonful giir ; cover '■'i'h>p with -■S eiit and ve a pretty 11 have any ^l- is baked. hit it Sim " {^lid put think iho J nice and Jt : paring ing brown iter necca- h iiul meg- 's till they h'strove(h leet with he Catia- ho liave s low m 76 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Preserves thus secured from the nir, do not mould as in the ordinary mode of tying them up, and the trouble is not more than tying with string. APPLES LV SYRUP. Make a thin syrup witli sugar and water, season with spice or lemon peel ; pare some small-sized a])ples, vv'hole, and let them ])oil till ten- der, but do not let them break if you can help it. Set the apples and syruj) by in a deep dish till cold. This makes a cheap dish to M eat with bread at tea. It is easily prepared, and is very agreeable, bcsidcij being very wholesome. APPLE BUTTER, OR APPLE SAUCE. This is often made in the houses of settlers where there is an alum- dan^e of ajjples, on a large scale ; several bushels of pared apples being bciled down, either in cider or w'>;i water, for several hours, till the whole mass is thoroughly incorp .fated. Great care is needful to keep it stirred, so as to prevent burning. There u'-e several way;; of making this apple-butter : some make it with cider, others without. Bome use sugar, others do not ; and some boil sliced pumpkin with the .ipples, if the latter are very acid. It is a standing dish in most Ame- rican house.*^, and is verv convenient. ANOTHER .'^IHrrTOn. Take three pails of cider, and boil down into one; liave ready a quan- tity of ^v.-eet apples pared, and quartered, with the peel of one or two lemons ; thi-ow the apples into the cider, and as they boil down, add more, till your cider will boil down no more ; keep the apples stirred well from the iiottom of your skillet, to prevent burning : it will take some time to boil down quite smooth, say three or four hours : when done put it into a clean wooden or stone vessel, and keep covered in a dry place. You m.iy take out some of this pulp and spread on dishes or tin?, and dry in the sun or before the fire, and pack away : it makes a nice dry sv^eetmeat, or, steei)ed and boiled uj), a delicious wet preserve. — The Canadians who have large orchards, make as much as a barrel of this apple sauce for doily use. CIDER. Some persons hr.vo. cider presses, which forms a part of their busi- ness in the Fall. Th'i usual charge for nudr of the.0 1; i"r ^IT' '''''*^ ^'^'"■'■'^ CI.ar.o„.eI /'^"'seols, a-i tlie sl.u. OH , """"^ °^ ^ ^•ivoiirite fruit/ -"- or -^.iM. ^ i::'^i,?S!;;r;,:!;» 'eav. or tl. pe., ,„3t .ith riie ol- . ■ . • ^ ^ ^' ^'' K I E S . r.ai- ]$!,,.■;• -''''"'^entsoWs f.-oM oVVi "^"^ "^^ frosty ^intor<, '■'■"»»... t, is „'""'"''■''■«■''. "fa f M r:7 "■«;'■:■ from seej ■ it l: i ■:■ A. '■' r r ' 80 FK.MAT,K EMIGRANTS GLIDE, r L u :n[ s . The native or \\\h\ jiluiii, if inlrofluceliie-,t:'a^e, Yellow-Ls-aiie, (i olden- drop, Eji'f;" I'lum, Imperial (ja;:e, "Washington, and the connnon Blue Damson I'lum are among* the best sorts. The soil may be light rich loam, not too drv. .,t^ fiy «§ ^v I L I) r 11 u I T s . In the long cultivated districts of Canada, ep])ccially in townshi[)S lying west of Toronto, where the siMsons arewainier, and the v. inters compartively mild, gieat j)ains are now taken in ])lant;ng orchards of the choicest fruits. A},ples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, and even grapes ripen and come to ])erfection, as well as the snuill sunnner fruits. Extensile orchards of all these fruits, are attiK-hed to nio.-t of the old iaru)S, west of Toronto ; but in the more northeily por- tions of Canada this is not yet the case. Orchards are, it is true, now generally planted, and gardens are more cared for than they were some vears ago, but those who settle down in ncwlv-surveved town- ships, and far from the vicinity of large towns, which the haidy and adventurous emigrants, eager to secure a larger quantity of land, still do, must secure this advantage by early planting. The al)sence of fruit from their diet would be most severely felt, were it not that Na- ture has bounteouslv scattered abroaly, to the settler's very door, bpringiug np without his care or culture. The year or two after a fallow has been chopped, and logged, and cropped, in all the corners of his rail fence, and by the rude road tliiit he has hewed out to his dwelling, spring uj) the red raspberry, black raspberry, the blackberry, and often the strawberry. 'I'ho wild goose- berry, both smooth and prickly, is seen on upturned roots, at the edge of the clearing. AVild currants, both black an.d red, are found in moist swampy spots : here also are often to be found wild plums and choke-cherries, (the last not very fit to eat ;) and a tangled growth of WILD FPL ITS. 81 wild jxrape?, near creeks and lakes ; fox and frost cfrapos entwine the titv;:, neiir the shores ot lakes and rivers ; while tlie iii;.di-l)u.>h cran- berry siiows its transparent clusters of scarlet berries, !roni ainonj; the failiiii; foliage, or on the ntterly lealless l)oulanted in good soil, and in a shady, cool part of the en- closure, will thrive M-ell, and in time the thorns that beset the outer coat of the berry, will disappear, 'i'licro arc smooth red goosel)erries, as well as those so approf)riately called Thornberrifs, that can be found. On okl neglected clearings; by fore.>t roads and wastes ; in open spots, ami the edges of beaver-meadows, you may procure many va- rieties. If you have a straight fence, plant the wild bushes near it, as it serves to shelter them, not from the cold, for that they prefer, l)ut from too much heat. The cultivated gooseberry is liable to mildew, which often destroys the promise of a fine crop. Tlie wild raspberry I do not advise you to cultivate : it grows too weedy, and there is no rooting it out ; besides you will find it in all your fields, fences, and even in the very forest. IJut the grape is much iinju-oved by cultivation, and if you have an unsightly upturned root, or tall jagged stumj), near the house, ])lant the vine ])eside it, or plant a snuiU dead tree firmly in the Yine, if you like it. ! ': i f '! I I'! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. \s k 4^o ^ 1.0 I.I ■iilM 12.} [Jl4i |22 11:25 i 1.4 1.6 X Va Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ v ^ ■O^ <^ A * ^ ^ 82 FEMALK KMir.RAXTS onDE. The wild red })lnin is creatly improved by cnrden culture : it if?, when ripe, a valnahlu fruit : skinned, it in;ike.s pood pies, and jnid- dinps, and, boiled down in su«iar, a capital ]»i'eservo, 'J'he l)ush set- tlers' wives boil down these jilunis in maple molnsses, or with a pro- jiorlion of maple sn<^iu'. This is one of the eonifoi'ts of liavins;- a ^ooil store of mii])le suL^'ar : you can have plenty of preserves from Avihl nisjiberries, strawberries, ])lnms, and ^ild jrooseberries. The ^vild plum loses niueh of its astrin^eney by cultivation ; it is so hiir\\\\ a pro- )f liaviiiir a serves from 'lies. The is so liiirdy \ ?prinjr, or :'alle(l Idack s soon after trees, where st and most I, and is less commended le subject of •nt. to \n-'m^ all sorts of ports : even I'ts of C^uia- of all frnits Mnethiiifr for repay your tchiiifi' them lale interest from fruit le tree that le little chil- rninc^ Jews shall eat of kn fig-tree." jrics, p'oose- [o cold wa- le seed in a lie sun and lith a little |!,s, writ ill.? your new lor treneh- '11 weeded, \ is a very [soil and a 1 every pe- [ic orange tnu, to Ihc glovving scarlet when fully ripe, and, after the frost hag toiiclieil them, to a light crimson. 'I he herry when fully ripe is al- jTiost traispareiit. 'I'he (lat, hard seeds in this juicy fruit nmke it un- suitable 1 ir jam but as a jelly nothing can be finer, particularly as a Piuu'e Tor venison or mutton. The native soil of the high bush-crnn- bcnyis a I, the edge of swamps, or near rivers and lakes, where the soil is black an 1 spongy ; but they also thrive in shady flats in dry ground in our giu'dous. The large spurred liawthorn, also, may l)e found near creeks, and on flifc banks of rivers, on irravellv soil. I'his is if anvthinir, more beau- •il'iil than the connnon Kriglish white thorn, the " May" of the poets. The Can idiau hawthorn will grow to a considerable height, beara aViundan'.e of fr.igrant flowers, and is followed by fruit as large as a ch-'rry, and when ni)e very agreeable to the tjusle. The thorns are so large and so strong that it would make a formidable hedge, if any one would plant it ; but few will take the time and trouble. — Some of our luigiisli labourers from the wooded counties in the i'];ist of England, where the culture of the thorn hedges is much at- tcMided to, nn*Lht try the plan for a garden hedge. 'J he long winter in Canada, the great value of labour, and the continued pressure of work iu the open seasons of the year, are bars to many cx])erimenta of this kind being carried into cllect. But hedge or no hedge, I re- coinnicnd the hawthorn as an ornament for your garden. On old grassy clearings, which have once been burned and cropped, straw!) 'rrics spring up in abundance, of several kinds ; among which may le found a very jiretty, delicate, trailing plant, with light crim- son IxM'ries, in iyrains of a fine acid : these are known bv the name of cruejpiiig ras])b(M'ry : — they arc thornless, and trail in delicate wreaths upnii the giound. Tl blaciv raspberry makes fine pies : it is richer and sweeter than the led ; tl e brandies are long and weak ; the bark red, with a whitish bloom on them. They arti something between the raspberry and bla('kljerr\ of the ]']riglish hedges. The Canada blackberry or thim- ble-berry, IS not so deadly sweet as the fruit of the common brandile, bill IS a very jdeasant berry, and lati'ly has been cultivated in gardens, ruiil made to produce a fruit superior in fjindity to the nmlbcrry. Tlie huckleberry is, among all the wild fruit.s one of the most wlu.lesomc ; eaten as they C(unc from the l)ush, or stewed with, or wilhout sugar, they are a nice dish ; but with a few red currants added, til' y are much better, the tartness of the cuiiaiit improving the s-vecliM^'-s of the liuckleberiy. A jmdding, or jiie, or jircserve, made \v iih ( i|ual parts of red currants, huckleberries, and the fruit of the bush iiilberry, is delightful, tl;e lulberry giving an almond-like flavor, iiiul increasing the ricliness of the other fruits. 'I'he bilberry grows on hi.uh Imshes, the largv^ fruited from six feet to t> a feet high, the fruit being the tize ar.d colour of small smooth 84 FKMAI.K LMlGilANTS GCIDE. ^ i il red gooseberries : tlic dwarf kind seldom exceeds three or four feet in height, and tlic tall bilberry, or Juneberry, is a beauliful-.urowing Bhrub, Willi reddish bark. ek\uant white lilossonis, and lose-coluured fruit, smaller in size than the other two, though the bush attains the height of fifteen and twenty feet. I'hese bushes grow chiefly on dry gravelly, or sandy soil ; seldom in t)ie rich black soil of the dense forest. I am particular in noticing these peculiarities of soil, and habits, in describing the wild fruits, that von niav not look for them in situations foreign to their natures, and feel disappointed if you do not hnd on your own immediate locality every one of the native fruits that I have described and recommended to your notice. Every spot has its pecu- liar vegetables, flowers, and fruits, and we must recollect in counting our blessings, what an old poet says : — " Who least has sonic, who most, has never all."' It is our wisest part to receive ■wit! gratitude that which our Heavenly Father has ])repared for us, and not weary him by discontented re- pinings, remembering in humbleness of heart, that we arc unworthy even of the least of his mercies. Of wild cheiTies there are many difTerent species, ]>ut they arc more medicinal than palatable : steeped in whiskey, with syrup added, the black cherry is used as «, flavour for cordials ; and the inner bark made into an extract, is given for agues, and intermittents, and also in chest diseavSes. All these wild (dierry trees are beautiful objects, either in flower or fruit, especially the red choke-cherry, with its bright transparent fruit ; but the excessive nstringency of the juice causes a spasmodic contraction of the throat, which is ])alnful, and to delicate persons almost dangerous, from whence its name of choke-cherry. — The bark is tonic and bitter : when steeped in whiskey it is given for ague. No doubt it is from this that the eonnnon term of '"taking his bitters," na applied to dram-drinking, has been derived, liitter in- deed are the effects of such habits upon the emigrant. The reason why the native plants often fail to grow and thrive when removed to the garden, arises from the change in the soil and situ- ation : to remove a plant from deep .shade and light rich soil, to sun- shine and common earth, without any attention to their previous ha- bits, is hardly reasonable. A fine leaf mould, water, and shelter should be aflbrded till the tender stranger has become inured to its change of soil and position : those that neglect to observe the habits and natures of wild plants, rarely succeed in their attempts. to natu- ralize them to the garden, and improve thim by domestic culture. I will now give some rccijjes for drying and preserving the native fruits :— 65 "'■ij bo dricl cilhcr i„ ., , ' ' " ^'^ ■'"'"•'■ nmr '^oilin.^;;.:;l!:"^^,;/\ portion of one oHh,^^^/ '''-'' ''^i^^ rants (.'UlX'ci till ^3 U il0ll>htruj ■•^'';-lv .bra cold o,^-';:S;f'«»l- Tl,e dri fit'iM drink ; bj' or nioiG iire veiy '^ j"^', and ink tal, ;eii V Jick cur- >pnn is a fiug "'^-''-^^---,;;SJ-i^;|;enm;n^ ;|;''P«e are not often ,]r •i^''l as tl.oy iH.oome' iiate currants. rries, as a - •■".uuiiLvss; out puddnigs, or boiled ^''"'•P lliorns ; no of.T , "'^^' ^'' naHANTS OlMDE. ^ M boilinc: wfitor on them : let tliom lie in it a niinnfo ; tlion rnh them in a ooiir.-e cloaii dry flotli on the t.'ihlo : this will remnve, or soften the spines so that thiMr ronirhnoss willhe taken awii} : make into pies, and sweeten with maplc-sui^ar ol' molasses. To make either the uni'ipc or ripe p^ooseberries into jam, hoil thera down till soft, in a water-bath first, closely (overed : when quite soft, ndd half a pound of snp,;ir to each pint of fruit, and boil one hour longer. Some allow to eig-ht pints of fruit, six pounds of sugar. IlASrnERRIES. This fruit is most abundant in Canada where a clearinG;' hns once been made. The l)ir«]ssow the seeds. The raspberry seems to follow the steps of the settler, and springs up in his path as- if to supjily the fruit which is so needful to iiis health and comfort Ripening in .Tidy, the raspberry affords a constant and daily sni)ply for his table, till the beginning of September. I^arge quantities of this fruit are sold in the towns by the bush-settlers' wives and children, who get from 4d. to ad. a quart for the l)errics. A dish of raspberries and milk, with sugar, or a pie, gives many an emigrant family a suj)per. The black n)spl)erry makes the best pic, and this fruit (Iries better than the red, as it is sweeter and richer in quality : it can be greatly lui])roved by culture. Eaj'.pberry vinegar, too, is a cheap luxury to those who have home- made vinegar and home-made sugar. KAsrni:imY vinegar. To every quart of good vinegar put two quarts of raspberries : let them stand for twenty-four hours ; draiti them olT through a sieve, but do not squeeze them ; add the same quantity of rasj)berries to the strained vinegar a second time ; let them stand as before ; drain and add a third quantity : when you have drained the fruit off a third time, measure the li([Uor into a stone covered-jar, and to each pint of juice add a jiound of lump sugar : set the jar in a pot of ijoiling water, and let the vinegar boil for ten minutes, siirrmg it to mix the sugar well throu'^h : when cold, bottle it for use : it is all the better for standing for some months befoi-c being used. A cheajier sort might be made with line moist sugar, or with crushed sugar, l»ut nnist l)e well scummed. Kasj)bcrry vinegnr makes an excellent fever drink, a small (pmntity being mixed in a timibler of cold water : it is very refreshing in Intt weather, and is made in consi- derable f(uantities by those who have wild rasjiberries growing near the clearings, and plenty of sugar at connnand. I'l.UM .TAM. Take any quantity of the red plums, and put them into a stone jiir: set this into a ])ot of water, having first tied a ])iece of clean cloth over the top of the jar ; bladder is best if you luvc it at hand. Let N ^ : tJ'f^n nib thom move, or soften make into pies, jam, I)oil them ■■Iit'ii_ quite sofr, ' l>oil o/)e hour of su^rar. iHnq- lias once ;5eems to n.llow " to t^up])Iv the >ciiir)ir i„ j„|^,^ ' |al>!e. till the iiit are sold in > «-ct from 4(1. ^ives many an tJio best pie, and riclier in have home- "*- or with f'K«i' nialv-es <"_nibJer of ti in consi- u«ing near ^^'" ^«^'Ji pound of f •. ^•'■'^^"'^'^' ^VAv. . ^'"■■'^ ■■■< not a /!„e,."r' "■'"''^'^■' <"" I'or Dried Pj„j„, ,,„ „ ^ ""'' '^^^'^'^J i" nio- ^■^■'weh'furdrvino^7;!-'''^<''''^<'«^tiole. The ro 7 , ,"••"/"■■'•. ••""1 11,0 to,","'" r^- aud m '''' r'-^',"--'i of ■'■o- dL''i- '"^'■"■.'' I ''"vo a ] ,r. r "" <>'■ ■^" «^ ■ ' Av-.i ':',""'' '^'■'"'s h"-l. tl,o cnltivatbn o?"ntle,l ,. ^'/'" l>onoI,n., aro h.„ w """■'""a(o au,l so," r . ^ ''f' I'cdrh Jn. K„ ^ - - ^ ^ •' "" ^'onje marJv-et -1 nnrt /'"■ I"'™ of tl,is «■„., ■ "^ ""> "'iW ■ ! 88 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. Peaches are dried iu the same way jus green gages, lliey also make a delicious wet preserve. i CnAXIJKUlIIRS. The low-bujih cranberry is not to be found about your clearings, or in the woods : it is peculiar to low sandy marshes, near lalces and river-flats. The Indians are the cranberry gathi'rers : thoy will Iriuie them away for old clothes, pork or flour. This fruit is sometimes met with in stores ; but it is of rare occurrence now : formerly we used to procure them without difficulty. Tl:e fruit is, when rijH', of a dark purplish red ; smooth and shining ; the size of a champaigne gooseberry ; oblong in form. I have never seen (he plants rrruwing, but have a dried specimen of the blossom and leaves : they are very delicate, and elegant, and must be beautiful either in flower or fruit, seen covering large extents of ground known as cranberry marshes.— At Buckhorn-lake, one of the chain of small lakes to the northwest of Peterboro', they abound ; and at the back of Kingston, there is a large cranberry nuirsh of great extent. It is in such localities that the cranberry in its native state is to be looked fur. 'J'he cranberry will keep a long time just spread out upon the dry floor of a room, and can be used as required, or put into jars or barrels in cold water. This fruit is now cultivated to some extent in the United States : di- rections for the culture arc given in "The Genesee Farmer,"' published in Rochester at one dollar per annum. CKAXI5ERRY SAUCE. A quart of the ripe picked berries, stewed with a.s nnich water as will keep them from drying to the pan, closely covc^-ed : a pound of soft sugar nmst be added when the fruit is burst ; boil half an hour after you add the sugar, and stir them well. When quite stewed enough, pour them into a basin or mould : wlien cold they will be jellied so as to turn out whole in the form of the mould. This jam is usually served with roasted venison, mutton and beef. It makes rich open-tarts, or can be served at tea-table in glass plates, to eat with bread. The Indians attribute great medicinal virtues to the cranberiy, either cooked or raw : in the uncooked state the berry is harsh and very astringent : they use it in dysentery, and also in ajiplications as a poultice to wounds and inflammatory tumours, with great effect. HiGii-n':sn cranbkury. This ornamental shrub, which is the single guelder-rose, is found in nil damp soil near lakes, and creeks, and rivers : it is very showy in blossom, and most lovely to behold in fruit ; it bears transplantation into gardens and shrubberies, but a low and shady situation suits its habits best, and in this oriiy it will thrive and bear fruit to per- ^vji.n rKLfTs. 89 t 111 n, ,„•;./ .""'-^/^f '^".irar ^.V .r «\r o '^i' ail. fsona c^if as directed Jt «tjilciis wiien cold. ^ "" ''"^'''' ^''^' tJie jun, 'Jake to. :,rT;:^^ r^ii^ of ^ A :tixED-i,T.nT jAjr. a jam is Jurst. Tills \\ifli iiull '1 I'OIIDd (.f ^-'^■^oiiedin":.:;?^^'?'- '"ri^!"''^^'^'^---. and •'"•^^•ar to oacl |;<-'d riirranls J" u cru,t, or hakod ':r'J--te.a.ilont^i;;tl ' imit of f,uit, wh as a To '^•^i-:srii*-i'" f-l-RRAST JKI.lv i^'t'r arc vciy do] iivoiu !H'ious. icu 'lliesQ "" iiour, or till til ■e add a pound of 1 -"-''u^:m'-ll ;S.-K-Lbon J^'^O' when cuJd. I?nsp- I ;4 90 FF.MALn EMIGRANTS cnn?:. I t Si' fi i % borrv-jolly i.s mado in the same way. Cold currant-jelly is made by mi.xiiig- one j)oii!i(l of juice, and luere'y stirring' well toi^^'ther. The process ol' jeltyiii;r coiumeuees at tlie hottoiu of tlie vessel, and of course is slower, but equally en'ectiuil as hoiliug would be. Try it I crnuANT ^ i.vkoau. Gather ripo red or white currants stiinu: thoni, and put thorn into a vessel : to four quarts of the fruit jillow a ji'alloii of water ; let theni stand ill a warm kitchen to ferment for some day?, stirri!!*^ the finit with a stick to pivvent mould j^ntherinir on t!ie surfiif^e : when tiie fermentation has continued for some time, strain oil" the li([Uor from the IVuit : bruise the latter, or s i:r;:i'''^ ^;r^^- -icio thj It lor ino le '''• •'^'Z'-' of Jin p,.,, , '<' /-ton. 'j-JH. M '---";''M£;!'^;:,;!i:,'™''r''^.ii;;.;-;, oiifor 'v-aj)p|,. ,v|.(.,i "IK.' of i( '-Ji'-id fiiiv ivcd t. •^ '" '^''■■i/K'aod ■our, |,ui it ia «t tlu. ed.e oft:;,, f 'T''"" '^ '" ^^ n'* ' t • t ' '-^ ^" ^ ^"""^^ Jm th "'^^•"^"i;^- the black, oil ti>oI, ^''^- . ""^'"Ii of Mav^-V /''<-' I'.'acc Ml ]KUuliiijK,(| I OlVli', of i^ a;.™i:;;';s "'-■ '■^'" '-- ^^et,;;'::;.^:',.;;; The M ■f-m>^o makes a do! '^;'!' 'i^ it begins to si i<"JOU ]y '" a .sunny wind, tJ'ron- them into " ^4.-, icons nrcNoi-rn m i^ ^!y''''yye:iou-ti,!t':;:'.\!:,,^^^'''^:''/J'on-ni ^'t'en rind : lay t] on- for ;1 ,ki "It oij the 0-, .^^^,^;^^'-"'-'^ 'V'^.V'P of whifo V or two ; cut tl "'t oui, h,v tl !:"^"r, in vdnel tlio on( '^'"'.i" fjiiarte as lem I's and :.::;;; ii;:-. -'< fi ii::;; ;;::'; rS:,^'^*" ''-:>«;/ «' nnd IS tondet ■'second time or .qiasso.s, and li.' ,| Poiu- it over the f '^'•" J-H' (ill cold. AVvrd '.''', ^''''''''^''''^" A\C for <- iCS afte r inakii.M "V'- it .should - "..^i 111 I vIIM" . il- ,..,,11 . "" "'.>t l»o li.sed till '■" !'o''' put it int .P'l'P- l^ut t'louo.}, It i.s very o-o the ■ery ti "0. t^ r'rt'scrvo i. ^ jaiy a nionth or six outer part i.s not /[ o;He only make use' of fiiore like some . vory croon whoji presorvp ""^ ''' ^" ''-" oaten in the soft acid ■I raw.vtato. This ft. ;"|t m;,-ht I think i"ade use oi; boiled P-- ^v.,n.b|-^,i;^|;;"t'- introduced ui tlie .'-arde on toour taldes; I, into ^rarden-cn! ^'-^'S:;.,ri--i.'^^^^ =^ tiiro, and "y nature in the riel "i;^' it ^ voi^etablo leull '^'l;"" to feed the "lould, so much of the ?■ and bakin-r of n-n^.i 92 FnMAI.E EMir.RANTS OriDR. stant supiily of this most cssoiitial sirticle of ilint, that I shall pivo it a fir>t ])liU'L' in thu iii.slractiuu.s that 1 am about to furuiah to my fe- male rea»lers. Manv of the sot tiers' faniilies for whom this little volume is intended, may havt.' cmiiiratrd from larue towns or cities, where the l)al\t'rs shop huiiplics all the ln-cad that is daily consunu'd Ity tiie inhaliitants : or it n ay be placid in the hands of one, wiio from h', indiislriovis wife, or dauirhter of the labourer, well skilled in the iiiystery of nuikiny bread, both brown and white, somethin;; new may be irleaned from these jiaires, for there is a j;ieat dil!erence in the ma- terials she will have to make use of, and in tin; manatiin^ of them. — First then I shall say somethinir about the different modes of fermenl- ine flour;- ?i-'r "'""'' ■^fin-iM„oh to 1^1^^!"^^ IT '"'^ """^ '»• --^^ .smoothlv .. good t,r L.,Z; l'^'J- l-'^'-'-nn, but eitCof '1™ C^: ■"rson.s Boil tl r-KAVRX CAKK. n ilw Ii(|iu)i has bofrun to ,vo.lc „olI .' "■e ma.ss "-"ieal as will (hiol, in "Pon a board M-ell, roll Ken '''-..m-t;.::;\;-:"; ;-. -1'^ u,e. r;-^ :!rL:--.-o/^;:S^:.:^^JlJ-;;' It into f^n board ''<^''n out after sun 2S=tft«S5'3'^Si->=H?^ good for ni The al f^ny months wp in bags iu a d f.'-ood it-^^od"eceh^^ ^y ^-oon,, this leaven wilftcep B . -, „ ANOTIIKR AMI. ;"':!!?:f^^""'^»'«^ii/buri, ^nd I have been told ^nTOAX-YKAST. &^:;^:;:i:r^,,!;K^^^^^a--4r^^^ a cup of ^-ood yoast. Th ,1; 'WO of molasses, ate a. only warm, stir iu » baldns of bS r„,. „",'::,.■,•'!"»'.''« ;'-'' fro.], ViJ ^'^''iJy- Set in ■spoonful of salt, nnd il s lie ab You ma\ Jn;TTER-MiLK C 'poug-e over uioht Jjve will raise VICES. 2K:liS5SS^:riS.-te'E ivc new v(n«t Tf 1 "'""^ti ^>v j(ast. itjs better to us as will disso Ivo L •issmoothlvjig jour Jio])s boil. >;it() your pofato i'-^-' "co i„ tl^ : ' "' '"';■ n'a,-,, ; < 1' ,';™7'''-".^ flour food nj "^ "-^^. a. ij^sz ;^!ir::"---"-«i sp/: ''?5 ^"'^ CanatJa, ■^h bread I lu.,.,. ' '" ^^'G Old conn. J^ '"'- <"■ '-"% ST'"" '" ^--''^ ^ i; 'uS-^'T!" !?.■"-" Th kce SL'l r;r./!° "^';/L.^:-«:r?;f'':;^'- It in I re 'j'lt ni, I yliali I .llv raf." a hi ahout '"'■"isli the i„Jl' ■ '" "" '"l^'i- iiu„fc ;■ ,■ " "«"■ «''»lc's, ino » oiio tcx,,,oonr„| of ^^n^rr^:^^}:^^^^^^ K...^"'^''t ; set ii, u-Kncv.s of ;.-oo,I 'ct'ii Willi t'lX'am ; nii.v- ;^\'""^''!"ouras,w;i or new milk 'li.ike "■■'■■--' --• --' ■'■"''"'oK' .f":;' "/''' '' .S' - -^-t /.^.i^'^^j^^-^w be- ;,|. mZHLoh ''u'rnw 96 FEMALK K.MIt.UANTS GUIDr:. u;\n to rise on the suiTaco, and in about two more tlic yeast will bctiin to ri.-:c in a fine soft eniuiny lu;;ul. 'I'lie nice point in making salt- risini^ l)rea(l, is to Un<)w when the yeast is risrn entju,2"h : after a cer- tain time it ^^ocsdown, and will not rai.-t'tlu; Ijrcad, or turns it sour. — ]v\'j)erlL'nce will ^'ulde you al'tor one or two trials. IJut wu will sujipose the yeast is risen nearly to tin; lirini of tlie ya^ ; then take as niUL'h flour, say four quarts, as will niake you two loaves, or one g'ood bake- kettle loaf ; make a hole in the flour, add a little salt, and pour your barm in ; min,<:;le it thoroughly, and knead your dou<;h smoothly and well with vour hands, as you would make up anv other loaf : let vour bake-can be well jrreased before puttinu' your lf)af in ; cover it with the lid. In bakin;^' in the bake-kettle, do not fill it nuu'h more than lialf full, that your dou,u;'h may have room to swell ; many a good loaf is s{)oi!ed l)y being erowdiid into too small a space. Set the pan with your loaf at a moderate distance from the fire, covered up ; when it rises, which you see by its occu]»ying a hrnrer space, and cracking on the top, you may advance it nearer the tire, turning the bake-kettle round gradually from time to time, till every side has felt the intluence of the heat. When within two inches of the top, put a scattering of coals (live wood-embers) below the kettle and on the lid ; or heat thi; lid on the fire, but not too hot at first, and tlien add live coals. You must keep your kettle turned gradually, that the sides may brown, and do not put too nuuiy hot coals below at once. You will soon learn the art of l)akiiig a sliantv-loaf : a little attention and care is the main thing. AVhen the crust is hard and bears pres- sure without sinking in, the bread is done. ^lany a beautiful loaf 1 Imve eaten, baked before a wood fire in u bake-kettle. 'i'he bush-settlers seldom can allbrd to buy cooking- stoves during the first few years, unless thev are better oiF than the labouring class usually are when they come to Canada. 1 1 B K E A D . Having given you a chajiter on the dilTorent modes of niakinp' yeast, for the raising of your bread, collected from the best sources, I shall now jiroeeed to the making and b, '•"• hop barm or'a^^ ?""<' l>andf"l of ^^'^ down so Imoofi Iv'.', ;? f'^'-P^^' for, vvMeyoLJ ft' P^^**««« "!y be made with rrrpjf' , ^''^'n the month o/ a ^' *^®3^ ^iJl not „^'li raise twoTatfmllT'"^^ The ^uanSty^"/"^ "" ^^^^ it «,«"••• If jou ha^e i ktl'?'' ^^ ««»»•. or ab3?l«P0"g^> above, at once, and kuP-Tw ;f ,,^^ ^'"eadine-.triu/h T^ ^^"^^^ Pounds of ^'"fe. and covei it ,^{ t^,?'» >'our boafd scor^*''?u*^^ J»ake only half 'he nna^..^ *^^? ^^^ ^ith a clean Ifl''" *«P ^^'^ a ,^" about two hou?^^ o '^' "r^' «^ course, tssi? ' ^'^«« '"ajr f''v'e a honeycomb 1 "^^^"^^ longer, you wfn P^'^^^oes and water ^^'ad out of the 'n. '"^''^ '"^o loay^s mi T.^ ^'^ht doS ^ater or n^k IT^' ^^ the crust of \ouTw ^^^'^'^ke S o;.e side a.ltt '^SP,.^'",jn « c'earclo h s^t^r Ik^^'^ ^ 'r"^!^ l-dandtf 'L^S,: This planlS'^^!!"."? on i « ^^d six pound, of Jri'^T''''' ^"^^«- - ' ■^-'^'OTIIRR BitBAD nr, - ^* llf ^'^^h Srood flo IXniAX-MEAL. ^-=^5ssspa,. add to X .■'■¥ fv 1 f- ^k ^ 98 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. in a large cnp of good rising, adding warm Trater ; mingle stiff enough to knead on your flour-board ; then when your mass of dough ft worked smooth, lay it back in the pan or trough that you mixed it in, and let it lie covered near the fire to rise ; when well-risen, divide, and bake in your oven or btJie-kettle. Some persons wet the Indian-meal with hot water first, but either way can be tried. I have used any suppome, or Indian-meal por- ridge, that has been left after breakfast, in making bread, and found it a verv good addition. A good bread can also be made of equal proportions of rye, Indian-meal, and wheaten flour ; rye alone does not make such good bread, the rye being very glutinous, which a mixture of Indian-meal corrects. BRAN BREAD. A sweet and economical, and most wholesome bread may be made by pouring water, either warm or cold, on to bran, stirring it up, and leaving it to steep for an hour ; then strain the bran off through a Bi§ve or strainer, pressing all the moisture out There should be li- quor enough to mix your bread, without any water, unless it be too eold, and a livtle hot water is required to raise the temperature ; add the usual quantities of salt and yeast, and mix and knead as in other bread. The most wholesome and nutritive parts of the bran will thus be preserved and added to your bread. Gobbett recommends this bread, and I have proved its good and wholesome qualities myself. All the fine flour and bran that passes through the sieve, should be put into your bread, along with the li- quor, for this constitutes part of its excellence. If you wish for mroumer bread, throw in a handful of dry sweet bran, and mix with your flour, in addition, but not that from which the gluten and fine sugary particles have been extracted by the water. Many persons who do not use potatoes in their bread, as directed in the first receipt, set a sponge over night, merely mingling the flour, warm water, salt and yeast, and when well risen, (which it is known to be by the air-bubbles that rise on the top,) thicken with flour, and knead well : when the dough is of sufficient lightness, make up into loaves ; let them rise a second time in the bread pan or bake-kettle, And bake. I have now given the best simple receipts for making bread, that I am acquainted with. There are methods of making light bread with- out using the yeast to ferment the flour. I will now give an American receipt for unfermented bread, which I have not myself tested :— sread. 99 Scald about IkoT'T, "'"'"" «'™ot.T rF.,r spoonful of s'llt J ""^^'s of Indian „, ia^^-puddin^, andteVi ''^^rf'r';r''''''^Mou Jr» r ""^ '""'"™ Bmmm§m ^"^tor the oven . ball" ">'•% ! m kssThr™'.'""' «<>™i"- ft Da'ch^venbefore tie ft^_°?.;''<'» a. it if rhe„ ''S^"^■' ''iuVe ■«-/--<,„ ^y,,.C^.^^^3ea home bake in a , ™'? fa the common n"""'- "" ^'"'*«'«- ^^rf.^^ is closer in te,f,;^^« ^'^en, when othef S^ '^''^"^ ' ««C J ^'^tli a mixture nf l "''^' ^"^ does nntl' ^^"'* ^'«5 scarce "lu, mcri ."^^^[^ of bran in u . i; ; "^^ rise as Ijo-i,* „„ t ^"O •«'Ve a ba„df„Uf« ''--"-"'" """*"^^^^ J't- % ii 100 FEMAI.K EMI0RAKT8 GUIDE. * f Eaten hot, with a little buUer, these are f^ood, plain, boushold tea- cakes ; ttith molasifcs and ginger they are yary good. BROWN SUPrORNE. This is poiTidge, made entirely with shorts, and eaten with cold butter or new milk. It is made in the same M'ay as Indian-meal sup- porne (see that article). In the absence of corn-meal or oatmeal, children will eat this dish very readily, and it is often a convenient Bubstitute for bread, when flour runs out, and you are unable to ob- tain an immediate supply. It is most commonly made with water, but may be mixed with milk, or milk and water, the flour being stirred in as the water or milk boils. _ MILK PORRIDGE. Have your milk boiling, and a basinful of flour, into which a little Bait may be mixed : with one hand sprinkle in your flour, and stir with a wooden stick or a spoon, till you have made your porridge as thick as you desire it to be : remove it from the fire to the top of the stove, or place the i)ot on a few hot embers, not near enough to Ihe fii-e to scorch, and let it simmer for some time, stirring it carefully. This makes a very satisfying meal for children. FARMERS' RICE. Set milk on the fire, in a clean skillet, to boil, with half a tea-spoon- ful of salt in it. Take dry fine flour in a basin ; into this sprinkle cold milk, a few drops at a time, till it is damp, but not .wet like dough : rub the dsimp flour in \ our hands, which must, of course, be delicately clean. 1'hc wetted flour must be rubbed till it adheres in small pieces like grains of rice ; if not damp enough scatter in a little more moisture, or, if too wet, add a little flour : when ready, throw this mock-rice into your milk, stirring it in by degrees : let it boil quick while nixing ; then set it at a little distance, say outside the griddle of the stove, and let it boil for fifteen minutes or half an hour; a little nutmeg, sugar and butter mnkes this a nice dish ; but some prefer it unserisoned, or with salt and butter. These are homely dishes ; but they are intended for homely people, who have not the materials for luxuries at their command, but who may be glad to learn how to vary the method of dressing such simple food as they can obtain, bo as to render it palatable and pleasant. i 101 BiscriTg. An excellent cho ^ ^ i o . mi.l strew dry flo, r l """^ ""o a s iff ,m "''f "'' '"'•''. ""J a h - more dry flour wnf^„ -l ''"^'"' '' -"Hi roll i , 1- . " ""h "'<-' roll- smooth : break !;„?""' '"•«». "'■ as lo " 1 ° ""i"- is incorpo- tlicm witl, a fort ml h i ™ "■»" "''h "' tl,e -•: tsif„:r-f, '5~'vi;--t wn'»^ "3 rood ""■"' <" '"^ ^-«'f"o^o?^ .-.t-Hc^a ':™Srr:o?a^ Instead of co,,l ., , ''™™™ sort. ™y be melted ; "tfoT'.'""" '"'or and roll verv . I,- ^ ™i,oat beating' ^'if/P'^te--: <"h and VnoTd J^l The bntter """, and bake ^Jeid":" '^'^ "•""•■ « in tbc fomerteciptTroil'',^' Si'f ounoes of butter • .'°'"' """'"'■ so'la, dissolved in „ -^"^ ounces of ,„„„, . <'o...I.: n,eltte'b„tteU.";i "^V!"'^' ^ «o e > r%rnf»H»^,i ^ '?'^G than SWfiPf nnl. , y >'^U'lff chl dron . ♦! ^ lubour. a:,i°f .."^filff oa^ior of digest,™'' l^^'l^y P««o,,s are Sly Prefe red X I.'™ than sweet eato „„ ."K,^'"""*? ol.iWren 7 thev a^ r 102 FEMALE EMIGRVNTS GUIDE. The American crackers are sold in many of the stores at Tjd. a pound, but they can be home-made almost as well. Those who have a stone or brick oven, can make their biscuits much finer and crisper, besides giving them the real biscuit flavour, by putting them into the oven after the bread, pie, &c. have been baked, and leaving them for sonae hours on the oven floor, while any warmth remains. Thus they are twice baked, and will keep for weeks and months. Bread of any kind does not mould, as in the damper climate of Britain ; even in very hot weather, bread, cakes and other flour- food will keep uninjured for many days. I have rarely seen mouldy bread or cake, during twenty years' sojourn in Canada. Next to bis- cuits there is nothing better than rusks : some call them " tops and bottoms," others " twice-baked cakes." BUSKS. Half-a-pound of butter or lard (butter is best), or half the quan- tity of each, dissolved in a pint of hot milk, six eggs well beaten, a little salt, as much yeast as will raise these ingredients ; add as much flour as will stiffen into a very thick batter ; cover warm, and when risen, stiffen just enough to admit of rolling lightly, about an inch in thickness : cut out with a tumbler or small round cutter : set to rise a few minutes ; bake, but not orerbake, cut them in two pieces, or, if very thick, make three slices with a sharp knife : return to the oven, and bake till each piece is crisp. Some lay on the top of a stove, turning them twice or thrice. HARD RUSKS. Dissolve half a pound of butter or lard (the latter will do), in 6oi7- ing water, with a little salt : mix with a spoon as much flour as you can stir into the w ater and lard smoothly : as the mixture will be scalding-hot, you nmst wait till it cools down low enough to admit of your hand, working in a tea-cup not quite full of yeast ; then knead the mass thoroughly, and cover it down near the fire till it rises. — "When light, roll out, and cut into thin cakes, not quite an inch thick; bake and split them ; return to the oven, and when dry, lay them out to cool ; when cold, put by in a bag or canister for use. These rusks are as sweet as if sugar had been mixed with the flour. They will keep for weeks, and are excellent grated down for pap or panada for the sick, or a gruel made by boiling them, adding :i teaspoonful or two of new milk, and seasoning with spice, for a sick person, where bread, however good, would be rejected.