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BY ALEXANDER MONRO, ESd., AutKor of a Treatise ou Land Sui\'e,viug; and History, Oeograplxy, and Froducjtioiis of Nova Scotia, ISTew BriniHwioU, and Prince Edward Inland. 6co. &o. «Scc. HALIFAX, N. S. PRINTED BY E. M. McDOXALD. 18G2. PREFACE. — ♦- "Statistics is tlip srif-nre which trentg of thf* ,*trou;^th and r-x-tji' ,1. „f nations i—nutional rosonrces, populfitiou, nfriculturo, comuivrce, Kianu- faotiires, ie."— WoRCF.STKR. In suhmifting this work to the attention of bis readers, the writer disclaims all pretensions to originality. His lab-.r has been that of a compiler, and he has quoted liberally iVoni the Census lleports of the C(»lonie3 for ]8")1 nud 18iil, as well ns from all other resources within iiis rcacli. In addition to personal knowlclgc. and in proof of tiie labor devoted to its preparation, he has examined tipwards of tif'v different reports and works relating to the country, and obtained usef»il information from eacli, wliich is here placed bel'on' ilu> public in a portable form. That the work may l>e found to contain reliable informal ion. useful (0 all, is the desire uf ALKXU. MONllO. J'ORT Et.OIN, Nkw liuCNSWlCK. > October, 18»32. j i (4 ii i t UK niitcv is under special obligations, tov Report-s, kc To the lion. P. J. O. Chcavcau, of Canada, A. A. Dorion, «» Joseph Couchon, P. M. Vankoughnct, Sidney Smith, Professor Dawson, Doctor Ryerson, John Lovell Esq., Hon. Jonathan McCully.— Xova Scufi.j, •' Charles Tapper, M. D., " Robert Carter, R. N.,— Ncwfoun.ll.tnd, •• W. II. Pope,— Prince Kdward Inland, " A. E. Botsford,— New Rninswick, A. R. McLcllan, M. P. P., (( STATISTICS or BlllTISII NORTH AMERICA. TiiK Dritish Colonial Empire has recently assinnorts from the Mother Country is i:40,000.0(»0 — hein^ nearly one-thinl of the total exports of the iJj'itish Islands to all other countries. .Mtmy of the Colonies have sprunu!;, within the last centiirv, from mere settlements, ruled l)V an Admin- istrative J)e])artment in Great Britain, to Common- wealths. ])ossessing native Legislatures and Klectivo (Jovernments. Their growth in population, trade, and material wealth, has but few parallels. In this vast Colonial domain, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA occupies a prominent place. It contains four millions ofstpiare miles; it is one-third in size of the American Continent; it is larger than all Euro])e, or tlie States. Federate and Confederate, of Amei-ira. Its population numbers nearly four millions of inhah- 8 STATISTICS OF itants ; and its triidc huH more than qiia^. — These Colonies and Territories have a seaboard, ineliidini( the sjjace between Nova Scotia and Newibundhind (50 miles), on the south-east, of 700 miles, open to navigation at all seasons of the year; and easterly, on the Atlantic, of 1,200 miles, navigable from three to four months in the year; — making 1,900 miles (»n the Atlantic Ocean. Davis Straits, i5afRn's Bay, and Barrow Strait, have an aggregate front of 1,800 miles, navigable for a few weeks only in the year. A seaboard of 1,800 miles on the Arctic Ocean, a frozen coast, and 500 miles on the Pacific, a lai-go extent of which is naviiitible at all seasons of the year; — making a total of 5,500 miles, exclusive of the indentations of the coast. Inland Seas. — AVithin this vast area lies Iludt-on's Bay, in the north, extending 900 miles north-easterly, and 500 westerly. The Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the south, extends from Canada southerly to the Atlantic Ocean, 800 miles, and 250 miles from east to west, from Canada to Newfoundland; it has a three-fold outlet into the Atlantic Ocean, — one by the Strait UP^ki.UJIlUIUJL. n I I I if! M 10 STATISTICS OF of Belle T.slc, north of NewfouiuilaiHl ; one hetweon ]S'ova Scotia and Newfoundland j and a third between Nova Scotia Proper and Cape Breton, by the Strait of Canso. The third great tract c-t waters is the iresh water lakes of Cjinada, which cover, in the aggregate, an area of upwards of 100,000 square miles. Rivers. — The great Eivers of British North Ame- rica are, the St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, and Saskat- chewan. Of these the St. Lawrence is the principal. This river, with its chjiin of lakes, is 2,200 miles long, and discharges its Avaters into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It varies in width from twenty-five to three miles, and, exclusive of the lakes and their connecting links, it is 750 miles in length. Its prin- cipal tributaries are, the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and Ottawa; the former penetrates northern C^inada for nearly 400 miles, and drains 20.000 square miles. The St. Maurice intersects the same sectioii of country for about 500 miles, and drains 40,000 square miles J and the Ottawa penetrates noi-th-western Canada for about 800 miles, and, with the aggrega- tion of its tributaries, forms an extent of about 3,700 miles, and drains about 80,000 square miles. The Mackenzie Biver. including (Ireat Slave Lake, with its tributary, Athabaska Biver, is upwards of 2,000 miles long; it is navigable for 1,200 miles, and discharijes its waters, bv several mouths, into the Arctic Ocean, its western outlet })eing in hit. 08° 49' n., and Ion, 135° 37' w. The Biver Saskatchewan, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 11 WO on ween ^tniit IS the n the quare Ame- askat- icipal. 4 lon<:j, [)f St. ive to their ^ prin- e. aiui da for s. Oil of ■square esteiMi gre!^!;a- aioo Lake, nls of 8, aiul :o the inc'liulini^ Lake Wiimipeg. is 1J>00 milo.s in h^nu^th, anni;*th. The sniaHor rivers of British North America iniii;l\t ho counted })v several lmndreal. The former is 900 miles lonji;, and takes its j-ise near the western slope of the Rocky Vfonntains; with tlie Thompson, and other trilm- laries. it - tween the Fraser and the Stickeen, numei'ous rivers, varvino- Iween the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence and tlie Eocky Mountains assume a different direction from the lower mountain ranges above referred to. The country presents a terraced character ; the naviga- tion of the principal streams is obstructed by nume- rous falls and rapids, the result of convulsions of no ordinary nature. The principal part of the moun- tainous districts run in the direction of the great rivers and lakes lying between the Gulf of St. Law- rence and tlie Rocky Mountains. The Eiver St. Lawrence and its principal tribu- taries, the Saguenay, St. Maurice, and Ottawa Rivers, are skirted on each side by birchen ranges of conical mountains, some of which rise to the height of 8,000 feet. South of the St. Lawrence, and about 65 miles therefrom, along the boundary between the vStates and Canada, a range of mountainous lands runs nearly parallel to the vSt. Lawrence. About 200 miles north of the St. Lawrence, and nearly parallel therewith, are the "Laurentian Mountains," an extensive range of high lands. North of this range, agricultural vegetation is un- profitable; but between these mountains and the River St. Lawrence, agriculture is pursued with profit. The country watered by the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Saguenay Rivers, is one of the best lumbering districts in America. The River St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Lake Ontario, assumes a terraced character; nume- rous rapids obstructing its navigation. At the cele- u STATISTICS OF : i l\ n I! iii brate^l Fnlls of Niiigtira. the country is apparenily upheaved 1G5 feet above its general level. Althou^li Canada West is generally considered a flat country, still there are some hilly and mountainous districts j One of these, in the Townships of Albion and Cobden, extends to Lake Huron, and terminates in the ^' Blue Mountains," on the Georgian Bay. One of these mountains is 1,900 feet above the level of the lake. Between each of the mountain ranges above described, extensive plateaus and valleys of fertile lands inter- vene, giving to the country a valuable character in an agricultural point of view. The country lying between Lake Superior and the Eoeky Mountains is intersected by numerous chains ■of mountainous ranges, with extensive valleys of ■fertile lands skirting the SaskatchcAvan, Assiniboine. and Ked irivers. Between Tludson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg, there is an extensive mountain range, which 1 mis northward parallel to the Rocky Moun- tains. The Rocky Mountains run nearly parallel to the l^acific Ocean. Whei*e these mountains cross British Territory, they assume a comparatively moderate height, affording the only practicable path for a rail- 3'oad across the northern part of this continent. The Ivocky Mountains are about 500 miles from the Pa- citic coast. Between this coast and these mountains, .and nearly parallel therewith, are two ranges known iis the " Cascade," and " Blue Mountains." Some of the rivers discharging into the Pacitic are skirted by Jjills of considerable magnitude. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 15 The p.iiuipal part of the hyperborean territory lying around Hudson's Bay, is a terra incognita to geographers generally. Future explorations will, no doubt, reveal peculiai'ities in this vast region useful to scienee and commerce. The country north of this region has long been a scene of interest to the world. Here repeated explo- rations have been made, at a great sacrifice of valu- able life and property, in search for a " North-west Passage," which, after numerous fruitless attempts, was found by Captain McClure, in 1852. Science, it is true, has been advanced by this discovery, and by the numerous explorations made ; but the benefits arising to science and commerce are incommensurate Avith the vast expenditures incurred. The passage, though discovered, is impracticable as a highway for ships passing between the two great oceans of the world — the Atlantic and the Pacific. BOUNDARIES AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF EACH PROVINCE, &c. Canada, including Canada East and Canada West, united in 1841, is bounded westerly by Lakes Supe- rior, Huron, and St. Clair, and their connecting rivers; southerly by Lakes Erie and Ontario, the St. liawrence, and the States of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, the Province of New Brunswick, and the Bay Chaleur; easterly by the (rulf of St. Law^rence and Labrador; and north- erly by the Hudson's Bay Territory. It contains 357;822 square miles, and a population of 2,507,57 L li In I ( 16 STATISTICS OF i 1^ I A full description oi all the attributes of this inval- uable Colony is beyond our present limits. Its great leading features are all we attempt to describe. Lakes. — Lake Ontario, the lowest of the series, is 756 miles from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The next in ascending order are Lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, leaving Lake Michigan, which is wholly within the boundaries of the Northern States, on the south. The line dividing Canada from the States passes through the centre of the lakes bounding on Canada. Some of these lakes lie one above another in plateaus. Lake Nipisin is 40 miles long and 20 miles in width, and discharges, by the River St. Francis, into the Georgian Bay, an indentation of Lake Huron. There are s,cores of lakes in Canada, some of which are of considerable magnitude. BKITISn NORTH AMERICA. 17 series, is The folio icing Tabular Statement will convey an idea of the magnitude of some of these Inland Seas. Names of Lakes. Ontario... Erie Huron Michigan St. Clair.. Superior . Totals. 0-2 C S3 S I-' w o 2 a 02 75G 1041 1355 1G40 I—; CD 180 240 250 310 20 355 1315 e3 --J 65 80 200 90 3G 160 646 C3 600 100 800 300 20 908 e3 CO o 200 555 574 087 571 602 CO d • 7000 11000 20000 20000 360 40000 98360 Canals. — The contimious navigation of the St. Law- rence, the great lakes, and their tributary streams, being obstructed by falls and rapids, numerous canals have been constructed, affording a passage for the ships of the ocean into the very centre of British North Aiaerica. Along the rapids of the St. Law- rence, seven ship canals of various lengths, from one to twelve miles (but in the aggregate 41 miles of canal), have been constructed. By these canals sea- going vessels are enabled "^o ascend 116 miles of the river, overcoming a fall of 225 feet above the level of 18 STATISTICS OF ) « tido-watcr, which added to 52 miles of sailing, — 168 miles, above Montreal, to Lake Ontario. This lake is connected with Lake Erie by the Niagara River, 35 miles long, the navigation of which is obstructed by the Niagara Falls. Vessels of 450 tons, carrying 3,000 barrels of flour, pass from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie by the Welland Canal. This canal, which is 28 miles long, is composed of 37 cut stone locks, each of which has a length of chamber of 150 feet by 20 feet in breadth. By it vessels are enabled to sur- mount an elevation of 330 feet. It is navigable for 250 days in the year, and is the most profitable of all the canals of Canada. The average number of sail- ing vessels and steamers which passed through this canal during the last eighteen years, was 3,671 per annum; and in 1861, not less than 4,315 vessels passed through it. The amount of revenue collected in 1859 was ^139,068; in 1860, $176,760 ; and in 1861,8241,029. There was, in the latter year, after deducting the costs of repairs and management, a nett revenue of $184,476. Lake Erie is connected with Lake Huron by the Detroit River, and by the Lake and River St. Clair, in all, 75 miles of navigation. Lakes Huron and Su- perior are connected by St. Mary's River, 39 miles long. The navigation of this river is obstructed for about one mile and a-half, which is overcome by a canal at the Sault St. Marie, on the United States side of this river. The Rideau Canal, 142 miles long, unites the'Cities ?i BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 19 of Knt'Aston and Ottiiwu. It was* constriK'ttMl l»v the Jiiil/erial Govonitneiit tor military purposes. an lluif 8()ciiil. agricultural, and t'OiinnoiTial di'vclopmont. ol T/ir. Offaira an<1 if.^ TrUtutarir.^. — This i-ivoi* i^ oi f the most iiiinortant ti'ihiitaries of the St. La le w- ronce. It is the novthei'ii hoiindai'v between Eastern an point the rapids are avoided by a canal. At 70 mi! it receives the River Rouure, 90 miles loni>\ and at !>') miles, the north and south Xation Rivers, each 100 miles long. The River du Lievi'c, 200 miles long, enters from the north, 108 miles above the St. Law- rence ; and at 120 miles, the River (.Jatineae, which drains 12,000 square miles, enters from the same quarter. Above the St. Lawrence, 127 miles, stands Byetown, now the City of Ottawa, and the capital of Canada, near which the Ivideau River, IK) miles long, and the Rideau Canal, enter the Ottawa. At loo miles are the Chaudiere Falls, 40 feet in height. Here the Ottawa almost disappears, giving rise to 22 STATISTICS OF ■!!' ;i ) the oxprossion — "A Inmrlrod rivers stru^^^liiii^ for ii 1 Kisyjiti't »> Above llie St. Lawrence, 1()4 miles, are tlii'eo miles of rapids, wiiieh obstruction to navii^ation is overcome l)v a canal. At !()() miles, the Mada- waska, 210 miles lon^;, em]ities into it from the west, and at 177, the Bonnachere, 110 miles in Jeni^th ; at 11)7, the (>()ntaresent a scene of wild and unparalleled maj^- nificence. In ascendin^i; from its confluence with the St. Lawrence, Capes Trinity and Eternity exhibit ^rand phenomena. A little farther, and Tableau Rock, a column of dai'k colored granite, GOO feet high by 300 wide. ai)pearH in bold relief, its sides smooth as if they had just received the last polishing stroke irom the artisan's chisel. Such is the appearance of this river from its mouth to its source. Six miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence is the town of Tadoussac, surrounded by beautiful and romantic scenery. Roads, Lands for settlement, (f-c— Canada, in addition to 2,000 miles of railway in operation, has its net- work of common roads. All the settled portions of it are traversed by excellent highwa/s. In this Province, as in other Colonies, roads are first opened by a grant from the public JRevenue, and, to some .1 i:.i lii i fi '• ! li i i I ! •; ( * \l I! f Hi 24: STATISTICS OP extent, kept in repair by government appropriation. Statute Labor is also performed by the inhabitants, ill their respective districts. The Legislature of Canada annually expends largo amounts in the projection of " Colonization Eoads," the opening of which is the preparatory step to the settlement of the wilderness. There are numbers of these roads now in course of construction, some of which are very extensive. In Lower Canada, the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Saguenay Eiver districts, on the north of the River St. Lawrence, es2)ecially the two former, are now being oj)ened up, by roads and cross roads, for hun- dreds of miles. Here a country more than double the size of the State of New York, and equally as fertile, is being laid open to settlement. On the south side of the St. Lawrence, the Tache Road has been projected, 209 miles into the country lying between the settlements in the district of Quebec, and the New Brunswick boundary. There are numerous cross roads, designed to intersect this great highway, bounded on all sides by fertile lands. The lands surveyed in Lower Canada, up to the beginning of 1860, " cover an area of 366,495 acres, dispersed through an aggregate of 21 townships ; the whole within five and a-half townships of the ordi- nary dimensions of 10 miles square," The average cost of making roads in the wilderness, where bridg- ing is not very expensive, is two hundred dollars per mile. In "Western Canada, also, the wildernesses and ,4 v,4' m I 'i EEITISH NOBTII AMERICA. 25- Kolitary parts arc being penetrated by Colonization lloads. The country lying between the Georgian Bay, an oftl?lioot of Lake Huron, and the City of Ottawa, 200 miles, is traversed by one leading line of road, which is intersected by numerous cross roads. One of these projected lines will open for settlement, in its length of 120 miles, a large tract of superior land. Another road has been projected, running from Sault St. Marie to the eastern boundary of (Jeorgian Bay, lo5 miles in length. Civil Divisions. — Lower Canada embraces the country north of the St. Lawrence, and oast of the Ottawa Rivers, and also the country south of the St. Lawrence, adjoining the United States and ^ew Brunswick. It is divided into Counties and Town- ships. IVic fijlloicing Table contains the Population of Canada Hast, by Cities and Counties, in 18G1. Montreal City 90,823 Quebec City 51,109 Three Elvers City 6,058 Sherbrookc Town 5,899 COUNTIES. rorULATIONT. 1 . L'Assomption 17,355 2. Argenteuil 12.897 3. Arthabaska , 13,473 4. Bagot 18,841 26 STATISTICS OP 1 ■W: IK !f ii I 5. 6. 7. .8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. COUNTIES. , Beauce Beauharnoi s Bcllecbasse Berthier Bonaven turc Brome , Chambly Champlain Charleroix Chatean^uay , Chicoutimi Compton Dorclicster Drummond Gaspe, and Magdalen Islands. Ilocliolaga... Huntingdon. Iberville L'Islet Jacques Cartier. Joliette , Kamouraska La Prairie , Laval Levis Lotbiniere , Maskinonge Megantic Missisquoi Montcalm rOPT-'LATlON. 20,416 15742 16,062 19,608 13.092 12,732 13,132 20.008 15.223 17,837 10,478 10,210 16,195 12,356 14,077 16,474 17,491 16,891 12,300 11,218 21,198 21,058 14,475 10,507 22,091 20,018 14,790 17,889 18,608 14,758 I ! BRITISH NORTH AMERICA; 27 rolTNTlES. POPULATION. 85. Moutmairny 18.:W5 86. Montmorency 11,186 87. Napierville..' 14.518 38. Nicolet 21,568 89. Ottawa 27,757 40. Pontiac 14.125 41. Portneuf 21,201 42. Quebec 27,898 43. Pichelieu 10,070 44. Eichmond 8,884 45. EimouHka 20,854 40. Eouville 18.227 47. Sagiienay.. 6.101 48. Sheftbrd 17,779 49. Soulano-es 12,221 50. St. Ilyacintlie I8.S77 51. St. Jobn's 14,858 52. St. Maurice 11,100 53. StansteaJ , 12,258 54. Teniifricouata 18,561 55. Terre Bonne 19,460 56. Two Mountaii 18.408 57. Vaudreuil 12.282 58. VercbereH 15,485 59. Wolfe 6,548 60. Yamaska 16,045 Tbe total popu! lion of tlie four cities and tbo sixty counties of .«>\ver Canada is 1,111,556. In 1851, tbis section ( i" "anada contained 36 counties, t tF! \i STATISTICS OF whicli contained nn aggregate [X y)ulaiion of 890,261, Hijowing an increase of 24 coiintieH, and 221,305 inhabitants. The total numljer of wards, townships, and parishes, arc GOG. 'rher following Table contains lh<' Population of Canada West, by Cities and Covitt'es, in 1861. City of Hamilton 10,096 * " Kingston 13,743 " London 11,555 '' Ottawa 14,669 " Toronto 44,821 COUNTIES. POPULATION, 1. Brant 30,338 2. Brues 27,499 3. Carlcton 29,620 4. Dimdas 18,777 5. Durham 39,115 6. Elgin 32,050 7. Essex 25,211 8. Frontenac 27,347 9. Glengary 21,187 10. Grenville 24,191 U. Grey 37,750 12. llaldimand 23,708 13. Holton 22,794 14. Hastings 44,970 1"). Huron 51,954 10. Kent 31,183 m BIlITIf^I XOr.TH AMERICA. 29 COUNTIES. 17. Lambton 18. Lanark 19. Leeds 20. Lennox, and A< 21. Lincoln 22. Middlesex 23. Norfolk 24. Nortbumborlan( 25. Ontario 2G. Oxford 27. Peel 28. Pertb 29. Peter borouifb... 30. Preseott 31. Prince Edward 32. Renfrew ,.... 33. Eussell 34. Simcoe 35. Stormont 3G. Victoria 37. Waterloo 38. Welland 39. Wellington 40. Wentwortb 4L York 42. Algoma Distric 43. Kipissing Disti POPULATION. 24,91(; 8L(j39 35,750 iiigton 28,002 27,G25 48.730 28,590 40^592 41,(504 46,220 27,240 38,083 24,651 15,490 20,869 20,325 6,824 44J20 18.129 23,039 38,750 24,988 49,200 31,832 59,674 4,916 2,094 The total popula' ties of Canada Wes I of the five cities and 43 coiin- 1,390,091. Population in 1851 r I! || 'i N' «1 M III ' ■' m 1' i^ ii 30 STATISTICS OF vvtiH 052,004; increase in ton y( irs, 444,087. The townships, &c., of Canada AV' est m uber480j makin**- in the Province of Canada lUo ( Jimties, and 1,08>) subdivisions, known as wards, i. wnships, and par- islies. NOVA SCOTIA. This Province, including tlie Isiuiid of Cape Breton, is bounded north-westerly i)y (lie Province of New Brunswick and the Bay ol' Fundy ; south-easterly by the Atlantic Ocean, and norlh-wt^stcrly by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Straits of Northumberland. It is situate between 43° and 47'^ north latitude, and between 59° 40'_ and 66° 25' west longitude, and con- tains an area of 18,600 Kqiiare niilcH. Poj^ulation :UJ0,857. (Ieograpiiical Features. — Fiv m the peculiar con- figuration of the Province, stretching out like a wharf into the Atlantic Ocean, and only bound to New Brunswick by an isthmus fifteen miles wide, it has few rivers which exceed fifty miles in length, though they number scores. Tlie Avon, Annapolis, and Sliubenacadie, are among its largest. It contains upwards of 400 lakes, of which J.akes Rosignol and St. George, the former, 30 miles long, are the largest. Nova Scotia has a coast lino of nearly 1,000 miles, indented by numerous excellent harbors, of which Halifax is the principal on the Atlantic. Besides the Bay of Fundy, and its extensions, Chignecto and Cumberland Bavs, Minas Basin, an eastern arm of ERITISn NORTH AMERICA. 31 .,087. The lO; making- and Ifim s, and pur- lapc Breton, ncc of New -easterly by by the Gulf Cumberland, latitude, and idc, and con- Poinilation peculiar con- likc a wharf iind to Kcw wide, it ba^ ngtb, though napolis, and It contains osignol and e the largest. 1,000 miles, rs, of which Besides the lignecto and stern arm of the former, extends fifty miles ii to the rrovince. It is from 15 to 20 miles in width. The Strait of Cansa, one of the outlets of the Gulf o ^' ^. Lawrence, divides Kova Scotia Proper from the jihiand of Cape Breton ; it is IG miles long, and from half a mile to two miles in width, affording a safe and convenient passage for ships between the Ocean and the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Cape Breton contains an area of nearly 3,000 square miles. In its interior is an inland sea, the Bras d'Or, supplied from the Atlantic hj two chan- nels, each about 30 miles in length. This salt-water lake covers an area of about 500 square miles. In our general description of British North Ame- rica will be found a brief description of the principal mountain ranges of Nova Scotia, therefore it is only necessary to say, in addition, 'that in the Island of Cape Breton, as .n Nova Scotia Proper, there arc several hilly districts, separated by fertile vales, which give to the country a picturesque appearance. Indeed the Province is beautifully interspersed W'ith mountains, hills, lakes, rivers, and fertile plains. Roads extend across the Pro ince, in all directions ; up its rivers, along its valleys, and almost around its sea-girt boundary. Along these roads the settle- ments are almost continuous; and at almost every one of its harbors, a town is springing up, some of which have already extended, in population and ma- terial wealth, to the magnitude of cities. Sable Island, which has been the scene of frequent shipwrecks, is situated between the parallels of 43° and 44° north latitude, and betwx'cn 60° 10' and 5D° I I ■(I i :l 32 STATISTICS OP 08' wcHt long'itiulc. It is 88 miles from Cape CansOiXii , in Nova Scotia. It is in the form of a crescent, and is about 25 miles in length, by about a mile in width, formed of sand hills, thrown up by the sea, some of which are eighty feet in height. Its north-eastern bar extends about 13 miles into the sea, at which point the waiter is six fathoms in depth. It possesses herds of wild horses, known as Sable Island ponies, which feed on the wild grasses with which the island abounds. Commercially, Nova Scotia occupies a prominent position on the American Continent. Her nume- rous sea-ports and rivers, arable lands, inexhaust- ible mineral treasures — gold, copper, iron ore, coal, &c. ; her fisheries, and maritime position, being in the track of ships from Europe, with the ultimate prospect of being the Atlantic terminus of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Eailroad ; with hundreds of local advantages, add materially to her commercial wealth. ^1 I I* P! i BKiTisn nohth amehica. 33 rrofjrcsslvc Population of Xova Scotia hy Counties. Counties. County Towns. 1838. 1851. 18G1. Halifax City of Halifax Lunenburg Liverpool 28570 12058 6708 G831 0180 9200 11080 18700 11800 7572 11228 21440 7447 7108 7GC7 }l4111 13042 80112 1081)5 7250 1U022 18142 12252 14285 14188 14880 14880 15400 25508 10888 13407 10881 17500 10100 10017 40021 Lunenburg Queen's 10082 98G5 Shelburne Shelburne 10008 Yarmouth Yarmouth 15440 Dicbv Diffbv 14751 *-"5"j' Annapolis Kiuirs o 'J^ Annapolis 10753 Koutville 18731 Hants Windsor 17460 Cumberland Amherst 10533 Colchester Truro 20045 Pictou Pictou 28785 Guysborough Sydney Richmond Guvsborouffh 12713 Antigonishe 14871 Arichat 12007 Cape Breton Victoria Svdnev 2080G Baddeck 9043 Inverness rort Hood 19907 18 Counties... 