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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Les csrtes. pisnches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de rMuctlon diffdrants. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est fllmA A partir de Tangle supArleur gauche, de gauche A drolte, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 E P] THOUGHTS ON EMIGRATION, EDUCATION, &c., IN A LETTER ADDRESSED TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD JOHN RUSSELL, PRIME MINISTER OF ENGLAND. By " A CITIZEN." d^.A U^fTI. MONTREAL: PRINTED BY J. C. BECKET, 211ii, SAINT PAUL STREET. MDCCCXLVIT. ^T TO THE RlfxHT HONOURABLE LORD JOHN RUSSELL. My Lord, I have taken the liberty of addressing the following remarks to your Lordship, under the impression that they will meet your Lordship's approbation. From the general tenor of your conduct through a long public life, and your recent declaration at the hustings of the British metropolis in favour of rational reform, viz., " I am zealously attached to the institutions of the country, but I wish to see those in- stitutions from time to time conformed to the spirit of the age, and to that advance of knowledge and of liberty, which in a free country like this, must take place." From these things 1 am fully convinced that there is not a nobleman in the British dominions to whom the matter in question could be more suitably addressed. Your Lordship's observations are strikingly just and in strict accordance with unadulterated reason. That the spirit of the Government and the spirit of the age should go hand in hand, is a doctrine so palpably correct, that one would suppose no sane man could utter a syllable in opposition. Yes, my Lord, the doctrine is correct, and the voice of enlightened reason is crying aloud that it must be carried out. No Government can long exist under the blighting sting of public disapprobation. No Govern- ment can long hold the reins of State when its measures are not in unison with the requirements of an enlightened and a virtuous people. In short, my Lord, the offsprings of the ignorance and barbarism of the dark ages must recede in the same proportion as education and refinement advance ; and the march of Government, and the march of mind, must be ever kept in a parallel position. I am no advocate, my Lord, for tearing up, root and branch, old and settled laws and customs, however they may be enveloped in error and in- IV. justice, by one of tlio.sc siultlen convulsions which destroy property and life and spread terror and desolation around ; but by peaceable and rational remonstrance with the powers that be, in order that the branches of those upas trees of intolerance, ignorance, and bigotry which spread thai*- venom through the length and breadth of the land, may be gradually loped off, and t! e trunk and root of those sad and repulsive monuments of the ignorance and folly of man- kind be swept from the surface of the earth, supplanted by the tree of knowledge, of liberty, and of happiness. The subjects to which I would wish to call your Lord- ship's attention, principally, are Emigration and Education, subjects which are intimately connected with all that is calculated to exalt mankind in their moral, political, and social condition, and have a direct tendency to promote the prosperity and happiness of society at large ; and if the following remarks should be the means of drawing your Lordship's attention more deeply to the above highly in- teresting and important matters, so ihat the giant talent of the British Legislature may be brought to bear more effect- ually thereon, and if some new laws, regulations, and modes of Government should be adopted that will have a salutary and renovating effect upon the present and future condition of my fellow-men, then the object will be accomplished of Your Lordship's Most obedient and humble servant, A Citizen. LEITER, &c. My Lord, As Emigration and Education are the all-important topics of the day, will you kindly permit me to make a few ob- servations relative thereto ; — first, then : — I consider Emigration to be the safety valve of every densely peopled country, by which the surplus population is transferred to another soil, where immense tracts of land are in possession of the inferior animals, and in many cases where the foot of man has never trod. It is a safety valve, because it carries off the non-produotive population of a country who are daily consuming the produce of the land vvithout being able to render an equivalent for the value received. It is so, because it carries off' a class of people who naturally become dissatisfied with matters as they exist, and are apt to blame the Government for the poverty and destitution that surround them. It is so, because the wheels of the national machinery become clogged, inasmuch as the unemployed portion of the inhabitants are a burthen\, a dead weight upon those who are actively following their daily occupation, and as the foimer class increase, the latter become poorer, until they, too, loose all hope of maintaining their families in comfort and respectability, and fall by de- grees into a state of despondency and despair. Losing all their spirit of manly independence and self-reliance, they sink into the gulph of abject poverty and wretchedness. But Emigration, to be an advantage and a blessing in an individual, collective, and national point of view, must be conducted upon an enlightened, liberal, and rational foot- ing, suitable means must be adopted to bring about suitable ends, regard must be had to the future welfare and pros- perity of the emigrant, as well as to the inhabitants of the country in which he is to reside, otherwise the gravest acts of inj ustice may be committed on both. But can we say that the Emigration of the present day is so conducted ? No, my Lord, it is fraught v 'th the most glaring acts of injustice, both to the poor deluded, suffering, trodden-down emigrant himself, ns well as to the industrious and benevolent inhabitants of this Province, and etorniil infiimy must rest upon the heads of the doers of such deeds, and the causerH of such effects. My lani^uage may appear to be somewhat intemperate, but the reckless, unfeeling, and nefarious conduct of the parties in question is of such an excitable nature, that it is extremely difficult to keep within the sacred bounds of cool, calm, and dispassionate remark. I have frequently visited the Sheds, impelled by strong feelings of sympathy for my keenly suffering fellow-mortals, and done my best to cheer up their drooping spirits with the hope of prosperity in tliis life, and of eternal happiness in the next, and in some instances have seen beams of gratitude in the eye when the tongue had ceased to speak, and never in my life, in this country or the old, have