^ ^ ores at 7jd. a ^ A K E s . Take three pounds oTflr^'^ «^-«erbread. one pound of butter .i."'' ^"^ ^"^ ^ haJf pound of h -spoonful of salt : ^i£ .^^^ st:tr^iSrn^^^^^ Tirade 11 lb . «p,/rT ^'^^«^«««KAD. '"^ F'>e egffs . tt^'i ^'''°''^ CUPCAKE. '"^ '" '^"^s. S^« " "; fe r = --P'^^^^^^ Of rolled soft. to melt ; also warm fp-^,"^ "P ^^^ butteV in the ml^'^'^^' ^^^ stir in the su^ar -Z h "".^^^^es, stir it into f hp ^u^' "^^^"^ so as ^jth the flofr add hI'^?'- ^^^^ ^^^ eg J°Mt "l'-^'^. ""^ Gutter ; «tir the mass wea butfr^"" ^"^' ^^^er^iiS Vith ^'y;" ^'^'•««tely . ' '^"t^f iius to bake it in! ' ^^^ Pearl-aah ; '^o a pint of mni °''''''^'* ^«E^i>- One pound of fln, ^^^^^ ^i-^m-cakb. «"" «Pioe to tet"' *"'' » ^-U 'e'«;oo„mi oKS'ate'o?''!:' One tCMnn of bn«„ ,,'''"""' «ke. ~l1'f Ir {"*»"«- CT^iT^"-' 'o^t-er to . "•e Juice »"« •• »l™ ■oafie in twro pans ■1 f i*i I ^. 1%^ il 104 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. COOKIES. One pound of flour ; half pound butter, niltbcd well in : 5 lb su- gar : two eggs : half a cup of sour cream : one teaspoonful salara- lus : a few carraways : nutmeg or ginger it you like. Roll out thin, and cut iu round cakes. DROP SWEET-CAKES. Four eggs well beaten : a large cupful of sugar : the same of but- ter melted : flour enough to thicken to a thick baiter ; a few cur- rants or seeds, or esKence of lemon : beat for a few minutes, drop on tin sheets, and bake in a good hot oven. If the batter spread too much, add a little more flour. CHEAP FAMILY CAKE. To one egg and four ounces of butter, well beaten together, add a teaspoonful of allspice, half a teaspoonful of pepper, a pint of mo- lasses, a teaspoonful of salaratus dissolved in a cup of cream or milk, and flour enough to make it the consistence of fritters ; set in a warm place to rise, and when perfectly light, bake moderately. SILVER CAKE. (From the " Maple-Leaf .") One pound crushed sugar, three quarters of a;''^und of dried and sifted flour ; six ounces of butter : mace and citron; the whites of fourteen eggs. Beat the sugar and butter to a cream ; add the whites, cut to a stiff froth, and then the flour, It is a beautiful- looking cake. GOLDEN CAKE. This and silver cake should be made together, to use both portions of the eggs. Take one pound of flour dried, one pound white sugar, three-quarters of a pound of butter : the yolks of fourteen eggs, the yellow part of two lemons, grated, and the juice also. Beat the su- gar and butter to a cream, and add the yolks, well beaten and strained. Then add the lemon-peel and flour, and a tea-spoonful of sal-volatile dissolved in hot water. Beat it well, and, just before putting in the oven, add the lemon-juice, beating it in thoroughly. Bake in square, flat pans, ice it thickly, and cut it in square, thick pieces. It looks nicely on a plate with silver cake. CALIFORNIA CAKE. One cup of butter, three of sugar, one cup sour milk, one teaspoon- ful saleratus, and two of cream of tartar, six eggs and five cups of flour. LADY CAKE. Five oz. butter, half pound sugar, the whites of eight eggs, half pound of flour. Flavour with almonds — one ounce bitter, two sweet. I • I Hi CAKES. 109 One pound of flour f., ^''"'' ''^'"'• c;?,?s, one spoonriW^f '"'* ounces of hnf* , • ^^7 siow oven at first ^^"^' spices and «'-^ en^gs, fi^e cuns of f? ''^''^•^ ''^^«. i^i-ci ana juico One teaspoonful of ^t?""' """■'"'"^ "-^E. float o'"„f eir '^-P-te 04^%";-'-" in a tea eu„f , , fc-'our it Mix to 7,f'-°,'5'l'««»'' of a cun^f"! '"'"«■• melted : it bake i- tins. " ""^^ah batter, 8^3';,o„7;[™\°[ 'P'"^ '<> .Wree pounds flonr • „ "'"""' ""^ ; "-oj into boilino. S 'Jf^'^ ^'>^»tJy :' cut ^^\t •^''^"^ •* ^^o £ sug-ar over them while hoi ^^^ *''^"' ^^^^ , Take one pint of f? i. "^^^^^er. ^f you use half lard in * ! ' cakes or bread. In Canada they are generally made wilh a very long handle, in which there is a loop, through which a strong cord is passed, which is again passed over a nail in the chininey-l)oard ; or a machine called a pan-jack, is placed behind it, with notches which allows the cook to raise or lower the pan to the lirc. A few hot enibere are placed below the pan, to heat the bottom. This is a shanty-oven, often made use of in the backwoodsman's house. CANADIAN CROQUETg. Sift a tcaspoonful of white sugar through a bit of muslin ; add to the sugar three or four drops of essence of lemon, or almonds : beat up two eggs with the sugar, and to those add as much very-fine flour as will make the eggs into a stiff paste. It is better to work it with a spoon till it is smooth and stiff enough to handle : knead it, and roll it out as thin as paper. With a sharp penknife cut out leaves and shells, and roses; or, twist narrow slips into braids, cutting the veinings of the leaves and the edgings. Have ready a clean tin-pan. half full of boiling lard : you can try the heat by throwing in a little bit of your paste ; if hot enough, it will rise directly to the surface, and become stiff in about a minute or two. Throw in your croquets, one or two at a time ; two minutes will cook them : take them out with a slice, drain and lay them on a dish, sift a little fine white sugar on them as you take them out. — From these materials you will have a heaped dish of most elegant- looking cakes, at a very small cost SWEET FRUIT-CAKE. This is made by rolling out a fine short crust very thin, and spread- ing about an inch thickness of apple-marmalade, made by boiling down dried-apples to a pulp ; over this lay another thin crust of pas- try : ifnould be baked in shallow tin-pans, and, when quite cold, cut into squares, or vandyke-shaped pieces, by cutting squares from corner to' corner. This is sold in the confectioners under the name of mince- pie, and pie-cake. As this work is not intended for a regular cookery-book, I have limited myself to such cakes as are in common use in the farm-houses. Canada is the land of cakes. A tea-table is generally furnished with several varieties of cakes and preserves. I have given you as many receipts as will enable you to make a selection : if you require more costly luxuries, there are plenty of good receipts to be had, by refer- ring to any of the popular cookery-books. S! f>fDUX RICE. 107 ^n..,,,J^ ''''''''-'''--- ^^^^L^c'-''^- "■"i float »Z' th?" 'r"'^ "•"'■»'■ are Z,,2''^'''W the beau. upon the surface nP *k 6"«S7, attain a o-wiof i« _., t^e rice measured to thT ""^ *^^ ^^t«r ; I have seen ^f ^^' ^"iti:ri."'.^«~er time it , --'V "pe am sharp^dgej^ ,«••'.. «t:*""?«« ™«-i:ca-irL-£:T '^f * • by that ling of ripe heads down ■I ' !'k'i' i'F 108 FEMALE EMIGRANTS OUIDB. I I '■ ff I v.. into the canoe, the ripe grain falling to the bottom. Many bnshcls are thus collected. They then make an enclosure on a square area of dry ground, by sticking branches of pine or cedar close together, to form a sort of hedge ; in the centre of this place they drive in forked sticks, in a square of several feet, across which they lay others, and on this rude frame they extend mats of bass or cedar, for the manu- facture of which the Indian women are renowned : they light a fire beneath this frame, and when reduced to hot, glowing coals, the rice is spread on the mats above the fire : the green enclosure is to keep the heat from escaping : the rice is kept stirred and turned with a wooden shovel or paddle, and, after it is dried, the husk is Avinnowcd from it in large open baskets, shaken in the wind. This is the mere drying process of the green rice. The parched Indian-rice is heated in pots over a slow fire, till it bursts and shows the white floury part within the dark skin. This sort is. eaten by the Indians in soups and stews, and often dry, by handfuls, when on journeys, as the parched corn of the Israelites. Indian-rice is sold in the stores at 10s. a bushel : it affords a great quantity of food. The Indians sow it it up in mats or coarse birch- bark baskets : it is dearer now than it used to be, as the Indians arc indolent, or possibly, employed in agricultural pursuits or household work. In appearance this rice is not the least like the white rice of com- merco being long, narrow, and of an olive-green colour outside, but when cooked, is white within. The gathering of wild rice is a tedious process, and one rarely practised by the settlers, whose time can be more ])rofitably employed on their farms ; but I have nevertheless given this description of harvesting it, as it is not devoid of interest, and, should this book fall into the hands of any person, who by ac- cident was reduced to having recourse to such expedients as the wild country afforded, for food to keep themselves from starving, they might be able to avail themselves of the knowledge. Men who have gone up lumbering, on the shores of lonely lakes and rivers, far from the haunts of civilized men, have sometimes been reduced to worse shifts than gathering wild rice to supply their wants. I will now give the most approved recipes for cooking the Indian rice. WILD-RICE PUDDING. A basinful of Indian-rice carefully washed and picked, should be soaked for some hours ; the water being poured off twice during that time. Put it on in a covered vessel, with plenty of water, which should be drained off after it has boiled for half an hour, as there is a weedy, fishy taste with the rice, unless this is done. Milk may now be added in place of the water, with a little salt, and the rice sim- njered for an hour or more, till every grain has burst, and the milk 13 Many bashels square area of se together, to hive in forked ay others, and for the nianu- ey light a fire 2oals, the rice are is to keep turned with a : is winnowed is is the mere 5w fire, till it skin. This ften dry, by "sraelites. brds a great ;oarse birch- Indians are T household •ice of com- outside, but is a tedious time can be levertheless of interest, who by ac- as the wild ving, they fiLX'KWnEAT. should be uring that er, which s there is may now rice sini- Q milk is "* pepper, leaving out TJ^e Indians use ff, '''''''''"''''^ '^ ^ovr. arc chiefly madn If Parched rice in f i,.- '■'? fresh Lupit I vf"'' ''^^'ouZ^^fdV'T ""^ «tews; which 'This grain is ^rn« • ^^^^^^HEAT. ^^-ticle of food nf.K'^'i^" ^«"ada for tJ,n r . ,,^"™> .-..tended J IT '' '""^ p'»"ei.od°3o, ™:?,]brirr ■'^ fc'veiiie best re- ' ''-i' ; I ' t. f^^^ 110 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. BUCKWHEAT PANCAKES. The usual mode of preparing this favourite article of food, which the Americans and Canadians consider a national dainty, is as follows: Take about a quart or three pints of the finely-sifted flour, mix to a batter with warm milk or water, a teaspoonful of salt, and half a teacupful of good barm : beat it well for a few minutes, till it is smooth, and leave it in a warm place all night, covered in an earthen pot or tin-pail, with a cover. In the morning have ready your grid- dle or frying-pan, wiped clean, and some lard or butter, made quite hot ; into this drop a large spoonful or small teacupful at a time, of your light batter, till your pan be full, but do not let them touch: if the lard be very hot, the pancakes will set as you pour them in, and be well shaped, and as light as a honey-comb : fry of a light brown, and turn them ; lay them on a hot plate, and serve quite hot, with maple molasses, treacle or butter. If the batter have worked sour, melt half a teaspoonful of salera- tus or soda, and stir in. The buckwheat pancakes should be served hot and hot to table. Buckwheat pancakes are a favourite breakfast-dish with the old Cana- dian settlers. These pancakes may be raised by mixing in three teaspoonfuls of the baking powder, just before frying, instead of using yeast to fer- ment the batter. !■ , ■i!! OATMEAL PANCAKES. Mix one part of flour with three parts of oatmeal, and set with warm water and a little salt, into a thin batter ; add a little barm, and let it rise ; pour your batter on a hot, well-greased griddle or frying-pan, or drop into hot lard, as in buckwheat pancakes. It is a mistake to suppose that oatmeal or buckwheat-flour will not risi>. I believe that the flour of any grain will rise and make leavened bread, and, in scarcity of wheaten flour, a mixture may be made to great advantage, of rye, maize, oatmeal, or barley-flour. At all events, it is well to know how to make good food out of the infe- rior grains. The English peasantry who live on the best wheaten flour, are not more healthy, and hanlly so strong in muscle, as the natives of Scotland and Ireland, whose diet is chiefly oatmeal and potatoes. Most medical men agree in the opinion, that brown bread, or bread with a part of the bran left in, is much more conducive to health, unless to very weakly persons of lax habit, than the pure white bread; and that were brown bread moie common as a staple article of diet, there would be fewer calls upon tl;em for medicines. — Habitually costive persons should adopt the constant use of brown ^'S'^a/tt -■-,/;",;;; """^-^-- n^ " and other astn/ ?»od knife 3l """•' sliet, whiS^ '"""'^a' « a dlT^ '.•"■ » 'ai»e ft'- butter Ve!^ t™P of wflktoJit "'"'"' '*■, m .r'"'' P""'"^ -ve„,-e„ee." ^"' -'^ ", otierZ-Sfe", a^ir^STS It for 111 I 25, iir 112 FEMAI.F. EMIGRANTS GUIDE. have seen very good results, in violent pains in the body alleviated, by oatmeal made hot in the oven or pan, slightly sprinkled with water to create a steam, put in a flannel-bag or a coarse cloth, and applied to the sufferer : or an oat-cake toasted and wrapped up in a damp cloth, laid over the stomach. Simple as such remedies are, in case of sud- den illness it is well to remember them, especially in a country where doctors are few and far off, besides being very expensive visitors in a poor emigrant's log-house or shanty. I might enumerate many other uses to which oatmeal can be put, and furnish a long list of dishes in which it figures as a principal in- gredient, but these hardly belong to my plan : therefore I leave Oat-* meal to more experienced housewives, and proceed to give instruc- tions on the cultivation and uses of I J I '•<;■ % i 1 V ■ 5', '■ - ii'. ^1 ?! ti INDIAN-CORN. « "With the exception of wheat, there is* not a more valuable grain, or one more various aii. "" ^'^"tcst dan^nr fl '"'>' ''« », into tl^b C '"''■'?" ^''""W open ■ -g« a,. bet,r,c1„^'ed bv" '" ':»-«. ^ * e raiL Z^! ''^"'" *"^ /'er£-_sound, maoiuJi ^ ^^porience mui /i "^^lances. 7jip„„ '"-PorieneeJ eS^r-' "^"' ^■''» '-ve 'n^rntJttfef ,^^^^ fiM ,. " ™J&iead]ng th^ tjie ='=^"*?ieH£:SraS — iis nioisturc for f}u°i ""^. ""'^ ■«-'»'-etot„e',™il:^;,™'*'of . ^1 ii 114 FEMALE EMIORANT S GUIDE. I' »■ : ..I The pumpkin-seed is planted in every other hill, and in every other row ; which allows free space for the plants to run over the ground, without choking each other. Some farmers remove the unfruitful shoots and suckers from the stem of the plants, that are thrown up ; while others, who regard the fodder for their cattle as a matter of importance, think that they lose more than^hey gain. As soon* as the grain begins to fill with milk, and has acquired some substance, it is fit for the table ; but the white, sweet, garden-corn is best for cooking, and should be cultivated for that purpose, instead of robbing your field-crop. The first week in October is the usual time for harvesting Indian- corn, which is done by cutting it near the root, or pulling it : it is then set round in bundles, so as to*form a large circular stook, which is tied with a band at the top, and these stooks are left to dry in the field till the farmer has leisure to house thom. The common way is then to pull the cobs off the stalk, and throw them in heaps, when they arc carted home to the barn or corn-crib. The corn-crib should be raised from the ground, and made of logs or boards, close enough to keep out squivrels, but so as to admit the air, which is essential to its keeping well. The crib is made small at bottom, and wide at top, and roofed over. Before threshing, it is necessary to husk the corn, which is simply stripping off the fine sheathing that surrounds the cob or ear ; to ef- fect this, " Husking Bees" are often called. Neighbours and friends, especially young folks, meet and sit round, and pull off the husk. — The meeting usually ends in an evening frolic, a dance and supper.— This is seldomihad recourse to excepting by the small farmers. The choicest cobs should be selected for seed : these are only par- tially husked ; the husk that remains is turned back, and the cobs are braided together in ropes, and hung across a pole or beam, to be kept against the spiing. When rasping your seed-corn, break oflf about an inch or more from the cob, as the grains at the end of the cob are not so fine, or fit for planting, as the rest. There are various ways of thrashing Indian-corn, but the usual me- thod is simply with the flail ; some tread it out with horses, on the barn floor. This is an ancient mode of thrashing, practised in the East, and also in Portugal and Spain. The first crop of Indian-corn I ever saw, was rasped by means of a bit of iron-hoop, set in the edge of a barrel ; but this was a slow process, in the States there are machines on purpose for rasping coil, that work very expedi- tiously, and are a great saving of labour. Four quarts of good seed will plant an acre of bush land, with the stumps on it : six quarts are allowed for old land, where the ground is not encumbered by stumps or trees. i-'- iii- fortunately it was close at hand, just beside the garden. She spread a shawl on the ground at the foot of a pine tree that stood on the clearing, and setting up an umbrella to shade the little one from the liCat of the sun, she set to work on her task of gathering the corn. ishe soon became interested in the work, and though her soft hands, unused to rough labour, were l)listered and chafed, in a few hours she had stripped the cobs from a large portion of the corn, and thrown them into lieaps, running back from time to time to speak t|^er baby, and amuse him by rolling towards him the big yellow golder^umpkins, with which in a short time she had eficcLually fenced him round, while the little fellow, shouting with joy, patted and slapped the cool rind of the orange-coloured fruit with his fat white hands, and laughed with infant glee. Between gathering the corn, playing with the baby, and going to visit her sick husband, she had enough to do. She next brought out some large Indian baskets, into which she gathered up her corn. At sunset she dragged her little one home, mounted i«great state on the top of one of the loads; weary enough she was in bodj^, but well satisfied in mind, at her day's work. In this way she harvested and housed her first crop of Indian corn. Her husband was well enough to aid in storing the pumpkins by the time her task w as finished. In after jears she has often with honest pride related to her children, how she gathered in the first Indian corn crop that was raised on their bush farm. l*ossibly this very circumstance gave a tone of energy and manly independence of spirit to her children, which will mark them in their progress in after life. I will now proceed to giving some improved recipes for the cooking of Indian corn. HOMINY. This is the Indian name for a preparation of com either slightly broken in a crushing mill, or whole. The whole corn is steeped for some hours, twelve at least; it is then boiled in what is commonly called white lye, which is made with a small portion of ashes tied up in a cloth, or a clean bag, but a large tea-spoonful of salaratus, or a bit of pearlash would, I think, answer as well or better than the ashes, and be less trouble. Drain off the water when the corn has boiled an hour or so, and lay the corn on a pan before the fire to dry. "When the fine skin begins to strip a little, put it into a clean bag, and beat it till the scales fall off. Sift or fan the bran away, rubbing it through your hands. When clean, return it to the pot, and boil it with plenty of water for six or eight hours, keeping it closely covered till it is quite soft. This dish is eaten with milk, or with meat sea- soned with pepper and salt. If to be eaten as a vegetable, a piece of meat may be 'ooiled with the corn; but if too salt, the meat should be steeped and parboiled. 4 i)\ irJon. She spread tliat stood on the little one from tlie athering the corn. ■li her soft hands, m a few hours slie ■ corn, and thrown speak t^er baby, golderffumpkins, liim round, while ed the cool rind of ind laughed with %, and going to , into which she little one home veary enough she fork. » of Indian corn, umpkins by the I to her children, s raised on their tone of energy hic'h will mark for the cookine cither slightly is steeped for ' is commonlj f ashes tied up salaratus, or a than the ashes, •rn has boiled >e fire to dry 3 a clean bag, Eiwaj, rubbiug >t, and boil it [osely covered ith meat sca- >le, a piece of eat should be K^^se^th?ot^'^^^^^Je of crushed^ u ^^^ skimmed off Thp\f f'' ^ «^'evo : the «. / '"'''^^c steened on i ., ^'°"/^'"« the flour r'r' "^"^^^ '^0 ^ 'pt r ? ^f ' ^oat, Si "1/Y" .mh mill. n. must i. ^^.^^^^^ t ^^jl^f^as^ This is a thick «?n c ^^'^'^orse. «'^out twentvi-' ''^'^^ than for on/ '«,^^t«''. and stin.;] ^'-^ "''^ted qi"te solid whenn.n?^^'^ or sunner ;,^ '' P'-epaved Tf , ' '»' '^' ^r-^m-ee.ortor, /'"'^-— '"'""""-"V ^^e stove for" ''^ ^ ^''^ ^mbos or.f ^ ^'« ^''oni i' f ^' '"^"^^'^ "^" puddi/ig. oo**' ^^nd sweetened, it , Gfreen Corn c«n u ''^^^'' ^°«^- ^"t the last f I.- , ^® PJ'eserved hr .• , ^>«'''n room \ n ^^^^'•' «nd then L''"1P^^ ^"'•"ina. bad. fi ^ ^■«f> and ml J^^'-!? ^'^ ^'« *« be useS l'^''/^ '^ ^^ the sun n''-^"«^' a" kiml ""^'^ ^^ ^'^th butter. Thl , ''^^ ^'^ ^^^^ and 1 1 '!" ''^ ^^'7 . ^"other is to , ""^'^ «^^e^t corn 7s t?* '^^^^« .-' ': i 118 F£MALG emigrant's GCIDE. GREEN CORN PATTIES. h V ^ t I. 'in Twelve ears of sweet corn grated, one tea-spoonful" of salt, and one of pepper, one egg beaten into two tablc'Spoonfuls of flour ; mix, make into small cakes, and fry brown in butter or sweet lard. GREEN CORN FRITTERS. One tea-cupful of milk, three eggs, one pint of green corn grated, a little salt, and as much flour as will form a batter. Beat the eggs, the yolks, and whites separate. To the yolks of the eggs add the corn, salt, milk, and flour enough to form a batter. Beat the whole very hard, then stir in the whites, and drop the batter a spoonful at a time into hot lard, and fry them on both sides, of a bright brown colour. BOILED CORN. This is a favourite dish in Canada and the States. "When the grains are sufficiently swollen and biiginning to harden, but not to become hard, break oflF the cob, and boil for two hours or till they become tender. Some like corn best boiled with salt at meat, but that is a matter of taste or convenience. As a vegetable it is much admired, especially the sweet garden corn : the grain of this is of milky whiteness, and is very nice even in its corn state, being full of rich, sugary milk. It is of green sweet com that the preceding dishes are made. Some people cut the grains from the cob and boil them like peas, with butter and pepper for seasoning ; this obviates the ungraceful mode of eating corn so much objected to by particular persons. STEWED CORN. This is a nice dish : cut the corn from the cob, boil for an hour and a half, reducing the liquid that you boil it in to a quart ; cut some slices or steaks of any fresh meat, adding young onions, carrots, and sweet herbs, with pepper, salt, and a couple of tomatoes cut up ; stew till the vegetables are tender. Should the gravy be too much re- duced in quantity, add a little boiling water or cream. FRIED CORN. Green sweet corn fried in butter and seasoned is excellent : the corn should be boiled first till tender. INDIAN MEAL PANCAKES. Make a batter with one part flour, and three parts Indian meal, a little salt, and some warm (not hot^ water or milk, half a tea-spoonful of salaratus dissolved in butter-milk if you have any, if not, milk will do, if sour so much the better ; stir into your bowl or pan with the batter, and beat it a few minutes ; heat your griddle or frying pan excellent : the ^e very ihin . haV^"? ^'^ *^e batter v^'^'^^'^^^t if von fi ^^?' ^/ e^gs, beaten, I nint r ^^^^- "^' '" some ffiiiif, ftQ^ r't. Dissolve ' ^ ^^ tiiese ingre- 120 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. ' i' dient^ to a pretty tliick batter ; bake in a stove pan, in a brisk oven. When (lone, cut the cake into squares : it should be about two inches thick wiien bake;l. This is a very nice cake, quickly maJc, and is rich and light, with- out injuring the digestion. A fine cake can be made of Indian-meal, eggs, butter, molasses and ginger, with soda and sour milk or cream. Allspice makes a good seasoning for a plain cako ; and dried gar- den-currants or huckleberries are good put in. INDIAN-MEAL BREAKFAST-CAKES. One quart of sifted Indian-meal, one handful of fine flour, three eggs well beaten, a cup of yeast, one teaspoonful of salt, one ijuart of milk made pretty hot ; put in the yeast, eggs and salt, and then stir in your meal. Mix into a batter overnight, adding in the morning a little pearl-a-ih, or soda or saleratus, just before baking, but be care- ful to roll and dissolve before putting it to your batter, and stir it well through. Pour the batter on a hot, buttered griddle, and turn when browned On the under side : serve hot. JOHNNY-CAKE. One quart of Indian-meal : two tablespoonfuls of molasses, or a cup of coarse sugar ; one cup of butter melted, a teaspoonful of salt, and one of ginger ; two eggs : make these ingredients into a batter with scalding water or milk : pour the batter into a flat pan, and bake brown : cut in squares, and serve hot with butter or preserves. PLAIN JOHNNY-CAKE. Take a quart of sour milk or buttermilk, to which add as much soda or pearl-ash as will make it froth up well ; thicken this milk with Indian-meal ; add a little salt ; pour the batter into a flat pan, and bake it brown ; cut in pieces, and eat it hot with butter or molasses. A few seeds are an improvement to Johnny-cake. BAKED INDIAN MEAL PUDDING. Scald a quart of milk, and stir in seven or eight table-spoonfuls of Indian meal, a little salt, sugar or molasses to sweeten it, a cup of beef or veal suet, nicely snred, a teaspoonful of ginger or any spice you prefer, a tea-cupful of currants or chopped apples, and four egirs beaten to froth ; sprinkle a little fine suet on the top and grate a little nutmeg. PLAIN INDIAN PUDDINO. The same as above, only omitting the eggs and fruit. The same pudding may be boiled instead of baked, but the cloth must be tied so as to allow of the meal swelling, and requires to be boiled two or three hours. *^^U.V cOJiA'. 131 1 when browned li'8 IS simply a hUffn ^^''^ ^lEAT. "J«at, as jt IS apt to mh 1 k "^ oetore vou nuf vn,, L ■'^ '^ as well yo" ^rve the L.,%^:1 ZrT^l^i" '''« "- C 1? nj^'"" Make your boH. • . "^ ^t-'DDixa. rubbed S tt r*^ '^«t ffliJk . ,.,,, (as curra^ts^ goosS'^'"^ ^^^^' ^«^ a p nt'or'' ^^^^^ ^^^^ or butter f"e,) ^littleslalar anraV'^''^^^'^^' ^"RerrLTr''^ «r ripe frit . This is a most tr„i , '''''''' '^^''^^• ^« the dressim. .P « ^^ Valuable artici^. nr ^- . ff ^' makes delightful c^|rds?°Jt^r'^7Jd., ^^-»eat.W„h-T™^'' "^"^ ^™ »- "^ '^f^'^ practice this Lll ^''' '^ «« to tear tUnf ??^^"s^'s, and drlvy 122 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. e:- beds stirs the contents of these mattrasses by putting in her hand. Mats for laying under beds are also made by bmiding the sheathing into thick ropes, and sewing them together with a wooden needle or a large iron needle, with an eye large enough to admit of a single blade of the husk being threaded through it. This is then tied ; but those who do not care for the trouble of constantly threading and tying, use twine, or the tough inner part of the cedar tree. Round and oval mats are made for the doors, of the com sheathing. The rough ends of the husk are left projecting about an inch. The braid is made in this fashion :— you take nine blades of the sheathing and tie them at the top, to keep your work from coming undone : the braid is the simple three ply ; but you use three blades together, in- stead of one. To make it thick enough, every time you come to the left side, insert there a fresh blade, leaving a little bit of the end to prcyect at the edge. About twenty yards i^ sufficient for a door mat : it is sown together with the big needle, and twine or bark. Children can be taught to make these things ; and they cost nothing but the time, and can be made of an evening or on wet days, when other work cannot be attended to. This is one among the many uses to which this valuable plant can be applied : even the cobs themselves are of service after the grain has been taken from them. They make excellent corks for bottles ; and a bag of them of all sizes should be kept for such purpose. Burnt slowly in thQ smoke-house, the corn-cob is in high repute, as affording the finest flavouring for hams and bacon ; and burnt to fine white ashes, they afford a very excellent alkali for raising ginger- bread, and other cakes. I have seen Canadian housewives make a pure white ley of the ashes, for that purpose. is I.::; I' ill': i' i jr " i i I, HI'' ill';! 1; POTATOES. The most common method of planting potatoes in the new soil, is in hills : on the older farms, in ridges, earthed up by the means of a single-horse plough. The potato is set all through the month of May and the early part of June, and even later than this ; out the cailier they are planted, the . better chance you will have of a fair crop. In the bush-farms potatoes are generally planted in hills : the me- thod is simple. One person drops the seed on the ground, at a dis- tance of sixteen or eighteen inches apart, and two feet between the rows : another follows, and with a hoe, draws the earth each way over the set : some flatten the top of the hill with the hoe, and shape them like little mole-hills. When the shoot breaks the ground, and the leaves expand, the earth is again drawn up to the plant. In the fi-esh virgin soil, once hoeing is all the crop receives ; but in gardens, we give the potatoes a second, and sometimes a third hoeing. The ..„ POTATOES. ni"3 are preferred in 122 XLT'tL T- ?^^^'m.:^'. ^ roots and stn.n f d-crop of potato : Xr ' P^^ce'^/.J^^^ practised ?a ct! sorts may be plantedin ?h. "^^"i ^^ ^"^'^ use before 4 """'^^ ««"• The Tiie sorts usually set 11 ^T^^"" ^^^ table ih-^u^":?"^^, ^ut earlier eyes, the common wLT T^y ^''^neys for !f ? ^'^' '^e fit in jZ a»^ cups, for tZ ,5^ • ^"^ '^^ apple D'^r/^r^en culture. Pinjf' S; tea' 7" '"'^^ %h pSslV"^ «-^ n a^fe/o Of the Joo-,houl ^ ^' P'^ '^"g- under thPfl^^' ^ ^he cellars whft \"sts its^elf^byVrL^'^^" ^«« ^aTn^^ I'd T/ °'. *'^« ^Sn S a bad smell Z]-.'"'^^"^ sprouts be.^1 • P^^^^o heats, or pv -- or t,.e Clii™"- ■">. -^ i'»^»S VtiJ 12S[L"?i^^^^^^^^ ^ The root-house i, h.,i , °^ ^^^ io- ; ^"ffZiTZ'""' ""St carcfu 'fP"'".?P<>'»'.oes, the Zlt^^ ■« possible, S/rd'"; fffowd, to dry i„ theT;'''^ ?<"*«»«» >n a riro oJ..! '"?.'"« day : (|,„, Y, '" t™ 'an and wi-j ?v tZa%f4:S'^^ '^ p^^^^^^^^^ 1^^' ^^e ground only L, ?. ' u^' ^^<^ •' "o pi f, ,. *" ?/'«"nd slightly if 124 FEMALE EMIORANT S GUIDE. > ,)- ,, i M: i- Ef, f!^. I; I, with no earth on it, to allow the steam that rises from the potatoes to escape, till the cold weather comes on, when the pits are either removed to the root-house or cellar, or secured by an additional quantity of litter, and an outer banking up of earth. POTATO BREAD. (See Bread.) • Every body knows how to cook a potato ; but every one does not know that it is better to put them ou in cold than in warm water, and also, that cutting a slice off the rose-end — in the end which is beset with eyes, will greatly improve the mealiness of the potato. A cup of cold water thrown in a few minutes before they are done, also is good. After the water has been drained off, and the pot returned open to the fire, to dry them for a few minutes, a sprinkle of salt is a decided improvement ; then let them be served up as hot as possible. After dinner, let any potatoes that remain be peeled while yet warm, and set aside for breakfast ; sliced and fried, with pepper and salt to season them, or placed whole in the oven or bake kettle, with a little dripping or butter, and made nicely brown, forms a good dish to eat with meat in the morning, and saves the trouble of boiling. In Canadian farm-houses meat is generally cooked twice and some- times thrice a day. Or the potatoes may be put on the fire in a frying-pan or spider ; (this is a convenient "little pan with three legs, that is used to fry or stew in, which accompanys all cooking-stoves : it has a comical name ; but the little pan is a very convenient utensil ;) a little butter, pepper, salt, and a little chopped opion being added, the cook, as she stirs the potatoes, minces them or mashes them fine with the blade of the knife, keeping them from burning by constant stirring, till they are nicely browned. This is a favourite way of cooking potatoes a second time : I learned it from an American lady. MASHED POTATOES. Pare the potatoes very free from spots ; throw them into cold salt- and-water as you pare them ; when all are done, put them into clean, cold water, and boil till soft, carefully skimming the pot : pour off dry ; then mash fine, adding a cup of milk or thin cream, and a little more salt, or you may put in a bit of butter : dish, and smooth the potatoes on the top and sides, and put into the oven or before the fire to brown. Cold mashed potatoes, cut in slices an inch thick, and browned in the oven like toast, and buttered, is a nice dish for breakfast. POTATO SOUP. Set on the fire, bones of beef, or any fresh meat, with a gallon of water, into which slice onions, carrots, and turnips ; a little salt and gepper : boil till the vegetables are s«'*'t Have ready, potatoes nely mashed— a quart basin full ; add them to the soup, from which '^'■'•'fWRS'S^SWraBSWt t Wh" a"S "r ^' ■amoved ■ h •, 123 and ser^e it w;/k ! ^'"^^' g-^een nar,?/" "^^ «««P after Tirl^^' ^'^"or "'^ the soup instead' ^'^^^ o^" potatoes tl^'tl ei'^"'^'- ""-itted K:' "*"' ■« ehiidK3„*dS "'""'y f'je flatten on th^ x^^^^'on, mould it wifi ^ ®" » clean 3hful mn^^ /.._ /^^ ton, anr? ,.«),•... ^^^ With vonr h^^^ .