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 Some Lapsed Names in Canadian 
 Local Nomenclature. 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. HENRY SCAUDING, D.U. 
 
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN* INSTITUTE. 
 
 53 
 
 ^ 
 
 Some Lapsed Names in Canadian Local Nomenclature. 
 Henry Scadding, D.D. 
 
 By Rev. 
 
 (Read November '28, 1896.) 
 
 It is a matter of some curiosity to notice the vicissitudes which have taken place. 
 in several instances, in the names of places, rivers, and other natural objects, during 
 our short history here in Canada. In some cases, names imposed by royal procla- 
 mation, or other competent authority, have failed to be used, or have been displaced 
 by terms and titles, resting solely on popular usage. It may be considered a matter 
 of some interest to recall some of these now disused, or, as we may say, lapsed 
 names, and to review very briefly their history. 
 
 The name of our own capital, Toronto, itself covers a lapsed name, so to speak. 
 
 When first laid out as a town, Toronto, as we all know, bore the name of York, 
 and was so known for a period of forty years. It was then, viz., in 1834, incor- 
 poiated as the City of Toronto, which, singularly enough, was a return to a name 
 which had lapsed, the locality having been for a considerable time previous to 179.^, 
 known by the appellation Toronto, of Indian origin. This, again, was a name, which 
 there is good evidence to show, had fallen into disuse elsewhere, and had been 
 adopted here. In tht time of La Salle, 1680, the lake which we know as Lake Simcoe 
 was known as Lake Toronto while the site of our city was marked as Ti-ai-a-gon on 
 the maps, a name which La Salle also employs. This word Ti-ai-a-gon, I am as- 
 sured, signifies a landing, and it here denoted the landing place for voyageurs, bound 
 for Lakes Toronto and Huron, via a trail or portage well known. 
 
 When the Wyandotte population, inhabiting between Lakes Toronto and Huron, 
 was extirpated by the Iroquois, the name Toronto came to be gradually attached 
 solely to its Ti-ai-a-gon. or landing place on Lake Ontario, where it survived. And 
 here, again, we have a glimpse of another lapsed name. 
 
 The trading post at the landing had been officially named "Fort Rouille," in 
 honor of the then Minister of Marine of that name in Paris, but the popular use 
 having become familiar with the word Toronto as applied to the landing, failed to 
 adopt the expression. Fort Rouille, and employed only that of " Fort Toronto " 
 instead. Hence the survival .of the beautiful word Toronto, hereabouts, to this day. 
 
 It may here be conveniently added that the neighboring Humber River is given 
 in the first Gazetteer of Upper Canada, dated about one hundred years back, as " St. 
 John's River," from a French settler named St. Jean, who had a wayside inn, or 
 place of entertainment, at its mouth. " Humber " displaced a long and rather 
 
 * ' ^ > .•'.''!• •'••••, 
 
 , » •• • • 
 
34 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 f. 
 
 > 
 
 \ 
 
 uncouth Indian name, which appears on the maps ; at the same time " Don " replaced 
 an equally unmanageable Indian name, describing the river at the eastern end of our 
 harbour. The interpretation of these two lapsed Indian names I am not able at pres- 
 ent to give, but doubtless they were both significant. At the same time that the 
 names " Humber " and " Don " were imposed upon these two streams, the name 
 " Nen " was, by authority, given to the next river to the eastward, previously known 
 as the Rouge or Red River. " Nen." however, became a lapsed name, and the 
 Rouge retained, and still retains, its original appellation. " Nen," like " H'jmber " 
 and " Don," was the name of a river in Yorkshire. It was the evident aim of the 
 authorities to Anglicise the river names, and the notable river, still known as the 
 Grand River, entering Lake Erie from the north, was enjoined to be known only as 
 the " Ouse," another Yorkshire river name ; but again popular usage prevailed, and 
 " Ouse " became another instance of a lapsed naino. " Grand River," of course, had 
 nothing distinctive in it, and every river of a considerable size was, amongst the 
 French, a " Grande Riviere." The Mississippi was so par excellence among the 
 Indians, such being, in an emphasized way. the signification of that word. 
 
 A widely-received French appellation for our Canadian Thames was La Tranche, 
 until forcibly over-ridden by royal proclamation. 
 