199028 270117 880857 Increase 77080 54740 Progressive Population of the City of Halifax. In 1790 it contained 4,000 inhabitants, '' 1827 " 14,439 '' 1851 " 19,949 '' 1861 " 25,026 (4 NEWFOUNDLAND. This island is bounded easterly and southerly by Ithe Atlantic Ocean, and westerly by the Gulf of St. [Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle. It is situate 3 [I ■! )i i ' lit ^ fi 34 STATISTICS OF \\] between the parallels of 46" 40' and 5P 40' north latitude, and between 52° 44' and 59° 30' west lon<^i- tiide, ard contains 36,000 square miles, with a popu- lation, including part of Labrador, of 122,250. Labrador, in the early history of the country, was attached to the Government of Newfoundland, after- wards united to Canada, and re-united to the former in 1808. It is separated from Newfoundland Proper by the Strait of Belle Isle, which is twelve miles wide and fiftv miles in lenccth. It extends from the fiftieth to the sixty-first degree of north latitude, and from the fifty-sixth to the seventy-eighth degree of west longitude — from the Strait of Belle Isle to Hud- son's Bay, 1,000 miles, and from the parallel of fifty, north latitude, to Hudson's Strait, 800 miles; con- taining an area of about 400,000 square miles. This vast section of country, though situated far north in a frigid climate, where the mean tem\.'erature of the year does not exceed freezing point, and where noth- ing can grow capable of supporting human life, still contains a resident population of 10,000 or 12,000, including the Moravians and Esquimaux, wdio live, principally, by fishing and hunting. The Moravians have numerous mission stations along the extensive coast line of this almost inhospitable region. The coast of Labrador is also visited, during the summer season, b}^ from 20,000 to 30,000 persons, for fishing purposes, for which it is famed. Leaving, for want of reliable information, a further description of this sterile region, we direct the J BHITISII NORTH AMKllICA. 1 degree of V. S 4 rojidor's attention to the more important section of tlie Newfoundland domain, Xewfonndland l*r(»])or. rv T! IIS IS land IS 200 mik's in i)iTa( dth, I >v ')< in loiiixtli. and about l.OOU mik's in eireiimfcreiUH'. It lios nearly in the form of an e(|uilateral triangle, with its northern aui^le towards Iial>ra(h»r, and its western anij!;le within lifty miles of Nova Seotiu. The physical formation of Newfoundland ditfer.^ materially from that of its neighboring; (*olonies, presenting from the sea a wild and sterile ai)pear- anee. Its surfaec is diversitied by mountains, hills, marshes, barrens, lakes, and poi ids. Some of the mountains between Conception and St. Mary's Bays, on the south, range from 1,000 to 1,400 feet in height . There are numerous other }»Iaces, both on the east and west sides, where the mountain summits reach, the heiiiht of 1,000 feet; and the hills, varvin : in height from 800 to 700 feet, may be counted by hun-^ dreds. The tracts knowji as marshes, are open tracts,, covered with moss, which acts as a sponge, in the retention of water. Some of the mossy districts })roduce marsh plants, and grass, which are of little use as food for cattle. The barrens occupy the t;opii of hills. most remarkable of the physical peculiarities foundland is the number of its lakes and Tl i'N le ew t)onds. Contrary, liowever, to general usage, the larger sheets of water are designated " ponds/' and the smaller ones '' lakes." From the top of Powder- horn Hill, at the head of Trinity Bay, it is said, I f I II ! ir if :Sii li 3G STATISTICS OF Upwards of 150 |)f)ne ecpial io one-third its whole area. Their outlets to the sea are narrow windini^ streams, which no- where assume the magnitude of navii;*aMe rivers, though many of them arc capable of drivin<^' water- power machinery. JLviinoiis. — Xewfoundland is a country of harbors. Its whole contour is indented by bays and estuaries, which ]HMietratc to the liases, and wind between the spurs of the hills and mountains. Many of these liarbors are ca])able of containing, in safety, the whole British Navy. The water is generally deep to the base of its rocky coast line. Beginning at Capo Kacc, the southern extremity of the island, tlie prin- cipal westerly bays are, St. Clary's, riacentia, For- tune, St. (Jeorge's, Bay of Islands, Bonne, and St. John. From Cape i^acc, nortb-easterly, the prin- cipal are, St. Jolm's, at the capital, Conception, Trinity (70 miles long by 30 in breadth), Bonavista, Xotre Dame, White, and Hare Bays. These bays vary in length, from 25 to TO miles, and are of great breadth, affording, Avithin eacb of them, numerous well sheltered harbors; in addition to which, the whole coast is lined with excellent harbors, affording safe anchorage for all classes of vessels. BKTTISII NORTH AM K RICA. ng wuter- T)ic (oi\'st trees of Xewfomiroii;ress, '• consideraMf culti- vation alonir the seahoard of the settled disti'icts; and a lar«j;e portion of the land around St. John's is nndi'r cultivation ; hut a,i;"ricullui'e is only ]);!i'.''U;'d jis an auxiliary to the llsheri<'s, and it will rt'(juii-e no small deL:;ree of privation to he endureil hy the set ( h-rs of this Colony, to force them to i;-ive more attention to the cultivation of the soil than has hitherto hcH'n the case; the j»rosecution of the tishei'ies ahjne, not. as a n'enei'al rule, suHicini^ to keep the ])eojilo (unai o .) T 1 28 1 !d NEW BRUNSWICK. Thin Province is l)oiin(led nortli-woslcHy by Can- ada uiul the Bay Olialcur; north-easterly by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Northumberland; southerly l»y Xova Scotia and the Bay of Fund}-; and south-westerly ])y the State of INfaine. It lies betw^een the parallels of 45° and 48° north latitude, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 39 1 at ion, and ■J3 (» *« t *«• o-r: a Sj U w ^ © s- -^ r^ i) ^ ;3 ■-« ^ 5 ** * y^ ^-^^^ fV' !2h 7^"^0 o 1 'tOZ o 8124 3 5886 '> 6489 1 0()()7 5283 6221 0786 3 8850 3 0717 o 5228 2 8884 5520 8402 1 8545 1 11804 i 28 y by Cuii- y the CJulf nborlund ; )f' Fund}'; It lies 1 latitude, and between 64° and 68° west longitude. Its area is 32,000 square miles, and its population is 252,047. Bays, Eivers, Lakes, Highlands, Eoads, ic. — Bays. — The whole seaboard of tlie Province is in- dented with spacious bays and inlets, affording saie anchorage for shipping. The principal are the Bay of Fundy, 100 miles long, its greatest width being 45 miles; Chignecto and Cumberland Bays are exten- sions of the Bay of Fundy ; Passamaquoddy Bay, at the southerly angle of the Province. On the north- east are, Bay Yerte, Shediac, Cocaigne, Pichibucto, and Miramichi, offshoots of Northumberland Strait; and in the north-west is the spacious Bay Chaleur, or Bay of Heats, as its name imports, 80 miles long; its greatest breadth is 27 miles. Hirers. — Almost every square mile of New Bruns- wick is watered by running streams. The Eiver St. John, Avhich takes its rise partly in Canada, and jnirtly in the State of Maine, is 450 miles long, and discharges into the Bay of Fundy. It has numerous tributary streams, some of which are 100 miles long, and interlock with the Miramichi and Restigouche. This river traverses seven counties of the Province, affording an outlet for the products of the forests, mines, and soils. The other principal rivers empty- ing into the Bay of Fundy are the St. Croix, eighty miles long, forming a part of the boundary between this Province and Maine, and the Petitcodiac, 100 miles long, discharging into Cliignecto Bay. On the 40 STATISTICS OF ' 'in ' I' 1 ' ^ ■ If:i north coast, the Richibucto fifty miles long, tlio Mira- michi, and liestigouclie, each 200 miles long, are the principal rivers. The two former discharge into harbors of the same name, and the latter into the Bay Chaleur. Along tlie coast line of the Province, including the Bays Chaleur and Fundy, 500 miles, there are scores of rivers, varying in length from ten to forty miles. Lakes. — The whole country is dotted with lakes, from those of a square mile in area to that contam- ing 100 square miles of surface. Those discharging into St. John River are Temiscouata, at its head, Grand, and Washademoah Lakes, in Queen's County, Belle Isle Bay. a recess of the River St. John, and the two Oromocto Lakes. The others arc small. Highlands. — New Brunswick is generally a flat country. On its north-eastern coast, from the Bay Chaleur to the boundary of Nova Scotia, 200 miles, there is hardly a hill exceeding three hundred feet in height. There arc some elevated lands, far below the height of mountains, skirting the Bay of Fundy, and River St. John ; but the only section of a moun- tainous character is that bordering on Canada and the River Restigouche, Avhich forms a part of the boundary, and here the country is beautifully diver- sified by oval-topped hills, varying from five hundred feet to eight hundred feet in height, clothed with lofty forest trees almost to their summits, and sur- rounded by fertile valleys and table lands. ^1 if .■I BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 41 tlie Mira- ^, are the argo into • into the Province, 300 miles, 1 from ten itli lakes, t eontam- scharii-inff its head, 'rt County, John, and Hmall. ly a flat tlic Bay iOO miles, cd feet in ar below )f Fund}^, a moun- lada and t of the ly diver- hundred led with and sur- ItoiKh. — iS'oarly the whole external houndury of the Province, 800 miles, is traversed l)y coadi roads. There are few roads across the Province from tlio Strait of Xorthumherland to the Pivcr St. John. There are excellent roads on both sides of this river, and roads are to l)e found bordering almost every stream of any magnitude, besides cross roads piercing the wilderness at all points. The settlements along the principal roads arc nearly all continuous. The roads are divided into great roay excellent hii^hways. There is no section of the Lower Provinces, of tlie same extent, where the per centaijje of good land iy so large as on this island. Its soils are principally composed of red sandstone; hence their adaptation to the growth of wheat, oats, and other cereals, and also potatoes. This little island, not more than a tenth in size of Xew Brunswick, produces food for nearly douhle its own jiopulation. The civil divisions of Prince Edward Island are somewhat different from those of the other Colonies. It was originally laid out into counties, parishes, and lots. Each locality is generally known by the num- ber of its lot. ;: 1 LRITISII KORTn AMERICA. 45 The folhnrivrj TnhJr ahnri^ the Suhdivixiom^, rro'/rrssirr J'opijlilion, and Xintihir of Rrprcscntativcs, of rrince F.dn-ard Island. Shire Towns. Lots. Parishes. Population. 1 County. 1 rn 1S27 1841 1848 ISGl 1 l.T 2 HNorth Pari.sh 3 15 4 ItiiEgmont 5 17| Princ'3... Sammor?i 10 27 St. David's 11 2S 12 20 65 21 SSr.ranville 22 30; 23 37 Charlotte 27 4«; Queen's Charlotte Town 24 40 Hillsborough 33 50 32017 39525 10 34 57 Bedford 82 6S 29 CO St. John 30 G2 31 13 55 1 1 44 54 45 53 East Pari.sh 46 52 47 51 St. Pfttrick's King's .. Georga Town... 38 60 15470 19931; 10 39 50 St. George 40 6ll 41 63 St. Andrew'.s 42 64; 50 Totals ... 3 60 14 2320C 470.33 62699 80857 30 King's County is situated in the east, Prince Coun. Ity in the north, and Queen's County in the centre. 4G STATISTICS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 4 ! '!' ! i Tliis Colony, constituted in 1858, is situated on the PjU'ific side of the Ainerican Continent, and bounded westerly l)y the Gulf of Georgia; southerly by Wash- insfton Territoiy, United States (49° north latitude); easterly ])y the lioeky Mountains, and northerly by S un pson iviver ; ineludinir Vancouver's Island, which lies between tlie Gulf of Georgia and the Pacific Ocean. This Colon}'- is 700 miles in length, from south to north, and 500 miles wide, from the Eocky mountains to the Pacific. The physical features of this extensive Colony arc but partially known. Until very recently it was considered a valueless country, not, in the estimation of a leading member of the British Parliament, Avorth twenty thousand pounds. It is now known to con- tain gold, in great abundance, coal, iron ore, copper, silver, arid other useful minerals, and a vast extent of fertile lands. The whole country is beautifully diversified by lofty hills and mountains, and well- watered vales ; the latter affording rich pasturage. The Fraser Eiver, 900 miles long, traverses nearly the entire length of the Colony, from north to south. It has over fifty tributaries, the Thompson and the Stewart being the princijial. The northern branch of the Columbia Iliver skirts the western slope of the liocky ^[ountains, running parallel to the Fraser liiver, for four hundred miles, Simpson Eiver runs through the northern boundary of this Province for oOO miles. The Fraser is navii^able for steamers for upwards of 200 miles. These rivers with their east- BRITISn NORTH AMERICA. 47 ern affluents, traverse the far-fanuMl CariMlioo (JoM Fiel- 48 STATISTICS OF It prohalily docs not exceed 200,000, 130.000 of whom are IndiiiuH. A cluirter of till this territory avuh granted to tlic. Hudson's Bay Company in 1G70, the fur trade of whieli they monopolized for 189 years. The country Is divided into 150 trading stations, to which the hunters and trappers resort with furs. The total nuinher of persons employed hy the Com- pany is about .'J, 000. Tliis charter ceased in 1859. By the treaty of 1825, between England and Eussia, the l-oundary between English and lUissian America, on the Pacific, begins at the south-w^est end of Prince of Wales Island, in latitude 54° 40', N., and follows tlie Pacific coast, northerly for 300 miles, with a breadth of 30 miles inland. Along this fron- tier numerous navigable rivers, the Stickeen, 500 miles long, and others of less magnitude, penetrate the interior. The bed of this hyperborean river, 170 miles north of Fort Simpson, is auriferous. In fact, the western slope of the Eocky Mountains, beginning at the Unitcul States boundar}^, and extending five hundred miles northward, is ai^j^arently one vast gold field. The principal rivers have been already referred to in a former part of this work. The Katchewan, and its two leading affluents, the north and south Saskat- chewan, traverse 900 miles of the country between Lake Winnipeg and the Eocky Mountains. Further north, the Mackenzie Eiver, with its tributaries, the Peace, and others, waters the country. The whole territory is dotted with lakes, of which Great Bear Lake, far north, is 250 miles long by 240 broad; BRITISH NORTH AMIIRICA. 49 (iiLiit Shive Tiake. HOO miles I()n^• l>y '):ul; LaU'c Win- iiijjoi;-. situate <)')(• miles norlli-west oi' Lake Superior. 2x0 luile^i lonif l»v 50 li]'oa/iffi(l/',(^ ifi: Names of I'luccs. North Latituile. W est Longitude • In . \rc. In Time. _ , , IN CANADA. On oboe fit V 1). 40 44 M. 48 (.'8 50 31 80 -J 5 00 30 40 40 14 no ')'» 18 14 40 53 57 50 10 41 84 40 IG 53 57 20 09 p. 71 70 00 73 70 04 65 63 65 04 00 05 00 01 03 ()3 00 50 01 02 52 5' 60 00 GO 05 67 M. 12 40 32 85 21 12 22 36 44 18 »)«) 47 00 11 26 >4 48 t)0 40 43 20 08 04 58 82 32 35 ir. 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 M. 44 06 38 54 17 16 21 14 22 10 25 23 00 04 13 14 00 50 04 10 30 57 50 40 07 20 24 50 28 24 50 51 30 10 3(; 41 45 48 50 12 00 41 52 21 f Kiver tin liOiip 47 45 Toronto 43 48 48 44 44 45 C»)ipy)0 (^arlisle IN NOVA SCOTIA. ll.'ilifnx ATinupolis ■\ in lioi'sf Brier IsliUid lii^lit Dijrby (lilt Light Sydnoy Light, Cape IJrotou Whiiohavcn 44 44 40 45 45 45 4:5 ■i:\ 45 45 47 47 40 45 44 45 45 40 Wallace I'ugwasli Harbor Sable Island (\vo 4 00 30 4 04 -}» ; 4 13 45 4 14 4:{ 4 00 50 3 o9 12 > 4 04 00 : 4 10 41 3 30 52 o u o7 • • • • • 21 ■ « • ( Table of Latitudes and Lonyitudrs, ,jr. — Continued. 4 24 14 4 27 50 4 20 08 4 22 08 4 30 10 Names of Places. IN NEW nPlNSWICK. Bay Vertc. Cape Torment ine Shediac Cocaigne Head Ricbibucto River (moutli) Point Eecumenac Fox Island, MiiJimichi Shippcgan Harbor, Bay Chalcur Bathurst Harbor IN PRTNCR KnWARD ISLAND. Charlotte Town East Point Point Prim IN foueion places. Liverpool, England Valentia, Ireland Boston Light, Massachusetts..., New York Portland Light, Maine North Latitude. West Longitude. n. M. 40 01 40 00 40 25 40 10 40 43 47 05 47 04 47 45 47 39 4G 14 40 27 40 03 53 25 51 50 42 20 40 43 43 37 In. \re. T). M. 04 02 03 40 (14 35 04 31 04 10 04 48 05 04 04 43 05 38 ;i3 08 02 00 03 05 Ad 50 10 23 70 54 74 01 70 13 H. M. 9. 4 10 08 15 16 18 18 18 05 10 14 19 13 20 IG 18 52 22 31 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 12 32 4 08 00 4 13 40 12 00 41 32 4 43 34 4 50 04 4 40 5* These Colonics have erected one hundred light houses along their coasts, rendering navigation com- paratively safe. :!iii 52 STATISTICS OF ''?' "III! 'iiji Si o 8 ^^ .«5 •3 • «o g r-^ CI •H T-H T-( rH r-i r-t T-i : f~^ • lO (M OS o UO o C : CI • Oh O Ph o t^ r-i 00 O o c : "3 lO CO t^ CI t- ^ CD : c< CO CI lO C35 lO ^m : o I'. o C : CI n r" ! rH o • Sh 03 CO CO lO CI CO i-O r- 5 T-t ^ o y—( CI CO CO "* lit : «o a> QO 00 QO QO 00 00 cc » : 00 52i t-t T-H rH rH r-i T-i rH •" 1 : r-t • ^ 1 CO t^ OS ~o~ c > : t- d o I- O ■^ g ) r o o (M t^ ^ 05 CS -^ CC 1 : CI en Ph r-t C^ t- f— 1 CI o o; > : lii rH rH rH r- t : c^ CO e3 v CO CO "^ •>«*< o QO r- t ' T-^ 4> 00 o CI CO ■^ ""J* w: ) : CO l- 00 00 00 00 00 oc ) : 00 ;z5 JH ?-H 1—{ 1-^ T-t rH f^ r- t : r^ ^5 o ^ »0 00 CO t^ : t^ e3 • ^5 o ^5 rH t-- 03 r- i ; lO •f-( Ph o o o U3 »o CI V— t • 00 -• Ph 1-H 1-i CO CO "* o i^ : CO rH CI C 1 : CO CO o •^ CO CO l'- CO ^ i '. r^ o ■^ CD 00 o Cl CO u: 5 : «o ^ 4> l^ 1^ i^ 00 00 00 a ) . 00 tH tH r-t r-t rH T-t r-t f- H : r-t , O g t^ r-t lO i-O ■ : "^ : CO : r-i ) : : 00 »-< t>- : "^ : o (M lO (M 1-H 00 rH h- lO 00 o CO CO 1-H » i.) I.-lamls > LoiiLi Is!ani| j M'in;.'itli Islaiiils Ciipi- Bri'tmi Isliind I'ritico Kdward Lsland.. | Aiitico«ti I t^iiof'i Cliailntto Island [ \'aii''i>uvfr"'j Island J Satiji^ Inland St. Paul'< I-^land Moiitietil I-!and | \sW Jr'su~ ! " Orleans { '• \\\o J ^Iront Maiiitoulin flratid Mau.'in \ Canipnli •'.; y Wost Isi.v. j Pieton Is, Biycn I> Maifdalon, ..siands Situation. iLuth.ndtli.: iMilcs. Mile.-.: •20. Rtrait of Rolli.slo... Ka.«i end Novii Sootia. Gulf of St. Lawrence... Ilivor .St. I.aurouce. Lake Huron... B.'iv of Fundv, NVirthuMitierland Strait , (iiiif nt St. I-awrcns'O 7 in No. Ditto Aorc-:^. .\tlantic Ocean N. E. coast Newfoundland. Pacific Ocean .Atlantic Ocean | Uulf of St. Lawrence ' 370 8 12 200 !2.*]O40C0i» 3 I 9 I 4.')i 10 no; fT. ir.n 12.".! IriOj 20 > I 11 2V 2t)()o(;oi) I:;('w000 20000(V) 30 30 4) 55 n 1 10 i 201 '000 ' .SOOO'i 832O00O :^^ 1W 15 i. 20, 5 . S, 2 I. 12, 3 !. ■1 1 50 8000 7S0C0 The coast lino of Britisli Xoi'tli Amoricji isstiKMcd with liiindrcHls of ishuids. of which tlie above arc the hirg'ost and most notable. 56 STATISTICS OF Length of Seaboard of each s^ct'on of British North America. NcwfoiiiKlliind 1,100 miles. Nova Sc'otiii 1,000 " Now Brunswick 500 '' (^mada 1,000 " Prince Edward Island 350 '' Labrador k Hudson's J3ay Territory 1,500 '' British Columbia, including the waters around Van- couver's Island , 900 -' Total 6,350 •' Exclusive of Hudson's J^ay, which has a circuit <>1' 2,000 miles, and Hudson's Strait, which has a coast line of 1,500 more. Add to this extensive seaboard the lenn'th of curva- tures of the coast lines, and we have not less than 12,000 miles, besides the rivers and lakes of the inte- rior. 'i/S I CLLMATE. There are few sul)jects. connected with these Col- onies, on which so much misconception, aiul even misrepresentation, exists, as ihere does with refer- ence to the climate. "The farmer is condemned, during one season, to uawelcome indolence." — Murraijs British America. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 57 "Winfev commences in November, when thick fogs and suoav stovravS are frequent." — Chambers'' Informalion fcr the I'eople. " Winter is by far the pleasantest season, for then everybody is idle." — Baclacoodsman. '•Winter, in Canada, is a season of joy and pleasure; the cares of business are laid aside, and all classes and rank.* indulge in a general carnival." — Montgomcnj Martin. " In November, thick fogs and snow storms betoken that winter has set in." — Butler's Gnide to Canada. From these reprcRcntations, a straiio'or would con- clude that the iiiliabitanlH of Bi'iti.sli ]S^)rth America are sealed u]j. duriuii; six months of the 3'ear, in mountains of snow ; " ilie farmer condemned to un- welcome indok^nce;" the merchant freed from •• tlic cares of business/' and that '"all chisses and ranks indulge in a general carnival;" ami in order to move in the open air, they must be enrobed in furs of the warmest kind. Suftice it to say that all experience testifies to the incorrectness of these statements. With regard to health, what Professor Johnston, Dr. Gesner, Moses H. Perley, Esq.. and Dr. Waddell, have said of Xew l^runswick, is equally applicabk> to the other Colonies. "In regard to the climate of New Brunswick, I feel myself compelled, by all the evidtMico I have collected, unreservedly to admit that it is an exceedingly healthy climate." — Professor Johnston. " Although the winters of New Brunswick arc severe (less so, however, than those of Lower Canada), yet the climate is exceedingly healthy." — M. II. Perley. H' ^i :li rl 58 STATISTICS OF "The climate Is decidedly healtliy, and there is no disease peculiar to New Jiruuswick." — Dr. Gesncr. "As regards climate, none is more healthful," — Dr. Waddell, Sujjerintendcnt of the Lunatic Aifi/lutn. The (.'limato of Western C^anada, and tlie Pacific coast, at A'ancouvcr's Island, and iS'ova Scotia, is warmer tlian that of Canada East, Prince Edward Island, or Xew Brunswick, althongh a large portion * of the latter is similar to that of l^ova Scotia. In Newfoundland winter is severe; yet snow does not lie long on the south-east cost. It is generally said that winter, in these Colonies, lasts five months, which, in one sense is true, but in another it is not. Winter, in reality, cannot be said to last longer than three months, commencing about the middle of December, and ending about the middle of March, During this period there are, in the coldest sections of Lower Canada, from twenty to twenty-five cold days, Avhen the thermometer ranges from fifteen to twentv dei>'rees below zero. The cold is driven from the Arctic llegions by north-west winds, passing over the countr^^ in waves, lasting for about three days at a time — familiarly known as ^' cold snaps." During the intervals between these periods of cold, the thermometer ranges about zero. There are, generally, from four to seven snow storms, during each winter, Avhen the snow falls, in Canada AVest, to the depth of about one foot in the aggregate; in Xova Scotia, from one to two feetj in New Brunswick, Canada East, and Prince Edward BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 59 no disease );•. WaddeU, Island, from two to four feet. To these general )*ulc>* there aro frequent exceptions. Some seasons the snow exceeds these depths; and very frequently, in Nova Scotia, and a largo portion of New Brunswick, the snow docs not average one foot in depth. The '•January thaw'' often sweeps the snow from the face of the country, leaving the ground, contrary to tlie interests of agriculture, uncovered for weeks. In Western Canada, A^he^^ \ large quantity of winter wheat is raised, th^ . 3 th*, 3 are particuh y injurious. At Vancouver's Island there is comparatively no frost. During a large portion of winter, in the cold parts of the Colonies, the thermometer ranges from ten to forty degrees above zero. Deep snow adds to the fertility of the soil. The ground is so pulverized by the action of the frost as to be rendered friable, and more easily ploughed. By a wise and economical division of time, all classes of the people may be, and generally are, as ])rofitably emploj^ed during the winter months, as in summer. It is a great mistake to say that winter is necessarily a period of idleness and inactivity; the reverse is the fact. Our winters are pleasant, and their long evenings afford the student ample time for the acquisition of useful knowledge. There is no season of the year so well adapted to the cultivation of literary, domestic, and social intercourse, as that of a North American winter. It is the lecturing season, in the institutes and halls, with which nearly every community is supplied; it is the season when the several Colonial Legislatures sit, and the season I ill It! I iii 1! ;,;.. It 60 STATISTICS OF ^vhen the press is doubly vigilant in supplying the public with useful information Indeed the winter season, in these Colonies, is very pleasant, affording enjoyment and profit to the innabitants. The prevailing winter winds are the north-west, north, and north-east; in spring, south, and in the Bummer, west, and south-wes^ In the interior of Canada East, and New Brunswick, the heat of sum- mer sometimes rises to eighty, and even ninety degrees; wdiile along the seaboard the climate is more equable, and the air wholesome and bracing. Vegetation progresf^i with great rapidity. The autumn is the most delightful season in the year. In the language of J. V. Ellis — " the summer still lingers, as if regretting to quit the scenes of beauty it has created — and then is produced the ' Indian Summer,' a season of rare and exquisite loveliness, that unites the warmth of summer with the mellowness of autumn.* The fogs which sometimed prevail along a part of the Atlantic coast line, seldom extend more than live miles inland. The Gulf and Eiver St. Lawrence are more free from fogs than the Bay of Fundy, and the Atlantic coasts; but in none of these places are they found to impede navigation, or produce effects detri- mental to the general interests of the country. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 01 The following Comparative Statement will show the amount of Sickness among the Troops stationed in the Countries named in the Tables, from 1837 to 184G : COUNTBIES. RATES PER THOUSAND. Canada 39.0 Xova Scotia & New Brunswick 34.8 United Kingdom from 42.9 to 48.0 Gibraltar 43.0 Malta 43.0 Ionian Islands 44.0 Bermudas 55.8 The relative mortality, in these several countries, stands in about the same proportion as the above, showing the decisive advantages, in point of health, tliese C'Olonies possess over other healthy countriesi. C2 STATISTICS OP Mean Temperatures, for each Month in the Year, of the respective Places named in the following Table. ii Months. Canada. England. Toronto. Montreal. Greenwich. January February March April May June July August September October November December 24« G7 24 14 30 83 42 17 51 64 Gl 42 G6 54 65 76 67 11 44 50 36 57 27 18 13° 58 16 08 28 96 41 04 56 12 68 07 71 36 71 04 58 50 44 63 32 36 18 50 37° 79 37 06 42 20 47 10 53 64 60 03 61 43 61 19 56 99 49 33 44 57 39 97 The following Scale of Mean Temperatures for the year^ are extracted from tables prepared by the Smith- sonian Institute in 1860. Labrador. Naine.... 