^^ 126 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. -v, V M' x< I ,?:• ,1 fiXil the milk from scorching : when nicely done, it is a good sort of pud- ding for children : with the addition of sugar, eggs, aud spice, it is as good as custard. IRISH MASH. This is not the dish commonly known as Irish stew, but a more economical one ; though certainly very inferior in goodness. It ia made with a large quantity of potatoes, seasoned with onion and pep- per ; cold meat chopped up and mixed through the potatoes : there is no gravy, or very little, and the dish is rather recommended fot its satisfying than its delicate qualities ; neverthqless it is a useful sort of dish where the meat is scarce in a large family. Many a savoury dish can be made with potatoes and a small portion of meat, either as pie or stew ; but I think it better to confine my recipes to dishes that are more peculiar to the cookery of Canada. POTATO-STARCH. As I have before observed, it is a great object with the Canadian settlers to manufacture everything they consume, if it be practicable. The careful emigrant's wife buys no starch ; but makes all she uses, either from potatoes or bran. Potato starch is the fine flour that is obtained from the potato by grating it down in water. Pare some large potatoes ; white skinned are preferable to red or purple ; grate them down to pulp on a coarse rasp, or the large-holed side of a bread grater ; let the pulp fall into a pan of clean cold water. When you have reduced all your potatoes by grating, stir the mass well up with your hand ; lay a clean coarse cloLh in your colander over a vessel, and strain the whole mass ; squeezing it till the pulp is quite dry. The liquor that remains after the straining must then be left to settle for an hour or more, or till it looks clear, and shows a sediment at the bottom. It may then be poured off, and a second water put on ; stir this, and leave it again for some hours. A third water should be added ; pouring off the former one as before : three waters is generally sufficient. The last time you pour the water off, you will perceive a slightly discoloured crust on the top of your starch, or some of the ^le fibrous matter that has passed through : remove it with a clean spoon, and the pure, spotless, white substance below is the starch. This must be taken out, and spread to dry in a warm, sunny place, stirring it very frequently, till the whole is perfectly diy. It may then be put in paper bags, and hung up in a dry room. — Be sure that it is quite dry before bagging it. Not only docs this make the clearest and best of starch for muslins and linens ; but is a good substitute for arrow-root, boiled- in milk, (Mthcr for invalids or babes ; and is valuable in places where" delicaciea i'ov sick persons cannot ciisily bo procured. f'uyiPKiKa. 127 ■^^^s is an Ame • '''''''' ^''^''''''' BRAX STARCH. ■^ ^arge siiml ^^^^ starch. ^'arni kitchpn .^, !'"^s of water tL -. ^^^ or barr-pi ^ P'^o- weJJfn!: o„S^,*^" Vt begins fnLJ^^ '^ stand in ih.L'3 P?"ring f»«".>ht ?o soa? T"";.'""'" ferment^ L,^ ""^ ol^^tkif^T '"S and »o„riafc' J'r™. which f™d " " ^'-^n in the fafc?» ' »'« apt to do '"^' "'"' ""Pa-'ta no badVaTJ' nr'.v = " i >a tet' '/: « # ■abi f if. 128 FEMALE EMIOBAXTS GUIDE. ^ I fi i.t' is something between a custard and a cheese-cake, in taste and ap- pearance. I will now give you a recipe or two for PUMnciN-riE.* Select a good, sweet pumpkin, fully ripe: to ascertain if it be a sweet one, for there is a great difference in this respect, cut a piece of the rind and taste it, or cut several, and then you can judge which is best. The sweetest pumpkins require less sugar, and are much richer. Pare and cut the fruit into slices, removing the seeds and also the fibrous, spongy part, next to the seeds. Cut it into small pieces, and put it on the fire with about a pint of water, covering the pot close : you are not to bruise or stir it. Should the water boil away so as to endanger the pumpkin burning to the bottom of the pot, a small quan- tity more of water may be added. It will take three or four hours to boil quite soft, and of a fine brownish yellow. Some improve the colour and richness by setting the pot on a few embers, near the fire, and keeping the pot turned as the pulp browns at the sides : but this r^uires to be carefully attended to. When the pumpkin is as soft as mashed turnips, pass it through a hair-sieve or a colander; then add new milk and two or three eggs well beaten, with grated ginger ; as much sugar as will make it sweet enough to be pleaspnt. Pounded and sifted cinnamon is frequently used as spice or nutmeg ; but ginger and cinnamon are preferable to any other spice for pumpkin-pies. The milk must not be sufficient to thin the pumpkin too much : it should be about the consistence, when ready for the oven, of finely mashed turnips : if too thin you will need more eggs to set it ; but it absorbs a great deal of milk, and is better to stand some little time after the milk is added, before being baked. Make a nice light paste ; line your dishes or plates, and then put in your mixture. These pies are always open ; not with a cover of paste over them. A very rich pumpkin-pie may be made by adding cream, lemon-peel, the juice of a lemon, and more eggs. A finer dish, than a good pumpkin-pie, can hardly be eaten : and it is within the power of any poor man's family to enjoy this luxury. If you do not grow this fruit, any neighbour will give you one for the asking. ANOTHER WAY. J3oil your pumpkin, as before directed, for three or four hours ; bruise it fine with a beetle, such as you pound potatoes with ; mix with new milk, and two or more eggs, as you like : add a little sugar, and ginger or all-spice, and bake in lined tins for half an hour. Some people grate the raw pumi3kin on a coai-se grater, boil it with * I had this recipe from h Canadian lady who is celebrated for the ex- cellence of her pumpkin-pies. I can vouch for their gooduesi from my own experience. taste and ap- fit be a sweet I piece of the tvhich is best, richer. and also the II pieces, and e pot close : iway so as to I small quan- bur hours to improve the lear the fire, es: but this it through a three Qgga ake it sweet 3 frequently referable to suflScient to tence, when )u will need nd is better mg baked. I then put a cover of DRIED PUMPKIX." Boil down the nnm^.t- spread it on dishesT/^^" ' 5"^ ^^en soft tak. v dry. When qui?e S^^ ''^ '^'^ n the sm, 'n '"*, "^ ^^^ Pot, dry room. This mol f,"^' P^^^ in Paner Ll ^'^ ""^er the stove «e^on, when required X. ''^"'^!^ ^'^" Kake^Sl"^, ^'^"« "P in a -^- your pies^as «ta,^^-P ^^ - rnilk, till ^t'^wSafe-^ ^^f Some cut the nnm t- • sottens, and oven, It would keep i^his article is mn/i u *^-*!>i>as. "'any hours, exprSSnl th^"/"^^ ^°^n a quantity of n «vrup. P «««"& the juice, and then boS u w?' ^""'P^^'" ^ov 6 ^'' "own to. molasses SQUASH. This is a veg-etahTo «p *i. per and saft of "^r^^^. or mashed H^^^^ are boiled e-repn 130 FKMALE KMIQBANT S OUIDB. CUCUMBERS AND MELONS. (Plant, if in open ground, from 18th to 25th May.) Both these fruits can be raised in Canada without the trouble of making hot beds, and sheltering them with frames, provided your soil be rich enough, and the young plants are protected from the late frosts, which will sometimes, even in the latter part of May, cut both corn and the tender leax'es of the melon. It is not commonly the case, but it has happened even in the early part of June. In general the seeds are put in about the 20th of May, and if you wish to bring them on safely, place a square of bricks about each plant : on this lay a pane of glass. Glass costs very little in Canada. This will serve as a frame-light, and you may open and close it at will. Water your plants, and keep the glass over them at night, or till your plants no longer require such care. Spread a little fine hay over the ground between the plants : this will keep in moisture to the roots, and help ripen the fruit. A bit of slate or glass is sometimes laid beneath the fruit to attract the sun's ray. I have seen splendid melons — musk, cantaloupe, rock, and nutmeg-melons brought to great perfection in the open ground, on new soil. If the summer and fall are fine and punny, which is generally the case in Canada, you may reckon on having ripe melons in plenty with a little care. The ends of the shoots, of both melons and cucunibers, should be nipped $fi soon as the plant shows for bloom, this increases the size of the fruit very considerably. There is a plan that I have seen recommended in horticultural books for growing cucumbers : this is on a frame of sticks, placed close together, slanting like the pickets of a ha-ha fence. On this the vines are trained, and suffered to grow, stopping the length of the end shoots, to keep them from trailing beyond the frame : or the top of a bush set in the ground for them to climb, has also been recommended : the former plan, if more trouble, is certainly the neatest. MELONS PRESERVED. Cut a ripe musk or cantaloupe melon in slices, — remove the seeds, — sprinkle a little white sugar on the fruit, and let it stand for an hour. To every pound of fruit allow three-quarters of a pound of sugar, white, it should be ; a dozen cloves, and some ginger, sliced. Now pour off the ju ce that has run from your fruit, — put it along with the rest of your sugar and spice into a clean skillet or preserv- ing-pan, and boil it' up. When boiling put in your melon and boil for half an hour. The peel of a lemon, thinly pared and cut in strips, may be added. The juice of two, squeezed in, greatly improves the preserve, but it may be omitted. This makes a very beautiful- looking preserve, of a fine apricot colour. It is very rich ; but rather too luscious for some tastes. TOMATOES. TOMATOES. gardener. ^' ^-''oul.uri.f which^t/be™re,a P^JP -^"^ ' e ^^ ». f uce, and even a, "l T^-^ ''■^rent ways af J",-''™""^" Gather ripe ton,«i . "" ^ ™«ErABi,E Dm, P»»r boffin ''^'°™*»«4 "^move the stall- i ^ This is fo; thp n . ''''''''' TOMATOES. season. Thl , ''^'^^^nience of havino- fj, , juice may be rfrl;^' ^"'^ stewed for hnir ^'^' ^nd set into * P"'P on e^ar^hen S"^ ^^ ^^^'^^ will do for '". ^*^"^ ' ^^^ exce L o? > ■, 132 FEMALE EMIORANTS GUIDE. it; i ■t » ' Hi I; K-* !'! m AN EXCELLENT TOMATO SAUCE. Wash eight dozen ripe tomatoes.place them in an earthen pan, having divided them in one or two pieces, carefully removing any stalk that may adhere, or any blackened or decayed part; over each layer strew some salt, and let them stand for two days: put them in a preserving pan with the liquor, and boil well for fifteen minutes; then pass the pulp through a colander or coarse sieve to separate the skins from the pulp: to this strained juice add 4 oz. mustard seed, 2 oz. whole pepp.^r, 1 ripe red pepper, having removed the seed; 2 oz. whole ginger, 2 oz. allspice, several cloven, of eschalot; boil all together tiil the pulp is reduced to nearly half the quantity, rub it through the colander and press it with a spoon ; a gill of vinegar to wash the pulp clean through from the spices, at last, may be added ; bottle when cold, and cork tight down. Those who can afford it, put a teaspoonful of white wine into each bottle the last thing. « PRESERVED TOMATOES. To three pounds of fresh ripe tomatoes, add the juice, and finely cut Eeeling of two lemons; boil together with some sliced ginger for one our, then add 4 lbs. of lump sugar, and boil half an hour longer. This Jooks like a fine West India preserv*fe. TOMATO CATSUP. Pickle ripest fruit, break them up, and strew a good handful of salt among them, let them stand by for a day and a night, boil them with black pepper, cloves, allspice, a red pepper, and a little onion, or eschalot ; when the tomatoes are reduced to pulp, let them be poured out to cool in an earthen pan. AVhen the tomatoes are cold put them through a coarse sieve and bottle them for use. The coarser parts may be put with the spice into i: jar, and vinegar ^poured over them. They will make a good sauce tor cold meat, or seasoning for soup and stews. Fasten down your bottles with paper dipped in white of egg, which will exclude the air. Green Tomatoes are often put into jars of pickles, and I have been told will make tarts, but I think the rank flavour would not be agreeable, or even wholesome. Tomato catsup is used as a sauce for fish or meat, and also as a seasoning to soups and hashes. When I make Tomato catsup myself, I allow a table spoonful of strong vinegar to every quart of iuice, but most persons make it without vinegar. Any one who has a good cellar may have a supply of the fresh fruit for use, by taking up the plants before they are ripe, and hanging them on a pole head downwards. They can be ripened in a sunny window, or used green. :;b. m earthen pan, having loving any stalk that over each layer strew them m a preservinir 3s; then pass the pulp skins from the pujp: oz. whole pepp.^r, 1 whole ginger, 2 02. ther tiJl the pulp ig rough the colander Jvash the pulp clean )ttle when cold, and ieaspoonful of white juice, and finely cut ' let them be I coarse sieve and It with the spice vill make a good lite of egg, which and I have been f would not be used as a sauce hashes. ible spoonful of persons make it '"''or fa dc'e'T, ,?"/"» P'»«3 UeltT' "■""> "'the*'/" Z-'" ''fon till „„ „/>, f««" beara profu e,v .l"' ''«'" '^^"^1,^^'' and very teIl(lr^ • "^""^ "re riL im- ' "'« crop contS^' • ^""^ SUBSTITUTES FfT^ "^ 'fei i * 134 PKMALE EMIGRANT a GUIDE, II:, Necessity, no doubt, has taught the old settlers, both in the States and Canada, to adopt certain leaves, roots and berries, as a substitute for the genuine article ; and habit has reconciled them to the flavour. Some attribute valuable medicinal properties to their simple infusions, and, possibly, not without reason. The Indians boil the chips and bark of the sassafras, or spice-wood tree, as a luxury, as well as a me- dicine, and bring it from distant parts of the oantiy. I once tasted the decoction, and found it very pleasant, besides tasting the bark, which had a fine aromatic flavour, like the nutmeg. Tinctures, essences, and fermented drinks are in high repute, I have been told, in the States : the sassafras is regarded as a fine purifier of the blood. There is a species of fern, known by the country people by the name of sweet-gale, and sweet fern : it is woody, growing in a slight, waving bush, about three or four feet from the ground : when the leaves are rubbed they give out a delightful, aromatic, spicy odour, which soon goes off. When boiled, it has a slightly resinous taste, with a bitter flavour, that is not very unpleasant. This sweet-fern is in high repute among the Yankee and old Canadian housewifes, as a diet-drink : they attribute to it many excellent virtues, and drink it as we do tea. It grows only on very light, sandy soil, by wastes on the road side, or at the edge of pine woods. At dewfall, at night, or early in the morning, this shrub gives out a delightful perfume : it is very elegant in form, and in quality tonic and astringent: it has been recommended as a specific for ague. The botanical name is Comptonia asplenifolia. CBANOTHERS.— NEW-JERSEY TEA. — ^MOUNTAIN SWEET. These are the names of another very pretty and fragrant shrub, with white feathery flowers, that have the scent of the flower we nsed to call Meadow-sweet, and, Queen of the Meadows. It does not E*ow in the thick forest, but on open plain-lands, such as the Rice- ake, Brantford, Monaghan and other open, shrubby lands. The natives use the leaves of this plant as a substitute for tea.— There is nothing injurious in this plant ; and like the former one, it is tonic and astringent. I have never tasted the tea made from the leaves of this shrub, but I intend to cure some as a trial of its flavour, adopting the method, as near as I can, practised by the Chinese in drying their teas, heating the leaves in a pan for a few minutes, rolling them with the hand, and letting them cool, and heating them again. The lumbermen use the New-Jersey tea, when out at their work, and also the Labrador-tea. LEDUM LATIFOLIUH. — ^LABRADOR TEA. This very pretty and singular shrub grows chiefly on the low level banks of swampy, half dried-up lakes. There are two kinds ; one that is called marsh rosemary, the leaves bearing a strong resen- 'I^^e tons of iu'T '"'"''^''^''^^^--HEArLOCK tp. ^ As a remedy for « „„ ^ ^^^ » more pa- tfia r?..M«]- . •/ ^or a Severn o^lJ T , .. ^'* ^^om the root of tho « ^^O" 't>est thaf r „ ' " ^nrouo-h • ^ the common dande.'ion '''*" ^^commend, js ^ ^i-. Harrison of P^- /''^''"^"o^ coffee. .•"a^y years a^o rfl'^^^'-^h' ^ecommendp^ *u ^nf ?T^«''«esVeX"^^ «^tbis root, it plant beine- of a .n^ -i ^'*^<^«t any of IfpT. ? ^^^^^'^ and exhi ^«^en m the eveninl. T"^° mature thpp.ff'^^'^t«'''0us effect. ' t=,^° found, bu^trSf^?'-l"too7ar'f "trt&^»-°ott\t^^^^^^ '"erorethefire,orinthe ^ ; 136 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. iff 'Tli stove, stirring tliern from time to time, to prevent burning : when thoj are brown through, and crisp, like freshly-roasted cofleo, remove them, and let them cool ; grind like coffee. Put a small cupful into the coffee-pot, and pour over it a quart of boiling water, letting it boil again for a few minutes : drunk with sugar and cream, this prepara- tion is very little inferior to good coffee." " Experience," she says, '• taught me that the root of this valuable plant was not so good in the Spring as in the Fall. In new clearings this herb abounds, and grows most luxuriantly in the fine new soil.— The best season to collect it is in the month of October, when tbe potato-crop is being taken up. To persons residing in the bush, to whom tea and coffee may happen to be an expensive article of con- sumption, the knowledge of this valuable property in a plant spread 80 abundantly over their fields, may be very useful." I can speak to the excellence of the dandelion-coffee, having ofteo drunk it, though I do not think I ever succeeded in making it myself, so well as my sister did. I believe that I scraped as well as washed the root, and thus injured instead of improving the flavour. The ad- dition of a small quantity of good coffee would be an improvement, and would be very economical, as the difference would then hardly j be detected, between the substitute and the genuine article. The small haricot-bean, browned, and a small quantity of coffee added to it, gives a respectable imitation. The acorns of the white-oak, browned and ground, are also used. Before I leave the subject of the dandelion, let me observe that it I is sometimes blanched, and used as a salad, instead of endive ; or| boiled as a vegetable. COFFEE. The best coffee, or what is here called so, sells at Is. 3d. per lb, in I the country stores ; but a better article may be got at Is. per lb, ia | any of the larger towns, and at lOd., unroasted. • " The reason," says an agricultural journal now before me, " that I coffee is seldom well made, is, first, the berries are too hastily rousted, or roasted too much : a light cinnamon is their proper colour. Se- condly, the coffee is ground too fine ; and thirdly, it ia often boileJ too much ; by which the bitter principle is extracted, and the finer flaj vour flies off ; and fourthly not enough coffee is allowed iu the pot." A FEW REMARKS ABOUT BEER. ■' There is nothing that the new settler complains more feelingly of than the want of good beer and ale. Nobody brews beer in their own homes iu Canada. Beer can be got in all town.^, it is true ; but it is not, the emigrants say, like the sweet, well-flavoured, home-brewed beer of the English farm-houses. The reason why so few of the Ca- '"''™"'"^«^ "OUT BEEB nadians brew their « , ' ™ek. «l"?ky drunk in Lv^r'' ''«''•• there wo„!h'^'''"« ''ere nS »gan,st people matw i ^' ^' '''^--elno ,,1 ."•/'""^''"•'foM £ ™ry farmer' to ^ow^^t,]' »"" barley,"! ?hi„'f ?,'"'""?" ■•" Canadl practice of SuTn^.V ,r""«'y »f th 3 u,Vf' iT'' ''<' '*<= for M fine a flavoured Zit ' '''f^ ""ffl't not neH,! ^™"' and learn 'llf at home, from f hi *" 7'"" *% hil K P'' P"'"''"*"' at S «(l, a very naatlhu f^ malster; bit Z. h ". *"''°«'»med to n^r f*. by its Tnxuria^l'^^. *'°''*^ shad,W a 'd ?f'""-8 '"'™ fo? rail" ^^ fro'nT,;acrhl?u^'«"'P ^ort of be^rZ'; "" '"''"^'^tet J"*„'I of the usual an„„ "«"»»"'■, and should; i' I I '" "•*"" nas scattered S'^i^ners thai I «ne p,„tof veast .* Ini ^'% ^''«''^«'« ^ fill un S ^'" '"'"'^'' offtho 138 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDR. I' '''t' :t. . '■'■ i- MAPLK-BEER. (See that article.) BEET BEER. Clean and well scrape and wash six sugar or white beets : cut them in slices, and boil for two or three hours in six gallons of spring wf- ter : when the liquor is as sweet as beer-wort, strain it into a smun cask : add to this the liquor in which you have boiled down a good handful of hops : when cooled to blood heat, add a teacupful of good rising : set your cask in a warm place, till the fermentation takes place : when the beer has worked for two or three days, fill up the cask, and set it in a cool cellar : it will be ready in a week or ten days for drinking. BEET-VINEOAR. .^ This is made in the same way ; only, instead of stopping, let the fermentation go on, and keep the vessel open in a warm place near the fire, for some weeks, and you will have a beautiful vinegii f a fine colour. BEET-MOLASSES. Boil down for some hours, white sugar-beets, with one or two blood- beets to colour the liquor of a fine red. When the liquor is very sweet, remove the beets, and strain through a flannel-bag : beat up two eggs, and pour into the beet-syrup, tcJiing care that it be quite cool : return it to the fire ; and when the scum rises, remove it care- fully : it must now boil ftist, and be reduced to a thick syrup, as in maple molasses. Those who dislike the sweetness of the beet-molas- ees, may sharpen if by adding a little lemon-juice, or the juice of any acid fruit : it is a lovely colour, and, in the absence of other pre- 1 serve, is useful and wholesome, and costs nothing but the trouble of | boiling down. ite beets : cut them illona of spring wa- train it into a smuii >oiled down a good i teacupful of good fermentation takes «e days, fill up the »y in a week or ten J 'f stopping, let the arm place near the Ivinegi. fa fine one or two blood- the liquor is very ael-bag : beat up « that it be quite a, remove it care- thick sjrup, as ID f the beet-molas- the juice of anj ice of other pre- ut the trouble of! f n t i: 'V K. ^-^WilClli^n^n^ " ^f^f?^wmf^e^»^i9pf%^<^ , t>on to it, for mapTe sZlr '.^'f^^*^"^ his iand \v§i n ^,^'? ^'^^ can be The West India suL^' ^""^ ^° ^'"^''^le oft7ai ?L ^^ ^'« ^"en! pay a dollar you nfn /^, "^^ *» be boua-hf «? L ^^" '^ "sed to be -pie su„.ar J^^ f^ ^^ lbs f gooTsoVf sit^^^,^ or if /ou standard price if it wereln^^" ^'^" ^"^ ^J- for 2v .^^^ P"^« of muscovado being Sp^o ^' ?^^ ^^^^re is little rnT. ^''^''' ^«« the circumstances unfer^^hthll^'^'^P- ^tiil there lV"P^« «"^ar, on with advantao-e tu ^^^ "^^^'^^g of maXtn ^'^uations ind for the sake ofXcomw'!,^^" ^'^-^« be ^^Tp"'"^ '^^ ^^^'^^ selves in the backwS^r "'5 Proprietors of Wd i-r/^^"*« ^ho, who have little moiTp?? ' ^' ^''oni the vicinitV nf f ^'" ^^^^^e them- of so wholesome an7 ^""^""P^^^' and who are .v^^ *,^^"« «",p . , wef^^ht o?sJ:.fr?n a'"^ ^ ^^od sugar bJh^n^^^^'es of the house «tout boy ofCeenormr ^^^'^^^ '"oS^t llVrf''^"' ^"'^^^'d' ooes, has made mtV^ ^^f°' ^^th the aid of ?hn "'i^^''- ^any a Jarge quantity, if TheT^,*^ *« supply ^e tn^T^f^^d you^ng s«g-ar making^; it j, ?! ^f^^^oods the women 7' ^.u''^""^ telling S think little of thnV t?"^ ^ork, and fitter f! ^° *^^ ^hief of the ,^^f ° making u'ar ^^^ ^^^" ^omen empleT " ' ^f ^^^^^^'ans helping to lav nn I* ^ \^^^® seen women m? ,^ '" stronger work unfit fo^rthe^ "^ "^^ ^"^« « ^-^^3 irgri^^^^^^^^^^ from each other inT^ hundred of good tree. «?„ '7^'^"*^ ^^« can be ^^01 ing place: a'follenVJ: .^f^ of L busrhfsfe °ot ^^^^ ^^^ he not one ready felkv L '^"^^'arge tree shoufd hi ' ^"^ "Pon a . '«f ng back logVSiVT! ^"^ one down ^^^'^^^^^o-' if there hut there arp ntuy ^ ^hich to build li,-o a ' ^ "^ "eeds a e-omi ether kinds of ^vnL ^"^''^" Pine, black ««i. k ^^'^^'^'" number of ?'ens made in the baric w-?^ ^f'^^^^ a?e placed 1^' '^ *^^' trees f.i ^ U2 TEMALB EMIGRANT S GUIDE. t? 'f' ' I I 'SB. I '■■■ - , , t. the gash in the bark, to direct the flow of the sap to the trough. The modes of tapping are various: some use the augur and bore a hole, which hurts the tree the least ; some cut a chip out across the bark, and cut two sweeping lines down so as to give the sap two channels to flow in; others merely gash the bark with a slanting cut, and insert the spill. My brother, Mr. Strickland, in his work on Canada, gives very good instructions on this subject. There should be a large trough hewed out almost as big as an Indian canoe, or barrels, placed near the boiling place for a store trough ; into this the sap is collected: as fast as the smaller ones fill, the boys and women empty their contents into pails, and the pails into the large receptacle. The boiling place is made by fixing two large stout forked posts into the ground, over which a pole is laid, stout enough to support th2 kettles ; ironwood is good for this purpose ; on this the kettles are hung at a certain height above the fire. A hoop, with a piece of clean coarse serge or flannel sewed over it, serves for a strainer ; the edge of the pots should be rubbed with clean lard to prevent the sap boiling over. Jt is a common plan, but I think by no means a nice one, to keep a bit of pork or fat bacon suspended by a string above the sap kettles: when the boiling sap reaches this it goes down: but I think my plan is better, and certainly more delicate. If possible have more than one kettle for boiling down; a constant change from the pots facilitates the work: as the first boiling decreases, and becomes sweeter, keep adding from the others, and filling them up with cold sap. A ladleful of cold sap thrown in at boiling point, will keep it down. Attention and care is now all that is required. The one who attends to the boiling should never leave his business; others can gather the sap and collect wood for the fires. When there is a good run, the boiling down is often carried on far into the night. If heavy rain occurs, it is better to empty the sap-troughs, as the sap would be too much weakened for boiling. The usual month for sugar-making is March, though I have known some years in which sugar was made in February. By the middle of April the sap is apt to get sour if kept many hours, and will not grain. If }ou have sap kept ratlier long, put salaratus in till it foams a little ; but it is seldom that good sugar is made from acid sap. A handful of quick-lime, some prefer to cure sour sap. The best run of sap occurs when a frosty night is followed by a warm sunny day. If cold weather set in after the trees have been tapped, it is sometimes neces- sary to tap them a second time. After the sap has been boiled down to thin molasses, it is then brought in to be sugared off". The syrup must be carefully strained through a woollen strainer ; eggs are then beaten up, with the shells, and poured in'"'^ the cold syrup, which is now ready for boiling into thick syrup, or it ugaring off'. Where the suf bush is far from the house, some persons prefer gives very good "■oved forwa;dl\„^' J^^hain "fed ?o fct'1 f ? wooden Care must be ta J„ . "" *''^ «'•«• '^ '"''• " "'^ be scumissefiufn.' T™" to watch ih^ l^^»-SntZ:^,l'^'''^.»>^^i.^UtJ- ".■»<'. tm the °f sugaring., the Ha„W f' ^'^''^''totive foXih^ '°' " <»■«■• tfc prudent alwnva tn i,^ " ." ^^'y thiclr .twi "^'''ng oper, as wl.on 't riso too tZt J^''P <^ I'itk cool Sh "^^ rapidly jt- ""•i -vatchfoti ^"""■* «'««Cof"lK'' '° ""■'"' ^' should fo"";, and thol.'h^nor''- ^hen^the :™'i'I',«'f latest cf^ :sf '---""-r::r«,--4^o.er.„i,e<,. „ , .1; the eoarse of two or .1. . "'"''"'"»''« of gmin and i'f removes XclX"! ?«f«''' ^ndei^eM i f^'J "",*' »'"'<'h wiU '»'» cakes, paddi,^""'!! "«te, so that yo" m^t L,^?'^'* »P for u» '"uscovado/""*""""' '^'^ or coffee, anS i?^y£ '" ?' " »^««tenS The laroer enn~. . "^ "'"^ M the best ' "r a warm room. This I 144 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUICE, I |:: -v.. ! • ii ::!;:? i' like better than the cake sugar, but it is not so convenient to store. To those who have few utensils or places to put things in, as a sweet- meat for eating, tL ; dark heavy-looking sugar is liked the best, but I prefer the sparkling good grained sugar, myself, for all purposes. The Indian sugar, which looks dry and yellow, and is not sold in cakes, but in birch boxes, or mowkowks, as they call them, I have been told, owes its peculiar tas*? to the birch bark vessels that the sap is gathered in, nd its grain to being kept constantly stirred while cooling. I have heen told that a small bit of lime put into the syrup whitens the sugar. Milk is used to clarify, when eggs are not to be had, but I only made use of eggs. Four eggs I found enough for one boiling of sugar. As I know of no better authority for the process of making sugar than that of my brother. Major Strickland, I shall avail myself of his directions, and abridge from his last volume, 18th chapter, such pas- sages as may add to the settler's knowledge, what I have already collected from my own experience, and other "-"rces. He says, "The settler having selected his bu^ar-bush, should under- brush, and clean the surface of the ground, by removing all rotten logs, and fallen trees. It should be surrounded by a fence, to hinder the cattle from drinking the sap, and upsetting the sap-troughs, which they are very apt to do to the great loss and annoyance of the sugar- boiler. The boiling site should be as near to the centre of the bush as possible, from which roads wide enough to admit of the movements of a sleigh and oxen, should be cut in every direction." " Settlers commonly suspend the boilers over the fire, from a thick Sole, by means of iron chains ; but this is liable to accidents. The est plan is to build the sugar kettles into an arch,* either in the open air, or in a small shanty built for the purpose of sugaring off." "A store trough should be made from the trunk of a large white pine, capable of holding from fifty to one hundred pails of sap. This should be placed near the boilers, and any empty casks or barrels may also be mustered in case of a good run." "In a good season from eight to twelve hundred pounds of sugar and molasses can be made with five hundred sap troughs. Let the troughs be made of pine, black ash, cherry, or butternut, capable of holding three or four gallons each." "No sap wood should be left in making the troughs as it is sure to rot them. As soon as the season is over, let the boys collect all the troughs, and set them upon end, against the North side of the tree, which preserves them from cracking with the sun." *ThiB no doubt is a good plan when sugaring is carried on with pood h«lp. and on a large scale ; but where women and boys do the worki it would hardlyi I fear, be carried into effect. — F.n. Maple-sugaj?, bulMlo\e"™v,?rh ■« <"■ -^""■-e he will ,„ „ "' to set thete'S'' -"'d "30 hollow spnbb°?"''"y«'*.''"h Many nse the ai oikl^ ,"""?'' "«= d'-opfand ^ Tv";""""""'"^'' Vge enoufht^lldlSr'''' »%■-*" '"Sh':^^^^^ beaten effe-g are Xm F^!^ ^'" ^^a^fy fifty nonnrlu r sediment, crane, and aW/ If^^J^*^ ^^^ cool Cr To' ?^ The instantly removed t7 '" '^ *^'^' the tWek bL.lf '^""^ «" "^^ and^eIeirasTi;;S^,JlroP-i^ -mmed, t tt^^'brb^i,!!? ?^£HB:"- ^^^^t*^^^^^^ he m.t unless Schedwifh"'^''"'' ^'« ^^"tinually rLtt ,^.? '"^'^"^ hand. ,. J^o the uninitifltorT +i ^^^e ot a sudden nV the moCt a fie't.^^t'"^. "''"> i»"h;ide' "f fhT"^''''-'™™ he ponred on?;!,. """'■ '*'"«'. f hard itT d. '"'se of a ladle, or bv^ ^nost Chan Je ble 1?'^' '^''^^^n '• «nd tLST.i?^''^ and thaw^ nrl 1* ^ unpleasant season nf ♦£ ^^'^''' P'^ee at the ^tne sugar-makers. March » i:- 146 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. 1-1. '''' . 1 ' :}■"'■ and April are not the seasons for ague ; it is in the hotter months this disease prevails." Note. — I have giventhis useful extract from Mr. Strickland's workj " Twenty-seren year's experier.ce in Canada West," because it embraces some valuable points of advict on the subject, very clearly expressed, and as the price of his book places it beyond the reach of a large pro- portion of the emigrants and poorer settlers, I considered it was conferring a benefit upon my readers. MAPLE SYRUP. This beautiful addition to the table is simply a portion of the syrup, taken out when it begins to thicken to the consistency of virgin honey. It sells at nine pence or ten pence a-quart readily ; if for use in your own family, boil it rather longer, and cork it tight, setting it by in a cool cellar to keep it from fermentation. It is used as sauce for pancakes, puddings, and to eat with bread. Those persons who do not think it worth their while to make sugar, will often make a gallon or two of molasses. Some call it maple honey, and indeed it comes nearer to honey in taste, and consistency, than to treacle. ■^}f ! - ,1' I; MAPLE SUGAR SWEETIES. When sugaring o% tafee a little of the thickest syrup into a saucer, stir in a very little fine flour, and a small bit of butter, and flavor with essence of lenion, peppermint, or ginger, as you like best; when cold, cut into little bricks about an inch in length. This makes a cheap treat for the little ones. By melting down a piece of maple sugar, and adding a bit of butter, and flavouring, you can always give them sweeties, if you think proper to allow them indulgencies of this sort. MAPLE VINEGAR. Those persons who make maple sugar generally make a keg of vinegar, which, indeed, is highly advisable ; no house should be with- out it; it is valuable, both s an article of diet, and medicine; and as it is easily made, and costs nothing but the labour, I shall give directions how to make it. ., At the close of the sugar-making season, in the month of April, the sap loses much of its sweetness, and when boiled down, will not make sugar, but it will make good vinegar: — for this purpose it will only be necessary to reduce fiv3 pails of sap to one by boiling; twenty-five gallons of sap, boiled down to five, will fill your little five gallon keg; but it is better to boil rather more, as you will need some after the fermentation is over to fill up the vessel. This is the common propor- tion, five pails reduced to one; but I do not think that six to one would be too much to allow in boiling down. While blood-warm, strain the liquor into the vessel, and pour in half a tea-cupful of sr months this ^^^tE-SVoAR. "sinar; set the cask in fKn i,- 147 ot hot water r? '?^^ » "'■« eoolin, dn„t . . "■ harvest weatier. ''"™' '" flavour it * ^1^ ' """"eg on itro, ■"113 IS ver^r refreshino- o MAPLE BEER. handfuVofhoD^, hi^-h^P' foiled dow • MAPLE WIXB. Boil down six na"? "5 ili??"'' «« ^^el:^Tt tt ^"P « "« 'ts beat • it • fA „• .' ^ "*^^e sue-ar ia no« ^ ^^ "^^^> and ^ph,-,, ^', "* ^ stron* 9 I .if;-, - • '-'■i.r ':ir ,.v, ii- ■• '■/ 1. = CURING OP MEAT. The cutting up and salting of meat is attended to in most farm- houses by the men, but sometimes it falls to the lot of the settlers' wives, and it is necessary that they should possess some knowledge of the process, as circumstances may oblige them to take an active part in the business, or give directions to their servants, as the case may be. The meat should be hung in a cool place till it is stiff : it may then be cut up for salting. The usual way of dividing the hog is to take off the head ; cut out the haras, and fore legs, ham shape ; and divide the rest of the carcass in pieces, which are cut clean through, chine fashion. These are rubbed and packed in clean salt, as tight as the barrel can be packed, and the barrel is then filled up with strong brine. A barrel of pork, containing nothing but the side pieces, should contain two cwt. of pork. This sells at the highest market * price, and goes by the name of " Mess Pork.'* " Prime mess" con- tains the hams and shoulders, as well as sides, and sells for less. And "PitiMR," which is the whole hog cut .up indiscriminately, is the lowest in market value ; but a barrel of either must weigh two cwt of meat. Hams are sometimes sold separately at 6d. or 7d. per lb., dried or smoked. Pigs are often sent to market, or to the stores in a frozen state, and sold by the cwt. In purchasing a barrel of pork, it is necessary to ascertan the sort of meat you are buying, and not to pay for " Prime" or " Prime Mess" the same as for " Mess." As the emigrant, on first commencing housekeeping, is obliged to provide stores of this sort, it is well that he should be on his guard against imposition. And when the storekeeper sees that his customer is not ignorant of these matters, he will be less disposed to take unfair ad- vantage of him. Always endeavour to make your dealings with per- sons of respectability of character. And now to return to the curing of the meat for household use. nCKLE-FOR HAMS, CHEEKS, AND SHOULDERS. * Fourteen pounds of good salt^ half a pound of saltpetre, two quarts of molasses or four pounds of coarse brown sugar, with water enough to dissolve the salt, and a pint of good beer or of vinegar, if you can command either. Bring this liquor to a boil, and scum ofii" all the impurities that may rise to the surface. When cold, pour this * This quan'ity will be sufficient fcr two cwt. of meat. In salting down meat, it is better to have one to rub the meat, and another strong hand to puck into tlie barrel. Some prefer meat dry-salted to pickling it. I ■- ■«^»,«gp,. Ci'RIXQ OP ME^y, o;er jour hamp, whioh ci « i , , 149 maple chips, l,iet„"bi°:,, '''« best woods for ™?o .;f ^■'' ""'' "'^ mnoved from tl.7 , ' •'""i-cobs, ivh;t„ " i ™» ''"g are : suffar- "^h. with a "iite^-af/r !'