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WITH A CONTINUATION TO THB YEAR 1868, WITH QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE BND OF EACH 8B0TION, BBSIDSS A VIBIBTT 01 TALUABLB IWVOBMATIOV ADDlD THBOUOHOVT TBSWOBK, Oomiating of Tables of Oontemponury Sovereifms and of Eminent Penont ; Copious Bzplanateiy Notes ; Remarks on the Politics, Manners, and literature of the Age ; an Outline of the Constitunon, Ae., |be. ILLirSTKATBD WITH VFIOBOUB BFORAYIirOS. BY WM. 0. TAYLOR, LL.D., OT TBIiriTT COIXBOX, DVBLIV, AUTHOB OV MABUAL OV ABCIBBT AHD MODBBB HIBTOBT, BTO^ BTO. Second Canadian Bdltlon. JOHN LOVELL, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER. ft. 4 A. MILLER, 62 KING STREET EAST* 1863. -.-* G(p \ m t^REFAOB 'iO tMb AltBRtoi.N BDt1!lOlt. Next to our own iiational histoiy, it is incumbent on American youth to make themselves acquainted with that of tiie country from which we derive our political existence, and the most valuable of our cus- toms and institutions. The history of England will never cease to be interesting to us. It will never be othci^ than a valuable and important branch of instruc- tion in our schools. ' ' Among all the histories of that country which have been written/ none has been so long and so deserved^ popular as that o£ Dr. Goldsmith. Whether this be o^pg to it^jftttKiCtivc and perfectly intellijgible^ styte, or to the vivid impression which his simple and clOiir narrative of the facts never &ils to leavC) it is not how important to inquire. The fact of its established olalssical charac- ter, is sufficient to justify the publisher in selecting the most Approved edition of this work, to bo revised and adapted to the use of schools in our own country. The mass of illustrative matter, consisting of not^s, tables, engravings, &c., which the reader will find in the present edition, may be r^arded as adding greatly to its Value ; and the complete and careful series of ques- tions appended to each section will dai^ th^ especial notice of teachers. , v .^iu v^ CONTENTS. «HA7. PAOB {.— Tfll AvoiiHT Bbitonb 7 I1.-TBI iAXOlIB 16 III.— ^MS IXVASIOX OV THS DAKBS 81 IV.— 'William thb Covqukbob 41 v.— WiLUAlC UonB .,.« 46 VL-HmrHY 1 4» yilH-SviiyMinr 58 ym^uwum 11 67 lX.~StGUAmt> 1 68 X.-Joii».... 78 ».-MllifBYin 79 m^VBWAW 1 86 xm^WbwAuvn M 3^^W5WM»0 m.. ....v.iv..... » XV.— RiaiAaon. 109 ZVI.-il]«if IV 116 XVIL-Mnrsir V........ 120 XVVl.-M»nY VI ,....;.. 124 jdX.-]toWAm9 Iv ^..........1....... 184 XX.-EOWAII0 V m XX|.-fiiciMAa]» m 1» XX|f.-Mi]fBir VU ..;..?... 141 XXn!.-M»rair VIU ,.... 140 XXIV.-B8WA«0 VI .?AH.r;V..tV.vV;v...;.. 168 XXV.-]fAflY ;..,,.'............; 178 XXVI.-ELUA9]d¥fl 180 XXVIL-Jaxm I. 200 xxvni.-CMA&uis I m XXIX.— OUYia CflOMWBLL 2» XXXi-CMAMUii U 261 XXXI.-jAMlg n 260 XXXIL-WSLLlAM m 278 XXXIII.— AlfiW , 284 XXXIV.-@16iiai 1 808 XXXV.-aaoil«ll U..r 817 XXXVI—GuOilon m 861 XXXVII.-asosaa IV ...427 XXXVIII.-WILI.IAM IV ...488 XXXIX.— VieV0lUA 468 XL.— fMSVCttt 09 VBs Fboorms ot Litbbatubs, Soibnob» AirO Tttl ABTB, DUBIKO THX FBBSKSTT CXITTUBT. . . 491 XUh-'AI BiUTlSH COKSTITUTIOH 601 A9fmmtx 609 1/ INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. BrUf Sketch of the Saxon IdoU from which the Day of the JVetk rcetined their tumee. Tbb idols whioh oar Saxon anoeaton wonUpped were varloiis; bnt those which are dellnealed in the Frontliirfeoe, and from which the days of the week derive their names, were the principal objects of their adoration. The Idol qf the SUN. This idol, which represented the glorious himinarjr of the daj, was the chief object of their adoration. It is described like the bust of a man, pet imon a pillar iholding, with ontstretched aims, a bnming wheel be- Ibre his breast. The first day of the week was espeidaUy dedicated to its adoration, wbidh they termed the IShm'i daeg; hence is derived the word SUNDAT. The Idol qf the MOOir. The next was the Idol of the Mooh, which they worshipped on the second day of the week, called by them JIfoon's mteg,' and since by us MOVDAT. The form of this Idol is intended to represent a woman, habited in a short coat and a hood, -vdth two long ears. The moon wmch she holds in her hand designates the quality. The Idol ttfTUISCO. TUISGO was at first deified as the fiither and ruler of the T< iiti^nie ., bnt in course of time he was worshipped as the son of the M,.±h. )in him came the Saxon words Tuieoo's daeg, which we call Tvvsz xy. He is represented standing on a pedestal, as an old venerable sage, clothed with the skin of an animal, and holding a sceptre in the right hand. The Idol WODEN, or ODIN. WoDxir, or Oddt, was the supreme divinity of the Northern nations. This hero is supposed to have emigi«ted from the East, bnt from what country, or at wnat time, is not known. His exploits form the greatest part of the mythological creed of the Northern nations, and his achievements are magnified l^yond all credibility. The name of the fourth dayof .the week, called by the Saxons Woden's daeg, and by us Wbdkbsdat, is derived tnatk this personage. Woden is represented in a bold and martial attitude, clad in armour, with a broad sword uplifted, in his right hand. The Idol THOR. Thor, the eldest aad bravest of the sons of Woden and Friga, was* {^r bis parents, considered 9» the ^^reatest god among the Saxons an^ ▼i OF THl IDOLATRY 07 TBI SAXONS, ITO. Dftnei. To him the fifth day of the week, oftUed by them Tkor'i daeg, Mid by vu TBiTBtDAT, WM oonMonited. Thor if represented m sitting on a throne, with a crown of cold on hii head, adorned with a circle in tieont, wherein were let twelre brlght-bnr* niehed gold itan, and with ft ngalttitn/ttfM Ids right hand. The Idol FEIOA, or FREA. Fbioa, or Fbia, wm the wift of Woden or Qdln ; and, Bext to Urn, the moet revered dirlnity among the heathMi Saxona, Danee, and other Northern nations. In the most ancient timep, Friga, or Frea, was the same with the goddess HerOia, or Xarth. To her the sixth day of the week was consecrated, which by the Saxons was written JMgah deug, corresponding with our Fbidat. Friga is represented with a drawn sword in her right hand, and a bow in her left. *> The Idol SBATES. The Idol SBAT^a is rmreswted 09 a pedestal, whenoa lajplaved a perch, on the sharp-prickilad back of wtoloa be ftoofL, Bis head was un- covered, and bis visaite lean: In hb leiR hand be held np a whed, and In his right was a pul of water, wherein were flowers and froits; and his dress consisted of a long coat, girded with linen. The appellation glveti to the day Of Mil celebration is still retained. The Saxons namedlt Seater'i daeg, which we call Satubdat. It will be leen, in our explamUou' >of the If ytholpgleAl f late^ tiMt llie names of the dayi tfthe weeib oWe their origin td tbti tMuM^Fit^B t>y the Saxons to their chief idolsl "Vte shall here observe, that the nuae$ which thoy gave to the monl/k« weraraliignlarly descriptive of the seasons, and, therefore, we subjoin them: remarking,, by the. way, that the names of the months adopted by the French dniinf the Bevolntion, though more elegant, were not more appropriate than those of the Saxons, whose ideas they appear to have borrowed.— Their flnt month was styled Midwinter Monath Dxoxkbxb. A^er Tula (or after OlirifttmKa)^ jAimAJtr. /StolMonath ..... .(FiKHm the returning sun) Fsbbvabt. JKeAeifonotik.... (Bugged M0ttth>..;;...-...v...i.<...u.»..^.MABOH. ^ l\rimilehi (From cows being inHked thrice a day). . .Mat. Sere Monath (Dr/ month) .<#/»•«,,•'.».. \ . . vi« Jinra. McBd Monath.. .. .(The. meads being then in bloom) Jult. JITeod Monath.. . .(From the luxipriance of weeds) Atrovar. Boiflut Monath.. .(Barvest month)-.;. . ..:.,.-^ii .j. . ;; ;; . . . . i . .SxmocBBB. Winter FyUieh. { SS^oS^MffiSSSff. .T!*^^ (FWm the ttoorf oi'laftle ^liin that! Wft~»M month,andf;tored for winter provision)} ^ovbmbmb. ^t Monath.. TW HISTORY OP ENGLAND, CHAPTER L THE ANCIENT BRITONS. OF BRITAIN,* FROM THR lirTABION OF JULIUS OASAR^f B. 0. 54, TO TBI ABPIOATION OF TBI ROMANS.! . , , SECTION I. Th^ wiii the teloif^ df A iii&aMAr r^^^ To thApttte liaM^M d«iM»nlto the fUeld ; E'en the fUr ▼b-gln itaiit'd her nallTe moe , ^ To Kive new iioiTon 1^^ the tented Held. i.' Britain was bat y^ryiittle kMWn to the rest of the wOrid before the tiine <^ the RomRnd. The coasts oppo- site Gkkulf were flreqtieikted by inerohanttf, who traoeid thither for such oominodities ' as the natives were able to produce, and ^ho, it is thought, after a' time, possessed themselres of all the maritime places where they had at first been permitted to reside. % Finding the country fertile, and oommodiously situated fbr trade, they settled upon the Seaside, aiiid introduced' the practice of a^cid- tv^e ; but it #a8 very d^rent with the inland inhabitants of the country, who considered themselves as the lawfUl possessors of the s^il^ and avoided all correspondence with the new-comers, whom they viewed as intruders upon their property, ii and therefore harassed by repeated wars. * Britain, the name j^ven to England, Scotland, and Wales, nnlted. t. JnlioB i^mfx was ftinoft elqqnent. writer and snooewftil warrior; ha aw^ed the tiile'of e^tieror, indch roused the Jealousy of many of the ErineliHU Boman oHuens, by whom he was assassinated in the senate* ouse, in the 68th year of his age. t'TVe inolMit inwMtants of Komein Itidy«: 9 Gaal wastheandentaaihepf Franoe. ''>-'• •''"'■ J Geoflkey of Monmouth; inanidient English historian, says, thatthe Bri- tish isles were firstpe<^edllOOyeKrs before Clirist, andessfwts that Bmtns, the great grandson of jO^neas* loploniaed'tbem with tiiedsseendants of those IVoJaniH who, aftev the destiraotion of Trpyr settled in Greeoe or Itily. This amount is, however, ansnpported by any genuine historical docu- ments, and is, therefore, now treated as purely mbulous, though in lees fttUghtened a|(es a story so romantic easily passed current, i HIBTOBT or BMQLAIID, 8. The inland inhabitants are repreiented aa extremely numerous, living in cottages thatched with straw, and feeding large herds of oiStle. Thev lived mostly upon milk, or flesh produced by the chase.* What clothes tney wore to cover any part of their bodieS| wers usually the skins of beasts ; but the arms, Ims, and thighs were leil naked, and were usually paintea blue. 4. Their hair, which was long, flowed down upon their backs and shoul- ders; while their beaids were sept close shaven, except upon the upper lip> where they were suflbred to grow. The dress of savage nations is everywhere prettv much the same, being calculated rather to inspire terror than to excite love or respect 6. As to the government, it consisted of several small principalities, each under its respective leader ) and this seems to be the earliest mode of domiaion with which man- kind are acquainted, and is deduced from the natural privi- leges of paternal authority. Upon great and imminent dangers, a oommaode^in-chief was chosen by common consent, in a general assembly: and to him was committed the conduct <»* the general interest, the power of making peace or leading to war, and the administration of Justice. 6. Their forces consisted chiefly of foot, and yet they could bring a considerable number of horse into the fleld upon great occasions. They likewise, used chariots in battle, which^ with short scythes fiistened to the ends of the axletrees, inflicted terrible wounds, spreading horror and devastation wheresoever they drove, f f • Nor while the chariots were thus' destroying^ were the warriors who con- ducted them unemployed : they darted their javelins against the enemy^ ran along the beam, leaped upon the ground,ive- sumed theu: seat, stoiqied or turned tneir horses at AiU speed, and sometimes cunningly retreated i to draw the enemy into confUsion. 8. The religion of the Britons was one of the most oon<' siderable parte of their government | and the Druids,t • The snolent Brttoni were so hsUtnaUy regnlsr end temjMrtts, thtt they only began to now old st a hundred and twenty jrean.— PLVTAaoMf DePkuilisThaotophUB. t C«Mur glyes a most animated deMiiptlon of tbe dexterity of the Bri- tons in managing their war^shariots. which he sierihee to eoBttsat lue and ineessant ezerdse; thereby intimating that the BrttoBl were eotttl- nnally engaged in^ intestine wars.—Ctesar's Cdm., lib. iv. t The Dmids were divided into three dUbrent olanei i tbe Bardi, who were the heroie historians and genealogical poets i the Yates, who wSre the peered ntnrioians, the religions poets, and the pretended prophets ( thethif^ T^B AMOIXMT BBITONB. 9 An Ancient Briton. who were the guardians of it, possemed great authority ainone them. No species of superstition was ever more terrible than theirs : besides the severe penalties which they were permitted to inflict in this world, they inculcated the Eternal transmigration of souls, and thus extended their authority as fiir as the fears of their votaries.* 9. They olaMtWhieh wm by flur the iiioet nnmeroiu . and who performed «U the oth- er dBeet of roUgton, were called by the general name of Druids, whioh mh pellalion waa eommonly fiven to the whole ftmtemitr. Their rapreme oUtef was ityled the Arch-dnda. To the priesthood were aiao attiohed a mimber of Ibmalei ealled DnddeaNs, who were UkewlBe divided idto three olaeaee. Thoeeof the first vowed perpetual virginity, and lived together sequester- ed from the rest of the wond : these were great pretenders to divination, pro- ^ phecy, and miracles, and were highly venerated by the people. The second class consiBted of certain devotees, who. though maniea, spent the greater part of their time with the Druids in aadsting in the offices of religion, oc- casionally returning to their husbands. The tliird and lowest class waited ' on the Druids^ and performed themost servile offices about the temples, &c. • The priesthood, in the most ancient times, was hereditary in all countries, and was particularly so in the Celtic nations; where the order of Druids did not only descend' to their posterity, but the office of priest was like- wise heredinuy in flunilies. • Among t people so credulous asthe aiuiient Britons, it is no wonder that those who possessed such high authority among them as the Druids, practised the greatest impositions : accordingly we read, that the Druids were In the habit of borrowing large sums of the people, whioh they prom- ised to repay in lAe other world.— Druida pepunifun n^utno i^cipiebant )n poeteriore vitaredditnri.— ParMoiifs, 10 HISTOBT OF ENGLAND. nacrifioed human viotims, which they burnt in larse wicker^ idols, made so capacious as to contain a multitude of per- sons at once, who were* thus consumed together. To these rites, tending to impriras ignorance with awe^ they added the austerity of thev manners and the simphcity of their lives. They lived in woods, caves, and in hollow trees ; their food was acorns and berries, and their drink water. These arts caused the people, not Cnhr to respect, but almost to adore them. The most remarkable Droidical monument in England is the circle of stones on SaUsbuxy plains, called- Stonehenge. It appears to have been a greatHatiOnal temple. 10. It may be easily supposed that the manners of the peoi>le took a tincture ttom the discipline of their teachers. Their lives were simple, but they were marked with cruelty and fierceness j their courage was great, but neither dignified by mercy nor perseverance. Ccnr InTSdUm^tftln. 11. The Britons had long remained in tl^is rud^ but in- jd^ndent state, when OsBsar, having overrun (itaul with his tictoriies,' and willing still further to extend his ikme, detennined upon the conquest of a country that seemed^ to pcFomiae an easy triumph ; accorcHnglv when the trodps de^ij^ed for t|ie expedition were emb&ked, hesist i?^ % Britiain about midnieht, and the next morning arrived en the ooaJsi hear Dover, wuere he saw the rocks and cliffiB coVc?^ ^th farmed men to oppose his l^ndin^. . THE ANOIEMT iBBITONS. 11 IjS, The BHtOlis bad oh^n Caa^ivelau'iius* fi>r their com- ihtiii!eMn-chi<9f; put the petlj i^nces und^r 1^ command, eithoi; di^sijring his istatioii, or suspectiiig Iuq Me^i% threw off iheik B^hp9tT^0e. 13. Some of ihepi 4ed with their forces iiitb'the liifernal pf^ o^ the kingdoijo^ others aiibmitted to dffisar/ till at length CassiVelaufnus liuhsd^ weakened by so many desertions, ri^olved upon making what terms he was ikbl^ while . he yet had joQwer to keep the iield. 14, O^e conditions peered by C»sar, s^nd ac^cepted by him, wer0,.ih^t he should send to the continent double the nuhiber Of hOstiaj^ , first demanded^ find '^hat ]tie should acknoift'ted^ ^libji^Ctidn. to the- Romans. Csesar,' however, wttis obligi^ to tciitiril once ;m<»e to compel the Britons to complete their stipulated treaties. QuettiqM/itr ^Examination, Br. Wkb^iHmf. iii'itiiilf tttm, «^ 2. IHio l«|fi>dw)9a tb*pi«oam of agiiovltive f ■ 5^'or@n dld^ffi^hKSiuh^ of t|ie aneTeiit Britons oonaist f 6. 7. Wbitwitf tkeirohieirfintiet 8. Who were the miniaten of ^elr region ? U. Who flnlrArilnMned en th^ oooqiMit ofBritaln f ll IB. Whom did ttte Biitone chome for Iheir leader f 14. What oondiftons were oin»red b}rC«Mur,jUiid Aocepted hjCMafrelftnniu r :]: SECTION 11. ly rery niu perpvtuiiM tiiy Iraie; And Saetoniat' iMireledroop with OMaid.-^DMtn, 1. Upon- th,e accesEnon otf Atteusfttis^i thitt emperdr had fbrmed a d^gn of visiting '^ritaTiii, btitWas diverted from it by the uiiejtpected revolt of th,ePann(/nit^ns.$ Tiberiue^§ wisely judi^ng the empire aii«ady too extensive, made no attempt upon Briwin. From that time the natives be^ to iipprote in .all the arts which contribute to the advanbemefit of human iiature. 2. The wild extravagances of Calig'ula,!! by which he • SoMftiine^wTitton Ciwib^n^iifroii' Csflribeniuk. t Augpst^ w«9 the w>n of JaUue C^ssfur's ;nieoe) adopted by GsiUMr. He Wis the leoond empJBrb'r of Bonie. t The people of HongMTf n^hicheonntry was formerly called Fannoniat S The third eoqibi^ofltone. f A Boiqan emperor, the svpoesipr 9f Tiberius, *> 12 HISTORT OF ENGLAND. threatened Britain with an invasion, served rather to expose him to ridicule than the island to danger. At length, the Romans, in the reign of Glau'dius,* Imsgan to think seri- ously of reducing uiem under their dominion. The ex- pedition for this purpose was conducted in the beginning Dj Plau'tius and other commanders, with that success which usualW attended the Roman arms. 3. Garac'tacus was the first who seemed willing, by a vigorous effort, to rescue his country, and repel its insulting and rapacious conquerors. This rude soldier, though with inferior forces, continued, for above nine years, to oppose and harass the Romans : till at length he was totally routed and taken prisoner by Osto'rius Scap'ula, who sent him in triumph to Rome. 4. While Garac'tacus was being led through Rome, he appeared no way dejected at the amazing concourse of spectators that were gathered upon this occa- sion^ but casting his eyes on the splendours that surrounded him, ''Alas!" cried he, ''how is it possibte that a people possessed of such magnificence at home, could envy me a humble cottage in Britain I" The emperor was afi^cted 'by the British hero's misfortunes, and won by his address. He ordered him to be unchained on the spot, and set at liberty with the rest of the captives. 5. The cruel treatment of Boadi'cea, queen of thelce'ni, drove the Britons once more into open rebellion. Prasat'- agus, kine of the Ice'ni, at his death had bequeathed one balf his dominions to the Romans, and the other to his daughters, thus hoping, by the sacrifice of a part, to secure the rest to his family. But it had a different effect j for the Roman procurator immediately took possession of the whole: and when Boadi'cea, the WidOw of the deceased, attempted to remonstrate, he ordered her to be scourged like a slave, and made slaves of her daughters. 6. These outrages were sufficient to fffoduce a revolt throughout the island. The Ice'ni, as being the most deeply interested in the quarrel, were the first to take arms ; all the other states soon followed the example; and Boadi'cea, a woman of great beauty and mascuune spirit, was appointed to head the common forces, which amounted to two huadred and thirty thousand fighting men, 7. These, exasperated by their wrongs, attacked several of the Roman settlements and colonies with success : Suetoni'us, who commanded th^ Roman forces, hastened to relieve London, which was fU? f Jk9 son of Dnuus^ and suooesior of Calignlft; ttil AMOUNT BBITONS. 13 teedy a flourisliing colony; but found on his arrival, thai it would be requisite for the general safety to abandon that place to the merciless faxj of the enemy. 8. London was soon, therefpre, reduced to ashes : such of the inhabitants as r^nained in it were massacrec^ and the Romans, with all oUier strangers, to the number of seventy thousand, were cruelly put to the sword. Flushed with these suc- cesses, the Britons no longer sought to avoid the enemy, but boldly came to the place where Suetoni'us awaited their arrival, posted in a very advantageous manner with a body of ten thousand men. 9. The battle was obstinate and bloody. Boadi'cea herself appeared in a chariot with her two daughters, aiid harangu^ her army with masculine intrepidity j but the irregular and undisciplined bravery of her troops was unable to resist the cool intrepidity of the Bomans. They were routed with great slaughter; eighty thousand perished in the field, and an infinite number were made prisoners; while Boadi'cea herself, fearing to fall into the hands of the enraged victor, put an end to her life by poison. 10. The general who firmly established the dominion of the Bomans in this island was Ju'lius Agric'ola^* who go- verned it during the reigns of Vespa'sian,! Ti'tus,t and Domi'tian,§ and distinguished himself as well by his cour- age as humanity. For several years after the time of Agric'ola, a profound peace seems to have prevailed in Britun, and little mention IS made of the affairs of the island by any historian. 11. At length, however, Rome, that had for ages given laws to nations, and diffused slavery and oppression over the known world, began to sink under her own magnifi- cence. Mankind, as if by a general consent, rose up to vindicate their natural freedom; almost every nation as- serting that independence of which they had been so long unjustly deprived. 12. During these stru^es the British youth were fre- quently drawn away into Gaul, to give ineffectual succour • Jnliiu Agiioola wm the fitther-in-law of Taoitiu, the celebrated his* torian. t Yespadtui was the tenth Boman emperor, he was valiant, but very ayuidotis. t xitos was the eleventh Boman emperor, the son of Vespasian ; he was 80 good a man that he was called " tho deUght of mankind." 9 Dottiitian was the twelfth Boman emperor, and brother to litus ; he W«9 a great perseoutor of tho Christiaus, and of a most oniel disposition. 14 ktSTOBT or XMdtAtifii * to the various coiitenders for the empire, who, fkiling iii every attempt only left the name of tyrants behind them.* In the mean time, as the Boma;n forcee decreased in Britaini the Piots and Scotst eontinued still more boldly to' hifesi the mHrthem parts; and crossing the friths, wfaioh the Bo* mans could not guard, in little wioke^boats covered 'with leathe^ filled the country, wherever they came^ mth slaugh- ter ana oonsteraatioiK ' "• " '■' •■-'■' . -'' 13. The Romans therefore finding it impossible to stand their ground in Britain, in the reign of the emperor Valenr tin'ian took their last leave of the island, after bein^ masters of it for nearly four hundred years, and now left the natives to the choice oi their own government and kings. They gave them the best instructions the calamitous times would permit, for exercising their arms, and repairing their ram- parts J and helped them to erect a new wall of stone across the island, fw they had not at that time artisans skilftil' enough amcmg themselves to repair that which had been built by the emperor Sev'erus. The ruins of this wall, and the fortresses by which the Roman colonies were defended, are among the most interesting relics of antiquity in England. (iitestiofufor Examinaiion, < 1. What prevented Angustiu teom vidtlng Britain t Did TlD^riuB make i^ attempt upon Bruain f 2. What exposed^ CaUgola to rfdioule f , 8. Who wm tho first i^mon that tnla WflAhf w repel the invadert J How long didiCaraoiaiciiafaaran thflBomans f 4. l^at rtsmarke did daraptaena mali^ on iii^earing the splendoar of Kome f ' ' ' " 6. WhateaiMedthenritonBtorebi&l f J »► i'^^i^ "^ W ho comnianded B|oadioea.to.be ill«treated t ! / 6. WhatweiretheoonsiBquenees r 7. Who oonunanded tb» Boihan ibroei at that tilne f 8. What Wa« the Ate ofLondon and iti inhabitants f 9. Describe Boadicea's conduct, and the fof ^t of this battle. 10. At What time did peao6 prevail in Great Britain f 11. What was the situation of Rome at this time f 12. What were the,nations,that Ihfestedthe nwthem parts t 18. Wlien did the Bbmans take their leave of Britain? And how long hftd they been masters of it r « According to the " IfotMa MpeHi," no less than twelve British corps of Infiintry and cavalry were constantly dispersed in the distant proyin / of the emniEet white IbreUpa solfUeiSiLWcre, according tothd liifarlifble' policy of the Bomans, stationed in Britain, t The BanM by which th«inhaMiant8«fjBeoiland%lBriBattfi«t'1iniedii'^' ttngnished. " TheEMslaofoaUedikiOtakPMib*, aplnnderer, and not ftota, , FieH, painted)* andtiia S^tMkw&wtte, tLmaaSi^,m^l(im6iiwlti ' WereoiUydiflto«ntti!ibe»ofCaIedonians.''.-JDr.2rMfY. ^ ^^ ~< :,»>;^ tai baxoHb. ii CHAPTER 11. THE SAXONS. SECTION I. But hark ! what foreign dram on Thanet's Isle Froolalmi aMittanee r ma the Saxon band By HengM led* and Hjorsa :-r>aee» they noile ■■,■ And ,gieet fheir hoita with fidse, inai^loi^ hand^iXMin. 1. (A. D. 447.) Thb Britohfl, being no^ left to them- Reives, considered their new liberties as their greatest cala- mity. The Picts and Scots, uniting together, b^an to- look upon Britain as their own, and attack^i the northern wall, which the Romans had built to keep off their incursions, with success. Having thus opened to thetnselves a passage, they ravaged the whole country with impunity, wnile the Britons sought precarious shelter in the woods and moun- tains.* 2. It waa in this deplorable and enfeebled state that the I Britons had recourse to the Saxons, a brave people : who for their strength and valour, were formidable to all the German nations around them, and supposed to be more than a match for the gods thanselves. They were a people resUess imd bold, who considered war as their trade: and were, in consequence, taught to cdnsider victory as a aoubt- ful advantage, out courage as a certain good. 3. A nation however entirely addicted to war, has s^dom wanted the limputation of cruelty, as those terrors which are opposed ■without fear are often inflicted without regret. The Saxons |are represented as a very cruel nation : but we must re- lember that their enemies have drawn the picture, 4. It was no disagreeable circumstance to these ambitious iople to be. invited into a country upon which they had for iges been forming designs. In consequence, therefore/of the solemn invitation of Vor'tigernj who was thien king of Bri- un, they arrived with fifteen hundred men, under the com- land of Hen'gist and Hor^sa^ who were brothers, and * In this extremity, fhey made application fbr stioconr to^tins, preftet of Gaid, in the following remarkable words :—*' The groans of the wretched Britons, to tbethriCHkpsqbitpd Consul, .^ns,— The baitartans drive n» into the 86aal;idth6 sea foi!^jaB back on theswords of the barbarians, so that tfd ttaye n^thitt^ left ns bnt .the wtetohed chqibe . of being: etther. Irowh^or.marddrea." JBfiui waa^ hoiir«j^ij too ^lonely eittMed fn^. posing j^tOlM, the |«itfiwhed;i^ f f, the Huns. (who> ikomlheliayoo U iaadeWhettireir VMK, fntofd #ai^ra]r% ira«]ienominatod " 1** acdiirye y id HIStOBT OF JEKOLAHb. landed on the isle of Than'et.* 6. There the^ did noi long remain inactive ; but beins joined by the Britmh forceti they boldly marched against me Picts and Scots, who had advanced as far as Lincolnshire, and soon gained a complete victory over them. (A. D. 460.) The Saxons, however, being sensible of the fertility of the country to which they came, and the barrenneM of thai which they had left behind, invited over sreat numberi of their countrymen to become sharers in their new exjpedi' tion. 6. Accordingly they received a fresh supply of five thousand men, who passed over in seventeen vesseln^ and soon made a permanent establishment in the island. The British historians, in order to account for the easy conquest of their country by the Saxons, assign their treaoh' ery, not less than their valour, as a principal cause. 7. They allege, that Yor'tigern was artfUUy inveigled into a passion for Bowe'na, the daughter of Hen^gist \ and^ in order to marry her, was induct to settle the fertile province of Kent upon her father, whence the Saxons could never after be removed. f It is alleged, alsO; that upon the death of Yor'timer, which happen^ shortlv alter the victory he gained at Eg'glesford, Vor'tiiiern,' nis ftk ther, ^as reinstated upon the throne. 8. It is added that this weaik monarch, accepting of a festival from Hen'gist, three hundred of his nobility were treacherously slaugh- tered, and himself detained captive. After the death of Hen'gist^ several other German tribes allured by the success of their countrymen, went over in great numbers. 9. A body of Saxons, under the conduct of Ella and his three sons, had some time before laid the' foundation of the kingdom of the South Saxons, though not without great opposition and bloodshed. This new kingdom included Surrey, Sussex, and the New Forest; and extended to the frontier of Kent. 10. Another tribe of the Saxons, under the command of 0^ndi(:^ and his son Eenrick, landed in the west, and fVom thence took the name of West Saxons. These met with * Thanet is an idand of Kent. Margate and Bamsgate are its prinolpftl towns. t Oar old English historians say, that when'the beantiflil Boweni WSf first introdnoedto Yortigem, " ahe presented him on her knee Wl^ t Ottjp of wine, saving " Waes heal, hlafbrd oyning.' or ' Be of health. Lord kingf* td which voragem, being instructed m the custom, answered, ' Drine Mtl, ' or, < I drink vour heuth.' "—It is proper here to observe, however, that some able histor^ns have declared, that no authentic documents exist oon* coming these stories of Tortigem and Bdwenin, or of the slattgnter Of tbs British nobles ; and that they are inclined to believe tt^e whole a flotion. Of at least very much exaggerated. THE SAXONS. 17 a very rigorous opposition from the natives^ but, being rein- forced from Germany,* and assisted by their countrymen on the island; they routed the Britons^ and, although retarded in their progress by the celebrated kins Arthur, t they had strength enough to keep possession of the conquest they had already made. Gerdic, merefpre^ with his son Kenrick, es- tablished the third Saxon kingdom in the island, namely, that of the West Saxons, including this counties of Hants, Dorset, Wilts; Berks, and the Isle of Wisht 11. It was in opposing this Saxon invader that the ce- lebrated prince Artnor acquired his &me. However un- successAil all his vfdour might have' been in the end, yet his name made so gre^ a figuri^ in the iHibulous fMinals of the times, that some notice must ibe taken? of him* 1 2. This prince is of s'^ch obslstirie 'dri^^ tihaf some authors suppose him to be the son of king Am|iHK/«ius,$ &nd others onl^ hid nephew ; others again affirm that he was a Cornish prince, and son of Gurlois, King of that province. However this be, it is certain he was a CiMsmfinaer of great valour j and, could courage alone have repaired the miserable state of the Britons, his i^ight have been effectual. * 13^ According to the most authentic historians, he worsted the Saxons in twelve successive battles* In one of these, namely, that fouffht at Gaerbadon, in Berks, it is asserted that he killed no less thah four hundred> uid forty of the enemy with Ipia own liand. But the Saxons were too numerous and ppwer- f\il to be extirpated by the desultory efforts of single valour; so thai a peace, and not a conquest, was the im- mediate fhiit of his victories. 14. The enemy, therefore, still gained ground ; and this prince^ in the decline of life,; had the' mortificaition, from ^ome domestic troubles of his owh, to be a patient speetatcnr of their i encroachments. His first wife had beeh carried 'off by Menlas, king of Somerset* shire, who detained her a whole year at 01aston]bury,§ until Arthur, discov^ng'the place of her retreat, advanced with an army aeainst the sedu^er^ tmd obliged him tp give her back. 15. In his second wife, perhaps, he may have been more fortunate, as we have no mention made of her; but it was otherwise with his third C(Misort who was car- * A larM country of Earope, oomprisinR many kingdoma tnd states, t A British prince, wbo mtablished Cbrinianity at "S^rk, in the room of paganiBm or worshipping of iilols. f King of the Britons. ^ Qliwtroduced a re* btUion* in which the king and his traiUnrous kinsman, meet' ing in battle, ilew each other. QueittoM for JBxaminaUon. . Wbe rtviied Snjiuid with impiinity 7 To wboffl did tlM Biitoiui have reoonne ft>r MBistanee in their diitreM f Wbtt ehti«oter la giren of the Saxomr WluwO uld the Sftxoni luidf Wooffl did the Saxons deftatr Ir what neani oan the easy oonqnest of Britain be aooounted ibrf Mm did the Aaxons obtain possearion of the province of Kent f werf fiot man/ of the Briti^i nohiUtar treaoherovsly slafightered ? Who laid the ibtindations of the S011& Saxon Uhgdom r Jho Mve rise to the name of the West Saxons f I WHat eelobrated Britishprinoe opposed the Saxons with sncoess ? __bat extraordinary feat of valour Is related of him ? Wott doniMtto tronbles afflioted Arthur in the deoUne of lift f ^t^^t^m^^m^ SECTION n. While ttndeoided yet whioh part should fkU, Whioh nation rise, the glorious Lord of all.— CV«eeJk. L (A«D« 676.) In the mean time, while the Saxons were thui gaining ground in the westj their countrymeu were not less actire In the other parts of the island. Adventurers still oontinuing to pour over firom Germany, one body of them, under the command of UfEk, seized upon the Counties of Gambridge. Suffolk, and Norfolk, and gave their com- mand«f the title of king of the East Angles,* which was the ^rth Saxon kingdom founded in Britain. 2. Another body of these adventurers formed a kingdom under the title of East Saxony, or Essex, comprehending Issei^ Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire. This king- dom, which was dismembered from that of Kent, formed the fifth Saxon principality founded in Britain. B, The kingdom of Metoia was the sixth which was es- tablished by these fierce invaders, comprehending all the middle counties, from the bimks of the Severn to the frontiers of the two last-named kingdoms. The seventh and last kingdom which they obtained was that of Northumberland, t one of the most powerful and extensive of them all. This was formed from the unioli of * ConmreheBdiiif KorfoUc, SuiTblk, Cambridge, and the Isle of BIy. t AOrtottfflbeHandi that is the land north of the river Hnmber, eon- tainediix gotifitles in England, and extended as fiur as the Fiitb Qt IkUnt tmrfh, ia leoilind. THl SAXONS. 19 two smaller Saxon kingdoms, the one called Berni'cia, con- taining the present county of Northumberland and the bishoprick of Durham; the subjects of the other, called Dei'ri, extending themselves over Lancashire and York- shire. 4. These kiiu;doms were united in the person of Ethelred, king of Northumberland, by the expulsion of Edwin, his brother-in-law, from the kingdom of the Dei'ri and the seisve of his dominions. In this manner, the natives being overpowered or entirely expelled, seven king- doms were established in Britain, which have since been well known by the name of the Saxon heptarchy. 6. The Saxons, being thus well established in all the desir- able parts of the island, and having no longer the Britons to contend with, began to quarrel among themselves. A country divided into a number of petty independent princi- palities, must ever be subject to contention, as jealousy and ambition have more frequent incentives to operate. 6. After a series, therefore, of battles, treasons, and stratagems, all their petty principalities fell under the power of Egoert. king of Wessex, whose merits deservea dominion, ana whose prudence secured his conquests. By him all the kingdoms of the heptarchy were united under one common jurisdiction ; but, to sive splendour to his authority, a gene- ral council of the ofergy and laity was summoned at Win- chester, where he was solemnl^r crowned king of England, by which name the united kingdom was thenceforward called. 7. Thus about four hundred years after the first arrival of the Saxons in Britain, all the petty settlements were united into one great state, and nothing offered but prospects of peace, security, and increasing refinement. It was about this period that St. Gregory undertook to send missionaries among the Saxons, to convert them to Christianity. 8. It is said, that before his elevation to the papal chair he chanced one day to pass through the slave- market at Rome, and perceiving some chil(&en of great beauty, who were set up for sale, he enquired about their country, and finding they were English pagans, he is said to have cried out in the Latin language, Non Angli sed Angeli, forent, si; essent Christiani, — " They would not be English, but angels, had they been Christians."* 9. From * Inquiring ftirtherthe name oftheirprovinoe, he wu answered Deiri(a difltriotof NoithDunberiand). " Deiri," replied St. Gregory, " that is good ; tbejriure Qill^ tot)i9 meroy of Go4 teQm bit anger, |hat is, Ps iba, But 20 HISTORY Of BNOI.AND. tha^ time he was etn^ck with an ardei^^ defire to oonyert tha^ unenlightened nation, and ordered a monk named Augns* tine, and others of the same fiatemityi to undertake ^e mission into Britain. This pious monk, upon his first hindins upon the Isle of Thanet, sent one of his interpreters to Eth'elbert the Kent- ish king, declaring he was oome from Rome with offesta of eternal salvation. 10. The king immediately, ordered them to be furnished with all necessaries, and even visited them, though without declaring himself as yet in their favour. Augustine, however, encouraged by this ftkvourable recep- tion, and now seeing a prospect of success, prooeeded with redoubled zeal to preacn the gospel. U. The king openly espoused the Christian religion, wh0e his ezam|4ie wronght so successfully on his subjects, thatj pumbjers of them came voluntarily to be baptised, Uie missionaries loud^j^ deo]aring against any coercive means towards their conversion, In this manner the other kinadoms, one after the. other, em- braced the faith : and Enghmd was soon as fitmous for ^ts superstition, as it had once been for its averseness to Chris- tianity. The Saxon ecclesiastics were in general men of great piety and learning. The most celebrated among them was thie venerable Bede, bom A. D. 6t3, died A. D* 735, whose his- tory of the Anglo-Saxon Church was so highly valu^ by King Alfred, that he translated it from the Latin language, in which it was written, into the Saxon. QueitwMfor Examinaticn, 1. 'Whence did adTenturera ooptinneto come t , What oonnttes totmed the fbttrth ktii|^<»i of the Baxdns f 2. What covntiet did the flfth 8a3»Mi kingdom comprehend t 8. What was the aizth kingdom ofdled t What was the aeventh ungdom f and how Was it fofmed ? , 4. What was the ^nenl name gfrctt' to the seven 4S«xon' ktogdomi r ( 6. What haopened to the SaxOns alter the Britons ircjP^ su^vcd ' 6. Under whose power did all the petty prlnoipalltiefi fUl t 7. At about what i>brfod wer^ misndnanee sent ttnong the Saxons to convert them to Christianity f 8. 9. What was the rt carious : the lands lay uncultivated, througn fear of con- tinual incursions; and all the churches and monasteries were burnt to the ground. In this terrible situation of aflklrs, nothing appeared out objects of terror, and every hope was lost in despair. 8. The wisdom and virtues of one man alone were found sufficient to bring back happiness, security, and order ; and all the calamities of the time ibund redress from Alfred. 9. This prince seemed bom, not only to defend his bleed- ing country, but even to adorn humanity. He had given very early instances of those great virtues which afterwards gave splendour to his reign ; and was anointed by Pope Leo as future kii^, when he was sent by his ftbther, tor his education, to Rome. On his return thence, he became every day more Uie object of his father's fond affections; and that perhaps was the reason why his education was at first neglected. He had attained the age of twenty before he was made acquainted with the lowest elements of litera- ture ; but hearing some Saxon poems read, which reoouMed the praise of heroes, his whole mind was roused, not onlj^ to obtain a siinilitude of glory, but also to be able to transmit INVASION OF TBI DAN18. 23 that glory to posterity. 10. Encouraged by the queen his tnother, and assisted by a penetrating senius, he soon learned to read these oompositions^ and proceed thenoe to a knowled^ of Latin authors, who directed his taste and rectified his ambition. He was scarcely come to the fhrone wiien he was obliged to oppose the Danes, who had seised Wilton,* and were exercising their usual ravageiS on the country around. 11 . H@ inarched against them with the few troops he could assemble on a sudden, and a desperate battle was fought, to the disad- vantage of the English. But it was not in the power of misfortune to abate the king's diligence^ though it repressed his power to do good. He was in a little time enabled to hazflurd another engagement ; so that the enemy, dreading his courage and activity, proposed terms of peace, which he did not think proper to reuise. 12. Xhev, by this treaty^ agreed to relinquish the kingdom; but instead of complying with their enga^ments, they only removed from one place to another, burmng and destroying wherever they came. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Gregory IV 828 Thoophllns I Serdnin 8M "" LeolV 847 Benediotm 866 MieliolMl 868 Emperors oTthe Ecut. MiehaelU 801 A. x>. KiobMim 843CongaUus HI Donjallua Emperort qfthe Wt$t, ana X1na» of France. Lewial.r. 814 Lothsrius 840 Lewis U 866 KMIKENT PEB80NS. Kingt (^Scotland, 834 Alpiniu 884 Kennethni II 849 DonaldusV 860 ConstantiiuII 866 In the reign qf Egbert : Earls OBmond and Dadds. Bishops Wigfiurth and HereAirth.— /n the reigns qfEtheUfcUdandEthelbert : Swiihun, bish- op of Winehestdr. Orsyof , earl o£ Hampton. Lambert and Ethelhard, arohbishops of Canterbury.— /n the reign ofEthelred : Osbricht and Ella, Norihttmbrian princes, who were killeawmle bravely opposing the Danes. QueMtionsfor Examination. 1. What enemies disturbed the tranquillity which England ei^oyed after the union of the seven Saxon kmgdoms ? What mode of warfkre was practised by the Danes f 2. What loss did the Danes suiibr by sea t 3. What did the Danes carry away r 4. Where did they at lengUi establish themselves ? 6. Who succeeded Ethelbald f By whom was Ethelred assisted f * Wilton is the county tovm of Wiltshire, though Salisbury is now its principal place. 24 fitStO&T OV ENGLAND. 6>: WlMt WM the OMue of ]&thelre4's death ? and to whom did he iMV6 the kingdom f 7l 8. What was the eatise of thehindBTemaining nnonltivated ? 9. 10. What ia vMated Of AUred'B.vooth and caBy ditpodtion T 11. What was the sacceai of this prinde against the Danes f 12. In what manner did the Dines observe their treaty with Alfred f SECTION II. ^ deplete with Bool^ the; napnar^ stood alone, And, built op freedonirs hftip, England's throne : A I^fldslator, paretit, warrior, flage, He med, the Ught of a benighted age.— iMMIn. 1. (A. D. 877.) AtPRED, tliiie opposed to an enemy' whom no Btationary force could resist, and no treaty could bind, found himself unable to repel the efforts of those ravagers who from all quarters invaded him. New swarms of the enemy arrived every y6ar upon the coast, aiid fresh invdsions were still projected. Some of his subjects, therefore, left their country, and retired into Wales,* or fled to the con- tinent. Others submitted to the conqueror, and purchased their lives by their freedom. -2. In this universal defection, Alfred vainly attempted to remind them of the duty they owed their country and their kin^; but, finding his remon- strances ineffectual, he was obhged to ^ve way to the wretched necessity of the times. Accordmgly, relinquish- ing the ensi^s of his dignity and (dismissing his seirvants, he dressed mmself in the habit of a| peasant and lived for some time in the house of a hertlsman. who had been in- trusted with the care of his cattle. 3* In mis manner^ though abandoned by the world, and fearing an enemy in every quarter, still he resolved to continue in his country, to catch the slightest occasion for bringing it relief. In his solitary retreat, which was in the county of Somerset^ at the conflu- ence of the rivers Parret and Thone, he amused himself with music, and supported his humble lot with the hopes of better fortune. 4. It is said, that one day, being commanded by the herdsman's wife, who was ignorant of his quality, to take care of some cakes which were bakij^ig by the fire, he happened to let them bum, on which she severely upbraided him for neglect. Previous to his retirement. Alfred had concerted measures for assembling a few trusty friends, whenever an opportunity should offer of annoying the enemy, who ireTfi in possession of the whole country. 5. This chosen band, still faithful ■ ■ ■ ' ■■ , ■ « Wales consists of twelve counties on the west of England, annexed to it by Edward the First. JLttlSLVb THE dilXAt. 25 to their ttKmaroV todk'slielter Ih'tlie forests aiid tearshes of Somerset) ancl thence made occasional irruptions upon straggline pcirties of the enemy. Their success m thia rapa- cious and dreary method of Hvine, encouraged many more to join their society^ till at length, sufficiently augmented, they repairjod to their monarch; who had by that time been deduced by famine to the last extremity.* 6. Meanwhile Ubba, the chief of the Danish commanders, carried terror over the whole land^ and now ravaged the country of "Wales without opposition. The only place where he found resistance was in his return from the castle of Kenwith, into which the Earl of Devonshire had retired with a small body of troops. 7. This gallant soldier, find- ing himself unable to sustain the siege, and knowing the danger of surrendering to a perfidious enemy, was resolved, by one desperate effort, to sally out and force his way through the besiegers, sword in hand. The proposal was embraced by all his followers : while the Danes, secure in their numbers, and in their contempt of the enemy, were not only routed with great slaughter, but Ubba, their gene- ral, was slain. 8. This victory once more restored courage to the dis- pirited Saxons 'f and Alfred, taking advantage of their favour- * The lift of Alfred is taiU of the most itatereBtiog events. Amone wk- meronH aueedotee relfttedof htan by the old Ettclith hittortenB, the follow iugwethink worthy of a plaoe in thip work^ as ft M^rds i^ Rtriking Ulustra- tion of h|8 benevolence, and is a proof of the privatiohs. in conunon with hi« tnuty adherents, underwent dnring their seclusion in Somei^setshire : ->** It happened one day dnrlng the winter, which proved nncommonly se- yere, that he bad sent all hi^ »tendants out to eimeavour to procure flsh, or some kind of provisions; so difficult was the enterprise eineenied, that ' ' Hhef king ahd queen only were eroused from the emidoyment. When they (mere gone, the king, as was his custom, whenever he had an opportunity, took a book, and began reading, whilst fllswitha was employed in her do- mMnc boneentuk; they had not long continued thus engaged, before a poor l^Igrim, aocidentally passing that way, knocked at the gate, and begged they would give him son^thing to eat. The humane king called Elswitha, an^ deidreaner to give the poor man part of what provision there was in the fokt ; the queen, finding only one loaf, brought it to Alfred to show how slender their store was, at the same time representing the distress the fa> : ndly would labour under, should they return £rom their foraging unsuc- cessihl. The king, not deterred by this scanty view m>m his charitable purpose, but rather internally rejoicing at this trial of his humanity , cheer^ >hlly gave the poor Christian one half of the loaf; consoling the queen with this religious reflection : ' That he who could feed five thousand with five loaves and two Ushesi co^ld make (if it so pleased him) that half of the loaf suffice for more than their necessities.' When the traveller departed, the king returned to his readtpg, and felt that satis&ction which most surely results from a benificent action. Nor was It long unrewarded, for his companions returned with so great a quantity of provisions, that they were not exposed to any similar inconveniences dniing their seclusion.' ^ 26 HISTORT OF ENGLAND. able disposition, prepared to animate them to a vigorous exertion of their superiority. He soon, therefore, apprized them of the place of his retreat, and instructed them to be ready with all their strength at a minute's warning. 9. But still none was found who would undertake to give intelli- gence of the forces and posture of the enemy. Not know- ing, therefore, a person m whom he could confide, he un- dertook this dangerous task himself. In the simple dress of a shepherd, with his harp in his hand, he entered the Danish camp^ tried all his musical arts to please, and was 80 much admired, that he was brought even into the presence of Guthrum, the Danish prince, with whom he remained 8ome days. 10. He there remarked the supine security of the Danes, their contempt of the English, their negligence 5n foraging and plundering, and their dissolute wasting of such ill-gotten booty. Having made his observations, he returned to his retreat; and, detaching proper emissaries among his subjects, appointed them to meet him in the forest of Selwood, a summons which they gladly obeyed. 11. It was a^inst the most unguard^ quarter of the enemy that Alfred made his most violent attack ; while the Danes, surprised to behold an army of English, whom they considered as totally subdued, made but a faint resistance. Notwithstanding the superiority of their numbers, they were routed with great slaughter j and though such as es- caped fled for refuge into a fortified camp in the neighbour- hood, yet, being unprovided for a siege, in less than a fortnirfit they were compelled to surrender at discretion. 12. oy the conqueror's pernaission, those who did not choose to •embrace Christianity embarked for Flanders,* under the •command of one of their generals, called Hastings. Guth- rum, their prince, became a convert, with thirty of his no- bles, and the king himself answered for him at the font. 13. Alfred had now attained the meridian of glory: he possessed a greater extent of territory than had ever oeen enjoyed by any of his predecessors; the kings of Wales did him homage for their possessions, the Northumbriaust received a king of his appointing, and no enemy appeared to give him the least apprehensions, or excite an alarm. 14. In this state of prosperity and profound tranquillity, which lasted for twelve years, Alfred was diligently em- ployed in cultivating the arts of peace, and in repairing the damages which the Kingdom had sustained by war. * Nowapartof theNetherlandR. f The inhabitants of Northumberland. ▲LFBSD TBB OBSAT. 27 ngorous apprized an to be 9. But e intelli- ot know- B, he \m- ple dress itered the and was J presence remained security of negligence wasting of nations, he emissaries lim in the obeyed, rter of the • while the whom they resistance, ibers, they such as es- neighbour- a fortnight .n. 12. By [t choose to under the Ings. Gruth- ly of his no- he font, [f glory; he 'i ever been rg of Wales Ihumbriaust »y appeared :; an alarm, tranquillity, iligently em- •epairing the rar. jrtbumberiand. 15. His care was to polish the country by arts, as he had protected it by arms ; and he is said to have drawi;i up a body of laws.* His care for the encouragement of learn- ing did not a little tend to improve the morals and restrain the barb&rous habits of the people. When he came to the throne^ he found the English sunk into the grossest igno- rance and barbarism^ proceeding from the continual dis- orders of the government, and from the ravages of the Danes. He himself complains, that on ^is accession, he knew not one person south of the Thames who could so much as interpret the Latin service.! 16. To remedy this deficiency, he invited over the most celebrated scholars from all parts of Europe ; he founded, or at least re-esta- blished, the University of Oxford, and endowed it with many privileges; and he gave, in his own example, the strongest mcentives to study. 17. He usually divided his time into three equal portions: one was given to sleep, and to the re- fection of his body by diet and exercise; another to the despatch of business ; and the third to study and devotion.t He made considerable progress in the different studies of Sammar, rhetoric, philosophy, architecture, and geometry, e was an excellent historian; he understood music; he was acknowledged to be the best Saxon poet of the age, and left many works behind him, some of wnloh remain to this day. 18. To give a character of this prince would * Alfred established a regular icilitia throughout England, and raised a considerable naval force, by which means he was enalued to repel the fu- ture incursions of the Danes. He afterwards established a regular police, dividing the kingdom into counties, and the counties into hundreds and titbiugs. So weu regulated was the police which he established, that it is said he had golden bracelets hung up near the highways, which no robber dared to touch. Yet he never deviated from the nicest regard to the liber- ty of his people ; and there is a remarkable sentiment preserved in his will, namely, that "Itiejuat the English thouMfor ever remain as free aa ihHr own thoughts." t So little, indeed, was learning attended to by the great, that Asser, the biographer of Alfred, mentions with astonishment, that the king taught his voungest son, Ethelward, to read, before he made him acquainted with nuntmg. X The piety of Alfred was as conspicuous as his prowess; and, in those days of ignorance, he enlightened, by his pen no less than by his example, the people over whom he swayed the sceptre. One of his literary labours was the rendering the Holy Gospels into the Saxon tonguo, from which we extract the Lord^s Prayer, and insert it here as a specimen of the language spoken by the English at that period :— "Faeder ure thu the earth on heafenum,si thin mama gehagog, to be cume thin rice, Gevurthe bin willa on earthen swa swa on heafenum, ume go daegwanlican hlaf syle us to daeg; and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgivath urum gyltendum, and ne geldde thu us on consenung ac alyse us of yfle." (Si iiZytVi.)— Medulla BQtoria AngUccma. 28 tttStOBt OV SNOLAND« f be to sum up those qualities which constitute perfection* ^Even virtues seeminglqr opposite werp happily blended in his disposition ; persevering, yet flexible ; moderate, yet enterpiiding J jiisV yet merciful; stern in command, yet gientle in conversation. Nature also, as if desirous that such adniirable quaUties of mind should be set off to the greatest ^vantage^ had bestowed upon him all bodily accom- plii^hments, ^our^ dignity, and to engaging, open counte- nance. 19. He died at Oxford on the 25th of October, 900, and was buried at Winchester. CONTEMPORARY SOTBRBIGNS. • Pq peg. A.D. Jo))nYin 872 [artinll 882 Adrian in......i.. 884 StepkenVI .885 formosos 801 Emperors cf (^aldvsyi.......898 EMINENT PERSONS. Oldnne, earl of Devon, who killed Hnhha the Pane, and took t^e IMnong Bea;^m, or enchanted standard. Ulfi^d^i, Trelotegaldns, Celiiorth, Bthelred, and Fldnunbus, were snecessiTely-arohbishops of Caiiterbaryiii this reign. 6, 7. Questions for Exemination. 1. What eflbothad the cont^nal ravages of the Danes npon the English? I ' 2. 3. How did, Alfred act |n this enienencv? 4. Wluit anecdote is related df Alfiredauring his oonooalmentr 6. How did those wh6 still remained fUthnil tb Alftvd conduct them- What benevolent act is related of this monarch t {$eeihe Note.) What desperate efTdrt did the Iku*! of Devonshire resolve on? And I what was the consequence? 8. What was the advantage rained hy Alfred'^ courage r 9. By what stratagem did Alfrod getint0lligen<^ of the enemy's fitnatIoii!| 10. II. What observations did he inake anring his stay in tlie DanlsU oampfl 12. What became of the Danes after their defeat? I 18. What kings paid homage to Alfired? 14. 16. 16. How was Alfredemplov^d dnrinff the peace? 17. For what pui^ote did Alfred divide his tune into three equal portions fP And what wer^ his accomplishments? 18. What is the general character flfiven of Alfred ? 19. Where did Alfred die, and at what place was he buried? BDWY. 29 upon the EngUsh? SECTION in. FriMt-ridden bv » nutn Of an nubottnaipd stomaota, ever ranking HinuMlf with pnnoM.— i87Mfee«p«are. 1. (A.D. 901.) His second son, Edward,* succeeded him on the throne. To him succeeded Athelstan, his natural son, the illegitimacy of his birth not being then deemed a sufficient obstacle to his inheriting the crown. He died at Gloucester, after a reign of sixteen years, and was succeeded by his brother Edmund, who, like the rest of his predeces- sors, met with disturbance firom the Northumbrians on his accession to the throne^ but his activity soon defeated their attempts. 2. The resentment this monarch bore to men of an abandoned way of living was the cause of his death. He was killed by Leolfij a robber, at a feast, where this villain had the insolence to intrude into the kins' s presence. His brother, Edred, was appointed to succeed him; and like his predecessors this monarch found himself at the head of a rebellious and refVaotory people. 3. Edred im- plicitly submitted to the directions of JDunRtai;! the monk, boUi< in phuroh and state; and the kio^dom was in a fair way of being turned into a papal provipce by this zealpiis ecclesiastic I but he was checked in the midst of his career, by the death of the king, whp di^*^ of a quinsy, in the tenth year of his reigns—A. D. 965. 4. Edwy, his nephew, whx) ascendi^ the throne, his own Bona. being yet unfit to .govern, was ai^^ce of ^eat per- sonal accomplishments,, and of martifu disposition. But he was^ now co^ne to the govemmient of a kii^gdom in which he had an enemy to contend with against whom all military virtues ( Qc^uld, be of little service.. 5. Dunstan, who had goveiin^ during the former rei^n, was resoived to remit not)iing of. his authority in tlus; and J^dwy, immediately upo|i his accession, found Mm^elf involved in a quarrel with the monks J whose rage .neither his accomplishments nor his virtues could mitigate. 6. AincNDg other instances of ih&x cruelty, the following is recorded :— -There was a lady of the royal blood named Elgiva, whose beauty had made a strong impression upon * Sftrnamed Edward tlui:B;ider,teom being the Qrst of that name who sat onthethi-oneof Ikifflaikd. He dbtaln^d many victories overtheNortbiim- I brian i«beU, btilt sevem cattU^f and fbrtifleU different oitlei;i He aiso foundjCKl tlie .Uj&iTerdtF of Cambridge, in 916.' Her ie said to have been nearly equal to his father in military courage, but greatly inferior to him I IS inentiu acoompIishmentSt H9 reigned 81 years. 30 HISTOBT OF ENGLAND. Dmifltaa 8q;»airfttlng Edwy and Elglva, the young monarch'^ heart. He had even ventured to many her contrary to the advice of his councillor^ M ihe was within the decrees of affinity prohibited by the canon law. 6. On the day of his coronation^ while hit nobility were giving loose to the more noisy pleasures of wine and festivity in the great hall, Edwy retired to his wife'H apartments, where, in company with her mother, he enjoyed the more pleasing satisfaction of her conversation. Dun* Stan no sooner perceived his absence, than, conjecturing the reason, he rushed furiously into the apartment, and, upbraid* ing him with all the bitterness of ecclesiastical rancour^ dragged him forth in the most outrageous manner. 8. Dunstan, it seems, was not without his enemies, for the king was advised to punish this insult by bnnnng him to account for the money with which he had been Intrusted during the last reign. This account the haughty monk refus^ to give in| wherefore he was deprived of all the ecclesiastical and civil emoluments of which he had been in possession, and banished the kingdom. 9. His exile only served to increase the reputation of his sanctity with th^ people. Among the rest, Odo, archbishop of Canterbui;^'.* was so far transported with the spirit of party, that hf pro- nounced a divorce between Edwy and Elgiva. The l&ng was unable to resist the indignation of the church, and con- sented to surrender his beautiful wife to its f^ry. Accord* f An ftD^ept Qit7 of ^ent, of wbiph oovnty it if tbt ospitili EDQAB. 31 ini iiiffly, Odo sent into the palace a party of soldiers, who seized the queen, and, by hie orders, branded her on the face with a hot iton. 10. Not contented with this cruel vengeance, they carried her by force into Ireland, and there commanded her to remain in perpetual exile. This injunc- tion, however, was too distressing for that faithful woman to comply witii j for being cured of her wound, and having obliterated the marks which had been made to deface her beauty, she once more ventured to return to the king, whom she still regarded as her husband. But misfortune continued to pursue her, 11. She was taken prisoner by a party whom the archbishop had appointed to observe her con- duct, and was put to death in a most cruel manntt. The sinews of her limbs \mng cut, and her body-manglW, she was Uius left to expire In the most cruel agony. In the mean time a secret revolt against Edwy became almost ge- neral: and Dunstan put himself at the head of the party. 12. Tlie malcontents at last proceeded to open rebellion j and having placed Edgar, the king's youngest brother, a boy of about thirteen years of age, at their head, they soon Sut liim in possession of all the northern parts of the king- om. Edwy's power, and the number of his adherents, ^every day declining, he was at last obliged to consent to a partition of the kingdom ; but his death, which happened soon after, freed his enemies from all further inquietude and gave Edgar peaceable possession of the government. 13. Edgar being placed on the throne by the influence of the monks, affected to be entirely guided by their direc- tions in all his succeeding transactions. Little worthy of notice is mentioned of this monarch, except his amour with Elfrida» which is ol too singular a nature to be omitted. 14. Edgar had long heard of the beauty of a young lady, whose name was Enrida^ daughter to the Earl of Devonshire ; but unwilling to credit common fame in this particular, he sent Ethelwald, his favourite friend, to see and inform him if ElMda was, indeed, that incomparable woman report had described her. 16. Ethel- wald, arriving at the earrs, had no sooner set his eyes upon that nobleman's daughter than he became desperatdy en- amoured of her himself. Such was the violence of his passion^ that, forgetting his master's intention, he solicited only his own interest, and demanded for himself the beau- tiful Blfrida from her father in marriage. The favourite of a king was not likely to find a refusal ] the earl gave his 82 HISTORY or ENGLAND. oon#«nt| And Uie nupiiaJs were perfprmed in private. 16. Upon hii return to court, whioh was sliortly after, he as- aur0(| th(^ king tliat riches alone, and heir 'high quaUty, had bMA the cause of her high fame, and h6 appeared aibazjed, how the world could, talk so much and so unjustly of her oharn^ii. The kins was satisded. and no longer f^lt any euribiityi while Euielwald secretly triumphed in his ad- ariai* 17. When he had, by this deceit, weaned the king firom his puipcfle, he took aii opportunity, alter some time, of iitini^ the conversation on Elfrida, representing that, though the ibrtuhe of the earl of Devbnshire's daughter would be a trifle to i king^ yet it would be an immense ac- quiiition to a needy subject. He therefore humbly entreated p6nni|iion tctpay his addresses to her, ae she was the rich- eat hiiress in the kingdom. 18. A request so seemingly reaibnAbU was readily complied withf Ethelwald returned to hit wifeii and their nuptial^B were sblemnized in public. \ His grea-tesi care, however, was employed in keeping her from court) and h^ took every precaution to prevent her* from appearing before a kin^ so susceptible of love, while ah« ,wa« ao capable of, inspinng that pas&ibn. But i> was impoi^ible to keelp his treachery long concealed. 19. Ed^ar waa aoon informed of the whole transaction ^ but discern* bling hia resentment, he took occasion to visit that part of tha eountry wh^d this miracle of beauty was detained, accom- paniid by Ethelwald, who reluctantly attended h|m thither. Upon coming near the lady's habitation, he told him that he had a dtaire to see his wife, of whom he had formerly heurd iO muoh, and desired to be introduced as Ms acquaintance. 20* Ethelwald, thunderstruck av the, proposal, dia &11 in his power, but in vainj to dissuade him. All he could obtain waa ptrmigsion to go before, on pretence of preparing for tba king's reception. On his arrival, he fell at his wife's fiit OOfifeasing what he had done to be possessed of her oliapaa, and conjuring her to conceal as much as possible her beauty from the king, who was too susceptible ot its pow^. 21. Elfrida, little obliged i^ him for a passion that haa deprived her of a crown, pro^li8ed compliance ^ but, pfOmpte4 either by vanity or revenge, adorned her person with the most exquisite art, and called up all her beauty on the occasion. Tne event answered her expectations^ the king no sooner saw than he loved her, and was instantly reaolved to obtain her.' 22. The better to effefcit his inten- tiona, he concealed his passion fr6m the husbaild, and took IDOAB. 33 leave with a seeming indifference: but his revenge was not the less certain and fbithiUl. Ethelwald was sometime after sent into Northumberland, upon pretence of urgent affairs, and was found murdered in the wood by the way. 23. Some say he was stabbed by the king's own hands; some that he only commanded the assassination. However this be, Elfirida was invited soon after to court by the king's own order, and their nuptials were performed with the usual solemnity. This monarch died, after a rei^ of sixteen years, in the thirty-third year of his age, bemg succeeded by his son Edward, whom he had by his Brat marriage with the daughter of the earl of Ordmer.* OONTEMPORABT SOVBBEIQNS. Popes. A.D. Benedict lY 900 LeoV 904 SerginsIU 906 Anastasius ni 910 L«do 912 John X 918 Leo Vn 928 Stephen YIU 929 John XI..... 981 Leo VI 936 Stephen IX 989 Martin m 948 Agapeptus 960 J^ XII 966 Benedict ^ 964 John XIII 966 A.X>. Benedict YI 972 Donitts II 972 Emperors of the East. LeoYI 886 Constantine Forphy- rogenitus 910 Bomanns the young- er 969 Nioephoms 968 Zennlsefl 970 Emperors of tJte West. Lewis III ...899 Conrad 1 912 Henry I ...919 A.D. Othol 986 OthoU 973 Kings of France. Charles lU 899 Lewis IV 986 Xothaire 1 964 Kings of Scotland. Constantine III. . . .909 Malcolm 1 943 Indulphos 968 PulAis .967 Culenus EMINENT PERSONS. In the reign of Edward: Ethelfrida, sister of JEklward the Elder, a great warrior, and very instrumental in asmstinff to gain her brother's victories. Atholme, archbishop of Canterbury .—/n the reign of Athelstan : Ouy . earl of Warwick, who is said to have killed the Danish giant Colbrand in single combat at Winchester, and performed many other extraordinary actions. Terketyl, asuccessAil warrfor, an abbot of Croyland, and chancellor of Eng- land. Wolston, archbishop of Canterbury .—/» the reign qf Edred : Dun- Stan, abbot of Glastonbury. CKlo, archbishop of Canterbury .—/n the reign €f Edgar: Dnnstan and Elsius, archbishops of Canterbury. * Until the reign of Edgar, England was much infested with wolves. The I^ng, however, was indefktigaDle in hunting and destroying them : but finding that those which escapea took shelter in the mountains and forests of Wales, he changed the tribute of money imposed on that country into an annual tribute of 800 wolves' heads : this produced such dUigenoe in hunt- ing tbeiQ, that their extirpation was soon effected. 0^ 34 BISTORT OF ENGLAND. ' Que»tion» for Examination, a. What wu the oftuse of Edward's death? and who raooeeded him? 8. To whose dlrectloxifl did Edred sobmitf 4. Who sacceeded Edred f 6. Whom did Edwy marry? 7. What happened on the day of his coronation? 8. On what aooount was Dunstan banished tlie kingdom? 0. By whose orders was the queen seized ? 14. Who was ElfHda, and whom did Edgar send to her? 16. How did Ethel wald perform his mlsnon? 16. 17. 18. Relate what followed. 19. How did the king act on hearing the whole transaction ? ao. What did Ethel wald request of Ids wifo ? 21. What was the result of ner non-compliance ? 22. How did Ethel wald die? 28. How long did Edgar reign ? and by whom was he succeeded ? SECTION IV. Gut oir in all the blossom of my sin, Unhousel'd, unanointed, nnanneal'd. No reck'ning made, but sent to my acoonnt With all my imperfections on my heaA.—8hak»peare. 1. (A. D. 976.) Edward, surnamed the Martyr, was made king by the interest of the monks, and lived put four years after his accession. In this reign there is nothing remarkable if we except his tragical and memo^itble end. 2. Hunting one day near Gorfe Castle, where Elfrida, his mother-in-law resided, he thought it his duty to pay her a viiit, although he was not attended by any of his retinue. There desiring some liquor to be brought him^ as he was thirsty, while he was yet holding the ciip to his head, one of Elfrida' s domestics, instructed for that purpose, stabbed him in the back. The king, finding himself wounded, put spurs to his horse ; but fainting with the loss of blood, he fell from the saddle, and his foot sticking in the stirrup, he was dragged along by his horse till he died. 3. Ethelred the Second, surnamed the Unready, the son of Edgar and Elfrida, succeeded; a weak, andjrresolute monarch, incapable of governing the kingdom, or providing for its safety. During his reign the bold and terrible ene- mies, the Danes^ who seemed not to be loaded with the same accumulation of vice and folly as the English, were daily gaining ground. 4. The weakness and inexperience of Ethelred appeared to give a favourable opportunity for renewing their depredations ; and, accordingly, they landed on several {^rts of the coast, spreading their usual terror and devastation. A.D. 981. OANUTI. H As they lived indiscriminately among the Enfflish, a resolution was taken for a general massacre ] and Ethelred. by a policy incident to weak princes^ embraced the cruel resolution of putting them all to the sword. 6. This plot was carried on with such secrecy, that it was executed in one day, and all the Danes in England were destroyed without mercy. But this massacre, so pirfidious in the contriving, and so cruel in the execution, mstead of ending the long miseries of the people, only prepared the way for greater calamities. 6. While the English were yet congratulating each other upon their late deliverance firom an inveterate enemy, Sweyn, king of Denmark, who had been informed of their treacherous cruelties, appeared off the western coast with a large fleet, meditatmg slaughter and furious with revenge. Ethelred was obliged to fly into Normandy, and the whole country thus came under the power of Sweyn, his victo* rious rival. 7. Canute, afterwards sumamed the Great, succeeded iSweyn as kin^ of Denmark, and also as general of the ^anish forces m England. The contest between him and dmund Ironside, successor to Ethelred, was managed with ^reat obstinacy and perseverance: the first battle mat was fought appeared indecisive j a second followed, in which Ithe Danes were victorious : but Edmund still having inters lest enough to bring a third army into the field, the Danish and English nobility, equally harassed by these convulsions, obliged their kings to come to a compromise, and to divide the kingdom between them by treaty.* Canute reserved j to himself the northern parts of the kingdom ; the southern parts were left to Edmund; but this prince being murdered [about a month afl»r the treaty, by his two chamberlains, at I Oxford, Canute was left in peaceable possession of the I whole kingdom. A.D. 1017. Canute f is represented, by some historians, as one of the I first characters in those barbarous ages. The piety of the * In the battle which was fbnght at Athelmey , Edmnnd, perceiving Ga- Inute at the head of his foi;ce8, rode off A-om his own, and Canute advancing, la furious combat ensued, in wldoh, according to the author of the Med^^l^shore while the tide was coming in, and commanded the sea to retire. 10. ** Thou art under my dominion," cried he, ** the land upon which I sit is mine ; I charge thee, therefore, to approach no fkrther, nor dare to wet the feet of thy sovereign.'' He feigned to sit some time in expectation of submission, till the waves began to surround him, then tuminff to his courtiers, he observed. That the titles of Lord and If aster belonged only to Him whom both earth and seas were ready to obey. 11. Thus feared and respected, he lived many years, ho- noured with the surname of Great for his power, but de- serving it still more for his virtues. He died at Shaftes- bury,* in the nineteenth year of his reign. leaving behind him three sons, Sweyn, Harold, and Haraicanute. Sweyn was crowned king of Norway^ Hardicanute was put in pos- session of Denmark, and Harold succeeded his ftither on the English throne. A.D. 1036. 12. To ^Harold succeeded his brother, Hardicanute, whose title was readily acknowled^ both bv the Danes and the English } and upon his arnval from tne continent, he was received with the most extravagant demonstrations of joy. This king's violent and unjust government was of but short duration. He died two years after his accession in consequence of excess at the marriage of a Danish lord which was celebrated at Lambeth. 13. The disorders of the Danish monarchi once more induced the English to place a monarch of the Saxon line upon the throne, and accordingly Edward, surnamed the Confessor, was by the general consent crowned king A.D. 1041. The English, who had long groaned under a foreign yoke, now set no bounds to their joy, at finding the line of their ancient monarchs restored. 14. As he had been bred in the Nonnan court, he showed, in every instance, a predilection for the customs, laws, and even the natives of that country: and, amonff tlie rest of his faults, though he married Editha, the daugiiter of Qod- *A market towa in Dorobe«tor. * HABOLD. 91 yf/iny yeU either fVom ntintiiken piciv or fixed aversion, during his whole reisn he abstained from her society.* 16. Thus navinff no le^timate issue, and being wholly ensroesed. during tne continuance of a ion^ reign, with the visions of superstition, he was at last surprised by sickness, which brought him to his end, on the 6th of January, in the sixty-fifth year of his age and twenty-fifth of his reign. 16. Harold, the son of a popular nobleman^ whose name was Oodwin, and whose virtues seemed to give a right to his pretensions, ascended the throne without any opposition. But neither his valour, his justice, nor his popularity were able to secure him from the misfortunes attenaant upon an ill-grounded title. His pretensions were opposed by Wil- liam duke of Normandy, who insisted that the crown be- longed of right to him, it being bequeathed to him by Edward the Gonfessor.t QutttUnu for Examination. 1. By whose Intereit wu Edward the Mulyr crowned king? 2. Relate the oirounurtanoei attending the king's death? 8. Who lueoeeded Edward? 4. What was the oondnot of the Danes during Bthelred's reign? 6. What method did Ethelred take to destroy the Danes? 6. What was the oonseqnenoe of Ethelred's perfidy ? 7. Bt whoat was Sweyn suooeeded? 9. Did Canute reprove his eonrtiers for their flattery? 10. Bepeat the words Canute made use of on this occasion? 11. vWnere did Canute die? and what issue did he leave? 18. Whom did the English place on the throne upon the death of Har- dicanute? 14. Where had Edward the Conftssor been bred? and what predilections had he in consequence? 16. How long did Edward reign? 16. What were the pretensions of William duke of Normandy to the Eng- lish throne? SECTION V. Ah ! who can teU the horrors of that day When Harold fell on the ensanguined field, Where rank 'gainst rank rushed on in dread array, With jav'lin, arrow, battle-axe, and shield.— .Sroton. 1. (A.D. 1066.) William, who was afterwards called the Conqueror, was natural eon of Robert duke of Normandy. His mother's name was Arlette, a beautiful maid of Falaise, whom Robert fell in love with as she e'ocd ^zing at the door while he passed through the town. Wilham, who was * This contributed to gain him the title of Saint and Confessor. t Edward the Confessor converted a small monastery into the beautUhl cathedral called Westminster Abbey, where he built nis own sepulchre, and which, until very lately, has been the usual burial place of the English monarohs. 38 HISTORT OF ENQLAND. the offspring of this amour^ owed a part of his greatness to his birth; but still more to his own personal merit. 2. His body was vigorous^ his mind capacious and noble, and his courage not to be repressed by apparent danger. Upon coming to his dukedom of Normandy, though yet very young, he on all sides opposed his rebellious subjects, and repressed foreign invaders, while his valour and conduct prevailed in every action. 3. The tranquillity which he had thus established in his dominions induced him to extend his views; and some overtures made by Edward the Con- fessor, in the latter part of his reign, who was wavering in the choice of a successor, inflamed his ambition with a de- sire of succeeding to the English throne. 4. The pope himself was not behind the rest in favouring his pretensions ] and, either influenced by the apparent justice of his claims, or by the hopes of extending the authority of the church, he immediately pronounced Harold a usurper. With such favourable incentives, William soon found himself at the head of a chosen army of sixty thousand men, all equipped' in the most warlike and splendid manner. 6. It was in the beginning of summer that he embarked this powerful body on board a fleet of three hundred sail ; and, after some small opposition from the weather, landed at Peveni^ey,* on the coast of Sussex, with resoluie tranquillity. 6. Harold, who seemed resolved to defend his right to the crown and retain that sovereignty which he had received from the people, who only had a right to bestow it, was now returning, flushed with conquest, from defeating the Nor- wegians who had invaded the kingdom, with all the forces he had employed in that expedition, and all he could invite or collect in the country through which he passed. His army was composed of active and valiant troops, in high spirits, strongly attached to their king, and eager to engage. 7. On the other hand, the army of William consisted of the flower of the continent, and had long been inured to danger. The men of Brittany, Boulogne, Flanders, Poictou, Maine, Orleans, France, and Normandy, were all voluntarily united under his command. England never before, nor ever since, saw two such armies drawn up to dispute its crown. 8. The day before the battle, William sent an ofler to Harold to decide tlir quarrel between them by single combat, and thus to spare the blood of thousands : but Harold re- fused, and said he would leave it to the God of armies to determine. Bot^ armies therefore that night pitched in * A small town in Sussex. HAROLD. 39 sight of each othe^ expecting the dawning of the day with impatience. The English passed the night in songs and feasting, the Normans in devotion and prayer. (Oct. 13, 1066.) 9. The next morning, at seven, as soon as day appeared, both armies were drawn up in array against each other. Harold appeared in the centre of his forces, leading on his army on foot, that his men might be more encouraged by seeing their king exposed to an equality of danger. William fought on horseback, leading on his army, that moved at once, smging the songs of Boland, one of the famous chiefs of their country. 10. The Normans began to fight with their cross-bows, which, at first, galled and surprised the English ; and as their ranks were close, their arrows did great execution. But soon they came to closer fight, and the EngUsh with their bills hewed down their adversaries with great slaughter. Confusion was spreading among the ranks, when William, who found himself on the brink of destruction, hastened with a select band to the relief of his forces. 11. His presence restored the suspense of battle; he was seen in every place, endeavouring to pierce the ranks of the enemy, and had three horses slain under him. At length, perceiving that the English continued impenetrable, he pretended to give ground, which, as he expected, drew the enemy from their ranks, and he was instantly ready to take advantage of their disorder. 12. Upon a signal ^ven, the Normans immediately returned to th^ charge with greater fury than before, broke the English troops and pursued them to a rising ground. It was in this extremity that Harold was seen flying from rank to rank, rallying and inspiring his troops with vigour; and though he had toiled all day, till near night-fall, in front of his Kentish men, yet he still seemed unabated in force or cou- rage, keeping his men to the post of honour. 13. Once more, therefore, victory seemed to turn against the Normans, and they fell in great numbers, so that the fierceness and obstinacy of this memorable battle was oflen renewed by the courage of the leaders, whenever that of the soldiers |began to slacken. Fortune at length de- termined a victory that valour was unable to decide. 14. Harold, making a furious onset at the head of his troops against the Norman heavy-armed infantry, was shot into the brains by an arrow ; and his two valiant brothers, fighting by his side, shared the same fate. He fell with his sword in his hand, amidst heaps of slain ; and after the bat- i 40 HISTORY OF SNGLAND. tie, the royal corpse could hardly be distinguished among the dead.* This was the end of the Saxon monarchy in England, which had continued for more than six hundred years. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. (. Ir Popes. A.D. Benedict^ 976 JobnXIV 984 JohnXV 966 Gregory V 996 Silvester n 999 JohnXYI 1008 JohnXVn 1001 SergiufilY 1009 Benedict VIII.... 1012 JohnXVIU 1024 BenediotlX 1088 Gregory VI 1044 Clement U 1046 Damasons II 1048 Leo IX W49 Victor n 1065 Stephen X 1067 Nicholas n 1069 Alexander II 1061 Emperors qf the East. A.D. BaaiUiisU 976 Constantino X. .. . 1026 BomanusIII 1028 BOohaellV 1084 MiohaelV 1041 Constantino XI... 1042 Theodore (emp)... 1064 Michael VI 1066 Isaac Coumenus.. 1069 Constantino Xn.. 1059 Emperors of the West. Othon 978 Othom... 988 Henry II 1002 Conrad n 1024 Henry III 1039 Henry IV 1066 Kings qf Frmice. A.D. Lothairel 964 LouisV 986 Hugh Capet 987 RoBertff. 997 Henry 1 1081 Philip 1 1060 Kings qf Scotland. Culenus 9T2 Kenneth III 977 Constantine IV.. . 1002 GrimuB 1006 Malcolm II 1064 Duncan 1 1031 Macbeth 1040 Malcolm III 1067 EMINENT PERSONS. In the reigns qf Edward the Martyr, Ethelred II., and Edmimd: the duke of Mercia, who took part with £lfrida and the clergy, against the king. Dunstan, Bthelgar, £lMc, Siricus, Alphage, and £mngu8, arch- bishopjB of Canterbury.— /n the reigns of Ccmute, Harold, HardicamUe, amd Edward the Covtfessor: Elnothus, Edsine, and Bobert, archbishops of Canterbury. Goodwin, earl of Kent, whose estates, being afterwards swallowed by inundations of the sea, are now denominated the Goodwin Sands.— lit the reign <^ Harold II: Leofwin and Gurf, brothers to the king. Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury. Tosti, earl of Northumber- land. 1. 2. 6. 8. 9. 11. 14. Questions for Examination. Who was William the Conqueror? When and where did William land? 7. Of what were the armies of Harold and William composed? How did the two armies pass the night previous to the battle? In what way did Hai'old and William lead their respective armies to battie? 12. 18. Describe the conduct of William and Harold. How did Harold &U? How long did the Saxon monarchy continue in England? * The English in this battie neither used the long-bow nor cross-bow, but both were used by the Normans. The English forces were nearly all in&ntry, while by iiiir the greater part of the Norman army was com- posed of cavalry. It is therefore probable, that to the want of caivalry, and the not using any missive weapons, may be in a great measure attri- buted the defefn; or Harold's army. Certain it is, that the victory remained undecided from nine in the morning till the close of the day, when the death of the king, who had slain iuauy Normans with his own hand, finally turned the scale. d Edmv/nd: the rgv. against the Lmngus, aroh- d, Hturdiccmite, 9rt, archbishops teing afterwards ed we Goodwin brothers to the of Northnmber- WILLIAM THE OONOU^EOR. 41 CHAPTER IV. WILLIAM THB OONQUBBOB. Bom 1024. Died Sept. 9, 1087. Began to reign Dec. 25th, 1066. Reigned 21 yean. William the Conqueror receiving the crown of England. A fluions victor's partial will prevailed, All prostrate lay: and in the secret shade, Deep stong bat roarftel indignation gnashed His teeth. Thomaon. 1. (A. D. 1066.) As soon as William passed the Thames at Wallingford, Stigand, the primate, made submission to him in the name of the clergy : and before he came within sight of the city, all the chief nobility came into his camp, and declared their intention of yielding to his authority. William was glad of being peaceably put in possession of a throne which several of his predecessors had not gained without repeated victories. 2. But, m order to give his invasion all the sanction pos- sible, he was crown^ at Westminster by the archbishop of York, and took the oath usual in the times of the Saxon and Danish kings: which was to protect and defend the church, to observe the laws of the realm, and to govern the people with impartiality. Having thus secured the govern- ment^ and, by a mixture of rigour and lenity, brought the English to an entire submission; he resolved to return to the continent, there to enjoy the triumph and congratulations of his andient subjects. 42 HISTORY OF ENGLAND* 3. In the meantime the absence of the Conqueror in England produced the most fatal effects. His officers, being no longer controlled by his justice, thought this a fit oppor- tunity for extortion ; while the English, no longer awed by his presence, thought it the happiest occasion for vindicating their freedom. 4. The English had entered into a conspiracy to cut off their invaders, and fixed the day for their intended mas- sacre, which was to be on Ash Wednesday, during the time of divine service, when all the Normans would be unarmed as penitents, according to the discipline of the times. But William's return quickly disconcerted all their schemes -j and from that time forward he began to lose all confidence in his English subjects, and to regard them as inveterate and irreconcilable enemies. 5. He had already raised such a number of fortresses in the kingdom, that he no longer dreaded the tumultuous or transient efforts of a disconcerted multitude; he therefore determined to treat them as a con- quered nation } * to indulge his own avarice, and that of his followers, by numerous confiscations; and to secure his power by humbling all who were able to make any resist- ance. 6. He proceeded to confiscate all the estates of the English gentry, and to grant them liberally to his Norman followers. Thus all the ancient and honourable families were reduced to beggary, and the English found themselves entirely excluded from every road that led either to honour or preferment. 7. To keep the clergy as much as possible in his inter- ests, he appointed none but his own countrymen to the most considerable church dignities, and even displaced Sti- gand, archbishop of Canterbury, upon some frivolous pre- tences. William having crushed several conspiracies, and, by punishing the malcontents, thus secured the peace of his now expected rest from his labours; and, find- domimons * So meroileasly did he treat thepeople whom he had conquered, and so determined was he to incapacitate them from future resistance to his power, that on the Northumbrians having revolted in 1070| he gave orders to lay waste the fine fertile lands between the rivers Humber and Tees, for the ex- tent of sixty miles. Many flourishing town8,flne villages, and noble country seats were a^scordingly burnt down ; the implements of husbandry destroy- ed and the cattl^ driven away. The great Lord Lyttleton, speaking of these, cruel devastations, and those occasioned bythe "Forest law8,"ob8erveB that Attila did no more Reserve the name of the " Scourge of God " than this merciless tyrant, nor did he, nor any other destrover of nations make more havoc in an enemy's country than William did in his own. i,aSHr^BPuwMNUb«MWJIiM(AB ni.imwnflyiw WILLIAM THE OONQUEBOB. 43 Jonqueror in )flBcer8, being is a fit oppor- iger awed by >r vindicating • kcy to cut off ntended mas- xing the time I be unarmed times. But shemes^ and fidence in his veterate and used such a le no longer disconcerted 3m as a con- d that of his ) secure his e any resist- Btates of the his Norman kble families themselves rto honour in his inter- men to the splaced Sti- volous pre- and, by eace of his and, find- nered, and so to his power, orders to lay I, for the ex- ■loole country drydestroy- Jdng of these observes that d" than this make more ing none either \nlling or powerful enouglf to oppose him, he hoped that the end of his reign would be marked with prosperity and peace. 8. But such is the blindness of human hope, that he found enemies where he least e^ii^cted them ; and such, tooy as served to ioibitter all the latter part of his life. His last troubles were excited by his own children, Irom the opposing of whom he could expect to reap neither flory nor gain. He had three sons, Robert, William, and [enry, besides several daughters. 9. Robert, his eldest son, surnamed Curthose from the shortness of his legs, was a prince who inherited all the bravery of his family ana nation, but was rather bold than prudent ; and was often heard to express his jealousy of his two brothers, William and Henry. These, by greater assiduity, had wrought upon the cre- dulity and affections of the king, and consequently were the luore obnoxious to Robert. 10. A mind, therefore, so well prepared for resent,ment soon found or made cause for an open rupture. The princes were one day in sport together, and in the idle petulance of play, took it in their heads to throw water over their elder brother as he passed through the court, on leaving their apartment. Robert, all alive to sus- picion, quickly turned this frolic into studied indignity : and having these jealousies further inflamed by one of his favour- ites, he drew his sword, and ran up stairs, with intent to take revenge. 11. The whole castle was quickly filled with tumult, and it was not without some difficulty that the king himself was able to appease it. But he could not allay the animosity which, from that moment, ever after prevailed in his family. Robert, attended by several of his confederates, withdrew to Rouen that very night, hoping to surprise the castle, but his design was defeated by the governor. 12. The flame being thus kindled, the popular character of the prince, and a sjrmpathy of manners, engaged all the yoUng nobility of Normandy and Maine, as well as Anjou and Brit- tany, to espouse his quarrel j even his mother it is said sup- ported him by secret remittances, and aided him in this ob- stinate resistance by private encouragement. This unnatural contest continued for several years to inflame the Norman state, and William was at last obliged to have recourse to England, for supporting his authority against bis son. 13. Accordingly, drawing an army of Englishmen together, he led them over to Normandy, where he soon compelled Robert and his adherents to quit the field, and he was quickly reinstated in all his dominions.* * In one of the battles between the forces of William and his son Bobert, 44 BISTORT OF BMaiiAND. William had scarcely put an end to this transaction, when he felt a very severe blow in the death of Matilda hii queen ^ and in addition to this domestic calamity, he receivefif infor- mation of a eeneral insurrection in the Norman government. 14. Upon nis arrival on the continent, he found thai the insurgents had been secretly assisted and excited by the king of France, whose policy consisted in thus lessening the Nor* man power, by creating dissensions among the nobles of it^ different provinces. William's displeasure was not ft little increased by the account he received of some railleries which that monarch had thrown out against him. This so pro* voked the English monarch, that he sent him word, tliat he should soon set the kingdom of France in a flame. 15. In order to perform this promise, he levied ft strong army, and, entering the isle of France, destroyed and burned all the villages and houses without opposition, and took the town of Mantua, which he reduced to ashes. But the pro* gress of these hostilities was stopped by an accident^ which shortly after put an end to William's li^. His horse chancing to place his fore-foot on some hot ashes, plunged so vidently, that the rider was thrown for* ward, and bruised upon the pommel of the saddle to suoh a degree, that he suffered a relapse, of which he died, shortly after, at a little village near Bouen. Sept. 9, 1087. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. A.D. Alexander II 1061 Gregory VII 1078 Victor m 1086 Emperors af rince wounded his fitther in the arm, and unhorsed him. On liii Mllllig out br assistance, his voice discovered him to be his son, who, ftniek With r emor8e,threw himself at his fiither's feet,and craved pardon wr bi* O0»lio« i but William, who was highly exasperated, gave him his malediction, lln wa8,however, afterwards, reconciled to him, and on his return to BBgltnd) Robert was successAilly employed in retaliating an invasion of Mubolffl king of Scotland. * In this reiffn justices of the peace were first appointed in EBfltnd. The Tower of London was built. A general survey of all th* Imdfl of tbi kingdom made, their value, proprietors, quality of the soil,fco. Mid tAtertd in a register, called Doomsday-book, which is still preserved ifitbi exohf* quer,and is considered the most valuable monument ofantteirftyPOiiBiied by any nation; The curiiBw (or cover fire) bell established, at wnlob signal all fires and candles were arbitrarily extinguished at eight o'olook in tb« evening. 'n-JITiiiii WILLIAM THE OONQUXROB. BMINBNT PERSONS. 45 Frinoo Edgar Athellng, StigAnd and Lanfi«no, archbishops of Ganter- btury. Edwm and Mooar, eans of Northnmberland and Merda. Questiojufor Examination. 1. In what manner was William received by the nobility and clergy T 2. Where and by whom was he crowned f 4. What conspiracy did the English enter into 1 6. In what way dior WiUiam determine to treat his English sutijeots f 6. 7. What measures dM he adopt to degrade the Engush f 0. What were the troubles which afDioted William f 10. 11. What frolic was it that led to the serious consequences that fol- lowed? 13. Who espoused Bobert's cause ? 18. What happened in one of the engagements between the forces of the Ung and his son ? {SeethenoteS 14. Whatlnducement had the king of France to assist the insurgents ? 16. What caused William's death 7 What valuable ancient record is preserved in the exchequer, and what was its use r (See the note.) CHAPTER V. WILLIAM RUFUS. Bom 1060. Died August 2nd, 1100. Began to reign Sept. 9th, 1087. Bei/{ued 12} years. And that Bed King, who, while of old • Through Boldrewood the chase he led. By his loved huntsman's arrow bled.— WcUter Scott. 1. (A. D. 1087.) William, surnamed Rufus, from the colour of his hair, was appointed, by the king's wi)l, hiq successor, while the elder son, Robert, was left in possession of Normandy. Neve . theless, the Norman barons were from the beginning displeased at the division of the empire by the late king: they eagerly desired a union as before, and looked upon Robert as the ,proper owner of the whole. A powerAil conspiracy was therefore carried on against William ; and Odo, the late king's brother, undertook to conduct it to maturity. 2. William, sensible of the danger that threatened him, endeavoured to gain the affections of the native English, whom h« prevailed upon by proiivises of future good trei^^ 46 I HISTaltT 6F INQLAND. menif and preference in the distribution of his favours, to espottid his interests. 3. He was i^oon, therefore, in the field I And ttt the head of a numerous army, showed himself in readiniss to oppose all who should dispute his pretensions. In the mean time Robert, instead of employing himself in leviif, to support his friends in England, squandered his renouroes away in idle expanses and unmerited benefits, 00 that he procrastinated his departure till the oi)portunity was loit^ while William exerted himself with incredible aetirity to dissipate the confederacy before his brother could arrive. 4. Nor was this difficult to effect. The conspirators had, in oonsequence of Robert's assurances, taken pdssession of 0ome fortresses I but the appearance of the king soon reduced them to implore his mercy. He granted them their lives ^ but confiscated all their estates and banished them the kinsdom. B, A, new breach was made some time after between the brothers, on which Bufiis found means to encroach still farther upon Robert's possessions. Every conspiracy thus detected served to enrich the kin?, who took care to apply to bis own use those treasures whi(m had been amassed for the purpose of dethroning him. 6. (A. D. 1097.) But the memory of these transient htoiU and unsuccessful treasons, was now totally eclipsed by one of the most noted enterprises that ever adorned the annals of nations^ or excited the attention of mankind: I mean the orusades, which were now first projected. Peter the Bermit, a native of Amiens, in Picardy, was a man of great seal, courage, and piety. 7. He had made a pilgrimage to the holy sepulchre at Jerusalem, and beheld with indigna- tion the cruel manner in which the Christians were treated by the inMelS; who were in possession of that place. He ^ee«hed the crusade over Europe, by the pope's petmission, and men of all ranks flew to arms with the utmost alacrity to rescue the Holy Land from the infidels, and each bore the sign of the cross upon his right shoulder, as a mark of their devotion to the cause. 8. In the midst of the universal ardour that was difi\ised over Europe, men were not entirely forgetful of their temporal interests; for some, hoping for a more magnificent settlement in the soft regions of iijia, sold their European pro{)erty for whatever they could obtain, contented with receiving any thing for wliat they were predetermined to relinquish. 9. Among tlie princes who felt and acknowledged this general spirit WILLIAM RUFUB. 47 of enterprise^ was Robert duke of Noraiandy. The cru- sade was entirely adapted to his inclinations and his circum- stances; he was brave, zealous, covetous of glory, poor, harassed by insurrections, and, what was ».ore than all, na* turally fond of change. In oraer therefore to supply money to defray the necessary charges of so en)ensive an under^ taking, he offered to mortgage his dukedom in Normandy to his brother Rufus for a stipidated sum of money. 10. This sum, which was no ereater than ten thousand marks^ was readily promised by Rufus, whose ambition was upon the watch to seize every advantage. But though the cession of Maine and Normandy greatly increased the king's territories, they added but little to his real power, and his new subjects were composed of meu of independent spirits, more ready to dispute than to obey his commands. Many were* the revolts and insurrec- tions which he was obliged to quell in person ; and no sooner was one conspiracy suppressed than another rose to give him disquietude. However, Rufus proceeded careless of approbation or censure ; and continued tx> extend his dominions, either by purchase or conquest. 12. The earl of Poictiers and Guienne, inflamed with a desire of going upon the cru- sade, had gathered an immense multitude for that expedi- tion, but wanted money to forward his preparations. He had recourse, therefore, to Rufus, and offered to mortgage all his dominions, without much considering what would become of his unhappy subjects that he thus disposed of. 13. The king accepted this offer with his usual avidity, and had prepared a fleet and an army in order to take pos- session of the rich provinces thus consigned to his trust. But an accident put an end to all his ambitious projects: he was shot by an arrow that Sir Walter Tyrrel* discharged at a deer in the New Forest, which, glancing from a tree,t struck the king to the heart. 14. He dropped dead instan- taneously J while the innocent author of his death, terrified * A French gentlemaii, remarkable for his skill in archery. t It is a no less interesting historicaJ fitct, than a botanical curiosity abundantly proving the longevity of the oak, that this celebrated tree is now standing, thoush in the last stage of decay, near Malwood Castle, in the centre or the New Forest. It was first paled round by an order of Charles n. The rampart which surrounds the Tower of London and Westminster Hall, are the principal monuments which remain of Rufhs' reign. At the time of his death ho was forty-two years of age, and had reigned thirteen. 48 HISTORY OF SNOLAND. at the accident, put spurs to his horse, hastened to the sea- shore, embarkea for France, 'and joinea the crusade that was then setting out for Jerusalem. CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popei. Victor m. 1066 Urban n 1088 PasoalU 1099 Emperors cf the Xatt. A. D. ▲Iwdfll 1061 Emperor of the West. Henry IV 1066 King of Frcmoe. ▲. B. FhUlp 1 1060 King of Scotland. Donald VIU 1060 EMINENT PERSONS. # Lanfk«nc and Anselm, arohbisboiM of Canterbury. Bayeoz. Flamlard, biahop of Durniun. Odo, bishop of QuesHomfor ExamvBoHon. 1. Who racoeededT'^illiam the Conqueror r 2. By what means did Buflis induce the English to support his interest T 8. How did Bobert employ his money ? 6. What was the conduct of the king on the detection of conspiracies against him? 7. Belate the origin of the crusades. 9. What is the character of the duke of Normandy ? 12. Who oflbred to mortgage his dominions to Buios f 18. What caused the death of Bufhs r BBNET I. 49 CHAPTER VI. HENRY I. Born 1068. Died Deo. 2nd, 1186. Began to reign August 5th, 1100. Reigned 86 yean. But who shall teach my harp to gain A sound of that romantic smin ; Whose AngIo>Norman tones whilere Could winlbe royal Henry's wr.—Dibdin. 1. (A. D. 1100.) Henry, eurnamed Beauclerc,* the late king's younger brother, who had been hunting in the New Forest when Bufus was slain, took the earliest ad- vantage of the occasion, and, hastening to Winchester, re- solved to secure the royal treasures, which he knew to be the best assistant in seconding his aims. The barons, as well as the people, acquiesced in a claim which they were unprovided to resist, and yielded obedience, from the fear of immediate danger. 2. Henry, to ingratiate himself with the people, expelled from court all the ministers of his brother's debauchery and arbitrary power. One thing only remained to confirm his claims without danger of a rival. The English remembered the Saxon monarchs with gratitude, and beheld them ex- cluded the throne with regret. 3. There still remained some of the descendants of that favourite line ; and amongst others, Matilda the niece of Edgar Atheling; which lady, having declined all pretensions to royalty, was bred in a convent, and had actually taken the veil. 4. Upon her Henry nrst fixed his eyes as a proper consort, by whose means the long breach between the Saxon and Norman in- terest would be finally united. It only remained to get over the scruple of her» being a nun; but this a council devoted to his interests readily admitted, and Matilda being pro- nounced free to marry^ the nuptials were celebrated with great pomp and solemmty.f 6. It was at this unfavourable juncture that Roberi, re- turned from abroad ; and, after taking possession of his • "Henry was called ' Beauclerc ' from his attention to learning; he had heard Ids fkther say, that 'Illiterate kings were little better than crown- ed asses,' and determined not to come under that description/'— Camden. t Queen Malilda was the delight of the English, both on account of her descent and goodness of heart. To her we owe the first stone arched bridges Ensdand ever possessed : she built two at Stratford, in Essex, (thence call- ed De Arcubus, or Le Bow), where she had nearly been drowned for want of such a convenience. 50 BISTORT OF BNOLAN0. native dominions, laid his claim to the crown of England. But proposals for an accommodation being made, it wan stipuIatCKl that Robert, upon the payment ot a certain «um, should resign his pretensions to England ; and that, if either of the princes died without issue, the other should succeed to his dominions. This treaty being ratified, the armies on each side were disbanded: and Hubert, having lived two months in the utmost harmony with his brother, returned in peace to his own dominions. 6. But Robert's indiscretion soon rendered him unflt to govern any state; he was totally averse to business, and only studious of the more splendid atnusements or enjoy- ments of life. His servants pillaged him without compunc- tion; and he is described as lying whole days in bed for want of clothes of which they bad robbed liim. 7. His sub- jects were treated still more deplorably; for, being under the command of petty and rapacious tyrants, who plundered them without mercy, the whole country' was become a scene of violence and depredation. It was m this miserable exi- gence that the Normans at length had recourse to Henry, from whose wise administration of his own dominions, they expected a similitude of prosperity, should he take the reins of theirs. Henry very retuiily promised to re- dress their grievances, as he knew it would be the direct method to second his own ambition. The year ensuing, therefore, he landed in Normandy, with a strong army, tofia{d. 1. (A.D. 1135.) No sooner was the king known to be dead, than Stephen, son of Adela, the king's sister, and the count of Blois,* conscious of his own power and influence, resolved to secure himself the possession of what he so long desired. He speedily hastened f^om Normandy, and, ar- riving at London, was immediately saluted king by all the lower ranks of people. 2. Being thus secure of the peo- ple, his next step was to gain over the clergy j and, for that pur^se, his brother, the oishop of Winchester, exerted all his influence among them with great success.! Thus was Stephen made king by one of those si)eedy revolutions which ever mark the barbarity of a state in which they are customary. 3. The first acts of a usurper are always popular. Ste- phen, in order to secure his tottering throne, passed a char^ ter granting several privileges to the different orders of the state : — To the nobility a permission to hunt in their own forests J to the clergy, a speedy filling of all vacant bene- fices ; and to the people, a restoration of the laws of Ed- ward the Confessor. To fix himself still more securely, he took possession of the royal treasures at Winchester, and had his title ratified by the pope with a part of the money. 4. It was not long, however, that Matilda delayed assert- ing her claim to Jie crown. She landed upon the coast of in Kormandyfbecame attached to GeofRryMartel.the young count of Ai^ou, who had changed his name to Flantagenet, from his custom of wearing in Ills helmet a Dunch of flowering broom Iplante-de-genSt,) instead of a plume ; not content with becoming his godfather inomvalry, the king re- solved that Matilda should receive the young count of Anjou as her second husband. This marriage was contracted without the consent of the estates of the realms of England and Normandy; being therefore deemed illegal, it afforded Stephen a pretext for usurping the throne.— WilUam qf McUme^mry. * A city of France. t" Stephen was a man of great ftcetiousness, and much of his success istobeimputed to the fluniliar pleasantry of his conversation,— fr<^/ qt 54 HISTOBT OF ENGLAND, Sussex^ assisted by Boberty earl of Gloucester, natural son of the late king. The whole of Matilda's retinue upon .this occasion amounted to no more than one hundred and forty knights, who immediately took possession of Arundel castle ; but the nature of her claim soon increased the num- ber of her partizans, and her forces every day seemed to fEiin ground upon those of her antagonist. 6. Meantime tephen being assured of her arrival, flew to besiege Arun- del, where she had taken refuge, and where she was pro- tected by the queen dowager, who secretly favoured ner Sretensions. This fortress was too feeble to promise a long efence; and would have soon been taken had it not. been represented to the king, that as it was a castle belonging to the queen dowager, it would be an infringement on the re- spect due to her to attempt taking it by force. 6. There was a spirit of generosity mixed with the rude- ness of the times that unaccountably prevailed in many transactions. Stephen permitted Matilda to come forth in safety, and had her conveyed with security to Bristol, another fortress equally strong with that from which he permitted her to retire. 7. It would be tedious to relate the various skirmishes on either side, in pursuance of their re- spective pretensions^ it will suffice to say that Matilda's forces increased every day, while her antagonist seemed every hour to become weaker ;' and a victory gained by the queen threw Stephen from the throne into a prison, and exalted Matilda in his room. Matilda was crowned at Winchester with all imaginable solemnity. 8. Matilda, however, was unfit for government. She affected to treat the nobility with a degree of disdain to which they had long been unaccustomed j so that the fickle nation once more began to pity their deposed king, and repent the steps they had taken in her favour. The bishop of Winchester was not remiss in fomenting these discon- tents: and when he found the people ripe for a tumult, detached a party of his friends and vassals to block up the city of London, where the queen then resided. At the same time measures were taken to instigate the Londoners to a revolt, and to seize her person. Matilda, having timely notice of this conspiracy, fled to Winchester, whither the bishop, still her secret enemy, followed her, watching an opportunity to ruin her cause. His party was soon suf- ficiently strong to bid the queen open defiance, and to be- j3iege her in the very place where she first received hia STEPHEN. 55 ImMi IiDprlsonment of King Stephen. benediction. I'* ' ere she continued for some timej but the town bein|. -osed by a famine, she was obliged to escape; while her brother, the earl of Gloucester, endea- vounng to follow, was taken prisoner, and exchanged for Stephen, who still continued a captive. Thus a sudden revolution once - ore took place ; Matilda was deposed, and obliged to seek for safety in Oxford. Stephen was again recognised as the king, and taken from his dungeon to be replaced on the throne. 11. But he was now to enter the liiSts with a new op- poser, who was every day coming to maturity, and growing more formidable. This was Henry, the son of Matilda, who had now reached his sixteenth year; and gave the greatest hopes of being one day a valiant leader and a con- summate politician. 