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 " Reprinted from the Gamulinn Record ofScieiuie, July, 1896." 
 
 Nematophyton CKASSUM. 
 By D. P. Pknhallow. 
 
 Since my last surnnaary of the genus Nematophyton, in 
 wliich eight species were enumerated,* additional material 
 has been received, which, on the basis of more ample and 
 more perfectly preserved specimens, serves to extend and 
 confirm our previous- knowledge of certain species. 
 
 The specimen now under consideration was received 
 from Mr. F. K. Mixer, of the Buffalo Society of Natural 
 Sciences, who reports that it was obtained from the upper 
 part of the water-lime gi'oup (Lower Helderberg) of the 
 Upper Silurian. Heretofore the occurrence of this genus, 
 at so low a horizon, has been confined to N. Hicksii, 
 N. Logani and, more recently, N. Storriei, all of which 
 have been from European localities, while N. Logani 
 has also been found sparingly and in fragmentary 
 specimens at Cap Bon Ami, New Brunswick. 
 
 This is the first timo the species now under consideration 
 has been observed in the Silurian of America, the lowest 
 and only horizon heretofore recorded being Middle Erian. 
 It, therefore, affords important testimony bearing upon 
 the great antiquity of the genus as a whole, and of 
 this species in particular. 
 
 > Aim. Bot. X., 41, 1890. 
 
152 Canadian Becwd of Science. 
 
 The specimen obtained by Mr. Mixer represents the 
 base of tbj stem or stipe, and in this respect it is similar 
 to the recently described specimen of N. Ortoni.^ It 
 measures 56 centimeters long. At the top it is 7.5 cm. 
 broad, while at the base, where the root processes arise, it 
 widens out to 16.5 cm. Externally the surface is 
 roughened as if from the result of superficial decay, and 
 shows somewhat extended carbonized areas, within which 
 the material separates in smaU angular fragments. In 
 the transverse section no concentric structure is observable. 
 Sections of this specimen were prepared by Dr. J. M 
 Clarke, of Albany, N.Y., and forwarded to me for study. 
 They represent a fairly well preserved structure, and even 
 a hasty examination served to show that they exhibited 
 several elements of interest. 
 Transverse Section. 
 
 The structure is soraev<rhat altered, in consequenqe of 
 which ths large cells are, to some exteac, wanting in 
 a sharply defined outline, but nowhere was there that 
 extreme alteration met with in specimens of the same 
 species as formerly obtained from the Hamilton group 
 of New York. Nevertheless, the alteration has been 
 carried sufficiently far to render the small hyph* lying 
 between the large cells, tr a great extent unrecognizable. 
 The best material representing this species, heretofore 
 studied, was that originally collected by Dr. Bell from 
 Gasp^, but it was in small fragments and did not permit of 
 extended s«udy. It, nevertheless, showed the large cells 
 of the medulla to be very perfectly preserved, and the 
 hyphse also, to be unaltered in form.» It was upon a 
 study of this material that the diagnosis of the species 
 was first based. Later, a revision of the Celluloxylon 
 primffivum of Dawson, as represented by material from the 
 HamUton group of New York, collected by Dr. J. M. 
 
 I Ann. Bot. X.,«l,I8»e. 
 
 « Tr»u«. B. Soc. VII., W., 20, 21. 
 
Nematophyton crassum. 
 
 153 
 
 lents the 
 is similar 
 ;oni/ It 
 is 7.5 cm. 
 23 arise, it 
 lurface is 
 lecay, and 
 hill which 
 lents. In 
 )bservable. 
 Dr. J. M 
 for study. 
 !, and even 
 T exhibited 
 
 equenqe of 
 wanting in 
 there that 
 f the same 
 Iton group 
 has been 
 yph* lying 
 ecognizable. 
 , heretofore 
 . Bell from 
 ot permit of ' 
 8 large cells 
 ed, and the 
 was upon a 
 the species 
 Celluloxylon 
 rial from the 
 y Dr. J. M. 
 
 Clarke, showed that this plant was referrable to N. 
 craosum, but that it had been highly altered by crjstalli- 
 zation.* More recently, material collected by Prof. C. S. 
 Prosser from the Hamilton group of New York, furnished 
 specimens much more perfectly preserved, but yet much 
 altered by crystallization.* From this it is to be observed 
 that the excellent state of preservation of the material 
 now at hand, affords excellent opportunities for verification 
 of the previous diagnoses. 
 
 The cells of the Medulla are large, ranging from 
 40 ,i.-62 fi. broad, but are chiefly rather uniform in size, and 
 average about 56 /i. in diameter. This, it will be observed, 
 is rather larger than observed in former specimens of this 
 species, which showed a range of 23 fi.-4Q /*. in one case' 
 and 32 (U.-39 /i. in another.^ 
 
 The entire structure is rather lax — not so much so 
 as in N. laxum and N. Ortoni, but closely comparable 
 with previous specimens of N. crassum. Medullary spots 
 are numerous and irregularly distributed. They are of 
 an irregularly rounded or oblong form, and appear to 
 range from 174 ft. to 261 /i. in diameter. Here and there 
 they seem to have, undergone exceptional alteration 
 leading to the formation of spherical cavities about 436 /u 
 in diameter. They are, however, in most cases, occupied 
 by a somewhat loose plexus of hyphaj having a somewhat 
 variable diameter, ranging upwards from 4.68 ^ — similar 
 in general character and size to the hyphae lying betwflftn 
 the large cells of the medulla. 
 