™ "'feco^eri "a '" °°y <"'' '"''n ll«reisasma]ldnsl„i ?,''"'''' " »«! Pre'erS. -."".""^ of white- its body, which in?,f^ ^'"'"''' '>■!"' two duller " ^">'" the flies ■•" the siin S,';j'S7 meat more tha" fh ' Z"'?!:^' "^^ -^'^s slroy the meat ; ZlimiJ ** "^^^ turn to a h„,w ''"'P"'"^ i'^ "ggs unfit for „se. f ""'i ""'^^f 'o-ne P.'^eaati^.sV.^^^il"™',?*''^'' de- been at worit T b„„u ■'/examinin,. »i.„ Vm,. fu "' "'" ""ider it bo put on the fl J . 1 '^.'omniend a lan.eT„;'r'' '^' *'«' enemy hi «ith bran or s-i«. ^f, . " *''era ou:. and «,, > ^°' "' 't for tive oats, as the ClsSr''"'' P'"''' them fn a ?'"" f^' '■'!"' ttem ove? TCeril ajsrain ivf '*™'"« "/''" 'be preserver of mpnf ."'"'^'■^^^^ iQ the ba/ei'^ Ti!l * "^store it if if i"J»red. b ArpVtU^^r.t 1 !!'■,- -str^ireafttr""' ^ " A pint of the fir* • ^"verit. fliowed toTa d i°te"r ^"^ » ^ "^J ' e^lar^'^^^be o "t^""^^" ' Are Where root "hafe I '" '" '<"^™ the bS„„ T""*';' ''J' «be «-'»'---yessete',i-^4.a^ee^^^^^^^ PRrZE HAM. ■Rub your him txri • l i * ' ?S oSS -^S t-^h ^^d^ne '-^"-^^O "»'". wben ^^^- (Hamilton prize I . 150 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. TO BOIL HAM. Soak it over night in soft water ; wrap a lock of sweet hay about it, and boil in plenty of water, three, or if very large, four hours : let the ham remain in the water to cool gradually. Next day remove the skin, and trim all uns'ightly parts away : the ham will retain its fla- vour and juice much better than if skinned hot : this of course can only be adopted when you do not require to serve the joint up hot to table : in that case skin it ; grate crumbs of bread over the surface and let it stand a few minutes in the oven to crisp the bread crumbs', BACON TO PREPABE FOR SMOKING OR DRYING. Having taken off the hams from a side of pork, chop the rib-bones close to the back, so as to remove the back-bone the entire length of the side. With a sharp knife, raise all the small long bones from the meat, and trim all rugged portions carefully away. Then mix a pound of coarse sugar to 2 bz. of saltpetre, and 4 lb. of salt. Rub this well over the meat on all sides : two sides of bacon will not be too much for the above quantity. Cut them in two pieces, and lay each piece above the other, the rind downward, and strew the re- mainder of the salt mixture over the last piece. A shallow wooden- trough or tray, with a hole and peg at the bottom, is the best to salt your bacon in : it should be placed a little eloping forward. Every second day, draw off the liquor that runs from the meat, into a vessel, and carefully pour it over the meat again, having first shifted the bot+om pieces to the top. In six weeks time, take them out ; rub with bran, and lay on the rack to dry, or smoke them : this process makes excellent meat. Much of the goodness of pork, ham, and bacon depends upon the meat itself — the breed of hogs — and their treatment in fattening. A great deal of the barrels of pork sold in the stores, is coarse, loose, flabby pork— distillery -fed, or else nut-fed ; the swine having nearly fattened themselves in the woods on beech-mast, acorns, and such food. This pork is known by its soft, oily fat ; the meat running away to oil, in the act of frying. Of course, meat like this is not profitable to the buyer. Such meat is better dried or smoked, than eaten fresh from the pickle. It is better to purchase your meat fresh of some respectable farmer, or salt it yourself, or buy well-dried meat, though you must, of course, give a higher price for it. By referring to the market-table, you may ascertain the prices of meat, both salt and fresh. iu LARD VENISON. 151 hay about it, ours : let the y remove the retain its fla- Df course can int up hot to p the surface >read crumbs' • a. the rib-bones tire length of ►nes from the Then mix a It. Rub this will not be Qces, and lay ?trew the re- 'low wooden- I best to salt ^ard. Every into a vessel, shifted the m out ; rub this process [Js upon the ttening. 3s, is coarse, vine having acorns, and leat running this is not noked, than [• meat fresh -dried meat. By referring it, both salt sidei^'lt^'thrbesUn'S* ''?>' ^"'""^'^^^^ by a gentleman wl,« thus treated. ^° "^ * ^ ^^^^ eaten exc Wt meaTai ts tilt ^ ^^ PICKLE FOR BEEP OR pork rru. . I^ A R D . This is made frnm ♦!,«•. fo'4t\1«.tu"'J,i;P-^^^^^^ Toronto., ,„,, - parlour lamps. '"'^^^'- " « ""w used as a substit„e for oil^ the Canadian seSiVt "^^* °^^^ »^^ ^^ <|uirutcep"abr?: m. , ^^ KOAST VENISON. basting than the fat which ru^n?f ''^■?"' *^« "^^^t will need no nf i. 152 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. ■It „.■ ■■ -K t —and a little salt thrown over it : it is better not overdone. Being u meat very open in the grain and tender, it readily parts with its juices, and takes less time to roast than any other meat. BROWN FRICASSEE OF VENISON. Fry your steaks quite brown, in hot dripping ; put them in a stew- pan with a very little water, a bunch of sweet herbs, a small onion, a clove or two, and pepper and salt. When it has boiled for a few minutes, roll a bit of butter in flour, with a table-spoonful of catsup or tomato-sauce, and a tea-spOonful of vinegar ; stir this into the fricassee, and dis^ it quite hot. FRIED VENISON. Cut your meat in suitable pieces : dust them with flour, and season with pepper and salt ; fry in boiling lard, or with some nice thin slices of ham or fat bacon. A little seasoning of onion in the gravy may be added, if not disagreeable. A little dust of flour in the pan, with a table-spoonful of boiling water, and a little tomato-catsup will make the gravy. VENISON-PIE. Season yoi"* pieces of venison with pepper and salt, a little all- spice, and three or four cloves ; flour each steak as you lay it in the dish ; pour in a tea-cupful of water, and cover the dish with a nice short crust. If the meat be very lean, a few slices of ham or bacon will improve the pie.— Small balls made with crumbs of bread, chop- ped ham, parsley shred fine, seasoned with pepper, and made up with an egg improves the pie. VEXaiON-SOUP. The leanest and worst pieces of the deer, will make an excellent Boup, if boiled down long enough. A handful of Indian rice may be {)ut in when first set on the fire, but should be soaked in water for an lOur or two, and drained and picked clean before adding it to the soup. Season the soup with onions and sweet herbs, pepper and salt. Tho meat after long cooking will be of little worth, as all the good and uuurishing qualities li^ye been parted with in the soup. CORNED VENISON. "When you have more fresh meat of this kind than you think will keep good, rub it with salt, and hang it in the root-house or dairy. VENISON-IIAM. Make a mixture of sugar, salt, and a very little saltpetre ; rub the haunch well with this every day, for three weeks ; hang it to smoke one. Being irts with its n in a stew- mall onion, d for a few ' of catsup s into the and season nice thin the gravy in tlie pan, Jatsup will little all- [ it in the ith a nice or bacon ad, chop- 5 up with excellent 5 may be er for an t to the and salt, he good ink will lairy. ub the smoke for,.. "'"'•-"^•'^'"^^ ■■^««,»o.,, 'or three more Tf • 163 Beef S E E r . ^'^"r brine; scSm it IT ' ^"^ f«"^' pound"':?^^'^* ^^^ays improve^ .q^ite covered, an d '^ Z Z^'"" ''^^' P««'o"er "L'Tt ''''^'^' S in^mediate us'e, saVJl^f^n the barrel. 'uj^j; ^^^^^ it should be '^fyou want dried h^nP®^ t^n days no «nif ^?" "^^^ beef for . pickle, after a month's h''"'^"' « Joint^'the htlf ^T- ^ ^"^^ed on ^ith the same nicKfp ""^' ^'"^ ^ang itl tni^ '' best^fron, the of cloves, and i'c^faf 'b'lS "^^ ''' ^-rl^sZZ.tr'}' T'^^^ '^1 .aod basted daily for six w^ f'^^' *« yonv pS^'^^f ^^ ^"«Pice, ioz^ IS usually shaved «n^ I^^^'^' ^^en han- it to . "^^^ ^^ be turned drying prUTg^C' ^^^^^-^'^^ no oC'^oX'^'Cnt^^^^^ As tliia is nnf to give VtlfrvtS^f "»«-'i"' thi^ co°u^utW'' ",,™"fi''«<' to tl,e ' commonly practised andTv,'^' "^ ""oki,,^ Cf ^' ' f','; "'mecessary It IS my aim in (V- ""'"''can be tniiJ,ti. "' otiier meats n^ mation to meeM,lt''i"f*' t" supl the fP^.''''^''''''''-''-^Sl' -"•■'"■»=" trLii^r't»'»/to^^^^^^^ v^iti Air--" eXvrSr- "- b tJ^e winter, the flesh T.' """'^ ^ood eating ff u^^ or pheasant ^ consists chiefly of the „asi 154 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. resinous buds of the spruce, the bark and buds of the birch, and some berries, which they find beneath the snow ; with various mosses and lichens, which give an astringent taste to the flesh. At all other seasons they are very good and fleshy, and are excellent roasted and stuffed with fine bread crumbs, pepper, salt, a little butter, and sweet herbs. They require much basting, as they have no fat in themselves. Half an hour, with a good fire, will cook a partridge. To stew them, cut them up, dust with a little flour, pepper, salt, and stew gently with a small quantity of water ; thicken with a little cream, flour, and a little nutmeg, grated ; serve with toasted bread cut as sippets, at the edge of the dish. f:.|' li! PIGEONS. During the spring and summer months, numbers of pigeons linger to breed in the Canadian woods, or pass over in straggliug flocks, ■when they are shot in numbers by the settlers. These birds are good any way^you cook them : roasted or in pies. BOAST PIGEONS. Pluck and draw your birds ; mix bread crumbs with a little parsley chopped fine, some butter, pepper and salt ; put a little into the body of each bird ; lard and roast them : twenty minutes, with a good fire, is long enough. The basting will serve for gravy,— or add a little butter, and a very little boiling water after you have taken up the birds, and heat it in the pan your pigeons were roasted in. PIGEONS IN CRUST. stuff your birds as above, and cover each one with a thin crust, of short pastry ; bake half an hour. riGEON-PIE. Season your pigeons well with pepper and salt ; as many as will lie in your pie-dish ; dust a little flour on, thin ; add a cup of hot water ; cover your pie, and bake an hour. POT-PIE. Pigeons stuffed, larded, and cooked in a bake-kettlc, are very nice ; and are tenderer, and more savoury than when baked in the stove. To make a pot-pie of them, line the bake-kettle with a good pie-crust ; lay in your birds, with a little butter put on the breast of each, and a little pepper shaken over them, and pour in a tea-cupful of water— do not fill your pan too full ; lay in a crust, about half an inch thick ; corer yonr lid via, !,„, u 155 ca/omedtos^eXm?' ''PP'^ beeaS the hT'^P'"' Some used as an aSoff^S™"*?*'*" table, or even til, ""/ '«'«'' "c- objection is, Sa2 ?.' '"'^ """"^ Sksider X *» '"^ "i' "'^''- being it may be overcZf' ""nfr "">'' "«ig% ' but bv '""P"'' This l.st fr"ite, or vegetabTes* "^^L't 'r" »»^fet^.f en&/''« ^-bits' woods, the black »ni « !? '^b ""eat is scai^o ."^'V' '^""i, or some change of dieT T?" ■*''<' '^<1 «q"in-cl maf h. . 'f "'^^'' ■'« ''" the P<"-«npine,°and beaver^' '"mberersld h„nS ^lU*^".', °" " "bole- bo?, which is a sDeci^L?'' ^"'^ «°d even tbeZT^T f" ""sk-rat, !t i? very fat anldly • indT"*" ^"t ClX >!"/• *"■ ^''"■«'- '8 also made meat nf k ' f "''.''oes not malie nlw Jr,t " " vegetable, either roasted :fb",e5 ?,',';''*'"'<>*•»»• £meT„\ '^''^ *>*"■• 'f a person was nnt ♦ .^.'^^ '*« "oarse beef and L ??' """^ "ooked, more cleanly feeder tt''' i° ""> contrary. ' TheT''' P^ <■•"■ ^""h, oonside^d ^e^tje^rt '"^ "»«• Tbo'bam^wbt;- ™^« CANADIAN HARE flavoured' rttF:I,."r."^''''' w!W animals It • . more like ? J^. ^ ''b hare, or so lar,-P . k • . " "ot so well- brown, but it tt '''"";"• The colonfi' ,n"-^ "■ T '"'<' <^olour They are taken ^h™™ white at the approach Tf'".?. ""' .^'"n'er is Which a^etHydete°r/?nu™™ff "Kshcs tf^''^ "'=''"'«>■• ""d also abmZi /i"'^ '" *be snow. Thev f^' .""'"' '"n-ways. '*e the:otmon'h:;;%j:'''''"^'™<'»- Th?mrarL'"drrk""T'""^^ pleasant variety to ;^; u ^ ""''n'eriorto that «ni„ ,^ coloured, diftn Ko»^ •' ''"'^"» inea, or raado inf^ _.••:. ^^""tea either ron of o,i 156 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. The snipe and woodcock are cooked the same as in other countries ; and the quail, which abounds in some districts) may be dressed like the partridge. WILD DUCKS. Wild fowl of this kind abounds on the shores of lakes and rivers, or any open, marshy spots. Some of these birds are excellent; others fishy. The best are : the canvass ' back, the red-headed duck, the swamp or blue-billed duck ; the ring-necked, the mal- lard, the winter duck, wood-duck, and blue-winged teal, are among the be^t ; but there are many others that can be eaten. The usugil mode of cooking, and the best is, to roast them. The feathers and down of 4^ these water birds are valuable, and should not be thrown away ; as they sell well, and are of great value in a household, for beds and pillows. It is best to put them in paper bags, and hang them in a dry place, till you have collected enough for putting into cases. WILD GEESE. ■■'■}'■ ■ 1. Sometimes the flesh of the wild goose is fishy and oily, and it is best to parboil them for a few minutes, to extract the superfluous oil. They may then be stuffed with bread-crumbs, sage, onion, and a good deal of pepper and salt, and roasted. The fat is sufficient for roasting them, without any addition of lard or butter. The liver, head, pinionS) and gizzard should oe well parboiled ; the water put off*, and fresh added ; and gravy made by boiling them a long time, with a few ring^ of onion, a crust of browned bread, and pepper and salt ; pour into the dish when the goose is served up. Most excellent pies may be made of the blackbirds of Canada, which come in great flocks upon the fields of ripe grain, in the sum* mer, and commit great ravages on those farms in the vicinity of fresh lakes and rivers, where they assemble to breed, and bring up their young. They are of good size, fat, and tender, and are delicious eating at the harvest season ; and make a dainty dish, either roasted or baked in a pie. They fly in large flocks, and are often mixed with the rice-bunting, redwing, and others of the same family. I have often seen these birds dressed for sick persons-*who could bear no » other countries ; 7 be dressed like ESSENCE OP BEEF. lakes and rivers, s are excellent; the red-headed ecked, the mal- tealj are amons^ e. eaten. The •e valuable, and of great value t them in paper >Ilected enouffh ESSEJVCE OF . and it is best perfluous oil. n, and a good •t for roasting ^ead, pinions, 3ff, and fresh ', with a few id salt J pour BEEP. Th' ^-^ -DiiEF. more "actual sCili "^^is extract, given fmmV'^.l""'* «tracted reduced to great dil.iS T"' "V- For si?k -n^lM**" ""^ broth, to time, hafe res 'orediL''^ """o or dysentery a ^i'^/''" *"» been «oaW have done TV?"? """^ "''Pii'y than a„v T.f "?' ^""^ *™e same way, and a^it,.: " J"'"*^ of any meat mtl ""f ^""^ »f food debility, when thi tomar -'"f '«'*^ ""^qS '"r"''''"''^'';- tie ^BSi^S^p'^Z^^,^ tie ...e. "-.ar and bottled, [fv^f ^ f„T =— "^iXed^d^SiS it 4 of Canada, in the sum* nity of fresh ig up their ro delicious iter roasted mixed with 7' I have lid bear no I ' FISH. To those who live near the sh*es of lakes or rivers, fish forms an important article of diet, in Canada. So pleutifully supplied are the waters of this fine country with fish of the finest quality, and largest size, that they can be procured with little trouble by the most inex- pert angler. In the months of April and May, the lakes and rivers swarm with myriads of perch, of all sizes, from an ounce to two or three pounds weight ; sun-fish, a small flat fish, of splendid colours — gold, and blue, and red ; pink-roach, a very delicate, silver-scaled fish —not very large, but very delicate ; with rock-bass and black bass. These last are very fine fish — are taken near the shores with a hook and line, while the larger sorts, such as masquiuongc, which varies from a few to thirty pounds in weight, are either speared by torch- light, or caught with a trolling line. As soon as the ice breaks up on 'the lakes, the dark nights are illumined by the lights used by the fishers, to aid them in spearing these noble fish, which furnish a delicious meal when fresh, either fried or boiled, and may be salted, dried, and smokad for future use ; while those to whom money is an object of importance, sell the surplus, for which, if they live near a town or village, there is always a ready market. There is one thing more to mention. This is, that there are no laws restricting the poor man from casting his line into the waters, or launching his night-canoe or skiff upon the lake, to supply his family with the blessings which God has bestowed upon all, alike, in this free and happy land of plenty. But now having told you how easily your ' sbands and sons can obtain this most excellent article of die^ it is neccA^ary for me to give you a little instruction in the best modes of dressing it for the table. MASQUINONGE. Scale and clean your fish, if possible before the skin becomes dry and hard ; but should it not come to your hands for some time after being taken out of the water, lay it on some clean stoneS, in a cool place, and throw over it a bowl or two of cold salt and water : this will render the scales less diflicult to remove. With a sharp knife remove the gills and the inside. Few people cook the head of the ma^quinonge unless the fish is to be boiled, or baked whole, when the head and tail are tied and skewered so as to form a circle. Be careful, in cleaning this fish, not to wound your flesh with his sharp teeth or fins, as the cut is difficult to heal. Take out the roe, and throw it into salt and water. It should be floured, peppered, and salted, and fi-ied as a garnish to the dish, but requires to be thoroughly done through : if it be soft and jelly-like, it is not sufficiently cooked. FISH. i/jou design to frv thp fl.i, •. ' 1^9 the thickness of f h7r . . ^' ^^ "^ust be cut in • flo»r the S and' ^' ^>?"^ ^^^'^^ incVcs n l' Kf ''^i 'l"'^^ throu^^h e^.-. dip t&ees inT"^'" ""^'^ «'-»'' aud S.; ^^:^ on a board Canadian housewife ml* ,""' ?1 t^^o best way T?,f, ^'"^^'.^"^ % J^your fish be any s^zo lof . k '' ^"^ ^e careful to-'r ''^'''^'* ^^ ^nd ^lien the fish has^Sd^fi '* ^^" ^^^^^^ ^r fiye o^ i?^Y^ ^» «««»,. Pft^near the back-bone f^"^^""^^ ^^^ wliJte and flakv ,-, . o"^' and jf it paVts fmm ?? .^ ^« the thick 'look, and adheres to%?''^^ '^^^^ThntT sl^^ ^T.' ^"^ ^ooks fnough to breathe fi^ ^?,^, ''' ^^ sinTrie' on^l f"" ' ^^"'^'^ to preserve tlm «! * * "ttle salt thrnx^« .'"^ger, but not Jon^ Jea?, fish^J^requT^ra'C' ^^oy^ tel^J J^^en boibn^, help! iave directed, you can ni f •'" *^^^^ ^o cook bu^;. ^ •''^"•^ ^^''<^% thing more umZlesom?fr^'^ *^^^ ««'e it will tLp*^ *'?u"«" ^'^ «« ^ ' «ny iSsh-sauce mo v k ^^^"^ under-done fi.h T?r , I ^ ^^re is no- /n the month of Mav f »,. ] , fe^ive your little ano-Jp. ' ^ '^^™' a fish cut nn in ;f "^ ^^it will P^^'%, sayory or thvm"*^ ^?"^ «tew-pan ; sea^orf wVk" *^^ ^^'^nor, 160 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. fish, ready cleaned and scaled ; put these into your soup ; mix a tea- spoonful of fine flour, a slice of butter, and a table-spoonful of tomato- catsup, if you have it by you, and mix with a cup of thin cream or milk. When the soup boils up, stir this mixture in, and remove the pot from the fire. Your dish is now ready, and requires nothing more than a little toasted bread and a good appetite, to be found an excellent meal, at a very small expense, and far more wholesome than salted pork or beef. The roes of the fish should be boiled in the soup to thicken it, or fried by themselves. A few slices of fat bacon will serve to fry any of the small fresh fish, when lard or butter are not plentiful. In frying fish, the fat should be quite hot, and the fish or pieces of fish, dry, when put into the pan. As sauces are not so easily procured in country places, and by those who are too poor, or too prudent to expend i^oney upon luxuries, it is common to season fried fish with pepper and salt whilst frying them, and many serve them with gravy made with a little butter rolled in flour, half a tea -cupful of water, a table-spoonful of vinegar, and pepper and salt, heat- ed in the pan, and poured into the dish with the fish. • For boiled fish, melted butter with mustard, vinegar, and an egg boiled hard and chopped fine, may be used. Tomato-sauce is served with fish, as mushrooms are not as common in the newly-cleared lands as on old farms, or as they are in the old country. The morel, which is often found in old beech-woods that have been partly cleared, is a very good substitute and quite wholesome, but not so high fla- voured as a good mushroom. They are conical in shape, of a pale brown colour, and covered with hollow cavities like a honey-comb, on the outside. They are good, fried in butter with pepper and salt, and may be manufactured into catsup. FISH-PIE. r»oil fresh bass, masquinonge, or white fish, till it will readily part fioin the back-bones, which must be carefully removed ; pound the fiSli fine, adding as you do so a pint of cream, a small bit of butter rolled in flour, a table-spoonful of walnut, mushroom, or tomato-cat- sup, a table-spoonful of vinegar, a little parsley scalded and chopped fine, and the yolks of two eggs bruised fine ; smooth in a pie-dish, and bake half an hour. A large masquinonge, trussed, with the head and" tail tied or skewered together, and stufled with bread-crumbs, butter, pepper, salt, and sweet herbs, and moistened with a couple of beaten eggs, with butter sufiicient to baste the fish, if put into the oven or before the >up ; mix a tea- 3uful oftomato- f thin cream or and remove the squires nothing to be found an (vholesome than ;o thicken it, or the small fresh sh or pieces of easily procured too prudent to fried fish with em with gravy a tea - cupful and salt, heat- T, and an egg luce is served newly-cleared '. The morel, partly cl&ared, t so high fla- ape, of a pale mey-comb, on and salt, and ' readily part ; pound the bit of butter • tomato-cat- and chopped in a pie-dish, tail tied or pepper, salt, n eggs, with r before the PISH. a k^?e'n'S ^lish. To try if . K ''' -J^ite,itisTead;%^^t'Yf'ra^f '' ^'^'^ ^^^^^c^^^^^ longer cooking.*^ ' ^"' '^ '^ ^^^^^^^> and is soft and clear i''^' ^^'^'^'^ citar, It requires R^., POTTED Frsir. Jjou any sort of fi -li other, breaking i/"^™? ^'""='' *!"' "'eaf fir ' f " !<"■ o alo„. the cd^ the fins anv f,l' "V"' "•' ■« Jou can ein V " '"''' ""'' "'en the deep dish or not nnrlJ- , , '^ «^«" cut your fisl. in fu' "'^^^-^ 3^our cayenne, a few do v^^ ^f^^Ie between each Lyer nof *^' ^'^^'^^ "> a Pourongoorvh^J'\^"^^ ^^«^« allspice. \rhen^?P''' f-^^^' '"^ '^'"'^ aslowovx.nairSTor%r'^^^ '^f '' ^""• a plate or a coare crust o^'""^^ ^^""''«' 'oyoZ^fhT^^''^ '^ ^'" potted fish should sHnW f '^''"«^'' J"«t to keen in l?f ''? ^'^^^ ^'ith b-urast or su;;t^isif ^rs'. •■^^^ ^ " -^ thttr.e<,™i Steen th^m t . ^^" "■^RK'ws potted. backZes ^tS^^^-'y-f"-- hou,^ ; cut off f, . , boiling viSgar oveXr' '" V^"' P^LcTc ot t"*' '""^ »<» allspice, an/gi„°e7. tV" '''''"'' :>^on have bo led "f?"" ' P«" o™. for an hfurf when '," P™ ,'"' ™™"=d dose a„d I ^.^'''P"'' " -■" i^eep for s^Z'ZtolZ!;^^.''' -"^. »^ - S^Je'^L^'! m, EELS. and vtfrichT^t' '■' '""^ «»«''•» ™te,. .re of parboil S'then on?"- P" ''"^ "'ay of cooll^r^ '"g« ^i^e, the back.bo"e cutTu?' T\''"^f''"y remove thtoi*t"' 't^P'- *» and head ; wash The fioi. ''? '"'"« *""= "hole leu^th { f ?'''"''' «nes whole inne^ surtl 'k^L "Tu ""'' ^l«ail tail end, rol the fisl, ? iT- ^. " '""o »"spice : then h»" ' ?'' """"»" f ips of oaiicS"; ot^:hfe'fX'"•^''''•' »<" wnd"tt^rs't''' '"^ each end : nnt if .v. , .,.'0''' a piece of clenn „i IV "h tape or beenough-f boil r", -";'"? «a't and water If V?'' "o it at and the roll tlnvi. ^'T'^ ^or four or five ho?,r^ ^? '""■*"' of salt will ^old, poSover it .":, ""'.'^"'ove the bS 1 l/?i"' t'i ^^ 'a"ge ^'-.-'garnr^i'tlXie^-' o'' vineg ,r, aXtenSvetd^t lA Split the fl,I /" ""' '"^WmoN-oB: on sAr..«o.v. ' iay It on a board, and 162 FEMALE 7!;MJ- ? ' :VT'8 <5UIDE. strew salt on the inner side ; let ir lie for two days, turning it each day ; then wash the inside from the salt, string on a willow-wand, and hang up in the sun and wind to dry for several days ; smoke it, but not to much. • The Indians use butlittle salt in drying their fish, and smoke them with the wood or bark of red cedar ; but this fragrtint wood is not common, and other wood will answer. Some merely dry them in the sun, with- out smoking. . Corn-cobs burnt give a fine flavour either to meat or fish, and should be laid aside for such purposes. When required for the table, soak for a few boi^rs in warm water, and boil or fry. WIIITE I'ISH. This is, by most people, considered as the richest and finest of all our fresh water fish, and abounds in the lake Ontario. Vast quantities are caught every year, and salted for sale ; when they may be bought by the barrel. A few years ago, a barrel of white fish could be bought for three dollars ; but now the price is much increased. The fresh white fish are so rich, that they require no other fat than that which they contain to fry them. Before dressing the salted white fish they must be steeped many hours, and the water twice changed. Most persons parboil them before frying them, and season them with pepper : — slightly salted, dried and smoked, they are very fine, and are esteemed a great dainty. BLACK BASS. There are two kinds of bass — ^the rock-bass and the black bass — the latter are the largest ; but both are good. The black bass may be taken with a hook and line, in deep water ; the rock-bass, nearer to the shore. They vary from half a pound to three, four, and even five or six pounds weight. The flesh is firm and sweet : — by many people the bass is preferred to the masquinonge. The usual way of cooking these fish is frying ; but they are excellent broiled or boiled. The best fish that are bred in our Canadian waters are the salmon- trout, the masquinonge, white fish, and black bass. One of the most nutritious of all dishes is fish-soup ; but this mode of cooking is very rarely adopted. Any fish may be dressed ac- cording to the recipe given lor the small fish, and will be found excellent. ::! I, I, m warm water, .#i'Et:E3 '"r?" ii:'.r sza ,- - ^■'•om the in^Sd^n .r ^I'^'T'' ^ ^^^!*ffe port on of T- ^^^^ ^^'"''^f"* THE LEECH. The ashes made use nf r P "e, he iTick ''^^ ""1" '"f' « "odS, af« to L"'^ "^.'"'^ "' «<»•« of the »"d some otlrf!'''''' "'''=''' <"• «»« i'^Z s^L^"^" T "^ ^-^^ "^ taken ,ritl,""f '"?„:■'"•"<" S""''- Toi Z? J"' ^'^-«•««<^. pan is the sS *i ? """"S ''^'"'s. An old irnl „ ? ''"" '""■"''y be as live coa?t, il';"*^ », remove the hot Mhe, in /'" '"^'' P»"»- 'voodo„„?e^;-r^„°."' taken "P "'ith fcm ^li'c". f", f*"." '"""•«^ the house MoJt '°" " ^randuhoi'fioor Ij ^''.' ''"™ any -y Of the hoj^olfer ^""■^''- ■^■"'■^ "W'^-^^oS'b"' tart'frl^ -S:ri^xt~sr ^'"^"""^ »' '"^ "- to be !'as^berbnmlrr'''f"y''"yoW flour barrel or „ ), „ '«"gth, and t un^n :"l^ -'^^ '^'" ' ^ sawn ?„to",T '"'^ ""*' ^'iiouo-htonrlmi-f *• . slopiug board raisPf? a. I, ^^ ^"^ Proper li« i °.t the1™tom "o '■?,"=',' "^P^" «'-*gte^',ea"V rt^™"";' '"S" p'« s tt ioX:te; t~ »^^« -Twite I / ifSBHtt 164 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. ■i 'vr ij ■ ) ■ ; :■ 6 ■,.■; stones; or put legs of v/ood into holes bored, the two front legs being- shorter than the hinc^cr ones, to give a j^roper inclination for the lie to run off into the trougii below. If you can manage to have two barrels set up, so as to collect a larger quantity of lie, it is better, especially if yon have much grease to boil down. Do not be afraid of your lie being too strong: the stronger the better for consuming the grease. More soap is spoiled by weak lie, than any thing else ; neither let the dark colour of the lie deceive you : the colour is not strength. The ashes should be put into the leech barrel, and pounded down with a long beetle. You may distribute the lime as you fill it up, or dissolve the lime in a pail of boiling water, and pour on after the barrel is filled up, and you commence running the lie. Make a hollow in the top of the ashes, and pour in your water ; as it soaks in, keep adding more; it will not begin to drop into the trough or tub for many hours; sometimes, if the ashes are packed down tight, for two or three days; but you must keep the hollow on the top of the barrel always supplied with water — soft water is best, if you are near a creek, or have a rain water tank (which is a great convenience to a iiouse), and the water you run your leech with should be hot at first. Remember that you should bo careful to keep any wet from getting to your ashes, while collecting them, previous to making the lie, as that weakens and destroys its effect. I have been told that twelve pounds of grease will make a barrel of soft soap, but I do not vouch for it. Some say three pounds or" grease to a pail of strong lie is the proportion; but experience is the best teacher. Of one thing you may be sure : that the strongest lie will take up the most grease: and after boiling several hours, if there be a thick scum still upon the soap, you may know that the lie has taken up all it is capable of boiling in ; or if it should happen that your lie is not strong enough to consume the grease, add n)ore strong lie. This is the advantage of having two barrels of ashes; as it affords you the chance of increasing the strength of the lie, if required ; hnt if the soap, after long boiling, does not thicken, and no scum is on the top, of any account, add more grease. To try if the soap is too strong, for it will not thicken sufficiently if it be so, take, with an iron spoon, a small quantity, say two spoonfuls into a gaucer, add one of water, and beat it — if it wants water, it will thicken the soap ; add more water as long as it makes it thicker ; if it thickens Avell with one spoonful of soap to one of water, then your soap, when poured out into the soap barrel, may have as m;u:y Sails of water added, as you have pails full of soap; if very good lie as Wbn used, a double quantity of water may be added; but it is better uot to thin it too much. !t> SOAP-MAKIXQ. 165 ont legs being on for the lie ; to have two 0, it is better, not be afraid 'or consuming* ny thing else ; 3 colour is not pounded down ou fill it up, or ir on after the 'our water ; as into the trough ved down tight, I the top of the if you are near jnvenicnee to a I be hot at first. et from getting Icing the lie, as akc a barrel of krce pounds o>' pericnce is the e strongest lie hours, if there hat the lie has d happen that |d n)ore strong ; as it affords if required ; no scum is on sufficiently if [two spoonfuls water, it will ^3 it thicker ; If water, then Imve as m;u:y rery good lie led; but it li^ To try the lie, float an egg or a potato ; it should be buoyed half up. You can always lessen the strength after the soap is made, by adding water. A pint of pure turpentine, such as runs from saw-logs, or from a gash cut in a lar^e pine, may be boiled in with your soap; or some resin; but the turpentine is best. So much depends ©n the size of your pot, and quantity of grease, that it would be difficult to tell you how much to put in with your lie, when about to boil off ; but as the lie will only boil in so much grease, according to its strength, you need not mind having a good deal of grease, as it can be scummed off, after the soap is done boiling, and is all the better for boiling dowu when you hava a fresh supply of lie. Xo tin vessel should be used in soap-making, as the lie eats off the tinning : iron to boil the soap in, and wood to keep it in, answers best. Tiicre is another method which requires no boiling at all ; this is known as COLD SOAP. This is less trouble — the sun doing the work of the fire. The same process of running the lie must be gone through, and the grease to inakc good clean soap, should be boiled down in weak lie, and strained into the barrel, into which fresh run lie may be poured, and the barrel set in a warm sunny place, keeping it stirred from time to time, to mix the grease and the lie. This is. all that is done in making cold soap. If it does not thicken after a week or ten days, add more grease, or more lie if there be too much grease ; the lie should be poured hot on the grease. Some persons treat the grease in the following way : thoy have a barrel or tub in the cellar, or any convenient place, into which they put hot strong lie, and throw in all the grease, as it is collected, from time to time. When thoy have as much iv'they need, this half-made soap is boiled up for some hours, and strained off into a vessel, ana if inore grease floats than can be taken up, it is either boiled with more lie, or hot lie is thrown in to consume it, and set out in the sun for some time, and stirrefl, as above. IIAKD SOAP. This is made from good soft soap. I have not made it myself, but I give the directions of an experienced house-keeper on the subject. If the soft soap be good, there is little difficulty in making it into hard soap. When you find the soap of a good thickness, take two or throe good handfuls of salt, and stir into your pot or kettle : if it be a large kettle, you may put in six or seven handfuls : let it boil till you sec the soap separating ; boil it about ^en minutes longer, and set it 1'4 166 t^EMALE emigrant's GUIDE. f^- * J i'ls quantity will rml-n flr^ T , rOTASn SOAP. ' ^'^^'e no cxperionro of fl.n r n . -aso a„, one .luJuJd /eel c^'osccfc ^.?"^P«""^^' but I ^ive it i„ i 'Ji8 is soM in ,v.„-.T7~' : .^ wasimig soda. It costs 5d. ' i »«MSOT3?VCJK;?»*'= SOAP-MAKING. 167 THE WASHING a vessel, for five days; put the mixture into ten gallons of hot water, stir it twice a day, and you will have one hundred pounds of good soft soap. The cost, if you buy the fat, and other materials, is stated to be about seven shillings and six pence. I should think that a much larger proportion of grease would be required to make the quantity of soft-soap here mentioned ; however, it can be tried first with four pounds, and more grease added, if it does not thicken into soap. I will now give an excellent receipt, called LABOUR-SAVING SOAP. Take fourteen pounds of bar-soap, or five gallons of good common soft soap, thixie pounds of sal-soda, sold by the name of washing soda, one quai'ter-of-a-pound of rosin, pounded, two ounces spirits of turpen- tine, eight ounces salt ; boil together in five gallons of soft water, till the ingredients are all melted, and well mixed. Let it cool, -and cut out for use. When required for use, melt a piece in a pint of soft water, and stir it into as much warm soft water as will be su'iicicnt to soak the clothes, which may be done over night — the while clothes by themselves : pound them a little, and wring out ; lay on a clean board, and put them into your boiler with a piece of soap dissolved ; let them boil for half au hour : take thom out into a clean Indian ])asket, set across two bars, over your tub ; while the liquor drains off, wring the clothes into another tub of clean water ; then wring again in blue water. ANOTUER WASHING MIXTURE, Soak the clothes in soft water, the night before washing ; take half a-pound of sal-soda, four oi'.iices of quick lime, and dissolve each separately, in a quart of soft *' ;,ter ; boil twenty minutes, and set by to settle. On the was'ilog ii'<.iuin>i;, i)our ofi' your lime-water clear, and add to the s.oda ; boil in a ;,.iu('ei)an together for a few minutes ; cut a pound of soap intr, ■on galh us of water, in your boiler, and add the soda mixture aikd jime to it ; '•vhen the soap is melted put in your clothes, having wreii-' then' out, and ribbed a little soap on the collars, and wrists of the shirts ; let thom boil half au hour ; drain, and wring, and rinse as above. It is sometimes necessary to rub the sleeves and collars of shirts, hut this method is a very great saving of soap and of labour, a matter of great moment to such as have been r.nused to the hard work attend- ing washing for a large family. A washinijf board is always used in Canada. There aro several kinds. AVooden rollers, set in a frame, iire the most connuon, but tlutso made of zinc are best. These lasL io not cost mom than the wooden ones, wear longer, and being very smooth, injur-i the fabric of the clothes less. In Canada no scrvaut will wash without a wash' ing-board. CANDLE MAKING. There is no mystery and not much skill required in making candles ; any girl of ten or twelve years of age, that is careful, can make candles. Good candles require clean well strained tallow, rnd strong smooth ■wick. When suet, or fat of any kind, mutton, beef, or lamb, is to be tried down for tallow, let the vessel it is put into be clean, and a table- spoonful or two of water be put in with the fat ; this keeps the fat from buniingto the bottom, and goesoff in steam, during the Iryingdown. Cut the fat into small pieces, and throw into the pot ; a sticlc should be put in, which enables you to stir it from time to time ; the handle of a metal spoon or ladle is apt to get too hot. Let the suet boil on a slow fire till the whole fat is well rendered. I3e careful not to let it burn ; remember when it ceases to make a noise, and becomes quite still, it is then really boiling hot, and is more apt to burn. You had better now remove it, and with a ladle pour it all clean off into a pot or tin dish, through a sieve or colander, over which you have tied a flannel strainer. 