12. With the wishes of the people in his favour, young Henry was resolved to claim his hereditary kingdom, and to dispute once more Stephen's usurped pretensions; he ac- cordingly made an invasion on England, where he was im- mediately joined by almost all the barons of the kingdom. 13. In the meantime, Stephen, alarmed at the power and popularity of his young rival, tried every method to anticipate the purpose of an invasion; but finding it im- possible to turn the torrent, he was obhged to have recourse to treaty. It was, therefore, agreed, by all parties, that Stephen should reign during his Hie ; and that justice should III!) m HISTORY OF ENGLAND. be administered in his name; that Henry should^ on Ste* phen's death; succeed to the kingdom; and Wilham, Ste- phen's son, should inherit Bouloene and his patrimonial estate. 14. After all the barons had sworn to this treaty, which filled the whole kingdom with joy, ^enlT evacuated England ; and Stephen returned to the peaceful enjoyment of his throne. His reien, however, was soon after termi- nated by his death, whi(m happened about a year after the treaty at Canterbury, where he was interred. 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 18. Que^ioMfor Examination, * Who sneoeeded Henry the first? What meMures were taken to secure the throne? What were the first acts of Stephen ? Was there no opposition to Stephen? What was Stephen's condnct towards Matilda? Did Matilda succeed in recovering the throne? Had Matilda's conduct any serious consequences? Whither did MatUda flee for safety? In what manner did she escape? Had Stephen any new opposer? Who Joined Henry when ne invaded England? Of whltt nature was the treaty between the two parties? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. ▲.!>. glestinen 1143 ichtsll 1114 Bugenhum 1146 Anastasius IV... 1168 AdrianlV 1164 JSmperora qf the JBcut. John Comnenos.. 1118 A.0. Man. Comnenus.. 1148 Emperors qf the West. Lothairen 1126 GonradUI 1188 Frederic 1 1162 JQtijprs qfFnnce, A.H. Louis VI 1108 Louis Vn 1187 JCin^ qf Scotland. David I im EMINENT PERSONS. John of Salisbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Boger de Hoveden, Geoflky of Monmouth (historums). CurboilandTBeobald,arehbiBhop8 of Cantwbury. Thurston, archbishop of York, and lieutenant to the king who appointed Ralph, bishop of Durham, his general against th9 Scots, Robert, earl of Gloucester, Ranulph, earl pf Chester. HJUIAY II. CHAPTER Vm. 57 HENRY II. Born Uaa. Ptocl July m, U8&. Began to reign Deo. m, 11M.« Beigned 9I| years. SECTION I. With thee, Flantagenet, from oivil broiUi The land awhile respired, and all was peace ; Then Beoket rose, and, impotent of mind, Bid murd'rous piiesta the soT'reign frown contemn. And with unhallowed crozier, bruised the crown.— jSAen« ther, Gilbert Beck,or Becket, while Bervins as a priyate soldier in FalMtlne, was taken prisoner by a Saracen chief. He haathe good fortune to engago the afRsctions of his master's daughter, and by her aid made bii iiOApe. She soon after took the desperate resolution of quitting her home and coun- try in search of the object of her loye, and though the only two wordi of any western language which she knew were London and Qimrt, stt out tut Europe. By the aid of the former word she secured a pawage on board Afi Enghsh yessel ; and when she was landed on the banks of the Tbtmei, ibe ran from street to street, calling out the latter name until cbanoo brought her into the presence of Gilbert himself. The strangeness of tbo ovent OJC- cited uniyersal attention, and the younff Saracen, after being baptized hy the Christian name of Matilda, became the wife of Gilbert Beoket. Tbomti was their eldest son, and was educated in all the learning and aoeompHlh- ments of the age. He was in early life tSken under the patronage orTbi* baut or Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and by the myour of tbat pre- late was permitted to enjoy mdulgenoes which the Norman oonqueron nad prohibited to aU of Saxon descent. Duringthe reign of Stepbes, Beeket and his patron were warm supporters of Henry's claim to the Efiglif h Crown, and in consequence he was rewarded at the •ommencement of tbe new reign with the high olfice of chancellor of England. In tbii Atttfttion he was distinguished by his zeal in defence of the royal prerogative, and by the extravagant pomp and luxury of his establishmeni. Heniy beUtv- ing that the companion of his games, his wars, and eyen lUsdebauoberiei, would be subserVient to his desires of limiting the power of tbe obttreb. elevated Beoket to the see of Canterbury, but found too late tbat be bad only given to the holy see a zealous QhampioDi and to biniself $ dABgerottf antagon)st, ' HINBT U. 59 the effects of his resentment. The atrociousness of the crime produced a spirit of indignation among the people; and the king insisted that the assassin should be tried by the civil magistrate. This Becket opposed, alleging the privileges of the church. 9. In order to determine this matter, the king summoned a general council of the nobility and prelates at Clarendon, to whom he submitted this great ana important affair, and desired their concurrence. These councils seem at that time convened rather to give authenticity to the king's decrees, than to enact laws that we. > ^ ind their posterity A. number of regulations wei. ^her rawn up which ci'c afterwards well known under the title of the Constitutions of Clarendoil, and were then voted without opposition. 10. By these regulations it was enacted, that clergymen accused of any crime should be tried in the civil courts; that laymen should not be tried in the spiritual courts, except by legal and reputable witnesses. These, with some others of less consequence, or implied in the above, to the number of sixteen, were readily subscribed to by all the bishops present : Becket himself, who at first showed some reluctance, added his name to the number. But Alexander who was then pope, condemned them in the strongest terms; abrogated, annulled, and rejected them. 11. This produced a contest between the king and Becket, who, having attained the highest honours the monarch could bestow, took part with his holiness. In the midst of this dispute, Becket. with an intrepidity peculiar to himself, arraying himself in his episcopal vestments, and with the cross m his hand, went forward to the king's palace, and, entering the royal apartments, sat down, holding up his cross as his banner of protection. 12. There he put himself, in the most solemn manner, under the protec- tion of the supreme pontiff; and, upon receiving a refusal of permission to leave the kingdom, he secretly withdrew in disguise, and at last found means to cross over to the continent. The intrepidity of Becket, joined to his apparent sanctity, sained him a favorable reception upon the continent, both from the people and the governors. 13. The pope and he were not remiss to retort their fulmin- ations, and to shake the very foundation of the king's authority. Becket compared himself to Christ, who had been condemned by $^ l&j tribunal; mi who wfw crucified 60 HISTOET OF ENGLAND. ftnew in the present oppressions, under which the church laboured. But he did not rest in conii>laint8 only. 14. He ifliued out a censure, excommunicating the king's chief miiiiit«rs by name, all that were concerned in sequestering the revenues of his see. and all who obeyed or favoured the OOfiDiitutions of Clarendon. Frequent attempts indeed were made towards an accom- modation t but the mutual jealousies which each bore the other^ ana their anxiety not to lose the least advantage in the ni|O0iation, often protracted this desirable treaty. (^tiioiufor Examination, Wtaat word the flnt acts of Heajry'8 power ? Wbtt WM the ground-work of I&gllsb liberty ? gpMflbs f he posMNdons of Heniy ttt this time. Who WM Thomaa 4 Bedcet t How did he riae to be arohbtBhop of dunterbniy r Wo«t WM the character and manner of life of Becket ? Whtt proceeding took place at the council of Clar«iid, 1170.) At length, however, the mutual aim of both made a reconciliation necessary j but nothing could exof ed the insolence with which Becket conducted himsdf ttpo& his first landing in England. Instead of retiring quietly to his diocese, with that modesty which became a , man Juit pardoned by his kins, he made a progress through Kint, ifi all the splendour and magnificence of a sovereign pontiffi 2. As he approached Southwark, the clerj^, the laity, men of all ranks and ages, came forth to meet him, and celebrated his triumphal entry with hj^ns of joy. Thus OOn^ent of the voice and hearts of the people, he began to launch forth his thunders against those who had l^en hii former opposers. The archbishop of York, who had crowned Henry's eldest son in his absence, was the first gainst whom he denounced sentence of suspension.^ 2. ^t bishops of London and Salisbury he actually exc&m- municaied. One man he excommunicated for having spoken agaiiiit him; and another for having cut o^ the tail bf one of his horses. tiBNiit tt. 61 ■7S Death of Thomati k Becket. Henry was then in Normandy, while the primate was thus triumphantly parading through the kingdom j and it was not without the utmost indignation that he received information of his turbulent insolence. 4. When the sus- pended and excommunicated prelates arrived with their complaints, his anger knew no bounds. He broke forth into the most acrimonious expressions against that arrogant churchman, whom he had raised from the lowest station to be the plague of his life, and the continual disturber of his government. The archbishop of York remarked to him, that 80 long as Becket lived, he could never expect to enjoy peace or tranquillity: and the kin^ himself burst but into an exclamation, that he had no friends about him, or he would not so long have been exposed to the insults of that ungrateful hypocrite.* 6. These words excited the atten- tion of the whole court, and armed four of his resolute attendants to gratify their monarch's secret inclination. The conspirators being joined by some assistants at the place of their meeting, proceeded to Canterbury with all that haste their bloody intentions required. 6. Advancing * The words made nse of by the king on this occasion are said to be as follow :— " ' Is there not one of the crew of lazy, cowardly knights, whom I maintain, that will rid me of this turbulent- priest, who came to court but t'other day on a lame horse, with nothing but his wallet behind him?' This speech nnfortunately animated to action Reginald Fitzurse, William de Tracy, Hugh de Morvil, and Richard BritoJ'—Berington's Life qf Thoma$ 6 Becket. 62 klf^TOllT 01' KNCilAllD. directly to Becket's house, and entering his apartment, tlie^ repro^^hed him very fiercely for th« rashness and insolence of hid conduct. During the altercation, the time approached for Becket to assist at vespers, whither he went unguarded, the conspirators following, and preparing for their attempt. 7. As soon as he reached the altar, where it is just to think he aspired to the glory of martyrdom, they all fell upon him J and having cloven his head with repeated blows he dropped down d^ before the altar of St. Benedict,* which was besmeared with his blood and brains. 8. Nothing could exceed the king's consternation upon receiving the first news of this prelate's catastrophe. He was instantly sensible that the mUrder would be ultimately imputed to him: and, at lengthy»in order to divert the minds of the people to a different object, he undertook an expedi- tion to Ireland. A.D. 1172. 9. Ireland was at that time in pretty much the same situation that England had been after the first invasion of the Saxons. They had been early converted to Christianity j and for three or four centuries after possessed a very large proportion of the learning of the times. Bein^ undisturbed by foreign invasions, and perhaps too poor to invite the ra- pacity of conquerors, they enjoyed a peaceful life, which they gave up to piety, and such learning as was then thought necessary to promote it. 10. Of their learning, their arts, their piety, and even their polished manners, too many monuments remain to this day for us to make the least doubt concerning them ; but it is equally true, that in time they fell from these advantages : their degenerate posterity, at the period we are now speaking of, were wrappied in the darkest barbarity. 11. At the time when Henry first planned the invasion of the island, it was divided into five principalities : namely, Leinster, Meath, Munster, Ulster, and Gonnaughtj each governed by its respective monarch. As it has l^en usual for one or other of those to take the lead in the wars, he was denominated sole monarch of the kingdom, and pos- sessed of power resembling that of th(j early Saxon mo- narchs in England. Rodenc O'Connor, king of Connaught, was then advanced to this dignity, and Dermot M'Morrough was king of Leinster. 12. This last-named prince, a wec^, licentious tjrant, had carried ofi* the daughter of the king of * St. Benediet, the founder of the religioiu order which bean his namei was bom in Italy about the year 480, and early embraoed a soUtarj lift. 6lNRt It. 63 Meath, who. Wng strengthened by the alliance of the kins of Gonnaugnt, invaded Dennot's dominions, and expelled him iVom his kingdom. The prince, thus justly punished, had recourse to Henry, who was at tliat time in Guienne ; and offered to hold his kingdom of the English crown, in case he recovered it by the king's assistance. 13. Henry readily accepted the offer j but bemg at that time embarrass- ed by more near interests, he only gave to Dermot letters par tent, by which he empowered all his subjects to aid the Irish prince in the recovery of his dominions. Dennot, relying on this authority, returned to Bristol, where, after some diK ficulty, he form^ a treaty with Richard, surnamed Strong- bow, earl of Pembroke, who agreed to reinstate him in liis dominions, upon condition of his being married to his daughter Eva, and declared heir of all his territory. 14. * Being thus assured of assistance, he returned privately to Ireland, and concealed himself during the winter in the monastery of Ferns, which he had founded. Robert Fitz- stephens was the first knight who was able, in the enpuing spring, to fulfil his engagements- by landing with a hundred and thirty knights, sixty esquires, and three hundred arch- ers. 16. They were soon after joined by Maurice Pender- g/Bi&tf who. about the same time, brought over ten knights and sixty arcners ; and with this small body of forces they re- solved on besieging Wexford, which was to be theirs by treaty. The town was quickly reduced*, and the adven- turers being reinforced by another body of men to the amount of a hundred and fifty, under the command of Maurice Fitz- gerald, composed an army that struck the barbarous natives with awe. 16. Roderic, the chief monarch of the island, ventured to oppose them, but he was defeated j and soon after the prince of Ossory was obliged to submit, and give hostages for his future conduct. 17. Dermot being thus reinstated in his hereditary do* minions, soon began to conceive hopes of extending the limits of his power, and making himself master of Ireland. With these views he endeavoured to expedite Strongbow, who, being personally prohibited by the king, was not yet come over. Dermot tried to inflame his ambition by the glory of the conquest, and his, avarice by the advantages it would procure. He expatiated on the cowardice of the natives, and the certainty of his success. . 18. Strongbow first sent over Raymond, one of his retinue, with ten knights and seventy archers j and receiving permission shortly after for M filBtORT Of BMOtAND. liimself, he landed with two hundred hone And ft hundred archers. All these English foroeii now joining together, became irresistible ; and though the whole number did not amount to a thousand, yet such waa the barbaroua itate of the natives, that they were everywhere put to the rout. The city of Waterford quickly eurrendered) Dublin was taken by assault J and Strongbow soon after marrying Bt% accord- ing to treaty, became master of the kingdom of Leinster upon Dermot's decease. 19. The island being thus in a manner wholly subdued, for nothing was capable of opposing the fUrther progress of the English arms, Henry became idlling to iihare in person these honours which the adventurers bad already secured. 20. He, therefore, shortly after landed in Ireland, at the head of five hundred knights and some soldiers) not so much to conquer a disputed territory, as to take possession of a kingdom. Thus after a trifling effort, in which very little money was expended, and little blood shed, that beau- tiful isfand became, as it still continues to be, an appendage to the British crown. Q^ettiomfor Examination, 2. 8. How did Beoket conduct himself on hlf rttvm toEnglsndr 4. In what manner didHenry receive the oomplainti of Beoket'i Infolenoe f 6. 6. What wa« the consequence of Henrjr's resentment? 7. By what means did Henry divert the minds of the people f 9. 10. what was the situation of Ireland at this timef n. By whom wasitffovemedf ^ What occasioned the interftrenee of Henry f What followed this interference? What ftirther means were taken to subdue Irolradf What was the success of the English on their invading Ireland? For what purpose did Henry go to Ireland? 12. 18. 16. 18. 20. SECTION ra. A maid unmatch'd in manners as in fluw, Skill'd in each art, and crown'd with every p$iOO,—Pcpe, 1. (A. D. 117.3.) The joy which this conquest difilised ^as very great *, but troubles of a domestic nature served to render the remainder of Henry's life a scene of turbulence and disquietude. Young Harry, the king's eldest son, was taught to believe himself injured, when, upon being crowned as partner in the kingdom, he was not admitted into a share of tne admin- istration. 2. His discontents were le^ared 1^ his brothers Geoffrey and Richard, whom the queen persuaded to assert 9WfEY II. 65 Bnux U. oa hii pilfprisuse to Caaterbory. their titles to the territories assigned them. Queen Eleanor herself was meditating an escape to the court of France whither her sons had retired, and had put on man's apparel for that purpose, when she was seized hj the king's order and put in confinement 3. Thus Henry saw all ius long perspfBOtlve of future happiness totally clouded: his sons scfirce^r vet arriyed at manhood, eager to share the spoils of their ukther's possessions; his queen warmly encouraging these undutilul princes in their rebellion j and many poten- tates dT Europe not ashamed to lend them assistance to sup- port these pretensions. 4. t^ was not long before the young princes had si'fficient influence upon the continent to raise a powerful conf kacy in their ^vour. Hejury^ therefore, knowing the influence of super^tion over the nunds of the people, and perhaps ap- prehensive that a part of his troubles aro^e from ih.e displea- sure of heftven, resolved to do penance at the slirine of St. Tl^omas, at Ganterbiuy^ for that was the name given to Beck^t upon his Cfwomsajbion. As soon as he came witli^n sight of the dhurch of Canterbury, alighting from his horse, he wf^l]^4 bar^efoot towards the town, and prostrated himself before iki^ .^Ipniie*' of the saint. Next day he received abso- IttUpn; ai^dy deparUng for London, was acquainted with the * B^rehe waS'Moorg^d Dy the monks, and passed the whole day and night ntnng on the tnure stones. £ 66 tilSXOBT OF XNaLAND. agreeable news of a victory over the Seote, obtained on the very day of his absolution. 6. From that time Henry's affairs began to wear a better aspect : the barons, who had revolted, or were preparing for a revolt, made instant submission j they deliverea up their castles to the victor ; and England, in a few weeks, was re- stored to perfect tranquillity. 6. Young Henry, who was ready to embark with a large army, to second the efforts of the English insurgents, finding all disturbances quieted at home, abandoned all thoughts of the expedition. This prince died soon after, in the twenty-sixth year of his age, of a fever, at Martel, not without the deepest remorse for his undutiml conduct towards his father. 7. As this prince left no posterity, Richard was become heir in his room: and he soon discovered the same ardent ambition ohat had misled his elder brother. A cni^ade hav- ing been once more projected, Richard, who had long wished to have all the glory of such an expeidition to himself, and who could not bear to have even his fSEither a partner in his victories, entered into a confederacy with the king of France, who promised to confirm him in those wishes at which he 80 ardently aspired. 8. By this, Henry found himself obliged to give up all^ hopes of taking the cross, and com- pelled to enter upon a war with France and his eldest son, who were unnaturally leagued against him. 9. At last, however, a treaty was concluded, in which he was obliged to submit to many mortifying concessions : but still more so, when, upon demanding a list of the barons that it was stipulated he should pardon, he found his son John, his favourite child, among the number. He had long borne an infirm state of body with calm resignation. He had seen his children rebel without much emotion; but when he saw that child, whose interest always lay next to his heart, among the number of those who were in rebellion against him, he could no longer contain his indignation. He broke out into expressions of the utmost despair; cursed the day on which he had received his miserable being j and bestowed on his ungrateful children a malediction, which he never after could be prevailed upon to retract. 10. The more his heart was disposed to friendship and affection, the more he resented this barbarous return : and now not having one comer in his heart where he could look for comfort or fly fbr refuge fropi his conflicting passions, he lost all his former vivacity. A lingering fever, eaused by a broken HXNET IL m heart, lobii afUr ttrminated his life and hie miseriee. He died at the castle of Chinon, near Saumur, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, and in the thirty-fifth of his reign, in the course of which he displayed all the abilities of a politician, all the sagacity of a legislator, and all the magnanimity of a hero : sullied, however, by many instances of cruelty and perfidy, which were too commonly the characteristics of all the Plantagenets. Questions for Examination, 2. By what meanB did Eleanor endeavonr to esoapef / 8. In what war were Henry's prospects of fiiture happinets doudedr 4. What was the penance performed by Henry ? 5. At what time did the aiibir of Henry wear a better aspect? 6. Who endeavoured to assist the insurgents? ^ ^ ^ 7. Did another of Henry's sons enter into a conspiracy? and what was theconseqf >nce? . , ^^, 8. What were tk.d misfortunes which led Henrv to curse the day of his birth, and to bestow a maledii? lion on his children ? 10. What caused the death of Henry ? What was his character? CONTEMPORARY SOVBRBIGNS. Popes. A.D. Adrian IV* 1154 Alexander in.... 1159 Lucius III 1181 Urban III 1185 Gregory Vni.... 1187 Clement ni 1188 Emperors Qf the East. Man. Comnenus . 1143 Alexisn 1180 Androniousi 118? Isaac Angelus. A.D. 1185 Emperor of the West. Frederick 1 1152 Kings of France. Louis fn 1187 Philip Augustus. . 1180 Kings qf Portugal. Alphonso 1102 A.D. Sanchol 1186 King <^ Denmark. Waldemarl.t.... 1157 K^ngs qf Scotland. Davidl 1124 Malcolm lY 1158 WiUiam 1165 EMINENT PERSONS. Hieobold, Becket, Biohard, and Baldwin, archbishops of Canterbury; Strongbow, eari of Pembroke; William Longsword, earl of Salisbury; Geoffrey, archbishop of York; and Morgan, bishop of Durham; natural sons of the king, the two former by ftir Bosamond, the latter by a daugh- ter of Sir Balph Blewet. Hugh Lacy, and Balph de Glanville, Justiciaries of Ireland and England. Bertrand de Boru4 * Pope Adrian was an Englishman, by name Nicholas Breakspear; he was choked by a "fly in the fifth year of his nopedom.— Afied. Hist. August. t The regular succession and history of Denmark do not properly com- mence till the accession of Waldemar I. (called the Great), who consider- ably enlarged and civilized the country. % Though not properly a subject of the British crown, this extraordi- nanr man exercised no little influence on the fortunes of Henry. He was lord of a small territory lying between the continental possessions of Henry and France : he saw that h& only hope of retaining mdependenoe rested on the continued hostility of these great powers, and used all his eflbrts HiBTOBar on MmLAJxi), eHAPTBR IX. RICHARD I. Bora 1167. Died April eth, 1199. Began to reign Angust 18, 1189. Eeigned 9} years. Against whose ftiry and unmatched force Tne awelass lion could not wage the flght, Nor keep his princely heart firoin Bichard's hKnA.—Shakspeare, 1. (A. D. 1189.) RiCHARD; surnamed Cceur de Lhn, upon hie ascending the throne, was still inflamed with the desire of going upon the crusade : and at length the king having got a sufficient supply for his undertaking having even sold his superiority over the kingdom of Scotland, which had been acquired in the last reign, for a moderate sum, he set out for the Holy Land, whither he was impelled by repeated messages from king Philip H. of France, who was ready to embark in the same enterprise. 2. The first place of rendezvous for the two armies of England and France, was the plain of Vevelay, on the boMers of Burgundy, where, when Richard and Philip arrived, they found their armies amounting to a hundred thousand £^hting men. Here the French prince and the English entered mto the most solemn engagements of mu- tual support, and determined to conduct the armies to the Holy Land oy sea: they were obliged, however, by stress of weather, to take shelter at Messina^* the capital of Sicily, where they were detained during the whole winter. 3. Richard took up his quarters in the suburbs, and possessed himself of a small fort, which commanded the harbour. Philip quartered his troops in the town, and lived upon good terms with the Sicilian king. to keep them constantly at war. Being both a politician and a poet, he ex« ■ggentted the canses of quarrel which constantly arise between adjoining •noes, and in bitter satires alternately reproached each government with cowardly submission to its rival. He stimulated the sons of Henry to make war against their father, and youngHenry especially was chiefly urged into the field by the satirical verses of Bom. After the death of the young prince, Henry beseiged Bertrand's castle and made him prisoner. When brought tntetne monarches presence,the king sarcastically Mid to his oaptive, " I think, Bertrand, thy wit has fkdled thee." "Yes, my lord," replied Bertrand, " it fidled me on the day that the valiant young kii^g, yosr aon, expired : on that da^I lost sense, wit, and Imowledge." Istruck St the unexpected mention of his son's name, the king ftinted, and on his Moeverjr grantedBertrand a ftill pardon.— IRstory 4r raee the soldiers in repairing the ruined walls of Acre Coeur de Lion Aot only laboured in person.but appointed hours for other leaden to work attha head of their men. All oheerlully obeyed, except the duke of Anstila, who sent word that his fiither having been neither bricklayer nor ma8on,h« had not learned either business. The English king hearingthis insolent speech repeated to his fiftce by the haUgh^ duke, kicked him out of his tent, and ordered his banner to be disgraced.— JBrotf»|>fo». 70 HISTORY OF SNOLAMD. views of their oommander. '8. It appeared, therefore, abso- lutely necessary to come to an accommodation with Saladin, and a truce for three years was accordingly concluded ; in which it was agreed, that the sea-port towns of Palestine should remain in the hands of the Christians ; and that all of th<\t religion should be permitted to make their pilgrimage to Jerusalem in perfect security.* 9. Richard having thus concluded his expedition with more glory than advantage, began to think of returning home J but beins obliged to return through Germany, in the habit of a pilgnm, he was arrested by Leopold, duke of Austria, who commanded him to be imprisoned, and loaded with shackles, to the dis^ce of honour and humanity. The emperor soon after required the prisoner to be delivered up to him, and stipulated a large sum of money to the duke as a reward of his services. 10. Thus, the king of England, who had long filled the world with his fame, was basely thrown into a dungeon, and loaded with irons, by those who expected to reap a sordid advantage from his misfortunes. It was a long time before his subjects in England knew what was become of their beloved monarch. 11. So little intercourse was there between different nations at that time, that this discovery is said by some to have been made by a poor French minstrel, who, playing upon his harp^ near the fortress in which Richard was confined, a tune which he knew that unhappy monarch was fond of, he was an- swered by the king from within, who, with his harp, played the same tune, and thus discovered the place of his confine- ment. 12. However, the English at length prevailed upon this barbarous monarch, who now saw that he could no longer detain his prisoner, to listen to terms of accommodation. A ransom was agreed upon, which amounted to a himdred and fifty thousand marks, or one hundred thousand pounds of our money, upon the payment of which, Richard was once more restored to his expecting subjects. 13. Nothing could exceed the joy of the English upon BtitaDg their monarch return, after all his achievements and sufiTerings. * Thora was a mAgmuUmitjr and generoiity in Saladin rarely seen.' It is nieorded, that onoe oaring tbis campaign, Biobard was dangerously rick, a:Dd bii disorder reqnirinff fresh frnit, and snow to render it cool, the gene- rons Saracen sent ooth m profoiion, and thus saved the lifb of the only Jk« be dreaded.— ( Viia SakMna,) BIOHARP I. 71 He xnadt his entxy into London in triumph; and such was the profasion of wealth shown by the citizens, that the German lords ^ho attended him were heard to say. that if the emperor had known of their affluence he would not so easily have parted with their kin^. He soon after ordered himself to he crowned anew at Wmchester. He convoked a general council at Nottingham, at which he confiscated all his brother John's jpossessions, who had basely endeavoured to prolong his captivity and gone over to the king of France with that intent. However he pardoned him soon after, with this generous remark : ^' I wish I could as easily for- get my brother's offence ks he will my pardon." 14. Richard's death was occasioned by a singular acci- dent. A vassal of the crown had taken possession of a treasure, which was found by one of the peasants in dig- ging a ^eld in France ; and to secure the remainder, he sent part of it to the king. Richard, as superior lord, sensible that he had a right to the whole, insisted on its beine sent to him ; and upon refusal, attacked the castle of Chains, where he understood this treasure had been deposited. 15. On the fourth day of the siege, as he he was riding round the place to observe where the assault might be given with the fairest probability of success, he was aimed at by Bertrand de Gourdon, an archer from the castle, and pierced in the shoulder with an arrow. The wound was not in itself dan- gerous ; but an unskilful surgeon, endeavouring to disen- gage the arrow from the flesh, so rankled the wound, that it mortified, and brought on fatal symptoms. 16. Richard, when he found his end approaching, made a will, in which he bequeathed the kingdom, with all his treasure, to his brother John, except a fourth part, which he distributed amone his servants. He ordered also that the archer who had snot him should be brought into his presence, and de- manded what injury he had done him, that he should take away his life ? The prisoner answer^ with deliberate intre- pidity: 17. "You killed, with your own hand, my father and my two brothers, and you intended to have hanged me. I am now in your power, and my torments may give you revenge ; but I will endure them with pleasure, since it is my consolation that I have rid the world of a tyrant." Rich- ard, struck with this answer, ordered the soldier to be pre- sented with one hundred shillings, and set at liberty: but Marcade, the general under him, like a true ruffian, ordered him to bf flayed alive, and then hanged. Richaxd died m 72 HISTOBT OF INOLAND. the tenth year of his reign and the fortr-Hecond of hif agc^ leaving only one (natural) son, named Philip^ behind biih. Queitiorufor Mxaminatioh, 1, With wbom did'BioIuvd embark fbr the cnuitdei f 2. Of what numbers did the amdes conidstr 4. On Philip's rdtom to France, who was left to eondntt the wtrf 6. Who opposed Biehard on his uMtreh to |>esiege Jems aMwT 6. Can you repeat the piurtiQulan of the battle? 8. What drcnmstande induced Bichard to come to an MOMMndtf AtfOQ with Saladinr 0. In returning home, what hampened to Bichard ? 11, How was it discovered thatlQchafd was i^ prisoderT 12. By what means did Bichard recover his lihnijl 18. Who endeavoured to pndons Bidhard's captivity ? and what WM bif remarlc on this occasion.? 15. Can vou. relate the singular accident which caused tlw dMtb of BlchflirdT 17. What was the answer of the person who shot the kisf ? GONTBMPOBABT SOYEBEIGl^S. Popes. ▲.!>. Clement III 1188 Celestine III 1191 Innocent III 1198 Smperors of the Ecut. Isaac n...T 1186 AlexisIH. li96 Emperors AteM to his subjects ; and his ;puttii^ his nej^ew, who h ' a rieht to the crown, to death, with his own hand, in prison, served to render him completely hateful. 2. Hitherto John wtis rttther hateM to his subjects than contemptible; they rather dreaded than despised him. But he soon shewed that he might be ofl^nded, if not without resentment, at leadt with impunity. It was the fate of this vicious prince to m6ke those the eiremies of himself whom he wanted abilities to make the enemies of each other. The clergy had for some time acted as a community independent of the crown, and had ihea elections of each other generally confirmed by the pope, to whom alone they owed subjection. 3. However, the election of archbishops had for some thne been a continual subject of dispute between the snffiragan bishops and the Augustine monks, and both had precedents to confirm their pretensions. John sided with the bishops, and sent two knights of his train, who were fit im^trum^ilts for such a prince, to expel the monks from their oonvdnt, and to tc^e possession of their revenues. 4. The .t)op6 was not cUspleased with these divisions ; and instead oi electing either of the persons ap- pointed by the contending parties, he nominated Stephen in the hands of the see of Rome was calculated to strike the senses in the highest degree, and to operate upon the * jSiirnafne^ Scmt Terre, or f>aekland. « HlflTORT OV INQLAND. «upffititiou0 minds of the people. 5. By it a stop was im- miditkUHf put to divine servioe, and to the administration of all the sacraments but baptism. The church-doors were ibttt^ thd statues of the saints were laid on the ground; ihi dead were refused Christian burial, and were thrown into ditchii on the highways, without the usual rites or any funeral lolemnity. 6» No situation could be more deplorable than that of John upon this occasion, f^irious at his indignities, jealous of hid lubjects, and apprehending an enemy in every face. It is laid that, fearing a conspiracy against his life, he shut himetlf up a whole night in the castle of Nottingham, and tmff&rod none to approach his person. , But what was hiH oonsternation when he found that the pope had actually dven away his kingdom to the monarcn of France, and mat the jmnoe of that country was actually preparing an army to take possession of his crown ! 7* John< who, unsettled and apprehensive, scarcely knew where to turn, was still able to make an expiring effort to receire the enemy. All hated as he was, the natural enmity between the French and the English, the name of king, which he still retained, and some remaining power, put him at the head of sixty thousand men — a sufScient number indeed^ but not to be relied on — and with these he advanced to Dover. 8. Europe now regarded the important pre- parations on both sides with impatience; and the decisive blow was soon expected, in which the church was to triumph or to be overthrown. But neither Philip nor John had ability equal to the pontiff by whom they w"^ actuated ; who appeared on this occasion too refined a politician for elther« He only intended to make use of Pnilip's power to intimidate his refractory son, not to destroy him. 9. He intimated, therefore, to John, by his legate, that there was but one way to secure himself from impend- ing danger*, which was to put himself under the pope's proteetion, who was a merciful Either, and still willmg to receive a rej)entant sinner to his bosom. John was too much intimidated by the manifest danger of his situation not to embrace every means offered for his safety. He Assented to the truth of the legate's remonstrances, and took an oath to perform whatever stipulation the pope should impose* 10. John havine thus sworn to the pe^ormance of an unknown command, the artful Italian so well managed the birons^ and so effectually intimidated the king, that he JOHN. 75 persuaded him to take the moet extraordinary oath in all the records of history, before all the people, kneeling upon his knees, and with his hands held up between those of the legate. 11. *^If John, by the grace of God, king of England and lord of Ireland, in order to expiate my sins, from my own free will, and the advice of my barons, give to the church of Rome, to pope Innocent and his successors, the kingdom of i^nglana, and all otner prerogatives of my crown. I will hereafter hold them as the pope's vassal. I will be faithful to God, to the church of Rome, to the pope my master, and his successors legitimately elected. I promise to pay him' a tribute of a thousand marks yearly: to wit, seven hundred for the kingdom of England, and three hundred for the kingdom of Ireland." 12. Having thus done homage to the legate, and agreed to reinstate Langton in the primacy, he received the crown, which he had been sup- posed to have forfeited, while the legate trampled under his feet the tribute which John had consented to pay. Thus, by this most scandalous concession John once more averted the threatened blow. In this manner, by repneated acts of cruelty, by expeditions without effect, and humiliations without reserve, John was become the detestation of all mankind. QunUorufor Examination, 1. What was the oondnet of John on raeoeeding to the throne ? 2, 8. Of what nature was the disagreement between the king and the clergy which produced such serious consequences to the nation. 4. Why was the kingdom put under an interdict? 6. What were the consequences of it f 0. To what distress was John reduced f 9. To what humiliating concessions did John submit ? 11. What oath did the king take ? 12. Wliat degrading ceremony followed f SECTION n. This is the place Where England's ancient barons, dad In arms, And stem with conquest, from their tyrant king (Then rendered tame) did challenge and secure The charter of thy tnedom.—Jkenaide. 1. CA. D. 1216.) The barons had long been forming a confederacy against himj but their union was broken, or their aims disappointed, by various and unforeseen accidents. At length, however, they assembled a large body of men at Stamford, and thtnot) elated by ihmt power, they marched to Braekley, about fifteen milei from Oxford, the r^ HISTORY 69 IBNOLANP. pla()e where the court then resided. 2. John, hearing of their amnroaoh, sent the archhishop of Canterbury, the earl of Pembroke and others of the council, to know the particu- lars of their request, and what those liberties were which they so earnestly importuned him to ^nt. The barons delivered a schedule, containing the chief articles of their demands, and of which the former charters of Henry and Edward the Confbssor formed the ground-work* No sooner were those shown to the king, than he burst into a furious passion, and asked why the barons did not also demand his Kuigdom ? swearine that he would never comply with such exorbitant demands 1 But the con^eracy was now too strong to fear much frOm the conseaUences of his resent- ment. 3. They chose Robert Pitzwwter for their general, whom they dignified with the title of ^' maresohal of the army of God, and of the holy church,'' and proceeded, without f\irther ceremony, to make war upon the king. They besieged Northampton; they took Bedford; they were joyftilfy received in London. They wrote circular letters to all the nobility and gentlelmen who had not yet declared in their favour, and menaced their estates with de- vastation in caise of reilisal or delay. 4. John, struck With terror, first oflfered to refer all differ- ences to the pope alone, or eight barons; four to be chosen by himself and four by the confederates. This the barons scornfully rejected. He then assured them that he would submit at discretion; and that it was his supreme pleasure to grant all their demands; a conference was ac- cordingly appointed and all things adjusted for this most important treaty. 6. The ground where the king's commissioners met the barons was between Staines and Windsor,* at a place called Runimede, still held in reverence by posterity as the spot where the standard of freedom was first erected in England. There the barone appeared with a vast number of knishts and warriors, on the fifteenth day of June, while those on the king's part came a day or two after. Both sides encamped apart like open enemies. The de- bates between power and precedent are generally but of short continuance. 6. The barons, having arms in their hands, would admit but few abatements; and the king's agents being for the most part in their interests, f^w debates * Here is the strongest oastle in SSngland; it was the general residence of late mi^esty, and was originallx built by William the Conqueror. JOHN. 77 King John compelled to ratify Uagna Charte. ensued. After some days the king, with a facility that w&a somewhat suspicious, signed and sealed the charter required of him j a charter which continues in force to this day, and is the famous bulwark of English liberty, which now goes by the name of Maqna Chart a. Y. This famous deed either granted or secured freedom to those orders of the kingdom that were already possessed of freedom j namely, to the clersy, the barons, and the gentlemen : as for the inferior ana the greater part of the people, they were as yet held as slaves, and It was long before they could come to a participation of lecal protection. 8. John, however, could not long brook these conces- sions that were extorted from his fears; he therefore took the first opportunity of denying to be the least governed by them. 9. This produced a second civil war, in which the barons were obliged to have recourse to the king of France for assistance. Thus England saw nothing but a prospect of being every way undone. If John succeeded, a tyrannical and implacable monarch was to be their tormentor ; if the French king was to prevail, the country was ever after to submit to a more powerful monarchy, and was to become a province of France. What ntJther human prudence could foresee nor policy suggest was brought about by a happy and unexpected accident. w ftlBTOET Of BN«LAirD. 10. John had Mitmbltd a oonaidarabla army, with a Tiew to make one great effort for the orown | and at the head of a laroe body of troope. reiolred to penetrate into the heart of the kingdom, with theie reioltttiona he de- parted from Lynn, which, for its fldelit^^ he had dietin- guished with many marks of &vour, and direoted hie route towards Lincolnshire. His road lay along the shore, which was overflowed at high-water j but not being apprised of this, or being ignorant of the tide of the plM^ Be lost all his carriages, treasure, and baggage, bj its influx. 11. He himself escaped with the greatest diiRculty, and arrired at the abbey of Swinstead, where his grief for the loss he had sustained, and the distracted state of aflkirs, threw him into a fever which soon appeared to be fl^tal. Next day, beinff unable to ride on horseback, he was carried in a litter to the castle of Seaford. and thence removed to Newark, where, after havine made his will, he died, in the fifty-first year of his age ana the eighteenth of his detested reign.* 12. Seldom has any throne been disgraced hy a monarch so depraved as John ; before his accession he had rebelled aeainst a fond father, and treacherously attempted the life of a generous brother : to secure himself on the throne he murdered his nephew, prince Arthur, and detained his niece, the princess Eleanora, in perpetual imprisonment. He repudiated one wife and impnsoned another, and violated his faith to both with the most abandoned prof- ligacy. He showed his contempt for religion bv habitually swearing, and wantonly violating the most solemn oaths. If he was a bad man, he was a worse king j he subjected himself to the ignominious yoke of Rome ^ he suffered France to take possession of the Norman provinces, almost without a struggle; and at home he acted the part of a lustful and bloody tyrant, sporting with the honours, the fortunes, and the lives of his unhappy subjects. Yet, by the blessing of Providence, his tyranny became the source of the greatest benefits to posterity, since his intolerable oppressions drove the barons into rebellion, and procured them the great charter, which was the first foundation of British fre^om. * King John onee dtaumded 10,500 mtrki fW>m ft Jew of ftHitol t end , on his reftiMO, ordered one of his teeth to be dmwn erenr dsy till he ihquld oomply. The Jew loet leren teeth, sad then psid the ittm required of him. HBNRT m. n fiuuHinifor ExaminaiUm. 1. Did the baroBi Miemble an annjr In oppodMon to the king r 2. What were their demandar and what anawer did the king return ? 5, 4. What eonfequenoei followed T 6, •. Can jron mention the eirooniitanoee which attended the ligninf of Magna Chartaf 8. What produced a leoond cirll war? 9. What great effort did John retolre to make? 10,11. What wai the accident which heftU John, and accelerated hie death? 12. What wae the character of «fohn? OONTEMPOBART SOVERKIGNS. Popei. A.D. Innocent Til 1199 HonorioaUI 1215 Emperon of the Etui. Alexis mr. 1196 Alexis IV 1208 A.D. AlexliV 1204 Theodore 1 1206 Emperort of the Weet. Phifip.. 1187 OthoIV 1208 Fredericn 1211 JOngiqf France. FhUip H. li89 Portug. Sanohol.1186 Adolphus U..1212 />en. Waldemar II. 1202 SootUmd. Wifliam. 1166 Alexander II. 1214 EMINENT PERSONS. Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury; he dirlded our Bible into ehapwrs and verses. Bobert Fitswalter, general of the barons' army. John de Courcy, earl of Ulster, fhmous for his strength and prowess. Prince Arthur, nephew to the king, by whom he is supposed to have been murdered. CHAPTER XI. HENRY in. Bom 1207. Died Nov. 16th, 1272. Began to reign October the 17th, 1216. Beigned 66 years. SECTION I. Humane, indulgent, kind ev'n to a fkult; Yet wantinff energy when cares assault. His reign, tnough turbulent, an instance brings Of" Mercy throned in the heart of Kings."— />>5(«}t. 1. (A. D. 1216.) A* CLAIM was made, upon the death of John, in favour of young Henry, the son of the late king, who"wa8 now but nine years of age. The earl of Pem- broke, a nobleman of great worth and valour, who had SQ BIST09V a|« HlfaLAND. faithfully adhered to Joho in, all the fluctuations of his for^ tune, determined to support his declining interests, and had hini solemnly crowned oy the bishops of Winchester, Bath, and Gloucester. 2. The young king was of a character the very opposite to his father ; as he srew up to man's estate, he wa|9 foun4 to be gentl& merciful, and humane; lie appeared easy and good-naturedf to hi» d^ndents, but no way formidaUe toiiis enemies. Without activity or vigour, he was unfit to govern in war j without distrust or suspicion, he was imposed upon in times of peace. 3. As weak princes are never without governing favour* ites, he first placed his affections on Hubert de Burgh, and he becoming obnoxious to the people, the place was soon su^iplied by Peter De Roches, bishop of Winchester, a Poictovin by birth, a man remarkable for his arbitrary con* duct, for his courage^ and his abilities. Henry, in pursuance of tnis prelate's advic^ invited over a great number of Poic- tevins, and other foreigners, who, having neither principles nor fortunes at home, were willing to adopt whatever schemes their employers should propose. 4. Every office and com- mand was bestowed on these unprincipled strangers^ whose avarice and rapacity were exceeded cmy by their pnde and insolence. So unjust a partiality to stxansers very naturally excited the jealousy of the barons ; and they even ventured to assure the king, that, if he did not dismiss all foreigners from court, they would arive both him and them out of the kingdom ; but their anger was scarcely kept within bounds when they saw a new swarm of these intruders come over from Gascony, with Isabella, the king's mother, who had some time before been married to the Count de la Marche. 5. To these just causes of complaint were added the king's unsuccessful expedition to the continent, his total want of economy, and his oppressive exactions, which were but the result of the former. The kingdom therefore waited with gloomy resolution, determined to take vengeance when the general discontent arrived at maturity. 6. This imprudent preference, joined to a thousand other illegal evasions of justice, at last impelled Simon Montford, earl of Leicester, to attempt an innovation in the government, and to wrest the sceptre from the feeble hand that held it. This nobleman was the son of the famous general who com- muided against the Albigenses, a sect of enthusiaste that had been destroyed some time before in the kingdom of Sa- HENRY III. 81 voj. He was miurrieti to the king's sister; and by his power and address was possessed of a strong interest in the nation; having gained equally the affections of the great and the little. 7. The place where the formidable confederacy which he had formed first discovered itself was in the parliament house, where the barons appeared in complete armour. The king, upon his entry, asked them what was their intention; to which they submissively replied, to make him their sovereign by confirming his power, and to have their grievances re- dressed. 8. Henry, who was ready enough to promise whatever was demanded, instantly assured them of his inten- tion to give all possible satisfaction; and, for that purpose, summoned a parliament at Oxford, to digest a new plan of government, and to elect proper persons who were to be in- trusted with the chief authori|y. This parliament, after- wards called the "mad parliament," went expeditiously to work upon the business of reformation. 9. Twenty-foUr barons were appointed, with supreme authority, to reform the abuses of the state, and Leicester was placed at their head. The whole state in their hands underwent a complete alteration : all its former officers were displaced ; and crea- tures of tne twenty-four barons were put into their room. They not only abridged the authority of the king, but the efficacy of parliament, giving up to twelve persons all parlia- mentary power between each session. Thus these insolent nobles, after baving trampled upon the crown, threw jJros- trate the rights of the people, and a vile oligarchy was on the point of being established for ever. 10. The first opposition that was made to these usurpa- tions was from a power which but lately began to take a place in the constitution. The knights of the shire, who for some time had begun to be regularly assembled in a se- parate house, now first perceived these grievances, and com- plained against them. They represented that their own interests and power seemed the only aim of all their decrees ; and they even called upon the king's eldest son, prince Ed- ward, to interpose his authority, and save the sinking nation. QMStions for ExamitiathH. 1. By whom wm the interest of the yoxuag kins secured If 2. what ia the character given Of him? 3. Who were hi« fRT<>urite8f 82 HISTORY or EMOI^AND. 4. By what meuifl did he excite the jealousy of the baronf ? x 'vv. 6. Who attempted an innovatioii in the ffoyernment? 7. What are the partioalan of the conspTraoy formed hy the baroni? 9. In whom was the supreme authority vested? 10. By whom weru these usnrpations opposed, and of what did tbey eom^ plain? SECTION n. The Hite ot war, napridovs, now ordabui T^at £;dward, Xienry's son, shall break his chains.— -IX&cUn. 1. (A. D. 1264.) Prince Edward was at this time about twpaty-two years of agCt The hopes, which were conceived oi his abilities and his integrity rendered him an important personage in the transactions of the tiires, and in some mea- sure atoned for the fjsither's imbecility. He had, at a very early age, given the strongest proofs of courage, of wisdom, and of constancy. At fost. mdeed, wheu applied to, ap- pearing sensible of what his father had suffered by levity and breach of promise, he refused some time to listen to the people's earnest application ; but, being at last prsuaded to concur, a parliament was called, iu which the kmg assumed his former authority, 2. This being considered as a breach of the late conven- tion, a civil war ensued, in which, in a pitched battle, the earl of Leicester became victorious, and the king was taken prisoner, but soon after exchanged for Prince Edward, who was to remain as a hostage to ensure the punctual observance of the former agreement. With all these advantages, however, Leicester was not so entirely secure but that he still feared the combination of the foreign states against him, as well as the internal machina- tions of the royal party. In order, therefore, to secure his ill-acquired power, he was obliged to have recourse to an aid till now entirely unknown in England, namely, that of the body of the people. 4. He called a parliament, where, be- sides the barons of his own party, and several ecclesiastics, who w'>re not immediate tenants of the crown, he ordered returns to be made of two knights from every shire ; and also deputies from the boroughs, which had been hitherto consi- dered as too inconsiderable to have a voice in legislation. This is the first confused outline of an English house of commons. The people had been gaining some consideration since the gradual diminution of the force of the feudal system. 6. This parliament, however, was found not so very com- HENRT m. 88 plying as he expected. Many of the barons who had hi- therto steadfastly adhered to his party, appeared disgusted at his immoderate ambition ; and many of the people, who found that a change of masters was not a change for happi* ness, began to wish for the re-establishment of the royal family. 6. In this exigence, Leicester, finding himself unable to oppose the concurring wishes of the nation, was resolved to make a merit of what he could not prevent j and he ac- cordingly released prince Edward from confinement, and had him introduced at Westminster-hall, where his freedom was confirmed by the unanimous voice of the barons. But though licicester had all the popularity of restoring the prince, yet he was politic enough to keep him still guarded by his emis- saries, who watched all his motions and frustrated all his aims. 7. The prince therefore, upon hearing that the Duke of Gloucester was up in arms in his cause, took an opportunity to escape from his guards, and put himself at the head of his party. A battle soon after ensued} but the earl's army hav- ing been exhausted by famine on the mountains of Wales, were but ill able to sustain the impetuosity of young Ed- ward's attack, who bore down upon them with incredible fury. During this terrible day, Leicester behaved with as- tonishing intrepidity} and kept up the spirit of the action from two o'clock in the morning till nine at night. 8. At last his horse being killed under him, he was compelled to fight on foot } and though he demanded quarter, yet the ad- verse party refused it, with a barbarity common enoufi^h in the times we are describing. The old king, who was placed in front of the battle, was soon wounded in the shouldtTj and, not being known by his friends, he was on the pouko of being killed by a soldier j but crying out, "I am Henry of Winchester, the kingl" he was saved by a knight cf the royal army. 9. Prince Edward, hearing the voice of his father, instantly ran to the spot where he lay, and ta^d him conducted to a place of safety. The body of Leicester being found among the dead, was barbarously mangled by one Ro- ger Mortimer: and then, with an accumulation of inhuma- nity, sent to the wretched widow as a testimony of the royal party's success. 10. This victory proved decisive ; and the prince, having thus restored peace tp the kingdom, found his afijurs so firmly established, that he resolved upon taking the cross, which was at that time the highest object of human ambition. 84 HIiTOBT Ot SNQLAND. In pursuance 6f this resolution^ Edward sailed from Eng- lana withiEk large a tmjj and arrived at the camp of Lewis, king of France, which lay before Tunis, where ne had this inisrortune to hear of that good monarch's death before his arrival. The prince, however, no way discouraged by this event continued his voyage, and arrived at the Holy Land in eaiety. 11. He was scarcely departed upon this pious expedition when the health of the old king oegan to decline ; and he found not only his own constitution, biit also that of the state, in such a dangerous situation, that he wrote letters to his sbn^ pressing him to return with all dispatch. 12. At last, being overcome with the cares of government, and the infirmities of age, he ordered himself to be removed, by easy journeys, from St. Edmunds to Westminster, and that same night expired, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, and in the fifty-seventh of his rei^, the longest to be met with in the annals of England, until that of George the Third.* Questions for Examination. 1. What were the ciroumBtances which warraiited the hopes conceived by prince Henry? 2. What was the result of the battle between the king and Leicester? 8, 4. By what means did Leicester endeavour to secure his power? 5. Did the parliament comply with his wishes? 6. Why did Leicester resolve to release prince Edward? 7. 8, 9. Can you relate the circumstance which took place in the action between prince iklward and Leicester? 10. What were Edward's determination and conduct after this victory? 11. During Edward's absence, what was the situation of the king and the nation? 12. At what age did Henry die? and how long did he reign? * The interest paid in this reign for money in the East Indies, amounted, it is said, to twenty-five, and even sometimei to thirty-six per cent. But instances occurred in England of Afty per cent, being paid for money. No wonder, therefbre, that the Jews, who were the only money-lenders, should be tempted to stay in the kingdom, notwithstanding the grievous extor- tions that were practised on them. Henry granted a charter to the town of Newcastle, in which he gave the inhabitants a license to dig coal. The houses of the city of London were till this period mostly thatched with strata, for it appears that an order was issued, that all houses there- in should hsj nnverea with tiles or slate, instead of straw; more especially such as stood .a the best streets, which were then but few in comparison with the present, for where Cbeapside now stands (which is the heart of the city), was at that time a field, the principal part of the city lying more eastward. From Temple Bar to the city (then the village, ) of Westnunster, vrhexe the Strand now stands, was no more than a mere highway or coun- try road, having, however, many noblemen's houses and gardens adjoining to it, whieh have since given names to streets there erected. This iudeea wAi the case in several subsequent reigns. 1 HDVABp t H Bng- Lewis, id the re liis jythis; r Land edition^ md he of the • tters to 12. At md the by easy it same i in the . in the CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. A.D. Honoring III 1216 Gregory IX 1327 CelestinelV 124^ Innocent iy......l24tt Alexander lY 1254 Urbain IV 1261 Clement IV 1266 Gregory X 1271 Emperors qf ttte Ecut. Theodore 1 1201 John III 1222 Theodore II 1225 John IV 1269 A.D. Michael vm 1269 Emperor qf the West. Frederick U 1211 Kings of Frdnce. Philip II 11«0 Louis VIII 1228 St. Louis IX 1226 Philip in 1270 Kings qf Portv,gal. Alphonso in.. . . .^.1202 SanchoU 1288 A.D. AlphonraslV mil Kings qf Deamtnrk. Waldemar 1^902 Eric VI 1240 Abel 1 1280 Christopher I im Eric vni WW King qf Sweden. Waldemar 1260 Kings qf Scotland. Alexander II 1214 Alexander lU 1249 EMINENT PERSONS. Bichard Magnos.Edmnnd of Abingdon,Boniftce. and BobertSilwa'rby. archbishops of Canterbury. Des Boches, bishop of Winchetter, and Lord ChanceUor.* Earl of Pembroke, protector. Montford, earl oi Leicester, general of the barons. Bonceived imounted, ent. But louey. No in, should ous extor- ih he gave f thatched ises there- especially omparison le heart of ying more Bstnunster, ay or coun- B adjoining 'his indeed CHAPTER XII. EDWARD I. Bom 1236. Died July 7th, 1807. Began to reign Nov. 16th, 1272. Belgned 84 years. The red cross flies in Holy Land, The Saracen his croH&ent waves. And English Edward's gallant band Seek proud renown or glorious graves.— iX&didon pereelved that he was possessed of the name only, rbut not the authority of a sovereign. Willing, therefore, to nhake off the yoke of so troublesome a master, Baliol re- volted, and procured the pope's absolution from his former oath 6t homage. 14. But no power the Scots could bring into the field was able to withstand the victorious army of Edward. He overthrew their forces in many engagements : and thus be- coming undisputed master of the kingdom, he took every preeaution to secure his title, and to abolish those distinc- tiofli which might be apt to keep the nation in its former independence. Baliol was earned a prisoner to London and compelled to surrender his crown,* and Edward oare- ftilly destroyed all records and monuments of antiquity that Inspfred the Scots with a spirit of national pride. UPWARD I. .89 A p'> •ute being ree of as- appointed me, less a nt to con- rerogative e, he sent jondon, at )tti8h king 5 only, rbut erefore, to Baliol re- lis former ; field was rard. He id thus be- »ok every )se distinc- its former to London ward oare- iquity that Q^9ition$ for Examination. 1. Whftt4iifts(er h6t9}\ Edwunl in the Holy Landr 2. ToWhoto ctae is tt Ma 1806 Adolpnaaini.... 1247 Dennis 1276 BlfiKENT PISIBSOKS. ^ohnFeolhamf Bohert Winehelsmk Waiter Beynolds, and John Steat> fprd> arohUshops of Cante^iix^. Biohard. earl of Coinwall. Bodger Big«d, earl of IvoHblk. Humphrey Bofaon, eail of Hereford. Jonn Flantagenet, earl of Warwick, soger Baeon. Wi6lcUffe.t « After the death of JPredAxis TL therewasanlnteRegnnm in the Western empire nnfU Bodolphiu. dorine^i^ch the following pratces either reinied or were elected : .Conrad HI. ; William, ead of Holland ; Blehi^d, eul of Goff«waU}JBdwanl lY.; and AI|»hon|o. king of CastUe.^ZddlNMin. t WieWJIte WM the first preM^ ^ftU^omf^l do^fa^ he was the author df a vainable translation pf the New Testanient, and of ^yi^ able tra^bi pn the urtopatlens of the Bomish C^ti^h. TU M HI8T0BT op J^OLANS. CHAPTER XIII. .. -. BDWAiDII. ^"^ BpnlM. Bi0d Sqpt. 31, 18S7. B«gMi to nigii Jnly 7* 1807. BaigiivA ; ♦, ao yean. ' SECTION I. ImmenM In raft eflMiinaoy'f down, '* The fteble prinoe lib Mbjecnt' flpo4 Il6gTefi(ti^ Fpr minions, who monopoUie the crown, And itBUi the leeptro which their Tloe protecti.--I>Aki junction^ he had received from, his dying father, he took no steps to check the progress of Bruce: his nueurch into that country being rather a procession of pageantiy than , A warlike expedition. 3. Weak monarchs are ever governed by favorites j and the first that Edward placed his affections upon was Piers Gavestone, the son of a Gascon knight, who had been em|doyed in the service of the late king. The young man was adorned with every accomplishment of person and mind that was capable of creatmg affection; but he viraa utterly destitute of those qualities of heart and understandii]^ that serve to procure esteem. He was hancbom^ witty^ brave and active^ but then he was vicious, effeminate, de- bauched, and trifling. These were qualities entirely adapted to the tasto of the youne monarch, and he seemed to think no re^i^irds equal to his deserts. 4. C -^stone, on the other, hand, intoxicated with his powen ^»came haughty and byerbearing^ and treated the EngUi^h nobility, from whom it is pi^bable lie received marks of contempt, with scorn and dension. A conspiracy, therefore, was soon formed against him, at the head of which queen Isabel and the earl of Lancaster, a npbleman of great power, were associated. 6. It was easy to perceive that a combination of the loobies, while the queen secretly assisted Uieir desigiisi, • From the pliioe of his birth, Caernarron CiiUf >^ i^ WalM. IDWAAD n. 91^ would be too powerftil Winst the efforts of a weak king and a Tain mvonrite. The king^ tiinid and wavering; banished hixn (A. D. 1312) at their solicitation, and reoaUM Irim soon alter. Iliis was sufSdeht to spread an alarm over the whole kingdom : all the great barons flew to arms, and the earl of Lfuicaster vat himself at the head of this irresistible confederacy. The unhappy Edward, instead of attemptinji^ to make resistance, sought only for safety, ^yer happy m the Company of his fitvourite, he embarked at Teisnmouth, and sailed with him to Scarborough, where he leh Gavestone as in a place of safety, and then went back to York himself either to raise an Brmj to oppose his enemies, or by his presence to aUa^ their animosi^. 6. In the meantime, Oavestone was bdsieged in Scarboh)U^h by the earl of Pembroke ; and had the garrison been sufficiently supplied with provisionis, the place would hfive been im* preeniible. But Gavestone. sensible of the bad' condition of t^ garrison, took the Earliest opportumty to ofl^ terms of capitumon. He stipulated that he should remai^ in Pem* brokers hands as a prisoner for two ihonths; and that endearours shoidd be used in the meantime for a general ac tehee of other business, he I'^ft him with a feeble guar^ of which the earl of Warwick hating receiv^ inforthatibn,' attacked the castle in which the unfortunate Gavestone was confined, and quickly madUb hunself master of bis person^ The earls of Lancaster, Hereford, and Arundel were soon apprised of Warwick's success, and informed that their common enemy was now in custody in Warwick castle. 8. Thither therefore they hastened with the utmost ezpe^ dition to hold a consultation upon the fate of their prisoner^ This was of no long continuance ; they unanimously resolved to put him to death, as an enemy to the kingdom, and |ave him no time to prepare for his execution. They instantly had him conveyed to a place called Blaoklow-hilf, where a Welsh executioner, provided ibr that purpose, severed ^s head from his body. 9. To add to Edwiurd's misfortunes, he soon after suf- fered a most signal defeat from the Scots' army under Bruce, near Bannockbum •* and this drove him once more to seek * New StirUiif . Edward was lo mir* of oonquMt tbat he bronglii uttfi ttMA Biftop, a ClnikelHe, sad a ftmovs poet, to oelebrata bi« ykmrj. HIBTOB^ 6t BiicltAND. for reUef in som^ favouiitQ^ (iompftny, 10. The nlune of hU new i^voiinte iviif^ Bxi^ at t^pene^,. 9,i(i!Wiik ihik of «: npjbjte linkli'flilx' familj^ of eiqme merit^ akid t^ e&gngliMC acqbmplis!un|6iita* Hii^ jditfieir wjEUt (^person Of a mwn more estimable charaOter tn&n t^e sbi^: h^ waif Veiierabl^ for luQ years, a^d resi)^t€^ tlirougE m fot his wikioin; lui? valour, and^la \vib0if- Ih 3utfl6M excellent qiiali- ties were aU (^iniishid and, villfi^ ^ the ilAoitient he and his ^n began te share the kib^s fkvburi who even dii^ possessed sOine. lords unjustly of weir estateii in order to aocumulate them upon his favourite. /Phis wail a p^etesft the l^^s eneogiep had heien long seeldpg for | the eaxll of I^anqaster and Hereford flew to arma; setltence wtts pro- ctired from pieurliament of perpetual ej^U a|;ain8t the two Spensers, and a forfeiture of thieir fortunes an4 estates. 1J2. The kinJD^ howeyer, at last rotisinj; Silace to another, he wacf at ImI stoj:^^ m his way towards Scotland by Sir Andrew Harcls^ and made priflbner. 13. As he hidd formerly Shown liule mercy to Gavestone^ there was very little extendi to him upbh this occasion. He was condemned by a coiut-marM } atiid' led, mounted on a lean horse, to an eminence ne$r Pomi^^ in circumstances of the greatest indignity, wher^ he was beheaded by a Iiohdoner. , ^ 14. 4- rebeUion^ thus crushed, served only t6 inOreaee the pnide and rapac% of ^^oiing Spenser ; most of the forfeitures w^ sfiized for his use i and m his promptitude to seize Uie delinquents, he was guilty of many acts of rapine and ihjus* tice.* Quutimi for ifxamination, 1. WM Wis the dktMMtttoii of Edwud n. ? a. Wh»t WM Idt obaanMrt in r#Mu4 to 8!BotIe^si<^T • J. What WW the ohifacter of QnY^otOQe the IdiDg*! flnt ilivottrtte ? . ITbo formed k ooihpinav ng»luattbiib king f 5. WhatwasthecondnctofthekingonthieooeMiOnt * In the year 1816, the.peit>etiial rains and eold weather harinlritotoi^y deil^oyed the liaiteit Iftnti^rddtaded aMotftM^frarotigtheo^ Ment endeayqye^ ty> moderate the pfi^ ptworMa^, The la^i sttibM" ed were, of our present money, as rollows : lor the vm 6x, i iht'h%%; tWo'^mmJt^dft,] SyS^^i,miS!Sfi^ B(Meertt<^7» iDWARD U. 97 ;>'f?t{1;} 6. Wh«ra wu G«TMl(m« l)«dtg«df and on what oondltioni did he rar* nndtr himMlff 7, 8. Were tfaeee e<»ii(lttloiv ohaerredt nd what wae the eondoot of Oie Blei''towivde'htaBf ^ - \-.,' 9, Wilatiaialbtliiae did IBdwatd eyperiea^ in Beoflaad ? 10. who were tbejftpenienr U. OnwhMpi^trtefdidtheklnff'fenemieeiytoanMr la. BowdldtteUnf aetoikthiieiMrfenagrr , ^ It, Whatwaithenanneroftxeennnf theearlof Laneafterf ■ '"I . i ". i» I ) I" M il- II I ■ 1 I I I f ■ . , ■: .. ^''^^v '^' ■ ■ ■^^ ^SiiOTIONnv ^-'■- '• "^ llaric what «oiiT«Uto^,hMT« hie QiMqrr'd hreast^ 1. (A.tl>. 1825.) But 1i»-ir^ now to oppose a more for- midable enemy in Qaeen IsabeUay a cruel, naughty woman, who fled over to i^ranccL and reftued to appear m ihigland till Spenser was remoyeaftom the royal presence, and ba- nished the kingdom. By this reply ahci gained two yeiy considerable advantaged: she became pqmlar in {England, where Spenser was universally disliked ; and sb^ had the pleasure of enjoying the oon^ny of a> young nohlenii^p, whose name was Mortimer, up(A whom ^e ^diately placed h^ afibctioiM, aad whOxii she indulged with all .the &mitiftfi- tiee that her criminal passion could confer. 2. The queen's court now, therefore, became a sanctuary for aU ^e mal- oonteoits who were banished th^ own country, or who ohpse to come ov«r. Aecosdinc^, jsoon f^i^ ac<^mM9i«4 ;by three thousand men-at-arms, she set o^t f^m ^tT harbjnur, and lauded safely^ withAnt oppositio% <^ the Qoast of $1^ folk. She had no sooner appeitred than there seeded a ge- neral revolt in her fiivour: and tiie un|ortuna|e k^ found the spirit of disloyalty was not confined to the capital; alpne^ but mtfiised over the whole kingdom. 3. He m4 pt^M^ed some dependence upon the sarrison which was sta«(ped in the castle of Bristol, under the command of ike elder. Spen- ser ; but they mutinied against their governor, and tluit un- fortunate ihvOurite wm delivered up, andvoondemned by the tumultuous barons to the most ignominious death. He was hanged on a gibbet, in his armour: his body was cut in meces and thK>wn to the doge; and his head was sent^ to Winehe^er, where it was set upon a pcde, and exposed to the populace. .« •I>Mai|d peraoni were loit. It M iiudio hare been ooeaaidllM by the «ialief ora flian, who witfaed to inundate hie neighboiir'B groiuid br deeteofiiviiie^keBoarhiihtMue. • ej'_ ->v^;-it f: dd aiSTOAT Of BNOLAMD. 4. Young Speos^f Ul« unhappy son, did npt. lot^ ^iDmve ^ his fkther; he was taken^ with some others who had foUow-' ' ed the fortunes of the K^reti^hed }0igiM an obsotireootttent^^ in Wales, and the memUese victors tf(i6hf^ tb! i^iii] tl^ii*,' revenge in adding insult to vameltyi The q^n had siot par* tience to waat the fo!i^il1iiy of li imal, butimfered hiniiiiiino'^ diately to be led forth before tiie insulting populace, and seemed to take a savage pleasure in feasting her eyes with his distresses. 6. The gibbet erected for his execution was fifty feet high ;; his ^M^yv^MAt to liOndoih v^ere tl^ citi- zens reCeivM it in brutal triumph,- and flited |t OA ihei brkt^. SeVenell other IoihIb also shared nis iktej aU' desarving pity< m- de^ had iSisy neot themselves formerly justified the present inhiixhanity by setting a cruel example. ^.' In the mean timcj the. kiiu^ who hoped to find rcliige in : Wales, was * quickly diseoTore^and :d^vered up to , his ad- YdrMuMs^ vrho ex|te«ssed< their satisfiMstion in the.aroesness of their treatment. Heiwasoonductedtothecapitiu, amidst the Msttlts and' MpAMvches of the peopl^ aiid confined iu; the To#«iti 'A cUa^ wsb ' soon after exhibited against him^i in whi*6h' ii6 other crifnen^ but his inoajpacit^ to govern, his iu'^: dol^li<)^ hl^ loVe of . ^Isiunire, and his bemgi swayed by evil cdunselio)^ vreicf: objected against himi Bus deposition was . quickly voted by padrlia&ent : he"#as assigned a pension £>r i hM stipporC ; his son Edwaro, a youth of fourteen, was fix- ed'u]^n to SuCCC^ him2.and the .queenwas ai^intcd regent dtiSag ^ ttkinori^l 7. The deposed monarch bUt^jt^short tii^c^ Sdrtited his saa^iiunils | he war sent firom ixrison jto pris6l4' fli wi^etched ouloaist^' and th« sport c^ |us : mhuman k^WSi He hfldf been at fi^ consigned to the^e^tody of^the ' Ean bf Lattdist^r,' biit thStf uoUemaa showin^^ soiie mftfks of respn^ a^\pity^h^ was taken out of his hi^ic^ And delivered over to liOrq^' Bei&feley, Montravers^ andOoiimay. who were intmstedMh Recharge of guadPdkig him a month iOxmt 8. WhaieViBirhts tifeatment firomliord Berkeley might have been, the oi^ t#o seemed raited that he should enjoy nohe of the cbMorts' of lift whdk in their custody. ; The* jtractised every kind oi^ indij^ty upon 1^, as if tiiei^ desi^ iMid been to accelerate his deatn by the bitterness of. his su^r^- > ingst '. (AvDi l9328;> But , when his pi^rsecutors saw t^t m diM6bliMb!t<^^liot arrivA, fv«u under every cruelty till a ^ ret«hiti^ Wb$e^ v§i^ m his&ybtny thi^ reisi^vcd'tb rid' themselves of their fears by des^oying- huii at once. ^^''■ Accordingly his two keepers, Ooumay and Montravers, iMfjtMtiittt W and mmTderedhim b^ |k mJDf i ofiiel Mid torturing; prooMi^ which leii no mairlss <» extenwt violtbd*. PMtlMklnfloiiMrvlT^^ . Can yon lewte Oe ln«UfiiittM prMtHtd spoil tatait , • kiBi'i wudor f MdEy wMtt wrii if tfMft* 6. Wlufw^ffeei 7. 8. caiiT( 9. Whatwaafliemuuier i*iria GONTBMPORABT BaTBMXONS. Pcp9$, ClMneaty. A.P. J61ito AndMQiow An^nioiit ^^•■^"Ifi."^ HeiU^TUI..... £«iHs nr ilM j^.i/i>r*Vc Bbi JehyiOabrdj fltfiOttllMtOf |^m^rt%r(ilMr) nSini^^ anoas BDWARI>m. Bom 1812. I>iedJiuieia,]877, SBOtlOK Z. itpt.ttil8tfi iMgiMd With ftorm nd Mptol to OOBUOBMldffMpMl^ Ind. d«g«rt, Mid teltat to prot ^ iC^Mti' lieftrli btM ttttk lOi WUh mind, d«g«j Bdlrard I ml J ImAiO IliiriV lOVONlM bMld. 1. (A.|]f. I^.) i:iis Papliateent by w^ch youtift £d- ward was raised id t^i^ tbront^ during too lii^ of bio fiUher, apjpoipted twolVe pe^otis m Hi privy oounbU, to diroot the operationi of tlie goyemmont. Mortimori tho queon's favourite. too BISTO&TOf mOLAXtJ>. who might BAtturally be Mt down as one of the members, trtftilly excluded himself under a pretended show of mode- nttion} but At the same, time he secretly influenced all the measures that came under their deliberation. 2. He . caused the greater part of the roval revenues to be settled on the queen-dowager, and he seldom took the trouble to consult tl^e x^iinisters of government in any public undertak- ing. The king himself was even so besieged by the fa* Yourite's creatureS| that no access could be procured to him, and the whole sovereign authority was shared between Mortimer and the queen, who took no care to conceal her criminal attachment 8. At length, however, Edward was resolved to shake off an authority that was odious to the nation, and particularly restrictive upon him. But such was the power of the fa* vourite, that it required as much precaution to overturn the usurper as to establish the throne. The aueen and Morti- naer had for some time chosen the.castle of Nottingham for the place of their residence; it was strictly guaraed, the gates locked every eveiling^ and the keys carried to the queen, i. It was therefore agreed between the king and some of the barons, who secretly entered into his designs, to seiie upon them in the fortress*, and for that pur|)06e Sir William Bland, the gpyeiiiOr, was induced to admit them by a secret subterraneous pasisage, which had been formerly contrived for an outlet, but was noW hidden with rubbisl^ and known only to one or two. It was b/ this, therefintL the noblemien in the king's interest entered m the night ; ana Mortimer, ^without having it in his power to make any re- sistance, was seized i^ apartments adjoining those of the queen. 6. It was in vain that she endeavoured to protect him; in vain she entreated them to spare her *^ gentle Mor- timer " I the barons, deaf to her entreaties, deniM her that pify which she had so often refUsed to otnerS. Her para- mour was comdemned by the parliament^ which was then sitting without being permitted to make his defence, or even examining a witness acainst him. He was hanged on a gibbet, at a place callea Elms,, about a mile from London, where his body was left hanging for two days after. 6. The queen, who COTtainly was the most culpable, was shielded by the dignity of her station; she was <>nly disgraced ^p ^ all share of pow^r, and Confined for life in the castl^^lritts- ings, mth a pension of three thousand pounds a year. ' ;f$om this confinement she was never after set free; and Mt g^^ttrsi'^ m£MD nx. 101 the king •nnuallj mu4 her a Tieit of decent oeremony. yet «he found heneli a b andoned to n^iTeraal oontempi and de- testation; and coptinuedL fbr aboat tw^ty-flye years aftery a miserable monuineiit of blighted an^Ution. 1, In order still more to seoure the people's affeetionsy Edwaid made a sacoes«ibl imption into S the Fair, in AiU paruamenty ao- cused thor witc^. of adnltny ; and tn consequenoe of this accusation ihey were condemn^ and imprisoned Ibr lilb. 8. Lewis Huti% suooessor to the crown of France^ cansed his wife to be strangled, and her loyers to. be flayed alive. After Ids death, as he left only*, a daughter, his next brother, Philip the TfuL assumed the crown in prejudice of the dangnter, and ymdiCated his title by the $aho law, which kid it down that no female should succeed to the crown. £dwaid, howeyer, urged ;his pretemnone. as being; hy his i^nother^ Isabella, who wae daughter to Pnilip the Fair, 4hd sister to th^ three last kings of France^ rightful heir to the crown. But firet he, in a formal manne]% 0(msulte(| his 1W^ liament on the propriety of th^ midertaiKin& obtained taeir approbation, receiyed a proper supply of wool) which he intended to barter with tne Flemings } and beinjg attended wiUi a body of EpgUsh forces. and i^eyeral of hu nobility, he sailed into Flanders, big with his intended conouests. 9. ThB first great adyantage gained b^ thi^ Bngite^ was in a nayal engagement on the coast of. Flaiiderja^ in whioh the French lost two hundred and thirty shipsy* and had tiiirty thousand of their seamen and t#o' of their ip^itr^irals s|ain. . 10. The intelligence of Bdward's lan«iUng and the deyas* tation caused by his troopi^ who disp^ed themselyes oyer the ^hole face of the country, B(k>n Spre^ conster- nation through the French urt Caen was taken and plundered by the English without m^oy | the yillages and towns, even up to Paris, shared the same &te: and the French had no othei^ resoivrce, but by breakine down their faridges ixf attempt putting a stop to the inyader'a eare^. 11. Phflip, then kin^ of France, was not idle in making |iee- parations to repress the enemy. He had stationed one of nis generals, Oodemar de Faye, with an arii^ on the oppo- site side of the river Somm^ over whi9h Edwfyrd was to m BisT<^|i|r 9^ lffl9^^^* MM } while he himaelff M the head of one hundred iM 4Khting men, ad vduc(^ tp giV^ the H^tOUih Halde, 19. li^ iMAm hid |w1i^eldn^J1((ien in£|l^ of each other, nothiM'i^ *ib,^fedr ^^qfecled on each ode tm a battle ; and although fhe ^Anraea werie ettremelj aiitatbipot- tion|l^ the Bi^H$)iJmi^tikig; bpibr to tyrtj t)iouiahd^ ih^ mneh to a htiidM l$|id tw^i^fy thon^i^idL'jet |9ihiraid re- aolnid to indulM the imiktiibaitsr 0^ Ida troop£ and^ jbnt all to ^9 haaafdTa IMS^ 'HeiuMsovd&^ putad ^th adya^^tageL ntki the viU|ge 6tVf^,* and tiieiv dete^ mu^ to wiM with ira^uilHi^ttije i|hol^ of the enemy. He ^iftt imfdM'iM on a g^tle aaoen^ and dirided tl^em into ;i9ire0 Hneil.' fb^ tm #ae <^6iiiiniDded by the yqhujg jndiice of FiUeat thelfobiid %iie ^ndiio^ bgf^ the e#rla of North- ^p^ iiiid'A^^ a^dSe thik Idpfi^^MoAj of m- 11 On the other aide, Fpmt^ it^jpet iB, w^ miore lem^t than ^ ^ oqeis, He led' on ma fu^ in i^Jbree 1.9. On tha ^er iA^e, P^i^ iippeQed l^ reaentmei and ooafl4eiit cif hia nwhef^i, waa miore ^dtoua in hriz ii^ the eneiiiT toaa etigtteement than prud^i ih tald -^' — " ^^'ito jpcqea?^ He 1^^^ ffiiftt^ in^S it^ to thbee' of the Ehgliah. 'The flrat Une pon ^jteen thovMmdf Geiioeae^So&bow i^cn, the second B^pSi'tpf m'kUig of J^ac^^B hroih«^,^iuid |ie hin^- attheiwidoftSethhi. meaauraa •rm 5. tWliil.iiai«l itl ^^^w^SraKi0{uffildmgi^Ftuioe majie to oppow Bdwi^rd 7 jS* ^VvMHaoitt'^BI^Mttfl flbooflo'Uk-flroQnv* „' — ;-~~ — • . " ' ' ' . i ->. \ '"..'■' — .'. . ■'.. — , ''" , t : — -^ •^BentlieKinr OfBohemiawtiilaia, andtbemotto. ''/dfcdi^ ,f&e iftonio bt^S£m3ae pf vfuMLjLtlbit mSfle duindii i^eiro flm nipqe BDWABD Ul, SECTION n. loa II la hMMUoBC JEKTi BatnMlloiilAililito UndMiittdrMinvA 1. (iu D. 1846.) Abovt thfft in the atenoon, ih« ftunous batU# oiCnoj Mgiiv by the Ftandi Uoi'i ofctorlng tht CAoomb wraluHra to owgti but thajr wwt lo ftttkaad with thflir matoh l{M thtjr omd out for » Httla mt M)r« they ehotidd eagiun. The ooaat Ako^OD, beiiig Inibnned of their pNMi^oiL rode iip> ancl reriled thepi m ccmMt, ooBUBAoding Oiemio begbi (Leit nsiderable citizens, who oStstei, ^Wb ■DWABD UI. 105 8«lTeik with ropes round tlieir neck% to satiate his indignar tion ; out he spared theur lives at thje intercession of the queen. 9. While £dward was veapingi T^ctoriee upon the conti- nen|^ the Soots, ever willing to e^ihAuse a^&vourable opoat- tunity otn^e and reven«L ini^adM th^ .frontiers with a numerous army, hoaded, bvliavid Brnee, tlieir Ipng* This unexpected u^v^geiit0^ the scots, at a place' caBed NeviPs GTossy near 2)urhiMn> and oflRsred th^ ^^ Imtlle. 11* The Sqots Uiw was no 1^ Impatient ta engage; he i^iaigifid pal he u^ an imf. vkUaj against undis^^ncili^rpOlMB^ a wOman. But he was miserably, deceived. ' Hi^ army was quickly routed and driven fiK>m the field. I^iifteen thonsatid of his men were cut to ^eces ; and he hip#eli^ with many of ^his nobles and knight^ were taken priitohers,' and ciirried, in triumph to London. A. D.134Q. 12. A victory gained by the Black prino^T^ near Poiotiersy followed not lopg after, in which John, king of Fran<^ was taken prisoner, and. led in triumph through Xtondon, 'amidst an amazing conoourse of spectators. Two kings, prisoners in the same court, and at toe same tim& were considered as glorious achievements ; but all that En^emd gained by them was only glory. Whatever was won in France^ witl^ all the dangers of war, and the e^tpense of preparation, was successively and in a manner silently lost, without the mortification eville opened their oites to him- tkose of Si t^ftioik'ftiie.^aiictCiOtoy imitated the ezainnle> and the .w^ole oounnjr was, m > htUe ^m^ re- ducea toliiittd siil^i^^ were; in the saime mi^nneif, itiva^^ eqiiat svlo- cmb; While the Bl^k^ ^^^ pt mjmek f)rbin Bnglfuid; And ^a$t€^ 'br a broel .finjll 6o^sr^^ was ob]%««l io r^u^ to.n& iifitive^ooun^, ieiftyktgihe aQkiirs of the Ek>UjEh of Iti^ce i|i |i mo^t'de^]^ cotiditfoji. 16- But what of ail b^ec i^iin^ sensed to oaei a |^lo(^^ over the latter jMiirtc^f mis splendra^ii^gn ](^m the'atopit)«K:}xiii^ deith of th^'jB^ck Mnc^yV^hose ^^ too manlfeis^}^ ijhe sjtn^tomB^ <|f a epte^ dii^lution.'^ This valiant Md^ji^isijmiikd^^^ |6^-Mi|h j^ear of his age, I^avini 1>e1^^1i(fibL ii 4^^ Flemish 1 and a degtoeb or jsdth^w a%Q(^i^e people ibat tnne ^ l6. Th^ king was ^mo^ senplllly afi^ted/fithihe loss of his son. and trifd eireipr i^rt t6 ^iky^ 1^' i^iea^aesiB* He 'temoved biip&eif ,en^^ly^^;tke^^^ burd^Q^ of the [state; and left his |u^om^^^^ a set of ra- pacious ' niitiisters. ^ did not sumye ihb Coiil^equ^i^c^B ' 'of Ms bad dpndu<^ tn^t •■•WW aqr PortuaeU. Ct»i|ftoi)iwrjq[....^ip S4«l»^i?i- ▲j>. ••••••• aiCnw m.:rrriifflo ^bertmce... 71806 DaJirMn..........iaBO »ilw»rd latidll. Btfb«Ft(1 BMIiNrBNT PBR^9^NS, TfaomaaJBiadniurdin, Slmonlilip, Simonlingbam^ilUamWhittleiev chapel mow toe house of commonsniras ballt. and Windsor oastle changed fW>m«R>ilr^tdat>a)aee. ' 108 BIBTOBT OV INOLAIIP. OHAFTER XV. Bom 1807. Deposed Sept. 80, 1800. Died JaiLlQ^ 1400. Begui to icign JnaoSliUTT. Beignodfll^yMn, ghpraafflraift ft tlm a|id gnttdiive of nBowa, tet 1m WM lOwoodMeiTtBf of a oioini.'--JV#irlni. 1. (A. D. 1377.) BucTUiSD the 9eoond wM but deyen years old when he came to t|ie throne (^Jj^^modfiit^ery and found the people discontented andrpboi^ithA- nobles |xroud and rebellious. As he /i(^ a ininoh was vested in the hand^ of hU three unol^ ttiie Bukes of Lancaster^ York, ftnd Glonoettet*; and a^ the late king had left the kmfldom intolyed Jn muny dangerous and ezpeneiye wars, whic& demanded large and constant supplies, the murmurs of the; people in^fased in proportion. 2. The esEpenses of armaments to fiice the enemjr on eveiy side, taai the waut of, economy in thie a;iminiif|ration, entirely ex- hiiustc4 . the. tceMu^ : iBuiid ft new tax <» ttoe groats> on every person above fifteen was granted ^ parliament as a Bdpp\^. The iVidiglil^on of the i^iKfp^e- had been for some time, increasing | wi & Itvc . so unequitable in which the rich paid no xnore lite the poor, McMUed the rei^tment of the latter mto a flame. 3. It began in JBIsses, where a report was industrioudy spl^ead tJ^t the pttuants were to be dtatroyod, ^eir housi^ burned, tiid the& fkrms plundered. f A blacksmith, well known by the name of Wiat Tyler, was the first that incited them to arms, llie tax-gatherers coming to the man's house while he w^ at work, demanded payment for .his daughter, which he. prefused, alleging she was imder the age mentioned in the act. 4. One of the brutal collectors msisted on her being a ftdl^jsrown woman, ttid bJ^aved in the inost indeceilt ihianner; This provoked the father to such a de^pree, that he instantly struck him dead with a blow of his hammer. The standers-by ap- Slimded hiig i^^t), and one and all resolved to deibnd l#con- uct. He wlw considered as a chan^pion in the c^iumb, l^Mi appointed the leader and spokesman of the ^ople. 5. It is easy to imagine the disorders committed by tms tumultuous nibble ; the wnole neighbourhood rose in anns : they bume4 UCHAID a. 109 ; I' tonlgn . * * / ' • saw ■' deven . nobles dnineiiit iik«8 of ng had ^)eii8iTe 168. the 2. The ry side, irely ex- :^ts> on nt M a \x some doh the ^ment of nrhere a sre tobe cmdeted. ler, was ^therers ixnanded ^ng she e of the woman, provoked ick him ■s-by ap- ^Qon- B. 6. It riultuous ^bunie4 and plundered wherereT they jpam^ and reyeneed upon their former master^ ftU those iiustilts which they had lonff sus- tained ^th imp^hit^. As tiie discontent was general the insurgents increased in proportion as they approached the capital* The flanoe spon propittated itself into Kent^ Here- fbrashire, Sumy^ 3u£jblk, iNorfiMk, Ga^ajbridg^ and Hncohi. 6. They were foun4 to amouni to aWe a hundred thousand men by the time th^y arrired at BlacklieaUi. At the head of one party of these was Wat Tyler/wno led his men into SnuthQeld, where he ytpi^ met by the Mni^ who invited him to a conference, under a pretence of hearing and re- dressing, his grievances. Tyler/ ordering his companions to retire tUl he diould ghre them a signal} boldly ventured to meet the king in the midst of his retihue, and accordingly began the conference. 7. The demands 6f this demagogue are censured by all the^ historians of the time as insolent i^d eztarava^mt; and yet nothing can be more iust than those they have deliv^ed foi^ him. He required that all slaves should be set free^ and all commonages should be open to the poor as well as the ri^h; and mat a ^eral pardon should be passed for. the late outrages.^ 8. Whilst he made these demands, he now and then lifted up his sword in a menacing niahher ; which insolence so rais^ the indignation of Wilhatti Walworth, then mayor of London, attending on the kiii|L that, without considering the diinger to which he ezposedl^ majeshr, he stunned Tyler with a blow of his tnace, while one of the king^s knighte^ riding up^ despatched mm with his 6word. 9. The mutineers, seeing their leader ^dl, prepare themitelves to take revenge; and weir bows were now bent for execution, when Bichaird, though not yet quito sixteen years of age, rode up to the rebels, and with admirable presence c^ mind, cried out, <' What, my people, will you then kiU your king? Be not concerned for the loss of your leader; I n^sea will now be your general; follow me now into the ^eld, and vou shall have whatever you desire*-' The awed multitude immediately desisted: they followed the kine, as if mechanically, into the field, and there he sranted mem the same charter that he had before given to meir companions, but which he soon afterwards revoked in parliament.* • Gower. the poet, wrote loiM Latin venes on this reMUon. pert of whtoh an here imerted, lA a tpedmen of tibt ttferatvie of thit rei|n ; nor irill tboy be Iom aeoeptalile, 1^ trasti ihMn the hidieroiu eflbot prodaoed by pttttmg Sb|^ DME'&aiiiei Sato a LitiB dt«M. m hi8tob¥ 6§iHMaxd. regency, iVhd did illl mf O'ond^ot the bdiltiess of goVehiiilent it discVedbii. it quiiikly apjp^ared thAt he wan^ thos6 arts thAt at'e usnaliy found to procure a lafttin^l respect ; h0 wa^ f6nd of lukuridus pleasures and idle oetcntaitioii ; he adinitted^the tti^abest rattks t6 hiii famiUaHtyi a^nd his cdn- vcirsati^n ^as mt adapted to ii^presi^ them mm a rc^ei^i^ce for his inoralfi or Ahilities. 12. The ^tn4ltf showh to the Duke of 016uce^r, who, upou slight sUspiOtons, iVas sent U) confinenieiit in GiClai^ fihd there murdered in jprisori, with s6me other acts equally eMinijf did npt iMi to in- crease thbise auinibsitiiefi i^hich hdd ialTea^ taken aeep i^oot in the kinwldn). The aggrAudiaienieht of some new nvoU- rites cortilbuted etiir morie tb mike the king odious^ but though he seemed resolved, by all h)i9 acticne, tb set his subjects agjainst him| it wAd iccid^ht ^At gfkve ocCaisl'^ for his bverthrow. 13. Thj^ J>tik€f of Hereford appeared in pArliamen% and accused the BUke of Norfolk of h&Vmg spoken eemMpuS words ajgeinst hik tt^^esty in ajprivate>dofi- versJE^tioh, Norfolk denied the charge, gave nereford the lie, aiid oflTervBd to prove his^iUiiodeuCe hjr sit^gli^ bombat. CovShSk quetti Bo]iB& ivtS<06ototo!Sl pirlmfw, « Cum qiibdi sd daamnm WiXJA odre volM. Hvi^c^ii ftrit,^«ii Jimdii ferity dam TssMJtfritttrr JaioHm f w^ m XfA^VT JouM the •*' i And Jack with sword and flre>brand madly itndM aiong . »r BIORABD n. /'iv .r ir ill As pt9oS9 were wfkntjifig for legal triajl, tiie loir^ readily ab-f qmesQedJn that mode of ftetem^natioii ^ the ti^ie and place were/^ppointeidl, ftnd the w$o|e natipii waited ^ritiiii anxious., Buijpen^f for. the, ^Yenl. .14. M Ifj^npHoi ^e day arrived, o^? , which Jihe 4v«lrw<^ tP he &|Uff)4j an^ tli^ cbftmi^ions havlofl) just/ : hfHSm d>#. > ^^Tf Mi^lfvo^^ etbpped the pp^ha^ aofifi ordered ,tott,ti^]e,iwwih!^ 4»ay«i the kingdom. J^h^j Doke pfrNpHbllc hepanished for life, h^tt the Diike of Here*., ford! only for ten, years. Thi;s ,th^ one. was condenmed.tb;. exile.iri^vt: beipg , ctiarged with i^y offiKni^: ai^^ tl^e pther : without hieing' convicted of any crime. The I)iM^f| of Kor- folkv^as.OY^rwhjelmcdwth,. grief au^ despondence ieit the judgmieint ainr^rded agf^nsimm; h^^ rehired to Venice, where in a litUe tune. after, he ,<^ed of a,hr6]|f:en h^^^ 15. fiere- fqrd's h^avioiir o^ this pc^iasion wfil resigned and sub- missive whicih bo,, pleased the l^ing, tliat 1^ (Consented to 8horte^ the date pf Ids l^nishme^t {pxn^ 7.^^ x> and he also glinted him ietterei, patent, ens^ripg .)um 'il^e ^n^oyment of any inheritance^ ^h|ch ^ou|^|iE4l ^ aJiu during iiiis absence; but upon the death of his fairer,, the Buke. of Lancaster, whioh happened shortly after, Ricnaird revoked those letters^ and. retained the ppsseseaop of the Lancietster estate to him- self. A, D. 1388, imm-B Quetihri^for naiion* M^iii 1. AtwhMnge Midimder iii^lMtt etaeiuptei^ did Vte^ud torn to ttM 2. lii tmoM hi^dy Ibi the gbfv;^ 8. Wko wai the int poiov ttaiit ecdtbd tiie people to tnxkf . A, Q. "Wbl^t dlBoyden wf to conumitt^ hj th^ rebels? and who was their 7. What oondittoiii w«^ tetnaealed ftom the Idng hy Wat Tyler r 8. By ^hona ,wi^ Wfit Tyler eliiin f i \* 9. What was me obnd^ot <^ the lon^^ 10. DtdOje BabseotAfditiDondiiot of the Idn^mtiftto make him resiMoA byhtosnli^^r 18. Wl(^tgaTO,ooof8ion to his overthrow ?_ , 14. With what severi^ dier% kiiiirneitK^tfo1k>lid fiel^ford? SECTION n. Oh I Je[t OS then intMgiM discord diim : ; We ne'er d&be bdfl^oiirselveB undone.— SoMi^e. 1. (A. D. 13&3.)] Suqil complicated injuries served tO;> inflame, th,e resept^ent of Her<$ord against' t^e^ ^^&[ and:' although he had hi^ertb, eoneealed i^ ne now set n& bounds to his indignation, but even conceived a desire of dethroning 112 BISTOBT 07 INOLAND. a person who had shown himself so unworthy of power. Indeedi no man oould he better quaUfled for an enterprise of this nature than the Earl of Hereford: he was cool, cautious, discerning, and resolute. 2. He hid served with distinction against the infidels of Lithuania; and he had thus joined to his other merits those of pietr and valour. He was stimulated hy private injuries and had alliance and fortune sufflOient to give weight to ms measuris* He only waited tiie absence of the kxm from Bn|(land to put his schemes into execution ; toA Btehard's going over into Ire- land to qu^l an insunrection there^ was the opportunity he had long looked fbr. 3. Accordingly he instantly embarked at Kantz, with a rettnue of sixty personeu in three small vessels, and landed at Bavenspur, in Yorkshire. The Earl of Northumberland, who had long been a ttialoontent, together with Henry Percy, his son, who, from his ardent valour, was sumamed Hot- spur, immediately joined them with their forces. After this junction the concourse of people coming to enlist under his banner was so great, that in a few days his army amounted to sixty thousand men. 4. While these thines were tuansac^g in England, Richard continued in Irdand in p^fect security. Contrary winds, for three weeks together, prevented his receiving any news of the rebellion which had be^un in his native do- minions; wherefore, upon landing at Milford Haven with a body of twenty thousand men, he saw himself in a dreadfVil situation, in the midst of an enraged people, without any friend on whom to rely; and forsaken by those who, in the sunshine of his power, had only contribiited to frin his follies. 6. His littto army gradually began to desert him, till at last he found that he had not above six thousand men who followed his standards Thus not knowing whom to trust, or where to turn, he saw no other hf safety enemy, )y arms. ^ to sub- ribe, and this pur- lin about with his brou^t rying his nvebim} while Hereford, after some oermnonj. tntartd the outle in complete armonr^ tMily hit head WM dm in oompUment to the fUlen king. T. l^iohafd Noelttd l^ai with that open air for whid^ he hM^ been num^m^ iad kindly hade him welcome. ''Hf lofd Uag^'' lilvfiild the eirl, with a cool reepectftd bow> "1 9m octet ioom^ thiB you appointed, because yoar jkioi»e s|y, thftt ibr oAHaMlniAj fy»§ you have jgoremed liith r%oiir and ladiiorotioii. Tiiy are very ilfeatiofled with yowoondvot) MitifitplM|io0^Iwill help you to gbrem tl^em bittir ftr t^ tlmo to oome." To this declaration the king miKlo ntf otl|ir mm^ but ** Fair couain, sineo it (leaoee yon H pWMl HMkitml^:' 8. But Herelbid*« JiaQi|k^ nniw* WM noi tho only mortification 0» .Minftanme Miohaid wii w endnrt. After a short conrerealiQn- wi^ lomo of tiii k^f f attendants, Herefind ordered the kiiu^s honei to bo bvowt out of the ■stabile s iMidt^ewr«itoh«faniin«li bdig tmiOe(L Ulchard was plijid iJ#oi^%|^ ^^ hli fkrwmt the Oiri ^ SaUs- bury, oil the ftEisr* I* Jm thif mean equipage th^ rode to Chester; and wire conveyed to the oaeUe with a great noise of trumpet^ and thl^Oilgh tt VAit OdB^ourse of people, who were no w|ty moved at the lighti In thia manner he #^l<»a tiKultepMMly al6f|g fir(^ t6#b'to tdw&; iimidst/^yti- tiide^ whb s^dfl^d W; V^^ hilt Hvnli. ^'liOiig HVc^ th(i '^ I>tike'of 'Sfttt^nite^;' (MTdlliT^r wft^ the general cry ; but as f^r the kin|^ to uie tho l^M^^o WOMs of «K6 goe^ ^^mut ciffed Ood fieift Ui^'l" ^01^ Th^is; iWter r^pe^ted inditoimesL he #ntt dbhflnM li oloM priSSiei^ in the T<>^er; ;&r^ 'if t)0^ble, tb tt^^go i etm M^ T&dety of'^eMdkid insoli^iide and flagj^nToc^nt^r The wiietdhled mdi^l^ hunibled in thii itifm^i Mgiiitd lose the pridift Of & kbg Witt th^ Mtendioittfe of MVlty, and' Ms ^irit stink «6 His' 0ircuih1pt«nol». ' There it&k ^o gkA dlf- ficiilftr, tiierefor^^ in1ndiicih|bim'tO i|^ ft deM,1^^lt9ihe retibuhced lad cr6W& M being tmqukllfi^ rof* i^ ' the kingpin. 11. Upoii t^it riiignntibi H^forX l 21 hi« priikii]^ olliim: buimlling to fdHiftr his Wet^i^^bhs with k^^ff^ppf^miAce' 6t juitioe, he ofttfod 1^ pmiMeiiL i^mk im I'^iA^iy broiight' tb apin^otiBi ^ to^ ot^frin' his clttiin. A fnVolb^ i8 drawn utk ^M ibuntd'tiUd as»lnit tho king | Wd6ii'Whfai h« was soleinnly deposed^ lii^d the Bftil Of BJB^fbra1^1^crii!*iu his sttead, bjf^'th^ U^ of Hinry'tht Fd^Skl m'Tjfius i M '■ 114 HIBTORT OV mOLAMD. Siebwd n. lorvtBdMiat liit ffown. hegfji the boniest between the houses of^York and Lanoaster | which) for several years after, deluged Ihe kmgdom with blood; and jet, in the end, contributed to settle and eonfirm the constitution. ,, 13. yfkea Bichard was deppsed, the Earl of Northum- berland made a motion in the nouse of peers, demanding the advice of pi^liament with regard to the future treatment of the deposed king. To this they replied, that he should be imprisoned in some secure place, where his friends and partizans should not be able to find him. This ^as accord- ingly put in practice ) but while he still continued alive, the usurper coiua not rffiuain in safety. Indeed, some consp- racies and commoti^s which followed soon after, induced Heniy to wish for Richard's death; in consequence of which, one of those assassins that are found in every court, x'eady to commit the most horrid crimes for rewara, went down to the place of this unfortunate monarch's confinement m t'he castle of Pomfret, and, with ei^t of his followers, rushed into his apartments. 12. The king, concluding th<^ design was to take away his life, redolved not to fiul un- reyen|;ed, but to sell it as dearly as he could ; wherefbre, wrestmg ai pole-axe from one of the murderers, he sooi^ laid four of th^ir number dead at his feet. But he w«^ At BIOHABD n. lU ax wii& confirm orthuin- lingtht eatment I ehould nde and I accord- live, the i oonsp- induced tience of ry court, rd, went ifinement bllowere, ling th(^ » fSl un- rhereforc, he Booi^ le yr9fi fti length overpowesedi and Btradk dead by the blow of a poI** axe; although eome aMeri that^ was starred in pnaon. 16. Thus died the unfortunate Rrohaid, in the thirty-fourth vear of his age, and the twenty-thiid of his reign. Though his oondnot wap.blameable^ yet the jpunishinent he su^Rsred was greater than his offenoes ; and in the end his siifferin^ made more converts to his family and cause than eves his most meritorious actions could nave procured them. He left no posterity, either legitimate or otherwise. pMMA tt (iuuikntfor Egamiiuiiitm, 1. Bf whom WM the ktog oppoMd f 8. Bj whom watBeirtlbicI joued on hif «rri?il te Sni^siiilfi 4. In whftt mailiiOT 4ld tile uof 0OBdiiet,htiBMIf f . , 6. Can jon BMntioa the indigitttlee the Itmg ulerWfurda Miftoved f 7. Hoi/didlieliiurd raoeire^ Eul of H^IJMMYind whst pM * the interview hetweon them r ^ ^^ 8, 9. To wh«t, other mortlflefttioat wei the king obUbed tejahmlt T 10. Whet oireometeaoee pnoeded hii Metgnstion ofuo onmn ? 11. By whom wee he woeeeded f 12. what dkeadfU conteet now oommenoed ? 18. After Bichard was deposed, in what manner waa he treated t 14. BeUte the oironmatanoee whioh attended the murder of Uehard. 15. Deieiibe hie eharaoter. OONTBMPOBABY SOVEBBIGNS. P0 Pt »» A.D. Gregory XI 1870 Urban Yl..^ 1878 BonilhoelX 1889 Emperon of the JSmt. John YI m& ]£mannelU 1801 JBmperors vf tht Wt*t. Charles lY. 1847 WinoesUuB 1878 A.n. Charles Y 1864 Charles YI 1880 Kiing* of Porh^ai. Ferdinand 1867 John 1 1886 Kkig and Queen qf Denmark. OlavsIU 1876 Margaret. iki'> 1886 Queen qf Sweden, Margaret held Sweden with Denmark....... }^ Kinge of Seotkmd. Bobertll. 1870 BobertlU 1890 EMINENT PERSONS. WilUamCourtne7,ThonuuiArandd,arohhi8hops of Canterbury. William Walworth, lord mayor of London. Boger Mortimer, earl of Maroh, jgraad- son to Clarence, heir apparent Henry of Bolingbroke. Yere, «b1m of Ireland. William of Wykeham, bishop if Winchester, fonndfT f»t "Wifa- ^hester College, wid of Morton College, Oacfbrd. 110 HUTovr oi:. aXOLAllD. I OHAJTB^ XVI. HBNRYIV. 9oni,lS07. DM Ifareli », UlS. fi«f«i to nAga Oetob«r 1,1801. Bdgiied How tfOtblMoiai it M* ipoB aqr bfow.-^MolwfiNan. 1. (A. D. 1399.) Henry soon found that the throne of a usurper is but a bed of thorns. Such violent animosities broke out among the barons in t^e first session of this parlia- ment, thai forty challenges were given aof] r^o^ive^ and forty gjauntliets were thrown down as pledges of the sincerity of their r^eentmiept. But thougjh these cpmmotiot^ itrere seeipingly suppressed by his moderation for that tune, yet one conspiiiii^y broke opt aAer another, and were detopted in the formation, or actually punislied iu th9 fl^ld. 2. That formed against h^n by the Earl of Korthumber^ land was the most formidible. It W9fi vaf a skirmish between the Scots ana English that Archibald, Earl of I>puglas> with many of the Scots nobility, were taken prisoners by the Earl of mrthumberland, and carried to Alnwick casUe. When Qenry received intelligence of this victory^ he sent the earl <»ders not to ranepm his prisoners, as he mtended to detain them, In order to increase his demaiids in making peace with ScoUimd. 3«^Thi8 message was highly resented by the EarLi^ Northumberland, who, by the laws of war that pre- vailed in that age. had a right to the ransom of all such as he had takeii in battle. The command was still more irksome, as he considered the kins his debtor, both for his security and his crown. Accordingly, stung with this supposed injury, he resolved to oYerturn a throne which he had the chief hand in estabtishii^i^ 4. A scheme was laid m which the Scots and Welsh were to miite ihc^ir forces^ and to assist Northumberland in el«mtiiig BLOvtameTy as t^ trui heir to the crown of England. When «yl tilings were pnipaxed for the intended insunrectioD, the earl had the mo!rdncation to find himsdf uAable ^to lead on the troops, being seized with a sudden illness at Berwick. But the want of his presence was well supplied by his son, Henry Percy, sumamed Hotspur, who took the command of the troops, and marched them towards Skrewsbuiy, in order to jom his forces with those of Glen- HINbT XT. lit )l|iie4 ) of a osities iy an4 loerity } i^ere le, yet »teoted tunbex^ letween f0» with leEarl When he earl » detain xje with by the hat pre- [jhashe rksome, security apposed had the Ish were land in irreotion, iiable ^to a illness supplied rho took towards of Glen- ■ 1. ^|wh«t dtiuttion did ^ean And blnuelf on uMnding the throne f 3. who wt« the moflt fbrmidible opponent of HeiUT^ 4. For what purpbiis were ttM Soon and Welsh to nnite their forces ? 7. BOMtn the Taioroiis eondnot of the king end of the prince. 8 WhatwMthefkteofHotepncP 10. What hecune of the eftn^KOrthmnberlthd f 13. Wh«t at this time wele the powras assiinied by the house of commons f 15. What wasthe oondiMtof the minoe of Wales? 16. For what olfenco did the chief Jostiee imprison him f What did the kinrtxdaim when he'heara of the prince's committal? 16. What cansed the death of the king? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Pop«§. ▲.n. Boniface IX .1889 Innoeent YII 1404 Gregory Xp[ . .1406 Alexander V 1409 JohnXXin 1410 JEmperor^fheEart. , £manael II 1891 1 John Emperoft qf ^iM fPesl. A.D. Winceslans. ...... .1878 Bobertle Pet...... 1400 Sigismund 1410 King of lYance. Charles YI........ 1880 King qfJPortugal. J^inff and Oueen qf J>emnark and Sweden. A.D. Margaret .1886 £rioXm.........l4U King of Scotland. Bobeitm 1890 10 1 1886 EMINENT PERSONS. Thomas Amndel, archbishop of Canterbury. Edward Mortimer. Hen- S Percy, sumamod Hotspur. Chief Justice Gascoigne. Sir Bpbert nowles. Sir Bichard Whittington, lord mayoi^ of London. John Gower and GiM>ftre7 Chancer, i^o HUTOBT or BNGLAND. ^1 I ■! - - ■ ■ . • HENRY V, 3onl 1888. Died Ate. 81. im H^g^ io ieite Hk^li 20, 1418. ^ ik&iriArtox le^meid io make tlie field m oWn.— i?^«fMii. I . (A.D. 1413.) The ^^t steps taken b^ the yi]jti»^g l^ii^^ cbnfiiriiied all tI^(^e'prepbSse'si9io]tis. 0ntex^ne^ ijqJ^i^&yo]^^ ^e called together ms fi>rmi^ aban^otted cb^tMio^s : ^- quaint^ them Vdth itendM ;^iii.pified theih to tiflibw hi^ e^a^plet aM th|te ^ismii^s^ Wf^ froAi his i>reeieiic^ allb^g thekn a 66&ipe^iic^ to subsist upon till he saw them worthy of further promotion. 2. The faithful ministers of his fiiilher at first began to tremble for their former ju^p^ in,thp |i^Ji(|ti^tion of their duty; but he soon easea them of their fears by taking them into his Mendihm and cq^ifidencie. ^ WilU^tti Gitocdyn^ w(o thpu|^^ MW(Bl^|^^e ^^ j^!(iij^l^]m ipe^; ^ pfilSe. m3te.mi of reproaahec^ and .was: esthorted^a Mrseyere m the ieiftme 3,, , A^ut tfeit Sii»,j(th»c=ifirepy ,q| J^icl^^ laiidisin, as it wai^ '^}^^i b«san. ^ t^)^|i^ ey^r^f diay i^di^ ^^ M9Ji^iJ^)^^ it;f^)ga Siipf J^ tidn &nd preaching of Sir J<^ Oldeastlej^ baron of Coblialtiy who had been one of the_!yn^ft domestics, and stood high in his £styour. The^ primate, however,, inaicted this noble- man, and, wiih the asi^ditmcie ^^1^' imlJi^^ig^ns, condemned hiin, 1^ a Jb^e^r^tic, to be bun^t aUvct. 4* Cobham, however, escf^Hiig from the To^er, in which he wfte confined, tb^^ dajy before ms eji^ecutlon, pnyate]y wc^t ,up , to Jjondon, & a s^al reveiige yon his enemies. But the king, jAfp^zed, df his intentions, prdered that ^e city ga^ shoiM, j^, iij^^t^^ and coming by night with his guards fntb St. Giles' s-fietlds seized such of the conspirators as a^pcja^, and ^aft^tirards laid hold of several ps^es that were hastening l!o the ap- l> '. -jL-ii l i. i f/.viil'. li.fi I * John Wic^dilfe, a celebrated EqgUah divine, wu the flither of there- tbrtuma oftheEniU^ ^tihth 'fk^i>^y(!^ [m AIM ^Ww,do)im| such ]tome$iit as be yraus made to endure. He .was bung p[p ^pntti fi cbain lay tbe micelle, and thus, at a slow fir^ Wned, orratbfir ro^ted^ aUv^ ,^ , , ^^ . :^^,;;,,,,, . u i^# U^mYf to^ij^^tbenunds pt tflie ^people frcp such bidi^pus spines, ijesplvjed to take advantage of tbe ti^oiubles in wWob. Wina^P^ wfibs at tbat time jeng^ea ; and aesembUng #g;r^at fleet iatii. anziy at , Squtb^ptpn,, landed at Hiar^eun ,f(t ;tb^ b^^. 9f a^ army of six iixouepuod men^it^arxosj and jt^iireniy-^ur .t^pus^nd, foot^ mos% ar^bjers. ^^t altbough ,t^e enemy m^^^'^^i't ^ feeble registancfi; yet tne c^ma^ .l^mfld toj^gbt..agswt tbe.E^glisb} acontajnotis dysenten oiM^ying Qff tbr^e i^urts of Henry's anny. j,. The ^£^4 monarcn, wben it was too late, began to riepent ptJ^^B ^1 j&roadjn^ a pQU|tit]^ wbere diejefMe jpd^,ft;POwei^l army myne, t' Qf re^i^flt jp^ qal^B. ,9yp^p7be^e ^eiueiifd de^truetion ; ffe, tberefpire^ began to t^ jThe.j^f^^y,, bPWjBy^jr, xe^v^ to int|Wpept ms, repeat; tm^4>-j^T be bad, foi^i^f s^U >ifer of Tertois, at Bli^i^: ibe was, . surprise^ to ob^rye, f)rom tl^e b^^bts, , tbe ^bole ¥!renpli anny dri^wn u|p .m tbe ji>lams of Jigmopurt* And. fo . ppsted, ^ tbat it , wt^s .imposi^bie fp^ mm to {n*oceed on , bis marclb wi^put coming, to an engagement. 8. l^o ^itul^tipn could be more ipifayourabli^ tliaii tl^, in wbicb ^e fqipul bim^l£ Hjus army Waipi. w^asj^ wit^ disease: tbe sddiera'i sinrits worn down w^th.^^iS^e, des^utje ^ pro- jyisionsi and diefcour$ged by tbeir r^tteat. Tb^eir wbole body s^ounted to jbut iiine thoi^sand m^ su^d tbese we^e to sustain' ike sbock of im enemy nearly ten tiimes tbeir number, headed jby expert generals, and plentifiilly sup- plied with provisions. 9. As tbe, enemy ,were i^o much puperior^ be drew up bjis army pi^a narrow ground between two woods, which guarded each ^t^nk; and he patiently expected, iu thsit position, tl^e, attack of tbe ^nemy. The ;CPnstftblQ .of^.Frfkpee ^as fit the head of one army, and Henry himself, with Edward duke of York, commanded the other. 10. For a time both armies, as if afraid to begin, kept silently gazing at each other, neither willing to Frene Aginooint 1i iai Tillage in tbe province of Artbli, ibnoerly piuri of ^e aoo Netherlands. 122 HIBTOBt Of ftNOLAld). break their ranks by making the onset; whioh| Senry pe^ oeiving^ with a cheerftil countenance cried out^ "Ifjr friends, since they will not besin, it is ours to set the example; come on, and the blessed Trinity be our pro- tection I" Upon tlus the whole army set forward with a shout, while the French still waited their approach with intrepidity. 11. The Enelish archers, who had long been famous for their great skfll, first let fly a shower of arrows three feet long, which dia great execution. The Fflsnch cavalry advancing to renel these, two hundred bowmen, who lay till then conccalea, rising on a sudden, let fly among them, and produced such a confusion, that the archers threw by their arrows, and, rushing in, fell upon them sword m hand. The French at first repulsed the assailants, who were enjfeebled by disease ; but they soon made up the defect by their valour ; and, resolving to conquer or die, burst in upon the enemy with such impetuosity, that the French were soon obliged to give way. 12. Thev were oij^rthrown in every part of the field; their numbers, bein^ crowded into a very narrow space, were incapable of either flyine or making any resistance. 80 that they covered the jground with heaps of slain. After all appearance of opposiiaon was ovei^ there was heard an alarm from behind, which proceeded from a number of pearants who had fallen on tne English ba^^& and were putting those who guarded it to ue swora. 13. Henry 'now seeine the enemy on all sides of him, began to enter- taih apprehensions from his prisoners, the number of whom exceeora even that of his army. He thought it necessary, therefore, to issue general orders for i)utting them to death : but on a discovery of a certainty of his victory, he stopped the slaughter, and was still able to save a ereat number. 14. This severity tarnished the glory which liis victory would otherwise have acquired ; but all the heroism of that age is tinctured with barbarity. In this battle the French lost ten thousand men and fourteen thousand prisoners : the English only forty men in all.* 15. France was at that time (A.D. 1417) in a wretched situation ; the whole kingdom appeared as one vast theatre * The dnkeof York and the esrl of SnfibSk were Among tbefisw who ftU in fhis hatOe on the ride 'of the Bn^h. Alao three vdiant Welahmwi. named Dary Gam, BqgerYanghan, and Walker Lloyd, who had rescued the Ung, and were alfenrardf knighted 'hj him aa thejr lay bleeding to death.