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%■

SPEECH

j^Ill. C, DAllRAGH, OF PENNSYLVANIA,

THE OREGON QUESTION.

DELIVERED

IN THE HOUSE OF TwEPRESENTATIVES, MONDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1846.

frh.

le Resolution from the Committee on Foreign

AfTairs, requirini? the Pi-csi(I( nt to notify Great

j Brilftiii of the intention of the United States to

itcrminiUe the joint occupancy of Oregon, and to
abrogate the convention of 18-^7, bcini^ under
consideration in Committee of tlie Wliole —
Mr. DARRAGH said, timt a short time since,
when the liill from the Committee on Military
Affiiirs, providing for the organization of two regi-
ments of riflemen, was liefore the House, he had
taken occasion to submit a few remarks. The de-
bate, at that time, seemed to take it for granted
that the regiments i)roposcd to be raised were to
irccnpy the territory of Oregon, and to be employed
in the protection and defence of American citizens
Bottled tiiere. Whether this.^furce could be sent
thei-e without giving the notice to terminate the
joint occupancy, referred to in the convention of
1827 between this country and Great Britain, was
the sul)Ject-matter of debate.

in the few remarks he had then made, "le con-
fined himself to the simple question, whemer, in
view of the convention of 1827, the shield of our
, civil laws, and the protection of our arms, could
''. not be extended over Oregon, without the notice,
and without any violation or departure from our
I treaty stipulations? He was of opinion then that
we could; and the best consideration he had been
able to bring to the subject had not changed the
opinions he then expressed.

Sir, said Mr. Darragh, the resolution now under

consideration proposes to rmnul and abrogate the

\ second section of the convention of 1827, requiring

' one year's notice of the desire and intention of

either party to terminate the joint occupancy now

existing between Great Britain and the United

States, in reference to territory west of the Rocky

I mountnins. The discussion on this resolution

e trom the Committee on Foreign Affairs has opened

up the whole question in reference to Oregon — our
duty to protect our fellow-citizens there — our title
— our ability to maintain it — il.s fuUire advantages
to the Republic — and the chances of war.

I propose, sir, to direct the attention of the com-
mittee to these considerations; and I may be per-
mitted to say that, although in the many days
through which this debate has [la.ssed, few gentle-
men have qucstiincd the validity of our title, yet,
as far as I have heard, but a few speakers have un-
dertaken to show what that title is. It is very true
that the honorable Secretary of State, in lb cor-
respondence with thr; British Plenipotentiary, has
with great ability pla< ed our claim j to Oregon on
clear and unquestionable grounds; yet it may not
be unintCTjt'ug to those of our constituents who
see not tije 3;>i>« paper.^, to understand the charac-
ter of our dai. i and demands. I intend, sir, to
occupy a short, ime of the committee in the histo-
ry of the northwest coast of America, so far as the
same has relation to title by discovery, cession, or
settlement.

Before doing so, however, I desire to say a word
or two in reference to the rciiort made by the mi-
nority of the Committee on Foreign Relations,
which aKscrted that Coivj^ress cotild n-^i ct on the
matter of giving notice to terminate the ji.mt occu-
pancy, because it helonsed to the treaty-making
power, and that the Prcsudent and Senate alone
possessed such authority. This opinion has been
adopted and repeated (luring the debate by other
gentlemen. The Constitution of the United States
(article 2tl, section 2,) confei-s upon the "President,
by ond with the advice and consent of the Senate,
the power to make treaties, provided two- thirds of
the Senators present concvir;" but this has refer-
ence to' the making of treaties, and not to the
tnding.

The fallacy of tlie argument of the minority of

*>0.>.i.o

tlir Commillne on Fi)if;i;;ii Afl'air.s consists in the
did'cnmro between tin; nmkin;^ iinii emlin;; of trea-
ties. Tlie niakini; of a treaty is onq lliiiii;; tlieiin-
nulnient tiiereof is aiiollier anil a very dill'erent
(Jiin;;. Besides, tin; eimvenlion of IH-j? provides
for its termination so far as relates to the joint oe,-
cn|)an<^y; either parly bein^' at lilierty to terminate
it in one year's notiee,

Aii^aiii: every treaty implies tiro parlies — a treutor
and a treatee — a bar;;aiMor anil a bari^ainee. The
word " treaty," pj' vi tinnini, implies two parties.
It is iin agreement between two or more; but the
ending of llie treaty may be by one of the parties
thereto. We liave treaties of emnmeree, navis;a-
timi, Sn'., between Kni/^land, France, Spain, nnd
other Powers, and ('on;;ress may jnit an end to
them without eonsuitiiiii the President, by llie exer-
cise of the war jiower. These treaties may be i)i
full force, nnd €oni,'ress, possessim; exeiusively the
power to deelare war, may thereby terndinate tnem;
for war annuls all Ireilies between the parties bel-
iiijerent. The treaty-makiiiij j)owerdoes not there-
fore necessarily iniluile the ireaty-endnij; power;
and Compress may, by resohiiion or mherwise,
terminate the eonvention of 18:27.

Other Renllemen maintained that the right of the
President to i^ive the notice is concnrreiit with that
of Conj^ress ; that, as the executive otiicer of the
Government, he has the power to jjive the notice,
and that he oui^ht to be permitted to exen-ise it.
As to the power of the Kxeculive in the premises,
I have nothini; to say, because none of iliose who
have exjjressed such views deny the power of
Cono;ress to net. 'I'lie honorable gentleman from
Alabama [Mr. IIili.iaiu)] proposes to authorize
the Presideirt to give the notice when to him it
shall seem most fit and expedient. Sir, I can see
no useful end to be attained by this course. Is it
designed to throw on the President the resj>onsi-
bility of the measure, which may end in war, and
which some geiiilemen regard as ei|uivalent to a
declaration of war.' If ibis ite the jiurpo-se, then I
go not with it. The Piesident has, iit my judg-
ment, assumed, in his Message, all the re.'<iM)nsi-
bilily which a decent res]icct tor the rej)resentatives
of the [leople and the honor of the nation permitted
or required, lie believes our title to the Avhole of
Oregon to bo valid, and he has said so; he thinks
that it is time this un-American and ruinous joint
occupancy was terminated, and he has officially
given us this opinion. But why ask the President,
in this momentous alhiir .' What will be the result,
if his order alone goes forth, without the voice of
Congress accom])aiiie.s it.' In Europe, particularly
in Great Britain, it will be said that the refusal or
omission of Congress to act indicates that the no-
tice t.> end the joint occupancy is the act of the
President alone, or at most of his party, and not
of the people. Ay, sir, there mtiy not be wanting
persons and presses in this country who will echo
the same sentiments. Now, sir, this is un Jhiuri-
can not a parly question; and for one, I protest
against its being defiled by the touch of mere party
manoeuvre or machinery.