25° 11 Boothia Felix 3 70 BRITISH NORTH AMKRICA. G3 he rcspcctivt England. Greenwich. 6r rj 37 06 42 20 47 10 63 64 00 03 61 43 61 19 66 99 49 33 44 67 39 97 r the year^ the Smith- Hudson's Bay ToiTitory Fort Simpson O'-.O 1 XowfoundUmd. St. John's 39 18 Nova Scotia. Pictou 42 00 Windsor 51 43 United States. Portland 42 78 New York City 51 U2 Boston 48 66 Philadelphia 52 06 Richmond 5(1 15 Charleston G5 08 Mohile 66 14 Professor King found the mean temperatui'e of the year, at Toronto, in 1860, to be 44° 32' ; the mean humidity, 77°; depth of rain, 23 inches, and the amount of snow 45.6 inches; both snow and rain combined fell short of the averag-e by 8.5 inches. There were 31 thunder storms, and 58 auroras during the 3^ear. .. 25° 11 .. 3 70 « m ! M ^■'i*tJ- r Wi I' ! > i Gl STATISTICS OF The Mean ^Summer Temper at arcs. At Grcenwicli 00° 88 - Paris GO 02 " Berlii. 04 04 '' London ( ljiiii;liin(l) 04 01 '• Iliimiltou (Caiiadii) 72 35 '' Quebec " 65 34 ^' Pietou (yovii Scotia) 63 52 The temperature required for the cultivation of wheat, in Canada Went, is 57°. At Pictoii, Nova Scotia, upon an average of nine yeurf4, it stormed 115.8 days, thus leaving 249.2 days of the year for out-door labor. Tlie ofticial statistics of Canada and the United States show the average of longevity to be nearly 70 per cent less in Illinois than in Canada. In Canada West the annual mortality, per thousand, of the \)0\)- ulation is 8.0, while in Illinois it is 13.6. This differ- once is accounted for by the great number of diseases produced by malaria. The prairie lands of the far west, fertile though they be, are wanting in two of the most important elements of civilization — wood and water — which British North America has in great abundance. There are no endemical, and few epidemical dis- eases in British North America. The country is remarkably healthy, as the longevity of human life fully testifies. The frosts are less severe than in many of the populous countries of Christendom, and the summers are less calid than in many of the BRITISH NORTir AMERICA. 1)0 >(Hitliorn (limes whore civilization is innkiiiijj rapid ))i'(^:;resH. riuleed the elimato of oiie-tliird. at lea>t, of British North America is hii-hlv atlaptcd to the jtrog'i'CH.s of civilization. GKOLOCIICAL. In viewiniT the phvsical strnctnre of lii itish North America, several ^eolon;ie'al areas naturally present themselves, a mere outline of some of which is all our limits will allow; wc therefore leave the reader to fill in th«' details from the ahle geoloi4;ical works of *SV/' W. I'J. Logan, Professor .Dau'son, and Doctor Gcf^nvr. The first subdivision embraces C^mada Iv.>st, Xew JJrunswick, Nova Scotia, P. K. Island, Newfoundland, and the Island of Anticosti, and a part of the adjoin- iiiii' States of the American Union. This extensive section may be described as part of a i;re;it >cdi- mentary troui^h, resting uj)on primary rocks, the centre of which is occupied by an immense coal field, coverini;: one-third of New Brunswick, a consideral>le ))art of Nova Scotia, and the south-west sec i ion of Newfoundland, while a lari;-e portion of it is lost l>eneath the CJulf of St. Lawrence. Within this car- boniferous area some of the coal fields of Nova Scotia, and the Albertite coal of Nc'\7 BrunsAvick, arc of great economic value. The coal ivyrmation seems to rest unconformably on the subjacent rocks. These lower formations, in Canada, lie north of the Elver St. Lawrence. The carboniferous system overlies the Devonian and Silurian formations. The Atlantic 6Q STATISTICS OF frontier of* Xova Scotia is liiglily nietamorphic, con- sisting of altered rocks, siicli as gneiss, clay, mica slates, and -e of which has not yet been determined. It is older than the Carboniferous, and may be older than the Devonian rocks. Within this sedimentary basin, the Devonian, upper and lower Silurian, Cambrian, Carboniferous, or Grey Sandstone, and Red Sandstone formations, appear in vjirious places. If, as Professor Johnston says, " the agricultural capabilTlios of a country depend essentially upon its geological structure," it is very important that tlu' geological formations of this sedimentary section of British Xorth America should be minutely defined. The actual features and geograpldcal limits of each geological forniation are yet undefined, therefore the knowledge extant is too limited to afford the reader a fair view of its geological structure. The time, however, it is presumed, is not far hence when a full and complete geological survey of this section will be made, when, we have no doubt, inipoj'tant infor- mation will be obtained. The nature and commercial importance of the minerals of each Province will be !;iven hereafter. The next great geological area comprises the prin- fipal part of Canada West, and extends into the adjoining States. The rock formations which cover ■t-5 :'!;1 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 67 a large part of tliis section, may be described as a basin of fossiliferous strata, conformable from the summit of the coal measures to the bottom of the very lowest formations, containing organic remains. It is believed however, that the profitable portion of the three great coal fields of the United States, which covers an aggregate area of 120,000 square miles, does not come within the Province of Canada. These coal fields belong to the Devonian and Silurian .epochs. The lowest of the fossiliferous strata is a sandstone of variable quality, which is silicious at the bottom, and calciferous at the top. It underlies a thick and very extensive deposit of limestone, con- taining organic remains. This limestone formation extends into Lower Canada also, where lime is man- ufactxired, in the vicinity of Quebec, and other places. A bed of limestone, 35 miles in width, runs from Kingston to Georgian Ba}^. There are numerous parts witliin the geographical limits of the rock formations of Canada West, where tertiary and alluvial deposits, the former consisting of beds of clay, sand, and gravel, and the latter of alluvial drift, associated with boulders of igneous origin, peat, marl, and bog iron ore, appear in great abundance. On the summits of some of the tertiary hills, from 300 to 500 feet above the level of the sea, numerous marine shells, of the same si)ecies as the shell-fish which now inhabit the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and northern seas, have been found. The sandstones, like those of Eastern Canada and the Lower ProvinceSj present various lithological appearances. 68 STATIStlCS OP .{llri The third geological area lies north of Lakes Huron and Superior, and the Eiver Ottawa. This section, though not yet fully explored, is found to contain many useful minerals, such as copper and lead ores, marbles, limestone, plumbago, porcelain clays, and magnetic and specular oxides of iron, in great abundance. Of the geological features of the fourth great area, drained by the Saskatchewan and Mackcnsie Elvers, lying between Lake Superior and the Rocky Moun- tains, as well as of that lying between this section and the Pacific Ocean, little is yet known. Even British Columbia, the richest gold district in the world, has not yet been surveyed, except by the foot- steps of miners and trappers. The Geological Structure Agriculturally Considered. — After removing the loose covering of the earth, the underlying soils will be found generally to partake of the chemical character and composition of the subjacent rocks; if sandstone, the soil is sandy; if limestone, it is more or less calcareous; if claystone, it is, more or less, stiff clay ; and if these substances are all found intermingled, that is sand- stone, claystone, and limestone, the soil will be found to be composed of a similar mixture. Soils generally have been formed of the solid rock. The following definitions, where the climate is suitable, may be g nerally adopted : 1. The soils of the red sandstones form some of the richest and most productive lands in these Prov- BBITISH NORTH AMERICA. 69 iiices — as those of Prince Edward Island, parts of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. 2. The gray sandstone forms second rate soils, requiring much labor and skill to render them profit- able. The gray sandstone of the British North American Provinces is of variable quality ; forming, in some instances, a light, porous, and hungry soil ; while in others, a stiff clayey soil, expensive to w^ork, but productive w^hen properly tilled. 3. The soils formed by the crumbling of the rocks composing the Silurian and Cambrian systems — mica slate, gneiss, and trap — are not generally favorable to agricultural operations, except where lime and magnesian rc«'ks mingle their remains, when soils of a fair character are produced. 4. Valuable soils are produced where a limestone and a clay mingle their mutual ruins. 5. Some of the best soils in these Provinces are composed of alluvial and sedimentary matter, con- sisting of crumbled rocks, and' decayed vegetation — as riv^er intervales and valleys, and the marshes of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, surrounding the head waters of the Bay of Fundy. MINES AND MINERALS. Canada contains gold and silver, in small quan- tities, copper in great abundance, extensive deposits of iron ore, galena, plumbago, gypsum, limestone, marbles, building stones, and other ores and minerals of economic value, which are being rapidly developed. In a small work like this it is impossible to enu- 70 STATISTICS OF mcrate and specify all the localities in which useful minerals have been found. In general terms, how- ever, we may state the position and manufacture of some of the most imj)ortant minerals. There is a large auriferous country in Canada, but gold has not yet been found sufficiently plenty to pay the expense of procuring it. Small quantities have been obtained in the valleys of the liivcrs du Loup and Chaudiere, in Lower Canada. Native silver has been discovered in numerous places, and small quan- tities have been obtained from the copper and lead mines, but the j)er centage is small. At Battersea, fifteen miles from Kingston, there is a valuable deposit of Galena ; it has been found also in other places. Copper has been found in great abundance on Lakes Huron and Superior, in Upper Canada, and at Acton, in Canada East; and sul- phurets of copper of various characters, and native copper in small quantities, have been found in many places, in both Upper and Lower Canada. At the Acton mines, in Baixot Countv. where the facilities for transportation arc excellent, the copper is valued at $150 per ton, and a large business in mining is being done. In the Quebec group of rocks, on the south side of the St. Lawrence, abundant deposits of copper are found. In 1861, in the short space of nine weeks, 300 tons of copper, valued at $45,000, wore obtained from the Acton mines, near Montreal. In nine months, 1825 tons, valued at $130,502 were obtained. It is said to contain 30 per cent of pure metal. At Leeds, Megantic County, a valuable BUITISII NORTH AMERICA. 71 rotit. Very valuable ('•o])per-l)earini;' voeks have heen dis- covered on Lakes Ifin'on and Siip-erior; those on the. Canadian side ai'e the richest. In 185!) thei'e were 7,000 tons shi[i|)e2S.r)81. were raised. |»rinci])ally in the Algonia l)istrict. Canada Wot. Cop])er ininini;* has l)een ])i"oseeiitcd in Canada tor many years; in 1S5'}, cop])rr was exported to the value of $1)2,080. Iron ore is ahumhint. and smeltinii" has heen carried on, successfully, at tlie St. ^faurice. in Lov/er Canada, for the last century. The iron produced is excellent, luit the deposit is now said to he nearly exhausted, and the operations have cease(h In tlie interior of till' same district, however, an extensive deposit of excellent ore has been discovered. At South Sherbrook. ^Tarmora, Hull, Madoc, 6cv.. magnetic iron ores, containinn; from 40 to i'yi) per cent, and of excellent quality, ai*e in fijreat abundance, and minint;; is carried on with success. Sj)ecular iron ore is abundant on Lake Huron, and other ])laces in (*anada West, an0i»' ore is abundant in all ])arts of Canada. Petroleum, na]>t)ia, asphalt, iS:c., are also found. Petroleum sj)rin!j;s have been found in numerous ])laces in Canada. The oil, which is obtained by borino-, is said to l)e derived from Silurian. Devonian, and Carbojiifcrous rocks, and is conjectured to be a STATISTICS OF product of tlic elicmieal action ])y wliicli lii/ncouB matter is transmuted into coal. To obtain the petro- leum, ])orinij;s are made to the deptli of from 150 to 500 feet. I^iie oil rei^ion is said to cover about 7,000 square miles. The oil is used for illuminating and lubricating purposes. Some of the vrells pour foi'th immense quantities. II New Brunswick. — In this Province gold-bearing quartz has been discovered, in King's County, and other places, on the south-east side of the Province ; but whether sufficiently rich to pay working ex- penses, is not known. The north-western section of the Province, bounding on Canada East, where gold has been discovered, has not yet been geologically explored. Silver has been found in small quantities, and numerous deposits of copper are known to exist. On the Nepisiguit Piver, Bay Chaleui*. on the Bay of Pundy coast, and at AVoodstock, the ores are most abundant. :ii^ \ The coal-field of New Brunswick, although cov- ering one-third the area of the Province, is not, so far as tested, with the exce])tion of the asphaltic coal of Albert Countv. of m't^ivt economic value; the measures being thin and in nearly all of the mines opened, impure. But the Albertite. as it is called, of Albert (-ounty, is an anomaly. It is the most valu- able deposit of bituminous mattei- on the American Continent, and so far apparently inexhaustible. It produces 100 gallons of crude oil per ton. From this 13RITISH NORTH AMERICA. icrican deposit, ill If^oO, $225,000 wortli was exported, afford- iiii^f the stoekholdcrs 110 per cent profit. Coal is known to exist in upwards of fifty places in the Province, but little has been done in niininij;: it; the principal part of the coal used is imported from Nova Scotia. Coal was raised, in 1851, to the amount of 2,842 tons; in 18G1, 1S,244. A seam of good coal has recently been discovered at Sussex. ]\ranu;anese of tbe best quality is abundant in Albert County, where mining has been prosecuted for sev- eral years. Iron ore of excellent quality is very alnindant at Woodstock, where mining 0])erations have been suc- cessfully carried on for a number of years. There are many other places on the River St. John, and its tributaries, and also in other sections of the Province, where iron ore of good quality' exists. (iypsum. plumbago, and limestone are very abun- dant. Small quantities of galena and antimony have been found. Brine springs abound in Kings County. The freestone of New Brunswick is nnsurpassed, in this section of America, for beauty and durability ; it commands high prices in the markets of the Ame- rican States. In 1861, tlierc were taken out 42.0()5 casks of lime ; 42,470 grindstones; 14,080 tons building stone; 14,000 tons of gypsum, and 408 tons of other minerals. Prince Edward Island. — But few minerals of economic value have been discovered in this Prov- ince. Copper, and bog iron ore, are known to exist in small quantities. M r'' (' W ,•1' K! »i ■I !t! 74 STATISTICS OF Impure limcHtonc exists in numerous places, and sjnuU quantities of tlie oxide of manganese have also been found. The sandstones may he classed under two heads, red and i^ray — the former covers a large portion of the island. Nova Scotia. — Tiiis is one of the most important sections, in a geological and mineralogical point of view, on the Atlantic side of British aSTorth America. It is rich in gold, coal, iron ore, and other vahiable minerals. Coal raised in Nova Scotia. w a • C . C O H fl a >i ri Vcars. ion Mi Pictou P3 A fc/j o Totals. to s c "^ ►— C 1850 Chald's. 34270 27725 84873 44437 Tons. 105055 Chald's. 20248 24773 28140 27578 Tons. 100098 Chald's. 1215 1322 1708 1090 Tons. 5295 (MiaWs. Chald's. OIT-IU 1851 5382(1 1852 04777 1853 74011 IHGO Tons. 35300 Tons. [213400 18G1 7052 BRITISH NOKTH AMEEIOA. 76 )luc'es, and ! have also wo lioa(l««, portion of important; 1 point of America. :' valuable Totals. tn74- 04777 74011 I 213400 Large quantities arc raised in other localities. More than half the coal raised is shipped to the Ignited States. The vertical thickness of the Pictou coal vein is oO feet; Lingan, nine feet; Joggins, four feet; the (,'ape Breton coal vein is also of great tliickness. Tlie coal field of Sydney covers an area of 250 scpiaro miles. Each square mile, of 24 vertical feet of coal, will yield 28.000,000 tons. from the coal mil of The facilities for shipment Xova Scotia are excellent. Iron ores, of various descriptions, and containing large per centagcs of excellent iron, are found in numerous iilaces. The principal deposit is at Lon- $23,428. Limestone is abundant. Marbles, manganese, galena, — the latter in small quantities ; l)uilding stones of every description, and in great abundance; mineral paints, brine spring.s. &c. There is a seam of highly bituminous coal, situ- ate at Coal Brook, in Pictou County. It underlies the Albion coal seams, and is known as the " Fraser Oil Coal." It produces 70 gallons of crude oil per ton. In 1800, 2000 tons were raised. Gold Fields of Nova Scotia. — The nietamorphic district of this Province, which is the most rigid and uninviting portion of its surface, is now, beyond dis- pute, one of its richest sections. The hills and vales of its Atlantic frontier, w^hich have been heedlessly trodden, for untold centuries, by wandering Indians, are now yielding their treasured wealth to the hand of civilization. Facing the seaboard, numerous estuaries, bays •; BPJTISn NOIlTn AMERICA. quantities, 5 Province. , the ore is found, to )l»accs. In \t $41,092. ).400 tons, 8Gl,oftlu' 1851 was sr in small iption, and .0 8})i'ini^8. coal, situ- . underlies " Frascr do oil per tani Orphic rigid and 3yond dis- and vales leedlessly Indians, the hand ies, bays, ■ ? and rivers Avind between the spurs of the hills, «^ivinif to this section of the country a ])ictures(|uc appear- ance. Along the coast line for 250 miles, and from eight to thirty-five miles inland, gold-hearing quai'tz has been found. By what exact agency, and at what geological epoch, gold was formed among the granite and met- amorphic rocks, and distorted and sedimentary strata of Nova Scotia, is a secret not easily- divulged. This part of the Province has probably Ix^en the theatre of igneous action, and to that action, and its influence npon the contiguous rocks, may be attrib- uted the formation of gold. The gold exists chiefly in quartz ])ands, five or six in number, running nearly parallel to the Atlantic seaboard of the Prov- ince. Each band consists of numerous veins, and, in gold-mining parlance, "leads," which vary in thick- ness from a fraction of an inch to several feet ; of various degrees of hardness and richness, and at various depths from the surface. Generally, the quartz rock is hard, and yields slowly to abrasion, or the action of frost. In some places the veins are folded and otherwise distorted ; in others, they follow the geographical undidations, and geological sinuosities of the subjacent, overlying, and contiguous rock. In a few places, auriferous drift, the result of disintegration of pre-existing quartz veins, and decomposed rocks, afford •' alluvial," or "placer" diggings; but not, so far as known, of sufficient extent and richness to warrant extensive operations. The lichness, depth, and dip of the 1,1 78 STATISTICS OF It voina appciir to be governed by no iininiitalilo luw In 8onic jjlii^cs the riehcHt veiiiH aic docp in tiir earth, wlillc in otlioi-n tliey are near the n'.! 'iuu. It Ih only hy deniulation that the leads can, '. sonu' phiceH, he traced. It is now beyond dispute that tliere are vast quan- titicH of gold locked up in these quai'tz l»ands, wliicli can oidy be brought to light by skill, industry, and large pecuniary appropriations. It is needless for those of Finall means to undertake quartz mining, in Nova Scotia, except as servants. By the skillful application of means, however, gold in vast quan- titles may be obtained. Sufficient time has not yet transpired, sijice its discovery in this Province, to allow a full development of the gold-bearirig leads. Many of the veins are highly remunerative, and richer ones are continually being discovered. Some of the more recently discovered veins descend per- pendicularly, to a great depth, from the surface, between walls of other rocks, of various kinds, and of different degrees of hardness, which are generally removed hy blasting, when the quartz is obtained. Crushing tnachines have been erected in the j^rincij^al mining localities. Situated, as these mines arc, in the vicinities of excellent roads, growing towns and settlements, and navigable waters, their commercial importance can- not be too highly estimated. It is noAv believed that the diffusion of gold is as general, tl.roughout the world, as that of other metals. Almost every year adds new gold fields to the already numerous catalogue. i liUITISK NORTH AMLIKICA. TO 1, '. HOlliC Tlu •^^e «ii'artmouth. on t'l road to Truro; at J.awrencetown, 12 miles eastwardly from Halifax, on the shoi-e ; at 'J'angier. 4.") miles east of Halifax; at AVine llarhor, 5o mile> cast of Tangier, and near the mouth of St. Mary's liiver; at Sher- hi'ooke, eight miles uj) the said river; at Isaac's llarhor, 15 miles east ol' Wine IJarhor; at Country llarhoi*. a few miles further inland than the last named locality; at J^enlrew, on the Nine Mile J^iver, in the County of Hants; and at Oldham, in the (>)untv of JIalitax; these two last named L!;old fields heing, respectively, only ten and three miles distant from the Elmsdale railway station, which i.s £0 miles from the City of Halifax. I\ fVl iiii 80 STATISTICS OF In Nova Scotia, as in other gold-prod jcing coiiii- trics, gold mining is among the industrial pursuits; and is superintended by a commissioner, and deputy commissioners, ^vho regulate the disposal of claims, and the collection of revenue from the gold fields, under an Act of the Legislature, passed in March. 18G2. The size, and annual rental of claims, and the number of days labor to be performed on each, under the ])rovisions of the law above mentioned, are as follows : >SV::^, Cost, tC'^., of Mining Leases in Nova Scotia. — Quartz Area, No. 1—150 by 250 feet— $40— 100 days per annnm. Quartz Area, No. 2—150 by 500 feet— 8S0— 200 days i^er annum. Quartz Area, No. 3—300 by 500 feet— S160— 400 days per annum. Quartz Area, No. 4—150 by 500 feet— 8240— 600 days per annum. Alluvial or placer diggings to contain 1,000 square feet, and to pay a rent of $5 per annum. Lots may differ, in size, from the above, accordiiin" to circumstances. Quartz lots arc leased for 21 years; alluvial lots for one year. L^nproductivo seams, or diggings, may be abandoned, when the rent, &c., ceases. In all lots a royalty of three per cent, upon the gross amount of gold mined, is to be paid to the government; if the royalty exceeds the rent, then tlie former only to be paid ; but if it does not exceed inilTISII NORTH AMKIMCA. 81 cini;^ conii- the rent, tlicn tlic rout only sluill ]>e paid. Mining; least's ivvt'i-t to the Crown on h'ssccs tailiiii:: to jkm'- loiin the Jimomit oi'hihor Jil>ove staled. All iviits to be paid quarterly in advanee. The Iar::j:<' innnher of 2.274 claims were i^ranted up to the tirist ot'Septenihei*. l)s<)2. Jlow many of these may ultimately prove unprodiidive. it is impossihie tosav; hut that thev will all \\v\<\ a remuneratin;r returji ibr labor is not to be ex]HMteroved valuable, and are richly repayinii; their ownei's for ca])ital iri- vested. Ot' the whole number of claims. al)out 800 are small 1.000 feet areas, o-i-an ted before tlie |)assin^^^ of the law quoted above; but ol the ivmainder. many are of the larger, or No. 4 area, so that the aui'ifer{;us districts of Nova Scotia would seem (<> be of consid- erable ext(Mit. No ofUcial records have l>een ke})t that will hIiow a correct statement of the ii-old real- i/ed by the mines; large quantities coming into the mai'ket through private hands, of which the govern- ment receive no account; but the returns- in the gold commissioner's oftice show that the^ husiness (*f gold mining is very ])i"oductive. The return of the ros})ecting. sinking shafts, and other j>j'ejtaratory opei'ations. Over ^10,000 woiitk oi' gold was sent 6 82 STATISTICS OF ri'v)m Nova Scotia to the Woi'Ul'^ Kxliibition, at Lon- don, in March. 11Sf)2. HiiiTrsFi (^)L'.;mria. — (iohl, f some of the rivers east of the Rocky Muarirftins. Coal, of good quality, is vure _t!;alena, thrown from tlu^ vein hv a sinii*!e hlast. * '"^ * From my e.xjtlorations, made with ii;reat care and circiim- ppection, I iecl confident that you may safely calcu- late on one hundred feet of the vein, in depth, ahove water level, extendini;* twelve hundred feet inlaml, at hnist. I have estimated four inches of solid ii;alena as ail avcraire tliickness therein; luit helieviui; it better to he uii(K'r estimate, rather than exceed, 1 will call the average thickness three inches for twelve hundred feet from the landmark, and one hundred feet in di'])lh ahove the sea level. This will ^ive thirty thousand cubic feet of solid galena, wdiich is a little more than seven times as- heavy as the same bulk of water;'' which i^iver. '-a pi'oduct of u) I wards of thirteen millions of pounds, toijjether with the additional chances of '|uadrup»lini!; that amount Ity sinkinuj below the sea level, and extend- iiiu; inland. The mininij; is the easiest imai^-inablc." lie ]>laces it on a par " with the ^n'eatest lead dcj)osits in the rm'ted States." And adds, 'that this mine is accessible, not only l»y small boats, but even the smaller class of oeean steamers." (Jn anahzalion, a san4>le was lound to contain 83.04 of lead, l.'i.87 sulphur, and the remainint; 2.41) parts consisted of silver, copper, zinc, carbonate of lime, and silica. This valuable mine has fallen into the hands of a 86 STATISTICS OF i i.) New York Company. Aiiotlier mine hits been dis- covered in the same vicinity. Mining, in NewfbuiuUand, is still in its infancy; future researclies, and tlie application of skill and capital, have, on this isluiuh a favorable field for operations. BOTANICAL. Classification and Uses of some of f lie (liferent Varieties of British North Americutn Woods and ^^hruOs. 1. Order Aeerinae. Acer Saccharinum — White Simarl tt- , , . , , ,j I *= Ilighly ornamental, and ., T.