—lfoiii«Nli#. ^^ aiNBT V. 123 ;^v of crimes, mtuden, injustice and deTastation. The duke of Orleans was assassinated vy ike duke of Burgundy ] and the duke of Burgundy, in his turn, fell by the treaoheiy of the dauphin. 16. A state of imbecility into which Charles had fiJlen made him passive in every transaction t and Henrr, at last by conquests and negociation, caused nimself to be elected heir to the crown. The principsJ articles Of this treaty were, that Henrr should espouse the princess Catharine, daughter of the king of France ; that king Charles should enjoy the title and dienity for life, but that Henr^ should be declared heir to Uie crown, and should be mtrueted with the present administration of the government; that France and England should for ever be united under one kin^,, but should still retain their respective laws and priyileses. 17. In consequence of this, while Henry was evern^here victorious he fixed his residence in Paris j and while Charles had but a small court, he was attended with a very magnifi- cent one. (A.D. 1421.) On Whit-Sunday, the two kings and theur two queens, with crowns on their heads, dined to- Sther in public ; Cnarles receiving apparent ^omage, but enry commanding with absolute authority.* 18. Henry, at that time, when his glory had nearly reached its summit, and both crowns were just devolved upon him, was seized with a fistula, a disorder which, from the unskilfulnees of the physicians of the time^ soon became mortal. He es^ired witn the same in^pidity with which he had lived, in the thiriy-fourth year of his age and the tenth of his reign. Q^ettions far Examination. 1. What wen the first steps tftken by -the young Ungr " 8. What renutrkable cironms^anee did the heresy of WicUiflb prodnee? 6. What wasthe melaneholy fate of Sir John 01doastle,baron ofCobhamf * The revenues of the government, and the grants of parliament, were so inadequate to Henry's eiqiensiye armies & expeditions that the was fi>reed to pawn his erown to his uncle, Cardinal Beaun>rt,for a large snnpi ; and oer- tain Jewels to the lord mayor of London, fi>r ten thousand marks. He was also obliged to pledm two gold chased basons, weighing together 281b.8oz. to two canons of St. raUl's Tor six hundred marks ; and two golden shells to the dean of Lineohi for one hundred more. The cost of his army was great ; tech knight received 20if per diem, a squire lOi, and each archer 6». Be* ^ fides which, he had a aSmj band of music,among which were ten clarions, which nlayed an hour, night and morning, befbre his tent— JSsrIrafMlde t^4 HisTdkr (fr kNGiAiiD. 7. ;W>iB» «« III© efi*iW *t>M8»> t?^t^^ 8. Jn what oonditioti wMtne xSngiuh army? ~ thjB reipeotiye armi^? , . Ian of «be balie^ i^ltaioowir •^V mm" 'urn I ^mmI^IIm^^ ^ 16. IftuA >^2£' i^AolttM umoM BflgliBd inld 18. What wai the af e of i&eniy at hit death? and how long did he r^gaf 9. .10. 14. tlOlirtlSlt^ORAlEtT SOTBRStaKS. P<>pe«. JohA XXin......l4l6 Martin Y 141T £nmercr of the Bast. Bniniiein ..UM Emneror vf Oke Wt^. SijgiMiiind 1410 Jtingaftiwnce. uurlee Iv. CharleelV.. 1880 filDNElTT iPBBBONS. '*^^^£ar- 'ktmd BiioXIU King Bobeit ..Mil King of 8boikmd._ 1880 '|tin^Ohieli4M7,'41^tiA>lillop dfOinftei4>n^, If innehiatar.ymntt|Nr,eon of Joh&of €fnBl iie FUth and SLBi^TWbOt, earl of Shrewib :of the Carditi*9Be4Q!lbrt,blihop bhKof€fc«n»tadpNOiptor to Htniy * ' JShrewiboiy. I iiii ■ I n Boml^. Deposed March 5. Hei. Died April 21, 1471. Began to rein AvguatSl.l^aa. Seigned88|7ean. SEJCnONI. From ielde obmue datti lbHh»Tinaffe ■Mid.*-IMM^. 1.. (A. D. 142;i.) Tip: duke of Be^dford, one of thf) most :>accomplt«lied pnnces of tke ace. ftnd equally experienoed 1)dth ii^tbe (CibM^ >fid tbe Md^ Was apj^inted bjpttlif^ inent proctector of Eni^iand. defender of the chiurol^ atul first Gouxiselloi* to the kmg aurisg his mindrity, as he was j^i fjfsi;^j^ Mi; !^ >i8 Jth* iW4t pyebt that eiuMMMed all ebnsideratibii} he attempted to exert the ^et^Ms W-the 'HftiiciiiiijpOn the contihis^t Mth '*U hi0 Vii(6^. 2. A new reyolution was produced in that kiio^dini By HXBNT YI. 12(^ ijaeans apparently the most unlikely to be i^ttended with success. In iKe Villiwe cr Bdiiii^; near TftuodMtf^ 6p. th,^ borders of Lornkm, three liV^ a C^^uutrt^' sco^t tw^n^-aey^n 7ea?$ of a^^ Caljed Jbitn 6f Ax^. Thi^ l^i^l had been a senrant at a^ small inu^ and' in thiai' humble stA* tioh had submitted to Ijhbee haMj employibeiits Which fit the body for the fl|ti|^e8 of war. She wis of au itreplroachable liile, and had hitherto ' testified hone of those ehteipri^n^ q^nalities which disi^aycd thetuselVei^ soou aftelr. §. HIbt min4; hpy^ever, b^oCdine with inelttncholy itcad^teti^ess upbn tli'e miserable situation lyf h^r cOi^try. b^ga^ to fb^l seVerial itn^ulBe% which she w^ willinj^ to imst^^ for the insphra^ tibhs Of Heay^n. Conyinceji of the reality of her o#h ad- momtions. she hod recourse t6 otle Ifaudncoulty goyemor of Vaupbleurs, atid infbrmed him of hei^ desiiniEktion by H^ yen to flree her natiye cbtirit^^ fi^ its fii^rce inyadCrs. BaudHcourt treated her at firist "vvith sdn^^ neglect : but her importunities fit length p^ltif^ aii4 W>l$i)^fl^ to make trial oilier prbl^itsions. he gaye lier sohie att^^cuytitSy '^hb Con- duct^ her to the French Cburi whic|i at thM tihie resided at 4. The French court were probably sensible of the weak- ness of her metenSibnf; but the^ yp^e willing to make 'use of eVery artifice to'stipport their (iecHnin|; fin^uh^s. It was iher^fbre, giyen ou^ that Joan was actnally inis^ii^ |' that sh^ Was abfe to disCoVeirthe^!^ ami(^ne the number Of his couriers/ although he had laid iiside aU the diStinCtidhs of his auihority ; that she had told ^im some secrets #Hich were only khowii to himself; anc^ that She hM demluide^ and minutely described isi sword in the church of Sti Cathe- rine d^ Firebois, which she ha4 neyer seen. 6. In this maimer the niinds of the yUlj^ being p^pftrc I fbr h^ Q,ppearltncey she was armed 'capKA-|>ie; and shown in that mar^ to the people. She was then bnot^ht before the doctors of the umyersrbyl and they, ilant:|tuT!*i wnh the credulity of the times. Or vnlling t6 second the imposture, declared that she had actu ally receive her conimiSsion froni aboVe. ' ■ 5. Whi^ the preparatibhs for hei^ iiiission were completely blfizone^, their next aim w^S to sehd hef against the enemy. The English were at that time besieging the city of Orleaiits, the last resource of Charles, and eyerything promised them ^ n?#& sunretHle^' Jdieiu' tihdettook to raise the siege: tUnd ^1^ S^Blf BtlU more ''rcm^4We #ae4 I^M^ Witfi tl^e miraculous eword, of which She had before sucli extra- 126 HISTOBT or IMOLAND. ordinary notices. Thus equipped, she ordered all the sol- ( diers to confess themselyes before they set out; she dis- played in her hand a consecnkted banner, and assured the troops of certain success. 7. Such confidence on her side soon raised the sinrits of the French army ; and even the English who pretended to despise her efforts, felt them« selves secretly influenced with the terrors of her mission ; and relaxing in their endeavours, the siece was raised with ^reat preoipita^on. From bemg attacked, the French now m turn became the aggressors. One victory followed an- other -f and at length the French kins was solemnly crowned at I(heim& which Joan had promised should come to pass. ^8. A tide of success followed the performance of this so* lemnity; but Joan having thrown herself into the city of Compeign, with a body of troops, that was then besiesed by the duke of Burgundy, she was taken pfiioner in a sally which she headed against the enemy, the eovemor shutting the gates behind. The duke of Bedford was no sooner informed of her being taken, tluui he purchased her of the count Vendome^ who had made her prisoner, and ordered her to be comnutted to close confinement. 9. The credulity of both nations was at the time so great, that nothing was too absurd to gain belief that coincided with their passions. As Joan, but a little before, from her successes, was re^ garded as a saint, she was now, upon her captivity, consi^ dered as a sorceress forsaken by the demon who had granted her a fallacious and temporary assistance: and accoraingly| being tried at Bouen, she was found guilty of heresy and witchcraft, and sentenced to be burnt alive, which was eze« cuted with the most i^orant inali^ty. 10. From this period the Enjglish affairs became totally irretrievable. The city of Pans returned once more to a, sense of its duty. Thus ground was continually, though slowly, gained by the Fienc^ ] and in the lapse of a few years, Calais alone remained of all the conquests that had, oeen made in France j and this was but a small compensar, tion for the blood and treasure which had been lavisned in that country, and which only served to gratify ambition with transient applause.* (A.D. 1443.) * Hm dvke of BeOford dtod tbont ihli time ; md when the duiphin of Fnmoe wm adTised to demolish the monument of l>]«ok marble whbh had been ereoted to his memoiy he ceneroady replied^' Let him repose in peaee ; and let na be thankflil that he doet lepoee. Wete he to l^wtkOt he would make the 9t^atfi8tQf VI trvml^l^,'* ^ HlllftTTI* 127 11. But the inoAMoitj of Htnrj bcgftn to ippnat in a ftiller Ikht; and a foreign war being now eitlnguiehedy the nle began to prepare fbr the hoMron of inteetine etrift. de period of oalamitj a new interett waa rerived, which had lain dormant in the timet of proiperitjr and triumph. Biohard, duke of York, wae deacendedL vy the inother's aide, from Lionel, one of the aoni of Bdward the Third; whereas the reigning king wae deioended from John of Gaunt, a vounger son of the lame monarohi Riohard, there- fore, etood plainly in euooeeeion before Henry) and he be^an to think the weakness and impopoUurity of the present reign a foyourable moment for ambition. The ensign of Riohi^ was a white rose, that of Henry a red i and tms gave name to the two footions, whose animoiity wae now about to drench the kingdom with slaughter. 12. Among Uie number of oomplainte which the upopu- larity of the ^yemment gaye rise to, there were some which eyen excited msurrectiouf particularly that headed by John Cade, which was of the most dangeroui nature. This mati was a natiye of Ireland, who had oeen obliged to fly oyer to France for his crimes; but seeing the people upon his re- turn, prepared for yiolent meaiures, he assumed the name of Mortimer; and at the head of twenty thousand Kentish men, adyanced towards the capital, and encamped at Black- hea^i* The king, being infonned of this commotion, sent a message to demand the cause of their assembling in arms, and Cade, in the name of the community, answered that their only aim was to punish eyil miniiteri, and to procure a Todxeba of grieyancos for the people. 18. But committing some abuses and engaging with the ciUcens, he was aban- doned by most of his followeri | and retreaUng to Rochester, was obliged to fly alone into the woods of Sent, where, a price being set upon his head, by proclamation, he was dia- coyered and slain.* 14. In the mean time the duke of York secretly fomented these disturbances, and, juretending to espouse the cause of the i>eople, still secretly aspired to the crown: and though he wished nothing so ardently, yet he was for some time preyented by his own scniples f^om seizing it. What his in- •The iaierlption on Cade'i ftendsrd eoniMtd of the foUowliif donroral, miffloientiy indioetiTe of tbe leyeUiBg doetrlasi of Iilm and lite xeMTpoin- puioni:— ' " When Adam delf'd a&d Ire ipan, Wi^o wai then a gentlamaa?" 128 HIBTOBT or BNOLAND. trigues fkiled to bring about, accident produced according to bia deeires. 16. The king ftilHng ibto a disteknper/ vuch 80 f^t increaaed hi« aatuitkl imbeoilitj that it e^eB Mndctfed him inoa^iable of maintaining tbe appearance of royalty, York ^aa aj^inted lieutenant and protector' of t|ie kin^ dom, with' powera to h(^ and open parlijamenta at pleastire^ Que^th^ ftn" MxaminaHon, S. wer* the Franoh suommRiI f . In wh$k idHmetimJotak of Are miide prtoonerf a^ Whet inw thrilite •; ithit^xtnofdlrfahr W9ii»nf 10. ^wh»t ipMe wm tlie EngtUh aflNn M tblctimer 11. Wbiit aeWiSteMiiwie ntifwrnvtved agii^Heiiiyr tnd to what eon- seqnenees did it leadf f 13. Heptl^n t^ pvHioiil^ ^i^ imfnwtioii whiob took pla^e* K^d the iMfwe wmolk Mqudwed it. r 18. iniit%afe mb ftfeof th^ prineipal eonipiratonr M. inwyoMf.ibmeiited'thdnitMDrbweeef 15. WhoiiM »|^[k4B|t)4 pvdteetor of thekingdonf fnd^qn wJbtit oee«f|<»ir SBCTJQJirp. While Moond ^lefaMrd's blood ft>r Teanaaoe etlb, I)|ocini'd,lbr hit griupdalie^gnilt, poor £toi^ , 1. (A.D. 1452.) Beinq thus inveated with a plenitude 6{ power; he'cdxitinuedin ihe enjorm^t of it' for sbnie titiie'; but at length' the ii^a|^y'kine recorer^ from his, lMhai|^c cdin^liiiiit; an^ f(i^ if'w^&ing m>in a dream^ perceiv^^^ith aurprise th^ he waa BtpMd:6t airhis authority^ ^^^ ^^ miUried tjo ^<^^S^V ^^ 'A^jp^i'^ ^ woinian of a miysculine understanding; 'y^h.o oBli^ hun to take t^e field, fi^nd in ^ mfmiler' draped htin to it, where both sides came to iin en- ga^ment; in which the Yorkists gained a Complete tictbiy.t 2. The ^ing himself being woundedi and having takien shelter in a cottage neair the field of bAttle, ^as takdu briaoner, and 1|reated by the victor with great rclspetii iand tenderness. "'Henrj' was now merely a prisoner^ treated with thd splen- did' fdi^a of royalty I yet; mdolent aiid'sibkl}^) he seemed * Dftughter of Ben^, titnlar king of Sioily; an amhitioiu, enteiprisinff, sad e' i.- t t Thii batUe wa»tho Unt of St. Albwa'a; Y VI. X7B pleased with hie eituation, and did not ngrti tbat p populated by so terrible an engagement It was a dreadAil sight to behold a hundred thousand men of the same country engaged aoainst each other ; and all to satiHty the ambition of the weakest or the worst of mankind. While the armj of Edward was advanoinff to the charge, there happened a great fall of snow, which, drivinff AiU in the face of the enemy, blinded them: and this advanta|;e, seconded by an impetuous onset, deoiaed the victory in his favour. Edward issued orders to give no quarter j and a bloody slaughter enoued, in which nearly forty thousand of the Lancastrians were slain. 8. The weak and unfortunate Henry, always imprudent, and alwajrs unsuccessful, was taken prisoner, carried to London with great ignominy, and conducted to the Tower. Marj^aret was rather more fortunate : she contrived to escape out of the kingdom, and took reAige with her father in Flan- ders.* 9. Edward being now, by means of the earl of Warwick, fixed upon the throne, reigned in peace and security, while his title was recognised by parliament, and universally sub- mitted to by the jseople. (A.D 1464.) He be^an, therefore, to give loose to his favourite passions, and a spirit of gallan- try, mixed with cruelty, was seen to prevail in his courf« The very same palace wnich one dav exhibited a spectacle'of horror, was to be seen the day following with a mask or pigeant ; and the king would at once gallant a mistress and inspect an execution. 10. In order to turn him from these pursuits, which were calculated to render him unpopular, the earl of Warwick advised him to marry; and with his oouBent went over to France, to procure Bona of Savoy, as queen, and- the match was accordingly concluded. But whilst the earl was hastening the negooiation in France, the •Htrgaretffljiiig with her ion into a Ibrart.wM attacked dnrlng the nlvht br roboera, who despoiled her of her rings and Jewels, and treated her mih toe utmost Indignity. The partition of this great booty having raised a violent qnarrel amongthem, she took an opportunity of flying with her son into the thickest part of the forest, where sne wandered till she was over- come with hanger and flitigne. while in this wretched condition, she saw a robber approaching her with his naked sword; she suddenly embraced the resolution of trusang entirely to his fh ih and generosity, and, present- ing to him the young prince. " Here, my friend,^' said she, "I commit to your care the nu'ety of the king's son." The man, struck with the singu- larity of the event, and reeallM to virtue by the flattering confldenee re- posed in him, vowed not only to abstain from all ii^ury against the prin* eess, but to devote himself entirely to her serviee. By his means she xesehed tbe iMMOut sad embsrkea for Flanden.— JDs MokvW*, f e. ■BMBT YL 11 181 d(Sil ntry iiion krmy eda r the ►y an ward ghter tnana ident, ed to i^ower. xwiok, . while ly sub" Brefore, gallan* oourt« lacle'of lask or ess and Ti these )opular, nth hie her' R raised ft h her son wftsover- ii,BheaftW embrftced 1, presentp oonunit to the singti- fldenoe re- ;the prta' meant she king himtelf rendered it abortire at homef by marryini Elisabeth Orey,* with whom he had Ihllen in lore^ ana whom he had yainly endeavoured to debauob. 11. Baring thue given Warwick real cause of offence, he was resolred to widen the breach by driving him from the oounoil. War* wick, whose prudence was equal to his bravery, soon made use of both to assist bis revenge ; and formed such a com- bination against Edward, that he was in his turn oblised to fly the kinfldom. Thus, once more, the poor, passive king Henry was released from prison to be placecT upon a dangerous throne. A parliament was called, which confirmed Iienry's title with great solemnity; ana Warwick was himself received among Uie people under the title of king maker. . 12. But Edward's party, though repressed, was not de- stroyed. Though an exile in Holland, he had many partisans at home; and, after an absence of nine months, being seconded by a small body of troops, granted to him by the duke of Burffundy, he made a descent at Ravenspur, in Yorkshire. Though, at first, he was coolly received by the English, yet his army increased upon his march, while his moderation and feigned humility still added to the number of his partisans. London, at that time ever ready to admit the most powerful, opened her gates to him; and the wretched Henry was once more plucked firom a throne to be sent back to his former mansion. 13. Nothing now, therefore, remained to Warwick, but to cut short aifi anxious suspense, by hasarding a battle. Edward's fortune prevailed. They met at St. Alban's, and the Lancastrians were defeated; while Warwick himself, leading a chosen body of troops into the thickest of the slaughter, fell, in the midst of his enemies, covered with wounds. Margaret, receiving the fatal news of the death of .the brave Warwick, and the total destruction of her partv, gave way to her ffieif for the first time, in a torrent of tears ; and yielding to her unhappy fate, took sanctuary in the abbey of Beaulieu, in Hampshire. 14. She had not been long in this melancholy abode ..8- •EUzabeth Greywas thedaughterof dr RiohK rd Woodville. Tbs Mng flnt law her at court, whither she had repaired to preienta petition fbr toe ro> ooverr of the confleeated lands of her late husband, sir John Grejr, who was slain in arms on the side of Henry. She told Sdward when M flnt addressed her on the subjeot of his love, that though too hvable to be Ml wifiB, the was too high to become hi* oonoubins . 1X32 HISTORT XnP JBNOLAND. ^ibineahe found some few ftieiids etfll ipm^^ her flUlen ibirtttaes. She had now fought battles in AlmoBt^Tery province in England; Tewkesbiury park was the last scene that terminated her attempts. 15.. The dnke of Somerset headed her army ; a man who had shared her dangers, and had ever been steady in her cause. When Ed^i^Drd first attacked him in his intrenchments, he repulsed him with such rigoor, that the enemy Tethred with precipitation : upon which the duke, supposing them routed, pursued, and order- ed lord Wenlook to support his charge. JBut, unfortunately, this lord disobeyed his orders*, and Somerset's forces were soon overpowered by numbers. 16. In ^s dreadful exi- gence, the duke finding that all was over, became ungovern- able in his rage : and beholding Weniock inactive, and Temaining in the very place where he had ftrst drawn up his men, giving way to his fiify, wit^ his heavy battle-axe In both hands he ran upon ^e -coward, and with one blow da^ed out his la>ains. 17. The queen and ihe prince were taken jMnsonersH^IKSr the battle, and brought in the presence of Edwaa^. ^I^e young prince api>earM before the €Onmieror with undauiiM majesty; and being asked^ in an msiuting manner, how he dar^ to invade Eneland without leave, more mincmil bf his high birth than of his ruined fortunes, he boldly replied, ^as Ed- ward, enraged at his intrepidity, struck him on the mouth with his gauntlet : and this served as a dgnal ibr ftd^ther brutality: the dulces of Gloucester, Clarence, iiiiaf thia andvevenl previontteigiif^ ft SMxrtiAtMMiffdfluliion wlii*lbl- lowed bylbe people. It wnwMtomwyw iwea# the. IVlward.. 1488 Alphonsus 1488 Khtgs qfJDenmarktmd Sweden, Eric IX 1411 Christopher m... 1489 Ctoistianl 1418 Kings oT Scotland. Robert m... 1880 James I <-I^ James H 1487 James HI 1400 BMINBNT PERSONS. John Stratford a^ John Kenupuarchbtahops of Canterbury. I>eIaPole» duke of -Suffolk. The dukes orBedford, Gloucester, Exeter, and bishop of Winchester, regents and guardiana to uieking. Richard, duke of TOik. shoes so lon|N that it wap necessary to tie them up to theb knees with laces or ohauui tb enable them to walk without stumbling t gentlemen naed for this purpose idudnsimade of sily«B,or silver gilt, and othersused laeea. This ridioulouacnstonvwas now (A.D. 1407) prohiUted on the for^ ftlture of twenty shillings, and the pain of curring by the clergy. What* ever absurditieain dresfc may have bewa rendered fiuhionablem modem time^ certainly none have exceeded; this Iblly of our anoeetonk 134 HISTOBT OT INOLAND. Born im. CHAPTER XtX. EDWARD rV. Died April Mb, 1482. Began to itigloi March Sth, 1461. Bdgned 22 years. Edward, to each yolnptuous vice a daye« Gruel, intemp'rate, vain, suBpioioiu, \)n.Ye.-^Egerton. 1. (A.D. 1478.) Edward, being now free from great enemies, turned to the punishment of those of lesser note ; so that the gibbets were hung with his adyersaries, and their estates confiscated to his use. Whilst he was rendering himself terrible on the one hand, he was immersed in almndoned pleasures on the other. Nature, it seems, was not unfkvonrable to him in personal charms ; as he was universally allowed to be the handsom- est man of his time. 2. His courtiers also seemed willing to encourJEige those debaucheries in which they had a dhare } , and the clergy, as they themselves practised every kind of lewdness with impunity, were ever ready to lend absolution to all his failings. The truth is, enormous vices had been of late too common. Among his other cruelties, that to his birother, the duke of Clarence, is the most remarkable. The king, hunting one day in the park of Thomas Burdet, a creature of the duke's, killed a white buck, which was a sreat &vourite of the owner. Burdet, vexed at the loss, broke intp a passion, and wished the horns of the deer in we belly of the person who had advised the king to that insult. For this trifling exclamation, Burdet was tried for his life, and publicly ex- ecuted at Tyburn. 4. The duke of Clarence, upon the death of his friend, vented hie grief in renewed reproaches against his brother, i^nd exclaimid a^inst the iniquity of the sentence. The king, highly ofTenoed with this liberty, or using that as a pretext against him, had him arraigned btir fore the house of peers, and appeared in person as his ac- cuser. 6. In those times of confusion, every crime alleged by th» prevailing party was fatal; the duke was found F ' toWAAD y. 135 guiltj ; andj being granted a choice of the manner in which ne would die, was privately drowned in a butt of malmsey in the Tower : a whimsical choice, and implying that he had an extraordinary passion for that liquor. 6. However, if this monarch's reien was tyrannical, it was but short ; while he was employ^ in making prepara- tions for a war with France, he was seized with a distemper, of which he expired in the forty-second year of his age, and, counting from the deposition of the late king, in the twenty- third of his reign. Queitiotu Jbr ExamincUicn» 1. What was now the oonduet of Edward f 2. For what was Burdet tried an^l executed? 4. Relate the cmelty of Edward towards his brother. 6. What kind of death did the duke of Clarence pretdtf 6. How long did Edward the fourth reign? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes, A.D. Piusn 1458 Panin 1464 SextttsIY 1471 Stnperor of Oermany. Frederic n 1440 Emperors of the Turks. Mahomet U 1468 Bi^aset II... ...... 1481 Kirufof Franee, Louisa 1461 Kinffs of Portugal, Alphonsus V 1488 John II 1481 Kings of Denmark and Sweden, Christian 1 1440 John I ...1481 KingttfSootkmd. Ill James 1469 EMINENT PERSONS. Thomas Borlienr, archbishop of Canterbury : Nevil, earl of Warwick, called the king-maker; Beaufort, duke of Somerset; Richard, duke of Gloucester; Tiptoft. earl of Worcester; William Caxton, mercer of Lon- don, the first ptlhter (practised his art in Westminster Abbey, 1471). Jane Shore. CHAPTER XX. EDWARD V. Bom 1470. Died June, 1488. Began to reign April 9, 1488. Beigned 8 months. What's this That rises like the issue of a kinj by And top of Bov'reignty f Shakspeare. And bears upon his baby brow the round the 1. (A.D. 1483.) The duke of Gloucester, who had heen made protector of the realm, upon a pretence of guarding the persons of the late king's ohudren from dan&er, conveyed them both toHhe Tower. Ida HISTORY OF ixotiiin). Having thus secured them^ his next step was to spread a report of their illegitimacy; and by pretended obstacles^ to gii off the dtay appointed for yoiuig Edward's coronation* is next aim was to dispatch Lord Hastings, whom he knew tO' be warmly in the young.king's interest. 7. Hf^yiBg^^summoned liord Hastiiigs to a council in the Tower, he entered^ the roeon knitting his brows, biting his lijps, and showingn by a frequent change of countenance, the signs of some inwaird perturbation. A: silence ensued for some time; and the loxds of the council look^ u|)0i:i each other, not without reason- e:q)ectine some homd catas- trophe. 3. Laying bare his arm, all shrivelled and decayed, he accused Jane Snore uid her aocomf^ces of havingpro* duced this deformity by their sorceries; upon which JBfast- ings cried, '^£f they have committed such a crime, they deserve punishment." — " If ! " cried the protector, with aloud voice; ^^ dost thpu, answer me^Ui Ifs? I tell thee they have conspired m^ death ; and that thou, traitor, art an ac- complice in the crime,'* 4. H^ struck the table twice with his hand, and the room was instantly filled with armed m^>' << I arrest ithee^" continued' he, turning to Hastings, ^'for high'-treason ;*' and at- the same time gave him in charge to thA soldiers. Hastings was obliged to make a short conr ibssion to the next priest th^t was at hand| the protector crsdng out, by St Paulf that he would not dme Ulf he had seen his head taken offi He was accordingly hurried out to the liti^e green be^e Tower chapel, ana there beheaded on a log of wood that accidentally lay in the way. 6. J^e Shorey tke lat^ king's &vourite,.was the next that felt his indignation. This unfortunate woman was an ene- my too humble to excite his jealousy : yet, as he had ac- cused her of witchcraft of which all the world saw she was innocent, he thought proper to make her an example for those foults of which she was really guilty. 6. She had been formerly deluded from her husband, who was a goldsmith in Lombard-stree^ and continued to live with Ed- ward the most guiltless fikvourite in his abandoned court. It was very promible that the people were not displeased at seeing one moan reduced to her fyimer meanness who had for a while Been raised above them and eii joyed the smiles of a court 7. Th« ekaree Mainst her was too notorious to be denied; she pleaded guuty, and was accordingly con- demned to walk barefooted through the city, and to do pe- nance in St. Paul's church in a white sheirt^ with a wax ^WABB V. 137 taper in her hand before thousands of spectators. She lived above forty years after this sentence, and was reduced to the most extreme indigence. 8. The Protector now began to throw off the mask, and to deny his pretended regara for the sons of the late king, thinking it high time to aspire to the crown more, openly. He had previously gained over the duke of Buckingham, a man of talents s^ power, by bribes and promises of future favour. This noolemM>, therefore, used^ll his arts tQ cajole the populace and citizens at St. Paul's cross ; and, construing their silence into consent, his followers cried '''Long live king Richard I '^ Spon after, the mayor and aldermen waiting upon Richard with an offer of the crown, he accepted it with seeming reluctance. Q^e8ii(ms for Examination* 1. Wbat was the conduct of the dnke of Gloucester towards the young princes? 2. 8.1^ what vile arts did ha «et rid of lord Hastings? 5. Who next Mt his indignation ? 6. Who was Jane Shorer 7. What punishment did she suiP^r? 8. In what maimer did Bichard contrive to procure an offer of the crown ? OONTBMPORART SOVEREIGNS. Pcpe. ▲.!>. SextosIT 1471 JBmj ericin 14 Emperor <^ the Turks. Bfljfi«etn 1481 King qf France. Charles Tm..... 1488 King qf Portugal. JohnU..... 1481 King qf Denniark and Sweden. A.D. John 1481 King of Scotland. James m 1460 EMINENT PERSONS. Bichard, duke Qf Gloucester, protector. Edward, earl of Warwick; Margaret, countess of Salisbury (children of George, duke of Clarence). Earl Grey. Marquis of Dorset. William Lord Hastings. William Caxton, mercer, of Xiondon, the first Englishprinter; he established a printing-press in Westminister-abbey, A. D. 1471. 13d HISTOat of iNOtANi). CHAPTER XXI. RIGHABD m. Born 1460. Died Avf. 28, 1485. Began to reign Jon* 97, 148S. Bdgnod 2yeuf. Tetohy and wayward waa Ua inlkney; His Miool-days fiightftil, desperate, wild, and Airlons) His prime of manhood, daring, bold, and Tenturottsi His age conflrm'd, prond, snbue, sly, and bloody.— AluiXMipMff. 1.* (A.D. 1483.) One crime ever draws on another; justice will revolt against fraud, and usurpation requires security. As soon, therefore, as Richard was seated upon the throne, he sent the governor of the Tower orders to put the two young princes to death; but this brave man, whose name was Brackenbury, refused to be made the instrument of a tyrant's will : but submissivelpr answered, that he knew not how to imbrue his hands in innocent blood. A flt in* strument, however, was not long wanting; Sir James Tvrrel readil;^ undertook the office, and Brackenbury was ordered to resign to him the keys for one nisht. Tyrrel, choosipg three associates. Slater^ Deighton, and Forest, came in the night-time to the door of the chamber v/here the princes were lodged, and, sending in the assassins, he bid them ex- ecute their ccnimission, while he himself stayed without They found the young princes in bed, and fallen into a sound sleep: e..ter suftbcating them with a bolster and pil- lows, they showed their naked bodies to Tyrrel, who ordered them to be buried at the stair's foot^ deep in the ground under a heap of stones. 3. But while the usurper thus endeavoured to establish his power, he found it threatened in a quarter where he least expected an attack. The duke of Buckingham, who had bcten instrumental in ^placing him on the throne, now took dis^st, beine refused some confiscated lands for which he solicited. £^ therefore levied a body of men in Wales, and advanced with hasty marches towards Gloucester, where he designed to cross the Severn. 4. Just at that time the river was swollen to such a degree, that the country on both sides was deluged, and even the tops of some hills were covered with water. The inundation continued for teh days; during which Buckingham's armyi composed of * Sao the note at fho ond of the rtign of Hrary Til. BlOiLAAD Itl. 13d Welshiueii, could neither pass the river nor find subsistence on their own side j the^ were therefore oblieed to disperse, and return home, notwithstanding all the duke's efforts to prolong tlieir sta^. 5. In this helpless situation, the duke, after a short deliberation, took refuge at the house of one Bannister, who had been his servant and who had received repeated obligations from his family ; but the wicked seldom find, as they seldom exert, friendship. Bannister, unable to resist the temptation of a large reward that was set upon the duke's head, went and betrayed him to the sheriff of Shropshire : who, surrounding the house with armed men, seized the duke, in the habit of a peasant, and conducted him to Salisbury j where he was instantly tried, condemned, and executed, according to the summary method practised in those days. 6. Amidst the perplexity caused by many disagreeable occurrences, the 'king received information that the earl of Bichmond was making preparations to land in England, and asseit his claims to the crown. Richard, who knew not in what quarter he might expect the invader, had taken post at Nottingham, in the centre of the kingdom j and had given commission to several of his creatures to oppose the enemy wherever he should land. 7. Some time after, however, the earl of Richmond, who was a descendant from John of Gaunt, by the female line, resolved to strike for the crown. He had been obliged to quit the kingdom; but he now, knowine how odious the king was, set out from Harfleur, in l^rmandy, with a retinue of about two thousand persons, and, after a voyage of six days, arrived at Milford-haven in Wales, where he landed without opposition. 8. Upon news of this descent, Richard, who was pos- sessed of courage and military conduct, his only virtues, instantly resolv^ to meet his antagonist and decide their mutual pretensions by a battle. Richmond, on the other hand, heme reinforced by Sir Thomas Bouchier, Sir Walter Hungerford, and others, to the number of about six thou- sand, boldly advanced with the same intention *, and in a few days both armies drew near Bosworth-field,* where the contest that had now for more than forty years filled the kingdom with civil commotions and deluged its plains with blood, was determined by the deaUi of Richard, who was • In Leioestenhire. The battle fonght at this plaoe was the lait of thir- teen between the hoiuei of York andLanoaater. 140 HISTOBT W IHOLAND* slain in battle : while Richmond was saluted kiDg^ by th0 title of Henry the Seventh.* Quettiont for MxamiiutHon, 1. Wbat was the first act of Biohgrdf 2. In what manner were his orders ezeontedf 8. From what quarter and on what oocaaion was BlohardflntthiMtanedT 4. What obliged Buoldngham's army to disperse f 6. What was the tki» of the duke of Bucfcingham? 6. With what new opposer did Bi. Sextusivr. un Innocent Yin.... 148i Emperor of Oermanv. Fiederion. im Emperor of the Twrke. Bi(^tn 1481 NngqfFrtmoe. GharlefVin..... 1488 JRnjf qf Portugal. Johnn ...1481 XXng ef Denmark and Sweden, John 1481 ^Ontf ef aootkmdi Jamesm. 14W EMINENT PERSONS. Henry Tudor, earl of Bi^hmond. Staibvd, duke oX Bttcldngfaam. Tore, earl of Oxford. Thomas, Lord Stanley. Hbward.4nkeofll:ovfidk. Fruids, yiscount Loyel. Sir lUchard Batcliflb. Sir William Catesby., * BiiAard'B body, after being exposed, was buried in the choreh of the Grey Friars, at Leicester. Henry vU. bestowed a monument on it, which was demolished at the dissolution of abbeys nndor Henry TIQ.: and the monarch's stone coffin actually serred for a hQne*troiigb» at the Whjto Horse-Inn. « Sic transit gloria mundi !" r th0 tenedt wk and ... 1481 tltmd, ... 14fl8 L jBgllMll. Novfidk. ateiby., fohofthe tt,wbi6h • sndtbe BINBT YII. Ul OHAMBR XXII. HENRY Vn. Boml4B8. Died April », 1M9. BufftBtoir* TAttg.a8,1486. Beigned SECTION I. Bnt oht how altored WM tbt moumAil tondT _When Harry SlobmoBd, ftrmtd wHti tltli true, His baldriok 'oron hit ihouldir flung, And with enlly'ning tmmMt Dldw A mil to KTinf th«t tbrongh the liUnd rnag t Hif oUim announoiiig to tbo Ingllih throuo.— 1MM<». 1. (A.D. 1485.) Hbvky'ii flrit oar^. upon coming to the throne^ was to marry the prinoeei Blismth. daughter of Edwani the Fourth : and thus he blended the interest of the houses of York and Lanoasteri eo that ever after they were mcapable of distinction. 2. A great part of the mieeriee of hia predecessors po- ceeded from their poverty, which wai mostly occasioned by riot and dissipation. Hennr saw that money alone could turn the scale of power in hie flavour | and, therefore, hoarded up all the confiscations of his enemies with the utmost fru^tlity. Immediately after his marriage with Bliaabeth, he issued a general pardon to all such as onoie to accept it ) but people were become so turbulent and ikotioui, by a long course of civil war, that no governor could rule tnem, nor any king please; so that one rebellion jieemed extinguished only to give rise to another. 3. There lived in Oxford one Richard Simon, a priest, wha possessing some subtlety, and more rashness, tramed up Lambert Simnel, a baker's son, to counterfeit the pe^on of the earl of Warwick, the son of the duke of Clarence, who was smothered in a butt of malmsey. But, as the im- postor was not calculated to bear a dose inspection, it was thought proper to show him first at a distance j and Ireland was judged the fittest theatre for him to support his assumed character. 4. In this manner Simnel, being Joined by Lord Lovel, and one or two lords more of the cUsoontented party, re- solved to pass over into England} and accordingly landed in Lancashire, when'oe he marched to York, expecting the country would rise and jdn him as he marched along. But in this he was deceived; ^e people, averse to join a body of Gefman aiid Irish tfoopi, bf woom \ke vrm sup- 142 BISTORT or 1NOLAN0. ported, and kept in awe by the king's reputation, remained in tranquillity, or gave all their assistance to the royal cause. 6. The opposite armies met at Stoke, in the county of Nottingham, and fought a battle, which was more bloody, and more obstinately disputed than could have been ex- pected from the inequality of their forces. 6. But a vic- tory at length declared in favour of the king, and it proved decisive. Lord Lincoln perished in the field of battle;; lord Lovel was never more heard of, and it is supposed he shared the same fate. Simnel, with his tutor Simon, were taken prisoners *, and four thousand of the common men fell in the battle. Simon, being a priest, could not be tried! by the civil power, and was only committed to close coi^- flnement. 7. Simnel was too comtemptible to excite the king's fear or resentment; he was pardoned, and made a scullion in the kind's kitchen, whence he was afterwards advanced to the t&i3l of falconer, in which mean employ- ment he died. 8. A fresh insurrection began in Yorkshire. The people resisting the commissioners who were appointed to levy the taxes, the earl of Northumberland attempted to enforce the king's command ; but the ^pulace. being by this taught to believe that he was the adviser of tneir oppressions, flew to arms, attacked his house, and put him to death. The mutineers did not stop there; but, by the advice of one John Archamber, a seditious fellow of mean appearance, they chose sir John Egremonj; for their leader, and prepared themselves for a vigorous resistance. 9. The king^ upon hearins of this rash proceeeding, immediately levied a force which lie put under the earl of Surrey : and this nobleman, encountering the rebels, dissipated the tumult, and took their leader, Archamber, prisoner. Archamber was shortly after executed, but sir John Egremont fled to the court of the duchess of Burgundy, the usual retreat of all who were obnoxious to government in England. 10. One would ha^e imagined, that froni the ill success of Simnel's imposture, few would be willing to embark in another of a similar kind; however, the old duchess of Burgundy, rather irritated than discouraged by the failure of her past enterprises, was determined to disturb that go- vernment which she could not subvert, A. D. 1492. She first procured a report to be spread that the young duke of York, said to have been muraered in the Tower, was still living; and finding Ibe rumour- greedily received, she soon I! KBNIT TIL 148 {xrodneed a 7p"'"^B ™*i^ ^^o aaauned his name and oha* racter. 11. The person choeon to sustain this part was one Osbeck, or Warbeck^ the son of a converted Jew, who had been over in Enjgland during the reisn of Edward IV., where he had this son nam^ Peter, but corrupted, after the Flemish manner, into Peterkin, or Perkin. 12. The duchess of Burgundy found this youth entirely suited to her purposes : and her lessons, instructing him to personate the duke of York, were easily learned and strongly retained by a youth of very quick apprehension. In short, his graceful air, his courtly address, his easy manner, and elegant conversation, were capable of imposing upon ail but such as were conscious of tne imposture. The English, ever ready to revolt, gave credit to all these absurdities ; while the young man's prudence, conversation, and deportment served to confirm what their disaffection and credulity had begun. 13. Among those who secretlv abetted the cause of Perkin were lord Fitzwalter, sir Simon Mountford, sir Thomas Thwaits, and sir Bobert Glifibrd. But the pnerson of the greatest weight, and the most dangerous opposition, was sir William Otanley, the lord chamberlain, ana brother to the famous lord Stanley, who had contributed to place Henry on the throne. This personage, either moved by a blind credulity, or more probably by a restless ambition, entered into a regular conspiracy against the king; and a correspondence was settlea between the malcontents in England and those in Flanders. 14. While the plot was thus carrying on in all quarters, Henry was not inattentive to the designs of his enen^ies^ He spared neither labour nor expense to detect the false- hood of the pretender to his crown ; and was equally assi' duous in finding out who were his secret abettors. For this purpose he dispersed his spies through all Flanders, and brought over, by large bribes, some of those whom he knew to be in the enemy's interest. 16. Among, these,- sir Bobert Clifford was the most remarkable, both for his con- sequence^ and the confidence with which he was trusted. From this person Henry learnt the whole of Perkin's birth and adventures, together with the names of all those who had secretly combined to assist him. The king was pleased with the discovery j but the more trust he eave to his spies^ ^he higher resentment did he fei^n against them. ]16, At first he was struck with indignation at the ingra- 144 BISTORT or XirOLANB. titude of many of those about htm } but oonoealing hdt resentment for a proper opportnnitj, he almost at the same instant arrested FitEwalter^ Mountford, and Thwaits, to- ffetber with William Danburr^ Robert Batclifi; Thomas Gressenor and Thomas Astwood. All these were arraigned, convicted, and condemned for high-treason. Mountford, Raicliif, and Danbury were immediately executed ; the rest reeeiyed a pardon. Qutatioiu far Examination, 1. What WM Henry's flnt oftref a. What prudent mewures did hetaJco to leoure hii power? 8. Who oounterftited the person of the Earl of Wannokf 4. By whom wm Simnel Joined? 6. 6. What were the eonseqnences of thie rebellion? 7. What became of Sinmel? 8. What caused a fresh Insurrection? and what was the conduct of the mutineers? 10. What other Imposture was now undertaken? 11. Who was chosen to personate the duke of York? la. Who instructed Feriin to porsonate him? 18. Who were his abettors? 14. 16. What was Henry's conduct on this occasion? 16. What was the flte of those who opposed the king? SECTION n. James backed the cause of that weak prince Warbeck. that Flemish oounterfeij;, Who on the gibbet paid the che%t.^Seott. 1. (A.D. 1494.) The young adventurer, thus finding his hopes frustrated in England, went next to try his fortune in Scotland. In that country his luck seemed greater Hian in England; James IV^ the king of that country, receiving him with great cordiality. He was seduced to believe the story of his birth and adventures ; and he carried his con- fidence 60 far, as to give him in marriage lady Catharine Gordon, daughter of the earl of Huntley, and a near kins- woman of his own j a young lady eminent for virtue as well as beauty. 2. But not content with these instances of favour, he was resolved to atttempt setting him on the throne of England. It was naturally expected that, upon Perkiu s first appearance in that kingdom, all the friends of the house of York would rise in his favour. Upon this ground, therefore, the king of Scotland entered England with a numerous army, and proclaimed the proung adven- turer wherever he went. But rerkin's pretensions, attended ttBNBT Vn* U5 by repeated disi^pointmentfi, were now become fltale^ oven in the eyes of the populace ; so that, contrary to expecta- tion, none were^ found to second his views. 3. In this manner the restless Perkin, being dismissed Scotland, and meeting with a very cold reception Arom the Flemii^es, who now desired to be at peace witn the Bnfflish, resolved to continue his scheme of opposition, and took re- Aige among the wilds and ikstnesses of Ireland. A.D. 1497. Impatient of an inactive life, he held a consultation with his followers, Hei^e, Skelton, and Astlev, three broken tradesmen ; and by their advice he resolved to try the affec- tions of the Cornish men ; and he no sooner made his ap- pearance among them at Bodmid, in Cornwall, than the populace, to the number of three thousand, noclced to his standard. 4. Elated with this apooaranoe of success, he look on him, for the first time, the title of Richard the Fourth, king of England : and, not to sufi^r the spirits of his adnerents to languish, he led them to the gates of Exeter. Finding the inhabitants obstinate in refusing to admit him, and being unprovided with artillery to force an entrance, ne broke up the sieee of Exeter, and retir^ to Taunton. 6. His followers, oy this time, amounted to seven thousand men, and ai>peared ready to defend his cause 'j but his heart failed him upon being informed that the kmg was coming down to oppose him^ and, instead of bringing his men into the field, he privately deserted them, and took sanctuary in the 9xonastery of Beaulieu, in the New Forest. His wretched adherents, left to the king's mercy, found him still willing to pardon j and, except a few of the ringleaders, none were treated with capital severity. 6. At the same time some other persons were emplojred to treat with Perkin^ and to persuade him^ under promise of a pardon, to deliver himself up to justice, and to confess and explain all the circumstances of his imposture. His aflOEurs Deing altogether de^peiftte, he embraced tlie king's offer without hesitation, and quitted the sanctuary. Henry being desirous of seeing him, he was brought to court, and conducted through the streets of London in a kind of mock triumph, amidst the derision and insults of the populace, which he bore with tlve most dignified resignation. 7. He was then compelled to sign a confession of his former life and conduct, which was printei and dispersed throughout the nation ; but it was so defective and contradictory, that instead of explainiug his pretended imposture, it leil it still 146 BtSTOBT or SNOLAND< mote doubtAil than before ^ and this youth's real pretensions are to this ver^ day an object of dispute among uie learned. After attemptins once or twice to escape from custody, he was hanged at Tyburn ; and several of his adherents suf- fered the same ignominious death. 8. There had been hitherto nothing in this reign but plots, treasons, insurrections, impostures, and executions ; and it is probable that Henry's severity proceeded from the continual alarm in which they held him. It is certain that no prince ever loved peace more than he ; and much of the ilf will of his subjects arose from his attempts to repress their inclinations for war. The usual preface to all his treaties was, *^ That, when Christ came into the world peace was suns ; and when he went out of the world, peace was bequeathed." 9. He had all along two potnts in view: one to depress the nobility and clergy, and the other to exalt and humanize the populace. With this view he procured an act, by which the nobility were granted a power of disposing of their estates J a law infinitely pleasing to the commons, and not disa^eeable even to the nobles, since they had thus an im- mediate resource for supplying their taste for prodigality, and answering the demands of their creditors. The blow reached them in their posterity alone : but they were too ignorant to he affected by such distant (ustresses. .10. He was not remiss also in abridging the pope's power, while at the same time he professed the utmost sub- mission to his commands, and the greatest respect for the cler^. But while he thus employed his power in lowering the influence of the nobles and clergy, he was using every art to extend the privileges of the people. In ^ct, his greatest efforts were direct^ to promote trade and commerce, because they naturally introduced a spirit of liberty, and disengaged them from all dependence, except upon the laws and ue king. 11. Before this great era, all our towns owed their origin to some strong castle in the neighbour- hood, where some powerful lord generally resided. These were at once fortresses for protection, and prisons for all sorts of criminals. In this castle there was usually a ear- rison armed and provided, depending entirely on the noole- man's 8uppK)rt and assistance. 12. To these seats of prb- tection, artificers, victuallers, and shopkeepers naturalljr resorted, and settled on some adjacent spot, to famish the lord ana his attendants with all the necessarieB they might fiSN&T VII. U1 aioiit fned. J 8Uf- i biit iiODB 5 from ertain much pta to to all world , peaf their md not an inv igality, \e blow rere too 1 pope's lOSt Bub- for the lowering ig every tct, his mmerce, [rty, and ihe laws ir towns jighbour- These for all y a ^r- ,e noble- of pro- laturally nish the ley might l^equire. The farmers, also, and the husbandmen, in the neighbourhood, built their houses there, to be protected agftinst the numerous gangs of robbers, called Bobertsmen, Uiat hid themselves in the woods by day, and infested the open country by night. 13. Henry endeavoured to bring the towns from such a neighbourhood, by inviting the ifi- habitant^ to a more commercial situation. He attempted to teach them frugality, and a just payment of debts, by his own example ; and never once omitted the rights of the merchant, m all his treaties with foreign princes. 14. Henry 'having seen England, in a great measure, civilized by his endeavours, his i)eople pay their taxes with- out consteaint, the nobles confessing subordination, the laws alone inflicting punishment, the towns beginning to live in- dependent of the powerful, commerce every day increasing, the spirit of faction extinguished, and foreigners either fearing England or seekine its alliance, he began to see the approaches of his end, and died of the gout in his stomach, (A. D. 1509), having lived fifty-two years, and reigned twenty-three. The reign of Henry VH. produced so many beneficial changes in the condition of England, and the manners of its people, that many historians have attributed to the monarch a larger share of wisdom and virtue than is justly his due. He was a faithless firiend, a bitter enemy, a cruel husband to an amiable consort, an undutiful son to his venerable mother^ a careless father, and an ungenerous master. He maintained peace because his avarice disinclined him to the expenses of war; he increased the power of the people through jealousy of the nobles ; and he checked the papal encroachments because they interfered with his taxes. In- ordinate love of money and unrelenting hatred of the house of York* were his ruling passions, ""'' **"* "V.;..** «/N.,.r.^« of all his vices md his troubles. and the chief sources * The pretenrions of PerUu Warbeok, the last who claimed the orown in right of the house of York, will naturally occur to the reader's mind, and some anxiety will be felt to learn whether he was really an unfortu- nate prince or a crafty impostor. The litter opinion seems to have pre- Tailed principally on the authority of Shakespeare and Lord Bacon, cer- tainly the two greatest names in our literature, but as certainly witness- es wholly unworthy of credit in the present instance. They wrote to please queen Elizabeth, who was naturally anxious to raise the character of her grandfkther Henry VII., and depredatethat of hie rival Bichard UI. The first point to be ascertained is the fkct of the murder of the two young princes, and this, which wtf nld «t once have decided the pretensions of Warbeok, was so flur from being proved, that the inquisition takMi and published by Henry's command is so Ihll of oontradiottons and palpable i4d HIST0tt7 t>V IMdLANl). 1; Wliere ntet did the yowig tdyeBturar try bis fortime f and what wu liit ffnooewf *Mif4 d. After hig disappoibtment in Scotland, what was ;[Ferkin's future scheme of opposition r 4. What title did Ferkin assome? 6. What was his conduct afterwards? 6. In what manner did Henry treat himf 7. Oif what natoM was his eonftssionf and what his fitter 8. iFrom what cause proceeded Henry's severity ? What was. his usual prefiuse to ms treaties ? 9. What were the two points which Henry had always in view ? and What plan did he pursue to attain themf 10. How did he aoiidge the power of the pope? 11, 12. Before this era, what was the state of the towns in England? 18, 14. By what means did Henry civilize his country? When did the king die and what was his character? 00NTEMP0RAR7 SOVBREIQNS. Ittiweent vUI. . . .1484 Alexander YI 1483 FiusIU 1608 JuUusIU ...1608 Xmaeron ofOernumy. Frederick II im Maximilian 1 1498 Emperor of ihe Turks. Bi^iazetU 1481 ' JKMga of I^ance. « A.D. Charles Yin 1488 Louis Xn 1488 King tf Queenqf Spain. Ferdinand* the Catholic, and Isabelhi 1476 Eingt qf Portugal. John 1481 A.l>. Emanuel 1486 JSng of Denmark and Sweden. John.. 1481 Kkigsqf SooUand. James Hl 1460 James lY 1489 absurdities, that Henry himself never made use of it in any of his later declarations. Besides, the persons who were said to have oon&ssed the murder were never brought to trial for the crime. The next evidence brought forward on the side of Henry is the oonfts- sion extorted from Warbeck after he was made prisoner. Like the for- mer, it bears internal evidence of its own flilsehood, though the unfortu- nate young man is said to have repeated it at the time of his death. On the plant the earl of Surrey, who was the favourite at that time ; and in this Fox was not out in his conjectures. Presently after being introduced at court, he was made a privy council- lor; and as such had frequent opportunities of ingratia- ting himself with the young king, as he appeared at once complying, submissive, and enterprising. 9. Wolsey ui^ed every art to suit himself to the royal temper; he sung, laughed, and danced, with every libertine of the court; neither his own years, which were nearly forty, nor his character as a clergyman^ were any restraint upon him, or tended to check by ill-timed severities the gayety of his companions. To such a weak and vicious monarch as Henry, qualities of this nature were highly pleasing; and Wolsey was soon acknowledged as the chief favourite, and to him was intrusted the chief administration of affairs. , 10. The people began to see with indication the new fa- vourite's mean condescensions to the kmg, and his arro- jgance to themselves. The^ had long regtuxled the vicious KKfBT TUL 151 faaughtinesB and the unbecomineBpIendour of tlif dergjr with envy and detestation; and w^seVs ereatneBS seryed to bring a new odium upon that body, already too much the object of the people's dislike. His character, being now placed in a more conspicuous point of Ught^ daily be^n to manifest itself the more. 11. Insatiable in nis acquisitions, but still more magnificent in his expense; of extensive ca- pacity, but still more unbounded in enterpriise; ambitious of power, but still more desirous of glory ; insinuatii^ en- gaging, persuasive, and at other times ' ' lofty, elevatedj and it admble to his de- commanding ; hauj^hty to his equals, but pendants ; oppressive to the people, but liberal to his mends ; more generous than grateral ; formed to take the ascendant in every intercourse, but vain enough not to cover his real superiori^. 12. In order to dive:i the envy of the public from his inordinate exaltation, he soon entered into a correspondence with Francis the First of France, who had taken many methods to work upon his vanity, and at last succeeded. In consequence of that monarch's wishes, Heniy was per- suaded by the cardinal to an interview with that prince. This expensive congress was held between Guisnes and Andres, near Calais, within the English pale, in compliment to Henry for crossing the sea. Qttutiont for ExaminaNon, 1. What oombinatloii of oiramnttMioM lliToiired Henry the Blghfh om coming to the throne f 8. What wae the ootadnct of Henry after the tmoa with Fraaee f 4. In what oounBels did Henry chiefly confide ? 5. Whose son was Cairdinal Wolsey 7 6. What disgnusefnl cirovnistance happened to Wolsej f 7. 8. What droHmstance led to Wolsey 's advancement t 9. What were the arts osed by Wolsey to please the king f 10. What were the oonseguencee f 11. In what manner did Wolsey's character now manifttt itself ? 12. With whom did be enter into a oorreondenoe ? SBGTION II. At Otiisnes, where France and England met In daziSinf panoply oi gold.— ZMMJn. L (A. B. 1520.) Some months before, a defiance had been sent by the two kings to each other's court, and through ^U the chief cities of Europe, importing that Henry and 152 HISTOBT or 1N0LAM9. Francis, with fourteen aids^ would be ready in the plains of Picardj to answer all comers, that were gentlemen, at tilt and toumay.* Accordingly, the monarohi, now all gorgeously appturelled. entered the lists on horseback, Francis surroiuded with Henry's guards, and Senry With those of Francis. 2. iThey were both at that time the most comely personages oif their age, and prided themselves on their expertness in military exercises. The ladies were the judges in these f^ts of chivalry, and they.put ah end to the encounter whenever they thousnt proper. In these martial exercises, the crafty French monarch gratified Henry's vanity by allowing him to enjoy a petty pre*eniinence in these pais^mes^ .3. By this time all the immense treasures of the late king tfere ^uite exhausted on empty paoeante^ guilty ple^ures, or vain treaj^ies or expeditions. Sut the kitig relied on Wolsey alone for replenisl]iing his coffers; and no p^son could be fitter for the purpose. 4. His first care was to get a large sum of money frokn the people, under the title of a benevolence^ which, added to itis being extorted, had the mortification of being conndered as a ttee gift. Henry little minded the maniier of its being raised, provided he had the enjoyment of it ; however, his minister met with some oppo* sition in his attempts to levy these extorted contributions. In the first place, having exacted a considerable sum f^om the clergy, he next addressed himself to the house of com- mons } ])ut they only granted him half the supplies he de- inauded. 5. "Wolsey was, at first hij^hly oflfencfed at their parsimony, and desired to be ^eard m the house ^ but as this would have destroyed the very fonh and constitution of that august body, they replied, thilt none could be permitted to sit and argue there but such as had been elected mem- bers. This was the first attempt made in this rdgti to render the king master of the debates in parliament Mu>]sey first paved the way, and, unfortunately for the kingdom, Henry too well improved upon his plans soon after. 6. Hitherto the administration of all affairs was carried on by Wolsey j for the king was contented to lose, in* the embraces of hi0 mistresses, all the opmplaints of his sub- jects j and the ofodinad undertook to ke^ him ignorant in order to continue his uncontrolled authority. But noiV a period was approaching that was to piit an end to this , •TliiflMm«wa«lBftttiitedtoyHeni7l.ofaeiaiwy,A.D»019,Midtbo« lUbed inlGOO, BSfETVin. 153 minister's exorbitant power. One of the most extraordi- naxy and important revolutions that ever employed the attention of man was now rme for execution. This was no less a change than the Rerormation. 7. The vices and impositions of uie church 6f Rome were now almost come to a head ; and the increase of arts and leamine amone the laitv, propagated by means of printing, which had been lately invented^ began to make them resist that power, which was originally founded on deceit. (A.D. 1619.) Leo the Tenth was at that time ^pe, and eagerly employed in building the church of ^t er, at Borne. Id order to procure money for carry, j o» 'at expensive im '*■ *kihg, he gave a commission for sellmg indulgences, a practice that had often been tried foefbre. 8. These were to free the purchaser from the pains of purgatory; and they would serve even for one's l!t*iendjB, if purchased with that inten- tion. The Augustine fHar^^ had ustAilly been employed in Saxony, to preach the indulgences, and from this trust had derived both i>rofit and consideration; but the pc^'s minister, supposing that they had found out illicit methods of secretii^ the money, transferred this lucrative employ- ment from them to the Dominicans.t 9. Martin Luther, I)rofessor in the university of Wirtemberg, was an Augus- tine monk and one of those who resented this transfer of the sale of indulgences from one order to another. He began to show his indignation by preaching against their efficacy; and being naturally of a fiery temper, and pro- voked by opposition, he inveighed against the authority of the pope himself. Being driyen h^ by his adversaries, still as he enlarged his reading, in order to support his tenets, he discovered some new abuse or ^ror in the church of Rome. W. In this dispute, it was the fate of Henry to be champion on both sides. HIb father, who had given him the education of a scholar, permitted him to be instructed in school divinity, which then was the princi- pal object of leamied inquiry. Henry, therefore, willmip to convince the world of his abilities in that science, obtained the pope's permission to read the works of Luther, which •the give them to the pSof, tin Mime platoeiio " fhem bypoipe Altx- i common; tpe rich. theif posBessions. and i Jaoohitis, Midin othMs inredioaatti or pieaohb^ ' ' .... adf * ' *"S"'i**'£y^®*^ oblikedtotakea vow of absolute poverty, andtoabJUidon IM BISTORT Of INdLAND. had been forbidden under pain of excommunication. 11. In consequence of this, the kmg defended the seven saoraments, out of St. Thomas Aquinas; and showed some dexterity in this science, though it is thought that Wolsey had the chief hand in directing him. A bM)k being thus finished in haste, it was sent to iK>me for the pope's approbation, which it was natural to suppose would not be withheld. The pontiff, ravished with its eloquence and depth^ compared, it to the labours of St. Jerome, or St. Augustine, and re- warded the author of it with the title of defender of the FAITH ; little imagining that Henry was soon to be one of the most terrible enemies that ever the church of Rome had to contend with. ' ' Quutiont for Examination. 1, 2. Belate the partioulaii^f the oongroas that took place in the plaini of Ffoardy. 8. In what manner were the late Unc'e treaeuree exhausted? 4. How were the king's ooflbrs replemshed? 6. What was the first attempt maae to render the king master of the de* bates in parliamenfT 6. Why did Wolsey endeavour to keep the king ignorant of the coM- p laints of his suljeots f 7. What practices led to the Beformationf 9. In what manner did Lather oppose the transfer of the sale of indiil> gencesf 10, 11. What was the king's eondnct on this occasion f and what was his reward? SECTION m. When thnnderstmck, that eagle Wolsey fell.— Tounff, 1. (A. D. 1627.) Hbnrt had now been eighteen years married to Catharine of Arragon, who had l^en brought . over from Spain, and married to his eldest brother, who died a few months after. But, notwithstanding the submis- sive deference paid for the indulgence of the church, Hen- ry's marriage with this princess did not pass without scru- ple and hesitation, both on his own side and on that of the people. 2. However, his scruples were carried forward, though perhaps not at first excited by a motive much more powierful tbaA the tacit suggestion of his conscience. It happened that among the maids of houour then attending ^ the queen, t1mre was one Anna Bullen, the daughter of sir Thomas Bullen, a gentleman of distinction, ana related to ^os^ of the iiobility. He hs4 been employed byth^ l^n^ SBintTyxn. 16ft in MTend embMsiM, and WM niArritd (o ft dftughter of tht duke of Norfolk. 8. Tht btftuty of Annft lurpMeed what* ever had hitherto appeared at tnis roluptuoue court; and her education, which the had reoeired at Paris, set off her personal charms, Htnrj, who had never learned the art of reetraininff anj pasnon that he desired to grar tify, saw and loved nerj but, of courit, could not marry her without previously divorcing hif wiili, queen Gatha- of Arragon. 4. This obitaolf| therefore, he hardly nne undertook to remove | and as hit own queen was now become hatefVil to him, in i;'on, she said, ** Mr. Eingstone, I hear I am not to me till noon, and I am sorry for it; for I thought to be dead before this time, and free from a life of pain." 12. The keeper attempting to comfort her by assuring her the pain would be very Utile, she replied, *^ I have heard the executioner is very expert ; and (clasping her neck with her hands, laughing) I have but a little neck." When brought to the scafibld, from a con- sideration of her child Elizabeth's welfare, she would not inflame the minds of the spectators against her pereecutoirs, but contented herself with saying tl^t '^ she was come to die as she was sentenced by the law." 13. She would accuse none, nor say any thing of the.^ound upon which she was judged ; she prayed heartily for the km^ and called him a most merciful and gentle prince : that hi had always been to her a good and gracious sovereign ; and if that any one should think proper to canvass her cause, she desired him to judge the best." She was beheaded by the execu- tioner of Oakiis, who was brought over, as much more expert than any in ]Bngland. 14. The very next day after her execution he married the lady Jane Seymour, his cruel heart being no way softened by the wretched fate of one that had been £0 lately the object of his warmest affections. He also ordered his parliament to sive him a divorce between her sentence and execution, and thus he endeavoured to render Elizabeth, the only child he had by her, illegitimate as he had in the same manner, formerly, Mary, his only child by queen Catharine. :l.mM BENBT VUI. 161 ge agunst ]kt the king a slander by statute, mder upon en, though t judgment uot forbear d distinotiy ' 8 authority mdhersen- t the king's itence being the kee^r a, she said, 1, and I am is time, and temi>ting to J very little, ^ery expert j ) I have but Brom a con- j would not persecutors, fSkS come to irould accuse wbich she and called 'had always i if that any she desired !y the execu- . more expert ay after her Ls cruel heart one that had |)n8. He also between her red to render timat€^ as he only cmld hy ^uationi for ExaminaHon, 1. What monastio revennee now oame into the king'! poMMiiOB? 2. What was the amonnt of these reyenues? 8. What were the oi^ons of Henry? 4. What were the horrid oonseqaenoes? 6. What tjrruinical aot preoeded these seyentiee/ 7. Kelate the charges alleged against AMaBnUtof 9 What Is said to nave been the chief evidence aninst herV 10. What strange charge was brought against herf 11. What was her behaviour on the the trial l 12, 18. What at her execution? , ^ ^ ^ . 14. In what mamier did the king act after her execution? . 1 J I . i i ,p i»^y»i jmj » . i . ' Lj >«wi«www'yy*?tBtt SECTION V. Superior Cranmer, in a crowd alone. Dares iriendship with the virtnous lUIen own.~ZN5dfN. 1. (A.D. 1537.) In the midst of these commotionB the fires of Smithfield were seen to blaze with unusual fierce- ness. Those who adhered to the pope, or those who fol' lowed the doctrines of Luther, were equally the objects of Toyal vengeance and ecclesiastical persecution. From the multiplied alterations which were made in the national sys- tems of belief, mostly drawn up by Henry himself few knew what to think, or what to profess. 2. They were ready enough to follow his doctrines, how inconsistent or contradictory soever j but, as he was continually changing them himself, they could hardly pursue so fast as he advanced before them. Thomas Cromwell, raised by the king's ca- price from being a blacksmith's son to be a royal fitvourite (for t3rrants ever raise their favourites firom the lowest of the people), together with Cranmer, now become archbishop of Canterbury, were both seen to favour the Reformation with All their endeavours. 3. On the other hand, Gardiner, iMshop of Winchester, together with the duke of Norfolk, were for leading the king back to his original ikith. In fact, Henry submitted to neither: his pride had long been so inflamed by flattery, that he thought himself entitled to regulate, by his own single opinion, the religious fluth <^ the whole nation. 4. Soon after, no less than five hundred persons were im- prisoned for contrftdicting the opinions oelivered in the Bloody Statute, and received protection only from the lenity of Cromwell. Lambert, a schoolmaster, and doctor Barnes, who had been instrumental in Lambert's execution, felt Uit 162 HISTOBT OF ENGLAND. n II I I severity of the persecuting spirit; and, by a bill in parliament, without any trial, were condemned to the flames, discussing theological questions at the very stake. With Barnes were executed one Gerrard, and Jerome, for the same opinions. Three catholics also, whosb names were Abel, Featherstone,^ and Powel, were dragged upon the same hurdles to execu- tion ; and who declared that theonost grievous part of their punishment was the being coupled with such heretical mis- creants as were united in the same calamity. 5. During these horrid transactions, Henry was resolved to take another queen, Jane Seymour having died; and after some negotiations upon the continent, he contract- ed marriage with Anne of Gleves, his aim being, by her means, to fortify his alliance with the princes of Ger- many. 6. His aversion, however, to the queen secretly increased every day ; ana he at length reeolvea to get rid of her and his prime minister together. He had u strong cause of dislike to him for his late unpropitious alliance : and a new motive was soon added for mcreasing his displeasure. Henry had fixed his affection on Catharine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk; and the only method of gratifying . this new passion was, as in the former cases, discarding the present queen to make room for a new one. The duke of Norfolk had long been Cromwell's mortal enemy, and eagerly embraced this opportunity to destroy a man he considered as his rival. 7. He therefore made use of all his niece's arte to ruin the fiivourite; and when this project was ripe for execution, he obtained a commission from the king to arrest Cromwell for high-treason. His disgrace was no sooner known, than all his friends forsook him, except Cranmar, who wrote such a letter te Henry in his behalf as no other man in the kingdom would have presumed to offer. How- ever, he was accused in parliament of heresy and treason ; and without even being heard in his own defence, condemn- ed to suffer the paius of death, as the king should think proper to direct. 8. When he was brought to the scaffold, his regard for his son hindered him from expatiating upon his own innocence. He thanked God for bringing him to death for his transgressions; confessed he haa often been seduced, but that he now died in the catholic faith. But the measure of Henry's severities was not j^et filled up. He had thought himself very happy in his new mar- riage. He wAe so captivated with the queen's aooomplish- mento, that he gave public thanks for his felicity, and desired 1 1 HISNRY vm. 163 his confessor to join with him in the same thanksgiving. 9. This joy, however, was of very short duration. While the king was at York, upon an intended conference with the king of Scotland, a man of the name of Laseels waited upon Cranmer at London j and, from the information of his sis- ter, who had been servant to the duchess-dowager of Nor- folk, he gave a very surprising account of the queen's crimi- nality. When the queen was first examined relative to her crime, she denied the charge j but afterwards, finding that her accomplices were her accusers, she confessed her crime in part, but denied some of the circumstances. 10. Three maids of honour, who were admitted to her secrets, still furt' '»r alleged her guilt j and some of them made such confessions as tended to augment the nature of her crime. The servile parliament, upon being informed of the queen's crime and confession^ quickly found her guilty, and petitioned the king that she might be punished with death: that the same penalty might be inflicted on the lady Kochford, her friend and confidant j and that her gmndmother, the duchess-dowager of Norfolk, together with her father, mother, and nine others, men and women, as having been privy to the queen's irregularities, should participate in her punishment. With this petition the king was most graciously pleased to agree ; they were condemned to death by an act of attainder, which at the same time, made it capital for all persons to conceal their knowledge of the criminality of any future queen. v 11, The queen was beheaded on Tower-hill, together with the lady Kochford, who found no great degree of compassion, as she had herself before tampered in blood. Qmations for Examination. |1. What cruel persecution followed the multiplied alteratioDB in the national beliefY Who favoured the Befbrmationf 18. Who endeavoured to lead the king back to popery ? ^. Upon whom did Henry fix his affbctionsr }. What caused Henry's dislike to Cromwell? and what was the conse- quence ? 164 HUTOBT OV 1N0LANB. tbt king iaIlmiMd of ttt 9. Ib what BMUUMT queen f 10. Wno were fhe wl tn e w et that alleged her gvJltr 11. What waa the liite of the queen? tim SECTION VI. I would not have inch a heart in mj boeom For the dignity of the.whole body.— ricious tyrant's temper with prudence and success. 2. Still, however, the king's severity to his subjects ton- tinued as fierce as ever. For some time he had been inconi- moded by an ulcer in his leg; the pain of which, added to his corpulence and other infirmities, increased his natural irascibility to such a decree, that scarcely any of lus domes- tics approached him without terror. It was not to be ex- pected, therefore, that any who difiTered from him in opinion should, at this time particularly, hope for pardon. 3. Though his health was declining apac^ yet his im- placable cruelties were not the less frequent His resentment wa» diffused indiscriminately to all ; at one time a protes- tant, and at another a catholic, were the objects of his se- verity. The duke of Norfolk, and his son, the earl of Surrey, were the last that felt the injustice of the tyrant's groundless suspicions. 4. The duke was a nobleman who had served the king with talent and fidelity: his son was a young man of the most promising hopes, wno excelled in every accomplishment that became a scholar, a courtier, and a soldier. He excelled in all the military exercises which were then in request; he encouraged the fine arts by his practice and example; and it is remarkable that he was the first who brougnt our language, in his piMtioal pieces, to any degree of refinement. 6. He celebrated the /air Geraldine in all his sonnets, and maintained her ■uperiOT beauty in all placet of pubU« coattntioa. ThMf HIMRT Tin. 165 qosli^iationsi howerer^ were no safeguard to him against Henry's subpicions ; he had dropped some expressions of resentment against the king's ministers, upon being dis- placed from the government of Bologne; and the whole family was become obnoxious from the late conduct df Catharine Howard the queen, who was executed. 6. From these motives, therefore, private orders were given to arrest father ana son; and accordingly they were ar- rested both on the same day and confined in the Tower. Surrey being a commoner, his trial was the more expe- ditious; and as to proofs^ there -were many informers base enough to betray the intimacies of private confidence, and all the connections of blood. The duchess-dowager of Richmond, Surrey's own sister, enlisted herself among the number of his accusers ; and Sir Richard Southwell, also, his most intimate friend, charged him with infidelity to the king. 7. It would seem that at this dreary period, there was neither faith nor honour to be found in all the nation. Surrey denied the charge, and challenged his ac- cuser to single combat. This favour was refused him; and it was alleged that he had quartered the arms of Edward the Confessor on his escutcheon, which alone was sufficient to convict him of aspiring to the crown. To this he could make no reply; and iaaeed any answer would have been needless; for neither parliaments nor juries, during this reign, seemed to be suided by any other proofs but the will of the crown. 8. This young nobleman was, therefore, condemned for high-treason, notwithstanding his eloquent and spirited defence ; and the sentence was s«on after exe- cuted upon him on Tower-hill. In the meantime the duke endeavoured to mollify the king by letters of submission; but the monster's hard heart was rarely subject to tender impressions. 9. The parliiunent meeting on the fourteenth day of January (A.D. 1546), a bill of attainder was found against the duke of Norfolk ; as it was thought he could not so easily have been convicted on a fair hearing by his peers. The death-warrant was made out, and immediately sent to the lieutenant of the Tower. The duke prepared for death; the following morning was to be his last; but an event of neater consequence to the kingdom intervened, and prevented his execution. 10. The king had been for some time approaching fast towaidf hia end ; and for several days all those about his pvMA piUialy mw that lua spetdy death was inevitable. (( 166 HISTORlr Olf Ahgland. The disorder ia his leg was now grown extremely painful ; and this, added to his monstrous corpulency, which ren- dered him unahle to stir, made him more fhrious than a chained lion. He had been very stern and severe j he was now outrageous. In this state he had continued for nearly four years before his death, the terror of all, and the tor- mentor of himself; his courtiers having no inclination to make an enemy of him, as they were more ardently em- ployed in conspiring the death of each other.* 11. In this manner, therefore, he was suffered to struggle; without any of his domestics having the courage to warn him of his ap- proaching end ; as more than once, during this reign, per- sons had been put to death for foretelling the death of the king. At last, sir Anthony Denny had tae courage to dis- close to him this dreadful secret ; and, contrary to his usual custom, he received the tidings with an expression of resig- nation. 12. His anguish and remorse were at this time greater than can be expressed: he desired that Granmer might be sent for ; but before that prelate could arrive he was speechless. Cranmer desired him to give some sign of his dying in the faith of Christ ; he squeezed his hand, and immediately expired, after a reign of thirty-seven years and nine months, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. 13. Some kings have been tyrants from contradiction and revolt; some from being milled by favourites: and some from a spirit of party ; but Henry was cruel from a • The irritability of the kins wari so ungovernftble. that many Ml vietims to it ; and his queen, who eonstantly attended him with the most tender and dutiftd oare, had also^as will be seen by the following acoonnt,nearly iiaUen a sacrifice. Henr}''8 fkvourite topic of oonveriatfon waf theology, and Catharine had unwarily ventured to raise objeotioni agaitiit his argmnents. Henry, highly provoked that she should prefume to dmer fVom his opinion, compliiined or her obstinacy to Gardner, bishop of Winchester, the chancellor, who inflamed his anger by representing the queen as a dange- rous heretic. Hurried by their insinuations, be went lo far as to di- rect the chancellor to draw up articles of impeachment, which he signed. This paper fortunately fell into the hands of one of the queen's mends, who immediately carried the intelligence to her. Next morning she paid her usual visit to the king, and finding him disposed to challenge her to an argument on divinity, she modestly declined the conversation, saying, that It did not become a weak woman to dispute with one, who, by his superior learning, was entitled to dictate, not only to her, but to the whole world; and that if ever she had ventured to oUeot to anything be advanced, it was only for the sake of her own instruction, and to engage him upon topics which diverted his pains. This seasonable pieoe ofnat- tery suddenly revived his affisotions, and the obinoellor ooming soon after, with a numerous escort, to seize the queen and carry her to the Toiyer, the king treated him veiy roughly, calling blm knave, fbdl, Md beast, and commanded him to be gone.— l>e Moltvilk'M OreatMlitaii^, ttiintT VIII. 167 deprared disposition alone; cruel in government, cruel in religion, and cruel in his family. Our divines have taken some pains to vindicate the character of this brutal prince, as if his conduct and our Reformation had any connexion with each other. There is nothing so absurd as to defend the one by the other ^ the most noble designs are brought about by the most vicious instruments ; for we see even that cruelty and injustice were thought necessary to be employed in our holy redemption. QueatioM for Examination, 1. To whom wu the king now married? 2. What at this time increased the king's irrascibility ? 8. Who WM« the last who felt this severity ? 4. 5. Wliat character is given of the earl of Surrey? 6. Who appeared among the number of Surrey's accusers? 7. What was the chief ^arge aUeged against this nobleman? 8. Where was he executed? 9. What was the fate of his &ther, the duke of Norfolk? 10. ' V hat description is given of the king during his illness? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popei, A.D. Julius II 1608 LeoX 1518 Adrian VI 1522 Clement VJI 1528 Paul HI.... 1584 Emperors tf Gemumy. Maximilian I. . .Am Charles V 1519 Xnutaters of tkt Tu/rha • Bijazetll 1481 SelimI ..1512 SoIimanU........152e Kings cf France, a.d. Louis ill 1498 Francis 1 1515 Kings and Qu.qf Spain. Philip 1 1604 Joan 1606 Charles 1 1516 Kings eople, who were not displeased at being freed from the spiritual tyranny of their mstructors; the doctrine of the real pre- sence was the last tenet of popery that was wholly aoan- doned by the people, as both the clergy and laity were loth to renounce so miraculous a benefit as it was asserted to be. 4. However, at last, not only this, but all the principal opinions and practices of the catholic relidon, contrary to what the scnpture authorizes, were abolished; and the Reformation, such as we have it, was almost entirely com- pleted in England. With all these innovations the people and clergy in general acquiesced ; and Gardiner and Bon- ner were the omy persons whose opposition was thought of any weight ; they were, therefore, sent to the Tower, and threatened with the king's further displeasure in case of dis- •bedienoe. A.D. 1548.) ■DWARD YI. 16f 5. For all these the prot«otor gained great applause and popularity; but he was raised Ui an enviable degree of eminence^ and his enemies were numerous in proportion to his exaltation. Of all the miniitere at thai time in council, Dudley, earl of Warwick, was the most artAil, ambitious, and unprincipled. Kesqlved, at any rate, to possess the principal place under the king, he oared not what means were to be used in acquiring it. However, unwilling to throw off the mask, he covered the most exorbitant views under the fairest appearances. Having associated himself with the earl of Southampton, he formed a stronc party in the council, who were determined to fVee themselves from the control the protector assumed over them. That noble- man was, in fac^ now grown obnoxious to a very prevailing party in the kingdom. 7. He was hated by the nobles for his superior magnificence and power ; he was hated by the catholic party for his regard to the Reformation ; he was disliked by many for his severity to hii brother } besides, the great estate he had raised at the expense of the church and the crown rendered him obnoxious to all. The palace* which he was then building in the Strand served uso, by its munificence, and still more so by the unjust methods that were takins to raise it, to expose him to the censures of the public. The parish church of St. Mary, with three bishop' houses, were pulled down to iUmish ground and materials for the structure. . 8. He was soon afterwards sent to the Tower ; and the chief article of which he was accused was the usurpation of the government, and taking all the power into his own hands; but his great riches were the real cause. Several others of a slighter tint were added to invigorate this accu- sation, but none of them could be said to amount to high* treason. 9. In consequence of theee, a bill of attainder was preferred against him in the hou^e of lords ; but Somerset contrived for this time to elude the rigour of their sentence, by having previously, on his knees, confessed ^ the charge before the members of the council* 10. lu consequence of this confession, he was deprived of all his offices and goods, together with a great part of his landed estates, which were forfeited to the use of the crown. This fine on his estate was soon after remitted by the king] and Somerset, once more, contrary to the expectation of all; recovered his li- • stuiotUed aomenel Heme. 170 ttt8t6Rir Of tl^OtANt). i'- I' bertj. He was even readmitted into the council. Happy for him if his ambition had not revived with his security I 11. In fact, he could not help now and then bursting out into invectives against the king and government, which were quickly carried to his secret enemy, the earl of Warwick, who was now become the duke of Northumbtrland. As he was surrounded with that nobleman's creatures, they took care to reveal all .the designs which they had themselves first suggested, and Somerset soon found the flttal effects of his rivars resentment. 12. He was, by Northumberland's command, arrested, with many more accused of being his partisans } and was, with, his wife, the duchess, also thrown mto prison. He was now accused of having formed a design to raise an insurrection in the North *, of attacking the train-bands on a muster-day : of plotting to secure the Tower, and to Excite a rebellion in London. 13. These charges he strenuously denied^ but he con- fessed one of as heinous nature, which was, that he had laid a project for murdering Northumberland, Northampton, and Pembroke at a banquet, which was to be given them by lord Paget. He was soon after brought to trial before the Marquis of Winchester, who sat as high-steward on the occasion, with twenty-seven peers more, including Northum- berland, Pembroke, and Northampton, who were at once his judges and accusers; and being found guilty, was brought to the scaffold on Tower-hill, where h« appeared without the least emotion, in the midst of a vast concourse of the populace, by whom he was beloved. 14. He spoke to them with great composure, protesting that he had always promoted the service of his king, and the interest of true religion, to the best of his power. The people attested their belief of what he said by crying out, " It is most true." An universal tumult was beginning to take place j but Somerset desiring them to be stilly and not interrupt his last medita- tions, but to join with him in prayer, he laid down his head, and submitted to the stroke of the executions*. 15. In the mean time, Northumberland had long aimed at the first authority ; and the infirm state of the king's health opened alluring prospects to his ambition. He re- presentecf to that young prince that his sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, who were appointed by Henry's will to succeed in failure of direct heirs to the crown, had been declared ille- gitimate by parliament ; that the queen of Scots, his aunt, stood excluded by the king's will, and, being an alien also, ftDWABD VI. 171 lost all right of micceedins. 16. And, Ud the three princesNeH were thus legally excluded, the succession naturally devolved to the niarchionesfl of Dorset whose next heir was the lady Jane Grey, a lady every way accomplished for government, afl well by the charms of her person as the virtues and ac- quirements of her mind. The kiM, who had long sub- mitted to all the politic views of this designing mmister, aereed to have the succession submitted to council, where Northumberland had influence soon after to procure an easy concurrence. 11, In the meantime, as the king's health dec ined, the minister laboured to strengthen his own interests and con- nexions. His first aim was to secure the interests of the marquis of Dorset father of ladv Jane Grey, by procuring for him the title or duke of Suftblk, which was lately become extinct. Haviug ^hua obliged this nobleman, he then pro- posed a matcli between his fourth i^n, lord Guildford Dud- ley, and the lady Jane Grey. 18. Still, bent on spreading his interestfi as widely as possible, he married his own daughter to Lord Hastings, and had these marriaees solem- nized with all possible pomp and festivity. Meanwhile, Edward continued to languish, and several fatal symptoms of consumption began to appear. It was hoped, nowever, that his youth and temperance might get the better of his disorders ; and, from their love, the people were unwilling to think him in danger. 19. It had beeen remarked, indeed, by some, that his health was visibly seen to decline from the moment that the Dudleyti were brought about his per- son. The character of Northumberland might have justly given some colour to suspicion ; and his removing all, ex- cept his own emissaries, from about the king,- still farther increased the distrusts of the people. Northumberland, however, was no |vay uneasy at their murmurs ; ha was as- siduous in his attendance upon the king, and professed the most anxious concern for his safety ; but still drove forward his darling scheme of transferring the succession to his own daughter-in-law. 20. The young king was put into the hands of an igno- rant woman, who very confidently undertook his cure Afler the use of medicines, all the bad symptoms in- creased to a most violent degree ; he felt a difficulty of speech and breathing ) his pulse failed ; his legs swell«d ] his colour became livid, and many other symptoms appeared of his approaching end. He expired at Greenwich^ in the six- IW HilffOET or MfaXJUND. Xing Edwnrd YI. reftitf ng to place bis taoi on the Bible. teenth jear of his a^e, and the seventh of his reign, greatly regretted bj all, as his early virtues gave a prospect of the continuance of a happy reien, Jul^ 6, 1653. An anecdote is related of this kinjf to illustrate his piety and reverence for the Scriptures. When in his library, one day, being desirous to reacn a book on a high shel^ he was ofl^red a large Bible as a footstool. But he refused the oflfler, with strong expressions of disapprobation towards the attendant who had made it. Qiuettiom for Examination. 1. Who loooeeded Heniy the Eighth? Who WM appointed protector during the king'i minority? t. 8. Bj what method! waa the Beformation begun and completed? 4. Who were sent to the Tower fbr their aversion to the Belormation T 6. By whom was the protector opposed? 7. For what reasons was he universally disliked ? 8. What was the chief arttde oi accusation against himP 9. By what means did he elude the ligonr othis sentence? 10. Jnd the protector regain his authonty ? 11. In what manner did he then conduct himself? 12. By whosecommand was ho afterwards arrested? Of what was he accused? \ 18. What confession did he make? 14* What was his behaTioor when brought to the scaflbld? 16. Who next aspired to the chief authority ? 16. 17. What mMns did he make to secure it? 18. 18. What dienmstanoes preceded the king'i death? 90. Wken and at what age m Bdward tin talk dia? MAmT. 178 CONTEMPORARY S0V1SR1II0N8. Pmmi. A.9. Fftvim UM, jnUium 10fiO SoUnumll Khtaof Drcmct riu Henry 1M7 JOmgui Portugal. ohnm 7.ua Mng qf D mmm k , OhMltiU IMi IIV7....T. U48 John immSNT PBBS0X8. OnmoMr, wehMihop «f Canterbniy . H«atb Mid Dajr, MtboM of Wor* Mgler and OhlolMiltr . Lord Seymonr. Dnkai offoiMfMt mm Horttmrn* beiiMBd. Onildlbrd, lord Ihidlej. LMlyJMMOffjr. CHAPTER XXV. MART. BomlUe. DtodDM6ml)erl,188S. Bog»torHfBJvl7ie,lMI. Btlfn. edSyearf. Whon peneevtlng leal made royal iport With royal Innooenoe in Xary'i eonrti Then Bonner, blythe aa shepherd at a wake* EiUoy'd the ahow, and daneed about the itake.— Omomt. 1. (A.D. 1663.) Upon the death of Edward, two oandi- dates put in their preteneionG to the orown \ — Mar^, Henry'e daughter by Catharine of Arragon, retiring on the juatioe of her cause; and lady Jane Grey, being nominated in the late young kin^s will, and upon the support of the duke of Northumberland, her fotherm-law. Mary was strongly bi- goted to the popish superstitions, having been bred up among churchmen, and havine been even taueht to prefer mart3rr- dom to a denial of her belief. 2. As she had lived in oonti- nufd restraint, she was reserved and gloomy *, she had^ even during the lire of her father, the resolution to maintain her sentiments, and revised to comply with his new institutions. Her zeal had rendered her fUnous*, and she was not only though yet but sixteen, her judgment had attained to such a degree of maturity as few have been found to- possets. All mstorians agree that the solidity of her underitaading, improved l^ continual application, rendered her the wonder of her age. Jane, who was in » great meMurt igftonu^^ «f ;! \U\ U i''i!' 174 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. all the transactions in her favour, was struck with equal frief and surprise when she receired intelligence of them, he shed a flood of tears^ appeared inconsolable, and it was not without the utmost difficulty that she yielded to the en- treaties of Northumberland, and the duke her father. 4. Orders were given also for proclaiming her throughout the kingdom j but these were but very remissly obeyed. When she was proclaimed in the city, the people heard her acces- sion made public without any signs of pleasure ; no applause ensued, and some even expressed their scorn and con- tempt. 6. In the meantime, Mary, who had retired^ upon the news of the king's death, to Kenning Hall, in Norfolk, sent circular letters to all the great towns and nobility in the kingdom, reminding them of her ri^,ht, and commanding them to proclaim her without delay. Her claims soon be- came irrosistible ^ in a little time she found herself at the head of lorty thousand men ; while the few v/ho attended Northumberland continued irresolute, and he even feared to lead them to the encounter, 6. Lady Jane, thus finding that all was lost, resigned her royalty, which she had held but ten days, with marks of real satisfaction, and retired with her mother to their own habitation. Northumberland, also, who found his affairs desperate, and that it was impossible to stem the tide of po pular opposition, attempted to quit the kingdom j but he was prevented by the band of pensioner-guams, who Informed him that he must stay to justify their conduct in being led out against their lawful sovereign. Thus circumvented on all sides, he delivered himself up to Mary, and was soon af- terwards executed in a summary way. Sentence was also pronounced against lady Jane and lord Guildford, but without any intention for the present of putting it into execution. 7. Mary now entered London, and with very little effu- sion of blood saw herself joyfully proclaimed, and peaceably settled on the throne. This was a flattering prospect; but soon the pleasing phantom was dissolved. Mary was mo- rose, and a bigot ; she was resolved to give back their former power to the clergy ; and thus once more to involve the jking- dom in all the horrors from which it had just emerge^. Gardiner, Tonstal, Day, Heath, and Vesey, who had bieen confined or suffered losses, for their catholic opinions during the late reign, were taken from prison, reinstated in their sees^ and their former sentences repealed. MAEY. 17j& 8. A parliament^ which the queen called soon after^ seem- ed willing to concur in all her measures ; they at one blow repealed all the statutes; with regard to religion, which had passed during the reign of her predecessors ; so that the na- tional religion was again placed on the same footing on which it stood in the early part of the reign of Henry the Eighth. 9. While religion was thuc returning to its primitive abuses, the queen's ministers, who were willing to strengthen her power, by a catholic alliance, had been for seme time lookmg out for a proper consort ; and they at leng i chose Pliilip, prince of Spain, son to the celebrated Charles the Fifthn In order to avoid any disagreeable remonstrance from the people, the articles of marriage were drawn as favourable as possible to the interest and honour of England: and this in some measure stilled the clamours that had already been begun against it. 10. The discontents of the people rose to such a pitch, that an insurrection, headed by sir Thomas Wyat, suc- ceeded j but Wyat, being made prisoner, was condemn^ and executed, with some of his adherents. But what eW cited the compassion of the people most of all, was the execution of laiiy Jane Grey, and her husband, lord Guild- ford Dudley, who were involved in the punishment, though not in the guilt of this insurrection. 11. Two days alter Wyat was apprehended, lady Jane and her husband were ordered to prepare for^deatn. Lady Jane, who had long before seen the threatening blow, was no way surpribed at the message, but bore it with heroic resolution j and being informed that she had three days to prepare, she seemed displeased at so long a delay. 12. On the day of her exe- cution her husband desired permission to see h«r ; but this she refiised, as she knew the paiiing would be too tender for her fortitude to withstand. The place at first designed for their execution was without the Tower ; but their youth, beauty, and innocence being likely to raise an insurrection among the people, orders were given that they should be executed within the verge of the Tower. 13. Lord Dudley was the first that suffered; and while the lady Jane was being conducted to the place of execution, the oflicers of the Tower met her, bearing along the headless body of her husband streaming with wood, in order to be interred in the Tower chapcK She looked on the corpse for some time without any emotion: and then, with a sigh, df sired them [ill!*' iu til ) m I m ii-!! ill;,; ii'^i ■ ill I 176 HIBTOftT or BNOLAHB. Death of Lady Jane Grey. to proceed. 14. On the scaffold she made a speech, in which she alleged that her offence was not the having laid her hand upon the crown, but the not rejecting it with suffi- cient constancy; that she had less erred through ambition than filial obedience ; and she willingly accepted death as the only atonement she could make to the injured state; and was ready by her punishment to show, that innocence is no plea in excuse for deeds that tend to injure the community. After speaking to this effect, she caused herself to be disrobed by her women, and, with a steady, serene countenance, submitted to the executioner. 15. At the head of those who drove these violent mea- sures forward were . Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, and cardinal Pole, who was now returned from Italy. Pole, who was nearly allied by birth to the royal family, had always conscientiously adhered to the catholic religion, and had incurred Henry's displeasure, not only by refusing to assent to his measures, but by writing agaipst him. 16. It was for this adherence that he was cherished by the pope,, and now sent over to England as legate from the holy see. Gardiner was a man of a very different character ; his chiet aim was to please the reigning prince, and he had showu iklr«ady many instances of his prudent conforBiity. MART. 177 Q^estion8 for Examination. 1. What were the preteiuionB of the two candidates for the crown? 2. What was the ohwacter of Marv r 8. What iB said of lady Jane Grey? 4. In what manner was her proclamation received r ^ 6. How did Mary act, and what was her success F 6. What was the ftte of the dnke of Northnmberlandf 7. What was Miiry's oondaot after her accession F 8. Did the parliament concur in her religious views? 9. What plan was resolved on to strengthen the catholic power? 11. What was the fltte of lady Jane Grev and her husband ? 12. 14. Mention the circumstances that attended their execution? 16. 16. Who were the instigators of those violent measures? SECTION n. Cnrst superstition, which deludes the mind, And makes it to the tender ftelings h]ind,—Anon. 1. (A. D. 1554.) A PERSECUTION, therefore, be^n by the martyrdom of Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, and Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's. They were examined by comr missioners appointed by the queen, with the chancellor ^R; the head of them. Saunders and Taylor, two other clergy- men, whose zeal had been distinguished in carrying on the Reformation, were the next that suffered. 2. Bonner, bishop of London, bloated at once with rage and luxury, let loose his vengeance without restraint, and seemed to take a pleasure in the pains of the unhappy suf- ferers J while the queen, by her letters^ exhorted him to pursue the pious work without pity or mterruption Soon after, in obedience to her commands, Ridley, bishop of London, and the venerable Latimer, bishop of Worcester, were condemned togethtr. 3. Ridley had been one of tho ablest champions for the Reformation: his pi ;', learning, and solidity of judgmtnt were admired by h;c friends and dreaded by his enemies. The night before his execution, he invited the mayor of Oxford and his wife to see him j and, when he beheld them melted into tears, he himself appeared quite unmoved, inwardly supported and comforted in that hour of agony. When he was brought to the stake to be burnt, he found his old friend Latimer thfire before him. 4. Of all the prelates of that age, Latimer was the most remarkable for his unaffected piety, and the simplicity of his manners. He had never learnt to flatter in courts j and his open rebuke was dreaded by all the great, who at that tim« too much '^/^served it. 5. His sermons, which 'p i I'llll IP Isil f. II mi lit! liifi I' n iii'j If hi 178 HISTORY OF £NaLANi). reiiiain to thiH day, show that he had much learning and much wit : and there is an air of sincerity running through them, not to be found elsewhere. Wlien Ridley began ta comfort his ancient friend, Latimer was as ready on his part to return the kind ofRce. " Be of good cheer, brother," cried he j '^ we shall this day kindle suck a torch in Bng- gland, as, I trust iu God, shall never be extinguished." 6. A furious bigot ascended to preach to them emd the people, while the fire was preparing ; and Ridley save a miost serious attention to his discourse. No way distracted by the preparations about him, he heard him to the last, and then told him he was ready to answer all he had preached upon, if he were permitted a short induig«}nce ; but this was refused him. At length fire was set to the pile ; Latimer was soon out of pain : but Ridley continued to suffer much longer, his legs being consumed before the fire reached his vitals. 7. Cranmer's death followed soon after, and struck the w]g||le nation with horror. His love of life had formerly prevailed. In an unguarded moment he was induced to sign a paper condemning the Reformation; and now his enemies, as we are told of the devil, after having rendered him completely wretched, resolved to destroy him. 8. Being l(;d to the stake, and the fire beginning to be kindled round him, he stretched forth his right hand, and held it in the flames till it was consumed, while he fre- quently cried out, in the midst of his sufferings, "That unworthy hand !" at the same time exhibiting no appearance of pain or disorder. "When the fire attacked his body, he seemed to be quite insensible to his tortures : his mind was wholly occupied upon the hopes of a future reward. After his body was destroyed, his heart was found entire ; an em- blem of the constancy with which he suffered. 9. It was computed that, during this persecution, two hundred and seventy-seven persons suffered by fire, besides those punished by imprisonment, fiiies and confiscations. Among those who suffered by fire, were five' bishops, twenty-one clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, eighty-four tradesmen, one hundi(Hi husbandmen, fifty-five women, and four children. All this was terriblef ; and yet the temporft>l affairs of the kindom did not seem to be more succcesftil. 10. (A. D. 1557.) Calais, that had now for above two hundred years been in possession of the English, was attacked, and by a sudden and unexpected assault, being AlAAIf. 179 blockaded on ever^ side, was obliged to capitulate j so that in less Ihaii eight days the duke of Guise recovered the city that hijd bten in possession of the English since the time of Edward the Thira, who had spent eleven months in besieging it. This loss filled the whole kingdom with murmurs, and the queen with despair: she was heard to say, that, when dead; the name of Calais would be found engraven upon her heart. 11. These coniplicated evils, a murmuring people, an in- creasing heresy, a disdainful husband, and an unsuccessful war, made dreudful dep^^edations on Mary's constitution. She began to appe£«r consumptive, and this rendered her mind still more morose and bigC'ed. The people now, therefore, began to turn their thoughts to her successor j and the princess Elizabeth came into a greater degree of consideration than before. 12. Mary had been long in a very declining state of health: and having mistaken the naturo of her disease, she made use of an improper regi- meE>, which had increased iier disorder. Every reflection now tormented her. The consciousness of being hated by her subjects, and the prospect of Elizabeth's succession, whom she hated, preyed upon her mind, and threw her into a lingering fever, of which she died, after a short and un- fortunate reign of five years, four months, and eleven days, in the forty-third year of her age. ' Questions for Examination. 1. Who were the first in this reign who suffiartd martyrdom for their religion? 2. Who were the principal actors in this persecution? 8. 4. Describe th« beh^./iour and character of Kidlev and Latimer. 6. What words did i^dmer make use of at the stake to his friend and fellow-sufferer? 8. What is said of the character and death of Cranmer? 9. How many persons are said to have been burnt on aoeonnt of their re- ligious tenets? 10. By what means was Calais obliged to capitulate ! 11. What hastened Mary's death? 12. How long did sht reign? CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS. Popes. A.n. Julius m 1550 MarcellusII 1655 Paul IV 1655 CharlMV 1519 Emperor of the Twrhs. Bolimanll 1520, King qf France. Hefcry 1547 King qf Spain. Philip II..... ...1655 King of Portugal. Johnflf -■ 1521 King qf Denmar^. Frederic U 1549 „„King qf Sweden. ^"stavuB Vasa. . . .1522 Queen of Scotland. Mary..., ; .IGil i ! ; |i lijsiit h ' I.-, pjl! ill! ,1 ' II 1! 180 HISTORT Of ENGLAND. EMINENT PERSONS. Archbishop Cranmer ; bishops Ridley, Hooper, Lttintor, Ferleii Romn, Sannders, Taylor, and many others of the clergy who lolbred for their religion. Caroinal Pole, bishops Gardiner, Bonner, Thirlby, kc,, who were fiery supporters of the itapal pow^r.* Lord Staflbrd. CHAPTER XXVI. ELIZABETH. BomlR^. Died March 24, 1008. Began to reign November 7* 1668. Beigned 41f years SECTION I. 1. (A D. 1658.) Nothing could exceed the joy that was diifui^^'u iinong the people upon the accession of Elizabeth, who nu- came to the throne without auy oppogitiou. This favourite of the people, from the beginning, resolved upon reforming the church, even while ahe was held in the constraints of a prison ; and now^ upon coming to the crown, she immediately set about it. A parliament soon after completed what the prerogative had begun j act after act was passed in favour of the Reformation j and in a single session the form of reUgion was established as we at present have the happiness to enjoy it. 2. A state of permanent felicity is mot to be expected here-, and Mary Stuart, commonly called Mary queen of Scots, was the first person that excited the fears or the re- sentment of Elizabeth. Henry the Seventh ha«i married his eldest daughter, Margaret, to James, kmg of Scotland, who dying, left no issue thrt can ft to maturity except Mary « "The common net at that iktus for catching yr .iMtantf was the real pre ence, and this net was used to catch the prmcest Elizabeth ; for being nsked one time what sae thought of the words of God. tMs it my body, whether she thought it the true body of Christ that was in the sacrament, it is said, that, after some nausing, bhe thus answered:— Christ was the word that spake it, He took the bread and brake it, * And what the word did make It, That 1 believe and take it. Which, though it may seem but a slight expression, yet bath it more solid* ness than at first sight appears ; at least it served her turn at thai time to •scftpe the net, which by direct answer she could not have done." ELIZABETH; 181 afterwards sumamed Mary queen of Scots. 3. At a very early age, this princess, being possessed of every accom- Slisnment ofperson and mind, was married to Francis, the auphin of France, who dying, left her a widow at the age of nmeteen. Upon the death of Francis, Mary, the widow, still seemed disposed to keep up the title ; but finding her self exposed to the persecutions of the dowager-queen, who now began to take the lead in France, she returned home to Sec eland, where she found the people strongly impressed with the gloomy enthusiasm of the times. 4. A difference of relii^on between the sovereign and the people is ever productive of bad effects; since it is apt to produce con- tempt on the one side, and jealousy on the other. Mary could not avoid regarding the sour manners of the reforming clergy, who now bore sway amon^ the Scots, with a mixture of ridicule and hatred; while they, on the other hand, could not look tamely on gayeties and levities which she introduced among them, without abhorrence and resent- ment. The jealousy thus excited began every day to grow stronger; the clergy only waited for some indiscretion in the queen to fly out into open opposition ; and her impru- dence but too soon gave them sufficient opportunity. 6. Mary, upon her return, had married the earl of Darn- ley ; but having been dazzled by the pleasing exterior of her new lover, she had entirely forgotten to look to the accom- plishments of his mind. Darnley was but a weak and igno- rant man ; violent, yet variable in his enterprises ; insolent, yet credulous, and easily governed by flatterers. She soon, therefore, began to convert her admiration into disgust; and Darnley, enraged at her increasing coldness, pointed his vengeance against every person he supposed the cause of this change in her sentiments and behaviour. 6. There was then m the court one David Rizzio, the son of a musician at Turin, himself a musician, whom Mary took into her confidence. She consulted him on all occa- no fiavours could be obtained but by his intercession ; sions and all suitors were first obliged to gain Rizzio to their interests by presei;' i or by flattery. 