I witnessed such a melancholy mass of suffering humanity. After passing through nearly two thousand adults in the different stages of disease, you come to two or three hundred infant orphans, some only fifteen or twenty days old, and many of^ them taken from the side, and some from the breast of a dead mother, and I envy not the feelings of the man whose stony ci mposition can move through such a heart-rending scene of human woe, without being touched with the deepest feelings of sympathetic love. The question naturally arises, wnat can be the cause ,;pf all this human suffering? what can be done to alleviate the miseries of the present, and to prevent the like disasters in the future ? With respect to the Orphans, I understand that the Catholic Bishop has, by an arrangement with the Government, taken them under his charge — that is, under the care of the Nuns, whose conduct is beyond all praise. They have shown a high standard of Christian character by their untiring and indefatigable exertions in the cause of the sick, both young and old, until about fifty have been laid on a bed of sickness by their unremitting attentions to the dying and the dead. I am glad to hear that the Bishop has taken the Orphans, because I know they will be well taken care of ; but I would have much rather that my fellow-citizens had adopted a healthy child into each family, as far as they would go. Here was an opportunity which may never occur again for the citizens of Montreal to do an immense deal of good, not only to the Orphans themselves, but to society at large, for the amalgamation of these infants, who would naturally, as they grew up, imbibe the sentiments and feelings of the varied sects and parties into whose families they would be placod, which would have a salutary effect both on this as well as on the other side of the Atlantic, not only by its influence as an cxaniph; of benevolence, but in its tendency to break down those; truly contemptible distinctions of country and party which too much prevail ; and this act of the citizens of Montreal would have stood out in bold relief on the page of future history as one of high-minded liberality and Christian philanthropy. But what has been the cause of the state of things which to this complex has come at last ? That is the question. There must bo something radically wrong somewhere. There is most certairdy more than one screw loose in the frame-work of society. There must be something rotten in the state of Denmark ; and it is the bounden, the imperative duty of every man to dive into the labyrinths and intricacies of circumstances and events, and into the connexion between causes and effects, and to endeavour to unravel the knotty skein of human action, until the latent springs of those frightful evils are discovered, and, when once found, let every man set his shoulder to the wheel, and by firm remonstrance, and by every peaceable and rational means, endeavour to bring about a better order of things. Where, then, is the why and the wherefore of this immense amount of evil of which we are the painful spectators ? Is it the work of the Almighty ? No, my Lord ; I believe with the right Rev. Dr. Hughes, that blasphemy hangs on that assertion. The Hon. John Neilson, in the House the other evening, said that he believed it to be a visitation of Provi- dence on the people as a punishment for their sins. But would an All-Wise, perfect, and impartial Creator punish one portion of his people only when all were equally sin- ful ? O no, it is not the work of God — it is the work of degenerate man — it is the work of the avaricious, the ambitious, and the proud ; and Ireland, which is at present the great charnel house of humanity, has been for years the theatre of arbitrary domination. The Tithe System, that sink of abominations, which gives to some of the high clerical officials the trifling income of seventy thousand pounds per year, and enables them to keep half-a-dozen cooks, with two or three dozen other servants to wait their Lordships' pleasure, — these doings have had a great share in the cause of Ireland's troubles ; and I put it to the unsophisticated reason of any man, as a plain common- sense question, whether there exists, in the whole range of the Almighty's creation, a greater discrepancy, a more i t palpable and glaring inconsistency, than that of a professed follower and imitator of the humble Jj'suh of Nazareth receiving such a sum from the public purse. The rapacity of the Irish landlords, is another great cause; of the suiVeriiig of their countrymen. The Kcv. Dr. Jlughes says, " Nearly the whole of the soil is under tlu; own<'rship of persons having no sympathy with the population, except the cold tie of self-interest." Thus we see that thM .^ „„t,i Twhich they now stand^ V^^^^^ J ^1 'T but ■^"•^ ^Sf^nd'no "intaining *7 '^j fSs, of Kr:lS\ng of P«.»i't;^rthey -"^d have taught tnual labour, -'^.^''f^^tpaSu'^.ing an Emigrant^^^^ them to be ""iustrions^ anajy j^,,„g^ T" HnSf, «».iation upon a large anu advantage to himseii, S the effect of removing, w™ .^lo^, soil, and giving ?he swlus labourer to a »«« P™?;* Tft behind. Educa- /.allinff whatever it may oe, ni hapPY man. o^h *■ S^V, an in^;i>;^t; v^^ an.i;S^| ^1^^^- z:x^^^^ r *rnd'iXi.S"-*Vong o« shores, Reading d>«cf«'j^r ^"""^^e, who are da. y fering humanity. Jhu^ we jee the power, were the Atlantic. ^^^g country are half deaa The emigrants now sent to th^^^^^ i^^^.f ^'^ 7^^ before they embark ; and the suit ^^.easonable and un- ^ board the vessel such as the ^^ ^^^ ^^.p^ ^^ich ZJLl number forced into the hoi ^^^ ^o neces- h^the effect of destroying ^^e gases^^^^ ^^ ^^.ieh, to a ^ry for healthy respiration, and m 15 •certain extent, is fatal to animal life ; this, with a scanty allowance of food, and that, too, of the very coarsest descrip- tion, brings rapidly about, what to these poor, lost, dejected and forlorn creatures, must be a happy consummation. But the recent shipment of these poor unfortunate beings by Lord Darnley, out-Herods Herod ; four or five hundred of whom were put on board the ship Panope, with a promise that they should receive one pound each from the Chief Emigrant Agent at Quebec, but on their arrival, on opening the letter which was supposed to contain the order, what did the poor, half-famished, palid cheeked, sunken eyed mortals discover ? 