IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) >^ ^.. 1.0 I.I 1.25 '^ ■'- ill 2.2 ^ 1^ 1.4 2.0 1.6 Sciences Corporation ^^ ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V sjgnifle "FIN". arrata to pelure, n A □ 32X Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: 1 2 3 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fllmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* d partir da Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nicessaire. Los diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■/ -' > ' t,^ f /» rti I ,■■■ V ■'/■ WIW.„.!'i^M.*"l,-JliHI I !l M»|. ai.WXJBU ;iy A' Bel)emott) (|atem(otl)« THE MOMENOLATURE OF THE PROHIBITED ANIMALS OF LEVITICUS, AB DETERAONED BY THE MOST EMINENT AUTHORITIES, BOTH; JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN. FBOX " THE BAKATOBT IH HT X T U ' I TOKB OF THB HBBUEWS." BT ABRAHAM DE SOLA, linOSTEB OF THE STKAGOOUE, " K. ^ BHSABITS IBBASL," I.SOTUREB ON HSBBBW LAJI- eOAQX AND UTEBATimi! IN THE mOVEBSnT OF M'oni. COLLEGE, MONTBEAL, BTa, ETC. i«»»<»ct«xl,47.— •jann k*? "iuk n»nn rat n"?3mn vcrtn ra'» irnsn ra^ » BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH, r ex- er of inary itics. ilysis tain* the rlter, th a rhicit tsof lally pre- As connected yrith the reasons osmgned by Jewish Commentators and others for the Mosa.c claBH>fication and prohibition of the animals enumerated in the 1^ chapter of Lev.txcus, U has been found* that a criUcal analysis of their nam^^ absolutely necessary to the proper di«.us8ion of the subject. The foUowin/exam" na .on. undertakeuwUh this object, it is hoped, will, measurably, supply sucS a do j- deratum. It has been deemed neither possible nor desirable to advan^ in U Zl ^mg of a novel character. This examination, then, lays claim to the atten oTo; the reader on no other ground than that of enabling him to see at a glnn,^ what c^ only be found by an industrious, and it must be confessed somewhaUedTou ' re e^ has been made to Jewsh writers, since it has been thought that the intlgent and ferring ,n he first mstance to these most ancient expositors of the sacred volume^ ^edepos^tones of which they were elected by the divine behest The tradU^^ re Itfuu"^ commentators it has been supposed, would needs be acceptably Td respectfully received ; since it cannot reasonably be believed that in their expoS here, they have been actuated by any desire to build up or to promulgated <^^ ma of their faith It will also be perceived that Christian authoritieTuve ^ofS. overlooked and that some valuable and interesting remarks having" ten^tot; natm-e of the animals, have been interspersed with the opinions of *e most elen ttf these biblical critics as to their proper nomenclature. And now' the reader Is rZe^^ to recoUect that in the examination about to be made, the ren Jering of the Sh v^ SK.n will immediately follow the Hebrew name, while other authorities, f^ t We of brevity. w.U be expressed by the foUowing initial letters :-S. J. T. wUl m^ SpanishJewishlVanslato«;deK.deReyna;G.T.,German(Chriatia^ M.. Mendelsohn ; B.. Buxtorf ; F.. Furst ; Sept.. Septuagint ; Vulg.. Vulgate- Choi I,' Talmudic Ti^atise Cholin ; Per. El. Ter.. the treatisetmmencTng " E^^^^^^^^ D. L.. David Le^ ; P., Parkhurst; G.,Oesenius ; M. A., Moosaph Hearuch K ffim db ; E.. Rashi ; Ab. Er.. Aben E.ra ; Ab.. Abarbanel ; T. 0., Lgum OnkeS W Wesseley ; S., Serrano ^ 0. S.. Critica Sacra ; Linn., Linnoeu; ; O^Xv^ 6^' Carpenter; and so with other authorities «ferred to. Where no tIanslaL Se • Vide " Sanatory Institutions of the Hebrews." ch. iii, p. flo 4a i sLrZ^T^**''" »!J«/»^P« °«t without further result" S^ kat page. translatioZft£L7th/birdf "Te arenTwr'^^ Wessely before giving a their names, so I foUow the old mnvmLtlf '^'^"^ "1*^ cannot be assureJof on the matter Thus rdinJLT^^i***^"*' ^"^ °^ ^^°^ ^^re also in doubt cessarytotSislaKm.-' ^'^'^''''"*^'^*^ '"'* '^^'^^^^ but it was fte- BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. foreign names are given, they are identical with those giren by the Anglican Ver- non, BO aliio when they are omitted. Our ozamioation commences with the quadrupeds :— 1. hm (gamal) camel, v. 4. T. O. u^ni (gamala) " he chewoth the cud but di- Tideth not the hoof." S. J. T. and de R., cnraoUo ; O. T., kameel ; M., id. , B., camolus; D. L. and 0., camel ; F., camelus ; K. id. ; 0. 8. id. ; M. A. id. " The root denotes retribution or return. Ah a Noun, a camel, from the revengeful temper of that Mimal, which Bochart shows to be so remarkable, as even to become a proverb among those nations who are best acquainted with its nature. Among other passages from ancient writers, he cites from Basil : — ' But what marine animal can emulate the camel's resentment of injuries, and his steady and unrelenting uigerf — The reader will be well entertained by consulting the excellent and learned Bochart himself on this animal, v. ii, Ac."— P. " It is not the case with the camel that bis foot is covered with a shoe-like hoof, and so with the aha/an and amebet, and therefore the text cannot and does not add the words ' and is cloven tooted ;' but in the case of the swino who does possess such cloven foot, the words are used,"* Compare v. 7.— W. " The camel's foot is divided into two distmctly marked toes, although not positively cloven, which are fastened to, and rest upon, the elastic pad or cushion at the end of the foot. From this circumstance, it has been a nicely balanced question whether the camel, which chews the cud, can be reckoned among the species called cloven-footed. It seems to be a connecting link between those that are and those that are not." — Pict. Illus. Bib. A peculiarity of stomach is also noticed by Buffon. " Independent of the four stomachs which ara commonly found in ruminating animals, the camel is possessed of a fifth bag which aerves him as a reservoir to retain the water. The fifth stomach is peculiar to the camel, &c." " Water is constantly retained from the great masses of cells which cover the sides of their paunch, the other ruminants have nothing of the kind" — Cuv. Order vi. Bisulca (Pecora Linn.) Gen. xxix. — Stewart. It is without horns and of the order Ruminantia."— Stark, Ac. R., Ab. Ez. and Ab, — the same. Where such unanimity of opinion exists we cannot but see the correctness of the Anglican version. 