7. It was easy to persuade a man of Darn ley's jealous and uxorious temper that Rizzio was the person who had estranged the queen's affectionfi from him ; and a surmise once conceived became to him a certainty. He soon, therefore, consulted with some loivts of his party ; who, accompanying him into the queen's apartments, where Rizzio then was, they dragged 182 HIBTORT OV INOLANP. him into the antechamber, where he was despatched with fifty-six wounds; the unhappy princess continuing her hir mentations while they were perpetrating their homd crime. 8. Being informed, however, of his &te, Mary at once dried her tescrs, and said she would weep no Baore, for she would now think of revenge. She, therefore, concealed her resent- ment, and so far imposed upon Darnlev her husband, that he put himself under her protection, and soon after attended her to Edinburgh, where he was told the place would be iavourable to his health. 9. Mary lived in the palace of Holyrood-house ; but m the situation of that place was low, and the concourse of people about the court necessarily attended with noise, which might disturb him in his present infirm state, she fitted up an apartment for him in a solitary house at some distance, called the Kirk of Field. Mary there gave hiiii marks of kindness and attachment ; she conversed cordially with him; and she lay some nights in a room under his. 10. It was on the ninth of February that she told him she would pass that night in the palace, because the marriage of one of her servants was to be there celebrated in her pre- sence. But dreadful consequences ensued. About two o'clock in the morning, the whole city was much alarmed at hearing a great noise ; the house in which Darnley lay was blown up with gunpowder. His dead body was found at some distance in a neighbouring field, but without any marks of violence or contusion. No doubt could be enter- tained that Darnley was murdered; and the general sus- picion fell upon Bothwell, a person lately taken into Mary's favour, as the perpetrator. 11. One crime led on to another; BothwelL though ac- cused of being stained with the husband's blood, though universally odious to the people, had the confidence, while Mary was on her way to Stirling, on a visit to her son, to seize her at the head of a body of eight hundred horse, and to carry her to Dunbar, where he forced her to yield to his purposes. It was then thought by the people that the measure of his crimes was complete ; and that he who was supposed to kill the queen's husband, and to have pos- sessed himself of her person, could expect no mercy ; biut they were astonished upon finding, instead of disgrace, that Bothwell was taken into more than former favour ; and to crown all, that he was married to Mary, having divorced his own wife to procure his u^ion, 'im 1L12AB£TU. 1^ 13. This wae a fatal alliance to Mary^ and th« ^opld were now wound up^ by the coinplioation of her guilt, to pay very little deferene« to her authority. An association was formed that took Mary priMotier^ and sent her into con- finement to the castle of Locnlevin, situated on a lake of that name, where she suffered all ths severities of an unkind keeper^an upbraiding conicisnos^ with a feeling heart. 14. The calamities of the great, even though justly de- eerved) seldom iiiil of creating pity, and procuring friends. Mary, by her charms and promises, had engaged a young gentleman, whose name was George Douglas, to assist her in escaping from the place where the was confined ^ and this he effected by conveying her in disguise in a small boat, rowed by himself, ashore. It was now that the news of her enlargement being spread abroad, all the loyalty of the peo- ple seemed to revive once more, and in a few days she saw herself at the head of six thousand men. Quettiont for Examination, 1. What were tbe first aotN of EUsftbstb in ikvour of t 2. Who was the first person thAt exeited b§r rosenttnent? From whom was Mary qusen of gooti deioeiidedY 5. To whom was she first married f 4. Why is the difilsrence in religion betwMB the sovereign and the peo- ple apt to produce bad eilbotsf 6. Describe the oharaoler of the esrl of Dsniloy 1 6. Who was David Bi;izior 7. What wiis the fate of Bizxiof 8. On whiit did Mary determine in oonssotienee f 9. How did she alfect to trsst ber buibsadr 10. Relate the circumstances of tbe esrl of Dtmley's death r 18. where was Mary confined f 14. By what means did she esotpef SECTION II. But malice, envy, cruelty and spleen. To death doom'd Soot's dear devoted quMn.-^Macdonald. 1. (A.D. 1568.) AsA-TTLiwas fought at Langside, near Glasgow, which was entirely decisive against the queen of Scots; and now, being totally ruined, she fled southward from the field of battle with great precipitation, and came with a few attendants to the borders of England, where she hoped for protection from Elizabeth', who, instead of pro- tecting, ordered her to be put in confinement, yet treated her with all proper marks of respect. 2. She wae accord- 184 HISTOBT or INOLAND. iiiiji III \„ y .A I'M* 1! ii ingly sent to Tutburj-castlc^ in the county of Stafford, and Eut '''to the ouetody of the earl of Shrewsbury j where she ad iiopes ffiven her of one day coming into favour: and that, unless her own obstinacy prevented, an accommoaatioa Might at last take place. 3. The duke of Norfolk was the only peer who enjoyed the highest title of nobility in England ^ and the qualities of hip. mind were correspondent to hiu high station. Bene- ficent, affable, and generous, he had acquired the aflfectio^>8 of the people ; and yet, fVom his moderation, he had never alarmed the jealousy of the sovereijrn. He was at this time a widower j and being of a suitable age to espouse the queen of Scots^ her own attractions, as well as his interest^ made him desirous of the match. 4. Elizabeth, however, dreaded such a union, an<^ the duke was soon after made j>Ti6( \er, and sent to the Tower. Upon his releasement from thence, new projects were set on foot by the enemies of the queen and the reformed religion, secretly fomented by Kodolphi, an instrument of the court of Rome, and the bishop of Boss, Mary's minister in England. 6. It was concerted by them that Norfolk should renew his designs upon Mary, and raise her to the throne, to which it is pro- bable he waR prompted b} passion as well as by interest ; and this nobleman ent'^ring into their scheme, he, from being at first only ambitioae. now became criminal. His servants were brought to mako a full confession of their master's guilt } and the bisliop of Boss, soon after finding the whole discovered, did not trcruple to confirm their testimony. 6. The duke was instantly committed to the Tower, and or- dered to prepare for his trial. A jury of twenty-five peers unanimously passed sentence upon him; and the queen, four months after, reluctantly signed the warrant for his execution. He died with great calmness and constancy; and^ though he cleared himself of any disloyal intentiens agamst the queen's authority, he acknowledged the justice of the sentence by which he suffered. 7. These conspiracies served to prepare the way for Mary's ruin, whose greatest misfortunes proceeded rather from the violence of her friends than the malignity of her enemies. Elizabeth's ministers had long been waiting for some signal instance of the captive queen's enmity, which they could easily convert into treason : and this was not long wanting. 8. About this time (A.D. 1586), one John Ballard, a popish priest, who had been bred in the English ■LIZABITH. 185 •flrniiuury at Rb«ims, r«0olyed to oompAM the death of the qut^n, whom he coneidered as the enemy of his religion ; and with that gloomy resolution came over to England in the disguise of a soldier^ with the assumed, name of captain Fortescue. He bent his endeavours to bring about at once the project of an assassinationi an insurrection^ and an invasion. 9. The first person he addressed himself to was Anthony Babington^ of Dethic^ in the county of Derby, a jona^ gentleman of good family, and possessed of a very plentiftU fortune* This person had been long remarkable for his zeal in the catholic cause, and in particK.»/ for his attachment to the captive queen. He, ther re, came readily into the plot, and procured the ooncui -^ce and assistance of some otner associates in this dang( inder- taking. 10. The next step was to apprise Mary of the conspiracy formed in her fiivour : ana this they effected by oonvejrine their letters to her, oy the means of a brewer that supplied the fiimily with ale, through a chink in the wall of her apartment. In these, Babington informed her of ft design laid for a foreign invasion, the plan of an insur- rection at home, the scheme for her delivery, and the conspiracy for assassinating the usurper by six noble gentlemen, as he termed themj all of them his private friends, who, from the zeal which they bore the catholic cause, and her majesty's service, would undertake the tragical execution. 11. To these Mary replied, that she approved highly of the design ; that the gentlemen might expect all the rewards which it should ever be in her power to confer; and that the death of Elizabeth was a necessary circumstance, previous to any further attempts, either tor her delivery or the int< ided insurrection. 12. The plot being thus ripe for execution, and the evidence against the conspirators incontestable, Walsing- ham, who was privately informed of all, resolved to suspend their punishment no longer. A warrant was accordingly issued out for the apprehension of Babington and the rest of the conspirators, who covered themselves with various disguises, and endeavoured to keep themselves concealed. But they were soon discovered, thrown into prison, and brought to trial. In their examination they contra- dicted each other, and the leaders were obliged to make a full confession of the truth. Fourteen were condemned and executed; seven of whom died acknowledging their crime. ^, \> O^ ^•J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) //^^*^i^ ^ 1.0 I.I i:.25 y£|28 ■ 50 ^^" Sf 1^ 12.0 25 2.2 ILL !■■■ U |l^ Hiotographic Sdeoces Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WnSTIR,N.Y. USM (716)872-4503 6^ 186 HISTORY Of INOfiAND. 13. The ex«DBtio]i ^f these w9etohe4 laoieii only |ff6|iftred the wfjy for One of still greater 4n|]^rt(injOej, in which » cftptive qneen was to submit to the unjust decision of those whs had «o right but th«t of pington's coniqa^racy. This chai!ge was supi)orted by Babingtott'S coin&ssio9, and by t|ie c^es whiii^h were taken of thehr corre^^ondenoc^ m which hec jkpprobali(K|i of Use queen's imuider was •e^preasly dechured«r>{|^ watehe6 were first brought into England from G^rmanj.. In 1579, a proolamatipp was issued, loohibitli^ the enlarging of the city or London ; to effect which, it was ordered that no new houses should be built within, three miles of the gates of the city< In the samfs year the Turkey Gompanjr was established. 1a 1580, the use of coaches was nrst intijodi^oed into Jlqgland by the earl of Arundel. Befbre t]»at time the (|ueen, on puhJiic occa- sions, rode on horseback b^ind her ch^berlaixu In the year 1580, also, Francis Brak«, the first English- man who circumnatigated the glob^ returned firom his voyage. He brought home with him immense treasures, which he had takentfromthe Sjpamards; and majaiy of Uie ISnglish CQurtieqrs, dreading tihe Spanish DOP^ Elir zabeth to discountenance the gallant adventurer. But the queen, who admired valour, and was allured by the prospects of sharing the booty, conferred on him the honour of kmght- hood, ana accepted a banquet from him at D^tford, on board tiie ship which had achieved so memorable a voyage. Queitiotu for ExamkuitUm. 1. Where did Hary fly tfter Iierdeftat alLanggide 7 2. Where Wis she oonfined ? 8. Deseribe tiie elAraeter of tiie doike of SToriblk? 4. Of whtt w«« hedeeiroiis f 5. What were the designs of the duke of Norfblk ? 6. What were the consequences T 8. What conspiraey was now fsmied In Mary's fiivonr f 10. By what means wa^ JUry ifUGorned of it f 12. What WaA the fote of the conspirators ? 14. What was the ptinotpal bhai^ alleged Mihitt Mab^t 15. What flwonrs wererpAised her preiioMlo hereentenoe? 188 BI8T0B7 OF UIOLAND. SECTION m. DeiJeeled pity by her dde. Her sonlHRibdnmg T d# ^dUND. accotint of her religion, ha/l produced in her a dtiatte of bigotry in her later years ; and such weile the preralent spirit and principles of the ag& that we need not wonder if her zeal, her resentment, andf her interest unitiiig, indneed her to giye consent to a design which conspirators, actuated IJO" the first of these motives only, had fbm^ i^nM the Ine- of Elisabeth. In contemplating the contentions of mankind, we And almost ever ooth sides culpable ; Mary, who Mrtts- stained with crimes that deservedimntshmeiit, wm pot tod(^tb( by a princess who had ito just pretensions to indict punishment oh her eqixal. 11. In the mean time, Philip, king of Spain, who had long mec^tated the destittctic^ of Ei^land, and whose ex- tensiTe power save him j^uuds to hpe for success, now be^n to put lis projects into exeanish army was composed of men well-disciplined, atid long inured to danger. " ' •lifS' ^ififfik«K¥ft. j; IM 14. Although the Euglish fleet was much inferiur in num- ber and size of shipping to that of the enemy, yet it was much moFC^ manage^^ble; the dexterity and cburage of the mariners being greatly superior. Lord Howard of Effine- ham, a tnaii ofMit courage and capacity, as lord admind^, took upon hitt me eomlnand of the navy. 15. DMike, Hawkins, and Frobtsher, the most renowned Burnett in iEhsrope, sefved under him ; while a small squai^ dron, consisting or forty Vessels, English and Flemish, com- manded']^ IcTO S€yfnoui»y lay off Dunkirk, in order to iiltero^ the dtikc of Parma.* This was the preparation made hf the English; while all the Protestant powers in Eurepe re|arded the enterprise as the critical erent whieh was to decitie- Ibi eter the fkte of their reli^on. \ Qf^ettixmi f OP Examination. 2. WlXk what rnmouimwip th9 idngdom filled? 6. To whotot WM «he ytmtnskicrMnrfHi deftth cMilr^Ndf 6. 7. 8. jSeMie tbo pwrtienl^if of hwr M^enttpur 9. Whftt WAS h«r Mhavloar at the nua honrf U. IVlio how to W U t i tw l the aCMtnietioiD of B&gland f What WM tbei oUef otjltot of jys sohemMr 12. Who wore hk prinoipol offloen? Whit was the imdimt of th6 Spttttish fbroesl 18. 'What was the naml^f of ihe SngOsh thiiNir 1^ Who eommanded them t 16. Whkt other preparationfl were made by the Eng^hr 192 filSTOBY Of lirOLAllD. SECTION IV. Dettraetton fbllowi wbere her iff If mm, And haughty Spaniftrdi itoop to BrttalB't qMtn.— ilnofi. 1. (A. D. 1688.) In the mean tiin«^ while the Spiuiiih armada was preparing to sail, the admiral Santa Cms died^ as likewise the yioe*admiral Palino) and the command of the expedition was given to the duke de MecUna Sidonia^ a person utterly inexperienced in sea afiUrs) and this, in some measura, served to frustrate the design. But some other accidents also contributed to its ftifure. 2. Upon leaving the port of Lisbon^ the armada the next day met with a violent tempest^ which sunk several of the smallest of their shipping^ and obliged the fleet to put back into har- bour. After some time roent in refitting^ thej again put to sea; where they took a fisherman, who gave them intelli- gence that the English fleet, hearing of the dispersion of the armada in a storm, had retired back into Plymouth ha^ hour, and most of the mariners were dischavged. 8. From this flUse intelligence^ the Spanish admiral, instead of going directly to the coast of Flanders, to take in the troops stationed there, as he had been instructed, resolved to sail ior Plymouth, and destroy the shipping laid up in that harbour. But Effingham, theJBnglish aamiral, was very well prepared to receive them *, he had just oot out of port when he saw the Spanish armada coming fan sail towards him, disposed in the form of a half moon, and stretching seven miles fh>m one extremity to the other. 4. However, the English admiral seconded by Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher, attacked the armada at a distance, pouring in their broad- sides with admirable dexteritv. They did not choose to en- ^;age the enemy more closely, because they were greatly inferior in the number of ships, guns, and weight of metal ; nor could they pretend to bom such lofty uiips without manifest dieadvantace. However two Spanish galleons were disabled and tf^en. 6. As the armada advanced up the channel, the English still followed, and infested their rear; and their fleet contbually increasing flrom different ports, they soon found themselves in a capacity to attack the Spanish fleet more nearly, and accordingly fell tqpon them while they were as yet taking shelter in the port of Calais. 6. To increase their conflision, Howard Uxk eight of his smaller ships, and filling them with eombustiblt materials, sent them, as if they had been fire-ships, om BUZABBTB. -«■• -f.t 198 be Spimuli kCrusdied, lommftiid of I Sldoniis.a ad thisy in But tome B. 2. Upon Bit day met the tmallest lokintoka'* again put to tbem intelli- diiperrion of S' mouth bar- . 8. From liead of going Q tbe troojpe ved to tail for that barbour. well prepared nrben be eaw bim, diepoeed en miles firom tbe Bnglish d Frobiibeij 1 tbeir broad- obooee to en- were greatly rbt of metal; hipB witbont isb galleons advanced up linfeeted tbeir tom different jity to attack [gly feU i^on K tbe port of toward to« eomboetibl* •bipi, OBf after tbe other, into the midst of the enemy. The Spaniuds, taking them for what they seemed to be, immediiUely took flight) in great disorder ; while the English, profiting by theit panic, took or destroyed about twelve of the enemy. ?. This was aAktal blow to Spain; the duke de Medina Sidonia, being thus driven to the coast of Zealand, held a council of war,i in which it was resolved, that, as tneir am- munition begiui to ^1, as their ships nad received great damage, and the.di:^e of Parma had refiised to venture his army under their protection, they should return, to Spain by sailing round the Orkneys, as the winds wero contrary to his passage directly bstck. 8. Accordingly thev pro- ceeded nordiward) and were followed by the £ng[lisa neet as fiur as Flan^rough-head, where they were terribly shat- tered < by a storm. Seventeen of the ships, having five thousaiMl men on board, were afterwards cast away on the Western isles, and the coast of Ireland. Of the whole armada, three-and-fifty ships only returned to l^fMun, in a miserable condition; and the seainen, as well as soldiers, who remained, 6nly served by their accounts to intimidate their countrymen £rom attempting to renew so dangerous an Qxpi^tion. 9. From being invaded, the English, in their turn, attacked the Spaniards. Of those who made the most signal figure in the depredations upon Spain, was the young ean of Essex, a nobleman of great bravery, generosity, and genius; ana fitted not only for the foromost ranks in war by his valour, but to conduct the intrigues of a court by his eloquence and address. 10. In all the masques which wero then performed, the earl and Elisabeth wero generally coupled as partners ; and although she was almost sixty, and he not half so old, yet her vanity overlooked the disparity ; the world told her she was young,, and she herself was willing to think so. This young earl's interest in the queen's affections, as may naturally hd supposed, promoted his interesto in the state ; and he conducted all things at his discrotion. 11. But young and inexperienced as he was, he at length began to fancy Uiat the popularity he possessed, and the flattmes he received, were given to, his merite, and not to his favour. In a deoate before the queen, between him and Burleigh, about the choice of a governor for Ireland, he was so healed in the argument, that he entirely forgot both the rules and (iuties of civility. 12. He turned his back on the queen in a contemptuous manner, which so provoked her resentment. lU ILAIID. veoollirtetiiigt faimMUSf tndliiiakMig^tht wtuniMJoa dtet?loi Imt MX andiatft^oB^ IwdAmed hi* hind'«9hi«>tinrd) and aiMta he wonkbnolrbMv aacnuaagB eran ftont har mica* Tblt oflbnoa, tiliough Teiy graa|> ivia» ovarloaltod l^thaiquaan} her Burtialit^ waa ao. pMWBnt^ thai aha> lainalatid iin in har wrmerlk^oiir, aodihcnkiiMroaaataaaBiadtoJHtyataoqnind nanT'fdrea* ftomitoat abort iatamntite) ci^waju^tatd r aaa nt - ment li». The* daath alao. oT hia lirttl, Lovi 9wlaigh) whieh happaned iahoitfjr ^ftar, ,aaamad*to coaHtmMBi pomar, iit tha^ time the' aari of Tjrroiia! headed^ tha^ TebaUioii» nik- tives ol^'Ireliaid*; "wlio^ not jat tfaorou^y^bvoiii^iinAoiattb- ieotion l^r the Eikgliah^ took- eivery* oppoitwutgr* toi make inoaraiona upon the mom otviliaad inhantanta^ a&dialaat aU they wera.' able t» overpoweri I4i To subdna theae wtm an emptoyBteot that BaaaBt* thovf^ woitiliy of hia* aashilionj nor were hia enemiaa^dfspleaaei at thiiaivemoving hhnifrou court) where he obalractad all their ^pvifwta- aim* ol^pacfa^ mentk But it ended, in* hia- nun. Inateadtof ^attaekinf > the enem^nin their-' oraiifltratMMit in Ulatory he>ledthiaiforee»into tha pforiiMe' or Mimateiy whem' hei onlf exhaHMted his streneth, and lost his opportuni^ against a peoplefaei retijred. Id; Thia iaeue of an entarpnae)- fmi which mnoh. w«8t ex- pected, did^ not) iiul to prov«ka the queen' noai senaiblji: and her> anger waft still: mo»B hei^Henad by, the ' peeviahKad impatient' letierawhschhedaihp wrote toiher'andftbaooaBcil. But her resentment aoainat him' waa stiU mora jnstljp let looser wh0» she ftmnd tiunt, le«ryitig> tfao piaoe of his-apfmni- ment^ and witthont any pannisaHMi diMna&ded ov^ obtiuned, he^retumed^fiwm B«liady to mahe> hia* complainta to henelf inpenom 16i Thou|^> EHsEabath waa jtistljr oflbndad^ ytt he soon won iiiK)n her temper to nafdon'him. Be was now' ordered to continue a prisoner in ni» ovm hoaaatill Uie^queen^B Air ther- {Measure should be known^ and it ifr probalMe that tbe discretion of' a few months mighl haf« reinstated him in all hit i&rmep emptoymentSj biit the impetoosity of his cha- raetiBP woukf not sufibiv mm to wait ror a iriow redress of ^at'heoonfddered as wrongs: and the queen' »reftisiag his request to^continue him in possession' of a lucrative mono- poly of 'sweet wines, which he had long enjoyec^ spurred him on to the most violent- and' guilty measures; (A. D. leOO.) 17. Having long^ built with fi)nd< cradttiKf on Im HiIBAillTlt. 196 Mt popolaritj^ he h^pok to hopa, from thm MditUM of IhftgUMy miliitaciay thai revengt upon his enemiM in oonn- oil) whieh h« lupposed wm denied him fh>m the throne. His greatest dependence wae upon the profeMions of the citisens of Lonclony whoee eohemee of religion and govern* ment he i^peared entirely to approve ; and while he grati- fied the pumane, hy railins at the ^vemment of the church, he pleased the enviounL by exposing the faults of those in Eower. 18. Among, other oriniiaal proieots. the result of lind r^;e and despair, it was resolved that Sir Christopher Blount) one of his creatures, should, with a choice detach- ment, possess himself of the palace gates ; that Sir John Davis snould seise the hall ; sir Charles Dan vers, the guard- chamber; while Essex himself should rush in fVom the Mews, attended by a body of his partisans, into the queen's presence, and entreat her to remove his and her enemies, to assemble a new parliament, and to correct the defects of the present administration. Quuiiom for Exammation. 1. 2. WhstwmreflieoiroiuDstSirawttaatMiitrilratsdto retard ttaetrmsda? I4« Owerlbe the gsUsnt eondnet of tiie BngUsh f 7. 8t What were the conBeqneneesf 9. what waa the charaoter of the earl of Eaaexf 12. HOW did he behave to the queen f ]& What expedition did he: undertake? 11 What waa hia auooeaaf IS. 16. Ih what manner did he increaae th»qiieen'a reaentment? 17. From whom did Eaaex expeot aariatanceP 18. On what project did he afterwarda roaolvef SECTION V. Baleiffh, with hopea of new diaeoveriea fired, And all the deptha of hnman wit inapired, WoveA o'er the weetem world in aearoh of flune, Adding flreah glory to Eliza'a name.— Dr. Einff. 1. (A. D. 1601.) While; Essex was deliberating upon the manner in which he should proceed, he received a pri- vate note, by which he was warned to provide for his own safety. He now, therefore, consulted with his friends, touching the emeigenpy of their situation ; they were desti- tute of arms and ammunition, while the guards at the palace were doubled, so that any attack, there would be fruitless. 2. While he and his confidants were in consultation, a per- son, probably employed by his enemies, came in, as a mes- sengeri ihom the citizens, with tenders of friendship and 196 HUTORT Oy INOLAND. attflifltance against all his adverearies. Wild ai ih« project was of raising the city in the jireeent terrible oonjunoture^ it was resolved on j but the execution of it was delayed till the day following. 8. Early in the morning of the next day, he- was attended by his friends, the earls of Rutland and Southampton, the lords Sandes^ Parker, and Monteagle, with three huiidred persons of distinction. The doors of Essex-house were im- mediately locked, to prevent all strancers from entering ^ and the earl now discovered his scheme tor raiBin|; the oitymore Ailly to all the conspirators. In the mean time^ sir Walter Raleigh sending a message to Feidinando Oeorgesy this officer had a conference with him in a boat on the Thames, and there discovered all their proceedings. 4. The earl of Essex, who now saw that all was to be hazarded, resolved to leave his house, and to sally forth to make an insurrec- tion in the city. But he had made a very wron^ estimate in expecting that popularity alone would aid him m time of danger; he issued out with about two hundred followers, armed only with swords: and in his passive to the city was joined by the earl of Bedford and ford Cromwell. 6. As ne .passed through the streets, he cried aloud, ^'For the queen I for the queen! a plot is laid for my life;" hoping to engage the populace to rise ; but they had received oraers from the mayor to keep within their houses, so that he was not joined by a sinele person. 6. In this manner, attends! by a few of his followers, the rest having privately retired, he made towards the river ; and, taking a boat, amved once more at Essex-house, where he began to make preparations for his defence. .But his case was too desperate for any re- medy from valour | wherefore, after demanding in vain for hostages and conditions from his besiegers, he surrendered at discretion, requesting only civil treatment and a fair and impartial hearing. 7. Essex and Southampton were immediately carried to the archbishop's palace at Lambeth, whence they were the next day conveyed to the tower, and tried by the peere on the nineteenth of February following. Little could be urged in their defence; their guilt was too flagrant; and though it deserved pity^ it could not meet an acquittal. Essex, after cvindemnation, was visited bv that religious horror whieh seemed to attend him in all his disgraceH. He was terrified almost to despair by the ghostly remon- strances of his own chaplain; he was reconcilea to hii ILIKABITH. 197 • projwt ilftjed till npiODt the « were im- »ring} and e cityinore , Bir Vtlter jorges, this he Thames, The eail of ed, resolved an ineiirrec- >ng eitimate m in tiuoe ol ed followew, the city was iwell. 6. As A «For the life-," hoping soeived orders ) that he was iner. attended lately retired, arrived once I preparations ite for any re ig in vain for ,e surrendered "tnda fair and Qttoen Elinbetb ilgBlnff the dMtb-wamwt of Sasez. enemies, and made a AiU oonfVfision of his conspiracy. 8. It is alleged upon this occasion, that he had strong hopes of pardon from the irresolution which the queen seemea to discover before she signed the warrant for his execution. She had given him formerly a rin|, which she desired him to send her in any emergency of this nature, and that it Rliould procure his safety ana protection. This ring was actually sent by the countess oi Nottingham, who, being a concealed enemy to the unfortunate earl, never delivered it; while Elizabeth was secretly flred at his obstinacy in mak- ing no application for mercy or forgiveness. 9. The fact lA, Bhe appeared herself as much 'an object of pity as the unfortunate nobleman she wag induced to condemn. She Rigned the warrant for his execution | she countermanded it; she again resolved on his death^ and again felt a new return of tenderness. At last she gave her consent to his execution, and was never seen to enjoy one happy day more. 10. With the death of her fiivourite Essex, all Elizabeth's pleasures seemed to expire; she afterwards went through the business of the state merely fVom habit, but her satisfac- tions were no more. His distreii was more than sufficient to destroy the remains of her conititution t and her end wau now visibly seen to approach. Her voice soon after left her ; she fell into a lethargic slumber, which continued some tn HUTOBir «■> lIHtfiAlfD. hours: and she J expired gentlY, r; without a groa% in the seyentieth year of liter age^ Hid Hie fortjr^h Of her reign. 11. Her character diffisred i^'liier circninnianeefi ; in the beginning she was moderate mMlJiitt(|tblefiowaidB the end of her reign haughty and «iBtevkii% Adttir %«t^^l^rmB at the age of fiixtjt^^ iwas ihi tilNBt road tdlifr iif onr and esteem. ,, ' ■'■.-'■■ ' ■''■■■^■ 12. But whatever w^re i^irjMfrsQ&al defects, as « fueen Bhe is ever to be teli i i f W i e M i by the fit^ish with mtttude. It is true; inicid/<^haA'aAi«%sitied|ij6r^'^ ment to its h^^^t jril^%c^hi^ W ^&s^t^ alldwy iu that assembly ^lat «M^^^Q|Ai. ll^ His tro^in^^ manner, that the English, during her reigi^, were put in possession of no new or splendid acquisitions 5 but commerce was daily growing up amon^ thenfi, and'the people began to find that the theatre of their truest conquests was to^ ei^bdt^ odvimeroial that ittbmitted long to^jslanrety. IMiti^fc WWII iBIIiiiniitirt »nuimM '^ ^fc*» niwrinn f #tlie4tirtliofiaWb«IU7 nnilY ....UW OMnlVlI SSi^ttx 'CUMMM Jil^ii|Mror« fetdiniad .«« J HslioiMtni UM floiiiiiwir — PlilUpn T....U66 S • ^ • • • ••• f 8i|(liiilMll[uohS7,ieB6. BegM|itoi«ici|]fftroii24,1608. I^eign. ed 32 yetn orer Great Biltaltt, n yean (newly) oyer Scotlind. Now, on fbe great and dorions qneen'i demise, 1M S«6tiBh Jameilier'^Mimt place i«i|»pli^ Uidllng into one* both erowu ne elaim. And tben, ooi^miotirely* Grioat Britain ntaam.—Efferton. 1. (A. D. 1603.) JiMis the Sixth of Scotland, and the First of Enl^andy' the son of Mary, eame to the throne with the universal approbation and sir Walter Baleigh, who were all condemned to die, but had their sentence mitigated by the king. Gobham and Gre^ were pardoned after they had Md thehr heads on the block. Balei^ was reprieved, but remained in confinement many years afterwards, and at last suffered for his offense, -wl^cl was never proved. 3. Mild as tlds monarch was in toleration, there was a project contrived in the very Winning of his reign for the re^establishmettt of popery, which^ were it not a fact known to all the world, coiud scarcely be credited by posterity. This was the gunpowder plot, than which a more horrid or terrible scheme never entered into the human heart to con- ceive. 4. The Roman Catholics had expected great favour and indulgence on the accession of James, both as a descendant of Maiy, a rigid GaUioUc, and also as having shown some partiality to that religion in his youth ; but they soon disco- vered their mistake, and were at once sun>rised and enraged to find JameSj on all occasions, express his resolution of strictly exercising the laws enacted against them^ and of jaer- severing; in the conduct of his predecessor. Tins declaration determined them upon more desperate meiisures ; and^hey at length formed a resolution of destroying the king and both houses of parliament at a blow. The sch^ne was ^ broachd by Robert Gatesby, a gentleman of good ptffts and ancient family ; who conceived that a traiii of gunpowder iAiitB t ^01 might be 60 plisiced under the parliament-house as to blow up the kine and aH the members at once^ 6. How horrid soever the contrivance might appear, yet every member seemed faithful atid secret in the league: and about two months before the sitting of parliament they nired a house, in the name of Percy, adjoinmg to that in which the parliament was to assemble. T. Their first intention WAB to bore a way under the parliament-house from that which they oo^bupied, and they set themselves labouring at the task ; but when they had pierC^ the wall, which was three yarns in thicknesi, on am>K>aching the other side they were surprised to find that the noose was vaulted miiderneath, and that a magazine of coals was usually deposited there. 8. From their disappointment on this acoomit. they were soon relieved, by information that the coals were then sell- ing ofi) and that the vaults would then be let to the highest bidder. They therefore seized the c^portunity of hiring the place, and bought the remaining quantity of coals with which it was then stored, as if for their own use. 9. The ifext thing done was 'to convey thither thirty-six barrels of gunpowder, which had been purchased in Holland; and the whole was covered with coals and fagots, bought for that purpose. Then the doors of the cellar were boldly thrown open, and every body admitted as if it contuned nothing dangerous. 10. Confident of succesE^ they now began to plan tiie re- maining part of their project. The king, queen, and prince Henry, the king's eldest son, were all expected to be present atthe opening of the parliament. The king's second son, by reason of his tender age, would be absent, and it was resolved that Percy should seize or assassinate him. The princess Elizabeth, a child likewise, was kept at lord Har- rington's house ir Warwickshire; and sir Everard Digby was to seize her, and immediately proclaim her queen. 11. The day for the sitting of parliament now approached. Never was treason more secret^ or ruin more apparently in- evitable: the hour was expected with impatience, and the conjspirators gloried in their meditated guilt. The dreadfal secret^ though communicated to above twenty persons, had been mviolably kept during the space of a year and a half. When all the motives of pity, justice, and safety were too weak, a remorse of private friendship saved the kingdom. 12. Sir Henry Percy, one of the conspirators, condeived a design of saving the life *of lord Monteagle, his intimate 202 HISTOET ^OV INQLAND. ■'i4 rriend and companioa, who also was of ih» same.jpMfoiuitOB with himself. About ten dajs bsfore the meeting of ipartia' ment) this nobleman, iipon his retuvn to towvii. reeenred a letter from a ,per8onMUiMcaQWiiy.aod <]jeUiFeMd;% .one who fled as soon as. he hitd disohiMri^ his messi^ 13. The letter wa« to this ^!b9t: ^'IM^ lord, ttaytawi^ ftom this parliament! forGofiand man have ^oiioufiedj^ipiiiiish the wichcidRMs ^f thA Unilfl* And thmk not sfiglUiy of this advertisementy but 4reliie yourself into 5oar ^onntj, irhere you may nxpeot the e^eetin safiity. »For though there be no appewrenoe of !any;SJlary^ the next morniujg, the matches and othtif oombustUMes hM^ found in his pockets. The whole 4eenga was now -^aeo- rered; but the Atrociousness of his >guilty and the 4eegMir sf pardon Inspi^g h^m wth resolution, he t(^ the officers 'of justice, with aa uiMJauntad aae^ 4hML hmi he blown 4hem jumI himself up t^^gfther, he iMd been.h^py. )3Mm U|e eoui- «il hCidispkyM^.iitame'iAtmpidiraM miivd even with 9kJ/BKBt, 808 SilKttfd of Otty Fftwk«s. «oom and diacUUny veAising to discover his assooiaties, and showinc do oonoarii but for the failure of his enterprise. iBut his bola spirit wai at length subdued ; being confined in the Tower for two or three days, and the rack just shown him, his cottraff«, ikitigued with so long an effort, at last filled him^ and he made a Aill diaooverj of all lue aeoomplioes^ Quittioiufor EaDamimtwn. I. WhoiMoeedediiUMbethT 8. Wlwt (KNMplrMjr WM Mt on Hemt at the commenoement of thJi reign ? 8, Wbftt project wu oontrired fbr the re-establishment of popery T 5. By whom wm it ftnt broftohed r 6^. In whet KftBMr wm tho project endeeroursd to bo carried Into •ftotf 10. Who were expected to be preiont at the opening of parliament? II. To how many penoni had the plot been revealea? 18. What dretuniHUMe lared the kingdom f 18. What were the oontenti of Feroy^s letter ? 16. Who wailbe flnt to.dlMovtr the meaning of the letter? M. OanyourelatelAieffleamireetekentopreirentfhbatmreliettdeddanger f 17. What WBi the name of the person engiq^d in this enteqwise ? and what wai hli oonduot on being discovered ? SECTION n. • TetXatelghleftadeathleMname, To learalBi deari and dear to iune.'-IHbdiin. 1. 5.) Oavbsbt, Pevcj, and the eou^iators who wftf in London, hearing that Fawkei was annstdL fled with all ipeed to Warwickshire, where sir Ererard 204 ttlSTOBT OV IMOLAND. Digbj, i^iyiog oh the sucoess of the plot, was already in arms. But the country soon began to take the alarm; and, whererer they turned, they Yonnd a euperior force rettdy to oppose them. 2. In this ezifleBee^ beset on all sides, itey resolved, to the nuinbar of Aout «ght^ p^sons, to fly no further, out to inalce » staxid at a house m warwidkiriiire. to defend H to the laart^ md sell their lives as dea^]^ as poesiole. But ev^ this ^niseimble consolation was dem«d Uiem; a spark of {bre hapiietting to fiiU among some gunpowder that was laid to dry^ it blew up^ and so maimed the ptHncipal oonspiratoR^ that the sumvors resolved to open the gate, and sally out against tiiie multitude that surrounded the house. 3. i3ome Were instantly cut to pieces j Gatesby, Percy, and Winter^' standing back to back, fought long and de&qierately, till in tile end the two first fell covered with wounds, and Winter WAS tmken alive. Those that survived the slaufl^ter were tried and convicted j several fell bv the handff of the executioner, and others experienced the Kin^s mercy. The Jesuits, Garnet and Oldcom, who were privy to Uie plot, snifered with tiie rest; and, notwithstanding the atrociousness of their treason, Garnet was considered by his party as a martyr, and miracles were said to have been wrought by his bipod. ^"^ 4. The saffactty with which the king first discovered the plot nused me opinion of his wisdom among the pe(^e, but the folly with which he gave himself up to his ikvou- rites quickly undeceived the nalion. (A.D. 1612.) In the first rank of these stood Robert Garr, a youth of a good family in Scotland, who, after having passed some time in his laBvels, arrivM in London, at about twenty years of age. All his natural accoBa|>li8hmettts consisted in a pleasing vi- sage ; and all his acquired abilities in an easy and graceful demeanour. 5. This youth was considered as a most rising man at court; he was knighted, created viscount Rochester^ ho- noured With the ordier of the garter, made a privy counsellor, and, to raise him to the highest (Htch of honour, he was at last created earl of Somerset. 6. This was an advancement which some regarded with envy ; but the wis^ part of mankind looked upon it with contempt and ridicule, sensible that ungrounded attachments are seldom of long con^nuance. Smne time after, being accused and convietedy firom private motives, of poisoning Sir Thomas Overbury m the Tower, he fell under the. king's JAMBS I. 205 displMunuw; And, being driTen fromcourt^ spent the remain' der of his life in oontempt and selAsonviction. 7. But the king had not btfen so improrident as to part with one fiiyonrite until he had provided himself with another. This was Oeoige Villiers, a jrouth of one and twenty, the younger brother of a good fiunily, who was retnmea about that time from his travels, and whom the enemies*of Somerset had taken oooasion to throw in the king's way, certain* that his beauty and ikshionable manners would do the rest. 8. Accordingly he had been plac^ at a comedy fiili in the king's view and immediately caught the monardi's affections. In the course of a few years, he was created viscount Yilliers^ earl, marquis, and duke of Buokin^htun, knight of the garter, master of the horse, chief justice in e;?e, warden of the cinque ports, mast«r of the kii^^'s bnioh office, stewaid of Westminster, constable of Windsor, and l
th» aAiFtntiiMrt wmi* UNOgbl torespeo^ tlMf ^und the Spimiwds had been waned of their Afiproaoh^ and were prepiured ia arms to reoeire them. Young Ba- lei^ to enoourage his m«n^, oallad out ^* Thait wae the true vinciy" meaning the towa of St. Thomae which he wae i^proaohiiig)' and ^^thainoaa but ftiola looked ibr any other:" buti juaima^ wae apaahiajS he raoaived a ahot^ of which he imae(Hately ^aqiNirea. Thia waa Ibllowad hy another dis- appoiataaeat f for when the Bngliah took poaaaaaioa of the jbowatheyH^uad aothingjait of any valuab. Ui, JBul^g}! ia thia fork>ra aituiationi fouad now that all hisihopaa we«e oyer ^ and: aaw hia miafovtuaea etIU liurther aagta\!fi|ad b^Tj iib» raproachea of thoae whomi ha had uader takem tpiooimnan^ N^thiag oouki, be move dep)oisabl^ than his eituatioa, particularly wheaihe waa told thati h<^ muat be €tmMdiimk to Bmglan^; io aaawar for faia oonduct to the Inai^ 15^ Itia pi^teadiid thM haaiDployed.,inaay;ai<|tiflfie&, finit tio eagaga them to attaok tha Spaniah aetUemeaU at a tima xkf i paaM^aady fiuUng: of thaly, to xaaka hia eaaapa into Franca^, Butvall of thoaa piovlngc uaaucaaaaAil;, he; waa de- liineredrinlo the kingfa handaanalatriotly eataminad) aa well aa hia faUow-adTentiireni before the privy, oouooili., Count QandiBiiiar, the SpMuah ambaaa a d oiy laada* heavy oposplaints agaiaetrthei expeoitioa; and the kiac declared thai Baiei^ had, eq»eaa oadeira ta a^roid all. diaputea aad. hoaUUtiee agauiat: the ' Spaaiaardsi 1$, WhaBefore to. giye ihe court of iSfaia a pantieulaR iaatanca of hia Attaohmwity ha aigaed the wanant for hia axeaniion ) aoft for* the paaaant offeaca^ . but fer hisj former oon8|nniay< Thia; graai man died, with the aaiae! ihrtitudai ha> had teatified through lifo^ he obaerrad, aahafeltt the edge of the axe, that it waa a^aoarp but atBure remedy>fosh«dteBt«ifeMBedran,opiiiifiB wWok wa» peMdiar tDi hiBiial^' that< in. matndngi hia son Gbarleiy tlM'pvkioa qI Widci, any^aHianot btknni liiali otfrojah^ 5voiildibt»Tin» tnaAigr* of^ hinf hey tkevalbn^ waaoUmkto BMikj eitiier S^ tin* 'saitinile matoh, and he wae> tanghl ta think of^ thf laittlffi 2i Gondeaaarf iv^o wae an aamnador flrom the- oofort) pireemiw tliia wisak no- narch^S'pttiiality'to a» oroimed; head| mtai an oObr ^ the seoottd cmogfater of Spain' to; prinoe Ohariesf and ttiat he might lendtr ibe-teapiatioa iirciietiblei he 'gaire hopes of an iamieiHia IbMmia* niiich efaonld attend the prinoesa How- «fei^> thiV' waS' a> imratialion iriiich mur^not' likely^ soon to be*^iided^ and fteUrUie'timetiieideaiwas'flrtt started^ James Ba«r:ftra7ieafe^la)pee« witiioat bringing^ the' treaty to'any kind ofoenelBSlbn^ 3. A d^H^'Of this kind waa WT7'di8|)lea8inff>to the king, niio had ril alone air ^e on the greattr fortune of the priftoeeiBt nor nM" it leSB> 4isagreeatt« to^ prinoe< Chariea indio^ Iflred iif^iMtil'tiie^idiea^ of lomantio jiaseiony was in love Withont enr seeing" th» objeet* of lus aflbettons. In this general tedhttn of dekiy, a piojeott entered tii» head of Villiers^ wilo^ had' ft» seue^ year^ ruled^ the king with absolute antherity, that< waa flUerto be^oonoeiTed by the knighi of a ronianee than by a minister and at statesman. 4v It was projeeteei^ that^ the pilnee should' himself ttaTel- in disguise iBto- Spain) imd visit the^ prtncess of that* oonntry in- person. Backini^tam, who: wanted to^ ii^^pratiate himself wiUi the pitoc^ dRirM'to be' llie oompamon : and the king^ whose business it* was'ta check sowfld a^^seheme^ gaif^ his» consent to this hopeful proposaL 6; Their adyentures on this strange project would fill novdsj and have actually been made the* suli^eet of many. Charlea was the kuight'erranl^ and Buekij^i^am^ waa< im^ equin. The mat(^ however, 208 HIITOBT OF UfOLAND. broke off, for what reasons histOflaiiB do npi assign ; bdt, if we may credit the novelists of tliat time, the pirinoa ha4 al- ready fixed his affections upon the daughter of HenrjIV. of France, whom he married shortly after. 6. It may be easily supposed that these mismanagements were seen and felt by the people. The house of commons was become by this time qu^te unmanageable} the prodigality of James to his fayourites had made his neceissities so many, that he was contented to sell the difl^nt branches of his prerogative to the commons, one after the other, to procure supplies. In proportion as they perceiyed his wants, they found out new grievance; and every grant of money was sure to come with a petition for redress. The struggles be- tween him and the parliament had been growing more and more violent every session ; and the very last advanced their pretensions to such- a decree, that he beigan to take the alarm : but these evils, which the weaknless of this monarch had contributed to aive birth toy fell upon his succeseor^ 7. These demesne troubles were attended by others still more important in Germany, and which produced in the end most dan||erous efi'eoCe. The king's eldest daughter had been mamed to Frederic, the elector palatine of Germany ; and this prince, revolting against the emperor Ferdinand the Second, was defeated in a decisive battle, and obli^ to take reftige in Holland. 8. His affinity to the English crown, his misfortunes, but particularly the Protestant rel%ioii, for which he had contended, were strong motives to the. people of England to wish well to his cause; and frequent ad- dresses were sent from the commons to induce James to take a part in the German contest, and to rejdace the exiled prince upon the throne of his ancestors. 9. James at first attempted to ward off the misfortunes of his son-in-law by negotiation, A. D..1620 ; but this proving utterly ineffeotual, it was at lapt resolved to rescue the palatinate from the em- p^r by force of arms. Accordinjgly, war was declared against Spain and the emperor ; six thousand poen were sent over into Holland, to assist prince Maurice in hie schemes a^ain^ those powers; the people were every- where elated at the courage of their king, and were satisfied with any war which was to exterminate the papists. 10. This army was followed by another, consisting of twelve thousand men, commanded by count Mansfeldt; and the court of France promised its assistance. But the English were disappointed in all their views; the troops being em- Ai.. $4MM L 209 UMKM M vowwrj Upon Moiing to uftuus ui^ ft>viid no ftr ^ifit MAttdrnkm. Aiker Mtuur in Mn jRv tomt thaj wens ttUigsd to imI to«ti4a ZMliody wbort no .. roeMores were yet conoerted for their dkeaarbMlNition. 11. Meanwhile a peaiilential diaeaee crept in among the forcee. BO long cooped up in narrow reeeen; hfldf the armir diea while on board ; and the other hal( weakened bj sioknesa. appeared too small 4 b64^4o BUttdhiihtt) the palatinate ; and tnue ended this ill-concerted and fruiUeie expedition. 12. Whether tips mitfortwie hid wny effect upon James' constitution is uncertain ; but |ie was joon after seised with a tertian ague, which, wbsn 1m iCiWittlers assured him from the proTerb that it was health for a king^ he replied, that the proverb was made for a young khig. (A.D. 1626.) After 8ome fits he found himsi^ evtvemely wakened, and sent for the prince, whMS he aahartod to persevcie :in the Pro- testant religion : then, pre p Muring Wlti ^eoeney and courage to meet his eno, he expiredr «ner a xefgn over Efg^d of twentjitwo 7efur% an4 kt ^ wlyriiinth jwtofh^^gfi. QntsMiiii At JEmmmImMsii. 4 W^prato^wjtoiMdlSn^ t! aew JkUhs'iw aw i«Nj»M staBt est tewa>^ Jynef i»iili>i OONTBMPORARV 9OT8RBt0NB. CHaiatTIlI.. 16M I Bodolphi ^ Xiiltiihil... IMinsndu. m ▲etaMtl I. 1808 Oinuukl.......... Mtiiili^lia I. te- &S^:;.:::: a BMIVBNT PBBSQK9. Hfngt qt Slpafnand FbillpUI iwr ■w IT. 16» 8i|taMttd .. VM GMrlMl^ 1^ GiMttt tiuti^TVBn l6^ . HMuypifMeerWtftt. Owr,««H9r8o«i6iMik yiniM«^d«kMfBuell^ |JitM«r«ilBmXsidtt^ a«i»]rOeie7iloe«l^idUud. G.GiaTwtriort o 810 untoEY Of niQiAMt). Bdtiaore, Bobtrt Gftnjr, mtI of MomMitli. Sir K. CmU. Mil of iftlk. bwTf BtBr7Hoin|i4t.Mwlof NorttMBBtOBt LordohnotUorlUMMre, 8irF«ditOraTfflt,kii«Bfook». oToim, o«rl ofTotBM. W.Hiibort, Mri or PMibrolM. air Dwiloy CirttteB, rfaoomit Dow fc itle r . B.CmU, TllpOIUll WteMtdoBf *•. *o. OHAPTflB XXVm. GHABLES !• ^ Bon 1600. DMJamiuylOflMA. BogMitorelin]kAroba7,ieaB. Seign* •dm yMM. SECTION L Tbd moBtfoli'f daedi fhall Ium aUowanee olaink, Wtth whom too oflta, to « BMkm't ikaao. e hi ooiii it TJftio mAmtiiortBno toUmo,««-i)<6dK>t« 1. (A.D. 1625.) Fur jMritfees «ver ateended the thifbne with more apparent advaniagee than Charles ; and libner eter enoonntered more real di^Mnlties. Indeed, he undertook the reins of govemment widli a ibied persuasion that his popularity was suffioient to wnj every measure. 2. He had been loaded with a^ treaty for defending the prince palatin^ his brotheHn-lftW^ in ue last rdgii; sind the war deolared for that porpose was to ba oanried on with vigour in this. But war was more easily declared' than supplies granted. After some reluctance, the cOmmotis VOtea him two subsidies; a sum far from being suffioient to support him in his inteiided equipnaent 3. To supply the want of parliamentary aid, Charles had recourse to some of the, ancient methods of extortion, prac- tised bpr sovereigns when in necessitous circumstances. That kmd of tax called a benevolence was ordered to be exacted, and privy seals were issued accordingly. With this the people were obliged, though reluctantly, to eomplj; it was in fiict authorized by many ijrecedents } but no pre- cedent whatsoever could aive a sanction to injustiQe. 4. After an inefibctuaf expedition to Cadiz, another at- tempt was made to obtain supplies in a m6re reguli^ and constitutional manner than before. Anotiier parliament was accordingly called; and (houeh some steps were taken to exclude the mere popular leaders of the last h<»ise of com- mons, by nominatmg them. as sheriflb of, counties, yet the. present parliament seemed more refractory than: thB former. OBAftLM I. * 211 4 the throne and libnv eter he undertook uion that hia mure* ^* ^* IS the priaw ; jtnd the var on with vigour than BUppliefl ^ voted mm ent to support i, Charles had Bxtortion, prac- circuzDStancee. ordered to b« rdingly. Witli tly, to comply; tej but no pre- justioe.^ ia, another at ire regul^ and ■ parliament w»8i *were taken ^ „ house of COB- ount^es, yet tiie hfttt tlae formtr. 5. When the king laid kielure the lioam- liin necesHitiets and asked for a supplj, they votiNi him only three anbeidiee, which amounted to about nixty ihouffand i^ounds ; » sum no way adequate to the importanoe of the war, or (lie neceseities of the state. In order, therefbre, to gain a sufHcient supply, a oommisaion was openly granted to compound with the catholics, and Mnree for a difpensation of the penal laws against them. He borrowed a lum of money fVom the no* buity, whose contributions came In bttt slowly. 6. But the greatest stretch of his power wae In the levying of ship- money. In order to eauip a fleet (at least this was the pretence made), each or the maritime towns was required, with the assistance of the adjacent counties, to arm as many vessels as were appointed them. The city of London was rated at twenty snipe. This wae the commencement of a tax^ which, afterwards, being carried to such violent lengths, created such discontents in the natkm. 7. War being soon after declared against France, a fleet was sent out, under the command of Buckingham, to relieve Uoohelle^ a maritime town in that kingdom, that had long enjoyed its privileges, independent of the French king } but that had for some time embraced the reformed religion, and now was besieged with a formidable army. This expedition was as unfortunate as that to the coast of Spain. 8. The duke's measures were so ill concerted, that the inhabitants of the city shut their gates, and reftised to admit allies, of whose coming thev were not previously informed. Instead of attacking we island of Olderon. which was fertile and de* fenceless, he bent his course to tne isle of Bh4, which was garisoned and well fortlfled. He attempted there to starve out the garrison of St. Martin's castle, which was plentifully supplied with provisions by sea. U. By that time the French had landed their forces privately at another part of the island ; so that Buckingham was at last obliged to retreat, but with such precipitation, that two thirds of his army were cut to pieces before he could re^nibark, though he was the last man of the whole army that quitted the shore. 10. This proof of his personal courage, however, was but a. small subject of consolation for the disgrace which his country had sustained, for his own person would have been the last they would have regretted. U. The contest between the king and the commons every ^7 grew warmer. The oiflceri of the custom-house were summoned before the commons, to give an account by what 2i^ ttistoAr 01^ jBNauLMi>i authority they seized the goods of the merchants who had refused to pay the duty of tonnage and poundage, which they allegecf was levied without the sanction of law. The barons of the exchequer were examined concerning their decrees on that head j and the Sheriff of London committed to the Tower for his activity in supporting the custom-house officers. 12. These were bold measures ; but the commons went still further, by a resolution to examine into religious grievances, and a new spirit of intolerance began to appear, A. D. 1629. The king, therefore, resolved to dissolve a parliament which he found himself unable to manage ; and sir John Finch, the speaker, just as the question concerning tonnage and poundage was going to be put, rose up, and informed the house that he had a command from the king to adjourn. 13. The house upon this was in an uproar ; the speaker was pushed back into his chair, and forcibly held in it by HoUis and Valentine, till a short remonstrance was framed, and passed by acclamation rather than vote. In this hasty production, papists and Arminians were declared capital enemies to the state ] tonnage and poundage were condemned as contrary to the law j and not only those who raised that duty, but those who paid it, were considered as guilty of capital crimes. 14. In consequence of this violent procedure, sir Miles Hobart, sir Peter Haymen, Selden, Goriton, Long, and Strode, were, by the king's order, committed to prison under pretence of sedition. But the same temerity that impelled Charles to imprison them, induced him to grant them a release. 15. Sir John Elliot, Hollis, and Valentine were summoned before the king's bench ; but they, refusing to appear before an inferior tribunal for faults committed in a superior, were condemned to be imprisoned during the king's pleasure ^ the two former to pay a fine of a thousand pounds each, and the latter five hundred, and to find sureties for their good behaviour. The members triumphed in their sufierings, while they had the whole kingdom as spectators and applauders of their fortitude. 16. In the mean time, while the king was thus distressed by the obstinacy of the commons, he felt a much severer blow by the death of his favourite, the duke of Buckingham, who fell a sacrifice to his unpopularity. 17. It had been resolved once more to undertake the raising of the siege of Bochelle } and the earl of Denbigh, brother-in-law to Buck- CHARLES I. 213 J who )nJdA ige, which law. The ming their commHted Btom-house e commons to religious L to appear, dissolve a anagej and i concerning ose up, and om the king the speaker aeld in it by was framed, In this hasty lared capital •e condemned 10 raised that as guilty of ire, sir Miles I, Iiong, and ;ed to prison temerity that him to grant and Valentine they, refusing committed in ed during the of a thousand X) find sureties nphed in their as spectators in^ham, was sent thither^ bat returned without effectinff any thing. In order to repair this disgrace, the duke of Buck- ingham went in person to Portsmouth to hurry on another expedition, and punish such as had endeavoured to de- fraud the crown of the legal assessments. 18. In the general discontent that prevailed against that nobleman, it was daily expected that some severe measures would be resolved on ] and he was stigmatized as the tyrant and betrayer of his country. There was one Felton who caught the general contagion, — an Irishman of good family, who had served under the duke as lieutenant but had resigned, on being refused his rank on the death of his captain, who had been killed at the isle of Rh6. 19. This man was naturally me- lancholy, courageous, and enthusiastic : he felt for the coun- try, as if lahouriqg under a calamity which he thought it in ilie, power of his single arm to remove. He therefore, re- solved to kill the duke, and thus revenge his own jHrivate in- juries, while he did service also to Qod and man. 20. Ani- mated in this manner with gloomy zeal and mistaken patriotism, he travelled down to Portsmouth alone, and entered the town while the duke was surrounded by his levee and giving out the necessary orders for embarkation. While he was speaking to one of his colonels, Felton struck him over an officer's shoulder in the breast with his knife. 21. The duke had only time to say, " The villain has killed me," when he fell at the colonel's feet, and instantly ex- pired. No one had seen the blow, nor the person who gave it; but a hat being picked up, on the inside of which was sewed a paper containing four or five lines of the re- monstrance of the conmions against the duke, it was con- cluded that this hat must belong to the assassin •, and while they were employed in conjectures whose it should be, a man without a hat was seen walking very composedly before the door, and was heard to cry out, "I am he I" 22. He disdained denying a murder in which he gloried ; and averred that he looked upon the duke as an enemy to his country, and, as such, deserving to suffer. When asked at whose instigation he had perpetrated that horrid deed, he answered that they need not trouble themselves in that in- quiry I that his conscience was his only prompter, and that no man on earth could dispose him to act against its dictates. He suffered with the same degree of constancy to the last ; nor were there many wanting who admired, not only his fortitude, but the action for which he suffered. 214 ■1.. HISTORY OV ENGLAND. Quettiotufor Examination. 1. Who flucoeeded James? 8—6. What methods were taken to procure Buppliesf 7—10. What sncoees attended Buckmgham's expedition to France? 11. What followed the contest between the king and the commons? 18. What uproar was excited by the king's command to adjourn? 14, 16. Under what pretence did the king send many of the members to prison? 17—21. Relate the circumstances which attended the assassination of the duke of Buckingham. What was the conduct of the assassain ? SECTION I. When civil dudgeon first grew high, And men fell out, they knew not vrhj.— Butler, 1. (A. D. 1627.) The king's first measure, now being left without a minister and a parliament, was a prudent one. He made a peace with the two crowns against whom he had hitherto waged war, which had been entered upon without necessity and conducted without glory. 2. Being freed from these embarrassments, he bent his whole attention to the* management of the intiernal policy of the kingdom, and took two men as his associates in this task, who still acted an under part to himself. These were, sir Thomas Went- worth, afterwards created earl of Strafford ; and Laud, after- wards archbishop of Canterbury. 3. While Laud, therefore, during this long interval, ruled the church, the king and Strafford undertook to manage the temporal interests of the nation. A declaration was dis- persed, implying that during this reign no more parliaments would be summoned ; and every measure of the king but too well served to confirm the suspicion. 4. Tonnage and poundage were continued to be levied by royal authority alone ; custom-house ofiicers received orders from the council to enter any house whatever, in search of suspected goods; compositions were openly made with papists, and their religion was become a regular part of the revenue. 5. The high commission court and the court of the star-chamber exercised their power, independent of any law, upon several bold innovators in liberty, whO' only gloried in their sufferings, and contributed to render govern- ment odious and contemptible. Prynne, a barrister at Lin- colns'-Iun ; Burton, a divine ; and Bastwick, a physician, were tried before this tribunal for schismatical libels, in which they attacked, with great severity and intemperate \i, QfiAELIS I. 215 dnation of the steal, the ceremonies of the Qhurch of England. They were condemned to be pilloried^ to lose their ears, and to pay five thousand pounds to the king. 6. Every year, every month, every day, gave fresh in- stances, during this long intermission of parliaments, of the resolution of the court to throw them off for ever ; out the levying of ship money, as it was called, bein^ a seneral burden, was universally complained of as a national griev- ance. This was a tax which had, in former reigns, been levied without the consent of parliament, but then the exigency of the state demanded such a supply. 7. John Hampden, a eentleman of fortune in Buckinghamshire, re- fused to comply with the tax, and resolved to bring it to a legal determination. He had been rated at twenty shillings for his estate, which he refused to pay ; and the case was argued twelve days in the exchequer chamber, before all the judges of England. 8. The nation regarded, with the utmost anxiety, the result of a trial that was to fix the limits of the king's power. All the judges, four only excepted, gave sentence in favour of the crown; while Hampden, who lost his cause, was more than sufificiently recompensed by the applause of the people. 9. The discontent and opposition which the kins met with, in maintaining episcopacy among his English 8iu)ject8 might, one would uiink, hinder him from attempting to in- troduce it among those of Scotland, where it was generally hateful. Having published an order for readine the litur^ in the principal church in Edinburgh, the people received it with clamours and imprecations. 10. The seditious disposi- tion in that kingdom, which had hitherto been kept within bounds, was now too furious for restraint, and the insurrec- tion became general over all the country, and the Scots flev> to arms with ereat animosity. 11. Yet still the king could not think of desisting from his design ; and so prepossessed was he in favour of royal right, that he thought the very name of king, when forcibly urged, would induce them to return to their duty. Instead, therefore, of fighting with his opponents, he entered upon a . treaty with them ; so that a suspension of arms was soon agreed ujpon, and a treaty of peace concluded, which neither side intended to observe; and then both parties agreed to disband their forces. After much altercation, and m^ny treaties signed and broken, both parties had recourse ,1 !l I i t]J6^ BISTORT OV mOLAND. 6009 mcxp# to tiBM, tucl notihiii^ but bloo4 eaaU Mtiilt tk* oontendtm. 12. War being thus resolved o% tke kiiig took every method as before |br raising money to Biipi»rt it Ship- money was levied as usuaT; some other aslntvary taxes were exaoted from the reluctant people with great sedreiityy but these were Ihr from being sufficient f and there now re- mainied only one method more^ the loBg-neglected method of a parliweneiitaiy itupply. 13. The new house of common^ however^ ooi^^ net be induced to treat the'Seots, who were of the same principles with themselves and contending lUraittst the saaae> ceremo- nies, as enemie» of the stato. They regarded them as friends and br^thct^s^ who first i*ose to teach them m duty it was incumbent! On all virtuous mnds to imitate^ The king, therefore, «duid teap no othef ilmitsiSrom thi» assem- bly than muntfurings and complaints* 14. Every method he had taken to sikp{)ly himself with money was declared an abuse, and' breach' of the oonstitotiott. The king, there- fore, findmg no hopes of a compliance with his requests, but recrimination instead of re plojed but in oases of necessity. These were, the hi^h commission court, and the court of starKshamber. A bill ananimously PMsed the houses to abolish both; and in them to annihilate the principal and most dangerous articles in the kin^^i prerogative. 20. In wa midst of these troubles an ineurrection in the northern counties of Ireland, accompanied by several acts of atrooiottf cruelty, exdtea great alarm throughout the empire. The insurgents might have been easily subdued; but the king's deputies in Ireland, eager to make their fortunes by trading in confiscations, averred, that all the cfttholics in the kingdom were involved in the guilt of this rebellion, and bv wicked arts changed the local disturbance into a general civil war. Many wanton murders were com- mitted on both sides; religious zeal added bitterness to political animosity ; the hatred of heresy by one party, and of popery by the other, led men to perpetrate and palliate crimes shocking to human nature. The war lasted several years ; four hostile parties had armies in Ireland, the native Irish, the descendants of the ep^rly settlers, usually called ''the lords of the pale,^' the royalists; and the puritans, who supported the surpremacy of the English parliament. The last party, thouch infinitely the weakest, finally tri- umphed vj taking advantage of the dissensions and errors of the other three. 21. The king, aware that he was already suspected of a secret attachment to popery, and that the northern Irish pretended to have hii authority for taking up arms, used every means in hie power to put down the rebellion. But he wes no longer able to efReet this desirable object ; the native Irish, and the lords of the pale, frequently deceived before, would not trust the royal promises; Parsons and Borlase, the lords justice of Ireland, refused to obey the I kiaf's commands ; i^nd tht Bnglish |parlianent gladly used 218 HISTORT OF BNOLAND. the Irish war as s pretext for]levymg sokUers; for.eTery one now dearlj foresaw that the disputes between the king and the parliament must finally be decided by the sword. Many insinuations were thrown out that he had himself fomented this rebellion, and no money could be spared for the extinction of distant dangers, when they pretended that the kingdom was threatened with greater at home^ It was now that the republican spirit began, to appear without any disguise in the present parliament ; and that party, instead of attacking the fiiults of the king, resolved to destroy monarchy. ^■f Questions for Examination. 1 ' What WM the king's flret meunre after Buckingham's death P 3. 8. By whom was the king ^Mdste^ in hisjioyernment ? 4. In what manner did tndcnfftom-house omeen exaot taxes? 6 . What is said respecting Hie court of star^jhamber ? 6. What tax was the vaom generally eomplaiiied of? 7, 8. By whom was the tax of ship-money opposed ? and what wdre the consequences f 9— 12. What produced an insurrection in Scotland, imd afterwards war? 18. How were the Scotch regarded by ihe new parliament? 16. What wiu the conduct of the next parliament ? 16-18. Describe the particulars of the triu and death oftheearlof StrafTord. 19. What wei!e the next proceedings of parliament ? 20. What insurrection took place in Ireland ? 21. How WM the king treated by his pMrliament on this ocoaidon ? What spirit now openly maniliMfed itself? SECTION m. The son and iather loose mild nature's ties, , . And by a brother's hand a brother dies.— j^^erton. 1. (A.D. 1641.) The leaders of opposition began their operations by a resolution to attack episcopacy, which was one of the strongest bulwarks of the royal power. They accused thirteen bishops of high-treason, for enacting ca- nons without the consent of parliament ) and endeavoured to prevail upon the house of peers to exclude all the prelates from their seats and votes in that august assembly. Th: bishops saw the storm that was gathering against them j aciU, probably to advert i(« effects, they resolv^ to attend their duty in the house of lords no longer. m , 2. This was a fatal blow to the royal interest ^ but it soon felt a much greater froin the king's own impi*udeQce. Charles h^d long suppressed hjs r^sentmept, an4 only OHARLES I. 219 strove to aaJ&tiy the commons by the greatness of his con- cessions ; hntj findine that all his compliances had but in- creased their demands, he could no Icmger restrain it. 3. He gave orders to Herbert his attorney-general, to enter an accusation of high treason in the house of peers against lord Kimbolton, one of the most popular men of his parhr, to gether with five commoners; sir Arthur Haslerig, HoUis, Hampden, Pym, and Strode. 4. The articles were, that , they nad traitorously endeavoured to subvert the fundamen- ts^ laws and government of the kingdom j to deprive the kin^ of his regal power, and to impose on his subjects an arbitrary and tyrannical authority. Men had scarcely lei- sure to wonder at the precipitancy and imprudence of his impeachment when they were astonished by another mea- sure still more rash and imsupported. 6. The next day the king himself was seen to enter the house of commons alone, advancing through the hall, while all the members stood up to receive him. The speaker withdrew from the chair, and the kine took possession of it. Having seated himself, and having looking around for some time, he told the house that he was sorry for the occasion that had forced him thither ; that he was come in person to seize the members whom he had accused of high-treason, seeing they would not deliver them up to his sergeant-at-arms. He then sat down for some time, to see if the accused were present, but ^ey had escaped a few minutes before his entry. 6. Thus disappointed, perplexed, and not knowing on whom to rely, ne next proceeded, — admidst the clamours of the populace, who continued to cry out, ^' Privilege I privi- lege!" — to the common council of the cif/, and made his complaints to them. The common council only answered his complaints with a contemptuous silence; and, on his return, one of the populace, more insolent than the rest, cried out, "To your tents, O Israel I" a watch-word among the Jews when they intended to abandon their princes. 7. Being returned to Windsor, be began to^ reflect on the rashness of his former proceedings, and now, too late, re- solved to make some atonement. He therefore, wrote to the parliament informing them that he desisted from his former proceedings against the accused members ; and as- sured them that upon all occasions he would be as careful of their privileges as of his life or his crown. Thus his former violence had ^rendered him hc^teful to his com- 220 HUTORT or INALAND. iiKm0i and hii present eubmiflflion now readend his ooa- temptible. 8. The power d aiipomting generak and leryinc armies was BtiU a remaining prerogatiTe of the orown. The com- mons haTing, therefore^ first maflnifled their terrors of po- pery, whieh perhaps they actually dreaded, they proceeded to petitiona that the Tower might be put into their hands. , and that Hull. Portsmouth, and the fleet should be intrustca to persons of their choosing. These were requests, the compljring with which levelled all that remained of the an- cient constitution; however, such was the necessity of the times, that they were first contested, and then granted. 9. At last, every compliance only increased the avidity of mak- ing firesh demands ; the commons desired to have a militia, raised and governed by such officers and commanders as they should nominate, under pretext of securing them from the Irish papists, of whom they professed to be in great apprehensions. 10. It was here that Charles first ventured to put a stop to these concessions, and bein^ uraed to give up the com- mand of the army for an appomtea time, he was so exas- perated that he exclaimed ^'No. not for an hour.'' This peremptory refiisal broke off all fUrther treaty; and both sides were resolved to have recourse to arms. 11. No period since Ehsland began could show so many instances of couraee, abilities, and virtue, as the present fatal opposition called forth into exertion, A.D. 1642. Now was the time when talents of all kinds, unchecked by au- thoritiy, were called flrom the lower ranlcs of life, to dispute fbv power and pre-eminence. 12. Manifestos on the one side and on the other were now diepemed throughout the whole kingdom; and the people were universally divided between two ftustions, distinguished by the names of cavaliers and roundheads. The king's forces appeared in a very low condition ; besides the trained bands of the country, raised by sir John Digby, the sheriff, he YaA. not got together three hundred inmntry. 13. His cavalry, which composed his chief strength, exceeded not eight hundred, and were verv ill provided with arms. How- ever, he was soon ^adually reinforced from all quarters, but not being then m a condition to &ce his enemies, he thought it prudent to retire by slow marches to Derby, and thence to Shrewsbury, in order to countenance the levi^f which his friends were making in those quartersv OtUALSS t. 221 kiitt coA- 1 ftnniet Fh« com- rt of po- jrooeeded intruttca lefia, the >f the an- ty of the iBted. 9> J of mak- a inilitia^ Binders as hem from ) in great ^ut a stop ► the com- 8 so exas- ttr." This and hoth r If ere now the people etinguished The king's the trained the sheriff, jr. 13. His (ceeded not pms. How- U quarters, enemies, he Berby, and i the leviw 14. In the tnean time the parliament nafi not remiss in preparations on their side. They had a magazine of arms at Hull, and sir John Hotham was appointed governor of that place by government. The forces also, which had been •verywhere raised on pretence of the service of Ireland, were now more openly enlisted by the parliament for their own purposes, and the command given to the earl of Essex, a bold man, who rather desired to see monarchy abridged than totally destroyed^ and in London no less than four thousand men were enlisted in one day. 15. Edge-hill was the first place where the two armiee were put in array against each other, and the country drenched in civil slaughter. It was a dreadful sight to see above thirty thousand of the bravest men in the world, iU- 9tead of employing their courage abroad, turning it against each other, while the dearest friends and nearest kinsmen embraced opposite sides, and prepared to bury their private regards in factious hatred. After an engagement of some hours, animosity seemed to be wearied out, and both sides separated with equal loss. Five thousand men are said to have been found dead on the field of battle. Q^estwMfor Examination, 1. What was the first set of the leaden of the opposition F By what means did the hishops avert the impending storm f I. 8. What was the kind's conduct on this occasion f 4. What were the articles of impeachment r 6. How did t^? king conduct himself when he went to the house of commons H 6. How did the common-council afterwards receive him f 7. What were the consequences of his rashness f 8. 9. What were the next demands of the commons f 10. On what occasion did the king stop all fhrther concessions ? What was the result f 12. By what names were ttie contending parties distinguished f 18. In what situation were the king's forces ? 14. What preparations did the paruament make ? 16. Where did the armies first meet ? What was the issue of the battle f SECTION IV. To live with Freedom or to die with Fame.'-'2>ay. 1. (A. D. 1643.) It would be tedious, and no way in- •tructive, to enter into the marchings and counter^marchinge of these undisciplined and ill-conducted armies } war was 222 ttlSl^OBT Of BNQLAND. a new tracie to the English, as they had not seen a hostile engagement' in the island for nearly a century before. The queen came to reinforce the royal party ; she had brought soldiers and ammunition from Holland^ and immediately departed to furnish more. 2. But the parliament who knew its own consequence and strength, was no way aiscouraffed. Their demands seemed to increase in proportion to their losses: and as they were repressed in the field, they grew more naughty in the cabinet. Such ^vernors as gave up their fortresses to the kins were attamted of high-treason. 3. It was in vain for the kin^ to send proposals after any success; this onlv raised their pride and their animosity. But though this desire in the king to make peace with his subjects was the highest encomium on his numanity, yet his long negotiations, one of which was carried on at Ox- ford, were faulty as a warrior. He wasted that time in al- tercation and treaty which he should have employed in vigorous exertions in the field. 4. However, his first campaign, upon the whole, wore a favourable aspect. One victory followed after another; Cornwall was reduced to peace and obedience under the king; a victory was gained over the parliamentarians at Stratton-Hill, in Cornwall j another at Roundway Down, about two miles from Devizes; and a third at CI algrave Field. Bristol was besieged and taken, and Gloucsster was invested ; the batttle of Newbury was favourable to the royal cause ; and great hopes of success were formed from an army in the north, raised by the marquis of Newcastle. 5. In this first campaign^ the two bravest and greatest men of their res^ctive parties were killed ; as if it was in- tended, by the kindness of Providence, that they should be exempted from seeing the miseries and the slaughter which were shortly to ensue; these were John Hampden, and Lucius Cary, lord Falkland^ — the first in a skirmish against prince Rupert ; the other in the battle of Newbury, which followed shortly after. 6. Hampden, whom we have seen, in the beginning of these troubles, refusing to pay the ship-money, gained, by his inflexible integrity^ the esteem even of his enemies. To these he added a^Sability in conversation, temper, art, elo- quence in debate, and penetration in council. 7. Falkland was still a greater loss, and greater character. He added to Hampden's severe principles a politeness and elegance but then oeginning to be known in England. He '» ' A OHARLES 1. 223 had boldly withstood the king'n pretctiHionM while he saw him makiBK a bad uee of his power ^ but, when he per- ceived the design of tlie parliament to overturn the religion and the oonstitution of the cfbuntry, he changed his side, and steadflMtly attached himself to the orown. 8. From the be- ginnins of the civil war, his natural cheerfulness and vivacity forsook him ; he became melancholy, sad. pale, and n^li- gent of his person, and seemed to wish for aeath. His usual cry among his friends, after a deep silence and fre- quent sighs, was '' Peace 1 peace!" He now said, upon tne morning of the engagement that he was weary of the times, and should leave them before night. He was shot by a musket-ball in the chest ; and his body was next morn- ing found amcmg a heap of slain. His writings, his ele- gance, his justice, and his courage deserved each a death 7f glory -J and they found it. d. The king, tliat he might make preparations during the winter for the ensuing campaign, and to oppose the designs of the Westminster parliament^ called one at Oxford; and this was the first time that England saw two parliaments sitting at the same time. His house of peers was pretty full 'j his house of commons consisted of about one hundred and forty, which amounted to not above half of the other house of commons. From this shadow of a parliament he received some supplies, after which it was prorogued, and never after assembled. 10. In the mean time, the parliament were equally active on their side. They passed an ordinance commanding all the inhabitants of London and its neighbourhood to retrench a meal a week, and to pay the value of it for the support of the public cause. 11. But, what was more effectual, the Scots, who considered their claims as similar, led a strong body to their assistance. They levied an army of fourteen thousand men in the east under the earl of Manchester ; they had an army of ten thousand men under Essex j another, of nearly the same force, under sir William Waller. These were su- perior to any force the king could bring into the field ; and were well appointed with ammunition, provisions and pay. 12. Hostilities, which e.ven during the winter season had never been wholly discontinued, were renewed in spring with their usual fury, and served to desolate the kin^om, without deciding victory. (A.D. 1644^ Each county joined that side to which it was addicted from motives of convic- tion, interest, or fear, though some observed a perfect ntu- tu UllTOST Of BHttLlll*. dUttlM ***"*P cf trftiity. Several firequently petitioned &x pMOrt «n wiie And good were eA|iieit in ^e orj. II. Wkal larlj deeenres remark wm an attempt ot tfaa London, wlio^ to (he number ot t«ro or ftbrae Ahoi in a bofljr to the honee of aomnioB% eameirty dinMiniiim a yeaoe *«(aive oa thoae tMnton,'' jaid thtj« <ined by tae marquii of jmraaatle, det«r mined to raise the siege. Both armlea dsew sp on HiunitoD Moor, to the number of fifty thousaond, and tin Tiotoiy seemed long nadeqided between tham. 1&. AnpeBty who commanded the right wing of the royalisls, waa o p pose d hf Oliver CromweU, who now first oame into notioa, at the head of a boc^ of troopa which he had taken aare to krtj and disoipliae. €romwell waa yiotcorkms) he pnahed his opponents off ^e field, foUowed the vaiiyiishad» mtamed to a second engagementy and a second Yiotory^ the prhice^B whole train of artillery was taken, and the loyalists nercr alter reco!rered the blow. 16. William Laud, archbishop of Cafeiterbuiy, waa sentto the Tower in the oeffinning ai the eiril wte. He was now brourikt to his trii^ condemned, and eaebuted. And it was « memnoholy consideration, that in those times of tron* ble, the best men on either side were those wlio ^liefly suf* fered. 17. The death of Laud was followed by a total «ltovati(iB of the ceremonies of the chninA. The litiusy waa, by s public act, abolished the*day he died, as if he md been tht only obstacle to its former Temoral. The church of Ea^^and was, in «11 respects^ brought to a conformity to the pnr^iii- oal esti^shment ; while the citisens of London, and the Scote^ army, gave public thanks for so happy an alteration. iiuHMtftu/blr BMUnimMok, 9. J>tMiihe Ut» johfuaetur of Huu^tp. ^7. DMdili>e tSii #iiaiMts^ orfdSsad. w^sj^^^^w . ^vj^aiw «VH^v^|^vaaw^jy^^A ii^^^^^"^w?™^*^^^^^* •s OlUtLKi 1. 225 IV tkMB to mingof t^ Mtk, det«^ on Miffiton tJM triotoiy Eliipti^ who I opposed ^^7 CtfttO Nf7 , «a^ed,hit LMtnniodto the {irlaM^B rte. He *•■ Lted. Afid it ^neiof ^xoQ* \ I. Bow waa hl« dMth ooeMioB«4 7 9. WlMi* did tte JUag nuamw » perHiUMat r Mid wluit wera thtir pro> K). WnftormnABM wm bow pMitd' n. Whttt Mlwr aMMrtt wtra tiflH 11 WM.«M thojIlMtiMi of Ite II. Wlwt MunMit dMlrt mr mm« OM 14. 16. DworilM tho parttMlin of thi u. wiMMwM«toiMt«f ■lebMibop; 17. Wtuit lUlowod I4t OKoevMoM f to Iho ktaiffr womtn of London dlsoof •rf m of Monton Moor. Gall*, TlolenM, oBd murdtr iflwd OB am, And, for taSSkf Hmwm, wMi blood tll« fflfen na.-^Tktmion. 1. (A.D. 16460 TvR weH-diaimted Utile, wbioh decided ^kefate of CWleiiy WM fougot at NiMebj, a village in KofthamiMtonBlure. The maU bodj of the royal army was coromanapd ]sy lord Aitley ) jHrinoe Bupert led the right wing; sirMarmaduke Lfuiffdale the leit \ and the king him- self neaded the body of renervf. 2. On the oppoeite aide, Fairfax and Skippon commanded' the main body, Oromweli led on the rjght wing, apd Ireton; hie lon-in-law, the leit. Prince Rnpert attacked the left wing with hie ueual impetu- oflity and sucoeas \ they were brokeni and pursued, as iar as the village : but he lost time in attetppting to make himself master of tneir Artillery. 8. Oromwalli in tne mean time, was equally successful on his sidCi atul broke throui^ the enemy's horse, after a very obstinate resiitatioe. While these were thus engaged, the infantry on both sides maintained the conflict with equid ardour ; but, in spitf of the efforts of Fairfax and Skippon, their battalions began to give wapr. At this cri- tical period Cromwell returned with his victorious forces, and charged the king's infkntry in flank with such vigour, that a total rout hegw to eniuoi 4. By this time prince Bupert had rejoined the king^ and the small body of reserve : but his troops, though victonoui, could not be brought to a second charge. The king, perceiving the battle wholly lost, was obliged to abandon the fleld to his enemies, who took all his cannon, baggage, ami about fiiy thousand pri- soners. 6. The battle of Naseby put the parliamentarians in pos- session of almost all the strong cities' of the kingdom, Bris- tol, Bri(}gewater, Chester, Snertiorn, and BaOi. Exeter was besieged *, and all the king's troops in the western counties being entirely dispersed; Fairikx pressed the place, V ii 226 HISTORT OF ENGLAND. and it surrendered at discretion. The king, thus surrounded, harassed on every side, retreated to Oxford, that, in all con- ditions of his fortune, had held steady to his cause ; and there he resolved to offer new terms to his incensed pur- suers. 6. In the mean time Fairfax was approaching with a powerful and victorious army, and was taking the proper measures for laying siege to Oxford, which promised an easy surrender. To he taken captive, and led in triumph by his insolent subjects^ was what Charles justly abhorred : and every insult and violence was to be dreaded from the soldiery, who had felt the effects of his opposition. 7. In this desperate extremity he embraced a measure, which, in any other situation, might justly lie under the im- putation of imprudence and indiscretion. He took the faCal resolution of giving hinoself up to the Scots' army, who had never testified such implacable animosity against him j but he soon found that, instead of treating him as a king, they insulted him as a captive. 8. The English parliament, being informed of the king's captivity, immediately entered into a treaty with the Scots about delivering up their prisoner. This was soon adjusted. They agreed, that upon payment of four hundred thousand pounds, they would deliver up the king to his enemies, and this was cheerfully complied with. An action so atrocioue may be palliated, but can never be defended ; they returned home laden with plunder, and the reproacnes of all good men. r9. The civil war was now over; the king had absolved his followers from their allegiance ; and the parliament had now no enemy to fear^ except those very troops by which they had extended their overgrown authority. But, in pro- portion as the terror of the king's power diminished, the divisions between the members which composed the parlia- ment became more appi|rent. 10. The majority in the house were of the Presbytenan sect, who were for having clergy; but the majoiity of the army were staunch independents, who admitted of no clergy ; but thought that every man had a right to instruct his fellows. At the head of this sect was Cromwell, who secretly directed their operations, and invi- gorated all their measures. 11. Oliver Cromwell, whose talents now began to AjypeK in fiiU lustre, was the son of a private gentleman of Hud- tingdon *, but, being the son of a second brother, he inherited i CHARLES I. 227 lurrounded, , in all con- ause ; and censed pur- ling with a the proper tromised an in triumph y abhorred : eA from the | )n. a measure, inder the im- ook the fatol my, who had nst him } but a king, they of the king's rith the Scote joon adjusted, [red thousand J enemies, and 1 so atrocioue they returned SB of all good had absolved arliament had )op8 by which . But, in pro- liminished, the «ed the parliar ty in the house having cler^; ependents, who ery man had a of this sect was .tions, and invi- g T«ry «mall paternal fortune. From aooident or intrigue ht was chosen a member for the town of Cambridge in the long parliament : but he seemed at first to possess no ora- torical talents j nis person being ungraceful, his dress slo- renly, his elocution homely, tedious, obscure, and embar- rassed. 12. He made up, however, by zeal and perseverance what he wanted in natural powers j and, being endowed with unshaken intrepidity, much dissimulation, and a thorough eonviction of the rectitude of his caiise, he rose, through the gradations of preferment, to the !poet of lieutenant-general under Fairfax ; but, in reality, possessing the supreme com- mand over the whole army. 13. The army now began to consider themselves as a body distinct from the commonwealth; and complained that \hej nad secured the general tranquillity, while they were at the same Ume deprived of the privileges of Englishmen. In opposition, therefore, to the parliament of Westminster, a military parliament was formed^ composed of the o£5cers and common soldiers of each regmient. 14. The principal officers formed a council to represent the body of peers ; the soldiers elected two men out of each company, to re- present the house of commons, and these were called the agitators of the army. Cromwell took care to be one of the number, and thus contrived an easy method of secretly conducting and promoting the sedition of the army. 16. The unhappy king, in the mean time, continued a priBoner at Holmby Castle *, and as his countenan^ce might add some authority to that side which should obtain it, Cromwell, who secretly conducted all the measures of the army, while he apparently exclaimed against their violence, resolved to seize the king's person. 16. Accordingly, a party of five hundred horse appearing at Holmby Castle, under the command of one. Joyce, conducted the king to the army, near Cambridge. The next day Cromwell ar- rived among them, where he was received with acclama- tions of joy, and was instantly invested with the supreme command. Queitiont for Examination. 1. Whtre wu th« battl* fought that dedded the fate of CharlM? Who were the leaders of the king's umy ? 2. Br whom waa the parliamentary army conducted F 4. What waa the iarae of the battle? t. Whattowniionrendered totheparliamantariaiii after this •ngagement F 1. Where did the king fly Ibr MRigt ? 7. On what meainre cndne now reeoIteT 228 HISTORY OF INGIiAMD. 8. What atrooioiu act wm committed towards the king? 10. What were the parties wldoh oomp 230 HISTORY OP ENGLAND. manded to conduct the king from Hunt Gadtle to Windsor, and from thence to London. His ai&ieted nubjeote, who ran to have a sight of their sovereign, were greatly affected at the change that appeared in his face and person. He had allowed uis beard to grow ; his hair was become vene- rably gray, rather by the pressure of anxiety than the hand of time J while his apparel bore the marks of misfortune ' and decay. 12. Thus ne stood a solitary figure of majesty in distress, which even his adversaries could not behold without reverence and compassion. He had been long at- tended only by an old decrepit servant^ whose name was sir Philip Warwick, who could only deplore his master's fate, without being able to revenge his cause. 13. All the exterior symbols of sovereignty were now withdrawn j and his new attendants had on^rs to serve him without cere- mony. The duke of Hamilton, who was reserved for the same punishment with his master. Having leave to take a last farewell as he departed from Windsor, threw himself at the king's feet, crying out, " My dear master I" 14. The unhappy monarch raised him up, and. embracing him ten- derly, replied, while tears' ran down nis cheeks, '^ I have indeed been a dear master to you." These were severe distresses ; however he could not be persuaded that his ad- versaries would bring him to a formal trial ; but he every moment expected to be despatched by private assassination. 15. From the sixth to the twentieth of January was spent in making preparations for this extraordinary triaL The court of justice consisted of a hundred and thirty-three persons, named by the commons : but of these never above seventy sat upon the trial. The members were chiefly composed of the principal officers of the army, most of them of very mean birth, together with some of the lower house, and a few citizens of London. Bradshaw, a lawyer, was chosen president ; Coke was am)pointed solicitor for the people of England : Dorislaus, Steele, and Aske were named assistants. The court sat in Westminster-hall. 16. The king was now conducted from Windsor to St. James's, and the next day was brought before the high court to take his trial. When he was brought forward, he was conducted by the mace-bearer to a chair placed within the bar. Though long detained a prisoner, and now produced as a criminal, he still sustains the dignity of h king: he surveyed the memberi of th« court with a stem and naughty air ; and, without moving ^his hat, sat down OHARLES I. 231 while the niomWi also were corered. 17. His charge wa9 then read by the solicitor, accusing him of having been the cause of all tho bloodshed which followed since the com- mencement of the war ; at that part of the charge the could not suppreiH a smile of contempt and indignation. After his charge was finished, Bradshaw directed his discourse to the king, and told him that the court expected his answer. Qutitiontfor Examination, 1. Wb»t nuMMmrM were pttnued by the majority of the house of commons ? 2. How were they received by the armyf 3. Wbtt WM the oondttot of the remaining members? 4. To whom WM the eommABd of the Tower given? 6. Did not the king eieepe ft«m the place of his confinement? Where wm be wken f 6. Did be continue to negotiate with the parliament? 7-9. Describe the conduct of the army on this occasion? It 12. inrhat WM now the appearance of the king? \% What paiNied between blm and the duke of Hamilton? 16. Bbw many persons lat on the king's trial ? 16. Who were tne chief? 17, What WM hli behaviour on his trial ? What WM the charge alleged against him? SECTION vn. KTor agonlON. nor livid death, disgrace The lacred features of the monarch's i In the cold visage, mournfully serene, is face; Tbe lame Indignant majesty is seen.— ^ou'e'A Lucan. 1. (A.D. 1648.) Tmb king, with great temper, entered upon his defence, by denying the authority of the court. He represented, tliat, having been engaged in a treaty with hifltwo houses of parliament, and having finished almost every article, he expected a different treatment from that which he now received. He perceived, he said, no appear- ance of an upper house, whion was necessary to constitute a just tribunal. 2. That he was himself the king and the fountain of law, and, consequently, could not be tried by laws to which he had never given his assent ; that having been intrusted with the liberties of the people, he would not now betray them, by recognising a power founded in usurpation ) that he was willing before a proper tribunal, to enter into the particulars of his defence ; but that before them he must aecline any apology or plea of innocence, lest he should be considered as the betrayer of, and not & martyr for, the constitution. 3. Bradshaw; in order to support the authority of the 232 HISTORY OF KNOLAND. court, iusiMted that they had received their power Iroiii th. PMllpIV 1621 Portugal alon«.* John IV.... 1640 EMINENT PERSONS. Archbishop Land. Earl of Straflbrd. John Hampton. Lucius Carj, lord Falkland. Harrr Carv, lord Falkland. H. Montague, earl of Man- chester. R. Greville, ford Brooke. Lord-keeper Littleton. Arthur, lord Cspel. Lord Edward Herbert, of Cherbury. G. Stanley, earl of I>erb7 . J. Digby, earl of Bristol. Ulioke de Burgh, marquis of Clanricarde, and earl of St. Alban's. Henry Carey, earl of Monmouth. Mildmay Fane, earl of Westmoreland. £. Somerset, marquis of Worcester. CHAPTER XXIX. OLIVER CROMWELL. " Bom 1589. Died September 8, 1668. Became lord protector December 16, 1668. Ruled 4} years. THB 00MM0NW8ALTH. SECTION L . Though cunning, bold; and though intrepid, atig6.—Egerton. 1. (A.D. 1649.) Cromwell, who had secretly solicited and contrived the king's death, now began to feel wishes to which he had been hitherto a stranger. His prospects widening as he rose, his first principles of liberty were * The Portuguese shook off the Spanish yoke, and elected John, duke of Bragansa, their king. *" ' J tail 236 fitSTORT OF SNQLAND. all lo8t in the unbounded streicli of pow«r that lay before hitn. 2. Having been appointed to command the ttrmy in Ire- land, he prosecuted tne war in that kingdom with his usual success. He had to 6ombat against the royalists, com- manded by the duke of Ormond, and the native Irish, led on by O'Neil. But such ill-connected and barbarous troops could give very little opposition to Cromwell's more nu- merous forces, conducted by such a general, and emboldened by long success. He soon overran the whole country ; and, after some time, all the towns revolted in his favour, and opened their gates at his approach. 3. But, in these conquests, as in all the rest 6f his actions, there appeared a brutal ferocity, that would tarnish the most heroic valour. In order to intimidate the natives f^om defending their towns, he, with a barbarous policy, put every garrison that made any resistance to the sword. 4. After his return to England, upon taking his seat, he received the thanks of the house, by the mouth of the speaker, for the services he had done the commonwealth in Ireland. They then proceeded to deliberate upon choosing a eeneral for conducting the war in Scotland, where they had espoused the royal cause, and placed young Charles, the son of their late monarch, on the throne. Fairfax re- fusing this command upon principle, as he had all along declined opposing the Presbyterians, the command necessa- rily devolved upon Cromwell, who boldy set forward for Scotland, at the head of an arm^ of sixteen thousand men. 5. The Scots in the mean time, who had invited over their wretched king to be a prisoner, not a ruler among them, prepared to meet the invasion. (A.D. 1650.) A battle soon ensued, in which they, though double the number £>f the English, were soon put to flight, and pursued with great slaughter, while Cromwell did not lose above forty men in all. 6. In this terrible exigence young Charles embraced a resolution worthy a prince who was willing to hazard all for empire. Observing that the way wae open to England, he resolved immediately to march into that country, where he expected to be reinforced by all the royalists in that part of the kingdom. Y. But he soon found himself disappointed in the expec- tation of increasing his army. The Scots, terrified at the prospect of so hazardous an enterprise, fell from him in great THE OOMHONMrXAJkTU. 237 uuuiberH. The English, affrighted at the name of his op- ponent, dreaded to join him; but his mortifications were 8till more increased as he arrived at Worcester, when, in- formed that Cromwell was marching with hastj strides from Scotland, with an army increased to forty thousand men. 8. The news had scarcely arrived, when that active eeneral himself appeared *, and falling upon the town on all sides, broke in upon the disordered royalists. The streets were strewed with slaughter; the whole Scots' army were either killed or taken prisoners ; and the king himself. Laving given many proofs of personal valour, was obliged to fly. 9. Imagination can icarcely conceive adventures more romantic or distress more severe, than those which at- tended the young king's flight from the scene of slaughter. After various escapes, and one-and-forty davs' concealment, he laiided safely at Feschamp in Normandy ; no less than forty men and women having, At different, times, been privy to his escape. 10. The particulars of Charles' escape, after the battle of Worcester are truly interesting. He left the fatal scene of action accompanier* by the duke of Buckingham, the earls of Derby and Lauderdale, the lords Talbo^ Wilmot, and fifty horse: and, without halting, arrived at Whiteladiee, twenty-five miles from Worcester, at five o'clock in the morning. There he thought it best for his safety to separate from his conapanions ; and, without intrusting them with his intentions, he went toBoscobel. alone house m Staffordshire, . inhabited by one Penderell, a fiirmer, whose fidelity remained unshaken, though death was denounced against all who concealed the kine, and a great reward promis^ to any one who should betray mm. Penderell, and his four brothers, having clothed the king in a garb like thdr own, led him into the neighbouring wo<)d^ put a bill into his hand, and em- ployed themselves in cutting faggots with him. For better concealment he mounted upon an oak where. he sheltered himself among the branches and leaves for twenty-four hours. There he saw several soldiers passing in seai'ch of bim. This tree was afterwards called the royal oak, and for many years was regarded by the neighbourhood with great veneration. Thence he passed with imminent danger from one cottage to another, feeling all the varieties of famine, fatigue, and pain, till he reached the house of Mr. Lane^ a gentleman of good reputation and tbrtune in Staffordshire. In this station the King remained many days in quiet and 238 HI8T0RT or ENGLAND. ■eourity. Thenoe he went to one of Mr. Lane's relatiom, within five miles of Bristol, where he intended to emburk ; but finding that no ship was to sail for a month Arom that place, he was obligedTto go elsewhere for a passage, and escaped fVom being discovered and arrested at Lyme, only by a few minutes. Charles passed through many other adventures, assumed different diseuises, in every step war exposed to imminent daneers, and received daily proofs of uncorrupted fidelity. A ntle bark was at last found at Brighthelmstone, (at that time a small fishing-town in Sussex, but now a place of considerable magnitude and opulence,) where his majesty embvked, and arrived safely at Fes- champ, in, Normandy, October 22. IL In the piean time. Cromwell, crowned with success, returned in triumph to London, where he was met by the speaker of the hous^ accompanied by the mayor of London, and the magistrates, in all their formalities. His first care was to take advantage of his late success, by depressing the Scots, who had so lately withstood the work of the gospel, as he called it. 12. An act was pasiied for abolishing roy- alty in Scotland, and annexing that Kingdom, as a conquered province, to the English commonwealth. It was empow- ered, however, to send some members to the English par- liament. Judges were appointed to distribute justice j and the people of that country, now freed from the tyranny of the ecclesiastics, were not much dissatisfied with their pre- sent government. The prudent conduct of Monk, who wm left by Cromwell to complete their subjection, served much to reconcile the minds of the people, harassed with dissen- sions, of which they never well understood the cause. 13. In this manner, the English parliament^ by the means of Cromwell, spread their uncontested authonty over all the British dominions. Ireland was totally subdued by Ireton and Ludlow. All the settlements in America, that had de- clared for the royal cause, were obliged to submit j Jersey, Guernsey, Scilly, and the Isle of Man, were brought easily under subjection. Thus mankind saw, with astonishment a parliament composed of sixty or seventy obscure and illi- teraU members governing a great empire with unanitnity and success. 14. Without any acknowledged subordination except a council of 8tat& consisting of thirty-eight, to whom all addresses were made, they levied armies, maintained fleets, and gave laws to tne neighbouring powers of Europe. 15. The finances were managed with economy and exMt- THI OOMMONWIALTH. 239 I rdatioM) embark •, 1 from that wsaage) and Lyme, only nany other ry step wa« ly proofs of )t found at rn in Sussei, 1 opulence,) fely at Fe«. intb succesi, I mat by the r of London, Sis flret care iepreesing the of the gospel, bolishing roy- ) a conquered waa empoir- e English par- i justice*, and le tyranny of intb their pre- ovkf ^ho wM served much d with dissen- i cause, by the means ity over all the lued by Ireton L that had de- bmitj Jersey, brought easily astonishment, )scure and iUi- rith unanimity subordination eight, to whom es, maintained irers of Europe, ay and exwt- nea«. Few private person! beoame rich bv the plunder of the public; the revenues of the orown, the lands of the bishops, and a tax of a hundred and twenty thousand pounds each month, supplied the wantM of the government, and gave vigour to all their prooeedingn. QuiitioM fw EaaminaHim, 1. What wM the nature of Oroaiwell'i smMtloB r 2. What aiieoeM attended kha la Irelaad f 8 What oraelty tarnished his fietoriei f i. Whom did the parlianeBt appelat to the eoamand of the army againat Seotlaad r 5. What waa Cromwdl'i sneesM f d. WhatrMolntlon did prlnee Charles embrtee f 7 What news did theprinee reeelve at Wereeiter f 8. What was the reralf of his «Bderteuaf.f 9. What were his suArings f and bow dla he sieape f 10. Mention more partienlarly the ineldents of this eseape ? U. What waa Cromwell's irst eare after bis retara ? 12. What act waa now passed resMetlag ieotland f 18-16. What was the state of the British empire at this time ? 8B0TI0N 11. An evil ioul, prodvelBf holy writ, la like a vWain wHh a smIUng eheek : ▲ goodly apple rotten at the 90Ut^Bhakapeare. 1. (A.D. 1652.) Thb parliam«»t| having thus reduced their native dominions to perfect obedience, next resolved to chastise the Dutch, who had given but very slisht cause of complaint. It happened that one doctor Dorislaus, who was of the number of the late king's Judges, being sent by the parliament as their envc^ to Holland, was assassinated by one of the royal party, who had taken reAige there. 2. Some time after, also, Mr. St. John, appointed their ambassador to that court, wa# insulted by the mends of the prince of Orange. These were thought motives sufficient to induce the commonwealth of England to declare war against them. The parliament's chief dependence lay in the activity and courage of Blake, their admiral: who though he had not embarked in naval command till late in life, yet surpassed all that went before him in courage and dexterity. 3. On the other side, the Dutch opposed to him 240 9^T,QBY QV SNQIiANP. their famous admiral Van Tromp, to wbom they have never since produced an equfd. Many were the engagements be- tween these celebrated admirals, and various was their suc- cess. Sea fights, in general, seldom prove decisive; and the vanquished are soon seen to make head agtunst the victor. Several dreadful encounters^ therefore, rather served to show the excellence of the admirals, than to determine their superiority. 4. The Dutch, however, who felt many great disadvantages by the loss of their trade, and by the total suspension of their fifiheries, were willing to treat for a peace ; but the narUament gave ^hem a very unfavourable answer. It was tne policy of that ibody to keep their navy on foot as long as they could y rightly judging, that, while the force of the nation was exerting by sea, it would diminish the power of general Cromwell by land, which was become very formidable to them. 6. This great aspirer, however, quickly perceived their designs; and, from the firs^ saw that they dreaded hie growing power, and wished its diminution. All his mea- sures were conducted with a bold intrepidity that marked his character, and he now saw that it was not necessary to wear the mask of subordination any longer. Secure, there- fore, in the attachment of the army, he resolved to make another daring effort ; and persuaded the officers to present a petition for payment of arrears and redress of grievances, which he knew would be rejected by the commons mti disdain. 6. The petition was soon drawn up and pre^ sented, in which the officers, after demanding their ari'ears, desired the parliament to consider how many years they had sat; and what professions they had formerly made of their intentions to new-model the house, and establish free dom on the broadest basis. 7. The house was highly offended at the presumption of the army, although they had seen, but too lately, that their own power was wholly founded on that very presumption. They appointed a committee to prepare an act ordaining i that all persons who presented such petitions for the future should be deemed guilty of high-treason. To this the offi cers made a very warm remonstrance, and the parliament as angry a reply; while the breach between them every | moment grew wider. 8. This was what Cromwell hi long vtdshed, and had long foreseen. He was sitting in the] council with his officers, when informed of the subject i which the house was deliberating; upon which he rose up I THE COMMONWEALTH. 241 Cromwell dismissing the parliament. in the most seeming fury, and, turning to major Vernon, be cried out that h« was compelled to di) a thing that made the very hairs of his head stand on end. 9. Then hasten- ing to the house with three hundred soldiers, and, with the marks of violent indignation on his countenance, he entered. Stamping with his foot, which was the signal for the soldiers to enter, the place was immediately filled with armed men. Then addressing himself to the members: "For shame;" said he, "get you gon§. Give place to honester men: to those who will more fia-ithfuUy discharge their trust. 10. You are no longer a parliament : I tell you, you are no longer a parliament: the Lord has done with you." Sir Harry Vane exclaiming against this conduct : " Sir Harry," cried Cromwell, with a loud voice, "01 sir Harry Vane, the Lord deliver me from sir Harry Vane." He then, in the coarsest and most violent manner, reproached many of the members, by name, with their vices. "It is you," con- tinued he, "that have forced me upon this. 11. I have sought the Lord night and day, that he would rather slay me than put me upon this work." Then pointing to the mace, "Take away," cried he, "that bauble." Afler which, turning- out all the members, and clearing the hall, he ordered the doors to be locked, and, putting the key in his pocket, returned to Whitehall. 242 HISTORY OF ENGtANtV. 12. The persons selected for his next parliatuent were the lowest) meanest^ and the most ignorant among the citi- zenS) and the very dregs of the fanatics. He was well ap- prized, that, during the administration of such a group of characters, he alone must govern, or that they must soon throw up the reins of government, which they were unqua- lified to guide. Accordingly, their practice justified his sa- gacity. One of them particularly, who was called Praise God Barebone, a -canting leather-seller, gave his name to this odd assembly, and it was called Barebone' s Parliament. 15. The very vulgar now began to exclaim against so foolish a legislature ; and they themselves seemed not insen- sible of the ridicule which every day was thrown out against them. Accordingly, by concert, they met earlier than the rest of their fraternity, and, observing to each other that this parliament had sat long enough, they hastened to Crom- well, with Bouse their speaker at their head, and into his hands they resigned the authority with which he had invest- ed them. Queatiorufor Examination. 1. What oirenmBtaDcee produced a war with the Batch ? 2. On what admiral did the English place their chief dependence ? 8. To whom was Blake opposed f 4. What was the result or the war ? 6. What petition did Cromwell persuade the officers to present ? 7. In what manner did the parliament receive the 3;)etitlon ? 8-11. Belate the particulars of this dispute, and its result. 12. Of whom was the next parliament composed r and what was it called f 18. To whom did they resign their authority 7 SECTION m. Established violence and lawless might. Avowed and hallowed by the name of right— Bawe's iMcam. 