 Even without the aid of a magnifying glass, a certain 
 concentric structure with broad zones is apparent in 
 the transparent section, but this is by no means as cl«^arly 
 defined as in N. Logani. Under a magnifying power 
 of moderate strength, this appearance entirely disappears, 
 
 I 1. c. VII., iv., 25. 
 
 I Proo. U.S. MaV Hut., XVI., 116. 
 
 • Proc. U.S. Nat, Hnt., XVI., 116. 
 
 « Ti»n». R. Boo. Can., VII., Iv., 20-23, 29. 
 
154 
 
 Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 and it is extremely difficult to determine precisely upon 
 what it depends, but it seems probable that it is 
 determined by a peculiar disposition of the cells in relation 
 to the medullary spaces. 
 
 Large transverse sections also exhibit radial fissures due 
 to shrinkage, but there appears to be a total absence of 
 those radial bands simulating medullary rays, so con- 
 spicuous in N. Logani. On the other hand, the medullary 
 spots, already described, are connected radially and 
 tangentially by more continuous and open tracts as 
 medullary spaces, which thus form a sort of netted system 
 between the various sub-divisions of which the large cells 
 lie in distinct and often more or less rounded groups. 
 This distribution of the elements gives the transverse 
 section a very characteristic appearance. It had already 
 been noted in the previously described specimens of N. 
 crassum, but owing to the very limited area of the Oaspe 
 sections, and the highly altered character of the specimens 
 from the Hamilton group, a proper description was not 
 possible, and this structural feature was, therefore, omitted 
 from the diagnosis. It is, nevertheless, an important 
 diagnostic element, under the present circumstances of 
 limited material, since it seems to definitely differentiate 
 this species from all the others. 
 Longitudinal Section. 
 
 In longitudinal section the cells of the medulla are 
 somewhat, strongly interlacing, while groups of a dozen or 
 more often cross the general direction of growth more or 
 less abruptly, and sometimes turn off nearly at right 
 angles for a short distance. These features also appear in 
 previously described specimens, both from . Gasp^ and 
 from New York. The intercellular hyphse are freely 
 interlacing and cross the large cells in all directions, but 
 their structure is so altered by decay as to render it 
 impossible to determine if they are septate or not. 
 Nowhere have trumpet hyphae been found, thus con- 
 firming previous observations in this respect. 
 
 
Nematophyton craastim. 
 
 155 
 
 The medullary spots are, in most cases, elongated 
 vertically, assuming an oblong or lenticular form, two to 
 several times higher than broad, features also char- 
 acteristic of the formerly described specimens of this 
 species. The spots are, as in other cases, crowded with 
 interlacing hyphai, and into them there also project large 
 cells from the surrounding structure, which branch more or 
 less freely. These sections afford numerous instances of 
 branching cells, and in one spot there were found two 
 such cases, (figs. 1 and 2), one of which exhibited five sub- 
 divisions, primary and secondary, while the other showed 
 three primary divisions ternnnal to the parent cell. 
 
 So many are the instances of this kind, and so 
 varied are the dimensions of the branches, that I cannot 
 but consider this specimen as affording very strong 
 evidence in support of the conclusions already reached, 
 that the medullary spaces "are the special areas within 
 which branching is accomplished," and that it is here that 
 the small hyphse have their origin from the large cells of 
 the medulla.' 
 
 The present material is thus found to not only extend 
 our knowledge of the geographical range and strati- 
 graphical horizon of this plant, but it affords strong 
 corroborative testimony with respect to previous conclu- 
 
 I Torn*. B. Hoc. Can., VI., Iv.. 42; VII.. iv., L'2. 
 i Anil. Bot., X., 46, 18(W. 
 
15^ 
 
 Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 sions, and extends its differential characters to an 
 important extent. It thus becomes necessary to revise 
 our original diagnosis in conformity with the facts now at 
 
 hand. 
 
 Nematophyton CRA88DM (Un.) Pen. 
 
 Transverse. 
 
 Concentric structure rather obscure. Badial tracts 
 none. Medullary spots numerous, irregularly round or 
 oval, chiefly 174 ^-261 ,u broad, and connected by narrow 
 spaces which form a more or less distinct network, 
 enclosing groups of large, thick-walled ceUs. Cells of the 
 medulla not very compact, rather uniform, ranging from 
 23 ^.-62 !«. broad, chiefly about 40 ^. 
 
 Longitudinal. ' ' 
 
 Cells of the ifaedulla interlacing, often in groups. 
 Medullary spots vertically lenticular or oblong, crowded 
 with smaU hyphK, 2 ^.-10 ^. broad, which arise withm 
 these areas from branching cells derived from the 
 surrounding structure. 
 
 Highly crystalline forms often show a replacement 
 of the normal structure by a pseudo-cellular structure 
 
 (Celluloxylon.) . , • 
 
 Found as fragments, also the base of the stipe showing 
 
 root processes. tt -li. 
 
 Middle Erian (Devonian) of Gasp6 {Bell); Hamilton 
 group (Middle Erian) of New York {Clarke and Pr<mer), 
 and the Upper Silurian (Lower Helderberg) of New York 
 {Mixer.) 
 
 DBSOBIPTtON OF FlOURKS. 
 
 Fig. 1. Transverse section of Nematophyton crassum, 
 showing the distribution of the medullary spots. 
 
 X 45. 
 Fig 2. Transverse section of Nematophyton crassum, 
 showing distribution of the medullary spaces 
 connecting the medullary spots, x 45. 
 
 
"* r v '" t ■"■ ! " ' ^ ' 
 
 RbCORD or SOIKNOB. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Nkmatophyton okassum. 
 
■ r :g ?i '' ?^»iByv- '