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ThlB Item Is f llnMd at the raduetlon ratio chMkad below / Ce (tooummt est film4 >u taux de rMuetlon lneminary of St. Hyacinthe, and Member of Faculty, Laval Univer- Mr. Edward Gohier, St. Laurent, Que. Mr. W. F. Tve, Past President, Engineering Institute of Canada, Mont- real. Que. Dr. James W. Poijertson, C.M.G., Ottawa, Ont. Hon. Senator vv'illiam Cameron Edwards, Ottawa, Ont. Mr. Charles A. McCool, Pembroke, Ont. S'" Om^'"*" ^' °^''^"' ^^■^■' ^''«™°''' University of Toronto, Toronto, Mr. John F. MacKav, Toronto, Ont. Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto loronto, Ont. ' Dr. George Bryck, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. Dr. \Villiam J. Rutherford, B.S.A., Dean, Faculty of Agriculture. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. ^u"ure, Dr. Henry M. Tory, M.A., D.Sc., President, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alta. ' """"», Mr. John Pease Babcock, Assistant Commissioner of Fisheries. Vic- toria, B.C. Members, ez-offlcio : Hon. T. A, Crerar, Minister of Agriculture, OtUwa. Hon. Arthur Meighen, Minister of Interior, Ottawa. bttawr" ^*^''"^''' Secretary of State and Minister of Mines, Hon. Aubin E. Arsenailt, Premier, Prince Edward Island Hon. Orlando T. Daniels, Attorney-General, Nova Scnia. Hon. E. a. Smith, Minister of Lands and Mines, New Brunswick. Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests, Quebec So^' '?„ ; F^f^i'so^- Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines, Ontario. Hon. 1 homas H. Johnson, :\ttomey-General, Manitoba. AlLert^''* Stewart, Premier, Minister of Railways and Telephones, Hon. T. D. Pattullo, Minister of Lands, British Columbia. Assistant to Chairman, Deputy Head : Mr. James White. Commission of Conservation Canada WATER POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Including a Review of Water Power Legislation relating thereto and a Discussion of Various Matters respecting the Utilization and Conservation of Inland Waters BY ARTHUR V. WHITE Consutling Engineer, Commission of Conservation Assisted by CHARLES J. VICK OTTAWA, 1919 U' Committee on Waters and Water Powers Hon. H. S. BfiLAND, Chairman Dr. Frank D. Adams Hon. Jules Allard Hon. G. H. Ferguson Dr. B. E. Fer5jow Mr. C. a. McCool Hon. T. D. Pattullo Hon. E. a. Smith Mr. W. F. Tye And'the ex-officio members of the Commission who represent the various provinces no<»:»S2?>1 CONTENTS Chapter ^"t* I. Gbnbral Introduction 1 II. Water-power Data 31 III. Historical Survey of Water Legislation in British Columbia with Chronological Key 4' IV. Certificates of Approval— Orders in Council— Rules, Regulations and Fees 113 V. Electrical Inspection by Province of British Columbia. Table of Power Plants 131 VI. Electrical Inspection by Dominion of Canada and Exportation of Electricity 1*^ VII. Power Developments in British Columbia— Brief description of the chief Developed Water-powers from the physical standpoint 150 Some Proposed Power Developments — Brief reference to a few Undeveloped Water-powers which have been specially investigated. . 171 VIII. Surveys and Maps of British Columbia— Including a reference to Range of Tidal Levels 177 IX. General Topography of British Columbia— With Physiographic Map 192 X. Columbia River and Tributaries — Topography 197 Description of Power-site Tables 209 Power-site Tables 213 XI. Eraser River and Tributaries- Topography 229 Power-site Tables 246 XII. Vancouver Island — Topography 258 Power-site Tables 260 XIII. Mainland Pacific Coast- Topography 267 Power-site Tables 282 XIV. Mackenzie River and Tributaries- Topography 298 Power-site Tables • 305 XV. Stream Flow Data— Gauging Stations in British Columbia- Historical Reference to Inauguration of Stream Flow Study in Province 306 Description of Stream Flow Data included in this Report 309 Index to Published Stream Flow Data 311 Tables of Stream Flow Data 318 Miscellaneous Discharge Measurements 452 CONTENT S— Continued Chapter XVI. Stream Flow Data— Certain Gauging Stations is United States- Reference TO Gathering of Stream Flow Data in United States 464 Index to Pc blished Stream Flow Data on International Streams.. . ! ! ! 466 Tables ok Stream Flow Data 4^ XVII. Diagrams showi.ng the Distribution of Precipitation, Temperatlre and Run-off in British Columbia— Explan.atorv Statement 486 Plates A to J " " jg, XVIII. Meteorological Data — Introductory Statement 503 List of Precipitation St.ations in British Columbia and Selected Stations in Alberta and Yukon 515 Precipitation Records for Stations in British Columbia and Selected Stations in Alberta and Yukon 522 List of Selected Precipitation Stations in United States on International Watersheds or Adjacent to British Coiumbu S70 Monthly and Annual Mean Precipitation at Selected Stations in- United States 577 Temperature Records for Selected Stations in British Columbm . . . . . 573 Monthly and Annual Mean Temper.^ture at Selected Stations in United States 535 APPENDICES I. Hydraulic Con\'ersion Tables and Convenient Equivalents, with Statement Respecting the 'Miner's Inch' 588 II. List of Certain Bench-Marks on Vancouver Island and Pacific Mainland Coasts 598 Bibliography „, ^""•^^ 621 v< _J ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1. Pend-d'Oreille River— Important rs-DEVELorED power site near confluence OF Salmon river Froniupiece Facing page 2. Falls'and Fishway on Meziadin River, tributary to N vss River 16 Obstructions on Salmon Rivers— Adult Sockeye of the 191.1 run forced, by a ROCK SLIDE, INTO THE MOUTH OF SPUZZUM CrEEK, FrASER RIVER 16 3. Loo-jAMs, caused by Snow Slides or the Accumulation of Logging Refuse, may BE A Serious Menace 24 o Snow Slides, headwaters of Sinclair Creek. Upper Columbia River. i — ^Timber Debris — the result of a snow slide. c_Snow Slide across Sinclair Creek— a closer view. 4. British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Coquitlam-Buntzen Development- General view of Coquitlam hydraulic-fill dav with w.ater flowing OVER spillway 32 British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Jordan River Development, V.I.— Amburse.n-typt: storage dam, with water passing over spillway 32 5. SlMILKAMEEN RiVER POWER PLANT, DaLY REDUCTION CO , HeDLEY, B.C 48 Western Canada Power Co., Stave Falls Development 48 6. Powell River Co , Pulp and Paper Mils, Powell River, B.C 64 7. Ice River Glacier, tributary to Homatlhko River 80 Revelstoke Hydro-electric Development, Illecillewaet River 80 8. Portion of the Intermontane Valley — Showing bordering mountains in valley, Cranbrook to .Vindermere 96 9. British Columbia Coast Timber 104 10. Typical View of the Dry Belt Country, valley of the Thompson River 112 U. Portion of Toby Creek 120 Typical View of Columbia River above Revelstoke 120 12. Types of Small Power and Irrigation Structures 128 a— Concrete-lined Ditch. i — Wooden Flume Skirting Mount.mn Side. 13. Portion of Lower Kettle Valley, near Grand Forks, B.C 136 Kettle River above Grand Forks, B.C., showing irrig.\tion flume and railway 136 14. Typical Power Stre.\ms of the Interior Ranges 144 a— Akolkolex River, tributary to Columbia below Revelstoke 6— Elk River, Canon Falls, Elko, B.C. £— CaSon on Incomappleux River near Upper Arrow Lake. 15. Kootenay River at Bonnington Falls— Lower and Upper Falls, and Plants OF THE West Kootenay Light and Power Co. a.nd of tub City of Nelson 152 Kootenay River— Typical view of rapids in lower portion of river. . 152 vii ILLUSTRATION S— Continued ^*"« Pacini Pof 16. Pend-d'Oreille Valley— A heavily timbered interiob watershed 160 Illecillewaet River and Valley, from Observation Point, Glacier 160 17. Storage of Winter Precipitation Igg a — Snow Storage in the Selkirks. b — Storage in Glaciers. Incidents of Travel and Investigation 176 Fraser River, Hellgate Canon— Typical stretch of river with characteristic topography jt ^ Upper Fraser River, Prince George CaSon 192 Upper Fraser River, Cottonwood Canon 192 Columbia River, near International Boundary, Trail, B.C 19Z Falls on Murtle River, Tributary to Clearwater River a — Dawson Falls. 4 — Helmcken Fall, near mouth. An Undeveloped Power on Shuswap River— Site of proposed dam for Couteau 18. 19. 20. 21. 200 Power Co. , 200 208 22. Chilcotin River Valley o— View from Point Twelve Miles from Chilcotin Village. 6 — CONFLIENCE OF ChILCOTIN AND ChILKO RiVERS. c — Canon near Moltu op Chilko River. QuESNEL River 216 o— Showing Typical Cut Banks and Country Below Forks. 6— Ty. icAL Stretch of River Below Forks. c — First Rock CaSon and Power Site, about twenty-one miles from mouth. Quesnel River— Fall on North Fork, two miles below Cariboo Lake 224 Bridge River — Valley above CaSon, looking downstream towards dam-site. . . 224 Quesnel River— Developments in Connection with Gold Mining 232 a— Dam at Outlet of Quesnel Lake, showing Sluice-gate. b — Dam at Outlet of Quesnel Lake, showing Spillway. c— View on Twenty-mile Creek, showing typical hydraulic placer mining. Blackwater River 240 a — Second canon near Mouth. b—FALL Below Tsacha Lake. c — Canon at Telegraph Trail Crossing. d — Cascades Below Chine lake. CaSon on Willow River— A Suggested development for Prince George hydro-electric su'tly 248 Nechako River, Grand Ca^on 248 Nechako River, Tetachuck Falls 248 Elk Fall, Campbell River, V.I 256 Lacy Fall on South Fork of Elk River, Strathcona Park, V.I 256 Big Fall, Upper N'impkish River, V.I ][ 256 Typical Views of the Coast Line Bordering the I.nlets 264 a— Bute Inlet, Mount Superb. i — Gardner Canal, showing stream of intermittent type descending rRou glacier above. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ILLUSTRATION S— Continued Plate Facimpat* 3a CHABACTERISTIC ViBW OF ISLET ON CoXST-EaST ArM OF MaTHESOX CHANNEL 272 Typical Delta Land, Mouth of Kemano River. Gardner Canal m HOMATHKO River-Typical view, showing river flowing in U-shaped valley. HAVING CHANNEL DIVIDED BY NUMEROUS ISLETS *'* 31. Klinaklini River, Grand CaSon-Coast range rivers often flow through ^^ GREAT CASONS ■ Princess Royal Island-Stream descending steeply from lake in hanging valley, as frequently found on coast 280 Rapids on Thomlinson Creek. Toba River ^«' 32 Typical Small Mountain Lakes-Anne and Joseph lakes, Indian river 288 Stream Descending From Hanging Valley; 800 feet fall in sight-Mackenzie Fall. Hazel Creek. Toba valley '^ '" A Typical View on Coast Stream, having Power Possibilities-CaSon Creek, tributary to Toba river 33. Skeena River— Head of Kitsalas caSon 296 BuLKLEY River— Hagwilget caSon, near Hazelton ^^ 34. FiNLAY River Falls. 4 miles below outlet of Thutade lake 304 Ingenika River Falls. 2 miles below McConnell creek 304 35. Standard Rain Gauge of thf Canadian Meteorological Service 506 36. Thermometer Shed. Meteorological Observatory, Toronto 512 Shielded Snow Gauge DIAGRAMS Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plates A to J are bound together at end of Chapter XVII A— Monthly Distribution of Precipitation P^t* *93 B— Monthly Distribution of Precipitation iyt* *'* C— Monthly Distribution of Precipitation ^i* *»5 D— Annual Precipitation ■L"'* * ^ E— Monthly Distribution of Temperature ^V «^ F— Monthly Distribution of Run-off ^"8* ♦'» G— Monthly Distribution of Run-off ^*«* *'' H— Monthly Distribution of Run-off ^<»«* 500 I— Monthly Distribution of Run-off ^"B* 501 J— Hydrocraphic Charts of the Shuswap River ^<»«« 502 MAPS Physiographic Map, showing General Topography of British Columbia. .fo«»g page 196 Map— Precipitation Stations in British Columbia '» P«^*«' Map— Water-powers in British Columbia '» '^**' Foreword A:„,r. nt Anta. relating to the water-power re- This Report V,'T X ooentVchaptis comprise a statement sources of British Columbia, ^he openmg chap i' ^^^ ^^^.^^^ .! subject, oognate a"''" ,ua relates more panicuWly to physic. In the pomon ot the ^«P°J' ™;f J'i^jed possibilities ot watet-powei s^ro^'-sihr^oC^ssror^---"^ »-'»•--' »^ renderedby governmental corporate and pn a s .^ ^,j^^p^^^ j_ re,se^hjratCotr;--^rtheKepo« „..xro J ^rth?^s.trrt^s- -"=-'■ layed. er re- ement tiliza- which snsive, issions lysical •power Its ob- sion of :al and istance desired ipter I, istances uch de- WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CHAPTER I General Introduction IN January, 1910. the Commission of Co; .-ation commenced the investi- gation of the characuer and extent of the various natural resources oi Canada. Early in 1909, the Canadian delegation to the North American Conference at Washington had compiled a general staiement respecting the available water-power data. This compilation served to demonstrate the inadequacy of our information respecting this valuable natural resource. The Commission, therefore, decided to prepare an inventory of the water-power resources of the country, and, in so doing, avoided duplication of effort by utilizing all available information from governmental and other sources. The Commission commenced its own reconnaissance field work in the eastern provinces and, in 1911, published Water-Powers of Canada, which presents, in summary form, the infoi-mation then available for the provinces of Prince Edward I.-.laijd, Nova Scctia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. Owing to the paucity of information available, it was not then possible to do more than describe briefly the water-power resources of the provinces of Alani- toba, Saska -chewan, Alberta and British Columbia. In 1916, the report on the Water-Po-uers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta was issued. The present volume on Water-Powers of British Columbia completes the series of water-power reports which the Commission, in 1910, undertook to publish. The paucity of information concerning British Columbia water-powers existing when the Commission undertook its work, is well expressed in the British Columbia Year Book, for 1911, which states : "Speaking generally, there is no subject of economic interest in connec- tion with the exploitation of the provincial resources concerning which there is less known than the extent to which water-powers may be rendered available." The Provincial Government desired, as soon as satisfactory arrangements could be made, to proceed with a more detaiVd investigation of its water- powers. Before doing this, however, it was deemed necessary to deal with a complex problem which had gradually developed, as a result of the methods formeriy employed in the granting of ' rights ' foi the use of waters. In the early 'fifties' the taking up of water rights and privileges for mining operations commenced, and, subsequently, others were granted for irrigation of large agricultural areas, until upwards of 6,000 water records had been issued, under various terms and conditions. In addition, other records and privileges were granted for the use of water for power. The result was I COMMISSIONOFCONSERVATION that many of the rights conferred overlapped and caused conflict of interests and hindrance to the most beneficial use of the waters of some of the pro\'incial streams. The earlier water-power developments were used, chiefly, in connec- tion with the mining: industry, and it is only since the advent of high tension transmission, coupled with the great advancement in the industrial arts, that the importance of the development of water-power resources has claimed fuller attention. The British Columbia Government, when interviewed by the represen- tatives of the Commission of Conservation, prior to the commencement of their field operations in 1911. explained its water problems as above outlined, and expressed its desire that the Commission proceed with its proposed investiga- tion. Recognizing that this research could not be made without very special effort and at .onsiderable expense, the former Premier, Sir Richard McBride. and Minister of Lands, Hon. W. R. Ross, agreed that the province would render every possible assistance. Subsequently, through the Minister of Lands, funds were provided by the province supplem.enting the appropriation made by the Commission. This enabled the placing of larger parties in the field, ^.id thus expedited the work. „ ..,. . The season available for such reconnaissance water-power Conditions in , • t\ • • ^ /~^ ^ t.- • British Columbia investigations as were made m British Colum.bia is compara- •re Exceptional tiygiy short. One of the chief difficulties encountered is, that it is almost impossible for observers to avoid over-recording in ^heir notes the power possibilities of streams observed during high stages. Young engineers are impressed by the quantity of water coming dovm the rivers, and have not the advantage of having observed the same streams at their low winter stages, nor have they always the knowledge of measurements of the flow of similar streams with which to temper their judgment. Engineers in charge of similar work in the United States have experienced like difficulty, and have, therefore, endeavoured, as much as possible, to have the work performed when the streams are neither approaching nor at their flood stages. This fact indicates why the time, during which these special investigations may profitably be pursued, is so limited. The conditions affecting powers in the province are unique, and do not closely correspond lo those e.xistent in other portions of Canada. This is esi-ecially true of the mainland Pacific coast. One cannot but be impressed with the fact that coastal water-powers in British Columbia, which to the casual observer appear to be of comparatively small amount, nevertheless, may, when economical:.- and fully developed, yield several-fold the estimate of power if appraised upon the same basis as similar streams in Eastern Canada. Glaciers, snow-nelds, and heavy rainfall abound, and. with many storage possibilities, constitute unique factors which contribute to enhance the values of powers. These conditions, on the other hana emphasize the necessity of special and very careful engineering investigation and expert handling. Field parties necessarily experienced considerable physical hardship in the prosecution of the work in such rugged country. The following statements. GENERAL INTRODUCTION taken from the reports of Oeld parties, convey srnic idea of the more serious difficulties encountered, in the course of the work. One ref)ort says : "Considerable risk was encountered in ascending the Ktinaklini river, as it was in flood, with the current most of the way averaging four or five miles per hour, and in places six to ten miles. Sometimes the canoe had to be dragged along by means of the overhanging branches of bordering trees, the water being too swift for oars or paddles and tof> deep for poling. At some places it was necessary to wade for several hours in water at a temperature little above freezing. In places, quicksands were met with. When poling, sometimes the pole would sink six or eight feet in quicksand before finding firm bottom. After seven days' hard work we reached the main forks of the river. One fork comes from a glacier ob; ructing the valley, while the other fork consists of a long caflon up which it was impossible to proceed by canoe. This caflon was examined for fifteen miles. Or. the return trip we were unfor- tunate enough to be wrecked on a snag while rounding a sharp bend, and lost oiu- canoe and equipment. Two other parties, on other work, who had made similar attempts the previous year, were rlso wrecked, but these had failed to reach the forks. After the accident we had to walk two days without food or blankets, to the mouth of the river, swimming two small branches en route, and we were pleased indeed to see the Lizette again."