 More than one lapsed usage in regard to the River Niagara may be in place here. 
 Wherever the name occurs in early English verse, the metre obliges us to make the 
 penultimate syllable long in quantity, showing that such was the prevailing pro- 
 nunciation at the outset. Further, it appears from the early records, that an O has 
 been dropped off from the beginning of this word, as has happened likewise in the 
 case of other Indian appellatives : thus we have Miami and Omiami, Swegatchie 
 and Oswegatchie. Chouegon and Ochouegoii (the modern Oswego), Mimico and 
 Omimico, Chippeway and Ochipway, Tessalon and Otessalon, and some others. 
 So Niagara was once Oniagara, a form of the word now entirely lapsed. There is 
 reason to think that a like clipping oflf of an O has taken place in " Toronto," together 
 with the suppression of a final N. Sagard. in his Huron, or rather Wyandotte 
 vocabulary, gives both " Toronton " and " Otoronton." The expression signifies a 
 large quantity, whether of human beings or of provision for their sustenance, both 
 O and N probably representing a nasal sound very familiar to us in former days, in 
 Indian viva-voce utterances. Another substitution in modern times of a short A for 
 a long one in an Indian name, seems to be shown in Moore's " Uttawa's Tide " 
 (read Uttah-wa's tide ) meaning the River Ottawa, the first syllable of which name 
 he evidently caught as U and not O. 
 
 We are slowly becoming accustomed to the style and title of " Niagara-on-the- 
 Lake," used in modern times for the purpose of distinguishing the old town of 
 Niagara from what is now designated as Niagara South, meaning thereby Drum- 
 mondville, which is expected hereafter to become a lapsed term, although, of course, 
 it will take a long time to bring that about. Old Niagara might have fallen back 
 upon a lapsed name of its own. viz.: Newark, the name borne by its site when the first 
 Parliament of Upper Canada was held there. The place we now call Queenston was 
 known aforetime as the " Carrying Place." the place of debarkation for the " Grande 
 Portage " round the Falls of Niagara, in the voyageurs' route between Lakes Ontario 
 and Erie. Another lapsed name for Queenston, in the same regard, was the 
 " Lower Landing." 
 
 Burlington Bay. at the head of Lake Ontario, received that name by proclama- 
 tion on T"ly i6th, 1700. Previous to this date it had strangely borne the name of 
 Geneva Lake ; so we are informed by the first Gazetteer of Upper Canada. The lapsed 
 name, we may suppose, arose from the picturesque beauty of the sheet of water 
 indicated. 
 
 On the north shore of Lake Ontario, close to Burlineton Bay. a name ha«! 
 lapsed into disuse within the past few years. T refer to Wellington Square, now 
 ''nown as Burlington. The word " Snuare." I believe, referred originally to a square 
 
 • • • 
 
 ••• 
 
 • •••'•• •• 
 
 
 
 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 35 
 
 tract of land granted to the Indian chie', Joseph Brant, at this spot. Wellington, of 
 course, referred to the Iron Duke, but we already had a memorial of him in the 
 name of the County of Wellington, in Western Ontario. A general name for Burling- 
 ton Heights, and the whole range of higl land on the west side of Lake Ontario, ap- 
 pears to have been " Dorchester Mount," when D. W. Smith's Gazetteer wa> con- 
 structed, but that expression has now long since ceased to be heard. A familiar name 
 for the swamp now traversed by the Des Jardins Canal, leading from Burlington Bay 
 to Dundas, was " Coote's Paradise," an expression now fallen into disuse. Coote 
 was an ofHcer in the regular army, an enthusiastic sportsman, who found in the 
 wild fowl and other game frequenting this marsh a never-failing means of indulging 
 his favorite pursuits. 
 
 Two grand thoroughfares were marked oflf and partially cleared out. at the vety 
 outset, through the I'rovince of Upper Canada, one named Dundas street, and the 
 other Yonge street. The latter continues as a well-defined highway, leading from 
 Toronto to the Holland Landing, and thence virtually across the country, via Shanty 
 Bay and Penetanguishene, to Lake Huron and the far West. 
 