0, tell it not inGath ! to their infinite regret and disappoint- ment, they found that it was all a hoax ! But this is not all ; they were allowed provisions for twenty-three days only, and the ship did not complete her voyage in less than fifty ! O, cruelty ; cruelty ! cruelty ! ! Well might Scotland's favourite poet, could he now arise from that bourne from whence no traveller did e'er return, exclaim with double emphasis in the following beautiful lines': — << And man, whose heaven erected face the smiles of love adorn ; Man's inhumanity to man, makes countless thousands mourn." I know it is said that this was Lord Darnley's Agent's doing, but this is no extenuation of the act as respects Lord Darnley, for he showed great indifference about the lives of his poor countrymen when he trusted them in the hands of a fawning and time-serving Agent. What, my Lord, can the Government be about in neglecting to adopt IjCgislative restrictions respecting Emigration ? The voice of this Pro- vince, to a man, ought to cross the Atlantic with telegraphic despatch, praying that the British Government would im- mediately pass rigid and stringent laws, which would have a salutary bearing on the matter in question ; praying that they will not allow any emigrants to be shipped to this country, under a very heavy penalty, but such as are strong and healthy, and then only a certain number in each ship, according to the tonnage of the vessel. It is a disgrace to any Government to allow a parcel of avaricious and sordid minded men to tamper with and endanger the lives of their fellow-beings, both in their own country and in this, and to inundate our land with a contagious disease, and with the dying and the dead. Thousands of these poor unfortunate men have had their passage paid across the Atlantic to lay their bodies in a foreign land ; and about four thousand of whom have already found a watery grave. In this city alone, from twenty to forty per day are removed from the 16 I. o sutler in thib life, lo their . • whicii they are doomea lo saner knows that the » ate oi J ^^^y i James in ^^^ ,0 what It was vender tnF^^^^^^^y,„tt«a^P and Henry the Eightn, wu era that be, w"^""' that was^t all <>Pr^f J:Zent for life, and howe^^S^ «! jecting hl'"^ 'f;?ek Ttherws and P'^'^Xrinly opposed to "'^K UmlsmW be, and XZ^"l^^^-^^^\ ^^ mentolineui j^^ right acuo»» species of ",te™ n thf humXting ''on'^^^f^fTfJi --nt, or placed »n ">^ ^„v,oly pvoceedi^s oj j^^^^^ god, offspring of Ignorance, Reform > U, J^e . that immense amoum oi vs n to iheir all thy Imoved, Jry body lent now [Second, opinion )ut sub- er gross, Govern- »posed to fject was jpecies of issent, or ank God, ; are fast cebergs of withstand he school- jn abroad, ave taught I is liberty, id has cer- ods, in the [ in all the England has gated others njustice, the The passing the Catholic ity Bill, are s also made s in that san- irhich carried scklessness of tie world are rk ages, and and England i.nent, by the [ literary and ns. She has her crowning ,n of slavery ; jrificed for the poor, oppressed, and friendless slave, that he might obtain his freedom and escape from the iron-handed tyranny of his brutish oppressors, enabling him to tear off the shackles from his limbs, and bound the verdant la'.va in all the buoy- ancy of a free and a happy man, was a noble deed of dis- interested benevolence, which will cover a multitude of sins, and, with the name of Wilberforce, will go down to distant posterity as one of the brightest spots in the whole calender of human affairs. But even this act, great and glorious as it was, sinks into comparative insignificance when compared to what remains to be done ; for what is the emancipation of the body compared to that of the mind ? What is the buoyancy and elasticity of the limbs, when com- pared to the strength and culture of the mind ? or what com- parison will the physical bear with the mental powers of man : with the thinking, judging, defining principle within ? I need not pause for a reply, because I know that there is a ready answer in the breast of every human being. Then my inference is, that England deserves much praise for the good things she has done, and much censure for those that she has left undone. Do you ask me what they are ? Why, my Lord, there arc deep-bedded rocks of ignorance, and vice ; of superstition, of bigo'ry, of sectarianism, of avarice, of am- bition, of pride, of illiberality, of envy, of hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness. But you will also ask how can these be removed ? I answer, by a system of liberal educa- tion throughout Great Britain, by establishing public schools in every city, town, and village in the kingdom ; not richly endowed colleges with a clerical chair for the purpose of giving some favourite clergyman a handsome living and an income out of all proportion to the services performed, whose business, principally, is, in attempting to define knotty points of divinity and theological subtilties, which, in nine cases out of ten, are assented to without being understood. We want not schools for teaching the doctrines of a creed, but the duties of a life. We want not schools to make men bigots, but to make them men in the most exalted sense of the word, to teach them that man is a high and noble being, stamped with the impress of his divine Creator, made for the greatest and wisest purposes, and blest with the powers of intellect sufficient to raise him from the trammels of sin to the practice of virtue, from the attractions of earth to the glories of heaven ; give the reading of the Bible in schools if you will, without comment, and there he will find that God is love, that hr is, without partiality, no respector of persons : ti :u 18 ,.V" he wh» ">"« '"''y '''"uiJ of the education =" -:- t If a noble author, who, ^P^^l^mg °1 « „ ^^^^ ,„ »-«'™i"^:^e„ instmcted by phi^»P^>^^^^^^^^ ^" ^_f„i t^ the society mey "; f ocfius- T*!":;* when initmct'^d by V^^^^^^'Ci^.^vo^^^^- > SEE--- '? ^^1^ ^r? fom twelves to an a^t- l.fe- No^^ -"^r'^^t" famous than jdleno^, ""/^^ ^^^ ^ he coua Jl^^ ^^je, ,anghtthe«youAhowan_^^^ ,heir P^^^^^'^^et ""hes, *°"f^ tdesp";e death, ^o™^"'^' itir & if ^^^ ^PTilt' smiles of ptinees as well ^b Iheir « ^j ^ j„„^. »:Jro?th:^^^^^^^^^ i: SiHiS£srb^^rr£5i-ris ^ade the above^q ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ '^'mc reliance, integrity, ?