* In another report, the engineer states : "The trails of the Kispiox watershed were not much travelled and con- sequently not well marked and required clearing, so that progress was neces- sarily slow ; also such bridges as existed were rotted and unfit for traffic. "The trails of the Skeena valley were very badly cut up and full of mud holes, and, where thev followed the side hills, very slippery and dangerous, so that horses slipped and fell frequently, being thus cut and bruised and otherwise injured. One horse fell oflE a bridge, breaking two of its ribs and being other- wise injured so as to be no longer fit for use. The main trail up the Skeena river passes over a series of hills and deep-cut gulches, which are practically bare, with comparatively few spots where sufficient feed for working animals can be obtained. The season of 1913 being exceedingly wet and cold in the northern interior, the grasses did not ripen, making, in consequence, very poor feed. This, added to the rough condition of the trails, made the horses very weak and entirely unfit for a long season's work." Throughout the whole of the investis^ation, the Provincial. -' vvell as the Federal and other authorities, have rendered hearty and \aluable assistance. United States officials have unfailingly furnished data wherever possible. Acknowledgments for the various data received from the British Columbia Hydroinetric Survey of the Water Power Branch, Dept. of Interior, Ottawa : from the Provincial Water Rights Branch, Victoria ; fiom the Meteorological Service, Toronto ; from the United States Geological Survey, Washington ; from the United Stc-.tes Weather Bureau, and from other governmental and private sources, are specifically referred to elsewhere in the report. For all the assistance received, the Commission of Conservation is deeply appreciative and desires to express its gratitude. Those upon the Commission of Conservation staff of field engineers, who chiefly assisted in connection with the various field investigations, and to whom credit is due for their good efforts, are: G. H. Fergvison, C. J. Vick, D. C. Jennings, C. C. Lyall, A. W. Campbell, L. G. Mills, T. G. Bird, R. Westover, •The Liutte was the forty-foot gasolene launch used by the Commission for the coast work. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION li W. A. Wand, F. R. Macdonald, B. Corbould, B. N. Simpson, C. C. Cowan, and also to A. J. McPherson, who was attached to one of the field parties in 1913 as representative of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. Special in- vestigation was made on some streams by provincial engineers as follows : On Vancouver island, by F. W. Knewstubb ; in Nelson district, by W. J. E. Biker; in Kettle Valley district, by C. Varcoe; in Cranbrook district, by H. B. Hicks, and in the Okanagan district, by J. C. Dufresne. Able assistance was also rendered in connection with special office researches by C. A. Pope, E. Davis, J. Moncton Case, Andrew Paton, H. A. Wildy, R. S. W. Baird and Miss E. I. Gilby. Total Estimated Horse-Power Grand totals purporting to represent horse-power possibilities for large sections of a country are apt to be very misleading. They are especially mis- leading when used to make comparisons with other totals when, as a matter of fact, no real basis for comparison has been established. The unique charac- ter of many of the water-power possibilities of British Columbia, with its exceptional physical features, such as mountain systems, glaciers, snow-fields, and widely variant precipitation, necessarily makes it difficult to effect com- parisons between the total water-power possibilities of this province and those of other areas differing markedly in physical characteristics. However, it will be interesting to present in round numbers certain totals of horse-power derivable from the various estimates* presented in our tables Conventionally, the province has been divided into districts, as follows : 24-hour I. Columbia River and Tributaries : hov^e-power (North of the international boundary): This comprises the portion of the province lying between its eastern boundary and the watershed of the Eraser river 610,000 II. Fraser River and Tributaries : This includes practically the entire area of the great Interior plateau 740,000 III. Vancouver Island 270,000 IV. Mainland Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands : (except Vancouver Island) : This includes all the rivers north of the Frasei- which drain into the Pacific 630,000 V. Mackenzie River Tributaries : (A rough estimate made for inclusion in this summary) 250,000 Grand total 2,500,000 The above totals include about 250,000 horse-powerf for plants already in op* ration, but they do not include about 400,000 horse-powert given in the *For characteristics anl')j;ical Survey Water Supply Paper \o. 234 ; als') Descriptive Floods in the L'ntted Slates in igoj, with a Discussion on Flood Discharge and Frequence, and an Index to Flood Literature, by K. C. A' ihy ami others, 1906, Paper No. 162. For spcci.-il iliscussion relating to lkxxI prevention, etc., see Report of Flood Commission of Pittsburg, Penna., whicli c 'iitains the results of surveys, investitjatinns ami studies male by the Commission for tlie purpose of deterniininK the c.-iusos of, damage by an 1 metho is of relief from floods in the AUeKliany, MoiionKahela anil Ohio rivers at Pittsburg, I'enna., together with the bene fits to navigation, sanitat' Hearings re Prevention of Floods on the Mississippi River, liefore Sub-Committee of the Committee on Comtncrce, U.S. Senate, 6.?rd Con,'., 2n 1 Sess., Washington, 1914, .ils i Supplemental Report re Flmls and Levees of the. Mississippi River, sub- mitted by Mr. Huini)hreysof Mississippi, lieing House Report .?!);), Part H, 0.?r I Ctmg., 2:i 1 Sess., Washington, 1914 ; also Floods and Levees of the Mississippi River, by Beijitnin G. Humphreys —Member of Congress for Mississippi— Washington, D.C., 1914 ; also Hearings on Floods of the Lower Mississippi River before the Committee on Flood Control, House of Reiircsentatives, 64th Cong., 1st Sess., March, 1916, Washington, 1916; Consult also, Report of Consulting Engineers In ihe rKlrrK,!ttoni,l J.-.hU Commission Relatint, io Ofniat Reference re Lake of the Woods Levels, which report deals with the flood conditions prevailing in 1916 on the Lake of the Woods Watershol. tThose who desire to study the efTccts of the various meteorological influences which modify iuii-of[~the chief of which is evaporation— may do so by referring to works dealing specifically with hydrological phenomena. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Water-power and Agriculture operated under the strictest regulation and supervision, designed to perpetuate the forest growth. A deforested, eroded and scoured territory, which has lost the humus of its soil, cannot hold the beneficent rains which, instead of being retained in the ground and transmuted into plants by the various pro- cesses of growth, carry destruction in the pathways of their torrential run-off. The water is necessary to the soil, and the soil, with its plant growth, is neces- sary to an economical disposition of the water. Consider, next, a little more in detail, the possible effects which the depletion of underground water by diversions for power or other purposes may have upon agriculture. Underground waters are by no means inexhaustible. Underneath the surface of the earth is a vast body of water which m?.y be likened to an underground lake, called the ground-water. It has been esti- mated, — again speaking generally, — that the moisture in the upper 100 feet of the ground is equivalent to a lake of water some 1 7 feet deep, i.e., the equivalent of about seven years' rainfall. It is into the upper surface, termed the water- table, of this ground-water that wells are sunk for domestic and other water supply. During periods of plant growth this ground-water yields, chiefly by capillary action, part of its moisture to the plants ; and then during seasons of excessive rainfall, is again replenished. Under normal conditions, the annual fluctuation in level of the water-table is but a few inches. Such states as Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Soutnem Michigan, and the Dakotas, have, it is stated, already experienced alarming and permanent recedencc in the levels of their ground-waters, and a consequent diminution in crop production. Large sums of money have been expended by the federal and state govern- ments in the United States, on the in- -stigation of the occurrence and flow of underground water, and it is now being more and more recognized that pro- posed disposition of the run-off, and underground waters, should be considered together, because of a natural balance that exists between them.* •Students of sub-soil water conditions will be greatly aided by the valuable publications of the United vStates Geological Survey. The subject may well be opened up by refeiring to the follow- ing Water Supply and Irrigation Papers issued by the Survey : — Underground Waters of Eastern United States, 1905, No. 114 ; Bibliographic Renew and Index of Papers Relating to Uriderground iVaters, 1879-1904 ; 1905, No. 120 ; Relation of the Law to Underground Waters, 1905, No. 122 ; Field Measurements of the Rate of Movement of Underground Waters, 1905, No 140 ; Underground Water Papers, 1906, No. 160 ; Bibliographic Review and Index of Underground Water Litera- ture published in United Stales in igo;. No. 163 ; Underground Waters for Farm Use, 1910, No. 255 ; Well-Drilling Methods, 1911, No. 257 ; Underground Water Papers, 1910, No. 258 (This paper contains a number of valuable monographs dealing with special features relating to underground waters.) The U.S. Geological Sur\-ey has in course of preparation an extensive bibliography and index of publications relating to sub-soil waters which it is anticipated will be ready for publication in 1918, as Water Supply Paper No. 427. For studies on the movement of ground water consi:'t Water Supply Paper No. 67, The Movements of Underground Waters, by C. S. Slichter ; also by same author, 'Theoretical Investi- gation of Motion of Ground Waters, ' pp. 295-384 in igth Annual Report of U.S. Geological Survey ; also 'Observations and Experiments on the Fluctuations in the Level and Rate of Movement of Ground Water on the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station Farm,' etc., by F. H. King, U.S. Weather Bureau Bulletin, No. 5, Washington, 1892 ; also by same author. 'Principles and Conditions of the Movements of Ground Water,' pp. 59-294, in i()lh Annual Report of U.S. Geolo- fical Survey; see also, 'Studies on the Movement of Soil Moisture,' by E. Buckingham, U.S. lepartment of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils, Bulletin No. 38, Washington, 1.907 ; and BuUetin No. 64 of the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, being 'Ground Water Supply for Irrigation in the Rillito Valky," by G. E. P. Smith, Tucson, Arizona, 1910. GENERAL INTRODUCTION It is easily possible to so divert some channels or water-courses as to allow much of the ground-water to be lost, and consequently cause permanent damage to a large expanse of territory. Great waste and carelessness have been mani- fested in many localities by the users of the underground waters. In the smaller towns, more especially in the east, where the domestic wells furnish so much of the water supply, it has frequently been observed that when some deep trench, as, for example, a cut for a new sewer or a mine shaft, has been excavated, the underground waters have drained away, thus 'bleeding' the adjacent territory and causing the wells of the neighbourhood to go dry. The lessons that may be drawn from such illustrations should not be forgotten in considering our valuable underground waters, when viewed locally or with respect to their provincial or larger areas. Discussing the underground waters of Southern California, F. C. Finkle said : "Much investigation has been carried on to determine the extent of the underground water supplies in Southern California. All investigators have reached about the same conclusion, that the supply produced by nature, annually, for the replenishment of these reservoirs, is limited. While it is considerable in years of abundant rainfall, it becomes almost nothing in years of minimum precipitation, and a mean must be drawn so that the reserve supply is not withdrawn to such an extent as to imperil this resource. Up to the present tin.e this has been iruch neglected, and the haphazard and reckless way in which promoters have attacked the underground water supply of Southern California has demonstrated the necessity of future retrenchment. A great number of cases may be cited where one company has obtained a supply of water by underground development, soon to find that someone else would follow them and either take away a portion or all of their supply. Cases of this kind became so numerous that the matter had to be brought to the atten- tion of the courts and much expensive litigation has been the result."* Of this grornd-water, the late Dr. W. J. McGee, secretary of the United States Inland Waterways Commission, and expert in charge of soil water investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture, states : "It is the essential basis of agriculture and most other industries, and the chief natural resource oi che country ; it sustains forests and all other crops, and supplies the perennial streams and springs and wells used by four-fifths of our population and nearly all of our domestic animals. Its quantity is diminished by the increased run-off due to deforestation and injudicious farming. Throughout the upland portions of the eastern United States, the average water-table has been lowered 10 lo 40 feet, so that fully three-fourths I of the springs and shallower wells have failed, and many brooks have run dry, I while the risk of crop loss by drought has proportionately increased, and the I waste through the Mississippi has increased over 15 per cent."t In connection with his work for the Department of Agriculture, Dr. [McGee assembled the records of some 35,000 wells scattered tliroughout tnr u^T^"'.Lr"- ^''J!^'f,^i"J'A -^'^"^ Conference of Engineers of the Reclamation Servic*, |Washmgton, 1905 ; p. 59 (W.S. & Iir. Paper No. 146.) tMcGee, W. J., 'Water as a Resource,' in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, *' -^i, igog ; p. 46-47. 10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the United States, and as a result of his research has made the following state- ment :* "Second in order, but first in significance, among the results of the inquiry is a clear quantitative indication that the subsoil-water level is, and has been since the settlement of the country, lowering at a considerable rate. The rate of change varies from region to region and state to state, ranging from a slight rise in irrigated districts to a lowering of about 35 feet per decade. In the 31 states forming the half of the country best adapted by •natural conditions to feeding and clothing a great people, the average lowering since settlement would appear to be no less than 9 feet, i.e., from well within, to ^bout the limit of capillary reach from the surface. The data, indeed, indicate that lowering generally was more rapid within the first generation after settlement than later, yet the figures used in the estimates are derived from the reduced rate of the last \ wo decades rather than the more rapid lowering of earlier decades. It would appear also that the actual loss of water attending the lowering is 10 per cent of the aggregate volume within the first hundred feet from the surface — a national loss of substance comparable with he destruction of forests and the uses and wastes of petroleum and natural gas, and far exceeding the consumption and waste of coal and metal. In the light of the relation of subsoil water to productivity, its rate of lowering can only be re- garded as a measure of advancing national impoverishment." The chief causes for the lowering of subsoil water are discussed and remedies suggested. Respecting the remedies, it is interesting to note the closing paragraph of Dr. McGee's report. He states : "Naturally, the remedial methods can neither be adopted nor made effective in a day ; time will be required for the advance of knowledge, for the growth of sentiment, and for the development of those regulations required for successful community action. In some cases townships, in others counti>,s, and in still others states, will necessarily act in respect to regulations suggested by local or general needs and conditions ; in some instances the regulations may relate chiefly to the control of water, in which useful lessons may be borrowed from the arid region in which water is recognized as the real source and measure of life ; and doubtless in some instances it will be found expedient to treat as a public nuisance silt-bearing water permitted to flow from an ill- wrought farm over neighbouring property — yet all such needful regulations should be foreseen, since they are bound to be made in time, else the natural value on which the productivity and habitability of the country depends will be frittered away and the new fertile acres be made desert." In the face of such facts the claims which the ground- water supply has upon its proportion of the rainfall cannot be ignored. Certainly, watercourses and the sources of their supply should not be so disturbed as to cause a serious permanent depletion, or pollution, of the underground waters. Upon this point, therefore, it is necessary that the amounts, movements, and functions of •For instructive discussions re well surveys consult the following by W. J. McGee : — 'The Agricultural Duty of Water,' in the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture for 1910, pp. 169- 176 ; 'Principles of Water Power Development,' in Science (New Series), vol. 34, No. 885, pp. 813-825, December 15, 191 1, especially footnote on p. 5 ; 'Soil-Erosion,' Bureau oj Soils Bulletin, No. 71, 1911 (see footnote, Ibid. p. 27); 'Wells and Subsoil Water," Bureau of Soils Bulletin ffo. f>2, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1913, including 'Review of the Well Census,' Ep. 178-185. Consult, also, 'Summary of the Controlling Factors of Artesian Flows,' by Myron .. Fuller, Bulletin No. j/p, U.S. Geoloeical Survey, Washington, 1908 ; also, for method of record- ing wells, see, for example, 'Record of Deep Well Drillinp; for 1904,' being U.S. Geological Survey BuiUtin No. 164, Washington, 1904. Consult also, citations in footnote, supra, re 'Underground Waters.' GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 the pround-water in any district be studied in connection with any general scheme devised for the utilization of water in that particular territory. It must be evident, therefore, that efforts to have the underground waters properly and efficiently used, deserve the fullest support. The underground waters of Canada, in some places, are now being tapped, and, not infrequently, wasted. In the United States, many states have enacted laws designed to conserve such waters. A main feature of such laws has been the regulation of the flow by actually limiting the size of the pipe through which ordinary domestic and farm water supply may be taken. Sometimes the law states that the supply shall be taken through a half-inch pipe, which shall be furnished with a stop valve. In some states the penalties for violation of the law relating to underground waters are severe : for example, in South Dakota : "If any person complains that the proprietor of an artesian well, or the party controlling such well, is in the habit of letting the waters go to waste, the township supervisor, county commissioner, road overseer, alderman, or other city officers, may enter upon the premises where the well is located in order to determine whether the complaint is justified, and may institute crimmal prosecution in case violation of the law is ascertained. If the well is without valves to regulate the flow and prevent waste, the person owning the well may be fined up to one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned not more than three months in jail, or both."* Laws regulating the use of underground waters are needed in Canada. At present, farmers and others are tapping these underground waters and, in some cases where 'gushers' have been struck, the valuable waters are permitted to nm to waste continuously. This should not be allowed. The British Columbia authorities are seized of the importance of this subject and the need for effective legislation and control. In 1914, an investi- gation was made of artesian wells, more particularly in the Fraser River flats. Referring to this investigation, Mr. William Young, Comptroller of Water Rights, says : "Furthermore, the investigation has shown that this class of investment, practically new to this province, in well-drilling for underground water supplies and development, has, in a few years, quietly grown into a large and important enterprise, in which considerable capital has been invested and risked and important interests created mostly by individual farmers. Further, that this position has been reached without legislation or departmental control. It has been brought to the notice of the Department that several of these interests had been encroached upon, in some cases entirely destroying their value ; so that those wells v ' '-h formerly gave a good supply are now going dry. It is therefore implied that this state of affairs is due to the fact that there is no control of wells nor the water flowing from them, as those which have been drilled lower down the slope are flowing and being permitted to flow, thus causing the wells above them to go dry owing to what is clearly a waste of water. From all the information gathered, this waste is due to a misappre- hension in capping and controUing the flow of these wells. "t 47. *Johnson, D. W., Relation of the Law lo Underground Waters, VVaohiiigtoii, 1905 ; (W.S. & Irr. Paper No. 122.) ^Report of the Water Rights Branch, Victoria, B.C., for 1914, page H 8 ; see also Ibid. pp. 18-20 ; also report for 1915, pp. F 32-37. 