2. )^v (shafan) coney, " he cheweth the cud bnt divideth not the hoof;" T. O., KT30 (tapza) ; 8. J. T. A de R., conejo, which also means rabbit. G. T. A M.; kaninchen; B., cuniculns, mus montanus; D. L. A O., coney; F., mus jaculns Linn.; Sept. choirogrullios. K, id. 0. S., id. "The dry, hot nature of the Shafao is well known." Ab. " It is accustomed to resort to concealment in locks, as it is said, ' the Shefanim are but a feeble folk, yet they make their houses in *R. Wessely, from whose Hebrew comment this is an extract, next coodemns the learned Rasbi for his translation of Parsah. We do not think that it is at all neces- sary to prolong such an inquiry, having alreadyf fairly given Wesscley's reasons for dissent. For our part we do not think the great Rashi's remarkable acuteness and research has at all failed him. He can in this matter be very easily defended, and were thif the place, even we would make an humble attempt so to ao. We respect Wessely as a classical Hebrew scholar and able grammarian, but we cannot help feeling that in common with but too many modern Jewish critics, especially with his countrymen — while they display much ingenuity — they are but too apt to for- get that if different premises i.re set up, in criticising some of the old Mtpharaahim very different conclusions will be arrived at. We repeat that the translation of Rashi, we think, every way correct and every way defensible by a mere tyro. But nothing is more probable than that an expression should be differently under- stood by different parties. f Vide " Sanatory Institutions of the Hebrews," p. 40. ^ BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. i- A the rock,' Aj?ain in P«. 104, 18. The word ' dividcth' ia in the HJphil fcrm, participle, when applied to the camel, in the future tense, to the coneyi and to tliu hare, in the preterite, which may be meant to teach this. Do not think that thone born without dividing the hoof will hereafter divide it, for the text coupler the 'not' with the future tense; or that it may have had a divided hoof which is now not diHtinguiHhiible, fur the text joins another ' not' with the patt tense.'* — W. " The meaning of the root Shafan is to cover in, conceal. As a noun Shafan means a kind of unclean animal so called from hiding itHcIf in holes or clefts of rocks. Ps. civ. 18, Prov. XK. 2fl. In the second edition of this work, I followed Bochart's interpretation of Sha/an by the Jerboa, t. «. the Mux Jaeului or jumping Mouse ; but I am now inclined to embrace Dr. Shaw's opinion, that it signifies the Daman Israel, or Israel's Lamb, * an animal, say he (Travels, p. 848), of Mount Libanus, though common in other parts of this country [namely Syria and Pales- tine]. It is a harmless creature, of the same size and quality as the rabbit, and with the like, incurvating posture, and disposition of the fore-teeth. But it is of a browner colour, with smaller eyes, and a head more pointed, like the raarmot'i. As its usual residence and refuge is in the holes and clefts < f the rocks, wo have so far a more presumptive proof that this creature may be the Shapan of the Scriptures, than the Jerboa, which latter he says, p. 177, he had never seen burrow among the rocks, but either in a stiff loamy earth, or else in the loose land of the Sahara, especially where it is supported by the spreading roots of spartum, spurge— laurel, or other the like plants. Mr. Bruce likewise opposes the Jerboa's (of which he has given a curious print and a particular description in his Travels, vol. v. p. 121), being the Shafan of the Scriptures, and thus sums up his observations on this subject, p. 127. ' It is the character of the Saphan given in the Scripture, that he is gregarious that he lives invhouses made in the rock, that he is distinguished for its feebleness, which he supplies with his wisdom. (See Prov. xxx. 24, 26, and Ps. civ. 18, in Heb). Nona of those characteristics agree with the Jerboa: and, therefore, though be chews the cud in common with some others, and was in great plenty in Judea so as to be known to Solomon, yet he cannot be the Saphan of the Scripture. And in A following section, Mr. Bruce contends that this is no other than what is called in Arabia and Syria, Israel's Sheep [the Daman Israel of Shaw] and in Amhara, Aihkoko, of which animal also he has given a print, p. 139, and a minute descrip- tion, and thus applies to him, p. 144, the characters just mentioned. ' He is above all other animals so much attached to the rock, that I never once saw him on the ground and from among large stones in the mouth of cares, where is his constant residence : he is gregarious, and lives in families. He is in Judea, Palestine and Arabia, and consequently must have been familiar to Solomon. — Prov. xxx. 24, 26, very obviously fix the Ashkoks to be the Saphan, for the weakness here mentioned fleeras to allude to his feet, and how inadequate these are to dig holes in the rock, where yet, however, he lodges. These are perfectly round : very pulpy or fleshy, eo liable to be excoriated or hurt, and of a soft fleshy substance. Notwithstanding which they build houses in the very hardest rocks, more inaccessible than those of the rabbit, and in which they abide in greater safety, not by exertion of strengthi for they have it not, (for they are truly as Solomon soys a feeble folk, ) but by their own sagacity and judgment, and therefore are jusly described as wise. Lastly, what leaves the thing without doubt is, that some of the Arabs particularly Damir «ay, that the Saphan has no tail : that it is less than a cat and lives in houses, that i$, not bouses with men, as there are few of these in the country where the Saphan BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. it: but that he build* houiio», ^r nc«t« of atruw, m Solomon Itiia itaiJ of him, in con- Iradistinction U) Iho rubbit, and rat, and tlioHO other animoU that burrow in tho ground wlio cnnnot be Haiti to build houai'n, m ii exprcBiily Huid of him.' TIiuh Mr. Bruce ; and for farther n»tiHfttclion I refer tho reader to his account of the Jerboa, aod Anhkoko, I add that Jerome, in Uh epiiitle to Sunia and I'retcla, cited by Boch- art, BuyH that Shefunini ore a kind of ' animal not hmgcr than a hudgohotf, roscnib- ling a mouse and a bear.' (Tho latter, I auppoHC, in the clum»inen» of itn fuet). Whence in I'aleutine it in called arktomui q. d. the bear-moui^ ; and that tlier* ia great obundanco of this genus in tlione countricH, aiul that they arn always wout to dwell in the ' caverns of the rocks, and caves of the earth.' This doseriptiou wall agrees with Mr. Bruce's account of the A»hkoko. And as this unimal bears a very couciderable reBemblonce to ihe rabbit, with which Spain anciently abounded, it is not improbable, but the Phenicians might, from Saphan, cull that country Saphania. Uence are derived its Greek, Lotin and more modern names : and oo- eordingly, on the reverse of a medal of the Emperor Adrian, (givon by Scheuchier- tab. ccxxxv.) Spain is represented as a woman hitting on tho ground with a rabbit squatting on her robe."