>. ^ ^ \„ 1 C5 Ai 1 much used for Cabinet " xsigrum — Black Sugar Alaple. ** Dasycarpum — White Sugar Maple. *' llubrum — lied Maple. •' Stratiun^ — Striped Maple — Moosewood. •' Montauum — Mountain Marjle. work. (>f the ^ap of tha two first Sugar is made. 2. Order Bet\ilae '^ee ;U. " Ferruginea — Ilevl Beech. Quercus Rubra — Red (>:ik. *' Alba— White Oak. Used foi' agricultural im- pTv '»:pnts, iS: shipbuilding. There aie twenty varieties of oak in B. N. America. BRITISn NORTH AMKRICA. 8: (juorcus Anibigufi — firay OmIc (( Nijxni— lilack Oak liicolor — Swam J) White Oak. Castancn Vcsca — Chesiniit. (>.-ti\viia Vii triiiica — Iiviii NNOod. Cutvlus Aiiioiicanu — Ila/,cl. j While oak aJtoutiils in Can- athi. ami is inwe-li usod lor sl:i)']ii!il(liii J ornamental. hite ash. for and some are 5. OrdiM' Ulninrpor. Ulmus An'.cii'.-ana — >Nhite Kim. ) The -wood is used for ox " Fuiva — IUmI or Sli}i]ier3- i'llni j beams, and i'^ very (dastio. Kaci'mosa — I'oek I'Jm. | Tii<' ])ark is used lor cliair- *♦ — (irav lllin, bottoms. (I 0. OinIct Iriqhiiiihli'rar In abatis rinerea — T'litternnt, Nigra — lUack Walnut Corya Alba— Shell IJark Ilicdxory. *• Tiiiiiientosa — Smoolh l>ail> 11 lokovv I l^sed for cabinet work. Ft I is highly ornamental, an-ea- soned. I'sed for ornamental pur- poses. as STATISTICS OF [ Snlix Viminalls — IJa.-ikct Willnu. iiseil in lnvskct nuiking. Ivosc Willow, l';irk nuvliciuul. ^. Onloi' Annjijihdrae. Tvnis Micnicarpa — rJowan or Mhi Ash. ('crasMH I'oTmsvlvanica — lleil Cli'rv Sciiitiiia — Ulack (Micrry. " Virj::iniana — Clioke Cherry Prunus Viuoiicuim — Wild Phim. Pro'lucos odiblo fruit. The wood of .«oiiio ol" the cherry trees is very duruble and highly oruameutul. li i 0. Oi'dcii' Jiosareae. Cratalaegiis Punctal^ — Ajijde TlTii '• Occiiiea — Ke.d Thorn. ♦« Cnis— Wh;(e Tliorn. Arnelanclieicr Cauadensis — Service IJerry. TJubiis Strifrusiis — ilas])1»erry. Jlosa CJallica — lied ilofcc, a boautifu Produces edible fruit abun- dantly. Ledge ornament. 10. Ofder Cdpn'/oUareac. Viburnum Lautanoides — Moose ] !5ush. I The berries are edililc, cs- •* Oxyeoccus — Tree Cran- [-pecially those of the Tree >)ei'ry Cranberry. Cornus Canadensis — l)o_a;wood. | ►Sdmbucus Pubeooncs — lied IJeiiiod Hlder. 11 . ()r!iN;)in Fir. I'eiidula — I. arch. Ilkiiiaf ack. Tluiga Occi'leiilalis — White Cciliir. Taxus ('anadcii.s'.s — (ij-M HernU-ck. Juiiiperus Coiiiinuni?< — CJround Ju- niper. The princijiMl juirl of (his laniilv is lii<:lilv use! id, both for home coii^iiriipiioii and for exportation. The pinc.'^ and sj)nu'(':s arc use«l in shij) building ; iilso, sawed into deals for exportation. The hackiiiataek is a supe- rior wood forship-buildinjr. railway sleepers, \c. The while jiine of Canada oc- casionally reaches liOO feet i?i hei;iht, will sfjuare 20 inches, and GO feet long. »lc, cs- c Tree f cnr- iruble. These wood^i are found in almost all ]);n'ts of the woodlainl sections of lii'itish Xofth Ainciicji. exee|)t tlie families of Cuintjifvnfc and .liujJdnilitrcin'. whirh are more ])arti(Milarly the jirodiiee of the western section of (.'jinada, while these of the Arirlnnc. and Coiiifcrae are more particulai'ly that of Canada Ka.st and the Lower Pfovinces. except Xewloiindland, Avhere the foi-est woods are comparatively few in number, and o;eneraily of ;i small i;-rowth. Xot less than iit'iy of the woofis of these Provinces U'row to he lari>'e IbrcNt trees, averaii'inir in size frotn one foot in diameter at the ti'iink to the L:;re;it [»ines of (^inada Kast and Xew l)rimswick. Of the woods of Ih'itish North America, Canada sent to the London Ivxhihition l^S specimens, and 4D0 luilive plants; New Brunswick 70; Nova Scholia I' ' I ^ I H 00 STATISTICS OF «1 HUMIIU'DS Ol WOfMlS f y [jines. ItaNain. asjx'n. poplar, and l»ireh. Furthor iiordi iIh'I'c are notliinj^* luit sombre forests Oi wortU- less lliiilici'. On liie Alpin»* r(\ IMJU i\\'{ ;>li()ve tlie level ol" the sea, l)oet(»r lieelnr fomul si;) spccjos of tlowerinu; ])lants and I'enis. w Iiidi is nearl\' (^ne-lialf of the tlora of British Noi'ili Anieriea. IndiL'"eiioi!v I'niil of most evers* varietv. is vei'V aluindant. Mneli of it is hi<>-ldv delicious and medi- cinal. In tl\<' maritime i)rovinces. cranheri'ies. a most useful product, are veiy a))undant, and command two dollars ]»cr huslu'l in the markets. Sti'awhei'ries, a verv deliciou'^ fruit, litei'allv cover thi^ i)asture-fields duriuij; cai'l; summer; and ras])l)eri'ies, a hii^'hly os- teenu dlruit . arc also alunidant. Most all the infe- rior soils producv^ hlueheri'ics to a u'rcat extent. Of th(^ nut-, — tiic 'r>ccci). butter, and ha/cl. are the prin- cipal. There are numci'ous other ef n-orth- 'iinfains, iUv soa, ,i; J'liintM iUji'ii of is veiy 'I Micdi- . a Jnost 111(1 two 'i-rles, a iv-ficl(ls 'My Os- lo irjie- U. Of prill- [imon«r '0 also The ['aiia- U I|)03 Fulvus); Rilvor-^ray fox ( Viilpos Ai-i(cntutiiH) ; wol- vorino (Giilo JiUsus); Haccoon ( Procyon Lotor). Tlioro aro fivo Hpooics of tlio woasol (Miisli'lidao). and tliroo Hpocios of tho inoiise (Sorox); molo ((N)M- dyliira TiOiio-ioaudata) ; bat (A\'S|)ortilio) ; martin (Miistola Ainorioana); ottor (Liitru ('anad<'n-is). Oivler — RviniiHiniid — runu'natinu; animals. Carri- 1)00 or roindoor (Corviis Tarandus^; mooso or oik (Alcos Ainoricana). (.)rdor — Roihnt'ut — o-naAvinf^ animals. The l>oavor (Castor Canadonsis) ; poreupino (Hystrix Dorsata); luiro or rabltit (IiO])iis AnioiMon- us) ; woodcdiuck (A rot oinys); squin'ols. till I'O si)' '\ c S R'linis .Id- tori); musk rat (Fihorzibothious. IvKPTiiiKS. — The roptilos arc few and harmloss; throe species of the snake; two variolies each of the toad and frog; two varieties of the lizard; and two of the turtle. ORNITHOLOGICAL. The principal part of tiie I>ir .-A ^ i.v^' ^ -^-^ '^ rs. •' ^ V . "ft? ir" 92 STATISTICS OF |i i 2. Order Insessorcs — or perching birds. The night- hjiwk ((^iprimiilgiis Americamis) ; the swallow (Hi- riindo); song-sparrow (Friiigilhi); and the chirping- Bparrow (Fringilla Socialis), are very numerous ; two species of the finch (Fringilhx). The thrusli or robin (Turdus Migratorius), arrives early in the spring, and reniains until late in autumn ; shore-lark (Ah\uda jMpestris). There are about thirty species of the warblers (Sylviadac) ; the majority of the w^arbler family arrive here in spring, remain a few days, and pass on to Hudson's Bay Terrilojy, where they bring up their young, returning to southern latitudes as cold a])proaclies. The other birds of the family of perchers are the Avren, nut-hatch, humming bird, snow bird, sparrow, crow, raven, grackle, starling, kingfisher, whip-poor-wHll, and two species of the jay. 3. Order Scansores — or climbing birds. There arc six species of the woodpecker in this section of America. * 4. Orrador, where they bring up their young, and return in au- tumn to their old feeding grounds, where they re- main until winter sets in, when they leave for the warmer parts of the United States co^t. CJulls are also numerous along most all our seaboard. Grebes, Auks, and Gannets, frequent the sea shore. Of wild ducks, the case sent by Nova Scotia to the London Exhibition in 18G2, represents nearly all that are to be found in British North America, namely : " Wood ducks (Anas Sponsa) ; scoup ducks (Fuligula Marila); eider ducks (Fuligula Molissima); king eider ducks (Fuligula Spectabilis); blue-winged teal (Anas Discors) ; green-winged teal (Anas Carolinen- sis); harlequin duck (Fuligula IIistrioT)ica) ; ring- necked duck (Fuligula Rutiforgenes) ; dusky duck (Anas Obscura); and Shoveller (Anas Clypeata)." Of the birds of North America, Wilson discovered in 1841, 283 species; Bonaparte, in 1858, discovered 471; Audubon, in 1844, 506; and the Smithsonian Institute published in 1856, a list of no less than 716 species. A very large number of the feathered tribe are isolated from civilization. Those wdiich follow in the path of civilization, in these Colonies, are swal- lows, which leave the Lower Provinces about the first of September; robins, crows, blue jays, cedar birds, Canada jays, with a few others. 94 STATISTICS OF l!' i Tlicre are few countries better adapted than I?rii- isli North America to meet the desires of the sports- man; iisli, ])ir(ls, and animals, are plenty. FTSIIKRIES OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. This section of the American Continent lias a sea- board, including the Gulf and JJiver St. Lawrence, Straits of Belle Isle, Hudson's Bay and outlets, and St. CJeoruje's Cliannel, of 5,500 miles of coast, along which are to be found, at difterent seasons of the year, a greater abundance and variety of fish and marine animals than in any other part of the world. The shoals of herring, cod, and mackerel, which a[)j)roacli this vast coastline for purposes conncctery recently that this important suhjeet has received any atten- tion from Naturalists; not indeed until the fisheries in many parts of the world Avere nearly destroyed. The river and lake fisheries in these Colonies have suffered much from improper modes and times of eatehing; so much so, that legislative action has be- come necessary to ])rotect them. This coast is inhabited l)y numerous families, each composed of many species of the tribes of tlie deep; the following, however, being those most useful in commerce, are all our limited space will penriit us to give : 1. Gadldae — the (V)d family. The common cod, tomcod, haddock, hake, and pollock. Of this family, the most important is the common cod (Mori'hua Vulgaris) which is found all along the shores of the St. Lawrence. The cod i''hal>its cohl and temperate climes; it is found in immense quan- tities on tlie Great Banks of Newfoundland; it is also found alonu: the coasts of Greenland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The cod app ears in the Gulf of St. Lawrence be- tween the tenth of May and the tenth of June. In these waters it has favorite spawning and feedi places. »ig 9G STATISTICS OF I i'll: f I I' 'ii 2. Chippddae — the Ilcri'ini;- fninily. The common lierring. Aincricim sluid. tiiul gjispcrcanx, or alewif'e. The herring (Chipea [furengus), or the genus Chrpe.a^ is vei-y abundant, along the coast, from New York to Tludson'H Bay. It is not agreed among Naturalists, whether or not there is more than one variety of this fish. In winter it disappears from tliese coasts, and reappears as soon as the ice leaves in the R]>ring, in immense shoals, especially at the Bay Chaleiir. Magvas ^2,072,081. New Bninswlek Fisheries. — The Census of 1801 gives the total value of fish caught at $518,530. Prince Edward Island Fisheries. — Barrels of mackerel caught in 1801 7,103 " alewives and herrings 22,416 Quintals of codfish and hake 30,776 Gallons of fish oil made 17,009 Nuniher of fishing boats owned 1,239 Total value offish caught in 1><01 was $220,000. Newfoundland Fisheries. — The waters around this Colony teem with every variety of valuable fish. The fisheries constitute the principal industrial pur- suit of the inhabitants, and fish is the principal export. There are two classes of fisheries — the "Shore Fishery," and the '-Bank Fishery; the former is confined to the bays and shores of the island, while the latter is between 500 and 000 miles in length, with a breadth of 200 miles. The " Banks of Newfoundland" form the most extensive subma- . r !1!!' I • ii: ! I ^ 104 STATISTICS OF rine elevation in the world. The depth of water varies from twenty to one hundred fathoms. The best fishing ground is said to be between lat. 42^ and 46° N. The south-eastern coast is subject to dense fogs, which are thought to arise from the union (on the Grand Bank) of the tropical and polar waters, which, with their accompanying atmospheres, being of different temperatures, produce, by evaporation and condensation, continual vapors. Statistics of the Fisheries of Neicfoundland for the Years netmed. Years. Cod, quintals Cove (pickled cod), tubs.. Salmon, tierces Herring, barrels Seal skins No. of furs Value fish, furs, & skins, £, Seal and cod oil, tons Other oils, gallons Oils, value of, £ Products of the sea, "I « total value of j"*-- I' 1 1 1836. 1845. 1858. 860354 1000233 1058050 442 3545 1688 2726 1847 1534 20903 82155 884321 352702 507020 2959 2037 2004 563003 663466 8408 920819 41872 244826 323241 359524 243646 807829 907112 1280343 1861. 1021720 cwt. 372 2924 64377 375282 3886 931292 8375 tons, 23 338361 1269546 BRITISH NOETH AMERICA. 105 We have no means of knowing the quantity of fish consumed in either this or the other Colonies; it is estimated, however, that 250,000 quintals of codfish were consumed, in 1861, by the inhabitants of New- foundland; which would make the total quantity caught in that year, 1,271,720 quintals. The number of vessels engaged in the seal fishery, in 1851, was 823; aggregate tonnage, 29,545 tons; manned by 11,377 men. In 1857, the number of vessels employed in the seal, and other fisheries, was 777; manned by 14,483 men; total amount of tonnage, 57,898. The number of boats employed was 11,683, and the nets and seines numbered 2,354. The number of men employed in the fisheries of this island, in 1861, was 24,000; the French employed 12,000 more. France claims a right, by treaty, to euro fish on a part of the coast of Newfoundland. Prince Edward Island Fisheries. — In 1853, there were caught, 750 barrels of mackerel, 2,704 barrels of herring, 4,277 quintals of codfish, and 2,812 gallons of oil were made. In 1861 the quantities caught were, 7,163 barrels of mackerel, 22,416 barrels of herring and alewives, 39,776 quintals of hake. The quantity of oil made was 17,609 gallons, and the number of boats owned, for fishing purposes, 1,239. r i ■ ' i;i ;! ^H| III i 1 ;-i ■t ' H ■ i ; :'■] ii. 106 STATISTICS OP Total Afimial Value of Fish caught in the following Colonies : Canada $1,406,288 Nova Scotia 2,072,081 New Brunswick 518,530 Newfoundland 5,178,184 Prince Edward Island 206,000 Total $9,378,083 ' Exclusive of the value of the fish consumed by the inhabitants, in each fishing locality, which must be considerable, and also of the value of those caught in British Columbia, and other sections of British North America. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. The highest authority in British North America is vested in the Governor General — the Eeprcsenta- tive of the CroAvn of Great Britain — who resides in Canada. The government of each of the other Colo- nies is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor, who resides at the Head Quarters of his respective Colony, and is only nominally subordinate to the Governor General; the office of Governor General being only a distinction of rank, as the administration of the gov- ernment of the Colonies is in no respect connected. Each Colony has its separate Legislative and Executive Departments. The Legislature consists of a House of Asseynhhj, elected quadrennially by the inhabitants of the cities and counties, into which each Colony is divided, and a tl tl BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 107 'loiving 8 1 4 3 by the nust be light in 1 Nortli 11 Legislative Council^ appointed l)y tlio C-rown, except in Canada, where, ainee 1856. the LegijsUitive Council is elective. The Executive Council^ the responsible advisers of the Governor, are chosen from the two branches of the Legislature, and appointed by the Crown. These three bodies, in their respective Colonies, are miniatures of the Commons, Lords, and Cabinet, of Great Britain. The political offices, known as " Heads of Depart- ments," are held by members of the Executive Council. erica is esenta- ides in r Colo- I, w^ho olony, vernor only a le gov- eted. e and embly, cities i\, and 108 STATISTICS OF \i' ! i ! i i! : ) i K '. Tabular Statement of the Legislative, Executive, and Departmental Marhineru of each Colony. 03 • a o ^ 1— H eJ Heads. si > c 3 u s > o • P^ House of Assembly, Nu. of M('inbcrs 130 55 41 29 30 Legislative Council, « k Gl 21 28 12 14 Executive Council, <« 12 9 9 5 8 President of the Council 1 o o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Attorney General Solicitor General S urve V or G cneral Commissioner of Public Works Speaker of Legislative Council Provincial Secretary 1 1 1 1 1 1 Post Master General Minister of Finance Receiver G eneral The ij;ovcrninent of British CoUimbia is adminia- torod by a Lieutenant-Governor, Chi.ef Justice, Com- missionere of Lands and Works, Chief Commissioner ive, and I- ' , 73 • -^3 d a ^•^ c} 73 »— 4 C o W ^ 29 30 12 14 5 8 . 1 1 1 [BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 109 idminia- c, Com- issioncr of Police, Collcetoi*, and Colonial Secretary, who are all appointed, and directed in their operations, hy the Imperial Government. The Provincial appoint- ments are, a Stipendiary Magistrate, in each town and district; Land Agents; a Ciold Commissioner; County Judges, and other subordinate officers. The principles of Responsible Government have been conceded to some of the Colonies. In Canada, Nova vScotia, and New Brunswick, this modern form of constituting executive power is in full operation. The heads of the principal departments hold seats at the Council Board, in their respeclive Colonies, and remain members of Council as long as they retain the confidence of the electors, as expressed through their representatives. Under this system, the num- ber of political offices is on the increase. The extent of the principle is quite arbitrary. In Nova Scotia, the offices of Surveyor General, Commissioner of Public Works, and Post Master Genci'al, are non- political, although political in New Brunswick; the Minister of Finance, and Receiver General, are non- political, in the latter Colony, yet political in Nova Scotia. In Canada, the Solicitors GcTieral are not necessarilv members of the Cabinet. Ilio-ji salaries are attached to all the departmental offices, as the reader will see, on reference to the tables in another part of this work. The elective franchise is variously grr^ited; gener- ally the income or freehold on which it is based is of mere nominal value. Indeed, some of the Colonics are approxiniating universal suffrage. n i ■ ' ■' I ' f 1 ^ .! :i i; •'! I: ' i'i f i i : lii 110 STATISTICS OF Before a statute becomes law, the assent of the two branches of the Legislature and the Crown is riecessar3\ In some of the Colonies the Executive Council initiate all money grants, while in others all money bills originate in the elective branch of the Legislature. The power of the Legislatures is almost unchecked; they make laws for the regulation of taxes, customs, private and public rights, and the general government of the country : the Crown seldom withholding, as it has power to do, its assent from a measure. Each Legislature holds its sessions annually, and although elected quadrennially, may be ]^reviously dissolved by the Governor. The heads of all the political departments, on the acceptance of office, unless a Legislative Councillor of the Lower Provinces, must present himself to the electors for re-election. In each of these Colonies the Common Law of England, and Statuary Law, prevail ; but the Stat- uary Law has from time to time modified the existing laws, as circumstances demanded ; except in Lower Canada, where a different system prevails. The Province of Quebec, as Canada was once called, when a Colony of France, was originally peopled by natives of that nation, who introduced many of the laws and edicts of France. These laws have con- tinued, in civil matters, with some slight modifica- tions, to be the laws of Canada East. The English Criminal Law prevails in criminal matters. The retention of the old French laws, with the feudal BRITISH NORTH AMERICA; 111 t of the Jrown is xcciitivc itliers all ;h of the is almost la t ion of and the ) Crown ts assent ally, and •evioiisly 8, on the oiincillor af to the Law of Ithe Stat- existing 1 Lower e called, )pled by y of the ive con- nod i fie a- English ». The |e feudal system of fiefs and seigniories, has retarded the progress of Canada East. This system, however, has recently undergone great changes. LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. The legal and judicial systems of the British North American Colonies are very dissimilar, especially in the extent of jurisdiction. Many of our laws are in- volved in contradictions and technical difficulties. One general principle, however, prevails in the Su- preme Courts of all tlie Colonies. Its equitable, legal and criminal jurisprudence is similar, in all the Provinces, and also to that of the Supreme Court in England, wnth an appeal, in certain cases, to the Queen in Council. The Statutes, in some of the Col- onies, have recently been revised ; but much requires to be done to render the laws sufficiently intelligible to be applicable to the wants of the country. In Canada West the Division Court has jurisdiction up to $100 J the County Court, $400; the Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Chancery Courts have unlimited power. The Court of Appeals has juris- diction in all cases over $2,000. The other courts consist of Courts of Quarter Sessions, Probate, Ee- eorders. Surrogate, Insolvent Debtors, and Ileir and Devisee Courts In Canada East there are Commissioners' Courts, jurisdiction $25, and Circuit Courts, jurisdiction $200. The other courts are similar to those of Canada West. In Nova Scotia the Justices' Courts have jurisdic- '■='35 : ! ! • ■ 1:1 f ; , Ml ' ' I, iJ! It: < 112 STATISTICS OF tion up to 840. At the General Sessions larcenies of $40 and under may be tried. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction from $20 and upwards; this court is the Court of Appeal from Justices' Courts. There are also Courts of Probate, Marriage and Divorce, and Vice Admiralty. In New Brunswick the Supreme Court has similar power to that of Canada and the other Colonies. The Court of Common Pleas, in each County, has a concurrent jurisdiction at law with the Supreme Court, in all civil causes not affecting lands, and where decision is final. Justices' Courts have juris- diction of civil causes where the amount claimed does not exceed $20, and actions of tresspass to per- sonal and real property, not exceeding $8 ; and, as in the otiier Provinces, hold criminal examinations. The decisions of Justices' Courts are subject to a review by a Judge of the Supreme Court. The other courts are similar to those of Nova Scotia. In Newfoundland the courts consist of — Supreme, Sessions', Stipendiary Magistrates', and Justices' Courts. In the Colony of Prince Edward Island the Small Debt Courts have jurisdiction up to twenty pounds. The other Courts are similar to those of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Court of Chancery. — The business of this court is done much more expeditiously than in its parent court, in the Mother Country. Its equitable jurisdic- tion, in Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, is transferred to the equitable side of the Supreme Court. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 113 mics of Court 3oiirt is There )ivorce, similar olonies. y, has a luprcme ds, and re juris- claimed 3 to per- and, as nations, ct to a e other jupreme, ustices' le Small I pounds. Scotia Icourt is parent Kurisdic- wick, is e Court. The disHimilarity in the extent of juriKdiction in the small debt courts, in these Colonies, is very ob- vious. In (yanada West they collect as high as £25; in Canaaidv Ageneies, in; Canada is onQ hundi'od and twonty-livo. Tlio Bunk of Bi'itisb Xortli Amoriea was estab- lislied by Iioyal Cbarter. and lias its bead quarters in Ijondon, England. It bas agencies in all tlie British !North American Colonics. In A"o?'^ AS^('of/(7, tbo principal Banks arc — the Bank of Nova Scotia, Union Bank of Halifax, Halifax Banking Company, and Provincial Savings Bank. Tbe two former liavc agencies at tbe principal towns in the Province. Nev^ Brvnswkk Banks. CAriTAI.. Commercial Bank $1,200,000 Bank of New Brimswick G00,000 Westmoreland Bank 80,000 no STATISTICS OP § I ^^ : CAriTAL, (V'nfral P.iuilv S:i<)0,000 St. St<'j)licus IJank 2»M).OO0 (Muirlotto r>:iiik 00,000 Tlic oxtoiU- oi' notes 'm circiilution, in 1H40, was ^1,400.000; in IS^O, i:A}i:')/)H) ; in ISM, 8l',0S0,O0O ; and in 1K5S, >3'm,000. Prlnrc Ediiyu'd Tshnid lias only one Bank, callod the JJank ol' Prince Edward Island. ^ Nmrfonndbtnd has three Banks. The I''^nion Bank rireidated notes, in l!S()l, to the extent of $-1:72,520. and the (^onnncreial Bank, $21vi,G2S. The assets of the Savini^s Hank, in 1800, amounted to $744,504, and its liahilities were $071,71)2. CURRENCY. The enrreney has undergone, and still continues to undergo, many changes. The dis.similarity in the value of the ourreney of these Colonies is very great, which is a source of dissatisfaction. Recently the decimal mode of computation (dollars and cents) has been adopted by Canada, New Bi'unswick and Nova 8eotia, each of which has introduced copper and silver coins, to replace those formerly in use; the old coins being still in circulation, at various values. The law^s and regulations diifer in every Colony, and in some instances the law and the practice differ in the same Province. The bank notes of some of the 'Colonies pass at a discount in others. Indeed, the BRTTIPir NORTH AMIIRICA. 117 vixU'H at uliirli muny o!" the coins in circnlutio!! ari* (MirroDt. arc nnMvly t'(;iivouli«»H;il. 1 n Pfinci' Jvlwanl Island llio ciinvMic;- lias Ix n (IcpiHciahMl to ll-.e pro- j)t)rtioii of ,C1 10s. cui'fi'noy ti> tlic ))oniul sterling. The <^riu\i n'ojjs. in a jiail of Jiowci- Cuiiada. arc taken in tlie y/'///'>^ and n(»l in the hushol. Jn iili O STATISTICS OF rs — ./- . >.'-' -« ^ ^^ * , " /i 1— < O r-( 1—1 i^ -rt - 77 • r— • W 1—1 P^ ■^ ■"Cl , C II I— CO i;c cc n 'I' ^-^ ft 5*-. * ^ ;? 0^ T— 1 ^, •o 'f M i.o o irr c^ c c> c o X' X o »^ -* o « w XTIi— i~Jr-i ~ICXt!"0"^ i-hi— iC:iC '^ C Tt< r-l O i-H :2 •y> C2 ^ ^ tF-i r-<'M --:i (^ O O ?l >.-? O i.t. >7 71 ^' o O -M '-> 71 T-. 7J i^ O X l.O r-i • rr '»^1 ci r2 C -J' 71 O O IT C ~ ~ ~ C X QO O at X 71 rH 71 T-t 71 -C X -t C '^ r-' j3 ci -+i t— ( >-7> I— 1 :-) '•/> N r-K M 0-^007100 71 .— O O »-• j_, O rH r-H l7 7) -r 71 C 7} 0^ *-< T— 1 -^ "ttj G 1—1 ,.1^ ^ ^ r— t 1^ O O • ■ .2 r.' C^ • o -1^ a o c — 6 '" i K • 1- > •|5 ;5 ■? -S .2 . . c £; "^ -^ -^ -• ^ f i: ^ -^5 xa <; ^ p: a, ?: < p- ft •w 'hi >i s. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 119 Amount of Coinage issued by Canada, Nova vScoTiA, and New Brunswick. — Canada issued, in 20 cent pieces, $140,078; in 10 cent pieces, $121,640, and in 5 cent pieces, $73,019 ; making a total of silver, $340,737. Of bronze coins— one cent each— $90,903 j making a total of $437,040. Of this amount $346,978 were in circulation in 1801. The total cost of the coin was $358,270, and nominal value, $437,040. One hundred Canadian cents weigh one pound. New Brunsioich has ordered, in one cent pieces (bronze), $10,000; in 20 cent pieces (silver), $30,000; in 10 cent pieces (silver), $15,000, ant? in 5 cent pieces (silver), $5,000 ; total, $00,000. Nova Scotia has procured an amount nearly equal to that of New Brunswick. The following Tabic luill he found convenient. s. D. CENTS, s. D. CENTS. s. D. CENTS. n • IS ^ 1 10^ is 37^ o O n is T21 3 5 2 40 3 9 75 4} Til 2 1* 421 3 10 J 77.1 6" 10" 2 3" 45" 4 80" n 12| 2 4^ 47^ 4 n 82.] 