12 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Referring to the actual waste of water in certain districts, the Comptroller states : "It should be pointed out that 101 wells in Cloverdalo ana Langley dis- tricts discharge a total of some 450.492 gallons per day, whINt I'.it total require- ments of the 74 interests dependent on this water amoun approximately to 50,000 gallons per day. As these wells are all running uncontrolled, it can be seen that some 400,000 gallons per day are running to waste. . . . The flow of many of the wells is decreasing and nothing has been done to try and improve them." Sufficient has now been said clearly to demonstrate the vital importance of these sub-soil waters. The Government should require all flowing wells to be registered, along with an adequate description of each ; and it should require that all such wells be securely capped and the flow released, as required, by means of proper sized pipe and valve. Government inspection should also be provided. Whether it be federal or provincial action, it is imperative that legislative measures be enacted and the means for the enforcement of same be provided without delav. Water-power and Irrigation Agricultural pursuits in many parts of British Columbia cannot successfully be carried on without having water available for purposes of irrigation. In this report it is quite impossible to canvass this very broad subject. Attention has already been drawn to the difficult problem respecting con- flicting water rights with which the provincial authorities have had to deal. Between the passage of the Water Act of 1909 and the end of 1915, out of a total of over 7,000 water rights, about 3,800 rights were confirmed and 1,900 can- celled ; on Dec. 31, 191.S, about 400 were pending for further consideration, 360 in favour of Indians were held over for subsequent adjudication, and about 600 had not yet been dealt with. A very large proportion of these 7,000 rights were for irrigation. In adjudicating upon them the Provincial Board of Investigation has made special effort to avoid the perpetuating of rights for water, where power interests would unduly conflict with irrigation interests, or vice versa. The provincial authorities have been alive to the great advantages result- ing to British Columbia through agricultural development, following the extension of irrigation. Hon. W. R. Ross, former Minister of Lands, ren- dered signal service by the efforts pr.t forth through his department in con- nection with the fuller conservation, and application for beneficial use, of the inland waters. In 1912, the Minister requested Dr. Samuel Fortier, Chief of Irrigation Investigations of the United States, assisted by Mr. H. W. Grunsky, to examine into and report upon the general status of the water problems with which British Columbia had to deal.* To show the importance of the use of water for irrigation, sometimes in preference to its use for power in certain parts of the province, we cannot do better than quote the authoritative statements •See Report of Ihe Water Rights Braruh for igiz, article by Samuel Fortier, ' Irrigation's Part in the Future Upbuilding of British Columbia,' pp. 10-14. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Si of Dr. Fortier. Respecting the importance of irrigation to certain portions of the United States, he says : "Those who have watched the rise and progress of western common- wealths must have observed how large a part of their total revenue is derived from irrigated products. Irrigated agriculture lies at the foundation of much of the material prosperity of the West. Through the agency of water wisely used, deserts are converted into productive fields and orchards, and flocks and herds and prosperous communities take the place of wild animals and an uncivilized race. It also furnishes food and clothing for the dwellers in citiss, raw material for the manufacturer and traffic for the transportation company. If it were possible to remove from the arid region the comparatively small area which has been rendered highly productive by means of irrigation, it wotild go far to undo the labour of half a century in building up the western half of the Union."* In referring to his examination of conditions in British Columbia, Dr. Fortier draws specific attention to the great importance of irrigation in some of the \\ cstcrn States. He refers n:ore j)articularly to Montana, Colorado and California, and, in each instance, shows that the increasingly great annual value of the agricultural products of these states is the iult, largely, of the more extended employment of irrigation. For example, he says, respecting Colorado : "I am pointing out some of the achievements of Colorado for the purpose of calling attention to the agricultural possibilities of southern British Columbia. All the crops that are now grown in Colorado can be produced in British Columbia. Its nearness to the Pacific ocean, the presence of large bodies of inland waters, and the low altitude render it particularly well adapted to deciduous-fruit raising. The time is not far distant, I believe, when the output from the orchards of this part of the province will exceed that from all the mines. It is more than likely, however, that horticulture will be developed at the expense of other equally important branches of agriculture. The orchards of Colorado produce less than $5,000,000 annually, but the farmers receive $6,000,000 a year for sugar beets, $15,000,000 for cereals and $17,000,000 a year for alfalfa and other forage crops. Inasmuch as the climate and soil of southern British Columbia are favourable to fruit raising, no good reason can be advanced why it should not be a leading industry. At the same time, the growing of the leguminous and cereal crops should not be neglected. It will not pay, for example, to export fruit and import dairy and meat products. Such a policy would tend to enrich the railroads at the expense of both the producer and the consumer." It is pointed out that until recently, Colorado was regarded chiefly as a mining state. It is still rich in minerals, but the wealth derived from crops and live stock now far exceeds that from the mines. The total mineral pro- duction in 1889 was a little over $33,000,000. Twenty years later the output of gold and silver had not materially increased, but the larger output from the coal-fislds had raised the aggregate value to $40,000,000. No accurate statis- tics are available for the value of farm crops in 1889, but in the decade from 1899 to 1909 there was an increase in the value of farm crops of over $34,000,000. In British Columbia, south of the 52nd parallel, there is a larger area than the entire state of Colorado. While this southern belt repres^-ts less than *Use of Water in Irrigation, by Samuel Fortier, New York, 1915, page 1. 14 COMMISSIC JF CONSERVATION one-third of the area of the irovince, it is by far the most valuable from an agricultural point of view, and comprises the bulk of the land susceptible to irrigation and where the most valuable crops will be raised in the future.. There is an increasing tendency to employ some irrigation even in districts where the precipitation usually has been considered sufficient. Dr. Fortier gives his opinion that "As tin^e goes on, and a larger area is intensively farmed, I believe the need of supplementing the annual rainfall by irrigation in all these districts will be more keenly felt. In other words, many of the districts which arc now thought to possess sufhcient rainfall will be, in part, irrigated. At least, this has been true of localities to the south." Referring to Montana, Colorado and California, he continues, "These, and many other cases which might be cited, show that the practice of irrigation is spreading rapidly in the United States, and that the localities in which the annual rainfall was considered ample ten or fifteen years ago are now largely dependent on irrigation for their supply of soil-moisture." In certain districts, the inadequacy of the water supply itself, limits the extent to which suitable land may be brought under irrigation. Respecting this aspect of the subject, Dr. Fortier has stated : " The amount of the available water-supply is the standard by which we measure the ultimate production of arid and semi-arid lands. Even now we can look forward to the time when California, with its abundant natural resources, will be greatly handicapped by reason of the lack of water. Out of something like 21,000,000 acres susceptible of irrigation, there is onlv water enough for 10,000,000 acres. Colorado is credited with a larger area of arable land, but it is doubtful if more than 6,000,000 acres can ever be irrigated. The extent of arable land in Montana is quite as large, but all the available water- supply is likely to be exhausted when 5,000,000 acres are watered. Water in the west needs to be conserved perhaps more than any other natural resource." A thorough appreciation of the dependence of water-power and agricul- ture upon the water supply, as above outlined, will permit a better under- standing of certain rulings that may be made by the provincial authorities in their efforts to make the best possible apportionment of the available water supply. In some instances it may be possible more nearly to approach ideal con- ditions in the conserving of the water supply so that it may serve a numbe; of interests. This may even be accomplished in the case of watersheds, the hydrological conditions of which may, upon casual inspection, appear rather unpromising. For example, the Santa Ana, an important stream traversing Southern California, has a total drainage area of between t,800 and 1,900 square miles, of which about two-thirds is in the valley, and only a few hundred square miles yield much run-off. It rises in the heart of the San Bernardino mountains and flows westward for about 25 miles to the mouth of its upper canon, thence southwestward, across the San Bernardino valley, through the lower canon to the Santa Ana mountains, and across the Coastal plain, to the Pacific. Irrigation in the valleys of the Santa Ana basin has attained a very high state of development, and the Santa Ana waters have been made to serve GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 greater and more varied uses than probably any other stream of its size in the United States. The authors of the comprehensive report upon the Water Resources of California state, respectin- the use of the Santa Ana waters :• •' To begin with, a portion of the flow is regulated by artificial storage m the upper part of the basin, anrl the water passes successively through three hvdro-electric plants before reaching the mouth of the caflon. 4 "On leaving the lower plant, it is turned into high-level canals and used for municipal supply and irriRatit)n about Redlands and Highland. "The irrigation water that escapes through seepage to the body ot grouna water is recovered from springs and flowing wells, and from pumped wells, and is used for irrigation around San Bernardino and Rive -side, the power tor Dumpingbeinggeneratpdon the upper reaches of the strr^.ii. "Bedrock obstructions at Riverside Narrows, below the city of Riverside, force to the surface a part of the water in the gravel bed of the stream above this point, and this water, after being diverted for power development, is returned to the river above Corona. ,,••»• "Only a few miles below, it is again diverted and used for irrigation on the Coastal plain in the vicinity of Santa Ana and Anaheim. "The seepage water from irrigation is once more recovered by numerous pumping plants and flowing wells on th" lower Coastal plain west of SanU Ana." In passing from mountain to sea, a distance of not more than 100 miles, the same water is used at least eight times for power and irrigation. In like manner the water in many of the tributaries is used several times before reach- ing the main stream. It is along somewhat similar lines that British Columbia must seek, where- ever possible, to obtain the maximum benefit from her mountain streams. Any- one who knows what has already been accomplished through the agency of irrigation in the Okanagan and Kootenay districts, as well as in other portions of the province, does not require further demonstration of the excellent results which follow the intelligent application of water to the fertile soil of the arid and semi-arid agric.iltural '•?gions of British Columbia.t The Premier of British Columbia has stated that it is the policy of his province to secure the greatest efficiency from the use of its waters. He said : '■ If it be for the purpose of irrigation, let every inch of water do its duty, and, if it be for the purpose of power, let us see that the works arc so carried out as to get from the investment and from the water conservation, the very best and most profitable results."} Power for pumping water for irrigation may be furnished by many of the provincial streams. Lying alongside some of the m"'n rivers, there are con- siderable areas of bench lands to which water cannot economically be conveyed by gravity. In some cases, the employment of high tension transmission may enable hydro-electric power to be supplied, --ven from distant sources, at suffi- •For facts here st-ited .ind for descriptions of what has been accomplished in the use of water in Cahfomia, consult Water Resources of California, by H. D. McGlashan and H. J. Dean, being U.S. Geological Sur\'ev Water Supply Paper No. .101) ; also Papers Nos. 298 and 299. fSee Annual Reports of Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C., especially the reports of the Water Rights Branch ; also consult Irrigation in British Columbia, by B. A. Etcheverry, being Bulletin No. 44, Department of Agriculture, British Columbia, Victoria, 1912. JSee Report of Select Standing Committee on Forests, Waterways and WaUr-poiversi,OtXa.yni, 1914. 16 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION ciently low rates tc be used for electric pumpinp. Some of the water derivod from many snow- and glacier-covered areas may thus, indirectly, be utilized to irngatc land and thereby bring into beneficial use both water and land that might otherwise remain unproductive. Irrigation tends to the permanent settlement of the country Con^e quently ,n the majority of eases, the use of water for irrigation will result V more widespread benefit than if othenvise used. Special care should, therefore be taken to ensure that in granting 'water records.' water is not diverted for power which might more advantageously be used for irrigation-a use which may further the settlement and development of larger sections of the countn-. Water-power ^J""" the eariiest times, inland waterways have constituted ■Bd RaTigatioii ^he "'Ost important means of comm.unication to the interior In a mountainous country-, such as British Columbia, the inland /ater-ways are more frequently interrupted by rapids, caflons and falU which prevent continuous navigation ; but. on the other hand, the great difiictiltv and expense of constructing roads and railways through such rugged territory considerably enhance the value of the navigable portions. These, when used in conjunction with short connecting railways, may sometimes provide access to large areas.* The importance which some authorities attach to the conservation o{ water, to the end that it may serve the interests of navigation prior to ti;ose of power. IS well illustrated by the following statement, made in connection with the policy announced by the International Waterways Commission • .r«„»l'^*^ ^''""* Commission had agreed, as one of the principles which should govern the use of boundary waters, that, where there coidd be temooSv diversions, without injury to the interests of navigation, for th^ ^5^0^ developing power, they should be allowed. . . . The oaramount Xht tl l^tt%fl^' ''^''''y'l^^' starting with lake Superior, and fiSg^fswa? by the St. Lawrence to the sea, is for navigation purposes . . . "t watell^'^H""!^"^"^ W^u' ^^^^^^^^^s of the St. Mary river, the international l^^plv tTV f:iT' '^' ^^"'*'^ ^'^'^' ^''^''^^ Act of March 3rd, 1909 (Pubhc Acts. No. 317), states that these waters S?ifj! be forever conserved for the benefit of the Government of the United 2 ha^^rTlTl^^?' *^' ^""5°'"', °^ navigation and incidentally for the pu^ose ?f»fL ^ the water-power developed, either for the direct use of the uSted l^^A 7}"^}^^^ °'" °*J'^'" agreement through the Secretary of War Provided, that a just and reasonable compensation shall be p2d for th^use of all waters or water-power now or hereafter owned. "} th«TwJ"^r?^*'°"f-«^.°'^"t'^ ^^*'" "^'"^'y ^'^'^'^ Great Britain and tt! Vnt ? ^ T '^ '" ^^'°' P'^^''^^^ "^^^^ ^"'l P"""Pl«« which govern wWch Srl^^'^'.'^^T^f °" '" determining the order of precedence stetS that '" disposition of water privileges. Article VIII See itetSnwSs ^'""'"•«""'' Supplementary Report. 1907 (Ottawa. 1908). p. ,2. tSee Ibid., p. 21. Pi -lie 2 1 1 i Sdi lUliniii J 1 jjJ^m 0V^«i^ M m^m *2l2L^4ll^^l ■^H 4ML^ #; . „-.M» I^^^^H «r:^9BaMMHiH HISHHiiiifl FALLS AND RECENTLY CONSTRUCTED FISHWAY ON ME7IA0IN RIVER Entrance to the fishwjv is at foot erf mam falls, tt has a wnMh of not loss than 25 feet ami a rlepth of 6 feet at low water, Up- strear" end of fishway is 20 feet wide and 3 feet iteep at low water. of 45 rtegrees to ttie l)ank. prevents drtf t entering the fishwav A winq-dam of lo()s and rork. huilt at an an<|ie The Meziadm is a tributary of the Na Copyriiihl.iourtrsx Mr. J^hn /'. lUhokk. OBSTRUCTIONS ON SALMON RIVERS These may be a very serious menace to fishing interests. Illustration shows adult Sockeye of the 1913 run forced --by a rock slide caused by railway construction along the Fraser cafton in 1912— into the mouth of Spuzzum creek, a tril)utary to the Fraser twiow the ot>struction tmxi GENERAL INTRODUCTION- IT "The following order of precedence shall be observed amonp the various uses enumerated hereinafter for these waters, and no use shall be permitted which tends materially to conflict with or restrain any other use which is given preference over it in this order of precedence : "(1) Uses for domestic and sanitary purposes "(2) Uses for navigation, including the service of canals for the purposes of navigation " (3) Uses for power and fo i'-rigation purposes." From the foregoing, i* i-: cM-it-nt Ibnt jjower possibilities, under certain circumstances, have been o^arded as of it.' j, or as of only incidental, value when compared with the it:r_sts of ra'' gation. Continued deforestatio .