England is loth to tei ininaie the joint occupancy,
because heretofore she has used it altogether for
her own advantage. Her Minibters, Lord Aberdeen
and Sir Robert Peel, have asserted their claim to
Oregon. The opposition to the Ministry, by its
leaders, Lord Joan RusacU and Lord Polinentton,

have, in tliis malti^r, forgotten tluir political ran-
c(>r, to aid the Ministry they have been slrugglini'
to overlhrri'w. The Puiiish press, not inaptly ealleil
"the fourth estate in the realm," has raised it>
mighty vi'ice,to quicken tlie empire into the main-
tenance of its claim. And shall the decree that i>
til diiy this <:ombined jiower and determined ac-
tioii,go forth from the mouth of one man.' or sinill
it not rather be borne across the Atlantic on the
viiices of twenty iniilioiis of people, who know
tluir rights, and, knowing, will maintain them.'
Sir, I .say, let Congress s|ieak.

1 now come to the imposing objection made to
the passage of tiiis residution. I say imposing ob-
jection, because it has been most generally made;
and by those, too, who profebs to be in favor ol
our claim to the whole of Oregon. It is: that this
is not the time to say to Kngland, tlie territory
is ours and we will have it; Itiil that we should
sneak along, until we grow stronger or England
weaker, under the cunning device of " a wise and
masterly inactivity." We have seven thousand
people there, who are imploring tm to protect them.
Every year the tideof emiu:ration from the western
States IS swelling and will continue to swell to the
valleys of the Columbia. These are not mere ad-
veniuriis ormamuders; they take with them their
wives, till ir children, ami their Bible. They have
established a quasi form of goveriimei't, winch, so
far as regards practical morality, is in advance of
long established irovernmeiits. The arts of civil
ized life are there — the husbandman is reaping the
reward of hi.i toil. Amerienn Christian mission-
aries are among tliem, teaching thengricullural piir-
suilsand thedestiiiy of man. The leviathan jiower
of steam already awakens the echoes of her forest.^,
and temples, dedicated to the service of Alniighiy
God, have been erected, wherein His praises air
hymned and His holy word explained.

These brave and adventurous men have repeat-
edly reminded this House that they are American
citizens on American soil. They continue to cry
to us, as their fellow citizens, to vindicate their
rights and maintain the iionor of the nation. Who
will say that, as the representatives of the people,
we can or dare deny to them the imnHinilies and
the protection of American citizenship? Sir, we
are not at liberty to (h) so. If the tenitory h' ours
by rightful title, we cannot refuse to our brethren
there the rights and the protection we enjoy here.
This is of itself", in my opinion, a sufficient answer
to the proposition for further delay in giving to
Great Britain the notice to quit.

But, .sir, what is to be gained by this " wise and
masterly inactivity.'" Let us look at the past. Let
us see if this postponement of the question — this
ntasterly inactivity, has not been a ruinous inac-
tivity for us, and a masterly activity for England.
In 1818, at the time of the convention entered into
between Great Britain and the United States, the
former had not title to one rood of territory on the
northwest coast; and this I will presently atlempi
to show. The only show of title she now has
arises in the main from that convention (1818) and
the subsequent negotiations in regard to it. No
one will nretend that the terms of tlie convention
affected tne title or sovereignty of either Govern-
ment.

The United States then asserted, and actually
possessed the title. The convention of 1818 only

permitted
•snrcrcigiW!;
lias used
Years at'ler
JH-il,) an
ileorge IV
asks. Th
of the tern
joint occu
iurisdictioi

poliiiral ran-
l>icii Nlrii;,'s;;liiii;
•t inaptly culled
' liHH raised it>
into the imiiu-
(' decree that i.s
d(t( iniiiicd ac-
f man • or shall
Atlantic, on the
who know
naniiain them.'

ecti(»ii made to
y iniposinj^ol).
iierally made;
l)e in favor of
It i.s: tjiat thi.s
the territory
lat we should
r or England
(' " a wi.se and
veri thousand
i> protect them.
<im the western
to Hwell to the
e not mere ad-
vith them their
e. They have
eiit, wiiich, so
s in advance ol
IP arts of civil

I is reaping;; tlii'
i»tiaii mi.s.sion-
trriculluralpur-
'viathnn power
sof herfore.st.'>i,
•e of Alnii;i^hiy
tlis praises art
lied,

II hiive repeat-
' are American
■oiitinue to cry
vindicate their
nation. Who
of the pco|)Ie,
niiuiiiities) and
'hip? Sir, we
nitory w ours
our brethren
•c enjoy here,
fiicicnt answer
y in yiviiiij to

his *' wise and
the past. Let
question — this
ruinous inac-
' for England,
n entered into
cd States, the
rritory on the
leinfy attemjii
.she now ha.s
>n (1818) and
rd to it. No
le convention
ther Govern-

and actually
of 1818 only

p»>rmittcd nn equal ri?lit of trmh, not of lillf or
!snrrreiirnlii in Great IJritain. Now mark how she
lias used this s;rant of favor. In less than three
years after till! ratification of the convcntimi, (in
1h:31,) an ad of Parliament i.s passed, (Isf and '2i\
Georj^e IV,) which gave to her all that .she now
a.sks. Thi.s act of Parliament is in open vinlation
of the terms and spirit of the convention (IHjH) of
joint occupancy. Hy it England extended her
jurisdiction over all Oregon.

The (ith section of the act of Parliament refer- '
red to, provides —

"That the courts of Upper Canada shall have'
' the same civil jurisdiction in all respects wliat-
' ever within the Indian t( rritories, and other parts
' of .Vnicrica, not tritliin the limits of the Ciintidus, or
' (if'aiiy ritil giivernmriit of Ike United Stateit, as the
' said courts have within the limits of Canada;

* and further, that every wrong (li- injury, to thcper-

* son, or the properly, real or pcisonal, committed

* within the said jiarts of America, shall he coirni-

* zahle and tried in the same manner and .suhjec.t
' to the same conscciuences in all respei'ts as if the
» same had been cuiiimittcd tvilliin the province of
' Upper Canada.''''