1. (A. D. 1653.) Cromwell accepted their resignation with pleasure ; but being told that some of the members were refractoiy, he sent colonel White to clear the house of such as ventured to remain there. They had placed one Moyer in the chair by the time the colonel arrived, and, being asked by the colonel what they did there, Moyer replied, very gravely, that they were seeking tho Lord. "Then may you go elsewhere," criwi White j "for, to my oertatn knowledge, the Lord has not been here these many years." 2. This shadow of a parliament being dissolved, the offi- cers, by their own authority, declared Cromwell protector tHE COMMONWEALTH. 24S iient were g the citi- %& well ap- 9, group of must soon ere unqua- Sed liis sa- iled Praise [& name to Parliament. against so d not insen- out against er than the ler that this 5d to Crom- a,nd into his J had invest- r resignation the members ar the house id placed one arrived, and, there, Moyer ng the Lord. ; <' for, to my •e these many of the coiiiraouwealtli of England. He was to be addressed by the title of highness j and his power was proclaimed in London, and other parts of the kingdom. Thus an obscure and vulgar m^n, at the age of fifty-three, rose to unbounded power J first by following small events in his favour, and at length by directing great ones. 3. Cromwell chose his council from among his officers who had been the companions of his dangers and his victo- ries, to each of whom he assigne ile were attended with success. The Dutch, having bet., tumbled by repeated defeats, and totally abridged of their commercial concerns, were obliged at last to sue for peace, which he gave them upon terms rather too favourable. 5. He insisted upon their paying deference to the British flag ; ht compelled them to abandon the interest of the king, and to pay eighty-five thousand pounds, as an indemnification for former expenses j and to restore the English East India Company a part of those dominions of which they had been dispossessed by the Dutch, during the former reign, in that distant part of the world. 6. He was not less successful in his negotiation with the court of France. Cardinal Mazarin, by whom the afiTairs of that kingdom were conducted, deemed it necessary to pay deference to the protector ; and desirous rather to prevail by dexterity than violence, submitted to Cromwell's imperious character, and thus procured ends equally beneficial to both. 7. The court of Spain was not less assiduous in its endea- vours to gain his friendship, but was not so successful. This vast monarchy, which, but a few years before, had threatened the liberties of Europe, was now reduced so low as to be scarcely able to defend itself. Cromwell, however, who knew nothing of foreign politics, still continued to re- gard its power with an eye of jealousy, and came into an association with France to depress it still more. 8. He lent that court a body of six thousand men to attack the Spanish 244 HISTORY OF ENOLilNl). dominioufl in the Netherlands; and, ujKjn obtaining » signal victory by his assiHtance at Dunes, the French put Dunkirk, which they had just taken from the Spaniards, into his hands, as a reward for his attachment. 9. But it was by sea that he humbled the p<)wer of Spain with still more effectual success. Blake, who had long made himself formidable to the Dutch, and whose fame was spread over Europe, now became still more dreadful to the Spanish monarchy. He sailed with a fleet into the Medi- terranean, whither, since the time of the crusades, no Eng- lish fleet had ever ventured to advance. He there conquered alji that dared to oppose him. 10. Casting anchor l>efore Leghorn, he demanded and obtained satisfaction for sonte injuries which the English commerce had suttered from the duke of Tuscany. He next sailed to Algiers, and compel- led the dey to make peace, and to restrain his piratical sub- jects from futher injuring the English. 11. A.D. 1655. He then went to Tunis, Bndj having made the same demands, was desired by the dey of that place to look at the two cas- tles, Porto Farino and Goletta, and do his utmost. Blake showed him that he was not slow in accepting the challenge; entered that harbour, burned the shipping there, and then sailed out triumphantly to pursue his voyage. At Cadiz he took two galleons, valued at nearly two millions of dollari^i. 12. At the Canaries he burned a Spanish fleet of six- teen ships J and returning home to England, to enjoy the fame of his noble actions, as he came within sight of his na- tive country he expired. This gallant man, though he fought for an usurper, was yet adverse to his cause ; he was a zeal- ous republican in principle, and his aim was to serve his country, not to establish a tyrant. "It is still our duty" he would say to the seamen, " to fight for our country into whatever hands the government may fall." 13. At the same time that Blake's expeditions were going forward, there was another carried on under the command of admirals Penn and Venables, with about four thousand land forces, to attack the island of Hispaniola. Failing, how- ever, in this, and being driven off" the place by the Spa- niards, they steered to Jamaica, which was surrendered tc them without a blow. So little was thought of the import- ance of this conquest, that^ upon the return of the expedition, Penn and Venables were sent to the Tower, for their failuw in th6 principal object of their expedition. 14. But it must not be supposed that Cromwell' • situatioi THE OOMMONWEALTH. 245 wai at that timt enylable. Ptrbaps no situation, however mean or loadid with contempt, could be more truly distreee- ing than his at the time the nation were loading him with congratulations and addresses. He had by this time rendered himself hate/ul to every partv; and he owed his safety to their mutual hatred and diffidence of each other. 15. His arte of dissiinulatioii had been long exhausted ; none could HOW be deoiived by them ; those of his own party and prin- ciples disdainsd the use to which he had converted his zeal and profeaiions. The truth seems to be, if we may use the phrase taken from common life, he had begun with being a dupe to his own enthusiasm, and ended with being a sharper. 18. The whole nation silently detested his administration, Ivit he had not «till been reduced to the extreme of wretch- etiiiesiii, if he could have found domestic consolation. Fleet- wood, his son-in-law, actuated with the wildest zeal, detest- ed that character wliich could use religious professions for the purposc^i of temporal advancement. 17. His eldest daughter, married to Fleetwood, had adopted republican principles so vehemently, that she could not behold even her own father intrusted with uncontrollable power. His other daughters were no less sanguine in favour of the royal cause ; but, above, all, Mrs. Claypole, his favourite daughter, upon her death-bed, upbraided him with all those crimes that had led him to trample on the throne. 18, Every hour added some new disquietude. Lord Fairfax, sir Williain Waller, and many of the heads of the Presbyterians, hatl secretly entered into an engagement to destroy him, His administration, so expensive both at home and abroad, had exhausted his revenue, and he was left con- siderably in debt, 19, One conspiracy was no sooner de- tected, than another rose from its ruins | and, to increase the calamity, he was now taught, upon reasoning principles, that his death was not only desirable, but his assassination would be meritorious. A book was published by colonel Titus, a man who hail formerly been attached to his cause, entitled, " Killing no Murder." 20. Of all the pamphlets that came forth at that time, or perhaps of those that have since ap- peared, this was the most eloquent and masterly. "Shall we," said this popular declaimer, "who would not sutfer the lion to invade us, tamely st^nd to be devoured by the wolf?" CroniW(»ll read this spirited treatise, and was never »ee\i to tmile uiore. 246 HIBTORT OF ENGLAND. Queitiorufor Examination, 1. Mention what followed the resignation of thifl parliament. 2. What important events suoceeded f 8-6. What were the first acts of Cromwell? 6. 7. In what manner did he act towards France and Spain? 9-12. Relate the bold and sncoessflil enterprises of admural Blake. 18. What other admirals did Cromwell employ? and with what sacoessf 14. 16. What was Cromwell's situation at this fime? 16. 17, What were his domestic troubles ? 18. Who entered irto an engagement to destroy him ? 19. What effect had the pampfflet written by colonel Titus on him? SECTION IV. He left a name at which the world grew pale, To point a moral or adorn a tale.— JoA»«on. 1. (A.D. 1658.) All peace was now for ever baDished from his mind ; and he found, that the grandeur to whicli he had sacrified his former peace was only an inlet to fresh inquietudes. The fears of assassination haunted him in all his walks, and were perpetually present in his imagination. He wore armour under his clothes, and always kept pistols in his pockets. 2. His aspect was clouded by a settled gloom; and he regarded every stranger with a glance of timid suspicion. He always travelled with hurry, and was ever attended by a numerous guard. He never returned from any place by the road he went ; and seldom slept above three nights together in the same chamber. Society terrified him, as there he might meet an enemy ; solitude was terri- ble, as he was there unguarded by every friend. 3. A tertian ague came kindly at last to deliver him f^om this life of horror and anxiety. For the space of a week no dangerous symptoms appeared ; and in the intervals of the fits he was able to walk abroad. At length the fever in creased, and he became delirious. He was just able to an- swer yes to the demand, whether his son Richard should be appointed to succeed him. He died on the third day of September, the very day which he had always considered as the most fortunate of his life \ he was then fifty-nine years old, and had usurped the government nine years. 4. Whatever might have been the difference of interestp after the death of the usurper, the influence of his name wao still sufficient to get Richard, his son, proclaimed protector in his room. But the army, discontented with such a lead- er, established a meeting at General Fleetwood's which, as he dwelt at Wallingfoyd-house, was called the cabal of Wal« THE COMMONWEALTH. 247 lingford. The result of their deliberation was a I'emonstrance, that the command of the army should be intrusted to some person in whom they might all confide ; and it was plainly given to understand that the young protector was not that person. 5. Richard wanted resolution to defend the title that had been conferred upon him ; he soon signed his own abdication inform, and retired to liye, several years after his resignation, at first on the continent, and t^e" "ds upon his pat-^"- nal fortune at home. He was ^ug^ by the ignorant "' be unworthy the happiness of his exaltation; but he knew, by his tranquilhty in private, that he had made the meet fortunate exchange. While Richard Cromwell was on his travels, under an as- fiunied name, he was introduced to the prince of Gonti, who, talki^ig of England^ broke out into admiration of Cromwell's courage and capacity : ^^ But as for that poor pitiful fellow, Bichs^," said he, ''what has become of him ? How could he be such a blockhead as to reap no greater benefit from all his father's crimes and successes?" We have, however, abundant proof that Richard was tbnder of the social virtues than of noisy fame, and justly appreciated the calm enjoy- ments of retirement. When, on assuming the Protectorship, one of his adherents pressed him to exert more vigour against the royalists, he said, " I positively forbid shedding theWood of a single man in my cause. I would rather relinquish the post I hold, than proceed to such unwarrantable extremities. I wish to retain my situation no longer than shall be consist- ent with the public good, and the wishes of those I govern." His peaceful and quiet life extended to the age of 86 ; and he died in the year 1712, at the latter end of queen Anne's reign. 6. The officers, being once more left to themselves, de- termined to replace the remnant of the old parliament which had beheaded the king, and which Cromwell had so disgrace- fully turned out of the house. 7. The rump parliament, for that was the name it went by, being now reinstated, was yet very vigorous in its at- tempts to lessen the power by which it was replaced. The officers of the army, therefore, came to a resolution, usual enough in those times, to dissolve that assembly by which they were so vehemently opposed. 8. Accordingly, Lam- bert, one of the generals, drew up a chosen body of troops, and, placing them in the streets which led to Westminster 248 BISTORT OF England. liall, when the speaker, Lenthall, proceeded in )ii« carriage to the house, he ordered the horeee to be turned, and very civilly conducted him hom^. The other members were likewise in- tercepted, and the army returned to their quarters to observe a solemn feast, which generally either preceded or attended their outrages. 9. Durine these transactions, general Monk waH at tlio head of eight thousand veterans in Scotland, and beheld the distractions of his native country with but slender hopes of relieving it. 10. Whatever might have been his designs, it was impoR- sible to cover them with greater secrecy than he did. Ag soon as he put his army in motion, to inquire into the caufle of the disturbances in the capital, his countenance was eagerly sought by all the contending parties. He still, how- .ever, continued to march his army towards the capital; tlie whole country equally in doubt as to his motives, and asto- nished at his reserve. But Monk continued his inflexible taci- turnity, and at last came to St. Alban's, within a few milen of London. 11. He there sent the rump parliament, who had resumed their seat, a message, desiring them tp remove such forces as remamed in London to country quarters. In the mean- time the house of commons having passed votes for the composure of the kingdom, dissolved themselves^ and gave orders for the ipimediate assembling of a new parliament. 12. As yet the new parliament was not assembled, and no person had hitherto dived into the designs of the general. (A. B. 1660.) He still persevered in his reserve ; and al though the calling of a new parliament was but, in other words, to restore the king, yet his expressions never once betrayed the secret of his bosom. Nothing but a security of confidence at last extorted the confession from him. 13. He had been, intimate with one Morrice, a gentleman of De- vonshire, of a sedentary studious diiDOsition, and with him alone did he deliberate upon th^ great and dangerous enter- prise of the restoration. Sir Joh?i Granville, who had a commission from the king, applied for access to the general ; J^e was desired to communicate his business to Morrice. 14. Granville refused, though twice urged, to deliver hit message to any but the general himselfj so that Monk, finding he could depend upon this minister's secrecy, opened to him his whole intentions; but, with his usual caution, still scrupled to commit anything to paper, Jn gpii" THE COMMONWEALTH. 249 sequence of this, the king left the Spaniflli territories, where he very narrowly escaped being detained at Bre peared, at first sight, false and frivolous. However, Cla[ rendon^ finding the popular torrent^ united to the violence i OHAULKH it. 253 |H)n«r, nmnirii; uiMi iiiipcluoHily h^him^I liiiii, lliuii^Mil pi'*- |)or tu withdraw to France. 12. Having thuH got rid of lili* virliioiiM iiiiniHtcr, thr king Hoon after reisigncd hiniHolf to tlio dirt'Ciioii of a Hct of men uhoallerwardH went by the apf)(*llatiori of ttio Cuba), from the iiiilialH of the names of which it wiim compoMcd. 13. The first •f them, Hir TliornHH Cliflbrd, was a man III' a daring and impetuouH Npirit, rendered more dangerottn by eloquence and intrigue. J^tird Ashley, Noon afler known liy the name of lord SluvtteHbury, wan (urbulent^ ambitioun, subtle, and enterpriHing. Ttiu duke of Jluckingham was i^ay, eapriciouH, with Home wit, and great vivacity. Arling- loii was a man of very moderate capacity ) his intentions were good, but lie wanted ct)urago U> i^erNcvere in them. I^astly, the duke of Lauderdale, wlio waM not defective in iiaturaK and Htill less in ac(]|uired tftltniN i but neither wan liig adaress graceful, nor Um iinderMtattdlng just: he wag ambitious, obstinate, insolent, and Hullen. 14. These were the men to whom Charles gave up the conduct of his affairs, and who plunged the remaining part of his reign in difficul- ties, which produced the mowt liangcroUH sytnptoma. 1."). From this inauspicious combination the people entertained violent jealousies agalnnt the court. and discontents of the nation were vented without restraint j the apprehension of a popisli Huccensor, an abandoned court, and a parliament, which, thoiigli Monietimes assertors of liberty, yet which had now continued for seventeen years without change, naturally rendered the minds of mankind timid and suspicious, and they only wanted objects on which to wreak their ill-humours. The gloom which hung over the public mind was still further increased by two fearful calamities. In the yet r 1665 the plague broke out in Londofj. and raged so dreai fully that 68,596 persons died within tlie bills of mortality. The following year was as fearfully distinguished by the great fire of London, in which H'J churolies and 13,200 houses were consumed. The ruin« of the citj extended )pie ha put it beyond a t the truth. 80 active in i (h machinationH found dead in a| pstead. 13. T1 )ntinue, a secret; papists, did not V body of Goil .cession, preceded! by seventy clergymen ; and every one who saw it made no doubt that his death ooiild be only caused by the paip^. 14. Even the better sort of people were infected with the vulgar prejudice; and such was the general conviction of popish guilt, that no person, with any regard to personal safety, could express the least doubt concerning the infor- mation of Oates, or the murder of Godfrey. 15. In order to continue and propagate the alarm, the parliament affected to believe it true. An address was voted for a solemn fast. It was requested that all pa|)erB tendine to throw li^t upon so horrible a conspiracy might be laid before the house ) what all papists should remove from Lon- don 'j that access should be denied at court to all unknown and suspicious persons ; and that the trainrbands in London and Westminister should be in readiness to march. 1&. Oates was recommended to parliament by the king. He was lodged in Whitehall, and encouraged by a peiisioB of t^^ve hun- dred pounds a year to proceed in forging new informations. The encoun^ment given to Ortes did not fail to bring in others also, who hoped to profit by the delusion of the times. 17. William Bedloe, a man, if possible, more infamous than Oates, appeared next upon the stage. He was, like the former, of very low birth, and had been noted for several cheats and thefts. This man, at his own desire, was arrested at Bristol, and conveyed to London, where he declared belbre the council that he had seen the body of sir EdmcHidsbury Godfrey at Somerset-house, where the queen livedo 18. He 8ud that a servant of Lord Bellasis offered to give him four thousand pounds if he would carry it off; and, finding all his information greedily received, he confirmed and height- ened Oates' s plot with aggravated horrors. 19. Thus encouraged by the general voice in their favour, the witnesses, who had all along enlarged their narri^ives in proportion as they were eagerly received, went a step further and ventured to accuse the queen. The commons^ in an address to the king, gave countenance to this scandalous ac- cusation ; the- lords rejected it with becoming disdain. Q^estions for Examination. 1. In what manner did Kirby address the king? , 2-4. Relate the oircumstanoos oi a pretended conspiracy. 6. What was the character of the principal actor in this business f 7-41. By what means did he proceed? 12 14. What accident served to confirm the prejudices oi the people? R 258 HISTORY OP ENGLAND. 16. What means were taken to continue tlie alarm? 16. How was Oates treated by the ffovemment? 17. What other delusion followed f 19. Whom did they afterwards yenture to accuse? SECTION m. O think what anxious moments pass between The birth of plots, and their last fttal periods ! O tis a dreadful interval of time, Hade iip of horror all, and big with death.— ^c^'«ou. 1. (A. D. 1675.) Edward Coleman, secretary to the duke of York, was the first who was brought to trial, as being most obnoxious to those who pretended to fear the introduc- tion of popery. Bedloe swore that he received a commie- sion, signed by the superior of the Jesuits, appointing him papal secretary of state, and that he had consented to the king's assassination. 2. After this unfortunate man's sen- tence, thus procured by these vipers, many members of both houses offered to interpose in his behalf, if he would make ample confession^ but as he was, in reality, possessed of no treasonable secrets, he would not procure life by falsehood and imposture. He suftlered with calmness and constancy ^, and, to the last, persisted in the strongest protestations oflm innocence. 3. The trial of Coleman was succeeded by those of Ire- land, Pickering, and Orove. They protested their inno- cence, but were found guilty. The unhappy men went to execution protesting their innocence, a circumstance which made no impression on the spectators ; but their being Jesuits banished even pity for their sufferings. 4. HilL Green, and Berry, were tried upon the evidence of one liules Prance, for the murder of Godfrey j but though Bedloe' s narrative and Prance's information were totally irreconcileable, and though their testimony was invalidated by contrary evidence, all was in vain : the prisoners were condemned and executed. They all denied their guilt at execution^ and, as Berry died a protestant, this circumstance was regarded as very considerable. 6. Whitebread, provincial of the Jesuits, Fenwick, Gaven, Turner, and Harcourt, all of them of the same order, were brought to their trial ; and Langhorne soon after. Besides Oates and Bedloe, Dugdale, a new witness, appeared against the prisoners. This man spread the alarm still further, and even asserted that two hundred thousand papists in England were ready to tak« up arms. 6. Tlie prisoners proved, by 0HAftLE8 II. 259 the duke I, as being le introduc- a commie- jinting him snted to the man's sen- bers of both would Make jsessed of no. by falsehoodi i constancy f (tationsofhift those of Ire- 1 theiT inno men went to stance which being Jesuits the evidence y ; but thougb 'were totally las invalidated prisoners were their guilt at 8 circumstance ■nwick, Gaven, me order, were after. Besides .peared agams tUl further, am fciets in England ners proved, i>) •ixtewi wiineitMH iVom Bt. Omer's that Gates was in that ieminary at the timt he swore he was in London. Bul^ as tJiey were papisii, their testimony could gain no manner of credit. All pleas availed them nothing ; but the Jesuits and Langhorne were condemned and executed; with their last breath denying tlie crime for which they died. 7. The mformers had less success on the trial of sir George Wakemaii; the queen's physician, who, though they swore with their usual animosity, was acquitted. His con- demnation would have involved the queen in his guilt ; and itie probable the judge and the jury were afraid of venturing 80 far. 8. The earl of Stafford nearly two yiears after, was the last man that fell a sacrifice to these bloody wretches : the witnesses produced against him were Oatesj Dugdale, and Tub^rville. Oatei swore that he saw Fenwick, the Jesuit, deliver Stafford a commission from the general of the Jesuits, constituting him paymaster of the papal army. 9. The clamour and outrage of the populace against the prisoner was very great : he was found guilty, and condemned to be hanged and quartered; but the king changed his sentence into that of beheading. He was executed on Tower-hill, where even his peifsecutors could not forbear shedding tears at that serene fortitude which shone in every feature, motien and accent of this aged nobleman. 10. This parliament had continued to sit for seventeen years without interruption, wherefore a new one was called ; in which was passed the celebrated statute called the Habeas Corpus Act, which confirms the subject in an absolute se- curity fVom oppressive power. By this act it was prohibited to send any one to prison beyond the sea ^ no juajge, imder severe penalties, was to refhse to any prisoner his writ of habeas corpus ) by which the jailer was to produce in court the bodv of the prisoner, whence the writ had its name, and to certify the cause of his detainer and imprisonment. 11. If the jail lie within twenty miles of the judge, the writ must be conveyed in three days, and so proportionably for greater distances. Every prisoner must be indicted the first term of his commitment, and brought to trial the sub- sequent term; and no man, ofler being enlarged by court, can be recommitted for the same offence. 12. The Meal-tub! Plot, as it was called, soon followed the former. One DangefHeld, more infamous, if possible than Oates and Bedloe, a wretch who had been set in the 260 BISTORT OF ENGLAND. I pillory, Bcourged. branded, and transported for felony and emning^ hAtcnea a plot, in conjunction with a person ^•M name wttEt Oeuie^ a Roman catholic of abandoned character. Dangerfleld began by declaring that there was a design on foot to set tip a new form of government, and remove the kin^ and the royal family. 13. He communi- cated this intelligence to the king and the duke of York, who supplied him with money, aiid countenanced his die covery. He hid some seditious papers in the lodgings of one colonel lifancel j and then brought the custom-house officers to his apartment, to search tor smuggled merchan- dise. The papers were found : and the council, having examined the affair, concluded they were forged by Danger- field. 14. They ordered all the j^aces he frequented' to be seurehed ; and ih the house of Ciller the whole scheme of the conspnraiey was discovered upon paper, concealed in a meal-tubf, whence the plot had its name. Dangerfield, being committed to Newgate, made an ample confession of the foirgery, which, though probably entirely of his own contrivance, he ascribed to the earl of Gastlemain, the countess of Powis, and the five lords ip the Tower. 15. He said that the design was to duborn witnesses to prove a charge of perjury upon Gates, to assassinate the earl of Shaftesbury, to accuse the dukes of Monmouth and Bucking- ham, the earls of Essex, Halifax, and others, of having been concerned in the conspiracy against the king and his brother. Upon this information the earl of Gastlemain and the countess of Powis were sent to the Tower, and the kiiig himself was suspected of encouraging this impos- ture. 16. The chief point which the present house of commons laboured to obtain was the exclusion bill, which, though the former house had Toted^ was never passed into a law. Shaftesbury, and many considerable men of the party, had rendered themselves so obnoxious to the duke of Xork, that they could find safety in no measure but in his ruin. Mon- mouth's friends hopied that the exclusion of James would mi^e room for their own patron. 17. The duke of York's professed bigotr;^ to the catholic supersitition influenqed numbers: and his tyrannies, which were practised without control while he continued in ScotUnd, rendered his name odious to thousands. In a weck^ therefore, aiWr the com- mencement of the session, a motion was made, for bringing in ft bill for excluding him from the succession to the throne, OHARLIS n. 261 lony and a person bandoned here was menti and communi- I of York, ed his die edgings oi itom-house , merchan- *il, having by Danger- ente^'to be 5 sclieBQe of cealed in a Dangerfield, lonfession of of his own temfun^ the er. 15. He to prove a the earl of md Bucking- 3, of having le klBg ancl .f Caatlemain Tovirer, and g this impoa- of commons hich, though id into a law. le party, had of xork, that .a ruin. Mon- James would uke of York's ion influenqed Lctised without ered his name ^r the com- de for bringing a to the throw, and a committee was aj^inted for that purpose. The debates were carried on with great yiolenoe on both sides. The king was present during the whole debate *, and had the pleasure of seeing the biU thrown out by a very great majority, Qu$$iion8for Examination^ 1. Who WM lint brongbt te Irtal r 2. What WM his behaviottr at his execution ? 8. 4. Who were the next that suQbred 1 5. What otiieri were tried Ibr their lives r 6. By what means did thej prove their innocence? 7. Which of the accused was acquitted? 8. Who was the laitt that ftll a victim to these wretches? What was the evidence against him t 9. What sentence was passei upoa the earl of fitaffBrd f What efibot had his fortitude on the beholders of his death ? 10. it What were ttie particulars ofthe Habeas Corpus Act? 12. What plot WM now laid, and who wm tiie pikudpal actor in it? 13. How and ^hen wm it discovered? 16. 17. What . ow engaged the attention ofthe Commons? SECTION rv. Yet sometimes nations will decline so low From virtue, wlii raise the west. Shaftesbury, widi one Ferguson, an independent clergyman, and a rest- less idotier, managed the city, upon which the confederates chieny relied. It was now ihtiX this turbulent man found his sohembes most likely to take effect. 16. After the disappointment and destruction of a hun- dred i^ots, he at last b^an to be sure c^ this. But this sheme. like all the former, was disappointed. The caution of lora Bussel, who induced the duke of Monmouth to put off the enterprise, sayed the kingdom from the horrors of a ciyil war ; while Shaftesbury was so struck with the sense of his impending danger, that he left his house, and, lurking about the city, attempted, but in yain, to driye the London- ers into open insurrection. 17. At last, enraged at the numberless cautions and delays which closed and defeated his projects, he threatened to beein with his fHends alone. However, after a long struggle oetween fear and rage, he abandoned all hopes of success, and fled out of the kingdom to Amsterdam, where he ended his turbulent life soon aft«r, without being pitied by his friends or feared by his enemies. Questions for Examination, 1. 2. What incident next desBrres notijoer 8. 4. How didtheoommons act on tlidB occasion ? and what wa«tt)eoon- Mooanoer ft. How md tbe diqwte end betweoi the king and parliament? 7. What wac now the temper of the king? 8. How did the olennr act? 9. Of what did the Euig deprive the city of London? 10. Wlwt was now the conduot of the spies r 11. 13. Who first fell under the ministrjrs displeasure r and on what occt- sionf 18. 14. What reyulted from the great power of the crown? 16. By whom was resistance made? 16. 17. What was the issue of it? SECTION V. But let the bold conn>irator beware, For heav'h makes pnuces its peculiar eMxe.—Dryden, .. (A. D. 1684.) The loss of Shaftesbury, though it re- tarded the views -^of the conspirators, did not suppress them. A council of six was elected, consisting of Monmouth, Bus- OHARLES II. 265 gel, Essex, Howard, A.lgeraon Sidney, and John Hampden, grandson to the great man of that name. 2. Suoh, together with the duke of Argyle, were the leaders of this conspiracy. But there was also a set of subordinate ooMpiniitorB who frequently met together and carried nel Rnmsev, an okl republicaii officer, tOMther with lieuteuaniKSolonel Walcot, of the same stamp; Gkxxlenough, under-sheriff of London, » zealous and noted party-man ; Femson, an independeni minister; and several attorneys, merenants^ and tradesmen of London. 8. But colonel Rumsey and Ferguson were the only persons that had access to tq^ ipeat leaders of the conspyracy. These mor in their meetings embraced the most desperate resolutioii^. They jNToposed to assassinate the kii% on his way to Newmarket: Kumble, one of the party, possessed a farm upon that roaa called the Bye-house, and thence the conspinicy was denominated the R^e- house plot. 4. They dehbentted upon a scheme of stoppmg the king's coach by overturning a cart on the highway at this place, and shooting him through the hedses. The hoose in which the king lived at Newmarket took fire ac- cidentally, and he was obliged to leave Newmarket eisht days sooner than was expected, to which circumstance his safety was ascribed. 6. Among the Conspirators was oixe Kdling, who. finding himself in dang» of a prosecution tor arresting tixe \ota- mayor of Ixmdon, resolved to earn his pardon by discover- ing this plot to the ministry. Colonel Knmsey, and West, a lawyer, no sooner understood that this man had informed against them, than they agreed to save themselves by tumins kiBg's evidence, and they surrendered themselves accord ingly. 6. Monmouth absconded; Russel was sent to the Tower; Grey escaped; Howard was taken, concealed in a chimney ; Essex, Sidney, and Hampden were soon after arreateo, and had the mortification to find lord Howard an evidence against them. 7. Walcot was first brought to trial and condemned, together with Hone and Rouse, two associates in the con- spiracy, upon the evidence of Rumsey, West, and Shep- pud. They died penitent, acknowled^ng the justice of the sentence by which they were executed. A much greater sacrifice was shortly after to fdlow. This was the Lord Bussel, son of the earl of Bedford, a nobleman of num- 266 HISTORY OF INGLAND. borleHH guud . Mahomet IV 1649 X^nis K¥MQf France. bXIV 1648 Philip IV ...1621 Charles II 1665 Kings qf PorfAigcd. A.D. Alphon8oVI......lSlil> Pedro U .M Jiangs of Denmark. Frederick m 16(8, CShristian V 1676| King of Sweden. Charles XI U JAMES U. 26» SMINSKT PERSONS. iy^jmxU4€lVNin^i»j ^UUmm^ doktofBiuktoglUuiif ; Botl«r/da]i»of Onaotto ; Cooper, earl of ShaftMbnry ; dr WilUuil Tomitle ; Algenton Sid- oev: WentifOnh DiUon, eul of BpflOOBinon ; B. BotIo, earl or Orrvrr : Q. HMwittle, eftrf of OM«i«r^i 6. mtmk, dOke of JUMtaaAvi C. Studer, Mri of DevbT: ^MoirtMiie. fENul of SjuMlwieb; J. £owt«t^ manqpia of Wiup am^i ^' &^nmi,(m^6t mWcKUe: 0. mibf, ei^ «f Bristol; D«itf; lord HonH; Dadfejr. £«M Kotth: J. lloi^IW^ eirt dr^toillelwVeii isAttfOB Avdl^i- H-JiicMli nwiqiiif^_9<|^liMter; J/7qpot.c«rl |luun; »; Ax- flw>A«tiielm the field of battle about twenty miles, till his horse sunk under him. He then alighted, and, chang- ing his clothes with a shepherd, fled on foot, attended by a German count, who had accompanied him from Holland. 11. Being quite exhausted with hunger and fatigue, they both lay down in a field, and covered themselves with fern. The shepherd being found in Monmouth s clothes by the pursuers, increased the fliligence of the search j and by the means of blood-hounds he was detected in this miserai)!* situation, with raw peas in his pocket, which he had gather \i in the fields to sustain life. 12. He wrote the most mtb- missive letters to the king ; tnd that monarch, willing to feagt his eyes with the miseries of a fallen enemy, gf ^ him an audience. At this interview the duke fell upon h'p knses, and begged his life in the most abject terms. He even signed a paper, offered him by the king, declaring his own illegitimacy ; and then the stern tyrant assured him that his crime was of such a nature as could not be pardoned. 13. The duke, perceiving that he had nothing to hope from the clemency of his uncie, recollected his spirits, rose up, and retired with an air of disdain.. He was followed to the scaf- fold with great compassion from the populace. He warned the executioner not to fall into the same error which he had committed in beheading Russel, where it had been necessary to redouble the blow. 14. But this only increased the se- 272 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. verity c^ ihe punishment; the man was seized with a uni- versal tsepidatioD) and he struck a feeble blow, upon which th* duke raised hia head from the Uook^ as if to reproach him; he gen% l(ud down hie head a second time, and the executioner struck him again and again to no purpose. He at last < thirew the axe down *, but the sheriff compelled him to ifeaume the attempt, and at two more blows the head was severed frMft the bc^j. 16. Such was the end of James, duke of Monmouth^ the darling of the English people. He was brav^ sincere^ and good-natured, open to flattery, and by that seduced into an enterprise which exceeded his capa- city. 16. 3ut it were wiell for the insurgents, and fortunate for the kin^, if the blood that was now shed had been thought a sufficient expiation for the late offence. The victorious army behaved with the most savage cruelty to the prisoners taken after the batt]e. Fevershtuu, immediately after the victory^ longed up above twenty prisoners. 17. The military severities of the commanders were still inferior to the l^i^ slaughters committed by judge Jefferies, wl)o was sent down to try the delinquents. The natural brutality of this man's temper was inflamed by continual in- toxieaition. He told the prisoners, that if they would save him the 1a*ouble <^ trying them, they might expect some fa vour, otherwise he would execute the law upon them with the utmost severity. 18. Many poor wretches were thug ^ured into a confession, and found that it only hastened their destruction. No less than ei^ty were executed at Dorchester; and, on the whole, at Exeter, Taunton, and Wells, two hundred and fifty-one are computed to have fallen by the hands of the executioner. Qtiestions for Examination. 1. In what mumer did James aet on Buoceeding to the thront ? 2. 8. What was the first disturbance in this reign? and who were the prinoipiflB concerned in itf 4. What svvcbdisattsaided Argrla's attempt? 5-10. Belate the partioulars of Monmouth's invasion? 11. In what situation was he found? 12. Whal was his conduct alter he was taken? 18. 14. Belate what happeued at his execution. , 16. What was hit character? - 16. How were the prisoners treated? 17. What was the conduct of judge Jeflbries ? 18. How many rebels are said to have been executed? JAMES II. 273 SECTION II. Witb p«rMOttliOtt ftrin'd, the stored code Of l»w be dMhce thoughtless to the gronnd. 'V(Upy, I. (A) D. 1686.) Iv eocleeiastical matteru, James proceed- ed with still graater injustice. Among those who distin- guished them.8ilreii aganibt popery was one Dr. Sharpe, a der^man of London, who declaimed with just severity agamp' those who changed their religion by such arguments as the popish missionaries were able to produce. 2. This being, supposed to reflect upon the king, gave great oiTence at ?ourtj and positive oroers were^iven to the bishop of London to suspend Sharpe, till his majesx/'s pleasure should be further known. The bishop refused to comply ) and the king resolved to punish the bishop himself for disobe- dience. '\) To 6ifcst his design, an ecclesiastical commission was isgued out, by which seven commissioners were invested with a full and unlimited authority over the whole church of Endand. Before this tribunal the bishop was summoned, ana not only he, but Sharpe, the preacher, suspended. 4. The next step was to allow the liberty of conscience to all sectaries ) and he was taught to believe, that the truth of the catholic religion would then, upon a fair trial, gain the victory. He, therefore, issued a declaration of general indulgence, and asserted that non-conformity to the estab- lished religion was no longer penal. 6. To complete his work, he publicly sent the earl of Gastlemain ambassador extraordinary to Rome, in order to express his obedier ce t-j the pope, and to reconcile his king- dom to the catholic communion. Never was there so much contempt thrown upon an embassy that was so boldly un- dertaken. The court of Rome expected but little success from measures so blindly conducted. They were sensible that the king was openly striking at those laws and opinions, which it was his business to undermine in silence and se- curity. 7. The Jesuits soon after were permitted to erect colleges in different parts of the kingdom ) they exercised the catho* lie worship in the most puhlic manner; and four catholic bishops, consecrated iu the king's chapel, were sent through the kingdom to exercise their episcopal functionH, under the title of apostolic vicars. f ;^;;:i; 274 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 7.. Father FrauciM, a benedictine monk, was recommend' ed by the king to the university of Camoridge, for a deeree of master of arts. But lu«> religion was a stumbling-bfock which the university ecniM not get over; and they pre- sented B, petit^ii, beseeo^g the ku;ig,tQ rec^U his mandate. 8. Their petition was disregarded and theb deputies denied a hearing: the vice-chancellor Limee^ was sununoned to appeAr Mfore the hij^h oooumssion cour^ ainl clepnveid of his office ; yet the university persisted, and Fatlier Francis was refused. 9. The place of i)resident of Magdalen college, one of the richest foundations in Europe, being vacant, the king sent a mandat^^ m favour of one Farmer, a new convert to popery, and a r'an of bad character in other respects. The feiloNvs of tht Al^fi made very submissive apphcations to the king foy recaiimg his mandate ; they refusea admitting the candi- date; s^xd (Tames, finding them resolute in the defence of th^ir p ' -ileges, e^cted them all except two. 10. '. Nscond declaration for lib^rt^ c^ conscience was publish^sd about the same time with the former } but with this peculiar injunction, that all divines aliould read it after 8e;rvice, in their churches. (A. D. 1688.) The clergy were known universally todisapivove of these measures, and they were now resolved to disobey an order dictated hy the most bigoted motives. They were determmed to trust their cause to the &vour of the people, and that universal jealousy which prevailed against the encroachment of the crown, 11. The iirst champions of this service of danger were Loyde, Inshop of St. Asiuph; Ken, o^ Bath and Wells; Tomer, of Ely; I^ke, of Chichester: White, of Peterborough; and Tre- lawney, of Bristol. These, together with Sancroft, the pri- mate, concerted the address, in the form of & petition to the kingi which, with the warmest ezpresi&one of zeal and suh mission, remonstrated that 11) ay c ild not read his declaration consistent with their con8Cii.nces, oi the rsspect they owed the protesta^t religion. 12. i'he king, in a fury, summoned the bishops before the council) and there questioned them whether they would ac- knon^led^e their petition. They for some time declined giving an answer; but being urged by the chancellor, they at la^ pwiied it.. On their musal to give bail, an order wae immediately drawn for their commitment to the Tower, and the crown lawyers received directions to prosecute them fo» a seditious libel. tUOB It. m one of tlie king sent a ; tx> popery, The iellowB to the king g the candi- 5 defence of read it after 5 clergy were res, and they hy the most their cause lousy "which I, U. The )Yde, Wshop ir, ofEly, ^. and Tre- srofl, the pri- jtition to the pieal and sub- da declaration set they owed QueiltofM for Exttminahon, 1. In wluit irkf^Ath. ttiaMe gfre dibi«)»tii tli^ tUtgl 2. Wlmt WM ihe MirtMl of VttMOB «lMlt mtathmf 6. WHotedid lM«Mid«iMMMbr MtttiuMlnltjr to Abnt^f itiid liAw wu » tiM ooiiiMMUeM of iioator « tli»tnikallQrkeMviedf^ ■ ithef ■' " took wefolMio bono q i wH i oM ler ma Jkmee act 12. In wMt manner < umee act on thb ooi • BMMIi ionr Mr idalel SECTION HI. Forisaken fhm, he otl^er tidouglitf ristolyes. T6 qoKi ttJe'i^Mm, and duara RdMB^e NiMVet : BiKlot Itfa go, nor. beedr toqn^ Ibwi yott nudEo Thf gentle duke Ids lonely Jpnxney tfis.-'MooU. U (A. D. 1688.) The twenty*nintK «hiy of Jane was fixed for their trial ; and their return wifti mdee (npkiidktty attended than their imprisonment. The cause was looked vpdik as in- Tolviiii; the liate ci' the nation ; ;&nd future freedom, or future shivery^ awaited the decision* The dii^utiB was leafcnedly manacled by the lawyers on both sides. 2. Htdloway and Powel^ two oi ihe judges, declared themsdves iti itKvour of the bishops. The jury withdrew into a chamber, where they passed the whole ni^xt ', but next morning they Tetumed into conrt^ a«id pronoun^ the bishope not gniHy^. 3. West- minster-hall instantly rang with loud Roelamations^ which were communicaited to the whole ex^nt of the city. They even reached the camp at Honnslow, where the king was at ditoer, in lord Feversfaam's tent. His majesty demanded the cause of these rejoioinge^ and being informed that it was nothii^ but the soldiers shouting at the delirery of the bishops, " Call you that nothing" cried he; ''but so much the wOTse for them I" 4. It was in this posture of aflfiftirs that all people turned their eyes upon William, prince of Orange, who had married Mary, the eldest dsn^ter cf king James. William was a prince who had, from his earliest entrance into business, been immersed in dangers, calamities, and politics^ The ambition of France, and the jealouenes of Hol- land, had served to sharpen his talei^s, and to give him a projpeBsity for iv trigne. 5. This politic prince now plainly saw thitt James had incurred the most violent hatred of his Sdbjects, (A.D. I '->%'« 276 HISTORY Of BNOLAMD. 1688.) He was niiuutely iaibnued of their diioonienU j and bj seeming to diieounif^ atiU ftcther inoreaitd them, hoping to sain the kingdom. for kiBiMlf ift the aeqiiel. 6. The time when the piinee entered vponthis enterprise was juet when the people were in m flame about the recent insult offered to their oishops. He ' had before this made considerable augmentations to the Botoib fleet, and the ships were then lying ready in the harbour. Some additional troops were al0D levied, atut'sums of mon^ raised for other Surpoees were converted to the adTAnoement of this expe- ition. 7. So well concerted were his measures, that, in three dam above four hundred transports were hired } the anny fell aown the rivers and canals from Nimegoen. with all ne- cessary stores y and the prinee set sail Iran Helvoetsluyh with a fleet of neariy five hundred vessels, and an army oi above fourteen thouaand men. It wasjpven out that this invasion was intended for the coast d ironce ; and many of the English, who saw the fleet pass along their ooaats, Ihtle ezpeoted to see it land on their own shores. Thus^ after a voyage of two days, the prince landed his army at the village of Broxholme, at Torbay, on the fifth of November, which was the anniversary of the gunpowder treason. 8. But though tlie invitation Arom the English was very general, the pince had for some time the mortification to find hinaself joined by very few. He marched first to Exe- tor, where the country people had been so much terrified at the executions wluch had ensued on Monmouth's rebellion, that they continued to observe a strict neutrality. 9. He remained for ten days in expectation of beins joined by the malcontents, and at last be^ to despair of success. But just when he began to dehberate (about re-embarking his forces, he was joined by several persons of consequence, and the whole country soon after came flocking to "his standard. The nobility, clergy, officers, and even the king's own ser- Xl^nts and creatures, were unanimous in deserting James. 10. Lord Churchill had been raised from the rank of a pag«, and had been invested with a high command in the army; had been created a peer, and owed his whole fortune to the king!s bounty } even he deserted among the rest, and carried with him the duke of Grafton, the natural son of the late king, colonel Berkeley, and some others. 11. The prince or Denmark, and Anne, his flivourits JAX10 II. 277 diiuffhier, peroMTing tb« defpcmtioii of hifl «iraiimitAac«f) jHoirtd to leaT« him, and take part mik tlie prtTailinc fide. When he wae told that the nrinoe and princese had followed the rest of hie • ftvroiirite& he ivas alraic with moet bitter iguiflh. " Qod help me," cried he, in the extremity of hie ani sgoayj " my own chudren have foreaken me 1" 12. The king^ alarmed every day more 'and more with theproepeot of a|^eral dieaffection, wae reeolved to hearken to those who adrued his quitting the kingdom. To prepare for this he fint sent away the queen, who arrived safely at Calais, under the conduct of Count Lauzun, an old fliyourite of the French king* Bfi himself soon after disappeared in the night time^ attended only by sir Edward HaI. lunoeent XI 19) 3 1 3o) jqum I. ..... ^ • -lIP, STxw Leopold 7l5fo f moerMV o^CJkc 7%rto. iMwwitV 1|94» l^"^ 1649 Ximg qf Spplm. JHiV 4^ Portugal A.D. Fv^r^P 1688 ClMri!^ ^JDHMMOTk. V ins <5i0erlmi. Chfilef .MGO (^frlMlt ...lltt BMiUBVT PBIUM)N& Tbedvke of IfOMBMth; SpeBeer, «ftrl of 9nd0rli»4}PriiMe J Lee%; H.^oolhTmrd pSGE^ ftSd «m or #ii«SKrtan V ^Mlmlle, etrl Dbraet; H. Cvrendttb, dnkt; of 0otoii«kii»t J.lltomMMi, k»d Ht- SfaJr; il. On!Qiu[i/Tttooi|]|ilr»peton; l^i^ JnuaMTf ef" of Ci|nlemain. le, ■**iii ^ ..i.ft ;i|.f f..;i BoniKViO. Diod MwoH 8, 1'fO;. LoQclod fa EnglMkd, Noyemfeer 6, 1688. BejjAT toreign<>ani?ai7 22,1689. Befgnedl^^Oiuii. SECTION I. -By turpi tljfflrtoU, , Lulons glory fired, BEOw William oonoAerd, •ttd]io#'Frtuioe retired, eo*-! And liRten, each tritb inmuIonB glory : BEdw William ooiiQ|ierd. •ttd]lo#'Fi.uv» .«« H4m rnn^dencQ cP-ni WUUftm'ttevples beU. On Boyne'e prppltilomi)i#nk«' u>^ h»9>y;'i>ij ^l^-^Prior. 1. (A.D. 1687.) ^a^4M was 09 ^ooi^r elected to the throQe, i/tim he l)ega^ tioi ejiperience the difficulty of goyevn- ing a peopi^, who were more ready to examine the conv mands of their superior^ thim to obey them. 2. His reign commenced with an attempt similar to that which had ]^n the principal cause of all the disturbances in the preceding reigQi and whiioh had excluded the monarch from the throne. William was a Calvinist, and conseq^uentlj averse to persecujtipiiL^ jii^e ther^dre begi^n by attemptii^g thos? ll^ws which enjoined wiilbnmly of wevdiip; and, though he could not entirely succeed i« his design^ a tolera- tion it«8 granted to such dissenters as iE^uld^d^e the oaths of alledance, and hold no privvte ecMnyen^icte. ?. I^ the mei^n time, tfameiS; whosf authority was still WILLIAiM III. 279 acknowledged in Ireland, embarked at Brest for that kingdom, and on May 22d arrived at Kinsale. He soon after made his public entry into Dublin, amidst the aeelamattons of the inhabitants. He found the ajspearance of thines in that country e(|ual to his most sanguine expectations. Tyrconnel, the lord-beufenant was devoted tr^ his interests; his old army was steadhTi And a new one raised, amounting together to nearly forty thousand men. 4. As soon as the season would permit, he went to lay siege tQ Londonderry* a town of small importance in itself, but rendered flMuoua py the stand it made on this ^sion. 6. The besieged endured the most pcMjgnar ^uff<^ringR from ftttigm and flimine, until at list relieved . ^ tore- ship, that bapiiily broke the boom ItSd across i ^er to prevent a iamib^ The jpy of the in^al»taiit« at uub unex- pected relief 1NM only ecmUed by the rage avid disappoint- ment of the besiegers. The army of James was so dispirited by the success of this enterprise, that they abandoned the siege in the night; and retired with precipitation, after havine lost about nine thousand men before the place. 6. it was upon the opposite sides of the river Boyne that both armies came in siuit of eaoh other, inflamed with all the animosities arising »*om a difference of religion, hatred, and revenge. (A. D. 1690.) The river Bojm^ at this place was not so deep but that men might wade over on foot; however, the banks were ru^ed, and rendered dangerous by old houses and ditches, which served to defend the latent enemy. 7. William, who now headed the protestant army, had no sooner amved, than he rode along Ijhe side of the river in sight of both armies, to make proper observations upon the plan of battlt ; but in the mean time, being, per- ceived by the enemy, a cannon was privately brought out, and planted against him where he was sitting. Tne shot killea several of his followers, and he himself was wounded in the shoulder. 8. !l@arly the next morning, at six o'clock^ kipg William gave orders to force a passage! over the river. This the army undertook in three different places; and ajtler a furious cannonading, the battle began with unusual vigour. The Irish troops, thpugh reckoned the best in iE)ur<;^ abroad, have always fought indifferently at home. 9. After an obstinate resistance, they fled with precipitation, leiKviog the French and Swiss regiments, who came tp, tJMr a^sietanoe, to make the best retreat they could. William led on his IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) O A^ 1.0 1.1 Ui lii 12.2 S 144 "" Lo 12.0 lU 11.25 II u ■ 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporalion JS. 4^ rn,'^ V - 4* ^ , ^ A "^^A 'S^^^^*^ ^.^ 6^ 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WUSTIR.N.Y. M5M (716) •72-4503 ■^ .*v 280 HISTO|lY OF ENGLAND. Battle of Anghfim, uid De^lihofOeiieralSt.ltvtb.! horse in person; and coniribated by hisaetivity and yigi- lance to secure the victory. James wasnot in thebatde, but stdpd aloof during the t!moDf third of that number. The victory was splendid, and almost decisive ; but the death of the diike df Schomberg, who was shot as he was crossing the water, seemed to outweigh the whole loss sustained by the enemy. 11. The last battle fought in favour of James was at Augh^. (A. D. 1691.) The enemy foughi with surpris- ing fury, and the hoirse were several times repulsed ; but the English wading through the middle of a bog up to the waist in mud and rallying with some difficulty on the firm ground on the other side, renewed the combat with great f\iry. 12. St Ruth, the Irish general, being killed, his fate so discouraged his troops, tnat they gave way on all sides, and retreated to Limerick, where they resolved to make a final stand, after having iQst above five thousand of the flower of their army. 13. Limerick, the last retreat of the Irish forces, made a brave defence ; but soon seeing the enemy advanced within ten paces of the bridge-foot^ and perceiving themselves surrounded on all sides, they determined to capitulate; a negociation was immediately '4' :v WILLlXM IU4' : 1. 2. Whal llnwlist i Wbfttwii 6. Wliere dM T.Bywhst 281 begun; aii4.- lUMMiiHti^ ceaeed on botif sides. 14. The Bo- man cathoUdi^^ this oapituladoiri wen restored to the enjoyment of ^Mpe libertiet in the exercise of their reli^on which they Hft^ifQSBefBel &i:ihe reign oijpng Charles the Second. AU^ ]l«i«iis irer* M wii|^:firee l^ye to re- move with t]»w itaDUiifl^ and fffeota to any other eonntiy except England aii^w^ipO^llMad. Ill coi^ of this above fourteen ihow«wii|0^ tjioiia. who hadi fiMq^ht for king James went oMl inUtViiiio^ Uaaring tMmfl)^rtft inrOYided by government to oontegring t|ie^ -i tlie twenty-nyitt dii^ oC tmutay^ in riiiiig to Hi^pfoiH)OiiM from Kvnmigtoii. hifl hone fell oiiAer bim, ^ lie ^i^iti ^ojm w$i^ sut^i ^olende^ ihj^ hie collA^bone was Ihicturea. His attendaata eoiveyei km to the palace at Hamptoa-oourt, where the fracture was re* daoed, and in the eveniiig he returned to Kensington in his co»ch. II. The jdlt^^ ih« etMgd disunited the frac- ture once more^ and the hones were again rej^laced, under Bidloa his physician. This hi a robust constitution would have Deen a tnflfaig misfofliule; but fai him it was fiital. For some time he appeared iti a fliir way of recoT»^; but, falling asleep dn his coudty l^e wff! seized with a shiyering, wluch terminated in a fever mi4 hii son ia his last illness I 5. whaf was wiUiana's ^resoiption pn aooepttaw the qrown? i IMd Ids Mtidns ooriMbond With that ie^ 7. In what aiMHier did wUUeoi aotr 1 10. li. wKt acddeht mtotiened to vHsonf ud 'inuit were the oonse- enenessT ■ ^ ■- :■ " ' ■■*■* ^"^ ' 13. What ot^t lavjaeareat his hoertr 9ow loni; did wulw rf4xn« and what was his ^? CONTEMPORARY SOVBRBIGl^a. Aleisni _ . lupoentXU. 1091 CliwBeiit3a 1700 Popex. A.p. iFji^mor qf Qernumu. jI^QpoId itts Unmmmqfthe Turks. Soltmanlf) 1687 A.l>. Aehniet II .1681 Hultaphan .1696 Kina of France. Louis ii^. .1648 Charl Philip V 1700 '« qf Spain. II;.... IT. .1666 JSng qf Portugal. Pedro i; 1688 King of Denmark. Christian V.......1670 Kingij^ Svfetkn. lei XI.... Charli Charles Xn 1060 284 HISTOBT OF ENGLAND. EMIirSNT PBRSONB. SiB lAAAO Nxwtok; JoBlr LociIB; iliraliUthop tlUotaoii; Biahm Burnet; duke Sohcimberf ; Gantrd Mkomltorf, fon of IM Duke; Hon. tame, eul of HallfloE ; WSmitM of CMtfMdf Min^oid ftNaeit: Antbony Aihley Cooper, ttaelm ItofteMwnriaiwJiea tP we aoUanui mentioned in m iDnber rein); SMtold, (nadrOTlm«kMgMin; John^ lordCitta; •drairsl BiUMl,%M B«SeIe:r, *0i BoraieM. DieA A«gBi^ ITM. Begn to reign llMdi 8, 1702. SBCl^KI. How* I^dlJtorteMBweMiaifcrttwetiialiiMwte what ye Dram Tbaaiei sad Duuriw Iwre been tMtg hi, How Anne o Unding no hopee^ therefore, from this expedition, in two da^s after the troops were re-embarked, sir George Booke, jomed by sir Gloudesly, called a council of war on b6ard |the jBeet, as they lay off the coast of Africa. In this they nsolved to make an attempt upon Gibraltar, a city then be- Ibn^ng to the Spaniards, at that time ill provided with a Igttrison, as neither expecting nor fearing such an attempt. 286 HISTORY 0» XNGLAND. 8. The town of Gibralfir tteBda upon A ion^e of land as the luariDers call it, mi^MudtfSi figr a rook inaccessible on every side but ^i*^ v 1H»J|M* o^ Htosse landed his troops, to the nnmbet ^'^ ^(^INW^^'^ ^® oontinent ad- joining, and snmmcmtd walltt b«t without e£fect 9. TTdil iliiji tin imjW jpi W'li'i f"i n"' ftilin; ThIMi nlB&ri imy were driven ftom fwth Mole Head, and assault > be neareflt Inttuitfft'^l^ Bdiifi^ilkhout (orden, iB (nvtrd inliaBdb IQ. But they ifa^«|r)i%«^ll|^ which jjwift iNMPe killed the town j and, porMh their fortifications at % ordered captain Whiyki that quarter, the Mole i; and entered Hm were prematttitf ttf two heutenanli itf4 , or wounded. Il«!r«rtil|}«l% ^^tiio dttiiii!^ i^Blcks and Jumper, took pMli^N^ ffround until they imte siialaitted by eyJjftTOJillilil, And the rest of the seamen, ilirho took a remtit bebreen tne Mole and the town by storm. Then the governor capitulated, and the ptiDoe of Hesse entowd the pIiMe, amazed at the sucoew c^ the attempt, considering the strength of the fortifications. 11. When the news of this conquest was brought to Eng- iMid^.it was for some time in debate whether it was a oap- tufe worth thanking the admiral ftnr. It was at last consi- dwed as unworthy public oratitude ; and, while the duke of Marlboiougb was extolled for useless services, sir Geoin^ Rooke , was left to neglect, and soon displaced from his com- mand for having so essentially served his country. A strik- ing instance, that, even in the moet enlightened age^ popolu applause is most usually misplaced. 12. Gibraltar has ever since remained in the possession of the English, and continnes of B^ETi^ tfaooght equiva^ L III, Tkiii^miM l^^t^^ yrm m «i^^the most sin- hgol^^^^ he lived. I When y#t hai fifymk l»^$Dnij^$ipuui^^ ICoots in Africa ; at twenty he assistea in eoaqiiasiing the leyblution, and he DOW; carried qn the war in Spi^n l^moat at his own expense : big, friendship fat the 4"^® Charles, being one of his diiief I moiliTes to, ,^a great undertaking. He waa deformed in his p«{9pn; but of a, mind the most generous^ honourable, and atitiye. His first attempt upon. landihe m Spain was the taking of Barcelona, a stroiw; oity» wit^ a garrison of five thousand men, while the whote army^amoimtiMl to little mbre than nine thousand. The prince of Hesse was killed in this lacticm. .; V^ , 17. These successes, however, we^ebiit of ishcjKrt.con^nu- ranee; Peterborough Mine recalled^ and the aomy under ICharles being commanded by the Ijord 0ldwa^. Tl^s no- an, having received inteUigence mttibe enemy, under Ithe command of the d^ike of Berwick,^ was i^ted near the Itowi^ of A^^sfoax^A, he advia^kced, t]4t(i,£i; ^ &^^ hxiai baltle. |I8. The coimict bmn aix>ut two in the afternoon, and the Me front of each array waa fully engaged. The centre, MQsieting chiefly of battalionB fr6m Gteat Britain and Hol- land, seemed at first viotori^us | hjut the Portugi^ese horse, n^ whom they iiirpre.ai»i»Q^i^e4 t)ietid^|iig'tl»smse]ive8 to flight t the first oharge, the EnglisB troops were flanked and sur- M. <»i every side. 19w In tyB,.dread(Ul. emergency ; fanned thems^vies ;into.Jk;0& aave^ and retired to. an enu- 1^ Whese^ being ignorant of 1^ country and destilute of supplies, they were obliged to surrender prisoners of ^ 288 HI8T0BT or INOLAND. D««tli of the ptinoef «f ■«••• a* BaM^oa*^ m«ti to the number of ten thottsaud lAeii. ' Thto victoiy nm complete and deoiflive y and all Spain. exoef)t the P)rov4bce of Catalonia, returned to thei^dut^ to Philip their flOTereign. 1. Wte itieoMdedin^lIliaiDtr 4iata|ii whom di4 Asm deolMe war? 2. How did the French nioi|«roh 9xdwm his anger ? 8. Who wtM^potaitM Cbhenunliho ? 4. WhatighfiohanetorT 6. Whendidihe nation galp^fiiieatviotoxiesr 6. 7. Wlit imnortant eonqviesfwas next obtained ? 8.1OBiB&teflliiaMi0iilait. ~ U. TIM cilBioii did the nata enfterlain oT itf 11^-15. iniai new wenea ofoo&irartion arose f 16. What were the eharaoter and oondnM of the earl of Feteitorowiif 18. 19. BeUite the parttcttlafa of the battle of Almuua. SECTION 11, Henceforth, she^iaid, in each returning jwr, One stem fbo fhMle aid the rose shaBnear ; The thistle's laatiaggraee-4honrO my rose, diall be; i The wiMrhke thistle^s arm..» sure deftnce to thee.-^ii!iMM. 1. (A. D. 1707.) The oouncils of the queen had hitherto I been governed by a whig ministry : for, though tha dnki of Marlborough had first started in the tory interest, ht soon joined the opposite faction, as he found them most sinceit ■iAMIi. 289 in their dcairea to humble fcht p6wf r of Vnuioe. The whigs, tli(ere&f%ii*iU |NiiWMd.tli*MMiM of (he kto king ; And, imy— ■rjjwitti m tngiMk»n>mmi 9( Mlmty, stroTe to himUe idMpotiflm >iil •wjr tytnol'Jkro|it. 1 In a go- iwBnaBt^iWlMra tht ymii|iiiAi>f MiwH^UiMf Mlbed from ,|tMi^ IMHntty klrit^ tbbMiwho •dnnftid^ )lh* d«ii^ of .Iht>i»w«|r7-iniii allir i«» lh« pMpIt > Jupptii to > «biMige. i11|iB,.paQ|i%.iiBuftfl^> mm$ MimiBf to ehann. But ]Nre- ,«iMfttMitlhe)iii4piM# «f IhtlUg, »liii|n;ik'^«NiMN|tMli^ by m^, lNUijtliM||^n- en was left to the queen, and the iook oare that noneisheuld lie «iiqdoyed but enah . at heaitUy; wishocl • to pioBM)te so de- oiddeiaine^anre. ii« Afiooordiady^ the iqpieen haflDf appelated conuuisflion- tfg. ion /be^huBdee, tliev.jnet inthe ooiinQil>ohaiober of the Gbo]q>ity.neer Whitehall^ whiokwai 'the plaoe Mpointed ibr the oonteoicee. t Aa ^ >«|Lee|i! ipeqveiitly exhorted ihe wnmieeionwa tOideipat(Dh, lia aracleiiDf < thia fluaoue : Union wereiooiLa^peed to^xand eigaed by the Ooaamiltoionens j and it only reniauiei to ittfi theai cbelave the parliamentg or both < 7* iftithinihniottfl tteatjK it wM litlmilatld that the suoces- aioept in the eridtnt blMflt of thtMbkkitt«ilSeotl«ML 9. That the oooHa of Miiiia*, and' all «uier oourti of jndicalnr* in Scotland^ ahoald i»- mfdai flB then oonatitnted by th^ laws of that kia|piMD, with tbavame authority and privilegii ai beAneHtho'ilniiMij aad that Sootlaad ehould be i||Mented in^ thr pariiamiBnt «r Great BiitaiB by fitteea peeiW'and«lort/4i*« om^aonen^ to be leleoted iniaah a mtmnmm shouJd> ba inttled by the pveeent parliameat of Bootland. > M.« That all petts of Soot- iand ahoaki ba oonridfNd te peen^of *8r«al BHtafaL laad rank immediately aAdr 'the 'Snaueh peers InipailUluiiNit, or sitting ilpon the* trialtef ^eers | and the* all theft insignia ofro^altgr ^ igoverament'shdold remain 4s they <#eif. 11. That att ilaws Of stattttesin either kungdom^' as ftriM they may < be inoonsistent with the • terms oT> thes^ kftiehi^ sho^ oeksfey and be declaimed iroid b^ the respeotiTe^ paiSa ments of the two kingdoms. These' wcse the vruioipal articles of ther timonj «ad tit only remained toobtaifa the sanction of the legislature of both kingdoms to gits them authority. .(»/ ,^ i ',(12. The arguments of ihese [different assemblies wi^ suited to the audience. To induce the Soots pariiament to eotne into the measur^^ itwiM aUcged, by the 'ministry and their sappafters, ihat am entire ana perfect union would be thft solid 'Ibundati^n of a lasting jieaoe. It would seeon their relijpoa, liberty^ aJhd property ; remore the ailimenties that prevMled amongst themeiBlTei!^ and the jealousiits thit subsisted between the two nations; 13. It would incRiae their strength^ riches^ and Commerce ; the whole iahuid would be joined in affection^ and freed from aU apprehen- sions of difi^nt intete^tsr itwou^dbe enable to resist all its enemies siumortthefPrdtestaiit interiesta^ And'maintiin the libsrtieaf of iitirope^ • It wa)i obserred, tltat tthe'less ike wheels of gOyemment were dcwa^ by a multiplid^ d ooundlsy' the more irigotous > woim be their exertions. 14. They were shown that the tazes^ which, in consecfaenoe of this union, they were to pay, were by no means so pn>' iMHi. M ^onailj grefti M their flbiM in ilM l^giaUture ; thai their (Aiei did not nmonnt to n ^erentee^th yui of those supplied bytheEnffliih; tnd jet their shpm mtht li^islnture wm sot n tenth part less. Such wertf the nifuments in fhyour ^themioo tddresisd to the Soots' pariinaeai U. In the ii^lUsh' h omei' it iras obserred^ that a powerftil and dan- IPMP litioa iwahi thns ftr wm be ytoftnted ftwn gking fliiin aay diatnrbaaae. That, in oaif of an j Aitore n^lare^ lMlaa4 iMd •ovsfjrthim to lose^ askd nothiof to fain, lg»asi4ii aa # on < hat waa/oon ra fions and poor, M.)a»tha other handt tha Mots w«re fired with iadif- Mitfenat thathondht'Of Idsfa^^ their aneieni mi indepen- atatiMvesmneat. /Into aoUlify imtid thoMelTee deaaded iiiooialvo^' dagnitar aad inflnwoey^ \f being oMlided from te»4i)Mle 'in parliament The tracuag. pvt of the nation btbldllfaairoommefee loade4 with heavy dxties^ and oon- ■^M*^"^ now p^viUgea of trMttng to the BngliBh idan- taMaateitho Wosi ladies at a Terj imeeftaia advantage. IV In the English housee it was also obietved^ that' tiio Qsisa of a lioh with a poor nation wonld alwaje be benefl- oU4o tha latter, «a(i that the Ibnner oould onl/ iiope Ibr a imiieipstiQn 4it their neeessitiee. It was said that 4e Boots I|hl0li&tl]r yidded to this ooalitipn, and it might be likened to-#. marriage- witk a woman, agarast/ her oonoent 18* It lit. fappoeed4o be. a' union made up of oo maaj unmatohed pifloee and such incongruous ingredients, that it oooldnever tike eflbet^ It was oomplaineil that the proportion -of the Iwi'tax paid t^ tha Soots was' small, and' unequal t6 their ihapfinuel^gMlature. ■ IftrJktylenc^ notwithslinding all opposition made hj tb ttoriss^ .eif eir^ artiole in the union was appvored bj* greit majoii^ m both parnanients«> Thus ail were obliged toieo^piieiee m a ui^ of whioh they at first had not the mgio tty to^tingnish the advantage* iit>( t , . , ,m^m4tmmi ' . , '; lilifwlMmbedliM IK wiMm bedliM oMiB^ixmiiMlt BtoMTIo tiMki g^/refnedf What laqwCTtmt mearoie toolt rteee ia pedHemwitf iMtl JWMI >«i^[UMnti weie «Md to IndeM HMfitoota to eome lato fUe JMMOttr IS. I^hit •rguiMflitg trcre ikialie vie of to the HtniiuO^f did the SeqtelvMlVeldfiSy^ a^iiifjlyf k.'ki i'»^» v.HowiiMttneiiTodi»rtiMXBfikiif ^ |U.IMdtiwiiMrarafaooeedr filStOBt tt iHOLiLND. S;RC3IQAf, m. •V»'»! ii. OA«a l!l08i>> Ivthe iBMiii tiinft tiitf wyg snui^^^^^ •miy d«r JeoliBingd Imo^ tiM nunber of tliait' wlipm <# Mf»|ib«*i to Ii4r piivate MnuaeMM^ wmvtm Mn* Ifgnikfim ^ inm IwwifoniQ^ wlteu e|i(9 bad liiii^ hm indigence ind.olMipiiiitirr TS'* <<*iiUea of Hit di»ea4 Mdi aiiMled^ 10 liir p^jpmifmiom^ Sbe aocni a|wt tM> omi^i iiMaiiiiilif»,llirtiito 1^ aei ^ (fUuoiia^ iMr ^liiM lUtoa^ pttMif ^ioMfalMei «id inaliM of alMvivliM te (MM kM. i^tiuidttNieai MidoM^ ahe jaina^ hi witb iiail p*M^i MkA efaftopiidiijw w )mv own waflr< a* Xhia 1^ v«h in ftoli tiitt tool of Mr. Hifla;; aaiM^ tii^ Of a^% mdid alao aome lime< Iwlbiei had iB8maiMjlil» 8^ iat^lha q^)N»^a iwod mcaa, and nho' had i dafaifnluii i4 mfitkdi artMiA of Ilia w^ mkiiatoxiB* Hia aifi niata ui(|it0 the. toigr kitasaat nndar hia ovn ahiltar, aaa to ai|ili the whlii mn the adv«plagaa wMcih they had long ai^jQ|il iQMliW ilpKrwaofeeiklii 4i la thia oaveer of hia aaihitioa ha ohaaailbBihia ooid' jvtoir^ Qefiior 81^ John, aftarwaida tho ftmooO Ited Bdi^^ broke; a man of great eloquence and of !gt«atar amMoai eut»jBmiHumikm aatiTe|.aad:hjaiight)rj with aaBiia)ildt.iid Utile priaa^ To thia janla /naa addad Sir SimoB Mm Gouft*: Oi liBi^iy who naa aaMW of gifaft aibilitiaa* 6« It waa aov peioewed thati the paopla theaiaahaa ^fM to be weary of a vhig inuualit^ inbDin they ftrmerlya^ reaaed. To them they impote^the burdena under wbion they groaned,— buvdoaa w&dh they had>baea hitherto aiu* mated to bett by the nomiK of triw^iJ^ but the lead 6l which they fi4t lUiAipiiiaa Of aoMiaat did not piodttce an im^ediata eflboi, yet they did aot pi of a glowing aniflfkiidy/clii^^^ '.'7'?' ' 7. At length thO 'wSak panUf of iha niaiatry ofeaadthiii^ eyee to the intriguee of Uie-t6lf«». Bjlt it;waa if&ir tOo lAl^t ,i-.f'.^„ ?■ to.tht auMB ■Mb J.-u» hwnUi HntMOMWk niiirinapri ftTV • fox Ids call' «ter MaMoftl t^» ; By ftmefljr # b under wblob ^B bitliMTto UU' thif hid eBtfardy tot tfie«aiifid«nteof i|M (fUMii. Hcrtey lOon lliMw< ctf/ike maik of tfiibdAip» «id took laon fU6iOiis mu m u m taeikm pt&mwMokcti^ detigiis. Ift Um tk« 411MB fftpoMd idl het tttMt, thoiu^lis liad now no Hi^t'ooiroimiiiTtlgsAdiBfafifltEiilioti. 8; IRm ftnit tthuiiok ^Ikt «M6iL iii irlfii^the ^ntA disOTrwBft i^ piMa fitf^ mefkf hUbdtftffrom, wm Kcnuinii tnttiMelSoii of nift 'mtik IttymMe in itoelf Mit tupm ^e ^OM^tienoe it ptodiowl. fU MittM wi till* MtioD iMie fagier to engunu liiid ^y illM\Mih9in^kitxmxidWh^ This ttiis giYtn IrfU iii'fliUlMr 4)f iJflMtiiiB y iinm^iM' p0wei^ ttlMiilB luMffht ibfwsM dn this oMluion.r f .* ffitif 8«di0T«r«I wai a WfgjFiiiaii bred lit O^iUfoM tf nttAMT litflPedte itad iai oTie^ftMited i^iidnitt^V m Ui iSiyind' eom^ popdlntti^ kmdam tlbie wko hpl dlfl^ mikM HUittielnift b|r the vaa&i oT lid^h ohvfOtoeiSy »6A UBtikii iOlf oteaekm^ to rest liis at&Ao^^ igainiA ^ tolitnfc At tUe MuAiftvrvariiM at iMi^^ isllMt HMdnbeibre tiie jddges. 6b tiiem oiT Novcm^mk Uif.mil'i«liiircli9 H ia ft iriotent dtdlikiwitkni delMed ttidootflQto ofnoii^reifatMice^ iikftljg^ed «gi|iiit file ttitdi^ tm o^disieiitoli^ ded^rad t&e dhivoh m^i dMrnes^NinAf U- bj Kh enemiee^ iid i^UlglMly delbnAit Sj it# mle^ lOL Be iounded tlie tippet ftr tiie fealoae, Ma tlia jMopls to imt Oft tlie wkirite; aiiftotir ef 0ddl S|r dimuel Oerraid, lord mayor. countenaMid t1^ tta- tDmut irhidk thotigh veiy weak botk in matter $fA etjrle^ m pnUlaM under hie prbteetk)% and ei««^Ki by ^e Mmi BM m maeter^iiMe of ' writing. Thee* eemdxie o#6d itt^ thets MkMtt to the ooB|fl^oa of iSHe Hmg, and tlie|^ MinoipdiMnredly negleeled. U, Mh Dolbu, M ef the arciibialioi^ «r YV»k; lail S eMi|il|iiBt befcre the hbnee of oominofili aMinet l^ieee rhi]^ idiieiL ted tktM gave fbrte to what iroiild so^n Iktkve been fctlOnen* The moet ^olentr paeajgn^ were rdid, luld flie temoiie wtfo voted BcandaldOB aid eeditioualUielsw SaeJlie^ reire) WM brbnght t6?the bar df the koa^ v and Hey ftrin&iA diflowniiu; the writing of the% gloried in what he had ^ ana mentioned we- e n oon r egWBent he had reoeived to publish them from! the lord mayor; ti4io was then Mesttnt 12. Beinf ordered to iMi^it^^ If yi^je^t^i^^!^^ him of high crimes and jnied^eanoare at the bar 0^ the bouae of lords: Mr. Dolben was ftxed upon td eondnet the pitMeciitfta, in the ii9|W« of tKe <^^MK»^e pf H^|^4t ' 294 mSTORT OT INOLAND. committee wm Mpoinled i6 cfaranr up artioles of impeacb ment) Saeheyerel was takett into onstodvi :«id a-day was ftppointed ibr hii trial^ bcibre the lofde iii WestminsteFhtilL r 13. The eyes of the. whole kiiigdom were tamed upon ihie very eEtnioidiiAiT trial, whioh laet^ thzee wieekd; W exoluded all other pablic hafliiiesB for the time. The posed to* attack the bimk* i!ht queen, in comj^ianctf with the request of the cbnimoiM. publidied a |xroc^^mation'fi}r sti{»ressing the tfcnnflti^ jun several personft ^re apprehehobd and tHed: for iMf treairon* Two were .conmted, an^ sentenced t6 die ^ rat neith^'suffored^ ■*■: ■>\,t-'X^ ' ' ^ ■'■ ^vhf'*^<^' "^'^ 16. HThen the commohs^liad gonetl^ik|rhth^ (Mtft, the maaagem fbir Sadieverel: undertook hi^ deftnoe with great art and eloqttihice; He afterwards recited; a (speeoh himself which, ftom the difference found * between it ^^atid his sermons, seemed evidently' the work. Of another. ' 17, In it he solemnly jusUfiisd his infenti6n8 towards tiie qii^n and her govenunent He epoke in the most resiJestflil terms of the Bevdtxtion and of we Protestant suectoiion. He maintained the doctrine of non-resistance as thi^tenet of the church in which hc was brought up ; and in a pathetic ood' dusion endeavoured to tecite the pity 'MiSe eoadu^^S^ pomaaoer iLWhatontngea didth^ eomoutr lil,,i7..in»l WW tlie pttc^il of SkoheTeiel'a del^aoel : 295 ,-«>^f. SBCTIONiV: Kezt to fhettnmdei^r let iupbse atavd, lapletf ivpiwinft aaib eoqunandr J^'d for ylctorious aniw jto^gehaMOf aid, Yhmi AiuAria^s r^lta^e tad Qerce Bopirhoti's. dread.-^CanM{Mon«. 1709.) yAt ^eng^ afbe^^niuoh obstinate <£8put6 i^nijrof-^^vent^e^ voleeBf but no lew than K)1S^aad• M6]^;^nter^< a.j^oteat against thii decuipn. He w^e prombited^ from rae^cliing for three yeai^ } and his two MiQpot|s were, ordered to be bnzut by the hand of the com- m^ %:i^an,. in prencifto^ of the; Ibid mayor and the two sbii^^^.^he hw^ pf Ma sentj^ice, Whioh was in a great j^imi)^t ;prw|lii't|^0'tAiri««'^^rHhis tfHm\ti»pto6M' inftshe^esolTed toieeoine eiitif«iar^#Bl^ a^Soots •ft^(^ iviM^^«liii^M«d^chaDec9l^ of the e^Bcheqncr, andi iindflf4i«finifttp^ 9. Thir emVtl Bochester was dedaredfppmid^nt of ' th«> conn^iL'^in'tte room of Icfd BomerB^f This sMff'ttf tbie loM'sttfwai^ bnsg takon fiNonnthei duke of •IHvottiMM^' %ift'i^¥^ Mt of Bwdpngham f . and > Mr^' Bdjrie '^ was^ feino^ed fiktA (in seoitttaiSF^s office to roaktfi waif i 1^ UHi- mkrf SlL' J^tei. The lord ichaflnselk>ryfa0riiig>f«i{gni^'^ grMseli^^it'iM^ fiisst) pu* in iodrnmisindn, ahcl th6n< gii^^n' to s^ Sinlbn' fib court. 10. The earl of Wharton surrender his cettuMli^ sion> of loid^llrotcAaniticf frcflnnd^ and'thttt^ employ^c^t was confened upop the dnlti^ of Ofittbndi Un Gebt^ Grenifillec was i apfNiuitod> aHattibBif of wAi^, > in theroonv i)f Kr. Bobeit Wa4K>]« Ai«^>i«tft'Wolll, thet^'was ndt ow whig left in any office of Ui4 >stattti> exdej^^^thift dnfce oj' MarXboroui^ {[e waB]«tfll^iiMMillKU»a'thi^ rdu^Wt-geiien) of the< aiBiyi|> :but ha Jnstfy tymuAtiM -himself as Ik niin entirely tindexininied/ ana iJni^nM^itofiilli' ,Uit. Bat the! tiiamph w«s^inOt^ yet ocmplctct until th( patiSpmenl wav broughliito confirm 'amft a^|)r«vei^ metiaH choW Thes-queetl^ in hev ipisec)^' redomiineiode^ ^ne pn^ seoution of ihlsi i war /with vi|oltf;' The' pariifeimeni w«rt ardent in ; their exmressions tor zeal and uhanithity; Thtf exhorted her^ to i discountenance '(^] such pifiipiCiples an) ANHX. 299" iDMrinires as) ht4' ItMf ) tfatsiiMotod i her royal crown and dignty/ Thill was l>iti' war waa eiwd toariea from MMuOtiivo. liiilaniMa; wero eTon^here giyen of' hjbi> finad) atid^eitorCiom Theaef laight D»>tv«iO|)ml pavty bajd ])OJikd(!Uratw&afeMlrote»'hM*««iuragaaDd ooadu^l were called iofliiBi(ite>r 13br TonoftiQrothedi^oimiiKtre^jthothii^ ofottieihofaseriofoeaaaiionaiwavei Tieted-itotheirearlooftPeter' boioiigh for hii senrioes in SmiUii^^ wholly they; were- .relhsed' ta^rduhe lbr4hoee.j*»Fhiadeff8f aikd the lofcM^e^r, who d#rereitthaiii ll» Feterhotooghi t^qli oecaeien to drop eom^ i«iiGiCi wM'b^tta) iMit'the waxy whidi^ oamnedrto fagraavfl^lnpifyaa^eNra^'ao^ m eijMiieeoftveix yeai^aa 4i went' €|i« It- wjasr the- raeohitioii' oltlbe.iieienlvinhudlif to pnt an' end;to i^ait^aiiy nUey aaitr hti^k^diteditha^nam^ iiirdebt< almoet tohaiikra]i(toQr:^aod^ aatit ipgcaiiiefdf. inatead^ol^-h1ll*bIiis^'tho enemyi ^ Mm Ittoniy^rWaaliili to1renMlfer|ha^d|^ of ICaitboroug^ ftom hie poitfiali he wi0«]d^eii4e«foar to tfajreree aHl their nagotiationB* Bat here again a difficulty started: this step ocnld not be taken without ^fing offence to the Dutoh, who [daoed entire confidtaoav iii>(hiiaj they^ were obliged, there- fort^ to wait for some convenient oooaeion* Upon his return from the campaign,pie was accitted'Offha^i^/talien a bribe of six thousan^^^pdtnid* «'^y«|r'i)[M' aJew^who con^ tracted to supply thOf army wkli tllfel^VfHlid^ tl^^}^ thoujdit proper to dismiss hiwi' ftonr aHtma' emaloymentsi 16. Ws wiM tha'|)retex^'iiUMil»:uiO o^'tho^ hw ftU ha^ been predeterminecF| and' thoagh hisr reoeiitingf such; t^ bribe was not the real cause* of 'his' vmamnAi je^ candOoii^^masli confesS'tliaUt oug^i to hayebeett-io^ In the mean time, Prior, much movo fiunoos as -aipoetf ihan as a statesman, was sent over with proposals to France ; and Menitter, a man of no great station, returned with Prior to London, mih. taW powers to treat upon the pre-. liminaries. If, Tl^e iniiiisti^ having got thus ftur| the great difficult}* 298 HISTOBT OF INQLAND. ■till lay before them of maldng the temu of peaoe aereeable to all the confederates. The; earl of Straobrd, who had been lately reoaUed from the^aga& where* he jreaided as ambaflsadOTyWaB now etont bari^ to EEoUaniL wkli ovdet^to commtinioate to Uie jpensionary Hefaiaas taeurdiminary propoealS) to si^iy taeqneea^t'i^ppiobatkm of wem, and to propciee a^laoe where theplenipoteniiavieBihoiiId aaaemUe. 18. -The Datoh were very aTerw to begin the ooi^teen% upon tho inepeotioh >of 'the prelimkiHrieai They aeat over an etf^ to^ Attempt to tfomf^ the qneea from her veiolation) bnlt^ fiB^li thdr efibrts Taaik, they Axed npotfUtreoht aa a plade ^f general cOnferen^se^' and they granted paaepertatot theB¥eii^'iMniat^'aocordiDgly. • i'l m* • W. This oonferene^ be«an at Utareohty under theoondaot of Robiliioni bishop of ' ^istol^^iofd prityHepeal^ andthe esrl. of Straiabid, on the> side of Uie Jiiigfish | «! Soya and Van* derdnsiBon^ at the paHi of < the Ihiteikj' and of the marshal d'Uk^He^,' tliie' ' cAMinlll Polignfto^ aikd Miv Ifniager^ ia behalf of fipoeed ^i«t i^ the other deputies served ratherto r^slMd thaik ttdvalae6^it8 pro> gress. Th«ymet rather tb «tsrt new diAeidtits aadiwidn thebreaoh, than to qtdet the ^ssensionB of Enicpe.- ' I ( i^jmsUaiM f&r ^Exammaiion. 1. WMJSioheveMlfottiidffiifltjrt WlHttwisfatoMrtemoer ' 11. In whstaMuerdidilkepsrliiiniaalftott 15. With wliit eriiae wtt M UllKnottgl oMtrndt lt.]i7i .t m: ^ rt 1/./ ANNI. ^^i^ri/niiJ 299 iii4mi *f^jt hm\ 'i***! SECTION V. •"'>^-s*^.f ■ ' ' FttklbtMiiiliiitiMiifaig^ L (A4l.i712w^ i^AnfiiiisUahtimiiiflteraytherdforcy finding iiMUtip]MdtoliBtruQtion*»ftom ilM deUi^eriitions of iheir allieS| nt-on feet'ta nriTftte ne^ifUion with Frwioe. They stipui lalid^oertiiQMyaatages mithe eubjeets of Great Britain in. (koionoirted i|)lftnto£,pelM)e» t They leeolyed to. enl^ into mok mnliiaVooiiidettce with the French' as leouldjuxtioipate aU4)]and^titie tianeaotioni totthe>preiitidiee of 'the; ooalilion.^ '(2ir Ia .the bogmningi of AugHdt) flecibtary.i^t. John, who kpft>been.iireated IomI visooont: Boli&^roke^' was sent to the o^Qit e£ Veisafllee to'temoTe all obstfactions to the separate MMtfw'r Be was aeeptinaQded) hj Mr* :PriOB andUie abbe Qnafte) . tad tniAed /withithe moet distinfuiehed < mazika of rBipMt.^<«H«MVMui(ieaveMed hjr the Fz^noh king 3i'>At(lanstht the tr«ith#r eide^ aind widSu&hj',%hB qiieeny;^ acquainted the pwliamcB^ of the ^Hepsiahe^ had;ta]£en*. ■' i^w^k) n^Hkn rm i4«'The>aprtiel0i>''O^ithi8^&inottB» treaty wese longer can^ lapsed) aind mete watxnly debatedy thaiii thoee of any other tietityread of in historjk rThe nulnkher.of different interesta concerned, and the ^eat enmity and jealousy .subsisting Ut^i^n all, made it impossible that all could be satisfied; and' indeed method of obtaining peace but that whioh was taken^r^foi the two principalpowers, (xmcemed to make, their awnartiQlfiiS|tfuidtQ..leaArethe rest krtk fubjeef that Philifk^now. aeknow- ledged thing of ^9ain,>i«iioii^>renottnee ful rix^ to the cniwn of FnuMtef thennion of two such power^ kifigdoma being' thought dangerouaito the liberties of Europe. It was a^ed that the di&e. of Berri^Phflip's/brother, and after bua in euooeaeion, - should ! also renolance his right to the crown of BpM% iti case . he became king < of France. 6. It was stipulated that the duke of Savoy should possess' the island of Sicily, with the title of king^ together with Fenis- trelles, and other places on the continent; which increase of dominion ^j^s ii^ some measure made out of the spoils aoQ HI8T6ET Of nOLAND. of the French monarchy. Th* Dutch had that barrier granted ^lem which thcj flO; ]|9Bg aoncbl ailcrj and if ^ crown of Fra&oe wa> d c wi f it «otf'acoii doniaicHi to enrich the duke of Sayor, on the olltof litMpf^mp^\i€ A««tria was taxed to eui^jrlheiwaali cftiiff MoUMamy who weii» put in posecflcion of th»- tit m u t m %cmm ki Wandew. t With regaid to Dndattd^ itii> doty^ Mid iti^ h i tetcet tf w%ie eecuMd. The IbHlloalioas^ of DuiMiIbl ta^ hmhmm' thin miftht b» dannMoa to thei^ tMda' in ummi cf^wiiiiy it the «nBen»«ad gUlegp* t» thtlt£iiiliek% iwa aidt thetlMit memonoui^ 9o> liM eMiioi»! i|i waei 8iMilii,r41ii|i h^ alMuli poMMW th«> iBlaeMi d HiiplaaMlit'dacI^ of IMiy iwi thiL' NeAiedaiid«w Thet khif o» PaMBiai w«b Mhlifi Up|Nt' Chnldeiif' aad ft^ that waa* fliMd ftv tfieie aiyw c rt iwceding to tlw» a t Ucke^ me he hack Ite aoneHbil^oHiti- natelyiefaaai'WaiiiiliaA^tiM'a^goiialiMk.- SLTlMfl^HiN^ ■eemedf t» he^itemei* ia(o CM^gnN^ members of which weia ciHitca«UMtt|MiiAMI ■ffmmatk and th» anibitiMi' of mufi oaie state atteaKMtf^^iieMtribuaat ofaU. Thus k «p|iifti»i thait' tha^BiiisUrii mlaiiti^^ j«stioe.lD alt aie» woMf hut 4h«ir eomM^ dbii«l^tliia|i}i» tio#to thenRi*! ^''^'-V "i^^w .■>'*'^'Si^*«- ■ ■ - ,-.'!rti»-'i ; U^ Bat whita iha w4ilgil wenr atlwhint «he ttMryt «Miit ten ftoa» without^ Ihesei wcfe in M«h crMtHfr dMieiiMiil thaiF ofmi< intifttal^disseMionsu ^ei^^ (mMrd aad Tord' Bei Mnabiokey 4hon|^ the^ had^ataitsd with' tliO same fdiiQi]^ and designs, jet^ haring "Muoidrtied' oMr 4)|)MMi^ hegaatetnrnitfaeiV'sCteA|piha«ak9l>«do9li dffitetenii ffinA^JlM^ Oxftod^i^.lAw^ wa»' gtoo ke%> n^ b«l i^^mm seounk 1^ Odbii^ it? wai tho^g^^waat ealkel^ ito^thei flln»>rei!la» w w oeasii b tty By Uogbiohai hadi'4oaiii hofiis <^ o^ bbteging ria- At' ftettodcM Butithoaghitheyhtiidioiwh ^e>imoa» stecewiy^ jretPtiM!)^ were^ fen ai while' hep^ te^ether^ftilr th« iood eW ee o of-tlM# ffiends aodf adhe!«ii6^ wlio fafid'the' me||nchx>l3P prospcet o( a n #, ']|UMI* dOl ieeiikg tibe eilid^l of Iheir hapmfithik Ojpenlj htimtgitd torn witbouty seoretly undenninwl within. 12* TUs was a mortifirimr protpeet fiur the tories; but |t was moM paftiwaa asseaihlsd ■on liie»oeaasioii. , All the membiiB) Withmit Hi ia t ii atioai btiag summoned ftom the diflfereai narts of-the ]|ia^<|ov% began to pnmde fan the security of the consti|i)Uon* 1^* They sent a letter to the eleotor pf HaooT^ infof^n^V him of the queen's dinerate situatieli, aiid desiriiig Imu to repair to Holland, iHifn he wov^he atlaaded by a British souadioki to con- nj him to Kngiand. At the same tima they despatched inibMatioaaio the aarl«f StMSMd^ at ithaHagae^ to desire t)^ state^iflinppal to^ vMdy i4o perfaim Ihejaamntae of the Protestant soooession. 16. Precautions were taken to wsarc the< rt sa p or ta ? and ^e aommaad of the flsM was Iwtowcd upon iha 4Mrl of Bcrkak^r, • tproftssed nthig. Tjiese mf(Mur^ ifhich were all dictated by thai party, •niiWered a donme end. It argued their own alaori^ mine iMBe of their «ew.sQinwaign,^and saemad to im|>ly'a daager Mr'iMV*vvwiV'vMHis"MBO"fpHBWvwmnrtn tuv vuiMJUivw zmwrwiv .Mi lOn tha tiditiath of MgF^ the queen, seemkig -some- tiM r«U!eir»d hi medio^ rope firoin hi^obed about eSoht M>ok«Bd.wa4lMd.« latUa. After: some ttnie,>aastiBg her lfss4iHi^ock'th$t stood iahcri^Muober^iilieooittiauedto 0ilfm1tl^ iQna of the ladiasia waiting wd bar whiA ahe cmp there more timi «su^> la wl^h* %; q^^ «il^ »P8w«^ l^nwg to eyas i»on,h^ wh a dgm look* It^-'Bha was piiled8 of ie« Gurity and conquest.* Ill 4- M ■, • ( ■ . Hi,' • •' 1 • -. - I '.'A. •.! * 1. 3. What dtreiinistitne^ pr^oedea the tfeat^ >1^ ^^^^ '!' *^'** 8. 4. AltorMeoiMltelon,fa#ttitiMuiMrWMltrMeiy«it >•< 6. Wlt»tw|Mithc!llntetip«Uitt9iif i .. 8. ynath unae ot me t^aty wM iMittoiloai «o the SngUilriitlfont ^ Wl# wi^ro tbe i^ipuliitlQnt roKwrdiiig tl)e emperor j^^ t)ie k|ag of JPniMiat 9. What MpMraaee dM fiafepe ii«#^xhfMtt ' ' " . , ' - u . 10^ What dKendontitookplfMe between Oid^ ><(i 18>16. Whentheqiieen'«]iftireedeepeiiMof,whiiiteeetareawera|tak«Br 16. What Imm edjetoly.pMe^Bd the <|iieea> ^eetht . n .> 17. How long did ahe reigmr , . . Whet was the iltuatlon ef Unglaiid at her deathf * G^eiii^^.....^.l7fl0 Eniperon tfOe/rmetii/tv • [• • a f «- c^ • • * foiilBptt I. I...V...1 Charles VI....... MTU En^ptihra a beneToleni andiiMrciMeoveieiim/Aiioatli Aewai^ SatroneBs,and dentin. the shining qualities of Queei^ RlizabetfiTO^ jrtws&fpswed princess in lier fttndness for her 'snli|}ects ; kafl ■, is Slizabeth Mqfllred 4he eod^^lll of th^> EtalUsh bj'the' gteiaitoeee of her ^iMtfioit^'ea^biheira egliihew* jihflsnrDSMedtiat „ iloTed by/her people because ahe ei/;ineed aimatiBrnal.aitolieik ftr thas^ Kor should the met nass unnotioed, Ihat, notwithstanding the.prevalence of ikctions aiid the aissenrfons of paraes, Aumi Hm re&n tjhe blood oi no subject was shed for treason. ^ai^J>'^-nk.ik>i^>-'''^ i-i;rai *v*iv _>:>- I'At OlOBdl 1. 303 «d|]^ajB|4Mriig BMINBNT PBRSONB. Ch!irdhlU,dttke of Marlboroaib t* lord BdUtl|bfOlt« ;rirWDliam Temple : Bojle,.Mri Of Ott^i BwUlnSf dMiy, eftriof liodotoMa; Uariey. ettl of FlDoIiiOarl of Vfotttiighiimi Q. OrtnYlUirrord LMjidowBe: PhlHp. duke ofWIaurlon; B.loHrBi^b6&dt lOmldmitUorll^l T. lofd Paget: |iMh,dMliMfof MMlMfOttgk* ' ri<*" BomieOO. Died Juno 11,1787. BegMtONlgnAtti^l^^Tli. m^P^cd !•. h'^wmII .^H• 8B0TI0N L. tr. j«'#T'j I' .iKj, • ;i ^ u^m^^H 9iMeMiMMiwM«bovMW«heiiMi>«mli'M ' > SIhe uowli^ wwflorif (br tlM royftl brovra e people flnt enwrM^Vdt—M^^fM* 1. (A^P.ilU4i.> .PuMUAJfT to t^e aoV of smoqesuon, George ibe FiraV m.of BfmBp^ AHiaiiu% Jrit elector of Hmsswjoky; »f^'),thii prinoNt SopjEUy grand-dapgl^ter to •Jobn ObNuwuiL dike onfortboMaghf wm ttae Mmof Ur Wlnftom qmrabOl, avd wwbom At AiIm, In OeyoaiblNiii^ 1660. At tbe age of 12 M Iwoune page to ue dwo of Tprk, About IMS he wm made an enilgn blM^anKaiidieh^ibriSfib^nia in Tanlteri ntd' thto K»ema to bare deatdod Umin the oMolea of • pvoftMloB. Ba wm ajomtt Ibvoarite It •of^t, and .tba dnoheM^Clevel^^^ preienta^ bli^'26fOOQ, with whioh bepdibhaMdalifbahni In i77aDa,i«oombat the Ibvoorite which fttke'ofllon- _ . re tne pnDnolliiBlu or tne'nng or Vfanoe. Keturaing to Ei^^d. he«dfanoea IhMn one poit to anotDiir. On the aaeession of ^fH^^ " "' U11«.he totft Haaii, whiM!e be ^wae alio aiade captain- Qlendid edb: ^ .,^ ^ Mrieioftheiboettpi ▼er made bf tba itfnibi df Bnifhiiid/ Bttif ill mi M was re- . >m btaooBouuid bjr • mtalitrjr Ibat laaa ^jpoiedito him* . At the ttenbeOira fains, be wiSdr^w tt^viSS?iSS&9iiiii% and medin im hi the 78d year of hia age, >1he. daehaat, uei w^doww alady «i graal ambition and awiee*!^ became M ibr m'^ffti^ at^ood^ck, Tiowr]ratBliNihalm,iioneoftheflneeti The anmU«tfiiir3<^ Vaaburgb, baa b^B eeniiind aa' having built it iloohMiTT b^^r and tbia aauiad the npfk epitaph on him to be re- near' atmo- fai Mifed witb'Maab IbToavi Lie bearj on bbn, earth i for he Laid many a heavy load on thee. Batmany eonrider the crHlolininJuat. I 804 fiUTOBT iOy aWOLiil])* James Ui6 \fM^ Moenilffl UmBritUh throne. His inftiurv 9(fjd, he bein^ now fifty-four years old| his aagaoitT and ezMrienoe^ hia aiunerona .aU»n oeeded. These were known, to a pfOTsrb^ lor learing thdr friends in eztrendty. fl eQ » ge»-onithio v^ontranr, soon after his arriral in England wm heiUNl to say, ** Mr maxim i% never to abandon my friends^ to do Justioe to ill the worid, and to ftar no man.'' 8. To these qualifications of resolution and perseTerancc he ioined great «pplication4o - busfaess. However, one fitult with respMt to wgNa^ remabedvMMwIrnhe studied the interests of those subjsctv'he^JuKl Ml, moN <|un the inter- ests of those he oame to govern. 4. The queen had no sooner resigned^ her bffath, IhiMi the privy-pounoil met } a^ul three iasttvmeiits werf iNNwoeed, by wnioh the eloDtdr Mipointed several of hiit known adlii- tents to be»>added:jis JQwttfMtiasi to.seffen aiiia* ottevt of the ki|i|dom. Orders were in»«MdM«l7 am^ .iMPftfllaiming (Iftfwrflti king Aif Wti<»iWtMi iLvAiajwi Aikil ^nltiwi. Tho iMeney npobiteii the 'oaiT^if inrset >tO'«aiffy'hnithe in^iiBjKtu>n, of )us accessioii to the erowp, aiid to .iittei^ Im on his jouBa^ tonEnglaBd. .Ther. sent the: igeneaJt ^faom, in whom theyoo^.oonflde^ to taeir ppets^^they reiafevM the garrison at PoKtsmotijtht -aM rfPF^iitod iihe , Mlehratei >lir. Addison seovetMy of /State. <6. To moHif^ the lite ministiy t|ie i^ore^ lord BoKi^glmike iira^ cuMw^ to tnut «v«iy iroofBing U the pasitgai among the fervapta. withi hia haf^ iiimipm^ whine tim^'jwan pensons' pnifosely plsMd to insttf^lMKd^diicide.liim. ,|fo.$ti;9^^ift9pra?ed, iioconpo- iionvaioeeyiagamst the iasossslon i of the nawkiagj< and'tUs ^ve a e^ag pnxif tt(at |io ratiopial meaaurei/ were eren taken to obstruot his ezialtation. fi.'^henf he first landed at) 'Qveenwiohy he waS' reowtd ty . the 4»k9 of |rofthiii)otoML«|[,ptain/ tol, Norwich, and Reacung, still remembei^ the spirit with whioh they had deOlaM ibr daohet«rMf and now the cry w«BL ^* Down 'iMlh'19ie^wfa}gn and Saefaeterelib^ evcrF' 10. Upon the first meetHig of the" tf^ pi^aitfc wWk tie whigs, with the kin|^ at lh«r heacL were sdnaat, nothing was ei^peoted' boft th^ inOM tldmit mi igainit the late minist^ iiOi^.^dire'ilie^i^OtiUioiiLsof l&ddiBappoilited/ (A« Where SooQand'a doad-eapp'd hilla appear, See Mar the rebel atandara rear I The radi ^tf/tumdW ho/pf are rain. Bis follQwen diaparaed or alain.— Doete. 1. (A.D. 1714.) Whbk lord Oxford appeared in the home of lords the day following^ he was avoided by the peen M infectious; and he had now an opportunitjr of disooreriof the baseness of mankind. When the articles were reM against him in the house of commons, a warm debate aroM ujpon that in which he was chaiged with having advised tbe French kine of the manner of saining Toumay frcm the Dutch. 2. Mr. Walpole allegea that it was treason. Sir Joseph Jelnrl, a known whig^ said that he could never U of opinion that it amounted to treason^ It w<^l^is principle^ QIOBOX I. 307 he uHdf to do justice to all men, from the highest to the loweft. .He h(j)ed he might pretend to some knowledge of tlM Iaw^ And would not scruple to declare, upon this part of the queation, in.&your of toe criminal. 3. To this, Wal- pole aiiawiered, with great warmth, that there were several pertOQIy both in and out of the committee, who did not in UM IsiMit 3^ield to that member inppint of honesty, and exceed- ed him in the knowledp of the laws, and yet were laiiifled that the charge m that article amounted to high tNAion. 4. This point being decided against the earl, and the other articles inroved by the hopse, the lord Goningsby, attendtd by the whig members, impeached him soon after At, the bar of the house of lords ^ demanding, at the same iimtf that he might lose his seat, and be conmiitted to cus- tody. When this point came to be debated in the house of bvii a violent altercation ensued. Those who stiU adhered to the deposed minister, maintained ^e injustice' and danger of ftttih proceedings. 6. At last the earl himself rose up^ lady with great tnmquiUity, observed^ that, for his owA part^ he always acted by the immediate directions and conmiana of the queen, his mistress ; he had neyer offended against •ay known law, and was unconcerned for the life of an in- liinifioant old man. Next da^hewas brought to the bar, where he reoeived a copy of hi«, indictment^ and was allow- ed A month to prepare his answer. Thou^ Dr. Mead de- clared, that if the earl should be sent to the Tower, his life would be in danger, it was carried in the house that he should beoommittcd. 6. At the same time the duke of Ormond and lord Boling- htolUt having omitted to surr^der themselves (for they hM. AOtuallv fled to the continent) within a limited time, it was oiderea that the earl-macflhall should raze out their names •ad arms from among the list of peers ; and inventories were token of their estates and possessions, which were declared ibrfeited to the crown. 1» Lord Ozibrd, b.ein^ confined in the Tower, continued theie for two yean, dunng which time the nation was in a COBtlnual ftiment, mnn an actual rebellion that was carried OA uasttOCessAilly. After the execution of some lords who wire taken in arms, the nation seemed glutted with blood, ind that was the time that lord Oxfoid petitioned to be brought to trial. 8. He knew that the fury of the nation WAS spent on objects that were really culpable, and expected M hii OAee would look like innocenoe itself compared to I I 3&B HISTOSt W inOLANI). thtdirt^ A ditf, th^rdbf^ at hid own re(|aeat» wae asuinied hii% fthd ((he ctMttiAOns itera Mend ioi pn|^ for 3i«i^ 6hd^ At ihiB iMMMuted tlibe the pe^ tepkand to th4 oiodn itt We8tInin8t^^hal^ whete lora Ckiwper {xMdded m i&ld high fliewitttl^ 9. B<yal favour #efe doaed i^aiiist idl bni ik IbctioA^ The flaiaes of rebelBon ifett aottnOly kmdlad m SiiotlQid^ Tha fM ti Mtstj aseMbi>lmc iSum hitiidi«d of hi#-'OWfi ya»> sais in ^ HighlaoMl^ tiMaiaoed the (nvtencfor at €tM^ damif and set nb his smndaid flit » place called Brtou^ asstmiitig tha mU 6f fieateiikat|ittheral trf his jx^jtetjr't forces; II. To second these attempts^ twb tassels lunHved' in Seodamd fh>m FraaciB) witli iffm% ammiinitiioii, and a number of officer^ t<%eth«r ifHh aBsasranDei to ^e early thai the PrefAndei^ hhuBClf woidd dioitfy nier oyer to Iwad hi» own foroesi The earl, in ooneeqnettae of thk proaais^ aoon found hiinstilf alt tha head of tea thousand men^ UMil amied and provided. 11 Tha duke of Aigyle, api^ibed of hlaui> tentionsy and at any rate #Mling to prore his attaohmtent to the present goyemmenty resolved to give him baet^ in die neichbourhooi of Dttmblan^ though his forces did not fi^ount to half the munber of the enemy. AAear an eagagem^ which oontinaed seVend hfonrii^ in the ev^iing both, sid^ drew off, and both sideb claimed the vicUnjj 1& Thon^ the possession of the fi^ld was kept by neither^ yet certainly all the honour and all the adiraata^ea of the day belbilged to the duke of Argyle. It was sufficient for hiodf to hat^ inter- rupted the progress of theeikeaay | Ibr^ in their droilnkstahcee^ delay was defeat The earl of Mar aiobn fimnd his disajK pointment and losses uMircAito. The oaadc of Invax^Bses, if which he was m posaession^ was delivered up to the ssi| by loiid Lovfl^who had hitherto jirofessed to aot intihe m- tertot of the Pretendeir. 14. The m«rqais of Tuliibatdiae forsook the earl, in order to defend his owii pa'rt of the doun- try; and many of the olans, seeing n&Iikehhood of coming soon to a seeotid engnjgemciity mu#ned Quietly home ^ ibr mmt, m ^ imgi}lmr 9^7 ia n^wsj^ easier UkU ^ \>^ef ^m indujce^ to bev the fetigu^^ q( i^ ci^ipp^gfi. 16. In Uie m^a,ii tupqije Uie repellioi^ was m^ok i^pire Uii' ted ii^ Inland, "evm tke ^« U^ of ajdbis 9i< in4 ojf ijl) E^ alUiereutS) to tae ininisiiy ^ home, Uppn ^^ ipt ron^oviri therefore, cjf fU| iQwrri^tion, ^lej ^pn«caie4 m^m IqtQH fmd g^tlisi^fD, of f hpm tliey had a mapioion. Jyiidham. 8|^ John P^ciui^tpii. 9§r7f^ ft)n(>be» aw* Qft«»^ P^e I<»d9liW|Bd(Q^^^ and jpiipun were ^^en ii^ Au^l^qj'^ dir WWtttt WpdJifw^a ^er-in-l^ir, %e diike pf S|W^ l»^ p^ed iq p^$m9^ WW iPT m aOT«SM«<»» bw| ^|« a:i, :if-'.r.»' t In wlM* Mite WBitlM natiM at ptolbBMr d. Whkt <^Stio4^3WMng rat ipfberty r 10. WMiittaattad tiM indigiiAdiidr«liej9ebi»Ier 11. Wbo ifreie impiliOBa< in oonatqiieiiMr 8wMI ta tfae nortti Ui trvoM he iMdt, 1. (A.D. 1710.) All these pr^n^ons were net able to Btop the insurreciion in the Vestem coan^e8,^ere it was Blread^ beeon. However, all their preparataons were weak &nc( illKsonducted ; every measure was betrayed to eoyenpiment as Qoon f^ projected^ imd many revolts suppreraed in the veyy outset. 2. The university of O^ord was treated with greft^ seyerity on this oooasion. Majpr-general Pepper^ yntii §16 tiisiroiiV otf ii^tttiid); a strone detachment of dragoons, took pos^dssion of the ciiy at daybreak, declaring that he would instantly shoot any of the students who shomd presume to appear without the limits of their respective colleges. The insurrections in the northern counties came to greater ihaturity. 3. In the month of Oc- tober. 1Y16, Uie earl of Derwentwater and Mr. Foster took the neld with a large body of horse, and being joined by some gentlemen from the borders of Scotland, proclaimed the Pretender. Their first attempt was to seize upon l^ew castle, in which they had many mends ^ but they found the gates shut against them and were obliged to retire to Hex- ham. 4. To oppose these, general Carpenter was detached by government with a body of nine hundred men, and an engagement was hourly expected. The rebels had pro- oeMM by wav of Kendal and Lancaster to Preston, of which place they took possession without any resistance. But this was the laist stage of their ill-advised incursion j for general Wills, at the hea^ of seven thousand men, icame up to the town to attack them, and from his activity there was no escaping. They now, therefore, began to raise barri- cades, and to place the tdwn in a posture 6i defence, repuls- mg the first attack of the royal army with success. Next day, however. Wills was reinforced by Carpenter, and the town was invested on all sides. In this deplorable situation, to which they were reduced by their own rashness, Foists hoped to capitulate with the general, and accordingly sent colonel Oxburgh, who had wen token prisoner, with a trumpeter, to propose a capitulation. 6. This, however, -Wills refused, alleging that he would not treat with rebels, and the only &vour they had to expect was to be spared from inmiediate slaughter. These were i^furd terms, yet no better could be obtained. They accordingly laid down their arms, and were put under a strong guard ; all the noblemen and leaders were secured, and a few of the officers tried for deserting from the royal army, and shot by order of a court- martial. The common men were imprisoned at Chester and Liverpool ; the noblemen and considerable officers were sent to London, and led through the streets, pinioned and bound together, to intimidate their ^art^. * 7. The Pretender might, by this time, have been con- vinced of the vanity of his expectations, in supposing that the whole country would rise up in his cause. His affairs were actually desperate; yet, with his usual infatuation, he resolved to hazard his person among his friends in Scotland OIOBOX I. 311 fet A time wheii sUoh a measure was too late for success. 8. Passing^ therefore, through France in disguise, and embark- iDg in a small ressel at Inmkirk, he arriyed^ after a j^asaage of a few da^s, on the coast of SootUnd, with only six gen- tlemen in his train. He passed unknown through ;Aber£en to Feterosse^ where he was met by the earl of liar, and about ithirty noblemen and gentlemen of the first qualitj. 9. There he was solemnly proclaimed. His declaration, dated at Gommercy, was printed and dispersed. He went from thenoe to Dundee, where he made a public entry, and in two days more he arriyed at Scoon, where he intended to have the ceremony of the cor^naiion performed. He order- ed thanksgivings to be made for his safe arriyal; he enjoined the mimatem to pray for him in their churches : and with- oi^t the smallest share of power, went thr6ugh the .ceremo- nies of royalty, which threw an air of ridicule on all his oondttct. 10. Having thus spent some time in unimportant parade, hi resolved to abandon the enterprise with the same levity with which it was undertaken* Having made a speech to his grand council^ he informed them of his want of money, - arms, and ammuunition, for undertaking a campaign, and therefore deplored that he was compelled to leave them. He onee more embarked on board a small French ship that lay lathe harbour of Montrose, accompanied by severals lords, hii adherents, and in five days arrived at Gravelin. \l. In this manner ended a rebellion, which nothing but in^cility could project, and nothing but rashness could rapport But though the enemy was no more, the fury of the victors did not seem in the least to abate with success. T)ie law was now put in force with ail its terrors j and the pilisons of London were crowded with those deluded vtetches, whom the ministry seemed resolved not to pardon. 12. The commons, in their address to the crown, declared tW would prosecute in the most rigorous manner the authors of the late rebellion. In consequence of which the earls of Sierwentwater, Nithisdale, Camwath^ and Wintown, the lords Widrington, Kenmuir, and Naime, were impeached, ajidl, upon pleading guilty, all but lord Wintown received sentence of death. No entreaties could soften the minstry t(| spare these unhappy men. The countess of Derwent- w^er, with her sister, and several other ladies of the first dis- tijiction. being introduced into the presence of the king, be- Mught his clemency for her husband, but without effect. lo. Orders were dispatched for executing the lords Der- 312 HiS^ORT OV KNOLAND4 ^ponnteas of Denr en ^ator Ivtoroedina ft>r hev t q afc a n d . wetttwater^ Nithisdale, and Kenmuir immediately; the rest were respited to a foraier time. Nithisdale, howeyer, kd the good fortune to escape in women's clothes, which were brought to him by his mother, the night before he was to hare been executed. Derwentwater and Kenmuir were brought to the scaffold on Tower>hill at the time appointd. BoUi underwent their sentence with calm intrepidity, pidid by all, and seemingly less moved themselves than those wlo behelathem. 14. In the beginning of April, commissioners for tryiig the rebels met in the court of common pleas, when bilb were found against Mr. Forster, Mr. Mackintosh, and twentr of Iheir confederates. 16. Forster escaped from Newgate, and reached the con tinent in safety; tiie rest pleaded not guilty. Pitts, tlu keeper of Newgate, being suspected of having connived a Forster' s escape, was tri«i for his life, but acquitted* Tet. notmthstanding this. Mackintosh and several other prison^ri broke from Newgate, after having mastered the keeper ant turnkey, and disarmed the sentinel. 16. The court yto ceeded to the trial of thobe that remained ; four or five wren hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn; two-ac.d-twent) were executed at Preston and Manchester; and about a thousand prisoners experienced the king's mercy, if such it might be called, by being transported to North America. d«o^» i. m 17. A rupture with Spftiui which endued 8ome time after, served once more to raise tne declining expectations of the pretend^ ^4 his adherents. It was hc^ed t^t, by the i^tance of cfundi^al Alheroni, the Spanish minister, a new iofi^r^tion xmght be parried on in i^ngland> The duke of Oimpnd was the'^^erson fiz^ upon to cond^ct this expedi- tion; a^ he obtained ^om tl^e ajtaniflh court a fleet of ten ^ps of war and tr^ports, having pn board six ihoi^and i^ujl^ ikoop^ ^h i^rms for twelve thousand more. . 18. $at^9^ yii9^ still as un^vourable as ever. Having set ^ aa4 prpceeded a^ i)^ as Cape l^ini^terrei he was encoun- tered Dj a violent storm, which disail^il^ hi^ iQeet and ^us- ti9Jt4jd thj^ eimedition. This misfortune, ti Moil^ #4^^ 1(^bilip to wish for peace: ^uod he at last p ^j^ p^e quadruple alliance. This was at that (^1 ,^, ^ . , . , , tim^l^^^lgh^ Ml ^)[^ei)f e fUiquisition ; but England, though fiiffi jfip^^f^ ^e rfkud(fC#on, had no snare in the aavants^e of |t^ tjrj^tj. Qtrntiomfor Exanwation. iOf n4Uil nttnre was the insiineetion in the western eonntiee ? Jn wlnat iiMiui0r waf ^e nxdiw^ of Oxford treated ? ^f9f ti^pretendor first proclaimed ? I nuuui<4r in Which they Were opposed. I ttiliMolt of the giege of Freitonr 1 1^ next proofedhig of the Fretendier? JspOnduot on abandoning this enterprise? ,. . J the oonduet of the tiotorsr U.Whsl'^iiw the dfiolaration of the commons? and what was the conse* U. W^braers were now despatched? li-18. Belate the purticnliOT which regauded the other rebels. IT. What rapture ndsed the declining hopes of tho Pretender? 18.1Vllt^thereeultt SECTION iV. ge ^oath Sea bubble now appevis, hich cansed some smiles, some countless tears, id set lialf fhirope b^' the ears.— Di&djn. 1. (A.p. 1721) It was about this time that one John Uw, a Scotchman, had cheated France by erecting a com- {Muy under the n^e of the MisBissipi>i, which promised that deluded people ^eat wetdth, but \^ich ended in involv- ing the French nation in great distress. It was now tha)t the people pf England were deceived by a project entirely laimiiar, whiic)!^ is rfimembered by the name of the South 314 MlBf Oft^ 6# lllQtiKi^. Seft Scheme^ ftnd which was felt long after by ikousAhclgi 2. To en)Uun this as oondselj as possible, it is to be ob- senred, that ever since the rerolation under king William, the gOYemmenty not having had sufficient supplies grantea by parliament, or what was granted requiring iiine to be collected, thej were obliged to borrow money from several different companies of merchants, and, among the rest, from that company which traded to the South Sea. The South Sea company havins made up their debt to the gOTenunent ten millions^ instead of six hundred thousand poundey idiioh they usually reoeiyed as interest, were satisfied with five hundred thousand pounds. 3. It was in this situation of things that one Blount who had been bred a scrirener, and was possessed of all tht cunning and plausibility requisite for such an undertaking, prdposM to the minis^, m the name of the South Sei^ company, to buy up all the debts of the different companies of merchants, and thus to become the sole creditor of the* state. 4. The terms he offered to govemment were ex* tremely advantageous. The South Sea company was to redeem the debts of the nation out of the hands of the private proprietors, who were creditors to the government, upon whatever terms the^ could agree on; and for the interest of this money, which they had thus redeemed, aad taken into their own hands, they would be contented to be allowed by government, for six years, five per cent. ; thea the interest should be reduced to four per> cent ; and should at any time be redeemable b^ parhament 6. But now came the part of the scheme big with fraud and ruin. As the directors of the South Sea company could not of them- selves be supposed to possess money sufficient to buy ujp the debts of the nation^ they were empowered to raise it by opening a subscription to a scheme for trading to the South Mas, from which commerce immense ideal a^antages were promised by the cunnins cUreotors, and still greater expected by the rapacious cre^ility of the people. All persons therefore, who were creditors to the government were invited to come in, and exchange their stocks for that of the South Sea company. « 6. The directors' books were no sooner opened for the first subscription, than cxt)wd8 came to make the exohaoge 'of their stodc for Soutti Sea stock. The delusion was ar^ ftdly continued, and spread. Subscriptions in a very few days sold for double the price they had been bought at.. OMMi U m %e scheme Biii&teeeded eren beyond the |>W)iNnetor'8 hopee, iodihe whole nation was infected with a apint of avaricious enterprise. The infatuation prevailed ; the stock increased to ft surprisinff deffree, and to nearly ten times the value of what it was subscriDed for. 7. After a fewmonthsi however, the pe<^le awoke Arom iheir dreams of riches, and found that all the advantages they expected were merely imaginary, while thousands of toilies were involved in one common ruin. 8. The princi^ delinauents were punished by parHa* m«nt with a forfeiture of all such possessions and estates as they had acquired during the .oontinmance of this popular phxensy, and some care also was taken to redress the suf- fefers. The discontents occasioned by these public calami- tiafe once more gave the disaffected party hopes of succeed- m|. But in all their councils they were weak, divided, and wavering. *9. The first person th^t was seized upon suspicion was Frtncis Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, a prelate Ions ob* norioos to the present government, and possessed of abuities to render him formida^e to any ministry he opposed. His papers were seised, and he himself confined to the Tower. Soon afte^ the diike of Norfolk, the Earl of Orrery, the lords North andf Orey, and some others of inferior rank, were ar- Tested and imprisoned. Of all thes^ however, only the bishoiK who was banished, and one Mr. Layer, who -was hanged at Tybiur, felt the severity of government the prom against the rest amounting to no convictive eviaence. 10. The commons about this time, finding many abuses had crept into the court of Chancery, which either imped- ed justice or rendered it venal, resolved to impeach the chancellor Thomas, earl of Macclesfield, at the bar of the house of lords, for high crimes and misdemeanours. 11. This was one of the most laborious and best^wntested trials i& the annals of England. The trial lasted twenty days. The earl proved that the sums he had received for the sale of places in chancery had been usually received by former lord chancellors; but reason told that such receipts were contrary to strict justice. Equity, therefore, prevailed aboTo precedent; the earl was convicted of fraudulent prao- tioes, and condemned to a fine of thirty thousand pounds, witji imprisonment till the sum should be paid, which was wcordingly discharged about six weeks after. 12. In this manner, the corruption, venality, and avarice ; iu HIBTOlti^ ov wioiAi^li. of the times had increiwed with the riches and luxury of the nation* Commerce introduced fraud; at)d wealth iutroduced INrodigam;y. It must he owned that the pMrliament ma4e f>m$ wm efforts to oheok the progress of vice and immoraUty; ^hi^h ?>ow began to be disced through every ranl^ of m^ trA ihey were supponted neither by the oo-open^tiQU of iki ministry, nor tne voioe of the pec^le. 13. It was now two years since the ]dn^ ha(i visited Ub electoral dominions of Hanover. He therefore, soon after the breaking up of the parliamenti prepared $yf a journw thither. Jl, D. 1727.) Haying appointed a regency in hu absence, he embarked for Holumo^ and lav, ujpon his lapd- mg^ ftt a little town called Voet Next day he proojMded on his journey, and, in two days more, between ten vfA eleven at nigh^ arriyed at Delden, to all appearance in pir> feet health. 14. He supped there yeiy heflfftily, and conti- nued his |)rogrese early the next mornings W between ei^ht and nine ordered his coach to stop. It being pe^ oeiyed that one of of his hands lay motionless, IConsieur F^ brice who had formerly been senrant to the king of Sire- den, and who now attended king George, attempted to ?uicken the circulatiozi, by chafing it between 1 :? handi. 6. As this had no euect, the surgeon, who followed on horseback, was called, and he also rubbed it with spirits. Soon after, the king's toneue began U> swell, and he hi|4 jiut strength enough to bid Siem Eaaten to Qsnaburgh ; tlnen, falUng insensibly iuto Fabrice's arms, he neyinr lecovcied, but expired about eleven o'clock the next morning^ in the sixty-eighth jear of his age and the thirteenth of l^s reign. 1. 2. 8. 4. 6. 6. 10. 11. 12. 18. 14. 16. f^uestiont far Exqmination. Wbat was the prqleot of th^ Qonlh Sen sohemer Explain the lila^re of |tr Wnat proposition was made to the minlstfyV What wero the tenps? whdt part' of the soheme was AiIl of firaqd and nMn f WhatwicoeMattendedltf t w . -w Ho w were the Principal deMnqnentg'Pttniahed? ^ What persons were now 0eizea as obnoxious to goveniiiuntf ' On what charge was the eatl of Jfoccl^eld impMcnedf Belate the paitionlars of his trial. ' ''^' ' W^t was now the state of the ni^tipn? About what tiine did the Jdhg prepare to visit his electoral dominiouf What happenedonhisl^rogress thither r ttt^ In what iiianner.did the Ung die? and what was his agef . luxury of tiie lUi introduoed i of IUb. But mfiiQn of Uw )^ yisUedhia 0^ BQon Mier fax ^ JQWwy regenoy in his upon lus lapd- ^he proojBeded Btween ten «id j)eiaAnc0 in pe^ rtUT) and oontl- 2. Dii^ t)Citween It being w B8, Honeieur F«r lie long of five- , attempted to sen 1 i^ bandi. rho followed on it with Biarite. and he h^ joA inabuTgh ; then, never Bepoyewd, moxninA in the ithof hiaveigB. lleotoraldQ] oioluii u. OdNTHHPORART BOTIRIIO^B. 317 SBTin... ITOI mpun CMherlael 17M Jhfmm ^ BKIKDKT PBtlBOyS. JOmg qf ikimmairk. fraderioklY U80 JGfM^ CMid <7Me0i» (/ Sioeden. CllittlMXn 160T Ulrleto Leonora. . .1718 fnCWtU 1718 ^^Ifsa^js^ OHAPTBBXXXV. GBOROBh. I Bom 1688. Died Ootober 36, 1760, Begtn to relgii Jtme 11, 1727. iBiagoib^: emmovi. BeoeeMite OeoMM, oMiMii ind beforM* Aiid food wc ^oiioM M tne peient kuf .