9 15 2 G 50 4 3" 85 10} n-i 2 7.^ 52.1 4 ^ 87.] o" 20 2 9 55 4 n 90 n 221 2 m 57. i 4 n 92,} 3 25 3 GO" 4 9 95 ^ 071 3 n G2^ 4 101- 97^ G 30 3 3 G5 5 o" $1 00 7.} 32^ 3 4^ 07}, 9 35 3 6 70" fl !:)i n n 1 p\ I ' !' 120 STATISTICS OF s. D. 1 1 1 G 4 OA The following Tables of Monies of different Countries with tvhich British North America holds Commercial Intercourse, reduced to their equivalents, in Sterling Coinage, may be useful. United States of America. DOLS. CTS. £ 4 80 1 24 2 10 00 gold eagle 2 5 00 half do 1 1 00 1 One dollar is equal to one hundred cents. Brazils. BETS. £> 6400 or gold piece 1 4000 " 1 1200 or silver piece 9G0 G40 820 200 One mil reis is equal to one thousand reis. Portugal. REIS. £ 4120 1 200 20 or one vintern G400 or gold joannose 1 1000 silver crown, or nail reis 400 or crusado One mil reis is equal to one thousand reis. France. FCS. CTS. <£ 25 00 1 1 25 10 20 00 or gold Napoleon w 5 00 or silver do 1 00 do. 10 One franc is equal to one hundred centimes. 8. D. 15 9 4 2 4 1 2 9 1 4 8 D. 1 n 16 4 8 2 3 8. D. 1 1 6 4 0-] 1 BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 121 Naples. ducats. graxi. £ s. 6 3 1 30 1 2.1 30 00 piece of 5 1 00 silver ducat 3 120 or dollar 4 20 piece of 10 piece of One ducat is equal to 100 grani. Spain. dols. eeals. £ s. 4 14 1 5 barely 1 16 00 or gold doubloon 3 G 4 00 or gold pistole IG 1 00 or silver dollar 4 1 or real vellon One dollar is equal to twenty reals. 1). 1 4 8 4 i>. 6 25 POSTAL SYSTEMS. The postal S3^stenis of these Colonies are in effect- ive operation, and since these departments liave been subject to the control of the Legislatures, the number of Post Offices, and the extent of mall communica- tion, has been largely extended. During the time their postal systems were under the control of the Imperial Government, varying and arbitrary rates of postage Avere in force; but since each Colony has had the management of its postal affairs, a uniform rate of three pence per ounce has been introduced, with excellent efiect, throughout the whole of J3ritish North America. The postage to and from other countries varies considerably. The following statistics will show, to some extent, m * 'I'M 1 ill II hi ! 1i 122 STATISTICS OP the eflieiency of this department, in the several Col- onies referred to. Canada. In 1851 there were GOl Post Offices. Length of post route 7,595 miles. Over which the annual trans- portation of mails was 2,487,000 miles. The gross amount of revenue 8o75,200 In 1861 the number of offices was 1,775 Length of mail route 14,608 miles. Annual travel 5,855,000 " Number of letters by post per annum 9,400,000 Postal revenue $683,034 Total expenditure $560,132 Number of five cent stamps issued 3,085,075 JVew Brunswick. In 1852 the number of offices was... 135 Total length of mail routes 2,160 milen. Number of miles per annum 474,471 " In 1861, length of mail route 2,824 " Number of offices 364 Total distance travelled 817,612 " Eevenue $46,971 Expenditure $71,501 Number of letters posted 1,109,202 . Newspapers 4,262,961 il Col- )fficC9. milcii. u a BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 123 Nova Scotia. In 1851, the minibcr of offices \va« 143 '' 1854, " •' 260 Distance travelled in 1851 was 2,487 Total mileat^e travelled in 1851 was 852,000 " expenditure in 1854 was $40,630 " revenue $27,620 In 1861, Ko. of offices 453 Ecveniie 840,350 Expenditure 86{),444 Xumber of letters passed tlirou■ 124 STATISTICS OF now, liowcvcr, vies Avith its ncif^libor in '■ rifle slioot- ing," and cacli trios to Avin tiic Cup, the Urn^ &e. Canada is now orLcani/ing a part (80,000) of her militia force, and tiie probability is tbat the militia of all these C'olonles will shortly be placed on a more efficient footing. The mimhcr in each Provlncr capahle of bcarinr/ Arms may he eft lima fed o 31 500 Newf dland. ?. E. Tsl'd. 14910 10070 Thus, allowinij; ono-eio"hth of the population of these Colonies ca]»a))le of carrying arms, we have a total force of 411.520; and taking one-seventh of the population as the number capable of doing militia duty, we have a f(»i'ce of 409,900. However, in case of emej'gency. 400.000 ai)le-bodied men could be called into the ticld, for the defence of their country. Taking the Cen.sus returns, upon which these cal- culations are based, Prince Edward Island had, i^i 1861, 11,144 who were between the ages of 21 and 45 years, and allowing the same proportion in the other Provinces, of this age, the whole force is very large. In Nova Scotia, as far back as 1840, tl<'ro was an organized militia force of 50,000, and the Census of 1801 gives nearly 70,000 males between the ages of BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 1-^ L'O 10070 21 mid 00. Tlic Census of y vw Brunswick shows 57,000 butwoen the ages of V aiid 50 yoar.s. DISTANCES AND ME, XS Or TRANSIT. From tut: Atlantic tu ^ tr. Pacific. — From Hali- fax to Trui'o, ])y raih'oad, 01 mik^s ; i'rom Truro to New Brunswick, 70 inik\s. From Nova Scotia, by ^lajor llobinson's eastern railway line, to llestigouche — Canada boundary — 281 miles. There are two circuitous linos of communication, by coacli, from Nova Scotia to Canada: one by the Strait of Nortliumberland, 822 miles, the other by the Eiver St. John route, 480 miles. From licsti- gouche to Eiver du Loup is 122 miles, l)y coach; from thence, by railroad through C*anada: liiver du Loup to Quebec, 114 miles; Quebec to Montreal, 1^0; Montreal to Prescott, 112; Prescott to Kingston, ()2 ; Kingston to Cobourg, 00; C*obourg to Toronto, 07; Toronto to Stratford, 00; Stratford to Sarnia, Lake St. Clair, 102. Total, — 820 miles from Eiverdu liOuji. by railroad, to Lake St. Clair, in Canada West; thence, by water communication : Up Lake Huron, 220 miles, to St. Mary's Piver; thence by this river, 00 miles, to Lake Superior, and up the latter lake, 200 miles; from Lake Superior to Bog Lake, 28 miles (no road); along Dog Lake and Dog River, 85 miles, and thence to Savannah Piver (no road), five miles; thence along Savannah Piver, and Lac des Millc Lacs, 05 miles; thence through the wildr ?ss, past rapids (no road), 07 miles to ^BK^mf^KS 12G STATISTICS OF 1 I! I lijiiny Lake. From Eainy Lake to Lake of the Woods (except the Falls of St. Francis), ia navigable for 208 miles. From Lake of the AVoods to Jled Eiver, at Fort Garry, is 91 miles (no road); thence down lied Kiver, and throno-h Lake Winnipeg, to the rapids of Lake Saskatchewan, 296 miles. From this point upwards the navigation of the Saskatche- wan is obstructed, for 20 miles, by rapids. From the rapids, the northern branch of the latter river is navigable, for 750 miles, to Acton House ; from thence across the Eocky Mountains to the navigable waters of the Fraser Eiver, 300 miles — a very mountainous section, without any road; thence down the Fraser liiver, 250 miles. The navigation of this river is ob- structed by rapids, caused by the Cascade and other Mountains. Steamers ascend 100 miles from its mouth, to the Cascade Mountains, where navigation is dangerous even for boats. Above the rapids the Fraser is again navigable for steamers, for a consid- erable distance. By this dangerous path the principal part of the Carriboo miners reach the diggings, lloads are now being constructed, up both sides of the Fraser Eiver. From the mouth of the said river, across the Gulf of Georgia, to Vancouver's Island, 80 miles, and thence across the Island, 50 miles, to the Pacific Ocean. Thus making it 8,985 miles, by this circuit- ous path, from Halifax, Nova Scotia, through British territory, to the Pacific Ocean, at Vancouver's Island. Of this great distance, 887 miles are traversed by railroads; 2,114, by navigable waters; and of the rc- ,,*i BraTISII NORTH AMERICA. 127 of the ngable ,0 Jled thence )e<^, to From vatche- From river is thence waters tain oil s Fraser ',r is ob- d other •om its igation )id8 the consid- of the ire now Eiver. he Gulf es, and Pacific circuit- British I shin d. rsed by f the re- maining 984 miles, 350, at least, are travc-sed by coach roads — leaving 634 miles of roal()ti.ti-(>;il and (Jli.'unpliiin, in (Janjida 82 Tort ilopo, Lindsay, and nevcrton 00 I'rescott and Ottawa 54 IJrocliville and Ottawa 03 (^)I)()lIrf^; and Petorboro' 28 Wclland 25 Loudon and I'ort Stanley 24 Krie and Ontario 17 Gienvillc and Carrillan 13 St. Lawrence and Industrie 12 Stan^tead, SliefFord, and Chanibly 45 Ai'tluibaska arid Three liivers 35 i;i33 Lines built in the States by Canada .'^27 2100 ii Since the publication of tlic railway report of Saimiel Jieef'cr, Esq., in 18G0, several of the former lines liavc been extended, and new linos built within the Province. Q^'he Brockville an 1 Ottawa line is about being extended to Pembroke, the centre of the lumber trade, 180 miles — including n branch of 11 miles — 64 miles of which arc already in operation. Taking the City of Quebec as a centre, it is 137 miles to St. llyacinthc, by railfoad ; 180 miles, by steamboat — passing on the way, the City of Three Eivers, 80 miles, Port St. Francis, 90 miles, and Sorel, lo5 miles. From Quebec, by the St. Lawrence, it is 600 miles to Shediac, N. B. ; 650 to Charlotte Tow^n, P. E. Island, and 700 to Pictou, N. S. Mon- treal to Kingston is 190 miles; Kingston to Cobourg, or Port Hope, 100; Kingston to Toronto, 180, and from Toronto to Hamilton, 40 — making 590 miles, by BRITISH NOHTH AMERICA. 12'' railroad, frcn Quebec to Hamilton. From Quebec to the liead of liake Superior, by water, is 2,000 miles, aiul from Quebec to the Port of ('lii('a:])y, via Windsor, is 145 miles. Halifax, by packet, to St. John, N. B., is 800 miles. ITalifax to St. John's, Newfoundland, 1)50 miles; to liei'inuda, 900 miles; to Boston. 428 miles; to Portlaml, 850 miles; and to New York, 550 miles. From Pietou, ria. Antigonishe (50). to Canso is 88 miles. Pietou, ria. Pui;'wash, to Amherst, 88 miles. Amherst to Bay Yerte, 20 miles. Fi-om Plaster Coyq, Strait of Canso, to Port Hf>od, {,'ri])e J'>reton, is 80 miles; Plaster (.V>ve to Sydney ?7Vi St. Peter's. 110 miles; Plaster Cove to Ariehat, 27 miles. Frorji Sydney to Marji;aree. cki Sydney Mines, is 84 miles. The Province of Nova Scotia is traversed, inter- nally and externally, by _i;<>od roads, on some of whieli weekly, tri-weekly, and daily mails run. Neivfoundland. — The peculiar configuration of this island — indented by deep bays, along witli tlie rocky clmracter of the country — renders road-making very 'xpe n sive. There are no roads iicross the Province. The principal roads skii-t the south-eastern and south-western seaboard. Assuming the city of St. John's as a centre, it is, by northerly route, 80 miles I IM STATISTICS OF ! Mi', ji i : t 15^ ! hi 'ifl i i.l to Conception Bjiy ; 60 to Uaibor Grace j 72 to JSalmon ('ovo; juul 105 to Bay do Vcrds. St. John's to Carbonoar, 67 ; to Bouavista, 148; and to Twil- rmgatc, 220 miles. From St. John's to Cape St. Francin, 21 milen; to Groat Gove, 118 miles; and from St. .Tolin's to Topsail, via Portugal Cove, 20 miles. From St. John's, via southern route, to Great Placcntia, 80; Burin, 152; Harbor Briton, 197; Burgeo, 308; and to Cape Ray, 406 miles. From St. John's to Trepassy, Ferryland route, crossing the country, 81 miles; by the shore path. 88 miles; an(i b}^ the Salmonier route, 80 miles. The principal means of communication are by water. A steamer plies between St. John's and Halifax once a fort- night, in summef, and once a month, in winter. Kews is obtained from the passing steamers from Europe, and sent by telegraph to all parts of the American continent nearly two days before its arrival at New^ York. Fmice Edward Mand. — From Charlottetown t»> St. Eleanor's, in Frince County. 40; to Port Hill, 5o; to Egmont Bay, 56 ; to Bedeque. 88 ; and to George- town, 80 miles. Mails and passengers are conveyed, in winter, from Cape Traverse, in ice-boats, across the Strait of Northumberland (9 miles) to Capo Tormentine, in New Brunswick. All parts of the Island are traversed b}^ coacli-i'oads. During the summer season, a communication is kept up by steamer with Pictou, 40 miles ; Shodiao, 75 miles ; and Quebec, 050 miles. mm I! BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 136 TELEGRAPH LINES. The Telegraph extends to all the principal cities and towns on the Atlantic side of British North America. Canada has constructed 4046 miles ; New Brunswick, 450 miles; Nova Scotia, 1150 miles; Prince Edward Island, 50 miles — ten of which are submarine; and Newfoundland, 400 miles — fifty of which, from Cape Ray to Cape Breton, are subma- rine, — making, in the aggregate, C546 miles. SUBSIDIES TO PACKETS, &c. The Cunard line of Packets is subsidized by Great Britain to the amount of $1,000,000 annually, besides paying the United States government 6100,000 per annum for carrying mails. Canada pays an annual subsidy to her steam-packets of $180,000. The Cunard line of steamers commenced running four steamers in 1840; in 1861 it had eleven, with several branch lines, employing an aggregate of 50,000 tons. DISTANCES BETWEEN AMERICA AND EUROPE. From Quebec to Liverpool, via Strait of Belleislc, 2680 miles; Quebec to Galway, Ireland, 1860; Hali- fax to Liverpool, 2800; St. John, N. B., to Liverpool, 3050; Shediac to Liverpool, 2880; Charlottetown to Liverpool, 2800 ; St. John's, Newfoundland, to Gal- way, 1700; New York to Ireland, 2815; and from Portland, Maine, to Liverpool, is 3800 miles. 136 STATISTICS OF PROVINCIAL EXPENDITURES FOR 1801. 1! m ■'■Ui' \im iH'i Hcads of Expenditure. • e3 o ^ o c« • o j3 t3 m 3 c3 « e3 O . O l^-. ;^ GO SALARIKS OF OFFICERS. Oovei'nor Governor.s' Secretaries Attorney General, Canada East Solicitor General, do, Contingencies, do. Atty. & Solicitor General, C. West. Contingencies Provincial Secretary Clerks and Contingencies Surveyor C eneral Clerks and Contingencies Commissioner of Public Works Clerks and Contingencies Post Master General Clerks, &c Receiver General Clerks, &c Financial Secretary Clerks, &c Bureau of Agriculture Provincial Register Contingencies Clerk of the Crown Colonial Treasurer Auditor General, Clerks, &c Collector of Impost Executive Council, Expenses Master of the Rolls DOLLS. 31111 12840 5000 3000 3850 8000 3799 5000 30522 5000 94047 5000 35520 5000 31315 5000 23829 5000 43649 14890 1810 9020 25516 DOLLS. 150(!0 17">0 20;i0 16 2800 4089 2000 3155 2000 2001 ► 2504 2400 1878 345 DOLLS. 13846 1723 24(;0 932 60 2400 3250 2400 6835 24O0 2400 2400 100()4 1600 526 3000 12824 DOLLS. 7500 500 1400 1400 1200 1400 665 512 1400 665 4300 1600 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. O'^ 1 O'- il Provincial Expenditures for 18G1. — Continued. 7500 500 1400 1400 1206 1400 665 ""sri 1400 "*665 4300 1600 Heads of Expenditure. vj 1— < ^es *-> • r— • X' , .— e3 Xfl ~^ TS es t cq cS ;^. x; d "a! w OTIIEll EXPENDITURES. For Education Administration of .Justice Postal Communication Roads and Bridges Fisheries Collecting Revenue Legislation Election Expenses Kospitals, Cluirities, Asylums, &c... Toronto University Militia Agricul t ure Emigration and Quarantine Ocean and River Steam Service Railway Connnissioners, Clerks, &c. Expended by Board of Works Light Houses, &c , Collection of Post Office do. Public Works , do. Territorial DOLLS, DOLLS. !l)()M,S. 506703! G()7-l9|l25*;2l 6705491 niO.si 14614 7i9(;9 n9()2(i 71(1 42875 -bsiiiC 4233 31033 5239i; 4764-". 4425211 4984 181668 10U4r,8 27342 363401 4005(55 53559 272041 170945 84687 102620 4843.5 432022 722. 20()(>ll; 1550! I 22286' DOLLS. 52400 1920 1 J 84(1 23000 3772 8000 2200 15f;2(; 2()37 , I 76tnl 99881 5|186lO7i207( 185 110462! i 13(;96 442521J j 279006' I 277503' ! The Aggregate of the Salaries and Contingencies of OJice, con- tained in the foregoing Table, for Canada, Xova Scotia, and New Brunswick, are as folloivs. Canada. Nova Scotia. N. Brunswick Salaries $78921 281300 50000 $29800 13735 6483 $29046 Contincrencies 35847 Print inff 12942 Totals $410230 $50018 $77835 ]38 STATISTICS OF The cost of governing these Coloniea is dispro- portioned to the revenues received and the duties performed, and shows the necessity for retrench- ment, wJiich a union of the British North American Provinces might eftect. COMMERCIAL. Tabular Statement of the Principal Sources of Revenue for (he tindernamed Colonies. . '■[ Items — (in Dollars). M •73 • t> a e8 »fH d ^ z-i o so •TS • u a a e9 CQ s u 3 o a e9 pq Cm > ^ eS o • 0) Q ^ Jz; :z5 Customs Excise Export Duties Post Office Public Works Territorial, &c inscriptioH of Stock Sink'g Fund, Imp'l Loan.. Municipal Loan Fund Municipalities Fund Light Duty Casual Revenue 1861. 4768192 30653G 1861. 606939 330865 264230 644806 2326154 3158614 306547 419556 From various sources. 1663175 25836 1023 16598 20033 64912 1860. 694217 57541 46283 46056 21347 27947 14163 1860. 868040 1860. 83412 7120 '29 UK) 28932 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 139 Tabular Statement of thi Xumher and Tonnage of Ships Owned, Qutwardu and Inwaids, and Built, in each of the undermentioned Colonies, for the Year 1800. Colony. Owned. Outwards. Inwards. Built. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. 90 233 100 Tons. Canada 2408 0328 3397 • 1440 1101 1089035 090703 031779 83187 Nova Scotia... N. Brunswick Newf'dland... 3258 825 1391 248061 147083 92039 o089 3310 1200 1153 095582 005595 20684 41003 P. E. Island.. 91420 82370 62 8187 i\ r ? 28932 The number of vcsseLs, outwards and inwards, for Newfoundland, is for the year 1858. In 1846, Canada owned G04 vessels; Xova Scotia. 2583; New Brunswick, 730; Newfoundland, 937; and Prince Edward Island, 205 : the af.';f^regate ton- nage amounted to 252,832 tons. In 1856, Canada had 239 vessels on the Lakes, measuring 42,536 tons. Total tonnage to and from Canadian ports in 1856 was 7,130,000. ill 1f| J, '■ jiill:' ':| . <■ I' 1 140 STATISTICS OF The folloiving Table shoiv,^ with whal Countries Nova Scotia and New JirunHwlck Trade ; aho, the Number and Tonnage of Ves- sels to and from these Colonies to the Countries named. Names of Countries. Nova Scotia. New Brunswick. Inwards. Outward? Inwards. Outwards. No. Tons. No. ! Tons. No. Tons. No. Oreat Britain.. B. W. Indies... Other Colonies, United States.. Other Countries liUj 07o88 :n430 152! 08280; 22o; 1001421 225 470l 5280O! 2')9 2()81 28oiiJ}08o;}8 2oOui;}oo;]a;^; 023,1 oooas 227o90:2055 2^9030:24421200854 2300 32105 Tons. 107053 338, 30555 2071 20034! IO5I 38045 614 105 107324 38863 i . .: 11 otin and of Ves- I'ick. twards. Tons. 51107053 (;;32195l 107324 388G3 ft S I s .1^ o "3 BllTTISIE NORTH AMERICA. 141 '^ >.'; 1- t ec c: (M o: X '-- • '> W r— rr -f r^ oc t C^ * '^ ^~ '•^r ^_ I-. cc ■" :; X ,^ T— 1 It -3 1— 1 I- • >:t 1 T T^ "o; T O C '~. O C^ ' o 1 CC C -^ CC o >t -t -^ C 1- c" r. X ••T >.c s 1' X cc — cr X • 1 O O V 5 '^ 1~ '-S ^ >1t o 00 X 1 7 o ''-^- ::i i-r X CI cc X-. ^ ;^ ^- -r n I— 1 CC -) I-' I- " _ T— Tt c o'^c '- i.O o o '-T CC >c -•'* X -o cr o ^ X ^ • ^ r— ■ -: >Ci 5^ O O CI X Vi I- X cc iT 1- ^ i § ^ 1 ^ W- xo l^ C C3 *- r— T— 1 X ;D r-i l^ Lt ^ C; CCi f-' rH i-H cf r 1- c; o — ; O >."" '■" ■— O' o "Ti c: X cc C. iC ^ X c o • 1 f "^ ^ • X X _ • X 1- • CO I— rr. O O cr. X T - oi- !=5 '- -^ CC 7t It •-£3 'c a. 1 - r- .: -t ■ X X f" c: CO c c X2 cc X X ^c ^Si t— I— 1 c-. */■ '-' I- 1.-: r—" i.C -^ 1—1 ' rj^ "TS '" o >.c w ^C o o cr. T r« T w l"* i^r ic . ■= 2 • '.ti •; • o cc t' x o • .— X !■- "■ '• »o ;3 OC r- I' 1- >c li o 5 a; ft c QC 't X ^ '-^ ci ^ c; c L: CI r-* ■'Z '.T 1^ ^^ "•o"^ w >C o o "T' '"" 1- ^ >.c ~. CI X Jl": C^ • X wi o o c • O o". d ■^' § ^^ rr B r- - 1 c: Cl o cc O X c: I'" a. Jx, 1- X x c ^ X "C 'f?: 1 — : 1 :c f"* uO -^ l"^ ■^ c: I— 1 ii £2 "-^ r-. r-l .1 1— •r^ • C I !^H " , <* • • < < i3 rf ^ H > I-) p P- c • • • • • • • • o CO > c >5 w pa a y. o (^ is pi e ■ w : w : V t: cc a V; 7^ y XT cc ^ W 00 tw 4-i -i-i -♦-* *— -«— -*-< 1— 1 *-* -.— * r- Sh V u fH fH ;-. ^ ei ^ ^ £ o o o a c a O O o o c\- ;: k c L, a tn Ph P ■4 & P .- w X c; >< S "^ a ^ ^^". H W 1— * fi^ l-H H Hi w 1 CI I- X CI cc cc o o iC -t o o X o o > o ,D cJ a> o i- u o o p. p^ o 3 ^ r— 1 ■* o o CI c/> 91 ;.« o P4 o >• o o p« ll 1! In i t I H ! i .■i 142 STATISTICS OF ■^1 •5 g 13 A) ^ 5m i © o t • . CI -^ 'ft O C^ CO N CC o s X "^ M r-« rH P3 — -- rH •— ' ^ lO ».o . o . C CO C CC O CC 1- S CC CO uO 1 - 00 X O I- o r-4 r-i l". ^ o »-t o «o • . CC -^ . CI 1^ a C^ >.t lit O I- cs ^ -^ CO o i' 00 X O X 1— t rH OS o a: (?l -X •*t CO c :— lO »o . O :c . O -X . O CC . »o i^ . CO Ci o -M i-: I-H CC t e o 1- C C5 c o CC CO o «c c eO rH r- CO CC CC CO 1-H rj= CO CO -H CO o i-^ 00 ■-< I- 00 r- 00 00 X O 1- og rH c; « I— »>• «c l-< r-l t f— ( rH rn CO "^ o o <.o • . 00 -t ^ n OO o -9 « CO O u- 00 CO c 1 r-* • rj* -^ 'M 1- r- OC lO i.C O lO . :0 CC • 00 X . I- 't . CO t- . CC »o O CO >it r-i Tti OC O O CC O I- X O CI X •^ a CC 00 CC CO O' c CO C' >-C CO O X CO' CJ rH • i^ o CC Ci M 00 r-1 r- 00 >.c. c: X I- CC X X o t' r^ r^ 00 t>i T-1 l.t) -t rl (M r-i CO ''t rH d « pq o I— t r- o 00 1- rl l-i >(t c »o X lO O . «0 Q C CO o . 00 C-) . CC ■■?! . X a-. . ■* cq O CO -+ -H •rj CC C' e « O r- O s . 00 CD . 00 I- . CO c . >-t X . "^ M * -2 O Ci o >-H O O O -rt" X CT' C". o CO "Sf o w X rH a) CQ « o c: o CC CO CO ?-( iC CO o »o ^^.•S 00 >0 CC 00 c; o 00 X CC X o t- X 'Tf^ CO C5 ■- rH OO 00 T-i 0\ -^ 1— 1 CC I'- 1— t •«t I-H rH Ttl t-. irS ?4 ei C^ CI C-l rH r-< 1-H • ►H • 'A • O < CC p K iQ 5.^ CQ M & <: •< • o w > H »H as « ? ' « ^ OQ (Z a* 50 or ^- -^- -«- M .2 * -M «J ^ i-< ♦J a ■♦i- -*- S Ui s- >? o c li ti ^4 u . ^ s< >;;.;< o o c o o c o o ftp U CU u &. s: u p. c p. p. H >3 J i E 7V lin tl I at ex At BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. U:\ o XI i Tabular Ejntome of the Imports into Canada, by the St. Lawrfncf, from the other British North American Provinces, and the Ex- ports from Canada to the same Colonies, for the Years named. 1858. 1859. 18G0. 1801. Imports $317148 960428 $352022 840475 $415812 723534 $478130 F.XDorts 1030939 The total imports of the Maritime Provinces, from the American Union, of articles which Canada might supply, on better terms for the Lower Colonies than at present obtained, arc nearly equal to the total exports from Canada to the States. Th.\se facts show the necessity of completing the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad. I— ; I :!| : oc 144 STATISTICS OF , \ I 'III K 53 a, P4 &I M > p^ Oh pc5 '^ o o o :s O' 00 O r-i i.-t) C CI r-< CO -O O O i-T) ti !-■? I- I'- CI rH 1—t f-H I— t C-l 1—4 CO •^ O -t" CI cr ?l 1— ( 00 I-H 1— I O i.Ci C3 i-H CO C3 CO -^ c- GO I- Ci CO 00 o CO CO Ci 1-. to o I-H Ol CO CO CD CD CI CO CI CO CI CO CO CO o Oi CO CO CO CI CO o >— I 00 Ci CO CO o t-H c? 1^ Cj o Ci o CO o o o CO CO c- co CI o CO 1— I I- X CO Ci CO Ci o o JO CI CO »— ~ cc CO 1^ CO CO CO 00 CO CO lO I- •f CI CO 00 CO ■Xl a o o CO CO Ci o o CO CO o o I^ 1^ "O CO "^ CO I-. >o I-H 00 CI >o CO o CO >o I— I CO CD »o 00 CI o •o CC" C' CJ CO CI cr.' CO I-H to CO to o »o I- to CI »o CO CI CI GO CO 1^ b- 00 Ol o I-H to to lO o CO QO CO CO CC QO BIlITISn NOETH AMERICA. 145 Table showwg the Receipts, Expenditures, Imports, Exports, Lia- bilities, ,\'c., in Dollars^ of each of the undermentioned ColonieSy for the Years named. Items. M r- •^ a cJ ^ a •^ . on • f— ^ •«H c-^ So rs o t> «o = to c o anada 18G0. C^ 00 Ceo S 00 ova in 1 ewfo in 1 1 U '/; ;.^ i^* 1 a . Receipts Expenditure Imports Exports Public Debt Interest thereon. Duties collected. a%15GG4 35996747 34447935 34G31890 C5C2G478 3479010 4758465 892324 1017502 7G13227 5774334 4901305 242100 588351 833324 833C88 7233700 4581850 4085407 281124 792000 808040 G03G4/ the P. E. [sl'd. 220000 294732 er mile, Great inche8. ro and ac, & St dstock. Tons of freight 146944e 3S38<} The total leni^tli of niilwiiys \u Canada, including the linc!^ on the United States side of the boundarj,, built by Canadian capital, is 2.-)71 miles. The Hail- way Kcport of Canada for 1800 — the last published — is incomplete; therefore, the foregoing tables only cvjnvey returns of the rev^enue and expenditure of ton of the principal lines. The total cost of these lines, up to the end of 18(;0, was $'^7,170,041— mak- ing the average cost per mile $49,218. The number killed on all the railways in Canada, in 1858, was 51, and 27 injured; in 1859, 5.->, and 47 injured; and in 1860, 54, and the same number injured. There were iix killed in New Brunswick within the last two years. The aggregate cost of Canadian railways is said to amount to the large sum of $1,175,000,000, and gross annual interest to $120,000,000. In Ne\? Brunswick, the cost of the St. John and Shediac line is 6i4,2G7,G28; and annual interest $48,107. The principal part of the Government appropria- tions of these Colonies for railways and other public works are represented by debentures, bearing vari- rnis rates of interest, which are principally held by British capitalists. This stock, in the English market, has varied from 102 to 111. Some of the •tock, however, is held in the (/olonies. in Novh Scotia, $500,000 in debentures arc held in the Pro- vince. In Canada, a large amount is held by capi- talists in the Province. A part of the Canadian debentures were endorsed by the Imperial Govern- ment, wdien the money was obtained at a low- rate of interest. Of the amount thus obtaino more complete than those of the other Colonies. As the resources of these Colonies are similar, there should, in future, be some preconcerted plan adopted, on which the Census Beports of all the Colonies should be based, agreeing as nearly as pos- sible with the system adopted in the adjoining States, when the real and comparative progress of each Province, with itself as well as with other Provinces and States, might be obtained. INTEllCOLONI.VL RAILROAD. The beginning of the end of this long-pending subject h apparently at hand. Upwards of twenty years have elapsed sijice this subject was first mooted, and fourteen years since the completion of BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 151 , and 8h N. taxes ;h the th its iod to )miiig ncrioa n, tlu* work. L so mo iiport- trativa :ia ara milar. plan 11 the s pos- tato!