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■' 
 
ENGLAND'S INTEREST 
 
 IX 
 
 COLONIZATION. 
 
 tfdnuts from a Xttitx bn 
 
 rn 
 
 PTTK HON. JOSKPTI IIOWK, 
 
 PnOVINCIAL SECllETAUV oF NOVA SCOTIA. 
 ETC. KTC. 
 
 ."^ '^^'j^w'' :■,'-' 
 
 I.ONDO.V: 
 \VII-I,IAM PKNNV, ,17, MNCOr.N'S-IXN FIEM)!«. 
 
 %. 
 
ENGLAND'S INTEREST IN COLONIZATION. 
 
 •' 
 
 [Kvtrcwts from a Letter addressed by the Hon. 
 Joseph Jlowe^ l^rocinckil Seerctary of Noca 
 Scotia, to the Right Hon. the Secretary of 
 State for the Colonies, on the lOth of Jan. 1851.] 
 
 For more than a month, I have surveyed M'ith intense earnest- 
 ness the wide circle of her Cohmial dejiendencics, and sou^dit, in 
 l)arlianient!iry and official pnpers, for some assured prospect of relief 
 from those evils and disorders. I have examined with care the 
 policy of the present and of past governments, and the plans and 
 su<rgestions of puhlic writers and associations ; and have invariahly 
 turned to the North American provinces with the conviction that 
 they present, at tliis moment, the most available and diversified 
 resources for the relief of England ; the noblest licld for the further 
 development of her industry, phiiai:throj)y, and power. 
 
 To provide empioyment for her surplus capital and labour — to 
 extend her home markets, to relievo her poor-rates, to empty her 
 poor-houses, to reform her convicts, to diminish crime, to fill up the 
 waste jilaccs of the Empire, and to give the great mass of her 
 ])oj>ulation a share of real estate, and an interest in property, I 
 believe to be pre-eminently the mission and the duty of this great 
 country, at the present time. 
 
 The subjects of colonization and ensigration have been most 
 elaborately discussed. I ])nss over the points in which wriie. s and 
 speakers difl'er ; in this they all agree, — that the British Island; 
 have an interest in these subjects, second to none that has ever oecn 
 felt by any nation in ancient or modern times. The enumeration of 
 a few facts will be sufficient to exhibit the grounds of this belief. 
 The statistical returns of 1850 will, I have no doubt, show a state 
 of things much more favourable, but still 1 fear not so favourable as 
 to shake the general conclusions at which I have arrived. These 
 are founded upon facte, as I find them stated in official documents 
 and works of approved authority. 
 
 In Ireland, the lives of the population have for years been 
 dependent ujmn the growth of a single vegetable, liut when it 
 grew, as was stated by the late Charles Buller, uncontradicted, in 
 the House of Commons, on an average there were two millions of 
 
 a 
 
Iior.sons wlic), in tliat isliiiid, were ntiotnployod for thirty works in 
 \\\v yt'iir. '!'<» wliat extent famine atnl emigration have tfiiice dimi- 
 nished tlic niimhers, I have no means itf aecnrat(>ly jnd;rin^' ; but it 
 apjioar.s that in I84.S, hebide.s the £10,000,000 <,'rante<l by Parlia- 
 nienl for the relief of Irish distrcsa, and provisiitns tent from other 
 eountiies, £1,21(5,67!) were raised in Ireland for the poor, and that 
 1,4.07,1 f>4, or nearly one out of every five of the entire population, 
 rceeived relief. 
 
 In Scotland, where the population i.s only 2,(120,000, a fifth mnrv 
 than that of J?rilish Anieriea, £.'»4.'),n;M were ex)»ended for the 
 relief of the poor in 1S4S, — more than was spent by the four 
 IJriti.sh proviiicefi on their eivil government, roadf*, education, lights, 
 interest on debt", and all other services put together; 227, (!47 per- 
 sons were relieved, the amount expciuledon each being £2. 7*. !•'/.; 
 a sum (|uite sutlieient to have paid, in a regularly appointed steam- 
 lioat, the j)assage of each recipient to Hritish America. 
 
 In I'Jigland, in the same }eiir, ,£'({,1 S0,7(>.'> wen; raised for the 
 relief of the ])oor, or l.«. ]()>/. in the jutund on £(J7,300,."»S7. The 
 iinml)C'' ai<lcd was l,17(>,."»H ; or about one out of every eleven 
 persons occupying this garden of the world. The sum paid for each 
 was even higher than in Scotland, being £\^. iJs. 10'/. per head, — 
 more than sullicieiit to have paid the j»assagc to North America 
 from Liverpool or SiMitliampton. 
 
 I turn to the workhouses of England; and find that in 1S4!) 
 there were in these recejttaclcs 30,1. ')H boys, and 2G,1C.') girls, of 
 wh(ini S.2(;4 were fit for service. In Ireland, there were CO,.014 
 boys and G(!,2n5 girls, under the age of eighteen, — the aggregate in 
 the two countries being 1M.'),122. 
 
 Turning to the criminal calendar, it appears that in 1848, there 
 were committed for ofienees in England, 30,340 ; in Scotland, 
 4,ft00 ; and in Ireland, o8,.'>22, making 73,771 in all; of whom 
 (J, 298 were transi)orted, and 37,373 imprisoned. 
 