£■:;»"' n^' its; ss -^ £-«a It y :ecl; will his and [ding day, the at ion led to ible ; ecus- re in- than le lec- o this, coun- subser- as for- They , how public riches, if they )f educa- ow upon worthy to he same I have te to the on duties integrity, lould be ful mind extensive iity spirit , and un- enly prin- r[e should listinctive mces and nded, and i member ! hopes of degree of bted right to think, judge, and speak for themselves, according to the dictates of their consciences and the conviction of their minds, and that whatever may be a man's difference of opinion from our own, we are bound to treat him as a man and a brother, always bearing in mind that the difference of exist- ing opinions have been brought about by a chain of causes and effects entirely beyond our control. If the minds uf youth could be deeply imbued with these liberal and rational views of men and things, how happy would be the condition of society in comparison with its present state ; all wars and heart-burnings, all public quarrels and private bickerings would cease, and men would be ashamed to indulge in those petty ebullitions of national and sectarian feelings which are so prevalent in the present day, and which strike at the very root of the peace, prosperity, and happiness of man. With these views and doctrines laid down as the fundamental basis upon which the future education of youth is to be founded; with these salutary aud renovating influences abroad in the land, what heart-cheering and life-inspiring prospects might we soon expect to see of peace, and joy, and good will among men ; then the averted eye of jealousy, of distrust, of envy, and malice, would sparkle with the glow of affectionate regard, and the turned-up lip of sovereign and supreme contempt, would utter the manly greetings of social joy, and there would exist a reciprocity of kindly feel- ing and action among men, and we might then with truth exclaim, "Verily the desert does indeed now blossom like the rose." I have said that the state has the command of the national purse, and that the superabundance of wealth should go to better the condition of the poor, at least a part of it ; — it should go to dispel the ignorance, the poverty, and the vice of the poorer classes ; it should go for the preservation of the body, and the refinement of the mind ; it should go to raise the poor in the scale of human being, and to bring them from the lowest depths of degraded humanity to the high and exalted standard of rational men ; it should go to teach him that his rank in the order of the Creator, was intended by almighty munificence to be far above the brutes that perish, and that by the exercise of that reason which gives him the distinctive superiority over the animal creation, by the improvement of his intellectual powers, and by the ex- pansion of his mind and by walking steadfastly in the path of wisdom, piety, and virtue, he will gradually ascend to the topmost heights of human excellence, and then it may 20 n I t < I \\i\\o lower than the ,. ,„., .M a.a. God ... u.ade m^ !>> , Bu^ U a„g.U, and «— J ^^jhis to be « ^^'y ,„ „<,, may be a«ked how « • j^ ,„ .acl.se and do y ^^^ aiigeU, ana 'J'™ "^^ ,, ,his to be done r ■"= •- „„( may ^ »^"\'rve«ditaU to practise; and ^ V,^ 1^^ l„l ill theory, «« '^';^ influential of the lanu ar know that the rich and nn ^^^ „b. '";(1;„g. makers of the ''^"^-rh/ifeUs of the churehe'j^bo^ °^^^ both wisdom and virtue, m r ^ lives. «But 0, mankind are «nco weak, A ^ r. tie to be trusted ; And liuie w "« halance shake, *,»^i ,„,„elyr.gMa-)— . ^^„ „^,„^, and indeed such is *e genej^al we«^^„^ %^,S"wo.W the almost ""'^J^^to ^^tction and pass ^ tew tha^^ ^ difficult for any ot "^^"j » ; but such thmg^s ^^^^ di^etly f «^' "-^Tone, ere we can «XXe of Poverty and «'°"'' rl^d tCmassof ignorancefnd vice,^ P .^^^ {roin the ^na thatma b ^j But je interest, ^^^ whtch so a^armmg y^F ^.^ovJ ^ i,^ suppose that certmnm ^^ ^'^JLr For inBiance, when they turn out ^^^ at "!?«.•' f., all the tendency: -'If "^e^t be levied, suffic^nt for^^^ if a tax on property_w Emigration, the ncn ^d pvitposes of Educ^on and t ^J^ moment, for Ae^P^^„„t ^e effects «X'^?^ve^ tew years, would ^tund the .^^^^ state of ?«=;^'/' "1th compound interest; f or ^ . the 80 contributed, with comp j^^^^,^ "^il^Mlydone trious, temperaw^ and v^_^ ^^^^^^^ ''SfttpSs would enormous expense op j^j„estic ; *^,^fP houses a away ^'*, boj^^'^^^, «'°P%T."trfsvKoo, would tu«r*^:rt^:«Z^J d^^^^^^ t^e ^e j;:Ud aS pA- ^- rf Po'cur andji^^ 2\ II the lut it jauti- (u not law great ff Eng- 1 House it there IpoBsess of holy are, and rould be at would hould be removed )verty and lometimes r interest, a. opposite r instance, for all the would feel e improved the amount the indus- people, the nearly done itals would )or-house8 a I, too, would •s might be en, and the s, and with ion's gone ;" aceable, and aring of the ht about by [ and renovat- )on the minds .'uid the hearts of tiie people, tlial they no longer require the .services of those who have for ages lived sumptuously on the foolish, destructive, and wicked litigations of their clients. Thus you see, my Lord, the rich will be fully repaid their fiist outlay by the reduction of the poor rates, and the reduc- tion of those large sums which must now be raised by taxa- tion for the confinement and safe keeping of criminals at home, and the expense of sending and keeping them abroad ; thoy will also be repaid by the increased security of property and life. But what say the Scriptures on the duty of the rich to the poor ? In the nineteenth chapter of Mathew, we find the direct and positive command of our Saviour relative to the duties of the rich to the poor in the following verses : " And behold one came unto him and said. Good Master, what good thing shall I do that I may have eternal life ? And Jesus said unto him. If thou wilt enter into life, keep the Commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said. Thou shalt do no murder, thou shalt not commit adultery, thou shalt not steal, thou shalt not bear false wit- ness ; honour thy father and thy mother ; and, thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. The young man saith unto him. All these things have I kept from my youth up : what lack I vet ? Jesus said unto him, If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven. But when the young man heard that saying, he went away sorrowful : for he had great pos- sessions. Then said Jesus unto his disciples. Verily I say unto you, that a rich man shall hardly enter into the king- dom of heaven. And again I say unto you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than a rich man to enter the kingdom of God." But this last verse, I conceive, like every other passage of Scripture that seems to want a little explanation, should be put to the touch-stone of reason, that rudder of the mind, which was given to man by God, to enable him to steer safely through every difficult channel of life. Is it to be supposed then, from the above passage, that as it is absolutely impossible that a camel could go through the eye of a needle, according to the common accept- ance of the term, so it is also impossible for a rich man I to enter into the kingdom of God? by no means, for this would be charging the Almighty with cruelty and injustice, whose every action is founded in purity and love. This pas- sage can be explained clearly from the circumstance, that there are in the countries where the Scriptures had their birth, c. narrow pusBages belweeii the rtxjks where the canieU have to pass, called the m^cdles, and thev are so difficult to ffet through) that the drivers arc obliged to take the burtheuH From the animals' backs in order that they may be able to pass ; therefore it is clear that the impression that Jesus intended to make upon the minds of his disciples was, that a great responsibility rested upon those who had the command of wealth, that they had a weighty duty to perform to the jxwr, and that it would be more difficult for the rich to obtain eternal happiness than the poor, on account of the great temptation which riches hold out to indulge the sinful pas- sions in all their forms, to wean us from spiritual to temporal things, to be unmindful of our duty to God, and regardless of the welfare of our fellow-men ; in short, to lay up trea- sures on earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and thieves break through and steal, rather than lay up treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, nor thieves break through and steal. Thus we see from what has been stated, that the promises and threats of Scripture have a direct bearing upon our con- duct, relative to the charitable disposition of wealth, indeed the general tenor of the Gospel goes to inculcate the virtue of benevolence. Jesus Christ was a complete model of disinterested benevolence, going about doing good both to the bodies and minds of men, healing the sick, the lame, and the blind, and teaching the heavenly doctrines of humility, forbearance, and love. What an inducemeiit is there here for the rich to appropriate a portion erf" their wealth for the benefit of their poorer brethren, the ppmise is nothing short of eternal happiness in a future life ; but there is also an in- stantaneous reward for acts of benevolence in this life, for the pleasing reflection of having benefited our fellow-men in mind, body, or estate, will accompany us through every changing and trying scene of this fickle and transient st te of existence ; and in the hour of death will be as a refresh- ing stream from the fountain of life. But, methinks I hear some one exclaiming, " Stop, stop, my dear sir, your notions of the improved state of society are altogether Utopian and premature ; you have been soaring in the regions of unprofit- able speculation, and indulging in the wild chimeras of a disordered imagination ; you are at least two or three cen- turies beyond the feelings and the spirit of the age ; your theory may be good, but to reduce it to practice is morally impos- sible.** — To which I must reply, that I humbly conceive that the foregoing remarks are the offspring of calm and sober mve t tu lUIlH BHH ; ded jrtiat id of HX)r, )tain ^reut pas- poral dless trea- ieves res in ieves rc;aHuii, thu legitiinaie conclusion of a cool and dispassionate consideration of tlie subject in question, and the natural and irresistable inferences whi(;h must hi* drawn by ev'ry man whose mind is not shackh^d by the fetters of early prejudice, bv the tyrant custom, or by political, national, or sectarian bias. The spirit and feelings of the times are in favour of improvement ; witness the steam engine, the rail-road, and the telegraph ; witness Total Abstinence Societies, for young and old, those great promoters of public morals, peace, and prosperity, whose divine influence is like the dews from lieuven, invigorating and fertilizing the land with health and happiness ; witness, too, the free intercourse between one country and another, and the liberal footing of transact- ing business on the principles of free trade ; witness, also, the decline of that sanguinary spirit which formerly plunged nations in almost exterminating wars for mere trifling causes, and the desire to settle national disputes by arbitration, all these things shew that society wants not the lapse of cen- turies for its improvement, it requires only a few philanthro- pists in every town and city, to touch the latent spark of benevolence that dwells in every human breast, and to rouse their fellow men from the drowsy torpor of guilty indifference, to a lively sense of duty, the duty of using every exertion to obtain for our poorer brethren all those rights and privileges which by the laws of nature and of God they are so justly entitled to. Let them get up petitions through the length and breadth of the land for tne immediate establishment of schools on a large and liberal footing, such as have a practical bearing on the e very-day-business of life, and the reciprocal duties to be performed between man and man ; let these be opened in every town and village, particularly in Ireland ; let them petition, also, for a regular organized system of emigration, on an efficient scale. These two movements, if put into operation, will work wonders in a very short time, providing they are carried out to the extent required, and commensurate with the vast importance of he objects to be obtained. It would be well, too, for the Government of the coun- try, to a certain extent, to adopt a system of compulsory education. This measure may appear to be somewhat arbitrary, but it is strictly just, for as the State is the guardian of the public welfare, and compels its subjects to pay such taxes as are absolutely necessary for the suppression of vice and the punishment of the wicked, it has an undoubted right to check in their bud, by counteracting influences, those 24 ii ; elements which, if allowed to ripen to maturity, will destroy' the peace, order, and happiness of society. I know it will be said that the Roman Catholic population of Ireland would never join in public schools, and why ? Because they are afraid that an officious meddling will be made with their religious principles ; because they fear that Government would appoint Episcopalian or at least Protestant school- masters. I do not think the Catholic clergy are opposed to the improvement of the people in all the useful branches of education, but the; are extremely sensitive on the score of religious principle. Then, again, the rabid spirit of party which has been kept up for ages between Catholics and Protestants, and which have called into active operation all the bad passions of our nature, and which are a disgrace to the name of man, these have carried through the land their baneful effects, spreading far and wide envy, and hatred, and malice, and all uncharitable ness, filling the heart with sad- ness and the land with blood. Need we, then, wonder that a shyness between the parties still exist ; at such an awful crisis as this, what can be done ? Are all hopes of the future education of the labouring classes to be cut off for the purpose of gratifying the morbid appetite for party spleen ? Is the present and eternal welfare of the rising generation to be sacrificed to the wicked propensities of those who con- tinue to indulge reciprocally those feelings which are directly opposed to reason, religion, and virtue, and which entail upon society almost all the ills which flesh is heir to ? Do you ask how it is possible to