Again, the bth section of the British act (1821) :
provides — |

"That in case any pnnon or persons rrhalsoerer,
' residing or heinir within such parts of America,

* .shall refuse to obey, or resist any process of said '

* courts, such yierson or persons shall lie committed
' to custody, in order to be conveyed to Upper Can-
'ada.-'

Other sections of this art provide for courts, of-
ficers, &c.; but throughout the whole statute not
one \v<n-d is said excc|ptiug .Vmerican citizens in '
Oreijon from the operation and penalties of the
British law. 1

To ihis day this insolent assumption of author- I
ity stands unrepealed by England and unrei)uked '
by the United States. The insull and the wrong, '
has indeed, been heightened by investing the otfi- '
cers and s(!rvants of a trading corporation (the '■
Ifudsnn Bay Company) with judicial power and '
.nuthority to carry the statute into elTect. An Amer- !
ican citizen may now be dragged from .\nierican '
soil to answer before the officers of tiie Hudson
Bay Com|ninv or the courts of Upper Canada, and
held responsililc for his conduct whilst on Amcri-
onn territory.

This hiiniiliatins- : ubmi.ssioii on our part is one
of the trophies of twenty-seven years of " m.ast''rly
inactivity." Sir, there should be an end to tliis
state of affairs. Great Britain has asserted claims
which she cannot maintain. Will drlav induce
that rapacious Power to v/ithdraw or lessen her
demands.' You iioslpoiie tiie manly vindication
of our rights. You open the door to further ne-
gotiation about what most gentlemen say is sufTi-
ciently clear now. Does any one expect that
Great Britain will be less anxious for n part of
Oregon a year or two hence than now.' Will she
be less al)!e to meet us in the strife of liattle } You
postprme, you give time, and advise her to arm.
England knows and dreads a war with .\mer-
ica. She has tried the experiment twice, and
has no reas<in to boast of the result of either C(ni-
flict. She knows more : .she know.s that a war
with the United States would be the beirinnin"- of

the end that would free this whole continent from
European influence, power, and authority. Delay,
give time, and the monarchies of Europe might be
brouirht to see that the cfuflict, when it did come,
would be between legitimacy and republicanism —
the ri'_'hf divine o iings, and the people.

All this mi:;h; oine to pass if we continue to
delay the settleui' of this <|uestioii. That it will
happen whether , settle the (]uestion or not now,
I have no doubt. Indeed, I hope that the time
may hasten on when the sovereign people shall
be the only sovereigns on earth. But in this Ore-
gon atl'air, I prefer settling it with England alone;
which will be done, if (,'oiigrcss will only act with
|iromptnesH and decision.

Mr. (Miairmau, I come now to speak of title;
and I believe a careful examination will show that
all the proofs substantiate the claims of the United
States. I do not design to rely on, or even allude
to, proofs of diMibttnl import, (u* to the vague his-
tory or misty traditions wbit'li the honorable gen-
tleman from Massarhusetts [Mr.WiN'TiiRoi'] seems
to think to enc,oni|)ass the subject. I will depend
on events as mtu'h matter of' true history as the
Dec'laration which declared the colonies free and
independent States.

It will be observed that in all the negotiations
and ofVers to compromise this vexed question,
England has denied our rights even as far north as
the parallel of 4!) north latitude. Now to this
point we have a title not heretofore referred to,
arising trom the cession of Louisiana in 1803 by
France to the United Stales. By that cession we
became invested with the rights and title of France
to territory west of iIk; I'ocky mountains. Let us
see how l[ie matter .s|ood for a long lime previous
to IHD.'J. In 1(583, M. De la Sailed a Frenchman,
navigated the Mississippi from Canado to its
mouth; in virtue whereof, France claimed the sov-
erciirnty to Louisiana, on both sides of the river,
from the Gulf of Mexico to the 49th degree of
north latitude. This right of sovereignty was based
upon the acknowledged jirinciple of international
law: " that the nation-which discovers the mouth
of ii river is entitled to the sovereignty to all the
land which is watered by such river, its tributaries,
and head waters." From the time of the discov-
ery by La Salle, England never controverted this
principle; she had in repeated instances availed
herself of its provisions. France, by the discov-
ery of the Mississippi, extended west, at all events,
to the Rocky mountains, for ther-' are the sources
of some of the head waters of that river. She was
the only Power contiguous to the vast wilds from
the llockv mountains to the Pacific ocean; and
therefore the argument of continuity was altogether
with France as oppo.sed to England.

As e;nly as 1713, Great Britain regarded the
French possessions in America as extending west
to the Pacific. The 10th article of the treaty of
Utrecht, (1713,) provided for the ap])oiiitnient of
coinmissioners to settle the btaindery between Can-
ada and Louisiana on the one side, and Hudson'.-*
Bay and Northwestern companies on the other.
This boundary by the treaty was established " by
a line to commen.-e at a ca|ie or promontory on
the oce.m. in ."i^osi' north latitude, to run thence
westwanlly to the 49</i parallel, and along that line
ind(finitcbj westumrd. Now this line, indefinitely
wcs'.ward, includes, of course, all Oregon south of

the 43th di-Ricc north liiiitudc. Ii is, to be sure,
doublnd whctlicr the r.ominis.sioiicrs provided for
by the treaty of Utrecht ever acted; und it is very
certiiin lliat if tliey did not, no record of tlieir pro-
ccediiifjs now exist; but tlic United Stutes liavc
nlwHys considered the treaty of Utrecht as extend-
ing the 49ili paralli 1 indefinitely westward. Mr.
Cliarius Pincluioy and Mr. Aloinoe, our Ministers
at Madrid in 1805, in the correspondence between
them and Don Pedro Cavallo.s, thi,' Spnni.sii Minis-
ter, respecting tlie western boundary of Louisiana,
advanced tliese views. — Stalt Papers, vol. H, p. IC'J.

Mr. Gallatin, in the American statement of De-
cember, 182C, recojL;nises th<^ action of the commis-
aioners under tlie tr<!aty of Utrecht, as extending
the 4i)ih j)arallel indefinitely westward.

But again: the treaty of Versailles, (17(i3,) be-
tween France and England, and which concluded
the Freindi wars in America, stipulates " that the
confines between the Britisli and French posses-
fiioiis in America were irrevocably fixed by a line
drawn along the middle of the Mis.siHsii)pi from its
source to the river Iberville."