 1 find that in 184!), you maintained in Ireland a constabulary 
 force of 12,828 men, besides horses, at a cost, taking the j)receding 
 year as a guide, of £.5(52, .>06. 10*. In England and AVales you 
 enii)Ioyed 0,82!) policemen (including the London police), at a cost 
 of £.57.%327. 4*. 8d. From Scotland I have no return. But taking 
 the above facts to guide us, it aj>pears that, for mere purposes of 
 internal repression, and the arrest of criminals, to say nothing of 
 beadles and innumerable parish officers, you iiuiintained, in addition 
 to your army, a civic force double in number the entire army 
 of the United States, at a cost (Scotland not being included) of 
 JC 1,1 4 1,833. 14*. Hd. 
 
 Think you, my Lord, that when a Reimblican points exultingly 
 to the returns, and contrasts these statistics of poverty and crime 
 with the comparative abundance and innocence of jiis own country, 
 and which he attributes to his own peculiar institutions, that a 
 iJritish colonist does not turn, with astonishment, at the apathy of 
 England, to the millions of square miles of fertile territory which 
 
3 
 
 «iirn»iiti(l him ; to tlio iioMo rivors, and lukc-i, and furo.Ht.s Iiv wliirli 
 tlio si'cnory i^ divcrsilled ; to llni cxliaiistlcss lislioiios ; aad to tlio 
 ii'.ritivo |)(»\vi'r, ni.>^liiiii,' iVoiii ii tlioa^iaiid lulls into tlin sea, and with 
 which all th(j sti'ani-cnifincs of Uritain cannot coniiM'tc! i 
 
 Driven to jittrihiito to liritish and Irish Htatt'.snion a want of 
 ••onraiTf !Uid forcca^^t t<» niako thcso ixiiMt nwourcos iivailahltj to 
 maintain onr Inctlircn and protect their nior.iN, or to siispci-t tho 
 l:itter of heini; nioro idle, do;j;rad<'d, and triininal, tliiin their condiK't 
 ahroad woidd warrant, wo Lchidly osi-ajx? I'ntni tin; apiiroliension of 
 d iin;r jr^'iieral injnstici', hy laying' tli" hiaine on our riders. Afayit 
 ho tho ol»!vateil determination of Her JMiji-sty's advisers to relievo 
 us from tho dilemma, by wi]iin<>; uut this national reproach. 
 
 One set of economists ])roposo to remedy this s'at(! of tliiiii,rs hy 
 restraints upon nature, which are simply impos-^ihlo, and would ho 
 wieUe<l if they were not; another lariro pnliiical party de>iro to 
 feed tho people hy a return to pnttection and tho revival of class 
 interests, with all their delusions and hostilities ; a third lo >k hope- 
 fully forward to tho further development of domestic industry in 
 aci'ordancc witli the principles of free trade. 
 
 All my iSympathies arc with the latter; hut while hostile tariils 
 exist in most of tho populous states of lOuropo and America, I 
 woidd ai<l them hy the creatimi (»f new markets within the <^uoen's 
 dominions ; hy the judicious location of those who are a harden, 
 upon the fertile lands of the I'mpire, that they may becomo 
 customers to thosi> who remain at homo. 
 
 Olio writer, whose book I have read recently, ohjectt) to this, 
 because he says that if any part of the population is displace<l. 
 youn;; people will marry, and increase the numbers until tho 
 vacuum is lllled up. Tli»; youiii,' oni,dit cortainly not to object to 
 this, or the old either. Jf his t''eory be sound, it answers tho 
 objections (d" those who fear too i,'reat diminution of nundiers, by 
 eniiiriation ; and cohuii/ation would still have this advantage, that 
 it would strengthen the transatlantic provinces, and make more 
 customers for JJritain and Ireland, even should their population 
 remain the same. 
 
 lint it may bo said, there is but one enlightened modo of colo- 
 nization, an<l, under the patronage of tho (Jovernment and of 
 associated conii)anie> that is being very extensively tried in our 
 southern and eastern j)osses8ions. 
 
 Of tho Wakefield theory, I would spoak with all respect; of tho 
 combined efforts of public spirited individuals, I would bo tho last 
 to disappiove ; the judicious arrangements made by the (iovernment 
 commissioners, lor the selection of emigrants, the ventihition and 
 HOfurity of ships, and the distribution of labour, which 1 have 
 carefully cxaminoil, challenge, in most of their details, my entire 
 approval. 
 
 1 do not wish to cheek the progress in these valuable colonies of 
 associated enterprise ; I do not desire to restrict tho growth of 
 jiopidation within them, or to sn])orsndo the functions of tho IJoard 
 
 a 2 
 
of l,:iii(l ;iiiil l'jiii^'r;iti(tii; I wisli tlicsi' risiii;; {•((iiimiiiiilievs CJod- 
 .-IKMil, mill MicccMs to iill tliosc wlio t;ik(' an interest in llicni. 
 