^, each ince^ |ndin/jj ^entj lirst lion of Major Robinson's Bnrvey. Diirin<]j this time, nu- merous and expensive delegations have been sent to the Imperial Government from Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; and each of these Colonies has passed facility bills. Indeed, the numerous and voluminous reports and dispatches on the subject, shew that these Provinces have, for nearly a quarter of a century, been humble solicitors at the Imperial bar for aid to construct this line, which is only now granted. However, during the interval, the Colo- nies have not been idle: Canada has constructed 114 miles — from Quebec to Jliver du Loup; and Nova Scotia, from Halifax to Truro, 61 miles — making 175 miles ; and New Brunswick has constructed 107 miles, 60 of which — from Moncton to Sussex Vale — might be adopted as a part of the Halifax and Quebec line. The aid now offered by the British Government is a guarantee of interest on 3,000,000 sterling, or £3,600,000 currency, which the Governments of the three Colonies through which the line will pass have agreed to accept, subject to the approval of their respective Legislatures — Canada paying five-twelfths, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick seven- twelfths. If the money can be obtained at 4 per cent., and no doubt it can, and probabl}^ less, on an Imperial guarantee, Canada will have to pay £50,- 000 sterling, and the other Provinces each £35,000 Bterling — making £120,000 per annum; being the interest of £3,000,000; the route to be selected by Great Britain. ^ i 152 STATISTICS OP Although the country is generally flat, still there are some engineering difficulties, the Cobequid and Reatigoucho mountains to surmount. The line ap- proved of by Major Eobinson is from — Halifax to Truro 55 miles. Truro to Bay Vcrte 69 " Bay Verte to Shediac 26 " Shediac to Miramichi 74 ** Miramichi to Bathurst 56 " Bathurst to Dalhousie 48 " Dalhousie to Matapedia River 80 " Matapedia River to Quebec 277 ** —making a total distance from Halifax to Quebec of 635 miles, of which 458 are yet to be built. By adopting this line, the sum asked for, and now guaranteed, is insufficient. Allowing the cost to be ^£10,000 currency per mile, it will cost £4,580,000 to build the lino from Truro to River du Loup, which is £980,000 more than the sum named in the Impe« rial guarantee. Taking the expense of constructing railways in Canada, and the Lower Provinces, as a precedent, in connection with the mountainous char- acter of a large portion of the country to be traversed, no matter what route is adopted, this line, which will be an extension of the Grand Trunk line, of Canada, and, when completed, may be called the Grand Trunk of British North America^ will cost £12,000 per mile. But, allowing the sum per mile to be only £10,000 currency, then Canada would have to pay £76,330, and each of the other Colonies BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 153 £53,431. However, if a practicable line could bo ob- tained, running from the St. John and Shcdiac lino, at Sussex Vale, direct to the Restigouche, the portion to be built would be thirty miles shorter than the line approved of by Major Robinson, while tbe total distance from Halifax to Quebec would be the same. The resources ar*^ ' 'lus estimated : Cost of convcyinj5 uie weatern mails now seat through the American States £25000 Transmission of United States mails 25000 " British Troops 10000 Halifax being 500 miles nearer England than New York, a saving of ocean service is estimated at 35000 £95000 It IS estimated that 36 hours would be gained in the transmission of the western mails. The funds arising from the conveyance of local mails, and other traffic, will also be considerable. ■ 'J 1 PUBLIC LANDS AND FACILITIES FOR SETTLEMENT. The extent of the public domain, in British North America, is very great. There are numerous exten- sive tracts of fertile lands, each of which is large enough to constitute a nation larger than many of the nations of Europe, lying in a wilderness state, awaiting the hand of civilization. Here twenty mil- lions of additional inhabitants might obtain excellent lands, in lots, at mere nominal prices. The climate and soil are well adapted to the growth of all the cereals and vegetables peculiar to the American Con- tinent. The vast extent of Crown Lands still at the 154 STATISTICS OF (liHpoBal of the Colonial Governments, along witli its cheapness, and the general fc.' ilities afforded by tha country for migration, render British North America the most favorable field for emigration on this con- tinent. In Canada East the price oi public lands varies from thirty cents to one dollar per acre, while in Canada West, the price ranges from half a dollar to one dollar per acre. AVhen offered for sale " en block,'' the external lines are defined at the expense of the government. Lots vary in size from one to two hundred acres. When sold at half a dollar per acre, " en block," it is payable in advance, and on conditions that one-third of the quantity of land in each township, or block, shall be settled upon Avithin two 3^ears from the date of sale; one-third moi*e within the following five y^ irs, that is, seven years from the time of sale, an., the residue within the further period of three years. All lands not so settled, at the expiration of ten jf^fivB from the time of sale, to become forfeited, and to revert to the crown. This system affords facilities for settlement, by associations. In other townships the lands are sold both by public auction and private sale, at seventy cents, cash, per acre, and, on time, at one dollar per acre ; one-fifth to be paid at the time of sale, and the re- maining four-fifths, in four equal annual instalments, with interest on the purchase money unpaid. In some of the newly formed settlements and col- onization roads, free grants are given, of a part of BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 155 SO Lime tho Lent, by ints, •re ; i re- nts, col- tof the laiuls, in order to prepare the way for settle- ments, on a more extensive seale. Lands are obtained tliron^b land agents, of wliora there are 45 in Western, and 40 in Kastern Canada. There are also 500 Provincial Land Surveyors in th© Province. The following statistics will convey some idea of the progress Ijcing made in the settlement of Canada : The total quantity of land surveyed in Canada East, in 1845, w^as, 17,085,042 acres. Of this quan- tity, 2,o77,733 acres were set apart as Clergy Ee- Borves ; 3,424,248 for the Jesuits, and other bodies, and the grants en seigneur, and fee and common socage amounted to 11,543,029 acres. Tn Canada West, in 1848, the whole quantity surveyed was 15,082,000 acres. Of these lands, 2.142,145 acres were Clergy Keserves ; 100,000, School Lands, and the general grants amounted to 12,242,088 acres. In Lower Canada, in 1850, tliere were surveyed, i^oady for sale, 5,528,413 acres, of which, 132,422 acres were sold, and 17,092 acres granted, gratuitously, leaving 5,377,099 acres unsold. The total amount of the purchase money of the lands sold was $70,000. The amount of Clergy Lands surveyed was 478,846 acres, of which, 15,081 acres were sold, leaving 403,815 acres unsold The proceeds of sales, &c., amouiited to $15,319. The gross reeceipts derived from Jesuits' estates, were $18547. A part of thia amount was devoted to superior education, in Lower Canada. In 1800, 44,545 acres of Clergy Lands were '" in 1800, the quantity of li V' ro'nc • 156 STATISTICS OF Crown LandK sold uiiiountcd to 290,020 acres, and in 1801, 27:^,8:];) {lercs. In Cjinadii West, in 1850, there wore 1,910,103 acres of Crown Land Hiirvcycd, of which, 107,196 acres w^ere sohl, and 38,302 set apart an free grants, Oil the coh)nizaiion roads, leaving 1,709,515 acres undisposed of. The ])roc'ee(ls of sak^s of lands, sold during the year, amounted to S174.470. There were 75,098 acres of Clergy Lands sold, leaving 201,497 acres unsold. The projccds of sales amounted to $211,080. Of the .School Lands, 5,247 acres were sold, and the proceeds (^9,447) devoted to the sup- port of grammar schools, leaving 07,312 acres unsold. •In Canada West, 1 ,000,000 acres were set apart for the benefit of common schools, 5,852 of which wero gold, during the 3^ear, leaving a balance of 19,736 acres undis])Osed of The purchase money of tho lands sold, during tho year, was $13,392. The net income from this fund, for the year 1859, waa $40,550; and the total net amount realized from these lands was $508,914. The quantity of Clergy Lands sold in 1800 was 02,522 acres; in 1801,' 74,300. The quantity of Crown Lands sold in 1800 was 120,413 acres, and in 1801, 257,983. The gross proceeds of sales of Public Lands in the Province of Canada, 1800, was $845,158 ; in 1801, waa $808,049. Total amount of free grants in 1801 on coU onization roads was 9811 acres; there were surveyed within the year 480,288 acres; there were surveyed (ungranted) 5,593,833 acres ready for sale. The 1 ( S fl \ 1 c s G of in Ihe ed BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 157 Amount of revenue collected from timber dues and ground rents in 1801 was 8299,S08. There is in Canada 91,286 acroH of lands held by the Ordnance Department, sonic of ^vhich was pur- chased bv the Home Gorernment at a cost to the Imperial Treasury of $1,300,000; the barracks and buildings erected thereon cost $809,500. The gross amount of sales for all Canada, of Crown, Clergy, and School Lands, were : Sold in 1858 209,889 acres. " 1859 401,440 " Arnount of sales in 1858 8244,913 <« « 1859 475,195 " Collections, 1858 271,293 " « 1859 705,923 The total revenue derived from sales of Crown Lands in 1801, was— for Canada West, $270,G0(>j Canada East, 873,585; total, 8850,245. The lands held in Canada West in 1802 was 9,825,515 acres^ and in 1801 it amounted to 13,859,907 acres. In Canada East the qnantily held, in 1852, was 8,113,000 acres, and in 1801 it amounted to 15,223,000 acres, shcAving a total, for both sectionB of the Province, in 1801, of 28,582,907 acres. PRODUCTS OF THE FORESTS. The products of the forests have long been a 86urce of wealth to this Colony. The exportation of white and red pine, of which Canada has inex- 158 STATISTICS OP hau8tiblc stores, deals, stiivos, masts, and birch and other hardwood timber, to Britain, and sawed himbor to the States, foi'ms an important section of the in- duHtrial pursuits. Of the woods annually exported 80,000 tons are ehn ; 40,000, oak ; 400,000, white piiio ; and 60,000 tons of red pine. In 1852 tlie vahie of the products of tho forcsti amounted to $5,400,857 j in 1800 it amounted to i?ll,012,']5iJ. The amount of revenue arising from ground rents, timber duos, and slide dues, during th« year 1856, was $262,872; in 1857, $289,8:30; in 1858, $2iJ2,624; and in 1850, it amounted to $816,056. Canada exports annually al)Out 30.000,000 cubl« feet of rough timber, and about 400,000,000 feet, laupcrficial measure, of sawn lumber. The revenue derived in 1860 from timber cut on tho public landi amounted to $500,000. The lands Iving westerlv of Canada, between Lak« Superior and the valley of the Sascatchewan, are not so highly adapted for farming as those more westerly. From Kainy Lake to the Kocky Mountains — 1100 miles — the land is generally good. In this section alone it is estimated that there are about 320,000,000 acres of available land, the southern portion of which 18 equal to Western Canada, while much of th« Northern section is equal, in an agricultural point of view, to tho lands of Canada East or Now Bruns- wick. New Brunswick. — Tho public domain of this Province is still considerable, affording an extensivo BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 159 iit'ld for emigration. Tho report of the Surveyor- (lonoral for IHOl, the firwt formal rcj^ort of this de- partment published in the Province, does not 8tat« how miicli hind has been alienated from tho Crown. From other sources, however, we learn that tho total quantity disposed of up to the end of 1846, wiwj ti,077,9G0 acres; and tho total quantity sold up to tho wid of 1852, was 0,636,329 acres. There still romaine 10,000,000 acres ungranted. The licport states that 42,783 acres were sold during the year, and paid partly by instalments, and partly lyy casli nt il>e times of sales, yielding a revenue of $26,258. Thero was also sold during the same year (1861) u der th-^ ''Labor Act," 774 lots, representing 74,486 acres- making a total of 117,269 acres disposed of duijig tho year. There has been also, within the years 1850, 1860, tmd 1861, fourteen tracts surveyed, containing in the aggregate 131,100 acres. These lands were set apart for actual settlement under the conditions of the Labor Act. During tho ten years previous to 1861 there were 797 lots, representing 76,555 acres appro- priated under this act. The Labor Act affords persons ^f limited moans important advantages. One hundi^d acres of land may be obtained by paying in labor on tho road ad- joining, or passing through the land, a sum equal to one-fourth of the price in each year, until the whol« be paid, when a grant will be issued. Lands are also sold at half a dollar an aero, if paid at the time of sale, or sixty cents per acre, payablo 160 STATISTICS OF in three equal yearly instalments. There are local Deputy Surveyors, in each of the fourteen Counties into which the Province is divided, who attend to the routine of sales, &c. Timber and Lumber Exported [Superficial Feet). Hardwood. Pine Timber, Sawn Lumber. In 1859 1860 1861 37924 tons. 14637 " 16933 " 81588 tons. 40136 ** 41459 '* 283811249 237769094 297518646 Nova Scotia. — From the Reports of the Coramis* Bioner of Crown Lands we glean that the Province contains about 12,000,000 acres, three-fourths of which are in Nova Scotia Proper, and one-fourth in Cape Breton. In 1858 there remained ungranted 6,297,450 acres, 1,210,000 acres of which were in Cape Breton. Of the 4,086,496 acres of ungranted lands in Nova Scotia Proper, it was estimated that not more than 1,870,000 acres were fit for profitable cul* tivation; and of the 1,210,000 acres in Cape Breton 800,000 acres are fit for profitable tilhige. The number of grants actually issued in 1857 was 366, representing 63,083 acres. The number issued in 1858 was 511, representing 78,231 acres. Tho gross receipts for the year 1858 were $10,793 ; and the gross expenses of the department w^ero 17,428, leaving BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 161 as net proceeds from the sale of Crown Lands for the year $12,864. Of the total qiiatity of ungranted land in the Province, there are now about 2,000,000 acres fit for profitable cultivation. The price of Crown Land is one shilling and nine pence, sterling, per acre. It is obtained, principally, through the local Deputy Surveyors. There are reservations in thirteen Counties of the Province, known as " Indian Reserves," represent- ing in the aggregate 20,027 acres, the principal part of which is highly fit for cultivation, though but little of it is yet cultivated. The quantity of land alienated from the Crown to the end of 1861 was 5,748,893 acres. Amount undis- posed of was 5,319,820. 'i was bued Tho the iving Kewfoundland. — Tho Crown Domain of this Colony in still very extensive. The principal part of the lands granted are confined to limited spots on the sea sliore. The reader will understand, from our geograpliical description of Kewfoundland, that a very largo [)ortion of it is unfit for profitable cultiva- tion. The late Surveyor-General Joseph Noad, Esq., in his Ecport, however, in 1847, says " the soil," around Bay St. Ceorge, *'is rich and deep, and when the trees and stumps are removed from it no further obstacles exist to prevent the land from being at once brought under the plough, while the husband- man has at hand limestone and gypsum sufticient for the most extensive farming operations, and in addition to which help a most valuable manure may be collected 11 162 STATISTICS OF almost to any extent/' At the Bay of Islands and tbe Kiver Ilumber we are informed that "the soil is well adapted for all the purposes of cultivation. It is deep and fertile, and possesses the means of its own 8upport, as limestone can be procured to any extent/' There are several other tracts on the Island of equal value. In these districts the birch, spruce, pine, and other forest woods, grow to a large size, while in other parts of the country the woods consist of shrubs and other undergrowth. The quantity of land alienated from the Crown ia comparatively small. The upset price of Crown land is two shillings an acre. A lot of land containing 200 acres may be obtained by residing on it five years, and cultivating two acres ; or by erecting a saw or grist mill on the land applied for, and keep- ing the same in operation for three years. Prince Edward Island. — This Island, which con- tains an area of 1,365,400 acres, was laid out in 66 Lots or Townships, each containing about 6,000 acres, 64 Lots of which were granted on certain conditions in 1767, to about one hundrcd individuals, the principal part of whom were members of Parlia- ment, officers of the Army and Navy, and merchants. Suffice to say, thit the result of this appropriation of the Colony has*given rise to much dissatisfaction ^ both to the Imperial Government and the Legisla- ture and people of the Island. It has done much to retard the progress of general improvement, which is the more to be regretted in consequence of the iu- BlilXrSlI NORTH AMEIIICA. 163 viiluable chaviu'tor of its soils in i\i\ Li^Ticultural point of view. In Honio cases the landlords, who princi- pally reside in Uroal Britain, finding the taxes im- posed by tlie conditions of the original grant unex- pectedly burdensome, liave sold some of the lands to the Government and people of the Island. In order to a final Bettlement of the subject a Koyal Commis- sion was appointed in 18G0, composed of three Com- missioners, — one representing the Imperial (govern- ment, one the tenants, and the other the ])roprieton^. This Cc.nmission reported in 18G1, and the Legisla- ture confirmed the report, which has boon vetoed by the Imperial (iovernment. Tiic average price of land is about four dollai's per aci'e, and considerable quantities of land may be purchased in diifercnt parts of the Island at this price, and even less, though in some places it is much higher. British Columhia. — I'rom the limited information rxtant respecting this large and valuable section of J-Jritish North An\erica, on the Pacific side of thi-v^ (•ontinent. throe thousand miles from the Atlantic* frontier of Kova Scotia, we are unable to afford our readers full details of either the value and extent of its arable lands, or the other individual elements of wealth it possesses. Indeed, the explorations lieretofore made have been more with the view of ••prospecting" for gold than that of suitable land tor settlement. There arc said to be millions of acroH of I'ich arable land Iving between the Pacific frontier t '^ I 164 STATISTICS OF and tlio mines. There are extensive tracts producing wild g-rasrt of various kinds in great abundance. About one-luilf the area of Vancouver's Island is suit- able for cultivation; and there are cxtenHive tracts of good lands for settlement on the mainland. The extent of huid granted is very limited, and will remain so until roads are made into the interior. The ])rico of land is one dollar per aci'c. One-half the purchase money is required to be paid in advance, and the remainder in two years from the date of purchase. Lands arc obtained througli local land agents. EDUCATIONAL. The Educational Institutions of British North America consist principally of Universities, Colleges, Academies, Normal and Training, Gi^ammar, and Elementary Schools. Can.\da. — In this Province, each section, Canada East and Canada West, has its separate system, contrt'iiod by separate heads; and in each separate schools exist. The annual Jjegislutivo grant of ninety thousand pounds is divided between the two sections of the Province; and each raises an amount equal to the propoi'tion it receives of the Provincial allow- ance. The Elementary Schools of Upper (Canada are nearly all i^rec; and a large number of those of Lower Canada are also free. The Government has appro] )riated one million acres of land in aid of Ele- mentary and Grammar Schools, besides a large area in aid of the Colleges of Canada. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 165 Tabular Statement of ihc Kduratioval Institutions of Canada for the Year 1800. C: mada East. Canada ^^ 'est. Institutions. No. o »i 10 14 01 04 o t> .1-1 0'.> Pupils Cost, $ No. Pupils Cost, $ Universities 552 2781 233:; G210 14817 228 10337 5234 14258 8000 15045 11277 1 \ 13 j 1 o-o Classical Colleges .... Industrial Colleges... Academies for Boy^.. *' *• Girls.. 128550 Normal Schools 1 3 305 88 .".OOO 30165 Model Schools 14803 ACiideniics. &c 0408 4540 315812 40780 (ivammar Schools 8027» Klcmuntary Schools.. 3^:70 144005 503850 1150774 Totals 321)4 172155 573250 4370 320558 1448448 re f IJducational Inntitutions, T '■: cc c ^r >— ( OOCOCO ''T'Ti.-^i-i'^ Tf 1 - '--r c; 1 - :r 1 - X. CO 00 1 **, cr. -r c: x -f .— c -f cc ':::: -r X ^ -- a. c? cc cc J - 06 CI >'r ic X ?<:; I- CI cc «.c c: I— t >0 cc >C Cl cc -^ -T r-. T}i — ■ • - ' CC CC >.C' cc c" l- 1- "t -t" t^ 0: •-•-+< -^ .c: -i- -c 1 - — >"l X- c- cc ;c C cc r- CC cc C 1 ^ .-- 1 - cr ~ -^ 1- C -X CI CI cc 'C 1-- "^r CI 'O «— 1 I— 1 T-H T— 1 • • • • .2 ■ . • • • '• '*^ * \ '~* * ii=. i ; i : ; : "= .5 ^ : rt : : ', "u rs zl, r-i : '•-* : : ^ 2 cu ._ - t, : : c; c -^ r- C'-f ~ = ^ • c p c ■>. i^ %- g : v:c^'PCc—;fe WP- ur> • W ^'^ tfc f5 r— •— r* i V. s. ■• .. ■• -v rt T ei dJ ^^ ly p-« r* t-j a '2, -.■•-----. ' - ^-"•'-'■''•'^ p. < .^ ^ Ci "TV o -5! *3 1 . • O >^ CI • 1—4 -f -»" ^ 3 CO 00 CI 00 cc -c t— » 00 CI — •rr > c 'cc " cc »c >c cc CI ^ 00 X CC CI cc T— i 1- r-i l.O cr. X' CO Ci cr. -^ CO CO f-i r- Ttl cc X XI f.H C5 "H -t< I.e. CI CO 00 X' 1- 'C> -. X CO 00 CI cc r— t «-Ci >o T— -T< " cc 00 X 1 ^ -* Ci l'^ cr.' 1- CI 66 CI X -^ ~P CI t-l -i< 'cr.'i^ •«* .J ,— 1 -f cc C^ r-. 1- 00 1—4 cicoco •— ' ■CO cc'oc »o cc >C CO CO -< CI I- CI -^ r-i CI I.e. CO CI '^ c- cc cc >0 I- 1- CC- CI ~ X 1 1-^ T-< CO 1 — CI ci"-t 60 ■ CO >.o X -* cc C I CO OD CI X «o T— 1 CO r-' y—i * s . ¥i ^m V . a • tF-l • 1-^ • • w^ ' *^ .0 S ao -p ■u ■— 1 ;-l .r- •-- ♦» 1 S'S • A. i;,) BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 167 I i The Government Grant for Canada East, in 1800, was $116,000, and the amount raised by voluntary assessment, $238,804. The gross amount raised by the people, for the building and repairing of school houses, and the support of primary education, was $387,859. The total contributions for 18G1 amounted to $520,219. The number of institutions has increased in Lower Canada, since 1853, thirty-three per cent, pupils, fifty-nine, and contributions, three hundred per cent. In addition to the various institutions named in the foregoing tables, there are, in Canada J^^ast, six schools under the control of the '• Brcthi-cn of the Christian Doctrine," and nine under tlic charge of the "Sisters of the Con£»:rejj:ation of Notre Dame.'' In these fifteen schools there are 7,112 pupils, who are included in the total number given in the tables. The total amount of the Parliamentary Crant, in aid of elementary education, for the whole Provincti of Canada, for the year 1862, is $444,000 168 STATISTICS OF o 5 •s •2 a as s o g OD H < P < < O o 00 C5 o cc 00 00 CO o 00 WD 00 o 00 OS (?! 00 I- r^ -^ CC 00 1< ■of i.t) 00 1—1 1—4 CO -^ 'M CO Tl I- t 00 CO ^l lO rf -f CI ^ 00 03 CO QC O 71 O CI CI CI CC CD ■»li iC 00 o ^ CO CO "T -^ i■- C■. I— I CO O CO CI Ttl I.C O 00 Ol CI Tji t.O 00 CI I— I O C5 cc cc a CO CI CO CO CI c^i CO O 1- CI --^ ^ Oi I-^ 05 Oi CO o o Ci I— c< O CJ l- C: X ti CO r- O ».C 1—1 r-l ■>* •y> CO O 3 O OQ O W a cn O 03 m p-H o J3 Ci 00 rH «%> QO CO R •2 I V> S o a' s 3 kC t— CO o o Oi »-< 05 CJ 00 00 «o ■»t< iC ■C a: 00 00 eo CO CD C^ OS 1-H 1^ ^ a: O OS C^ 00 CO 1^ • O O 00 »f3 *-^ ''^ i-H :fi 1— ( GO CD cc O CI OS r- < CD • • • J Oi o 00 o 1 c ■ IH ' c -n ^ t ^f^ CO a 3 IS cbra metr ural 3 bO a •i-« a u et flj »* «« ^ «« < ^ <* ^ V ^ • o !2; O CJ O OS c^ -^ 05 i-i \1Z CI CO »0 r-t t;T> lO l2 ■^ OS »-. tH OO CD CI C-1 O l-H S 5 O CO CO 1—1 1-' 1— ( OS CO -* CO 1—1 1^ 00 00 o CD CD O >0 to i-< O Ol l^ CO r-t QO O CS CO 00 «0 CO 1— t CO -rji 1— c ^H OO CI C^ > ■» A Ok c3 - &4 - bCbo 3 o • a c •2 E 3 ^-5 O 3 3 03 OJ O (- O 9i (A "* *-<; MOOW bO a •F^ d u e3 ^ - «• <• V V • O IZ i p fi c II Pi M b( Cc Ci To Cc Pi BHITISH NORTH AMERICA. 169 The incroase of schools, in ten your.s, was 010; pupils, 108,921, and expenditure, 8X00,058. These figures present a remarkable increase, in one decade. Religious Dcnominalion of Teachers in Canada West. 1858. 1859. Church of England 002 747 Roman Calholic 440 400 Presbyterian 1251) 1196 Methodist 1182 1230 Baptist 240 225 In Canada East tlio principal part of the teachers belong to the lioman Catholic Church. Apportionment of the Legislative Grant for Canada West, in 1856. Mixed Schools. Separate Schools. Totals. Counties $120400 8153 5078 $1010 3555 305 $128082 Cities 11708 Towns 5443 Continffencies 571 Total $150500 Libraries of Canada. Canada West. Libraries. Volumes. Cost. In 1855 ♦' 1859 " 1800 200 354 2514 118000 \ 117580 j 224508 207544 3218 $94518 " 1801 240325 Prison Libraric? 170 STATISTICS OP Libraries, i^c. — Continue J. Canada East. Libraries. Volumes. COMt. In 1850 0082^ ll;5M2 102701 •' 1 857, m Colleges &c ♦' 18()0, for(>'oniO mon Schools, j '" 113 There arc niMiy other Ijiterury and Scientific Jn- BtitutionH in Canachv, of Avliicli the Canadian Liter- ary Institute, Natural History Societies, J3otanical Society, Medical Societies, Museums, Meclianics' In- Btitutes, and Circuhiting Li])raries, are the principal. Kccently an institute has been estahlislied at Fort Garry, on lied IJiver, a tributary to Lake Winipcg. The proportion of tlic population attending school was, in ISGl, for Canada West, 22.05; exceeding that of New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, which send respectively 22.52, 20.13, and 20.G0. The proportion sent to school by Canada East was in tlie same year 13. 20. Universities, Colleges, d-c. — The Educational lie- ports of British North America do not give full de- tails of the progress of Collegiate Education in their respective Provinces. The statistics here presented, though incomplete, contain much useful ii\formation. Some of the Colleges, both in Canada and the Lower Provinces, are largely endowed by the Legislature. The University of King's College, Canada West, has an endowment of 225,000 acres of land, besides other BRITISH NORTH AMKllICA. 171 liir^i^o appropriations. Its Library conluins 1;],OOU voliirncH; iMusoum, 70 spceii'S of nijuiinialia. 1000 of birds, 70 reptiles, ir)0 flshos, 000 i;-o()l()Lci('al. 400 inin- craln, 1500 elioniical products, and ISO pliilosophical inHtrumonIs, t^c. Ton ofllic ('Ollo*L!;r(\ij,-ate area ol' -.12o,17i' a>ii> Mc(list Mont real jl'roli'Stant Ilaniiiton Motliodist Lonnoxvillo... Kpisi'o|(iiliaii .. Ht. Miclixt'i".*' Collfj:;*' 'Toronto SeiMiiiary Collc^'*^ JC^"*'"^*' Notre r)iimi> Collcf^e | By town ('(*!!« 'j^e 'Ottawa JaeciiU's Cfirticr (Jiiobop Litorary Institute iNVoodstock ... Jesuit' .s ('olli>jj;t< ! Montreal bt. Hyacintlic's Col!o>i;o jst. Hyacintho Nieoict C a u o o •aouiAo.4,1 •g)uopn|^< ■saossojo.!,! 