In 1783, the Mississippi, from its source, vva.s
adopted as the line of demarcation between the
British and French possessions. Louisiana then
extended north as far as the 49th degree, and to
the Gulf of Mexico in latitude L'O. It will be ob-
served, by looking iit the map, that the sources of
tlic Mississip|)i are in 49, north laliiude; and that
this is the parallel fixed on by the treaty of Utrecht.
In 1703, France and England made partition of
almost the whole continent of North America.
Er)gland then obtained the territory east of the
Mississippi, and north of the 49th parallel of lati-
tude. She then made no claim to territory in any
other quarter — a pregnant conclusion against the
existence of any such --laim. She was at this time
victorious over iier rival, and flushed with her con-
quest. Slie possessed the power to dictate the
terms of the treaty of Versailles, (17G3.) Not
over nice in her pretensions to territory, nor over
scrupulous in theemploymcnt of means to enforce
them, Great Britain made no pretension to territory
south of the 49th parallel in any quarter. These
provisions of the treaty of Versailles seem to me
to indicate that the 49th parallel extended indefi-
nitely westward, as is provided in the treaty of
Utreiht, and governed in this matter the delibera-
tions which resulted in tlie treaty of Versailles.

So also the parallel of 49 north latitude, seems
to have been regarded as a determined line, or
landmark, by the commissioners who negotiated
the treaty of Paris in 1783, which terminated the
revolutionary war. The l)oundary there is de-
.scribed as " from the northwestern |)oint of the
Lake of the Woods, duo west to the Mississijipi
river;" and the northwestern point of the Lake of
the Woods is in about latitude 49 north.

Sir, I have adverted to the title in the United
States, acquired by the cession of Lotiisiana, only
because* the British Plenipotentiary, and others,
deny our right even to the 49ih parallel. This is
not the title to Oregon on which I lely. Greai
Britain now claims to the right bank of the Colum-
bia river, and what I have said about the French
claim, was only to show how England herself re-
garded it from 1713 to 1790.

Mr. Chairman, I apprehend that otir best title to
the whole of Oregon, is in what is called the Span-

ish title. It is in my opinion Ihe title, and the onl}
valid title. By every rule of national law it is good
against the world. 1 propose to examine it; and
this 1 will do ^'s briefly as I can.

By the treaty between Spain and the United
States in 1819, Known us the treaty for the cession
of ]''lorida, we became rightfully entitled to the
territory claiuiid by the former |)owcr in North
America, north of the 4yd degree north latitude.
The territory of Oitgou extends on the Pacifir
coast from i:P to 54'^ 40' north, and is bounded ou
the east by the llocky mountains. By the treaty
of Florida we were placed in the shoes of Spain,
and possessed of all her rights to the country in
dis|»ule. What were the rights and title of Spain r
We shall see. By the law of nations, there are
three methods m which a nation may acquire the
.sovereignty of a country. First, by discovery;
secrmd, by cession fnnn the rightful owner; third,
by conquest. Under the first of these, the sover-
eignly of the whole of North and South America,
as well as the West India islands, was originally
acquired. Vattel and other writers doubted the
jnsiiic of civilized nations acquiring title merely
by invading the territory of barbarous people; but
it is now too late to discuss this question. Certain
it is, that neither England nor any other of the
great Euro|)(aii Powers can ol ject to sovereignty
thus acquired, becau.«ie to most o-f their colonial
possessions iliey can produce no better or other
title. Who, then, were the first discoverers of the
Pacific const along the territory of Oregon.' Eng-
land, in 1790, for the first time, made an attempt
at claim. From that time, until very rect ntly, her
statesmen and political writers founded their claim
on the ancient discovery pretended to be made by
Sir Francis Drake.

This daring navigator lived in the reign of Ciuccn
Elizalieth; and in the year 157G or l.')77 sailed, not
on a voyage of discovery, but to annoy and cap-
lure the Spanish shijis with their rich cargoes from
the New World. His voyage was of a warlike
character, and Sir Francis himself little better than
a commissioned |)irate. In 1577 he fell in with
land on the Pacific, which he called " New Al-
bion;" and this it is lu-etciided was the coast of
Oregon. Sii- Francis Drake never .saw the coast
of Oregon. Heylyn, v/ho published a geography
in London in 1G74, and which will be found in
your library, gives tlie |iarticulars of this prclended
discovery; from which it apjiears that "New Al-
l)ioii" lies altogether within the bounds of Califor-
nia. Maps were publi^^hed not long after this dis-
covery, which descril)e all the country north of 42
degrees as "Terra lionalis incrgnila." Hakluyt,
who lived in the times of Sir Fraiicis Drake, in his
History of Voyages and Discoveries, states tliat Sir
Fiamis Drake found the cold so great when he
reached about 42*^ north, that he returned south
and entered the liay in latitude 38^, which to this
day bears his name — "Port St. Francisco Draco"
—Port St. Francisco, as it is now called.

This barren and proofless claim is the whole of
England's title by ancient disco^•t1•y. Now let us
look at the title of S|)ain, under which we claim,
und a mere rcfcrenco to well-authenticated voyages
and dis.'overies is all that is iniended. Bartolome
Ferrelo, though not the first navigator of the Pa-
cific, sailed in 1543 as far north as latitude 53°,
and landed at what was subsct^ucnlly called Cape

Ic,nnd tlic onlj
i»l law it is good
ixaniino il; and

nd tlie United
' for tlic cession

fiitiilfid to the
owcr in North

iiortli latitude.

on tl»e Pacifu'
J is hounded on

By tlie treaty
siioes of Spain,
' tlie country in
1 title of Spain.'
ions, there arc
lay arquire the

l)y discovery;
1 owner; third,
ie.se, the sover-
MJWtii America,
was ori<^iiially
rs douhted the
nyr titl'; merely
)us people; but
stion. Certain
ly other of the
to sovereignty ,

their colonial
jelter or other
coverers of the
)regon .' Eng-
nde on attempt
y rcct iifly, her
ded their cluiiu
to be made by

reiiin of Cluecn
I ")77 sailed, not
nnoy and cap-
h cargoes fiom

of a warlike
tile better than
10 fell in with
ed " New Al-
5 the coast of
saw tiie coa.'st
I a {;co-raphy
I be found in
this pretended
at "New Al-
ids of Culifor-

al'ier this dis-
rv north of 42
." Halduvt,
: Drake, in his
states that Sir
reat when he
;turned south
ivhich to this
lisco Draco"
led.

the whole of
Now let ua
ch we claim,
:ated voyages
Bartolome
)r of the Pa-
latitude 53°,
' culled Cape