 Milt I liirii iVoiii tlicM) to tiai Xorlli Aniciican Im'M, |MTli!ijts 
 Ix'canso I know it Ix-st, l»ut iissiirrtlly Itccanso I lu'licvc that to 
 |i('<i|i]o and slrciiiitlicn it will spciiro )»oliti<'al advaiitaL'i's of tin" \ cry 
 iiit:li>'.-it inijtorlaiict; ; and Itccausp I a|i]»roli('nd tliat tlic llastcni 
 Colonics, iiowcvor tlicv may jtrosprr and iniprovc, will oH'im- but 
 l)oin(i>o|iatlii(' j'cuicdit'.'H for the internal maladies of Mniflainl. 
 
 Ill twenty-two y^'ars, from 1821 to INKJ inclusive, oidy 124.272 
 jK'i'.soiirt went from the I'niteil Kiii^rdoiii to the Australian Coloiiit-M 
 and New Zealand. In the Ksuiie ixM'iod, 7I(),4H> went to tho 
 Uniteil Stales, to strenirlhen a fon'iirn and a rival power, to 
 cntrcneh themsidveH hehind a hostile tarilf, and to heeonie eon- 
 fiiiniers of Aineriean man nfae tare", and of foreiixn itrodnetion.s, 
 Kcahorne in American hottoms ; they, aii<l the coiintleMs ^.'eiieration 
 that has already sjirunu: from tlieir loins, unconscious of regard for 
 Jiiitish interests and of alleLriaiice to tli(> Crown of l'',ii::lainl. 
 
 Ill twenty-two ycMrs, 124.272 settlers have <:oiie to Australia 
 and X<>w Zealand ; ahoiit half (ho iinmher on tho poor-rate of 
 Sciitliind in 1.S4S; not a tenth part of tho panpor.s relievetl in 
 Ireland, or on*' in fourteen of those who were supported hy Imi<:- 
 land's heavily-taxed iinlnstiy in that siiii;le year ; not more, I 
 appiehend, than dieil of famine in a sini.de county of Irelaml from 
 l.S4() to 18.")() ; and less hy sixty thoiisaiul, than t' e luiniher of the 
 yoMii^r jieopio who were in tho workhoused of Knglaiid and Ireland 
 in l<S4!i. 
 
 Valiiahle as th(> Ivistorn Cohtnies may he, respectahle as may 
 liavo heeii the ellorts to improV(> them, it i.s manift-st that, whether 
 we rei^ard tliem as extonsivo tields for coloni/atioii, or as industrial 
 aids for tin* removal of pressure on the resources of the United 
 Kin!,n|om, the belief, however fondly imlnlLipd, is but a ilelnsioii and 
 a siiaro. AVere I to no into a calculation of tho expense, to show 
 Avhat this emiirratioii has cost the (iovernment and people of Eu^s- 
 land, I could prove this by j»reL''iiant illustrations. Hut two or 
 three simple facts arc patent, and lie upon tho surface. 
 
 An-tralia and New Zealand are 14, ()(»() miles from tho shores of 
 I'jigland. The liritish i)roviiices of North America but 2,.'i(»0. 
 I'lvery I'Jiirlisliman, Irishman, or Scotchman, who embarks for tho 
 Ivistern Colonies, must bo maintained by somebody for a hundred 
 and twenty or a hundred and fifty days, while he is tossinj,' abont 
 in idleness on the sea. The avcraire ])assaLre to North America is 
 about forty days. And -whoii the arraiiuoinonts are comj)leto, to 
 which I hoj»o to have yonr lordship's countenance and .suj>port, 
 cmiiriants embarkiit!; for the North American provinces may reach 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in ei^dit or ten days, and Canada 
 in twelve. The expense of a j)assaf;e to the Kast is, to the (govern- 
 ment, to the cmi<.Mant, or to tho capitalist to whom hu becomes a 
 debtor, £20. Tho cost of a passatre to the West rarely exceedg 
 
i * 
 
 £i]. lO.-*., mihI iiiiiy l»o itMlucctl to X-'. I ((v., if (steiiiii^liljis lot- llio 
 |)(M»r arc cinployi'tl. 
 
 lliif murk tlio (li.>-|ii()poit"niii, my Konl, in otiicr rospocts. If m\ 
 l'',ii;.'li.slimiiii or Iii.-liiiiiiii, with v;ijti(al, jiocs t<» tlx; IviNtciii 
 ('(ildiiicw, lie must pay £11)0 Hlcilin^' Tor I (JO ncrcH of Jiunl. If lio 
 linQti to the C'aiitoihiiry Sottlcmi'iit, ho iiiiist pay £.')00. In Wcsti'iii 
 CahiKhi he can <^vt his KM) acres ef the he^t hind in tiie einpi'-c; for 
 XlO ; in Lower ('amnhi for ,l'"JO ; in Now llriin>wiek (wiierc! l*ro- 
 fes.sor .lohn.ston th-ehires more wheat is iirown to the aeie tlian in 
 tho hest parts of the State of New York) for .£12. I Ox. ; and in 
 Nova Scotia for I'lo, wliere, from the extent of mineral tre.isnre-^, 
 the proximity to lOnrope, th(! wealth of tho lisheries, and iho 
 facilities for ami rapiil ;,'rowlh of naviijiitidn, laml is now in many 
 Hcctions. and will soon liecome in all, us valiiahlo as in any [lart of 
 Jler Majesty's ('olonijil dominions. 
 