• .v:\(} de\ -nstat' jn wrought by forest fires are factors which materially reduce the unifornutv o'" the annual run-oti, so that low-water conditions as affecting navigation may become more and more serious, and, in turn, demand an increased utilization of storage for navigation. . In British Columbia there are numerous lakes* and many Inland Waters stretches of river which are navigable. By a navigable stream of British jg here meant ore which can be navigated by the ordinary flat- bottomed river boat, generally a stern-wheeler. On many of the lakes, steamers of larger size can be used, whilst some swift-flowing rivers, not navigable by stern-wheelers, may be ascended by fast motor craft of shallow draught. There are stretches, not at present navigable, which may be made so by the construction of suitable works. The erection of dams and other works for power development will, at a number of places, improve the rivers for navigation, both by drowning out rapids and by increasing the depth at shallow places. Lockage provisions in all dams should, of course, be fully safeguarded. The following is a brief summary of the principal navigable portions of the inland waters of British Columbia. There are, of course, in addition, numerous inland lakes which afford certain navigation facilities. Columbia River Watershed — Columbia river is navigable from North- port, ten miles south of the international boundary, through the Arrow lakes to I.aporte, above Revelstoke, a total distance of about 210 miles. The season extends from May to September, but the Arrow lakes are navigable all the j-ear. Ice forms in the narrows between the lakes, but the channel, which at low water is shallow and somewhat crooked, is kept open by an ice-breaker. The Cana- dian I'acific steamers operate between Arrowhead and West Robson, about 120 miles. Some difficulty is experienced in the caflon above Revelstoke. In the jiast, small craft were frequently worked upstream as far as 'Boat Encamp- ment,' at the mouth of Wood river. The upper Columbia is navigated from Golden to Columbia lake, 90 miles, from May to October. Okanogan lake is navigable for the length of the lake, 67 miles. On the Kootenay River system, Kootenay lake, 66 miles, and its west arm, 20 miles, are navigable all year. At the 'narrows,' near Proctor, the depth at low water is only about eight feet. Kootenay river, from Kootenay lake to the international boundary, 22 miles, and thence south to Bonners Ferry, Idaho, is navigable from May to September. It is also navigable from Canal flat, at the source of the Columbia, to Jennings, *Por reference to Ukes of the province and list, see pp. 40 to 45. K ■■ 18 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Montana. Before the construction of the Crowsnest Ry., steamers jilied from Fort Steele, East Kootcnay, to Jennings, about 60 miles. vSlocan lake is navijrable for 25 miles ; it is very deep, has warm springs and never freezes over. Frasir Rivlr "Wati.ushf.d — Prater river is navigable all the year from its mouth to Chilliwack, 60 miles, and from May to November is navigaljle from Chilliwack to Vale, 40 miles. The Fraser is also navigable from Soda Creek to Tete Jaune, about 330 miles, from May to September. A regular steamer service is maintained during the open season from Soda Creek to Prince George, 130 miles. The chief difliculties to navigation in this stretch are Cottonwood and Fort George cafions, both of which have been improved. Ah ,v Pri'ice George the river is difficult, especially at the Grand rapids, and navigation is only possible during high water. Traffic on this portion of the river reached its zenith during the construction of the C— nd Trunk Pacific Ry., but, on its completion, this river transport became unprofitable, as the current is fre- quently fast, and the channel tortuous. South Thompson River system is navigable during May to October from Kamloops lake to Enderby, on the Shuswap river. The various navigable lengths, including the lakes, aggregate some 1 75 miles. Adams river is navigable for the length of the lake, 40 miles. North I'howpson river is navigable from Kamloops to Mad river, 80 miles, during May to August, and navigable, also, in certain stretches above. Nechako river is navigable during June, July and August from Prince George to head of Fraser lake, about 1 10 miles. There are several bad rapids and shallows on the lower Nechako and the discharge of Fraser lake carries very little water at low stages. The Nechako watershed contains several lakes which, with short connecting railways, might provide communication to certain sections of the interior. Small launches ply on Francois lake. Stuart river, from its confluence with the Nechako to Stuart lake, it. luding the lake, affords, at high stages only, usually June and part of July, about 100 miles of navigation.* Vancouver Island— The navigable portions of the inland waters of Vancouver island are practically confined to the various lakes. The west coast, however, is broken by a number of inlets, which constitute good harbours and afford access to large areas. Mainland Pacific Coast — Along the Pacific coast, only a few of the largest rivers are navigable by stern-wheelers, although several other streams may be ascended, at some risk, by small motor craft. Between the Fraser and the Skeena, there are no streams navigable by stern-wheelers for more than a mile or two above tidal influence, which, as a rule, does not extend very far from the mouth. Skeena river is navigable from May to October from its mouth to Kispiox, a distance of 150 miles. The river generally opens the last week in April or the first week in May. Ice begins to run early in November, and the river usually does not freeze over until the end of December. •It has been stated that the Stuart River system might be improved so as to provide a navi- gable waterway to the head of Tacla river, a cfistance of 180 miles from its confluence with the Nechako. There is beached on Tremblay lake, part of the hull and machinery of a stem-wheeler, about 70 feet long. This boat, appropriately named 'The Enterprise,' made a trip from Soda creek to Tacla lake, about 1871, during the Omineca gold rush. See Report of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, 1912, page 334. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 19 The chief obstacle to Skeena navigation is the Kitsalas cation. The paralleling of the river by the Grand Trunk Pacific Ry. rendered water transportation on the Skeena unprofitable. Babine lake is navigable for 100 miles. Nass river is navigable from its mouth to the canon, about 30 miles. Stikine river is navigable for abo it 100 miles, from the mouth to Telegraph creek, from May to September. The river generally opens for navigation between April 20 and May 1. Ice or 'sludge' usually begins to run about November 1, and at Telfgraph creek the river generally freezes over about the end of November. The chief obstacles in its navigation are Little canon and Grand rapid. Between Telegraph creek and Glenora, 12 miles, navigation is also difficult. Mackenzie River Watershed — Peace river is navigable during the open season from the interprovincial boundary to Hudsons Hope, at the foot of Rocky Mountain canon, 80 miles. Above the canon, it is navigable to the confluence of the Parsnip and Finlay rivers, 75 miles. There are, however, in this stretch some bad rapids. Finlay river is navigable during the open season in that portion which lies in the Intermontane valley, a distance of about 140 miles, the only serious obstacle being Deserter canon, about 90 miles from the mouth. Liard river is navigable from the interprovincial boundary to Hellgate, about 85 miles, during the open season, and its tributary, the Fort Nelson river, is navigable during the open season from its mouth to Fort Nelson, about 100 miles, also, possibly, for some distance above.* The principal inland waters of British Columbia consist of but a few great river systems. Any works of construction or improvement relating to these rivers may readily be considered, and should be considered, in connection with their possible effects upon the rivers as a whole. In France and Germany, where efficient systems of waterways are in successful commercial operation, before the improvement of a river or harbour is undertaken, a caref"' Ttudy is made of the proposed work, its cost, the time necessary for comp the probable traffic, and of other cognate factors. When the investiga^ ompleted and the project approved and adopted, provision is then mac .^i the entire expenditure. In British Columbia, and, indeed, throughout Canada, the same caution should be exercised. While much water-borne traffic has been absorbed by the railways, water traffic still has its important place. In connection with the construction of power dams or otner structures in streams, care should be exercised that navigation be not impaired ; also, that expenditures for so- called navigation are not incurred when, in reality, the improvements are only sought for the resultant water-power. Senator Theodore E -ton, formerly Chairman of the U.S. National Waterways Commission, and who has given special attention to waterway problems in the United States, has drawn attention to many very serious losses which the United States people have incurred throu'^h injudicious 'i! ' *For a discussion of the navigable stretches of the Mackenzie river and its tributaries in Northern Alberta and the Northwesit Territories see The llnrxplmUd W«t', by Rrnpst j, Chambers, Dept. of Interior, Ottawa, 1914. Consult, Afoc*«H»»e /{•i;fr( Senate Report). See Bibliography. Consult also Port Directory of Principal Canadian Ports and Harbours, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, 1913-1914. 20 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION expenditures of money in so-called river improvements. He cautions against yielding to the importunities of those who would exploit inland water resources according to their own desires. He recently stated : "Certainly among the most captivating, plausible and convincing groups of citizens who ever come to Washington are the 'booster clubs and 'boomers ' who go there with rivers to improve, and locks and dams to build, at greramlnt expense. Zest, importunity and ability to accomplish an end fn viLwTe nowhere better illustrated in this land than in the success of a waterway association seeking a Congressional appropriation. Serious consequences to 'he fishing resources result from Water-power obstructions which prevent the free passage of salmon and and Fisheries ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ subject is vital in its bearing upon power development, and yet it is frequently passed over. Practically all of the Pacific Coast streams of British Columbia and their tributaries are annually frequented by vast numbers of Pacific salmon con- sequently the salmon fishing industry is one of the most important interests to be safeguarded in the carrying out of works which will matenally affect the inland waterways. There are two main features to the problem of safeguarding the fishing interests in connection with power development : First, to permit a sufficient number of adult salmon satisfactorily to pass all obstructions m order to reach and deposit their ova upon the spawning beds of the streams ; and second, to ensure that the young salmon are afforded a satisfactory passageway out to the sea. In 1895. the province granted to a mining company the nght to construct a dam at the outlet of Ques-el lake,t but no provision was made for the passage of the salmon through .... dam. The result was that, following the com- pletion of the dam in 1898. the salmon were denied access to the spawning erounds of Quesnel lake and, without having spawned, penshed m countless thousands in the river below. Sufficient gold was not found to warrant a continuance of mining operations, and hence the gates which had been closed for a part of two seasons, were opened. This provided sufficient water to permit the salmon to reach the head of the river but owing to the stroag currents at the sluiceways, did not permit ingress of salmon to the lake, and hence for five years the fish continued to mass and die below the dam, while the spawning beds of Quesnel lake remained barren of sockeye salmon. In the 'big year- of 1901, the run to the Quesnel river was very large, but. owing to the failure to provide a fishway. the spawning grounds of the lake remained unseeded that year. The pack of 1905 was 500.000 cases less than in 1901 and has commonly been attributed to the failure to seed the beds of the Quesnel in 1901 In 1903, the Provincial Government constructed a fishway, and. in 1905. several million sockeye undoubtedly entered Quesnel lake, and the large spawning area apparently was well seeded. The run of sockeye in 1909 was .See Fiskways in the Inland Waters of Brttish Columbia, by Arthur V. White, published by Commission of Conservation. Ottawa. 1918. tSee Plate 25. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21 believed to have exceeded that of any former year, and it has been estimated that 4 000 000 adult sockeye salmon entered Quesnel lake through this fishway. During the construction of the Canadian Northern Ry.. a very serious blocking of the Fraser river occurred in 1913 and 1914 due to a rock slide in the canon above Yale. The slide produced currents and eddies of such ch^ac- ter as resulted in the holding back of millions of salmon. This obstruction was more serious than that at Quesnel lake, as it affected a larger area. Reports from the various spawning grounds showed that the run reachmg the grounds in 1913 was much below that of former big years. At Quesnel lake, where facilities existed for making an accurate estimate, only about 550 000 salmon pit^d through the fishway. as compared with 4.000.000 in 1909^ /^e -^-^^ of the salmon below the obstruction in the Fraser is well illustrated on Plate 2. In Canada both federal and provincial legislation has been enacted to 3afe- Euard the inland fisheries and to provide for the construction of fishways. The chief difficulty, however, as far as fishways are concerned, is that too frequently proper fishways are not provided, and that such as are provia^d fallowed to fall into disuse. The Dominion Fishenes Actt explicitly pi o^nde that fishways shall be built wherever the Mimster of Marine and Fisheries determines • y are necessary. ^^ The British Columbia Water Act. 1914, sec. 35. provides that : Proper provision shall be made by every licensee to the satisfaction of the Comp- troller . For the erection and maintenance by the licensee of a durable and efficient fishway in the stream or other waterway affected by the works J Water-power development may also conflict with fishing interests by the destruction of spawning grounds through the manipulation of the leveh of lakes used as storage reservoirs. When lake levels are raised the niargm of t ^ lake, up to the proposed flowage line, should be stripped of tree growth ar, ^ underbrush, to facilitate the formation of new beaches and maintain the healthy condition of the water. Here, again, the question o^ f.^^^^f be^°^^^ one of weighing advantages and disadvantages, but it is doubttul if any of the u^posed Advantages derivable from power development -^^ o^g^^^ J^-^™- tion of the source of one of our important supplies of food. Certainly, with intelligent regulation and forceful administration, the streams of the province hould not 0% continue to produce vast numbers of salmon, but the supp^ may be greatly increased. In fact, our supplies must be increased. Recording thek conclusions, some of the members of the special committee appointed to investigate the fishing industry of the State of Washington report : "We find that civilization and all of the ^^^^^^^16^,.°^^,^^"^;^*^^^^^^^ very serious effect in diminishing the natural propagation of fish. WeJ^^J that young fish that are hatched in rivers, tributary to rngation ditches in ther&'ey to the sea. are led. tc a large "tent into imgaUoncana and are thus destroyed. We find also that the sawdust from the mills bo^h in saU and fresh waters, is destructive of the young salmon and to the salmon eggs, »See Annual Report of iU CommisHoner of Fiskmes, British Columbia. 1909. pp. 1-13. tThe Fisheries Act. 1914. R.S.. c. 45. s. 1. {The British Columbia Water Act. 1914, section 35. ii i' li i1 22 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION and that various other agencies of modem civilization tend to the destruction of the young fish before they reach their maturity."* In \ 5W of the facts above presented, it is evident that no development for power or irrigation should be permitted on any of the salmon streams without fully safeguarding the fishing industry. The British Columbia laws relating to water clearly reflect SdMintoir" *^^ marked influence which the mining industry has exerted upon the use of water in the province. Mining, in point of value of annual production, has long been British Columbia's most important industry, although, during recent years, its forest products have sometimes exceeded its mineral production. The gold discoveries of the 'fifties' necessitated the use of water for placer mining. From 1858 to about 1880, this form of mining constituted the chief branch of the mining industry. Between 1860 and 1868 the average annual value of gold exceeded $3,000,000, reaching its maximum, nearly $4,000,000, in 1863, During the decade 1906-15, the production of placer gold averaged only about $600,000 annually, but there are good prospects of the industry reviving. The total value of placer gold produced to 1915 was about $74,000,- 000. About 1893, lode mining for gold commenced, and, from 1908 to 1915, it averaged over $5,000,000 annually, with a total production to 1915 aggre- gating nearly $87,00O,OO0.t Since 1895, there has been a remarkable growth in the production of various minerals. The production of gold, silver, lead, copper and zinc in 1895 was valued at less than $2,500,000, but, in 1915, it had increased to almost $20,000,000. The total value of the mineral products of the province for 1915 was about $29,500,000, and during the previous decade averaged nearly $27,000,000 annually.! These figures demonstrate the magnitude and great importance of the mining industry of British Columbia. Water and water-power have played a most important part in mining development. Without such power as is supplied by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. the great mining development which has taken place in the southern portion of the province would have been impossible. Large plants have also been established on the Pacific coast, such as those of the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co., at Howe sound, and of the Granby Con- solidated Smelting and Power Co., at Observatory inlet. There are also other, though smaller, hydro-electric plants situated at various mining centres throughout the province, such as those of the Hedley Gold Mining Co., on the Similkameen river, which are contributing materially to the advancement of mining operations. It is interesting to note that the hydro-electric plant of the Canadian Collieries, on the Puntledge river, V.I., has been erected practi- *Twenty-second and Twenty-third Annual Reports of the State Fish Commissioner, State of Washington, Department of Fisheries and Game, 1911-1912, p. 36. fThe increase in gold from lode mines is due, in part, to the increased output of copper. About 75 per cent of the gold production of the province is obtained from the smelting of copper bearing ores. The production of copper in 1915 was about 57,000,000 pounds, having a value of over $9,800,000. Jin 1916, it reached $42,290,462, due largely to the tremendous demand for munitir- metals and the high prices secured. For statistics respecting the mining industry of the province consult Annual Reports of the Minister of Mines, British Columbia, also Lands, Fisheries and Minerals, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. G ^ iN E R A L INTRODUCTION 23 cally at the pit mouth of one of British Columbia's largest coal mines, thus indicating that hydro-electric power has here successfully competed with cheap fuel. In the future, doubtless, the greatest advances in mining in British Columbia will be dependent upon there being available ample water-power or hydro-electric energy, and probably, many of the smaller and less accessible undeveloped water-powers will be most profitably utilized in connection with mining operations. In Eastern Canada, as well as in Eastern United States, industries depen- dent upon electric energy for refining metals are realizing that, before long, they may require to remove to localities where cheap power is available. In the more settled portions of the country, power is no longer obtainable at low rates, inasmuch as it is now required for municipal, domestic and light manu- facturing purposes, which yield a much larger return. Sufficient has been said to indicate the dependence of the mining industry, both for placer and lode mining, upon the inland waters of the province ; indeed, experience has demonstrated the fact that the gold output from hydraulic mining is practically proportioned to the number of days upon which water is a\ailable. With respect to the disposal of tailings and waste, every reasonable pre- caution should be taken to ensure against the serious blocking of channels by deposits. Accumulations of tailings are frequently washed out by freshets and ruin valuable agricultural lands. To a lesser extent, these comments apply to the ordinary dumps from lode mines. The sites for dumps should be carefully selected, with reference to the preservation of the purity of the streams. Also, streams should not be polluted by chemical or other waste products in such manner as to render the water unfit for other profitable uses. The pollution of New York harbour, Toronto harbour, the Mand°Water8 ^'^^^ ^^^^^ ^^'^ *^^ Ottawa river, and the pollution, by summer travel, of inland waters, like those of the Muskoka district, demonstrate the need to safeguard British Columbia's inland waters against similar pollution. No effort should be spared to prevent the pollution of waters by domestic sewage and industrial wastes. Those upon whom it devolves to provide domestic and municipal water supplies should have their hands strengthened in every reasonable endeavour to safeguard waters which are present or potential sources of supply for the growing cities, towns and villages of the province. The great and increasing pollution of waters, rendering them unfit for necessary uses, will, in the future, demand more serious attention than has hitherto been given it.