make a change in this unhappy state of things } I answer, the Government can do it. Yes, my Lord, they have it in their power, by a wise and judicious course of measures to work a rodical cure for Ireland. Of course some sacrifices must be made ; the Tithe System, in Ireland at least, must be abolished. I know it will be said that it is a law of the land which has been Icng stand- ing, and that it makes no difference ciiher to the landlord or tenant as to the amount of money collected in the shape of tithes, as they had both entered into their respective purchases and engagements with the known fact that the property and the payments were inseparably connected. It will also be said that, at the time of its adoption, it was a wise measuro, as there was a laxity of religion and morals among the people ; but what may be good in the reign of Ethelwald, may be bad in the reign of Victoria; and a lav,r passed in a semi-barbardvis state of society, may be good for the people of that age, but may bear a very opposite character when society has arrived at a higher pitch of civilization. So it is with the law of tithes ; indeed it is almost too barefaced a thing to exist in the present day, particularly in Ireland, where there is so large a proportion of the Catholic population. It is th cause, in that country, of deep-rooted dissatisfaction, and well it may, for can any one imagine a more direct insult to the human understanding than that of compelling a man to maintain a religion whose doctrines are diametrically opposed to the convictions established in his mind ; it is setting up, too, a sort of infallibility in religion which ought not to be tolerated ; it is forcibly wresting from man the gift of God ; it is inflict- ing a deep wound on society which the sensitive feelings of the age will not much longer endure. The Tithe System must be abolished (i Ireland before the least glimpse of reconciliation can be expected to exist among the great body of the people, and with it, at no very distant date, must also go by the board, the union of church and State .in all countries, for it is the fundamental law of progressive improvement, that all institutions which have a direct bearing upon the great leading power of progressive improvement, I mean the human mind, should bear a pro- portionate advance in enlightenment and civilization ; and it is in the constituted nature of things, the inherent, inaliena- ble, and irrevocable right of every human being to judge and decide for himself in matters of religion ; a right stamped by the sacred seal of Divine Omnipotence. Before his great Master he must stand or fall, any attempt, therefore, to keep up a favoured and privileged order in the pay and patronage of the State, is an arbitraiy act of injustice, and a direct in- sult to the iinderstanding of all who do not come within the circle of that order, I say then, my Lord, that the Government have it in their power, in a great measure, to break down the middle wall of partition that divides man from man, by discountenancing all party feeling and all measures that lead to internal dis- sensions, and treating all upon the broad principle of impar- tial justice. In establishing public schools in Ireland, much care, and judgment, and impartiality will be necessary in the choice of masters, or it cannot be expected that they will be a iended with beneficial results. When the least national, political, or sectarian bias is shown, then tnerf^ will be an end to their general uoefulness at once. I would not ap- point the man with the cookoo song of " God save the king" upon his tongue, and selfishness and hypocrisy in his heart; one who would make loud professions of loyalty an apology 26 for the absence of every requisite in character and talent ; but I would rather appoint the man, if he possessed the other requisites, who knew no loyalty at all save the loyalty to right, who knew no loyalty to any Government whether Conservative, Tory, Radical, or Whig, further than their measures went to better the condition of society, and to the general welfare of mankind ; one who would not by a word or look give the least preference to any of his pupils on ac-. count of sect or party. I would also appoint none but tee- totalers, for they ought to be made the living land-marks to the rising generation, to guard them against the rock of in- temperance, that destructive rock upon which so many thou- sands have already split with the wreck of body and the crush of soul, and as the boy of to-day will be comparatively the man of to-morrow, treading the stage of life in all the diversity of human character ; of what mighty importance must it be, both to Government and people, to fix firmly in the youthful mind the embryo of future usefulness, of revt-. ence to God, of love to man, not to a party or a clan only ; not to this man because he carries a scrap of orange ribbon at his button-hole, and another because he carries the same vaunting exhibition of blue ; not to this man because his clergyman chooses to preach in a black gown, and to the other because he prefers a white ; not to this man because he wants to go to heaven this road, and another that. — no, but to the universal brotherhood of man. And no, no in all the public schools, the foundation upon which all the teachings should rest, is the science of universal benevolence ; take this for the root, and all the branches that spring there- from, whvjther in the common schools or those which give a more extended course of education, will be adorned with nature's choicest fruits, the fruits of peace, and joy, and good will towards men. O that Government and people would resolutely set their shoulders to the wheel to blot out from the vocabulary of languages all party names, and consign forever to the tomb of the capulets, all political, national, and sec*arian distinction. I have visited the benevolent institutions of New York and Philadelphia, and met with the most bland and courte- ous reception from their respective superintendents, and have been forcibly struck with the beauty, order, and regularity of their internal arrangements, particularly of those of the Juvenile Delinquents' Asylum. There were about three or four hundred girls and boys who had been met on the very threshhold of a vicious course of life, and snatched from the «1f yawning gulph of destruction ; here no stone is left unturned for their establishment in habits of industry, piety, and vir- tue, each boy being taught a trade, and the girls all the oc- cupations of domestic lile. The time for labour, recreation, and instruction are so agreeably divided, that the inmates naturally become attached to the Institution, and by a pleasing diversity of employment, are daily acquiring more strength of body and mind, and laying the foundation for useful and