 If land is purchased in the i'lastern possession.", it i.s clear that 
 Kii;:lish cap'tal must llowont at the rate .)f .£htO or .£.'?00 for every 
 liHndreil acr<'S. If the poor 1:0 out, they iiiiist heuin Colonial lilo 
 l»y owin;; that anionnt, and .I'JO for their pa.s-aire.-> bo.'-ide^, if they 
 UNpiro to heconio proprietor. s. 
 
 A poor I'lnirli'hman, on the contrary, can i,'et to North America 
 for a few poniids. If he works u siiiLrlt! winter at the stal-lislierv of 
 Newfoundland, or on the wharves in Nova Scotia, or a sin^Io 
 eumnior in the rural district.s or tiiiiher forest.s of Now IJriinswiek, 
 lie can save as niiieh as will pay for his pas.>-a;.'e and his land. 
 
 lint it is :-aid that these lii<;li prices are paid, not for land alone, 
 hut for the civilization, without wliii h laml is of little value ; for 
 roads, hritlL^es, churcli(>s, sehool.s, for reliirioiis services and the 
 means of education, Hut all thes(> exist in North AmeJ'ica, to an 
 extent and of an onler of which few ])ers<jns who have not 
 visited the provinces have any correct idea. Nova Scotia, for 
 instance*, is divideil into .seventeen countie.>', with their ma^iistraey, 
 t^essioiLs, courthouses, jail.s, representatives, and eom[>lete county 
 orir.'inization. 
 
 Maeh of those a;:aiji i.s divided into township-s whoso r.atepayor.s 
 meet, assess themselve.s, support their poor, and appoint their local 
 ollicers. In each of the shire towns there are ehurehes of sonu>. if 
 not of all of the reli^'ious hodies which divide the JJritish people. 
 Kvery part of tho country is intersected with road.s, and bridges 
 t*j>an all the larger, anil nn)st of the smaller streams. 
 
 From lifty to one hundred public schools exist in every county. 
 There is a Bible in every hou.so ; and few natives of the province 
 grow up but what can read, write, and cipher. The .same nniy be 
 said generally of the other provinces, NVe charge nothing for these 
 civilizing influences. The emigrant who comes in obeys the law.s 
 and pays his ordinary taxes, which are very light, is welcome to a 
 ])articipation in them all, and may, for £10, have his 100 acres of 
 land beside.*. 
 
 Tho best criteriou of tho eom[»urativo civilization of countries 
 
iiiiiy 1m' foiiiiil ill iIk' irmwtli of citiiiiiicrco titid tlio liicrciisi! of ii incr- 
 ciiiitilo iii.iiitic. 'I'licil l»y tliis test, llic North A iiicririiii jiroviiicos 
 will >l!iii(l (•()iiniiiiisoii with any tilhcr jtortioii of tlio <^iict'irrt 
 
 MolllllllntlS. 
 
 Tht; West Iiidiii ('ohmics. tlic Aii-itralinti trroiip. iiiclii<liii;r Xi'W 
 ZciiIiiikI ; the Arriciiii Cohmifs, aixl ihi" lvi>t Imliuii. or flic .Mau- 
 ritius ami ('cyloii, owiicil ('(ilh'ftivrly in IxKi I'lit liJ'JH vcnscIs. or 
 4-2,(1 10 ton I of .H|.i|»|.iiii:. The Noith American ^'roiip, iiiciuiliii;,' 
 Canaila, Nova Scotia, New |lnuis\vicl<, Newfoninllainl, and I'rince 
 lid ward Island, owin-d in tha! year.*, I l!» vc-sels, iiieaHirinir •'<!''), ><-'i 
 tons. Of these, Nova Srotia owned ill tonnai:<f I ll,()!i."{; aiitl in 
 niiinher more than tin; other four put together, or '2,. '>><'•]. 
 
 lint it may he a-serted that the climate' of North America is 
 riiTiiroiis and severe. 'Ihe answer we North Americans ;.'ivo to 
 thi.s (thjectioii is sim|i!e. Do me the lioi;our to ;:lance, my Lord, at 
 the heniis|there which contains the three (|Uarters of tiioOid NN'orld, 
 and, divi(lin;,'' th(; northern coiiiitrie.-i finm tlie .«onlh, the riirovoiis 
 climate from the warm and emrvatiii::-, .siti-fy yoinstlf ii. which 
 reside at this moment the domestic; virtiu's, the |iilh of inaiih -od, 
 the seats of comnierce, the centres cd' iiitelliireiice, the arts <d" peace, 
 the discipline of war, the piditical power ami dominion, — as>-iire(Ily 
 in the northern half. And yet it was not always so. The sontheru 
 and eastern portions, oU'.s.'^ed with fertility, and containim,' tlio 
 cradle of our race, iilled up llrst, and ruled for a tiiiK? the territories 
 to the north. iWit as civilization and pnpalation advanced iioith- 
 wards, the hracinir climate did its M'ork, as it will ever do ; .iiid in 
 jdiysical endiiiaiice, and intellectual eneriry, the North asserted the 
 isiipeiiority which to this hoiirit maintains. 
 