^CWMiifi^Adm. !/tik% to hiis dominioni oh the oonuneai* The ehief pton^ and hd who shoftlj ftfter engrogeed the greatest ^luUe of powto undlHp biita^wM ihr Robert Walpole, who lai ineii from loir beginmiig8| tfaronsk two etttceflsife eigu^ mto g^eat eBtinumon. Sf. He wit considered M a itttyr t6 his eaiu^ in th« feign of ^eeii Anne : and whctt be tory party could no longer omesi hitn^ nb stiH pte- '~^" the hatred against them With which he set out To the declimng preroffiitive of the erown mighty pei^- ^ape, haye been the mrst object of his attention: bnt fiOoh 'er^ those very measures hf which he prdtendea to seoure proyied the most effectual means to lessen it. By cor- ing the h<^uiB^ of commons^ h^ inorciased their ridhee ^18 BI8T0BT OP IMOUUVD. and jpowert tnd they were not tkrene to TOting away (hofle milhons wnioh he permitted them ao liberall j to share. S. As such a tendency in him naturally produced onwii. tion, he wae poeeeesed of a most phl^gmatio ineennUIity to reproach, and a calm diipaeaionate manner of reaioaii^ upon euoh topic* as he deaired should be beliered. Hii discourse was fluent, but without dignity, and his maniwr convincing from its apparent want of art 4. The Spaniards were the first nation who showed the Aitility of the tnaties of the former reign to biniLwhen ssy advantMM was to be produced by infraction. The people of our West India Islands had long carried on an iljidt trade with the subjects of Spain upon the continent, bol, whenerer detected, were rigorously punished, and their cargoes confiscated to the crown. In this temerity of adyentur& on the one hand, and in the vigilance of punait and punisnment on the other, it must often have happened that the innocent must Bu£fer with the guilty^ and taaaj complaints were made^ perhaps founded in justice^ that the Engush merchants were plundered by the Spamsh Idng*! vessels upon the southern coast of America, as if they were pirates. tf . The En|;lish ministry, unwilling to credit every rejmt which was mflamsd by resentment or urged by avsriee^ expected to remedy the evils complained of by their ihvoarite system of treaty, and in the meantime nromised the natw redress. At length, however, the complaints became moie Seneral, and the merchants remonstrated by petition to tin lOuse of commons, who entered into a deliberation on the subject 7. They examined the evidence of several who had been unjustly seised, and treated with great craelij. One man^ thepiaster of a trading vessel, had been used isj the Spaniards in a most Bhoflkin|; manner: he gave in bn evidence with neat precision, yifbhned the house oftis manner they hM plundered and stripped him, of their ov^ ting off his ears, and of their preparing to put him to desth '^I then looked upy'' said he^ ^'to my Goof lor pardon, ud to my country fbr revenge." 8. These accounts raised a flame among the peof^ which it was neither the minister's interest nor perhaps thit of the nation to indulge: new n^tiations were set a foot, and new mediators offered their mterposition. A tmtf was nmed at Vienna, between the emperor, the king flf Great ^litain^ and the king of Spain, which setUed k OlOBOB n. 319 Mtee of Buiope upon ita former footing^ and put «ff the (hrMtoBiiig war ibra time. 9. Bj ihif treaty we king of iBflaiid eoneeived hopes that all war would he at an end, Don Carlo!) upon the death of the Duke of ParmiL wai^ hy the aaeiitanoe of an finglieh flc^et put in peaoeaUe poiaei ikm of Parma and Plaoentia^ while six thouiand Spaniards were quietly admitted and quartered in the duchy of Tiuh cmjf to secure for him the rerersion of that dukedom. 10. An interval of peace succeeded, in which nothing nmarkable happened, Mid scarcely any contest ensued, ez- oipt in the Bntish parliament, where the disputes between the court and eounitj party were carried on with unceasing isimosity. 11. (A.D. 1731.) A society of men, in this interested ife of seeminff benevolence, had united themselves into a oompany. by ue name of the Charitable Corporation; and thdr proressed intention was to lend money at legal interest to the poor, upon small pledges, and to persons of hi^^er nuik upon proper eecuri^. Their capital was at first linuted to thirty thousand pounds, but they afterwards increased it to fix hundred thousand. 12. This money was supplied bj subscription, and the care of conducting the capital was iitnuted m a proper number of directors. This oompany lisving continued ror more than twenty years^ the casnier, Qeofge Robinson, member for Marlow, and the warehouse- kteper, John Tnompson, dlsappearedf in one day. Fire hundred thousand pmmds of capital was found to he sunk ttd embeziled bv means which the proprietors could not diioover. 13. They, therefore, in a petition, represented to the house the manner in which they nad been defrauded, nd the distress to which many of the petitioners were re* dnoed. A secret oommittee being appointed to examine into this grievanccL a most iniqmtous scene of fraud was diicovered, which nad been carried on by Bobinson an,d Tkofflpeonu in conc«rt wi^ some of the directors, for em- benling tne capital and cheating the proprietors. Many I ptnons of rank and quality were concerned m this infomous conspiracy; and even some of the first characters in the jiMtion did not escape censure. 14. A spirit of avarice and i^Moity infected every rank of life about this time : no less plan six members of parliament were expelled for the most Mid acts of knavery^ — Sir Robert Sutton, sir Archibald l^nxktf and Geoige Robmson, for their fhtuds in the manage. Umt of the Charitable Coiporation scfheme ; Denis Bond 3^ HIBTOBt OT limLAND. i and Be^rgeaht Biroli, M a fraudulent edle of the ttnfortu. nate eari of D^rwentw^ter's lairge edtAte : and, IfuKly, Johtt Ward, Of H^kney, for forgeiy. 16. Luxuty hm glTen birth to prodigality, ftnd that w4d the pftr6nt of the meaneii arts of peculation. It was ass^Hed in the house of lotitf at that time, that not one shilling of the forfeited estates wai ever applied t6 the senricd o^ tn^ public, but beoauk^ the reward of ^\xd and venality. Questiotiifor ^Komine^ibn, 1. By whom was George the Vint saooeededT WM engrossed the groatest share of power wder Urn? , , . 2. 8. vrhiimdasurei did Walp6ll» ptursiief what win hlf oMrMMrf 4. 5. U^der what oModutanoes did the dispbte with Spsiii origUifttof 6. What was the oondaot of the English nUnigtrr? , , 7. ttel&te the dvidenee of one whohad beto^atdd with ij^Af Mm by the Spaniards. Q. what Ibr a time prevented the thrMtmilig war? 10. In the interval of peaoe did uiy thing^remiurjEable happMif 11. Wfafft ti^the oxigm 6f the Charitable Coi^i^oriitlohr 12. By whom was its oapitid embeokled t 18. whatfollowed the detection of this frand? . ^ . i . U. What menitters of ptoliameikt wdre exp(Qll«d foi^ the mOlrt MFdid Mli a/t tniktdryr 1& Whut vmuxable aisertiofi was made in tbe bouse of Knit ttlUi SECTION n. Of Spiiin dttutisflisd on;ee moi*e ylr6 tetf ; Oa BnglUid's MttiiipfaB, too, the mtise might dwMI^ 4 And sing how Vernon Ibnght and Forto Bello ttn^^DMh, 1. (A.D. 1732.) A sCi^ibudE;, set oA ibbi by sii* Bobert Walpbl^, soon after engrosised the attehtibn of thi pttbliCi which was t6 fl± a general eiCise. The liuiiister introdudM it into the hotlse, by going into detail of the flraudi practiMd by the factors in London, who Were enmloyed by the Amf rican planters in iellihg their tobabco. 2. To ptevent theM fratldi^ he pro^iOBed, that, instead of having the Custom lei^ in the Usual manner upon tobabco, all hcir^aft^ to be imp6rted should b6 lodj^d in warehouses appointed for that pvatfOH by the officeirs of the crown ; that it should frote then(i# U sold, upon paying the duty of fourpence a pound, when ^ prQpriet6r found a purchaser. 3. This proposal raiMd I violent ferment, not less within doors than without. It WM asserted that it would expose the l^tors to such hardihipi that they would not be able to continue thcit trade, and im QEoaas II* 321 ;he anfbrtu. m\7f Soht ' hlB4 glren the meaneii iBO of lor(b, I eitatei WM beoaiato iU ^ of tmrii •k«l* |by ib Bql)«rt ot tb« imbUii. Uter introdueM ^ttdimotUed i by tM AnW" » pteVent thiM i^uitomlevW tobeimpMi ► that purpoj* Jdm th«ndt M [imd, wbeB tJW tUout. It 5.** isuch hftrdihtpt ftrftde, »nd t^ ittoh a scheme would not eyen prevent the frauds complained 0l> It was added, that a number of additional excisemen ind warehouse-keepers would thus be employed, which would at once render the ministry formidable, and the people dependent. 4. Such were the arguments made mse of to ittr up the citizens to oppose this law ) arguments rather ipeciotti than solid, sinc^ with all its disadvantages, the tax upon tobacco would thus be more safely and expeditously oolteoted, and the' avenues to numberless frauds would be ihttt up. The people, however, were raised into such a fer- meat, that the parliament-house was surrounded with mul« titudes, who intimidated the ministry, and compelled them to drop the desim. The miscarriage of the bill was cele- brftted with ^ubuo rejoicings in London and Westminister, Mid the minister was burned in effigy by the populace ol London. 6< Brer since the treaty of Utrecht, the Spaniards in America had insulted and distressed the commerce of Great Britain, and the British merchants had attempted to carry on an illicit trade in. their dominions. A right which the Eng- liih merchants claimed by treaty, of cutting logwood in the bay of Campeachy, save them frequent opportunities of pttihing in contraband commodities upon the continent; so that to suppress the evih the Spaniards were resolved to an- nihilate the claim. 6. This liberty of cutting logwood had often been acknowledged, but never clearly ascertained ^ in ill former treaties it was considered as an object of too htUe importance to make a separate article in any n^otiation. Tho Spanish vessels appointed for protecting the coast, con- tinued their severities upon the English ; many of the sub- jeets of Britain were sent to dig in the mines of Potosi, and dwrived of all means of conveying their complaints to those who might send them redress. 7. One remonstrance fol- lowed another to the court of Madrid of this violation of treat? ) but the only answers given were promises of inquiry whicn produced no reformation. Our merchants complained loodly of these outrages, but the ministers vainly expected (torn negotiations that redress which was only to be obtained >anni. 8. The fears discovered by the court of Great Britain ttl^ served to increase the insolence of the enemy; and I their guard -ships continued to seize, not only all the guilty, i but the innocent, whom they found sailing along the Spanish Main. At last, however, the complaints of the English w 322 HISTORY OF BKOLAND. merchantB were loud «nre, to.gr<;tify the general ardour, «uid to atobefor his former iefieien"/ieB, asBived the house that he would put the nation in a condition for war. Soon after, letters of rei»isal were granted againet the ^>auiard8 ; and this being on both sides considered as an actual commencement of hostilities, both diligently set forward their armaments by sea and land. 10. In tbia threatening 8ituation,-the fVench minister at the Biigue de- clared that his toaster was obfiged by treaty ^ assist the king of SfMEun t so that the alianees, which but twenty years before had taken place, were now quite reversed. At Uiat time, France aM JSngJand were superior poiret toc<»n^ the obfi^- anoe. 11. (A J), lt39.) A rupture between England £.nd Spain being now become unavddaye, the p60{de, who had long ^amoured for war, began to IhH uncommon aliBerity at its ai^roach ; and the ministiy, fin^g it inevitable, began to be as easiest in prep^rtftion. Ord^w w^re iteued for a% mentis the land foreeS| and for raisib;^ a bed^ of mamei. War WWB dtelared with prepeir Bolem)uty> and soon after, 4wo iich ^anish prizes were token hi the Mediteinrabea&, 12. Afiminu Vernon, a man of More courage than expe- rienee^ of more Confidence ^liin 6kiH, wtts sent as commii- der of a fleet into the West fiodiei, to dista«ss the enemy in ^t pa»t ^ the globe. He bad averted iki the house of I commons, that Porto Bella a foH and hairbour in So^ America, could be easily desU^yed, and that he himeelfl wouM undei^cdie to reduce it ^h six shi]^ only. 13. A j project which ai»eared so inld amd !toi)ossibte Was ridienled %y the ministry ) but Its' he still insistra upbn the propoali, they comj^ed with his reouest, hoping that his \i(ant mm cess might repress the conndeuce of his party. In this, hof erer, they were disappointed: for with six ships only Ik attacked and demdished aH the fortifications ol the plaoti and came away victoriottg with scarcely the lost! of anai. This victory was magnified at honie in aH the strains n OEOBCn II. 323 i«e of com- ), and th^ lOttfle. ^. It id agreed to , atad BO tea. re, togr«:tify 4«fi6tei4'dee, a a condition iiAted agaimt joneidered «8 diligently «et 1^. In tUa [,heHikgtt«*!- r %o aeeist the t twenty yenw sed. At tliat met Spain: at Bi^ mglttfii: jefittnesttwfr ^ the obBttT- Bind end Snttn who had loBs alaerity at its liable, begRB to 'HsBVitA for«i»g- )dy of Ynanme. ad BOon after, MediicttfftrieM. ^e than ezpt- jA «8 comnmr ,8 the enemy tt a the house pi fbcmr in Sotith talt he hiB»«i only. 13. M was ridicttled the propbW) I want ofsvc-l In this, ^«^ BhipB only^ , of the plwe, !ort ofan««-l the straws « psnegyrio, and ihe triumph was far supericHr to the vidue of theconaacBt. U. While vigorous praparations were making in Other departments, a squadron of ships was equipped foip distress- ing the enemy in the ^outh Seas, the command of which was given to commodore Anson. This fleet was destined to Mil through the Straits of Magellan, Mid, steering northward almitss«iUnftothetaki]irof Ait(. ^^ SECTION m. Bnt what ate wreaths in ttattle won t And what the trihnto of aaaae Which man too oft mistaken pajB To the rain JMol dutine of ftlse renown!— .ifioK. 1. (A.D.1740.> Soon after, thia smaU squadron advaneed as flEur, as Panama, aituated on the isthmus of DarieiL on the western side of the great American continent. The oom- xnodore now placed all his hopes in taking one of thow valuable- Spanish ships which trade from the Philippine islands to MezioOb ^ot above one or two at the most* of thess immenselir rich ships went from one continent to the other in a year j they were therefore^ very larg^ in order to carry a nifficiency oi treasur<^ and poportionably stroi^ to defend it. 2. In hopes of meeting with one of tliese, the commodore, with his little flee^ traversed the Pacific Oceu; j but the scurvy once more visiting his crew, several of his ^men dkd and nearly all wer^ disabled. In this exigence, having brought all his men into one vessel, and set fixe to another, he steered for the island oi Tinian, which lies about half way betweei^ the new world and the old. 3. h iiuB charming abode he continued for some tim^ till his men recover^ their health, and his ship was refitted Ibr sailingp T^ua refitted, he set forward for China, where he laid in proper stores for once more traversing back that immense ocean, in which he had before suffer^ such incredible M- fiottlties* 4. Having accordingly taken som^ Dutch and Indian sailors on board, he asiun steered towards America, tflid at length, after various tous, discovered the Sptnish gal- leon he had so long and ardently expected. This vessel was built as well fer the purpose of war as for merchandise. It mounted sixty guns azid five hundred men^ while the j orew of the oonmiodore did not amount to hidl' that number. 5. However, the victory was on the side of the Esg^ and they returned home with their prize, which was esd mated at three hundred and thirteen thousand pounds ^ ling, while the different captures that had been made befoR limouQted to t^B much moiret Thua^ after a yojt^ ofiM bMatit it. m ^[fon advviecd at. The coia- one of thow the Philippine at the moat' of OQtivent to the large, in older rtionably strong ne of these, the 5 Pacific Ocean;, r several of hia fi thie exigence, , and set fireto ian, irlachlies the old. 3. h le time, tilV k was refitted w where he laid in jk that immeMe ih incredible dif- am^ Dutch wd owaids Amm the Spameh m ^, This vewei for merchandij- meik while ^ trif that num W. of tW> EngH which was eifr sand potnul8 8W IbeenmadeW^ possessed 6. In the mean time the English conducted other opera* tions against the enemy with amazing activity, when Anson set oiit^ it was with a desi|p of acting a subordinate part to a formidable armament designed for the coast of New Spain, consisting of twenty-nine ships of the line, and almost an equal number of frigates, furnished with all kinds of warKke stores, nearly fifteen thousand seamen, and as many land-forces. Never was a fleet more completely aqnipped, nor never had the nation more sanguine hopes of saecess. Lord Gatibcart was app<^nted to commana the laad'ibrces ; but he dying on the passage the command defolved upon general Wentworth, whose abilities were supposed to be unequal to the trust reposed in him. 7. When the forces were landed at Garthagena, they' erected a battery, with which they made s^ breach in the principal fort, while Vernon, who commanded the fleet, sent a number of ships into the harbour to divide the fire of the enemy, and to co-operate with the army on shore. 8. The breacn being deemed practicable, a body of troops wen commanded to storm j but the Spaniards deserted tlie foirts, which if possessed of codrage, they might have de- fended with success. The troops, upon eaining this advan- tage, were advanced a good deal nearer we city; but there they met a much greater opposition than they had expected. 9. It was found, or at least asserted, that the fleet could hot lie near enough to batter the town, and that nothing re- muned but to attempt one of the forts by scaling. The leaders of the fleet and the army besan mutually to accuse each other, each asserting the probability of what the other denied. At length. Wentworth, stimulated by the admiral's leproAch, resolved to try the dangerous experimient, and (xdered that fort St. Lazare should 1^ attempted by escalade. 10; Nothinff could be more unfortunate &an this undertak- iiig. The forces marching up to the attack, the guides were BHun, and they mistook their way. Instead of attempting thi weakest part of the fort, thej advanced to where it was the strongest, and where thej were exposed to the fire ^the town. Golonel Orant, who commanded the |prena- (liera, was killed in the beffinning. II. Soon after, it was foond that their scaHng-ladaers were too short; the officers were perplexed for want of orders, and the troops stood eic- sa^ dlStOBpY 0^ «£ratA!^D. posed to the whole fire of the enemji without knowing ho\v to proceed. After bearing a. dreadAil fire for some hours with great intr^dit}*^ they at length retreated; leaving six hundred mei| dfead on the spot. 12. The terrors gf the QlimiM^ soon began to be more drea4ed than those of' war; the rainy seq^n ci^me on with such violence that it was impossible tot the troops to continue enoamped^ ^nd the mprtf^it^ of tli# season now b«gan to attack tbem in ail its fri^tfui varieties. To these calamities; sufficient to quell any enterprise, was added the dissension between the M and sea commanders^ who blamed each other fof evei^ &ilure, and became frantic with mutiial recrimination. ^ They only, therefore, at las^ could be brouftb^ to a^ee in one n^LOrti^ng measure, whidh was to re-enibarl^ the troops, anct wlthdraiw t|^<^.w as quicl^Iy as possible Arom this scenepf slaughter and conta^on. ^ 13. This filial miscarriage, which tarnished the British glory, wa^ no sooner known, i)^ England, than the kingdom was, filled with^urmurs and discontent. The loudest burst of indi^naUon was dii^eeted at the minister; and they who once praised, hiih f(»r success that he did not merit, condemned him now for a lailure of which h^ was giiltlese. 14, (A.]>. 1741.) The n^inister, filming the indignation of the* house of commons turned asainst him, tried every art to break that confederacy, which he knew he had not , strength to Oj^pose, Th^ resentment of the people had been yaised aeainst nim to an e^Mintvagant hei^t j and their lead- erp taiu^t them to expect very signal justice on their suj^ posed oppressor. At length, finding his post untenable, he aeelared ne would never sit more in that house f the next day the kin^ a4journe4 both houses of parliament for a few days, and.in thuB interim si;r Bbbert Walpole was created earl of Q:i;ford,i^id rosined all his employments. 15., But the pleasure of hfs defeat was but of short dur* Ubn: it soon; appeared that those who declared most loi^j Ibr ih^lrb^Hy of the people, had adopted new roeasuiee with th«ijr new enaployments. The new converts wffl* bn^nded ftos betrayers of the interests of their country; bni B 1|if pi^icuJiairly tho resentment of the people fell upom Pultenej, 0fMrI of Biith, who had long^ dectaimiMl. against that veif , conduct ho now seenied, earne?t to i)ursue. 16.> He hk been th^ idol of th9 people^ 4nd considered ^ one of the moat illuatfioi^ champtoi^s thi^ ever defended tiie cfHW Of freedom; hx\.t allured, perhaps, with the hope ofgi^ C^AGS th ^1 V«rning in Walpole's plape, he was contented to give up his popularity for ambition. The kii^^ however, treated him with that neglect which he meritea; he was laid aside for life, and continued a wretched survivor of all his former ifoportance. Qiu$stum* for Examination, H. RelBt0 htkAj tiw fyirtlier i»oe|Bediiigt of tke ■qvAdvoH undor ooov modora Anton tiU tbe CMplDve of tlM licb Spaniih giillMa. 5. What WAS thO reBnlt of this enteipriief 6, What btHor oiwnittoin worO ttndertiken r 7411, PeMrtbe tbopsrtioalani of the tii90» of Garthagons. l(L U. WImH Miues rendered it unfuoMMftd ? IS. what wiM then tti6 sitnaflOQ of tha EbgUsh tk«opaf U. What wMilho oonaaqsMiea of this mHaattfafaf a, niothe o6ndiiot of Us sneoessors render them fiivonrites of Ijhe people f On whom partienlarlr did the publie resentment Ml T " TUt In what Ufot had Pnitenej formerly been oOniiderid by the people? SECTION rv. Bf turns each army gains the vantMe-gronnd, The cannons roar, «nd carnage sprd&ds aronnd.— Duncd^, 1. (A. D. lM(k) Tqs eoDi^xor dying in the year 1740, theErend^bi^q to think tms a favounvble oppprtunity for enrtioff ih^ anibition once more. Begi^rdless of treaties, p^rticwirl^'^f^ called tl^e Frsigmatic sfmction, by which, tbs reiv^ioi^ of a& the late emperorf s dommiona was set^> ]«i;ap<»i hisj daughter, thtey: ca^^fMl the elecior of Bavaria* to iit crowned empeiKur* Tbua the queen of Hungary, ((augH^ter^^tio Chaii^lfs the SixU% descendeq from an illustrious line of eni^rors, S9,w herself stripped of her inheritance,, Mi4.1ei^ Ibr % wheilf year deserted by all Europe, and without )H|v lu^eft. of suocpuTr 2< She had scarcely closed her &tlw^s eyes, w)^ s^ lyer, and the security m HiSTORT Oir iNOtAHDt of that electorate, depended upon nicely balancing the dif*- ferent interests of the empire; and the Englii^h ministry were willing to eratify the king. 4. Accoraingiy the king sent a body of Enelish fbrces into the Netherlands, which he had auginentea by sixteen thousand Hanoverians, to make a diversion upon the do- minions of France, in the qu^n of Hungary^s mvour : and by the assittabce of these the queen of Hungary soon oegan to i^xm the scale of victory on her side. d. The French were driven out of Bohemia. Her general, prince Charles, at the head of a large army, invadra the dominions of Ba- varia. Her rival, the nominal emperor, was ofolkedtofljr before her, and, being abandoned by his allies and stripped of even bis hereditary dominions, retired to Frankfoft, wn«e he lived in obscurity. . « 6. (A.D. lt43.) The French, in order to prevent the junction of the Austrian and the British forces, assembled an army of sixty thousand men on the river Mayne, under the command of marshall Noailles, who posted his troops upon the east side of that river. The British forces, to the num- ber of forty thousand, pushed forward on the other side into a country were they found themselves entirely destitute of provisions^ the French having cut 6ff all means of th«ir beita^ sujmlied. 7. The kin^ of Englalid arrived at the cafhp while his army, was m this deplorable situation; wherefore he resolved tb penetrate forward to joih twehe thousiihd Hanoverians am Hessians, who had reached Hanau. With this view he dedamp^; but before his annj had reached three leagues, he found that the enemy had en- closed him on every side, hear a village ctstUed DcAtingen. 8. Nothing now presented themselves but the most mor- tifying prospects. If hd fought the enemiy, it must be at the greatest disadvantagef ; if he continued inactive, there was a certainty of being starved ; and a retreat fbr all was isipOB- tiitile. The impetuosity of the. French troopB saved his whole ahhy. They passed a defile, which they i^oold have been contietited to guard; and, tmder the command of the duke of Grammon£ their horse charged the En^M foot with ^at ftu^. They were received with ifatrepiditj and resolution : so that they were obliged to give way, and repass^ the Mayne ^th precipitation, with the loss of ii^e thousand men. ■''•■•--^' ■^^'' ■ >' ■■■••■ ■•> - >^'.-« - >- 9. Mieanwhile the French went on with vigotbr on every side. They projected an invasion of England j anc^ Charley bM61t6i a. tke soil of the old pretender, departed from Rome, in the diiffttise of & Spanish courier, for Paris, v' ^^e he had an tndienoe of the French king. 10. The family had long been the dupes of France; but it was thouffht that at present there were serious resolutions istmed in their fiirour. The troops destined for the expedi- tion amounted to fifteen thousanci men ; preparations were made for embarkine them at Dunkirk and at other of the ports nearest to England, under the eye of the young Pretender. 11. The duke de Roquefbuille, with twenty ships of the Hue wa« to see them safely landed in England ; and the fa- mons count Saze was to command them when put on shwe. Bat the i^ole project was disconcerted by the appearance of sir John Norris, who^ with a superior fleets made up to attack them. The French fleet was thus ooliged tu put bade ; a rery haid gale of wind damaged their transports beyond redress : and the French, now frustrated in their scheme of a sudden descent, thought fit openly to declare war. 12. The French, therefore, entered upon the war with great alacrity. They besieged Fribourg, and in the begin- ning of the succeeding campaign invested the strong city of Toumay. Although the allies were inferior in number, and although command by the duke of Cumberiand, yet they resblvMl, if poesible, to save the city by hazarding a battle* They accoroindly marched against the enemy, and took post in sight 6f the French, who were encamped on an eminence, die Tilli^^ of St. Antcttne on the right, a wood on the left, uid the town of Fontenoy before them. 13. This adyan- tMeous situation did not repress the ardour of the English, who began to attack at two o'clock in the morning and, pressing forward, bore down all opposition. They were fo^nearly an hour victorious, and confident of success, while Sase, a soldier of fortune, who commanded the French army, was at that time sick of the same disorder of which he after- itrds died. However, he was carried about to all the posts in a litter^ and assurea his attendants, that, notwithstanding aU un&vourable aroearances, the day was his own. 14. A column of the English, without any command, but by mere mechanical courage had advanced upon the enemy's Hnes, which, opening, formed an avenue on each side to re- oeive them. It was then that the French artillery on the three sides b^n to play on this forlorn body, whicl^ though they continued for a long time unshaken, were obliged at last to retreat. m HIBTOEt OS |l|(0t4Mi)* 16. This was one of the most bloody battles that had been fought in thi« age ; the allies left on the field nearly twelve thousand men, and the French bougfit t)ie^ victory with nearly ap equal number of slain. This blQW| by whioh Tournay w«s taJten by th^ Francis, gtkve th^m aupVft ma^ifffst superiority aUthe resli of the Q^paim that they kq>| the fruits, of tl\e victory during the whole conUnuanoe or the war. QueitiomJ^ Extuninaiipn^ 1. On ^10 deiktb of the empfHWK o| Awtda, wlMit w«a the « in oortiiwim Mh sm ept yrp»,% vmefi$ wm BiitsiA'A i^rtoni^h^jmsfS^^l natenoM wliioli pi^eoodM uia «Hta tiveeiy apd inupnured at distresses of which they )iad but t very remote prospeot A civil war was now gping, to bi kiiuiled in their own- dprninions, which mijccd terrors with thf^ oomi^aintp} and which, while U incre^flid t^^eir pe^ plestieS|^ only cen^eoted their union. 2. It was a^ iiua period tha^ the son of, th^ o)d Px)eten4iW resolved to mi^e an efibrt for gaining the l^ritiah crowi^ Ghfvrles l&|waf^; the adventurer in oyuieption, Iiml been Wed in a lu^pipioDs ^ourt without, partaking of it^ a^pinaqy^ M^ was enterpri^n^ and imti^tious^j bit «itl^ ftoia iiiet perience or n^ujral mabililory utterly uiie(}^^ to the^ld wt- dertfliking. ^e waa lonft fiaiteied lio^ the r^ah, the sc^penti- tiou{L i^r the. needy : he: wa« ti^ug|it, iq, btliev« that tbe Ipngdomi WW ripf Jipr a rj^ol^ i^ t|)«jt k aoul4 qo loagfi befur. the unmenee load, of tazea witK if h^h it ■wi^, bw^^nw* 3. ceing now, therefore, furnished with some; money, and ttlOMk ti. m IQI^tt^tOftiW with atill lHS»r promiMt Aroip Fnuioe, who fanued lib am- bition, be omMurked for SooUand on board a small frigate, Accompftnied by the marquii of Tullibardine, air ThomiMB Sheridu), and a few other desperate adyenturere. Thue, for the conqueel of the whole Britieh empire, he onlv brought with hm Mvfii offleeriy and anne kf two thoueaDd men. 4. The boldneie of thii entciprlse Mtonished all Europe. It awaJlEeaed the fiuuri of the pufulanimouis the aidour of the brave, a^d the pity <4 the wiie. But by this time the young adventurer wa« arnved at Perth, where the unneoeeeary ce* nroonr was performed of proclaiming his father king of Great Britain. 6. From thenpe^, dsflcewliiig with his forces ftpm the mountains, they setmea to gather a» they went for- wsiid ; «n4| ady^ncingto Edinburgh, they entered that city without opposition. There aoain thepagea^tir of proda- matiouwf^l performed) And there he premised to dissolve Uie ui^ion, which WM considered as one of the grieyancoiB of the country. However, the oastle of that city still held out, and he was unprovided with cannon to besiege it & In the mean tim^^ sir John Cope, who had pursued the rebels through the highlands, but had declined meeting; thenv v^ (their dcfpent, .&ing now i^einforced bv two regi- ments of dragoons, resolved to march tow«Ms^iwnburgh ^x4 give tliie enemy battle. The voung, adventurer, whose forces were nather superior though undisciplined attfusked- him aeav Preston-pans, about twMve ipiles from the capital, Slid in a^ffw miaiiUes put htm and his troops to flight 7. This, victoiT^, by whick tha king lost five hundred me%gave the rebels g^eat influence ^ and nad the Pretender taken ad- vantage oC the general consternation and marched directly for Eugland, the consequences might have been fatsl to Qree- im" Blithe IMS amused by the promise of si^ccours which never caine ; and thus induced to remain at Edinburgh, to f&joy the triumphs of an unimportant victory, and to be tf^^M as a monarch. 8. Whila^e young Pretender was ^us triflina awa^ his tiwaat E^inbum (for, in dang^ous enterprises, delay is but defeat,) themiaistry of Great witaln took every precaution to , oiiposs him with success. .Siy thousand Dutch trqops, that nad come over to the assistance of the crown, were de^tcliL- ed northward, under tba command of genial Wade. The d^ke^of GuiiMiau4 noon after arrived firosa Flanders, and «S8,folilontsa; by ai^other dat«o)^msni of dra|5oons a^ in- &ntry, weU diisciplinea and inured to action. Besides 39iS tttSTOilt 6it JkJTOLiid). im ihtse, volunteers offered in everj part of the kingdom^ and every county exerted a vifforous spirit of indignation both iMiainst the ambition; the religion, and the allies of the young mtender. 9. However, he had been bred in a sehool that tau|(ht him maxims very different from those that then prevailed in England. Though he might have brought civil war, and all the calamities attending i^ with him into the kingdom, he had been taught that the assertion of his right was a iuij incumbent upon him, and the altering the constitution, pnd perhaps the religion, of his country, an object of laudable ambition. 10. Thus animated, he went forward with vi- gour; and having, upon frequent consultations with his oft- 06r& come to a resolution oi makinff an irruptioii hito Eng. lan^ he entered the country by the western border, attd invested Carlisle, which surrendered in less than three dajis. He there found a considerable quantity of arms, and there too he caused his ftither to be proclaimed king. 11. General Wade, being apprized of his progress, ad- vanced across the country from the opposite snore ; but re- ceiving intelligence that the enemy was two days' march before him, he retired to his former station. The young Pretender, thus unopposed^ resolved to penetrate farther into thekinedom. having received assurances from France that a considerable body of troops would be landed on the south- em coasts, to make a diversion in his fhvour. 12. He was flattered also with the hopes of being joined by a considera- ble number of roalecontent» as he passed forward, and tbat his army would increase on his march. Aocordinely, lear- ine a small garrison in Carlisle, which he should ramer have left defenceless, he advanced to Penrith marchine on foot in a Highland dress, and continued his irruption till he cane to Manchester, where he established his head-quarters. 13. He was there joined by about two hundred Engliih, who were formed into a regiment, under the command oi co- lonel Townley. From thence he pursued his inarch to Derl^, intending to go by the way of Chester into Wales, wheie he hop<^ to be joined by a great number of ibllowers ; bnt the factions among his own chiefs prevented his proceeding to that part of the kin^om. 14. Me was by this time advanced within a hundred miles of the caratat, which was filled with perplexity and consternation. Had he poceeded in his career with that expedition which he had hitherto used, he might have made OBOBOB U. 333 ms, and there himself matter of the metroiwlie, where he would oertainlv kftTe been joined hjr a coneideraUe number of hie well- wifhersy who waited impatient]/ for hie approach. iiut9iwtu/or Examinaiion, 1. Wkal WM the sHnntlon of Bog lead et thto time r 1 By whom wteea eflbrt madeto gela the BngUih erowaf IL under whet dreooiftenoM wm it vndertekMir I. What wore tiM flnt prooiK^dlaii of the PMtenderf i With wbatmooeM did ho tttiek rir John Copof J. Whet were theeouoqiienoM of thli vletonr T . Whet preoeetloiit wOro takfS bj the BagUih nriBlftry? Whil Wit the oonduet of the notetfderr U.]fy whom wee en attempt made to mHr aTo what phMe did ho next proeeedf Br whcMfe was heioinedr and whtthordld he next mareh? li What might have been the reratti hadheprooeeded with expedltloa? SECTION VI. Ill-llited youth : CiUloden'i bloody fleld Bnnlc the vain Abrioe of ambition low. . jPir«M'd with fhtigue and hnngor, long he roam'd. 'Mid eoeiiea of danger and 'mid eights of woe.~ VaUpj/, 1. (A. D. 1746.) In the mean time the king resolved to take the field in person. But he found si^tj firom the diioontents which now began to prevail in the Pretender^e eney. la ihct^ he was but the nominal leader of his forces } M his seneral^ the chiefs of the highland dans, were, ftom their education, i^rant, and averse to subordination. They had, from the beginning^ began to embrace opposite systems of operation, and to contend with each other for pre-epin- nence; but they seemed now unanimous in returning to thiur own countiy once more. 2. The rpbela accordingly effected their retreat to Carlisle wiUiOut any loss, and from thence crossed the rivers Eden and Solway, into Scotland. In these marches, however, they preserved all the rules of war j they abstained in a mi measure from plunder ; they levied contributions on tae towns as they passed alon^^: and with unaccountable qaation left a garrison at Carlisle, which shortlv after was obliged to surrender io the duke of Cumberland at discre- tion, to the number of four hundred men. 3. The Pretender, being returned 'o Scotland, proceeded to Glasgow, flrotn which city he exacted severe contribu- tions. He advanced l^m thence to Stirling, where he was join^ b^ lord licwis Gordon, at the he^d of 9ome forc^p ^4: HUTOikt '^ IM^LANI). HAMi heA httiiiltuittM^ in Mb iibe»Mi6e. Othir dftni, (o tbe xnikhb«r of t#0 thousttiia. tJttme in likiMHili j Mi ttm Bome from some skirmishesy in^wUdi he was BocoaMAu agaioft the rdyaliBts, his «flfkiiM begain t6 irearH-lnost promisiiig as- pect 4. 3eing ^cUttAMylififA BiNMHilM^ tta 'kumnJ tht castle of l^iirHn^ »6tnWiaiiall»ft% l^edil!*! Bhl;iMi^ i lm( tW rebel forces, beteg^mnmad ^mgB^'wmvauAtnmkiltm 4o no purpose. It was thttlttg O^ tttfetodll ttrfll'MaMIl ^. leyi who conwagmfrd A'aoasMkrable Mjr miuKm near Edinburgh, undertook to Ittiiw 'tiiti ii«|^ anil «hlMioed to- #a)ids fh6 rebel atMy te fk^ as taft&k. After tWo di^i spent in mutually examining vadb odier'a istMiifflli, 'iht n. bels, b^||:tjl*a«tit tb tii^figt^ytrt hA tm in flifl 'llArtCi lo attack the king's army. 6. The Pretiehder, who'WM in tin front line, eave the sij^^d to engage, and the first firs pbt Hawley's forces into eblifttaidh^ The horse retreated wifii preciintation aitad iSili tnte their own bOtaHaty ; while thi rebels foUowing ttp th« Wtv;, Ute |preftta«t iaurt of the royil army Bed with the ntneet pi^im^taitioB. They retired in confbfflon to Edinbur;d>) leaving ^e >eonquerora in. poiMf> skm of thei!^ tents, ^& artUlery, and the field of t)^. t. ^hmtuihe^ml&m of ^e renel army siBemeid nflVj nnpr^ p^us : but here #ii8 an end df iHl their trinmi^. Ti» nuke ot Cumberland, at that time the ihyouirite' # the Sag' lish Army, had lieoi recalled from Vliuidttni^ maH pa!b IA» se^atthe neadof the trOo^ at B^bii^ Vhicli Odni^tetid^ alHsnt fourteen -tluousand men. 7. liTith tlieae ha ndya&oid to ^be^een, where he wais joined t)y seyeral oflf the Seot^k nobility attifiched io the house of JSuioTer^ and ^Mki rsTiyed the drooping H>irits of his army, ha Maottd to M out the enepqiy, who retreated ait hia i^poaah. Altar ha^ rd^hed his laroOps at Aberdeen for some time^ lie tenewM his march, and in twalte days he came i^ to the boaki of |he de^ and rapid liver Spey. ThiiB was the place i^^ th^ rebels might haye disputed his ^^yassage, tmt i^^ ki evez^ ^dinuitfiigB in ^^ulin^ with ^aoh wbmt, 8. Th^ sieemiBd now t^aQy vend Of all counsel and aubordinatioa^ without conduct iand without unanimity. After n yarfl^ of contests among each Other; they resotyed Io ikHi tbw pursuers tipcm the plains of OuIloaeB, a pllwje about niM miles dntant from Inyiemess, emboisomed in Kills, ^axiM^ on that side whidi was o|)en to the slea. Hiare Ihay drew op in order of battle, to the number of eight thousand men^ In ^Ebftofe tl. 885 three divisione, vUppHiiid. ^^h icmt piedes of artillery, ill mtnnad and MTtaBU 9. The batUe be^ abo^t Okie t>'doidk fh thie liftf irtAil war, and ik^e lN»^i^«^nS% tSi^ la^^ ardopl^ ifrom which itot he oonlil hope lti«iiceefler 10. AfUr ifliey had leapt in their ranks «»d wttitsteiod the Mh^Sek fire hr wxieie time, thej at length %eQamB impatiBnt for closer engagement; lad about five hundrel df tlaliemvaiiie an irruption upon the lift wing of the enemy ^th their Aoonstaned ferocity. The first line being dte^Hwfend by t}^ Cttttet, 'twb IMMJialions tdvanjoad ia wi^tt ft ibd JiOltiSl the i^ 1^ terrible ileie dischar^. 11. Ai the same tune the dragoons under Awle^^ ihiKiift puHlk^ dotrn a tiikrk- ml ft«b^ deitettded^U iundiig thenn IhrM ih haH^ ii^th felt idatight(»t. In l«as t9tan 1Sk&tVf minutes they li^e)^ totdly routieid/ ^nd the ll^ld et^kttd i^h their HfotaM Md slldh to the dumber of three tkotisatid meh. The FiMdh ttbopB on the left did tf6t fit« a shot^ but stood inate- titt duHng the ei^gagement, ahd afteHratds surrittdlst^ Of^ielires jpHsob^ df war. 12. Aii ent^ body at the «kitti nkopched otf the Md in order, while t1i0 mt iren mm iritii|r«At slAlU^hter, and their lei^etrs obliged with Nhidtance io t«tBre. CM War Is in fXs^ t^ndble, but m%««Ut of' the tetfl* of CilltodiMi. li. M* Wlurt mi the eondiMt of ttM «o»«««ronr ■'■ ' ' '! > > SECTION vn. of mmwjr li net itnin'd,-- M.A^enlle liiilfNNA hMTMi )lMe boDeeih ; it k tiHoe,hI«M'd<— liim that ii^Tea aad'him that takei.— iSKah^MMie. | 1. (AJ>. 174$.) In thi9 »Mm«r w^e blMted all 4e ho]^ iu:id ftm ihe amiHijpn of the ypvuig «di^eiitii7er. Ooe short hour deprived him of iniagiQAiy thrones and, Bceptree^ and reduoe4 iMm from a nprnuMBTking to a diatreasedi forlorn OYitoasty shunned by all mankind except those who sou^t his destruction. Xo tliid good ^and, the brave^ , subsequent distress often ato;n9S^ for, fprmer guilt;, and while reason would i^peak tor, punishment,' 01^ nearts plead tgit msrc^. 2. Xmp^iately aner the en^tfement^ he fled awa^jr wi^ a oaj^tain of Fit«-James'B, cf^yali^jr^ and when, their honei were fhiCikuc4* they botjh a^hted, and separately aeught for ,Mfety. He for somie days wandeiped in this coun^, x)|P^iurally wild, but now rendered more formidable by war, % wreteked sjMctator of aU those horrors whi<9h were the reiSiuU of his ul-grounded ambition. . 3. inhere is a striking similitude betw^n his adTentnrM and those Of Charles tlie Seoond upon his escape from "W^orcester. ^ He som.eUme8 found renige in caves and in cottages, without attei^dantSi and depuident on the wretched natives who could pity but not relieve him. Sometimes he lay in Ibr^ts, with one or two cpmpttQions of hii dii* tress, continually pursued by the troops of the conqueror, as t^ere was a rewe^ of tjoirty thousand pounds offered for taking him, dead or alive. 4. ^heridan, an Irifih adyen- tui^r, was the |^rson who kept most (bithfully by uim. and inspired him witii courage to support such incr^b^e naid- ships. He had occasion, in the course of his conceabuente, to trust hit life to the fidelity of above fifty indivi4«ftH dlOBOB it. 387 whose veneration for his iaxtnlf prevailed above their avar rice. 5, One day, .having walked from morning till nkhl, he ventured tp enter a house, the owner of which ne well knew was attached to the opposite party. As he enteied; he addressed^ne master of the house in the ibUowihg mikn- ner: '^The son of jour kiiig oomes to beg a little Ibread, soda few clothes. Iknowyottf pr«sent uttaohmentFlo |ny idversaii;^ but I believe you have sufficient honour not to abuse uiy confidence or to take advantMe f V -'iiaerous party. • ^ = f^ In this manuv u eontauued to wander amicyg' the f^tAil wilds of ^JfxeAgBaty fer near six months, often hm^ed roundby his pmrsuers, but still rescued by some looky accident from the impending danger. At length a privateer of St. Mi^ -^s, hix^ by his iklherents, anived iaLoohniUiaieh, in w^hich he embarked in the most wretched attiie^ He was clad la & short coat of black frieze, thoread' \»f% over which was a c(»nmon Highland plaid, girt round; by a belt from which were suspended a pistol and a dag- ger- He had not been shifted fwt many vi^eeks] hie eyes wei% kcAow, his visage wan, and his cm the king of Great Britain. This trealy was begun upon the preliminiary condition of restoring all conquests made during the war. 12. Frtnn theaice great hopes were expected of conditions both favourable and honourable to 'the English; but the treaty still remains a lasting mark of precipitate couneeU and English disgrace. By this it was agreed, that all pri- soners on each side shoiidd be muj^ually restored and all conquests given up. That the Duchies of Parmi^ Placentia, and Guastolla, should be ceded to don Philip, hei^apparent to the Spanish throne,, and to his heifs; but in case of his succeeding to the crown of Spain, then these dominions should revert to the house of Austria. 13. It was con- iirmed that the fortifications of Dunkirk to the sea should be demolished; that the English ships annually sent with slaves to the coast of New Spain should have this privileee continued for four years; that the king of Prusffia shoiui be confirmed in th^ possession of Silesia, which he had lately conquered: and that the queen of Hungary should be secured in ner patrimonial dominions. 14. But one article of this peace was more displeasii^*.and afilictiveto the' English tluin all the rest. It was stipulated that the king of Great Britain should, immediately after the ratifica- tion of this treaty, send two persons of rank and distinction to France, as hostages, until restitution should oe made of Cape Breton, and euU other conquests which England had made during the war. 16. This was a mortifying clause; jrnif to add to the general error of the negotiation, no men- OIOROE Hi 839 tioh was made of the searching the vessels of England in the American seas, upon which the war was originally begun. The limita of their respective possessions in North America were not ascertained ^ nor did they receive any equivalent for those forts which they restored to the enemy. 16. The treaty of Utrecht had long been the object of re- MNMOh to those by whom it wa& made j but with all its ttultSy the treaty now concluded was \^ i^t more deapici^ble and erroneous. Yet such was the spirit of the times^ that tlM trea^ of Utrecht was branded with universal contempt, and the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was extolled with the hil^est strains of praise, .>'^^ » 17. This treaty, which some asserted would s«rve for a bond of permanent amity, was, properly speaking, but a temporary truce: a cessatior;. from hostilities, which both aides were unable to continue. Though the war between Eosland and France was actually hushed up in Europe, yet in the East and the West Indies it still went fcMrward with undiminished vehemence ; both sides still willing to <'ffend still offending, and yet both complaining of the infraetii where men might be imprisoned^ but not maintained ^ it wa^ cold, barren, and incapable of sucoessftil cultivation 2. The new colony, therefbre, was maintained there with some esqwnse to the gOYemment in the begin niog; and such ai were permitledy soon went southward to theonilder dimateis, where they were inyited by an untenanted Imd fertile soil. Thus di^ tiie nation unflratcAiUy send off her hardy veterana to perteh on inhospitaUe shores, and this they were taught to believe would extewl their dominions. Sk However, it was Ibr this balren spot that the English and French revived the war, which soon after spread with such terrible devastation over every part of the |^obe. Th« native Indians bordering i^)on the deserts of Nova Scotia, a fierce and savage people, looked from the first with jealousjr upon these new settlers; i^nd they considered the vicinity of the Enj^h as an encroachment upon thdr native pbs- sessions. 4. The French, who were neighbours in Ii(e manner, and who were still impressed with natural anioob* sity, fomented these suspicions in the natives, and repre* sented the Bnglish (and with regard to this colony this representation might be true) as enterprising and severe. Commissaries were, therefore, appointed, to meet at PariS) to compromise these disputes : but these conferences were rendered abortive by the cavillings of n^en who could uot be supposed to understand the subject in debate. 6. As this seemed to be the first place where the dissen* sions took their rise for a new war, it may be necessary to be a little more minute. The French had l)een the first cultivators of Nova Scoti& and, by great industry and long perseverance, had rendered the sou, naturally barren, some- what fertile, and capable of sustaining nature, with some assistance from Europe. This country. how«T$r, had fre- quently changed masters, and at lengtn the English were settled in the possession, and acknowledged as the rightful owners, by the treaty of Utrecht. 6. The possession of this country was reckoned necessary to defend the English colonies to the north, and to preserve their superiority in the fisheries in that part of the world. The French, however, who bad been long settled in the back part of the country, resolved to use every method to dispossess the nev^'-comers, and spirited up the Indians to more q>en hostilities, which were represented to the English ministry for some time wiUiout redress. ^ 7. Soon after this, another source of dispute began to he OlOBOXIL 341 seen iti ^e same j>ltft 6f th^ world, toad promiaed m much imeafi49Mi ii the Jbrtner^ The French| vratendiiif; to have flMt dlMpv^red ^he mouth of the river Mia8i8aip|>i, claimed tl^ whole «(ljaoeiit country towarda New Mexico on the cMty and quite to the Apjpalaohiaamouutaina on the west 8. Ip order to asaert thidur claims they found eeveral Engliah, who had settled beyond theae mountuna from motivea of oommerice, and who had alao been ' rited by the natunil beauded of the coudtrr^ they sjby.. <«aed uem of tl'^^r new Btfttlementay and ouilt such iortb tis would command the whole, country round about 9. Not in Anjierica alon%.but also in Asia^ the aeeda of a96w war ^ere preparing tc be ezpeiided. On the coasts of Malabar^ the English and French had, in fact, neyer oeaied from hoatilities. (A.D. 1756.) The ministry^ however, in England now bc^n a very ligoropa exertion in defence of their colonies^ who reflised to de:fend themselves. Four operatio|is were undertaken in America at the same time* . Of these, one was commanded by colcmel Moncktoui who had orders to driT« the French ttom the encroachments upon the province of Nova Scotia. 10. The secoiuL more to the south, was diireoted against Ocpwn Point, under the command of gene- ral Johnsoa. The third^ under the conduqt of general Shir- ley, was destined to Niagara, to secure the forts on that river. And th^ fourth was farther southward still, against Fert du Quesne, under ^neral Braddock. 11. lu the^e expemtions^ Monckton was successful; JohtfBon also was victorious, though he foiled in takms the fort against which he was sent) Shirley was .thought to have lost the season for operation by delay; BraddocK was vigorous and active, but suffered a defeat. This bold com- mander, who had been recommended to this service by the duke of Cumberland, set forward upon this expedition in June, and leitthe cultivated parts of the country on the 10th, at the head of two, thousand two hundred men, directing his march to that part of the country whence major Washii^{ton had retreated tiie yeiir befi^e. 12. Being ikt length wmiin I ten miles of the French fort he was appointed to beaiege, and marching forwa^ through the. forest with fVill confidence of success, on a sudden hito whole army was astonished by a general discharge of arms both in front and flank, from an enemy that stm remained unseen. It was now too late to Mvik of retreating ; the troops had passed into the d^Qle} 342 HISTOBT OT BN<}LAM9. which the enemy had artMly permitted them to do before they offered torn. 13. The van^^uaid of the BngHih now, thnrelbre, fell hack in consternation upon the main body, and the panic soon became general. The officers' alone disdained to fly. while Braddock himself still continued to command his b^ve associates, discovering at once the greatest intrepidity and the greatest imprudence. 14. An enthusiast to the discipline of war, he disdained to fly from the field, or to permit his men to quit their rfUiks, when their ou^ methra of treating the Indian army was by nre- cipitate attack/ or an imm^ate desertion of the flela of battle. At length Braddock, having received a musket-shot through the lungs, dropped, and a total confhsioh ensued. All the artillery, amnmmtion, and baggage of the army was left to the enemy, and the {loss sustained by the English arnnr might amount to seven hundred men. The remniint of the army in this emergency was saved by the courage and ability of Washington. 15. The murmurs, fears, a^d dissensions which this defeat gave rise to^ gave the French an opportuni^ of pit- ryinit; on their designs in another (quarter. The Island of Minorca, which we had taken from the Spaniards in the re^ Of queen Anne, was secured to England l^ repeated •treaties. But the ministry at this time, being blinded bj domestic terrors, had neglected to take suffiQient precaution for its defence, so that the garrison was weak, and no way fitted to stand a vigorous sie|^. 16. The Frendi, theft- fore, landed near the fortifieation of St. Philip which was reckoned one of the strcmgest in Europe^ and eonmianded by general Blakeney, who was brave mdeed, but rather superannuated. The siege was carried on with vieour, and for some time as obstinately defended on the side of the English; but the place was at length obliged to capitulate. Questions for £xaminaHon, ' * 1. 9. Tirom wbatmotive was the new eolonvin Nova Seotia fturnlBhed iritb mliaMtantiir 9* WbatwaatheoauMoftberaiiewingofthewarr 4. Where were the oemmiMaries appointed to meet to aeitle these dl*' jouUuf Wpat rendered these oonl^ren««i aborttvtt? 5. Wbo had been the first ouIti?ato» of IfovaSootia? Who had been aeknowledged rlxhtftd owners of this oountry? 6. What method did the French use to dispossess the Enfflishr 8. What other conduct of the French oonuributed to hasten the wirf 9. 10. What operations were undertaken by the EnffUsh? }V What Bnc9ess attended thflQ? OIOBGS n. 3i3 U. 18. Bditt th»p«rtlealut of Oenwal BriMldook's ezp«ditioii. J4. W htti TM tlM rmlt of M K. 16. wnk «Uitr e m etprite did tbe VMneb imdertalw? wd wKli ww ro ocew? etttoBettlethfiwto SECTION IX. How numy traitors to th«ir God and Unf EMMipe the death whloh waa reaerr'd tat B^ag l^Jaum, 1. (A. D. 1767.) The ministry, being apprised of this un- expected, attack, resolved to raise the siege if possible^ and sent out admiral Byng, with ten ships of war, with orders to reliieyve Minorca at any rate. Byng accordingly sailed fifom Gibraltar, where he was reftised any assistance of inen irom the goremor of that garrison, under a pretence that his own fortifications were in danger. , 2. "Upon his approaching the island* he saw the French banners displayea upon the shore, and the Enelish colours still flying on the castle of St. Philip. He had been ordered to throw a body of troops into the garrison, but this he thought too hazardous an un- dertaking, nor did he eyen make an attempt. While he was thus deliberatine between his fears and his duty, his attention was quickly called off by tne appearance of a French fleet, that seemed of nearly equal force to his own. 3. Confounded by a variety of measures, he seemed re- solved to pursue none, and, therefore, gave orders to form the line of battle, and act upon the defensive. Byng had been long praised for his skill in naval tactics ; and, per- haps, valuing most those talents for which he was most pinised, he sacrificed all claims to courage to the applause for navid discipline. The French fleet idvanced, a part of the English fleet engaged ; the admiral still kept aloof, and gave very plausible reasons for not coming into action. The French fleet, therefore, slowly sailed away, and no other opportunity ever offered of coming to a closer engagement. 4. Nothing could exceed the resentment of the nation upon being informed of Byng* s conduct. The ministry were not averse to throwing from themselv^ the blame of those measures which were attended with such indiffcirent snocesB, and' they secretly fanned the flame. 6. The news which soon after arrived of the surrender of the garrison to the French, drove the general ferment almost to frenzy. In the mean time Byng continued at Gibraltar, qnite satisfied with his own conduct, and little expecting the dreadful Btojrrn th^t yf^» gathering. ti^inst him at home. Orders, S44 HI0TOET OF INOLAND. ho' .ver, w«rf soon sent out for puttin| him imder an arrest and fb^ oarrying him tp Bbgland* .:§• Ji^ his arrival) he was oommitled to close ousiodj m uiiMwich hospital, and some arts used to inflame the nopulaoe against him^ who want no inoendTes to injure and condemn their supimors. Several addresses were sent up fh)m different cottiitifs ^emaadtng jasticH on iht delinquent, which the miliisfy/ art of the worlds was the flunous TuUagee Angria, a piratical prince, who had long infested the Indian ocean, and made the princes on the coast his tributaries. He maintained a large number of galleys, and with these he attacked the largest ships, and ^IxQost eyey vnik succ|?ss. 18, As tl^e comjpany had bfefl OIOBOI U. 347 greAtljr hiniiMed by his depredations, they resolved to sub* dtt« sndi a'dini|;troiii<'eneiiiy. and itttaok him in his own fortreMl In j^hruanoe of this resohitioni admifal. Watson snd ooTonel ulive sailed into his harbour of Oeriahj and though they sustained a warm fire as they entered, yet they soon threw all his fleet into flames, and oblieed his ft>rt to lorfettder it 7.) CoLOHEL Gliys proceeded to take re- venge ibr the cruelty practised uppn the English. 4i)<>ut tlie beginning of December he arrived at BaSuore, i^^ the kingdom of bengal. He met with little opposition ;: ' ar to the fleet or army, till they came before Calcutta^ which seemed resolved to stand lu regular jiiege. As soon as the fldmirskl with two ships arrived before the town, he xeceived a furious fire from all the batteries, which he so on returned with still greater execution, and in less than two hours obliged them to abandon their fortiftcatiQns. By these means the English took possession of the two strongest settlements onue banks of the Ganges ; but that of Geriah they demolished to the ground. 2. Soon after these successes, Hoogly, a city of great trade, was reduced, , with as little difficulty as the former, and all the viceroy of Bengal's storehouses and eranaries were destroyed. In order to, repair these losses the barba- ]:9ii8 prince assembled an army of ten thousand horse^ai^^ 348 HISTORY OF lUfCOiAND. * fifteen thousand foot, and professed a finn reiolutioii of ejqpelling the Es^lish from all their settlements in that part of the world. 3. Upon the first intelligenoe of Us marsh coloAel Olive obtained a reinforcement of men froB^ the admiral's ships, and advanced with his little §xmj to attaek these numerous forces. He attacked the enemy in three columOBy and though the numbers were so disproportionate, victory soon declared in fiivour of the EngUsht 4. The English by these victories having placed a viceroy •n the throne {tot the Mogul had long lost all power in India), they took care to exact such stipulationf in their own favour as would secure them in possession of tht countrjf whenever they thought proper to i^siltti* their authority. They were gratified in their avaiioa t*^ it# n- tremest wish } and that wealth which they had plttiulM firom slaves in India, they were resdved to Mnploy in isak' ing slaves at home. 5. From the conquest of the Indians, ootontl C\ir€ tnmed to the humbling of the French, who had long dlfpuied empire in that part of the world, and soon dMposiefied them of aU their power and all their settlements* 6. In the mean time, when conquest shone upon us ftm the East^ it was still more splendid in the western world. But scmie alterations in the ministry led to those suoceiMi which had been lrn£ wished Sar by the nation, and were it length obtained. The affiurs of war had hitherto been directed by a ministiybut ill supported by the oommOBi, because not confided in by the people. They seMned timid and wavering, and but fbebly held together, ri^er by (hdt fears than their mutual confidence, t. When any new measure was proposed whidi could not receive their appro^ bation, or any new member was introduced into fforemment whom th«y did not appoint, they considered it M an io* fHi^ment on their reiqiective departments, and threw up their places with disgust, with a view to resume them witft greater lustre. Thus the strengdi of the crown was ertff day decMning, while an aristocracy filled up evenr Atenu« to the throne, intent only on the emoluments^ not the dn^M^ of ofiSce. ^ 8. This was at that time the general optnion of the pepi^e, aiid it was too loud not to reach the throne. The ministry that had hitherto hedged in the thr<>ne, were fli length obliged to admit some men into a share <^ the govern' menij whose agtivity at least woi»ld gou^tfrb^lanpo their QSOttdS tt. m timidity Uttcl iirresbiutioh. At the head of a newlv intro- duced iMTty was the celebrated Mr. William Pitt^ from wkoM vigour the nation formed very great expectations, and they w«re not deceived. 9« But though the old ministers were obliged to admit tliMt new members into their society, there was no legal pmalty ^ refosine to co-operate with them ; they, there- for% associated with each other, and used every art to make tjiar new assistanto obnoxious to the king, upon whom they bid Wn m a manner forced by the people. His f<3rmer mipistvy Mattered him in all his attachments to his German dominions, while Uie new had long clamoured against all MotinentM uonnexions, as atterly incompatible with the iotsrest of Uie nation. These two opinions, carried to the eitfem^ mioht Ave beeft erroneous } but the king was MtiiraUy leato side with those who &voured his own sen- tiiiMnts, «nd to reject those who opposed them. 10. Mr. Pitt, therefore, after being a few months in office, WM Ofdered to resign by his majesty's commaiMl ; and his coadjutor, Mr. Legge, was displaced from being chancellor of the exchequer. But this blow to his ambition was but ot ihort continuance : the whde nation, almost to a man, Momed to rise up in his d^enoe; and Mr. Pitt and Mr. Legge being restored to their former employments, — the one Noretaiy of state, and the other chancellor of the exche- qusr,~^began to act with vigour. U. The consequence of the former ill-conducted counsels itlU leemed to continue in America. The generals sent orer to manage the operations of the war loudly accused the timidity aad delays of the natives, whose duty it was to unite in thmr own defence. The natives, on the other hindf as warmly expostulated agamst the privle, avarice, and incapacity of those sent over to command them. 12. Oeueral Shirley, who had been appointed to the supreme cotnmand there, had been for some time recalled, and re- phMed by lc«d iioudon ; and this nobleman also soon after ffltomine to England, three several commanders were put at the heaS of separate operations. Gene; al Amherst com- manded that djMJgned against the island of Gaj^ Breton | the other wa0 consigiiea to general Abercrombie. against Crown Point and Ticonderoga : and the third, still more to the southward asninst Fort du Quesne, commanded by brittdicr-general Forbes. 13. Gape-Breton, which had been taken Arom the French 350 fiteiroRT OV BNOtAKl). during the preceding war, had been returned at the treaty of Aix*la-Chapelle. It was not till the English had, been put in possession of that island that thej began to perceive its advantageous situation, and the convenience : of its harbour forannojdng the British tirade with impunity* It was also a convenient port for carrying oh their fisheTy|,,a branch of commerce of the utmost benefit to that naticm. The wrest- ing it, therefore^ once more from the hands of the French, was a measure ardently desired by the whole nation. U. The fortress of Louisbpuig, by which it was defended, had been strengthened by the assistance of art, and was still better fortified by the nature of its situation. The garrison also was numerous, the commander vigilant, and every precaution taken to oppose a landing. An account of the operations of the siege can give but little pleasure, in flibridg- ment ^ be it sufficient to say, that the English surmounted every obstacle with great intrepidity. Their f(»rmcr' timidity and irresolution seemed to vanish, their naturaJ courage tnd confidence returned, and the place surrendered by capitula- tion. The fortifications were soon, after demolished, and thus rendered unfit for future protection* Questions for Examination, 1. What farther sucoeneslttended Colonel Clive? 2. 8. What victory did he obtidn over the vioert^ of Bengal ? 4. What wafl the conBequence of these victories f 6. How did colonel Gllve treat the French? 6.7. What was the conduct of the ministry r 8. Who was at the head of the newly itttrodnoed tMKrty f 9. What was the conduct of the old ministry r For What reasons was the king fitvourable to his former ministers? 10. What followed the resignation of the new ministers f^ la. What generals commanded the American operationsf 18. Why was Cape Breton considered an advantageous situation f 14. Belate the partionlars of the capture of Lo^sbourg. SECTION XI. His country's glory fired him as he died ; Her love still sounded in his iktt'ring breath. " O bless her arms !" the foiling conqueror cried : Heav'n heard, and victory adorn'd his death. Slegy on the death qf Wo^e. 1. (A. D. 1758.) The expedition of Fort du Quesneww equally successful, but that against Grown Point was once more defeated. This was now the second time that the Endifih a^^ had attempted to penetrate into those hideous wilds by which nature had secured the French possessions (}fiOllOS tti 351 it) tliat part of the world. Braddock fell in the attempt, a martyr to his impetuosity : too much caution was equally injurious to his successor. Abercrombie spent much time in marchine to the place of action, and the enemy were thus perfectly premtred to eive him a severe reception. 2. As he approached Ticpnoeroga, he found them deeply in- trenched at the foot of the fort J and still farther secured by fitllen trees with their branches pointing against himt These diffieulties the English ardour attempted to surmount : bat as the enemy, being secure themselves, took aim at leisure a terrible carnage of the assailants ensued ; and the general, after repeated ^orts, was obliged to order a retreat. 3. The Enghsh army, however, was stiU superio1^ and it was supposed, that whe^i the artillery were arrived^ some- thing more successful might be performed j but the general fdt too sensibly the terrors of the late deibat, to remain in the neighbourhood of the triumphant enemy. He therefore withdrew his troops, and returned to his camp at Lake Qeoree, from whence he hsSi taken his departure. 4. But though, in this respect, the English^ arms were onsuccessful, yet upon the whole the campaign was greatly in their &vour. The taking of Fort du Quesne served to remove from their coloi^es the terror of the incursions of the Indians, while it interrupted that correspondence which ran along a chain of forts, with which the French had envi- roned the English settlements in America.^ This, therefore, promised a fortunate campaign the next year, and vigorous measures were taken to ensure success. 6. Accordingly, on the opening of the following year, the ministry, sensible that a single effort carried on in such an extensive country could never reduce the ehjemy, weire re- solved to attack them in several parts of the empire at once. Preparations were also made, and expeditions driven for- ward a^inst three different parts of North America at ^he same time. 6. General Amnerst^ the commander-in-chief, mih a body of twelve thousand men, was to attack Grown Point, which had hitherto been the reproach of the English urmy : General Wolfe was at the opposite quarter to enter the river St. Lawrence, and undertake the siege of Quebec, the capital of the French dominions in America ; while ge- neral Prideaux and sir Willliam- Johnson were to attempt a French fort near the cataract of Niagara. 7. The last-named expedition was the first that succeed- ocl. The fort of Niajgara was a place of great importance, ^52 ^IS^Oki^ OJ^ ISNdtAi^b. and served to command all the communications between tli^ northern and the western French settlements. The siege was begun with vigour, and promised an easy conquest; but general Prideaux was killed in the trenches hy the burstiag of a mortar, so that the whole command of the emdition devolved upon geQCoral Johnson, who omitted notning to push forward the vieorous qp^rations of his predecessor^ to which lilso he added his own jiopularity with the soldien under him. 8. A body of French troops, who were sensi- ble 0[ the importance of this fo^ attempted to relieve it; but Johnson attacked them with intrepidity and success ; for in less than an hour their whole army was put to the rput The garrison, soon after percdving the ikte of their coun- trymen, surrendered prisoners of war. The success of ge- neral Amherst was less splendid, though not less service- able : upon arriving at the destined place, he found the forte, both of Grown Point and Ticonderoga, deserted and jde- stroyed. « 9. (A.D. 1759.) There now, therefore, remained but one grand and decisive blow to put all North America into the possession of tiie English ; and this was the takin|| of Que- bec, the capital of Canada, a city handsomely buil^ popu- lous, and flourishing. Admiral Saunders was appomted to command the naval part of the expedition ; the siege by land was committed to the conduct of general Wolfe, of whom the nation had great expectations. This young sol* dier, who was not thirty-five^ had distinguished himself on many former occasions, particularly at the siege of Louis- bourg^ a part of the success of v^hich was justly ascribed to him, who. without being indebted to fkmiiy or connexions, had raisea himself by merit to his present command. 10. The war in this part of the world had been hitherto carried on with extreme barbarity, and retaliating murders were continued without any one's knowing who first began. Wolfe, however, disdaining to imitate an example Uiat had been set him even by some of his associate officers, carried on the war with all the spirit of humanity which it admits of. 11. It is not our aim to enter into a minute detail of the siege of this city, which could at best only give amuse- ment to a f^w ; it will be sufficient to say, that when we consider the situation of a town on the side of a ^eat river. the fortifications with which it vras secured, the natural strength of the country, the great number of reseeh and floating batteries the enemy had provided for the defence of the river, the numerous bodies of savages continually hoy«r- OBOBOS IL 353 Ittg roUnd the English army, we must own ihbtB \vAa such a combiaatioii of d^cultiei M might discourage and perplex the most tmAtikb ^dnmaader. The general nimself seemed feikc^j MMlttle of th^ (fiffieuhj of the undertaking. After iliititig^ M • Wtlef to the mfnistiy, the dangers that pre- sented <*I kno#," said lie, << that the aimirs of Great Britain ;e()iliF6 tlie tnoBt TigQiotis inittMioNM. But then the o6urage of a hmdM ofm;^ men d|ocdd be carerted only where thertf it tome hopa of ik flMroytrable event. At present the di^ondties are iOi^ariotiB, that I am at a lose how to deter- mine/^ 13* The only proep^st of attemptii^ the town with sueoess wae by landing a body of troops in the night below the town, wht^ were to cliamfafr ia^ th6 banks of the . river, and take pdiiBflJiion of the ground on the back 6f the city. Thiis attempt, however, appeared, pecufiarly discouraging. The stream was fi^|»i4 the shore 'shelving^ the bank above lined with sdntlnels^ the landing-place so narrow as to be easily missed in the dark, iind me steepness of the ground such as hardly to be surmounted in theday4ime. All these d^cultiesk however, were surmounted by the conduct of the general, and the oravery of the men. 14. Colonel How, with the li^ht infantry and the Highlanders, ascended the woodgr inrecipices with admirable courage and activity, and dislodg^ a small body of troops <^at defended a nainrow pathway up tio the bank; thus, a few mounting the general drew the rest up in otaer as they arrived. Monsiieur de llentcalm*^the French commander, was no sooner af^zed that t^e English had gained Uiese heights, which he had confidently deemed inaccessible, than he resolved to hazard a battle, and a spirited encounter quickly began. This was one of the most furious engagements during the war. 16. The French general was diam: the second m command shared the same ftU«. General Wolfe was standing on the rij||ht, where the attack was most warmj as he stood con- sjAcuous in the front line^ he had been aimed at by the esxer my's marksmen, and received a shot in the wrist, which, however, did not oblige him to quit the field. Having wrapped a hanc&erchief round his hand, he continued giving orders without the least emotion, and advanced at the head of the grenadiers, with their bayonets fixed; bnt a second ball, more fatal, pierced his breast; so that^ unable to pro- he leaned on the shoulder of a soldier i^pt was next bim. 16. Now struggling in the agonies of death, and just 354 £tlSTORT or EMOLANl). Death of Geiieral Wolfe. expiring, he heard a voice cry, '< They run 1" Upon which he seemed for a moment to revive, and, asking who ran,%a8 informed the French. Expressing his wonder that they ran so 8001^ and unable to gaze any longer, he sunk on the sol- dier's breast, and his last wonjs were, '^I die happy i" Perhaps the loss of the English that day was greater than the conquest -of. Canada was advantageous. But it is the lot of muikind only to know true merit on that dreadful occasion when they are going to lose it. Q^ettiom for ExtxmiwUion, J 1. Wbat WM the snooeas a^ainrt Fort da Qneshef 2. What diffiottltiea had Aoeroromlrie to onoonster ? 8. To what place did he withdraw his troojw ? 4. What was the general encoeai^ of the cfinipaigiir 5. What ▼igorons meatnres were adopted the ioUowing year? 6. Bxwhom were the dilbrent •xpeditlons commanded f« 7. 8. What are the particulam of the expedition which first succeeded? 0. What was the next deoisiriB blow? To whom was intmsted the command of the expedition against Qnebeo? 10. In what manner did W6Ife carry on the war ? 11. What was the situation andstroigth of Qnebecf 12. What was the opinion of the general? 18. 14. Belate the particniars and success of the siege. 16. In what manner was ceneral Wolfb wounded? 10, Belate his heroic conduct in the agonies of death? 'W OlOBQE tU 356 Upon which ^ho ran,%a8 hat they ran k on the aol- die happy I" greater than But it is the tat dreadful SECTION xn. l^TMb laureli fnoed the rIotor'B brbW Ob Mtndeft^ gory plaini ; Bu^wlMNLvaUlliPMlauretaaowr-- , i^ A«b*i 17&90 . 3^-*unrender. of. (^bec ^^ tk» oot\ seqiwiUBe #C ihi« ^iMikay, ai)ii with it joon after the toftal cessioi^^AU Canada. The FrenelL indeed, theibUoiiiD^ eettioD, mftde % yiiOiou»effoxi toistake the the citj y but by the refolution of goTernor/Munay, and the appeanukoe t>f an English m^i under the oommluid of Lord GolvUle, they weM( oh^ged tOi«bai¥ion the enterpidae. 2. The whole promoewiae toon after teducedb^the prudence and acti- vity, of genendi rAmheBBt, who ^obhged the French army to capitulite; and it has since xemaiaed anne^eed to the British empire.. To these conqueatiy about the same time rwas added the reduction of , the uland of Guadeloupe; under coramodor More ^ and general Hopeon; to acquisition of great impcartance, but which was restored at the succeeding peace. 3. These successes in India and America were great, though achieved by no very extensive efforts. On the con- trary, the efforts the English made in Europe, and the operations of their great ally, the king of Prussia, were asto- nishing, yet produced no signal advantages. 4. England was all this time happily retired from the mi- series which oppressed the rest of Europe j yet, from her natural military ardour, she seemed desirous of sharing those clangers of which she was only a spectator. This passion tor sharing in a continental war was not less pleasing to the king of England, from hii^ native attachment, than from a desire of Tevenge uj^n the plunderers of his country. 6. As loon, therefore, as it was known that prince Ferdinand had put himself at the head of the Hanoverian army, to assist the king of Prussia, his Britannic majesty, in a speech to his parliament, observed that the late successes of his ally in Germany had given a happy turn to his affairs, which it would be necessary to improve. The commons concurred in his sentiments, and liberally granted supplies both for the service of the king of Prussia, and for enabling the army formed in Hanover to act vigorously in conjunction with lam* \ I' .L-4 W*i 6. From sending money over into Germany, the nation began to extend their benefits ] and it was soon considered that men would be a more grateful supply. Mr. Pitt, who dM tOBfOUft law BNOLAld)* had at illrsi ttoinlB into popularity and power by o^ijpoeiiig such measiire^ waa now prevAiled upon to eDt«r into them, with even greater ardour than any <» hie pvedeoeeaors. 7. The hopee of putting a epeedy end lo ikm wi|r by vieorous meaeurety the connections with which he wM oUigedto co- opeMleb-and perhai|ftthe j|)leaeiure he ibWMitinpleiwiiEig the kmg^ altogether incited him eagerly to pmh felrwavd acoa- tinoilai wan. fiowever he oBl^^censpDed with th* general inclinations of (he people at this thae^ wY», asauiied Iqr Uie noble ellbfts of tliteir only allyi were unwilling to ae^ hjio fall a saorifioe to the united Mnbitioi^ of hieeneniee. 8* In Older to indulge the general inclinaifcioD of aesiating the king of Prussia^ the duke of Marlborough was at first sent into Germany, with a smaU boc^ of j^ritish tfxo/Wj to join prince Feidinfuid, whose activity against the Frea^ began to be crowned with suoeees. Aftw some smaU €|io- cesses gained by the allied army at Crevelt^ tiie duke of Marlborough 4ying» the command devolved upon lovdOeoige SaekviUe, who was at that time a fikvourite with the British army. 9. However, a misunderstanding arose between hk) and the commander-in'Chiel^ which soon had an occasion of being displayed at the battle of Minden, which was fought 80> 47W JMifMr«rf qf Ma 9Wft». Aehmet tm.. eTVi . 1708 17» SSIuKSa iix! '. '. '.!*.! '. its? Vh*nj 1767 Kin9$ iff Portugal. • {obaY. Joaapb.. J3WJW roid ttOpoii'tiwaj, And popr o'ltr many ft luid liif peiilal 4*7»--4fMUe. 1. (Qptpber 25, t7G0.} Thovos ^e Health of Oeprgft n. Hitd been long declinip|^ hie death was totally unexpected, tod the miniBtry, heSfitf; Uhpr^liared for rach an even^ ftlt Dot a little emharrassea when . they ^st waited on t|iel;ir new sovereign. Geoi|ge in., who succeeded, was the son of Fredenck/ prino^ of Wales, and Augustay, prihcefs of daxe- Gotha. In consequence of the preiQature death of h,is *Thd enoonraKement given to tttorify ezortloB dvitaif the Mgh of QaMn Amm Hmm sttoaKlior wUbdmwft Iqr her Mooaaon. Fmo and swift. iadiMd, itia oonlbtftsd to be Mtroiraod by thsir teiner imadi, bvt rkng merit WM ontlTelT nofrieetod. Frederiol7 prinee of Ifsle^ teiiiff hb brtief oiBPeer, WM ■■ oitSbtftttoiai rftHiertbiitt a fsaerevs patron afletfin; butailtr bit dJalbi: WBWtJto itaiblappa of aasoiiagSwHitwM laid Mid<^ Hie minlitry had even the inonkUble meaiinen to do^e MOr Tbobuon of a miserible piitanoa settled on fafiai by FredinJek. AftWiMidttrliitt great dIstMMi. ttu poet at length obtained a onallplsee, throa^ tbeintorertof lord Lyttleton . bat he did not Uvetp enJ^ite idvuitage* ; to the diigraoe of the nfttton and its nMen, lie dted in oitfto mHlei end del>t. -tt 362 HISTaST OF ENGLAND. f father who'died without ascending the ^one, his education had devolved upon his mother, by whom he waf brought up in the strictest privaGjr. She had unfartiiiiatelyiaiiarrciled with the late kinff, and the prince, thoi^h now in his twenty* second year, had been consequently such a straogsr to the court of his grandfather^ that he was unacquainted even with the persons of the ministers. 2. His first address to the council was gracious and conciliatory : the only remarkable occurrence that distinguished the opening of the new reign WAS the elevation of the earl of Bute to the office of privy councillor. 3. The parliament was assembled in Noveni' ber, and the kine's &*st speech gave universal satisfk6ti<»i to the country.. The civil list was fixed at the annual lum of 800,0002.; and liberal supplies were voted for the mftio' tenance of tfie war in whicn the country was engi^ed. The king, in return for this instance of affection on the part of the people, assented to a bill forfiirther securing the inde* pendence of the judges, by providing that their offices should not be vacated on the demise of the crown. 4. (A. D. 1761.) The act of settlement prohibiting the sovereigns o^ Britain from intermarrying with R(nn«i €&• tholics, his majesty was precluded from seeking a consort in the great families of Europe; he therefore selected as hii bride a daughter of the house of Mecklenburgh Streli^ a small principality in the north of Germany; the maitiage was celebrated on the 8th of September, and on the 22nd of the same month the ceremony of the coronation was per- formed with great pomp and magnificence. d. The war which had been carried on with |preat sprit and success under the au8i)ices of Mr. Pitt, continued to be supported with unabated vigour ; prince ¥^erdinand^ at the head of the allies, pursued his victorious career in Germanr, and Belleisle was captured by a British force UT^der the command of Admiral Keppel and general Hodgson. The French court, terrified at these losses, made an abortive ii- tempt to obtain peace ; but having failed in tbis^ asuceesiAil application ifor assistance was made to the kmg of Spsln^ and a secret treaty called the Family Compact, was made between the two powers.* 6. This tranaactioo, tbotufh carefully concealed^ did not escape the penetration of Mr. Pitt; he warned his colleagues of the insidious designs of Spain, and urged them to send out a fleet to intero^ the Spanish flota, or strike some other decisive blow before the hostile projects of that court were ripe for execution. Tbi" OEOBOl III. 363 propoBal was very oooUy received by the other members of the cabinet^ they were not in possession of all the informa- tion whiok' their* oblkague had obtained) and they were besides jealous of the influence which. Mr. Pitt's superior Eralarity conferred. The proj«ftt was finally rejected, and . Pitt innaediatefy resi^ied. Ab a mark of gr&titude, however, for his > oninent {Hiblic services, a pension of 30002. a year was settled on b'm for three lives, and Lis wife was created baroness Ghath m. 7. The retirement of this popular minister was generally attributed to the secret influence of the earl of Bute, who was supposed to have obtained complete ascendency over the mind of his royal master. The suspicion created ge- neral displeasure amoi^ the people ; on the lord mayor's day, .when his majesty and suite proceeded to dine in the dty, the king and queen were received with coldness and lilence, the earl of BulSe was grossly insulted, but Mr. Pitt was wdcomed with the loudest acclamiMions. 8. In a few mcmths the wisdom of Mr. Pitt's anticipa- tions was fully established : the hostile desi^s of Spain could no longer be concealed, and when the British ambas- sador remonstrated, he received nothing but evasive answers, or flat reftisals to all his demands. He was in consequence recalled $ and in a mort time after, a declaration of war was pabUshed against Spain. . to.- 9. A new parliament being assembled, the consideration of a provision for the queen, in the event of her surviving his majesty, was reccommended from the throne. An annu- ity of 100,0002. was settled on her for life, together with the palace of Somerset house (afterwards exchanged for Buckingham house), and the lodge and lands of Richmond park. 10. (A. D. 1762.) No change of importance had hitherto been made in the cabinet, except the appointment of the earl of Bute to the oflice of secretary of state j but a more important alteration had long been meditated, one that in- f olved* a most complete revolution in the domestic policy of England. Since the accession of the house of JBruns- inclb the administration of the public affairs had been nrin- oipaBy confided to some of the great families, by whose exertions that rece oi sovereigns had been placed upon the throne. Their power had been considerably strengthened by the suppression of the two rebellions in 1715 and 1745, wd the two former kings, more attached to their German 364 HISTOar 09 BNOLAMD. dominioiw than to their British kihgdomfy Bnmndered the got^erament of tliwe ooantriei to itakt miiutten inthont nhiotaace* Th« n«w sovereign of Britaia wjm entirely free ilroiA Oerman predileotions | in Uie eourt of his ai^er he hfld been tnnght to gnadiither, and he had no lon^ akij xwMon to dread flaagcrsftiHa the change, t>r the olaims of the 70UI4; pretender- had hmg since snnk into total insignifieanoe; l^imrtunatefy, the fian of Bate, to whom the management of enoh an important ehinie was oonfided, did not possess abilities eqpial to the taS. Bfe domestic vktues, hts refined taste, and generous IHMralify had made him deservedly beloved in privati) life ; but his reserved habits, his coldness of manner, and his total igtio- lance of state ttfflturs, made his pahlie career odionis to the pe<^e^ pain All to himselfj wid injimovis to the popdarilv of his sotereign^ 1 11. It was rested to get rid of the Pelhain ftaxSij, which had so long been at the head of aflhirs; the duke of Newcastle was made so uneasy in his situaition, that he reiiened his post as first lord of the treasury, and was sno- ceedid by the earl of Bute ^ the greater part of the ministerB imitated the duke's example ; and even the dtdco of Devon- i^itre. whose exertions in behalf of the Hanoverian suceee- sion had been rewarded by the place of lord ohamb«rlain, found it necessary to resign his situation. A forious paper- war ensued, and party spirit, which had slept during the triumphant administration of Mr^ Pitt, Was revived, and raged with unparalleled fury. National prejudices contn- buted to fim the flame ; the earl of Bute was a Scotchman, and the old jealousy between the natives of the northern and southern divisions of the country was made a formidable engine of party hostility. 12. The war was carried on with equal vigour and suc- cess by the new administration. The French and Spaniards having in vain endeavoured to detach the Portugese ftom. their alliance with England, sent an army to mvade the eounti7 ^ but an English body of auxiliaries was imme diately despatched to Portugal^ and the progress of the in- vaders was soon checked. At ftrst, indeed, the bigoted Portuguese rtfiised to unite cordialfy with their heretiosi allies; but when count de la Lipoe was appointed to the command of their armies, he entered oordialiy into the views of the English general, and the Spaniaids were defieatedin two decisive engagemeiits. &ft^n suflfered still iiiore »p oioiaK tit. m velrely ih oiher quartera of tbe «lobt)} Havannali, with pliiiMler to the amount of three mifiioiiA 8t•r]iIl|^ was taken by the ea«l of 44bemavle and adiniial Pococke; the city of ManiUa suitendered to general Draper and adiaW Com- i«h; it iMiBiraMOimed for the st^imlated stun of one mUUoBi Uit the Spaniawb violated their engagfimeats; and the ran* som waa never paid* Two valuable treasure-j^ipe^ oon* tu»iiig pmpstty to the amount of two miUiona sterling, w«re about the same time captured by Irtish cruisers. (A^iigust 12) 1762.) While the waggons that oonveyed Uie tfeiisure taken from the Spanish vessels to the Tower were passing in front of the palacei the cannon in the jpark an- nouncM the birth of a prince of Wales, and this coincidence not a little increased tm jpublic joy at this happy event. 13. While the arma Ojf England were Uius triumphant in various quarters of the globe, the king of Prussia, her prin- cipal, and^ indeed, her almost only ally, after a series of bnlliant eiq^oits, which have immortalized his name, seemed to have been brought to the very brink of ruin by the junc- tion of the Russians with his inveterate enemies. At the very moment, howevei^ that his destruction seemed certain, Itf was rescued by one of those sudden revolutions which baffie all human calculation. Elizabeth, empress of Russia, dying was succeeded by her nephew^ Peter III., who was an enthusiastic admirer of the Frussian king ; he not only concluded a peace with Frederick, but even joined his arms to those of that monarch, and began to act hostilely agt^^- t his former allies. Peter was, however, soon dethronec: oy bis subjects j Catharine II., his consort, then became jm- Eof Russia ; she withdrew her forces from those of the of Prussia, and resolved to maintain a strict iv ir&Iity. erick was not slow in availing himself of ih^se fuvo\ir- able circumstances, and soon amply retrieved his former 14. All parties were now seriously anxious for the le^bcy nivm of peace. France was deprived of her colonial pos- usuons, and saw her commerce on the brink of ruin : Spun had suffered still more severely ; the Austrians and Pruec eiaii9 were wearied of campaigns, which left the armies at their dose nearly in the same situation they occupied at the commencement; and England, notwithstanding her tiaumphs, felt that a continuation of such exertions would soon ex' haust her reeouroes. The seven years' war was terminated b^ a general peace, by which England was permitted to re- 'A i if m iSlSil^OBt Ot* iSN<}tAi7J>. tain Canada and several other conquests, receiving alsofroin Spainy Florida, in exchange for the Havannah. Id. Though the terms of the peace were very favourable to the interests of thef English, yet the nation, intoxicated by sincess, re- gretted the teiinination of the war. The arfcides had been signed several months before the city of Dondon could be prevailed «|>on to present a tardy and reluctant address of congratulation ; and on the day of itS' presentation, the lord- mayor (Beckibrd) refused to attend, and the bells of the difl^rent churches rung muffled peald during the procession. Queitwns for Examination. 1. By whom was Georee II. succeeded ? • 2. Did anything remarkable occur at the first meeting of the privy council? 3. What proceedings took place in parliam!eht f 4. To whom did George III. unite himselcin marriage ? 5. Did any circumstanoeB tend to sho ^ hostile disposiuons in tibe Spanish court ? 6. Under What drcnmstances did Mr. Pitt resign his office ? 7. What were tlie consequences of tiis resignaaoQ ? 8. Were Mr. litt's suspicions of the Spanish court well founded r 9. What dowry was settled on the queen r 10. What great change took place in the administration t 11. Did any evil consequences result from ]the change of ministry 1 12. How was the war conducted? what triumphs did the English obtain? 18. By what means was the king of Prussia rescued from his difficulties ? 14. Why wore all parties anxious to terminate the war? 16. Was the peace popular in England ? SECTION 11. ^. Like smoke emitted from Vesuvius' top (Dread harbinger of the volcano's powers) , So breathe the fires of discontent, nor stop Till all around is wrapt in burning 8hower8.>-J37x>wn. • 1. (A. D. 1763.) Tranquillity might naturally have been expected at the conclusion of a glorious war, but this was prevented by the domestic dissensions which party spirit produced. The earl of Bute's unpopularity still con- tinued, but his influence was apparently unabated ^ for no^ withstanding the most vigorous etfbrts of the oppcfsition, he prevailed upon parliament to impose a tax upon cider, which, without producing any great revenue, gave infinite dissatisfaction to the nation. Immediately after this triumph, his lordship, to the great surprise of every one, refeignedhis post, and retired into private life. 2. He was succeeded bj Mr. George Grenville. The press soon teemed with the moirt virulent libels from the partisans of the several factions that divided the country. In these productions the person dfiOftC^E lit: 36* ig of the privy 0!* tke sovereign was not always spared, until at length the ministry was rousa? by the appearance of No. 45 of the North Briton, a periodical paper conducted by Mr. Wilkes, the member for Aylesbury, in which it was stated that the king had uttered a deliberate falsehood in his speech to par- liament. This was an offence which could not be passed over, and a general warrant was issued for the arrest of the aathor, printers, and publishers of that paper. Mr. Wilkes was anrested and sent to the Tower; several innocent per- sons were taken into custody, and the ministry found that, in their eagerness to punish a delinquent^ they had unfortu naiely raised a great constitutional que<4tion, which must of necessity be decided against them. 3. The printers ta&en up under the warrant, Inrought actions against the messengers by whom they had been arrested, an4 recovered heavy damages. Mr. Wilkes also iiaving betn brought by habeas corpus before the court of common pleas, was liberated, th^ judges being unanimously ot cpinioQ, that privilege of parliament extended to the cause of writing a libel. The house of commons gave a different decision. They voted that No. 45 of the North Briton was a false, scandalous, and seditious libel, and that the author of su*h was not protected by privilege of parliament. Soon aitei\ Mr. Wilkes fought a duel with Mr. Martin, whom he had libelled, and was severely wounded ; he had scarcely recovered from its eff'ects when he thought fit to retire to France. (A.D. 1764.) During his absence, he was expelled the house of commons, and driven to an outlawry in the court of king's \ mch for not appearing to stand his trial. The only advantage that res\ilted from this struggle, was the dieclaration of the illegality of general warrants by a resolution of both houses of parliament. 4. (A.D. 1766.) The immense 'expenditure incurred during the late war had involved the country in considerable difficulties, and it was considered only just that the Ame- rican colonies, whose interests had been most regarded m the treaty of peace, should bear their proportion of the public burdens; accordingly, a bill* for imposing stamp duties on all mercantile transactions in the colonies was in- troduced by Mr. Grenville, and passed into a law with but little opposition. The American? had been for some time previously veiy indignant at the treatment they had received from the mother country; their profitable trade with the ^'""nish colonies had been destroyed by new fiscal regula- d(S8 ttistoltir o# jtMdUNi). f lit tions 'j the Indians had harassed their back settlements, and no royal forces were sent to check the progress of the bar- barians; when, tiiearefore, news arrived that taxes were about to be imposed on the colonies by a ^parliament in Vhieh they were not represented public indignatioii knew no bounds^ and the eoloniAl legislatureB sent remonstrances couched in very strong language to the parliament and the throne. 6. The progresa oF these dissensions wai^ however, arrested by the downftill of the Orenyille adxpinistration. The mtnistor having omitted the name of the kill's moiher in the bill for providing a council of regency in case of ariy exi^ergeacy, so displeased his majesty, that he was compelled V: send in his resignation. A new ministnr was formed, pir> oipally by the exertions of the duke of Cumberland, at the Ikead.of which was placed the marquis of Bockin^an], :i n< bknian conspicuous for his public, and private vir^e& mi not distinguished by 8U]>e^eminent abilities/ €. .'^A.D. 1766.) The emef business of the new ministry w& 10 undo all that th«r precteca&tiors had done ; the stamp act, which had excited so much dissatis^iction in America, and the eider tax, which was e(;[uall^ unpopular in England, -w&K both repearad, aaA these judicious measures were fol- lowed by a brief interval of tranquillity.* 7. (A. D. 1767.) The Rockingham adminietration wae so weakened by the death of the duke of Cumberland, tibat it was broken up^ and a new oaUnet formed under the aus- (Aces of Mr. Pitt, who was created earl of Chatham, and the duke of Grafton was placed at its head, as first lord of the treasury. The attention of govemnMnt was first directed to the affairs of the East India company, which had been thrown into confudon by the avarice aad rapacity of their servants. Lord Clive was sent i,ntki Idiia, with full powers to remedy these evils, eT*d under hi& administration the com- pany soon recovered i^ foiiDer prosperity, and laid the foundations of future ^^^atness. 8. Tie unfortunate design of taxing America wa. i again revived j an act was passed for ^prantmg duties on all glass, paper, painters' coloursj and tea unported into the British colonies ; which the Amencans resisted by p^itions, remonstkanceiE^ and a^eements not to use Britii^ mMiufiMtures until the obnoxious duties were repealed. An act was also passed enjoining the colonies to provide his majesty's troops with necessaries in their quar ter» : tha colonial house of assembly in the state of Ne« York peremptorily refused obedience, and another act was * The old rretendf r died at Some in this year, at the ai(« of 76, CtEORaE III. 369 aenta, and if the bar- uea were liament in ktiop knew Kmstrances •nt ao.8h flag in the affair of the Falkland islands. The spirit of tlie nation however forced the ministry to make some exertions in the latter instance, ' the matter was finally adjusted by a convention. 3. (A. D. 1771.) The debates in parliament had been I hitherto printed surreptitiously, as their publication was deemed a breach of privilege. The int^eat felt by the I public in the debates on the Middlesex election induced! the printers to act more darin|;iy than before, and at length I a formal complaint was made in the house, and a messengerl was sent into the city to arrest the most notorious of thel offenders. One printer, having been seized tor the ia»\ senger, sent for a constabl^ who carried, both before thel lord Mayor, Mr. Crosby. That sentleman, with the a]de^| men, ^ilkes and Oliver, not only discharged the printerl but threatened to send the messenger to prison unless hej foun4 bail to answer for his appearance oi^, a chaige ( illegal arrest. The house of commons received the nei of these proceedings with the most violent indignation: thi lord mayor and Ouver were sent to the Tower, and Wilkei was summoned to appear at the bar of the house. But ai unexpected difficulty was soon raised j Wilkes refused td appear uuless permitted to take his place for |lliddleeei otoaoi 111. 373 and tiie Louse »t length coniprotiiiMed i\» dignity, by ordering him to attend on tlie Hth of April, and then adjourning to the Dth. Bince thin event no attempt has been made to check the publication of the parliamentary debates, which now constitute the most important^ an well as the most interesting feature in the periodical priM. 4. (A. D. 1772.) The marriain of the king's brothers, the dukes of Oumberlaiid and Gloucester, with subjects of the realm, led to the enactment of the royal marriage act, which prohibited any of the descendants of Ge out the consent of the kins in oounoiL An act was also | '8( to abrogate the law by which felons, who refused ' 'ad, were pressed to death \ it was enacted that, for thu luinrey those who did not plead should be held g«ilty of the crimes laid to their charge. 6. The continent of Eurqie was the scene of an atrocious act of injustice committed by three crowned heads j the first dismemberment of Poland was effected by an miquitous confederacy between the Emperor of Germany, the empress of Russia, and the king of Prussia^ they left the unfor- tunate monarch of the country little more than a nominal sovereignty, and even of this he was subsequently deprived by the royal robbers, and the name of Poland blotted ih>m the list of nations. 6. About the same time the kine of Sweden, in violation of the most solemn obligations, aoro- rated the tree constitution of his country, and made himself despotic. 7. In Denmark^ on the other hand, the royal power was overthrown by a vile faction, who deprived the king of his authority, mv dered his ministers, and drove his queen, Matilda, sister to the king of ..England, into exile, where erief soon terminated her sufferings. 8. The planters in the island of St. Vincent had grossly ill-treated the Garibbi, or native inhabitants, who had been allowed to possess their lands in quiet while the colony remained under the dominion of the French. A civil war ensued, and ^e planters, notwithstanding all their advan- I tages. were worsted. Application for assistance against the rebellious savages^ $M tney thought fit to designate men who refused to submit tamely to open robbery, was made to the British parliament ) but th,e opposition was so strong, that the advocates of the^plauters^were forced to yield, and. I peace was subsequently restored on equitable conditions. 9. (A. D. 1778.) Ireland and Scotland were, about this I i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 lli|2£ 12.5 ■SO i*^™ NHi lU Itt 12.2 : us, |2£ !■■■ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 73 WIST MAIN STRKT WMSTIR.N.Y. MStO (716)873-4S03 o^ m HiBfott at ittoiAl^d. time, drained of a large portioii of their pea^ntry ^ driven id emigration bj the cruel tupaaity of the landlordbf the exiles soiidit an asylum in Amerioa, and supfilied that^oiuitiy^ at toe moment It was abowtto cQBMnence its jpeat'Jtnigfrle for independence) with a hardj popolatioiiy anngfiaM by uie most Intter feelings of resentment agpunst^the o0«i|ti^ Which thsj liad beeti ibiMMd to abapdoB* 10» The TOJ^ges ^ diieoffliry uadeftakeu dining the eat^F pNMPt of this reign weire reafj creitital^le t» ^ejiditiiiig^ tralioii bjjT which thm were sent out* Gaptain Phijppis madeaa ineflfeolMde^9|ni todiseovet a iiorth*wes4 passsgt to the Hast Iiifties| Byron, WaUis, Carteret^ and Cook sn^ cessiTebr navkatedi theglohe^ and dieoovered several. new islaindsmtiiie^aoifieO«eaii. The Ia8t4iamfid nairigator was kUlefL dvrjbng his Hyrd voyage^ at Owhyhee^ in an un^orta- nate ourpute with the natives. I U« The idetermiwatioife> of the JBnlish parlia- ment wm stiU ohstiBaldy maiatamed, and«th# j^Keseneeof the Btitish troops ia Bostonlcept ahve those AeUncpsof ani- mosi^ whiah more, eonailiatety ooadu«t n^ht ilwkv^ eztin- gtushed. Jbi reeistiig i« mimif. .act. of aggtesiriQ^ i^ psrfy of the tailitaiQ^ were comciaUea to fire on fhe,|>^fnlac&:of whom tlaee were hiUed and fiye^ daiigeraasly t wounsed. The toKnsmea assembled on the ^Uowing^mfj^^ and wen with muoh ^ffiaultgr prevented from proceeding to extiemi* ties'^ biatoo thedaythatthe unfortunate viotima were in> teirec^ most of the shops in Boetcp were oh>sed, the bells of all thne churches in the. town .ahd neighbourhood rung muffled peals ) and the fiaeraJs were, esaort^ by Idl Uw citiaeasr of eveiy . ranhi in mournfid pnocessiiiHI*? Captain Preston, who had oonmiaiided the party^ was tned for mra- der $ AM it . is iiighly oreditabk to t)ia American i^aracter, that his defence was intrusted to Adams and Qi|uioy, the most violent advocates of freedom j and that a; Jur^ com- posed of townsmen, acquitted the priiiQiMur without hesitationi I2i Th^ ptoeeediugs were naturally tensidered by (he provincial poverpors as str(»ig evidences of a febellions spirit^ tmti m themselves almost acts gi treason^ they con' se^piiuitlp) in thaif pubUo and private letters^ des|}ribed them in no measured tramfli* . Hr* fiutchiason,^ the governor ^f MaesatfhiisettSy aad htslieutenanV Mr. Oliver^ hid written several letters^ in fdiioh they severely condemned the American l(Bader% called for the adqfition of ihe most vigor- OlOiOl tit. 375 Otis tmeiflttifesy mid eren ff«ooniii«iif 109 5ieces of cannon and a proportionate quantity of ammunition. 'he towns and villages m the neighbourhood of Bostdft weire garrisoned, and that city thus placed under a strict Bodtade. 4. General Gage, who commanded the garrison, sdon re- ceived reinforcements from Great Gritainy und^ the cotn- mand of genehUs H6We, Burgoyne, and Ghnton. Helretohed therefore to commence active operations; but beibre com- mitting himself to the change of war. he issued a procla- mation, ofl^ng pardon to all who snould lay down their anntr, except Messrs. Hancock and Adams. The Americans treated the imnslamatiott with contempt, and isoon after elected Mr. fianboek president of i^ress. 5. Bi Charieetown, ajnlaee situated in the north of Boston, is an eminence esSled Bunker's hill, which in some degree commands' the harbour ; this post the Americans resolv^ to occupy J and a party was sent over from Cambridge to in- trench themselvM on the heijght. This they effected with such rapiditv ana silence during one of the short nights of June, that the appearance of their works at ddiy break wtt the first notice of their presence, l^e importance of dis- lod^g the enemy wan evident to the Britieh geinerals, and a detainment ttnoer the command of Howe was dent to the peniniulA in boats. A ^mendons cannonade was opened dioicntti m 1 wbicli tlie ihe detach- ) BioMfS thai «tturtt untno- BBly Msaikd « mttsntaiiied ed the road; )f lord Percy he entire de- J late in the «t ^thin ike }6 killed, 180 )le of the dlfr in the inevita' I in eYftify PW; 3ie seized add lie ftnrtf CBflM of flsesskm <>f IW ofaiMiinnition. of B0it6mw«e andet * ^^ Hrtfi§oii> w)on te- ind*if the epOt on. Heifedohed but before com- ifisued a jwfoclar lay down their The Americana iMid iBOon afto Inorth of Boston, in soine degree (ksane resolved to wntoridge to ij- key effected wilt fe short niehtsol It dAybreak wtt tpoHstice of difr fish gewrale, a^ ■ wasaehttothe lade was opened oh ilie provincials from the ships and floating batteries in the , harbour, and from Gop^s-hill in Boston, but the provincials Diaintained their post with undaunted resolution. They re> served their fire until the royal forces had advanced within sixty yards of their line, and then poured in so close and <) murdeioiu a discharge, that the aseailanta were broken, and fled to the water's edge. A second assault was a^n dt- p feated by the well-aimM and steady Are of the provincials fit but when Howe rallied his men to tlie third attempt, UieJ ammunition of the Americans began to flul, and, after an ch^ai sUaate resistance, they were compelled to retreat In this fierce contest the provmcials lost about 450 killed, wounded^ and missing j but the victors suffered still more severely : their leas amounted to more than a thousand killed and wounded, of whom 79 were officers. The unusual number of officers that fell is attributed to the fhtal aim which the provincials took with their rifles, and to the belief generally prevalent in America^ that the war was odious to we great body of tjhe English people, and only suTO)orted by the no^A' Waty and gentry, from which classes the British officers ara.i generally elected. -.^ 6. Another effiart to avert the horrors of war was mada^ by the congress, and a second pathetic petition forwarded^i to his majesty. It was entrusted for presentation to Mr^j Penn, a descendant of the great founder of Pennsylvania^ and one of the chief proprietors in that province. But public and private rem was unable to second the nftval operations directed bysirPetet Parker; and, after a useless exhibition of bravery, the ad- miral was forced to retire with the loss of a ship of war, which he burned, to prevent its falling into the hands of the enemy. 10. The Americans, and the greater part of their leaders, had hitherto entertained hopes of peacerally accommodating their disputes with England j but the intelligence tiiat the British minister had hired a body of 0«rman mercenajrie^ for their subjugation, wrought so powerfully on their excm feelings, that tney determined to renounce their allegiance, (July 4th, 1776.) On the motion of Richard Henry Lee, member for Virginia, the congress published their declara- tion of independence, and elected the colonies into free and sovereisn states. At the very time that this resolution was 'adopted, a British fleet was hovering round theiir coast, a British army was preparing to invade their territories, and symptoms of discouragement and disaffection were percep- tible in their own soldiery. Still the congress reftised to despair, and prepared to support with spirit the independ- ence wnich they had so courageously asserted. 11. General Howe did not long remain idle at Hali&z, whither he had retired aft^ the evacuation of Boston; he sailed for New York, and being there joined by his brother, lord Howe, with a considerable fleet, he made himself mas- ter of that city and Long Island. Following up his tri- umphs, he expelled the provincial army from tAe Jerseys and compelled them to take refuge beyond the Delaware. This rapid' success raised the hopes of the British to the highest {tttch; the immediate conquest of America was lo^ed upon as absolutely certain, and little seemed wanting to complete so desirable a consummation. 12. But they soon found that Washington, though defeated, JMa not sub- dued; and that his knowledge of the country in a^great degree compensated for his inferiority of numbeifek (toss- ing the Delaware in the middle of December, he attacked a body of Hessians at Trenton, and made 900 prisoners; and Gioaai m. 381 then while lord Gornwallifl was adyancine to recover Tren- ton, the indefiitigable Americans suddenly appeared in his lerdship'a rear, and destroyed or captured the greater part of a detachment under colonel Mawhood. 13. A yery eztraordinanr incident took place, about this time, in the East Indies. The council of Madras had plui^ged the company into an unjustifiable war with the rajah of Taigore, whom they attacked and took prisoner. Lord Pigot was sent out as a governor, with positive orders to re- store the rajah, but he had scarcely effected this object, when he was seized and thrown into prison by certain members of the council. This indignity worked so bitterly on his feelings that he sickened and died, leaving behind him a higher char^ter for honour and integrity than most of those who have made fortunes in the East. His perse- cutors were subsequently brought to trial and punished, but not with severity poportioned to their deserts. 14. (A. D. 1777.) The caution of Washington prevented an^ decisive engagement in the early part of the new cam- paign ; but the march of Howe towards Philadelphia induced the American general to hazard a battle. The armies met near the 3ran(fywine river, and after a long and fierce battle the En|(Ush obtained a decisive, victory. Philadelphia was immediately surrendered, and occupied by the English forces: a second attempt made by Washington to retrieve his losses was defeated ; and by the aid of the fleet, Howe reduced the fortifications which the Americans had con- structed on the banks of the Delaware, and opened free communication with his supplies. 15. But the successes of the English in the southern &u %es were more than counterbalanced by the disaster they expe- rienced in the northern.. Early in the year, general Bur- soyne, with an army; of 7000 men, and a large body of Indian& received orders to advance from Canada into the state of Jf ew York, and co-operate with a body of troop^s whiph Howe was to send to his assistance. This plan, if Bucoessiul, would cut off the New England States from the rest of the union, and expose them to be overrun and con- quered in detail. ' Bureoyne's part in this en>edition was executed with equal skill and intrepidity; he marched boldly through the country, bearing down all opposition. But the America 1^ soon assembled an army in his m>nty and fts he had advanced to a distance from his supplies, his Wtuation soon became very hazardous. The operations of 382 HUTOIT or IWOLAIID. the army, whoM aMuiitanoa h« MpMUd^ wMrt mifltrabir oonduoted ; sir Henry Clinton did not !