'J'he last drop of fat, as long as it is not discolored, may be drained out of the scraps, and the refuse may be placed in the receptacle for soap grease — ^no refuse fat of any kind being allowed, in a Canadian farm-liouse, to go to waste. When quite cold, the cake of tallow may be turned out of the dish and set by, ready for caudle-making. You have now the tallow — at any of the tinsmiths in the towns, you can buy a stand of moulds, or get them made to order, from a stand of four to two dozen ; but six or eight are best, and easi"i cleaned and handled. ]^]very house-keeper requires candle mouUls, and it is a b.id way to depend upon borrowing of a neighbor. In careless hands these things are easily injured. 'J'he wick is sold in the dry-goods stores in l)alls, from 3 id to 7^d a ball ; the whitest and most thready looking is, better than the soft yellow looking wick,: this last is fitter for lamps. When about to mnke j^our candles, measure a double length of the wick, allowing a bit for tying ; you must have some slender sticks, a bit of pine wood cut like a skewer, will do ; slip the double wick through the holes in the bottom of the mould, leaving the loop end up- permost, the stick having to go through the loops to supportthc wick and keep it straight, and also 1o draw out the candles from the mould, when cold, by. Having run all your wicks, slip your slicks through the loops at the top and put them even, then turn np the mould, and tie out of the dish ihe ends ticrU of ^j,^ , .. loO set evenly -If thn Jr i '^**°"' ' ^"^^ i>e careful ihm i, i'> the middle of? ''"' ^"'^ «'^»tin;? ]„ a?v w,, / ^''"' ^'^'*^^^'^ '-^^^ " »">»" pitch 'rSti,./''''f'' '" ; "'•' it for o S/™'" " 1"'"' '» » macleattlo"o', 'nr°''' T ""^ f«t cools u "| Si ■"•'""'{ ™'''' «" "P »«ul,l make a ;I ''"'^''.candle, to tl,o denVh nf u 'll."' " "''^''^v is passed tl„.o„sh t),e"w f ' 7", ,""' "^^ ""^"''s of " tt°ok u' ■'^T' "' a"' pour boilins. watir «.„,'"'' y""- "'ouWs over n.n „ '''' ■'■"'' ami draw the cmliT ■ " J"? over the oi.ts^il '^ ?' "' ^'O'"- si"!-'. ">ako candles S, if ,f ''""=''1.'' ■'» you c™ ,'''*f, "^ -"ur m„„u,, ''""' well do, i "\^V^"^ ;™"' "'«">■ 'm,"f '"'• J'"^W"ff U a, ^ '"': '", ^""'"'•' " "P "lost satisfantor; r 'f, ""' "'"^t economfc;i „ ,? ',''°'' '"*" " ''O-v, hccu made oncMime""'"'? ''"™ """^h ion™- nd h ,f "T" "■^ ''«' ;'"'«■ vourself out " t .." ^''"' '"'' «Pared the nn tin ','•■■ """ ''"^'O %% '"-ven^r;^'--sr?- '-■■^"S^^s it ^::.st P^"''eo,varvin-in rmM^Jf r '''^^ ^''^"'"es were Sf '"' ^"'^^ «'^'^" "J^iv ; but even (his li.rht is omn ! • '''^ ^f twisted ra<. " '' ''"'" 'J^'^pensed with, and 170 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. >' . '# ; the girls knit or sew by the red light of the blazing log-fire, or the pine knots which yield a great deal of resin, and burn with a vivid light. These pine knots are gathered up about the fallow, by the cliildren, where large dead trees have fallen and mouldered away upon the earth. The substance called ' Fat pine," which is picked up in the forest, is also sought for and burned. The old upturned roots of pine trees will burn with a strong light, for they also are saturated with the resinous substance. . These things are the poor emigrant's candles. Candles should be kept in a dry cool place,^ and carefully covered from the mice. The cleanings of the chamber candlesticks, should be put into any old crock, and melted down and strained, or else put to your soap grease. % • I have been told that steeping the wicks of the caudles, previous to making them up, in n -irong solution of saltpetre, improved the brightness of the flame, and tended to destroy the strong smell which newly made candles, especially if noi made of pure tallow, are apt to emit. I have not tried this plan ; I merely suggest it. Yerj handsome globe lamps are now nmch used, in which melted lard i,': burned instead of oil, at half the expense of oil. INl'uch "ure. however, is required in cleaning and lighting these sort of lamps The destruction of the glass rnqjces the saving between lard and candles somewhat doubtful. A portable tin lamp, for burn- ing of fiue lard in the kitchen, is considered a great saving, by careful housekeepers ; and one of these can be bought for one shilling and six-pence at the tinsmiths. If the fat that rises from boiling beef, be carefully clarified by boil- ing it down in clean watei', letting it stand to be cold, and then boiling the cake of fat again, on the top of the stove, till all the watery part has gone oif in steam, very good candles can be made. It must he strained before it is used, as all fat should be, to make good candles. ■} ig log-fire, or the «ni witli a vivid lie fallow, by the mouldered away •'hich is picked up tl upturned roots ilso are saturated s poor emigrant's ice,, and carefully be put into any at to your soap :!andles, previous % improved the ■ong smell which tllow, are apt to a which melted hting these sort saving between lamp, for buni- nug, by careful uie shilling and arified by boil- nd then boiling le watery part It must he )od candles. MA.VAGEMEXT OP WOOL a mi ^^ »»' VUlj. 'fle usual timp rip i. end of Mav iffh\ ^^^anng the sheen fn n n ^^-shed, '^^'4'^^ ;;^f J^er is warm 3 ^n^'^t f ""'''''' ^'^« ^^tter n^^'y be mqi dr o^ l""^.'" ^'^ l^^^^ures for a d'nv "l '^'"''^P ^^^^^'"ff been ^^b'm for son o rAf ^'? ''^^^^•^■"'? •• the wonM ''■' ^^''^' ^^'^^ thc^flecce tl- -me^aS^i^;,^^^^^^^^^ - ^^ ^^ very careful will sort fi'^^^ '^'^^^ ^'^ "iroX u ^"'1 f'^'^ ^7 1 le wool when picked j.^i ''^'^^'^"^ ^''om the fil ' '^"^ ^''^^^ whb T!"^V'« «r«t mefted and f '" ^'"'^^'^^ ^ith lard o n'^'^'f " P'''^^^' starred about witJ 7j.! *'^,^" l^»"red over tl o ^ / ^'^ ^'^^^"«e butter ^f fe^rease is allowed , ^'^"^' *^"" ^"^ ^'« all "re 'r'' '""^ '''^^^^ and }^- carding S^v^t l?" ^^ <^^'^ Pou^c^; oftotr> ^'if ^'^^^^^ I came to the colonv^)!: ^'''^"« ^ard at honVoT ' ' '' *^'^" ^^ for t'leir own wnni j ?^ "^^® ^^ere verv mnn' r "^^'^' ^"^ when first ^^-;-iudes v::!^^^^^^^ -^^ ^^-i- iKrb?d:!ni^s sti;? cloth or yarn "l?.f'""'g aii'l ni„t.-poncc rL .' F'' *- «as !;ivon <■••'" lie fed on , ,,'""=?.'"■'-' 'fefi,le,n/Z ' '' -\°" '0"l< tire jKiymenU,^ ' Jouble., c™ "-.•f,;""""™ fornuthc^flook in ft! '"■"!">'"« 'tool .? '!".'■ an-l roofs w 1, ?!f ''° "^ '''■«''4t no ^ 7'^''-' ■"=««'"'» «sn '' »'■ 1-itter end of Anril I,, ''■""'''"' »''0"W not con ' i r '' ^'""^ ^"■™? '«»!er flock. Wo' .^n "'" '""''^ Ir"^!, «?„r.^t^> "'^^"■'' ""= mW'llo -"iiiiiiuuauon, as in I ,^f ^^'', '^^^^nir. tor wei<.!if • +i- "lore than to or IS tlio fla^ a wcel^ '^« end: t cool back ;:?"•?.'",;•'« ->o anil"!™,: :!'" ?:?," '™" .wS'to root-house or renjovo '^' s'n'n of a --i'7 it^'ti: r r' ^-<^-- ^^e rv"^ to/bur « s^.^ ^^Jvcs : they . ' Z' '^^'"^^'^ ^^''""^ff to tnd.f ''"'', ?''^^^ ^'avel jj lov n^/'^^J''^^:^'^"norea(IvmnnJ1.V'''/ol• til« gowCr^d ''T V'" y""' ''« «he ftH boiled do,™ ^i^,""'' Woom., ?„ flfelattere id'" r ''■'"'"' ^^"^-^ ml tlien in i, dtn t? """ •''°"°«' ! and yam .^ "^^ 'J"'"™"'' and »^l'<=s, in whici a?U of"?, '" " i^'S^^ f" ffreenffi'l- "•■'';■" "'«■ ™'oi- or oranr^e if til "yP""-^ ''as been dissolvo.J • '" "' "■»<"'- b"t it is hnrtf d from it? ■°"^"' <"' "» He be suffielS'? "! "''"''"^n- stceped for some ^r •' f°''™-'''™ qualities if t^!f' " '" <'™P<-'n it ; yitireopperaT„fvS^'nr'^"'^^--''™W 4«'"'<' »!' and down n,.^n;, ," "^" ""'O"-" into coM 1^ ''""''' be boiled ^Jie yarn before rlrmo. rv, . , ' "7 out of the sun. •«";ak^oufth«;<^¥"»^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '« - "3t^S^;-;eL-"---outer.^ "olSS^^^^^^^ ->- tSo^'ref^re""'^' — ' ^ The same effect nn h. . -^ ^^^^ ^^»iluc," a few drops of which will give a beautiful colour to silks, deej ciiing-the shade by adding more of the compound. Greens are easily liyed, by first steeping the articles in yellow dye, and then in the blue. The common yellow dye used by the settlers, is either a decoction of the Golden-rod; of a weed known as Smart-weed, (a wild persicaria it is ;) or horse-radish leaves ; and some others, which any of your neighbours that are used to dying, will describe to you. Fustic, which is sold in the drug-stores, dyes yellow. AVhito-maple bark, boiled, and set with alum, gives a brown grey but it must not be boiled in an iron vessel. Logwood, boiled in cider or vinegar, with a small bit of copperas, gives a black dye : it should be boiled in iron. These are only a very few of the dies made use of : there are many others to be learned. LOGWOOD DECOCTION is made by boiling half a pound of logwood chips in two quarts of soft water, and dissolving in it a small bit of pearl-ash. The wceJ Purslain, boiled down, and the liquor mixed with the logwood, gives a bright blue : set with alum. To brighten faded purples or lilacs, in cotton prints, rinse in water in which you have dissolved some pearl-ash. If you wish to restore reds or pinks, use vinegar, or a few drops of diluted acid of vitriol, in the rinsing water. A SLATE-DYE FOR COTTONS. Having washed the goods to be dyed, clean, in soap-suds, rinse them well in warm water. Put a pound of sumach-bark in a sieve ; pour boiling water over it, and let it drain into a pan ; put in your goods, and lot them steep for two hours, lifting them up and down, from time to time, that it may take the colour evenly. Then take it out, and steep it in a pan of warm water, in which half an oimee of green-copperas has been dissolved for five or six minutes. It will then be a full leaden-grey. But to turn it to a blue-slate colour, run the article through a weak decoction of log-wood, made by boiling an ounce of logwood in a quart of water, with a small lump of pearl-ash; then throw it into warm-water, and handle it, for some minutes. Dry in the shade. For lavender, add a little Brazil-wood. ^^G-CARPETg •-li'.i Wet- w/"?"=" ""' "any ewodfcnf , slireJs and patchV to L?"*'-"'^. <»>t of ,vor„ out ,*"""•"■'««' » iog-.parlour, staircase i nri i7 7 ^^ ^^P^'^tab ^^ I asked the wife of ^^ • , ^ed-room. to do with a basket . "''V^nt-minister of p ^r. . «"d pieces of allsorl an.'/ ''^' '^-^^^^ ^^o^J os "oSl^^M" ^^« ^oinr. coUpn, others woo, n.'!!':^' «^I»^ oH so^iet'wtt"?'' '''^'^^^' :^'^ :;»-'" -e r4^ f " t^^r^- - H^ thini'^'"^^'^'''^^"'" She said "w^of t f ve to hold it together ,W«,,f ™'^' ''"t ^f J«st a mr/ '*" <""'« i»ii'' «^e„t oS P^*^'; "> her ■".? first wound tin t ,? f /.*''<' "len proceerd ?„ ^ *"■ '""""ff, "■i«t "noedleanSCai bf ft.= '^ « b!^=Sf occu ' d"«f '""'^ ''»^- t'Jiies she n-nf ., k-* t^, ' "^ txackinjr it xvHh „ ,r"f^ed, slie joined if f.!'.-^!^ ^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l^|28 |2.5 K4 1^ 12.2 IL J."^ KS 1.6 IL25 i 1.4 •J '# Photographic ^Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 872-4S03 176 FEMAr-E EMIQRAKTS OUIDE. and twisted on the spinninp-wlicol. If you double and twist tho warp, yourst'lf, tho weaver will charfro Gd. a yard for the woaviii'r ; but if he doul)le,s and twists, he charjre.s bd. A pound and a half uf raps will make one yanl of carpet, with tiie waip. Many persons dye the warp themselves : lie of wood-ashes, with a litth; copperas, makes a deep yellow : logwood and coppersLS makes a blaek, and in- digo and lee from the house, gives a full l»lue. Ahule up with the co- loured warp, the carpet looks better, and does not dirty so soon. The white cotton rags are better washed clean, and then dyed with any of these ^« ^>'I'o 1,^. ^ 1 "to j, v'' 'r^^'^' nivself eA-perierocK^'T^^ *''"'^ ^^'''o learn in ..'n ^'^ 'l^'*'"'" or a stocking. ^^ ""^^'^^"1 knUter : I can har! ^ 'La^.' ^sS tidies for sols' d^o-iT^ "'^ *«^"-l^rc3 ^MmJ ^l^/«'• '^^^^^^ of factnred y^nTiCtJ^'l'^'T' ^^ all sorii^^ ' L "±-^ ^"'•^""•«' Because store AlRy. >f the dairy, were •n Uutter-Making;" !s by the raembera armers' Club." It nd weekly papers, for the benefit of d the sanction of iter, is one of the ities of the milk, lad, the deficiency iintity of water; !ep a cow in good the quantity of ^-ater, left to cool [3k, will tell well. uble of boiling a od drink ; but I f^. wilJ generally ensure ih.- ' ^^^ ^-ert:?^£^~U t^^^^ they should not ti^e cow, loss of n Uk a„Tb\l°^^ '' ^^^^^oaLdTTI ^i"'« P'^^ some persons, losson,^ if ^'' ^"^ ^^«t may soun^ '^"^•"^' "P 'iiffc'reut times- hnnr. i *( . ^^^^ many of tjJ i.-?j °" strangely to forest to s™4 for f ""'^ '^ ^^'^ ^'''ovhjee hZ ' k'^""" ^^^^ haye It b.«'ildered by coi^^^^^^^ «traji''/i,T h''".'^'^^ ««t i" iha ^u^ We peraS:?ir '"^ '^^"^^^ - 'tret^fAlf Cows cnn be tautrhf t ;^e given them at ^Soh r ^^^^ ^^^^ at the souiypite, greasy, poor appearance. In the winter season, the cream jars should be brought into a warm room over night, which will thicken the cream, and bring it to the required temperature for churning. Frozen cream will make frothy butter, or no butter will be obtained, after much labour. In hot weather the churn should be allowed to •tand Bome time with clear cold water in it, ami if the weather be very THIS DAIEY. 183 ced, and each be lowered at mple arrange- ry. A porch, rayp, pails, &c., icies. also pans lined stone pan, and t four inches in ) be much the id warp, during particles of the ; written on the jtter. The oM- s3-dash, may be lount of labour, , churn, and one women, is a box icute angles and r; provided with le handle, which the buttermilk ii of the chmn. |I have also seen h is very easy to nple and effoc- nttcr can be lUing. Eartheu- the cream in. Italt; for stirring le attention to lily mixing the ly from settling iiass of butter, irning, greatly of putting hot |c, but which I of the butter, iter season, the Ight, which will •e for churning. 1 be ohtainea, be allowed to ather be very hot, immerse the chum in water ; if a plunge chum be used, it can bo place in a tub of cold water, during the churning. Many excellent dairy women are in favour of churning cream and the strippings, while others prefer the cream only ; I think myself that the richest butter is produced from the cream alone, but possibly a larger return may be obtained from the former practice. Where cows are fed on turnips, a small quantity of saltpetre, dissolved in a little warm water, and mixed with the cream before churning, is said to remove the flavour of the turnips from the butler. I knew a farmer's wife who always practised it in the winter season. This same person, who was celebrated in the part of the country where she lived, for good butter, used, during the hot weather, to put half a pint of cold si)ring water into each of the milk pans or trays, to raise the cream, and in winter ( f • ^ "'^'-''■c ^J' nirs ,•„ . .-„./,*'• *"« excuse for the this is a point The Irishman, 2Xl "?,"""'<"">">■. tot some^arf^' "•■■'''TP'-owndorfor t,cr 1 .n 186 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. benefit of such of my female readers, who may be strangers to the process of making cheese; with a few hints on various subjects, which may prove useful to the bush settler's wife, whose operations arc con- fined to making chcoso upon a very limited scale ; and, first, let me give dii*ectious as to the commou method of pi'e])aring the rennet. '■; \ THE RENNET is prepared from the first stomach or maw of the sucking calf. Any milk- consuming animal will, I believe, answer the same purpose for curdlJDg milk ; such as the lamb, kid, and even the sucking pig; but the cull's maw alone, is used in the dairy work of cheese-making. The calfs maw being emptied of the curd and slime, is carefully turned, and well and thoroughly washed with clean water, then thrown into a brine of cold salt and water for about twelve hours; it is then rul)- well with salt, and stretched upon a flexible stick, by bending it, and holding both ends in one hand : over this, the bag is drawn, and tied at the open end, near the ends of the stick; it may then be hung up to dry, in the house, or in the sun, on the house-wall in the open air, till quite hard ; then take out the stick, and put the reimct bag into a paper bag, and hang up in a cool place : it is better for keeping a year, I have been told ; but it mav be used in a few weeks or months. Some persons, after washing, picking, and salting the bag, put it into a strong brine, in an earthen vessel, and tie it close down ; others till the bag quite full of salt, tie, and hang it up. In the second plan, a spoonful or two of the brine only is used, but if the reiniet is dried, as in the first and last instance, a small piece is cut off, and steeped in warm water for some houi's before putting it to the milk. "Whether cheese is made, or not, in a family, the rennet should be preserved, as it is convenient to ha\t a little sweet curd and whov, as an adh while dri,h,"f """''''' tbera to an,f f T'l '"' *be goslinisrs '■(.(•k or t„, i '^' "* '»<> much wet i, Ivwi f ??'' '"''P «hemselvSs ""«td I ul .fnT '^'•'■"''"' b.-™ c„ 1,''^'°:/'";'" •'nrins the first i 192 FEMALE EMIGBANT S GUIDE. Geese are often found great depredators in the young wheat, fields. The old gander and brood geese are treated with a yoke or neck-ring : this is simply an oblong piece of shingle, shaped into an oval form, with a hole in the centre. This is drawn over the head of the goose, and effectually keeps it from breaking into the fields through the rail- fences : — a goose is never at the trouble of climbing, so the remedy is always efiectual. I have known geese sold as low as one shilling and three pence a-piece ; but now they are double that price. To make geese profitable, the farmer's wife plucks them twice and sometimes thrice in the season ; but the quills are not touched, so that the animal suffers but little from the operation. The head of the goose or gandgr i^ put into a bag ; (an old sock is sometimes use.d ;) this is tied about the neck — the darkness keeps the creature quiet— -and the feathers are plucked into a basket : a still day and a warm one is chosen ; and in the moulting season the feathers fall easily, and perhaps the loss of tliem may be a relief from the heat of such a thick covering. Turnips chopped small ; raw and boiled potatoes, with the run of the barn-yard, is the goose's fare in the winter. A low log-shed, with a door to shut them in at night, is necessary. They also, as all fowls do, require lime and ashes in their house in winter. The goose begins to lay in March or April ; but if the season be at all mild, in the latter part of March. The egg should be brought in as soon as laid, as the frost chills it very qui kly ; placed in a bdx of bran or saw- dust, till the goose is ready to sit, and the goose must be given water, or let out to wash and feed once a day — she sits thirty days. It is better to remove the early-hatched goslings, when strong enough, to a basket, but I would not feed them ; return them at night to the mother, and you will most likely have the rest of the family by the following noon. Late-hatched goslings are often allowed to go abroad under the care of the old ones without any shelter, and in some dry seasons they will succeed as well as those that have had a great fuss made with them ; but in cold wet springs care and shelter are requisite to ensure the lives of the little family. If the cock be remarkable for his tender care of his wives, the gander is no less admirable as a father in protecting and cherishing his young ones. There is much that is interesting and admirable to be learned in the poultry-yard by the careful observer ; and many a pleasant, cheer- ful hour may be passed m the care of the domestic birds about the farmer's yard : children learn lessons of care and kindness, and many a moral lesson the wise mother may inculcate, even from so homely a creature as the common hen. In suitable localities the duck is easily managed ; but they need a constant supply of water, and will not thrive iinloRS ihoy have free POL'LTRr. and three pence 193 access to a stream r nond T),. i-... , ^^^ ^^. '"T'- """ "' -it^h e '^ btn "o?,"^^"- '» "e cooped mmms-m Iho Guinea fowl nm i,«-i FIRE. Among the casualties that bring danger and alarm into a Cana- dian settler's homestead, there is none more frequent than fire — none more terrible ; but, one, where a little presence of mind, and knowing what best to do on the spur of the moment, may save both life and property. As a timely care will often do more by preventing the danger, than much exertion after it has occurred, I will warn those whose houses are heated by stoves, to have the pipes taken down, especially where there are elbows or turns in them, twice during the long winter months ; have a sheet of tin or iron nailed down on the floor below the stove : — this is less troublesome than a box, as in old times was the custom, tilled with sand. The kitchen stoves are, from their construction, less liable to take fire th5,n any other : the dampers being pushed in will stop the draught from ascending into the pipe. If it is a chimney that is on fire, after throwing water on the log?, bang up a cloth, rug, blanket, or anything you can get hold of, made wet, in front of the chimney, and keep the doors shut ; a wisp of wet straw, or old woollen rags tied on a long staff, and put up the chimney, may extinguish the fire. All houses should have a ladder at hand ; there are usually ledges left on the roof, near the chimney, to facilitate cleaning them ; a bunch of pine-boughs, or a bundle of straw fastened to a rope, and drawn up and down by two persons, is the common chimney-sweep of a Cauadiim house. A quantity of salt thrown on the fire will damp flame. A mass of fire may be put out or kept down by covering it and pressing it down ; and many a child has been saved by being wrapped tightly up, so as to exclude the access of air. Even a cotton garment, if pressed closely and the ajr excluded, has been safely used to smother fire ; but linen or woollen is best of anything for this purpose. A table-cover, carpet, rug, any large thing should be caught up, unhesitatingly, to extinguish fire. One of the great causes of destruction of houses by fire, in Canada, may be traced to the want of care in removing ashes, among which some live embers will often be hidden. No wooden vessel, pail, or box should be used to take ashes away in, and no ash-barrel should stand on the verandah, or near a wall. A proper ash-shed, away from the house, should be made, and an earthen or stone floor should be below the ash-barrels. Sometimes people are exposed to considerable peril in new clear- ings, from the running of fire in the woods, or new fallows. In such case, where there is any danger of the tire getting to the homestead or. standing crops, and there is no near supply of water, much can be effected by beating out the advanchig flames, and still more by open- i FIRE. tiarm into a Cana- at than fire — none Mind, and knowino- save both life and >y preventing the I will warn those )ipcs taken down, twice during the Liled down on the II a boA-, as in old 11 stoves are, from lier : the dampers i'lff into the pipe, ater on the log?, :et hold of, made it ; a wisp of wet t up the chimney, ladder at hand ; iiney, to facilitate of straw fastened ', is the common salt thrown on 3ut out or kept lany a child has slude the access the ajr excluded, 'olleu is best of rug, any large ish fire. ing the earth with hr,^ , ^^^ The summer of lRAf\ 'v.tliin the memory of the oUe/t lettte ''"^ """ "f""? were wftched wiirif"" •^°'* "'^"^ ^^'^^^J^s. ^e c ol«'^', 'P'''"^^ ^^^re and cool the no.!v^ i "^ "*^"^ ^ame to cool f hp li ^ ^ '^^'^'^^ ^or- was a hJ patched earth. The c-aUuI gJowjng atmosphere ^as a bad summer for the dairy. ^"^ wandered far for wateiwft ^een ."STtL^ S^^Sol".^ "^"^ "'"•«'>. - -a,, had Encourao'ed hv+i.^ i ""•vo been dest/oyed « Trr" '^"'' "" «S or"] e^^^? "^''^ "'« rotten stumns Tf „• , ."^"^ '''"> amonir the stin, h^ bmWmg would liouse, nsed^i ^r-' "^'" "'« scene was very ftw?' 8:rass, and old 'J'l'o hay was ,a47lri,""' ''""" ''o^^-itlt'l^f' "''' ,'"=- 'I'e dest™^t,V Sr ""t'""* «■''«' o^%ecl''trassiS'"""''r? ""O / 196 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. was 80 small that, if it had been our only resource, we must have been burned out ; but upon the hoe, the spade, and the plough was our main reliance placed. Help from our neighbours we could not obtaip. "When we sent a messenger for one, he and all his family were battling with the fire on their own clearing ; to a second, his fences were on fire — all hands were employed in saving the crops ; a third, the barn was in danger ; and 80 we were forced to rouse every energy that we could to overcome the danger. Ourselves, women, and little children — all had to help ; and this continued day after day. At night we got rest ; for as soon as the breeze went down, and the dews fell, the fires ceased to run. The air then became oppressive to a degree of suffocation, being loaded with the smell of the rank weeds, and burning roots and stumps of decayed trees. Each night the sun went down in a red haze ; no rain fell, and still the fires burned on. The wind carried the sparks into a thick cedar-swamp, not far from the house, a few acres inter- vening, and there it blazed and leaped from tree to tree. The chil- dren were never tired of looking at it. I trembled lest the wind should change and bring it back upon us. Often we would wonder in such case how we should save our funiiture, for the fires were around us on all sides. At last, in the month of September, rain fell, and the earth smoked and reeked as it came down. The Autumn rains finally extinguished the fires all over the country, and the dread of tleif ravages was at an end for that year ; but it was neither the fii-st time nor the last that I have seen the fire within a hundred feet of the dwelling-house, and been obliged to give my own feeble help to assist in subduing it. In cases of emergency, it is folly to fold one's hands and sit down to bewail in abject terror : it is better to be up and doing. rce, we roust have id the ploug-h was When we sent a 'g with the fire on re — all hands were as in danger ; and ou'd to overcome -all had to help ; ■ rest ; for as soon es ceased to run. tion, being loaded is and stumps of ' a red haze ; no irried the sparks a lew acres inter- • tree. The chil- d lest the wind pe would wonder f the fires were tembcr, rain fell, • I'he Autumn r, and the dread was neither the ' a hundred feet 'wu feeble help A ^ORD& ABOUT AGUE. summer Ta So- ?i?° P''«^°« «Vosed to^Z^ | 7'J ^^""^ '""^""^s • Many years aa-o if ^ ^° ^"^ country. fluenzas.ilnow ThtZ^ ^ ""^'^ «"*«? to hear of n.u ' raen, that theltoVeVr^ T ™«°' ^^^ X belLve l> if' '°"^'^'''' ^' i"- tlf rooms h'kfo„3:;,^%«'^«-er for these^rS T/ ?1'^^' return again from f Im i ^*^*^ ^'^^^ into the ^hnJr. p' } ^^^^^ ^'^at organs of resnTrati^^ n ''" ^'""'^y ^'^ into heated Tii ''''X'''' ' ^^^^y "lonaiy diseS ani m ""^^ ^^^d to stand !.lh"' ' ^^^'' ^endeV frequently enTin^ ""^^^ ^° ^^^ head are thp rf^ n'^V^'' ^^^ Pul- have stoves nevervnif T^^' ^^ them were KpZ^'"' ^^^^ «««» the result is ^cS ?n<5*,''^ '^^ ^^^lling evTn in fhi t^ j^"^^^ ^^^y an open firenlLnn m. ""^ ^^'^ of complexion Ti ,^^ ^^^'^-rooms, and^ hall-stove and firenlnnl^ P.^'^S" over heated bvZT %^^ ^^P* outer doors In ^^ ^1 '" *^« fitting roon wo^ '?^"' «^ * ^oid habitanteofthpV ^' .*P ^'^P the house w'^n P-^'"^' ^"^'««'n| the the winters of In """"""/^^^'hiie, where the JnM • ''^ '''''^^'- '^'^e in^ ^onseTheLr ^ndfn ^'"^'^"' inders'tand hf a^? %"''" '"*^"«^' ^^^ ' than we do ^1?'^ r'"'',^ *^^"^ «« ^" to keen Lf .r™!"/ *^^'> have a verandah-f£. ^f."^^^' '^'he commoneS i '^ '^''^^ ^^^^^^r 193 KEMALB EMIGUAXT3 GUIDE. ■i ..,> It observe, that it is the total inattention to the comfort and conveni- ence of women, that often makes them unhappy and discontented in their new homes. Like the captives of Israel, they are often expected to make bricks without straw.— Let the men do all they can to make the house aa convenient as circumstances will admit of their doing, and the females must, on their part, put up with those wants that are the result of this new order of things. Let each comfort and cheer the other, and bear the privations and trials that befal them as cheer- fully and as hopefully aa they can, and thus the burden will fall lighter upon all. The constitutional grumbler will, of course, find many causes of complaint in Canada ; but so she would do in Australia or any other colony, and so she would in her own country. To such unhappy tem- pers, all climes, all countries, and all situations are alike— for her there is no happy land ; for she bears within her breast the seeds of misery, which will cast its baneful shadow across the threshold of her home, to embitter all its domestic joys. In her path, thorns and thistles spring up, and choke life's fairest flowers. Ague is the disease most dreaded by new settlers, and to many persons it has proved a great drawback, especially to such as go into the uncleared lands. They who live in the long-settled parts of Canada, seldom have ague : it arises from the exhalations of the vege- table soil, when opened out to the action of the sun and air. As long as the soil is unbroken, and the woods uncleared, no such effect is felt. I have heard some of the hardy, old trappers say, that they never had ague in the woods ; but on the newly-cleared land, or by lakes and swamps, where the sun had access, there they would have ague. Some people never have ague ; others, only the first or second year after coming to the country ; but some seldom, pass a year without an attack of it. A singular error prevails among some of the old settlers, that those who put a stop to the disease, w hen it first attacks them, will be subject to it for life :— believe it not ; but use vigorous means to check it as soon as, or before, it is confirmed. Remedies for the ague are as plentiful as blackberries ; but the following mode of treatment, I believe, to be the best of any : I have experienced its ef- ficiency in my own family, and as it was the prescription of a skilful physician, well acquainted with the diseases of this country, I do not hesitate to give it :— AGUE. For an adult female, divide six grains of calomel into three doses ; take one of these doses every two hours ; at the end of the sixtli hour take a large tea-spoonful of Epsom salts. On the following day take a wine-glassful of the following tonic mixture : dissolve twenty grains of quinine in a pint of water, to which add four drachms of diluted sul* P^ui-ic acid • if fnn ., 109 <'ose at soveii in f?.^ acid add more water tn r.^ . ' ^ the bofle list ^ """8--at elcvenland n ^"'° '*' ^ake the «"^ salts , fndt in. Y^'""' 3^«" have finil^eS .>T'l" '^^ /""'"' ^ ^onJ turns at the end „n f '"« "^^ aguewi 'Jp ^t'"'. ^ ^'^'^^ "^ «ennS onts approach l? ^'''^"♦^'"One dajs^ A s t f. ' ^°^ ^^ generally re- thrc. grains Xllf?,^""""«^«dsui^hurr^^^^^ ""^ «^Jt., ««dom fails of curZ %' ''^^nd timerdiv?derfn o 7""?"'^*"^^ ^- - on. tisysii- ^--^;^r^^^ »f agoe : hose whn "" ''""" home. Poo" Zf • '='''' "'"' '^'■"Ve An emetic is oCL"'!' '" "'a™ drink to n'r^"''.^"""^ ""few Often a<,o„.3te.. P-iou/wnSr^^r^JS 200 rBlIALE EMIORAXTS GUIDR. scraped, and a small quantity boilcf a medical man lealcd, and simple ives. Some one t than the rest, is it Way with many re apt to fall ill j sibly the want of ;o induce disease. : will often save lous complaints, le, and it would »ce to a skilful eh is often sup- BEES. P^SBSt^^ tetter.!" '- '^- farmer. . ' ""^ '»'« "een a .ouroe of oomSiXp^r^firnh"/ If the Lower funari" to the differenPP nf "• ^^«^ ^ould reau.Vp 7n ^^ '^^^ them at winter, mtnTco^^:'!"'^ , '^'^« extn^S cofdte f^'"^ j^ttentioa comb. The%hortoe?of1hefl?"^^ account, and proper sti^t^"^^""^^ season must IK weather. Thosp iSfi^ . ^ P^^^^ed for thp h;tl J • ^en into refuse to impart tw''*''''^ ^''''^ '^hom the stoeilf k""°«^ *^« <^old been acqui^T^r 1^'''^""°"^ '^Weh h^ the If .^^^«^^* ^"» "o* jour best guid1ra^d^V"^««.»»d ve:.atSttrfa&?°««f having Jfuow afc nrS^Pn ^dvisers in the mauaMmpnl f^J ^''^^^ '^i" bS 1 . ' The Canadian emigrants will unturally desire to know something of the natural productions and general features of the country to which they are about to direct their steps. To enter minutely into details of the natural history of so large a portion of country, which from its geographical extent includes many varieties of climate and produc* tions, would far exceed the limits to which this small book must necessarily be con6ned. A few general remarks as to clig;iate and the vegetables and animals indigenous to the Upper or Western por- tion of Canada may not be uninteresting to my readers. I shall con- vey these in the form of a notice of the months ; at the same^time observing that in the parts of Canada between the shores of Lakes Ontario, Erie and f luron, a difference exists in the coming on of the winter and the approaches of early spring, which are considerably in favour of that part of the Province ; many kinds of fruit coming to .perfection west of Toronto, which are cultivated only with great care and difficulty on the banks of the St. Lawrence and in the counties eastward and northward of it. Vegetation is thus a fortnight or three weeks earlier in the western part of the Province than in the eastern. Some forest trees grow there which are not found with us, such as the button-wood, the black-waluut, the sweet-chestnut, the sassafras aod many others. JANUARY. '«: .. This month, though we date our new year from its commencement, as in the old country, is not really the first month of our Canadian winter, which often commences at early as the first week in November ; some years however it is later, and I have seen fine mild open weather far into December j yet you must not be surprised at snow showers and severe frosts in those two months, and winter clothing should all be prepared before the chances of a November cold setting in. The month of January forms, as it were, a break in the winter's cold. I have known many new year's days when there was not snow enough on the ground to make sleighing practicable : this present January, for instance, when the earth was brown and bare, and wheeled vehicles alone were seen on the road. * ,.>• ]\ The first new year's day, viz., 1833, that I passed in Canada there was no snow to be seen, and the air was so warm that we sat with the outer door open, the heat of the stoves being too oppressive for com- fort. We had had snow showers as early as November the 3rd, bwt no intense degree of cold till after the 27th of January ; after that time we had heavy snow storms and intense cold all through the -J ., a min wu "n w «! m ff-'*»y JANtTARY. 