Rlunno. In 1592, Juan de Fucn, n native of
Ccphalonia, in Greece, in the service of Spain, dis-
covered a strait in latitude 49° to 51° north. Dc
Fuca staid there twenty days — landed, and traded
with the natives. An account of his voyage and
discovery was taken from his own lips and written
down by Michael Lock, an Englishman, then in
Venice, a short time after De Fuca's discoveries in
1596. This imponant discovery, made under the
Spanish flag, is not only made history by an Eng-
lishman; but more than two hundred years after-
wards, an officer of the English navy, Vancouver,
then on a voyage of discovery, was so well satis-
fied with the truth of De Fuca's discovery, and
Michael Lock's account of the same, that when,
in 1792, he fell in with these straits, he named
them the " Stunts nf Fuca," iu honor of the first
discoverer. Now here is the Sjianish title by an-
cient discovery to 50° north, which cannot be dis-
puted, and which Capt. Vani;ouver has acknowl-
edged by perpetuating the name of Dc Fura. Other
(loints along iheOregon coast were early discovered
)y the Spaniards. In 1GI(3, Aguilar, a Spanish
captain, discovered the mouth of the river Um))qua,
in latitude 44.

After the treaty of Versailles in 17G3, the great
European Powers had a period of peace; and Eng-
land, l'"rance, and particularly Spain, diri.'cted their
attention to prosecuting new voyages of discover-
ies, and ascertaining the nature and condition of
such as were already made, but which, owing to
the wars they had been eiigaj;ed in, had not been
followed up. Spain, ever intent on the grandeur
and wealth of her possessions in the New World,
led the way. In pursuance of instructions from
Madrid, an exjiedition was fitted out for explora-
tion and discovery in 1774. The vessel called the
"Santiago" was commanded by Juan Perez as
captain, with Estevaii Jose Martinez as pilot. Perez
.saded iiortii to the 59th parallel, where he saw the
northeastern point of (iueeii Charlotte's Island.
After a cursory examination of this coast, he pro-
ceeded south, and in latitude 49^ degrees, he dis-
covered and entered a bay, to which he gave the
name of "Port San Lorenzo." He landed and
traded with the natives — giving them implements
of iron, and other articles, in exchange for furs.
This is the same bay to which CapUiin Cook, /our
years afterwards, pretended to have discovered, and
to which he gave the name of King George's
Sound, and which is now known as " Nooika
Sound." The English press, and the British Plen-
motentiary here, rely on this modern discovery of
Captain Coolt. Now, let us, for a moment, look at
. the claim of Captain Cook to the discovery of Noot-
ka Sotmd. Cook sailed from England in 177(» to
discover a northwest passage between the Atlantic
and Pacific oceaihs. He admits that accounts of
the discoveries on the Pacific by the Spaniards
were in Pjiffland before he sailed. Cajttain Cook
sailed from Plymouth, in his old ship the "Ueso-
lution," 12lh July, 177G. His instructions from
the Admiralty were, to nroceed by the wixy of the
Cape of Good Hope and Otaheite "to the coast of
New Albion, endeavoring to fall in with it in the
latitude of 45 degrees." He was "there to put

• into the first convenient port to recndt his wovd
' and voter, and procure rffreshmeiUs, and then to sail
' northward along the coast to the latitude of 65

• degrees, or further, if not obstructed by lands or

• ice, taking care not to lose any timt in erplorin/f
' rivers or inlets, or vpon any other account," until he
had reached that degree. 1 le wns further in.strucl-
ed and " strictly enjoined not to touch upon any
' part of the Spanish dominions on the western
'continent of A' .c-ricn, unless driven thither l)y
' some unavoidai)le accident; in which case, he wna
' to stay no longer than should be absolutely nc-
' cessary."

Now, sir, it will he recollected, that an account
of the Spanish discoveries on the northwest coast
was current in England before Cook sailtd; and
it will be observed, that the British Government
then recogni.sed the right of Spain as far north os
the 65th degree of latitude; forC'aptuin (jook is in-
structed not to stop short of that degree, except to
"wood and water." South of it he was not per-
mitted to explore or lake possessien of the coun-
try. In latitude 49^ degrees he found a sjiacious
and secure bay, offering every facility for the re-
pair of his vessel and the refreshment of his men;
and on the 29ih of March, 1778, he there cast an-
chor, and bestowed upon the place the name of
" King George's Sound." This name he shmtly
afterwards changed to thatof Ab(i//fn Sovnd, under
the impression that Nootka whs the term employed
to distinguish the bay by the natives of the sur-
rounding territory. He remained at Nootka Sound
four weeks, and traded with the natives. Il can-
not be pretended that this Kinsj George's or Noot-
ka Sound is not the " Port San Lorenzo," entered,
discovered, and so named by Juan Perez, in the
service of S]iain, in 1774. That Cook's ship was
not the first there seen by the natives, is abun-
dantly evident from Cook's own account. He
tells us that the natives manifested no .surprise at
the sight of his .ships, and were not startled by the
reports of his guns; they had tools and weapons
of iron, and ornaments of brass, and one of their
chiefs had hanging around his neck tioo silver table-
spoons of Spanish mannfacture .

Can it be doubted that these implements and
utensils of iron, and brass, and silver, are what
the natives obtained from Juan Perez when he
landed there in 1774? Besides these clear proofs
of the discoveries of Spain, England herself, for
many years afterwards, never controverted the
Spanish title.

1 now wish to direct the attention of the com-
mittee to the much-talked-of Nootka Sound con-
vention. We all know the occasion of that cele-
brated treaty: a certain Captain John Mearcs,
a hnlf-pay ofhcer of the British navy, was em-
ployed, m 1788, by a Portuguese, named Ca-
vallo, in Maeoa, to command an expedition
under the Portuguese flag to carry on the fur
trade with the natives of the northwest coast
of America. He sailed for Nootka Sound, and
in 1789 built a small vessel and some huts there.
As soon as informed of these circumstances,
the Spanish authorities sent a command which
took down tlie British flag, demolished their hul3,
and made prizes of their vessels. Meares com-
|ilained to Parliament, and King George the Hi.
made the suiijecl a matter of complaint in his
s[)cech to Parliament. In 1790, negotiations were
entered into at Madrid between Mr. Fitzherbert,
the English agent, and the Spanish Government,
concerning the wrongs which England complained
to have received, in her subject. Captain Meares,

nt Nontka. Spiiin rcsiNted, but she wns in )tr,
ronilitidii to resist \(m<^. She liad iilniidy tnkni
the (lownwanl pliiriirc Into tlif niianliy biuI wcnk-
m'HH which inarkH hir at this day.