— I'. " I hat tho shafun cannot be identified with the coney or rabbit is very plain. The rabbit L» not an Asiatic animal, end it is very far from being solicitious of a rocky habitation, which is the distinguishing characteristic of tho aha/an mentioned in Frov. xxx. 26. Some, therefore, suppose the Jerboa to be intended. * • The general accuracy of Bruce's account has been attested by more recent observations. It is so much an anima )f the rock that Bruce says ho never saw one on the ground or from among the large stones at tho mouths of tho caves, &e., in which it resides. * » They certainly chew the cud as tho Shafan is said to do in Lev. xi. 5." " They are wise in their choice of habitations peculiarly suit- ed to their condition, and they might bo particularly mentioned in this view from the fact that animals of the class to which they belong, are usually uihabitants of the plains. Tho flesh of the Shaphan was forbidden to the Hebrews : and in like monner the Mahometans and Christians of the East equally abstain from the flesh of the J)ainan." Pic. Illus. Bib. " There is a curious genus of small animals inhabiting the rocky districts of Africa and Syria which is intermediate in its character between the Tapir and Rhinoceros, but presents several points of resemblance to the Rodentia. Thb is the Daman of Hyrax, an active fur covered little animal ; sometimes called the Rock-Rabbit, and probably the Coney referred to in the Book of Proverbs. Its skeleton closely resembles that of a Rhinoceros in miniature, audits molar teeth are formed in the same manner : the feet have four toes, which are tipped with hoof- like nails, whilst the hind feet have three •, of which the innermost is furnished with a long claw-like nail. The best brown species are the Cape Hyrax, which inhabits Southern Africa : annthe Syrian Hyrax of Syria, Arabia, and Abyssinia. Both these are active, hairy animals, somewhat larger than Rabbits, living in families, and taking up their abode in caves or crevices in tho sides of rocks ; they live spon the young shoots of shrubs and upon herbs and grass, and they are playful in their habits, and docile and familiar in captivity." According to the same authority the Jerboa is an intermediate link between the Squirrels and Rats, it is distinguished by the enormous developement of its hind legs and tail, resembling the kangaroo. It is a native of Syria, Ac, known to the ancients under the name of Dipus. Stevrart ranks the Jerboa among the Digitata, and says it burrows in the ground. We have, however, made this investigation much longer than proper for the limits we should set down. The result of an extended inquiry, has led us to adopt tho opinion that the shafan sa ^' BIHEMOTH HATEMBOTH. ^' identical with tlio JMman <>r Ilyrax, nnd glthougti thit ia now clawed by the mott rewpci^tublo naturnlintn, among tlio order Pachydertnata which a* an order of tho MHintnalia do not ruminatu, yot it in to bo runiemborod that tho luune authoritioi •how« us that the ordinary J'aehydfrmata (under wliich tho Dainan ih claH«cd) "approximate tho RumirmntM in vorious part* of the Bkcloton, and oven in tho com- plication of the Htomiich" and " the Htoiunch of the Dtu» lo tho two coBca of birds," Sea Cuvier, Jirtftie Animal. 8. nanw (umcbot) hare, v. 6, " he chowoth tho cud, but divideth not tho hoot" T. 0. Ka:iH (arnobu). S. J. T., nnd do R., licbro ; 0. T. and M., haaso ; F., lopua ; Sept. dasipous; all karf. "From mK (arah) to crop, and a>J (nib) the proditet of the ffrounJ—ihe hATa—lUai\o animal« being very remarkable for destroying tl»« fruit* of tho earth. Bmihart who giyea this interpretation of tho word, exct'llontly defends it by showing from history that hare« have at different times desolated the islands Loroa, AstypaUija and Carpathua. Bee his works, vol. ii. 68 and 9C6."-- P. " Tho hares," says Cuvier, "have a very distinctive character in their superior incisorH being double ; that ia to nay, there ia another of small siio behind each of them."— This i>< identical with tho oldTalmudic definition to which wo have already referred, on p. 40- Although placed among tho Jiodentia by modern naturalists, it is to beobiHirved that the partial division in its stomach (see Carpontcr's ZK nn Raya, Aya, Dtiya, are all the same species of bird, but having various apiwilations from their different properties ; so that there is no difference between the two passages, one only having an additional name, although of the same .spcnies. The difference between the words daah and ronA is nothing, for the Hebrew language aximits this change of letter. (See note on question, 132.) The learned Aben Ezra says, that raah is the denomination of the genus which includes the different birds mentioned, whereby the objection is also answered, for the raalt mentioned in Deuteronomy, is not a distinct species, but the name of the genus. This author avails himself of what is said of the patriarch Abraham, when, by the command of God, he took ' a young heifer, a goat, a ram, a turtle dove, and i)igeon.' The scripture relates that he divided all in two, except the bird called m3v (which is applied to birds generally) and in that place, it is used instead of Tin (a turtle dove,) which was mentioned before. R. Levi Ben Gershon holdi that daah and raah is the same bird which from being sharp sighted and flymgquickly, 8 BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. 1. tvi (Desher) eagle, v. 13. T. 0., m«n (nishra) a J. T. and de R., aguila ; Q. T. and M., adler ; B. and F., aguila ; D. L. and O., eagle. "The root means to lace- rate, tear in pieces. The eagle species is emmcnt for rapacity and tearing theii prey in pieces, for which purpose they are furnished with beaks or talons rdmarkably rtrong."— P. " The assertion of onr sages that the eagle has no additional claw, hus been attacked, bnt I, myself, have examined one, found in my natire place, and found that it had no such additional cJaw."— W. lire eagle is classed by Cuvier amony the Aeeipitrea oi* birds of prey, which are, he says, like the Carnivora among quadrupeds. " They are preeminent for their strength," adds Carpenter, " and attack not only birds for their prey, but the smaller quadrupeds also, such as the hare, •heep, fawns, roebucks, &c." i. xntt (peres) ossifrage, T. O., -ij; (ngar) S. J. T. and de R., azor ; G, T., habicht (hawk or goss hawk, also of the order Aecipi(res) M., beinbrecher, and small black eagle ; B. and F., ossifraga. " Peres is a large bird found rather in deserts than in- habited places, and R. Yonah, saith that it is identical with the Arabic Akab."—K. The root means to 'weak, hence the remark of the C?ritica Sacra "with strength of beak or talons she breaketh her prey ; nomen eat avis magna quw deserta incolit, inquit R. David, ah ungiilit Jtaaia dictce. Alii aecipitrcm, vel aqmtx genut putanl. Alii Grypkum malunt. Jtn Septtuiginta Chald. ^ Vulgat. vertunt." " As a noun a species of eagle called by the Romans ossifrc^ or hone hreaher, because be not only devours the flesh, but even breaks and swallows the bones of his prey. Comp. Mic. iii. 3; and see Bocbart, toI iii. 186, Ac."