 I fear the railway authorities are doing something to render Penetanguishene a 
 lapsed name, or at all events, partially so. They are encouraging the practice of 
 writing and printing " Penetang," instead of Penetanguishene." The name, thus ' 
 mutilated, oan have no complete sense, the whole word being descriptive of a land- 
 mark at the entrance to the Bay. consisting of a bank wher? the sands run down. • 
 
 Dundas street as a grand thoroughfare has, unhappily, not retained its name 
 throughout. For a long time the whole route, from Chatham to Dundas. and thence 
 to Toronto, was pretty generally known as Dundas street. The popular name for a 
 portion of it. among settlers in the west was, for a while, and, perhaps may continue 
 still to be, the Governor's Road, and it will be remembered, possibly, by many of us. 
 that what is now called Queen street in Toronto, was, in its western portion at least. 
 styled Dundas street, although " Lot street " was its more customary designation, as 
 it passed on eastward to the River Don, from which point the leading thoroughfare 
 became better known as the Kingston Road : but in well-engraved early map? the line 
 of road eastward is to be seen marked as Dundas street, all the way to where it strikes 
 the Ottawa, a few miles from the entrance of that river into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The whole route from Chatham, in the west, to the Ottawa, in the east, was 
 designated a street, with allusion to the great Roman roads (viae stratae>. remains of 
 which are traced everywhere in the Island of Great Britain and throughout the Con- 
 tinent of Europe — paved roads securing an easy transit for armies, arms and ammuni- 
 tion, and at later periods for merchandise. A noted instance of these is Watltng 
 street, reaching from Dover all the way to Chester, and passing through London. 
 where a fragment of this same Roman highway is still known as W'atling street. It is 
 to be regretted, perhaps, that our " Dundas street " has become a lapsed term in «/> 
 much of its route, but. happily. Yonge street still remains to us an interesting re- 
 minder of the past. On this street, six miles to the north of Toronto. " Hoge's 
 Hollow" has been changed to the more euphonious expression. "York Mills" Of 
 these mills, Mr. Hogg was the, original builder and proprietor. Along the great 
 thoroughfare, originally known as Dundas street, proceeding eastward from Toronto, 
 we meet every now and then with lapsed names. 
 
 Irt connection with Toronto itself, two may be mentioned, in addition to those 
 already given. The township in which the citv stands was. and h ttil? nrtmeA YoHr. 
 btit nreviouslv. stranire to say. it seems to hnve borne the nqme of Dnhli". Thtic. in 
 niir old. oft-nuoted Gazetteer, we have, at nace >;?. " Dnhlin. now rolled the Town- 
 ship of York : which see." No further exnlanation is given. It w^s eTt>ected. oer- 
 
 (i) Other lapsed names besides "Lake Toronto" are covered by Lake Simcoe's present name. Tbe 
 French stvled it for many years Lac aux Claies fHurdle LakeV from some arrane^mct for the capture of f>*Ii 
 at the Narrows, a name sometimes corruoted bv the F.nelish Into Lac le Clie. Two islands in this lake ha»e 
 likewise lo«t names once borne by them : Francis Island (so called by Governor Simcoe frcm t|j« name of bis 
 son), and Dairiinp's Island ^commemorative of a favorite aide-de-camp of the Governor's), are Dovr respccdvclT 
 known as Grape Island and Strawberry Island. 
 
36 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITLTE. 
 
 t-' 
 
 haps, to be attra-ztive to the Irish settler, but it quickly became a disused term. 
 Previous to the setting off of Upper Canada as a Province, the region about here had 
 been knovv'n as the District ot Nassau, and various localities to the eastward had 
 designations sounding very German-like given tliem, such as Charlottenburg, Lunen- 
 burg, Osnabruck, etc. Such names were simply compliments to the reigning Hano- 
 verian family, or might be expected to attract German settlers ; but if not actually 
 become lapsed terms, they have ceased to draw. TLe other lapsed name in connec- 
 tion with Toronto is "Gibraltar Point," meaning the western portion of the Island in 
 front of Toronto, and having a humorous allusion to the solitary Block House, 
 erected there for the defense of the harbour and protection of a commissary store- 
 house. ■' Gibraltar Point " has lapsed into disuse, although we still occasionally 
 hear Blockhouse Bay for one of the inlets at the " Point." 
 