•»▼• K0w York till October^ and tven then, instead d>P>lldO06r i: sag?wS«ssa5»arjr" ''^' pablifb tlM dMlaralioB a Wit MiBiwi did jiiifl H»w ohtriaf IS. Ww IfMUBgtoil wpMl0d l»]r hit kMMir IS. DM MiynnifrkiiblS&Ira oowur In the BmI ladlMf WiMhteglOB dtlMltdr t WlMt Iml to tlM fwrander of Bnrgojat'a armj? ... Jow wii BBMOjMtrMttdr If. How did Qtmvm hia vlotory r SECTION V. JImQ Chatham die, Mid be Ibnotr Oh no! waimif wttjli eottioelw|fiinion that peace should be purchased even by acknowledging the independence of America^ and that he intended to propound these sentiments during the discussion. 3. The yen«»ble earl of Ghathami sinkine under the weight of years and bodily infirmities attended in his place for the purpose of protesting against the dis- memberment of an empire to wnoee ereatness he had so largely oontributedi and deprecated su^ a TOoceedintr with ^eat warmth and doquenoe. The duke of Kiohmond hav- ing answered this speech, the earl rose to reply j but the powers of nature were exMusted ; he fell on ^e floor of the 384 HISTORY or INQLAND. house in the aiteiupi to niter hia sentiments, andi being removed to his flkyoarite oountrX'Seaty expired in a short time after. 8. The parliament paid merited honour to the memory of the most suooepsftil and ible mini|rttr that Eng. land had hitherto produced ; the sum of twenty thousand pounds was grantea fbr the payment of his debts, a pension of four thousand pounds settled on his heirs ; hia remaina were interred with great pomp in Westminster Abbeyi and a monument erected to his memory at the public expense. 4. Oommissioners had been sent out to propose measnrei of reconciliation to the Americans when it was too late. Of course, their mission signally fkiled ; the concress would not even listen to terms unless the recognition cl their inde- pendence formed a preliminary article, and the commifl- sioners, having; made an unsuccessftil attempt to bribe some Ckf the American dej^es, were dismissea with mi^id contempt md indignation. 5. The. first hostile collision between France and England took place at sea; admiral Kejppel attacked a French squa- dron under the command of IrOrvilliers, but^ being badlr supported by sir Hugh Palliser, the second m command, obtained no decisive encoess. Advatitage was taken of this circumstance by the ministry to crush Keppel^ who had been long their political opponent, and*^ at their instigation, Palliser preferred a charge of misconduct i^inst his com- mander. But the verdict of the court-martial disappointed their expectations ; Keppel was honourably acquitted, and Palliser, being subsequently brought to trial for disobeaience to ordera, was partially oondemnraj and, but for the interpo- sition of the entire power of the ministry, would have hm subjec^bed to a more ignominious verdict.* 6. (A.D. 1779.) The Americans^ havins now obtained so powerful an ally as France^ fbndlj hoped that the, war would be terminated in a single campaign. Oreat, theirefore, was *Tliii year a bold Mtventiner of the name of Paul Jonei kept all tbe weeteni ooaat of tlie ialand in alarm. He landed at Widtehaven, when he bnmed a ship In the harbonr, and even attempted to burn the town. I He allerwarda landed in Seotland, and phindered the hotue of the e«ri of SeUdflt He imnetimiB after fMiff ht a bloody battle with eaptain Feanoa, of the Serapis, whom he oomnelled to submit; and so aUattered wm hii own lAip in the engagemetit, that he had no soOnOr quitted her, in oidar to take poneasion of his prise, tiian she went to the bot^m. Cqitaii Fani|sr» too. of the Qoebec, fon«ht a no less desperate battle with a Fieneh Jihip of jpreatlv snpenor force. He oontinued the enngement with nnn- raifted mxj, tul his own ship aeddentallv took fire, and was blown into tlw | air, together with himself apd mo>t of (he erew. aioBOiiii. 885 their raoriifiefttion to find ih« Eofflish •uperior during the entire year. OUnton maintained' iiis deftnsive poiition in New Yorki and baffled all the attempts of Washiaston to fbroe an engacement } while in the southern etatee, Seorgia was lubdued dj colonel Campbell, aided by admiral Parker, ud the attempts made to recover it bT the American general, Uacoln. and the French admiral, iXBftaing, were signally deftated. 7. But the honour of England was not similarly main- tiined in other quarters : several iisland of the West Indies were cai>tured by the French ; and the united fleets of France and Spain, for the latter country was now united to the ene- miei of Britain, swept the channel, and insulted the coasts inth impunity. Lora Sandwich, the first lord of the admi- nlt3r, was a man notoriouslv unnt fbr his situation } but his colleagues, with the blind obstinacy which charaoteriaed fUl their measures, determined to retain him in office ; even though they were aware, that, bv his neglect, Plymouth was left in such a defenceless state, that its dMkjrards and arsenal were only saved ttom destruction by the ignorance of Uie admirals of the combined fleet 8. In Ireland an important revolution commenced, whic'd I though it terminated Dloodlesslyv threatened at one period to have caused a separation between the two countries. The greater part of the army necessary fi>r the defence of thit country had been witdrawn to assist in the subjugation of America^ and when the French and Spanish fleets menaced the island with invasion, there were no preparations made for its defbnce. The people, left to themi^ves, showed spirit worthy of the crisis. Companies of volunteers were embodied in every town and district ; arms were at first lekeerfUlly supplied by the government : o£Eksers were chosen Ibj election ; and the patriotio earl of Charlemont appid the Bnglisb obtain any successes? SECTION VL For thee, sweet peace, abundance leads along Her Joyous train, and bards awake to song. Bkmd'8 AiUhologji, 1. (A.D. 1782.) The American war was now virtually at an end ', all rational hopes of reducing the country aeain under the subjection of Great Britain were abandoned by the great majority of the nation j but the ministry at least I niamfeited the virtue of perseverance, and declared their resolution to carry on " a war of posts." The nation at | larse was opposed to this insane project; and parliament) yieming to the voice of the people, gradually withdrew its support from the administration. At length, on the motion of general Conway, the house of commons voted "that aiottaB ttu 389 tflordCbathun'i wlioeveir advised his majesty to the continuation of the American war, should be considered as a public enemy." This of course led to the resignation of lord North ^ and a new ministr^r was formed under the auspices of Mr. Fox and the Majrquis of Rockingham. 2. Negotiations for peace were immediately commenced, Dor were any of the belligerent powers disinclined to an accommodation. The United States, having secured their independence, had nothing to gain by a continuance of the war; the navy of France, after being severely crippled during the contest, was at its close almost annihilated by a victo^ which admiral Rodney gained over count de Grasse, in the West Indies, on the 12th of April; and the Spaniards, after having besieged Gibraltar, and wasted before its walls an incredible quantity of blood and trea- sure, had the mortification to And all their efforts fail, their grand attack sisnally defeated^ and the floating batteries, which they had deemed irresistible, burned to the water's edge, by a tremendous storm of hot balls and shells poured on them by the gallant garrison. 3. Wilkes took advantage of the altered spirit of the times, and procured the removal of all the resolutions con- cerning the Middlesex election from the journals of the house of commons; after which this celebrated demagc^e sunk into complete insignificance. In. Ireland, the parliament, roused by the fervid eloquence of Mr. Grattan, obtained from the new ministry the concession of their legislative in- dependence. Immediately after which, the Irish house of commons voted a sum of £50,000 to purchase an estate for Mr. Grattan, as a reward for the services which he had ren- dered his country. 4. But while the new administration was exerting itself for the reformation of abuses at home and the establishment of peace abroad, it was suddenly dissolved by the death of themarqu^ of Rockingham. The earf of Shelboume Was appointed premier, which so displeased Mr. Fox and his fnends that they immediately resigned. The noble lord did not long retain his place. Mr. Fox, to the utter astonish- ment of the entire nation, entered into a coalition with lord North, whom he had so long and so bitterly opposed. Their Qnitea parliamentary influence was irresistible; and they Iforced themselves into the royal councils in sjnte of the se- pt dislike of the king and the open disgust of the nation. 5. (A. D. 1783.) The success of the coalition was of short 390 aiSTOBt OF ISNOLANBi duration. Immediately after concluding the beace with France and America, Mr. Fox introduced a bill for regu- lating the government of India, which his influence carried through the house of commons, notwithstanding the most vigorous efforts of the company and its servants. But in the lords the opposition was more effectual, the king him- self avowed his hostility to the measure, and it was finally rejected by a considerable majority. The ministry, appear- ing unwilling to resign, were summarily dismissed, and a new administration formed, of which Mr. William Pitt, the second son of the earl of Chatham, was the most conspi- cuous member. 6. (A. D. 1784.) Parliament at its meeting exhibited the unusual spectacle of ministers in a complete minority. To carry on the public busmess under such circumstanced ku, of course, impossible, and no sooner were the supplies voted than the parliament was dissolved. The coalition had given such general offence to the nation, that the new ministry ob- tained a decisive majority in the new house of commons. Mr. Pitt's India Bill, which was less violent, but also less effective, than that of Mr. Fox, was passed triumphantly; and an act for restoring the Scotch estates forfeited in 1745, went through both houses without opposition, and received the royal assent. 7. (A. D. 1786.) Mr. Pitt, pursuant to the promises he had so often made, brought forward his motion for a reform in parliament. His plans were very judicious and well ar- ranged, but they were rejected by a considerable majority, not, as was generally suspected, without his tacit consent. 8. (1786.) The south-western coast of New Holland afford- ing several favourable spots for colonization, it was resolved to transport convicts thither, and give them an opportunity of retrieving their characters and reforming their manners in another hemisphere. ^ About the same time a maiiiac, named Marigaret Nicholson, made an effort to assassinate the king as he was alighting from his carriage. She was imme- diately seized: and, her insanity being fully proved, she was sent to Bethlehem hospital, where she remained safely guarded but unmolested. 9. (1787.) Mr. Sheridan, aided by Mr. Burke, Mr. Fox, and several others, brought forward a motion for the im- peachment of Warren Hastings, late governor-general of India, for high crimes and misdemeanors in the execution of his office, which passed with but little opposition. The QEOBOB Illi 391 consequebt trial before the houae of lords lir'^ered out during the seven succeeding years, and ended in the acquittal of the accused. 10. A strong party in Holland, secretly supported by the French court, violently opposed their stadtholder, the pince of Orang^e, and disregarded the remonstrance made by England in his fkvour. The cUspute would probably have rekindled a general war, had not the king of Prussia, en- raged at an insult offered to his sister, sent a large army into Holland, which soon restored the authority of the stadt- holder, and crushed the powers of his exponents. 11. (1788.) While the nation was enjoying profound re- pose, and silently repairing the losses incurred in the Ame- rican war, the count^ was suddenly astounded by the news that his majesty had been attacked by a severe illness, which incapacitated him for discharging the duties of government. Mr. Fox insisted that the regency of right belonged to the prince of Wales ; Mr. Pitt as vehemently asserted that par- liament alone could provide for such an emergency. (1789.) After some very warm debates, it was finally resolved that the prince of Wales should be aeclared regent, subject, how- ever, to certain restrictions, and the custody of the king's person should be intrusted to the queen, assisted by a coun- cil. The parliament of Ireland came to a very different de- cision : they decreed the ^regency of their country to the prince of Wales, without any restrictions whatsoever. This difterence between the two parliaments would probably have led to fatal consequences but for the unexpected recovery of the king. His majesty's restoration to health diffused uni- versal joy through the kingdom, and was celebrated by more universal aiid splendid illuminations than any previously itnown. 12. (1790.) A dispute took place between England and Spain about the possession of ^^tka Sound, on the north- west coast of America, where the English had planted a small colony, which the Spaniards had "leized, and made the settlers prisoners. An armament was prepared with asto- nishing rapidity, but at the expense of three million sterling: Spain, however, was unprepared for war, and all disputes were finally adjusted by an equitable convention. 13. While the country was thus respected abroad, and enjoying profound peace at home, events were occuring in & neighbouring nation which soon involved Eneland in a long, expensive, but not inglorious war; and produced a de- 392 ^isirokir of siiotAK^. oisive change in the aspect of Europe, all whose effects ut Itfohabiy not jret developed. Quettimtfor MxcminatiQiii. 1. Hbi^ wii tlie Ameriom wta Anally teminatedr 2. Why were all putiM indtoed fi>r peace 7 8. What oireuBstaaoe ihowed the altered spirit of the times ? 4. How was the mihistry broken np ? &. Did the eoalition ministry long ooatlttuer 6. How was Mr. Fitf s power strengthened f 7. What Important motion made by Ur. Pitt was defeated? 8. Was any attempt made on the ung's lU^r 9. Ib there anything remarkable in the trial of Warren HiwtinKS P 10. What disturbances took place in Holland? 11. To what disputes did his msjesty's illhoss give rise ? 12. What arrangemMits were made respecting Mootka Sound ? 18. What was the state of the country at this timer SECTION vn. I 'I Seligion— freedom— vengeance— what you will, A word's enough to raise mattkind to loll; Some fisotioua phrase by cunning caught and spread. That guilt may reign, and wolves and worms be fed.— Byron. 1. No event of equal importance with the French revolu- tion is recorded in history, and there is no subject which has given rise to such diversity of opinion. Its causes, its consequences, even the simple facts that occurred in its pro- gress, are to this hour matters of keen and violent debat^ nor can an impartial narrative be expected while many of tiie actors are still alive, and while the impulse then given con- tinues to be felt in eveiy part of Europe. It is undeniable that the form of government established in France sadly re- quired amelioration ; the privileges of the nobles were tyran- nical Mid oppressive, and they were exercised with strict severity ] the conduct of the clergy was far from being in accordance with the principles of that holy religion which they professed; the prodigality of the court was extreme f the criminal laws were unjustly constituted, and worse admiuis- tered ; the government placed in the hands of nobles equally ignorant taid indolent ; nor was there a single office^ civil or military, open to the most superior merits, unless aided by the possession of high birth and titled name. These were evils poorly compensated by the private virtues of the hap- less sovereign, who came to the throne of France at the mo- ment when the accumulated evils of centuries had nearly reached their consummation. 2. While the higher classes were sunk in luxury and sloth, the lower ranks^ in a state tiJBoitOE lii. 3dd e effects air« oi^ ignorance and degradation, and goaded on by misery, were ready to second every movement, and to join in every ezoeaa. In the middle classes, the elements of strife were even more thickly sown; they were irritated at the con- tempt shown ihem by their haughty superiors, they were in- dignant at seeing the doors of preferment closed against the exertions of honourable ambition, and their minds were de- bauched by the perusal of the speculative treatises on ^Hhe rights of man,'^ which, despite of every restriction, daily issued from the pess, and which, with ver^ few exceptions, advocated principles subversive of all religion, and conse- quently of all good government. 3. The American war precipitated a revolution, which probably could not have been much longer delayed. The French soldiers, while fighting in the cause of American freedoim naturally imbiM the principles of their allies, and di^sed them over the country on their return home ; the royal exchequer, which had bi^en nearly exhausted by the profligate extravagance of the former reign, was totally rained by an expensive war, and the country was on the very eve of a national bankruptcy. When a variety of ex- pedients, most of which made matters worse, had been tried in yain^ the king determined to convoke the states-general, which had not been assembled since 1614, and they accord- ingly met at Versailles on the 5th of May, 1789. 4. After some angry debates, it was determined that the three orders of the clergy, the nobles, and the commons, should meet in one body, an arrangement which threw all the power into the hands of the popular party. They as- sumed the name of the national assembly, and immediately commenced a total change in the constitution of their coun- ty. Feudal privileges and titles were abolished; local di- Tision set aside ; and the country distributed into depart- ments instead of provinces, for the purpose of adopting a uniform system of taxation; monastic institutions were sni^ressed, and the English system of trial by jury sub- stituted for the administration of justice by the old provincial pirliaments. 5. Such an extensive alteration naturally disgusted the I court and the nobility. Unable, to conceal their hostUity to the new measures, they exposed themselves to popular in- dignation, and. dreading'the consequences, the Count d'Artois (afterwards Gnarles X.), the prince of Cond^, and several others, emigrated. But this flight aggravated the jealousy 3d4 MtSTOftY 6T IBMOIANO. of the people ) the Parisian mob stormed the fortress of th(i Bastile, the state prison of France, and lerelled it with the ^ound; thej next formed a national ffuard, composed en- tirely of citizens, at the head of whicn was placed M. de la Fayette t and at length a furious mob advanced to Ver- sailles, ana brought the king and royal fkmily in triumph to the capital. 6. (1791.) The progress of the revolution in France was anxiously watched by two powerful parties in England, who viewed it with very diffnent feelings. While one party looked upon it as the triumph of liberty, the administration and a large portion of the aristocracy i^garded it as the triumph ot anarchy over all leeitimate authority. Nor were such fttefings confined to the higher classes! the popu- lace shared largely in the hatred to the new politic^ of France. A dinner to celebrate the capture of the Bastile was adjourned in London through dread of popular resentment ; but in Birmingham a festive meeting to commemorate the same event was dispersed by a fhnous mob, which sulv sequently proceeded to destroy the dissenting chapels, and the houses of all who were supposed favourable to the French revolution. 7<. (1792.) The principal powers on the continent having entered into a treaty to check the progress of the French revolution, it was obvious that war could not long be de- layed ; but the interference of the monarchs precipitated the events which they wished to prevent. The duke of Bruns- wick, as commander-in-chief of the allied armies, issued an ill-judged and sanguinary manifesto, which, with some sus- picious circumstances in the conduct of the king and queen, so exasperated the French, that aU the power of the state was thrown into the hands of the jacobins, as the most violent republicans were called. The consequences were dreadful : tAe palace of the king wa« stormea, his guards massacred, himself and family confined as close prisoners. and royalty finally abolished in France. Ere yet the worm recovered from its astonishment at these events ] it learned, with equal surprise and indignatioti, that the unfortunate king had been brought to trial by his subjects, and con- demned to death by a majority of votes. This iniquitous sentence was executed on the 2l6t January. 1793. 8. While France was thus distracted, England was quietly enjoying the blessings of peace, and the parliament engaged in the advancement of measures equally salutary OEOBGX Ul. The Duke of York at the surrender of Yalenciennes. and judicious. Several taxes were pressed on commerce and industry were repealed ; a bill introduced by Mr. Fox to make juries in cases of libel judges of law as well as fact, was passed; some further concessions were made to the Roman catholics; but Mr. Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave-trade was lost by a considerable ma- jority. 9. In the East Indies, Tippoo Saib (son of Hyder Ally), who seems to have inherited his father's hostility to Bngland along with his dominions, was completely subdued by lord Gomwallis, and forced to purchase peace by the cession of a large portion of his dominions, and the pay- ment of an enormous sum, for the performance of which his sons were given as hostages. 10. (1793.) The atrocities committed by the French jacobins completed the alienation of the British pople from the cause of the new revolution ; and the mmistry, now certain of popular support, adopted several measures which left their hostiHty no longer doubtful. The national con- vention immediately declared war against the king of Great Britain and the stadtholder of Holland, intimating by this artful phraseology that the people of these countries had an interest distinct from their respective sovereigns. U. It is certain that this declaration of war, if not directly provoked, was by no means unacceptable to the British ministry, and the great body of the aristocracy by wkich it was supported. Immediately after its appearance, the duke iM ktsfoKt Of iirotANl}. of York was sent to join the allied arroiei in the iiivasioti of France: hut the invaders, though at lint itiooessfUl, haying taxen Valenoiennes, moii luiVMrtd aomt ityere checks : and at the end of the secdnd OMnptlgii warf totally defeated hy the repuhlioans. Tht ibrtiflad hirhour of Toulon hairing heen surrendered to the Bngliihy the French foyemment made the most strenuouf eflbrts ftv its recovery, 'hese proved for a time abortive, until the direction of the siege was intrusted to Napoleon Bonaparte, who now for the first time appeared on that scene when ha afterwards {>Iayed so conspicuous a part. By hit exertions the Eng- isli were compelled to evacuate the town, leaving the greater portion of the citizens' expoied to the sanguinary vengeance ofthe irritated republicans. 12. (1794.) To compensate for this ill success hy Iknd, the British navy established its wonted pre-eminence m a victory gained by earl Howe over the French fleet in the West Indies ; and several of the colonies belonffinff to France were about the same time conquered wiw little trouble. 13. The domestic occurrences of this jseriod, though not very numerous, were not deficient in import- ance } Messrs. Hardy, Home Tooke, and others, were brought to trial at the Old Bailey on a charge of hiffh'trea- son, and acquitted, after a patient investigation, which lasted several days. That they desired to efi'eot a great change in the constitution of the country was acknowledged by the prisoners themselves : but it was clearly proved thati they wished to obtain reform only by legal and constitutional means, and that they were opposed to violence and insur- rectionary movements. The ministers succeeded better with similar prosecutions in Ireland and Scotland, where several persons were found guilty of sedition, and sentenced to several degrees of punishment. 14. (1795.) The ill success of the war induced many ofthe continental sovereigns to make peace with the French republic. The grand-duke of Tuscany set the example, and w^ followed by the king of Spain, the Swiss cantons, and the regent of Sweden. The kins of Prussia only waited until he had received the English subsidy, and then signed a treaty with the power he hf^ been paid to oppose. The people of Holland expelled the stadtholder, and, erect- ing in their country what they called a Batavian republic, bwame virtually a province of France. In short Efngland had scarcely an ally remaining but Austria^ fina the con- OlOBOE m. 397 tinued friendship of that power was never a matter of eer- taintjT. 16. The English navy obtained some triumphe, MoeoiaUy a brilliant Tictory under lord Bridport, at rort I'Orient; but an expedition undertaken by the French emi< grants, under the auspices of the British ministry, was fflgnally defeated. . . 16. symptoms of discontent, almost amounting to dis- affection, began to be manifested in various parts of the empire i the successes of the war had been few and of little valtt^ but had they been still more decisive thev would not have compensated for the distress occasioned by un- precedented taxation. The people of London suffered se- verely from the interruption. of commerce: and some of the lower class, irritated by their protnustea misery, assailed the kinc's cdnitate when his majesty went in state to the house ot lords. This outrage served, however, to strengthen the administration ; for the parliament, indignant at the out- rage offered to the sovereign^ sanotionea several bills for the soppression of sedition, — bills perhi^ rendered uecessfMiT by the peculiar circumstances of the period, but whicn jpreatly diminished the limits of British freedom. 17. The prince of Wales, in order to procure the payment of his debts, married nis cousin, the princess Garolme of Bruns- wick. We must once again refer to this unfortunate union : It is sufficient to say here, that a daughter was born in the beginning of the following year, soon i^ter which the parents were fintQly separated. 18. (1796.) The Dutch and Spaniards, having joined their forces to those of the French, were now become enemies of Great Britain j and this country, from being an accessory, was now a priiicipal in the war. Several of the Dutch set- tlements in the East Indies were subdued, but England lost the island of Corsica, which had been formally placed under British protection a few years previously. The Austrians were almost driven out of Italy oy the French imder Napo- leon Bonaparte, whose brilliant career began now to excite the attention of Europe. A fruitless effort to terminate the war by negotiation was made by the British ministry. It &iled, because prol>ably it never was intended to succeed. 19. (1796.) The enormous expenses which Great Britain had to sustain were found. to haVe exhausted the resources of the country so much, that at length the bank stopped payment ; ana an issue of paper-money was of course the consequence. Two alarming mutinieB broke out in the 398 BISTOBT Of INQLAND. nav^: that at Spithead waa lettled by giving the seamen additional pay, but that at the Nore waa not quelled without bloodshed, and the execution of some of the ringleaders. 20. But England still maintained her naval renown : a bril- liant victory was «uned by sir John Jarvis over tha Spanish fleet, off Gape St. Vincent, and an equally jdoirious tnumph was obtained over the Dutch by Admiral Duncan, at Gam- perdown. 21. Our ally had not equal fortune : Austria was everywhere defeated, and to escape total ruin was obliced •to submit to the terms of peace, which Bonaparte dictatea at CampoFonnio. Quettiont for Examination. 1. What WM the state of FraAoe at the oommenoement of the revolution ? 2. In what daageroiis etroamstaaoes were the dlflerent ordeis of soeietj r 8. How did the Ameriean war piedpltate a revolvtioii f \ 4. Whattriomphs were nlnea by the popular partj at the meetlbgof the statet'general r 6. Did these alteratioiisprodnoe any important results r- 6. In what manner was the French revolution regarded in En/dand? 7. What oonsequenoes were produced by the duke of Brunswiors prooli- mationf 8. What was the state of England at this time? 9. Were any important advantages gained in the East Indies? 10. Howdidthe warcommenoef 11. What reverses did the English experience? 15. By what naval teiumphs were these compensated? 18. iMd any Important trials occur at this time ? 14. How did the allies of England behave? 16. Where was lord Bridport victorious? 16. How did the people of England show their discontent? 17. What royal marriage was contracted at this time? 18. In what manner was the war conducted ? 19. Did any dangerous events occur in England? 90. How did the JSnglish navy behave? U. Where was peace made between France and Austria? SECTION in. O firantio thirst of glory and of fkme \~-Mickl*. 1. (A. D. 1798.) The restoration of the I^slative inde- pendence of Ireland in 1782 was far from satisfying the ex- pectations formed by a considerable party in that country. Reform in parliament, and a repeal of the renkant of the penal laws against the Roman catholics, were rather de- manded as a right than craved as a boonj and when the government reftised to make concessions, the majority re- mained sullen and discontented, while a few wilder spirite OBOAQB III. 399 lueditaied a total separation frum England, and the esta* bliRhment of an Irish republic after the example of France. I^e lower classes were easiljr induced to adopt schemes that flattarad their national pride ; and thouch goTemment. having received timely information, arrestea the principal lesdersy disaffection was too extensive to be thus checked, snd several counties broke out into open insurrection. After a sanguinary struggle, disgraced by several atrocities on both tides, the revolters were everywhere defeated : and on the surrender of a small body of French who hadf been sent to sid the insurgents, peace was finally restored by the judi- oious and merciAil measures of lord Gomwallis. 2. In the mean time, Napoleon, with a large fleet and armpr, proceeded to Bgypt, and on his voya||e obtained pos- session of Malta by the treachery of the knights. The ca- reer of the French invader was sufficiently triumphant in ^pt, but his hopes of permanent success were sadly bbgnted by the loss of his fleet, over which admiral Nelson obtained one of the most complete victories recorded in the annals of war. 3. This brilliant triumph waa obtained in Aboukir Bay, one of the mouths of the Nile, on the first of August 'f nine sail of the line were taken } two more and a frigate either burnt or blown up during the action, and only two escaped, which, however, were subsequently captured. Soon after, Bonaparte was repulsed before Acre, chiefly by the heroic exertions of sir Sidney Smith ; and having at the same time received news from France that seemed to open safer and brighter objects, he secretly returned home, and soon effected a revolution, by which he placed himself at the head of the government, with the title of first consul. 4. The first measure taken by Napoleon after his eleva- tion, was to send a letter to the king of England offering peace. ThiB was instantly rejected ; for a new and powerftu coalition had been formed against France from which the most splendid success was anticipated. But this coalition soon fell to pieces: the Russian emperor withrew his forces ) the duke of York was forced to quit Holland with his army on finding the population indisposed to second his efforts ) and the French, under the new government, display- ed even more enemes. 5. In the East Indies the Fnglish wa^ed a successful war agunst their old enemy Tippoo Saib ; his capital was taken by storm, himself slain, and all his treasures divided among the qonquerors. Since that period the entire peninsula of 400 HISTORY OF KNOLAND. India has been virtually subjected to the authority of the English. 6. (A. D. 1800.) Austria had again commenoed war against France, and was maintaining it with characteristic ODstinacy, when Napoleon brought it to a sudden close by one of those master-strokes of genius which baffle ordinary calculation. He led his army across the Alps into Italy in despite of the most appalling difficulties, and obtained a complete victory at Marengo. A subsidy from England induced the Austrian emperor to continue his resistance j but the battle of Hohenlinden placed him completely at the mercy of the conqueror, and he was forced to solicit terms of peace. 7. The question of a legislative union with England, which had been previously negatived in the Irish house of commons, was finally carried by the ministry. It was deter- mined that from the 1st of January, 1801, there should be but one imperial parliament for the British islands, in which Ireland should be represented by four spiritual peers, taken in rotation every session, twenty-eight temporal peers chosen for life, and one hundred commoners elected in the usual manner. 8. ^1801.) Paul, emperor of Russia, not satisfied with desertmg the alliance of England, became her bitter enemy, and jpersuaded the other northern powers to revive the hostile confederation, called the armed neutraUty. After negociation had been tried ineffectually, a fleet was sent against Copenhagen, under the command of admiral Parker, assisted by lord Nelson. After having passed the Sound with little difliculty. Nelson attacked, and almost annihilated the formidable lines of the Danish defence; but some of his own ships having grounded in a situation exposed to the fire of the hostile batteries, he took advantage of his previ- ous success to offer terms of accommMation, which were immediately accepted. It is probable that the war might have been again renewed, had not intelligence been received of the deposition of the enaperor Paul, who had been the head of the confederacy. His son and successor, Alexan- der, was anxious to be on good terms with Great Britain; and the minor states found themselves obliged to imitate his example. 9. An expedition, under the command of air Ralph Abercrombie, was equally successful in expelling the French tsom. Egypt; but that distinguished officer fell in the arms oi QEORQE lit 401 ihority of the nmenoed war characteriBtic cldea close by ;)affle ordinary ps into Italy in ,ad obtained a from England resistance; but apletely at the ;o solicit terms witU England, ( Irish house of . It was d^ter- there should be dands, in which lal peers, taken temporal peers PS elected in the t satisfied with er bitter enemy, , to revive the jutraUty. After k fleet was sent admiral Parker, flsed the Sound nost annihilated of 6ir Ralph Cling the French >11 in the arms ot victory. The French, havine been defeated at Alexandria/ offered terms when general Hutchison was preparing to besiege them in Gairo^ and evacuated the country pursuant to the articles of capitulation. 10. Before the news of this BttCcesB arrived in Eneland, the country had been threatened with an invasion. Troops were collected along the coasts of France and Holland, and vessels prepared for their trans- portation in the harbours along the channel. Lord Nelson was sent with a flotilla to attack Boulogne, the enemy's principal rendezvous, but failed after two brilliant efforts. The bravery, however, displayed by the British sailors, and the manifest superiority of England by sea» convinced Na- poleon that the enterprise was hopeless, and the project was soon laid aside. 11. Both the belligerent powers were now heartily tired of a war, which exhausted their resources, and conferred advantages on neither. In deference to the general wish, a change of ministry was efiected in England ; Mr. Adding- ton (afterwards lord Sidmouth) became premier in place of Mr. Pitt, and negotiations instantly commenced. (1802.) The terms wer^ soon arranged, and a peace was concluded at Amiens, which cannot be better described than by the words of an eminent statesmen, ^'it was a peace at which everybody rejoiced, but of which nobody could be proud." 12. From the moment in which the treaty of peace was signed, jealousies and discontents daily arose in France and England, which threatened to produce fresh hostilities at no very distant period. Bonaparte^ having been appointed first consul for life, used every exertion to enlarge dominions of which he was in now all but name the sovereign ; he aggran- dized France by the annexation of Piedmont to its territories, and had given even greater offence by invading Switzer- land. On the other hand, the first consul complained that England still retained possession of Malta, which, by the t«rms of the late treaty, should have been restored to the knights, and remonstrated against the virulent libels on his character, which were published in the English newspapers, as he believed, with the connivance of government. (A.D. 1803.) These mutual bickerings soon x>roduced more angry demonstrations. Lord Whitworth, the English ambassador, having been treated with unmerited indignity, withdrew from France, and war was soon after proclaimed. 13. A short time previous to the recommencement of hos- tilities, a conspiracy for the subversion of the government 29 402 ttlSTORt OF JBNOLAND. was detected in England. It was formed by a colonel Des- pud, who fancied i^t government had treated him with unjust nefflect; his aes^aate^ were desperate men of the lowest raiL^S; and nothing, could be, more wild or inadequate than the means by which they proposed to execute their insane projects. 14. The execution of the principal con- spirators restored public confidence; but in a few months the alarm was agam renewed ^by the account of an insur- rection havinff broken out m Dublin. The leader of the revolt was Robert Emmet, a young man of the most amia- ble qualities, but a wild and vi^onary enthusiast. The insurgents were badly armed and worse disciplined; they were consequently subdued with little difficulty^ mt not before lord JBLilwarden and his nephew had been murdered by the infatuated mob. 15. !(^apoleon recommenced the war with ^eat vigour; his troops dverrai^ Hanovfir, md compelled the pnnces inthe iloilh of Germany to close their ports against the English. On the other hand| the British navy blockaded the mouths of the principal nversfrom which British traders were excluded; and they captured several French colonies. The English havin|f made prizes of many French merchant-shipa and treated their crews as prisoners, Bonaparte seized on all the English visitors who were travelling in France and detained them as hostages. 16. About the, same time, the French army, which 1^ been employed to suppress the revolt of the negroes in St. Domingo, being cut otf from all supplies by the British cruisers, was forced to surrender, and the island has since remained an independent state, under the name of Hayti. The threats of invading Britain were re- peated ; but after a vain display of force on both sides, no efforts were made to put the threats in execution. Q^esti(»ufor Examination, 1. What calamitougev^ntoocnrred in Ireland? ' 2. Whether did Napoleon leMhis new annamentf 8. How was the progreaa of the I'renoh in JBk^ypt checked f 4. What wai Napoleoii's first attemt>t inrhen fopointed consul If 6. Did the EngUih obtain any triumph in the £Mt Indies ? 6. Where was the power of Austria overthrown f. 7. What important change was made in the govemment of Ireland f 8. How did England escape the dangers threatened by the armed neu' tralityf 9. By whom were the French driven from Egypt ? 10. What events were produced by the threate of invasion f 11. How was a peace elfected r 12. Did the peace promise to be permament ? CfBOAai lit. 403 i colonel Dea- ted him with » mtn of the or inadequate execute their principal con- a few months t of an insur- 9 leader of the ;he most amia- bueiast. The Mttiplined} they acuity, hat not been murdered reat vigour J bis ncesintheiioith in^sh. On the I mouths of the were excluded; J. The English chant-ships and jeized on all the ice and detained ime, Ihe French esB the revolt of fom all supplies Tender, and the state, under the Britain were re- m both sides, no ation. Id. What oonipirtoy wm dliooyered In England f U. Was there not a new attempt at uunrreetion in Ireland r 16. How did the war oononeiioe 1 16. Of what iiliBd were the I^noh deprived r becked? ted oonsuu mdiesT iment of Ireland r - by ihe armed neu' ivasion? SECTION IX. Ave, at the hour of ntmoit need TBy itatennen lUl. thsr wanion bleed { The ffgorooi mtaid, tne valiant hand, Deaert at onee the moumiug Uaid.--Cboi;. 1. (A.D.) 1804). Thb administration of Mr. Addington having failed to give eatiiflMsdon to the nation, he resigned, and was aaoceeaed 1^ Mr. Pitt^ who immediately devoted all his energies to the formation of a new coalition, against France. In this labour he was not a little assisted by the general indignation which was excited by the unprincipled murder of the duke of Enghien. This unfortunate young prince was seized by the emissaries of Bonaparte in a neutral territory, dragged to the castle of Yincennes, sub- jected to the mockery of a trial before a military tribunal, and shot in the ditch of the castle by torch-light. Immedi- ately after the perpetration of this crime, Bonaparte was proclaimed emperor of the French and king of Italy, but the assumption of the latter title gave great offence to Austria, whose claims on Italy were thas contemptuously disregarded. 2. One ally, however, was ensured to France by an act of questionable policy on the part of England. Spain hav- ing entered into a treaty with Napoleon, the British minister determined to intercept the treasure-ships from South America, without waiting for the formality of a declaration of war. Three of these vessels were intercepted by the British squadron, two were taken, but the third unfortu- nately blew up, and the greater part of the crew perished. The Spanish court, on hearing the news, immediately pro- claimed itself the enemy of Great Britain. 3. (A.D. 1805). The naval triumphs of England were consummated by the almost total annihilation of the hostile fleets. The French ships of war in Tculon, having baffled the vigilance of the blockading squadron, effected a junction with the Spanish fleet at C«5iz, and sailed for the West Indies. Hither they were pursued by lord Nelson j but hav- ing heard of his approach, the allied admirals returned to Europe. Nelson soon followed, and, after several disap- pointments, had at length the satisfaction to discover the ■pi • ' 404 HISTORV OP ENQLANto. French, under Villeneuve, and the Spaniards, under Gravina, oh the morning of October 21st, drawn up in a double line of battle off Cape Trafalgar. The British navy attacked in two columns, the windward line being led by Nelson, in the Victory, the leeward by admiral CoUingwood. After a terrible englagement, which lasted three hours, the English obtained a decisive victory. Nineteen sail of the line, with Villeneuve, and two other flag-oflScers. were captured; the remainder, under admiral Gravina, fled, but several of them were subsequently taken by a squadron under sir B Strachan. 4. This victory was dearly purchased by the death of Lord Nelson, who had long been the pride of the English navy. He was mortally wounded by a musketrball in the middle of the action, and died a little before its close. 6. The grief of his country was shown by the honours paid to his memory ; his brother was raised to the peerage ; a liberal pension settled on his widow; his remains were deposited in St. Paul's cathedral, accompanied by a proces- sion more splendid and magnificent than England had ever witnessed on a similar occasion, and a monument erected at the public expense as a lasting testimony of national grati i tude. Rewards were also voted to the companions of his victory; admiral Collingwood was raised to the peerage, and a liberal provision was made for the wounded, and for the] f(Wlies of the slain. GEORGE III. 405 under Gravina, a a double line navy attacked I by Nelson, in wood. After a irs, tke Engliflt f the line, with J captured-, the several of them L under sir R rchased by the "ihe pride of the )y a musket-ball before its close. lie honours paid the peerage; a [a remains were Lied byaproces- England had ever tument erected at Df national grati- )mpanions of his I the peerage, and Lded, and for thel 6. The triumphs of France by land amply compensated for her losses oy sea. The Austrians wer« everywhere defeated; the atchdnke Charles was driven from Italy by MassenA; Ulm was surrendered to Nl^>oleon by general Mack, under circmnstances that led to strong suspicions of treachery: aad; finally, Vienna itself submitted to the con- querori The junction- ot the Russians gave a temporary ^ confidence to the Austrian emperor ; but his hopes proved fallacious^ on the 2nd of December, Napoleon totally de- feated the allied armies at' Austerlitz, and Austria was necessarily compelled to stibmit to whatever terms the con- queror thdueht nt to dictate^ 1. (A.D. 1806.) The failure of a coalition which he had taken so much pains to form, and the mortification of seeing his colleague, lord Melville, impeached bv the house of commons, preyed on Mr Pitt's health, and, to use a com- mon but expressive phras^ broke his heart. He was ho- noured with a public ronerai, and a monumeiit erected to his memory at the national expense. A new administration was formed under the auspices of lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, one of whose first measures was the final abolition of the slave-trade. Mr. Fox did not long survive his great political rival ; he died in the course of the same year. 8. During the late struggle the conduct of the king of Prussia had been marked 1^ singular indecision. Scarcely, however, had Austria been crushed, than, to the great asto- nishment of the world, it was announced, that Prussia, in a moment of chivalrous enthusiasm, had determined singly to cope with the victorious arms of France. The war was decided in a single campaign ; the Prussians were irretriev- ably ruined at the battle of Jena ; fortress after fortress sur- rendered to Napoleon, and the unfortunate king, stripped of the greater part of his dominions, had now no hope but in the assistance of Russia. 9. (A.D. 1807.) Even this last hope failed, an indecisive battle being fought at Eylau ; but the Russians having failed in an attempt to relieve Dantzic, and sufiered a total defeat at Friedland, solicited terms of peace. A treaty was concluded at Tilsit, by which the Prussian king was stripped of hd\f his dominions, and had the further mortification to learn that the remainder was spared only in deference to the wishes of the young emperor of Russia. 10. This decisive success enabled Bonaparte to execute the projects which he had so long formed against the cori^i 406 HISTOBT or ENGLAND. inerce 6f Bngland. By the celebrated BerHii dtereet, all the coptinentftl ports were closed agahist British maanfiu:- turesy and: Denmark) though long in alliance with England, was forced to comply wIUl the imperioms mandate. This led to the adoption of measures by the British goyemment, which could only be justified by the most stem necessity. 11. An expedition^ under the command of admiral lord Gambieri and general the earl of Cathcart, was sent to compel the surrender of the Danish fleet, in order that it might be retained as a deposite by Guglaod unt^ the con- clusion of the war, as Napoleon notoriously designed to have employed it in restoring the nary of France. The demand was peremptorily refused; but the, English having bombarded Copenhagen for three dftys successively, i his Danish majesty, to save his capital ftt>m total destrucQoo, agreed to the proposed terms; and the whole fleet, consisting of eighteen ships of the lin^ fifteen frigates, and thirty-one smaller vessels, was given up^ together with an immense quantity of naval stores. 12. But the other foreign expeditions undertaken by the English were unusually unsuccessful ; Buenos Ayres, after its capture by sir Home Popham, was recovered by the inhabitants, and an armament sent out for its recovery under general Whitelocke f^led signally and disgracefully: a fleet under admiral Duckworth forced the passage of the Dardanelles, but, being unable to make an impression on Constantinople, was compelled to retire with loss : Alexan- dria, in Egypt, was captured by general Fraser, but he was soon compelled to evacuate his conquest ; and an expedition undertaken to assist the king of Sweden had an equally inefficient termination. 13. The Grenville administration, which had been very popular at the outset, had now declined considerably in public favour ; and it probably had never possessed the full confidence of the king. The ministers having brought for- ward some measures of concession to the Roman catholics, which his majesty disapproved, were compelled i- resign, and Mr, Pitt's friends wei^ recalled to the cabinet. 14. Portugal was now the only part of the continent open to Great Britain, and Napoleon determined that her manufactures should be excluded from this country also. The prince-regent of Portugal, alarmed by the apparance of a powerful French army on his frontiers, promised obe- djejjce to the demtinds of the French emperor j butftndiRg OEOBOE UI. 407 -fir V ■ r!i h'y^'^.f.'f 'I'M:. .v;,\ tbti •vtry oom|)IiaBCB was iniiiffioient to ooneiliite the invaderii sndthjKt.the annihilatioii of his kingdom was intendedy he embarked on board the English fleets and was conveyed to the Brazilian settlements in> Sou^ America. Immediately after his departure, the French occupied Lisbon without of^sition. i> QmeiiwMfor ExaminaiUtfi. 1. HoWdMIfit>^l^nes:dt6'thei«Mn«imiiJtofthft1ittTOM mdiutrohs? 2. Why /d|d tii»SplUilferd»»appoii thelteoch with sU their might? 8. What grjBut V^Ktwl yiciocy , dla, the English obtain f 4. By whit ^6ht WM th^J^ tofr IhiB^vldto^ difflinlBhedr 5. In SrhiA flUttiMr did the £&gUeh nation show iti respect ft>r Nelion and his oomnaa^onar ?. Pid thcTFirencii gain any advantage on land? . WhV #ai'thbr& a dhinge' midef lilhe British miniMiyt 8. Whit Bopeem had the fraigiana ii theirs war against France ? 9. Bv Wh#t eyenti wst ft peace precipitated ? , U. HoWditflh«I^gitoh'a«tunderthese!dh>ttBiitaiiccsr 12. Inwhat expedijtuns wertf th^ English su^c^ssfol ? a. What dronmstanoes brought abont a change in the British ministry? H. What remarlcable events took place in Pomgal ? SECTION X. First from his traiipe the heroic Spaniard woke, HiichaihShirbi < 1. (A. B. 1808;) The unprincipled occupation of Portu- gal was followed by a series of transactions still more iniqui- tous m Spai% wMch, though at first apparently succesidul. Uighted for ever the character of Nanoleon, and contributed not a little to his final orerthrbw. Seldom have the annals of any- country presented such a picture of vice and imbe- cility as was disi)layed by the court of Spain at the period which now occupies our attention ; the king was a weak and irresolute monarch, destitute of abilities for managing the afikirs of state, even in the most tranquil times ; and, consequently; wholly unfit to rule at a period when all Europe was convulsed by the consequences of the French revolution: i His prime minister, and the virtuaL ruler of Spaiuj was Qodoy, whom the illicit attachment of the queen had raised from the rank of a private gentlemaii to guide the national councils, under the proud title of the Prince of the Peace. But Godoy was b^ no means fitted to discharge the duties of the station to which he had been raised. Possess- ing neither talent nor principle, he pursued a selfish and 408 BISTORT OF ENGLAND. vacillating course of policy, which wasted the resources of Spain, and made the country contemptible in the eyes of all the surrounding nations. 2. Godoy was of course unpo- pular: the nobility despised him as an upstart; the people regaraed him as the author of all the calamities by which they Wiere oppressed ; and, at length, reports having been circulated that he intended to remove the royal family to South America, a fhrious insurrection broke out, which terminated in stripping Oodoy of all his authority. De- prived of his only reliance, the imbecile Charles resigned the crown to his son Ferdinand, prince of Asturias, who was at once proclaimed king, to the universal delight of the people. 3. When Napoleon received intelligence of this revolution, he immediately proceeded to Bavonne, in order to be nearer the scene of action, and directed the numerous army, which he maintained in Spain, to occupy Maniid. By means of some obscure intriffues, Charles was induced to withdraw his abdication, and claim the assistance of the French emperor against his rebellious son ; while at the same time assurances were privately conveyed to Ferdinand that Napoleon was 'attached to his aause^ and would, if an appeal was made, certainly decide in his fisivour. 4. By such representations the entire Spanish royal family was induced to cross the frontier ; and no sooner were they in the power of the French emperor, than they were severally compelled to abdicate their claims to the crown, which Na- poleon was determined to transfer to his brother Joseph. 5. When the iniquitous 'transactions at Bayonne became known, they filled the mind of every Spaniard with feelings of the deepest indignation ; one sentiment seemed to per- vade the entire nanon, — a determination to maintain the independence of their country, and submit to none but their legitimate sovereign. TheJFrench were able to suppress the insurrection at Madrid after a fearful massacre, which is the deepest stain on the character of Murat, by whom the garrison was commanded ; but in the provinces, provisional juntos were formed, armies levied, and every preparation made for a vigorous resistance to the usurpers. The gar- rison of Gibraltar, and the British fleets in the Mediterra- nean, lent their assistance to the efforts of the patriots, and by their aid the important city of Cadiz was secured, and the French fleet, which lay in the harbour, forced to sur- render. 6. The armies of France also met some severe checks ; Dupont, >yith a force of 15,000 men, was force^l OIOBQX IIL 409 to surrender to the patriot general Gastanos; Moncey wae eoMpelled to retreat irom Valencia; and, lastly, a Spanish ariny, which had been employed by Bonaparte in the north of Germany, re;irolted, and was conveyed by a British squad- ron to the peninsula. 7. The flame of insurrection soon spread to Portugal; and though the French generals in that unhappy country endeavoured to suppress the revolt by cruelly massacring all suspected of havins shared in the efforts for the libera- tion of their oountiy, ^is detestable policy only engendered a more determined spirit of resistance, and a fiercer thirst for vengeance. 8. The news of the events in the peninsula was received in England with the sreatest enthusiasm. The Spanish deputies were weloomeawith the utoiost warmth; all the Spanish prisoners released, clothed, armed, and sent to aid the efibrts of their countrymen; munitions of war were sapplied to the patriots from the British arsenals; public uds and private subscriptions were liberally contributed for the supply of their exhausted resources ; and a well-appointed army under the command of sir Arthur Wellesley, sent to assist in the liberation of Portugal. 9. On the first of August the British troops landed in Mondego Bay, Mid soon commenced active operations. On the seventeenth, the French were defeated at Bolica; but on the twenty-first, a still more decisive battle was fought at Vimieray and the English were completely victorious. IQ. Unfortunately at this important moment, sir Arthur Welles- ley was superseded in his command by sir Harry Burrard, who gave immediate orders to stop the pursuit, thus sacri- ficing all the fruits of this brilliant victory. On the follovnng morning, sir Hew Dalrymple arrived to take the supreme eommand, and he entered into negotiations with the French commander. 11. A convention for the evacuation of Portu- gal was concluded at Cintra, on terms so favourable to the French that they excited universal dissatisfaction. One article provided for the security of the Russian fleet then Ijmg in the Tagus ; but this the English admiral, sir Charles Gotten, peremptorily refused to ratify; and the ships were surrendered to him on the condition of being restored in six months after the conclusion of peace with Russia. 12. Portug&l being now f^ee from the invader, sir John Moore, who had been appointed to the command of the British army, was directed to advance into northern Spain, i ':!! I 410 HISTOEY 07 INOLAND. Death of Sir JobB MOOM. and aid the exertions of the patriots. The instruotions sent to the gallant general had been prepared on the fldth of tke representations made by the Spaniflh deputies in London; it was not disoovered; until too late^ that these were wholly unworthy of credit. 13. The resorate spirit oC hostiU<^ to the French in the lower ranks of the Spaniards was indubita- ble ] but the upper ranks, at the same time ignorant and conceited, were slow to make any exertion, and thought more of securing for themselves some petty authority than joining in efibrts for the liberation of th^r country. Like all weak and vain-glorious men, they were great boasters; they told of countless armies and exhaustUas resources ; but when the moment of trial arrived, th^r armies were fouid | to be an undisciplined rabble, and even sometimes tohave existed only on papery their magazines were discovered to be empty, and their boasted preparations to have consisted in doing nothing. Even before sir John Moore had entered Spain, the principal forces with which he had been destined to coK)perate were defeated and dii^persed, in a great degree by the sheer incapacity of their generals. When sir John Moore found that all the expectations which he had been led to form were utterly ^oundless, he resolved to return to Portugal; the British mmister to the Spanish junta, howl ever, prevailed on him to chance his resolution and tohatardl an advance into the heart of the country. 14. In themeanj time Napoleon himself had arrived to take Che direction ofr |he invading army, and the promptitude of his roovemeulj OIOBOE m. 411 lOon lift the British general no other choioe but retreat. The sufferings of the army during this retrograde moTonient transoend the power of deseripaon; discipline was for the most part at an end, and the country they had come to protect was treated by the fhmished soldiers, as if it had belonged to an enemy. 15. (A.D. 1809.) At length, when they reached Oorunna, the enemy was found to have pursued them so doee that nothiitt but a yictoiy or a convention could secure their embarkatipn. Sir John Moore at once decided to risk the chances of battle : he obtained a victory so glorious as to shade the calamities of the retreat ; but unfortunatelv the success of the army was purchased by the life of its gallant commander. 16. (A.D. 1809.) Taking advantage of the withdrawing of the French ixqapB from Germany to recruit the armies in Spun, the emperor of Aus^a again determined to encounter the hazards of war, and endeavour to retrieve his former fortunes. But the same fktality which had hitherto attended the military operations of this power, still counteracted its efforts. Napoleon, in a brief but decisive campaign, made himself master of Vienna^ and though his army met a severe check at Asperne, he soon after obtained a decisive victory at Wagram, which prostrated the Austrian empire at his feet. ^ 11. But while this contest remained as yet doubtAil, the English were fast retrieving their tarnished honour in the pemnsula. Sir Arthur Wellesley was sent again to the scenes of his former glory, and succeeded in expelling the French from Oporto, and several other acquisitions which they had made in Portugal after the retreat of Sir John Moore. He even advanc^ into Spain, and obtained a bril- liant victory at Talavera ^ but being unsupported by the Spanish authorities, he was obliged to relinquish his con- quests, and terminate the campaign without obtaining any decisive advantage. For the skill and bravery, however, which had been displayed at Talavera, Sir Arthur Wellesley was elevated to the peerage, with the title of viscount Wel- lington. 18. To create a diversion in favour of Austria, an expedi- tion was sent to the coast of Holland, under the command of the earl of Chatham and sir Richard Strachan. The fortress of Flushing and the island of Walcheren, were subdued; but the unhealthiness of the climate forced the ponc^uerors to evacuate these acquisitions after the sacrifice i '''J 412 BISTORT Of ENGLAND. of many valuable lives. It must be confessed that the unfortunate enterprise was badly oonoeiTed and badly ex^ cuted; the armament did not reach the coast of Holland until Austria had been irretrievably ruined ; and the main objects of the expedition, the destruction of the French fleet in the Scheldt, and the occupation of Antwerp, were scarcely attempted. 19. There were, however, some gallant exploits per- formed during the year by the British navy, which contri- buted to maintain the national courase. A French squadron lying in Basque Roads wm attacked by lords Gambier and Cochrane ; four ships of the line and three fVigates were burned, and several others disabled. Lord GoUingwood destroyed, in the bay of Rossa, three sail of the line, two j frigates, and twenty transports ; Sir James Saumareus cap- tured a Russian convoy in the Baltic ; and several important | islands were wrested fh>m the French in the West Indies. 20. At home the attention of the public was directed, in I no ordinary dejnree, to a parliamentary investigation into the conduct of his royal nighness the duke of York, as commander-in-chief. After a laborious inquiry, the rovai duke was acquitted by a great majority, but he deemed it right to resign his situation immediately after. On the 25th of October, a jubilee was celebrated with ^eat splendor through the kingdom on account of his majesty's naving | enter^ the fiftieth year of his reign. QMestiofufor Examination. I. What was the condition of Spain at this time? 8. What were the consequences of Godoy's proceedings? 8. How did Napoleon act under these circumstances? 4. In what manner were the Spanish king and prince treated by tbeirl ally? 5. Did the Spanish people show their indignation? 6. Were any triumphs obtained by the Spanish patriots? 7. What was the situation of Fortugal at this time? 8. How was the intelligence of these events received in England? 9. In what manner dia sir A. Wellesley commence his victorious career] in the peninsula? 10. How were the fruits of his victory lost? II. What was the convention of Cintra? 12; To what expedition was sir John Moore appointed ? 18. With what difficulties had he to struggle? \ 14. How was he compelled to retreat? 16. Bt what means was the embarkation of the army secured? 56. What success had the Austrians in their new war against France? .7. I or what victory was sir Arthur Wellesley raised to thepeerage? 18. In what unfortunate expedition did the £uff]ish engage f lb, MS as this loss compensated by any victories? *^o, W^'Pt delicate investigation took place in Epglan^ ? OIOBOI llh SECTION XI. 413 UnH«d let MMh Brtton Jolo, Coangvowljr Advanoe ; We'll bftllie every vain deelgn, Aod oheok ttie pride of Frtmoe.— J7. Tliompion. 1. (A.D. 1810.) The peace with Austria enabled Napo- leon to send forth armies into the peninsula, and the patriots gastained a series of reverses which seemed to have decided the fate of Spain. But it was not in the regular field of battle that the hostilities of the Spaniards were most to be . dreaded ) their bands of guerillas, that cut off all stragglers, intercepted convoys, and harassed every march, were more formidable than any regular armv that could b^ assembled. The presence of the British in Portugal was justly deemed the principal impediment to the tranquillity of the French ia Spain} and Napoleon therefore despatched Mauena with overwhelming lorces to expel the British from the eatire peninsula. The French ruler deemed himself at this time secure on the side of Germany, for he had married the archduchess Maria Louisa, the daughter of the emperor of Austria, having previously divorced Josephine, the faith- ful companion of ail his fortunes. 2. On the approach of Massena, lord Wellington deter- mined to act on the defensive, and insisted every temptation to abandon this cautious line of policy. He retreated lei- surely before the enemy until attacked at Busaco, when he turned on his pursuers, and inflicted on them a severe de- feat. His lordship then continued his retreat to the impreg- nable lines of Torres Vedras, where he determined'to remain until famine should compel Massena to retire. Nothing could exceed the astonishment of the French marshal, who tirmly believed that the British were retreating to their yhips, when he found them halted in a position which it would have been madness to attack : he was at once reduced to inactivity, and forced to spend the rest of the campaign in watching the English lines. 3. While the war thus lingered, the death of the princess Amelia, the favourite daughter of the king, spread a gloom over the royal family, and brought on a returft of that ma- lady by which his majesty had been previously attacked. The remainder of his life was spent in a state of mental imbeciUty, and the government of the country was thence- forth intrusted to the prince of Wales, who acted as regent. 4. A little before this event, a strange revolution took place ia Sweden, the king was deposed, and his family excluded 414 filStOItr OF £irc^LAND. I IVom the throne ; his uncle was elected in his steady and a.^ he was childless, the succession was settled on Charles John Bernadotte, one of Napoleon's generals. 6. (A.D. 1811.) The ability displayed by lord Wellington in selecting the lines of Torres Yedras, and the patience with which he waited the progress of events in that formi- dable position, received at length their merited reward. Hunger and disease made more havoc in the French army than the sword, and Massena soon found that nothing but instant retreat could save him from destruction. In this retrograde movement the French marshal fully maintained his former character for talent j but in every other respect his conduct merits the universal reprobation of posterity. Every crime to which lust and rapini; could prompt an un- principled soldiery, was committed with impunity; the claims of age or sex afforded no protection from murderous outrage *, mangled corpses and smoking ruins marked the tract by which these ruffian-warriors retreated from the land where their hopes had been baffled and their pride tamed. 6. After this success, the campaign lingered without any very decisive operation. An attempt was made to recover Badajoz, which the Spaniards had surrendered to the French under very disgraceful circumstances. Soult advanced to relieve the place, and was engaged by general Beresford at Albuera. The battle was fierce and bloody j the English purchased their victory at a very dear rate, and their losses were so great that they were unable to continue the siege which they had undertaken. Massena, to recover his lost fame, attacked the English at Fuentes d'Honore, but met with a severe repulse j he was soon after recalled, and Mar- mont appointed in his stead. 7. The management of the Spanish armies continued to be intrusted to men, for the most part) ignorant of the first rudiments of their profession. They were frequently defeated in the course of the cam- paign J but they were incapable of being instructed even by adversity. The English, under general Graham, obtained a brilliant victory at Barossa; but the obstina9y and igno- rance of their allies prevented them from reaping the fruit of their success. 8. (A.D. €812.) The restrictions which had been im- posed on the prince-regent being removed, it was expected that some important changes would be made in the adminis- tration ; none, however, took place at that time ; but a sad event in the middle of the year produced a new modification C^EOltaE lit. 415 in the ministry. The premier, Mr. Percival, was assassi- nated in the lobby of the bouse of commons by a merchant named Bellinffham; who fancied that his just claims had been neglected by government. The murderer was tried at the Old Bailey, ana executed j but he seemed to feel little remorse for the horrid crime which he had committed. Lord Liverpool was aprxninted first lord of the treasury, and Hr. Yansittart chancellor of the exchequer, in the room of the deceased minister. 9. Marmont was even a more unsuccessful rival of lord Wellington than his wedecessor Massena; the important fortresses of Giudad Aodrigo and Badajoz Were besieged and stormed before the French marshal could moVe to their relief, and the forts erected to secure the fords of the Douro were taken almost in his presence. The twb armies were several days within sight of each other near Salamanca, without coming to a general engagement : the forces were nearly equal, and the leaders anxiously waited to take ad- vantage of any blunder that might be made by their oppo- nents: At length Marmont made an injudicious movement to his left, in hopes to cut off the British from Oiudad Rodrigo j his line was thus necessarily weakened, and WeUington instantly seized the opportunity to make his attack. The consequence was the total rout of the French, with the loss of fourteen thousand men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. The number of killed and wounded, on the part of the victors scarcely exceeded five thousand. 10. Naturally expecting that the intelligence of this glo- rious victory would stimulate the Spaniards to more vigorous exertions, and relying on the promise of the British ministry to create a powerful diversion by sending an expedition from Sicily to the south-eastern coast of Spain, Wellington, who had been lately created an earl, resolved to advance into the centre of Spain, and drive the enemy from the capital. This brilliant and hazardous enterprise succeeded ; the English were received with enthusiasm in Madrid, ana joy was diffused throughout the entire peninsula. 11. But the hopes which were thus inspired proved delusive j the Spaniards made no .exertion to second the efforts for their hberation; Ballasteros, one fo their generals, Refused to re- ceive any instructions from a foreigner : the force sent from Sicily was, by some blunder of the British ministry, late «>'■ in time and miserable in amount; the French were, there- fore, enabled to threaten Wellington with armies three times ^ I 416 dlSl^ORt 01^ ENQLAKDi Constitation and Guerridre. more numerous than his own. Under these circumstances ths English general resolved to transfer the scene of his operations to the north of Spain; but having failed ia an attack on Burgos, he was compelled to retire to the frontiers of Portugal. During the retreat, the British soldiers sullied their laurels by several outrages, which were severely re- pre hendedby Wellington, and measures taken for their pre- vention in future. 12. In the meantime the ambition of Napoleon had hurried him into a war with Russia, which^ though success- ful in the outset, ended in lamentable rum. The French army advanced in spite of every resistance to Moscow, the ancient capital of the kingdom; but there their triumphs ended. The Russians set fire to the city j the invaders, de- prived of quarters, were forced to retreat ; a severe winter set in, cold and famine destroyed them by thousands, and only a miserable relic of the finest army which had ever been assemble in Europe escaped across the frontiers. 13. Some unfortunate disputes between the governments of Great Britain and the United States led to a war between two countries, which similarity of language and ancient connexion ought to have kept forever in amity. Tiie Americans unsuccessfully invaded Canada, but at sea their frigates obtained some signal triumphs over British vesselsi rnsoBnE III. 41' ,e circumstances le scene of his ing failed in an to the frontiers soldiers sullied rere severely re- en for their pre- Napoleon had though success- a. The French to Moscow, the p their triumphs the invaders, de- a severe winter f thousands, and which had ever 3 frontiers, the governments a war between ;e and ancient in amity. The ( but at sea their r British veaaels. tlie first ol* this series of victories was \kt (Japlure of the British frigate Guerridre, by the American frigate Constitu- tion, commanded by Captain Hull. 14. (A. D. 1813). The Spanish Cortes became at length convinced of the necessity of giving the command of their armies to the British eenoral, and a complete change in the fortunes of the war followed this judicious measure. By a series of brilliant operations^ the French were driven from their several positions on the EbK> and the Douro, com- pelled to abandon the capital, and at length reduced to the alternative of abandoaing the country, or fighting a pitched battle to preserve their toonquests. Joseph adopted the latter course, and drew ujp his forces near Vittoria, which had been made the French depdt in the northern provinces. In this position he was attacked by lord Wellington, on the 21st of June, and after a severe contest utterly overthrown. The artillery, bagoa^e, and military cheot of the fugitives, fell into the batMS of the victors; and so complete was the rout, that the remnants of the defeated army scarcely deemed themselves safe until they had escaped beyond the frontier. Before pursuing them into France, it was neces- sary to reduce the fortresses of St. Sebastian and Pampe- luna, which were immediately invested. The former, after a frightful loss, was taken b^ storm j the latter surrendered some time after, by capitulation. 15. The reverses or the French in the north of Europe were equally signal. Prussia and Sweden joined their armies to Russia ; Austria subsequently joined the alliance, and their united forces obtained a decisive victory over those of the French emperor at Leipsic. The retreat of the de- feated army was disastrous in the extreme; the Germans everywhere joined the pursuers, and, after suffering the most severe calamities, Napoleon's army was driven across the Rhine ; and it became evident that the next campaign would commence with the invasion of France both on her eastern and western frontier. QiMifumi for Examination, 1 How was Bonaparte enabled to give hia undivided attention to the •fiUn of the peniniula f 2. In what manner did WeUiOffton act ? 8. What remarkable event took plaoe at this time in England r 4. Did any revolution take plaoe in Sweden t 5. How did Massena conduct his retreat from Torres Vedras ? i Were there any other remarkable events in the campaign 7 2g ii 4i8 HISTORY OF ENGLAKtt. 7. Upw did the Spaniah ffovernmeiit behave f 8. what event oMuted a ODJUge of ministiy in England r 9. Whit neat tletdiT aid Wimngton i^ 10. How cud Wellington endeaVoar to fi^rove bis Mamph T 11. Bj what (qtowiniitanoet were WeUingt^'s hopes frastrated i 12. In what mw war ad Bonaparte togure 1 18. What new tnettijr aisailMI ile Ea^uShl 14. What gfea| vietoiar did WelUngtonvain over Joseph Bonaparte * 16. Did Napoleon meet anj other reverses t ipiCTION XH. Oh, more or less than man-4n high or low, Bitfttttng %ith nafto^.lyfilg lirrai the flild ; Now maUnf numaron's neois thy lbolsto#-v^ ...- •> > > .^♦^.>'^ Windsor Gtstle. of eighty-one, after a reign of fifty-nine years seven^months and wree days ; the longest and most memorable in the an- nals of England. We are still too near the time in which this event occurred, and too much swayed by the opinions and prejudices resmtine from personal feelings, to draw an impaxtial character of mis venerable sovereign. But whatr ever diversity of opinion there may be respecting the politics of the monarch, none can deny the virtues of the mw< 426 HISTORY OF BNOLAND. Amiable, meroiiUI. benevolent, he was an affeotionaU hus- band, a tender flttneri and a fttithftil Ariend; no prouder epi< taph needs to be ineoribed upon bis tomb.* QuntUmt for Esaminaiion. 1 . In wbafc nanntr wtrtthe bopes of the people of Europe UlMppointedr 3. How did tlM mtorod kinf ot Spain beharer 8. What was the itate of Bngtend after the war? 4. Bt what elroumnaneea were the hopes of the people raliod ? 6. what Tietonr was obtained at Alflerar 6. Bow did forermnent endearour to eheek the progrssi of Mdltion? 7. What tim erent ffiled the nation with ladnear 8. Did aaj other reasarkable elremnitanee ooenr in the royal fkuily r 9. What colonies revolted against the parent state? 10. How was a eonstitution sstabllshed in Spain f 11. What vnfbrtanate olrenmitanee took plaoe at Manchester? IS. What ware the oonseqnencss of tUs eventr i 18. What deaths took place in the royal fhmlly f 1 CONTEMPORART SOYERBIQNS. Clement XIV nw Plus VI 1776 Pius Vn 1800 Mmperori cf Oermany. Joseph n 1766 Leopold 1790 Frandfll 179« Assomed the title of emperor of Austria 1801 Mmptmra qfthe Turks. Mustanha III 1757 AchnMtIV 1774 Selimin 1789 Mahmond n I8O6 Empmrrs oatd Emprestea qf JiusHa. A.S. Peter m 1762 Catharine II 1768 PaulT. 1797 Alexander 1801 Sovtrtiyng of France. Louis XVI....... ....1774 BepnbUs IIW Kapoleon, consul 17W _ewperor MM Louis XVm... 1814 JHn^s y tfpain. Charles in 17W Charles IV m Ferdinand VH 1806 r^lIi^Jr?S!^iJ^^ *»i™ P"* 0' » PO**** tribute to the awmoiy of Oeoriem.fW»m the pen of the Bev. George Croley. Some may coosUer "*^ r^J^^^i®^ ' i*?? *^« ^®"d li wo Moustomed to hearing Itatteiy poured at the feet of kinm, that it would misundentand a candid «»■ knowledgement oftheirv&tnes.nnleM made in the grare style of histpiy: Baise we his monument ! what giant pfle ShaU honour him to ftrpostsrifyf ^^ ^ipannments^i^befiisofisan-^e, - The Toloe ofhis redeeming im^en bs His epteh upon the tihrer seaT i^Jf'^i^*^'^ ^^H^BB ^bese iieek he boDf Tne ntter ana made soul and body flrae : And unjtKwnmMons, fh)m earth's ftrthest shore, 9heU Mess the Christian king till the last sun is e'^r QEORQS ly. i29 pe aiMippointeroe extort it, mto but with my nU.-^Ettkam. 1. (A. D. 1820.) Thb accession of a monarchy who had been actually in the possession of sovereign power for so many previous years, produced no important political changes. George IV. was publicly proclaimed on the Slst of January in London and Westminster, and matters went on for some time in their ordinary course. On the 23d of February, the metropolis was astounded by intelli- lence of a plot being discovered Ibr the assassination of nis majesty's ministers. 2. The Gato-street conspiracy, as it was called, flx>m the little street near the Edseware road, where the oonspiratora used to assemble^ was planned bjr Thistilewopd. who bad been before acquitted on a charge of treason, ma by some other men of desperate finrtunes. Their design was to obtain, on some pretence, admismon to lord Harrowby's, when the ministers were assembled at ^ 428 HISTORY OF ENGLAND. cabinet dinner, and there murder the entire party. 3. But all their plans were betrayed to government by a spy, and a strooe body of police, accompanied by a detachment of the guards, burst into their rendezvous at the moment that they were preparing for the execution of their designs. After some resistance, in which Smithers, a police officer, Vas killed, they were overpowered, and the greater part made prisoners. Thistlewood made his escape, but was subse- quently taken at a house in Moorfields. Such was the poverty and misery of these wretched madmen, who pro- posed to subvert a powerful government, that, when they were searched, not even a shilling was found among the whole party. They were soon after brought to trial : This- tlewooa and four others were executed, some more trans- ported, and government, satisfied with these examples, gave up the prosecution against the rest. 4. Preparations were now commenced for the coronation of his majesty, when they were suddenly suspended by an event which excited more public interest and more an^y feelings than any other that had occurred for a long period. This was the return of queen Caroline to England, and her subsequent trial be- fore the house of lords — matters over which the historian would willingly cast a veil, but which are far too important to be omitted. 5. We have already mentioned the formal separation be- tween the prince of Wales and his consort, soon after their manage ; some years after, her conduct was made the sub- ject of a secret investigation, which, after a long and dis- gusting inquiry, terminated in her su^quittal. After being subject to such an indignity, the unfortunate princess quitted England, and spent her time in travelling, especially in visiting the most celebrated spots on the coasts of the Me- diterranean. She visited Jerusalem, and several other towns of Palestine, and afterwards took up her residence in that part of Italy which is subject to the Austrian emperor, Reports very injurious to her character began to be circulated, and a secret commission of eminent lawyers was sent out to Milan to investigate their truth. 6. On the kin^s accession to the throne, the evidence collected by the Milan commission was made the pretext for omitting the queen's name in the liturgy, and at the same time the honours due to her rank were reftised by fbrei^ powers. Deeply irritated at these results, she de d^OROfi IV* 429 iermiil^ to return to England; though aware that her land- ing would be the signal for the commencement of a rigorous prosecution, and although she had been offered an annuity of tiily thousand pounds on condition of her remaining abroad. 7. She landed at Dover bn the fifth of June, and was re- ceived with the greatest enthusiasm by the populace. !E)qual honours were paid to her along the road to the metropolis, and her reception in London was still more gratifying. 8. On the very day of the queen's arrival in London^ a message was sent to both houses of parliament, requestmg that her conduct should be made the subject of investigation, and that the evidence collected at Milan should be taken into consideration. Some delay was occasioned by a use- less effort of the house of commons to effect a compromise ; this having failed, "a bill of pains and penalties," to deprive the queen of her rights and dignities, and to divorce her from her husband, was introduced into the lords. 9. The trial soon commenced, and lasted forty-five days, after which the bill was read a second time by a majority of twenty- eight j but on the third reading, the ministers could only command a majority of nine, and the bill was therefore abandoned. 10. During these proceedings the agitations of the public mind knew no bounds ; cavalcade after cavalcade was seen proceeding out to Hammersmith, where the Queen resided, with addresses containing the warmest expressions of affec- tion for herself, and hatred of her opponents j the press teemed with virulent libels on all who were conspicuous in either party : disunion even reached the domestic circle, and the question of the queen's guilt or innocence was debated furiously in every society and in every family within the British seas. The abandonment of the bill was hailed by the queen' 3 friends as a complete acquittal, and their delight was testified by a pretty general illumination, though it must be confessed that many who exhibited this outward sign of joy were forced to the display through dread of popular violence. 11. (A. D. 1821.) The heats and animosities produced by the queen's trial continued to rage with unabated fuiy through the remainder of the life of that unhappy lady ; it was even supposed that the rejection of her claim to par- ticipate in the coronation would have led to some serious commotion. But that august ceremony was performed without interruption: the queen, indeed, presented herself 430 itistoUt oIp £NdtAiift». at the dooh) of Westminister Abbey, and was refUaed ad- mittance, but no serious display of popular displeasure followed. 12. This last event produced a fatieJ effect on her health, Which had been long declining; and her death, which, followed soon nifber, was generally attributed to a broken, heart. The fatality which attended this unfortunate woman seemed to follow her very remains. Her funeral was a scene of outrage and violence. It had been intended that the procession should not pass through the metropolis ; but the populace attacked the military escort, and, after some loss of life, succeeded in forcing away the hearse ; the fu- neral array then passed through the city to Whitechapel, where the corpse was restored to the constituted authorities, and then allowed to pass quietly to Harwich, whence it wa» transferred to Brunswick, to repose with the ashes of her illustrious ancestors. . • 13. Immediately afler the coronation, his majesty paid a visit to Dublin, and was received by the Irish people with a burst of loyal affection such as was probably never before .witnessed. Afler a short visit, he embarked at Kingstown in the presence of a countless multitude, who rent the air with acclamations^ and with blessings on the head of the first English sovereign who had visited Ireland without hostile intentions. Shortly after his return, the king m^e an excursion to Hanover, the cradle of his race; and after a brief stay, returned to England. 14. Great distress was experienced throughout the British island by the depreciation of agricultural produce, and con- sequent difficulty of paying rents. In Ireland, the mutual discontents of the land-holders and the peasantry led to several outrages on the part of the latter, perfectly disgraceful to a civilized country. By a little vigorous exertion, however, these violences were repressed, and Comparative tranquillity restored. , ^he distress of the lower classes, which indeed almost exceeded credibility, was relieved by a general and generous subscription in England, which arrested the pro- gress of a pestilential disease, produced by famine and distress. Questions for Examination* 1. By what event were the minds of the people disturbed at the com' menoement of the new reign t 2 . What were the designs of the Cato street conspirators T S. How were the plans of the oonspirators defeated? 4. What event oaosed the coronation to he postponed r . dlORQE IV. 431 h. How did the queen become expoied to suspicion? 6. On wbat ocowion were the efleote of these suspicions ihknifested? 7. How WM the queen received in England? 8. Whet meMuree were taken by the ministry ? 8. How did the queen'i trial terminate ? ^ 10. what eflbct did tbli lamentable occurrence produce in the country? 11. Wae the oeremony of the coronation disturbed? 12. Did any remarkable ciroumitances attend the queen's death and burial? 18. How wae the king received in Ireland ? 14. Was any dietress experienoed in the country ? SECTION n. 1 beard they but the avenging call Their brethren's murder gave. Dlsieniion ne'er their ranks had mown, Nor patriot valour, desperate grown, Sought reflige in the grave.— ^ScoM. 1. A TIME of profound peace furnishes bnt few incidents worthy of being recorded by the historian ; during such a period a nation is silently employed in improving its re- ioarcef> '^tid repairing the injuries which had been inflicted hv waL' c v.^ finances. The unparalleled contest in which Enslanc' lM been so long engaged, imposed on her rulers a task of itij ordinary difficulty j the immense debt which had been accumulated, required a large taxation to pay its inter- est ; and though many exertions have been made to relieve the coun »7 from such pressure, no extensive reduction can reasonably be expected for a very long period. (1822.) 2. After the termination of the parliamentary session, the king proceeded to visit the Scottish capital, and was received by his northern subjects with the utmost enthusiasm. The festivities were, however, soon interrupted by the melancholy news of the death of the marquis of Londonderry, the se- cretary for foreign aft'airs, who had committed suicide in a fit of temporary msanity. After an interval of more than a month, Mr. Canning was appointed his successor, and re- ceived the seals of office at a time when a minister pnossessing his talents and energy was most wanting to the country. 3. The Buropean sovereigns had entered into a league to check the proeresB of revolution, and chose to call their union the hoiy alliance. A coneress was held at Verona, and a resolution taken to subvert tne constitution, and restore despotism in Spain. The duke of Wellington, on the part of England, refused to sanction the design, the execution of which was intrusted to the king of France. (1823.) 4. Early in the following year, the duke of Angouldme, at the head of a powerful army, entered Spain, and soon compelled 432 BtS!CO&T OF £NOLA^i). the constitutionalists, wholly unprepared for rei^islaucc, to unqualified submission. Ferdinand, restored to the exer cise of despotic power, persecuted all whom he suspected of liberal principles with extreme severity, and revived alj the cruel institutions by which the government of Spain has been so long disgraced, with even more than ordinary rigour. 5. The feelinss of the great majority of the English peo- ple were powerluUy excited by this outrage on the liberties of a neighbouring nation : but the ministers had determined to maintain a strict neutrality, though they severely condemned the principles and conduct of the French government. But while despotism was thus re-establishing its iron reign in Europe, freedom had obtained signal triumphs in America; the revolted colonies of Spain l*ad now completed their emancipation, and their independence was acknowled^ by England and several other European powers. 6. A sanguinary struggle fur the liberation of Greece from the Turkish yoke had commenced some time previ ously, but had long produced no result but terrific massacres. The principal members of the holy alliance viewed the insurrection of the Greeks with secret dislike; but the sympathies of the greater part of the people of Europe were awakened in their favour, and several volunteers from England and other countries tendered their assistance to the insurgents. (1824.) 7. Lord Byron, whose poetry had created a powerful feeling in favour of the Greeks, proceeded to aid them by his personal exertions, but unfortunately fell a victim to a fever at Missolonghi, in Western Greece. 8. The British colonies in Africa and India were severely harassed by the assaults of barbarous enemies ; in the former, the governor, sir C. McCarthy, was defeated and cruelly murdered by the Ashantees } but his death was sub- sequently avenged, and these savage warriors forced to submission. 9. In Hindostan, ' the Burmese were totally defeated, their strongest fortifications captured, and their territories placed at the mercy of the British troops; they were consequently forced to solicit peace, which was granted on terms that tend greatly to increase the security of the British possessions in the East. ^ 10. From the time that the union between England and Ireland had been effected, attempts were annually made for the repeal of the remaining restrictive laws against the Bo- man catholics ; repeated failures by no means diminished eSOBQE IV. 4dS to the exer I he suspected ^nd revived al) ment of Spain than ordinary le English peo- on the liberties id determined to jrely condemned ivernnient. But ts iron reign in )h8 in America; completed their Lcknowled^ by I. ation of Greece lome time previ errific massacres. ance viewed the dislike-, but the ^ople of Europe 1 volunteers from assistance to the lose poetry had Greeks, proceeded unfortunately fell 5rn Greece, idia were severely enemies *, in the g^as defeated and is death was suh arriofs forced to lese were totally ptured, and their pitish troops-, they hich was granted le security of the leen England and Vnnually made for U against the Bo-, fmeansdiminishwl the hopes of the Catholic leaders and their friends j and in Iittland the^ formed a permanent associaticm for ike ftirther- ance of their objects. (18260 The members of the Catholic Association were not always very measured in their lan- guage or temperate in their attacks cm government^ and it was judged expedient to suppress meetings which seemed {•regnant with danger. 11. A bill for extending the law in reland against illegal societies was introduced into parlia- menty and as it was expected that catholic emancipation would immediately follow, it passed with but little opposition. This hope was, however, doomed to be disappointed: the catholic question was indeed carried in the lower house, but it was lost in the lords, principally on account of the exertions made by his royal highness the duke of York. 12. Speculations and jointrstook companies of every description had lately multiplied so fast, that the nation seemed infected with a species of insanity : bmt the bubbles soon burst, and a terrible reaction ensued. The confusion of the money market, and the commercial (tmbarrassments thus created, did not entirely disappear for the next two or three years. 13. (A. D. 1826.) The state of Portugal, the oldest ally of England, began now to attract the attention of the public. On the death of John YI., the succession devolved on Don Pedro, who resided in Brazil ; he, however, satisfied with the imperial crown which he had acquired in South America, abdicated the Portuguese throne in fhvour of his daughter Donna Maria, and, to prevent any domestic commotion, hetrothed her to ms brother Don Miguel. Before tidchig this decisive step^ he prepared a constitution, securing the hlessings of civil and rengious liberty to the Portuguese, who, unfortunately, could neither appreciate the one nor the other. 14. A strong party resolved to make Don Miguel absolute king, and, under the « 434 HISTORY OF SNOLAND. following year, after the departure of the English troops, he iiaur^ the oroWn in defiance of the claims of his nieoe, and xmmediately after abrogated the conetitntion and pro. claimed himself absolute. The young aneen of Portugal had, in the mean time, arriyed in Enelana ; but finding her firiends not sufficiently strong to oyertnrow the usurper, she returned to her father's court at Rio Janeiro. Qfuttum»for Examinaiiuii., 1. By what oiroumstanott had the Bnglish mlnliton bean long embar> miad? 2. What avent oanied a change in the minlitry ? 8. For what purpoM waa the holy alUanoe formed f i. How was the Spanish constitation overthrown ? 6. What rerolntionaooenrred in Sooth Amerieaf ft, Did any European nation make a llaroe straggle for fteedom f 7. What remarkable English nobleman died wfifle aiding the Greilu! 8. Bid any wan take place in the British colonies ? \ 9. How did the Bonnese war terminate? 10. Whet remarkable eiroomstanoe occorred in Ireland? 11. Didparliament adopt any measure in consequence? 13. WhK peeuniaiy embarrassments oeeurred in England? 18. How was publio attention direoted to the affldrs of Portugal? .14. In what manner did the English government behave? 16. What was the final tenninanon ox the straggle in Portugal? SECTION m. -» ! We cannot walk, or sit, or ride, or travel. But death is by to seize us when he Wi^.— Scott. 1. (A. D. 1827.) Death and disease, among the great and noble of the land, produced some important changes in the councils of Great Britain. On the 6th of January, his royal highness the duke of York died, sincerely and generally lamented, more especially by the army ) for his conduct ever since his restoration to the office of commander-in-chief, had deservedly procured for him the endearing appellation of "the soldier's friend." 2. On the 17th of February, the earl of liverpooL prime minister of England, was seized with a fit of apoplexy, which terminated his political exis^ ence, though his natural life was prolonged to the close of the BudeeMing year. He was succeeded by Mr. Canning. whose commanding eIo(j|uence and enlightened views h«i made him almost irresistible in the house of commons. 3. But the additional flttigues imposed upon the h^hly-gifted 0tate«nan, and the fierce opposition he had to encounter, proved too much for a c. Frederick IV 1797 iBny^enr qf Biutkt, Nioholail im King qf Sardinia. CharletFeUx. Ml King qfSawny, Antbony Olonwnt. 1827 King qf Spain, a.d. Ferdinand TU....180S King of Evndm and Norway. CbarleiXiy 1818 Grand Seigttior qf 7\irhev. tfahaondll I80e Xhuf of WirtenOwg. FredertoWUliRm..l8i6 CHAPTER XXXVIIL * WILLIAM IV. Bom 1766. Began to relffnl88l>. l>ied June 90, 1887. I SECTION I. ^ The love of libortjr with lift i» dren, And life itaelf the InlkriMr giftof heaven.— />>'y<^. 1. Rarely has the accesaion of a new sovereign afforded Buch general ^^tis&ction at waa maniftstad by all classes when the duke of Clarence ascended the throne, with the title of William IV. Unlike hia predeoeaiorfl; his habiid were economical and h^ manners fivmiliar ) he exhibited himself to his people, conwaed with them, and shared in their tastes and amusements jl^thin a few weeks lie attained an unpre- cedented degree ojM^pulari^. and was reverenced by his . subjects as a &ther^ and loved by them as a friend. 2. No '' change was made in the ministry ^ but as his majestjr was . connected by marriage with some of the leading whigs, it '■■■ was generally believed that the policy which rigidfy excluded that party from oSk^ during the two preceding reigDs, '% would not be maintaii^ in fUlT force. The hopes of a coali- tion between the Wellington administration and the whigs were, however, soon dispelled ; the opposition to the minis- try, which had been almost nominal during the preceding sessions, was more than usuiiUy violent in the debate on the address ; and though the formal business oi both houses was hurried through with all possible despatch, the whigs were pledged to a virtual declaration of war agftinst the cabinet , before the prorogation of parliament. 3. The parliament was dissolved on the 24th of July ; but before it could be again convened, a revolution in a neigh- William iv. 439 iytn,~-J>>'ifden. ition in a nei bousing country produced important effects on the publio mind, and in some degree convulied all Europe. Charles X^ in defiance of the wisnes and feelings of tibe great majoritj ol the French people, was eager to restore the royal and sa- cerdotal power to tne eminence which both possessed before the revolution. He found in prince Polignao a minister able and willing to second his urojectSi and he placed him at the head of the cabinet. Polignac thought tliat, by mtifjring the national vanity of the French, and indulging their pas- sion for military glory, he might be able to divert their atten- tion from domestic exploits: previously to dissolving the chamber of deputies, he therefore proclaimed war against the dey of Algiers, who had committed several outrages on the subjects of France. But the expectations of the prince were miserably disappointed. His cabinet was assailed with o, ferocity and violence to which the annals of constitutional warfare fUmish no parallel ; and as the actions of its mem- bers afforded no opportunity for crimination, their opponents made amends by attacking their presumed dfesipns and inten- tions. When the chamber of deputies met, an address, hos- tile to the ministry, was carried by a large majority. 4. The king instantly prorogued the ohambers ; and when the reduc- tion of Algiers had, as he fondly hoped, gratified the nation and restored his popularity, he once more hazarded the Serilous experiment of a dissolution. The new chamber of eputies was still more hostile than the preceding. Polignac aa4 his colleagues saw that they could not hope to retain their power by constitutional means, and in an evil hour they prepared three ordinances by which the French charter was virtually annihilated. The first dissolved the chambers before they assembled, the second disfranchised the great body of electors, and the third imposed a rigid censorship on thepress. 6. When these ordinances first appeared on Monday^ the 28thof July, they excited astonishment rather than indigna- tion; a number of persons, however, connected with the journals of Paris, assembled, and issued a n^ifesto, in which tiiey declared their resolution to resist, by all the means in their pofwer, the enforcement of the ordinance im- posing restrictions on the press. Several of the daily iour- naJs were not published on tlie following morning, ana the printers and compositors engaged in their preparation, being left without employment, formed a body of active rioters. They were joined by the workmen from several manufac- 440 tllStOilt of BNOtAND. toriesy the proprietors of wkioh hftd agreed to Huspeiid tlieit' ^ueineM during the crisis, thus throwing into the streets an insurreotionary lorce^ whoso ferocity was more formidable than ^ilitary disciphne. Some disturbances took place at the offices oi two jovrnals, the proprietors of which persisted in publiehing appeals to the populace; but they seemed to be of so little importance, that Charles went to enjoy his favourite amusement of huntin^^ and his ministers, with similar in- fatuation, neglected to strengthen the f^ison of Paris. 6. In the evening of Tuesday, the appearance of the military to reinforce the police became the signal for the commence> ment of a contest. Several lives were lost, but the soldiera succeeded in dispersinff the riotous mobs ; and when thepr re- turned to their oarradcs. Marshal Marmonty the military commander oi Paris, wrote a letter to the kirlff, congratulat- ing him on the restoration of tranquillity ; and the minjsters prepared their last ordinance, declaring the capital to be in a state of siege. 7. But the apparent triumph of the royalists was delusive; scarcely were the troops withdrawn when all the lamps in Paris were broken, and the citizens, protected by darkness^ made energetic preparations for the struggle of the ensuing day; barricades were erected, arms were procured firom the shops, the theatres, and the police-stations, and the arsenal And powder magazine were seized by the populace. When the morning of Wednesday dawned, Marmont beheld with alarm the tri-coloured flag, the banner of insurrection, wav- ing from the towers of the cathedral, and the preparations made on all eides for an obstinate struggle. He instantly wrote to the king, recommending conciliatory measures ; but receiving no answer, he prepared to act on his previous in- structions. Dividing his troops into four columns, he direct- ed them to move in different directions, and made circuits through the principal streets occupied by the insurgents. A series of sanguinary conflicts took place, in all of which the royalists were worsted ; the troops of the line manifested the greatest reluctance to fire upon their countrymen ; some of them disobeyed orders, and others went over to the in8u^ gents. When evening dosed, the soldiers had been beaten at every point, and they returned to their barlracks wearied and disiqspointed. No provision was made for their refresh- ment after the toils of the day, while all the houses in Paris were fireely opened to the insurgents, and the citizens vied WltLtA&t It. 441 With Mcii other in supplying them with everything that they needed. 8. The struggle was renewed with great furv on the momiag of the third day ; Marmont and the miniBtere, now ooovinoed of their danger, proposed a suspension of arms ^ but before anything decisive oould be effected, two regiments of the line unflzed their bayonets, and went over to the in- sttrmnts in a body. The populace reinforced by these rushed through the gap thus opened; carried the Louvre by itorm, and opened nrom this position a terrible fire on the eolnmn of the ro^al army. Under this new attack the sol- diers reeled ; their assailants saw them waver, and charging with resistless impetuosity, drove them to a pii^oipitate re- treat Marmont and his staff escaped with great difficulty, his ffoattered detachments were taken or cut to pieces ; befoi e three o'clock Paris was tranquil, and the victory of the ( .o- ple complete. 9. The members of the chamber of deputies, who hap- pened to be at Paris, met at the house of M. Lafitte, and or, -un- tied a provisional government; and on the following Fiiiiay they proclaimed the duke of Orleans lieutenant-general of the kmgdom. On the 3rd of August the chambers met, pur- suant to the original writs of convocation, and the national representatives raised the duke of Orleans to the throne, under the title of Louis Philippe L, king of the Frei oh. Charles X. was dismissed to exile with contemptuous hu- manity ; but the efforts of the new government to protect the obnoxious ministers almost produc^l a new civil war. Four of these unfortunate men^ arrested by individual zeal, were brought to trial : an infuriated mob clamoured for their olood, bat their judges had the firmness to sentence th. t. to perpetual imprisonment; and soon after their reitoval U.> ueir destined place of confinement, public tranquillity was restored. 10. The revolution of Paris was closely followed by that of Brussels. The union of Belgium with Holland by the treaty of Vienna was an arrangemeri which contained no elements of stability, for the Belgians and the Dutch were aliens to each other in lang^a[:;e, religion and blood. The ttbitrary measures of the king of Hofland's prime minister provoked a formidable riot in Brussels, on the night of the 26th of August, which the indecision, cowardice, and stu- pidity of the Dutoh^ authorities fostered into a revolutionary vir. The prince of Orange made some efforts to mediate between the contending parties, but he only exposed himself 442 filSTORt OiP ENaLANi). to the suspicions of both ; and, after a brief struggle, Bel- gium was severed from the dominions of the house of Nassau. 11. Several insurrectionary movements took place in Ger- many f the duke of Brunswick was deposed, and replaced by ms brother j the king of Saxony was forced to resign in favour of his nephew, and theelectorof Hesse was compelled to grant a constitutional charter to his subjects. Poland next became the theatre of war: its Russian governor, the archduke Gonstantine, was expelled, and the independence of the country proclaimed; but after a long and sanguinary struggle, the gallant Poles were forced to yield to the gigan- tic power of Russia. 12. In England, the rural districts, especially Kent and the northern counties, exhibited alanring signs of populaj* discontent } but the a^tation in Ireland was of a still tnore dangerous character, and seemed to threaten the dismember- ment of the empire. Great anxiety was felt for the opening of jNurliament, and the development of the line of policy which the ministers would adopt at such a crisis. It was with surpnse that the people learned from the premier, on the very first night of the session, that not only he was un- prepared to bring forward any measure of reform, but that he would strenuously oppose any change in parliamentary representation. 13. The unpopularity which the duke of Wellington seemed almost to have courted by this declara- tion, was studiously aggravated by the aats of his opponents; and when the king hiM accepted the invitation of the Lord Mayor to dine with the citizens on the 9th of November, a letter was sent to the duke of Wellington by a city magis- trate, warning him that he would be insulted, perhaps in- jured, by the mob, if ^e did not come protected by a military escort. The ministers in alarm resolved to put a stop to the entire proceedings ; and on the 8th of November, to the great astonisnment of the public, it was announced, not only that the king's visit would be ix>stponed, but that there would be neither the usual civic procession in honour of the new Lord Mayor, nor the dinner in the Guild-hall, for which great preparations had been made, in consequence, as was alleged, of some seditious conspiracy. The first effect of the an- nouncement was a general panic j the fiinds fell four per cent, in one day, and the whole country was. filled with anxiety and alarm. But when it was discovered that no serious grounds existed for the apprehensions which ' mtLiAii IV* 443 been ezcited| all who had a share in exciting it were assailed with a tempest of indignant ridicule, which even a strongs cabinet than tluit of the duke of Wellington could not hare resisted. 14. When the ministerial measure for the arrange- ment for the civil list was introduced. Sir Henry Pamell moved a resolution which implied that tne ministers no longer possessed the confidence of parliament. After a calm de- bate, marked by unusual moderation on both sides, the reso- lution was carried in a full house by a majority of twenty- nine votes ; the duke of Wellington and his colleagues instantly resigned, and earl Grey received his majesty's commands to form a new administration. 15. Earl Grey' ministry was formed of the leaders of the old whig party and the friends of the late Mr. Canning ; the mcit remarkable appointment was that of Mr. Brougham to the office of Lord Chancellor, as a very few days before bis elevation he had declared ^' no change that may take place in the administration can by any possibility affect me." His immediate acceptance of a peerage and office consequently excited surprise, and provoked harsh conmients. Parliament adjourned for a short time to give the new minis- ters an opportunity for maturing their plans, which were stated by the premier to include economy and retrenchment at home, non-interference in the affairs of foreign states, and a reform in the commons' house of parliament. 16. Great anxiety was felt about the nature of the reform which the ministers would proi)ose. Their measure was developed to the house of commons by lord John Bussel, on the 1st of March, 1831, and it was found to include a greater amount of change than had been anticipated either by friends or enemies. All boroughs not containing two thousand inhabitants were totally disfranchised, those that had less than four thousand were restricted to returning one member, and the rights of representation of which these were deprived were given to large manufacturing towns, four districts of the metropolis, and to divisions of the large counties. Similar changes were proposed in the representa- tion of Scotland and Ireland. 17. A measure which involved so important a change in the constitution, was one which naturally provoked pro- tracted discussions. The debate on its mtroduction lasted ^ ieyen nights; the second reading of the bill was only carried I by a majority of one. The ministers were subsequently de- feated on two divisions, and were compelled either to resign 444 kts^oRir oP iNdUKd. their situations or dissolve their parliament. His majesty carried his resolution , into effect to support the leabiriet by dissolving the parliament in person, ana an appeid was then made to the people, on the most important constitutional questioh that had been raised since the accession of the house of Hanover. 18. The event of the elections more than answered the expectations of the most ardent reformer. When the new parliament met, it appeared that fully two-thirds of the repre- sentatives were pledged to support the minister. The pro- gress of the Reform Bill through the house of conmions though slow was certain, and on the 22nd of September it was sent up to the lords. Its fate in the upper house was very different; it was rejected on a second reading by a majority of forty-one. This decision produced violent and even dan- gerous excitement ! but the promptitude with which the tiouse of commons, on the motion of lord Bbrington, pledeed itself to the support of the ministers and their measure, calmed the agitation in the metropolis and the greater part of the coun- try. Serious riots, however, took j>lace at Derby and Not- ingham, which were not quelled until considerable mischief hfM been perpetrated; Bristol suffered still more severely from the excesses of an infuriate mob, and the disturbances were not suppressed until an immense quantity of public and private property had been wantonly destroyed. 