203 oifiething of ,ry to which into details lich from its and produc* II book must cUg?ate and Western por- 1 shall con- he same time res of Lakes ing on of the jnsiderably in uit coming to ith great care n the counties I fortnight or e than in the d with us, such It, the sassafraa ommencement, our Canadian in November J il open weather »now showers ling should all jtting in. The inter's cold. I snow enough jsent January, Eheeled vehicles Canada there |we sat with the sssivo for com- Er the 3rd, bni jry ; after tliat through the month of February and up to the 17th of March, wheh a warm rapid thaw set in and cleared the snow off by the middle of April, even in the woods. In the year 1846 the new year's day was warm and we walked on the dead leaves in the woods. This year 1855, there was snow about the middle of November which lay till the 22nd, then the weather was inikl again. We had intense cold the week before Christmas, but a thaw commenced on the 23rd and the snow disappeared, the ground being bare till the 13th of January, when a scatterinsr of about an inch fell, but it was not till the last week in that month that any quantity of snow fell, greatly to the discomfiture of the farmer, who reckons on the sleighing season for the easier transport of his grain to market, and as a season of recreation for his family. There is always a January thaw in the early part of the month, when the December snows melt off. The frost then relaxes its iron bands, and a moist atmosphere takes the place of the keen frosts of early winter : rain frequently falls and high winds blow. A change is sure to take place again on or about the twelfth of January : snow again covers the ground. After heavy snow storms a cold north-west wind begins to blow ; the new fallen snow is sent in clouds like smoke over the open fields, drifting in high banks on the road sides, filling up the corners of the rail fences, and blocking the narrow lanes : the cutting wind plays fantastic tricks on the edges of these snow drifts, sweeping them out in hollows and caves, sculpturing their spotless surfaces in curved lines of the most graceful forms, so that you would imagine some cunning hand had chiselled them with infinite care and pains. But while these changes are going on with the snow-falls in the open country, in the great forest it is very different. Ihere un- disturbed by the war of winds, the snow flakes fall in ceaseless silent showers till -the whole dark unsightly mass of fallen trees and broken loughs are covered with the spotless deposit. The thick branches of the evergreens receive the load that falls from the lofty pines and naked hardwood trees, as moved by the wind they shake off the feathery burden. Go into the forest the morning after a heavy snow storm and you will behold one of the puiest, one of the loveliest scenes that nature can offer you. The young saplings bent down with the weight of snow, unable to lift their heads, are bent into the most graceful arches and hang like bowers of crystal above your path ; the keen frost has frozen the light branches and holds them down to the hardening surface, so that these bent tvces remain in this way till the breath of spring sets them once more free, but often they retain the bent form and never recover the upright shape entirely. The cedar swamp which is so crowded with trees, of all ages and sizes, from the tiny seedling, rooted on the decayed trunks of the old fallen trees, to the vigorous sapling striving to make its way upwards, and the hoary .il 204 FfeMALB ESIIORANt's GUIDE. trunks, over the bleached and mossy heads of which centnries hare passed, now presents a curious aspect, filled with masses of new fallen snow, which forms huge caverns and curtains lying in deep banks on the prostrate trunks, or adorning the extended fanlike branches with mimic flowers of purest white. January parties, balls, pic-nics and sleigh rides are frequent in the towns and long settled parts of the country ; so that though the cold is often intense, this season is not without its pleasures. The back- woodsman is protected in his drives by the ancient forest, which ex- cludes the wind and is equal to a second great coat in travelling. No vegetation is to be seen going on in this month : silence and stillnbss prevail. The bear, the raccoon, the porcupine, the groundhog, the flying squirrel and little striped chitmunk or ground squirrel, with many other smaller animals lie soundly sleeping in their nests or bur- rows. The woods are deserted by most of the feathered tribes, a solitary tree creeper, the little spotted woodpecker, with some of the hardy little birds called Chickadee-dee by the natives, are alone seen on sunny days in the thick shelter of the pines and hemlocks ; while around the houses of the settlers the snow birds in lively flocks whirl hither and thither in the very wildest of the snow drifts, or a solitary whiskey jack (Canada Jay) ventures to gather up the crumbs which have been swept outside the door. Sometimes the graceful form of a black squirrel may be seen running along the outstretched branch of a tree, his deep sable fur contrasting very remarkably with the glit- tering silver snow, over which he gambols as gaily as if in the warmth of a July sun. FEBRUARY il» This is indeed the coldest of the Canadian winter months, and though the lengthening of the days gives you more sunshine it seems to add little to your warmth. Cold and clear the sun shines out in a blue and often cloudless sky, but the thermometer often indicates a very low temperature, 10, 12, 18, nay, sometimes as low as 28 and even 30 degrees below zero. Warm wrappings are now indispensably necessary to the traveller. In event of any person finding their ears, hands or faces frozen, which accident can be seen as well as felt, the part becoming of a livid whiteness, and feeling hard and stiff, the remedy is at hand, and must be applied immediately to the frozen part, viz., snow rubbed on hard till the flesh resumes its former healthy ap- pearance : some apply spirits of turpentine or brandy, or spirits of any kind, after the snow has been rubbed on well. UAftCH.— >APRIL. 205 nturies hare of new fallen eep banks on (ranches with equent in the ough the cold I. The back- 3st, which ex- ravelling. : silence and tie groundhog, squirrel, with nests or bur- Bred tribes, a h some of the 5 alone seen on mlocks ; while ly flocks whirl I, or a solitary crumbs which ;eful form of a led branch of with the glit- in the warmth The care of the cattle and sheep, drawing in firewood, splitting of rails for fencing, and preparing sap troughs, are the usual operations in the settlements during this mouth. MARCH. The early part of March often resembles February, with this differ- ence, the longer days cause a relaxation of the severe cold duruig the sunshining hours ; the very surface of the snow thaws, patches of bare earth begin to appear towards the middle of the month ; the weak but pleasant note of the little song sparrow and the neat snow sparrow in its quaker-like plumage may be heard and seen as they flit to and fro, picking the seeds of the rough green amaranth and tall woolly- stalked mullien which stand faded and dry in the garden patch or on the road side. The equinox: is often attended with rough gales and snow storms : these past, the sun begins to melt off the snow, and a feeling of coming spring is experienced in the soft aire, and a look of life in the bark and birds. The rising of the sap is felt in the forest ti'ees ; frosty nights and sunny days call forth the activity of the settlers in the woods ; sugar making is now at hand, and all is bustle and life in the shanty. I have largely entered into the details of this busy season in the earlier part of my book. We will now proceed to April. months, and ihine it seems lines out in a indicates a )w as 28" and indispensably ig their ears, as felt, the |nd stiff, the frozen part, healthy ap- spiritsofany APRIL. April in Canada is not the same month in its general features, aa^ the lovely, showery, capricious April, that month of smiles and tears, of storms and sunsliitie, in dear old England. It is often cold, stern and harsh, yet with many hopeful changes that come to cheat us into the belief that winter is gone, and the season of buds and flowers is at hand, and some years it is so ; but only once in five or ten years does the Canadian April prove a pleasant genial month. Some warm, lovely, even sultry days, misty like Indian summer, are experienced, and the snow melts rapidly and a few flies creep out and sport awhile in the warm beams of the young sun, but •' by-and-bye a cloud takes all away." The wind blows chilly, suow showers fall, and all is cold, cheerless -winter again. In fine Aprils a few blossoms peep out (\'om under the thick carpet of dead leaves, and then you see the pretty snow-flower or Hepatica lil'ting its starry head and waving in the spring breezes on the way 206 FRVALE BMTGRAXT S GUIDE. Bides, on npturned roots and in the shelter of the underwood where the forest is a little thinned out so as to admit of the warm beams of the sun ; pale pink, blue of two shades, and snowy white are the varieties of this cheerful little flower. Violets, the small white, and a few pale blue oujs, are next seen. The rich rank soil at the edges of your clearing produces the sanguinaria or blood-i*oot — the modest white flower shrouded at its first breaking the soil in a vine-shaped leaf*, veined with orange. The root of this plant affords a bright red dye to the Indians, with which they stain the bark of their mats and baskets. You may know the blood-root, on breaking the leaf or the root, by its red juice. In low, open, moist ground the mottled leaf of the dog's-tooth violet (erythronium) comes up, and late in April the yellow bells, striped on the outside of the j)etal with purplish brown, come up in abundance. Spring-beauty, too, is an April flower, a delicate little flower with pale pink striped bells — Claytonia is its botanical name — but we love to call these wild flowers by some simple name, which simple folks may easily remember. As the snow melts off in the woods, the leaves of various evergreen plants appear still fresh and green. Among these are the pyrolas or sweet-wintergreens, a numerous and lovely family of Canadian plants ; several varieties of the club-moss, one of which is known as the festoon pine, and is used to make wreaths for ornamenting the settlers' houses with. The wild garlic, too, shows its bright green spear-shaped leaves early in this month. This plant so eagerly sought for by the cattle to which it is a very healing medicine, is dreaded by the dairy-maid, as it destroys the flavour of the milk and spoils the butter. If the month of April should prove cold, many of the above named flowers put off their blossoming time, appearing in the ensuing mouth of May. April unlocks the ice-bound lakes, and streams ; and it is during this month, that the winter snows are dissolved : the warmth which in sunnier climes brings to perfection the bulbs, and gives odour to the violet and blue bell, the pale primrose, and the narcissus, here must be expended in loosing the frost-bound earth from its icy fetters. And the waters from their frozen chains. Let us therefore not despise our Canadian April, though she be not as winning and fair as her namesake at home. MAY. Clear skies, cold and bright, often mark this month : such weather is useful in drying up the moist earth, saturated by the snow which April has melted away, and hardening the soft earth which is to bo made ready for the spring crops. iffrtiyiwiiiTWiwr-piin' JUXE. 207 rood where the I beams of the ■e the varieties and a few pale edges of your ! modest white ne-shaped leaf, ight red dye to its and baskets, or the root, by fo-'s-tooth violet jells, striped on J in abundance, (lower with pale •ut we love to nple folks may arious evergreen 5 the pyrolas or Canadian plants ; n as the festoon settlers' houses ,r-shaped leaves by the cattle the dairy-maid, itter. le above named ensuing mouth jind it is during [warmth which I gives odour to I narcissus, here its icy fetters, [ore not despise md fair as her such weather snow which Iwhich is to bo This is a busy month, the busiest in all the year, for the work of two must be crowded into it. Ploughing, sowing, planting, goes on incessantly : no time now for the gardener or the hu;»bandmau to be idle. Every thing is full of life and activity, from the little squirrel and tiny titmouse running up and down the trees, gathering its moss and grey lichens to build its curious oven-shaped nest What crowds of birds now visit us. The green frogs are piping in the creeks and marshes. The ground is now yielding us flowers of all hue. Yellow, blue, and white violets ; butter cups, anenomes, or wind-flowers, the wood daffodil, or bell flower. The snow-white trillium, moos3 flower some call it, wild vetches, blue and white. Vegetables of all kinds are sown during the month of May; and the grain, such as spring wheat, barley, oats, and peas, with early potatoes, and, later in the month, Indian corn, must be put in all through May. The bright skies and sunshine, the singing of the birds, the bursting out of the leaves and buds of all kinds make May a charming month. There is far less rain in the Canadian Spring than in the same season in Britain. There is less need for it, as the earth has received so large a share of moisture in the form of snow, during the winter months. May is usually a dry mouth here — somL'times cold drying winds prevail, and frosty nights are not uncommon, which often check vegetation. The new growth of the pine takes place in May. JUNE. This month perfects the leafage of the late deciduous trees, such as the oak, butternut, ash, and some others. It is in this month that the forest trees are seen in their greatest beauty, so intensely green, so varied that the eye is never tired with wandering over their living verdure. Later in the summer these charming tints seem to lose their youthful freshness, and assume one uniform color of sober green. There are frequent thunderstorms and often heavy rains early in June, . and sultry heat: the musquitoes and black flies, in situations favourable to them now appear ; but it is in July the musquitoes are the most troublesome, especially in the close pine woods, and near lakes and streams. On open old cleared parts of the country these pests are less known and less heeded. Flies always attack the new comers with more virulence than old settlers, who scarcely feel the annoyance. Some of our most beautiful flowers — I mean the wild flowers- blossom during this month, such as the yellow mocassin, (and later the white and purple,) the large orange lil^ lilies of many kinds, tho ■■It*' I •l 208 FEMALK EMIOSANT S GUIDK. bine lupin, the splended euchroraa or painted enp, which may be known by the brilliant scarlet colour that tips the leaves and involu- crnm of the flowers ; this beautiful plant is found chiefly on dry sandy soil, or on the open plain lands: it continues from June till Septem- ber. The sweet scented round leafed winter green, called lily of the valley, (it should be lily of the woods), with several of the same lovely family, bloom all through June and J uly. The evening air at dewfall is now filled with the perfume of the single red-rose, a dwarf rose with crimson stems and greyish thorns, which grows in vast profusion on the plains. The sweet;^ scented shrub Ceanothers or New Jersey tea, wif h white feathery flowers, also adds its perfume along with the sweet scented Monarda or mountain sweet : but these are only a few and a very few of the blossoms that you will find springing in the open fields, the deep forest or the roadside wastes. The wild strawberry which is sure to spring up in old clearings, and new meadows, now begins to ripen from the tenth to the end of the month; you will find them red and ripe and far finer in size and flavour, than any that are to be found in the woods in the old country. Potatoes are often planted in the early part of this month, and hoeing both of corn and potatoes, is continued, with other work on the fartn. JULY. July is the hottest month of the Canadian year : there is often a succession of heavy thunderstorms and showers, which give a sultry heat, which is less bearable than the clear dry atmosphere that marks the harvest month of August. The raspberry and huckleberry ripen during the month of July, the rice comes in flower with many otlier aquatic plants. On tiie still flowing lakes, now may be seen vast beds of that most beautiful flower, the large white nymphaea or double white water lily, looking down through the clear water : these flowers may be discovered in every stage of progression, from the soft young bud closely folded up in its oily olive coloured calyx, to the half opened blossom, showing its ivory petal, and the nearly full-blown flower still shielding the lemon-tinted s^^thois, which are seen only fully developed in the perfect blossom which sits as a crown upon the waters, giving out its exquisite odour to the soft breeze that gently stirs the limpid bosom of the lake. The deep golden ciip of the vellow nymphteamay also be seen, seldom far removed from the white blossomed ; and the arrow-shaped leaves of the blue spiked pondwort and rosy flowers of the persicaria, form a beautiful sight on hot sunny dava. ■ ' •" - - .. 1 .. . , . ' 'Op, which may be s leaves and invoJu- hiefly on dry sandy June till Heptem- n, called lily of the of the same lovely « e perfume of the a greyish thorns, le sweel;, scented thery flowei-s, also arda or mountain he blossoms that istortheroadsfde old clearings, and ' the end of the I size and flavour, I country. fhis month, and ther work on the •TLY. here is often a b give a sultry lere that marks ckleberry ripen th many other seen vast beds ha?a or double : these flowers the soft young ^, to the half rly full-blown are seen only own upon the 56 that gently '" cup of the 'om the white ed pondwort on hot sunny The meadows are now m« ^ 209 ^'^^IJQ^^^F^'^^:^:^''^^ ■•" ■•" run ope.. «'clilc. A good crirfl •„''""« set aside fV^i "'««'''"'le scythe- Ilie slieuvcs. """* '^'''oOTng i„ hi^ jtens t^7. "heat i„ a s„„. ,pi I ' '" """' a»o' stock up «'iniirals of several om-f.?'^ *ai^. the otpo/ ^ f ^" '" Eno-Jand ?»^omeverySl "^''^^^«"etv ofTma,^ ^"^ l^ack I" »3 wings, ^d "LTand a Jh'^f 'll^^^^^'e ^ree" IT'T'^ ^Peeits,' «o^r t™dei"^ '"'"'? "-"y now be seen „, . • le know 'iSESl-a ir mi Jch wil] V. children [e on the child 'a 210 FEMALE EMiaRVNT^S QUIOE. AUGUST. Harvest, if not bej^un in the last-named month, commences the first week in this. The j^aiu now ripens as fast as it can be cut and carried. The weather is generally hot, dry, and clear all through this month, with splendid sunsets ; but the nights are often cool- almost chilly. It is during the hot season that agues and other intermittents usually prevail, more than in the moister months of the spring. The heavy dews should be avoided as much as possible. Towards the latter part of August, it is not very unusual to expe- rience slight frosts at night. I have seen a change on some of the forest-leaves before this month was out. Some of the earlier sorts of apples may be used now — the early Harvest-Yellow, Harvest /md Early Joe, with some others. Sunflowers of many kinds are now in bloom, with many sorts of fruit. The mandrake or May-apple may now be gathered : the ber- ries of many wild plants are ripe. The flower-garden is in all its glory. Melons ripe, and all kinds of vegetables. Nature is perfecting her great work. Not only is man busy with the harvest, but the wild animals are also garnering up their winter stores. 'J^he squirrels are busy from morning till night, gleaning the ripe grain, and laying it up on the rail fences and stumps to dry in the sun before they venture to carry it off" to their granaries and burrows : they are a lively, busy race ; ever at work or at play. They seem to me the happiest of all God's creatures, and the prettiest. The flowers that are most commonly seen now are of the starry or syngenesian class— sunflowers, asters of many kinds, golden-rod, lion's- foot, liatris or gay-feather, with many others. SEPTEMBEE. This is one of the most delightful months in the year. The heat is sometimes very great in the first week ; but after that is past, a genial warmth, with a clear air, is felt. The warm rich tints steal by degrees over the trees, especially those that grow at the outer edges of the clearings, and the soft maples and dogwood bushes that skirt the water ; but it is not till the rains of the equinox, and its subse- quent frosts, that ^he glory of the autumnal foliage is se^n in all its splendor. The harvest is now over ; and the fall ploughing has begun with great zeal : by the second week in this month, most of the wheat will have been sown, unless where sickness or other causes have delayed the work. September, like May, is a busy month in Canada. The OCTOBER. ^onth, commences aat as it can be cut m clear all throu^rh 3 are often cooll- t agues and other ister months of the much as possible. y unusual to expe- 'ge on some of the the earlier sorts of low, Harvest ;iud ith many sorts of athered : the ber- '.IS in all its glory. IS perfecting her ft, but the wild 'J'he squirrels are and laying it up B they venture to are a lively, busy e happiest of all Indian-rice fg now rine nn^ *i. ^^^ increase. "'"""" "-v.n. .eat.cd the ted,':,' to^d'' 1 1 ^OCTOBER. days. 'tL'SS te"? '!" ™"^ "-^0" "C.^S^'"? "'« and buds, a„d'4"„„%\Ti;'n resumed in due JZ^, X™ f^h?/ *" «s even by the fall Jj £_ ffT"!''^'' '™dom'n,ay bfii^tLTf alone has been »-i™,. .1 ? °' '™ leaves of thp tri,. ™P'"'ed to open pC i mt p^ ^''? '^^^" ''^^^^P^ of the ?ore f ^''' ^' ^^!?"^ ^n -'orle'd Gentlintro.vrl;:'1-^"^"» --» ^^^^^^^^ * jaste lands ; whife the Zu /''^^"^"tly in half-cultivated fif^N'^^^ flowered «-eniian fL r? , . '' ^^ep-coloured mu-nlTr.]-}?,'^^'^^^ 212 FEMALE EMIOBANT S GUIDE. U . It is during the Fall months that the Northern-lights are so fre- quently seen illumining the horizon — a novelty which will attract the attention of the enngrant, and fill him with pleasing admiration. It is seen at times all through the year, but in September, October ^nd November more frequently, especially before the setting in of the Indian-summer. Early in this month, the root-crops are stored, and such tree3 planted out, as you desri-e, in the orchard. i ,* i ■> i [i ^ ' J, 1 H NOVEMBER. 4 Our year is fast drawing to a close : all Nature seems preparing for the change. The squirrel and wood-chuck have laid by their stores of nuts and grain and seeds. The musk-rats and beavers have built their houses, and the latter have. repaired their dams. The summer birds have left us : the discordant cry of the blue jay is heard only at intervals. Only a few of our old feathered friends abide with us, and they seek the warm shelter of the woods, and doze away the long cold winter iu silence and gloom. November is very unlike tKe foggy, cheerless, dark, soul-depressing month, bearing that name in Britain : it often, it is true, wears the garb of winter, but this is by no means a certain characteristic of the season. There are often delightful days of sunshine and clear frost ; and, in some years, Indian-summer falls into this month, and gives an aspect of warmth and loveliness to the very borders of Winters frozen garments. The plough is now busy preparing the fallows for the ensuing Spring crops, that the soil may be mellowed by the Winter frost and snow. This \jork continues as long as the ground is open. The only plants now of any interest are the wintergreens. The red berries of the cran- berries, and the' purple clusters of the frost grapes, give liveliness and beauty to the scenery. DECEMBER. Sometimes this month is open and fair during the firet week or so ; but it varies from moderate to intense cold. We must not be sur- prised at finding the streams icebound, the earth hardened inU> stone, or deep snow covering the earth ; but this is according to our climate; and to those who look for its approach, and are in any way prepared for its severity, the Canadian winter is a cheerful season. CLOSING REMARKS OX THE MONTHS. 213 id such trees I have brought my year to its close. Some will think mv sketch too fair a one, because they will experience many changes anudlscom- forts ; and seasons are brightened or darkened by our individual feel- ings and domestic circumstances. To the sad and sorrowful all seasons are alike gloomy. •* To feverish pulse each gale blows chill." I have chosen a medium year from among those of which I have kept a faithful diary, and I consider it a fair average of the Canadian cli- mate, or of that portion of Canada lying between Toronto and Kings- ton. Above, it is milder; below, colder, but less variable. Some decided changes I have marked in my time. The year 1834 the Spring came on very early : the snow was all gone in March, and earlier in the sun-exposed clearings : leaves were out in the first week in May ; but a severe frost and snow took place on the 14th and 15th of May, and cut off vegetation for a time ; nevertheless, we had a long, dry, hot Summer, and fine Fall. We then had three successive wet harvests ; which, with a visita- tion of cholera, checked emigration for several years : this, joined to the rebellion, proved a great drawback to the prosperity of the co- lony. Good, however, sprung out of evil, and many ills and abuses were remedied, which might have remained to this day, but for the attention of the rulers of the people being turned towards them. We have had winters of comparative mildness, with plenty of snow, but no very intense cold. The Spring of 1839 was very early, but the Summer was hot and moist ; and that year we had a long Indian- summer ; while some years we have had scarcely any weather corres- ponding to that uncertain season. Spring is the most uncertain of our seasons. The Fall is the wet- test, but often the most delightful of them ; but to such as are of a contented spirit, there is good at all seasons, and in everything : for as the old poet says — ** Not always fall of leaf, nor ever Spring ; Not endless night, nor yet eternal any ; The saddest birds a season find to sing. The roughest storms a calm may soon allay : Thus with succeeding turns God tempers all, . That man may hope to rise, yet fear to fall." * * These lines form a portion of an admirable little poem called '* Times go by turns," writtje^ by Father Robert Southwell, who was the victim of religious persecution during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. :' if ' 1 ' !i I now subjoin a few valuable extract?, selected from some well- written letters, which were published in 1853 as a supplementary sheet to a newspaper issued iu Toronto, entitled the "Old Countryman." These " Letters from Canada" are deserving of a wide circulation, as I think the selections I, have made for my readers will prove. The limits of this work forbid my introducing a larger portion of the valuable matter contained in the original publication. M,-( EXTRACTS FROM " LETTERS FROM CANADA." " All the favourable impressions of Canada, which I named to you before, have been fully confirmed upon a more a«curate enquiry into her wonderful resources and capabilities ; if there be any country which deserves to be known at home, that country is Canada. We seem never to have realized what Canada really is, and have always thought of her as a desolate and chilly place, the abode of anthro- pophagi and musquitoes, from whence we got ice and pine timber ; instead of which, it is a country about four times the size of the Bri- tish Possessions in Europe, producing almost everything which can minister to the comforts and luxuries of life, and where, within the space of less than fifty years, millions of acres of land have been con- verted from forest and swamps into fruitful and well-cultivated farms, supplying not only the wants of its own rapidly-increasing population, but enabling us to export produce to the States and England to the value of some millions sterling every year. This, however, it is de- sirable to prove by something more than mere assertion. Canada has a fruitful soil and a fine climate— she has before her a glorious prospect, and her sons and daughters a lofty mission-— she is a land of kindling energies, and of untold and undeveloped resources, which will give her soon a place and a name among the nations of the earth: she entertains a warm and affectionate regard for the " old ht)use at home," and a deep feeling of loyalty towards her Sovereign, and it would have delighted that distinguished Personage could she have seen the way in which her last Birth-day was celebrated on this side of the Atlantic. "It is truly cheering to see how fondly "home** is spoken of here, for it is by that endearing word that England is known here, and when I say England, I mean of course the United Kingdom. It makes my old heart stir within me to hear our far-off home thus spoken of in the Provincial Parliament and in the scanty of the set- tler. There is indeed a mighty and enduring force in old and early knees at there, of i""TT"'" "'«'"»'7 of praZ . ?. '"'f °" "'"''='' :^eel^ 3''^-"^^^^ to have in my pSZnk f^'^^**^^ frKomp n'''^° ^'^"^ letter, and I pCed 1 1'^,** P?^''*'^' ^vhicl^dean^t -!^- ^^^P^J^^^ see a flower ifke Sa ?" T. ^'1 ."'^"'^ ^^"^e and sa d^f!,"^ "'" '" «* in the o d man's Si ""o^^^^ *^«"g'»t8 tht Ut etn'''^ ^^^* ^ ^'«« -the.nCS1,LJ!;?ii^^a^^ . ** The first love-bf>»f «f i,: « mother', gentle look a L> '■°"""'°' ■•""• " "Sr^sa isra4t-A« SKia- • -I / 216 FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. the division of each block into 200 acre lots, which are all numbered; and, on asking, you would be told that " the Old Countryman lived oil Lot 3, on tne 4th," meaning the 4th Concession. Another thing has surprised me, and I want much to have it explained, viz., why a Medical School, conducted here by very eminent members of the profession, was done away with. Canada is a very healthy country, no doubt, but accidents and diseases must happen ; and nothing can be more important to a community than that we should have well informed, well instructed and cultivated medical men, to whom to entrust our lives and limbs. If any one will send me a temperate history of this matter you shall it ; but there must be no ?ereonalities beyond tt»os(i which are necessary to elucidate the matter, 'here are some cases of personal hardship Connected with the matter I know of, where medical men having given up their private practice to become professors in the medical school, have little left them but hearty sympathy, blighted hopes, ruined prospects, and severe, though silent, sutfering. The consumption of timber here is most wonderful, and I shall write to you more at length on this subject There are scarcely any hedgerows here, and the long dreary miles of roads and fences, made of what are called snake fences, give a cold look to the country. There is also a sad want of clumps of trees for shade, and shelter also, about the homesteads. With the early settlers every tree was a weed of gigantic growth. " Down with it" was the universal motto. Many persons have wasted and burnt timber to the value of the fee simple of their estates. The side lines are singularly long and dreary roads, and have not the advantage of the "long perspective view, with a church at the end of it" — th6 definition of a College Fellowship. I submit the following sketch very respectfully to the path-masters, and fence- viewers of Canada, and I leave them to consider which side of the road looks best A CANADIAN SIDE LINE. A8 IT IB. AS IT MIGHT BE. ire all numbered; ;OuntrjmaQ lived aucli to have it e by very eminent Canada is a very es must happen ; ity than that we ited medical men, ne will send me a here must be no ;idate the matter. 1 with the matter ' private practice :tle left them but id severe, though and I shall write long dreary miles encea, give a cold amps of trees for [With the early "Down with it" Lsted and burnt la, and have not a church at the I submit the ind fence- viewers f the road looks EXTRACTS FROM "LETTERS FROM CANADA." 217 There is glorions fidiing and shooting in this country. Fish abound everywhere. - has caught them by the hundred weight on tbos6 lovely lakes, Simcoe and Gonchiching. This is a beautiful and an interesting spot, and if there were hotels affording good accommo- dation at Atherley and Orillia, lots of people would go there. We shall soon be within three hours of it by the Northern Railroad, and a Steamer in connection with it. The interests of the public and the railroads are identical, and we are lookkig forward to increased and cheap facilities for locomotion by the issue of season, day, and return tickets ; and a reduction, by means of the railroad, in the price of cord-wood, which is now five dollars a cord here, and only one dollar on the lake shores of Simcoe and Couchiching. We shall soon see houses on the line of railroad, as we have at home; and writing of this, there are two classes of houses wanted here, some of about £25 per annum, for the gentry, and some of much less rental, for mechan- ics. If the former could be had, many families would resort here to educate their children. They should be brick or stone houses, wooden houses should be discouraged, and, in some places, sinci\jfarbidden! At Mara and Bama we saw many Indians, of whom I will tell yon more hereafter. Poor Indians 1 the White Man has brought them disease, and taught them drankenness, and they are dying out fast Small Pox is retj fatal to them. I do hope that the Indian Presents may not be discontinued, at least suddenly. Even now the subject is forming matt^ of dtscussion at their Council, and they talk, poor simple-minded harmless, creatures, of sending a deputation to their Oreat Mother ! Canada 1 thou art prosperous and prospering, set not vour b^trttoo much on riches I The Lords of the Soil have Tost their hunting groiuids and even the birch bark for their frail canoes is getting scarce. There will soon be no place for the Bed Man's foot or the free bird's wing. You have asked for their broad lands and they have given them. What have you given ikem ? Disease, and Whiskey and Death 1 I saw the bereaved parents of a young Indian, who was drowned when drunk, bending meekly in a Christian Church at Orillia, with a devotion that might be imitated by many a w*hite Christian. The mourners were an Indian Chief and his wit^. On my pointing the next day to the crape on his hat, he said with a tone of grief and resignation I shall never forget : — " Mine firstborn ! Whiskey too much I Drowned 1" I^et them be weaned hy kindness and persuasion from this horrid' vice. Give the poor thuigs their presents vet for a few ysars. Earth is Adr school as well as ours. Heaven their Home ai much as ours I Fit them for both 1 England and Canada should never forget the time when the Bed Man was their Ally, and fought and bled in the fore front of manv a tricken field ; and now when they are comparativelv a " feeble folk," heir good services should not be forgotton for the sake of a fe-y 218 rEMAI^E EMIORAlfTS GUIDE. Hi , thousands a year. When National Faith has once been pledged or implied to way contract, it should never be broken, and the value of the pledge will be measured and estimated by the magnitiide and character of the nation giving it I will conclude this letter with an interesting anecdote on this subject .: ; , St George's day was this year celebrated in a very gratifying way, at New York, by Americans and English. In replying to a Toast, Mtyor Sprague, of the U. S. army, said :— *' Some years ago I was engaged in removing some Indians beyond the Mississippi, and one day when encamped I saw a party approaching me. I took my glass and found they were In^ans. I sent out an Indian with the Stars and Stripes on a flag, and the leader of the Indians immediately dis- played the Bed Cross of St. George I Fwanted him to exchange flags, btrt the Savage would not, for said he-—' I dwell near the Hudson's Bay Company, and they gave me this flag, and they told me that it came from my Great Mother across the great waters, and would protect me and my wife and children, wherever we might go. I have found it as the White Man said, and Ivnll never part toi^ itf^ " I could not," added the gallant officer emphatically, ** but admire the feeling of confidence amd the sentiment." I hope these letters wont tire you, but Canada is an exhaustless theme, and well deserves to be examined throughout and known. She presents a vast opening to the agriculturist, a most interesting field of study for the botanist, the naturalist, the geologist, and an interesting and much needed mission for the Divine. Ton must bear in mind that when I name the price of any Canadian produce, the sum named is in currency, unless I distinctly call it sterling value ; the simple way to bring which into sterling money is to deduct one fifth." I have now brought my Tabours to an end, and will close my book wiU) some lines, which, though copied from a translation of a Chinese poem, appear to be well suited to the flourishing state of the Canadian colony :— Where eptdes grow bright, and idle swords ffrow dull» .. Where jails are empty, and where barns are nill ; Where churchyards are with freauent feet outworn, . Law courts are weedy, silent ana forlorn. Where doctors foot it, and where farmers ride, ' V Where age abounds, and youth is multiplied, Where these signs be, they clearly indicate, A happy people and well governed state 1 !:-v •nee been pledged or n, and the value of the magnitdde and 3 this letter with an very gratifying way, replying to a Toast, ne years ago I was Mississippi, and one le. I took my glass lian with the'fiftor* ns immediately dis- I him to exchange -'I dwell near the g, and they told me great waters, and rever we might go. ever part wiih it r cally, "but admire a is an exhaustless ut and known. She interesting field of r and an interesting ce of any Canadian [ distinctly call it > sterling money m 7\\\ close my book ition of a Chinese :e of the Canadian >w duiu ; :' ' ' ^ ^orn, . |-^: t : ,:,..