 Look now, my Lord, at the map of America. A verv common 
 idea prevails in thi.s country, that nearly the whoh; cmitinent ot 
 North America was lost to Lnu'Iaiid at the Kevuliitiuii, aii<l that 
 only a few iiisi;L'nilicant and ainio.st worthhv-.s provinces remain. 
 This is a ^'reat, and, if the error exteiisivtdy prevail, niiiy he a fatal 
 mistake!. (Jreat liritain, yonr liordship is well aware, owns up to 
 this moment one-half the continent ; and, t!ikin;r the exiimph' (d" 
 Kiiropo to irnido us, I Indii-ve the hest half. ■ Not the lie.^t for 
 .slavery, or for frrowiii;;^ cotton and tohacco ; l)at the hest for raisini^ 
 men and women ; the most con^'enial to th(} constitution of the 
 northern JCuropean ; the inost provocative of steady industry; and, 
 all thin;,'.s else i>eiii^' etjiial, the most inipreirnahle and secure. 
 
 But they are not and never have heen eipial. The first IJritish 
 emi^'ration ill went to the southern half <d" the continent; tlu; 
 northern pi .Lion, for 1.30 years, heinir occupied by French hunter.s, 
 traders, and Indians. The Mritish did not he^dn to .settle in Nova 
 Scotia till 171'), nor in Caiiad.-i till I7(i.{. i'rior to the former 
 jteriod, Massicluiselts had a iiopulation of l()U,O00; ( 'oniieclicnt, 
 100,000. The city (d" Thiladelphia ha<l IS.OOO inhahitants hefore 
 an Eii;i,'li.^hman had built a hou.se in JIalifax; .Maine had 2,4iS.> 
 enrolled militiamen before a IJriti.sh .settlement was formed in th j 
 
piuviiicc (if \i!\v nniiHwick. 'J'lic ntlitT .Stiitcs well! proportidfi.-illy 
 iidviiiiccd lu'foro l'liigli>liiii(,-n tiinuMl l\n;\v iit(cinioii to tlic iiDriluTii 
 Itroviiicfs iit all. 
 
 TIm' iK'niiuiiL'iit <t('cii|ijit'u)n of Ilalil'iix, mikI iIk- lnvali.-t ciiiiunitinii 
 from till' dldiT |troviiic('.s, ifiivo tli«;iii tlirir lii^i iiii|it'iiiH. Hut yoiii- 
 loi'iUliip will porcoivo tliiit, in tlio raco of iiiiprovcnioiit, tin' oM 
 tiiirtrcii States liail a lout,' .start. 'I'licv lia<l tlirco inillioii.s of iJiiton.-s 
 and tlicir dt'.MMiidaiit.s to l)c;,qn with at tlio Kcvoliilii.n. I>iil a lew 
 liiii)ilrcd« occupied tlio province'^ to wliicli I wImIi to cull attoiitioii 
 at till' comim iicciiiciit id' tlic war; (»idy a f<'\v tlioii.suid> at its clo.so. 
 ^ our liord.sliip will, 1 ini.st, readily pciccivo that, had huth jtortioiLs 
 (»f th(! Aiiicricaii coiitiiii'iit ciijuycd tlio .saiiii! advantages lioiii tho 
 period when tlio Treaty of I'ari.^ wa.s Mii,Mied down to the present 
 hour, the .southern half must have iniprove(| and inirca.>ed its 
 nnmliei'.s much faster than the nortlu'rn, becaiis" It had a ninneroii.s 
 population, a llonri.shini: eomnterce, ami uuich wealth to ho</\u with. 
 Hut the advantai:es have not heeii eipial. 'Ilie o.Kcilemcn^ and the 
 necessities of the War of Independence inspired the people of the 
 South with enterpri.se and sell-confidence. J>esides, mv Lord, they 
 had free trado with each other; and, so fur as they elio.-e to lia\c, 
 or c'lidd olttain it hy their own diplomacy, with all tin; world. 
 'J'lio Northern provinces had separate ^'overnment.s, half-paternal 
 despoti.sni.s, which repressed rather than encouraged enterpri.-e. 
 They had often hostile tarills, no hund cd' nidon, and, down to tlio 
 ailvent of Mr. Ilnskisson, and from thence to the linal repeal of the 
 navi;,fation laws, were cianipul in all their commtrcial eiilerjirises 
 by the restrictive policy of l'In<,daml. 
 
 Hut 1 have not enumerated all the Konrt'cs of dispaiity. Tliu 
 n;itional ;,'ov<.'rnnient of the L'nited tStates early saw the value and 
 importance of enni,'ratioii. They Inui^ht u[) Imlian lands, e.v- 
 tendi'd their aekiiowledL^ed frontiers, hy purchase or ; uceessful 
 diplomacy, snrveyetl their territoiy, and prepared for c jiiizalion. 
 The (States, (.r j)uhlic assoiMation.s within them, horroued million.s 
 from J'Ji;Lrland, (<pei ed roads, laid oH'lot.s, and adveitised them in 
 every part td" JMiropo hy every fair ami often unfair means of 
 pntlini^ and exairgeratioii. The :;eneial government skillully 
 eeeoiided, or lather sngyested, this policy. They framed Coiisli- 
 tiitions anited to those new .settlements ; invested them with modi- 
 lied forms of self-irovernnient from the moment that the most .simple 
 materials for organization were aecumulatedj and formed tlu'in into 
 new States, with rej)resentation in the xSatiunal Councils, when- 
 ever they numbered foriy thousand. 
 