Kiifjhmd 'A-as powirfnl. Pailiann-nt had vofrd
oru' milhon pounds strrlintij to war with Spain, un-
less shi; 3"i('ldrd to Rritish rapacity. The treaty

took it for the main land. (See Helyn's Qcoi^rrf
pliy, London, I(i74.) Two yf'ars afterwards, a
Dutch navi;j:ator, Sehald de West, eanic to thctn,
and called them " Sehald's Islands." Knirland
heard no more of them for a century, atui their
existence was even called in question. In the reii^n
of William, an En;;lishnmn named Strr>n2; found
Ni^ned at the Kscurial in ITOK, called tlie "Noofka j tlwm out a;;ain, and called them "Falkland I.s-
Hoiind convention," was dictiUed to Spain, and ' lands." In the rcijj;n of Geori^i- III., Cajitain By-
forced from her. Simultaneous with the si'^niui; ' run, the ancestor of " Childe Harold," look pos-
oflhe treaty, Spain puhlished a rnanifesir) directed session of one of them. This is the first possession
to all the Kuropean cnurts, remonstrating' aj^aitist | liy England; it was only ofo7ic island, and not fol-
thc manner it was extorted from her, and assert- ! lowed uphy settlement. In ITtifi the Kins; of Spain
in'' her claims at Modtka. Hut lireal Mritaiii did ' sent trooiis and xcM/fi/ one of the is!

not then jiretend that the Nootka Sourul conven-
tion acknowledged or surrendered to her any title
or sovereignty. CJreat Mrilain only claimed m-if^hl
to trade at Nootka, not of sovereignly. She de-
manded .^ali-sfaction for the insult offered thnmgli
her suhjeels, not apology for invasion of her ter-

^lauds.and called

it •« Solidade;" and yet Great Mritain, in 17(i'J,
claimed all the i.slands on the ground of prior (lis-
rorery, and Spain was obliged to submit.

One other ••ase, and I have done with this branch
of my remarks. I refer to the pretext assumed by
England for driving out the Dutch from New York.

own imi

ti<e. li

ueakiiH

clainii

The

Bs us.sit

the Col

Boston

Colunib

ineiit an

ricaii cii

tei; agai

declares

» moutl

« all lilt

' and h<

this prii

UH by

Salle,

rilory. Neither the King, (George III.) Mr. Pit', , In 14'.I'J Columbusdiscovered the West India isl-
Mr. Fox, norany one else in Parliament, spoke of' ands. In 145)7, Giovanni (John) Cabot, a Vene-
tith ; it was tmly a right to trade. The ai-eount of I lian, in the employ of Henry VII., discovered the
this matter, as given in P.issett's History of Eng- '• island of New Foundland and the Atlantic coast
land, is full as to the fact that the Government of as far as Virginia. Henrv VII. made no settle-

England denied having any claim to the sover-
eignty ()f the country on the coast of Oregon. The
historian says that the English claim there was
only " a right to trade [not of soil] in places in
which no country could claim an exclusive right
of cnmmerre and H«fign/iojt," not of sovereignty.

'J'his, sir, is the purport of the famous Nootka
Sound eonventifm; and although extorted from
Spain by England, it will be seen that the latter
Power gained nothing but an apology for the in-
sult offered to Captain Meares, redress for the
loss sustained, and a bare right to trade. But had
more been obtained, the treaty and its jirovisions
were ended in 171tfi, at which time a war was de-
clared between England and Spain. War termi-
nates and cancels all subsisting treaties between
the partie.s. On the subject of the Sjianish claim
to the territory in dispute, I desire to direct the at-
tention of the committee to a map describing the
Briti.<«h, Spanish, and French possessions (m the
continent of America, according to the treaty es-
tablished at Paris, Hth of February, 1703, by
" Email Brown, Geographer to his N'lajcsty, and
John Gibson, Engraver. On this ma|i the do-
minions of England extend f^om the Atlantic to
the Mississippi; the French dominions extend
from the Mississippi to the western boundary of
Louisiana: and all the country between the last-
mentioned boundary and the Pacific ocean is put
down a.s beloniring to Spain.

Mr. Chairman, if discovery gives title, I think
that I have shown that the Spanish title to Nootka,
the very point in dispute, is clear and unquestion-
able. But I am told that discovery without settle-
ment or occupancy gives no title. However this
may be, it may not be profitless to see how Eng-
land regards and has acted on this principle. The
case of the Falkland islands exhibits the views and
conduct of Great Britain as to title by discovery
without settlement. These islands were first seen
by Captain Davis, who .sailed with Sir Richard
Hawkins in 1592. He was driven by a storm into
the Straits of Magellan, when he accidentally saw
them. He gave them no name. In 1594, Sir
Richard Hawkins saw one of these islands, and

ment nor mfition towards one. In like inactivity
towards the disr'nvery of Cabot passed the reign
of Henry VII f. So, too, passed the short reign of
Edward'VI. and Mary. In 15HM, eighty-six years
after the discovery of Cfiovanni Cabot, the first
British charter of colonization was signed by Queen
Elizabeth to Sir Humphry Gilbert. Nothing was
done under thi.*^ grant. Then came the patent to
Sir Walter Raleigh to settle the southern part of
North America, and he, landed the firs', colony in
lfi07. This settlement was soon abandoned, nor
did the second attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh meet
with any better success. Hackluyt, who chroni-
cles these accounts, lived and wrote in the age of
Elizabeth and .Tames I., and was the chief man in
the next expedition. It was got up by Hackluyt,
and was under the direction of Richard Go.^iuild,
in pursuance of instructions from King James I.,
to colonize Massachusetts bay. Gosnold reached
the bay, traded with the natives, Init made no set-
tlements. James I. then divided the discovered
land into two portions — Virginia and New Eng-
land. In the meanwhile, Hudson, the Dutch navi-
gator, had sailed up the river whi<'h still bears his
name. The Dutch landed where now stands the
city of New York, settled, and immediately im-
proved. In IGG"? Charles IT. granted the province
of New York to hi.s brother, the Duke of York,
under whose directions the Dutch were driven
away or forced to yield. The Eiifflish claimed it
by tlie [irior discovery made by Cxiovanni Cabot
mf)re than one Inmdred years before. The Dut:h
had settled, the English had not; and yet the prior
discovery title of England without .=;ettlcment was
asserted and maintained. Sir, with such examples
on record and before the world, does it become Eng-
land to object to title by di.scovery, even though
no occupancy may have followed.'