- '. !-iH| ■■■■'». ;. :;i^ \ ' '■ 'W^: , ^sl 1 ■^ 11 : iiSf ■(»)•' ■V.) It ' u .1':. ^h: # #' V - ir- i' i ^^- ^ t& THE GEAVES OF THE EMIGRANTS. They sleep not where their fathers sleep, ' 111 the village churchyard's bound ; They rest not 'neath the ivied wall, That shades that holy ground. Not where the solemn organ's peal, Pours music on the breeze. Through the dim aisle at even hour. And swells amid the trees. Not where the turf is ever green, And spring-flowers blossom fair. Upon the graves of the ancient men, Whose children sleep not there. Where do they rest, those hardy men, Who left their native shore ? To earn their bread in distant lands, Beyond the Atlantic's roar ? They sleep on many a lonely spot, Where the mighty forest grew, Where the giant pine, and stately oak, A darkling shadow threw. The wild bird pours her early song, Above their grassy graves ; And far away through the stilly night. Is heard the voice of waves. And the breeze is softly sighing, The forest boughs among, With mournful cadence dying, Like harps by angels strung. And lilies nursed by weeping dew. Shed here their blossoms pale ; And spotless snow-flowers lightly bend. Low to the passing gale. The fire-fly lights her sparkling lamp, In that deep forest-gloom ; Like Hope's blest light that breaks the night And darkness of the tomb. '<.i\ FEVALB SMIOBANt's OUISX. The mossy stone, or simple cross, Its silent record keeps, Where mouldering in the forest-shade, The lonely exile sleeps. ?l (From th» Old CouHtryman.) A SONG FOR CHRISTMAS. THK OLD HOLLY^REE. Oh I the old holly-tree is a beantifol sight. With its dark, glossy leaves, and its berries so bright ; It is gay in the winter, and green in the spring, And the old holly-tree is a beautiful thing. It gladdens the cottage, it brightens the hall, For the gay hollv-tree is beloved by us all : It shadows the altar, it hallows the hearth—- An emblem of sacred and innocent mirth I Spring blossoms are lovely^ and summer flowers gay ; But the chill winds will wither and chase them away ; But the rude blasts of Autumn and Winter may rave In vain round the holly, the holly so brave ! Though the " fine old English gentleman" no longer now is seen ,* And customs old have passed away, as things that ne'er have been ; Though wassail shout is neard no more, nor missletoe we see; Yet they've left us yet the holly-green, the bonny holly-tree I Oaklands, Rice Lake. C. R T. .^:;«■^.•■!^»*"'■'5^■,^ low IS seen ; le'er have been MEMORIES OF CHRISTMAS DAY IN THE BACKWOODS. When first I came to Canada, I was much surprised at the cold indifference which most people showed in their observance of Christ- mas day — ^with the exception of the then few residing English families, the church was scantily attended. For in those days there was no dressing of the houses or churches with evergreens as is now so generally the custom, (long may it continue) ; and I missed the heart- felt cordiality that seems on that sacred day of Christian gladness to overflow all hearts, and break out into smiles of loving kindness to the poorest and least cared fpr of our fellow creatures. There be many — who with a scoffing eye look upon the decoration of our hearths and altars on that day, and loudly condemn it as a rag of Romanism. But are we really better Christians for casting aside all those old customs, that tended to hold us in the bond of unity and Christian love ? I cannot but think that this old custom had its origin in the palm branches, that were strewed in the way of our Lord when the multitudes cut down branches from the trees, and strewed them in the way, crying "Hosannah to the son of David." Did Christ reprove the people for this simple sacrifice in honour of him ? — Why then should our observance of this old custom draw down upon us the rebuke of our neighbours ? :' I remember the first Christmas day I passed in Canada — being laughed at because I wandered out on to Ihe plains near Peterboro', and brought in a wreath of the boxleaved trailing" wintergreen (which with its scarlet berries reminiled me of the varnished holly with which we were wont to garnish the old house at home), and hanging it over the mantel piece, and above the pictures of my host's parlor, in honor FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. of the day. It seemed to me these green branches might be held as emblems to remind us that we should keep faith bright and green within our hearts. But while the nativity of our Lord was little regarded, all its honor and glory was conferred on the New Year's day. This is with the Canadians the day of days. The world claims that, which used to be given to Christ. The increase of British settlers however has done something towards restoring a Christian feeling among us; and now our churches are duly dressed with evergreens, our hymns and anthems sung, and our friends and families meet together as of old. I remember one Christmas day in the Bush. It was the year after the memorable rebellion in Canada: my brother-in-law had been appointed to a company in the Provincial Battalion then stationed in Toronto ; my sister who had remained behind with her infant family was alone, and we were anxious that she should spend this day with us, and that it might look more like an English Christmas day, I despatched Martin, the boy, and old Malachi, the hired man, to bring a sleigh load of evergreens, from the swamp to dress the house witli, but when all our green garlands were put up, we missed the bright varnished holly and its gay joy-inspiring red berries, and my English maid Hannah, who was greatly interested in all our decorations, remembered that there were high-bush cranberries, at the lake shore, and winter greens in the swamp, but these last were deep beneath a covering of two or thiee feet of snow. With the red transparent berries of the cranberry we were obliged therefore to content our- selves, and little Katie brought her string of coral beads and bade me twist it among the green hemlock boughs, clapping her hands for joy when she saw it twined into the Christmas wreath. Then we sent off the ox sleigh for my sister, and her little ones, for be it known to you, my reader, that our settlement in those days was almost the Ultima Thule of civilization, and our roads were no roads, only wide openings chopped through the heart of the forest, along which no better vehicle than an ox sleigh could make any progress without the continual chance of an overturn. We bush- settlers were brave folks then, and thankfully enjoyed every pleasure we could meet with, even though we had to seek it through means so humble as a ride in a rude vehicle like an ox sleigh, through the wild woods, with the snow above, and the snow below, and in good truth many a pheasant ride have we enjoyed travelling through that dim forest,thr6ugh bowers of snow-laden hemlocks and dark spruce, which shut us out from the cold wind, like a good fur-lined cloak. Keposing on a bed of hay covered with buffalo or bear skins, or good wool coverlets, and wrapped in plaids, with well wadded hoods, we were not a whit less happy than if we had been rolling along in a gay carriage, drawn by splendid horses, instead of the rudest of all vehicles, and tho most awkward and clumsy of all steeds. At night MEMORIES OF CHRISTMAS DAY IN THE BACKWOODS. our lamps, the pale stars and the moon, walking in brightness in the frcaty sky, casting quaint shadows of gigantic torm across the snowy path, or wadiug through misty wrack or silver-edged cloud. A glorious goose fattened on the rice bed in our lake, was killed for the occasion: turkeys were only to be met with on old cleared farms in those days, and beef was rarely seen in the back woods,— excepting when some old ox that was considered as superannuated was slaughtered to save it from dying a natural death. Remember this was sixteen years ago, and great changes have taken place since that time in the condition of all ranks of people in the Province; now there are luxuries, where before necessaries were scarce. However there was no lack of Christmas cheer in the shape of a large plum pudding, to which our little ones did ample justice. A merry day it was to them, for our boy Martin had made them a little sledge, and there was a famous snow drift against the garden fence, which was hard packed and frozen smooth and glare — up and down this frozen heap did James and Kate with their playmates glide and roll. It was a Christmas treat to watch those joyous faces, buoyant with mirth, and brightened by the keen air, through the frosty panes; and often was the graver converse of the parents interrupted by the merry shout and gleesome voices of their little ones; and if a sadder train of thought brought back the memory of former days, and home, country, and friends, from whom we were for ever parted ; such sadness was not without its benefit, linking us in spirit to that home, and all that made it precious to our hearts ; for we knew on that day our vacant places would be eyed with tender regret, and "some kind voice would murmur, ' Ah would they were here.'' ' That night unwilling to part too soon, I accompanied my sister and her little ones home. Just as we were issuing forth for our moon- light drive through the woods, our ears were saluted by a merry peal of sleigh bells, and a loud hurrah greeted our homely turn-out, as a party of lively boys and girls, crammed into a smart painted cutter, rushed past at full speed. They were returning from a Christmas merry-making at a neighbour's house.where they too had been enjoying a happy Christmas; and long the still woods echoed with the gay tones oftheir voices, and the clear jingle of their merry bells, as a bend in the river-road, brought them back on the night breeze to our ears. There then we were breaking the Sabbath stillness of the dark forest with the hum of joyous voiees,and the wild bursts of mirth that gushed forth from those glad children, who had as yet known little of the cares and regrets that- later years bring with them as the inevitable consequence of a mature age. But soon overpowered by excess of happiness, and lulled by the low monotonous creaking of the runners of the sleigh, and heavy footlall of the oxen, one by one, our happy companions dropped off to sleep, and we were left in silence to enjoy the peculiar beauties of that show clad scene, by the dreamy light that stole down upon our narrow road through the snow laden branches above our FEMALE EMIGRANT S GUIDE. beads. And often in after years, when far removed from those forest scenes, has that Christmas night returned to my mcinor}', and still I love to recall it for it, brings with it the freshness of ^ormv^r days, and the array of infant faces now grown up and fulfilling the 8*;ate of life into which they have been called by their Heavenly Father. C. P. T. Christmas, 1853, Oaklands, Rice Lake. INDIAN SUMMER. This mysterious second summer comes for a brief season to quicken the vegetation of the new sown grain, and to perfect the buds that contain the embryo leaves and blossoms of the futur*? year, before the frost of winter shall have bound up the earth with its fetters of ice. The misty warmth of the Indian Summer steals drowsily upon our senses. We linger lovingly over each soft day that comes to us, folded in a hazy veil, and fear each one will be the last They seem to us " Like joys thai linger as they fall, Whose last are dearest." — We watch with anxious eye the sun go down in the smoky horizon, and wonder if we shall see another Indian Summer day arise on the morrow. The earth is rendering up her increase on nature's great altar, giving back to us some of the teeming warmth that she had collected during the long hot days of July, August and September. It is natural to suppose that the mist that softens the atmosphere at this peculiar season arises from vegetable decomposition. Or may be it has its origin in a remoter cause : the commence- ment of the polar winter. This subject has puzzled wiser heads than mine ; therefore I will dismiss that part of my subject to the natural philosophers of this enlightened, reasoning age. Among the peculiarities of this season, may be noticed, frosty nights, followed by warm soft days; sometintes a hot stirring breeze comes on about noon, at other times a stillness almost sultry continues through the day. From notes made in my journal during a succession of years, I have remarked that the Indian Summer comes on directly after the rains which prevail during the equinox, and the first two weeks in October. From the tenth or 15th of October to the first week in November, I should fix as the usual period of Indian Summer. Old settlers say that it comes earlier now than in former years. The date used to be as late as the 20th of November, bat it is rarely so late now, whate er be the cause. The Northern lights are frequently seen about the commencement of the Indian Summer, often being visible for many successive nights. The termination of this lovely serene season is very, generally accom- panied with a tempest, a hurricane, a violent rain, ending in snow and sharp frost. from those forest I'nor}-, and still I ^%m=;rda7s, and r the state of life 5'ather. C. P. T. eason to quicken t the buds that year, before the is fetters of ice. Jwsily upon our »es to us, folded ij seem to us smoky horizon, ay arise on the at altar, giving )llected during atmosphere at 1. »e commence- ier heads than the natural INr)lA.V-SUMArHR. Thou^rh so Jovelv fn th^ ^% reap Xe ;». ° *''? P^"?'" " is peculiar 1 » ^°"' ^"""no"- » severe oae t Gth^L'!" ^""4™^' ''^''tCthe eom;„''"'^'' "^ *•"= "M /n all these thino^ th^ r v ' ^' as says Mrs. Southey. 2 (^i! ,1 I .in: TESULLE EHIGBANTS QVJJ)E. Therefore the thoughtful settler naturally regards the length of the Indian-summer as a great blessing. Nature has now exhausted her rich store of buds and blossoms. — The rains and winds af October have scattered the last bright leaves «pon the earth. The scarlet maple, the crimson oak and cherry, the dark purple oi the black-ash, the lighter yellow of the birch and beech, lie withering at our feet — " the fading glories of the dying year.*^ Is there nothing but sadness and decay^ in those fallen leaves ? In those grey, leafless branches, through which the wind is sighing a re- quiem over the faded flowers and foliage ? In yon grey elder, those round knobs contain the embryo blossor % closely packed like green seeds ; yet each tiny flower-cup is as perfect as it will be in the month of May : — ^it is only abiding its time I Tes, truly, there is much of hope and proihise, reVealed to us at this season. There is a savour of death ; — but it is a death unto Life ! Look on those broad fields of emerald verdure, brightening into Spring-like beauty, with the rays of the noonday sun. Do they not speak to us of the future harvest — of the fruits of the coming year, which the harvestman is to reap. He, too, must bide the time : first the blade ; then the ear ; then the ripened grain ; then, again, the seed cast upon the earth — the re- newal of his toil and his trust. Thus, then, we perceive that the Fall of the year is the renewal of Hope. In its darkest gloom, there is ever a gleam of sunlight, pointing onward to future joys.— Ucmerf from the original copy jymlished in the Old Conntryman, JVov, 2d, 1853. man, JVov, 2d, THE SCOTTISH EMIGRANT'S SONG. She turns her wheel wi busy hand But her thoughts are far away 'Mid the bonnie braes o' her native land, While she sings this simple lay :•— " I think upon the heathery hills I ay hae lov'd sae dearly, I think upon the wimpling bum That wandered by sae clearly. The little gowans tipped wi dew That 'mang the grass shone brightly ; The harebell waving in the breeze That bowed its head sae lightly. Tlie lavroek singing in the cloud Wi' note sae blythe and cheery, That made my heart forget its load O' grief and care sae eerie. I think upon the moss grown grave O' those sae dear to me Wha' slumber in the auld kirk yard — My bonnie bairnies three. « An' I would gie a mint o' gowd— If gowd were mine to gie— To wander through that auld kirk yard Thae bairns' wee graves to see." I , She ceased her sang — the briny tears Fell frae her glistening ee — For her heart throbbed fast as she thought upon These graves ayont the sea. i « ■ • n., !': m&. CONCLUSION. And now, having touclied upon almost every subject likely to prove useful to the emigrant's wife or daughter, in her Canadian home, I will take my leave, with the sincere hope that some aniong my readers may derive profit and assistance from the pages, which, with much toil and pains, I have written for their instruction. Very happy I shall be, if I find that my labours have not been entirely fruitless, and that my little book has been indeed, what it professes to be, a Guide and a Friend to the Female Emigrant. If I have sometimes stepped aside to address the men, on matters that were connected with their department, it has still been with a view to serve their wives, daughters or sisters ; and such hints I hope may be well taken, and acted' upon, for the ultimate benefit and com- fort of all. Injtvriting this little book, I have been influenced by no other desire than that of benefitting my countrywomen, and endea- vouring to smooth for them the rough path which I have trodden be- fore them, and in which, therefore, I may not be an incompetent guide. I have urged upon no one the expediency' of leaving their native land ; but I have laboured to show them that Canada, especially the Western or Upper portion of the Province, is preferable in many res- pects, to any other country to which they might feel inclined to turn their steps. Here the capitalist will find safe investment for his sur- plus wealth : the agriculturist will find a large field open to him, for the exercise of his knowledge, with a ready market for his produce, and the protection of a mild government, under the name of Her whom Britons delight to call their Queen. Here the labour of the poor man is amply rewarded, and he has it in his power in a few years, to become independent, and owe no man anything but that debt of brotherly love, which all Christians arc bound to pay to each other, t FEMALR EJAGRANt's GUIDB. m^- I I |:. It is a pleasant thing to contemplate the growing prosperity of a new country. To see thriving farmers, with well-stored barns, and sunny pastures covered with flocks and herds ; with fruitfal gardens and orchards, extending over spaces where once lay the trackless and impenetrable forest ; and to reflect that these things have been the result of industry and well-directed energy ; — that by far the greater number of the men who own these blessings, have raised themselves from a state of abject poverty to a respectable position among their fellow-men. The Irish emigrant can now listen to tales of famine and misery endured by his countrymen, while he looks round with complacency and contentment upon his own healthy^ well-fed, well-clothed family, and thinks how different is his lot from that of his less fortunate brc- thren at home. ^ He sees his' wife and children warmly clad with the wool spun from the fleeces of the flock before his door ; fed by the produce of his farm ; and remembers the day when he landed in the strange country, hungry, naked, forlorn, and friendless ; with drooping head, and crushed heart — scarcely even daring to hope that better things were in store for him and that pale, wasted creature at his side, his partner in misery and despair. How many such have I seen and known I How many of those who came to this Province eighteen years ago, under such sad cir- cumstances as I have described, were among the settlers who came forward, with willing mind and liberal hand, to offer their subscrip- tions towards the relief of the famine-stricken Irish peasantry, in those sad years when a funeral pall seei^ed to have fallen over their native land. Do not these facts speak well for Canada ? When I cast my eyes over this improving country, and behold such undoubted proofs of the prosperity of its iuhvbitants,. I cannot but rejoice and feel glad in my very heart, that such things are ; and na- turally wish that the poor among my countrymen and women, were as happily situated as those I have described. Let me add yet a few words ere we part, on a subject that doubt- less is very dear to you— I mean your Church. If your lot be .cast as a resident in any of the towns or villages, of which now there ore romen, were as CONCLUSION. so" many ; or in the long-cleared and populous portions of the Pro- vince ; you will find churches and ministers of every denomination ; with ready access to Sunday-schools, for the better instruction of your children : in the cleared townships services are held at stated times, in the school-houses, of which there are one or more in each section of every township : but you may be far from a church, and* your op- portunities may be few and Car between, of attending divine worship. Nevertheless, suffer not your God to be forgotten in the lonely wilder- ness ; for you have need of his fatherly care ovei you and yours.— His ear is ever open to hear, and his holy arm stretched over you to save. He is at hand in the desert, as well as in the busy city : forsake him not, and bring up your children in his love and in his w^ays ; so shall his blessing be upon yourselves and your substance. The first church in which I bent my knee in heartfelt thankfulness to the Almighty, for his saving care over me and my husband, in preserving us from the perils of the great deep, and the perils of the pestilence which had brought me down very low, almost to the very gates of Death — ^was in a log church of the rudest description ; and subsequently, it was in a barn, where two of my elder children were baptized by the good rector of Peterboro', long since called away from his pastoral labours by his Heavenly Master. But there was no lack of reverence among the little flock in the wilderness, who were gathered together that day ; for they felt that the rudest building can be made holy by the invisible presence of that Great God who has said, " Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them." On that very spot, or within a few yards of it, the walls of a stone church are raised, and it will not be without a missionary of the Church, to administer the holy ordinances : so you see that while we were yet but a little flock, scattered and without frequent means of obtaining religious instruction, there were those who cared for the spiritual destitution of the poor colonists in the Backwoods ; and many liberal donations were sent from the mother-country for the erection of t'ois church : many others in like manner, have been built by funds supplied from England, and this fact will, I hope, encourage and cheer those whose first settlement may be made in remote and m ii FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. J: less-favoured situations. It is also encouraging? to the poor Cana- dian emigrants to know that kind and pious hearts care for them. Much has been effected by the government with respect to the es- tablishing of schools in every township and in all the principal towns; and much improvement will yet be made ; for we are what the Yan- kees would call a progressing people, and must go fortvard, till a satisfactory system of education has been established in the country, to meet this great want. And now, farewell ; and I trust you will find kind hearts and friends, and much prosperity, in the land of your adoption ; never forgetting that you still belong to that land, which is the glory of all lands, and are subjects to a mild and merciful Sovereign, who is no less beloved in her Province of Canada, than she is by her loyal peo- I pie of Britain. 1,ft >; • ■ ' 'ill I i ^^iSJs;: ! i '¥> ■■N«K> the poor Cana- hearts care for respect to the es- 3 principal towns; ■e what the Yan- fortvard, till a jd in the country, kind hearts and adoption ; never is the glory of all rereign, who is no by her loyal peo- ^m. '•»o^' - ' H 'A o 'A O M O CO APTENDIX. O n J^ < t.. W t • .S3 Ui% T o cH •< -tJ bo * C-r? f 1 o 0) a ■ I s «-> >, ►a 4J I 3 -o -a -a -a "O TS I 3 o O (S cc o u I CD CD 03 m n m n I — ^ C* 'TO rj ?C ■^ ■^ I I d • ■ Si ul 00 X ra n w w «Q 1 1 1 TfO T •^ O f CO 1 1 1 . w ^v !*» o tn>(M O ITS !-M 1-H *— ( t-H o* CJOCO w -i«5 bj, 09 m m n in m w to CO Q 02 •O CO (?<'<»• l£) O to CO CO rl .-< 1— 1 QiQiOt^ COOffJ CO cs "* 1-1 F-l J< I I O I O B .a -^ O) »j^ 4; (U ►^ gOUCG «3 Ci "^ 00 ^ cc o ^ o hn CD ♦n n o 0/ t-- — ^ lO coo cii:- ; = 1 o bo CO • a d O) o w).a 0) OS 1 v tn d 01 OS CO CO a o i: ST -« oJ2 « o ,«Oa2E-« c 00 o IM QQ o c* ** en »^ 0) cd on 0) t^ ♦-• bi ■ a 0) ■1 t« .■> « 00 ;^ >,g o s « *» > c „ « d ^£ d cd bO g a> 3 tn s o CO OJ-^- ^"O M 05 S boso 02 »^ 03 09 (n u *^ c «! cd 4) ♦J CQ •bJ o n .r ^ c o ■^ dc^ c3 •> cd e S.s t- ed'S ^ «-o ^ d o ^ -a P u rt. 5S* S — ^ o c8 cd til -" O -Ob-: ^."^ Q fare. Cy. -a •"53 O 'O TS "O CO O O CO O .^o 00 CO 09 BO 00 09 S^^si -^ (J* CO "* '^ a Cabi Stg. tn tn QQ OQ 09 tn CO ^ O CO ^ «0 CO o rH . o »o t- o o o ^ .M ^ CI CO •^ 00 09 09 fn CO tn tn to CO <>»C0i73l^t-t-OC0'<*< 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * • 1 * i 1 t • in 4J "3 ! 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 ■ > 1 I • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 • • 1 ■ 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 • 1 I • 1 1 d cd ♦J rom Mont 1*6 Cornwall . Prescntt -- Brockville Kingston . Cobourg .'. Port Hope Bond Head Darlington Whitby ... Toronto — Hamilton - Detroit .. Chicago .. ICx. 1 *A FEMALE EMIGRANTS GVIDK. mm' ': i fill i ' ! I i i if I s i t3 1^ T3 M *•> a o t) (U > a a u *-» >> .a c d m a o a o r/j l-i O o i^ . 1 r-1 -^ "T- > m ea — Oh ^72 V3 — c; o m rn m oi ci c-j c. L-S "-a m 'n m tn (7< ;-; n ■^ m Q o ,rt< o r3 Ci i~ o o ~ to to CO ec •-■ O O t- C i.'^ t - — C; — ' ") i.-^ 1— I 1-4 1— 1 .— — C T' T ( •{\jUTi3 irti.?c.i;}j v a o o C I— > C c '-• -^ "i M !K ^ ■> tj) > -iJ W 1. "i^ 2 2 2S >. 0; cs a a cs PS — •J -a ^'§ C- ."5 .2 t! s o «u 2 4) rj qj tn-- > c o o) es u a s ^ I.H O . « *2 t- '^ a c'O '^ cd o 2 «r a tfj •;: fi " " c 2 ii s > W rt 3 a, • CO ^ ^ ^ S "^ ^ oa o „ S 2 «j w -^ '- aj o a ^ " gpj! o J, "■3 •T3-C! 8 -M i o o OQ -a l-H ^ •—4 «^ »1 ■ ■< — to ic r^ lo o _ tn in m tn OT ■ •^ to io — i-^ m oo ra o *T3 13 "^3 T3 "XJ COO O O O , 03 M 03 tn 05 CO "O i>. c^ -^ O O m CO I O -1< I 1-4 -K1 (- to T3 "^ TJ TS TS T5 to C^_ O « Ci 03 03 rC CC CO W C* O T W I, CO O O I 0) 03 I o CD ; -H :r< ! cd a p rt & .o .2 a a ?^ "J S '«3 bT 4^ h— 4 J ed -t3 "C •O 03 ; TT -o -::; -o -3 -v3 C5 O CJ! O) o o 03 03 03 tn 03 on CI CO '.O 'I' w l^ S5 O 03 09 CO ti; ~ • U2 •■I-H-- 03 03 u '/; •1 H U3 'O Ci o 03 p a S O C3 oj'^ "C o J^ VO O 3 O lO ■^ t^ C73 -^ CO to 1— I r-4 Tf S oT ^.s •a 11 rtj '^ ^ta-i ■•-» 3 l1 ei « S ed"^ C ^ «•- S S 9 * cd co.^ia = r ■" o *- cd "^ ca' a on «3 " >. Cot d C3 e I- aj« Oi .(C 4) C 3 « ^ - Oj ° d OT (B 4-' to 4j ^ td 4-. 0! 72 = "i, APPENDIX. 3 c > 4) CD •> >~. t CO t3 :S '^ a ■^ a ■^^§ o . ? 5r'> 3 cO £.2 .=r .::; c o o ,5^^"- c •r rt C 41 !/J U • 4J 5 »- o ^ o S « H ^ W 5 3 « «: tn 1 9> 1 ^"5 •J2 00 CO OT 1 en 1 '^ 3 O »7 u ^^■^ is— o T^ '^ ^ o -, Em • I 0) n r* ^^ ^ . -< . O a- .--3 U O. c '5 « "r «» 2 0^ C3 -^ .S .a o. ^- " ^ 17" <" •-• u '^ a 5 O iu-« O fi 'S _ J= » C3 2 <" ». o 1 ::2 (u<^ '. Soa 03 "- " 0) :3 a lit B a 2 « t- c o .2 w a H 01 3 -« 3 cs .9 a a O) ea ~ ^ . o "5 2 U2i: 4j « 1 « § _ »rH efl 00 o C-c- *^ o CD ^ a> 1 t- bj o 3«ri '>> 'Scf u (3 rt r. D h-4 Vn3 JS C5 •♦-» K) • r-4 a tn « > C3 >. to d C! c )-i lU Oh 3: ai Oil ce rs 3 o U IK) O si " i 'I' a 03 i2 "3, >• E X! a a o. 0/ o ■< cS 3 3 CS *^ O e5 -3 4-* O a, o, o o t3 ^ "TJ '^ '^ o o o C5 CO .- (Tj n C< -^ 1-1 (7J C< CC O O c o o m n en m en CO C^ CC C: ^ -1 i-H ^ CJ c<3 3 O o 3_^ tJW3 3 1) o t>.>2 P ^ 2 3 1^^ K 3 CS O. B o O (U o o .9 "d 2 co" gS « I/ -< .- £ > c ©CO-- fa «- 12 9 CO cd s • d" >~- CO '^ s o o 3 ? •S 3 OS >.< 9 « 3*S t£ « to 7* cS 3 ■S.9 9 T-iU Ca C CO v< « 4> CO >.— 3 ~aj > 01 "^ a> CO-rJ 02 * ^ V o -4i ^ M** w « tSD — 02 .3 •5 i:v2 S b=5 ^ O §.2 .2g e .t; CO u > >> -a p^ a; ti ^ 03 03 3 O cd s- ^< §-? (d m 3 ^ E >, ■5CQ-3 ~ 3 •-« o © ^ Oh"-* « !i'i ;i; 4 FEMALE EMIGRANTS GUIDE. EQUIVALENT VALUE OF CURRENCY AND CENTS, FROM ONE COPPER TO ONE DOLLAR. (Copied from The Old Countryman JVewspaper, Toronto.) ■i 1 '•i t :? ' I) '}]' >% ■^.": Cftrrency. Centa. d. i equal to 5-6 3-5 " 1 1 " 11 - 11-5 " 2 n '4 1 4-5 3 2 .-- 3S 2 2-5 4 2.1 4 1-6 3 5 31 5 5-6 3 3-5 6 4 (5i 4 1-5 7 4J 71 4 4-5 8 5 8i 5 2-5 9 6i -. 9 1-6 6 10 t).i 10 5-6 6 3-5 U 7 Ul 7 1-5 i2 7i 1'4 7 4-5 13 8 13J 8 2-5 14 8i M 1-6 9 ...15 9i 15 5-6 9 3-5 16 10 1G§ 10 1-5 17 101 17i 10 4-5 18 11 18J 11 2-5 19 Hi 19 1-6 Currency. Cents. s. d. 1 equal to 20 1 3-5 21 1 1 21J 1 1 1-5 22 1 I 4-5 23 1 2 23J 1 2 2-5 24 1 3 25 1 3 3-5 26 1 4 26§ 1 4 1-5 27 1 41 27i 1 4 4-5 28 1 5 28J 1 5 2-5 29 1 6 30 1 6 3-5 31 1 7 31i 1 7 1-5 32 1 71 32i 1 7 4-5 33 1 8 33J 1 8 2-5 34 1 9 35 1 9 3-5 36 1 JO 361 1 10 1-5 37 1 m 37i 1 10 4-5 38 1 11 381 1 11 2-5 39 2 40 2 3 45 2 6 50 3 60 3 6 70 4 80 4 6 90 6 100 r ANi) CENTS, OLLAR. ^pcr, Toronto.) Cents. equal to 20 21 2IS 20 23 23* 24 25 26 2(j| 27 -- 27i 28 28i 29 30 31 ■ 31i • 32 • 32J 33 33i 34 35 36 36§ 37 37^ 38 38^ 3!) 40 45 50 00 .--,-.-.70 80 .......90 ■ 100 APPENDIX, TABLE FOR CALCtJLAm^ THE nrr.Pn BETWEEN STERrTxrn , DIFFERENCE ___J^f^^^^^^ AND CUHRENCr. jOne Pound Sterling equal to O^ZlTj, " f t PENCE. , ^omm, Stg. Currency, j Stg. Curre POUNDS. Stg. Cu ^ « 8. d. 38 46 4 8 47 9 48 13 POUNDS. Tency. jStg. Currency. 91 5 92 9 93 J3 94 i^ 96 2 97 6 8 98 11 83-. 100 19 8 84-. 102 4 85.. 103 8 4 86-. 104 12 8 87.. J05 17 d. 4 8 4 rXUALX xmiobant'8 auwE. iocT< <0e«see«eeo ^ Tj « <« «H « ^ « « 69 e o e « e e o o « e e e e o lo e« e Ml ^ e iH asassssssssasssssssssssssssassa Hn •4iiHn-4it >4oi Hot •a n o e GO a o (O «e c0 St «e M n 94 9* e< 8« « to CO 00 s io «0 e e o o e e ■ -4e9e2O<0o®9®^o®3O9^9*iQooso MS SCO 5'' ^ o e • e <0 ?« (eoo«e««snaoset«oos 7e s e e o e e» iio«9nc4iHcee«<»>ae9e ^9qi^«oaD<<9aDC««9atMc«oe9see9e9 9 rf ■ a CO ■ i A' {U as 0*0 — « Jl 13 .b I M S ^^5 iMftii' -.-Hi leeeeoono "•-ass*"'? tssssssss >ec9eo«teo«o !7e «» 3 e « e flo SSSSdSSSS CO *T ^ eo«ooe«ooo CO ^ ^ ssssssssa ^9 s e o e e o SS3SSSSS3 le?e 49 «B 9 e o r> 60 S a S.S. 2^^* Jl *>_'>-•• o - i iS S c8 >. ^ « J 3 O {3 « .fc X . osoootoo T5 990Stni>-0 • a • us ,S>2'S«9»N99 ^ la sssssss o OD • 9990090 o •N OOU»OOU»9 H QQ ^.OgJ-9^9g , '000909«9 o 9)9099990 ;z; « 0, M m sssssssi ^ « OD 'S99<09990'C gj 9 9 r^ U3 MS 9 US ^ -«1 ^US§9«0-C •H P^ tS e(099<09 • ^ 9 91 us O t« MS fi« 9 ^ 99«f>t9i-< o US ssaaas ' (Ft • s •a 0«09999 ^H • 9r>9WSUS9 « »-< <-< ^ J-9«S99 — "39000999 ^ • O9ro9r»uso X ^ •-« > « ^9^9*99^ CO 2222322 p^ 00 T30999099 ^ r-i • 9 9 US US *» n « cJwsus*"*®* • « 02 • • w > « SL C d5 '1 c Si * Ii4 f3 u o :^ • 1 « , a 0) .a CM •o J ••3 .1 B O 9 ',^ Gil Im OJ :» JT 3 *3 fc o $ s S,- " K>(/i'^p»riO APPENDIX. 'on9 999o«»999<«n«eco«099 9 9«ot»use9us'HS««ee*us ^otAneonnnoesoooecooeoAoonoono 30009e09O9t->oOI^'A'HUStBC0ctC9«H^iA«>US m m i|t 8 FEMALE EMIQRANT S GUIDE. { I O o h 30 H H H Q « o O 0. gC3f i u H B a b: » o o 11 Sj bii - ■5 S o '13 ■35 = o — err: lb j:: >. ca tn 3 tn m ^ a - o 5 '« — x> c o 5.2? a. a 4) 6 c © c S >, U 3-cj «- ^ 5 c o o I ID W '5 a. :=: "-a = ? =•= '- > 03 rt 00 O . r5 s w" *^ S "C fi o oj J . — 4 2 J' « bo * J; » = 3D SJ !» .- o 4J 3 D -a 4) •jQ J3 CO a -a ^ _ ed — I, ce I-: a, Xi it x — 3 •55. E !« M a> o J2 - ^ u V O A> S *" = o £ 2 ** ■* 4; ^ ^ — = 1-1 33 ^2: M a, 2 '^ -a -i J- v.' a, ca CIS o^ ve ^« ° -^ 4> 3 »S K i a, • S n uQ o a ii' .t; '/I o a. tu -a ^ i i - I- -. > i> - ~ 1/ < c •— ii 3 cd tj c > -a I.- t: o 3 5 = O -i^ ♦^ OB * -C 5 = *-o = oa:i;- "-o'-^ i!> V p a = 25 D^ S< « - a a a a J|1 - o-;3 d o 3 i: .S.S J_:a, a u ti A A fl o s s; o B a e Z ed 9) 0-0 -a =^ 1/ 4, ed -« u-s >-5..2 C ■" '7* ^ 1- td .1' _^„ ^^o,-*i O 1 -= p > tn ^ — a tL g£.2 tj t" £ * rt i? ■" I- ♦-• ed T3 3 "J-l T! ^ — <-. d o ^ -~ 5.2 = 02 0) lb " 02 C 9 _ O 02 O 3 10 V t) c •■-> t = -*• >, 1) o ed ed c •■ k« o *t «, •-' CI - = mO .2 «s , 02 41 of 4J C C 3 J3 -.3.-4, fc. 4,^3 . •*- -.= v2 41 3 ed-S 3 rr cd c^ c S °" .^ =« 4, i 3N-H CO r; «j !» p 3 •;3 3 E «>^ o o ♦-• tn P *> f 9 'o'^ 5 >,t;^^ 4) 4.1 _ bo b n Cl,^ -3 ®rfi"-C a. 4) UJ— ^r. 4^J- <- o a a c f-^ j; . Q — 3 •«*^<-»4i ,, «edJ;j3»jOcu O •"" h(i 1) _ 3 J3 .Q :r; be 4> _ ed 4. 3 41 ed o^_, ^sJ 3 -13 4;^ 3 ed -r: ^ rt 3 4> -c 5 t: ii 3 _ o 4; '3 > ed oj^OMjJwcdU r -. SJ "^ *** fc-i i« _— /-a 4) £ i t g .S '" " m -a 5" 3 ed<3 ed O ^ 4- — SB j; cd 3 ^ o 01 a. "^ , «- (0 -J ' ^ rt " *-* ♦-» • ^ _^, 4) .." ^j c ^ -* » _ >5 <1 ?; <1 K (J u CL, 4, bO -p 2 *^ d 5d-^ ^--^ 5 •» 2 « VS 41 bi 3 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U \% 13 14 15 10 17 13 19 20 23 m ^"^^^''""^■'^-fWrii-Hr-iij-iii J -APPsarorr. 1 627264 = )568ltt« _ P^72(H0 = GEXEEAL TABLE OP Ti^r. 9 30.25 = -—______ "'"« a square mile. ao.«6il = G-2.S =: kjuuo = 25000 = 100000 = 9 872.25 4:i5j IPSO 43.i|j0 Vard. ,i Perch. '? = 1 Sq. **<* == 2.5 1, 160= iS ^ Chain. 1 Hoo/I. 4= lAcre. i> - Z '" — ■ aj c 5. ^ =■? §c2 s;l Width of Row. ^ABM OP THE i;^;;^r~-;— ^"^^«iAi, acre'^/^^™ op a.. ?.P2.640 l|*'8,l«o «»«,9«0 302,040 8i0,flo« «2,72« 41,560 27,873 19,300 ]4Mi lO.gJIO 8.001 •%070 fi.760 4.840 2,723 1.742 1,210 880 6hi 633 436 S60 30) 2)8 222 1»4 170 151 134 121 loo 70 171.210 87,120 58,080 4'),560 31.818 17.424 14,520 ii.tfia 9,680 8,297 7,260 6.4J3 5,808 5,280 4,Hn 3,6:j0 2,»0| 2,4-20 2,074 1,815 1.613 1.462 1.320 1,210 1.116 1,«37 968 007 854 806 764 726 580 3>,«71| 15.840 10,560 7,020 6,336 3,168 2,040 2.112 1,700 1.508i 1.5Ull 1.355 1,237| 960 Roods of 36 VardB. 4,840 2,420 963 484 403 12 322 24 268 32 230 17- 2((1 24 179 9 161 ia 146 24 131 16 100 30 80 23 67 12 57 22 50 16 44 20 40 13 36 SJ4 33 22 31 23 29 26 32 23 7 23 20 22 14 21 8 SO 6 16 4 t* - » JO a I •-•• «PUMATION._Jn th» k« — __^ ' -313 •a 10 FEMALE EMIORANt's GUIDE. V ,, f '^^i •a H <«1 s a m o •09(1 •AOJ^ •PO •ddg •Sny •FN *^ 6-1 :g 00 o •c OS > A^£ •oanf •Xepj; '[udy •qojupi •qo^i •UBf CO OirjiMO'^QOl-O ^OOCCtjJ o a5 1-^ rjH oi 05 o ri t-^ ffo ?>i ^ t-J r-Jr— (OOl-rJ'COM ^CQOOW-^ M rf to Tl< r5 T i O O -2 O l'^ ri ift CC 5^ 'O 1-; -^ 5M t- CO C»l "* M «> O M irt CO — ' CX) -^ ^ OS — ' to C^ -M in»orjiictir5Tt*0'^»ft»c»ft'-tC' I— .— irH IM r-t f w-^ ^ i-H l-^ Ti; t^ iC «0 CO O . i-J "^ t-^ O X CO t-^ CO CO' — I TjJ O 00* oi CJ «o ;d tff go o tf; CO trt tfi t— to I " 4 lO «o O <-H t-»' »-< 1— 1 CO' Cs 00 ift t— 1 «o to «o I— « o t- to ir; to i-^ oo i- t-tooooococ^ii— I »r:ios^Ti4 i-JtOC^i-HTjJCX)»-J eo' irJ to -H c^i CO co' CO* c«i o x »o c^i totosot— toicr-toirst-t'Xt- Xrf'aocsto— 'i«40 t--tOtO'^ tqt-XOl-i-;00O> ^-sJJCJtOrlJ c> (H c> o Cs to" X ai eo' t— ' .-5 co c> tosotot-ootoootot— xto e^ o CM u7 CO >rt I— I «r^ Tf .-« i-j c^ to »OQdcOt-I'ftc4co'oDCO »o ir; lo to lo m to -^ lO to to I— to r-xxc»5ox«rtX iox i«t-coc»c>it-'rt<-H cxac^cs • •• ••••••••• • t^CSCOOl-^CStr-— n ^ O0%l< CM CM Tfi (-4 iq cs CM* 00 CM 5M -^ »G »0 Iz; • o . be • o:^oS p S-^ 08 1^3 Oi .'H ei 03.2 w ^ ^ W e »". ■= V — 2"- p o 5 a ^§ v = ^^ cs.S cs M 2 c o e a > S ^ — ^ •, s *» — *- c "-is a) - eS o >> LBNOTH OP A MILE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. EnRlinh mile contains 1.700 yards RuHsinn mile " 1,100 " IriKh and Scotch mile " «,23i> " Italian mile " 1.4«7 " Polish mile ** 4.409 " Spanish mile Gerinnn iiiilo Sw(>(iif>h niid > Danish nii'e ) Hungarian mile In France tlMj OMUiire by the luMn langu* of 1,000 yarda. contains. > . 