— P. "According to most of the translators, it means a kind of eagle."— W. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 8. mw (ngosniyah)o9pray, T. O., h'w (ngasya) S. J. T., esmerejon (martm, also the yellow-legged falcon, Faleo Elesalon Linn. Order Accijritres) G. T., fischaar, fischadler (sea eagle) M schwarzen adler (black eagle) B. Hauoeetos, (species aquilos). F.. aquilee species, a Tisus perspicacitate (Job 80;29). Crit. Sac., hali- CBtus, « 1 .arine eagle, so called from its sharp vision, quia adversus solis radios in- tueri potest, Plin. 1. 30. c. 3, " called the black eagle, according to Bochart, from its great' strength in proportion to its size. ♦ • The Targum renders it ngasya [strong one] and so preserves the idea. • • Bate, Crit. Heb. explains it by the whining kite, from rrj neyah its noise and ty nges impudent, strong and bold disposition; and in his note on Lev. xi. 18, he days they have on the South Downs in Sussex, a whining kite which may be heard when very high in the air. • * Whatever bird was intended, I think it was so named from nges its strength, uadniyah its moaning."— P. " Pandion haliteetus. Some think the black eagle is here intended, but the probaWlities are at least equally in favor of our version." — Pict. Illus. Bib. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 4. HKT (daah) vulture, v. 14, T. O, Kjrt (dita) S. J. T. milano (glead kite) falco mil Weissen habicht (white hawk) B. milvns. " Vulture, changed in Deuteronomy intonm probably through an error of the copy- ists " F. " Primary meaning, flight, the bird is so called fromjthe extreme rapidity of its flight"— K. "The kite is called in Hebrew, Lev. 11, 14, Daah of flying, Deut. 14, 13, Rmh. >( seeing, for the kite flieth with violence, and espieth her prey from farre."— Crit. Sac. " A kite or glead, so Vulg. miivus, which is remarkablp had both names given it in Hebrew, signifying those two properties, raah being derived from the verb raah ' to see,' and daah from the verb daaJi 'to fly,' and Deutero- nomy, to avn-d error, and for greater perspecuity ennumerates both, without, hov.ev r, adding another species, and he understands dayah and ayah to be the same, being co; .monly called by both names : so the verses thereby agree." J II BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. .'^ fcr flying, or, as it were, sailing in the air with expanded wings. Thus our English glead is from the v. to glide, &c,"— P. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 5. n«K (ayah) kite ; v. 14., T. 0., KD'aio (tarapheta) S. J. T., bueytre, G. T., meihe M., schwarzen habicht (black hawk) B. carnix (crow, rook.) " An unclean pre- daceous bird of the vulture species, probably so called from its cry," — F. Crit. Sac, comix. " A species of unclean bird, remarkable for its sharp sight. See Job xxviii. Lev. xi, 14, Deut. xiv, 13. In the first passage, the English translation renders it a vulture, in the twp latter, a kite, I should rather think it means a vulture and that this bird was so called either from its ravenousness, or, from the cry it makes,"— P. " In Deuteronomy, the text has ' the raah, and the ayah and the dayah after its kind.' Our sages affirm (in Cholin, folio 63.) that the raah and daah are identical, as are the ayah and dayah ; and according to R. Abuah (loc. cit) the daah, raah, ayah and dayah, are merely different names for the ore bird, * which is called raah, which in Hebrew means to see, because of its quick sightedness ; daah from its rapid movement, the expression moving, ' as the eagle,' being proverbial and the ayah may also be thus called, [for the word ayeh means where in Hebrew] and the exclamation ayeh is the one most likely to rise to the lips when this bird is in flight, since it is so soon lost in view. These qualities are more particularly found in that bird which in Gevman is called habicht (hawk)"— W. "It is so called because it is accustomed to frequent known places (eyim)"— Ab. Ez.; Milvus, Order, Accipitres, Cuv. 6. amy (ngoreb) raven, v. 15, T. 0. , Kl-ny (ngoorba) S. J. T. , euervo ; G. T. and M., raben ; B. and F. corvus. The root means to mi hence the following remarks of Bochart and Aben Ezra. " The color of a crow or raven is not a dead, but a glossy shining black like silk, and so is properly a mixture of darkness and splendour." " It is of the same signification as ngereb, i.e., evening, implying mixture," " Order PasserinoB " It scents carrion at the distance of a league, and also feeds upon fruit and small animals, even carrying off poultry," Cuv. 7. njy^n nn (bat hayanganah) owl, v. 16, T. 0., nrvnin nn (bat nanga- meta,) S. J. T., hyja del autillo ; Ser. and Cass, de R., abestruz (Strix Aluco, Linn.) G. T., Strauss (ostrich) B., ulula. " It residen chiefly in desert places, and has a lugubrious cry" — K. " Ostrich, so called from their loud crying to each other. ' In the lonesomest part of the night,' says Dr. Shaw, ' they frequently made a very doleful and- hideous noise which would sometimes be like the roaring of a lion ; at otlier times it would bear a near resemblance to the hoarse voices of other quad- rupeds, particularly of the bull and ox. I have often heard them groan as if in the greatest agonies,' &c. &c. &c. See the continuation of Parkhurst's interesting remarks on Lam. iv. 3, etc. Rad. njy " Aben Ezra on Exodus xxiii, 19, writes, that the flesh of the yanganah is dry as wood, that men eat it not, because of its lack of moisture, but the young female's is eatable as possessing some. The additional word bat, our sages say, refers to the egg of the yanganah." " Some Bay that the bat [meaning daughter or young female] hayanganah present a species in which there is no male found ; — that the word in the plural has a mas- culine termination, is nothing, since we find it frequently applied to femenine nouns, e. g. yangalim, rechalim," — Ab. Ez. There is certainly a female Ostrich, wherefore Ab. Ez. cannot refer to them. Cuvier classes the owls among the Accipitres and the ostriches among the Qralloe or stilt birds, which " feed upon fish, reptiles, worms and insects." * See note, p. 7. 20 BEHEMOTH UATUMEOTH. 8. Dann (tachmass) night Lawk ; T. 0., tont (teitea) S. J. T,, mochuelo (hom-o^rl) etrix otus, Linn. G. T., ntchtcule; M . , schwalbe ; " So called because he violently pursues other birds seizing them for his prey, thus the Targum Yerushalmi trans- lates it chatoofita" — K. Tl\e root means violence, rapine. 1' The lxx. render it glauka and Vulg. nociuam. I think, therefore, it was some kind of owl, and consider- ing the radical import of its Hebrew name, it might not improbably be that which Hasselquist, Travels, p. 196, (Ie^cribes as " of the 8\ze of the common owl, and being very ravenous in Syria, and in the evenings, If the windows are left open flying into bouses and killing infants, unless they are carefully watched, wherefore the women are much afraid of it." — P. " Some say it is the male of the bat hayanganah." — M. " Schwalbe, it is of the predaceous kind; some consider it to be the faclon, and this name well becomes it, from its comparative fierceness among birds." — W. "From the root chamas violence." — Ab. Ez. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 9. tinu' (shachaf)cuckow; T. 0., KSnu- -nQv (tsippor shachafa) S. J. T., cerceta (or gar- ceta, like Cass, do R. and Ser. widgeon, a kind of small wild duck Anas querqmdvla Linn). O. T., kukuk ; B., larus (sea m^w). " Larus ; according to Kimchi, a bird laboring under phthisis." So Furst translates shachafat. " (Esalon Jun. accipitria species, circulus, rather the cuckow. Pagnine rendereth it Phthitica." — Grit. Sac. " The sea gull or mew, thus called on account of its leanness, slenderness or small quantity of flesh, in proportion to its apparent size, lxx caron, Vulg. carus. " It is of the same signification as shachafat and implies atrophy, consumption ; the bird is an exceedingly thin one." — Ab. Ez. Cuvier places the cuckoos among the Scan- Bores (climbers). "The cuckoos have a lax stomach, coeca like those of the owls and no gall bladder." 10. V3 (nets) hawk ; T. 0., xvj (natsa) S. J. T., gavilan (sparrow hawk, Faleo Nisus Linn.) G. T. ai^d M., sperber (sparrow hawk). B., accipiter. " From the root Vifj (nitsats) to fly m called, according to Aben Ezra, the Baalhaturim andShelomoh Yitschaki, from its being so constantly on the wing . " — F. " It is a bird with which men hunt, and it will return to the hand of its master." — K, Crit. Sac. Accipiter ; " It occurs in Cholin Per. El. Ter. where it is translated like Rashi by the French word autour (gashawk)." — M. H. " The hawk, from his rapid flight, or shooting away in flying ; occ. Lev. xi. 16, Deut. xiv. 15, Job. xxxix. 26, which last passage seems to refer to the migration of the hawk towards the flouth, for most of the genus of hawks are birds of passa'je." — P. " When its plumage is ample, it is constantly on the wing, and flies southward for heat." — Ab. Ez. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 11. D13 (kos) little owl ; T. O. Nnp (karya) S. J. T. halcon, (falcon hawk. Falco Linn.) 0. T. kauzlein ; M. huhu ; B. bubo ; F. pelican ; a bird having a cup-like appendage to the craw." " R. Selomoh explains it by the foreign word, falcon, which resides with men, and is employed by them in hunting." — K, " Targ. and in Mas. Nidah it is translated karia and kephupa, and Rashi explains it as a bird which cries during the night, and having something human about the appearance o£ its face. Compare Ps. cii. 6." — W. Perhaps the Kos is identical with the Lilith (Isa. xxxiv. 14) which is no doubt the bubo maximus or eagle owl. In the travels of Captains Irby and Mangles, the following observation occurs in their ac- count of Petra. " The screaming of eagles, hawks, and owls which were soaring above our heads in considerable numbers, seemingly annoyed at any one approach- ing their lonely habitation, added much to the singularity of the scent." Order Ac- cipitres, Cuv. 12. ']bv (shelach) cormorant; T. 0. Njib'ba^ (shaliluna) S.J. T. and de R. gavista, gavia, (sea-gull, gull, larus Linn.) G. T- schwan ; M. fischreiher (heron) B. morgua BEHEMOTH HJlTEMEOTH. 11 Vcoording to Ihe Gomara, a bird that draws up fish from the \rater [Choi. fol. ifi, 1,] Lxx, katas-raktes ; Vulg., mergulus," — F. '' Cormorant is so named in Hebrew shalach, of casting itself down into the water" — Ainsw. ap. Crit. Sac. " Root ans to cast ; as a N. a kind of sea fowl, the cataract or plungeon. Its Heb. and eek names are taken from a very remarkable quality, which is, that when it sees in the water, the fish on which it preys, it flies to a considerable height, then collects its wings close to its sides, and darts down like an arrow, on its prey. See Bochart vol. iii, p. 2*78, and Johnston Nat. Hist, de Avibus p. 94, who adds that by thus darting down it plunges a cubit depth into the water whence evidently, its English name plungeon," — P. " Under the comKion appelation shalach the shag and some other species of Phalacroearax or cormorant were included." Pict lUust. Bib. where 866 a most interesting account of them. " As conveyed by the Targumist, a bird drawing fish from the water" — R. " Some say a bird that is accustomed to cast its young" — Ab. Ez. " Order Palmipedes (having webbed toes) their voracity is proverbial," Cuv. 13. t\wy (yanshoof) great owl ; T. O,, NSiS'p (kifufa) S. J. T., lechuza (stirix passenina Linn.) G. T., huhu ; M, nachteule ; B., noctua ; "According to Kimchi, a bird that flies or cries at night orJy (nachteule) so also the Targu- mist ; according to Aben Ezra a bird only flying at evening because it cannot bear the light of the sun" — F. " An owl or bat, because it flieth at twilight." — Crit. Sac. Parkhurst, however, says that this interpretation, so generally accepted among Jews and Christians, is very forced, and endeavours to show at length that the Ibis is meant ; but we think his position quite untenable, and this for the reasons he him- self states. " Rashi says that the koa (little owl) and the yanshoof are called in French, ehouette (screech — owl) and there is another species like it which is called hibou, (owl). Rashi does not mean to say here that the Kos and Yanshoof are one and the same species, but they are placed together in one verse because they are alike in respect to crying out at night." — W, Order Accipitres, Cuv. 14. noiran (tinshemet)swan ; v. 18, T. 0-, Kma (bavta) S. J.T., calamon(purple water hen) G. T., and M., fledermaus (bat) B., mouedula. "Yitschaki understands it vespertilionis, like the mouse that flies at nights (bats), and AbenEzra adds it is so called from the exclamation DU' (shorn) there ! made on beholding it, and thus does the Targumist render it bavta (and not cavta as in many readings). Nevertheless it appears to be a kind of marine bird, and so the Seventy render it ibis, porphurioa sea fowl or swan, it is also the name of a four footed reptile, «fec." — F. " Perhaps a species of owl so called from its breathing in a strong and audible manner, as if snoring. But as in both these passages, particularly in the former, it is mentioned among the water fowls, and as the lxx in the latter, appear to have rendered it by the Ibis (a species of bird not unlike the heron) and the Vulg., in the former by jygnura the swan ; it should rather seem to denote some water fowl, and that (ac- cording to its derivatior) remarkable for its manner of breathing. And therefore I tLink the conjecture of the learned Michaelis (whom see, Recueil de Questions p. 221) that it may mean the goose which every one knows is remarkable for its maimer of breathing out, or hissing when provok<»d, deserves consideration." — P. [ac&wding to our opinion, bnt very little] "It is the French ehauve souris, and like the mouse that flies at night ; and the tinshetnet which is mentioned among reptiles la similar, and has no eyes, it is called talpa" — R. "Swan, order Palmipedes, Ibis order Oralloe. The sacred Ibis, was adored by the Egyptians because it devoured serpent.", &c."