10 'O M t« a> cs o a ^ •- O eS ■n §0=2 pi; •i-i •■-« ^* — r- ^ ? •J o rt 3 Cm o sra ffi-^scHEc- tr o ■•/> O O O C' c:' o o o o "M CQ lO C^J a> O) tfc^ oi a> fco wo aj « O) I I 2 «.:: ^? 5". i X c; I- tri •jt -f ?:) i.t) c 5 -^ .9 ^ S i"^ 2 00-3 £- • yj : z> 7 • Z' p.- ^ t> '•, o o ^ :n : ■'-/:■ O ^ U -3 H^ O O 90 «« 5 -q >: t, be i" o « «^ w' n. -?^ S 2 S30 ie « o cj ^ ::; !• ^'§'§2'^'^ 2^ 2-5 5 = S .- u « »^ ;3^<1 ■'^ ^■■* 1 111 ^^ :: •-' r2 > ^* -> >/< 7- 1 ^•'■3 c*^ -^ ^ O 1> ^ IJ ^ --* zL q ^« .— . "H ^■^ >^ U >♦-• •r --^ *-• - -d c^ a *— ^ 33 ■/; •- ,03 ^ ^ '— '■■■1 H 2 _,' G *^ C^ -: n 7" 1) o ::: --^ 4-^ ^ - - a> o --rJ 7. w rJ X >:^ . < r^i ^- br -^-' 5 3J y; '--' o yj .in ■^-'H ^ r rf OQ 22 o ;^ o if o 2 ^ o m'-A i 174 STATISTICS OF \v TC ■ri *c >C? CT CO 1 v:: o :r 1- c^ x • — — ex. 1 - -T o O 1—1 cv -.r: r'- rr irTi 00 Ct ^ Tl I— < rH -^ r? -71 05 IT — . -f 1- o o : 1 1 - cc iO t-^ »T >-T* — ^ CO CC ^i^ ci I— 1 r-H — ^ -s • T -f : CTJ .- o 1—1 1 ■• • CO t— » 'f O -^ Tl t' -ti »t -T* 1-1 I- "1 ■-£> GO o -^ T? o — . ri ».o t—* ni T'? n o i-O CO o? Lf ri t-H ^ « -re 'XI -^ 'M CO O 1- >~ r- T— -1 l- t>I O' CO i.-? T-l O •+ lO r-i t or OC- '^ i-O 00 cr lO ri I— t -> 1 ; fc. . e; ■ u :hJ ■ -4 . ^ ■ "^ J '/i . a> * (-H : fl . s • (U »-^ : -^ — 1 o "^ &.L». '^ :-< o^^ !^ "S 3 ii s; 3 "3 a jfi 1 h* 1 r" '.'^ '^a ^ 1 ►« w «5 S ■ ^ S^ '^ OC 1*"^ rt< ■ o o o o >c .~ •«* a O T— 1 I— 1 I— 1 r-i -^ cc !•-> >-0 .X > Oi 7i o u> ChO • o © : d d 7:; fl : 1 05 .St-*-.*- : a o o • ;z: -.^ o "L u • =p .^ 2 :: ^' « es =« : Q ©•'«« f:©"©©: >', csr^ c-5^ CSS'. : CO ■1-1 1^ CI •-t< C5 -r CO 00 : S ?o c:i rx- ex; CI 0> CO CO : f-H r-1 CO rl lO . i>- • 3 ci : U2 w u. "^ cc ri ',c "rf cj ?i ec -^ --1 -^ 1— < r-1 O 1— 1 o "3 oo Oi H • o © ri4 3 tl S 3 2 i : '0 "o '^ ■s -^ h5 > •^ rn p.-::: S § § rt c g t >- ) :;. ??: ;r< ■, f* ifi :c 5e iE- ^fs )HI . CO -■ I I-- o i -i s 0) a a> (V f^f^ s BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. I-* Oi "^ Oi O CI iM CC O CO O OOOCD— 'C4 0.-<0r-l r-« 00 O CO O r-i CO O 1^ I- QO i-H CO C") C5 O o CD QO cs QO QO O QO QO QO QO O CO Tf CI i.O o •^ CI O CI T-C f-H -J" ,-( 00 o CO ».■:> CO O 'O Oi CI C: --^ CO O CO O CO I—I CI -^ O i-i 00 «- CO QO »0 -^ CO CI C5 o CI CO QO •»*< CO CO CO -^ l^ r-i 'T O ■«t< X CO CI CO ■«*< CO CI CO CI CO c^ Ci l^ Oi I- 00 C5 <— I rH o T^ I— ( CI CO CO to CO CO f- CO CI 1^ Tl< T-( O lO I-- (T. CI -O C-l 00 CO O CD OC OO CD Oi OO m o a > o CO v o B.2 on o 3 ei OPh J3 O ■Tt* CO ,. ^^ a P< £< c3 13 3 »H 92 PM O ■* CO o ■^ o CO ?o CO o CO 00 o XI a ^ t5 a: '^ o O fl ^ -a w 08 ofj S « CS w S W) ti r:5 o o S a 0) o *j PhPOO 175 o o QO CO •l-H o >> o c ^. OD OS ^ P^ •2 I c3 c«_i 3 176 STATISTICS OF Lib, arks, <5'C. 1859. 18C0. 1861. No. of r.ili-fivic-^ *' V(He<^Iate Institu- tions are — Prince of Wales CoUcixe. Charlotte Town, Non-Sectarian, and St. Dunstan's (V)llci(c, Charlotte Town, l?(>inan Catholic. A Normal School conduct- ed by two (eaclicrs, one male — salary SSUO — and one female — saiaiy §180; average number of students, 80. Elementary Schools. Years. Schools. Pupils. Cost. 1811 3848 121 131 190 254 237 2C3 4356 4512 0022 11210 10575 9205 $4064 1854 1855 185 V 28920 52000 1861 61148 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 177 In addition to the government appropriation, whicli is raised b}' a land tax, tlie proprietors raise from forty to sixty dollars, annually, towards the support of eaeli seliool. Nkwfoundland. — Tabular Statement of Academical Instiluiions of Education in Ncirfvntidland. Name. Situation. Denomination. No. Stu- Prof d'ts Govt, aid. $2000 4384 1000 750 Vol. aid. Academy.... BoTiaventure College Academy.... Academy.... St. John's ... } " I* Episcopalian Roman Catholic. Wesley an 4 2 1 44 79 GO 30 $21 2748 500 Gei»l Protestant 750 Totals 9 222 8134 4010 ^^S920 p2000 Elementary Schools. In 1857 there were 280 Schools, 14,136 Pi'pils; Cost $. 1858 '' " 222 " 32,191 " 1801 257 ]2.(,^L 40,995 The prineipal part of these Schools are hio-hiy sec- tarian, Protestant and Catholic., and rhe Protostant are subdivided into Episcopalian. Methodist and Presbyterian. In the administration of the system the Province is divided into 41 districts, 2;") of which are under a Protestant Board of Educatioi and In- spector; and 16 are under the confDi of a ( atholie lioard and a Catholic Insfu-ctoi'. Thi' (hr cniui#'ttt li 178 STATISTICS OF appropriation is proportionally divided by the Legis- lature between Catholicj^ and Protestants. Tabular Statement of the Protestant Schools. Years. Schools. Pupils. Cost. 1858. 131 0521 $28500 1859. 136 7912 1800. 139 8073 1861. 147 8413 20500 J Of the 147 Schools in 1861, the Elementary Schools nnmber 108, attended by 4908 ]ni])ils; Commercial Schools 4, with 159 pupils. The Colonial Church and School Society Schools number 24, attended by 2524 pupils; Wesle3^an School Society 8, and 593 pupils J Church of England 2 Schools, 108 pupils; and the Presbyterian Church 1 School, attended by 61 pupils. Teacher's salaries vary from twenty to sixty pounds sterling, and are made up partly by Government and partly by a small amount of fees paid by the School proprietors. Tabular Statement of the Catholic Schools. Years. Schools. Pupils. Cost. 1858. 1801. 91 114 5070 5028 $25000 20495 BRITISH NOHTH AMEKICA. 170 Of tho Cntholio Schools in 18G1. 81 arc Klomentarv, 7 Conimorcinl, and 10 Convent Schools — the latter containini>: 1800 piiytils. The (rovernment a])])ropi'iates annually £400 to- wards the traininii; of l^rotcstant teachers, who may be trained in either of the Protestant Academies; and £850 for Catholic tenchers, who are trained iu the Catholic Collci^e. The (rovernment contrilnito one-half of the cost of erecting .school houses. y to r by fees Si/noj/iical Table, shon-hif/ thr stale of F.diicalinn in Canada, Xova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Xew/ound- land. Colony. I No. of ilnstitu- i tions. ;N(). of Cost. Xo of Cliilih'cn absent fruiii .School. Canada Nova Scotia. New Brunswick P. E. Islanrl. ' — oi -.nion'i^n-K'r'- r 57777 Ctwui'la West. ,,24: o()i2(U,,ld,ihO, -^ --^,^,^ ,, j,^^^_ 1193 88385 105235! 41550 805 I 29122: 221327 ! i 265 ■ 9320; 73008 I 21000 3000 Newfoundland, 200 ' 12230 537001 13200 i i 1 Totals i 10312 :50021(i'2518597| 214580 The foregoing table presents an educational status to which there are but few parallels in the world. There are only a few sections of tho American Union 180 STATISTICS OF llM I' ' I i thiit exceed tliesc fi£»;nres. and still a less immher ainoHii; the states ol' Kiirotjc. llei-e, in a s])arsely ])(»])iilatt,'(l <*omiti*y. which less than thvee i^enei'atiofis ago was almost a total wilderness, tluM'e are 10.812 Institutions of Hdueation, attended hy 590,210 ])U|)ils — one-sixth of its entire population — at a cost to its iidiabitants of sS2.51S.")97. In l^i'itish r.\)luinhia Schools are bcinj^ established; but it will require more time to mature and organize a system. j^s ihc educational S3^stems of British ^«oi'tli .America, like those of most all other c;>untries, are in 'I transition state, "vvc omit the difiei'ent laws by wi>icli the systems are regulated. SuiHce to say that e'a( ii Colony has its statutory enactments for the encouragement of education, which diUer from each other, and are continually undergoing alterations. Indeed, it is very ditlicult to enact educational laws in any country that will meet the approbation of the Bcctariim, sectional, and other views held by man- kind. LITERATURE. Ktimher of Xew.yiapcrs and Periodicals published in British North America. Coiinli'y. Number. Propovtion to Inhabitants. Canada ( West... \ East... Nova Scotia New Bi'UM.^iwick ... Newfoundland Prince E. Island., Bl•ili^Il Cnluuibia. 28 25 12 6 4 1 pajjev to 12322 souls. 1 I 1 1 1181.") ** " l(l(}82 " " 10189 " 131715 " r.RiTisii Nor/ni amkuica. 181 North ants. Msikinn^ a totnl of 277 ])a])crs and poi-iodicals )>ul)- lislicd in ]>ritisli Xoi'tli Amorica. Olthosc iIhtc arc ])ul»lisluMl ill Canada lo in Pn'iich, IJ in ((crnijin. 25 arc sectarian, and tlie rcniaindci' (1<>2) arc devoted to Litei'ature. Science, Politics, and the developiiieiit of tlie resources of the country, Canachi West publishes one pa])er to every 0,115 of lier inal)itaiits. The Press — the Fourtli Estate — is cfFicicnt, aiul extends its influence into every settlement in the Provinces, The safe and s])eedv means of ti'ansmit- tint*; knowled_k' i'a[)idity to every town, village, and settlement in these Pro- vinces, In nearly every town containino; from two to four thousand inhabitants, a weekly ])a|)er is ]'iiblished; and in each of the cities and lai';;'er towns there are many — some of which are daily, (jthers tri-weekly, ik('. The press is iL;;eneraliy well sustained by the pco])le, whose desire for infoi'inaiion is incrcasinii;. The Qvchec (iazcitc. ])ul)lished in 17bo. A\as the iirst paper established in Canada. Since its ])ublication u]>V\'ards of two hniidre(l pa])ers have s])runov(>r Provinces. The increase of the ni;mber published in these Colo- "•lies is worthy of remark. _.. 18: STATISTICS OF In Canada East. 10 pa]KM-s woro ptil)lislio(l. in l.^^no, and in Canada West. ;n ; total— 50. In 1S54. Can- ada AVost pnldislu'd 111. and Canada Kast. lo ; total — 1.')7. T(jtal in ISGI — 2U;) ; increasing (>4 pa])ers iu the ciii:liteon years previous to lSo4, and 4G in the last seven years. In Xova Scotia, in 1854, there Avere 21 papers pub- lished, and in Xew Brunswick. 18; thus siiowing an increase of 12, in the two Pi'ovinces. in seven years. Allowini;* each papei* pui)lislied in l^ritish North America to issue 2,000 copies weeivly, there are 440,000 papers distiibutcd over the country every week, exclusive of thousands additional, wliich, on their arrival from Europe and the United States, are passed from the post offices into the hands of the people. In Canada there is a lin;ht posta^ie on all papers, except those devoted to science, education, agricul- ture, and Government Keports. In the other Colo- nies all Provincial Papers ])ass through the ])Ost-otiice free. British and Fcn-eign Pai)ors are subject to a light postage in nearly all the (Colonies. Copy IIkuit. — Each of the Colonies lias a copy riii-ht law. In Canada. Intween the years 1841 and 1851), the num1»er of co])v rii>"iits and works secured was 105. — (tf which 57 wei*e published in ^lontreal, 47 in Toronto, and o5 in (^^uebec. ERITISn NORTH AMERICA. 183 CTTTE.^ AND TOWNS IN' BIUTISII NOHTII AMCrJCA. Canadian Citii.,-^. — Qncboc is tho oldest citv in Bi'itisli North Aincrica, jukI the stron^'ost fortified city on tlic Anicriejui Continent. It is situated oa the nortiieru bunk of the River St. Liivvrenee, 400 miles from its mouth. The tide extends 90 miles above the city. It is built on a prom'^yntary, which is formed by the confluence of the St. Lawrence and St. Charles Kivers, and is the terniijiation of a ridge oi land varying in width from one to two miles, ex- tending in an east and west direction. Cape Dia- mond, at the lower end of which the city stands, is a bold promontary 345 feet above the tidal water. The fortifications, which cover 40 acres of ground, extend across the peninsula, and shut in the ground on which the city is built. The city is divided into two parts, upper and lower. The former includes the citadel and fortifications, and adjoins the plains of Abraham ; the latter is the seat of commerce. Quebec is compactly and permanently built — stone its sole material — founded upon a rock, environed as to its most important parts by walls and gates, and defended at every point by numerous heavy cannon. The higher parts of the city overlook a great extent of country, and also its spacious harbor, which displays during nearly six months of the year fleets of foreign merchantmen. Its streets are narrow, populous, and winding up and down ahnost mountainous declivities. Its wharf accommodation is extensive, and timber coves are numerous and spacious. i I i 184 STATISirr.^ OF 'Ih'w ^ilv Im iiuiioiiH for its histoiMCal associatirms. It ^vas i'ouii(U'rl l)y the Fi-ciich in 1G08; was taken by Sir I)avi(l Kirk iu 1()2!>. and restored in ^C);\2. It was unsiR'CCssl'iilly attacked l)y Admiral I^hipps in IGOO, hut was finally captured by Wo'.l' in 1759, after an Ijcroie defence i>v Montcalm, liotli cum- niandei's lost, their lives. An unsuccissful uttemi)t was made to reital of I^ower t^anada until the union in 1(S40, and since that timi^ it has been for a short time the Parliani . iitary In inhpuirters of united Canada. The < ouiitry arouiul (^uel)ec is not as well adapted to agricultural operations as other sections of Lower Canada. Population in 1S51 - 42,0.'')2 Ex[)orts in IS Imports in IS <' '• IS lS(il 51 84. 5i) .. . ... ») 51 4. 5'.) it »-> . >LK)9 U!)l DSS SSI. 2 '.to oin.2iU 00;],752 1 The number of shi[)s built in 1851 was 40; aggre- gate tonnage amounted to 88,1)00 tons ; in 1854, 78 I ^ atuMis. tukoii ^li. It ipps in 1751), I C'uin- tteinpt ice by loM in It has It has 'atioiis. rcrsity, atholic School, e, Cii8- It was ti 1840, ne the well k' lions U, 78 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. ISO vessels, amouiilin*^ to -id,');")-! tons; and in ISOl (here were 51 [>iiilt, a^^re of the ice. which frequently n masse. is piled mountains high, and departs e ^t tl crush ing- against tne unyieiamg quays Idi 8h lips 00 not lie neai' ^^lontreal in winter; liut on the depar- ture of the ice in sj))'ing hundreds of small vessels surround the Island. Montreal was nearly all de- A*. 'U IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) A %fi?^ /, 1.0 I.I 1^128 |2.5 1^ 12.2 150 Hi ^ US, m III 2.0 IL25 IIIII14 111.6 V] v^ ^a v: *V,;v*- '/ Photographic Sdences orporation G 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^^ iV \\ \ ci^ ^ <^^ 6 ^ 18G STATISTICS OF 1 stroyed in 1705 bj- fires, and luis suffered mucli from Bub8e(iuent conflai^'rutions. This city is connected ])y railroad with all the ])rinciprtl places in Canada and the States ; and by the River Ottawa with the ^n'eat kiniberinii; region in the Xorth-wcst. It is also situated at the outlet of the lake trade via the St. Lawrence; and in the centre of the best agricul- tural district in Canada East. ] ts princi])al edifices are: The Church of Xotre Dame, 255 feet long. Its two towers arc each 220 feet high, and its bell weighs 29.400 pounds; McGill University, with its Law and Medical Faculties; St Mary's College; Christ's Church, 187 feet by 70, and s])ire 224 feet high; thirty other churches; Mar- ket House, which cost 82^7.000; banks; Jesuits' College; six nunneries and some convents; School of Arts; Museum, ami Mechanics' Institute. The mills and water power machinery in its vicinity give employment to 10,000 ])ersons. There are 24 news- papers and periodicals published in the city. The population of this city has progressed rapidly. In 1720 it numbered ->000 souls; in 1851 it contained 57,715, and in 1801 it numbered 00,828; and includ- ing suburbs, contained 101,439 souls. YKARS. EXPORTS. YFARS. IMPORTS. 1851 $2,508,910 1800 0,020,715 1851.... 89,177,104 1800.... 15.334,010 Duties collected in 1857 $1,848,010; and in 1800 $2,453,853. 1851, 231 vessels, 55,000 tons. 245 vessels, 50,998 tons. 1861, 574 (( 261.793 974 4i 261,793 (( ,M' ^ BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 187 gr-o 18G0 tons. The City of Three Rivers is Hitiiatod at the mouth of the 8t. Maurice River, which here separates into tliree channels (hence the name of the city), and ahout midway between Quebec and Montreal. Iron ore has been smelted in the vicinity of this city for one hundred years, but the ore is now nearly exhausted, and consequently operations have ceased. The Falls of Shaminigan, on the St. Maurice, are second onl}'' to those of Niagara. The streets are narrow, and its principal buildings are — a cathedral, a convent, a college, and two academies. The popu- lation in 1851 was 4,8U0, and in 18(31 it numbered 6,058 souls. This city, though situated in front of an immense lumbering forest with navigable outlets, and a great extent of arable lands, has not made much progress during the last decade. This section of Canada seems to have been neglected by the Gov- ernments of the country. The wilderness has not been pierced by roads, hence settlement has been retarded, this valuable section of the Province. Public attention is now being directed to Sherbrook. — This town lies on both sides of the Elver St. Francis, 91 miles, by railroad, below Mon- treal. The population has nearly doubled in the last ten years, being 8,000, in 1851, and 5,81)9, in 1861. It has two colleges — Episcopalian and Roman Cath- olic, a Protestant academy, a convent, and a public library. There are two newspapers published here. Hyacinthe contains about 4,000 souls; it has a col- lege, a convent, and some manufactories. :?5 -V. uss STATISTICS OF Tliere are a large immbcr of small towns in Lower Canada, varying in population from 1,000 to 4,000 Bouls eacli. The above are all tlie cities, and some of tlie prin- cipal towns in Canada East; the folloAving are the principal in Canada West : i> ' I Ciiy of Ottawa. — This city, formerly called Bye- town, is situate on the J{iver Ottawa — the Outaouais of the French, the name of an almost extinct tribe of Indians — at the easterly terminus of the Eideau Canal, 97 miles, by the Ottawa Hirer, from the St. Lawrence, and 54 miles, b}^ railway, from Prescott, on the Ofrand Trunk Eailway. It is to be the Par- liamentary head quarters of united Canada. The River Ottawa was the northern boundary between Eastern and Western Canada. The surrounding landscape is unsurpassed in beauty. The Chaudiere and Rideau Falls, with the susyiension bridge over the Ottawa, resemble Niagara. At this point the Gatineau Hiver joins the Ottawa, which, with Capo Diamond, and other eminences towering in the dis- tance, adds to the beauty of the scenery. The Q\ty is well laid out, and the public editices, although not numerous, arc spacious. Tlie Parliamentary Build- ing in course of erection, will cost, it is said, upwards of two and a-half millions of dollars. It is 475 feet long. The Legislative halls, one on each side of the interior court, are as large as those of the British Parliament, being 90 feet long and 45 in breadth. O^he library apartment is capable of containing J I. t BRITISH NORTlf AMEP.ICA. 18*J 800.000 volumes. Its other l>nilattle field, and also the seat of Government from 1841 to 1844. It is the westerly outlet of the liideau Canal. The streets are well laid out. The public buildings are — two colleges, Catholic and Presl)yterian, a town hall, banks, and a penitentiary; there are numerous mills, foundries, and shii)-yards in its vicinity. The harbor is safe, and its entrance is guarded by two martello towers. Fort William Henry stands on Point Henry, oppo- site the city. Kingston is the burial place of Lord Sydenham; its population, in 1851, was 11.585, and in 1861, it was 13,743. Toronto is situated near the head of Lake Ontario, in the centre of a fertile counti'v. It has been the seat of the Canadian Parliament, and is connected, by railroad, with all the principal places in Canada, and the neighboring Union. The streets are wide, and its public editices are very attractive. The University, about which many party difforences have '-*.' 190 STATISTICS OF iirisen, is Norman in style; its walls are built of Avhite stone from Ohio, and its columns. C'a])itals, &c., are eom))osed of stone l)i*(>iin-lit from France. It is erected nearly in the form of a square, having an internal c^uadrangle of about 200 feet equare. The cast wino- is 260 feet loni^, the west 330. and the two avenues leading to the college cover, in the aggre- gate, 12 acres of land. The entrance hall is 43 feet long, 25 wide, and 30 bigh ; the convocation hall is 85 feet long, 38 broad, and 45 in height; the museum ball is 75 feet long and 30 high ; the library apart- ment is of the same dimensions, and contains 13,000 volumes. The museum of imtural history contains 1,000 birds, 0,000 species of j^laits, and tlie same number of geological and mineralogical specimens. The natural philosophy apparatus is ver^' complete, and the observatory is 12G feet in length by 73 in width. It has, in addition to an annual Legislative grant, an endowment of 225,000 acres of land, from which it derives a large revenue. Among its other institutions of education, are — Trinity College, Epis- copalian, St. Michael's College, Eoman Catholic, Knox's College, Presbyterian, and the Department of Public Instruction, which are the principal. The Normal School Department of the latter building is 184 feet in front, 85 in width, and the dome is 95 feet lii<>'h. This buildino; is the laro'eet of its kind in America, and is well supplied with all the necessary appurtenance Toronto has 40 places of worship, a crystal palace. 25G feet long l)y 144 wide, a lunatic asylum, a Canadian Inatitute, and numerous mills, BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 191 '5 ;nt 'he is ■^et in a :ic lis, foundries, and worksliops. There jive 20 journals md i)eriodieal.s i)ul>li.«;lie(l in the eitv Tl le l>'>i »ula- tion. in 1S51. was oO.TTo. and 44.S21. in 1^^G1 ; beiny; an increase of 14.046 in ten years. Hamilton is situated on Burlini^-ton Bay. an inden- tation of Lake Ontario. o8 niiU'S, by railroad, from Toronto. It was founded in 1813. Tlie streets arc wide, and its puldic and private buildin^-s are ele^-ant — l)eing l)uilt ]»rin('ii)ally of white stone. Hamilton is the site of a Weslevan Female Academy, and the chief station of the Great AVestern liailroad. Its pop ulation, in 1851, was 14,112, and 19,000, in ISGl. London. — This city is situated on the banks of the Thames, a tributary to Lake St. Clair, 114 miles from Toronto, and at the junction of the Great AVest- ern and Port Stanley Kailroad, It is 24 miles, by t-' '4' the latter railroad, from Lake Erie. Tlie riyer, and the streets. brid<>-es, &c., of this city haye the same names as those of its great namesake, the Metropolis of England. London has grown from a wilderness, since 1825, and contained 11,555 inhabitants, in 18G1. In addition to the foregoing fiye cities of Canada West, there are a large number of growing tow^ns in this section of Canada, yarying in po])ulation from two to seyen thousand, of which the lollowing are the principal : Sarnia is situated on tlie Eiver St. Clair, at the termiuus of the Graud Trunk liailway. and a branch ^af" mmtm VJ-2 STATISTICS OF of the Great AVestern. It is a progressive town and has a ]K)pulation oi' 3,000. BroclivlUe is siliuited on the Grand Trunk "Railway, between Montreal and Kingston. From this town a branch of railway runs to the Ottawa — 03 miles. Population 5,000 souls. Belleville is located on the River Moira, a tributarv to Quinto Bay, which is a deep indentation of Lake Ontario. It is 220 miles ahove Montreal, and 113 l)elow Toronto. Population 7,000. . Cohourff, — This towni is situated on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, 28 miles by railroad from Peterboro. Among its puldic edifices is a college belonging to the Methodists. Population 7,000. Peterboro is located on the River Trent, a northern tributary to Lake Ontario. Population 3,000. Port Hope is situated near Cobourg, on the Grand Trunk Railway. From it a bi-anch railway runs to Lindsay and Beaverton — GO miles. Population 3,000. Benverton lies on the eastern shore of Lake Simcoe, a tributary to Georgian Bay. It is a growing town, as are also Woodstock, Paris, and Brantford. Collingwood^ on the Georgian Bay, 90 miles, by railway, from Toronto, contains 2,5J0 inhabitants. Niagara^ near the Falls of the same name, was a place of note in th« early history of the country, and ^'^ BRITTSH NORTH AMERICA. 103 still coutiiuies 80, from its proximity to the Falls. It was, under the name of Newark, the capital of Western Canada. Population 8.000. St. Catharine's is situated on the scmthern shore of Lake Ontario, at the entrance to the AVellantl Canal, to which it owes its j^rosperity. Population about 7,000 souls. In Canada when a village attains 3,000 inhabitants, it may bo erected into a town ; and a town attaining a population of 10,000 may be erected into a city. Newfoundland. — St. John's. — This city is the po- litical and commercial capital of Newfoundland. It is only 1GG5 miles from Europe. The entrance to St. John's harbor is guarded by two rocky moun- tains, between which are " the Narrows," through Avhich ships of the largest class pass. Within the Narrows is a deey) and spacious basin, cai)al)le of holding a national navy in safety. On each • «f the rocky heights overlooking the Narrows numerous batteries and fortifications arc erected. This harbor, accessible at all seasons of the year, and the nearest to Europe on the American Continent, is yet des- tined to be the fii'st port of entry and last ])ort of departure for steamers from and to Eui'ope. It was entered hy ships as early as 1588; and during the American wars was the scene of repeated conflicts. The city is well laid out, on the side of a hill. The principal edifices arc : Government House, erected 194 STATISTICS OP ■ at a cost of ,£00.000; Ano-licau and Tioiiian Catljolic catlnMlrals ; lif)iMJin ( *:it liolic colU'iiic' and convents; three academics. WesU'vaii. Mpiscojialian. and (Joii- eral Protestant; Xornial School; ^[ec'luinic.s' Insti- tute; Lunatic As\duni. and banks. It is su))i)lied with water brou£i;ht from Twenty Mile Pond, distant four and a half miles from the city. These water-works were recently erected at a cost of £80,000. which was raised on a govern- ment guarantee of jdve per cent. St. John's has suf- fered severely from repeated conflagrations. In 1817 about 200 houses were destroyed ; in 1832, 97 ; and in 184G it was more than half destroved. It luis a commodious floating dock, where vessels of from GOO to 700 tons may be repaired. The telegraph cable puts it in constant communication with Continental America; and by obtaining ''the news" from the passing steamers from Europe, it is the shortest me- dium of* inibrmation between the two hemispheres; and if the Atlantic cable should be re-laid, Newfound- land will aiirain be the means of converse between the Old and New Worlds. The annual value of the St. John's seal fishery is about <£o75.000. In 1807 there were onl}- two papers published on the whole Island, while at present St. John's alone publishes eight. Po})ulation in 1857 was 24,851, being a fifth of the population of Newfoundland. Of the towns, Harbor Grare, distant 63 miles from St. John's, is a flourishing town. Population 5,095 Bouls. BRITISn NORTH AMERICA. 195 Carhonrai\ situaterl 07 miles north of the capital, contains 4,SUS inhal»itants. Bnnavistd. 