respectable members ol society. I have read several letters, in the annual reports, from those who have left the Institution, expressing the most heartfelt gratitude to the society for having saved them from certain ruin, and placed them in their present happy position ; how much superior is this mode of treating the young offender to that too frequently practiced where he is thrown into prison for some trilling crime, and exposed to all the pernicious influences auper to the prince, from the beggar to the bench, have ived, and died, and have gone unprepared to their last homes, the pitiable victims of intemperance ; and many a splendid intellect, possessing brilliant talents, deep penetra- tion, sound judgment, and sparkling wit, which might have been ':i benefit and an ornament to the senate, the pulpit, or the bar, have been laid prostrate by the withering blast of intoxicating drinks. But I hope I have said enough on this subject to impress upon your Lordship's mind the necessity of bringing Legislative enactments to bear upon this matter ; there is not on this earth a more useful 'and honourable oc- cupation, either for the statesman or the private individual, than that of diminishing and subduing this frightful evil. As the duration of human life is but a span long, even in the ordinary course of nature, but taking into account the numerous ills enwoven with our frame, how great is its un- certainty, and how forcibly do these reflections impress upon our minds the absolute necessity of being actively employed in every good work, and of stamping on the rapidly rolling wheel of time, the impress of some good, a mark of having 33 (lone sometliiiig lor our fellow man, whicli will carry down its benign and cheering influences to distant generations, and which will diffuse joy and happiness to future genera- tions till the end of time, of having laid the foundation of, or aided in promoting, some great principles of action such as the total abolition of slavery : the total abolition of alcoholic drinks as a beverage ; the total abolition of war; the universal difiusion of knowledge, unconlaminated and untrammelled by sectarian and national domination ; of civil and religious liberty ; of universal benevolence and Christian pilanthropy ; in short, all those great and good principles of action which are calculated to produce peace and happiness in this life, and to pave the way for everlasting felicity in the next. But to the subject of Emigration : — Emigration, then, to be beneficial to the emigrant, to our native county and to the country of our adoption, three things are essentially requisite : a fitness of the emigrant for his new occupation ; assistance from the Government to enable him to obtain a living for himself and family ; and a prospect of being able, by industry, temperance, and frugality, to better his con- dition. But the emigrant must be trained in the school of hardy industry before he embarks for a foreign soil, where he will have to fell the ponderous elm, and pluck the migh^ oak ; he should possess a degree of physical capacity suffi- cient to enable him to wrestle with the roughness of nature's wilds amid the roaring of the northern blast ; in short, he should embark with body and mind educated for the task he will have to perform : and be prepared to meet with and conquer those difficulties and hardships which every settler on new land has to encounter ; but, at the same time, let him constantly keep before his mind, that by indefatigable industry and perseverance in his daily calling, at no very distant period, a state of happy independence will be his most certain reward. I have been a resident of this city thirty years, and have seen many a poor family from Ireland, by a steady course of persevering industry, raise themselves from poverty to a state of comparative ease and affluence. Judge Draper thinks that the emigrant should be paid liberal wages in order that he may be able to lay by a certain amount for the purchase of a lot of land, and thus become himself a proprietor. Earl Grey is of the same opinion ; but no Legislative interference could be applied to the regulation of wages or the price of labour, except on Govern- ment works ; but some plan might be devised by the Govern- ment by which a constant stimulant to active industry 84 might be kept up ; tliiu would liuve tlie eA'eut ul' improving the country as well as the condition of the emigrant, it would be the means also of increasing the spirit for emigra- tion in the old country, and this emigration would annually increase until the balance of the population of both would be more equally poised, and, in the same degree, the remuneration for labour in the old countries would become more proportionate to the services performed ; consequently the labouring man would be able to maintain his family without applying to the parish for relief, and the poor and the poor rates would decrease, and in the same ratio as the emigration to the new world gets up, the poverty of the old world will go down. Then, my Lord, I must conclude that Emigration and Education, on a large and liberal plan, and upon the most generous and impartial footing, are the two main springs which are to give new life and vigor to the body politic, and which are to regulate all the connecting wheels of the national machine, and by their renovating influence to give new tone, order, beauty, and regularity to the social system. I mean that kind of education which is not to be confined to the science of pounds, shillings, and pence, but that which is to train both body and mind for all the useful oc- cupations and all the relative duties of life. I mean that kind of emigration which carries in it some regard for the fitness of the subject for his intended undertaking, and some provision for his future welfare and prosperity, and that which has some regard to the welfare and happiness of the people among whom he is placed, and not that kind of emigration which empties its alms-houses and gaols with indiflerence, and suffers moral and physical infection to spread through the land, cutting off many of our most valua- ble citizens, whose benevolent and philanthropic exertions in the cause of suffering humanity have been repaid by the forfeiture of life ; not that kind of emigration which causes our towns and cities to be deserted, our commerce and trade to be paralysed, and the whole country to be filled with fearful forebodings for the future ; this is what we should not have, what we must not, what we will not have repeated ; it is a direct flagrant act of injustice towards our people ; and the Government that permits such proceedings among its subjects, and adopts no counteracting Legislative inter- ference, is highly censurable. If the proper course of educa- tion be adopted, it will