Mr. Chairman, the United States have claimed
Oregon by virtue of the discoveries of her own citi-
zens; ancf as T regard our claim good at all events
as against England, T propose to say about it a
word or two. The silly argument, that because
the United States claim under the Spanish title, her
own cannot be good, and that the claim under her

Hrlyn's Gco^rn-
aiN (iftn-wanjs, a
<f, runic tf) them,
inds." Rn[,'-I;ui(l
ntiiry, nml their
toil. Ill tlir rri<rn
rd Sironu; fMiind
Ti " F'^ilklniid Is-
nf., Cnpiairi By-
I'lld," took pns-
II' first |K>ssf'Nsifpn
liiiid, iiiid not fol-
lip Kin2:nf S|i(iin
slaiids,aiid called
Hritaiii, in ]7(i!»,
iind of prior dis-
Rulimit.

with this lirnnrli
text assumed hy
from New York.
West India isl-
) Cal)ot, a Vene-
I., discovered tlie
lie Atlantic const
made no settle-
In like inactivity
passed the reii^^n
the short reign of
eij^hty-six years
Cabot, the first
signed hy Queen
t. Nothing was
mo the patent to
southern part of
c first colony in
I abandoned, nor
ter Raieig-h meet
lyf, who chroni-
tc in the ngc of
the chief man in
ip by Hackluyt,
Richard Gosiiold,
I King James I.,
Grosnold reached
but made no set-
l the discovered
and New Eiig-
thc Dutch navi-
■h still hears his
now stands the
mmcdiately im-
ted the province
Duke of York,
;'.h were driven
glish claimed it
Giovanni Cabot
re. The Dut-Ji
nd yet the prior
.settlement was
1 such examples
! it become Eng-
y, even though

's have claimed
of her own citi-
od at all events
say about it. a
t, that because
panish title, her
:laim under her

own nullifies tlie title of Spnin, «cnrcely needs no-
tice, li would be Mtmnge indeed if a good title was
Weakened liy (he aci|uiNilion ui' an oulHiaiidinji;
claim i but let tiiis pa.s.>4.

Tile claim of the United Slates, apart fnxii tiuil
Bs ussigiicr of .Sjiaiii, re»t.s upon the diNcovery of
the Cohuiibia river by Captain Robert Gray, of
Boston, the exploration of the head water.s of the
Coluiiil>ia by Lewis and Clarke, and the improve-
liieiit Mild .seitlenieiim of Mr. A.storand other Ame-
rican citi/ens. I cull the attention of the coniiuit-
tee again lo the principle of internalional law which
declares "that the nation which discovers the

• mouth of a river iN entitled to tiie sovereignty to

• all the land.s watered by such river, its lrii)UtarieH
'and hfad waters." Great IJritain acknowledged
tiiis principle as well by the treaty of L'lrecht, 1713,
UM by the treaty of Versailles, 17(i3. M. de La
Halle, ill IGf^.'), discovered the mouth of the Minsis-
bippi; liy reason whiM'eof, Fruiu'c claimed tlie whole
ot Louisiana, and this claim was admitted by Eng-
land. Wlio discovered the mouth of the Columbia,
orOiegonrivcr,and who explored its head waters?
We .shall see. In the month of May, HiU, Captain
Roiiert Gray, of the American .ship " Columbia,"
of Roatoii, whilst cruising in the north Pacific, dis-
covered an oiieniiig in ilie coast, in latitude 4(P W,
which he pronounced to lie the mouth of n river.
On thet2i)ili April, 171)0, Cajttain Gray fell in with
the I'jiglishship" Discovery, "Captain Vancouver.
Gray informed Vancouver of his having bei-ii oil"
the mouth of n great river; Vancouver in his luir-
rative mentions these facts, and afterwanls niiulc
search for the river, but could not Iind it. He be-
lieved that Captain Gray had been misiaken, tor lie
thought that such a river was not there. On the
11th May, 171)i?, Captain Gray was again off the
opening where he informed Vancouver the river
was to be found, ^'ankee-like, lie determined to
satisfy himself, and he directed his course to the
opening. This was no hazardless matter — the
l)reakers to.s.sed the sea, iind the surf was furious.
He sailed on, crossed tlu; dreaded bar at the mouth,
luid found hiinself on the bosom of a magnificent
river, which he named after liisown shi]), " Colum-
hid/' He ascended the river twenty-five miles,
aiichorerl, landed, and traded with the natives. flJe
descended the river, named the capes on its north-
ern and soutliern sides "Adams" and "Han-
rock," and again spread lii.s .sails to the breezes of
the Pacific.

This was the first vessel that ever crossed the
bar at the mouth of the Columbia or (loated on the
waters of that nolile river. No soj)liistry or nii.s-
represeiitation can ever take from Captain Gray the
lionor of the di.scovery, or from Ins country the
value of the acrjuisition. This river has its .sources
on the western slopes of the Rocky mountains,
and lorms a stream where it enters the Pacific seven
miles in width. It meanders a great distance
through ii country, a greater part of which is well
adapted to the wants of man. From the mouth
of tlie Columbia, a few days' sail takes you to the
Sandwich islands, and le.ss than thirty days, ..
China. Here let me remind the committee of the
expedition sent by the United States under the Ad-
ministration of Mr. JeflTerson, In 1804,Lewisand
Clarke, in the service of the United States, ascend-
ed the Missouri, and are believed to be the first
civilized men who crossed the Rocky mountains.

They discovered and exiilorcd the lioad waters of
the Columbia river, aiui fidlowed it down to itn
mouth. A year or two afiir this, the Ainirican
Fur Com|)any estul)lished trading posts on llic
head waters of tiic Colunil)ia; and in IHll John
Jacob Astor built tlie town of Astoria at its mouth.
War was declared between liie United Slates and
Great flritain, and in the month of December, 1HI3«
Astoria WIS captured iiy the Drilish sloop of war
" Raccoon," Captain Illakc. By tiie peace treaty,
known as the treaty of Ghent, it was agreed "thai
all territory, &c., taken from eitlier party by tiiu
other during the war should be ntHTouKU." Not
assigned to, aliened, or surrendered, but restored.
Sir, you can only restore that which formerly be-
longed to you.