* The effects of sewage upon waters into which it has been turned may be studied through many valuable publications and reports. Conclusions based ♦In 1913, a Committee of the Senate considered the subject of pollution of inland waters. For their deliberations and conclusions consult : Proceedings and Evidence of the Select SpecuU CommiUcc on the Pollution of Navisable Waters (revised e.-lition), ntt.-ivv.i, 191.^ ; see also, Draft Bill of Dominion Pollution Health Conference re Pollution of Waterways,' p. 167 of Second Annuat Report of the Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911 ; see also Reports upon the PoUution of International Waters, issued by the International Joint Commission. For titles of same see pa^e 7 of List of Decisions, Reports, etc., of the International Joint Commission, Washmgton, 1916. I-, ■i i 1 I ! ♦! 24 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION upon the testimony of the consulting sanitary experts in the matter of the pollution of boundary waters between the United States and Canada are below summarised. Many of them are pertinent to waters other than so-called boundary waters. The resume of the sanitary experts is signed by George W. Fuller, Earle B. Phelps, George C. Whipple, W. S. Lee and J. T. Larenifire. F. A. Dallyn submitted a minority resume.* "I. Speaking generally, water supplies taken from streams and lakes which receive the drainage of agricultural and grazing lands, rural communities, and unsewered towns are unsafe for use without purification, but are safe for use if purified. "2. Water supplies taken from streams and lakes into which the sewage of cities and towns is directly discharged are safe for use after purification, pro- vided that the load upon the purifying mechanism is not too great and that a sufficient factor of safety is maintained, and, further, provided that the plant is properly operated. " 3. As, in general, the boundary waters in their natural state are relatively clear and contain but little organic matter, the best index of pollution now available for the purpose of ascertaining whether a water-purification plant is overloaded is the number of B. colt per 100 cubic centimeters of water expressed as an annual average and determined from a considerable number of con- firmatory tests regularly made throughout the year. "4. While present information does not permit a definite limit of safe loading of a water-purification plant to be established, it is our judgment that this limit is exceeded if the annual average number of B. coli in the water delivered to the plant is higher than about 500 per 100 cubic centimeters, or, if in 0.1 cubic centimeter samples of the water, B. coli is found 50 per cent of the time. With such a limit the number of B. coli would be less than the figure given during a part of the year and would be exceeded during some periods. "5. In waterways where some pollution is inevitable and where the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of sewage is so large that no local nuisance can result, it is our judgment that the method of sewage disposal by dilution represents a natural resource and that the utilization of this resourc.^ is justifi- able for economic reasons, provided thtt an unreasonable burden or respon- sibility is not placed upon any water-punfication plant and that no menace to the public health is occasioned thereby. "6. While realizing that in certain cases the discharge of crude sewage intc the boundary waters may be without danger, it is our judgment that efiec.-ve sanitary administration requires the adoption of the general policy that no untreated sewage from cities or towns shall be discharged into the boundary waters. "7. The nature of the sewage treatment required should vary accordmg to the local conditions, each community being permitted to take advantage •Concerning Mr. Dallyn's minority r^sum^, the Chief Sanitary Expert, Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, states: "Mr. Dallyn's revision of the r^sum^ report is not essentially different from the original. He insisted on the elimination of paragraphs 5, 7 and 11, which he considered to be an exp.ession of self-evident facts and substituted monthly for yearly averages in determining the number ot B. coli per 100 cubic centimeters of water." Paragraph 8 of Mr. Dallyn's r^sum^ reads : " Disinfection or sterilizution of the sewage of a community should be required wherever there is danger of the boundarj' waters being so pollute-'! that bathing beaches, summer resort waters, and the load on any water purification plant becomes greater than is in the interests of public health." To compare differences in the two r^sum^s, consult Rhumi of Testimony of Consuttnt Engin- eers in the matter of the Pollution of Boundary Waters. Conference held in New York City, May 26-27, 1914 Washington, 1914. 'X. UJ 'A 5 a.: i>: GENERAL INTRODUCTION of its situation with respect to local conditions and i*' ^moteness from other communities, with the intent that the cost of sewage .eatment may be kept reasonably low. "8. In general, the simplest allowable method of sewage treatment, such as would be suitable for small communities remote from other communities, should be the removal of the larger suspended solids by screening through a one-fourth-inch mesh or by sedimentation. "9. In general, no more elaborate method of sewage treatment should be required than the removal of the suspended solids by fine screening or by sedimentation, or both, followed by chemical disinfection or sterilization of the clarified sewage. Except in the case of some of the smaller streams on the boundary, it Is our judgment that such ozidizing processes as intermittent sand filtration, and treatment by sprinkling filters, contact beds, and the like, are imnecessary, inasmuch as ample dilution in the lakes and large streams will provide sufficient oxygen for the ultimate destruction of the organic matter. " 10. Disinfection or sterilization of the sewage of a community should be requited wli rever there is danger of the boundary waters being so polluted that the load on any water-purification plant becomes greater than the limit above mentioned. " 11. It is our opinion that, in general, protection of public water supplies is more economically secured by water purification at the intake than by sewage purification at the sewer outlet, but that under some conditions both water purification and sewage treatment may be necessary. "12. The bacteriological tests which have been made in large numbers under the direction of the International Joint Commission indicate that in most places the pollution of the boundary waters is such as to be a general menace to the public health should the water be used without purification as sources of public water supply or should they be used for drinking purposes by persons travelling in boats. "13. It is our judgment that the drinking water used on vessels traversing boundary waters should not be taken indiscriminately from the waters traversed, unless subjected to adequate purification, but should be obtained preferably from safe sources of supply at the terminals. "14. While recognizing that the direct discharge of fecal matter from boats into the boundary waters may often be without danger, yet in the interest of effective sanitary administration it is our judgment that the indiscriminate ' rge of unsterilized fecal matter from vessels into the boundary waters L . J not be permitted." It is also of the utmost importance that the percolating and underground waters be conserved against pollution. Careful investigation has shown that the pollution of the local sources of water supply for factories and farms is more widespread than is usually assumed. Dr. W. T. Connell, Professor of Bacteriology, Queen's University, has drawn attention to the serious condition of many of such sources of water supply. His statements well illustrate con- ditions which exist scattered through the whole country. Dr. Connell said : "Another subject to which considerable attention has again been given, is that of water supplies at factories and at farms. During the past year over two-thirds of such samples submitted have proven to be infected with daneerous forms of bacteria. I class as dangerous, forms which can be traced as originat- ing from the intestinal discharges of animals or man, or, in the case of factories, as coming from factory drainage. Of course, it must be remembered that I am only sent samples which have fallen under suspicion, so that my figtires do not represent the average condition of the farm and factory wells in 26 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Eastern Ontario. Still I think I can state that quite one-third of the veils at farms and factories are so situs V'd as to be open to pollution from surface drainage or from seepage from manure piles, stables, or pig-pens, or from house- wastes. " What is true of pollution in local conditions may become correspondingly true over larger areas if proper regulation is not exercised respecting the dis- posal of waste where it is dealt with on a larger scale. PoUtttion by Special precautions must be exercised to insure that indus- Ptcto^ and trial wastes are not permitted to foul inland waters and Induftriai Wastes u i. ^r • ... harbours. Very senous results may follow pollution by waste products emitted from industries utilizing power from these waters. Industrial waste products which destroy life in the waters into which they are turned must be regarded seriously in their probable influences upon human life.* The deposit of sawdust, mill refuse and crusiier sand in the harbours and inland waters of British Columbia may become a fruitful source of pollution. Apart from its efifects upon navigation, it smothers the foods for various kinds of fish, and other forms of aquatic life. It is, indeed, anomalous to find mill operators casting saw-dust or other refuse from their mills into a river, or harbour, while, at the same time, public money is being expended upon dredging operations to remove such deposits, and thereby afford an entrance for shipping. British Columbia harbours and inland waters require protection against such abuses. Quite apart from questions respecting the specific effects of deforestation upon precipitation and run-off, every pre- caution should be taken to prevent the accumulation in streams of logging waste and other wood debris. Such material causes serious log jams, some of which have resisted all efforts to dislodge them by heavy blasting. Such debris is a serious menace to bridges and public high- ways, to water-power developments and to log driving. It gets into stop-log and other sluices, lodges about the intakes of water flumes, and jams against booms and the crests of dams. For views showing the character of some of these log jams, see Plate 3. Considering its extensive area of about 360,000 square miles, British Columbia is but sparsely settled, and, consequently, there has not yet been much manifestation of some conditions met with in the older and more densely settled portions of the country. The province will do well to profit from some of these special conditions experienced in connection with lumbering operations in Nova Scotia. Referring to the effects of deforestation, Hiram Donkin, Road Commissioner of that province, states, in his report for 1909. that : "It is of the utmost importance in the construction of small bridges that, in future, ample allowance be made in the span of the structures, to provide against conditions arising from the fact that, as the country becomes cleared up, or denuded of timber, the rainfall must of necessity flow to the streams more quickly and the freshets become more severe." . . 'Citations of publications which set forth the effects of pollution bv certain chemical an i mdustnal waste products will be found on page 9 of Water-Powers of Canada, Commission of Con- servation, Ottawa, 1911. Consult also, B.C. " Water Act, 1914," section 47 (3) Inland Waters and Lumbering c; ENERAL INTRODUCTION 37 Log Driving and Boulders In the same report, Assistant Commissioner James \V. Mackenzie, writes that: "It seems to have been the custom for years, as wood became scarce, to narrow up and confine the streams in smaller vents. If it is a fact that the ckaring up of the country is the cause of the water running off suddenly in case of heavy downfalls, our bridges must be enlarged to carry the increased streams, and this has been my experience during the last twenty years .... "The most destructive summer freshet experienced in the counties of .\ntigonish and Pictou for the last twenty years, was the freshet of August 2nd, 1908. Some forty-six bridges in x\ntigonish county and fifty-six in Pictou were carried out, and in some sections every structure in wood was cleaned away. I took particular notice that, where the lumber trimmings had been thrown into the stream, the destruction was the greatest." In a letter dealing with these matters, Mr. Mackenzie states that : "Wherever the streams passed through cultivated lands, the bridges escaped destruction, but where they passed through wooded lands, culled over by lumbermen, boughs, trimmings of trees, brush and sticks if every descrip- tion, logs, etc., were carried down, forming jams at every turn, and carrying away all the bridges." From the foregoing it will be appreciated that British Columbia, with its extensive commercial timber resources, will do well to devise means by which such losses as those just outlined may be avoided. The beds of many rivers are strewn with large boulders, and, in log-driving seasons, it becomes necessary to flood these boulders so that the logs may float over them. To flood these river bottoms often entail? reat loss of water, which might otherwise be stored and made available for use for power and other purposes during the low-water seasons. In some instances it may be ]5ossible for logging, water- power and other interests to co-operate in sharing the expenses incident to the improvement of those portions of the river beds which detrimentally affect log driving. The value of the inland waters of British Columbia as an attrac- Attract Tourists ^^°" ^°'" tourists is well known. Care should be exercised to conserve their scenic and sporting attractions. If water is to be stored in lakes and rivers for the purpose of augmenting the water supply for power, log driving, or other purposes, the possible future effect upon the tourist traffic should be ascertained. For example, if the surface of a lake is to b,i held for extended periods at, say, five to ten feet above its accustomed level, the water will destroy the shore-line vegetation, including such stand- ing timber as is submerged at the higher stages. Pleasure seekers are not attracted by a lake or river fringed with five or ten feet of dead and whitened trees and shrubbery. In some instances, governments have inter\-ened to prevent private interests from so raising the levels of certain lakes as to impair their scenic beauty. Wherever possible, the designers of power plants should strive to have their structures harmonize with the natural surroundings. The Queen Vic- toria Niagara Falls Park Commissioners, for example, demanded that the power plants constructed at Niagara Falls should be of approved design and m m |! i:! irij ii Jill 28 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION harmonize with the scenic grandeur of the Park. Great care was exercised to ensure that works erected did not prove an offence to natural beauty and esthetic taste. Again, anyone famiHar with the great natural beauty and very attractive design of the irrigation and power plant at the Roosevelt dam in Salt river, Arizona, cannot fail to be impressed with the attractiveness to tourists of such an installation. Not only should the design of structures harmonize with the natural beauty of their surroundings, but, after plants are erected, care shotild be exercised to enstire that worthy efforts in design are not nullified by failure to 'clean up.' At small expense, discarded equipment, unsightly dumps of rock and timber refuse may be cleared away, dead or unsightly trees removed, roads and trails cleared up, a few trees planted to hide the unsightly dump heaps — in fact, the whole development, with but little effort, may be made to harmonize with the landscape, rather than constitute an eyesore. As British Columbia has a number of streams which cross the Interaational i_ j ». ....... Boundary Waters boundary, questions may arise in connection with the utihza- tion of these waters, which require consideration by the Inter- national Joint Commission. Under the Boundary Waters' Treaty of 1910,* between Great Britain and the United States, provision is made that waters flowing across the boundary shall not be polluted on either side to the injury of health or property on the other. The treaty contains provisions governing the erection of obstructions for the making of diversions, whether temporary or permanent, of boundary waters, on either side of the line, affecting the natural level or flow of boundary waters on the other side of the line ; and it also provides that where there has been any interference with or diversion from their natural channel of waters on either side of the boundary resulting in any injury on the other side of the boundary, the injured parties shall have the same rights and be entitled to the same legal remedies as if such injury took place in the country where such diversion or interference occurs. Thus, by way of illustr ition. the Courts of British Columbia are open to the citizens of the State of T^ashington, and vice versa. Some of the streams which cross the international boundary require careful consideration in their possible economic relations. On the United States side there are some power-sites which, if fully developed, might have important economic bearing upon possible developments in British Columbia, either by attracting industries or competitively affecting rates. For example, there is the possible development at Kettle falls, on the Columbia river, and also on the same river the proposed development at the Dalles. At the latter site it has been estimated that a minimum of 300,000 24-hour horse-power, at *The Rules of Procedure before the International Joint Commission will be found in Rules of Procedure of the International Joint Commission, and mav be obtitnet! from the Sccrptarj-, Ottawa, Canada, and also Washington, D.C. The Boundary Waters Treaty will he found as Appendix No. t, in Waler-Povoers of Canada, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 29 a cost of $6.89 per horse-power per year, may be produced.