6,0*28 yardi , .5,8d0 " " .l,%Vi it •' .8,830 It ■ 1^1 tr.o ' ^ (M Ti^ tH ^ O O fC TJ1 ^ t-^ ffC im' -J ^' -1 ^ CO Tji ;o iQ j 'C r** :r» 5 . CO 00 (» Tj« ? — ' o I- ri lo JJ£_5<_'* «> <« > Oi db'c^ " I . c^ "«t CO ;o I o — * :o 5>ii 'sj 1 *c tg ir? I - CO ■^ O 00 OS OS _|£it- ;0 t- «o 'X> 00 CO Ti<" _ 05 OS 00 c^ CO 05 00* ic 1—1 OJCI--00JL- t« ;o s^ ri< . t^ 5^1 00 1— I ^* o 30* in cm' 'O 1"- t ^ QD t ^ t-; «0 «) ^ :o I— .-( CO o» o t o t-- 00 «o 2 >n «> Tit ^ >-^ >— t c^ to R CM CO' 00* CO* 2«osot--«o O QO 00 CM 0> • • • • • -• f— • O !■» 05 5 'O t C 1- O 00 ^ 00 CM iCt CO S C3 00 rj5 to' > -^ -^ to O CO C^ CM « -^ i-j to CJ ■^ to CO CO ^ O ifj CM nj i-j o OS CM* 00* c_: *H S r - a **St:_. §::| .5_y o 5 • t ~ o s~ * « * * , ^ ^^ O M C 3 CQ W H -3 gl 12 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. < •Xb(1 ■O o O — «H 55".^; (^ 91 0» C9 © V — «3 E WAGES ENTS. •SIMM Jad • ifj^eocet^t^^tnetcoeso^oD " -rf — ..» r' rm^ ^o = = oooo = o — -- — — »- ^»d jMSceoDS-^ms^seoetsmott '*J — ^ — -- — -rfn »^Q0 <>* «^S2J:2SSSgSg§SSg| •Xbq i3d ggoooeoooooooeoo ^sooooooooooooo us; CO JSd ^seoeeoooeeooeo *qiao|v »d • ao*OQD^©x>»oaD'»oaD^ » r« «a Ti« 14 «• «a •iBBA «d n CO < m D <1 U Q GQ aj $ CO T^ o 1^^ 8. US liti jj « •» « CO s o •a 2 e .5 ll .5 ^ Q •§ S bS 8 wc s a:, "a u 3 •a S "3 rt j; s «> ?3 S - A O rQ o r-e to o • S ^€' I «S2 •a ^ O.V .§"GS2S2*cS 3 p S V O 9 (s a» u « 23 P>'0 o •'. 'tnsa nu9o (ft n '}X190 •juao ^ f e • -^jt-Kmni I m-«w ^ Tf t>. f-i C^ O 00 »0 « — 00 M? 0» '-' t^ "* "' 1-S WiN 1-1 f.^ »i oooo o oo o o o e o o c ©o --— <».i * n«inM mti nw «»ti h<)i-4» -«• hdi ho •441 <•«•«< •»«> nxi •4« H W «0 CO -^ C< »0 CO »-i W « <-< ^ O « 0> « 00 C* 00 t— ( ^" I— I — -9 o o o o o o e e o o e 'S 9 o o o o ^> i>H H dO t^O ^ ««0 OJ — t «0 050 O O 'S" to 00 ^ I^ 1.H 1.N 1— I gj OOOO.H.-l»M,-i»^OI^tOOOOn U^N.O>i-H p-l »rt ,^ ,-4 ^^ ij eoeoeo o 090 o eeo e c o s .H H « ^ «o o» -H ,-1 ■^ «e CO —t o es 00 1* «o vo ■* w 01 IB o o o e :) r^ 1-4 1-4 f.4 *.< c^ ic t^ A ..^ c/Jl>.^0«CC»CWtiHO>»0 •ju«o ^ e oooooo»Hf-ii-m-^co'«"to ^ <-i -* -< *i eooooeooeoesoeeeeee iAvd I c«p3^ic«er«eo0)e eoeeoooooe ^ MmK I us ^ ««c- \2\a b S « •?! 5JH (=. >V — . CO «5 i 00 loi G-' ^ t^ ^ C< ^ (^ »— 1-^ -• O O O O^'-t lO O"* <0 00 ^ r-i '^ I© rt «? ^-o>»H ^^ vrt ^H ,^ •>« lO C C O O »M , o> ^ er »/? i^ o» ,_| l_4 f^ i-H vH I e o o oo o I 00 0> •^ C*3 ^ (O »H ^H -^ -^ iee oeoo ss ooe t^ooo s o >— I H O 5z; CO APPKKDIX- 18 O o CO O w Ph i^ '/^^ O § C3 - > o a o .2 o o - F* « f-*3 o ? a"! § =» beg g «^- - o0.2| O OQ 41 [2 O £*" o fe^ ^ •" « "^ OT a •** «^ « ^ o a *■< C-i« o * a o ti ^ *^ >• aj -CO ^a o o ^ os ® 2 o i PQ p. §0-5 O O O 8 6*^ bC'SS > fe O S3 g _3 C 2 «_ « © O Eh w h- 1 C O 05 o .2 •*;f oj a bs OJ 9? «- 3 =3 ^ ^ (M «0 t *^ f-' «i. bo •" a -a 08 o 'C .t* +5 '^ be 0) -M o 'C CO >t £ a ft s • — « Co! .-So^-Zw- >.« 2^ 3^ M " ■" o 3 u- «= 4> O C " o ^ a S M . ^ ee P •« 5l eH t- >-" «0 »< c X ed OQ ^ f^ «o o «« C3-- S - -2 I bb.S g ^ (j^s* O Q; OS Ol 2<5 8S. P 0) s O t> o* a O 0) n be a.«' 2 9'-o 5 O « « 11 ^ dj e ^ ^ oo;: c a> an u O O is"? = Sc^ * ►^ 2 -r E E £ O en p u at 5 wm»mmitff 14 FEMALE emigrant's GUIDE. C ; O o O o m T3 O C = S »- C8 •* o (B «a tf -2 S o S? ® I T •^ *• bo I i « 5"^ g o Jl 5 bo .:= c « IE . Jo. 01 a (9 o u u s 3 to o o o> x: 1 1 CD JS c cr CO s o o >• c cd s u cd a o a O V b„« C bo •^ c ii o o 1=5 5* »r a.* c m •— c CO 1; CO ^-^ m CO cs « •— CB ^ Oi C0 AJ t. (O ^ I 5 5 bo boo .£ .£ ^ 'C *C ''i* S 3 u. 3 = S t: -o o o o 5 ><: — bo 2 fe " o -»r --^ CO O) — -a O «= w a} «.2 no S. . 'It S O J3 « CI > cd «*• • • CD M 1^ > a v J S 0> <-• u a> ^ t* m a. ea o a 2 - S' S a CO a ^^ >. ed t 3 Co •• -§^ I. u a. ed m ® ^3 09 ea U B a £ "5 .2 0) "S '^ & a 3 u ea ^ a — 2" I B i -S a JS o u a o -3 s ea CO a> OD " ^ 3 -a o oj ca ffi w- "g a a (a ^ S ^ 3 O «o a a o *♦* a. E o u «} a c X •rf CR .2 z: ^ s -Sd:^ s o '^ o 00 jB 0> w > B Cd J3 a> a ° "I ♦■• CO .•> £ o M bo a eo "O ^M c o J= ^ U 0) 3 JS e .00 00 **■ 09 e ed o «a j- © - bctr CO o a. tf, B 3 O M E a « »- jS © E 2 CO •- ■S B a ^ o u 5 > ^ Q. «) iJ .C 3 ■5 ^ © ftJ a. o 00 o bo ca « .2 cd in -3 OD «,H -5 «*- bo g 00 3 «!• CO «k ° a o J= "^ 2 «< .a O «e|e .5 Tj< o ** 3 ^ 4-I '0 5: c *^ ^ c3 cd O cd a ro ^ W fc_ tD -O OS *^— 2 CO W © ® cd JS iS •« «- j5 .- ^ S 3 "5 E .a « .2 • w 2 «« i« - a .2 :2 3 « > O •^^ - a d • ■M OP* APPEiVDlX. boo C ■« c 09 . .5 2 .2 o o S ^ 3 u» 3 ^ Q> •« ■5 w „, ft, w >-< ^ = & O f - TS B es ft-z: S o c B ■^ = s --s -^ — a* m -a •>• ^ .. - •- •- ^ -o > « u ft e -o u St. c -c I "a << ** 2 ? «o ^ •— •_ •" "^ a> -. -c a C 2 ft—; o «^ 5 .™ «0 C " *• _ z: © o > ** S . 09 il ^'^ »•« s «f« |2r o .. " 2 Li ^ §§ a o — o 2 3 : 3 => .2 II- c "* ** df.1" .MS 'O aJ «« c <-> •o »- '5 o •s: D -« ca V Qj r £" « •5 -^ - - J2 - -Mr" •5 i^ => — ^ -* > o a a .5 = bo c in •a o u 09 ca O) t« cs s > ? = cs O O C0 c . «J SI * 3 ■"" S* = 1 3 S 5 o © - * > * O -3 f-^^J-s u c s O;!— < •^aica'^-aO' i c aj S "* «> u* O;* © „.- *••- t a, 2? 5 S ^ = > to « s « •- - r- .*^ ■=* w A a «»r © o 3 » CO J Ol c .to CU . fl. -«,„ ct Si © -o ^ © a. C ^^ 3 o C 69 A' f 3 O « bo S £ S C >-<< — ,__ w u ^ ? s.«0 S _ S • to ^ e* -^ *r •"• •— c ID " -^ .2 1-^ "^ «' r :£! © 00 .ft O •ft © CO -^ ft «> 2 a © -* 6.«S X s S = 5 £ bo'a «o *-> ""^ !r ir «, fi '-\ -S jj" •- "' ^ •- O « CO CB _ © .2 O j= CO o «-• » ^ " 2o © ^■5^^g-o9-ts-5S°l«?--2; ^.i2©^o^«*^2o«IJ=.2S © © -^ *=^ 2 -2 „ -o o2_vC«''5c© 3 j *. -« CO « •= r= «, a *3e8'=2S*Cw « o § .tS _^ ho . © I o - § « 5 sis c © « .« i« © w -a ju H I ■" ^ ^ *: u a •-•© bo o '^ S'" fi*:?.!.!^ bo^ s ^-g OS S* w -« a £ ftX; I -S-^^odr a-^ u c (ft c ao t)0 2 = a io .:; © o S" « 2 . — ^>»ro©.a Sa* © "^ * o .t; o — © S 5 Se** " © c o 2 H 3 «o •- js ■" © -a CO a ** -r TJ o c a (^ « .t; S ft, - ** J; « .2 OQ 5; '2 © := i 2 ° © » o - -a 2 W « e Sifcs; '^ .a •- cf © tr 3 © -a a o > bo © 2 O a a eo « -a CO c .o o 00 ® ^ r - 5 = -a •£ 2 « O O «» cj 5 o> © fc, — bo CO ^ a -a .S r CO *- j: .a ^ © CO © > ■ 'O fc ':n ° « 2 o •- 5 S "'III n 16 FEUALK EUIORANTS OUIDK. ■f f ' ^ as o Q 00 o 2i o ^ - «; = bi) ~ Oi a} OD *^ 3 «M O CO ° C9 - o " s .c 0) o O. O ? o o •* «=^ CO s ce o & 2 £ > o - t1 •a .•:; e ^ o «^ o > r -a o td CO ca u i> — — O E 3 > s cog CD O ■ « § •^ ® 2 o ^|5 »-' e * > o a; ^ 00 o .-. Oj •- O T3 s a. © o .- o C « C — © n n4 o a (d « bo ® 0;= ts * « fe •^ > 'X tj) S O «d u ~ aj _ w CU » ^ * .i 'S a ^ a> - ^ j= •— <«- *4 QD = 5 *^ e 4) (d 5 .• ■■" ea O CO cd > 0) 0) «i^ ® 3 is ^ e o -: ■- 0) - ^ -S »« 00 •- c o> i o bo S ^>^ t>% ed "^ == ■" * 2 « J= cr-r I «» ^ It « t S td 3 •* e 7 CO C0 e cd e « • •• 9i V. _ 00 ttf 6 > «^ - CO » 2 e >. c e o e 0) s - « ^ s > s O OD .« .e OB »- $ a. 2 i ® « «» © B 0) c 't; Cid M e — a 0) &4 CO «•>• c o 5 « Z » = o Cd » .s •- -2 •"- a c 2 s s (U cd to o o. f 40 I © *5. o o © P. j3 O - TS u I. cd Cd © O B S m O C Cd O M .§ B. £ ^S a, *» 1- rS §^ .5 5 § © B © O p «9 ^ © u> •2 B 2 Cd © ^ •« g-E o s-= - £ • .B- g E ©- j= C C *• c © t> -5 C ** ''S © M *. © E ^ © ? © »• _ cd ^ 8 S © ►•" 5 -* b B cd 3 -B tf JC -• ^ S B ^ U JB (d r B. J B « S B © = o © o cd O © o — B tm OT Ql B 2 S CD -B a. ^ CD B p ^ 2i o © *« Cd «« "O 3 B ■a «d S2 OQ (B <♦-■ «tH = o 2 £ OS *f © — o «B •« • t ^ -B b; B .- .- « B ^ ^ .B O ^ ^ CO O I « I E © B ed 'O cd J. O C8 C •« E B n: © " Q CO © ® 5 « © E_2 B A) 00 © jC © *^ ir bo © ri: Cd © •^ ~ -E -B •r* -i* — •** ? o 5 « - M^ w 2 © B S MB"" u S^„ © bo CO .X © c .2 ^> © "b O J= © .2:5 s e CO a o «»■ 9 O _B. ^ - ? •;? © CD f> «i4 © ««-i t© c c^ © '5 "^ IS s S cd > © © B -° Q} © > © bo o o - cd 10 •© o (B o ^ © - i cd •* > w- B 00 cd *-• •M Cd 1 = B O cd *- © la © • © -B (^ E « B«S © -liT 5 ^§ 2 *r2w Cd © 2i E B -g — o ^ -a © © .a 01 o — O Q.-a '■? » ^ ' ^ © '- ■ —t W; ed '~* m " ^ t5 o b O E © 3 c •* o E *= ^^ cd ^ •B 73 5 **- " o « -s « B APPENDIX. 17 fci) S o = ? S 2 E 5 « « ■n § ^ JS -o o ao .© CB ^ *4 S «o 1- ^^ o 2 o-S I? « 2 i ® — a CD <•-• e o 2 « 9 3 Ob CB O c «.* 'K s hm 'ra a a ff\ ^ a c$ ** a n o S S to 1. I o fV e -s 2 S bfi S s. « ** ^ « c 9 C O 4J u OS OS •* ^ 'a! o Ja 9 cd *C a 0) •^ CiD ^ I cS CD « o c CO S 3 -a *-• •r* «tf 2 *• o ** »- ^ S 3 " " -^ ^ 5 S 5 -a '" >» -» 0, 5 o « fc. O *- S 9 U V • bfl « c > c^ •. o ^ 3 ea ° 2 " >»_, '9 S f © o « .2 3 £P « £ c > c o ^ H .C " bo a> (d J3 > o c u _r >» o -a O 2 ■•5 t 3 :2 * S n o. 8-5 "» a _ — o a _ s ^ ^ © © m © © O © © CO .-. •a 2 o -a © ^ -^ © **•* o »r ® © bii >■ « « lU I > © B » B "O © © a £3 § • — © *^ -a > c8 « - ^ „ «• S ** -a fi Ci 3j O a> © '='©52 to^ © ^ CO O 52 2 aj o »-» 5; B {g h © 5 . 73 ^ CO w 4_i 0. © B © J © © J3 ft* -a js u c. 90* S) «M a a> o 9 <^ - 2 iS a B S • O 9 ca © a -* c .«> j= •" ^ o 3 B a © >±r a, © © © JS a 4? B © TS •- S Q. 9 'M " OX od -9 ^ * C ^ ® "5 w »• a. c u © M cd a. ^ "B S" *-* •* >J» Q. 9 O O D-a^olS •ft B O a a .5 — © «^ ^ o • o ^ 'Z '^ O Q.«» 5 " «^ i S -a « ° ^S a ^ -3 ^ . «d -9 2 9©^ ~ J2 :S 2 ^ O «d 2 © B O • *' S © © OB *9 o a o o 2 a a. P Q. '^ a. tio ■* aa « B •" o oT-S ©S ^ 2 50 .a ? o ©•5 2 « -a -* = .2 " JS -9 ^ "3 •r o O ^ 2 >» o © u -B oi •9 2 a CO :S 9 © s 2«a OS •* a ^ 9 " © 0*0© 1^ I s goo, ^ © I . »« 2 .2 ■ ■ f-^ o ^ © .— .a Z^ S B — o "a © _ © J5 ^^ ® 2 - © -S ^ - £p.a 2 := .a ^ Q.-a ^ © 9> © .. S •^ Oi j:; cd 102 C» U CO .5 - W CO ^ * • or 9 60*9 ■=£ to 00 I -9 s cs s rs _-= a £ eo "3 'S 1 *- '"^ •ti « a o o •« 5 « c •* ii.2 <-« s - S 'a © rt "a S I S S -^ O S 9 S I « S fe a © £ ,H O 00 -9 00 CO © ,*^ B © pB 0) "9 , o ** © a. o " • * s -s ° a © o t " 2 2 -9 ^ x: © ^ a 2 a •»-' >» S - S -C a 2 w -2 I a S S a ? a S" * £ o « -a .S 0) « a o "S ''^ ** 9 o .a -a -S £ g «» ff 2i « -s^ n. S*; © O cd "• Q. ao «D M 3 Cd o ^9 3 «-S .lis SfS a a ©(£)•- ■5 "9 O ♦* •» I- a ."S a. o 1-^ o B 00 c a bo — <" B «B «» w a ^ S o E V «» 2 ^ >» o u l» u « 4id I a "K © -9 E ^ s ~ •- *^ o 9 ^— ' S a a a 9 o © cd -g 2 S ~ a Z S B CO O O CO o B a Oi 9 o M "a 9 01 2 S '<* o a Cd a » o CO s^ 2- B "o O. O) fe 2 , w '9 9 a *- « ,_ « a i3 t>» c cd ^ -a u 3 ■>■ CO s • -9 c^ >.»a Cod © ^ cd 03 > >; ■" bo '9 O B S a .0 P^T-a in O OD ^ a >• '9 B Si " — - 0, *!> © bo £ J3 •- O w cd o s 9 t^ a © ftr'9 © «a " s 9 © n B H 6 B~ - S^ 00 fe <-• ** a 5 « ** © =: © A a 9 © B •a ^ © oo © 09 •a 2 a S «2 * cd CO "a 2 S CO O f* - 00 -a o ITS JB la FEMALE E3IIGRANT a GI'IDH. *^ J. o £®- "" o o «®. g 2 o:s aO ••■^ a •- a s o Ts CO CO -r o Si 2 5 § s s ° s « >< « 00 .O « -r; « fi 15 O •m D CB o H =» £ & .a "O "Tj »— 1 g i g ^^ S o C Cu) © «» o -S >» . O — w ^ I o Oi I- 00 I m iP--^ 2 - o S « .a o ei a> • CO • to 05 - ^rf" " CO c+t - g :s «> « J' «=^ i o (B OS O o u, a. a> a, X £:= a .-, 0) OS o o > o >..2-5 o - « CO > _ IS to "^ *J «5 bfi a C9 — " cd t!f) O .E oj na S -^ tj ® o CO O Qh .. — ^ O Q. o 53 -5 CO ed ^ ^ .2 0:2 5 I si ° - n O. OS ^ P4 c c ' o o CO cd o * t; --. .£ •J "^ c tt> » a. IS s tJ Cd ^ ^ ? e w Cd c c ed V c Oi S 5 - 2 Cd ■5 2 .2 d «_ (M — -J- S G ^ g «- ..•« S 2 ^ » OQ "T^ in "* o cd — w*-^ " «> H t ^ 3 Jill . OB o ® fd S S *s ^ us G go - «) o ^ a j3 o o. *• toco m 2 3 « «^-S 2 « «d «d & c2 a BO • G t; hm -C •S c s ft .2 *^ ^< «d "1 hi s m G DO ed ^ -G a s cT n3 cd G Cd tC 00 '3 (3 '■*S ft) " 5-^ (d 4^ 3 re «» cd p 00 ^ « C S2 j3 0) •« M CO 4^ 0) 00 U ed G 0) 0) e .A "" .a a i-« ■*•* CJ *" riT > bo G '5 CO ed -a e cd S a. no c ^ c a) bflS cd en G 0> 3 .G C 1- «) 2 «3 I O 3 C no O 00 J2 *^ cd 'W ® -Q. ^ S .2 « eo r ^ G U O JC u O. E OD _ Cd B jz a CO 2 " a. 3 ■* £ «^ p. CO ^ UJ ^ G O •>- na ^. o O 1*^ ^ lO ed M 00 0* G 1—1 CD 3 ® a> cd ■*^ G t: 3 G cd «£ 0* = 0) Q) S •5 = © .2 w= a ♦* c^ >- w O cd « bo c o «^ o .2 2 f*^ «3 bo 0) -Ta .2 ^ >> > O *" 2J g^ s O •^ O. 5 ?D ■?; E^ S.2 ••>• *i> cd «j G Of -I -G ;;r C^ CO O '"^ (U V 3 " > ll ^^ s^ 3 bO CJ* C Oi • — 03 H S ed O E J: 2 o" * o G *I CU U) G. a> 3 — ' >G '"^ 00 2 s| ed 3 s r) 0) f > JS cd *J «<-f 0) ,a 00 c >» Q) 4^ 3 J3 <-< S-S - § § o 3 c «2 c « S r I (s eg oi 3 W > o 4, <2 - CO •=:•'-' J5 g; O, . 03 *-• «o h >» 00 — ee g ^ t* ^ ^ rt 2 o r *-5 CO •^ ^-« a> O) o ^ •« " ^ *"• 2 5 B o .=: * , . C^©« ^^S©co ©S^ © .4 © 0} s S & S c « " a Z c eo — ''•' erf 'o '3 1- o S CO ^ M © " CO <0 *" > o o -c -c ? - -^ QO o <° « s ® o « ^ 3 2 •^ IS «^c.-=^— ® o 2i M ** t-H 00 :: 3 2 o o = 30 - "^ «. O = ^ d — B '3 •— tfc 5^ Q. © 1^ =^•3 O © Cud © o *>* en s © © OS Mis ao -c S 3 ^'•"^ ® S 3 ° S '" -= .2 I 3 ^ .2 2 g OJ © o 3 '"* ^ 3 o 2 w o ^ OQ © ^ SSvS 2 « 2J ? « £ s ° bD-c i* S 3 >" © © »- © = B © — ©••-PM ^- t^ *** S i; "^ 2 'lo'^ o®- =c-"5-3 „ .a _i* i-.s*^ ©jaeB*"^ .1'T:"3 o >Lo»0>a '^^^ c .« » J ^ 2^ 3-«S-c< J§ - 2^.| = ©,^«J«*Jdi2 ^-n bn:^ S ^ ®"3^Q."S'^Brt^^'3 = o S I 3^-; - 2 £ « : 2-^ oJGo^B,®© a, J2:2s^goSo.© ? 3 ^ O .2 -a 72 "3 -3 © o C © •-; ~. j^ © 00 •-« t*» « .© © o Se 2 •- — U3 O ■'~©2®"^©so *-»-S 5-3^.0 or* J^ — ' >-W i* = tr oTg^ gPHO"* ._© c •- ® J5 ■= c .5 b^ ^ 2 ^ J* .§ S © o 3. © 03 CO 3 s .2 U3 3 O o 3 © .3 3 cd © 3 ° • = 3. O a r; ^ 2 ^ J^ .§ o ^ o bo 3 © © ■B © .3 2:1 * ^ — B © 3 © v« », « W 0> O «0 C bo O 00 M eo ..i^ CO ** *> => ST = o GO eA ^^ m* ^rt ?• ci X fid « r^ rt iT 3 © 6 etf ■^ °i a ~ 5 o a " 3 « o 3 o gj tx - g © ». O 3 - * ^ - o s: © © S J3 ■ "' fe « .- 3 CQ S <1> O .3 D »- "^ OJ 3 ■© OS* 30 '^^'^^^ KM'ORAa 8 OWDB. t3 B ce c o 0) c o m I - ; «« >» k •^ <«H 1 n ^ <« o a. e ca E 1- Tl > bo CO c o s c u c s (U o o 9 C0 u ea > 3 03 i-i O a. 00 1-4 O c OD 0) t? a S a. ^ «• o S J9 e CO •2 (i> cd r Vb. n .iS TS ■t^ o o CO C o 9 Urn o E U 3 a. K S EO '2. c o "O Ht» Q. eB' • *M •- D e3 CO u_ O »• 0) ca bC^ 0) > O M 0) o «M .fl JC 3 o fl> •~ u o 4-> t: ••^ o o J3 d-i ^ (0 L_ »s o «d ^ 1 • C3 «n a> c o ■t-i a •-4 CO u ea a. c *5 JQ CO J3 .2 *c 02 a; a. _C1 C 5^ c o It) at o JS ** m ^ ** a a> > Urn « •>N £ . CO C3 O O S S "^ o o > 2 • o a a o "^ «a e o « ® S O 'O O :5 = £ o • ^ e 4> «B r S.3 ^ o B U 3 S - .2 oa «<-i b ;5 ® S ? •« s '? 3 O C U J3 a, "3 «» ** c «J g - B 0) *- U JM CO '3.5 a. « 3 -= CO O c cd u Q> O s C" ® «« T3 u Ol S CO crt h TJ .a 0) CO S !§ o £ • • o u k* O crl Ad JS s s o 8 10 na © ® bo cd ^ •f-s Cm . O FH B s « > © cd JS «« © © u B © 01 bo a 13 cd s 2 • ^ .2 a ^ SO CO oo S ,© o .2 CO «d E t^ £ - »o o o ll « Q. « «+l o Q.CO a, «♦< 00 © *j " o © o 00 _B "3 bo CO 2 15 ed O a a Cd i: loo O -C 9- 2 :5 « S.^ © oi CO »* 2 | -o -a 'S « t. es c es — cd ^ to • CO O u «. •5 ** "o O s,-=: es <" .S „Io Q. B«!:i -5.2 » o o 0.10 B u- 00 "" O •-< "♦ eo © O TS « ** OJ © qdO .S -• ». o S I o o. © a. cd CS h-4 cd cd 00 5 5! u QO <" B OD © 3 02 CO 2 cd © © .B JS »j © © r2 "S B O U in ' CO •• c ^ TS I « § O "3 B o .2 tJ ^ "o -3 -3 r" © B o ®-^ • i ** cd t« "3 ns "^ 00 «* a fl © b B '>*. n>v O -C: , 2 o ^2 ». o. 2 O 3 ^ fc. "-' © o ® g « ^ *^ £ s^-B B t* *: c^ ^ T a> i^ a o © g s B « JS .2 0.-3 © S » .t: o ^ o TS , '*- t JS © ^ o iT S ^^ « S.£ Ti« -5 ° S £ -« « • o g o *: ,2 © © K bo g i: © o. ^ B w uT © «; © S i Q o- , Si -fi '^ - o O.S 2 .2 1; ■* a) 99 •=•3 bo's •S g © .. © © o © CD s-i a> r, '3 0} cd © © •— ' "• I 5 J= 1-1 OD I © O l^ cd o -a ■Z: ed 00 B © ed EO CT" C © ^ E o © B JS u ^ % ^ o o «d _ B B O •— .a = go "^ tl ^ Q. 3 Q. CO -T cd JS E . *J ^ td.2 ^ © B o JS « o. o ^ 00 ed '^ a' © S *- .« "S " « r^ = E o .B B E.2 Is a > © 00 Es © *.> u © B ja © "^ I Coo 2 §. - a «- o O U § J8 S 2 Cd **- OJ ^ 22 FEMALE EinORANT S GUIDE. i(*- o a. a> o ^ rj4 au o ^ ■= •« E « S O C O E a o .s CO cd ■no cd a CO "o OS a QD o — bow o cd •73 cs c O ed c c cs > a cd -^ « a> a, :^ o) id -c -J c a o CO w. bfi O s .^ «5« o-js z: 0) Cd O a >>" cr JO a o O o «o cTcrT i~ O 0} a cd O w (U a> o O {£_-. So O O) e3 SO cd cd c cs O c cd Q. GO cj be oil! — . A CO »— I •^ — •* •* bi o E o bx) s o .c CO ti ca B ed B O u a. o o OD CI m 3 O o. o Cd >, Q) B .c cd b B ed O B lO •= o B O ,4J 00 ^ S 'O no •* E bD O c 0. cd Ou cd Q) o o ed ^* s ♦- < cd •5 « o. ^ I 00 o cd ■«-• B S Id , E « ed ol '^ o a E « •» «* S £^ So « O) -o ed fc. a > a e ^ cd S ° O 3 W O «d 2 '^ a cd cd o ^^ a) o B S O ed 0> jB ^ *-• w. — a *j t-S bo ca U .M b s cd flS S H «g 00 I Cd s ed cd a CO a cd *e «■• a> ha O B B O o CO «^ • •*; OB -^ ^. cd 173 a B c •73 cd cd rt — O S '^ CO a> wm CO CJ «l ® S .c 2 ^ ••< » (o u cd 2 -=5 a o ■S a. a .tJ ca ^ (U 0^ 4>> I I 2 "i* d cd cd <'' 00 B — (u ■•-• T^ •- S3 a. . « n •F^ ^ «^ cd m 3 *j CP* ca bo -0 s a cd x> >. CO a> ho t- a cd A Pi4 bo a S ^ 1^ o cd w • M o J3 a o cd 'a ** 2 c •"I o <*.. *•' o .2 00 a -o o — y X 2 -2 « « >. ^ -a as O (O BB cd «4 o a> S 5 > a> g O M S S 3 -a cd at bo o tS « = bo B J3 Oi o fe ja o cd O U O 3 T3 B O •- &. o 00 0) OS ed 2^ a g tt) o ^ a cu 0) B .a Cd a,' bo 5 -5 S E a Q> bo ^ -'^ i; 3 ** 2 cd 00 = 2 0) S cd ^ «*.< bO S O V, 2 £ a o •5 OB 00 V S a «-• h. 4) „ ^ S § o ed — " o -a t3 bo*' a so cd 5 cd ^ 00 2 .2 S- « &)£ a 5 ? O ►" ^ o o a ^ a 00 ed 2 a * Cd ^ O) E ^ 2 o .a n3 ed 3 o 00 cd **• ai «« ti O 3 W «^ £ o S " .B a> .2 '^ »- •;= s •o cd Cd tr ArrEXKix. 23 >> e o js. 2 •a^ Q> n ^ ^ O s fter matt a» 0) a cd C w o o tan Corn o and labou cd «-* aa S O o B Cd better than g all tlies u ^ j=.S o 3 Cd m £ eo an o «M QO 01 O o o o o CI on cd « « o OJ ? S Si Ji Cd S E -5 .12 a; .5 «< ^ « c cd o ill o O cd •* O CO C •s 2 3 "5 V. c 1 ♦- a. i « o 2 Cd a= *-» a) J: <« > -^- CO 1 a> o> ^ s 3 G 1 S J3 Cd 5 0, ^ e s 01 s B a> o 00 C 3 i Cd c -5 — " .3 ti ^ a fen J; a? I— ( -Q 03 5 lO ^ c< ? 1 o 'a -^ > o o a Cd .3 Xi B > « I a o .S S a 3 a c .s 's s .a cd CI ^ .s , -•5-5 •- **- cd cd O rQ — > CO _3 .S O 0) ^1- 3 o ti o ^ .2 c u cd (o O °.§ 0) I 3 -O a -Q .5 O cd QQ cn a> o 3 -a o B 'a .a n3 a 3 O P. as "5 a - a. fc. 3 O 00 o .2 -^"^ O ;2 «+l u « S «8 i. uJ ^ O rt S > 5 JT w 0) E J- cj 2J s = g. G O E -2 G 'O c a Jrt »^ " Co Jr --n o^l •^ O ^ C *-* ""^ ^ c '5 S .2 ^ b «-• o *^ Q. A O B pN fc aj > a ^ ^■^^ -^* a ^ cd 1 m a 0) xl; QD ♦i^ O •— a. o cd n «<-> (ti TS ZL <" S =3 a .5 a. o -3 a, a 5 bo.2 " = G a- '3 3 .2 S bo a> a> 0) H "o a j= •-" ^ u — cd u •- E 3 <; ^ .5 CO .2 .2 u a ° 0) E S o cd cd ? S E g Ti ° ^ f= -, •" (W E ro 3 o S b DO Cd a ^ B *• ti Cd Ph^ cd .2^ a » 00 *^ OB J3 •=" « I a o .2 cd i o •\ (]3 5 E a> S 'S J3 "5 to fo cd to g «d ^ en "3 +- -a o -' « -9 c *-" «— I * f4_ J= a 3 CO a.' V CO a. > cd I- u cd O CO O CO CO I © J;: ^- B: OJ cu »• a .= ° o -3 t: t. ""^ 03 O) 03 a •^ -c o 3 . o o .a o J3 e.2 © o O W _ 3 ':5 E .a "5 ^ ' cd s -^ a «j o ^ >> 3 C^ o ^ a J3 .a u o © k> 00 So 3 c >• iL t= - U) ro>"t3 It) .ti I „ ut) "cd "II cc a cd o^ ^ - 5: r (5 rs O o 03 ^ ja o a, O c cd 73 ■13 cd bii CO ^i 03 ji; o > o a '- •^ Cd OJ »- -1 trl -C St « « "^ a © ^3 - Cd a> '^ ^ .t: cj a. - I t) Cd 5 ** © o a J- .« te 1- a "^ © L< a. > rQ CO &C 3 ^ C lO <« ° -;_ 3 03 I- CO 03 be CO > .a •> ^ © ''*T3 -G >, a <" S " - S •J «.^ « * *> - OJ "t •a '3 != -H <2 Cd a T; o _© --3 a. o o -a :» 4-> 3 ^ c 0) .a G <-> » a 3 >» B or Cd E 3 Ta I- S g; J; t- > a ^ © a © pH a, « © C 0/ 3 ti a 3 a u CO O > a ^ J3 2i 3 -° o l/J bo t3 >■ 0, Cd »- «c •• • to .^ '^ '5 o V: =. ® '^ © "t; .2 & O ^ -a to b. © © O »-i c cd *- fci . <" O- S ^ CO -^ 2 j= bo *-• a to .S -H o -o IS c O ed O c ^ o £ a o *- E "i* ^ a o E bo ^ *^ a J © .d.2 So u a w—^ © cd is <1> ori ett «-• -TS Hi 03 a. o o •3 k. > © .— • 3 OQ I'M © U a cd u s © E -5 Ij •:: c .b Cd cd Cd a Cd OD o „ © * o ed « O -G © B> Q, t^ . »« -a a o o i- •z; bfi o f5 D.-ti bo,2 CO 4^ 24 ^^ALE EmanAin S QVIDS. iCI' * O C ctJ -^ ^ O o *^ B (O © CO i. ^ <0 I? O tj o -5 •- tr S 2, 00 o «- i; t. o ^ o CO o ^ 3 o © ^ ir ** -c r « 3 O ".§ C © ■" ^ i u -c .S o JS © c *J ^ ■<-> 01 J5 _ -a o «o _^ e 0) ca 'o S .2 B c -^ 3 C o © ♦i -Q © © 1? « £ «-« ~ OJ © 5 e^ 2; V •5 § „ c 3 •-' a H^ © c •S a '^^ -« J OQ .8 "2 5 "a O CJ "^ ■»* -a a u u o St g < «> CO I— t CO 8 .--.a CO o - .^ a CO ^ "1^ «> _ a iJ - V -5 "•^ ^ » "53 - "S « ^ -2 2 S S e Q "«3 ^* «a S C •> u ° c C 3 o o o »*" p. o o en .S §, -« a. Id -= .5 lo a cd o u 0) t3 00 c 6 a U CO 2 in Ehts c — ,5 CO ^ 3 O cr" o O) c o :h c c ^ o 2 o 00* rt d O '-J .o e-J w- £ ttj -a ^ cd CO bO c a 5s U o OD 0) 00 a § s « TO « bo Pm a V 00 E^ 'bb o a> .a A S^ o .!> • 00 a> E ° '^ o o ^ a ja '--I e c c B B s CJ *J v2 J= — ^ • o •-: C ca CO • •» I E lO •70 00 ^ a CO -. ►-I ^ « S o -2 ^ r- ° *- rt ii ^1 E GQ o .= c *3 o — p, cd a- ts o to a> O 03 bo S I- O <<-> > o B i^ a a> o o FN fl) en 2. »- b. _ bo S '^ •SO § 2 en ed -B B ■*< ts 00 ^ « ^ 3 « ._ >. 5 -5 - OS — « 00 C S-w ssl o o CQ 0) J3 ^ bo- .S * bg § •^r s o S CO 00 bo 5 £ » ir -o E jd *" o B O O lO tJ (S •« 3 ^ -5 00 O © O o « (O o 0} ^ >■ Cm o (^ •S 2: a> s " o O o O Tf B (d ^I 01 o APPENDIX. 2T TABLES SHOWING THE POPULATION OF UPPER AND LOWER CANADA, AND THE UNITED STATES, THE RATIO OF DEATHS TO THE NUMBER LIVING, AND THE AVERAGE PRODUCE OF WHEAT IN UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. Upper Canada. '■' "■ ■■ '■ ■" " ' Total Popula- tion, Average pro- Counties. Ratio to the Number living. duce of Wheat per acre. Bushels. Addinsion .................^...... 15it>5 1 to 98 Braiit ..•••>••..• •••...•• 25426 2837 23637 13811 30732 25418 i«ei7 13150 12845 " 115 " 157 " 211 •• 215 » 128 " 134 " 151 " 157 " 151 19 Bruce .• 20 . Ciirleton >••...••.••••••.•.......... Dundaa •••..•. . . ..••. . . ......... i)urhn.iii .....••...•..•. . . ........ 16 Elcin. •..• 17 £ssiex .......••...•••..••••...• . ...... Frontenac . . ............ • •... . ........ Grey " Glpnfffirv ........................ 17506 »• 139 20707 18788 •• 146 " 113 Haldimand, 17 Halton, .' 18322 " 125 18 HaiitingB,. 31077 •• 142 Huron, w 10103 '♦ 158 Kent 17460 •• 84 18 Lambton, 10815 " 138 Lanark, 27317 •' 133 Leeds, 30280 " 170 Lennox, 7055 " 103 Lincoln, 20808 " 97 Middlesex., 32863 " IM Northini'.hprland. ................... 31220 21281 " 118 '• 117 Norfolk Ontario, 30576 " 100 17 Oxford > . . . 32638 •• 87 18 Peel 24816 " 194 18 Perth 15545 " 2U7 Peterborough, 15237 •• 111 16 Prcscott, 10487 " 190 Prince Edward, 18867 " 156 Renfrew, 9415 " 136 Russell, 2870 " 220 Siincoe, 27166 •• 167 16 Htorniont, • 14643 " 240 Victoria, 11656 •♦ 140 Waterloo, 26637 •' 119 16 Wellington, 26796 •' 184 Wetland 20141 " 120 Wentsvorth, 28307 " 102 York 4e944 " 130 . 18 Toronto City, 30776 '• 65 tiamilton, 14112 " 76 Kingston, . . ^ 11697 " 68 Byto wn, 7760 " 88 London, 7035 " 70 ^!l The averngo of prodiicc of Peas in these counties is about 18 bushels an acre, and of Indian-corn 25. The produce of Wheat in the County of Peterboro is the nearest the average of all Upitcr Canada, which is 16 busltcla 14 lbs. per acre. 28 FEMALE EMiaRANT 8 r,VIDE. The Longevity of Canada West when compared with that of otlier Countries, speaks volumcf for its general healthfulness, and it is most interesting to compare the rates of death to ttie number of living in Canada and the United States, the number of deaths in the latter exceeding that of Upper Canada in proportion to the population by about 3d per ct. and of Lower Canada by 25 per ct The ratio ^iven by Mr. Kennedy in his report on tiic United States Census is inserted with that of the two provinces for the sake of comparison, the average ratio in the United Suites having one to sevetity'J our — in Upper Canada one to one hundred and two ; and in Lower Canada one to ninety-four of the numlier living The greatest mortality in the United States is in Louisiana, 1 in 43; and the greatest in Canada is in Leiiisicr, 1 iuGU; exclusive of the Cities, where deaths are always more numerous in pro|)ortion to population. ^. Lower Canada. M^ i, '^ • ... -I) *W '^ Counties. Reanha/nois, , Bellechasse, . Berthier, . . . . Bonaventure, Chanibly Champlnin,. . Dorchester, . . Drummond, . Gaspc Huntingdon, , Kamouraska, . Lcinstcr, . . . . L' Islet, Loibiniere,.. . Megnntic, . . . Mi jsisquol, . . Montmorency. Montreal,. . . . Nlcolpt, Ottawa, Porlneuf, . . . . Qu(>i)r>G, . . . . Richelieu, . . . Rouville, . . .. Kimouski. . . . i^agaenay, St. Maurice, • • • • • • St. Hyacinthc,. . Slierbrooke, . . . . Shefford Stanstead, .... Terrebonne. ... Two Mour.tans, Vaudreuil, Vercheres,. . . . Yamaska, . . . , City of Montreal, Citv of Quebec... Total Popula* tion. 4U-ii3 17982 34608 10844 2(t576 13898 43105 10562 10904 40645 20396 29690 19641 16657 13835 13484 9598 19666 19657 22903 19366 19474 25066 27031 2G8^ •.'0783 275(i2 30623 200U 16482 13898 26791 30470 2I4'29 14393 14748 57715 42052 Ratio to the Number living. 1 to 138 <« «• (t <4 75 88 190 74 77 48 112 111 106 98 6U 63 00 72 " 129 " 69 " 120 " 84 •' 112 •• 70 " 56 " 82 " 98 •• 118 •• 80 .. J24 •• 102 » 132 •• 103 " 157 " 64 " 116 " in " 145 74 33 39 11 Avera(je pro- duce of Wheat jier acre. Bushels. 12 14 13 9 12 7 11 6 15 13 10 8 12 12 10 14 7 10 11 13 10 13 11 10 10 'i he average produce of Peas is about 13 bushels an acre, and of Indian Corn al)Out23. Mcgantic is the best county for Wheat, viz 15 bushels Bushels per Barrel,— the consuuipion at S Bushels per head— and tbu Seed at \i Bushel per acre, 15,162,663 Leaving to be accounted for in some other way 1,030,610 bushels. 1,030,610 United States. Population. Maine, New Hampshire Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas Florida Kentucky, Tcnessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oiegoni New Mexico, Utah, District of Columbia, 5831 &8 317964 314120 994499 147514 37U791 3097394 489555 2:il 17S6 91635 683035 1421661 1-68903 C6a507 905999 771671 606555 617739 212592 fc740l 98*24il5 10026-25 682013 309639 19804' 18 988416 851470 397 1 54 192214 305191 6077 13293 61647 1I3S0 61687 Rat o to the Number livini?. 1 to 77.29 74.49 100.29 61.23 65.83 64.13 69.85 76.70 81.63 75.11 60.77 74.61 85.12 S3.59 91.33 t-4.94 69.63 42.85 69.79 91.67 64.60 86.26 66.85 70.18 68.41 77.66 73.28 87.97 04.03 105.82 202.68 232.82 63.19 47.61 61.0.) 'i ■ I 'i 30 FKMALE EMIORAAT S OUIDB. r ^: :): I ^■i* J. too © o o o o, ^ '-^ •^ S H "" •-* '-^ jirss^°-^5-£^ o : : : : = ° ? o = o I:' ■ I \ APPENDIX. 31 O •<* O CO C5 W 00 CO Oi ■>* l-H i-H r-{ l-H f-l e<| .o-o c --►- — 3 O C5 c '^ 0) O '" CM O iiJ C -a „— o, tS o CO a (A edJ? a 0) eg c c Sns^ " « ° g § g ? 2f c CO > o (3 O S -a E3 3 O CU S '-^ '-^w CO ^ be O O >-H i-H .-H F-H o o o o o o Z> O O O O O 5 C<1 O CO O rH (M ^ CU o .s a> P4 SOU (UpQ o c o o D 2> ® J § (A '^ -^ « c B'P§ "o o o CO a O) a. a. o O s u t-t 3 O I- U c 0/ u ,c -a a CO o CO ID a O o O few a. 0) CO a J2 cs CO «-^ ..id a> u cO <-> "^ CO be CO (U 0) o It iT *« o = s « " fl 3 en r; ^ "• oJ Cfi be c '^ CO Q C C ^ — < "t3 i; S S i= J -^ a3 >-i a <-• 03 CO « ^ c a vT'O S S 3 ^ O O <-■ CO a 4» CO -rt ^. ~ ^-< CO o c tl; fS 3 9 1^ 3 bu^ . 5: 3 c ";: ~ ■" -iS2^ = rr-a 3W til '^ a> 3 ,^ 0) C0_e t3 3 CO ^ uT ** ^ H - « r,r ir ly) S C CO 01 |ooo " & CO CO O CO CO CO 00 00 o o ^rs^ « §^. § < bT S m W ■ ^ £ S L> r< K ■^ S 00 1-H ^ ^ • p4 Q u u Canji ANDTH , AND D Mh E-i _rco -< "H ■** ^ \, J ^ t» OS < 15 2 « CU 0: ^ >3 ■a ^ g*^ ^ ^ El ABLE ON CT 12 Vic rG SAME OF -is in 1 CO > 3 n t~. *r3 D-cO e Si CO Q< OJ = ^.CQ CO 3 (U CJ a, o -3 en k .- _ r^ bl CO CO -a 3 CO ■«^ in CO CO N 3 o ll s Ui CO g-S H) 3 •^ O-i lo .^ x; o ■3 3 _ CO 2 CO CJ 0) Cm o CO ' CO o - Ji '.2 S -ja" -2 x" — (11 -^ CO o P3PQ 3 • "*leO ^-3 .— O) *-" t» 3.^ 10 « » g c u^ a -,re jy = « rt b. o o a ?^" « ^ 5? 5 se S OJ c _ S lu o J' « S> ^ c o c "^ 0)— fcjQ "> •^ ^ .5 > i£? re .-3 il ^ C M ^■;= re 9 ^ re tjpo 09 2 05 s a o a (U o S = S a o a «a a; u 3 a m o a V a u '-> o re X 12 ~ o o a> ts ^ .t: r^ ^ _rt f^ _V 03 fl «-< w by »w 4^ __ >M -."*^ r.** — * eri Urn *•* K^ •~ z; a> CO o •»-• «J -C oj •- == 2 •^ 'o ^ .2 s K^,-,-! g CO re Ji-=: (0=^ ~ Q« o re "^ '^ -r c 42 '" ,55 « c a — CO a> a c :3 CO CO •=J U ,/" 3 „ Qj n, re --< 03" = 0) ?J oj iS "^ .0 o cu «^ 6C-S CO »3 'O a> 60 o DCOaj.tl'-'re— .^_Q C'*«'^oiu^;l-7S >"/-<•— "52^ •* ^ fe !> 3 ' *■ re CO .2 15 '^ i: *-• O 1; " OJ HI "W cr re "^ d -o •^ CO •S O o a .^ vV'^ 7 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) 172-4503 •^ \ N> <^ k 6^ it M : , 1 FEMALE km/grant's OL'IDB. ii^ I APPENDIX. 35 'Cds sqi ui Su;aii sdjniBaJD — OJO •5-- N 3 3<<- > • 93 5< ~ — !»,-:= ■£. X £3 a^ " .S "^ tw -> (/} » tc ^bd <«' Id i 'r^ ^ OJ c «»- f3 a, « 3 a -^ «'5 B a* o. rtj3 ST ■a<« SI: ^ ♦- t* a w 5 ^ 3 &H rt - o X. t. 71 .5 -S •^ .9 ,2 3 tc _ o 5l5^u3?730,N ^t«^ L, i c _-r 2 o « o a *^ ^.^ a; 0.2 §- = C caS = -5 « '5 J 2 - •r; y; „ >- " •^ Cl. 0^ eg ^ O ^ «-> «-> OT 3 =*^<« ^ •- TS 3 O S Si u,w o c W« « "S 3 ^^j-— -a -a -c a « ■= =,S IB' .2P x<« a a 23 o; c SJ 'I' ""S .3 a fc-'o o § ^ ^ ? ts <« i-.a-^ 52 CO « ca '^iS « ,r o a - rt' e;a "5'c3 9j xi C aj t/; .5 t« 0) 53 o p. 3 Oa 2 a"S o .'"aS - ifi « t; s «- 2iii rt o o o - 41 ir ._. « « CO Cj^ a £-a a "3 i: a o _ t^ • a o ._- O o c< Is* fe *^ o ctf CO O O I <«■ «.s .'. 0, *j u, > alftHa — 3 « •- a o o S .S ja ^ CO be— be a V e a ::s 0) -7; ^ -- I b. ST K - 03 g-2 su-sss.s Basis -s-s al):a a 2^ J* 5 — ii cfi w o ^ — _ Id CO ^^al-llsSja ^°2l'^ ^ 2 "H-M oT a s 36 rj^MALE BMIORAXT S GUIDE. £-2 2??.i » e C ^ a O M ^5-i -5 s - ^S 5 o u 22 a OQ o «> * * a u CO . 88 ** U 4<" .« 3 = 3-2 «:s «j « o^ « CO 4> a ( »^ - "rr 4»-Q 20 tj «^ ci c t c >- I' I- C tL a: 3 O •> u ' ** 2 o •c-f g <=> S o O ♦-' «B *'= «> I- «^ H-C « "N ^ O ; a u w - « a - « s-S - ■• 4, a SCO :2o fSo IS a (0 - o I SIS b o I O «3 ^ J: 5 *^ » bo 00 »o ■s I t C i< ' s^e ^< ifS APPBNDrx. CO joj 00 I— I 3 t f 00 « ■ ■- *•" ~ fO ^ "~^~ — — ^'^ ^r CO 38 FEMALE. EMKaANT's GUIDE. COMPARATIVE METEOROLOGY. (St« pag* 37 for Table.) The depth of rain that fell during the year at Nottingham wa«lT3 inche^ which however, is nearly 12 inches less than the araal amount ; that at Toronto was 23.5 inches being H inches less than the aveivge : the fall nt Notti. gham wa* diMribuied over m days, and at Toronto over 1 14. The depth of unow ihiit fell af Toronto was 49.fi inches, distributed over 62 days, thus leaving at Toronto 19( peifectly fair days, on which neither rain nor snow fell. The whole period, however, occupied by fall of rain or snow is remarkably small, not amouming quite to 26 days, 'i he clnnate of Upper Canada, as crikupared with that of Great Britain, presenu a ihuch greater range of temperature in the course of the year, the winters being much colder and the sum- mers much hotter, and combines a lemarkable regularity from year to year with ex- cessive vai lability on particular days. These extremes are however more than com- pensated for by the general fineness of the weather, the dryness of the atmosphere, and the almost total absence of mist or fug and continuous rain. s , S ^d CO tf W i ■ I 'J31 -"!A\. PUB Jaiuumg I ■sqnioui IsapionpuB T«»tioi{ UiiJ.Mjaq a.iiiajmyiQ © M o e-T 00 fo M :i> CO •^ I •inuoi^ •^S9pi03 OMJOCOiOC^J-JIOOCOCJ •qiUOK ISOi^oJl o iH c^i M ,-H o 00 od o w "^ o ■- i^ O CO t- kfl ■^ "* la in -1< t o ">*< o 'janimng © m o i-< o ■^ M »o o N 'Saudg eotJodododt-^inioodo*- ^j< ^^ ^5* ^5^ ^J* ^5^ ^p ^j4 ^J* ^^ •aa^ur^V © *-; ir-; !>; *-; N •<* © OS W 005t-^t-O-^*-0005^C> •jeaX JO uBdpj ■^_ o <-H <-; 00 © --_ N CO *- 'H 9pnin«i »o rs no «-i e^i ■^ 00 a ta Tj-H oo f-I p<> pi Tf Tjl m" t-I «V5 00 eg 2o « «o ^ ^t for Table.) inai at Toroiuo was 23.5 I _gham wa- diMnbuied inat fell af Toronto wai Jl« peifectly fair day*. ;ver, occupied by fell of ' tiays. 'J he ditnate of ' a much greater raiiffo ch colder and the sum- 1 year to year with ex- ^•evermore than com- of the atmosphere, and APPENDIX. o ^ bo (u s ^ -.J* rj« O. 1 bO«J- * • 1 ■O C5 **- o ^M.| o a '?'=^? i 00 1 »n ■ 0) 'O 1 M i •^ 'C *^J3 *2| o Occupiers ofLands in Acres rr * ( . . f PP^^ Cattada. Lower Canada. Total. . JO acres and under." ^0 " to 20 20 " to 50 ■ ?o " to 100 ; i^O " to 200 Above 200 acres I'flnds in Acres. Held . . . Under Cultivation .' Under Crops Under Pasture ." * ' Gardens . ' * J![^2i2!!?^i'd'Land 99,906 9,746 2,671 19.143 47,427 17,515 3,404 9,825,915 3.702,783 2,282,928 1,361,346 58,509 6,123,132 95,003 14,477 2,702 17,522 37,803 18,629 4,590 8,113,408 3,605,167 2,072,341 1,502,697 30,129 4,508,241 AGRic ULTTB A I » .» ''fURAL PRODUCE. Upper Canada. Wheat, Barley. Rye, ''[ Peas, . Oats, . . . Buck Wheat, Indian Corn. Potatoes, . Turnips, *The average *n acre. Acres. ^98,275 30,129 49,066 186,643 413,508 44,264 ^2,047 77,966 17,048 Bushels. *12,682,550 625,452 318,429 3,127,681 11,391,867 679,935 1,688,805 4,982,186 3,110,318 Lower Canadi Acres, j Bushels. 410,043 42,844 43,438 1^2,030 691,521 62,814 22,607 73,227 3,720 """"""''""«"■■"'• tapper P„.i„,.i, 3,073,943 494,766 325,422 1,415,806 8,977,380 632,412 401,284 4,424,016 _334^0 16 bushelt 40 'K^ALR EMIanxsx'a opxDB. • • • . • • . . • • ^'"•■■"If, bshls.' './ Hops, lbs. W, tons, ^obaccp, lbs. . MapJe Sugar, ibs.' ' ' ^'der, gains. . ' ' ^""er, lbs ' • • Cheese, lbs." ,* ' ' • 5eef,brls. * ' • Pork, • • • • . J^ulled cloth, yds • • ^/«en, yds.' •^'"- • • . . *^iannel,yds. ''•••• • • • . . Cattle. Si:::/' ««^^ers; •* Sheep, * • • • • ^^- Canada L. Canada. 39,029 1H686 64,206 18,309 113,527 693,727 59,680 ^77,426 2,619,434 3,669,874 , ^42,840 I 16,064,538 2,292,600 113,445 317,010 11,886 ^31,560 14,712 1,157,221 BOOK 192,140 297,070 255,249 201,670 1,050,168 671,496 ^^073 81.681 110,126 22,860 145,735 755,579 1,189,018 , 443,059 1.428,783 6,067,542 „ 43,092 9,610,036 764,304 43,031 161,257 80,338 746,532 929,259 856,445 112,128 295,552 183,972 184,620 647,465 257,794 /P.^ ^ ^UOK POST ~~- (J'rom The Old r * ^ ^^^- c..,,l took l),»,,,J2!iiJ'»' ",l>.r«Z"'™R; fK' •" a .iniTe iirS T^ ^^- CHEAP DRT-GK>ODS BBTABLISHMENT. rC ida L. Canada. 1^073 81,68 •» 110,126 22,860 145,735 755,579 1,189,018 443,059 1,428,783 6,067,542 43,092 9,610,036 764,304 43,031 161,257 80,338 746,532 929,259 856,445 112,128 295,552 183,972 184,620 647,465 257,704 55.) ilaud Boole Post ril« the charge, •»«€ii a frequent »ble lo send any |al notes in tho lo inspection, icitet may be lery such book- late, (generally 1 with the defi. '■ taken in lieu NZ> BEGS leave to call attention to his Superb Stock of STAPLE AND FANOY DRYQOODS, replete with every article in the line, suitable for every Seiison. Intending pnrchasorfi will find it to their advatilage to examine the Stock nnd prices ot this far-fanityt establishment, which for style, variety and cxcclleai value, ia not surpasiicd by au> House in the tr.idc, Toronto or elsewhere. N.B. Every article warranted— in no cnae goods misrepresented, the lowest Casb- pr lce n amed, and no abatement ! tJjP" One-price S) stem. Determined not to be undersold. Chtqutrad ffarthoute, 66, Kinq-Stkbkt Bait, Toronto, ) Third door ffut qf Gturek- lUran, Jan'y 1858. ( WILLIAM POLLCV. "" I. THE ^i*r^l /'■ ^ '-^ 54, ? ^'-■.'•S'E; '';■ f ■■*-'. r* if- '''"^CTOH*,, .'Hi i • Ml T" ut .vS.'l,. t fcvester. "'^'^Kari, „, , , „ , , f. / 'J n MC/fTK '■i-iTJ't; tS'^lTi .■ ^ards, at .- » ' ■ » oi the (iJtvn. i^ '".%A.;^.f., S^ TOWN OP ODcnpd . •/ oADiT Bi St iw. Toronto mnt /"^ •f'«i»».o,*%!^;***"^ *■« «» new.,- g^'^** impertttice. The TO^vTL.. ^^''^'^^ » *■ out in 9 ^ 7e«r ago it Jail ' ., »^*»™ V ) • ""■nber. Ti. ""^^^SD J" and ev^rV^^^T*^* "^ "^ * ^*'^* ^«»* -^IfJI^ ffj.«^f LAND ,^jfO TOWN SAClx^ <>«• to Hs^. BARHIEL MaCBS BMITB, «Jr;/-" 'ii It f5 I, i < " • • ■■'^^■^:.rvf::. . ) '■•^ • •■•• ^•i/p-.vf.S KING STREET EAST ' * ' ' '^ Dmiuu]| nr» ^ ' ••P vWUnj Uke, o: '" ^'"•"•w or Sport,. / i their W.„d7 "**•• S'-Woe, Conrtirtin^"^' r'r Wr . u : , '^■■liTyf: I.'':- •, . ) ■^ .'U't •I'/m. /'I' :>4 wf 'DRY GOODS . An Inanection .« . . "'«tou8 to meotion. •*^» ■'♦•• bU, IftHtf' Stiftmt Jr^^ ■~~~ Tortnio. . Advocate, Barristei^, At f nr« MR. BADGLEV.S ' ^^'^''*«'- •- ^ affords him everyTdlh'J'? *''*t"*'*^''«'» i" Montreal •««»pl."h ?h„i'''''f ■' f" 'he nw^l^i,;;'' '1>« most 5. interest ia n>>/t r . *■* ^"an 6. The servicAa «r ^u «. • "**"* »» Bank. pgislature > Pthe I. ''• Trenor. o'ln Mc- -'iv John .) A. Jtion of xcept- • irotn ieaw iigat solely lomy Jiace most —ta ^nce oiy. the the ib- to ne id n Q K t o e p O to • !^ ** _» 4» (B O ' " c ^ F w^ ^-^ zz f £4 OS - 00 1 <; ,c Q On ^ •^ ^-^ ; ^^ a r. W O I c' ^2§l . Ui o o p 0^ 1 E^ H" . •r P r^ 0; 2? ST 03 GQ to = tH 5 1 4> • « ta CO «a c .. -c o a CS m V "-3 U 0} ce c 5.^ 6 >-3 Q t3 o H a Q a. ^. « «6 £ g :=: o C J« «8 D ^'' C ^ »-H CO 4< . 4> , > -?-w B-S o"^ CQ •» S 2 4, a to H «^ g « - t- o gOn Mi >• & b en o 0. >> ^ e s s o ti e: 5 « a. tf Q. to O H O u < •« fc.S in tJ ■ a- -I a ■« O '^ £ as o 72 a § kL. '^ (J C9 o o m o c «5S ►• 0} gS «{« CD JO - S •> ? ^ s o> >/5 00 a a £ f2 w. I ? . as o •J ^ &■! en ^ s^ if ' *^ V V P 3 « C V V r> ■ 'J ^^p^ ' ' 1855. ■ - ,: . ^ . *i«),000. to Sharwof 4E10 Eaci. t HOME OFFICE-TO^ojim 7 I '^ r^ -^-', - THOMAS HAW0ETH,E«^1 p.* ''ACTORS. V WILLIAM HEiVDBKSox I ^lOE LEWIS, ^1- ^^ ^^ . .^.__2^BANKM-lOTEECANli)A.f APPLICATIONS irr^a^tr~~ i\-:;.2^^t J - -" ~.-^-.,^ lie p«^"' " *« ^veraJ Agencies k — •<v» t .V M', '? ^- > 4 ID * < ^ .• ^ mii > •J '- fl :1» !r Jb «*.' >^ W 'V »•. .4 *• W rn. Esq, St • te.. } *J Agencies in # 'I- •- >4 • .f ■*Jb>' ■ '> f. &■' >-» AlOQVJf Urateh ,i'jji«,»»: ^» -'^';f-S^'^<-"^''-i* w M' %m^^:'