 What did England do all this time ? Almost n<dliing ; slie was 
 too nincli occupied with Kuropean wars and diplomacy ; wasting 
 millions in Hiilj.sidizing foreign princes, many of whose petty domi- 
 nions if flung into a Canadian lake would scarcely raise the tide. 
 What did we do in the I'lovinces to iiti up the northern territory^ 
 AVhat could we do ^ Down, to l.sl.i we were engrossed by the 
 wars of England ; our coninicice beinif cramped bv the insociiritv 
 
 \i\i 
 
of our coasts and liaibonrs. Down to tlio proimil^ation of Lord 
 Jolm HusscH's inoinoral)lo despatch of tlio KUh of October, lH;{i), 
 and to whidi full oH'ect lias beon given in tlio continental I'rovinco'j 
 by the )irCi«ont Cabinet, wo were en«ragcd in harassing contests with 
 successive Governors and iSccrctaries of State for the right to man- 
 age onr internal allairs. 
 
 This struggle is over, and we now have the leisure and the means 
 to devote to the groat (|ncstions of colonization ami internal iui- 
 provcnjont ; to examine our external relations with the rest of tho 
 Empire an«l with the rest of tho world; to consult with onr liritish 
 brethren on the imperfect state of those relations, and of the best 
 appropriation that can be made of their surplus labour, and of our 
 surplus land, for our mutual advantage, that the pot»r may be KmI, 
 the waste places lillcd up, and this great empire strengthened and 
 preserved. 
 
 The contrast between the two sides of the AnuMican frontier is a 
 national disgrace to Kngland. It has been so recorded in her par- 
 liamentary papers by Jjord Durham, by Lord Sydenham, and by 
 other (Jovcrnors and Commissioners, 
 
 There is not a traveller, from Hall to i}iickinghan», but has im- 
 pressed this conviction un her literature. Wo do not blush at the 
 contrast on our own account ; we ccmld not relievo it by a single 
 shade beyond what has been acconi])lished. We have chuie our best 
 under the circumstances in which we have been ])hu'C(l, as 1 have 
 already shown by reference to our social and connnercial progress : 
 but we regret it, because it subjects us to the imi)ntalion of an 
 inferiority that we do not feel ; and makes us doubt whether IJiifish 
 statesmen will, in the time to come, deal with our half of tho 
 American continent more wisely than they have in times past. 
 
 It is clearly, then, the interest and the duty of England to wipe 
 out this national stain, an<l to reassure her friends in North Ame- 
 rica, by removing the disadvantJiges under which they laliour, and 
 redressing the ine(|ualities which they feel. 
 
 Having, however in:perfectly, endeavoured to show that, as a 
 mere question of economy, of relief to her municipal national finances, 
 no less than of religious obligation it is the duty of England to turn 
 lier attention to Nor'Ji America; permit me now for a moment to 
 direct your Ijordship's attention to the territory which it behoves the 
 people of these United Kingdoms to occupy, organise, and retain. 
 
 Glance, my Lord, at the map, and you will perceive that (Jreat 
 Britain owns on the continent of North America, with the adjacent 
 islands, four million of s(piare n.ihs of territory. All the States of 
 Euroi)^, including Great Britain, measure but 3,70*^,871 miles. 
 Allowing 202,120 scjuare miles for inland lakes of uie'ter extent 
 than exist on this continent, the lands you own arc as broad as the 
 whole of Euroito. If we take the round number of four millions, 
 and reduce the nnles to acres, wc have about ninety acres for every 
 man, woman, and child in the United Kingdom. Now, suppose 
 you sjiare us two million.s of people, you will be relieved of that 
 

 
 numltor, who now, drivon by dostitution into the uiiiotis or to crime, 
 swell the jjoor-nitcs and crowd the prisons. 
 
 With tliJit nmnbor wo shall bo enabled, with little or no assist- 
 ance, to repel forci<,Mi a<r<,'ressi()n. AVo .shall still hav(! a .s(piare mile, 
 or 040 acres, for every inhabitant ; or 4,480 acres for every head of 
 a family which British America will then contain. 
 
 Is not this a country worth looking after ; worth some application 
 of iniperial credit; nay, even some expenditure of public funds, that 
 it may bo fdled with frion<ls, not enomies ; customers, not rivals; 
 improved, organized, and retained ? The policy of the republic is 
 protection to home manufactures. Whoso cottons, linens, woollens, 
 cutlery, iron ; whose salt, machinery, guns, and paper, do tho 
 701,401 emigrants who went to the United States between 182.* 
 and 1846, now consume ? Whoso have they consumo<l, after every 
 successive year of emigration? Whose will they and their descend- 
 ants continue to consume? Those not of tho mother country, but 
 of the United States. This is a view of the ((uestion, which should 
 stir, to its centre, every manufacturing city in the kingdrim. 
 