19. In the midst of this political excitement the country was visited by a pestilential disease called the Asiatic cho- lera, which proved very destructive, though its lavages were not so great in England as in some parts of the continent. This must, under Providence, be attributed to the judicious measures adopted by the government, and to the zealous ex- ertions of all the gentlemen connected with the medical pro- fession throughout the empire. In Ireland, agrarian insur- rections were added to the horrors of pestilence the pea- sants, driven to desperation by famine and oppression on the one hand, and stimulated by the violent harangues of itiner- ent demajgogues on the other, committed several atrocious outrages, which could not be jestrained by the ordinary operations of constitutional law. France and Italy were also disturbed by insurrectionary movements, 'which were, however, soon suppressed ; and the revolution of Belgium wa6 completed, by its beinjg formed into a monarchy under prince Leopold of Saxe Ooburg^ whose chief recommenda tion was his connection with the royal ^rnily of England. WILLIAM IT. 446 20. These circumsttaoes induced the'iuinisters to conrene narliunent for Uie third time within the year j the Reform Bill was i^n introduced; and^ after the second reading, had been carried l^ a decisive majority; the houses adjourned till thb commencement of the foUowmg year. When they re- assenibled, the Reform Bill was carried steadily throu^ its remaining stages in the lower house, and once more brought into the house of peers, where its fate was regarded with great anjuety. BeTcral of its former opponents, called wa- verers, had resolved to vote for the second reading, with the hope that the measure might be greatly modified in com- mit^'^e, and by their aid the bill pased this important stage by a majority of nine. But the ministers had no reason to boast of this success j more than twenty of those who had supported the second readins were pledged to resist the most important clauses, and, by their aid, a motion for instruction to the committee on the bill, which virtually took all control over the measure out of tne hands of its proposers, was carried by a majoritv of thirty-five. Lord Grey, in con- junction with his oolkagueS) i»oposed to the king a new creation of peers, his majesty refused his assent to so extreme a measure, and all the members of the cabinet instantly resigned. Tha king th enap^ed to the duke of Wellington to form a new administration, and his grace un- dertook the task under circumstances of greater difSculty than had y«t been encountered by a British state^nan. Op- posed by the bulk of the nation and by a large majority of tke house of commons, the duke soon discovered that it would be out of his power to form a ministry y he therefore Nttgned the commission, and advised the king to recall his former advisers. Lord Grey returned to power, having se- cured the success of the Reform Bill by a compromise with its opponents. It was agreed that the ministers should not create peers^ but that the leaders of the opposition should lecede from the house until the Reform Bill became the law d the land. Under these dreumstanoes the measure was passed without any impediment through its remaining stages, mi. on the 7th of June it received the rc^yal assent. Qutrtiont /br Mxammaiion. 1. How wss tde sooMdon of WUUsm rv. reeeiT^d ? S. Whttt wss the ftftte of psrtlsi st the eommmi eenent ol the new relgu ? 9r WHU whstdeiifB 414 tbe;? reaeli mtaleten deelsre wsr.«f«iBeUI0#rfT 446 HIIiTORT OF BNOLANI). 4. Wliftt ordinwoioM wer« iMued bT PolignM? 6. Bow were tbey reoeived in Para ? 6. Wbmi did tho contest between the citizens of Paris and thd royal troops bocfn? 7. In what ooiMUtion was the royal cause after the second day's straggle inPazis? 8. How was the contest in Paris terminated f 9. Was any chanae made in tlM government of France f 10 Did the French Bevolution produce any effect in Belginm? 11. Were there any insurrectionary movements in any other parts of the eonttietttr 12. What remarkable declaration was made by the duke of Wellington? 18. Why was the king's visit to the dty postponed t 14. How was the Wellinfton administration dissolved? 16. On what principle was lord Orey's ministry coMtmeted f 16. What was the general nature of the Seform Bill f . 17. How was it received on its first introduction into the house of com- mons? 18. What was the fitte of the Beform Bill in the new parliamentr 19. In what condition were Great Britain and the continentat ttUs ctimt 20. How was thei Beform Bill lUtftmad^ carriedf SECTION n. The palace sounds with wail, The courtly dames are pale, A widow o'er the purple bows, and weeps its qplendour dim ; And we who clasp the boon, A king for flreedom won. Do feel eternity rise up between our thanks and him,— .^non. 1. (A.D. 1833-7.) Thb revolution in France, the ex- citement attending the agitation of the Beform Bill in Eng- land) the difficulty which impeded the arrangement of the affairs of Belgium, and the war in Poland) threatened con- sequences fatiQ to the peace of Europe : it was only by dow degrees that the^agitated waves were stilled, and appearances more than once 'seemed to threaten a renewal of the storm. Louis was zealously supported by the middle classes in France, but he was exposed to the plots of the GarUsts and republicans, who were equally hostile to the continuance of a government so adverse to their favourite schemes. A Gar- hst insurrection in the south of France, and a republican riot at the funeral of General Lamarque in Paris, threatened to invplye the nation in the perils of a civil war ; but the republicans were unable to withstand the firmness of the national guard, and the capture of the duchess of Berri put an end to the war in the south of France. 2. Don Pedro had resigned the crown of Portugal when he was chosen emperor c^ Brazil ; but when he was deposed by his South American suhjects, he resolved to support his WILLIAM ly. 447 MofWeUington? Hie house of oom- id bim.—^nGn. daughter' f claims to the throne of Portugal. Having se- cretly organized a considerable force of Endish and French adrenturers, ht effected a landing near Oportoy and took possession of that city. He expected an insurrection, but none took place ; and he was cloisely besieged in the citjr by the usurper Mieuel. A desultory wak' ensued, distinguished by no remarkable events, untU Miguel's fleet was captured by Admiral Napier with a very inferior force ; after which Lisbon was surj^rised by the constitutional forces,* and the usurper driven into exUe. Don Pedro's death, which soon followed his victory, did no injury to the constitutional cause, and his daughter, Don Maria da Gloria, remains in undis- turbed possession of the crown of Portu^. 3. The influMice of Russia was exercised in resistin£ the progress of liberal opinion in Germany, but was more alarm- ingly dirolayed in the east of Euro|pe. Mahommed Ali, the pacha of Egypt, threw of his allegiance to the sultan, and sent bis son Ibrahim to invade Syria. The superior disci- pline of the E^ptian troops rendered their victories easy, and Ibrahim mignt have advanced to the suburbs of Constan- tinople, and perhaps have taken that city, had not the sultan sought protection from the Czfur. A Russian armament de- livered the Ottoman empire fh>m the impending peril, but the acceptance of such aid rendered the sultan a dependent on the court of St. Petersburg. 4. Such was the state of Europe when the British parliar meat was dissolved, and a new election held pursuant to the provisions of the Reform Bill. In England and Scotland the ministers had very large majorities ] but in Ireland a new party mustered in considerable force, consisting of members pledjged to support the repeal of the union. 6. One of the earliest measures which engaged the attention of the re- formed parliament, was a coercion bill for suppressing the agrarian disturbances in Ireland, and checking the pohtical agitation by which these tumults were in some measure en- couraged. The bill passed the lords without difficulty ; but in the lower house it encountered so fierce an opposition, that the ministers were compelled to abandon some of the most ; obnoxious clauses. . With the coercion bill a measure for the j regulation of the Irish church was very closely connected. The Irish church stands in the unpopular pr^eament of possessing a wealthy- national establiwmisnt, while the great^ majority of the people belong not merely to a different, but to a hostile fi^ith ^ impediments have consequently been of- m HISTORY OF ENGLAND. f«red to the collection of its revenues, and tL^re has a^^roslj been any popular disturbance in Ireland during tbe greater part of a century, which has not been more or less remotelj connected with the tithe^uestion. Under tiiese circum- stances, the conservative jpar^ generally supported the elf^s of the church in their full efficiency ; the inod6rate,refonnerB prcqpoeed, that after provision had been made for all neces- sary ecclesiastical uses, the surplus should be applied to some obje(^tW*public utility, such as national education; and a third party, stronger in zeal than numbers^ r^^arded the pro peil^y of the church as a fund that might be seized for Une purposes of the state. The ministers steered a middle course between the extreme parties, and uf course eave perfect satis- faction to neither ; they aboashed ten bishoprics, but Uiej abandoned the clause for applying the surplus to pulses not ^{mrely ecclesiastical, in order to ikcilitate th^ passjage of the bill through the house of lords. The Bftotion was r^- dered more agreeable to the Irish cler^, thui it would other- wise have been, by the grant of a milhon sterling as a loan, in lieu of tlie arrears of tithes which they were unable to collect 6. The renewal of the charter of the bank of EngUuul, led to some important discussions on the fuianciajl state of the country; but much more important was the change made in the constitution of the East India Company. Wmle that body was secured in its political righta over the vast emj^ which it had acquired in Hindostan, it was deprived of its exclusive privileges of commerce, and the trade with India and China was freely opened to all the subjects of the Bjitisb crown. Equally great was the change made in the constita- tion of the British West India colomes by the total abolition of n^ro slavery ; the service of the negro was changed into a comj^ulsory apprenticeship for a limited time, and a com- pensation of twenty millions sterling was granted- to the pro- prietors of the slaves. .7. Nothwithstaading the importance and value of these changes, the reform parliament was far from satisfying ,tht expectations which had been rather top sanguinely formed by ^e people. Some dissatisfaction was expressed at ^i limited amount of the reductions of taxation, the continuance of the com laws, and of military flogging, ana the imprest- mmt of seamen. It was also suspected ^^t the cabinet wu iisfiU divided on more than one question of public {policy Bf In the United States some discus»on arose, in which WILLIAM IT. 449 the mtoreits of Endand m a eommercial country, were ma- teriftlly iiiToWed. The Tariff eanctioned by Congreee, im- poiing heavy duties on the import of manaflusfcurod goods, was etrenuoualy opposed by the southern states, espmallv the Carolinas ; and an appeal to arms was threatened. With some difficulty a compromise was effected, but the attack thus made on the permanence of the union is still felt in America. The hostility of the American president to the tMudanc system induced him to withdraw the public de> posits from the bank of the United States, and a violent shock was thus given to commercial credit, which produced injurious results on both sides of the Atlantic. 9. The agitation in Ireland for the repeal of the union was continued during the recess } and soon after the meeting of parliament, Mr. (rConneD introduced the subject into the house of commons. His motion was rejected by a majority of five hundred and twenty against fifty-eight, but at the wme time parliament pledged itself <^to remove all just cause of complaint to promote all well considered measures of improvement" But on the nature of these measures the cabinet was divided ; and the majority havm^ evinced a dis- position to appropriate the surplus ecclesiastical revenues to seoular purposes of general utility, the earl of Ripon, the dtd^e <^ nichmond, Mr. Stanley, and sir James Qraham, re- idgned their offices. Their places were soon supplied j but the changes were verv distasteflil to the house of lords, and the new uish tithe Ull was rejected by a decided majority. 10. Another Irish question led to further changes in the nunistry. In the discussion on the renewal of the coercion bOl, it ai>peared that some membei;s had aereed to certain compromises with its opponents of which weir coUeagues were ignorant. The disclosure of these negociations Ira to the resignation of lords Althorp and Gre}^ the former of whom, however, returned to office when lord Melbourne was appointed premier. These ministerial dissensions and the opposite views of the majorities in the house of lords and commons, greatly impeded the progress of legislation : almost the only important measure of the session was a bill for the reform of the poor-laws, which, though it effected roj great changes, was not much connected with party pofiticB. U. The anomalous position of the government gave general dissatisfaction ; tne cabinet was assailed with equal violence by the conservatives and the extreme section of the 2e I i 450 H18T0ET or ENGLAND. re no e^ri9^£|i anid tfiia kiue e^n Ukaii to ah^w that W tris bj .0 meand 8ft^«i$di wijth the conaupt of hi/^ MMi^i^ ii^. cli^ the l6rd, dnan^^IIor, wiio/,durtDg k t6bif iJci/Scotlind, l^ad^ma^e iBoine ipcoiisistent 4nd ^^tradidinflrj^ sp^^dh^s at Yj^Q^s' public, me^ti]iip;s. Dn the Heath of iirX Bp^iiet, lord Aii^i^ was obliged io yitcate his office of chay ellbr of the excheau^f and i^e kin|; tfK)k ihi^^ oppbriunitV of dtetiiissing t)>e Jllef^urne, a(jumiuyB&ation. 9^ Biobiert Peel ' was ap|knnt- ed pri^mieir ; biiiti ci^ he was i^beent 0n the )don*iiileiit, the duke of WeUlbgioh undertook the )aiiniigemkhi of p^ijlic affairs till his 'JeEirn. ^J "V;;:;"''!^' f 'v''~ *" ^''^ 12. After siif^tl^^f to h^s c^binety t^ j^rli^inent was dis^olv^^ andaiiew election brougtit iW atrepgth of pjEirties^ a T^rV.sciy^re test. In £i)g)ahd me p^r^jsw; at 9ir itobert If^ieVs altmltii^rfttibn had a ^mj^l ^ijajoi^ty j bjift in tr^land, ai^ unfor^iinAti^ afirayat I^tlioQirmacky lunsiii^g vovf^ an att^Bmpt t6' ^hrox'ce the pay- ii^eut of tithes, so exaspeVAted the ipauiblio {i6iiuliBkti0n^ that the ^iiin|8teriiu c^udida^s were alUaok (^Vff^h^rb linsuc- cessfiil. Wnep the parliament assembled} t^e iniiifdters ^ere beaien at t^^ very outset in the c^otcfe of a; Ap^iBflcer: Mr. ..^beircrombj^ the opi>Opition c^ciidftte, l^^Vlnj^' Wn |^)referred to'the miniateriiil qandidate, sur Ql^ai^le^ Sutton, ^i^^' majbrity often. Several other motioi^d w0^ d^^d(^ i^a^t the n^inisterk but none that iuyolvedi a necessitjri'orlre'si^atlon, liutil lora, John^iissen propos^ $ resolUtibiii i^Hikvymesr >v^ iutroduced reg^roing .fiisS titles ^Jip^uj'd bi f6u»d^ on theprincipie of approroiatine th^ .i^liife reVeiin)^ tb purposes pf ;^eperal utility. The motion w^ cabled b^ a mAjonty of t^entj-three: sirBobert l^eet an^ Ms collei^^ue^ itfitoediately reigned, and the Helb^ume cibmet wIeU ife^ijoried^ wiUi the remarkable exception bf loird, Brou^ani. whbb this subji^t, We may mcftation h^re ^tM this War still oi^ftized is the entfi^ cotidition of sodelrj^'in' tH^ peikini^la, that there i(s ho present i)rospect of its beiiiig' speedily restored to a state of oraer and settled ^ov- enimcteft. Thoiiigh the civil war in Portugal hks hbt been T^enewed^' the couiiftry continues to be distracted by contests between rival partieS) whose struggles are too ofUn decided by open force, rather than cohstattttional means. Hi^'Tlie oominiencemenVof tfaeparliametit^ in 1836,' showed that the differences between the majori^ of the lords and the tnaj(vity bf the commons were fttr from being reconciled. Thley were at ifesne principally oh the line of policy that ought to be |>urshed towards Lrelahd, and on the measures foiF&reigalatli^ the established dhurch in Eng- laiid and '^ehiid. It Was propotled that the Irish corporations j^hould be reform^' acdoming to the plan which, in th^ pre- m HUTOBT Of IMOLAMD. ocding jttii, had be«n •doptad for finikurbodkt in Vh^Und, and a DiU.«inbod7iBg thU priadpto rtotivtd tht 1—011011 of the lower houee ) the lordi, howeTtr. inaiaUd that tht state of ■ocifily in Ireland wae luoh that munioipal inatitiUioni were not adapted to that eoontrr, and rteolved that the oor* poratione should be altogether aMlishfdt to t«t amendment the commons rsfUsed toafreeb and the Ull was conseqnently lost Asimilar ihte awaited the Irish tithe UU} the We rejected the appropriation clause, and the commons would not accept the measure without it. LawSi howerer. were passed for the commutation of tithes in England, lor the registration of births, deaths, and marriages, and for regula- tin|; episcopal seee^ tne opposing parties wnv% each yielded a little to ensure unanimity. ^ . 17. In Upper Canada the refractoi^ house of assembly was dissoWedl and at the new election a majority of memWrs faYOun^e to the British government was returned. But in Lower Canada the demands of the French party were not only renewed but increased : and the governor, after a vain effort to conciliate the house of assembly, put an end to the session. 18. In America tbM progress cf the contest between Presi- dent Jackson and the Bank of the United States, grsatly em- barrassed a}l commercial transftcticBf * In splitc oT all legis- lative prohibitions, the countiy was inundated hy an over issue of paper monejr; and the govemmcfit) to oh^ck the evil, decresa tfMti '^B^ *^* shoOd bs received in Myment for public lands. The small notes were immediately depre- ciated, several banks failed, and many of the leading mer- chante and traders were unable to dischaiKC thehr engage- ments. The crisis was sensibly folt in Bnglandj where it greatljT checked the speculation in rail-roads, which were bej^nning to be carried on to a perilous extent t the manufac- turing districts suffered most severely flfom the temporary Sressure; but the crisis was soon over, and trade again owed in its accustomed channels. 19. The parliamentary session of 1887 produced few measures of importance ; on Irish measures the houeei maintained their o|qioeite opinions^ and of course nothiog was done*, in matters of eoclesiastieal policy the result was precisely the same ) the only mMtcr in which there was any appearance of unanimity^ wjm in the adoption of resolutions for administering the government of Lower Canada in oppo- sition to the relractojy house of Micmbl^* A gloom VlOfOftlAt 4ft8 tbitoum Of tut tkese tnd other ditoniaions by th« iMrMting iUiiMi of the kfait^ whoM diaeate tA an Murl j period pror noeticated He Hital termination. Hie najeety died on tne mominff of the 20th of Jane, iinoerely regretted hf wtrj elaii of hie aubjeote. During hie reicn of nearly eeren jeara^ the nation enjoved trMonlllitj both at home and abroad; H wae the onij teign in the annale of England during which there wae no ezeontion for treaaon and no fbreign war* -S'ltiJ TKM QiMtfiofM/of ExtMiniUiioin, Y WlMt WM tte ooadlttoa atjnnm afttr the ItorolvUper Did KKf dTU wv ariw m Fortapd' S. How nitf Turknr ft>reed teto dependoBM on Bairfaf 4. WiMtwattteflMeofpeillMiiitbetiik ' 6. To wluH mteMureof dooMitte potter ^^m tlie tttMi dlf«aledf 6. WhatdtaagewMmdelBtheDMkead Wcetledteoolonietr 7. Did tbe Nftrmtd pwrliuMat miUtf txpeetattoasr 8. To wliat danger WM the Aaom^eeii wilon eaupoMdr M>a what qvaftton wie lord Omt's eefiteetluRdiidr 10. Whatulieiimiteiioiii led to ilMigwf ebeage In tiie atohtry f 11. Ob what ooeaiioii waathe Melbourne oaolnet diiiolTedf 11 How wat dr BobertPeel ooinpelled to mlnif itr iparliai itlra of parHamettt ft Wtlh what aieaaera did the XelbouiM aalnlatrj MMoeedr VL In wiMit oenditlon wae Gaaadaf 1ft. cSayoeitatetheeireBmrtanoeeof theelTflwartnSpafaif ii. Oa what mlSHw were the teajoiltieaof m lords aaaeoflUMiii at varieDoe^f - - S. What wae the jwwiwii of flafd i an dJeo ont Mi t r . VMt eoBimernlai eifaii oeeorred in Anerioar 19i Ifigf wae the aeahrn cf VUf naipiMnetlTe of iaportant erenter ■'**v ■ jL. ":". »,i' ?•■■»' ■-■ . ■ ■ ." vmu CHAPTBE XXXIX. VICTORU. Bon 1819. Began to relgBl887. SBGTXON L tter •deeked her eoorfhr halli ; lioT iifiMd her hendied Bteed Thof ihonted at hei pateee g ate* iifiMdher! _ wonted at he A'nobto qneen ■neeeede.-^JiKm. xm-miT' ' t. TictOBU, the onlj daughter of Edward, duke of Kent, •acceded her lite uncle, andher acoeeeion to the throtkewas hailed with more than ordinary enthuiiaBtti. AH j^artieB vied with each other in testifying their aflHsctionate allegiance 4ft4 HisToar oy ^noland^ to thmr youthl\il sovereign, qiiUed, at the early age o. .^it^en, to ruk OT(»r the ^^ i^ to^ftUtu luiving been suspended by the revolt j and tne earl of Durham was ap- pointed governor of all the British colonies in North America, with power, as lord comniissipneri to arrange the differences between her maj^ly's^geverini^ent anid her discontented sub- jects. The result of hu pusi^ioi^ ^as that the two provinces were consolidated into one, under iei joint political administra- tion ; bv which "wise policy, par^ internists were dissolved, and tranquillity soon restored. Beyond the Canadian question, the parliamentary session was ^edy occupied with various mea- sures of Irish poUay, pu;ti!Qu)|rly tbe introduction of a Poor- law into that ODiuiby: werawia^ however, a few enactments of general interei^ which obtAixieaihe epMlction of the legisla- ture; the parliamentary 'qi^aY{fi(iation Was extended, arrest for d^t,on.|i)|^an^4|i;pf[^a,^ff /l^ and the adn^ipistering ^,j|'^?Wf^^^ a^3$):Wi&^M the VICTORIA. 455 eordDfttion of the young aueen, which took plaoc amidst univsrtal rejoicing { mtmj loreigii prinoet and ambasaadora were present^ who alio took ffreAt intereft in the imjposing ceremony. Soon after piriwmeni wai prorp^ed by the queen in penon. The hutemal energies ofthe kingdom were now devefopins themeelyea in the oMiatruotion of vast worka of public benefit) among which the completion of eeveral im- portant railways was t|ie ^oet coDspkmous. 4. The foreign policy of the country, however, was dis- graced by a pr(>Beeaing which ended in the most lamentable results. U naer the erroneous impression that Russia contem- plated some aggressive movement against the stability of the British Indian empire ^oiigh the instrnmentality of Persia, SD Anglo-Indian arni^ wi^ marched into the wild and distant country of Afel^jnistltn. Sir John Keane was appointed to the oomioMMci the esqwdi^on, and proceeded with vast resources (X men^tad roeiutf into the n^ttl of the country. Candahar was occiljpied j a&d no diQIOulty Was opposed to his career until his arrival at the ibrt of Qhuznee. This strong position he at once storm^ ajld took ] and the way being thus opened to Cabul, he ha^tei^ed on to the capital Dost Mohammed, the reigning prince, was deposed, and Shah Soojah, a monarch more friendly to l^ritish interests, was sub- stituted in. hjs place. Sir John Keane having left a strong fprce^iii' Cjibul l^iih Macnaiuhteti abd Burnes, as the (^hief 6fA(ier^ot Xhjd missioin^ hastily returned to Ihdia, and Itom ti^^nce.toEbglani^, Where, i^honouf b^hisbrilli^iIit suc^cesses, he was raised to the peera^^. 5. pilSiidulties now began to manifest themselves in con- nexioii with CEina, whibh ended in aii open rupture with th&t etnpiire. The iTest Indian ddlonies also br6ke out inito insu- l^raihation. particulairljr'JamaicfL in donseqviencie ofthe inter- ferei]!i-6€(!6f the lenM the difficulties, noWever, were eventiiatly cbmbromis^,' and tranquillitj restored. '" --"'''j^i 6. ?rhe internal ^^tate of t^e kingdom was somewnaf dis- ^_L-i iLL.f/«*/-di-__if ivj i^j_ti '^^iJderatuni put forward by U" supposed wroUffs : Vote by baltot J SkI, wnms me (upse oi me year lo^jf. »i «( ^ . mV'mmlmA^^^^ f6ik the fotneiAe^s'bif ihese disturMm wei-^ cMuredJ tirti^,''and seii^enced' Wdi^ath : 466 HISTORY Of iCNOtiAMD* Sir Robert Feel, but their sentence was ultimately commuted to transportation for life. 7. The first great event of the new year (\840) was the marrii|ge of her majesty with l^rince Albeit^ of Saxe-Goburg Gotha^ which was solemnized in St. Jameses Chapel, on Fe- bruary 10th. The day was celebrated throughout the kingdom by a general holiday and great rejoicing. The chief points of interest connected with the foreign policy were the advance of an expedition against China, to obtain indemnity for the past, and better security for British commerce for the future; and the miccesses of the navy on tlie coast of Syn^f in support of the power of the sultan of Turkey, against his rebellious pacha, Mohammed Ali. 8. The following year brought with it a cessation of hos- tilities in China, by the occupation of Canton, which was ran- somed by the payment of six millions of dollars to the British by way of indemnity for the expenses of the war. The paci- fication of the Levant was also a matter of congratulation. The government, however, did not seem to possess the confidence of the country ; and although the parliament was dissolved and an appeal made to the people, yet lord Melbourne was forced to resisn. Sir Bobert Peel came into oiBoe as leader of Uie new a^uninistration. 9. The success of the British arms, in th^ beginning of Vim!o«Ui mi 1 to transportation Lr (X840) was the ij of Saxe-Coburg 8*8 Chapel, onFe- fho at the kingdom The chief points ' were the advance indemnity for the rceforthefiiture; if Syria, in support inst his rebellious , cessation of hos- ►n, which was nn liars to the British ewar. Thepwi- mgratulation. The less the oonfidence lent was dissolved -rd Melbonne was ^to oiBoe «8 leader thq beginning of the year, were now more than counterbalanckl by the sad disasters which befell their army in A^hanistan. A fierce rebellion broka out on NoT«mber 2nd at Cabal ; Barnes and MacNaaghteii| the British ministen, with other civil and mili- tary officers^ were suocessiyelymaidefedi andthe whole coun- try rose in anas under il«^ treachefoos Akbar Khan, the son of the depoaed king Dost Blohammed, who determined on the massacre of the whola jl ntish force. Pusillaaimity and inde- cision in the councils of the geneiral-in-chie^ led to an imme- diate evacuation 6t the ooan^ ; 4^600 fighting men, together with about 12,000 camp followers^ beside swomen and chil- dren, set forward, tluroaigh ice and snow, on their lamentable retreat; and no sooner had they dearea out of their canton- ments, than the blood-^rsty A^hans began to plunder the baggage and fire upon th^ soldiery | they continued without ceasing their reyengeftil assaults upon the bewildered and despondinff moltitum^ till there was nothing left to plunder, and none left to kill. Qut of a host of about 26,000 human beings, only a few hundreds were rescued from death by cap- tivity. The ladies and the wounded had been given up to the enemy early in the march, and Dr. Brydon was the only officer who made good his retreat. In the following year, however, en the appointment of lord EUenborough to the govemor- generalshin of India, in the place of lord Auckland, the British national character was repaired, the honour of their arms retrieved, and the unfortunate jHrisoners rescued. General Pollock was despatched into A^hanistan with an invading army ; he advanced on Cabul with all possible rapidity ; while en the other side general Nott, who had held out at Candahar during the recent difficulties, brought his forces also to bear on the capital. Victory ; everywhere attended the British arms ; and the British officers and ladies, who had been taken Cners, were also rescued, at Bameean. on the road to istan. The late disgraces having now oeen so gloriously redeemed, it was determined to evacuate a country which oaght never to have been entered. The fortifications and other works of Cabul having been destroyed, the British troops set liHTward on their return home, and, after a march of about ten weeks, arrived safely on the banks of the Sutledge, December 17th, 1842. 10. The war in China hadbroken out afresh^ in consequence of the c ^hen thpi^ lawlcjss sohjfjsrs crossed VIOTO^U. 45i» tUe river, and. bade detiance to the British Indi^ii armiee. The )$rBt encounter took place at MQodjkee, on Depember 14. 1845 ; the strugfi^ was most desperate, but victory f the glob^were coUecied ; and aiiiongst these, the fruits of native industry occupied an honourable positiout The btuTding wa^ in the forni of a Gothic cathedral; and s^e of the taltii^t elms in the park were sheltered under its roof. 9. The electric telegraph between Prance and- Ef\gland was completed. This new bad important invention ,wi^ now In general use, both in England and the coi\t^l|it 6^,|)^rope. Ihike of Welliiii^ii, 'V'^, Arthur, duke of Wellington, died suddenly at Walmer Ctotle, December 14th, 1852. He was one 6f Englandi greatest genei^als, and, although he had fought many battles, Vld^OlUA. 468 yet he never eaperietieed k defeat. Deep and naoer^ wm the kkBiniMitioiii of tilr English people u his deoeae^i He: w«e bmied in St. Paurs oathednu with much solemnity and' all olaaiee vied in j^ing honours to this truly noble and sreat ihkn. 7. eated defeat^ find resignation, lord John Buls* aelH^ weak administiration retired tKnn office in February, 1862, imdi wasisuooeeded by a conservative government. 8» On the 7th of November, lS62f a 8enakac<^ti 464 BISTORT Of INOLAMD. nfttnrt of hif mjftorioui «muid did not tnuMpira iintU Mat. when hU denuuidi were found to bt altogether inoompatible with the dignitj of the iultwi m an independent eorerein. . 11. These demnnde were of ooune rejeeted } and. in wpSit oi the anxiety of the iultan and hie miniatersto make eTery reasonable oonoeision, the Ruaiian troope oroised the Prud^ early in July, and proceeded to oooapy the prinoipditiee of Moldavia and Wallaehia. After this act of aggreeron, Tarioas attempts were made to settle the matter bv negotiation, bat thev ail fkiled ; and on the 6th of October, the Porte ibrmally declared war. On Uie 14th, the combined fleets of Franoe and England passed the DMdanelles, at the request of the sultan. BttUle of JBlBope. 12. The Turks rushed to the rescue of the prinoipalitiei, and, imder the judicious suidanoe of Omar Pasha, gained many brilliant victories.|l%e Bussians. defeated on land, de- termined to strike a blow [at the Turkish navy, and committed the unparalleled outrage [at Sinope, which at once excited the Vio!ro&U. 466 iiuiigofttion of Europe. The Turkish fleet, ridiug in fancied aeowtgrf^laaopt vitnin eight of the iffinameot«ofThe weeteni pOflf!fXB,wWM rothleaely sttaoked by an overwhelming force, fliQ44€»trQi)red. Dhie wanton aaaault by the Btroncer on the weajll^f ^tatk ahow^ that nothing but the moti vigorous nMfi^q^MOou^ bxiag BiiBsia to subnussion. X^, Xbt Eingliihjs^vernment displayed an uDfortouate re- pttflBfipM jto ireNiat ^Tce by ibrce, but events hurried them on*, anS^ ia KiMrcuk 1^, a rcyal messfige was commumcated tp both houses oi pfMrliament^ prodaiming war 8j|;ainst Russia. Even .'•to thi(^ English ministers clung to diplomacy, and tfdJiii^l^Mly <^P*0)A]^p^t^,]iMi^er in W cv^ >u|boA Or}. I WfftiW^f. 3ff#raJmmi»t^rffloh|ing^9^ ijiiii^lbi^fe .««>H»»tyiy tJvB despc^ic m^eyei njigi^^PWstii^ o|( AUitniis biittiheiftsrti^wftii5aa^^.c^^ foe $#:C(|^dH5flfe9t h»^,3)pMsei apff ,^^ a^^ 16. A firn broKe out m Windsor Castle, bPlMt.iWg%Wto d^knaff^lmbeen ^wkMimAm^m^ jffpm^ w ex- ile pnhcipautiee, France and Eng- ing preparation^ to take part in the ^fmafiiij^ted ^ < om m ff«4 W SogUeh ^i-Fi^bipa^edjGalliporii&tlie fptui^. The turiu pur- •}i«djy^eir victorious •cM:eerx>n the,l^a^ of ^e Dafm^^ thi&, 2a peUingtbe Wiwerie^ CQiKbasL' ' -I^srd m: 466 HI8T01T 0^ UfOLAMl). RuBBUtnSy having been deftated in many denpente aUeiD|)(fl, abandoned the mego of 8iliBtri% and ?miiaUj withdiaw mmi the contest in that direotion. In tha mtaiiitii&e the allied fleets had not been altogtthtr idle. The Biieiiana Tiolated the lawB of honourable warflfft br flrinc upon a f\Mft «f trnee ; and noon after the oommiiiioii of tiiia ouurage^ i\^ JiMd eqnaa* ronft bombarded Odeasa. The titaok laaUd the whole dav, April Zld. AU the batteriei eraotid fx the defenoe of this commercial city were eilence d - e oma of them haidng been materiallj damaged, and others iotlrtly deetroyed. 18. The crowninc event of the jrtar wai tue expfdition, composed of French, Turkish, and Bngllih soldiers, whieh sailed firom the Turkish sliures in the autUBiA. Itedeparture had been delayed by the terrible MTaMi of th/B oholera amonnt the troops, and flfom the deatmolion of stores, caused by a disastrous lire which broke out in a mysterious man' ner at Varna. The Russians did not atlempt to disputii the landing of the expeditionary tc^Ui but retrpMsd to a strong position on the Alma, Arom whence they Wife driTCn, with great slaughter; by the FreBch* English, and Turkish armies, on the 20th of September. AIthoiM;h toe Buidaiis Ibughtob- stinately at ftrsL ther ware so awta by the detemined man- ner in which the English troops rembiRr will long occupy a prominent place in the annals of disasters at sea. 22. Lord Aberdeen's government did not realise the high expectations that had wen formed respecting it. In home legislation it was particularly unfortunate j and its feeble direction of the war created alarm and disquietude. Lord John BusseU's loudly-heralded reform bill proved a fldlure } and this mio' sterns attempt to repeal the parKamentaiy oaths was defeated by a majority of five. 23. On the 20th of June, 1864. the Queen o|>ened the ^ Gryst^ Palace, at Sydenham, witn great solemni^. She was attended vy her ministers and foreign ambassadors, and about forty thousand persons were present at the ceremony. 24. Towards the cldse of 185^ the cholera again mani- ftsted itself in the nori;h of En^and. It reachra the me* tropofis early in the followine year, and committed fearftil rav^es. Btit the visitation of 1863 and 1 864 waa not so ftual in its eiftcts Im that of 1849 had been. 25. In ihetnidsummei' of 1864, Madrid beMJOii^^ Hie theatre of an Insurrection. The fli^t of the qaeen-molher, Chris- tina, the dismlsaial of her fhvduritefl^ and the formation of ^ ^ •w^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .V 4r ^ 1.0 I.I ISO *^^ M^^B ■^ Kii 12.2 S 144 ■" lio 12.0 Its 11.25 iU m nil 1.6 ^^ ^ v. / '>>' Photographic Sciences Coiporalion 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145S0 (716)872-4503 ^ ''^> ^%^ ^ ^/^ ^ \ o^ m ttistoitvi m amtiMb, n oonstilttiiomil gpvfnunent snider Bipwrtoro^ bud the «^tii 36.. Till jeiHT 18^ 0^im4 g^ooinUy Mi^^ 90 tumble wprr9 tl»^ 9vi)8 oC immmWfmva^ i,kiLh»nMi» ol IwHibBolfiieii peiii^eiljiKW Hie mo\^M,V(Hff»m» the Ali#xi|flen a^linuMfltr^tioiii iM«t( two^tiMrt fftir ti Ma a^ tainm lionreiw All^r 9(u»e mkf\&t^ Fiibm^ tuo/^f^^ in |«r(niagii Bfiimd^ eo^imm y-. wiX tk sllgbl clMloplgr jj#ti^g oeovvred letp^Qtiiig fcbe Beb«^tqpol ooioimlNiei wf Pf!f9t«i soon: wNr 9MkM, amd left Icm^ f »lmento9, ivohi nM^II^ 27. Oa tbe 34 of It^roh, ibe publio wert iiupviif4 , fo m aomxm^vsu^i oii!^ eiMm dew of tbf i|eaii$athaf ^ tbe ivmv ibeempeipE 9ieb()}«er r Wbe i|dbe«|^)Of Baidifli^ the irestero f^Uiiui0& i^kI tbe Tiait of (ibe empevor^jli^^IiMii ikd kis empresa to Bagluidr iiod tbeb enUnmftio ffjomtpn, -^ some degree restored public confidence. Daring ifia jum' mer, ViMm xetnpaed the yii^t» ftnd wm reiMivad lit ^aris witb««wmlrei«tcw . u ^.i !. , 2$, U irai fluiiiKfiM bjmiuay that ttia/Ulltboia^ wo^d.^n9ur«tbeire8ton^njpC peaaet and tha ooaiiManoe^ reHi^ned. at' t^iei^ia during -^ yeiNr l965i wi^ iMiitohad wiin considerable interest. ^ Although the Snglif h jilafiipotailiifJisr* lordjTolQi i^iiMeU,^ inajle the njioet diagraofiM laofwoft,, and ac6a4dl|i iab8»uk;»ed evcary^ noint whlob hf bad bain sent ^it tq mii>lnlain» tbff arrogjnQeof ;|tus8i# yaa ittoh that the w^d mm no conoeeuops* |i994-j?phii iSt^mmHn yaeiUation i^i^ a 8li0m in the.Gount]7^ and be waai^waroi o ?8^j ^r Jw behaii^^ ait the offionou^boaid ^ m^^H .a4A.u.» ▼lOTOBIil. ,'-,iJ( 461^ dfWHl Wb'wiQ. ff^fo Ibo TtsS/kixiktBteA |m the ^dbdlcira R 'cQiiCMdjii. Bnd &^#fi8 tibtthe iniurlt^ (he^eijifttt- 9wihg dBay, l&eBtM^M eyjteuatedittte tsbijlSb^poi^n^ S^j^aMtbM. Thu^ wfthin t##e ikionlittf Of fhe fi^dih^ ibf thd tlfiied armi^ in the Gi^^^ the ^' sftunfii^ menA^'' hiid h^h. wiiested lt;bin |he fbf^H kttaathte fl^et^ich 0diii|liiiUed Vfaie oininJgeM Siiiop0. 31. While these events were in pro^^ess in Stdropey i^ had been waged in the Ai^tUr dominions of the sultan. General Williams i»«i 8«i)(t bjr^he Biigtiih'iovernment to the Turkish army, and, by his efforts, fji^'^laXi^l^j^^ established. On the 29th of September^ t)icj[|i^mQntpf iSlU^ under the direction of this gallant British olMiei^ reptiMtthe Russians, who assaulted it with imq^j^^^lyv^fl^t^cjr Ipi^s. But no succour reached the heieiegaRiabni: aoa^iMthov^'the Turks endured their sufferings^ with ^reat CjOMfepmey^ 1^ fo)l^^li]c^; Ji»i»a ^l^Vtm^^m^Mfm finally compelled to surrendei^ «ad Sara nm on the S8th of November. An expedition despatohiBj^ from t]^^ pi^i^|if^^'in October, to the entrance of thelBiig and 4ue Ihumr, lO^ ed siffnal success. Kinbum was ca»t«^efl, i^ft FiHe^oh aodj^ngUah force establisbad liher^,V J^^ in>tiie"rfi^n; ~- :;r , 33. Meantime, Grefljt Bptai|i,l««llft(?;.ifl|*g]iV^^ fUfipi^ with China. It aroae out «f & itrmina inoimBt. A Cbmeselorcha (a sraallvessel) was firednponli^tlteOhineBe 470 BUTORT Of INOLAND. for tome infrtetion of i|i«ir police ngailaiikm, Shu mm «Md to liftTf borne the BriHeh ia§, mmT tlie Mt of the Ohineee •nthotitiee wm reeented te » naJ&aul ineul^ though it hM nerer been proTed that the wm under Bni^ieh oolon. The commieeionei^ Teh, wae onUed vponftr repint^ni. which he reftieed. Thie led to netiicl hoetflitiei^ diving which the nir ml ibrae of the 0nited Stitec becMne inrolTed; and Fhuice nleo took part in the conflict bgr rending oat m rtrong nrma- ment CHrent Britain deputed knd Blynae ainbaeeadpr to negotiate a eettlement of the difl&oaltiei^ and he wae accom- panied by a large ibrce to anpport hie pretenaioDe. Fhuice also deepatched thither an ambaeeador; and Kr. William B. Beed wae rent out on the part of the TTnited Statee. The Englieh bombarded and tOM: Canton. Teh wae made nns- oner, bat the Bmperor ehowed no dispprition to yield. .The real object of all these <^wratione wae to compel ihe Chineee to open their p(nrte to foreign natiou^ on ft. more lib- eral policy than hitherto. 1. a. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. e. w. u. IS. It. 14. i«. 17. 18. 18. SO. SI. S4. S8. 37. QaiificMiff /br ^^nualiMrfiew* Wbiiif Mod of the auniMt Of fte FvMMh fVTOletloar OriirB^btrtVMlt OftkeOryitairitaMr Of tiM dSSTenrtUiagioBr OfLoeiiltapolMmr ~ ■ftdsriBlrtMlionr of tiw war bttvpMa BaMle end the allM powenr tlwBaalowiafedor 3nit|Mlowoar WhI WM dMM by Budaadr Br no fpiiior CiMdi JH^oloi WhettwuMBiiodtoForteaelf wliet iMHMMMd it wlndiorf WlMt wSi tiwflnt ayDHuT ovwris of ISUf (oftkojUnar Wliat !• Miid of tlw int boeaMidnaitr Of Hm mamkmf Ot OtlhtAmtMkmMf Of manaf ^BloieUenr OfUMitemoriroyv OfhwaA k atii M 'tiov 14llif * OfiiMCMMBiksS)? OfSeohototaf Wlat took BltMM in BpeiBf Whet wnolSSevlfovMli of 1816? mwt ii mlA of^ Caerr 80. 81. as. Of tko atliaapta to aMka paeeo r Of ttM wdlttanr opavatioiii fai tka CriBMa? Of lord Baidaar ^opoiatloMlB ttia CriaMor What arflllaty otontfotaa toidc plaea in Ada? How Waa tha tNMjr of paaoa aoeoomlliked, and whan waa it riaaadf Ifhatinefdoft^ war with ChtiHiT • -T-^» m> ,- .,w «».-.. ^ ■.,'■£*.£■■' '*'¥iwV -.»*?; ^A&Vi..-^ _^,i- .••; iyiw iii>- ' -i 'N ' .' i4im«.rn ;n..»{»it; 472 HXSTORT or BMQLAND. .«ii^i.,.yHiTOWir^i"'«ciii 47a :t!r;-#iPiiEiliidi%uiMdrviriat • iniioeaed^ »b5^ MsoQimt 3i ! MaiiediWimiliitt(a|fit«)MiBaiiip|wiof 1^ Mid rotog^mpjtoaiifeatlyiiro^ i r w ilmiid^aii^ loid ^Qan- DikigiflileratfaqiKi<fae gofie^MiiiWl af ibiSKi^ pecrfal thi&iiH||i$ A i waw i ga i wrt i^tainaa Um Jbnl «oiiqiitet of thatffamiirjMfifyot aMtt^^iifll>tikv>k<>^v<<^f '^^^a^ befina a nanral imiiBamatjr^^)^\mmihW ]Mjv?lkj:ADinlBcfmka(f ip in^habi iiftliia ^mat^ mmri^iA aelioni^i* uSiich 4lia Pw- riaba#flieiniwif1l alily pikiQiflidb^^/thc '^Mogtofkiviga'' !waa eoBBtrabiaiia aaaiwi j^^cl% Andloraeo^ thfi raaaj ttondHioBa wiittii w«N flmoaeA^iipaii JMttUf j^EIm Bniiib ltooo|ia ireae fvaalUdio Iim^iaiid ilmmdjoiryrj^ Id ienootiiitir 4he indBiMiMfip^tpnti 4liafti a^^iiiMnitaed lherIkMtiBBr»)Cliifq)iic Hlr^iA ^aKl4aii9illeear4Mionbi*!jtiiftt^thaMjbalingbf «iH|uiatimHi MtAiifcaeiia^bU- terod rbgiihviie^arai iaimiedfiit iHtiknfM^ dignity of the kms of .I>t3iib ■ X^ Mni^LdiwelAra bad mtiibriaad kn|Di&oiiai^toiiiibe daa%of^aali(iM|lt)alteiit in :i84^>td; iD7altpa}««iKat4^ SootnbiL The •loysifttiiBlylhad vcrfaboica bpotlto lion lowbi^b tberf ware atfooat it be tubjjicM ranblfd in tlieir 474 hutort or nraLAMD. ] bofoma^ ftiid in thoie of the Delhi MohMnnedMi MMtU/. Thef were tba leniibley howler, of their weuoiei^ to attempt any oppoaltioft to the wmuM Britieh fotenmenty until an d|iiKirtiiiiity ipreientea itsdf &i a qmaUat wher^ perhajM^ it watleait cjtpeoted. m Froiii the time when lotd Haetingt te«tted11ie Vawab of Onde an dependent Idne and freed hiin from hii aUe- danoe to'Mi i^tlbl enaMiSi; «he kfaif eTBelhL 4heve h«i beta a fend betiireeii thbee twdhoaeee^ mflatnedtgr their dif^ ftrenoe hk reHfioai inattere ' the oHe befaif a bifoted ■oon- nee^iheothelraeteitleidaBheei^. BiitlhtdilbMBinMntor Wajid Ally Shah, and tiwaniieiition of hie Ungdev^ ga^e ditep oflbnee to a ubm portion of the Benfal army; who were natitee of 6ndi^ amTdM tpgatfier in one eommon oauee the Hohammedant of both eeete. Still it wae elear ^m^ ftoBi their nnmerioal in fcr i or l ty, the Mohammedaae akne ooold not hope to hrea|( ^e BtigUeh ydiki from tiff theiriiecit%eo']oiig ae the ffindoo eoldieiy reMlhied true tt^^heifialt. Dnibitii- natelyeireamfta&eelooeitirMtofeniovetltiicibitaele* From Tariooa oaoaeiL whieh it wonM be tedkme to iiinm«aili^ a mu- |ieiott UkI seised the erediAme and ehil^Bah mindof the Hlndooe'that ^biebe reUgiooi and, idiore alL tiii^ eaati^ were in dangei^. It had been e^didiMwiy eptead akuHmd that the Britieh tforemment, rdyiiw on ite power, had reedred to oompelall ite enbjeota to emnrade tiieOhrietian reHcioftj and, tcr Ttader thie the more ela^, IukI derieed a neains lor aefihng the whole of their Hindoo eteoyi. Iliie notable drlioe wm no other than to iisiM hattttifim pmaed with j>i|^e and bol- lodc'e M for the Eniidd rlilei^ the ends of whien araet be bitten off bdbre they ooidd be need^ Thue erety BSndoo soldier woidd become nnelean and an onteaet, and hare no otiher riBspnroe than to Join the Tdi|^ of his depeitftil maslen. Mohammedan emissaries oaieAilly ilntted the latent eparkief disa^Geetibni and pfestatiy the emomldeving itee;bnitlt Ibrth mtb Jt ftoro^ doinonriiu^ oonflagralion. ^ t;;^^he itfst imtttomsof a mutinous spirit maaifetted themsidrM in the I9ih and d4th x^mentS| both of #hio]i ^ere^banded^ ai^ one man of the Mlh haagsd Iw woond- ln|^ the adlntatiiand serjefttt-major. Thek «nn^ was U lowi^d by me trd Onde irrsgular inflmtn^^ stationed at Liuik- ndW| who were oompdled by C&r Heniy Lawrenee to lay down iii^hrarmi^ and their liiMEleaderB^^i^ Onthe€lhef ^7) ii|pikiy-ilTe men of the 3id licht oavaby M If eemirefoeed to im the new oiurtridges, and tSxer symi^oms of disQO»(ei^ VIOffOBIA* 475 *MI|€C ^fjUkt m pa th^aOO^ ftlM tvQpit bNM ■tanT of ilii qAmml ^^^ mV,** 1 ehudm^ at tht atolkMi. and ''a aount iMftdlnitfel m IIm thi miitiiiaiffi m wilffiT Um < ' M Dtiiiff tiooft then^ _ of Mhi to to ^^tn^tior of I ftiMinniin raiklinti tninr flfluld ^nd. ii|(o«ii. jini awtuiiifi ofwtMtiv .oC^^U^MwBid in«n, lignrfycr. note tho _ w> WMiBd in Mowiof up ; |ad tliB»pt»v»aM<^ Ipniwii^ uDoapi ottmmrh nition from ^^^«*^ inio iIm hinli nif .IIia iwat inMri It hMM olifNrf^liribeiHi^.ol^^^Mi )Ktio%,iQ t^ , JBttil^ ^ if«mpi towri^vttiioiisjOQupMioB of tbo Jimciol Oii^lMaingof ti^f lllhof 1^^ iftai, ^^SWibB MptA o| tAA fem^Jbjiid^ boot {jN^Mmofed, Uitm ooiUd IjAvt topi BQ|(Mar itroltoB itf tMtiM tUo t]bM2, Ddbi i* tto mf Mpilki^mitf Inaia: Ito < i^^ o% ' the ^j$| t^^lfoppFfit^^l^ of tlioM mkhty MDiNfflM wlio JwMf iralfd id Ions in ffiodottsn^'^of Sir 8Eali» of^tor, juidof AunniffMbav^iid ^stiU thevM&dti^ flMii lUloii w i j wi f ap ifc tfit .^tiuarldpgH of DeUu, whom flf^ fiwmii^ i^hont;r* In our e^ thflf ^were smply pennoneni nnd poir )et8. Tur- Iqnlh^ indoe^ the Momil .une ^ctinot. Ai^ nol^ jo >,. .u> ViOtoltU. ill H^umnU mmI w«rf saved froQi onfAvre poiy bj a ftig^tAil '#BMnia of hlflfldnhni and.havoo* Similar okunaJu took flMti at Jiwmpore, 9uUMq)0re^,«ikgif% Btfeilly,; a^a.^^Mr a auqmrqna iMNlir pf iiiiiMMnnfttoi, im^ «a« ipoa |t|t«rfir«r4« hin^ li«lf bwiigii w thi ^MidMifl]F.i Be?? be braTeljr held lOut iMltlwrfiE^bAMMi^mb^ uQtiltbe begiiuuiMr oK a^l^. ii.li«,,wae iw«MilIy^wQjjM»4e4 au ft 9aUy, aM ^e herpic band QompiUidi t^ immmtf} a spnaUer £vt. ^ , , i ^i^lM/C%lPM|«A.^nlWe|w^ b^eU tbe QrituOi aroie. 8i«iQitth,Whiiila^;e% ^ [lliTeA fUMl milies oio^^B aod c^v^i»o% fuul of % qineen'^ 1^ iieg^f n^fUa ]^8i«B^ i^Li^pli^Qw. The^i^ l/Gemniaiided bif Naaafiahibk or nwer* Dbandoo. Paitti .Baiah This maii| und»|||a p W pCj^sW Amliuni ja dwdte iii^ a«^n8|i^e gov igbe«Biimnp^to>|^^,|]Wli revolti IP9i> m tttofoAt Of ttrttUHD. to TMitaft upon an MHmlt. On •Ttnr oooukm, hod^v^ Ihty nmimiihm mwlid Mfto of IM tnoiqry tad 4io?e tkMB, iiHh graal dimiitir, wIIMb llM v^ A Unuiie Tab. to^lnMBditd of db oi w r a it KiiaiL m bis wty doimflonthoUUi. Hto i nmi o gi lii Btiiy Bawai!l wm OMfM €ff I17 tho MMBt diMiM bdbit tiM wfttroTMhi. Tko lliiid mM fan. BdU, wIm iMtOlh alio ftOMlOn, ud oonmDtd him to fwiia tM ooauaaad to Brifidliff Wilton. lObiooBW hadtb MMltidfavor tiM aaaHMN at Delhi TCaeli«d Oalontta, than tho go r t ra o fg aai g ai laila ntly dii- pat^liodaTtiMltoC«rUmtouitifOipttMteoo|is fiooMcting to Gliiaa In rapport or loid UgU^s miailoa. At tho Muiie timo hoteligiMliodto Madias aad Bonbij Ibr all tbt Eq. foptaa tioepf that ooold W niMd 1 and, on tho doath of fm«pal Anion, apminlid ifar rairioB Oiaat ooaunaadcr-in- ohiflf of tho ftnoM in lad^ pfnifiiyp tho ooafbrmatloil of the appoitttaMi^t bj tho homo fOfiiamoBt iiMt roMbroe' mtnto tvoto aiao dvawn ftom Xawrltlai aad tho Cm i and at tho mntbyaanimtd ttfU mofoibnnidahlt dianBitont^ the Bnioptan lOiidMitt in Xadiaa and Oaloatta wtio onioUed Into irolmtaiy com of hotit and twt mlUtla. 14. KoftTi ptipap% did gioattr oidttmont ptorail in Endaad than whontho flmt InttlUftnooaiiiftd of tho nvolt 0imblknpl9imyt aadofthoMdiihatvooMttptntiratod lij toldlim whote lojalty had btoono pvoforblal. It each tnootttlTo man teought tho namtlTO of ad^Mtional honon, Indignation at tnoh w^aiaUiltd t i ta oh ii y aad bratali^ ahnott tofpatsed tho naiunl Minfi of qrmpathj Ibr thoee who had tniBBved tooh oraol wiongi* Tht forornmont was wnd on all tidttto ttndoat immtnw annitt of fttiihotion, and to panto at no anxmnt of oiptnditaft ntetttaiy to re- eofor tho lott potition. VolvntttM ikom all raaka and datttt of tooitlgr tpontantontbr otmt tewaid tottndor thtir torriot^ and, throudif tho initiation of tho Ipfd ICajor of Londooi whott lootWi ukMH Finnic wat ono of tho first ▼iotimt of tho mntin7| a roUof Aind wat inttitnttd lor the aid of tho man/ hnndreot to tnddtnly rtduotd to dtttitution. 1ft. By the ndddlo of OotobtTi nwwaidt of £100,000 wen rabteribtd Ibr thit porpotih aad tho Ibuntahi of onaiity Svonodgntofdi7ia|npi ItwBtinthoUitttrondof June at tho nowtof tho llimt nrolt and matiaoroilfatihit re jQiittd b7 tho ininittqry iiid within throo moBth% mora than M^OOO iioeUent troo|» had lift tho Biftith ah^ 1^ '*/' ;(- /1»T ■ ni- «i hit way tamttdwii ii.orSdiii. |«r Wilton. MMil Delhi Mli nl ly dii- • vfoMtdint U «1m mum r alltht En. Hm d««thof ■UDMldCf'ill- Mtfoiof the ■t liiplbroe' iOttM) audi MMMOisthe fUPdUed It pMTiU in f«b«nvolt perpHntod 1. Ai each | boRon) fanitalitj iir those W18 ftltiliBlion} iMuryto ic- i nuoJu andl otMdtrthfii id Major of MoTthefint •d lor the aid I iititution* 150,000 were Ir oljgijij itill •ndof JtuM tiMMilntre % ttovathatt •ad regi' a I ■ 11 -ifi ydA if . Vh - jt^ ifiv - IT I. *■ "i , •« «'• ^ ■ It m aistotiir oi^ j^qlanH. VIOTOEIA. 481 ineiit after jregimont continued to be dispatched in the same direction. - l^r' ^/thin fbrty-^ht hours of the notification of general Juomosk^B deMh| sir Colin Campbell was on his way to the ]mt to assume the chief command; and a steady fixed deter- ^ioiition was evinced throughout the British Island to recon- quer the reyolted iffovincfs at iemy cost of blood or treasure. But before Sir Coun could reach his destination, the tide had aliMady turned, and the victories of British troops had begun to supersede the massacre of defenceless women and ehOiiren. 17. Cfen. Havelocky taking the command at Allahabad of the TSth Highlanders, the Queen's 64th, the Ist Madras fosi- li^ and Feroiepore regiment of Sikhs, had set out in the nope of arriving at Cawnpore in time to release sir Hugh Wkeelor and his devoted comrades. After marching 126 milefl^ fighting four action^ and qapturing a number of guns of heavjr cialibre, in eight days, and in the worst season of an Indian climat^ he was yet too late to avert the terrible qptastrophe. The day before he entered Cawnpore, Nena opiib foully murdered the women and children, who alone rarvived of the Cawnpore ^rrison, and^aused them to be fiiu^ the dead and thedym^ into a well of the courtyard — ^he was compelled to retrace his steps towards the river. 19. On the banks of the Ganges, for the eighth time, he de- ftated the enemy, and captured his guns j and a few days afterward, the 15th of August, he marched out from Cawn- poie^ and again drove them from Bhitoor. His approach had enabled the garrison of Lucknow to sally forth and secure many head of cattle; and, a little later, having undermined a housc^ the;jr blew up over a hundred of the insurgents and disabled their two heaviest guns. Thus relieved, they in- fonued genenl Havelook that they could hold their own UAtil he received the reinforcements that were coming up fruili Caleutta. They would have arrived at Cawnpore some 2a n 111 m 482 HISTORY by iKOtAN^* weeks sooner than they aotuAlly did, bad not pn$nX Llojrd proved unequal to the occasion at Dinapore. 20. Until the 26th of July, thifee vtgimeBtf of itativ« m- ^^ntry stationed lit that place had odntinttid IkiihAil } but oir- eumstances haying occui^ to create itUlAdoti, tht g^eral Was adVisM to disarm them. Ini tead of ddikg uOf he tattt- ly oMered them to |iv« up their perottifion ca|M beibre a Certain hour; by which tithe they wtr^ making the best of their way tO' the rivier Soane. Wbiln it wai too latC to be of service, thislOtk and a battery of artiUeny were feent in pnr* suit, but failed to inflict much loM, Subsequently a dtt£ch- ment under captain Dunbar was diipatbhed (o relieve Arrah, a civil station closely invested by the Dinapore muti- neers. Marching without taking proper precautionti these troops fell into an ambt^sh, and Were dnVen baok to their boa^ with the loss of 160 kill^ and wounded. Thejl^ of relieving Arrah wifts reserved for maJor Byra, cf the Bengal artillery, who^ with three gum and 160 tein Of the 6th fusiliers, dispersed the insurgents, captured ^ugdelBipo^, and restored the comnituiioation between CilCtttt* atif the upper l^vinCto. 21. Witli rar^ e%ieptions, the natire chielll pTeier^ed fh^ir engagements with the Bri^h government during this Criti- cal period. The contingent forces, indeed, of SoTndii^ and Holkfar joiniid the mutineers, but thoic pnncCi do not ap- pear to have been in any wav acoelioilfT to the moirtnicnt. The Sikh states, and e8)[>ecially the ralahs of Jheend and Puttiala, rendered signal service; and both the Nepaulese gOv^nttient and the Maharajah Goolab Sing of Cashmere (who died on the 2nd of Aueust) leUt ooniuleratie bodies of aiudliarjT ttoops to the aid or the British. Still more significant is the fact that the villagers, almost invariably, exhibited more sympathy fot the Bntisb than fbr thteir own countrymen. It is true that they oftentimes plundered Un- armed fUeitives, but they showed still less merosr to the rebel sepoys wnen not in sufficient force to protect themselves. It thus appears evident that the revolt of the Bengal army Was actually a mutiny, and not n popular insurrection. ^ 22. Meanwhile the mUtterings of diiaflRMtion began to be heard also in the Bombay presidency. The 27|h N. 1. broke out into open mutiny at Kolapore, and^ shortly anerwarde^ the 2l8t N. I. conspired at Kurrachee to maesaore the Burc^an inhabitants; but their projected villainy being diMOveredi th^ were promptly disarmed, and the ringleader! Justly pumshsa. vrot^MOA.. m The ttoudpore legion Iras not more fldthful to its colours thiii odier contingent forces ^ and the trifling sncoesees ^irhich at- tended their first hiovements, encouraged the enemies of l^e British gotemitoent throuf^ont Bajpio«'' pore, hastily eoueoted what Ibrebs he oould musteri Iuid|^u0i|| ^ ttlSTOBY OF.PNOLAN04 iqa;. to reinforce general Havelock at Gawnpore. Witk c^ajnMsterifltlo xpi^namimtj. hiowever, he first cu8clfume4 all mte^tioQ of plucking the nobly-earned- laurel^ fix^the grasp of lu8. Junior o^oer, and intimated his desire to accompany liiin solely in his civil capacity of chief commissioner of Cnide. ms march upward from Allahabad, however, was much im- peded, by the heavy rains, and at one point ik small body of the enemy attempted to narass his flank; but being vigor- ously attacked by a detachment under major Eyre, they were destroyed almost to a man. It was thus the 19th of Septem- ber before general Havelock was in a position to cross the Ganges for a third time^ and to advance with an efficient force to relieve the long-beleaguered garrison at Lucknqw. 28. On that day the army of relief crossed the river by a bridgie of boats, a^d encamped on the other side. .General Havelock's force consisted (n about 2000 European infantiy, the Sikh regiment oi Ferozepore, three batteries of field ptU- lery, and a handful of volunteer cavalry. The rebels ipus- tered about 40,000 strong, but their numerical superiority only served to enhance the prowess of their copquerors. The first engagement took place on the 21st of September, fit the villftge of Mungarwar, and resulted in the total defeat of the mutineers. Five field-pieces and two guns in position were taken ; two of the former being captur^ by the volun- teer cavalry, W on to the charge by general Outram in person. 29. From tliis point the army pushed on by forced marches without encountering any organized opposition, until it arrived before the cit^ of Lucknow. Skirting the suburbs of that once statelv capital, General Havelock forced his way through every obstacle, and, by the evening of the 25th, had relieved the heroic gamson. :^ 30. The relief was opportune. JIwo mines had already been driven under the chief works, and, in a few hours more, would have been loaded and sprung. The besieged wou][d thus have been at the mercy of those who knew no mercy. 31 . The city, however, had still to be subdued. From sev' eral advantageous positions, the enemy continued to fire upon the fort, and were only finally dislodged lUter a series of determined assaultst 32. In these operations the loss of the Bri^sh was very s0.vfre.. General Neill, the brave and energetic saviour of ^narev ^^ ^be inexorable avenger of the massacre of Cawn* pore, irfw among the e&in. With him fell major Copper, in yw** YIOTOBU; m eommand of the artillerr. and manj other gaUaat epirita. Even now mnch remainea to be done. Taking oonraae from their overhelming numbers, the enemy soon closea again around the army of deliverancei and cut off' their commoni* cations with GawnjKnre. Encumbered with not less than 1000 women and children, and edokor wounded men, it would have been hazardous, if not impossible^ to have attempted a retrograde march across a difficult country, harassed on aU' sides by an active and desperate enemy. Under these circutaostan- oes, nr James Outram, who had now assumed the chief com- mand, determined on remaining at Lucknow, and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements. His position, indeed, ^as critical, but events in another quarter were in the meantime operating in his fitvour. 33. Until the latter end of Ausust, the British troops before Delhi are rather to be consideraaas an arm^ of observation, than as a besieging force. Their inferiority in numbers and artillery was barely counterbalanced by their superior disci- pline, courage, and physical strength. These advantages ena> Died them^ indeed, to maintain their ground, but not to assume the offensive. 34. Towfurd the close of August, however, a reinforcement of £uTik«a of the gate. In the perfermaaoe o£ tkis heiKMO explc^^ Uetttenant SaUreld wae aeTerely wounded^ and two of the seiveanta killed upon the mffoi ; hut the train was Hghtedi aad the gate blown open with a tremendous crash* S7. As the smoke cleared away, the stovming party sprang through the ruins with a British cheer ; and, the three co^ umns, uniting made themseWes master of the whole line of works, from we Wator bastion to the Cabul gate : and before nightftdl were in possession of Skinner's h<)U8e, the Church, the College, and the adjacent j^unds. ^Ous brilliant QUAcess, however, was not achieved without sreat loss of life. 38. O^ the European, soldiery, eight officers and l^ rank and file were killed, with fifty-two officers and 610 rank and file wounded ; of the sepoys, 413 were placed Aort dtixom batt of whom 103 were slain outright The total number of casualties thus amounted to 114$, or one^third of ihe en* tire assaulting force. A>nong the mortally wounded was brigadier Nicnolson, whose death was jusUy deploved as a national calamity. 39. Simultaneously with these main attacks, a diversion was made by a fourth column, consisting of Sikhs, Ghoorkas, and Cashmerians, on the suburbs of Kishengunge and Paha- reepore. But^ in spite of their most strenuous effi»t% these troops ftiled to overcome the desperate resistance offiiied by the enemy; and, in the end, were compelled to retreat, though not in^oriously. 40. The day following, the assault was consumed in sl^ll- ing the palace and in battling tha magasine, A breach was eflboted ; and^ atdiaylijght on the 16th, a storming party dashed forward with such impetuosity that the rebel aSftuleiy* men dropped their lighted port-fires and fled, leaving undis- charged six ^ns of large calibre commandite , the breach and loaded with grape. On the 17th, the British troqps be- came masters of the Bank, formerly the paJaoe of the Begum Sumroo, and^ shortly afii^^ard, of the, Jumma Musjid, or prin- cipal mosque. M,tai9j guns were now brought to: play upo9 the palace and the bridfe of boats f and, by the evening of the 30th, the rebels entirely evacuated the city i^nd its sub- urbs. Then wba seen the extent of the <1<^9«» sustained bf th« foimet cfQuta) of ^ llfipghul dynas^. W]»q1« stnete liadt been laid i» rsmi} diBfid.bo4ieei^ni(«d:i)i# iik in f# VIOTOBIA. 487 directions ; the inhabitants, reduced to beggary, were crouch- inff| terro^strickenJ in obscure lurking places. But the Bri- tisn soldier is mercifiil in victory, as he is irresistible in battle. To armed rebels, no mercy was shown; but women and children, and the defenceless citisens, were spared and pro- tected. 41. The venerable descendant of Timonr— venerable only by reason of his gray hairs and extreme old age — ^had.fled, with his inrinoipal B^gum, two sons^ and a grandson, to the tomb of nis ancestor^ Hooma;;^oon, son of the mighty Baber. Hero he was discovered and seised by Captain HcxUon, of the 2ndl5aropean fusiliers. His own life and that of his queen were respected ; but the princes were led out and shot, and their dead bodies publicly egtposed at the Kotwalee, or mayor's courC 42. Gen. Wilson, whose health £iiled him in the hour of victory, now resigned the command to Brigadier Penny, G. B., a veteran of approved gallantry. Colonel Bum, whose fk^her so jzallantly oefended Delhi against Jeswunt Bao Hol- kar in 1803, was appointed military commandant within the citv, and measures were successAilly taken to re-establish order, and to afford protection to well-disposed and peaceAil citizens. Two movable columns, consisting each of 1600 ii^ftmtry, 600 cavalry, three troops of horse artillery, and 18 goiis, were told off, and ordered to follow up the retreating enen^iy without delay. One of these^ commanded by Colond Grea^^) of the 84th, eame up witn a rebel force strongly posted near Bolundshuhur, emoj after a spirited engagement uiWly discomfited them, with the loss of two guns, a vast quantity of ammunition, and 100 men. 43. On the same day the other column overtook the mu- tineers at Muttra^ and inflicted severe chastisement. The security of Am was thus assured, and a direct road laid open into Oude. iteinforcements from England were at the same time arriving at Cidoutta^ and each successive day fresh troops were rapidly pushed up the country. The tide had turned. The mutineers liad lost their (mporiunity. 44. Since June. 1857, a large body of Europeans, including many women ana children, had been held beleaguered in the residency at Lucknow. Towards the close of September, general Uavelock attempted to relieve them. He had pene- trated through the enemy's numerous forces to the resi- dency just in time to prevent its fall. His force not being sufficient to protect the retreat of the women and children to 488 nsTomr ov bkslaio. TIOTOBU. •'A^. 489 Gawnport, ht remaiaed at the residenor, tha garrison of which was strengthened by a portion of the troops^ the rest fklling back upon Cawnpore. 46. Lucknow was held hj 60,000 rebels, who pressed the seige of the residency with great vigonri and the position of the defenders was extremely critical. 46. Siir Colin Campbell, the commandeMnnshief, left Cawnpore with a strong forccL on the 9th of November, to relieve Lucknow. He succeeaed, by a well-conceived stra* tagem, on the 12th, in bringing away the garrison, with the women and children, and marched for Cawnpore^ 47. On the third day after leaving Lucknow, general Havelook died from the effects of dysentery, brought on by excessive fatigue and anxiety. 48. In December, Cawnpore was attacked by 25,000 rebels with 60 guns, and sir Colin Campbell was summoned from the neighbourhood of Lucknow for its defence. He arrived in season to save the place^ after a severe action with the enemy. 49. Sir Colin remained at Cawnpore, collecting a large f(^rce for the final siege of Lucknow. During the time which was thus occupied, several actions of minor importance took place; but it was not till the 17th of March that Lucknow was recovered, after a short but active siege. After its &11, the kingdom of Oude, of which i^ was the capital, was speedily restored to obedience and comparative tranquilU'^. 60. Since the fUl ci Lucknow, the war has assumed a guerilla character in various parts of India; and no otlicr etent of equal importance has transpired. 1. t. 8. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 18. 14. 16. 16. 17. Q^etHomfor Examinoctim. "What if Mid of the war with BoMiftf Of the Sepoy mutiny 7 Of lords Dalhonsie and Gannins: ? Of the Fenian warf Of the Mohammedana of Upper India? Of ttie kintr of Delhi? Of the Mohammedans and Hindooef Of the greased cartridges? What took plaoein Onde? In Lnoknow? At Meemt? ▲t Delhi? what was said by a writer in the Edinburgh BeYiew? What is said of the spread of the rebellion? Of the situation of the British posts? What took place at Lnoknowf AtOawnpore ? What is said of Nena Sahib? What was ooenning at Delhi? At Calcutta? • In En|dand? What ioree was sent out to India? Who WM appointed oommander-in-ehief ? What was done byj^tneral Oavtiook? By^UfSft Sahib? i li mt mnovr oi mmuxid. 91 31 36. S-. 38. 9r 80[ 31. 83. S: ». 88. S: 88. a- 44. 46. •fA#Mlf WhAtit iidd of lord Ouuitnf f Of the Mohwramf Of lord Camdaf't sMMvrei renKfotliif tho eentfal prorinoeir OfSirJiuiiifOSAtaatOfHatitoekr *^ Of M|t Mitat of XiDgftnrwt ^ilioettyf Of the loMft? or On^nmr Of the BrMdi trooM before Delhlf Wh«t eTeliti ibnowedl What WM done hgrWeholeoiiT BjJoaMef B7 Campbelir B7 SaUteld and Homef By the ttormlncparty f What Is uid«rlM loMeif ^££l@S what waa don What ii Mia bt tne Knifor iw Of jmBrala WUm» anannay What erenti ftUowedr What took phMo at LnoknowT ma laiiM o?ili# riagef jbaof DelUf ^September r T|ia 170^ ? tOfGieathedr mvpont 4A0r tb« A|U of Lvakn^W? ■A '. ■ i^i^^iiat. AXD VBI ABTI^ l>imai|a tU IBBMMI outtviit. Calndy fhMr ihoir vt ounkliid tlotoriOM 1. Iv the middle 9f tlie lafBt oe«iuzy, i tuze in |Biig1|iU»4 wejre. t^ )9nng aU tn^see of oiigind^j iny^ntion wim #B^i|ra§ei|, ife^tt^ob im4«^i4<^fi) »q4 w# ezamina^oip^ o£ nature pvoiiisnM* It (ififm^ tp b^genef«4l7 eirtAJ^tiehed, t^ t|pf trefpoxea aiMnuii^lej^d in t]|e pieiBed- iiBg W! weM ou^t^ fniBQ^ent ¥ff aU ^ationiM piu^poe^ imd thill thfi oaJj d^ty wluoh i^i»ibon \a4 ^vmam waa to re- produce wM^ W^ ]Ma^ thuf [af)eaiiii)lit9^ in a oaoie elegaat ■liape^ a^on^^ w^h tjJjl t)ie ari^^M ^ PWWei rtyle. Tune- neaa an4 mo^otpnj na^ni^y s^sif^t; m^ff^ 1^ UAjTiflh aahe^ eujoe to eatal^lifihe^Kulofl^^ «ywx ^^^^^^ of literajtuxe felt this bl^lKtii^ Influence. Sufjto »fW«li wai in aowf 4^ nee an e?^)eptiop j Ibr )wP9y BoD^fiap% pvit more efpeoi^J^ Ij Qibhoni ^biW a q^ of 0PWi^4 i9TA4oo]§^Va}C7it%^ oeen mprally as well fljMBoUtJc^y ^^jbu4^ iQilB|»6pe,^ ify the very fi;>un- at^<^ TWe ^ no piiincip^ ^n^ev^r sa^i^e^A — ^o vor stitijitioni howe^ver sancUoncdlorlo^ftQ^^^ 1^0 of cpndiict ho]«feT€pr tpried and po?e|£~-th^ i^as npt rodely queiij^o^ f^^d, 4aifC«;lj a^^^ S^opesi were ^t""- ' & (^11^% t*u(aaM^^r%.4 |ooul haopm^^ ah|^ tp, 4i^wn npon the Woxid^ oth^s feared that sopi^ vif wjpq^X 4M ^r* nBffOBT Of moLAim. '»w^K^:^n to b« nntin fnnder. And ererj sign of drlUiAtiondMtrojfd. It is not oar pnrpote to saj Mjtning of tht poUtioftl tmots INToducad by tht French rtTolution t ita Ui&nity ooniaqtitnoes, as hM bssn ths cms with otstj ptriod of grtat •zeftsmsnty were decidedly bsneflciftl. Atotitl ohange WM wrought in every branch of literature, a change which demanded fVom evei^ writer, yigorous thought instead of eloquent expression. 4. Crabbe, the poet of rusuo lifb in England, derifsa his im- pulse flrom the American warj but it is to the struggle with France that we owe Coleridge^ Wordsworth, and 8ottthev,<^ men alike in their devotion to nature^ but difhrent in tneir modes of testifying that homage, •because each has followed the bent of his own mode of thought. The enthusiasm with which these eminent poets hailed the dawn of freedom in France, embittered their disappointment when they saw the evil uses to which the name of liberty was perrertedj they became vehement opponents of the political developementof the French revolution, but they olung fbndly to its intellec* tual principles, and maintained the. right of |^nius to explore untravelled paths, though its course nnght not be that pointed out by critics. Their example was fbllowed by Montgomery, Bvron, Scott, and Oampbell; and by a host of other writers whose works have enriched modem literature. The female mind also felt the influence of this mighty revolution, and some of the noblest productions in modern poetry have been written by ladies. We may mention the names of Hiss Joanna Bailie and Mrs. Hemans. 6. There was, however, on^ species of poetry, the drama, which had little or no share in the success which we have described: in fhct, it was almost destroyed by that very means. It is at the moment when a nation is wakening into intellectual life, that the drama most flourishest men are-then eager to receive instruction, and the theatre affords it in the most pleasing as well as the most fbrcible form. But as civilization Mvances, other and more efficient means of in- struction are provided ) the drama loses its infhience over the improved* generation, just as the jHcture-books of childhood cease to be valued in youth ; it sinks into a mere means of entertainment and its strength is lost with its high purpose. The periodical press now holds the position that tne sta«edid in the time of queen Elizabeth. Tnat the drama might ad- vance, it would be necessaiy for civilization to retr^pade, and that would be flur too hiek a price to pay evfn for •i|0> |h«r Shak^peare, ;.^;'.^/;.^^-;- ..•i.»{.:.^j':ur;f^ ji-..u%.-iw \ l»B00ttlM or LXtBRAVUia, aoiiNoi, kTO. 49d 6. The great extension and ezoellenoe of our periodical preee^ both literary and politioal, ie one of Uie moet etrikins charaoteriftioe of the age. Not merely the reTiewe and magasine^ but even the common newepapera^ diepla^ lit* erar^ merits of a very hij{h order. Men of the moat emment abiUtiea and exalted stations contribute to our joumala; and they conseiquently hold a high rank in the literature of the age. Reviews, especialljr, have risen into unexampled emi- nence^ and have maintained their stations by a succession of articles that tend at once to improve the taste and enlaree the understanding. Some of the periodicals have a circuu^ tion which, in a past age, would not have been credited. This is owing to the more general diffusion of education among all classes. 7. The importance of a£fbrding usefUl instruction to every class of the community, is now universally acknowledged } and the progress of education has .become so rapid, that there is every prospect that its blessings will soon become universal. And not only is the quantity of instruction in* creased, but its quality is greatly improved, as might easilv be shown by a comparison of our present school-TOoks with those of the last century. It is no exaggeration te state, that the elements of a really useful education may be more easily obtained by the poor of the present day, than by the richest of past generations. 8. History, which used to be a mere repetition of what had been previously narrated by others, has called criticism to its aid. Instead of a slavish adherence to authority, we now see writers carefUU^ examine facte, compare evidence, and investigate the motives which might have led original authors to conceal or disguise the truth. Lingard, Haliam, Turner, Southey, and Sir James Mackintosh^ have been es- pecially conspicuous for their critical sagacity, in eliciting the truth from conflictinff statements j but notwithstanding their exertions, the Eniush school of historical criticism may still be regarded as m its intiancy. 9. Perhaps we may ascribe this deficiency in our histo- ries to the unexampled progress and popularity of romantic literature, owing chiefly to the labours of Sir Walter Scott, who was among the lirst to unite in works of fiction the high- est flights of imagination with the realities of life. Novels and romances have ceased to be dangerous and absurd, though they, were both in a peripd not ver^ remote. Historical romances are to this age what the historical plays of Shaka- m m m^oMf 6it wmtjM. peiure w^e to « ionAtf pieiiod, — ^viVid inetureB of oiir anbect* ton : ^^ientii^ th^ih) if not exactly as t&^ thooght and laibtM) y^t )90 neiarly ^4t they might have been^ that they become to ue a kiiid of ai^ni^tance; and seem bioaght witlun the sbhere of btur pergonal knowledge. 10. Periodical critieisni snpjplidft the pll^ie of what used to be tenned ^neral lit^tetnre^ hence formal works 'on mental and moral |>hil080i^y and the beUea It&irea are rate. Blaur and lord Kamed w^re the gnides of o^ fathers in matters of taste : we have rejected their authority, and defer mor^ to the princii^es maintained l^ the leading reviews. These i^d- jpleS) however, &rie scattiered in different essays over a multi- tude of volumeiB; %nd no one has yet appeal^ of sufficient authority to be entrusted with the task of collecting them ihto tt new code. 11; Beid, Stewart, and Brown, weire the last great writes on metaphysics. Their feme will probably long remain uh6clipbed, for th merely sbeculative studied. What is chiefly desired in the present dkyj is something practical and immediately useM. 12. Political econdmy and statistics have occupied the petition which was once held by metaphysics. Adam Snaith was in JBome measuire the founder dT the former ^ience, frcon kis investigating the nature ikA causes <^ a nation's wealth. Since lus day, the subject has engaged the atten- tion of several eminent writers, especially Bicardo, Mfdthus, and Macculloch. The cultivation of statistics must be the source of all fUtutie iminK>vement in the Adehce of political econ(miyj because it is to the taUe of the statistician that Uie economist must look for his fiicts ] and all speculations not founded upon fi&cts, though thej may be acunired and ap' plauded when first propounded, will, in the end, assuredly be forgottien. 13. The abstract sciences have made great progress in England during the last few yeturs ) principally owing to the great exertions of Airy, Ivory^ Pe^ock, and Hamilton^ who have greatly extended the domain of mathematical calcula- tion. In the mixed and applied sciences, also, much has been done, though no very conspicuous discovery csm be mentioned. 14. Astronomy owes much to the great im- pulse it hte received firdm the discovery of a hew pltoet by Sir William Herschell ; imd it h^ hot been less bienefittcKi by this labours of hin son und successor, Siir J<^ Hersioheli^ whoiie ihvestigitiohs into the n^ttire bf th« dii^lacements ^ftOGBiss bl tii^flkAttmi, ddiiNdB, wto^ lift obeirved among, the fixed stars, have led to many, abd will lead tODnolfe hhportant iteistUta. The science of ototic^ has hbdoln^ almdst wholly nciw fVbm ^te impifov^m^hts eflfeoted by Sir David Brewster and Dr. Young. BUt aboVe all, dy- nataiies hiave been ^nii<^hed hy a series of discoveries, ttinoUhtihg to a complete revolution in our knowledge of motive powers. It Vfll be dtiffident to mentibn one of these, MKhe AMAiektion of Mtem to ihachiner^. 16. OheiiQistry, «lecthbity, and electro-^agn^tism, may he almost regisM^ ais new sciences, in consequence of the Mnerou^ discoviaries of Davy, Dalton, and Far^ay. It #ould be itnpcttoibie to enumerate all the practical advan- tages that have insulted from the ikhprovements in chemical iBCieh• ports, revenues, &c.. of a country, more perfectly explaiAed its social condition tnan^neral statements, however graphic or however accurate. When such statements began to be collected, and exhibited in a popular tatvif it was soon dis- covered that the political and economical sdenoei were like* Iv to gain the position of physical sciences) thatUtosay^ they were' about to obtain records of obstnrationf which would test the accuracy of recognized principles and lead to the discovery of new modes of action. Bat the great object of this new science is to lead to the knowledge of human nature: that is, to ascertain the g^eneral course of operation of man's mental and moral Acuities, and to fiurnisb Ui with a oorrect standard of judgment, by enabling ut to detM^ mine the average amount of the past as a guide to the aver* age probabilities of the fhture. Tnis science ii yet in itc infancy, but has already produced the most beneflcial effects. The accuracy of the tablss of life have rendered the calculations of rates of insurance a matter of much freater certainty than they were heretofore ) the system of eeping the public accounts has been simplified and im* proved : and, finally, the experimental sciences of medicine and political economy, have been fixed upon a firmer foun- dation than could be anticipated in the last century* Bven in private life this science is likely to prove of immense advantage, by directing the attention to the collection and registration of facts, and thus preventing the formation of hasty judgments and erroneous conclusions* 20. Political economy, though an older science than sta* tistic3, must be regarded as intimately connected with that branch of knowledge. Its object is to ascertain the laws which regulate the distribution of wealth, and the relation of demand and supply in the production and consumption of both natural and artificial commodities. Such a self nee is consequently of the highest importance to a commercial aid \ > PBOOKE88 or UTXBATUJU, 80I1N0B, ETO. 497 manufiusturing community; and the increased attention paid to it of late years, hae lai to a removal of many severe re* ■trictionsy which, under a false notion of protection, were imposed on Briti^ trade. At first, political economy was regarded with great suspicion, being looked upon as one of those idle specmations, which, under the fklse desiffnation of social sciences, were broached in France during the frenzy of the revolution, at the close of the last century. But its importance is now so fully recognized, that professorships of the new science have been established in the principal uni- versities. 21. Even in this slight sketch it would be unpardonable not to mention the great, the almost miraculous mcrease of machinery in our manu&ctories ; an increase consequent upon the cultivation of the sciences and their practical applicaUon. The use of steamboats, of locomotive- engines, and of count- less machines for superseding manual laTOur, has placed Bri- tain far in advance of all other manufacturing countries, and proportionably increased the comforts of every class of the community. 22. Great as the progress of British industry, arts, and sciences was, under the three preceding reigns, it has recently received a new impulse by the formation of the British Asso- ciation for the promotion of science, which promises to pro- duce the most beneficial results. The meetings of this socie- ty are held annually at some one or other of the great towns of the empire. Its objects are, to ^ve a s^ong impulse and more systematic direction to scientific enquiry : to iHromote the intercourse of those who cultivate science m the different parts of the British empire, with each other, and with foreign philosophers; to obtain a more general attention to the objects of science, and a removal of any disadvantages of a public kind which mi^ht impede its progress. The Association has had a meeting in each of the following places: Yoric, Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Dublin, Bristol, and Liver- pod. It is divided into seven sections : 1, Mathematics and Fhysics; 2, Chemistry and Mineralogy; 3, Zoology and Botany; 4, Anatomy and Physiology; 6, Geology; 6, Sta- tistics ; and 7, Mechanical Science. In all these departments, but especially the last two, the greatest benefits have result- ed from bringing practical men into immediate contact with the theoretical cultivators of science. Magnetical observa- tories have been established in consequence in various parts 2h 498 HISTOET or EN«LAN9. of the empire, and seyeral series of observations hare bee» made to determine the direction and intensity of the mag- netic force. The attention of the Association has also been directed to experiments tending to illustrate the nature of the connection between electricity and magnetism; and since its formation, meteorology has been so extended as to become a new science. The attention of the statistical section has been recently directed to the state of public education, and to the condition of the working classes, both in the manufac^ turing and agricultural districts. It is to be hoped that these investigations will point out the evils which require to be remedied, and the means by which society in Great Britain, may be elevated and improved. 23. Turning from the useful to the elegant arte, we must first remark me great revival of architectural taste during the last two reigns, especiaJly as displayed in the many im- provements of the metropolis. Ineonvenient and narrow passages have been remov^ to make room for B^ent Street, one of the finest lines of communication in Europe j the Regent's Park and the new squares in Pimlico, occupy spaces which were recently unsightly wastes ; and the Strand, from being an inconvenient thoroughfare, has been widened into & street which, for its beauty combined with its adaptation ta business, has few if any rivals. The erection of those two magnificent structures, Waterloo and London Bridges, ha» led to the opening of new lines of communication, which promise to be equally ornamental and useful. Recent calsr mities have also given an impulse to architectural skill. The destruction of both houses of Parliament and the Royal Ex- change by fire, have rendered the erection of new edifices necessary; and judging from the excellence of the designs' which have been tendered for the erection of new houses for the legislature, there is every reason to believe that the new building will be worthy of an enlightened age and nation. 24. Though painting and sculpture have not been unpa- tronized, it must be confessed that they have not advanced with the same rapidity and steadiness as the other art^ though Ensland possesses professors of both who deserve to be I raided among the ornaments of their country. Many causes may be assigned for this inferiority, but the principal is the dis- 1 continuance of the use of pictures and statues for religious pur- 1 Soses since the time of the Reformation. Notwithstanding this isadvantage, however, the English school of art has recently )»ade such great advances, that it bida ff^r at no distant daj PROGRESS OI* LITERATUBB, BOUNCE, STO. 499 to rank as the first in EurQpe. The National Gallery^ which has been recently completed in Trafidear Square, will pro- bably be found one of the best aids to the encouragement of excellence in statuar]^ and painting, and to the formation of the public taste for appreciating the beauties of art. 25. The great additions made to the British Museum, and the freedom with which its treasures are opened to the public, must tend greatly to inspire a taste for contemplating the wonders of nature and art The department of Natural History must be taken in connection with the Zoological Gardens, which have been recently established, not only in the metropolis, but in various parts of the empire; thus viewed, it is unrivalled in the world. The Elgin marbles contain specimens of Athenian sculpture belonging to an age when that art had attained the summit of its glory, and, though unfortunately mutilated, they furnish models to the young aspirants, which cannot be studied without the most advan- tageous results. In the gallery of Egjrptian antiquities, the . historical student has an opportunity of seeing the advances made in civilization by a powerful nation three thousand years ago, and for consulting the strongest evidences of the truth of Biblical history. 26. In this rapid view of literature, science, and the arts, space has only allowed the mention of a few leading features ; but there is one circumstance more, too important to be omitted,— -the growing and marked connection between reli- gion and every department in which human intelligence is exercised. The discoveries of the traveller are combined with the labours of the missionary ; the studies of the natu- ralist are directed to elucidate the wonders of creative power ) our best poets have dedicated no small portion of their works to celebrating the praises of their God ; and in other depart- ments of literature few traces can be found of the levity, the profaneness, and the sneers at things sacred, which so often sullied the writings of the past generation. It is now deeply felt and strongly enforced, that all researches, whether mental or material, cUrectly tend to give new proofs of the g)wer, the wisdom, and the beneficence of that Almiehty eing who has called into existence, and so wondenully adapted to each other, the universe of matter and the universe of mind. 27. But it is not iii reference to England alone that this beneficial change in the character of our national literature demands our thankfulness and admiration* Thc^ language of Jy liOO HIBTOBT OF mOLAin). England gudks the globe ; it is tpoken in vwery olimttCe and every quarter of the earth ; her oolonies aire laying l^e foun- dations of ftitnre states; the descendants of her eolonies have already become one of the foremost nations in rank and influence. England has thus obtained great influence in the future progress of civilization, and on her is thrown the responsibility of moulding the character of countless gener- ations. While we thus perceive that she has been called by the dispensation of Providence to fulfil a higher destiny, we should at the same time feel how important is the trust, and earnestly desire that its performance should be such as to promote the honour of God and the welfore of mankind, estal^hing everywhere the principles announced at the advent of our blessed Redeemer, ** Peace on earth, good wiU| toward men." 8. 4. 6. 0. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 18. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. aa %' 28. 24. 25. 26. 27. QuuHont for Examination. In what state was Bittteh Uteratoft aliont the middle of the W I oentniyf fij what poUtioal event was a obange efllMted ? what conaequenoes resulted from tne I^enoh revoIntloBf Where tfaoee eibeti exhibited in oar poetieal litenttirer How did the drama fldl to share in the general im^roremettt? What oiroumstances connected with the periodical press are peon- liarly oharaoterlstio of the present agef Haamoeh been ^fteted for the eaoses^of national edneatlonf Are histories written in the present day remarkable for anything that I was rare in the last century T What branch of Uterature nas flonrished to the probable injury of history? Why are works on genera) literature rare? Have metaphysics received much attention? What advantamemay result fr<»i the cultivation of political eeonomy I and statistiesT Have any advances bean made in the mathonatical sciences? What improvements have been effected in the physical sdences? Have any sdences been so mnch improved that uiey may almost Ik | regarded as new? What advantages have resulted from the progress of maritime and | inland discovery? Why has geology oecome popular? , Did the medicaTsdences sharo in the general improvement? What are the nature and objects of statistical sefenoe? In what condition is the new science of Political JBconomy ? What great inventions have been made in the useful arts? What u the design of the British Association ? Have any improT«Baents been made in architecture? What are the present state and ftiture prospects of painting aiKl| sculpture? What beneflts result from the British Museum ? Is there any drmunstance peculiarly gratifying in tlie view of modem I Utefatufiel Wj^t^ there peculiarly important in the present condition o(| *rttl BBITlStt OOKSVITVTliON. 601 OHAPTEB XLI. THE BRITISH GOKSTITITTION. >r<>bftbleiQ}iU7ofl politieftleeonomy of maritime aad of paintittg and 1. Etsrt government is instituted to secure the general happmess of the community, and especially to protect the person and property of every individual. Constitutions are established to secure the good administration of the govern- ment^ by giving the people some direct or indirect control aver their rulorsy and also a share in the formation of the laws. 2. The British constitution differs from most others I in its formation. It was formed very gradually. Checks against the abuses of power were not devised until the evils were actually felt, and consequently its details, though some- times cumbrous, and perhaps inconsistent, are the results of long eisperience, and have been render^ by old habits^ exactly suited to the peculiar circumstances of the nation. 3. The government established in Euirland by the Nor- man conqueror was a ibudal despotism. The land was divi- ded into fieft, which were for me most part given to the Iforman lords or borons, who were invested with absolute power over the lives and fortunes of their vassals. There were no written limitations to the power of the king over the barons f but Henry I., eag^r to secure partisans in his usurpation of the crown from ms brother Robert, granted a charter of j^ivil^es to his nobility, which contained also & few stipulations in favour of the great body of the pec^e. 4. The conditions of this charter were flagrantly violated f until at length, in the rd^ of «iohn, the barons, with a powerful b^y of their adherents, appeared in arms against thekin^ andfbrced him to sign Magna Charta, the great foundation of English liberty. Though this charter was principally designed to i>rotect the nobles from the encroach^ nents of royal power, it ccmtuned some important provi- sions in favour of general liberty ; a clear proof of the growi^ power of the commons. 6. When the importance of commerce began to be under- stood,, it was found necessary to secure the trading towns and communities from the exactions of their powerful neighbours ^ br in the uuddle ages piracy and highwf^ robbeiy were deemed honourable professions by most of the feudal noblea in Europe. To protect trade, charters of incorporations were \ (02 tOMOUt Of iKdiiAMb^ granted to several cities and towns, bv wliich tkey were released from dependence on a feudal lord, and permitted to enjoy a ffovemment of their own choosing. A gradual change took place throueh the country in consequence of the aidventurous and reckless spirit of the Norman barons. Scnne sold their fiefe to raise money for joining the crusades: others wasted them by piecemeal to support their riot and dissipation ; and thus from various causes a body of small landholders began to be formed, independent of the great barons, and looking to the crown for protection against them. 6. When the earl of Leicester took up arms to re- strain the capricious tyranny of Henry m., he summoned a parliament to sanction his designs; and, that the voice of the nation might be more clearly expressed, he invited the coun- ties to elect knights of the shire, and the cities and towns to send deputies, to aid in these consultations. This appears to have been the first attempt to form a house of commons ; but the origin and early progress of that branch of the legis- lature is involved in great, not to say hopeless obscurity. 7. The commons were generally courted by the king as a counterbalance to the power of the nobility. Until the civil wars between the rival houses of York and Lancaster, hav- inff thinned the ranks of the barons, extinguishing many noble houses, and almost annihilating the influence of the resl^ the royal power became supreme, and so continued dunng the reigns of the four sovereigns of the house of Tudor. 8. But the commons during this period had been silently collecting their stren^h, and, on the accession of James L, they irxsisted on their privileges with a pertinacy which led to a long struggle between the king and the par- liament. In this contest the majority of ^e house of lords, which had been reinforced by the elevation to the peerage of some of the heads of the old English families, espoused the cause of the commons. At length Charles 1. was co- erced iuto granting the petition of right, which secured many valuable constitutional privileges to the people. But pas- sions had been excited in the struggle which brought on a civil war, that ended in the overthrow of the monarchy. 9. During the reign of Charles 11. the celebrated habeas corpus was passed, by which personal liberty is secured to the subject: but the perfection of the British constitution was completed m 1688, when James n. was hurled from the throne for his arbitrary principles, the right of parliament to regulate the succession to the crown established, and tb« *tE.z IsAtf idR oovBirtTifidJif, 503 icii they were And permitted g. A gradual consequence of orman barons. 5 the crusades: their riot ana body of small t of the great bection against up arms to re- e summoned a he voice of the vited the coun- IS and towns to This appears e of commons ; ch of the legis- 8 obscurity. f the king as a Until the civil Lancaster, hav- guishing many nfluence of the d so continued the house of eriod had been le accession of th a pertinacy ; and the par- house of lords, to the peerage nilies, espoused tries i. was co- 1 secured many )ple. But pas- L brought on a monarchy, ibrated habeas y is secured to constitution was iirled firom the f parliament to ished; and tb« liberties of the people secured by the Bill of Rightn and the Act of Settlement. 10. After that period no imp ant change was made in the constitution until the passinf of the recent Reform Bill, by which the decayed and deserted boroughs have lost their right of sending members to parlia- ment, and the privilege has been transferred to the larger counties and more important towns. 11. The legislative power of England is placed in the parliament, which consists of three parts, — ^the king, (or queen,) the lords, and the commons. 12. The crown of England is hereditary, but parliament has a right to alter the line of succession. After the abdica- tion of James n., the right of succession was limited to protestants, and, on the impending failure of protestant heirs to Charles I., the settlement was extended to the protestant line of James I., viz. to the princess Sophia of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, being protestants. The present reign- ine family is descended from the princess Sophia, and holds the throne in right of her parliamentary title. 13. The duties of the sovereign are described in the co- ronation oath. They are, first, to govern according to law ; secondly, Uy execute judgments in mercy *, and thirdly, to maintain the established religion. 14. The prerogatives of the king, by which is meant those privileges which belong to him in consequence of his high station and dignity, are either direct or incidental. The chief of his direct preroga- tives are, the power of making war and peace ) of sending and receiving ambassadors j of pardoning offences; of con- ferring honours and titles of dignity ; of appointing judges and subordinate magistrates ; of giving or revoking commis- sions in the army or navy ; and of rejecting bills proffered to him by the other branches of the legislature. He is the head of the national church, and nominates to vacant bish- oprics and other ecclesiastical preferments. 15. But the king can only exercise his prerogatives through ministers, who are responsible to the nation for every act emanating from roy^l authority. Hence arises the aphorism that the ^^ king can do no wrong," his ministers being alone answerable. 16. The incidental prerogatives of the king are various. A few alone need be mentioned : no costs can be recovered against him ; his debt shall be preferred before that of a •abJMt J BO suit or actita can bt brought against him, but any 504 fiUKTOBt Of IKOIAMD. person having a claim in point of property on the king miist petitition him in chancery. 17. There are certain privileges also conceded to the royal family j the queen retains her title and dignity even after the death of her husband; she has authority to buy and sell in her own name, and to remove any suit in which she is concerned to whatever court she pleases, without any of the usual legal formalities. The king's eldest son is by his birth prince of Wales, and, by creation, duke of Cornwall and earl of Chester. All the king's children receive the title of ** royal highness." 18. The house of lords is sometimes called the upper house of parliament. Its members are either temporal peers, whose dignities are hereditary, or spiritual peers, who sit only for life. The Scottish representative peers sit only for one parliament, the Irish representative peers sit for life. A peer may vote by proxy; but each peer can ^aold the \ proxy for one absent peer only. The house of lordd can alone originate any bills that affect the rights or privileges of the peerage, and the commons are not permitted to make any alterations in them. Peers can be tried by the house of lords only ; and this house constitutes the court in which offi- cers of state are tried on impeachment by the house of commons ; it is also the last court of appeal from inferior jurisdictions. Each peer may enter his protest on the jour- nals when a vote passes contrary to his sentiments, and assign the reasons of his dissent in writing. When sitting in judgment, his verdict is given ** on his honour." The same form is observed in his answers on bills in chancery, but in civil and crimmal cases he must be sworn. 19. The house of lords (A.D. 1836) consists of— Princes of the blood royal (all dukes) 4 Other dukes* 21 Marquesses 19 Earls 110 Visoounts 18 Barons 180 Peers of Scotland 16 Peers of Ireland 28 Bnelish bishops 26 Irishbishopa ' 4 Making in aU .lai * The origin and other partioulcwereUUive to the different tflOMsii ^ the noM/*/^.— DUKX.— This title was unknown in England till thereigaof Edward 111., who, in 1886, created his son, Edward the Black pxinoe, aojce of Cornwall (as before mentioned). Mabquib— Bichard II., in 1886. conferred the title of margkis on Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, bv niaking him Marquis of Dublin. This is snppoiMd to be the origin of the title in England. EABL.—This is a rerr anSent title, having been in use among our Saxon ancestors. In those times it was an official dignity, havmg a l^ttl BBII^H OOMStltUtlOK. 5C^ 20. The house of oommons oonaiate of memben ohoeen by oounties^ cities, borouffhs, and universities. The mem- bers for counties^ oommomy OAlled knights of the shire, must possess » real estate of £600 a year, and members for cities or boroughs of £300 a year. The sons of peers and mem- bers for the universities are not required to produce these qualifications. ai. Aliens^ eler^prmen, judges, returning officers in their respective jurisdictions, officers of the excise, Ac, those who hold pensions of limited duration, contractors with government, and some others exposed to external influence, are uneligible to parliament 22* The right of voting for members of parliament is given by the late reform act to leaseholders in counties seized oi lands or tenements worth ten pounds a year, to tenants at will, farming lands at a rent of fifty pounds a year, and to holders in fee simple of lands or tenements of the yearly value of forty shillings. In cities and boroughs the ri^t oi^voting is given to resident householders whose tene- ments are worth an annual rent of £10, but the rights of freemen in the old constituency are preserved for the term of that natural lives. 23* The house of oommons containen- lAigllslt odttiity members. liS') UidVSrtltIM 4>- qtiM sod Iterosfivi 8M3 Welib ^nnty memberf . . . 16 ) Craes sod boronghB Hf Sooteh ooantf memben.. 80 1 Cities «nd boroughs: .... 88) 471 58 Irish coonty members. M ) Utdreraities 2ll06 Citiee snd boronghs 89) Making in aU lu 24. In order to understand the manfter in which the public business is transacted in parliament, we insert a brief ac- count of the usual forms, and an explanation of the terms generally used. Discussions generally arise on a motion jurisdiction over the place from which the title took its name. Soon after the Norman conqnest, we find that William created several earls, allot- ting to each the third penny arising from the pleas in their respeotiTe dis- tricts. That grant, has, however, tong since ceased, and in lieu of it the earls now receive a small annuity irom the exchequer. VMeoirNT.»The title of viscount is of much more recent date ; the fliit we read of being John Beaumont, who was created viscount Beau- mont by Henry Y I. m the year 1489. Baboit.— In English history we often find the word Baron used to denominate the whole collective body of the nobility. When, after the Norman eonqnest. the Saxon title of Than$ was disused, ttmt of baron succeeded, and being the lowest title among the nobles, was very generally applied a« the term hrdianoiri with wUch indeed, tt appears to be synonymous. ! \ 1 60«i ttliTOftt Of iHOLAllS. beioff made by a member, seconded hy ftnothiif incl tkeii put from the chair in the shape of a queetion. On each of these every member is entitled to be heard onoe^ but he may rise again to explain^ and the member who orif^nates a motion is allowea to reply. 26. Committees are, first, those of the whole hotue, which may be to consider of certain resolutionB in respect to the nature of which considerable latitude prevails ) or the house resolves itself into such committee to oonsider the details of a bill, the principle of which is never discussed unless on its several readings ; or there may be committees for financial purposes as those of '^supply, '^' or ** ways and means." Secondly, there are select committees, chosen by ballot or otherwise, for some specific purpose,— ^he numbers composing such bodies seldom exceed twenty or thirty mem- bers 'f occasionally these are declared committees of secrecy. Thirdly, election committees, which are strictly judicial tri- bunals, and whose duty it is to try the merits of controverted elections, — these are always chosen by ballot. Fourthly, committees on private bills. 26. When the whole house is in committee, the speaker vacates the chair, some other member is called on to preside, and he sits in the seat of the senior clerk. The mace is then placed under the table. For committeei of supply and ways and means, there is a chairman, who reoelvei a salary. 27. The prorogation of parliament is an act of the crown; but either house may adjourn its sittings to the next or any future day, as of course it may adjourn any debate. Motions of adjournment may be made at any time, and repeated at the pleasure of any member. 28. When a motion has been made upon which the house happens to be unwilling to come to a vote, there are ibrmal mocles of avoidine a decision, among which are passing ''to the other orders,'*^ or moving ''the previous question." The former means, that the house should— casting aside and iaking no further notice of the matter then befbre it — pro- ceed to the other business appointed for that day; the latter, that a vote be previously taken as to the expediency of their coming to any decision on the question riUsed. If "the pre- vious (question " be decided in the negative, the motion on which it bears is only gotten rid of for the time, whereas a direct negative to the motion itself would be a proscription of it for tke remainder of the session, aa well as ft denial of its principle. 9ta Tnjxmtt c6 tMr t m i i 6H. Ml !29. With respect to abilK moving that it be '^read this daj six months'^ is a mode or throwing it out without coming to an express declaration against the principle of the measure. 30. An acceptance of ''the Ghiltem hundreds" is a form which has now no other meaning than that the member accepting resits his seat. By an express act of parliament, no office havmg emolument attached, can be conferred by the crown on a member of the house of commons without his thereby vacating his seat and it is only thus that a mem- ber can rid himself of the duties which any body of consti- tuents may impose even without his consent. The crown, therefore, as an accommodation to the house at lar^e, is always ready to confer on any member ''the stewardship of his majesty's Ghiltern hundreds," which office, when it has served his purpose, he immediately resigns. 31. the king, we have already said, is the fountain of executive justice. Law, whether criminal or civil, however, is administered by the judges, who, with the exception of the lord chancellor, hold their places during ttood behaviour. No man can be tried for any offence until the grand jurors of his country have decided that there is reasonable ^ound for the accusation. He is then given in charge to a jury of his equals, and their verdict is final. No man can be tried twice for tne same offence ; and when a person is convicted by a jurv, there is no appeal but to the mercy of the kin^. I 32. The administration of civil law could not be descnbed within our narrow limits. It must suffice therefore to state, that the civil and common law courts are open to every suitor J and that justice is freely administered to all, what- ever may be their rank or station. QuettioM forExamination. 1. What is the uae of a oonititation? 2. Whence ariaes the peculiar excellence of the British eonstitation? 8. By whom waa the nnt charter granted to the English people? 4. What oiroumstanoes led to the concession of Magna Charuif 6. Why were corporations established? 6. What was the origin of the house of commons? 7. Did the kings ftvour the house of commons? 8. When did Ihe authority of tlie king come into collision with the authority of parliament? 9. What led to the revolution of 1688 ? 10. What change was made by the Beform Bill? 11. Into what branches is the British legislature divided? 12. How is the inheritance of the crown regulated? 18. Where ara the king's duties preseribed? m HmxoiBX or isNOLinii: 14. What are the king's direct prerogativesT 15. BowarethewpreromtiyeaexeroiBed? 16. What are the kuig^a moideutal vrerogatiTear 17. Are any privileges conceded to the royal fkmily? 18. Clui yott oescriDe the privilegea of the peerage' 19. Fow are the members ofthenouse of lords classed? 20. What are the qoaliflcations for a member of parliamentf 21. Are any persons excluded from the lower honse of parliament? 22. How is the right of voting for members of parliament regnlatedf 28. How are the members of the house of commons classed? 24. In what manner do discussions arise? 26. Can yon describe the committees of the house of conjnons? 26. What form is used on going into committee ? 27. How does prorogation of parliament diifer from adjournment? 28. How does the house avoid coming to a decision? 29. How may a bill be rctJeoted without prctjudioe to the principle it involves? 80. What is meant by accepting the Chiltem hundreds? 81. How is the criminal law administered? 82. Has due provision been made for the administratioa of common and oivUlaw? APPENDIX. ne following Tables are extracted fraok a very ingenUms and vakuMe JBngraving, entitled ** BISTORT MADE EASY, wa GsrsAlooioal Chabt or THX KiNQS 09 Eholand," hy £. "BonvAXD ; to idUcA K'd &«9 torrfer the reader Jbr/^irthertu^Sdit^fioivuUion. MOKABCHS ;6EF0BE THE CONQUEST. { Mfa No. 1 2 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 18 14 16 16 17 18 18 a. ItONASCHiS. Egbert* 4... SBthelwoIf. jEthelbald Eihelbert. EthelredLt Alfred^ Edward the Elder. . . Athelstan Edmund l.§ Edred (lw»7 __dgar. . .^ Edward 11 Ethelredll.lt Edmiind Ironside II. Sweyn Canute Harold! Hardioanute. Edward III., or the Conftasor. . . . .^ Harold II., son of Godwih, earl of Kent. . . MMi* UiM Beign. ^r:" A. ]>. i 827 10 888 20 880 8 6 886 6 892 29 901 24 926 16 940 6 946 9 966 4 969 16 976 8 978 87 1016 1 1014 1017 8 19 10!86 8 1089 2 1^ 25 1066 1 * Bgl)ert descended ftom Cerdio, theiBnIt king of Wessez, a Saxdn gene- ral, who. in the year A. D. 496. arrived in Britain. It is Said in the Saxon annsOs, that he was descended from Woden, the root of the Saxon families ; and Dv his oonquest wtdoh he made in Britain, he may he considered as one or the first rounders of the English tinonarbhy. The kingsof Ensland descend irom him in the male line to Edward the Confessor, and m the female line to the ilhutrious princess trho now sits upon tho tiirone. t Silled in battle against the Danes, in 871. t Intrbdttoed trial By Jury, divided Bnglaiid into shires and hundreds, «Dd ibunded the University of Oxibrd. ^ Was kilted by Leolf, a notorious robber. In 1014 Sweyn, king of Denmark, made himself master of England, and vhn oh>wned king ; and Ethelred fled into Normandy. On the death 6f Sweyn, which happened in 1016, the crown was contested by Edmund Ironside (the lawfVd successor of Ethelred), and Canute, the diaecendant of Sweyn, who at length -agreed to divide the Idngdpft^'iunongtheu; but Edmund, being murdered shortly after this treaty wn entered Into, Canute (inmamet iln GxHt^ itm decilRi«d king of «U |af|liutd in 1017. MONAROnS SINOB THB OONQUBBT. wra OMf' H«d. Ynn, 8 4Stephent. MONABCHS.; Began to Reign Wmiaml«. Willismn. Henry I. . . . Henry n.$. Richard I. . 7 John Henry III. Edward I. Edward n. . Edward ni. Richard n. . 1066 1087 1100 1186 1166 1189 1199 Matilda of Flanderi. , , . . (Neyer married) Matilda of Scotland. . . . . To whom mMTtod. 1216 1272 Henry IV.§. Henry V...... Henry VI Edward IV.II. Edward v.... Richard m. . Henry VII.ir. Henry vni. . Edward VI Mary I 28 Elizabeth 24 James I.** Charles I Charles n 27 James n 28Will.in&MaryU 29 Anne. 1807 1827 1877 1899 1418 1422 1461 1488 1488 1486 1609 George I.tt. Creorge U. . , George m. George IV. . William IV. Victoria. . . . 1646 1668 1668 1608 1626 1661 1686 1689 1702 1714 1727 1760 1820 1888 1887 Matilda of Bologne. ..... Eleanor of Gnienne. .... BerengueUa of NftTRm ■ , EarlMontafae'sd»ttfbt»f Ayisa of Gmnoester Isabella of AngoiUeme. . . Eleanor of Frovenot. . . . Elemor of Castile Mary of France, .. . .... Isabella of France. ...... Philipa of Hainault ..... Ann of Lnxemburgb. . . . Isabella of Frano«. ...... Mary Bohnn. .*.... Joanna of Navarre. ..... Catharine of France. .... Margaret of AnJon Elizabeth Wooa^e. . . . (Never murled) Ann NeviU Elizabeth of York Catharine of ArragOB. . . A. Boleyn, 81 ; J.Seyisottr Ann of Cleves.CHowftrd. Catharine Parr. . ...,.,, (Died young) Philip, king of SpaiB.... (Never married) Ann of Denmark. ....... Henrietta of France. .... Catharine of Fortugal, . . A.Hyde,1660; Maryl^od. Mary, daugh. of JuBdlU. Geo. prince of Deamark, Sophia of Zell mlhelmina of Anspaob. Charlotte of Meek. Biril. Caroline of Brunswick. . Adelaide of Saxe MeiB. . Albert of Saxe Gotha, . , 1068 1186 1161 1191 1186 1189 1900 1368 1999 1808 189(9 1^ 1408 1490 1444 1466 un 1664 1689 1686 1668 iSS 1688 1681 1706 1761 1818 1840 31 19 84 10 17 86 19 60 39 10 88 39 1 38 87 6 6 44 38 34 34 4 18 13 13 10 7 * Son of Robert, duke of Normandy. i t Son of Adela and Count of Blois; hence the bouse of Blolf, t Son of Matilda and 6eoffl«y Plantagenet : henee the FlafitaMBft MM* i S. 4. Guiderins 46 6. ArviraguB 78 From the departure of the Rowms till the introduction of the Saxons by Vortigem. 8. Lucius 207 9. Seyenu (em.).. . 211 10. Bassianus 218 11. Caraudus 226 14. Coilus II 289 16. Const'ntiuB (em) 810 16. Const'nt'ne (em) 829 Ootarius A.Z>.| A.D. Gratian 481 Ifaximinianus 891|Constantiiie 1 4i9Yortigeni 460 ▲J>. GonstantiaB 446 i6t2 AmUfDlX. (!> INTRaDUCHON OF OHBIflTIANITY. Acooiding to Bede^ sad other sutheitie hietorianSi the kingdoms of the Heptarchy dmbraoed Christianity in about the following order : A.D. Kent MS EastSaxons eoi Northomberluid 028 EMtAnglia 686 The kingdom of Kent — ..: 467 £a8t Saxons, or Banz.-. 627 '..V Nortiiumberland 647 EastAngUa 676 West Saxons, or WeiflOK 619 Meroia 682 SoatbSaxons 480 A. D. Meroia ! .1*. V. V. . ! *. 808 Sooth Saxons ^an. Ended. CapiM. Canterbury. 746 London. 792 York. 788 Dnnwioh. 1066 Winchester. 847 J^ioeiteh eOO ChioHest^r. 3?HE BRITISH MINISTRY. S^tmbtTf 1841. .or w ... ..."V ■ >StIiury. Sir Bownr PvMhrSmf I^irstfliord of the Treasory £6,000 Lord LprsHUBST Lord.High Chancellor IIQOO Lord W-BAnitoiJ.w»m. Lord President of the Connoll. . . . -^000 DukeofBnooLXUOH... Lord Privy Seal. 2,000 Sir Jaxbs K. G. Gbaham. ^Secretary of Stato-^JEToiiM Jkp. . . . 6,000 Barl of AB¥Tt"T»«w Secretary of State— JPoreipn Disp.. '6,000 Lord Staxtlbt Seeretary of State— CSDJonfoJ Iksp. 6,000 Bt. Hon. HsKAT GouuBOUBir.. ..ebanoeuor of the.Bxoheqner. .... Earl of HASiDUieTOir First Lord of the Admiralt Sir JSifWJiXb HUatobbuu.. . . . iFtytnttster-Genaral. ....... Earl of ftirov ..Treildent of Board of Control. ., . 2^ Bt. Hon. W. S. Gi^APtrora.. . . .Fi$^dent aftheBeard of Trade. . Sir Thomas Fbxxmastu. . . . ..SMhreiary «t War 2,680 Duke of WBixnrmpoir ....Conniiaraer of the Forces. .^ ' ' REVENUE. The total income of Ihe yew ending Janiary 5, 1844, was jE60,071,948 iver......£o00 !?::::::|g!!! r ■ ♦ '*»• i i** t «., i! . #, , J*} .1- f > Btorians, the % in about A.D. • «6 069 686 ^. Capitai. Canterbmy. Lokdon. York. Dnnwiob. Winehester. Cld«beit(»r. (( r £6,000 ........14,000 moU. . . . -^000 ^....2,000 f»%>..' tlSo ^.Oep. 6.000 "«r,..,. .5,000 ty •;...,. 4,800 tiroi*!,*.' 2I0OO rrtde.. ...... 2,680 ....... ...X60,071,948