^ — Cuv. 15. nvp (kaat) pelican ; T. 0., xriHp (kata) S. J. T., cemicolo, Cass de R., clone H BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. (Faico Tinunculus Linn.) G. T., rohrdommel (bittern) M., pelican ; B., platea, peli- canus. " A bird of the waters or desert which regurgitates what it sv/allows in its hunger (pelican). " R. Judah saith in the Talmud that the kaat is identical with the keek, and in the Jerusalem Talmud R. Ishmael teaches the same. In the Mishna there occurs the expression ' and not with the oil of keek.' (See Section Bam6 Madlikin). And in the Gemara the question is put as to what is meant by the oil of keek ? which Shemuel answers by saying it is a water bird of that name."~K. " Platea avis, pelecanus, a vomitu. Conchas enim calore ventris coctas, rursus evomit, ut testis rejectis esculenta seligat ut scribit Plin. Lib. 10, cap. 40, et Aristol. lib. 9, cap. 10, de Histor. Animal, &c."— Crit. Sac. " Root ka to vomit ;— the pelican ; the principal footl of the pelican or onocrotabus is shell fish, which it is said to swallow, shells and all, and afterwards, when by the heat of its stomach, the shells begin to open, to vomit them up again and pick out the fish. See the continuation of Parkhurst's lengthy and interesting remarks under the cited root. This just quoted remark is verified, and we might say the very ex- pressions found, perhaps unknown to him, in the Talmud Treat. Choi. p. 73, refer- red to by Aben Ezra and Wessely, in their comments. Order Palmipedes, Cuv. 16. om (racham) gier eagle ; T. C, np'-^'p'^ (rakrayka) S. J. T., pelicano (Pole- canus onocrotalus Linn.) M., specht; B., merops (bee catcher). " A bird of the vulture kind, so called from its love to its young, [its root means to have compas- sion, like ehaHdah, a stork from chesed mercy] vul*.ur perenopterus Linn. The word used by the Targum has reference to its green color."— F. The remarks of Kimchi are embraced in the foregoing quotation from Furst. " Bochart, vol. iii. has taken great pains to prove that it means a kind of vulture which the Arabs call by the same names. So Dr. Shaw's Travels, p. 449, takes it for the Perenopteros or Oripelargos called by the Turks ^ch Bobha, which signifies white father, a name given it, partly out of the reverence they have for it, partly from the color of its plumage : though in the other (latter) respect it differs little from the stork, being black in several places. It is as big as a large capon, and exactly like the figure which Gesner, lib. iii. De. Avib. hath given us of it. These birds, like the ravens about London, feed upon the carrion and nastiness that is thrown without the city of Cairo, in Egypt. In Lev. racham is placed between kaat the pelican and chasidah the stork, and in Deut. rachama between kaat the pelican and shelach the cataract, which positions would incline one to think it meant some kind of water fowl. But, however this be, this bird seems to be denominated from its remarkable tender affection to its young. Com. Ps. ciii. 13, Isa. Ixiii. 15, 1 King's iii., 26." — P. Order Accipitres, Cuv. 17. nTDn (chasidah) stork v. 19 ; T. O. , Knmn (chavarita) S. J. T. , ciguena (Ardea ciconia Linn.) G. T., andM., storch; B., ciconia. " A bird exhibiting special com- passion towards its young, Icheaed means mercy or compassion] ciconia." — F. "We learn from Scripture that it is a periodical bird, or bird of passage, (Jer. -iii. 7) that it has large wings (Zech. v. 9) and that it rests in berushim fi" or cedar trees (Ps. civ. 17). All these circumstances agree to the stork which appears to have had the name chasidah from its remarkable affection to its young, and from its kind- ness or r\ety in tending and feeding its parents when grown old [the same deriva- tion is given, in nearly the same words, by Rashi. See his comment.] I am awaro that by some, this latter fact is treated as a fable, but I must confess when I find it asserted by a whole cloud of Roman and Greek writers, who had abundant oppor- tunity to ascertain the truth or falsehood of it, and especially by Aristotle and Pliny, and that among the Greeks in particular, it passed into a kind of proverb in their BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. 18 tpplication of the V. antipelargein and of the names antipelargia and antipelargesia for requiting ones parents, and in their calling laws enforcing this A\i\.y ptlargikoi Bomot— on these authorities, I say, I cannot help giving credit to the fact just men- tioned. * ♦ » Chasidah caimot mean the heroii for the common heron is not a bird of passage. It has, however, so great a resemblance lo the stork that it is ranged by naturalists under the same genus. * * » They will feed upon frogs, carefully selecting the toads, which they will not touch."— P. But for ilri extreme length we would produce the whole of Parkhurst's learned and interesting article — we recommend the attention of the critical reader to it. Aben Ezra says that it appears at regular periodical intervals, as it is written Jer. viii. 7. " Yea, the stork in the heavens knoweth her appointed times, &c." •' So punctual are they in their comings and goings, that, from the most remote times they have been considered aa gifted with reasoning powers. • * The coming of the storks was the period of another Persian festival, announcing their joy at the departure of winter. The ex- pression * the storks in the heavens' is more applicable than at first appears, for even when out of sight, i. lath may be traced by the loud and piercing cries peculiar to those of the new as wc as of the old world. * • Besides the Jews, other nations held this bird in veneration."— Pict. Illus. Bib. " Their gizzard is slightly muscular and their two cceea so small as to be barely perceptible. Order Gralloe," — Cuv. 18. NS3M (anafah) heron ; T. 0., nSK (eboo) S. J. T.,ensanadera; Cass, de R. and Serr., cuervo marino ; G. T. and M., reiher ; B., milvus (kite). " According to the Talmudic doctors, the ungry dayah or vulture, the root being anaf to be angry."— F. " In Latin Ardea of ardeo to burn, chiefly because she is an angry creature.'' Crit. Sac. " Heron, so named from its angry disposition, as the stork is called chasidah from its kindness. Bochart, vol. iii. 337, takes anafah for a kind of eagle or hawk, but if this were the true meaning of the word, I think it would have been reckoned with one or the other of those species in the preceding verses."