mould the labouring classes into that form >;^ich will insure their future success ; and if a liberal 36 system of einigrutiun be udupted, it will insure them a happy independency, and confer an ineetimable blessing upon the emigrant as well as upon the country of his adoption. Thus the redundant population of the old world might be transferred to the new with reciprocal advantage, for the increase of the population in the one, would be the increase of poverty, but in the other, the increase of wealth ; and it would be well for both, if the time should ever arrive, when the annual increase of the one would be kept down by the aimual emigration to the other. But the question may be asked : Pray, sir, after all these somewhat rambling and unconnected observations and remarks, what position is it you wish to establish ? I answer that there is a large amount of destitution, misery, ignorance, and vice in the world, which cannot be charged to the great Creator, but to the folly of man, to the perversion of human reason, to the closing our eyes to the light of nature, and our ears to the voice of revelation, all of which cry out with ten thousand tongues that all mankind are brethren : '* The rich and the poor meet together, the Lord is the maker of them all." The rich have the power to raise the poor from poverty, ignorance, and vice, and the Scriptures most emphatically commands them to do so ; then I hold that if there is not a voluntary combination of the rich to effect this highly honour- able purpose, it becomes the bounden, the imperative duty of the Government to compel them to do so, for it has a right to adopt such measures as will produce the greatest amount of good to society at large, and the people have a right to demand it at their hands ; and I also maintain that it is the plainest dictate of reason, and the most positive command of revelation, that the surplus of the rich should be appropria- ted to raise the condition of the poor, both mentally and physically — the one can be done by education, the other by emigration, and the mode of raising the money might be by a property tax, to be called the Education and Emigration tax, and to be applied exclusively for the purpose of estab- lishing schools lor teaching agriculture, manual labour, and other useful branches of education for the poor, and reforming penitentiaries for the depraved. These, with a well organized plan and system of Emigration, would in a few years do all that the most benevolent and philanthropic could wish. The tax might commence on small annuities, with a very light percentage, and increase on the principle of arithmetical progression, taking in the Government salaries above a rtain amount ; this would furnish ample means for all 86 i =i i purposes required, thi8 would give efficiency, stability, and permanency to a Bystem that would work a complete revolu- tion in the social compact ; the poor would become more en- titled to the regard and respect of the rich, from their improved character, conduct, and general deportment ; and the rich would be looked up to with feelings of gratitude for what their bounty had done for them, and there would be a reciprocity of kindly feeling existing between them, which would be felt better than it can be described. Then I would say to the middle classes of Great Britain, rise up in your might and tell the Government that this great and glorious reform must be accomplished ; tell them that the sovereign people demand it ; tell them that the voice of an intelligent, an educated, and a virtuous popula- tion must be heard ; take all peaceable means to impress upon the mind of the Government the absolute necessity of this great reform ; let your petitions crowd the Legislative halls, till the tables groan beneath their weight. Let your voices ring with loud peals of remonstrance and request, till the echoing walls, with thick vibrations, shake the vaulted roof. O plead vdth all the power of your souls, for the exaltation of your fellow-men, and your humane and benevolent de- mands will be favourably answered ; depend upon it, that your persevering petitions will be heard, and the majesty of the people will eventually bear down all opposition. O, how much it is to be desired that all the talented and in- fluential men of rank and station, in our native land, would trample under foot all party differences, and unite in one noble and generous band, linked together in the bonds of universal charity and love, with a full determination to make this the era for laying the foundation stone for a new order of things for remodelling rw iety, by an unbounded system of liberal education, and a well concerted plan and regularly organized and liberal system of Emigration, so that by the one the poor may learn how to live, and by the other where to live. The course of proceeding which I have humbly proposed, would, if carried out, bring about a happy consummation, and could not fail to bless society with the most beneficial results. It would be the means of raising human nature from its low and degraded state, to a higher standard and to a more exalted position in the creation ; it would give a higher tone, more stability, independence, mutual confidence, virtue and happiness to society at large ; it would enaLie many a poor man to rise from the grave of ignorance, a gem of virtue and talent, which may be some- and tevolu- )reen- )roved [e rich what be a which ritain, lat this 1 them hat the popula- iss upon of this /e halls, voices till the Ited roof, caltation >lent de- it, that majesty ion. O, and in- d, would e in one bonds of nation to or a new ibounded plan and ration, so d by the ich I have It a happy with the >f raising a higher nation ; it 3«ndence, at large ; grave of be some- times found in llie rudest tenement of flay, iiiid wliith bul tor the animating, invigurutiiig, and rctiiiing touch of d, a good subject, a good neighbour, and a good member of society. This kind of education, carried out to the full extent to which it is in the power of the Grcivernment to carry it, it will produce peace on earth and good will among men ; v^ill produce peace, happiness, and love here, and eternal happiness he^ after; and the statesman, through whose instrumentality those happy changes may oe effected, will go down the page of dis- tant history with the well merited applause of every right lihinking man, and with universal honour, love, and grati- tade, to ages yet unborn. That this glorious achievment of Christian philanthropy may be accomplished ai no distant period, is the sincere and ardent wish of Your Lordship's Most obedient and humble servant, A Citizen. infers )ublic with of its ad be mir^d ted to God, arings LS v/ill ject, a LS kind ; is in roduce roduce 3S he^^ ty those ' of dis- y rig^-* 1 grati- nthropy sincere V it, nZEN.