* Again, there is the permitf granted, in 1913, by the United States Government, involving the development of power on the Pend d'Oreille river (or Clark fork), in Tps. 39 and 40 north, range 43 east. It calls for an installation within three years from 1913 of 50,000 horse-power. This power-site, for the purposes of the permit, is deemed to be 112,000 horse-power. Again, power, irrigation and other problems may arise in connection with such rivers as the Kootenay, Okanagan, Kettle, Similkameen, or Skagit. British Columbia is especially interested in the power and other poten- tialities of its boundary waters with respect to treaty obligations as well as to economic and other factors. Investigation of these waters is not being overlooked, and the Provincial Comptroller of Water Rights has been gathering hydrometric and other physical data. R£sum£ and Summary In concluding this introductory survey it will be profitable, briefly, to summarize some of the salient features touched upon in the foregoing. First, we have observed that precipitation is the prime source of inland water supply, and that not only water-power, but such other interests as domestic and municipal water supply, agriculttire, irrigation, navigation, fisheries, mining and riparian rights, are all dependent upon the same source. Consequently, water should not be allotted for power development without due recognition to the just demands of other interests having claims upon our inland waters viewed broadly as a natural resource. Second, run-off, manifested in the form of stream flow, is intimately associated with the character of the ground upon which precipitation falls, and consequently, care should be taken to conserve vegetal cover ; more especially is this necessary- for rocky areas which have but scanty soil covering. Third, sub-soil waters are by no means inexhaustible. Plant growth is dependent upon having available an adequate amount of soil moisture. Nothing should be done to deplete, unduly, the ground-water storage. Effective legis- lation and administration should be provided governing the tapping of under- ground water supplies. Fourth, the use of water for irrigation tends materially to increase the permanent settlement of the country. Consequently, in most instances, when irrigation requirements and power requirements conflict, the former are entitled to precedence. Hydro-electric power developed on somewhat distant streams •Respecting proposed developments on the Columbia river, consult Tke Columbia River Power Project near the Dulles, Oregon, by John H. Lewis, State Engineer, with detailed technical report by L. F. Harza and V. H. Reineking, Bulletin No. 3, Office of the State Engineer, Salem. Oregon^ 1912 ; also Oregon's Opportunity in National Preparedness, Bulletin No. 5, Office of the state Engineer, Salem, Oregon, ;916. This report contains summaries descriptive of possible power developments on the Columbia river. See especially pp. 37 el sea. tRespecting the proposed power development on the Pend d'Oreille, see Permit granting the International Power & Manufacturing Co., of Spokane, Washington, the right to construct a dam across Clark fork, or Pend d'Oreille river, for the development of power, being U.S. Senate Uucument No. 147, 63rd Cong. 1st Sess., Washington, 1913 ; also consult, Wattr Rights and firmer MUs %n Idaho, being letter from the Secretary of the Interior transmitting information relative to Water RighU, Power Sites, etc., acquired on the public lands in Idaho, being U.S. Senate Document No. 370, 6Ut Cong., 2nd. Sess. ^ \i iddB 30 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION may, by means of high tension transmission, be used for pumpii.-' "-dter supplies where such are not available by gravity, and may thus facilitate irrigation development. Fifth, not infrequently navigation interests are regarded as of much greater importance than power development. Any works contemplated for the improvement of navigation should be considered in their relationship to river systems as a whole. Expenditures should be carefully watched and pre- cautions taken to ensure that improvements, so called, are not undertaken ostensibly for navigation, when in reality they are sought for the sake of such water-power benefits as may incidentally be developed thereby. Sixth, the fishing industry in British Columbia is one which demands that the best possible methods be used for its conservation. Provision requires to be made for the upward migration of adult salmon for spawning purposes, and the downward passage of the young fish to the sea. Obstructions, such as dams, rock slides, log jams, etc., may have a disastrous effect upon this industry. Fishways should be provided. The whole question of fishways requires thorough investigation. Other fish besides salmon require conservation. It is not established that satisfactory means have been devised by which fish may successfully ascend over high dams — even over dams which do not exceed twenty to thirty feet in height.* Seventh, the development of the mining industry during recent years has resulted largely through electrical energy being available through the development of provincial water-powers, and the future offers bright prospects for the further application of hydLO-electric power to the various branches of this industry. Eighth, the pollution of inland waters must be most jealously guarded against. Mining, factory and industrial wastes and sewage must not be per- mitted to foul inland waters. Debris and other waste resulting from loggini; operations are apt to cause serious log jams, which are a menace to public highways, bridges and also to power development. Ninth, the tourist traffic is a valuable provincial asset, not only because of the money actually spent by travellers, but because of the opportunity afforded of drawing attention to the various natural resources of the province. Consequently, every reasonable care should be taken to guard against the spoiling of shorelands through submergence : and further, care should be exercised in the design and construction of power works, making them, where possible, harmonize with the general natural features of their surroundings. Tenth, in connection with the use of boundary waters, problems, from time to time, may arise necessitating consideration by the International Joint Commission. In this connection, therefore, it is especially desirable that physical data appertaining to such waters should be so collected as to be available for use in connection with such problems as may arise respecting waters which are classed in the Boundary Waters Treaty as ' boundary waters.' ♦Not rliscus,secl in detail in this chapter us subject is covered in Fishways in Ihc Ini^ni Waters of British Columbia., hy Arthur V. White, published by Commission of Conservat ; m, OtUwa, 1918. CHAPTER II Water-power Data IX this chapter it is proposed to set forth, briefly, some broad guiding prin- ciples which should be fully comprehended by those who have occasion to consider the factors basic to estimates respecting the physical magnitude and economic importance of water-power projects. The United States has devoted much attention to the acquiring of infor mation respecting i' i . -"d water resources, and, since 1895, has been con- ducting a sj'stemt ■■^- •""tion to determine its water resources. This work has involved tiiv; u. jf surveys, the gauging of streams, the investi- gation of underground waters and artesian supply, the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing and conserving the water resources, as well as research along many other lines. During 1895 to 1915, inclusive, the United •States appropriated nearly $2,500,000 for this work, and, in addition, individual states expended large sums for similar investigations. In Canada, especially since 1910, great advances in the gathering of stream flow and c'^her hydrometric data have also been made by both federal and provincial authorities, and large sums of money have been appropriated for such work. One of the chief objects in securing and publishing data respecting water- powers is to enable the owners of rights to determine the possibilities and limitations of their powers, and thus arrive at sound judgment respecting their possible uses and value. Another object is to enable prospective promoters to learn the general possibilities of various powers, without the necessity of making costly independent preliminary surveys. Certainly if the Crown bu Uw owner of water-powers, it is of the utmost importance that it be informed beforehand upon essential facts connected with its water resources. Broad Although the amount of water-power is essentially determined Classification of by two basic factors ; one, the hydrostatic head, or the ver- -powers ^j^^j (jjg(.^j^(,g through which the water may fall ; the other, the amount of water which may be made to operate upon the water-wheels, yet there are many characteristic features associated with water powers which differentiate one power from another and which, respectively, determine their commercial and economic values. These features should be well under- iitood. Water-powers, from one viewpoint, may be considered on the basis of their probable uses. Those capable of being employed for supplying electrical encrfjy for municipal and community purposes, such as lighting, heating,. pumping, and certain kinds of manufacturing, should be regarded as having greater economic value than those situated where power '^ only usable in large manufacturing plants, the supplying of the raw material for which virtually iii 32 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION means the destruction of Nature's balance in the territory where the plants °^^T!gain. the uniformity of the available flow in streams varies greatly. The St. Lawrence river, owing to the vast natural storage capacity of the Gre^t lakes has the most uniform flow of any large nver m North America or probably in the world. The proportion of its flood to minimum flow is about 2 to 1 On the Winnipeg river, above English nver, the ratio is 6 to 1 , on the Ottawa river it exceeds 15 to 1; on the Columbia river, at the DaUe«; Oregon it is 28 to 1; on the Delaware river at Pert Jervis. N.J.. it js 375 to 1. S^h Columbia:on the Pend d'Oreille river, it is 16 to J ; on the fotenay river at Bonnington falls, it is 25 to 1; on the Fraser "jer at Lytton. Us 38 to 1- on the Campbell river. Vancouver island, it is 43 to 1. On smaller watersheds the ratio is usually greater and on some streams draimng even ^as of considerable size the minimum flow is zero.* Other conditions being e"S. wSer-power developments on a river like the St. I--ence would be oive^ much greater value than developments on a nver subject to such great variations of flow as. for example, the Mississippi. ^„„„,„„ Another feature is the possibility of being able to make a partial develop- ment of a^wer-site. or portion of a stream, more cheaply than the same .zed SopmenT could be made if constricted as part of a comprehensive scheme Sereventually to utilize all the available power. Thus, not infrequently ' rS development unwisely planned, has precluded subsequent f^ develop- aeS^ save at almost prohibitive cost. For example, suppo^ a certain Pow^^' Ste i capable of yielding 10.000 h.p. If deve^ment nghts are let to A for 2 000 h p . to B for 1.000 h.p. and to C for 1.000 h.p.. and A. B and C are ^"^ed^o design and constnict their individual -rks "^Pef- °^ ^^t other or of the possible development of the remaming 6.000 h.p.. then, it wUl probably become quite impracticable to get anything like the remaining IS)0 h.p.. because of the damage that would be caused to the plants of A B and C. On the other hand, if preliminary works are ^onstnicted jith a view to utilizing, as occasion demands, any amount of power up to the full To ^0 h p.. no such contingency as has been supposed could well anse. Con sequentlv ;egulations respecting power-sites should be so ramed as to require that preUminary installation of dams and other main works necessary for the contrdoHhe waters he made having regard to the possible future development of the full water-power that may be made available. It is as unreasonable not to differentiate between water-powers as it would be not to differentiate between timber tracts, mineral lands, fishenes. or any other natural resource varying in quantity, quality and situation. It should not be forgotten, when making -P--f ations respec^ n^^^^^^^^^ amount of power that may be available for any particular site, that it is neces ;^y to know the conditions of the river at which the stated ^moun o po^J may be produced. The minimum, or primary power, as it is frequently tenned, •The figures for the river, in Bntu^Colu^bia u«^^^^^^^^ Rate 4 BRITISH COLUMBIA ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO. Coquitlam-Buntzen clevelopmenl Gener'' view of Coquitlam hyrtraulic-fill (lam with water flowing over spillway. >.--^ ill BRITISH COLUH/IBIA ELECTRIC RAILWAY CO. Anibursen type of (lam on Jor(ian river. Van(»uver Islanr). with water passinn over spillway. _.:3iMi WATER-POWER DATA 33 IS the amount of power that may be developed during the period of lowest flow. It has been defined as the amount of power which is available for every hour of every day of every year. What is frequently termed secondary power IS usually many times the primary power. As very low-water conditions generally last for but a comparatively short portion of the year, it is usually possible to develop during the greater portion of the year a considerably larger amount than the primary power. Frequer'.'.y, this larger amount can be effectively utilized for industries not requiring continuous plant operation. The pre-determination of the probable amount of power which any par- ticular water-power site may be made to yield, is a problem that calls for more extensive hydromctric data than is furnished by scattered and non- consecutive measurements of stream flow, precipitation, etc. Also, it is very important that such cognate data be available as will enable a sound opinion to be formed respecting the relationship which any proposed power develop- ment may bear to any other water interest or interests that may be involved. If some important relationship is overiooked, sooner or later its importance will demand recognition by those who proceeded in defiance of its just claims. In estimating the amount of power that may be developed, hydrometric records of precipitation, temperature, run-off, etc.. extending, if possible, over a period of fifteen, or more, years should be available satisfactorily to appraise the probable regimen of the waters involved. Fuunckl Interests Twenty years or so ago, when water-powers began to be cSStion^*"''* developed much more extensively owing to the advancement in the art of electrical transmission, there was not available anything like the body of stream flow and other hydrometric data that exists to-day. There was then more excuse than now for errors in engineering and other estimates respecting the performance of water-power installations. Many large plants have proved financial failures on account of such errors. With all the data now available relating to hvdrological conditions, cost of construction, market possibilities, etc., it is cleariy incumbent upon those interested from the financial side of proposed developments, to exercise the same kind of common judgment they would display in collecting and appraising facts relating to any other set of circumstances. A financial agent could readily look over past statements of a concern and learn its lowest or highest yeariy or monthly revenues, profits, etc. I he should find periods when the profits dropped to, say, 2 per cent, he need never be misled by the assurances of some enthusiastic promoter that profits in the concern "might be 20 per cent and had never fallen below 5 per cent." Similariy, anyone interested in possible power development may now readily place himself in possession of data which will, at least, give some independent check upon representations that may be made respecting the physical magnitude and approximate cost of development of water-power in which he may be interested. Thus, by way of simple illustration; if a low flow of a stream has been recorded, this quantity in cubic feet per second multiplied by the total available head in feet and then divided by 11. gives the low-water horse-power of the stream on the basis of 80 per cent efficiency. Such a figure, then, consti- ;n H H COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION f I tutes a check upon any representations. Similarly, in connection with storage benefits, no reliance shovdd be placed upon vague statements to the effect that 'ample storage is available.' The flow corresponding to certain effective water storage may readily be checked. A depth of one foot on an area of one square mile is equivalent to a continuous flow of approximately 0.88 cubic feet per second for one year. Thus, a depth of 10 feet of effective storage on a lake 10 square miles in area would maintain a continuous flow of 88 second- feet for a year, or 176 second-feet for 6 months, or 352 second-feet for 3 months. The extent to which such storage could be employed to equalize flow would, of course, depend upon how it could be co-ordinated to the run-off as distri- buted over any selected period. Topocraphic ^^ addition to such hydrometric data as have just been in- Mapa dicated, a knowledge is required of the topography and other NecMsaty p'ysical characteristics of watersheds. The basis for consider- ing this class of information is a reliable map, giving the results of an adequate topographic survey and showing the contours of the country. It is, therefore, important that maps be available showing the areas of the drainage basins, the locations of possible reservoir sites, and their situations with respect to public necessities, irrigable lands, water-powers and navigu 'on resources. The maps of the lesser known portions of Canada have been constructed largely from data collected by stirvey and exploration parties, carrying on reconnaissance surveys to determine the general geological structure, the outstanding topographic features and the extent and general character of the forest, agricultural, arid, swamp and other sections of the country. Since the lakes, rivers and streams usually constitute the natural highways of ex- plorers, they have frequently indicated on their maps such obstructions to navigation as falls and rapids. While the limitations of the information regarding the water-powers incidentally collected and published in reports are recognized, it has, nevertheless, been deemed profitable to refer to the principal statements found in such reports. Throughout our investigation the descriptions of topography given in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada have been of very great value, and have been freely used. In connection with exploratory work, where it can consistently be done, it should be part of the standing instructions to all surveyors and explorers in the em- ploy of governments in Canada, to embody in their reports the most accurate information procurable respecting water supply, water-powers and reservoir sites in the territory traversed.* Caution Great caution must be displayed respecting the uses made of Reaoec^ information in reports, the character of which is not fully Information defined. Little confidence can be placed in any reports of water-powers not based upon actual measurements, for, without proper measure- ments, the best judgment of explorers, and even of engineers, as to the heights •Consult, InstructioHS SelattHg to the Gatkennt of Certain Preliminary Information Resp'ct- ing Water-Powers, by Arthur V. White, Pamphlet, Commission of Conservation, OtUwa, Vni. WATER-POWER DATA „ the falls onV KawashkaimI nveTr 1'°"^^''°^' told him that .< low .voter: and a sur^S^a^s^d h-^^^^^^^ '^'^P'"^ ^«'«0« ^.p. yield as much power as the SrntSTia A^r aT'.^'^'"" ^""''^ e« a^vedat the falls, and found t^h.^^^d tr^^Sh^ n^entfrirtiirto^itTo'^^^^^ '^ -^^^^^ ^-V --^1 state- annual reports o^reMiSerof'LaSsfr'p vTA%" '°""^ '" ''"^ ^^ ^^^ ences are made to L^ S^^'rtl ;\rS^^^^^^^^ body'^w^^ef Sht^4?o;\^^^^ '?>^e. a considerable stream, runs through Longlake to VnT.XJ i t,^^''i?'^^ ^°"g "^•'^'•- « ^«^f^ half of the water which lelves\fo? .ohVi?*^ ^^\^- J^'^ "^" carries nearly below the outlet frTm Long kk^ there It^ ^''^^ f ?'lf "^"'- ^^^^^ a mile which an enormous amoZlf^X^l'^Jl Ktlinld '"^ °" "^^"^ "^^'•- ^^^^^ more''p\'rtTclti;tTh""xlToi" ' "'"' 'T ^"''^^^^ ^-^y- '^-'-^ McLeo'd lake. This surveyol stlt^^ """"" °' ^ ^°"^^ ^^'^^ ^^"-X"'- ^o Out of Long lake flows Long Ske river a 1!?/? f^^ ^° ^""^ ^^^ plateau-level. 18 mches deep. About a mfartPr nf ? u "," ^"'^'"" ^o^^ ^0 feet wide and stream becom^es s^frandTusr^eyond ^i^P^^^^^ T^'' ""^ '^' '^^e the descending in three long kaos of ahont /n f "f °^ P'P'ds and falls, the water ^•ater to use this for pLTplrL£ but it rn f-f' k ^^7' " «^' ^«-^«'^«' irngating the level jack-pine teSe.wlvv, T^^ ^'^ "'5^ *° advantage in McLeod lake."t terraces, which descend gradually from here to as ••Jtge^stir " wUh ••:„' V^ ^^"^'"' °"^ ^^^'^^^^ ^^--^--^ 't explorer states th^i it7, "/ u °"' f.'"