1 I'J miles in the >amc direction from St. John's, contains 2,ir)0 souls. TwiUingate, 220 miles northward of the city, con- tains a population of 2.o48. Burin lies 152 miles southward of the capital, and contains 2,020 souls. The last census report made of Xewfoundland was in 1857. KovA Scotia. — The City of Halifax is situated on the west side of the harbor of the same name which forms a larlic worsliip. A Law Soeietv, a 3Ief|ieal Soeietv, a ^feelianies' Institute, and several ^National Societies, arc Avell maintained by the citizens. Halifax is a place of call for the steamers of the Jloyal Mail Steamshi]) Corn- pan}', or (Junard I^ine, ])lyin<^ between Jiiver])Ool, England, and Boston ; it is also connected with New- foundland and Bermuda, by steamers, and, by rail- road, with Truro — Gl miles, and Windsor — 12 miles. On the com])lotion of the Intercolonial J^ailway, the City of Halifax will become the great Atlantic outlet for the ]iroduct.-i of the west and north-west sections of British North America, It was founded bv (len- eral Cornwallis in 1741). For population see page 88. Imports in 1S51, 6I.0S0.400; in 1S(]0, 8r).4:n,G81. Exports " l,(iG8,(>lG; '' 8,1)04,G88. In 1851 there were 1,194 vessels cleared outAvards, with an aggregate tonnage of 17(),GG4, and in 18G1 thei'c Avere 1,228 vessels, amounting to liUi.GlO tons. In I8r)l there arrived inwards 1,(JG2 vessels, of the aggregate tonnage of 1G1,079, and in 18G1 the vessels numbered 1,442, of tiie total amount of 217,950 tons. The amount of revenue collected in 18G0 was $555,505; and the total value of the city property, real and personal, in 18G1, was $14,000,000. i BRITISH NOPwIII AMKRICA. lo: rail- To}rn.^. — Thoro nvc ahont tlili'fy towns in tlii>J Pi'ovinco. varying in population from 2,n(KJ to 4, (MM) Houls each. Of till' towns. I)artnioutli. ncai' Ilalil'ax. ])op. IJ.l.V); Pictoii, on tlic Strait of MortiiuniluM'iaiKl. l^op. 2.SIJ0 ; Alliion Minos and New (iiasgow. near l^ictou, pop. 4,'{7l); Pugwash 8.000; Amherst 2. 7<)7 ; Sy(in(\v, (.'ape Breton, 2.4()7; Varniontli 4,ir)2; Windsor 2.271; Liverpool 2,iK*5(;; Antigonish 2,S7r) ; Truro 2,im ; Petit J^iviere 2,900; Lunenlmrg v},04.S, are the prin- cipal. The ac^ficregato po])nlation of the eity of Halifax and the towns is alxriit lOO.OOO souls. The towns of Pietou, Windsor, Truro, Dartmouth, Yarmouth, and Sydney, do a hirge amount of business. 1 t r r 1 ,G81. ,088. New BnuNswrcK. — T/ie Citif of St. John is the most populous in the Lower Proviiices. It is huilt on an undulating ridge of land on the eastern side of the mouth of the Jiiver St. John, the OHijuiKhj of the In- dians. The harbor is deep, capacious, and accessible to the largest class vessels at all seasons of tlie ^ear. The rise of tide, 26 feet, attbrds excellent facilities for repairing and launching vessels. The city is protected by batteries erected both at the entrance and head of the harbor. It is systematically laid out, and the private and public structures are neat. Of the latter, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, Peni- tentiary, Court House, Institute, Lunatic Asylum banks, places of public worship, and Suspension Bridge, over the Falls, are the principal. Among its 198 STATISTICS OF publio apsof'iations, are its Natural History. Medical, and Law Societies. St. John has siiftered from ini- merous conflagrations. The River St. John is tlie passage for vast stores of lumber, timber, and farm produce, "svhich adds to the commercial importance of the city. The railway from St. John to Shediac forms a highway for passengers and traffic from the ports of Prince Edward Island, and the other har- bors on the Strait of Northumberland. The exten- sion of this line to a connection with the United States lines would be of vast importance to the City of St- John; and if the contemplated Intercolonial Ilailway should pass near it, a great impetus would be given to its progress. In 1851 the y)opulation was 22,745, and in 1801 it numbered 27,317; including Portland, the total population is 38,817. The total value of the real and personal estate of the city in 1861 was 814,331,150. Nearly one-half of the tonnage of ships built in New Brunswick is built at this port. Of the 727,138 tons of shipping entered inwards, at the ports of New Brunswick, in 1861, 435,661 tons were entered at St. John. The out- wards tonnage is still larger. Fredericton. — This city is the political capital of New Brunswick. It is situated on the south-west bank of the River St. John, 84 miles by the river, and 65 by coach, from the city of St. John. Fredericton, formerly called St. Ann's, was constituted the Pro- vincial capital of New Brunswick in 1785. It stands on a plateau, environed by a chain of hills, which BEITISH NORTH AMERICA. 199 with the mcandcrino;? of the Eiver St. John, adds to the heautv of the surroundiiiii: scenerv. The streets are well laid out. Among its puhlic edifices, — the University of New Brunswick; the Parliament; offices of Heads of Departments; the Governor's Mansion; Anglican Cathedral; and the various places of public worshi]), — are the princi])al. This city, like most all American cities, has suflered from conflagrations. Population in 1840 was 4002; in 1851, 4458; and in 18G1 it was 5G52. al of •west and :ton, Pro- ands hich Towns. — There are fifteen small towns in the Pro- vince, varying in population from one to three thou- sands each, containino; in the aij^tj-reii-ate about 22.000 souls, exclusive of Portland, which contains 11,500 inhabitants. Of the towns, St. Andrew's and St. Stephen's in Charlotte County, each of which contain 2000 souls; Hampton, Kingston and Sussex, in Kings, contain about 1000 each ; Gagetown in Queen's 1000; Woodstock in Carlton 2800; Dalhousie 1000, Campbellton 600, and Bathurst 2400 inhabitants, on the Bay Chaleur and Hestigouche; Chatham 2500, JSIewcastle 2000, Douglastown 1500, on the Mirimachi, and Richibucto, Moncton. Shediac and Sackville, have each a population of loOO souls. In each of these towns a considerable amount ot commercial business is done. Sackville, in the County of Westmorland, extends along the " Great Marsh " for several miles. It is the site of two Weslevan Academies, male and female. College and Lecture Hall; Anglican, Baptist and Weslevan Churches. II 200 STATISTICS OF Prince Edward Island. — Charlotfcfown, tlic capi- tal of thi^ Colony, is situated at the confluence of York and East Kivers. at the head of IIills))orough Bay. The depth of water up to the town varies from seven to nine fathoms. The city is pleasantly situ- ated on the acclivity of an undulatin<^ ridge. The streets are well laid out. Government House; the Governor's Mansion ; Prince of AVales' College ; the Roman Catholic College ; ]^ank; Institute; Asylum> and places of worship, are among its public buildings. Population in 1(S27 was lG4i) ; and 18G1 it contained 6706 souls. Georgetown is the ca])ital of Kings County, and is a neat little town, situate at the confluence of Cardi- gan and Brudinell Ilivers. Its harbor is frequently the refuc-e for from 100 to 200 fishinij: vessels. St. EJeanofs, the capital of P 'ince County, is being outri vailed by Snmmerskle^ the princi2:)al shipping place of produce to Shediac. British Columbia. — Victoria, the capital of this young Colony, is situate at the southern end of Van- couver Island, at the head of Royal Bay. It was recently incorporated. Population, 3,500. JVew Westminster is situate on the Eraser River, about 14 miles from its mouth, and about 30 miles from Victoria. Population, 1,500. Farther north are Forts I^angley, Hope, and Yale. BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 201 > capi- irice of )rou^-h B from r Bitii- The e; the e; the sylunij dings. Ltainod and is Cardi- uently i being lipping The Oiti&s of British North America arranged according to their Respective Populations, and the Origin shewn of a part of the Population of each. Names of Cities. England & Wales. • c o • t-H French Natives. Other Na- tives. Total Pop- ulation. 1. Montreal 4293 2177 7112 1098 954 1077 2904 959 1276 2185 3196 792 2961 316 648 573 2202 666 620 999 14179 7373 12441 4528 6901 3843 4149 3249 4104 2146 43509 28689 435 22226 11346 18767 24225 16924 17787 7942 3249 7046 5119 90323 2. Quebec..,. 51109 3. Toronto 4. St. John's, Nfl'd. 44821 30476 6. St. John, N. B... 27317 6. Halifax 25026 7. Hamilton 79 3644 100 77 19096 8. Ottawa, 9. Kingston 14669 13743 10. London 11555 11. Charlottetown..., 6706 12. Three Rivers 13. Sherbrooke 14. Fredericton 40 394 220 41 140 116 78 494 1064 5367 1419 468 2906 3935 6058 5899 5652 Pi Note. — The remainder of the population is divided among liaU a dozen other countries, the number from each h^ing small. .t of this )f Yan- It was Eiver, I miles north i;; x 202 STATISTICS OF I I Tabular Statement of the ReligioJis Denominations to whieh the Inhabitants of the Cities of British North America principally belong. Names of Cities. i s 1 1 o 1 1^ •4J 03 •s ^ o S3 Pui o -- f=^ 5 s o OS CiT "^ fl.- ;^- P3 .Montreal Quebec Three Rivers.. ^ ^Sherbrooke.... g /Hamilton 08 yKingston 'London .Ottawa ^Toronto St. John, N. B Fredericton, N. B. Halifax, N. S St. John's, Newfl'd... Charlottetown, P.E.I. 65896 9739 6249 3774 604 41477 5740 1957 1139 154 5583 2603 229 1638 148 146 65 598 80 4872 5814 4307 2997 559 4638 4129 2676 1738 174 2071 3452 1652 2068 515 «267 3351 1761 988 70 12135 14125 6604 6976 1288 10697 5966 8417 3511 3177 1811 1312 868 945 694 11649 6078 2906 1979 . 1512 21900 5655 251 1882 7 2550 1 1440 1018 1330 185 768 234 14 446 209 177 145 64 826 282 11 37 92 \ ■ I Table shewing the Increase of the Denominations named therein, in Canada and Nova Scotia, in the last ten years. Place. Roman Catholic. Episco- palian. Presby- terian. Method- ist. Baptist. Canada 549480 16547 246602 49799 305009 15841 259515 10459 • 143662 Nova Scotia 20098 Totals 566027 296401 320850 269974 164360 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 203 768 234 14 446 209 177 145 64 826 282 11 87 92 o O 5^ C C n 3 a o o «J o o o CO -M »0 •-0 O O CO r-l X 1-1 i.t CO C-1 O O C: JC >0 Ci I'. CC rH CO O CO X C C-l X ■^ SC '^ 1—1 o o CO o -^ CO IC rt -M Ci CO -ir! 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T CI <.•: X r: -+< ^ c^ C* r— CO r^ ^ w" . iM .- X *" r- 0- ,— t ^ 1- c X o 1.- ^ CO l^ ».o c 1- «.T I- t vO t^ 'Z J- CO --^ •c >.c Ci I— »o ^ '^ oi CO c: 1,-7 cc oj -r c i~ ~ I'* '<^ X a 1^ CO -c X IT Ol ■^ I" X CO di ""f cc '0 o n >.o l^ ■^ f -t 'tr >.T >T CO -f C: 1.0 Iw .— * ^■^ —1 X •t* C -t lO X CO I- ct Ol X cc t 1^ ir: •^ ^ X >.o iC X re -t I- CO X ■n- i-o . 1- X l-H CO T- 1- . •M rC i.O) iZ) r- '^ ^^ ''^ co >c CO r- ^ X Ci Ol cc >C t X CO cr lO t Ol 1- r CO X CO X ^ ic >.0 lO -+» -rt ir: X X i.'O CO c: (T -^ »— • • • • d • • • ■^" 'v p^ HH c" H L • ■— ^- # -^ ^H 'O -^ > « c3 c 4 3^ S ^-f 52 .;z 'r< l-H 1 204 STATISTICS OF f« ^ on Si so c ■)dn[i .loqiQ 'lUAV 89'^I •)ST;dx?a •q^aj^ jaq^O •pauuo3 AV9^ •^sipoqpiv Itjdoasid^ •utJiCatsa^ 1.0 I- 1—1 o GO CO o CO CO Ci CI CO I- 00 Oi o CO I- CO CO o CO CO o Ci 00 o o CO CO CO o o CI 00 o 1— I o T— ( I— CO I-H O CO CO e>o CO o o CO '"'t^ •^ o o CO CO o o 98 « m a o o o o CO OQ eS tn p V c >iO CO o CI »-i O I- CO o\ o Tf O T-H QC O to a ei ^ ^ BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 205 The different Religious Bodies of the foregoing five Colonies ar- ranged according to their status : 1. Roman Catholics...!, -KU, 018 2. Presbyterians i')42,7U2 3. Episcopalians 510,1'.)') 4. Methodists 488,454 5. Baptists 11)8,508 G. Lutheran 20,051 7. Congregationalists 18,104 8. Bible Christians 11,158 9. Quakers 7,700 Protestants 10,021 Minionites, &c 8.005 (Christians 7'" 507 Universalists 0015 No religion, and no "( q-qoq creed given J The Census Reports of IS^ew Brunswick, JVevvfound- land, and Prince EdAvard Island, for 1851, do not give the " Census by lieligion ;" and those of the other Provinces which do, differ from each other in many important particulars. The " Primitive Meth- odists" of Canada are probably classed with " Other Methodists." The "American Presbyterians," though one of the most numerous congregations in Montreal belong to this body, are not named in the Census; and the "Reformed Presbyterians" are also included in some of the other bodies. In Nova Scotia the latter body is set down at only 230, in 1801, while there are four stationed ministers, and eight or ten congregations, numbering some thousands of adher- ents, belonging to this body, in the Province. The same errors occur in the classification of the Baptist bodies. Nova Scotia is the only Province which has done this body justice in this respect. Colored People. — Canada numbered 11,413, in 1861; Nova Scotia, 5,9.^7; New Brunswick, 1,581. The increase of these people has been in the same ratio as the increase of the general population. § W !l ii !1 20G STATISTICS OP Indians. — The numerous Inn •« a> (0 00 t» -M ^ OJO iTJCI eo i-i cc •* irt CO •Ji o -t l-l Ol rH ^1 l_ !0 Z'- (M M CO CO OJ O O ft O to »- M ©Qeo«o r-; 00 o © ^ CO CO o ooj o 35 CO 00 t— ^ >A CO i-l CO •^ 't I- »*< :c ■« Oi -t CO » a: ov •C GO 'i' i-H CO to t- CO -ft r-l to i-t O a» CC 1-" "* r-t 0» f-i CO -l* t- 00 1-1 rH iH O >0 1— O ■— 1 . 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I -2 o . ^i ' I- ^ .— 1 1- • cr -T Ti ri : ^ 'T. O •. • ic ct 1— i f ^ ■- -T- 1 'X iT -r c • 71 r. - I'? : w"^! 1 ■^ f— -I ?i • _i— < J ■ '^ T- re X -f i- ■:: X 1- — CK 0^ CC — X •? 1- r X -c X "/j ■ri I- iT — w 3 CI — -r Ti sq cl '^ '• ^' lift tiv T'C 1 "^ * c: cc i-i : ; 2 "« or o: -^ ; ; ? -3 ^^ ^-4 ^ f ^ ^ O 71 CC • • A^ S • -\ • i:q C5 : : ■ — --T -t- : ' CO Gc c c : £> 0) 1—1 1- ir: : >.-3 c.r -.1- . I;; i.C UO : ca • • , 71 X C; IT ?l ^ % >-j.— '^ 1 '^ 1 "• Ct. -T^ o a c: >•? ur r- X T J .— c: f :.r r-i (* 1 " "*> '^. -*■ 1 ^ ^-i '^^ 1 ^^ ^* a 1 «.? a, 71 ?i Tl r-H Tt t" — '.7 i.t bot: ^ i- X I- 71 f= ?> 4* 1 * "^^ 1 ** ^~^ •r ^ -3 CI 71 r: -^ 1- — . 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CC "C >c : *- S 3=. c; ^. 1- : 1- -+ cr : c CI CI : <^ X 1— t "^ 00 T-* "s • V- 2 * c X ! en 3 'X '-' ; s-p-e C3 '?S 2 :j o .:: ;i; s -f; -1 ^ « g .s d o a Z o o;z; J«i r-1 sc 1 p • 1 11 5 £-1 1 ; ^ : ; l5 • tr '"• 'z ^i '-^ r cl c • c Tc •c tr -r r- l- >C I- l- 1- • C Ct '^ iC 1- CI >c c: -r to CI ;c r CI r- C CI -f 1- r-l I- TC ^ C f c- CI ^ rr' O IS O f— I'W —^ »^ »^ CC CI •;? r -r CI : oc -t =: -r : rs - 'J: ■;= : "^ •4 n ~ 1 QC CC 'C CI ?C of r. c 1 o I - ::: 1- c -H X rr r- ci C: ir i.c ~. o LC ri Cheese lbs. CI -c 1 - tc : 1 - -. -C ''7 . r- CI — CI ; 1 - r— CC ~. . X c: r- c ; *c C; c> 1— * • CI : Census of 18G1. 4^ ; ei « -a .3; C Prince Edward Island NeAvfoundland tiniTISH KORTII AMERICA. 211 to : 'C CO © c ; '^ 1 oc 1^ . OC to ^ 1 k St — 5t C :iC - 1 Ti Ob CC 1- >-•? ri :r -^ "^ CO C C * f'.' < ^ CO ci cc V "XT '^ t-i ^^ ^H < i ►e X V2 1' R C » 1-^ % CC r-i f^ i^ ^ 1 Ci cc 98 t m »0 »-H : w • k » : "^k J CO »0 CC ^ ir. ' SE* R* : ■ c Ik »*^ rH .5 (S . S [ «* a -9 o •M tt O : 5c NM4 fc- k • • • ; ;5 d t^i >'r a 1 — C T ~. "^ »- c. Tr .- C-. c.-r t - 1* JO c-. O ^5 ►§ CC ?0 f^ 1** ^8 % r- 1 <1 fc c3 1 1- 5 ?M » Ol v! oc 1—1 ) o I'* CD X CO cq «r 1 > i.O w ci CO »§ ft f T-H O ^^ ft |at I' rjl , , to V. t- ao c CO o ^ V CO Ol e ^ ?s 1- : ^ <3 ^ ' *o S 5: ft i a r3 : a : » -< 5?> 1 ■^^ 'oo : ft ^ f-H » .ft l-Sd : ^ & "2 u "O -^ -fci 5t rt c •D •Jj <> a ci e C ce eJ C o n 41 d 1 V r ~ ^ z SC » c; ) SK I.; I !i; 212 STATISTICS OF The Census of P. E. Island was taken in 1848 and 1861, and that of Newfoundland in 1845 and 1857. Tabular Statcmrnt of the, total quantity of Wheat, Barley, Rye, Buckwheat, Indian Corn, Peats and Jicans, raided in the follow- ing Colonies in 1851 and 1861, and also the quantity per inha- bitant. Colony. Bushels raised in 1851. Buuhels per inhabi- tant. Bushels raised in 1801. Bushels per inha- bitant. Canada West «' East, 30129022 15190027 2108455 2485991 1041091 31 J 17 8 12| lOJ 74971828 23534903 2851707 3790487 2838025 54 15 35 Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince E. Island Wheat raised in 12092852 8i)7580F 297151 21)008: 2197.^ 9 1 1-10 1 1-10 3i 24020425 250311 J 312081 279775 340125 Canada ^\est 1 " East Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince E. Island.... 1 1-10 '41 Oats raised in 890759-1 11193844 1384437 141110' 74038; lOf •) 12 Canada East Canada West 21220874 1978137 2050883 2218578 15i Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince E. Island .... 10* 27} Acres per inhabi- tant under cultiva tion in Canada West " East Nova Scotia J^ew Brunswick.... f. E. IsUnd Acres. Roods. Prchs. Acres. Roods. 3 3 4 1 4 8 4 1 3 6 ' 3 3 1 11 3 1 3 1 30 4 2 Prchs. 13 17 10 EKITISH NOllTir AMERICA. 213 1-10 13 17 10 The foregoing tables present statistics of great im- portance to tlie inliabitants of these Colonies. Tiic quantity and ])roductiveness of hinds brought under cultivation in eacli section dilfers very niucli. Can- ada East, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, have cultivated about the same quantity of land in pro- portion to each inhabitant in 1801 that they did in 1851 ; and in the growtli of wheat they produced less in 1861, in proportion to the population, than they did ten years previous, while Canada West and Prince Edward Island have made great advances. In popu- lation Western Canada advanced 40 per .'cnt ; Can- ada East 25; Nova Scotia 20, and New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island each 30 per cent in the last ten years. Canachi West, during the hist 25 years, haj been receiving a constant increase to her population through emigration, Avhich necessitated the opening up of her wilderness lands; besides, the emigrants brought with them an improved system of agriculture, which enabled this section of Canada to continue raising large crops on the old lands. Prince Edward Island, as is obvious from the tables, though unaided by emigration, has attended to the cultivation of the soil. Canada East, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, have been but little benefitted by emigration during the last fifteen years; and the inhabitants having divided their time between farm- ing, lumbering, fishing, ship building, and other pur- suits, along with a general want of system in tilling the soil, agriculture has made but slow progress. lu the growth of wheat, that great staple product, tho II 214 STATISTICS OV \ I latter Colonic? are actually on the decline in propor- tion to po])alation. It is calculated that it requires five bushels of wheat per individual to feed our popu- lation, Avhile Eastern Canada raises but little over two, and N'ova Scotia and Xew Brunswick but one bushel to each of their inhabitants. Lower Canada, in 1800, exported 1,010,000 bushels of wheat, besides supporting its own population. In 1881 it raised 8,404,750 bushels, being nearly six bushels to each inhabitant ; and in 1860 it only raised 2,568,114, being only 2^ bushels to each inhabitant. During the latter year Canada East imported nearly 3,000,000 bushels of wheat. Thus, while the wheat- producing character of Lower Canada has been on the decline, that of Canada West has been on the advance. In 1842 Upper Canada raised 8.221,991 bushels — equal to six bushels per inhabitant; in 1848 it raised 7,558,778 ; in 1851 it produced 12,609,85' bushels, being 11:] to each of its population; and ii 1860 it raised 24,620,426 bushels, being over 16 bush els to each inhabitant, leaving a surplus, after feed ing its own people, of 17,600,000 bushels for exporta tion. Prince Edward Island is avcU adapted to the growti of wheat and other cereals, as will appear from th tables. And that part of the Provinces of Nov; Scotia and Kew Brunswick bordering on the Strai. of Northumberland, under a proper system of cul ture, would produce large quantities of wheat. Th( Counties of Sydney, Pictou, Colchester and Cumber- land, in Nova Scotia; and the Counties. of Westmor- ■ / T ? UniTISH XORTH AMEniCA. 215 f land, Kent, Xortlmmborland, (Tloiicester. TJcstigouche and Carlton, in Xow Bj-unswielc, raised in l^oO 2-i bushels of wheat to eaeli of their inhabitants; and in 18GU 21, while the two Provinces of Xova 8cotia and Xew Brunswick, at large, only raised one bushel to each inhabitant. The extent of the wheat-produc- ing district of tliese two Provinces embraces a belt of Ir.nd facinii; the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence of 500 miles, which under a proper system of farm- ing Avoiild ])roduce as mucb wheat per acre as Prince Edward Island, as the soil is similar to that of the Island, and the climate equally as free from fogs. Nova Scotia and Xew Binmswick possess a large ex- tent of rick marsh lands, some of which have been producing large crops of hay fr>r upwards of a centuiy without any appliances whatever, which along with the adaptation of the uplands to the growth of hay, render these two Colonies the best hay-producing country in America. In oats and potatoes they ai'C very productive. Nova Scotia in 1800 raised 186.484 bushels of apples. Pears and plums also grow luxu- riantly. In Xew Brunswick apple culture is now taking a place among the industrial })ursuits. Canada West is also highly adapted to the culture of apples, plums, and other fruit. It ia now fully conceded that a very large section of British North America is highly ada])ted to the growth of flax and hemp. Deep alluvial soils, which are most suitable for flax, are vei'V extensive in each of these Colonies. Canada West in I8(>U manufac- tured Ij225j934 pounds of dressed flax and hemp. Of 210 STATISTICS OF i this quantity Ilalton County produced 380,422 ; Wat- erloo 8(Jl),24;i; Peel 188,028; Wcllino-ton 02,010, and York ;)().258 poundn. Canada East raises large quantities also, especially of tlax, for ^vhich tlio country is well adapted ; but we have not been able to obtain a copy of the last agricultural statistics, and are, therefore, unable to give details. 'New Brunswick manufactured in 1860, 14,0GG pounds of flax, of which Westmoreland raised 5,097|; Victoria 2,507 ; and Kent 2,229 pounds. In the Lower Provinces flax is cultivated principally by the descendants of the Acadian French — the Uahltans — whose methods of cultui'e and manufacture are very simple. Hemp is not raised in the Lower Provinces. The census of the other Colonies do not furnish sta- tistics of the quantity of flax grown. Of the population of Canada and the Lower Pro- vinces, upwards of 4r)0,000 reside in cities and towns, which have to be fed by the inhabitants of the rural districts. And their town ])opulation is increasing faster than that of the country districts, showing the necessity of an increased cultivation of the soil. Sci- ence will have to ))e brought to bear u])on the culture of the old worn-out farms borderini>- the liiver St. Lawrence, as well as those of the Lower Provinces; and the new lands (wilderjiess) will have to be pene- trated bv roads, and made to vield to the wants of a rapidly growing people. Canada West. — The Counties in this section of Canada raising the largest quantities- of wheat are — BPJTISH NORTH AMERTPA. or , 1,539, and in 1800 onlv 323. Kecently these Colonies have made extra efforts, by the circulation of booivs treating* on their resources, in the Mother Country, to induce emigra- tion thereto. And Canada and New Brunswick, where the greatest facilities for settlement exists, have each sent persons to the British Islands to lec- ture on the advantages presented by these Provinces to those desirous of emigrating. Both Provinces have, however, recalled their Emigrant Agents. Foreign emigration has done much to raise the United States to a national standard. Each emigrant is said to bring $76 into the country, besides sharing in the payment of taxes, &c. These Colonies are now becoming better known, abroad. The visit of His Koyal Highness the Prince of Wales; the display of their products at the London Exhibition, and their peaceable atti- tude, tend to give the Colonies a standing in other countries. And the " British North American As- sociation," recently formed in Great Britain, is doing much to make the resources of this country better known and appreciated. Through this and other means, the vast territorial extent, mineral wealth, fertility of soils, unparalleled fisheries, and extensive forests, of these Colonies, are now begin- ning to be understood and valued. And being free BEITISn NORTH AMERICA. 15, and ►vineea anada. 3t less in 1800 5 extra n their migra- iswiek, exists, to lec- )vince8 )vinc'e8 Igents. so tho li grant baring nown. js the lets at B atti- other m As- lin, is )untry is and ineral s, and begin- 2: free from war taxes, while the States, Federate and Con- fedttrate, are Imrthened with uj)war(ls of tlfteen hun- dred million of dollars, besides other state debts, and the war still progressing on the most gigantie sealo known in modern times, we see no reason why the current of emigration should not How to the shores of British North America. HISTORICAL MEMORANDA. America discovered 1)y Columbus 1402 Further discoveries by Cabot 1407 St. Lawrence discovered by Cartier 15:55 Cartier at Newfoundland ...1540 Be Monts claimed a part of America in the name of FrancclG04 Quebec founded by Champlain 1004 Newfoundland obtained by settlement 1608 Quebec capitulated 1620 Canada ceded to France 1632 Montreal founded 1642 Phipps before Quebec 1600 Prince Edward Island obtained by settlement 1758 Quebec capitulated 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759 Montreal capitulated 1760 Canada ceded to Great Britain 1760 Montgomery killed before Quebec 1775 First Parliament of Lower Canada 1792 United St ates' independence recognized 1783 Nova Scotia divided, and New Brunswick constituted 1784 America declared War against Great Britain 1812 Battle of Lake Champlain 1814 Peace declared 1815 224 STATISTICS OF \V- Great fire in New Brunswick 1825 First Railway in Canada 18P>6 First Parliament in United Canada 1841 Prince of Wales arrived in America (July 23) 1800 The Prince left America (Oct. 21) 18G0 r PRONUNCIATION OF SOME OF THE WORDS. MORE DIFFICUL.T Acaditf (a-ca-di^'). Annapolis. Bras d' Or (bra-dor). Br(J4," should be $;]2,781, and S4,708,- •')G4, being the aggregate amount for which New Bruns- wick is lial)U^ junnoly : .S4,r)48,')()4 for St. John and She- diac line, and $i()U,000 for the St. Andrew's line. The Irtttcr line is liuilt, with the exception of the last-named sum and a quantity of Crown Lands, by private capital; and has only cost about $1,080,000, or i?20,000 per mile, in the whole; thus making the total cost of New lU'unswick railways §0,228,- ')04, or $82,781 per mile. hO. ERRATA. Pago er). it 7 line 8, for "40,"' read ''40." l-'J " 14, for "birchen," read "broken." .10 " 10, for "north-westerly," read "north-easterly." 80 " 13, for "white," read "soft." 87^89 for "Inglandifolia," read " Juglandifolia;" for "Inglans," read "Juglans;" for "ox beams," read "ox bows." 00 line 9, for "900," read "9,000." 00 " 2o, for "from," read "forth in." 118 " 4, for "!?48C," read ".?480." 140