— P. " As in Cholin the angry Dayah ; to me it appears to be the heron." — R. " Anafah because it be- comes quickly incensed."— Ab. Ez. " Their stomach is a very large sac, but slightly rfiuscular, and they have only one n nute ccecum. Order Gralloe, Cuv. 19. riBon (doochifhat) lapwing; T. 0.,kto 133 (nagar toora, " cock of the moun- tains." Ellas in Methurgaman observes that it is called in German an awrhane. D. L.) S. J. T., gallo montes ; Serr. and de R., aborilla ; G. T., miedehopf ; B. upupa picus " According to another opinion it is derived from duch (gallus) and kef a (mons)." — F. " Rab. Sherira the Gaon, explains it also, to mean tamegol habar (wood cock). " The lapwing is so called of the double combe that it hath, Oallus tylvestris aut Oallina sylvestris," — Crit. Sac. " The upupa, hoopoe, or hoop a very beautiful, but most unclean and filthy species of bird which is, however, sometimes eaten. So the lxx, Epoph, and "Vulgate Upupa. (See Boch. v. iil Brookes Nat. Hist. V. ii. p. 123.) It may have its Hebrew name as it plainly has its Latin and English one, from the noise or cry it makes." — P. " Wood-cock, its comb is double in French hupe, called nagar toora, because of its acts, as our sages explain ia Masechet Gittin (p. 63)."— R. " The Sadduces say this is the cock, bui they are the fools of the world [most irrational,] for who told them % [since they reject tradi- tionary teachings.]" — Ab. Ez. Lapwing Order Gralloe, Cuv. 20. tibny (ngataleO bat ; T. 0., jobtsy (ngatalepha) S. J. T., morciegalo ; G. T., schwalbe, B., vespertilio. " According to Aben Ezra, a small bird flying at night, derived according to Kimchi,from ngatal (darkness) and ngef (tofly). This, how- ever, does not seem a proper explanation to me. I consider it to be a reptile which u BEHSMOTH HATEMEOTH. is like a mouse (bat) thus we find in Isaiah it is joined to tlufvr perot (ch. li. v. 20)» (Ang. Vers, moles,) its root ngatalef, as in Latin talpa ; if so the n^at'n becomes para- gogic, whence is derivable the bird's name which is like it." — F. " The winged mouse which flies at night."— K. " Vespertilio quoe In caligine volitat, et interdiu se velat."— Crit. Sac. "Perhaps from ngcU to fly and ngalaf obscurity. A bat, which flies abroad only in the dusk of the evening and in the night, according to Ovid, Metam. lib. iv. lab. 10, lin. 415. Nocte volant, seroque trahunt, a vespere nomen' " — P. "R. David Kimchi writes that it means the winged mouse that flies at nights. If so, we find that the sacred book commences its enumeration with the king among birds, viz : the eagle, and finishes with that which is intermediate between a bird and a reptile"— W. Cuvier places the bats among the Camaria, the third order of Mammalia. Of flying reptiles (sherets hangoO we have mentioned 1. naiK (arbeh) rendered by the Anglican version, locust; 2. Dy';D (solngam) bald locust; 3. '?j-in (chargole) beetle ; 4. nan (chagab) grasshopper. This first is translated locust, but the other three are left untranslated by the Spanish Jewish Translators, Cas- siodoro de Reyna, most of the German translators and Mendelssohn. They are rendered by Buxtorf, lespectiveiy, locusta; species attelabum; cantharus; and locusta; by Furst, locusta ; species locuatat Avoracitate nominetoe ; genus locustoe, a saliendo, &c. ; locusta gregaria. According to Kimchi, 1. locust; 2, one of the species of locusts, the )^v'] rashon (bald locust) of our sages [see Choi. fol. 65 a, and Vayikra Rabba, sec. 14] it has a bald forehead, no tail, but elongated head. 3. Species of locust ; 4, the same. Parkhurst thus renders them, with the following remarks : 1 , a locust ; some place the word under this root, (arab) to lie in wait, because these insects suddenly and unexpectedly come forth upon countries as from lurking places, pltindering and destroying, &c., 2. from salang to cut, &c., a kind of locust, prob- ably so called from its rugged craggy form as represented in Scheuchzer's Physica Sacra tab. ccl, fig. 1 which see, &c., 3. a kind of locust ; it appears to be derived from charag, to shake, and regel, the foot, and so to denote the nimbleness of its motions. Thus, in English we call an animal of the locust kind , a grasshopper, the French name of which is likewise saulerelle from the V. aauter to leap. 4, * * I should rather think that chagab denotes the cucullated spicies of locust, so denominated by naturalists from the cucullus, cowl or hood with which they are naturally furnished, and which serves to distinguish them from the other birds, Ac." P. The Arabas eat them in a fried state with salt and butter ; and the writer of this has seen several Jews from Barbary eat the locust with much apparent gusto in the city of London, evidently considering it a great luxury, and themselves, much favored in being able to procure these native delicacies where the public taste has not yet called for theno, though it requires, in abundance, creatures of most loathsome {^pearance and character, which it cannot, in justice, be said, the locusts present, The locusts are classed by Cuvier among the Insecta, 2nd family of the Orthoptera, viz : the Saltatoria. > With respect to reptUea, it will be seen from an examination of the word yiv (sherets; on page 52, of the Sanatory Institutions of the Hebrews, to which the reader is referred, that in Hebrew this word has a much wider acceptation than in English, and includes things moving swiftly in the waters, as swimming fishes, or on the earth, as weazels, mice, &c. This premised, the scriptural classification will be better appreciated. 1. n'jn (choled) weasel v. 29, T. 0., m'jin (choolda,) S. J. T., comadroja, (mus- tela vulgaris, Linn.) G. T. and M., wiesel; B., mustela ; F., talpa, called so in the Talmud, because of its digging or scooping ; we find " the Eternal hollowed for BEHEMOTH UATEMEOTH. 15 them (itiachlld) the earth."— F. K. mustela, " The weaiel is called in Hehrew thoUd, of eheled lime, not because it liveth long as oleaster, but because it soon waxeth old and so giveth way to time." — Crit. Sac. " It seems to have its Hebrew name from its insidious creeping manner." — P. " Order Carnaria (being very •anguinary, and living almost entirely upon flesh.) The true weasels are the most sanguinary of any" — Cuv. 2. -laay (ngachbar) mouse ; T. 0., Kia3» (ngachbera) S. J. T., raton; G. T. and M., maus; B. and F., mus. " Harmer shows that in latter days mice have been sometimes most destructive, to Palestine in particular"— P. Order Rodentia, Cuv, 3. 