 Sui)[)ose tho republic could exteml her tariff over the other 
 jiortions of the continent ; she could then laugh iit the free-trade 
 policy of England. Hut if we retain that ])olicy, and the colo- 
 nies besides, British goods will flow ovjr the frcmtier, and tho 
 Americans must protect their revenue by an army of officers, 
 extending ultimately over a line of three thousind miles. 
 
 The balance of power in r]iirr;po is watched with intense interest 
 by British statesmen. The slightest movement in the snuillest 
 State, that is calculated to cause vibration, animates the Foreign 
 Office, and often adds to its porplexitie.; and labours, lint is not 
 tho balance of power in America worth retaining? Sup[)oseitIost, how 
 would it affect that of Euro|>o ? Chinning, without n\uch reflection, 
 boasted thsit he had redres<ed the balance of ])ower in the Old, by 
 calling the New AVorld into existence. But, even if the vaunt were 
 justifiable, it was a world beyoiul the limits of the Queen's domi- 
 nions. AVe have a new world within them, at the very door of 
 England, with boundaries defined, and, undeniably by any foreign 
 ])ower, subject to her sceptre. Already it lives, and moves, and 
 has its being; full of hope and promi.se, and foiul attachment to the 
 mother country. The new world of which Canning spoke, when 
 its debts to England are counted, will appear to have been a some- 
 what costly creation ; and yet, at this very moment, Nova Scotia's 
 little fleet of 2,58,'? sail could sweep every South American vessel 
 from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 
 
 I am not an alarmist, my Lord, but there appear to be many in 
 England, and some of them holding high military and social posi- 
 tiokis, who consider these islands defenceless from continental in- 
 vasion I'V any first-rate European power. Confident as I am in 
 their resources, and hopeful of their destiny, I must confess that tho 
 military and naval power of France or Russia, aided by tho steam- 
 fleet and navy of tho United States, would make a contest doubtful 
 
 I 'I! 
 
10 
 
 for a lime, liowcver it ini,<,'lit ultimately tcriiiiiiato. But suppose 
 tlio UiiitcMl Stiitos to cxtoml to Ilmlsoii's liay, with au exteusiou 
 over flio otlicr half of the coutliieut of the spirit which animates the 
 rciiiihlic now. Iiuai^ine (neat liritain without a harhour on the 
 Atlantic or tiie racillo that she coiiM call her own ; \\ ithout a ton of 
 coal fur her st(>aniers, or a ^\r.u' to repair a ship; with the live thoii- 
 saiul vessels which the Ncu'thern Provinces even now own, with all 
 tlieir crcw.s, and the fis^horinen who lino their shores, added to the 
 maritime streiii-th of the enemy, whose arsenals and outposts would 
 then he advanced five hundred miles nearer to lMi;xland ; even if 
 Newfouiidlaml and the AWvt Indies could ho retained, which is 
 extremely doubtful. The picture is too painful to he dwelt on 
 ]oii;,'cr tlian to sliow how intimately interwoven are the (piestions 
 to which I have venture<l to call your Lordship's attention, with tho 
 foreiiru alliiirs of the Kmpire. I do not .!,'o into comparative illus- 
 trations, hecause T desire now to show how a judicious use of tho 
 resources of Xorth America may not only aveit the danger in time 
 (if war, hut relieve the pressure upon the home government in times 
 of peace. 
 
 There is no y)assion stronger, my Lord, than the <lesire to own 
 ijome portion of the earth's surface,— to call a piece of land, some- 
 where, our own. Itow fiiw Englishmen, who boast that they rule 
 tho sea, own a single acre of land. An iMiglishman calls his house 
 his castle; and so, perhaps, it is, but it rarely stands uj)on his own 
 soil. How few there arc who may not be driven out, or have their 
 castles levelled with the ground, when the lease falls in. 
 
 Tlicre is no accurate return, but the proprietors of land in the 
 whole United Kingdom are estimated at eighty thousand. 
 
 Of the 2,020,000 inhabitants which Scotland contains, but 
 0:'G,0!>;] live by agriculture ; all tho rest, driven iu by tho high 
 price of land, are employeil in trade and manufactures. J'iVicted 
 Highlanders rot in the sheds of Greenock ; and lowland peasants' 
 off-pring j)erish, annually in the largo cities, for want of employ- 
 ment, food, and air. 
 
 Li Ireland, there are, or were recently, 44,202 farms, under one 
 acre in extent, 473,75.5 ranging from one to thirty. Between 1841 
 and 184(S, eight hundred thousand people were driven out of these 
 small holdings; their hovels, in many cases, burnt over their heads, 
 and their furniture "canted " into the street. 
 
 Whence come Chartism, Socialism, O'Connor Land-schemes, and 
 all sorts of theoretic dangers to proj)erty, and prescriptions of new 
 modes by which it nniy be acfpiired ? Fn ni this condition of real 
 estate. The great mass of the people in these three kingdoms own 
 no part of the soil, have no bit of land, however small, no home- 
 stead for their families to cluster round, no certain provision for 
 their children. 
 