^""' °^ P°"-^^-"' ^'^ile the other water to use :L-:tpo;;r;u;pots""^'" ^"' ^'" "^'^-^ ^' -^ -'^-"t I -chlt™:tbnTrdeteTorwl"at;"d' r'°" "''^^^'^^^ ^^^""^'^ ^'^-^ ^° financial losses in now.?^ T ^^"^''^'"^ ^y its general character. Serious interpret rhesSSn^e^fP^^^ --">' -"'t from failure correctly To which mav be ava nable or tn^ f ^- "'°"" °' ^''' P""^"^^ "^^^'^^'^^ and Uccessityfor wS^whi^V. I-' r'"^ °"' °^ consideration factors, the experience. '^ ^^''^ ^'°"'^ ^^^'^ been foreseen by those of suffident M 11 t fbi^i-te"*^ "^ ^"''^' «"'«" Columbia. 19,2. p. D325. n \f 36 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION S«rious Failuret of Mme Developmentt T tt,P ti.n o- twelve years preceding 191S. eighteen large lydio^leSric lilns in the 'united States, totalUng over 5^ci;;«ent. 6X;S develop "^^Tr^'^r'n^oS "'h^La^ [n the vicinity of $125,000,000. proved financially unprofitable. These arc %':!!™uSTOPM^^^^^^^ UNITED STATK WHICH ^^VE^^' BAD INVESTMENTS Hudson River. Spice Fall^ N.Y.. Mechani-^iUe^ N^Y. . ...•■• ^^Si^S^ST^nlXw'a-U.^-fc^^^^^^^ -eno. Idaho . ^^il^aS^oVlSS'^Jids. wash YaSdn River Power Co.. Rockinghr-n. N.C ?KS^ MeS^?ft?°^!l5^ S^^^^*^^^^^ kt'LSJ^^ River^eVco.: Masser^. N.Y t^S^^^?^c Power C^; San F^cisco Whitney plant, on Yadkin River Miscellaneous small water powers Alabama Power Co. Appalachian Power Co Total 52.000 23.000 10.000 4,500 40.000 8,000 80.000 4.000 25.000 15.000 40.000 60,000 25.000 50.000 20,000 50.000 70.000 40,000 ,, . Claimed that much of the failure m conn-tion^^^^^^^^^^ has resulted from the mistakes of ^^T'^-^^^Xe^'J,.,,tirnates of the ••honest mistakes in most of the cases ^f J J^^^^J f^ , qO per cent, quantity of water available, '-'^-"f .!^" f ""^^^^^^^^^ -£ the enter- js:::st:uS^r;::j:^:rtr;^^ec^ - . neany doub. ''' li:rS interests contei^Ming ^^^;^^^^tJr^^ ^^ afford to proceed without ;^7j;j ^^^^^^^^^^.^..^^ iF^T^^^entsheremadeconsult/Testimon^^^^ ^"^^^ ?.rU?o^^«S'i»^'Sr/^^^^^^ O^ker Purposes,,,. 292 et .^..Wash- rnrto".ac:i91S./ ^_ ..^^uallyplaced upon a better finan.cial basis forthceewho acquire Powe^Tin We/ary Timed''r.^7J'Wl'kZMiu al^' W* AhhuoI Report. 1916.P H i!: WATER-POWER DATA 37 Such reckoning nust be made chiefly from two standpoints ; one regarding steam power as a straight competitor ; the other considering steam power to be used as an auxiliary source to augment the supply of hydraulic power during periods of low water. Daring recent years great advances have been made in the art of developing power from coal and the cost of power from this source has been very materially cheapened. These subjects, however, do not fall within the scope of the present report, but attention is drawn to them, because, in the future, the co-ordination of steam power to hydraulic power will have to be given much greater economic weight than in the past. In a word, too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the necessity for giving the fullest possible consideration to all essential factors connected with proposed water-power installations before proceeding unth actual di-velop- ment. There are in Canada an exceptionally great number of lakes. Statements many of large size, and it has sometimes been suggested that Critidnd where there are such extensive water areas there probably is associated therewith a large amount of water-power. But water is not necessarily water-power, and comparisons of water areas in different territories, while interesting and valuable for some purposes, are apt to be misleading, especially if used — as they have been used — to suggest that the total amount of water-power is great owing to the existence of numerous and extensive water areas. The impossibility of basing estimates upon such considerations may readily be perceived. Take, for example, the Nechako River watershed in British Columbia, with an area of some 17,900 square miles. The total known water area of the province is estimated at about 4,000 square miles. Of this, about 1,000 square miles, or 25 per cent, is in the Nechako River water- shed, and, although there are several valuable water-powers in this drainage basin, yet its waters would only yield about two per cent of the estimated water-power of the province. What is true of generalizations respecting water areas is also corresponding- ly true of watershed areas. The area drained by the Columbia river in the United States, is about 220,300 square miles,* or 7 3 percent of the total area of the United States, excluding Alaska, and yet it has been estimated that the Columbia river and its tributaries afford at least one-third of the available water-power in the entire United States. Thus, over 30 per cent of the total water-power of the United States is associated with less than 7 ■ 5 per cent of the total area. Again, ii is unsafe to predicate power resources upon the total descents of rivers. This is well illustrated by a comparison between the water-power ill' !" jKl *In addition there is an area of this watershed in Canada of 38,700 square miles. II i ; i 3S COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION possibiUties of two of th.; 1 ger streams of Vancouver island. Campbell river and Nimpkish river. These rivers drain adjacent territories of approximately equal areas and with total d. cents in the main portions of the river of similar amounts. The power ^oisilalities of the Campbell river, however, with its concentrated possit e ic velopments. may be estimated at about 100,000 horse-power as contra-ted with some 15.000 horse-power for the Nimpkish. Therefore neith '• ' '« " -"t ^ nor watershed area, nor average differences of elevation over cor.=i. c ubl». r^i.tances have, necessarily, any specially sig- nificant bearing upon • -t -i a es .,f the amount of available water-power, and hence, general stateme- 's i>as d upon such considerations must be regarded as but indefinite general 'ie? One of the chief dr-.-rs in k'v.. vm -.. significance to such generalities, is to create or foster i. ■ - ■•' w. oecially in the popular mind, a feehng of unwarranted assura . - ^ha> •■ though desirable water-power nghts are being granted by a govei nment, ^ c ' 'ere is so much left that no apprehension need be entertained res ctinr^ t.u .u.^unt of power rights being parted with. One is apt to forget that the dissemination of such generalities is too often part of a plan to make easy the acquisition, by interested parties, of the most coveted privileges. For years it was the practice of various interests to issue, through the daily press and otherwise, for public consumption, statements drawing attention 10 enormous amounts of 'potential' water-power. Estimates in the Lnited States have ranged all the way from 20.000.000 to 200.000.000 horse-power, the larger figures being based upon theoretical estimates of utilizeable storage. No data existed in Canada warranting anything more than a very rough esti- mate, leaving storage out of consideration. While such generalities were being disseminated, large power cS"*"""' interests were acquiring the rights for the more desirable Water-power properties. A survey, in both Canada and the United States, r.{ power sites most suitable for economic development, shows that most of the best sites either have already been developed or are held by various interests for future development. Concentration of control, however, has been much more extensive in the United States than in Canada. Some idea of the extent to which concentration of ownership and control by interests has proceeded in the United States, is found in the fact that, in 1911, of the total 'commer- cial' water-power of 2,962,000 h.p. developed and under construction m the United States, over 1,800,000 h.p. was controlled to a greater or lesser extent by ten groups of interests. These are as follows :* • c— w»™irt of Herbert Knox Smith. U.S. Commissioner of Corporations, on WaUr Power D J,^K ffilSJ;. Mafc'S'H: 1912. Washington. D.C., page 15 ; for significance of 'commercial,* see ibid page 5. WATER-POWER DATA gt COMMERCIAL WATER-POWER CONTROLLED BY OR UNDER THE INFLUPVCP np COMPANIES OR GROUPS OP INTERESTS EACH H.WING 50^^ h „ OR MORE ACTUALLY DEVELOPED OR UNDER CONSTRUCT 0\« ^^' ^^ Companies or groups of interests Developed and under construction horse- power Undeveloped '• J°''' horse-powr ""^• '^ •" power Genrral Electric interests : la) Power completely controlled. . 82,860 419,060 437,195 5,500 522,600 113,500 88..?60 «>41.660 550,695 (6) Power commg under General Electric influence where there occurs both minority ownership of securities and common directors. (c) Power coming under sphere of General Elettric mfluence through common directorships only Total, General Electric group 939,115' 278,067 144.000 118,343 104.300 101,680 76,550 70,600 65,000 56.350' t.821.305* 641.600' 372.350 20.000 100,000 158.000 IW.OOO 96.000 16.200 21..W6 1.44'*,*50< 1,580,715 650,417 164,000 Stone & Webster interests H . . iraulic Power Co. of Niagara Falls \ "aeific Gas & Elec trie Co. Clark-Foote-Houenpyl-Walhridge interests 218,343 262,300 Southern Power Co S. Morgan Smith interests 21)5,680 Bradv interests 172,550 Lnited Missouri Riv.-r Power Co T Uuride Power Co 86,800 65,000 Grand Total ' 77,650* 3,270,755< with cS^t^ffin^py^aSr'inttfr"^ * ^^'"'*=^ '"'^^^^ -^ *«•««" ^P" *-'-'«» wuh'^^tktoi^e^Scld-^p^yteSe'i^^^^^^ ■"'^-'-"'* "•"«> ^P' '--'e^ ' Including 4,500 h.p. belonging to'the Beaver River Power Co iloilr^W^S^l^^^J''^'"^'^ '" ^-«-l Electric, Stone & Webster, and Clark-F.>>te- the L^'XI^^t^VZ^Tn^^ ^'^^ ''^ ''°^' - '^'^y ^'-""' »'H-tica..vgive This concentration has been proceeding wherever possible. On December 16 1914. at the hearings at Washington on the proposed new Water-power Bill designed to provide for the Federal administration of the water-powers of the L mted States. Mr. Gififord Pinchot. when appearing before the Tommittee dealing with the bill, made the striking statement that : -'dunig the last two years the large group of water-power interests increased iheir control of undeveloped water-power in the United States by 2,050,000 horse-nower " He further stated that : 1 811 n^^Jl^'.^^o^ ^^" ^ofrA,^'"°uP',*'^^' de^-eloped and under construction. ; 1911 fte J" l^-^^ *^^y ^^^. 2.7 1.000-an increase ui 890.000 h.p .sen i'f^nnnn^^^^m.'"'*'^^^'*" ^^''^ undeveloped 1,450.000 h.p.. which had risen to 3,500.000 in 1913— an increase of 2,050.000 h.p. in two years. "These figures show that, in the last two years, the great power interests l'^.r..'f.^«^!f«* th«"- control of power held undeveloped^iore^han twice a' ■a.t g^ they have increased their control of developed power. •The degree of control varies greatly, as set forth by the Commissioners' report. 11 iV, 40 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION "The same preference of the water-power interests for concentrated control, rather than for development, may be shown in another way. "T« lonR t\\f total develooed water-power m the United btates was. in SoUed a to a of 6.300.000 h.p. developed and undeveloped, an ^flf^oi 240 oer cent Thus, concentration in ownership of water-power i" the United States has increased in the last five years about seven times faster than power ?ower sites of the country appears to have been their object JJe veY men whose control of undeveloped water-power increased by 2,050.000 h.p. in two v^re are now complaininR without a shred of justification, except what they ?SmseTves pTodu'JJd. agaLt the hampering of water-power development. The United States Commissioner of Corporations, as a result of his inves- tigation into the water-power situation in the United States, drew speaa attention to the maze of inter-relationships ranging from practically joint control down to personal association in common directorates as cleariy in- dicating a drift on the part of water-power and public utility corporations S piss under the control of a few very powerful interests. The Commissioner "^°" These connections, some stronger and some weaker, suggest a favourable condition for' a very smkll number of men to consolidate very lar^e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ whenever thev mav decide t to their advantage to do so. 1 his interiocKinj, rf interestslhrS directors, while not necessarily indicating a Purpose of monopoly .certainly affords an incentive and a means of combination. Legislation, both federal and provincial, makes it difficult to effect such extensive concentrations in Canada, but. nevertheless, the corresponding menace exists also in this country, and calls for constant watchfulness and action against its aggressiveness. Although the presence of numerous lakes does not necessarily imply the existence of considerable water-power, here is nevertheless, one very valuable feature likely to be associated with extensive water areas, namely, the existence of natural reservoirs where waters may be impounded for discharge under control. Obviously, water- powers directly benefited by such storage reservoirs may be of much greater value than other powers not so favoured. This should be taken >nto special consideration when water-powers are being classified according to their econ- omic^va ues._^^ Columbia there are a large number of lakes. Of the known lakes. 100 are above 10 square n^iks in area. Many of these lie in long, narrow valleys, and may rather be regarded as river expansions, as. for example, the Arrow lakes, where, at high-water. there is a perceptible current in the shallo^- *See Hearint re Water-Power Bill. pp. a3a-3- See note supra. Storage and Governing Factors WATER-POWER DATA 41 est p^ts^ A large proportion of the lake area is situated in what has been termed the Lake district, which, with the exception of Babine lake and some tllZer '''' °' ''' """"^^ "^^'' '^ ""'"'y ^" tributary to t"e Although there are but few large lakes along the coast, yet a number of good reservoir sites are known and many others may yet be found Tn some of the dryer areas of the province, reservoirs have been created to im- pound the whole wmter run-off and spring flood flow for the use of irrigatio^ On the ootrT" '• '''^'^"''^ " experienced in procuring sufficient Cer! On the coast, however, corresponding difficulty in replenishing the draft upon storage would not be experienced, because, in addition to the hSvy flow m spring and sunimer. similar to that experienced in the interior due to the meltmg of snowfie ds and glaciers, there is a large flow in the au umn at the t IT r ''f ' ''°™ ^^""'^^ precipitation, especially noticeable at the time of the autumn rains. It may be emphasized that the physical Z^tm\TTj ''°"^^ '"^ ^"^'^^ ^°'"'"b^^- -« undoubtedly gr'eae than wil be disclosed, except by special and careful investigation Along the coast especially, the nature of the rock and the formation of many of tSf valleys lend themselves to the construction of satisfactory reservoirs by the vaCsV ' ^''°" ''"'" '^'''' or extensive stretches of low^rade nnf Z^l'^r '^t '"!*,!"? x?^ ''°"'^^ reservoirs is under consideration it should not be forgotten that Nature also stores her waters otherwise than in lakes and nvers. Forest floors, extensive areas covered with plant growth and the gr^at swamps of the country, also glaciers and snowfieMs. eacTInS aS con stitute valuable water reservoirs. In such reservoirs there is a wide pread and satisfactory distribution of waters which enables Nature to yierd her sup Fjies gradually and as required. A discreet conservation and utiHzatTon of Tthe .'7r,r" ^^"^'^"y ''^ f°""^ '""'^h more desirable than are some of the artificially constructed leservoirs. where the liability to accidental destruction of dams or other works is always more or less of a menace <=t«t.![?'\"*'''""^ ^ u*"^ ^°' '*°'"^^'' '^ ^^^ '^^Ses which would prevail in a tlJ T "" *u ^' '^^""^'^^ ""** '^ '^' '^k« '^ to be maintaLd for ex* tended periods at substantially higher stages, it should be borne in mind that It IS impossible, with discharge channels as in a state of nature, thus trregulaS ml iflL'"' "r°"' "'IT"^ '''' "^'^^^ °f "P^"- owners, pt JtZ • II ''• '° ^" *' P°'''^'"' "maintained at. say. the mean or average /ake"tl":Mr'' 1 Kf""' ^"' ''^^ flood discharge is to be stored fn the lake, a time will inevitably come when the lake will rise higher than the ex reme high-water mark in a state of nature. Again, if the stVge of a lake ""'^^'^■^^y- to 't^ "^^an water level in a state of nature, and. by having avail- for irrigation ourooiM in wh.vvT™.^! k. f . j •' ■ "'""y- relating to the storage of water oor.stnrction"?te?^;riou*t^oM^J^^"°Th^ *"^ iUustmtlon,. showing meth.ch and regulation o£ *; waters of the Ukeo^^he^ >^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ "^"4 'T :li interests as those of navigation. "P""*?^^^"*!?'^^^ i^^ible to decide upon specific levels touriste. desired diflerent le^'U for the lake^^^^^ concerned. It was therefor or ranges of leves which would te equally »^^^^ ^^ ^^^^, i„te,ests and endeavour ^r^^.'^^^Jl^'r'^^I^^J^^^^ all-'concemed. See footnote page 7. Lakes of British Columbia WATER-POWER DATA 43 siderable difference between the configuration of lake area as shown on maps of different penods. These differences in many cases amount to a large ir cen age of the area, and result in corresponding differences in estimates ^e- sented in various reports. "^auimates pre- The areas of the lakes have been measured chiefly from maps of Cariboo and adjacent districts being Map No. IG. scale 7.89'miles = on'e inch 1916 Kootenay. Osoyoos and Similkameen districts, being Map No IE scale 7 89 miles^l inch. 1915; Southerly portion of Vancouve^ Island, being Map No 46. scale four miles = one inch, 1913; the map of British Columbia S' four sections), scale 17.75 m,les = one inch. 1912, and several others. LAKES OF BRITISH COLU.MBIA OF NET AREA OF ,0 SQU.VRE MILES OR OVER Dis- trict T. F. F. Y. T. PC. T. V.I. T. M. F. F. C. M. T. c! V.I. F. M. K. P.C. F. Uke Adams Alexander (tr. Stuart) . . Anderson .Atlin Azure (ti. Clearwater) . . Rabine (tr. Skeena) Bonaparte Buttle Canim (tr. Clearwater).. Charlie ftr. Peace) Cheslatta ftr. Nechakoj . Chilko . Christina (tr. Kettle) . . . Chuchi (tr. Parsnip; . . , , Clearwater Cluculz (tr. Nechako) . '. [ Columbia Cowichan ' ,[[ Cunningham (tr. Stu..- ) . Deasc (tr. Liard) Duncan (tr. Kootenay) . . , Eahhteh (tr. Iskut) , . Emerald (tr. Nechako) . . . Situation of outlet Lat. N. H) .S6 55 02 50 32 59 37 52 26 .55 21 51 17 49 48 51 52 56 17 53 41 51 39 49 02 55 11 52 13 53 54 50 18 48 50 54 34 58 49 50 17 57 42 53 43 Long. W. 1 10 39 125 00 122 19 133 43 120 12 126 41 120 40 125 40 120 36 120 56 125 04 124 06 118 13 124 23 120 08 123 35 115 51 124 03 125 09 130 07 116 57 129 46 127 01 Elevationt feet Length" miles l,357o 39 7 846 13 2,200 656 2,500 15 2.222 lOuc 3,834 11 728 18 2,557 16 2.289 11 2,800 24 3,880 48 1,531 11 2,413 18 2,480 14 2,500 10 2,652 10 533 20 12 2,660 25 1,835 10 25 2,725 21 Width* miles Area sq. m. 2>4 54 2 11 IH 10 86 406 ,1^ U 7 260c IJ^ 13 J^ 11 W* 23 ih 15 1 15 4 97 i{i 10 l!i 17 m 16 2 13 V/t 11 2 24 IH 12 2 25 IH 10 2 40 2 38 nver) J T.— Thompson River water- ' listrict ; M.— .Mackenzie River rrt I ' V-'''^" River watershed (ciccptKpS;;;' wa !r'sh«|Tj"''v "iJ" l"'''"'^ = P.C.-.Mainland PacihcC, :flS^,'th7jamt^?;?e^:^^^^^^^^ Biv^,. in addition to the-nam^ the outlet is given by latitude and !oSdo Th. I '?-^^' T '"^utary. The situation of s.>urces. chiefly from the D^ZnJ^y TaMs J^CalZa Z\ f''^ ^Z""'"^''' f""" ^='"°"» Kuen usually Is the maximum along the '™ of the faf e ' Th/^M^h^'^J^ """P'- '^'«= '""K'h the wKlest part ; in some instances, notabTvHarriin Powell and AM n L^^ T'"'"' ^''^^^ "^ ^':s^^t "^s^. ^ '"- ^^'^ '- lerci4^'?hfwi^tte„"rs7hL^^^^ «. Controlled by lumber dam at outlet. .mum ;idtro?^,^* hV^ '*"«»h and 2 sq. m. of area in Yukon. large island at widest part, longest and largest lake in British Columbia ; tributary watershed not extensive. maximum !H:i mi : 'A t ,1 i ! I'ji COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Uke F. F. F. F. Y. F. V.I. T. F. T. F. F. F. P.C. T. V.I. P.C. P.C. K. M. F. P.C. C. P.C. C. T. T. P.C. M. PC. M. T. F. V.I. V.I. C. F. P.C. F. F. PC. F. F. T. P.C. K. V.I. Ei.'hu (ti. Ncchako).. . Eutsuk (tr. Nech:i)N«i) . Fraiuois (tr. Nechal-:i',i . Fraser (tr. NechaV' , Situation of outlet Lat. N. Long.W F. 53 25 53 20 'i 01 54 05 tGlacfy.s '( tr. Testa )■'. 