 On the lake front of llie Townsnip of Whitby there was. for a time, the town of 
 Windsor, on Windsor Bay. where it appears, thus named, on the engraved maps of 
 Canada a few years since. Windsor is now a lapsed name, obliterated, possibly, by 
 the greater importance of the western Windsor on the Detroit River. Its site is 
 included within the limits of the modern town of Whitby. In passing, it may be 
 mentioned that the site now occupied by Port Hope is marked on some of the old 
 maps Ti-ai-a-gon, which, as we have already seen, simply meant "a landing," this 
 having been a di'--tinguished landing place for Indians and voyageurs en route to the 
 waters to the north, entitled by us Rice Lake. (2) 
 
 The name " Cobourg " is not, as might have been supposed, a survival of one 
 of those German-sounding names prevalent in Canada just after the taking of Quebec. 
 'Lfke Guelph, it appears to have been a modern compliment to the reigning Han- 
 overian family. It alluded, probably, to the husband of the lamented Princess Char- 
 lotte, Prince Leopold of Saxc-Cobonrg. The place, we are told, was for a short 
 time good-humoredly styled " Hard Scrabble," by settlers near the locality, but this 
 was simply a transient jest. 
 
 At Kingston we have to recall the now lapsed names of Cataraqui and Fort 
 Frontenac. An attempted Latinized form of " Kingston" — Regiopolis — was for a 
 time heard of in ecclesiastical quarters, but, mongrel as it was, between Latin and 
 Greek, it is now dropped. As to the name " Bay of Quintc" — the original word was 
 an Indian one — Kcntc or Kanti. French pronunciation produced the form Quintc, 
 conveying some notion of " five or fifth." While passing Gananoque on our way 
 east, it should be recalled that, strange as it may sound, the river which enters herq 
 and bore the name of Gananoque. was at a very early period styled the Thames. 
 This we learn from a proclamation by Lord Dorchester, better known as Guy 
 Cirleton, bearing date July 24th. 1788, wherein he speaks of a boundary line running 
 north and south, and intersecting the mouth of the River Gananoque, now called 
 " The Thames." This seems to have became a lapsed name at the time when thd 
 Province of Upper Canada was set off and separated from the old Province of Que- 
 bec, when the previous arrangement of the region into four distinct sub-divisions 
 was dropped, and the terms District of Lunenburg, District of Nassau, District of 
 Mecklenburg. District of Hesse ceased to be heard. The town of Cornwall, just be 
 low the Long Sault Rapid, was ^formerly known as New Johnstown, from the name 
 of a neighboring township. For the inhabitants of Cornwall the lapsed nanir. New 
 Johnstown, must, of course, possess some interest. 
 
 In regard to the Long Sault Rapids, Guy Carleton, in the proclamation just 
 pbove referred to. makes use of a good English word, now fallen somewhat into 
 disuse. He speaks of " rifts," meaning thereby interruptions in the navigation of the 
 
 (2) The river at Port Hope still bears tiie iiomely name of" Smith's Creek." The Indian name of the 
 stream, rightly treated, would have had a finer sound. Major Rogers, in his journey westward from Fort 
 Frontenac to Toronto, in 1760, passed two rivers bearing respectively the names of "The Grace of Man " and 
 " The Life of Man," according to the somewhat fanciful translation which he gives of their Indian appellations. 
 It is not easy to identify these streams, but Smith's Creek may have been one of them. " Lyons' Creek," a 
 little to the west of Smith s Creek, was once known by an Indian term signifying " the river of easy entrance." 
 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 37 
 
 fiver. He describes the mouth of the River Gananoque as being situated " above the 
 rilts of the bt. Lawrence. In early naps ol Canada and iNorUi .Vnitnca generally, 
 the term rifts is to be seen at the several points of a river, where now we should see 
 the word " portage ' used, nidicating thereby that tlie navigation at that point was 
 interrupted by cataracts or dangerous rapids. Apropos of rapids, it may be sub- 
 joined that a certain swift portion of the St. Lawrence, not far from Cornwall, used 
 to be designated by an English-speakrig lumberman, ' The Mill Rush," thereby 
 barbarizing the neat expression, " Les Mille Roches," used by the French when 
 speaking of the same spot in the river. The same lumberman has made Bobcaygeon 
 out of some such Indian term as Baba-kad-juan, descriptive of the lockage between 
 Pigeon and Sturgeon Lakes. 
 