 Is it not hard for the groat body of this people, after ages spent 
 in foreign wars for the confjuest of distant possession ; in voyages 
 of discovery, and every kind of commercial enterprise; in scientific 
 
11 
 
 improvements, and the «lcvclopmcnt of political principles, to reflect, 
 that with all their battles by land and sea, their £800,000,000 of 
 debt, thoir assessed taxes, income-tax, and heavy irnport-diitie^, 
 their prisons full of convicts, their poor-rate of £7,000,000 ; — that 
 so few of all those who have done, and who endure these things, 
 should have one inch of the whole earth's surface that they can 
 call their own. 
 
 While this state of things continues, property must ever be 
 inseoure, and the great majority of the people restless. With good 
 harvests and a brisk trade, the disinherited may for the moment 
 forgot the relative positions they occupy. In i)criod3 of depression, 
 discontent, jealousy, h.*tred of the more highly favoured, however 
 tempered by liberality and kindness, will assuredly be the predomi- 
 nant emotions of the multitude. Their standing army and the 
 twenty-one tb.ousand constables may keep them down for a time, 
 liut, even if they could for ever, the (juestion naturally arises. 
 Have all your buttles been fought for this, — to maintain in the 
 bosom of ICiigland a state of siege and ever impending civil war? 
 
 A new aspect would be given to all the (questions which arise out 
 of this condition of property at home, if a wise a[)pr()priation were 
 made of the virgin soil of the l"]mpire. Give the Scotchman, who 
 has no land, a piece of North America, i)urchascd by the blood 
 which stained the tartan on the plains of Abraham. Let the Irish- 
 man or the Englishman, whose kindred clubbed their muskets at 
 Bloody Creek, or charged the enemy at Quccnstown, have a bit of 
 the land their fathers fought for. Let them have at least the option 
 of ownership and occupation, and a bridge to convey them over. 
 Suoh a policy would be conservative of the rights of property, and 
 permanently relieve the people. It would silence agrarian com- 
 plaint, and enlarge the number of proprietors. The poor man who 
 saw before him the j)rospect ol securing his one hundred, or one 
 thousand acres, by moderate industry, would no longer envy the 
 British proprietor, Avhose estate owed its value to high cultivation, 
 but was not much larger in extent. 
 
 But, it may be urged, that if this policy be adopted, it may empty 
 the United Kingdom into North America, and largely reduce their 
 population. No appreliensions of this result need be entertained. 
 There are few who can live in Great Britain or Ireland in comfort 
 and security, who wdl ever go anywhere else. The attachment to 
 home with all its endearing associations, forms the first restraint. 
 The seat of empire will ever attract around it the higher and more 
 wealthy classes. The value of the home-market will retain every 
 agriculturist who can be [)rofitably emjdoyed upon the land. The 
 accumulated capital, science, and machinery, in the large comr.ier- 
 cial and manufacturing centres, will go on enlarging the field of 
 occupation just in proportion as they are relieved from the pressure 
 of taxation. Besides, emigrants who have improved their fortunes 
 abroad, will be continually returning home, to participate in the 
 luxury, refinement, and higher civilization, which is to be fairly 
 
 il^ 
 
12 
 
 assumed, these islands will over pre-eminently retain. Massaelui- 
 setta, New York, and Pennsylvania, still enlarge their cities, and 
 grow in wealth and population, though all the rich lands of the 
 repuhlic invito their i)eople to emigrate, and there is no ocean to 
 cross. The natural laws which protect them would operate more 
 j)()werfully here, where the attractions are so much greater. 
 
 ]Jut it is time, my Lord, that I should anticipate the questions 
 that will naturally arise. Assuming the policy to be sound, what 
 will it cost to carry it out ? 
 
 Let us first see what the present system, or rather the public 
 cstublishnicnts, without a system, cost now : — 
 
 Poor Rates— England £6,190,705 
 
 Scotland 544,33 1 
 
 Ireland 1,21<),679 
 
 Constabulary— England 579,327 
 
 Ireland 502,500 
 
 Convict^; at home and abroad 
 
 Emigration, 1849 (exclusive of cabin passengers), paid 
 
 from Private or Parochial Funds 1,500,000 
 
 Paid by Goverament 228,300 
 
 i,'ll, 189,91 1 
 
 The cost of prisons, or that proportion of them which might be 
 saved if the criminal calendar were less, might fairly be added to 
 the amount. The prison at York cost £1,200 i)cr head, for each 
 criminal ; — a sum large enough, the in-^pector observes, " to build 
 for each prisoner a separate mansion, stable, and coach-house." A 
 largo propoition of the cost of trials might also be added; and, as 
 twelve jurymen must have been summoned to try most of the 
 43,G71 i»ersons3 convicted in 1848, the waste of valuable time would 
 form no inconsiderable item. 
 
 The loss of property stolen by those w'.iom poverty first made 
 criminal, no economist can estimate; and no human skill can calcu- 
 late the value of lives and property destroyed iu agrarian outrages, 
 when wretchedness has deepened to despair. ' 
 
(