Mr. Cliairman, these are some of tlie reasons
whicii have induced me to believe that the wiiolo
of Oregon is ours; and believing so, 1 am (irepaieU
to go tlie full iengtii to assert and maintain our
claim. It is, sir, in my judgment, full time that
the joint occupancy under the conventions of 1H18
and IB'iil should be terminated. Great Britain haii
iiad the exclusive benefit of the arrangement,
Witliout title to one rood of the territory, she haa
dotted it everywhere witli her forts, and the Brit-
ish flag at tliis day rtautits as saucily over the
stockades of the Hudson's Bay Company as on
the ramparts of Gibraltar. No American can set-
lie there with a view to business. No sooner does
he fix himself than the agents of the Hudson '.s Bay
Company surround him, undersell, and drive; him
from the trade. Mr. Farnliam, an intelligent gen-
llcnmn who travelled through Ore^^on, states that
Mr. Wyelh, an entcrpri.sing Yankee, established,
at great labor and expense, a post for trading witli
the Indians, (Fort Hall,) and immediately the Hud-
son's Bay Comjiany forced liim to sell to them.
They undersold him, and paid liigher price.s fiu-
peltries, until the adventurous man found iiimself
without business. The Hudson's Bay Company
have now twenty-two forts in Oregon. Nor, sir,
will it do to say that Great Britain has not thus ex-
erci.sed acts of ownership and sovereijgnly over the
territory of Oregon. The Hudson's Bay Company
is, quoad hoc, the British Government. Well does
she understand the use and management of these
politico-commercial companies, and profitably ha.s
she used them. Look to the history of the East
India Company, and see the mammoth empire she
has acquired by means of that trading corporation,.
Little more than one hundred years shice Great
Britain had in the Ea.st Indies the small commer-
cial fiictories at Surat, Madras, and Calcutta,
which, together with the island of Bombay, obtain-
ed from Portugal as the dowry of the wife of
Charles the Second, were all her possessions there.
Now, after having waded in blood throat-deen to
empire, she sways her sceptre over one hunurcd
millions of people. The glory of the conquest is
England's — the crime and horror of the murders
belong to the East India Company, says the his-
torian of that proud island ! So, too, would act the
Hudson's Bay Company, if they dared; but the
American people are made of sterner stuff. Satisfy
our people that our claim to Oregon is good, and
we will have it at all and every hazard. The pallid
and trembling cry of war will not frighten them
from their propriety. No ^aunt spectres of com-
mercial distress, sacked cities and ruined com-

mr-rrfi, will filnrm the people, whru thfl nniionnl
ri(;lii« wrid h'lnur nrv at Mtiikf.

Kir, I triiKt ymi will nt f>nrc jjivr the notirr tn
tPrminntp thm ruinoim joint oiciipiiiiry. h'l it lie

firompl and (Iccmivc. Knixliuid will hrsililr Inn;;
icroif MJir wiirN with m.h; nIic Ims little to irmn Imt
hiinl l>lowH. Dnrm^; the lute war, nhe fi:ained little
of advanlajje or t^lory. Wi- were ihrn seven mil-
lionH of people; we are now twenty niillionn. At
hfimr, she has sonieihiii'^ to look after. 'The un-
ffdressed wroiii:^ of the Irixh people ninrlle her
rnnseieiwe, ami her Ntarviii:,'' millions are illy eoii-
tenteil with their iniseniMe liondai^e. Sir, I l)C-
iievp the resolution heCcn-e the eoniiniitee, if adopt-
ed hy f» true Ameririm vote, will lie the greatest
of peace measures. It will assure the world of the
inienti<m to vindirate our rij^his; it will assure
Kn'4;huid that th<' nation is determined to have their
own, des()iie her monetary^ her naval, orniilitary
power. (Jenlleinen le^janl tlie passasifc of thi.i res-
olution n.<i equivalent to a declaration of war. I
do not sn refrard it. Rut should such lie the result
of our netion, why, let it eoine. l-'or one, I adopt
the lanc^unL'e and sentiment of old .lohn A«lama,
when speakiiiijof the Declaration of liideiipiuh'ncp,
" Sink or swim, live or die, survive or jieri.sh," I
go for the rcsfdiition.

1 will not detain the committee by npoaki..^ of

the value of Ore;;on; nfl whohnveheen there upeak
of it as the fit almde of a vast nation of freemen.
VVe want it now, to rerhiim it from ii« wild ntale,
and make it Idossom as the rose — to reanip a mi!;hty
repulilic, liased upon the riirhls fif man. Kni^land
wants it, n\\t\ keeps it as n hreedini: den for wild
heasts, in whose pursuit ever is thi rapacious
Hudson May Company. fJod ^jave it for the uses
of man — Kni^land uses it for i)ie lirer'dini^ of lieants.
Let there he nil end to this. When our litU; shall
\u'. maile iierfect, and our possession iisserted and
maintiiined, the moral, the (loliticil, and the com-
mercial aflairs of Asia will he revoluiioiiized. I
helieve that the man is now liviiifr who will sei

{'our Atlantic cities connected liy railroad with the
*acifie. ocean. That accomplislied, and the trade
of China, and India, and islands of the Pacific,
rush by tlii.s course to Kiiropi". Six oreiy;htdays,
hy railroad, will whirl you from sfunn maa;nificeiit
city, to he fouiKJed ami Itiiilt on the shores of the
Pacific, to Philadelphia or New York. We shall
he neiijhhors of the Chinese; and as it was from the
east the nations fif the world received their early
knowledire of the arts and sciences, so from the
west it shall l)C>;iven hack to them. Ay, sir; not
only their arts and sciences hi'^^hly imjirovcd, hut
we will take to them the blessings and the repub-
licanism of Christianity.

hrrn tfiorft iipenk
ition of frt'ciufin.
mi itfl wild Ntnte,
)rri>ni[)iurii!j;hty
frnnn. Kn:;laii(|
liim: i\rn for wild
is tli'i rn(mc.ioiis
ive it for llio unrn
rpr'dini; of licnstH.
ir;n our title sliall
sioii iissfrtMil and
•il, nnd tUf; rom-

r'VdlutiolliZf'd. I;

iiifj wiio will RCC
railroad with the
•d, (ind tho Irndc
9 of the Pacific,
Mx or t'ijjht days,
some nia'^iiific.cnt
thr shorcH of thn
Vork. We Hhall
IS it waH from the
rived their early
ces, so from tho
m. Ay. sir; not
ly iniiirovcd, but
H iiiiU the rc[iub-