 We now approach Montreal and Quebec. The Indian term for the former place 
 is stated to have been Hochelaga, and of the latter Stadacona. These two can 
 scarcely be termed lapsed names, as they still maintain a good standing in the prim- 
 itive and poetic accounts of Canada. The ecclesiastical title of Montreal, Ville 
 Marie, like that of Rpgiopolis for Kingston, is now seldom employed by the English- 
 speaking portions of the community. The name of a town, situated at the mouth of 
 the River Richelieu, on the St. Lawrence, a short distance from Montreal, must be 
 mentioned. This is Sorel, which is another instance of the prevalence of popular 
 usage over authoritative decrees. The name imposed on the spot by the English- 
 speaking authorities was William Henry, a compliment to a Prince of the Royal 
 Family, but the earlier French name of Sorel has survived, as being doubtless the 
 fittest. 
 
 I here bring to a close my list, after all, not by any means perfect, of lapsed 
 local names in Canada. To enter upon the changes that have taken place in street 
 names in our cities and towns would be an undertaking too large for the present 
 occasion. I cannot refrain from remarking, however, a usage which I observe to be 
 growing, in regard to the name of one great, conspicuous thoroughfare in Toronto. 
 A few years since it was universally known as Spa-uee-na Avenue. Dr. W. W. Bald- 
 win evolved out of some such Indian expression as Eo-pa-dee-nong, the quite ele- 
 g'ant and siiapely name of S-p-a-d-i-n-a (pronounced by himself and all his belong- 
 ings, Spa-dee-na). It denotes, I am assured, a rise of land, and has reference to the 
 slight ridge which bounds the site of Toronto on the north side. A considerable 
 portion of this ridge was owned by Dr. W. W. Baldwin, and here was situated his 
 family residence, Spadina House, exactly at the extreme northern terminus of the 
 great avenue, bearing to this day the line, modified Indian title just spoken of, the 
 polite pronunciation of which seems to be threatened, although it is to be con- 
 fessed that Regina, Carolina, etc., certainly favor the innovation. Below the shield of 
 arms on Dr. Baldwin's book-plate is to be seen " Baldwin, of Spadina, in the 
 County of York, Upper Canada." 
 
 One word in regard to the names of two outside cities, with which, in Canada, we 
 are sometimes brought into very near relations — Buffalo and Chicago. In some 
 respects it seems a pity that these names have not lapsed and been replaced by 
 others of a more becoming form, and nobler significance. Buffalo took its name, 
 no doubt, from the accidental circumstance that the stream, at the mouth of which its 
 first buildings began to arise, was named Buffalo Creek, in French, Riviere des 
 Boeufs, that is, the river of the Buffalos or Bisons. If the word Buffalo had to be 
 retained in the composition of the place-name, it should have been furnished with 
 some customary prefix or suffix, to denote the fact that it was a place-name. We 
 have, in classical geography, the city or town of Elephantine. The termination de- 
 notes that it was the city or town of the elephas or elephant. The founders of the 
 place would have had scruples as to calling it Elephas (Elephant) pure and simple. 
 So, another rather famous classical name — Bucephala — really meant the j city of 
 Bucephalus, that is, the city rendered famous as being the burial place of Alexander's 
 steed, Bucephalus. It would have doubtless been thought very anomalous to have 
 
38 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
 
 called the place Bucephalus, wholly unchanged. The name of the city of Buffalo 
 might have been a modification of the native Indian term for the bison or buffalo, 
 showing, by an affix or final syllable, that it was the name of a place, and not of an 
 animal. In regard to Chicago, the name, it is sad to say, intrinsically has a sig- 
 nificance somewhat ill-savored. It involves as its root element the Otchipway 
 Jikag, which denotes a polecat or skunk, as Baraga informs us in page 572 of his 
 OtchJpwe Dictionary, Cincinnati, 1853. If Chicago should ever become a lapsed 
 name, it is to be hoped that its place will be taken by one constructed on an entirely 
 different basis. We hear of this city sometimes as the Windy City. Let now good 
 Otchipwe be found for Windy City, and let that be transformed by a committee 
 of experts into a euphonious place-name for the great capital of Illinois. 
 
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