3» (tsab) tortoise ; T. O., tov (tsaba) S. J. T., sapo ; G. T., krote (toad,) M., schildkrote ; B. testudo ; " Bufo, & tumescendo, testudo,"— Crit. Sac. " The toad, from his swelling (the root moans to swell) or rather because there seems no occa- sion to forbid eating the toad, the tortoise, from the turgid form of his shell"— P. " R. Eliau Bachur translates it achild/rote identical with schildkrote"— Yf. " verdier, approaching the frog", R — Reptilia— Order Chelonia, Cuv. 4. Mp3K (anakah) ferret, v. 30, T. 0., nb" (yala) S. J. T., erizo (hedgehog) G. T. and M., igel ; F., stellio, a sono. " So called perhaps from its continued cry"— K. " A kind of lizard or newt, so called from its moan or doleful cry" — P, herisson according to Rashi. Cnvier places the lizards among the Reptilia, second family of the Saurians. The lizards are distinguished bj their forked tongue, &c. Those called the monitors frequent the vicinity of the haunts of crocodiles and alligators, it is said that they give warning, by a whistling sound, of the approach of these danger- ous reptiles, and hence probably their names of sauvegarde and monitor" — Cuv. This is certainly intimated in the Hebrew name. 5. na (koacli) chameleon ; T. 0., Kpna (kocha) S. J. T., lagartija; G. T., molch (salamander) B., lacerta, " genu3 lacertce, non a rohore nominatum, sed ab humare vel sputo quod emittit"— F. " R. Yonah writes that it is called hardon, it is a species of the 3v (tsab,) and R. Solomon writes that in the vernacular it is called lizard." — K. " A species of lizard well known in the east, and called by the Arabs alwarlo, or, corruptedly from them, warral or guaril, and so remarkable for its vigor in destroying serpents and dhabs, (another species of the lizards) that the Arabs have many proverbs taken from these its qualities, &c." — P. " Rashi, Onkelos and Jonathan Ben Uziel and Mendelssohn do not translate this word at all; but it appears to me to be identical with the Arabic guaril known for its great strength.'* — ^W. Cuvier places the chameleons among the Reptilia, 5th family of the Saurians. 6. riHvh (letaah) lizard, T. O., nxB"? (letaah,) S. .T. T., caracol (snail) G.T., eider; B. stellio, lacertas, " lacertoe species, sic dicta quod terrce adhaereat ('{)" — F. " A species of poisonous lizard called in Arabic waehra, and remarkable for adhering closely to the ground. Vulg, stellio, a newt, whic>, may confirm the interpretation here given" — P. " The lacerta gecko is a species or lizard found in countries bor- dering on the Mediteranean, it is of a reddish grey, spotted with brown. It is thought at Cairo to poison the victuals over which it passes, and especially salt provisions, of which it is very fond. It has a voice resembling somewhat that of a frog, which is intimated by the Hebrew name, importing a sigh or a groan." Pict. Illus. Bib. — R. lizard. Reptilia, 2nd family of Saurians, Cuv. 7. laan (chomet) snail, T. O., Htsnin (choomta) S. J. T., babosa (Umax, Linn,} G. T. and M., blindschleich (slow worm or snail) B., Umax ; F., Umax ut plurimi vertunt. " Lacerta, secundum divum Hieron. vel Umax. Testudo, cochlea terrea- tris secundum R. David." — Crit Sac. " A kind of lizard. In Chaldee the V. sigm- fies to bow down, depress, postrate ; and the animal might be called by this name 16 BEHEMOTH HATEMEOTH. from its being (I'y reason of the shortness of its legs) always prostrate, as it were. In Josh. XV. 54, we have Chamta, the name of a town in Canaan, perhaps so called from the emblematic reptile there worshipped, Comp. Deut iv. 8"— P. " limace"— R. Molhisca, Gasteropoda Pulmonea, Cuv, 8. mvvt (tinshemet) mole ; T. O., unwK (ashota) S. J. T., topo, (talpa, Linn.) G.T. and M., mauhvurf, B. and F., and K., talpa. " Root means to breathe as a N., a species of animal enumerated among the lizards. The learned Bochart hath plainly proved that it was no other than the cliamcleon, an animal of ihe lizard kind, fur- nished with lungs remarkably large, and so observable for its manner <^ breathing or perpetually gasping as it were for breath, that the ancients feigned it to live only on the air. Thus Ovid, Met. lib. xv, fab. iv, lin. 411. ' Id quoque quod veniit animal nutritur et aura.* (The creature nourished by the wind and air)"— P. This applies equdly to the mole, since " while employed throwing up those little domes which are called mole hills, he is said to pant and blow as if overcome with the exertion"— Pict Illus. Bib. Yet the context would show that he is right in placing the tinshemet among the lizard species. Cuvier places the mole among the Car- naria of Mammalia. From the Ibregoing analysis, we may consider the following as legitimate de- ductions. First, as regards beasts, we find that even such of them as approximate so closely to those which ruminate and divide the hoof, that the most able of modern naturalists have been in doubt as to their classification (e. g. the camel,) are pronounced as of the prohibited species by the text, which thus, rigidly and unqualifiedly demands the two requisites mentioned. We further find, that by Ihis requirement the law selects as the proper food of the Hebrews, those beasta which possess tlie most perfect digestive apparatus, and whose flesh, therefore, would be, according to principles laid down by eminent scientific authorities, of the most healthy description. By this dictum, also, the law includes as permitted, that large and most valuable class of domestic animals (the Ruminantia) which best minister to the dietary and other wants of men. As a further consequence, we find that the remaining order of animals, which present, almost without exception, a catalogue of wild, carnivorous, rapacious, sanguinary and, but for their skins, chiefly useless, animals, whose digestive apparatus is of a plainer and less perfect character, and who possess, for the most part, a single stomach and claws to tear their prey, — that such form the prohibited class. And with respect to birds we find further that quite an identity exists in their character, both with the permitted and pro- hibited ; for the examination we have made, shows us that although there be some difference of opinion among Hebrew authorities themselves, respecting the enume- rated species, yet do they all agree, as do Christian critics, in referring an over- whelming proportion of them to the jlccipitres or Raptores, which are birds of prey. Now, while these, like the beasts of prey, possess a less perfect digestive apparatus than that of the permitted birds, which include chiefly, though not exclusively, that valuable class known as the domestic, — theirs, as we have before shown, is of a more complicated and perfect character, establishing thus the referred-to analogy in so far as concerns digestion, and, perhaps, the nature of their flesh. It is further established by the text objecting to those wild, carnivorous, rapacious and san- guinary birds possessing, like the prohibited beasts, a single stomach and claws to tear their prey. And it is further established in that there are instances of doubtful apecies among the enumercted birds, (e. g. the raven) just as there are among thd «oumerated beasts, which are, however, determined by the sacred text.