1 59 54 Great Beaver (tr. Salmun) . . . " Great Central Green 'tr. Bcnapartci Harrison • • Hobson lUppcr Clcarwaur). Horsefly (tr. Quesnel) Inzana 'tr. Stuart) Isaac (tr. Quesnel) Iskut Kaniloijis Kenne'ly Kinaskan (tr. Iskut ) Kitlope (Gardner canalj ... Kootenav Kotcho (tr. Hay i Lillooet (tr.l Harrison la' >■).. Link (Ocean Fall?> Long (tr. Okanagan.i Lcring (tr. Bulklcy) Lower Arrow Mabel (tr. Shuswap) Mahocd (tr. Clearwatt r) ... McAuley (tr. Bulkleyi McLeoil (tr. Parsnii,'; Mesiadin (tr. Nassi Mobcrly (tr. Pea> il Murtle (tr. ClearwatiT i Natalkuz (tr. NechaKi > i . Nimpkish Nitinat |OkaraKiin Ootsa (tr. NechaKi lOwikano (Rivers.hiki i . Pinchi (tr. Stuart) Pin pow.!I jQuesnil Setoti jShubW.'ip Sigutlal 111. Lean ISlocan Sprrat iiuiiiial k'\rl* Elevation feet Stave 'ultimate \e\v\. 54 28 49 20 51 36 49 18 52 29 52 22 54 59 53 08 (See Kin 50 45 49 06 57 35 53 20 49 29 59 01 50 03 52 22 SO 14 54 01 49 20 50 36 51 55 53 46 54 59 56 03 55 52 52 OS 53 25 50 31 48 40 49 30 53 38 51 41 54 37 49 21 49 52 52 .16 50 30 50 52 52 54 49 45 49 18 49 IS 49 14 125 14 126 07 125 00 124 36 132 53 123 42 125 01 121 05 121 48 120 16 121 18 124 47 120 55 askan) 120 53 125 36 130 12 127 27 117 20 121 07 122 31 127 48 119 16 127 14 117 52 118 45 120 15 127 17 123 06 129 23 121 37 119 49 125 06 127 02 124 51 119 3ft 125 42 127 14 124 29 122 37 Length miles 124 36 121 37 121 59 119 34 1 126 12 117 28 124 56 122 18 122 21 2,654 2,790 2,375 2,192 2,915 260 3,428 28 2,260 3,180 1,009 2,800 30 1,749 680 \20h 1.275 2,600 1,382 1,270 2,081 2,250 2,050 3,650 2,647 35 1,125 2,670 10 2,300 Tidal 160» 2,200j 777 1,133 1,762 70 231 2(i9 Width miles 14 45 60 12 20 18 22 11 36 19 26 16 19 18 12/ 11 8 66g 15 22 12 13 27 S3 22 11 16 13 9 11 12 13 12 13 67 38 30 14 17 40 68j 14 85fe 8 25 14 9 IS Area sq. m. m Sd 2H 2 2 \y* \y% \y* 3J4« 1 IH 1^2 lJ-2 l^i 2H 2 2 3 7 2 \% 4 VA w* 2 IH IH 2 2} 2 Wi 1 3 2H 2 2H 2Vi 2 hi 2H 1 212 2 \hi VA 154 1»4 13 180 100 20 30 14 20 12 84 15 21 15 24 44 24 15 12 170 90 17 10 13 65 60 24 15 30 11 10 20 21 17 12 10 141 56 37 22 21 4.= Ui 10 12.^ 1(1 24 I" 1(1 21 d. e. /• Surface broken by larfc islands. Maximum w;,llli uf lake abc t 12 m. Larte island at widest part, maximum widtli of lake about 5 m. Length docs not include Clayoiiuot arm, 8 m. long by 1 m. wide. Length d< cs nut incl.ide West arm, 21 m. long by 1 m. wide. Controlled for storns;e. . . ■ ,.i r i i u „ Controlled fr r storage, larpe island m centre, maximum width r[ lake 8 m. Cont" lied lu some eiter,t by n dam at outlet. L^n^Ui does not mclude North Wm. longby IJijm. wide. k. Length includes lenpth cf various arms. •Stave lake: Extreme low level, state of nature 226-5; extreme high level, state of ^-^^ ;', 243-5; normal level, state of nature (with river di-:chargeeqtiaUo mean flow), 230-7, estm. e. flow line for maximum economic height of dam, 204. datum is mean sea level. WATER-POWER DATA 45 Dis- trict F. F. Y. F. P.C. F. F. F. P.C. F. M. F. Y. F. F. M. F. K. M. C. T. Lake Situation of outlet Stuart (tr. Nechako) .... Sumas Tagish itr, Lewes i . . Tahtsa (U. Xechak< .) . Taltapin (tr. Babim-) Takla (tr. Stuart^ Taseko (tr. Chilcotin I . Tatla (tr. Chilcotin . Tatlayako (tr. Homathk< Tatuk (tr. Chilakol . . Tchentlo (tr. Parsnip; Tchesinkut (tr. Nechab Teslin Tetachutk (tr. Xechakr i Tezzcron (tr. Stuart 1 Thutagc (tr. Findlav ■ TrembJeur (tr. Stuart ! Trout (tr. Kootenavi Tsayta (tr. Parsnip" Upper Arrow Upper Clearwater . Lat. \. Long. W. 54 26 49 06 60 15 53 36 54 23 55 04 51 29 52 05 51 26 53 30 55 12 54 04 60 29 53 22 54 47 56 59 54 49 50 31 55 2t, 50 OS See Hobson 124 16 122 06 134 15 126 44 125 28 125 30 123 41 124 10 124 27 124 08 124 47 125 26 133 17 12.- 38 124 35 127 05 124 57 117 17 125 22 117 49 Elevation feet Length miles 2,200 9 2,161 2,650 2,270 4,200 3,018 2.723 2,415 2,391 2,600 2,770 2,255 2,245 2,347 1,383 46 6 65/ 25 16 60m 16 21 14 11 22 11 8.^« IS 14 15 20 14 12 47 Wi.lth miles 6 4 2 3 3 IK y* IH 3 1 3 1 2'i' Area sq. m. L '^^S^ott^XjtJ:^ ^ - - ^-- '" B.C. 45 m. «. Area ,n B.C. 54 sq. m. ; in Yukon 102 sq! m. Length in B.C. 37 m. 152 14 116/ 50 23 150 15 12 13 13 27 14 156n 25 35 14 45 12 10 88 Risum^ and Sumiuary In this chapter we have now considered some ot the broad pnncp es which shonld guide in connection with dec5?„s hriefl,. revew thTsfr '°' "" ''"^^ ''''^°-""' »' -er-powers^'eT:: .he i:j:;iSrorr„d''r.er^:Lr:^d"^r;z^ not be predicated unnn ?"?, , '"'°'""S important procedure should map. sho'tlid ato bcTv^llaS: ""' ""' '""'''^■^"' ^^^"^'^^^ '^"^^-^P'^- • h. .'^^"^'Jr'^^^°^!= interested fron, the standpoint of the inve-or ^•^^. h- en.; otheTa^d flT- T'' ^'^^^ '''"'''''''' "^ ^ Position Independ^- if 46 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION fifth— Failure rightly to assemble or interpret essential physical data, has been responsible for many serious failures, and has resulted in great finan- cial loss. Sixth— No reliance should be placed upon general statements setting forth the existence of vast undeveloped water-powers. The total amount of water- power capable of economic development is much less than populariy assumed and most of the valuable sites are already under development or control by various interests. Attention has been directed to the concentration of control of water-powers as proceeding rapidly in the United States, and the need has been pointed out that those interested in the conservation of our water- powers should be alert to see that the same menace to public welfare does not operate in Canada. Much of this concentration of control has taken place during a time when general statements representing the existence of large reserves of potential water-power were being presented to the attention of the public and were receiving general acceptance. Seventh— The importance of storage has been pointed out, and the pos- sibilities of storage causing damage to riparian owners has been emphasized^ Government provision for a flowage easement along the shores of lakes and rivers, would to some extent protect settlers against loss, and would protect the government itself against claims for damage by overflow. Many of the features touched upon have been safeguarded in the com- prehensive water legislation of the Province of British Columbia— a subject dealt with in the following chapter. CHAPTER III Historical Survey of Water Legislation in British Columbia I''colt'!c?ne"'llV''S ^•^"^^•^"/^J-t-g to the use of inland waters is a ,.„ '=°"'P'^^ °"«- In"""'»"'>' ■i°« » the ^.me'^.tS™ ""if- *" °' ^"''* '^°'""'''"' " ' voI„mi„ous docnmen. „t ,1 m ^ i m ii M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION having devoted considerable space to the Water Act of British Columbia. respecting this statute, says : "The Water Law is drastic and covers the subject of the title to and the use of waters in its most minute details. In fact, we consider it one of the m^st effecth'e statutory laws upon the sub ect m existence, fnd undoubte^y ir^'llstand the test of both time and all the litigation, under the Canadian form of government, that may be brought against it. Now it is not possible to possess a comprehensive, nor even an adequate. understanding of the water laws of British Columbia, as they to-day exist without a knowledge of the various individual parts of separate Acts which constitute component parts of the consolidated laws. In this ch-^-pter the various governmental water measures are reviewed, briefly, and, as tar as possible, m chronological order. In making this surv-ey, only the ^salient features of the more important legislation are quoted. Appended to this chapter will be found a fuller list of the Proclamations, Rules and Regulations and various Acts, as well as the numbers of the sections in these measures which contain special reference to water. This table will facilitate more de- tailed reference and study. E«ly British On May 30, 1838, a royal license of exclusive trade was issued Columbia Laws ^.^ ^^le Hudson's Bay Company, for the sole and exclusive Hudfon'sBayCo. privilege of trading with the Indians in such parts of North America to the northward and to westward of the lands and territories be- longing to the United States of America, "as should not form any part of the Crown provinces then existent in North America, or of any lands or temtones belonging to the United States, or to any European Government, State or Power." August 2, 1858. the Imperial Government passed an Act.t 21-22 Victoria. Chap 99, providing .or the government of the colony of Bntish Columbia^ The Act ;ecited that, as divers of Her Majesty's subjects had. by license and consent of Her Majesty, resorted to and settled on certain wild and unoccup ed eS ories on the northwest coast of North America commonly kno.^ by the new designation of New Caledonia, and from and after the passing of the A to be named British Columbia, and the islands adjacent, for --"S and o he purposes, it was desirable to make some temporary provision for the civ.l governm nt of such territories until permanent settlement was established, and ^number of colonists increased. The Act provided that the boundanes of British Columbia should, for the purpo.^rs of the Act. .Treatise on the Lav, of Irrigation and WaUr Rights, by Clcson S. Kinney, 2nd Edition, 4 vols., San Francisco, 1912, Vol.!.. p. 384. ,o,o„ t S^ also Proclamation, British Columbia, November 19, 1858. ^'rJr/.:^opies;of the early ^^o^^^^.^^^^^^^ fn^leS / IfhU ?-»• Statutes of British Columtnaa^equUe a ej^^^ P^^,,^V „ .ause of H.e L^rpSiS^'nsrKfhfvatt'^o^^^^^^ of British Columbia. A copy Tako tXTound in the Library of Parliament. Ottawa. Piatt » SIMILKAMEEN RIVER POWER PLANT OF THE DALY REDUCTION Showma ,0-ebav. »t«el «n„„ck an,, power house. Hea,. ,ieve,o,e„, 67 fee, H„,^, CO. Hoilley. B. C. ilil !1 4, 111 in i ' iif WESTERN CANADA POWER CO STAVE FALLS DEVELOPMENT iii '. Maj Am< by 5 bv1 Isla Thi mal anc for col or ^e^ re^ tfi at w; e? tl ei tl C P WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 49 u T«^tr.riM within the Dominions of Her .'Be held to comprise aU «^^J Jf^^^'^'^^S of the United States of Majesty as are bounded to ^he.South by the Frontier ^^ ^^^ ^^^ America, to the East by the ^'^^^'^^^^,'^^,1^^^^-^, and to the West by Simpson's River, ^"d the Fin ay Branch o^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^„ ^^l^„ bv the Pacific 0<=ea'»- ^"*^.?^^i!"'l"es except as hereinafter excepted." Tciands adiacent to the said Terntones except » » make provision for the aamimsirati j ^-^jnances as may be necessary and establish all such laws, ^f ^^"^^°"^;"''^°terMaje"y" subjects in the for the peace, order and good government of Her Majesty ^°^°"-'' K > i«SR the Crown, in so far as the said grant embraced On September 2. 1858. the Lrown, i Columbia. trade .nth the Indians pven by Us. n ™J^^ »™^ ,„'j their suecessots, and Company of Adventurers tmdng to Hnd»n^B^y ^ ^^^^^ ^ SrSe?'b;i£»"»HSnt Sl"rhrUto.es as is comprised wi.h,n the hereinbefore r^/tfil"'™"^""' £, 2 ?h:*ame' embraces or extends to eight hundred and «h'rt>-^'S"' " ^ifcdony of British Columbia ; - ".tf we"rh:^brsr i«^-i-i-rif h?« s^ -ILStlSblSeofcl'JnSiaJ roovernme^^^^^^^^ ^^\ K 10 1858 the Governor issued a Proclamation stating that he November 19, 1858, tne oo%eruui ^^ ^ ^jone and enacted and proclaimed that each act matt r ^^^^ U ^^^^^^^ ^„. 'lancr Pursuant to the passage of the Gold Fields Act, 1859. Rules and Regulations for the Workii .,' of Gold Mines were issued September 7, 1859. The provisions of these early regulations Rules and Keculatioiit S«pteaiber 7, I8S9 are the lirst which apply more specifically to the use of waters in British Col- umbia, and these may be said to constitute the basis of the present water laws of the province A perusal of sections VII to XI, and X\'iri and XIX, of the RiiU'< and Regulations clearly shows the scope of this early provincial law, as it relates t waters. Section VII declares that, in making application for water privileges: "Any person desiring any exclusive litLli or water privilege, sh .11 make application to the Gold Commissioner ha^ -u^ jurisdictiniifor the pla c where the same .,hall be situated, stating for t'le guidance .*f the Commissioner in estimating the character of the application, the name .,f everv applicant the proposed ditch head, and quantity of water, the proposed locality of dis- tribution, and 11 such water shall be .or sale, the price at which it is proposed to sell the same the general nature oi the work to be done, and the time within which such work shall be complete ; a-, the Gold Corr.missioner shall enter a note of all such matters as of record Section VIII, respecting rental, prnvi'l ■> that r,r;v,-'w"'t'^°K^^'^''\'P^"^."'' ^"^"Kcd, tho -ent to tc paid for anv water Pr^^V^i ^^u" T^ ??°.".^^ °"** '*^^^^"'- ^'^^ ^ "^^ i>'s. from the sale 'thereof . Z^ If mated by the Gold Commissioner Ai:h tht assiscancc, if he shall so think nt. of a jury. Section IX, requiring that water applied for must actually be used, states that : . . .'"I^ any person shall refuse or neglect to take within'the time mentioned m his application, or within such further time (if .mvj as the Gold Commissioner "u^i' '"r .u discretion, think fit to grant for the 'completion of the ditch thf whole of the water applied for, he shall, at the end of the time mentioned ir- on/?? o Pi"'^^ deemed entitled only to the quantity actually taken by him ana the Gold Commissioner shall make such entrv in the register as shv be proper to mark such alteration in the quantity, and may grant the surp. to any other person according to the rules herein laid down for the grant; of water privileges. -"i.— o Section X provides against unreasonable use, or wilful waste, by requiring "Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted to and taken by him. And L,?^ l"*'^.."^"^ ^^^^ wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water, he shall be charged with the full rent as if he had sold the same at a tuU price And it shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, if such offence be persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited." statics "^^ provides for an equab e sale and distribution of water by .r,A A^\ ?^" ^? ^^"^^ ^°' *^^ °^^^ °f ^"y ditch or water privilege to sell ana distnbute the water conveyed by him to such persons, and on such terms as they may deem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their application that I'Hi ^''^l" ! ii 'i i \ i i 52 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Provided, alwavs. that the owner of any ditch or water privilege shall be bound toSy water io all applicants, being free miners, in a fair P'opo'^o"; ^"^ cL^l^ not demlnd more from one person than from another, except when the dSS of suPPlTireZnced."^ Provided, further, that no person "Ot bSg a free miner shall be entitled to demand to be supplied with water at all." Section XVIII respects the riphts of other water users by stating that: "Anv person desiring to acquire any water privilege shall be bound to respecf tLSs of partfes usin? the same -ter ^^^/^^^l^^^^'^ *^« ^'^^ where the person desiring such new privilege intends to use it. Section XIX further provides for rights of priority by requiring that: "Anv oerson desiring to bridge across any stream or claim or other place Tn nil S cases the neht of the party first in possession whether of the mine ir of the watCT Privilegl is to prevail, so as to entitle him to full compensation ° A^l^^if^ ^ But wherever due compensation by indemnity can be given aSdlf'eqSJd. thfc'ddTommission/may sanction the execution of such new work on such terms as he shall think reasonable. It will be seen that these eariy enactments embrace a principle basic to the provisions of the Water Act in the form in which it is now of force in British Columbia. That is. what may be termed the principle or doctrine, of beneficial "''■ It will Mso be observed that no one party was permitted to usurp rights to the uniuM exclusion of the rights of ..thers. Note, for example, the state- r^ent in section IX, that, if any person failed to use the water covered by hi. application, the Gold Commissioner could restrict h.m to the quantity actu- aUv taken Tvery owner of a ditch or water privilege was bound to ake all reasonable ircans'for utili^ing the water granted to him. In fact, tlie wis. principle that the water must not only be used, but econonncally^nA bene- S used, is cleariy present in these eariy regulations ; and this doctnnc has carefully been retained in the later water acts. January 4, 1860, a Proclamation relating to the acquirement of land in British Columbia was issued. Section 16. relatnv.' to the carrying of water upon, under or over land, enacts thai "Sr ,TrSS ot cnrrikee o( svatcr, to 1,c ascertaincl, ,.. case <.f d.sputr ■. manner aforesaid." Tanuarv 6, 1860, Rules and Regulations tor tho Workiii; Kuu'tl^'ns, GoM Mines, were issued supplementary to those of_ Septem , Proclamation, January 4, ISO(» January ft, I Kfto - ,^^5,, Section VI, resiiectinj; tlie measurement ot v,. provided that : WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 53 "In order to ascertain the quantity of water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed, viz., "The water taken into a ditch shall be measured at the ditch head. No water shall be taken into a ditch except in a trough whose top and floor shall be horizontal planes, and sides parallel vertical planes : such trough to be continued for six times its breadth in a horizontal direction from the point at which the water enters the trough. The top of the trough to be not more than 7 inches, and the bottom of the trough not more than 1 7 inches below the surface of the water in the reservoir, all measurements being taken inside the trough and in the low water or dry season. The area of a vertical transverse section of the trough shall be considered as the measure of the quantity of water taken by the ditch. "The same mode of measurement shall be applied to ascertain the quantity of water runnmg in a trough or out of any ditch." Vancouver Island Section XV'III of a Proclamation for the colony of Vancouver KiE^*19"'l86l ^^^^"^' '^^"^'^ February 19, 1861, provides for the saving of ' water privileges for mining purposes. It states that : "Water privileges, and the right of carrying water for mining purposes, may, notwithstanding any claim recorded, certificate of improvement, or conveyance aforesaid, be claimed and taken upon, under, or over the land, so pre-empted by miners requiring the same, and obtaining a grant or license from the Surveyor-General in that behalf, and paying a compensation for waste or damage to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such water privilege or carrying of water, to be ascertained in case of dispute by a jury of six men in manner aforesaid." Pre-emption I" ^ Proclamation, the Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861, CMisoWtation issued August 27, 1861, sec. XXVII was essentially the same as • sec. 16 of the Proclamation of January 4, 1860, already quoted. RSa'foM, September 29, 1862, the Rules and Regulations under the Gold September 29, Fields Act, 1859, were supplemented by further sections pro- '^^ viding for cases in which roads or works come into conflict with ditches, or other mining rights. The new sections, having relationship to the exercise of water privileges, arc comprised in sections VIII to XII inclusive, and are as follows : Respecting the disposal of surplus water, section VIII provides that : "The owners of every ditch, water privilege, or mining ii>;ht. shall at tlieir own expense construct, secure, and maintain all culverts necessary for the passage of waste and superfluous water flowing through or over any sue i ditch, w-ater i)rivilege, or right, except in cases where a natural stream or river applic- able or suflicient for the purpose exists in the immediate vicinity." Section IX, respeitinL; safety nf ditcli o.nstructiims, reiiuiro'^ tiiat : "The owners for the ti"ie being, not being the Government, of any ditch, or water privilege, shall constnict and secure the same in a proficr and sub- stantial manner, and maintain the same in good rcjjair, to the sa;isfaction ot the Gold Commissioner, and so that no damage shall onur during their ownership thereof to any road or work in its vieinitv from anv part of the works "I such ditch, water privilege, or right giving wav bv reason of not heins? so. a-, aforesaid, constructed, secured, or maintained." I* S4 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Section X states that : ^ ^.^^^ ^^^ •■The owners of^"yJ'*^^^fh^saSSd Commissioner shall determine, shjill make good in such mannCT as tMsaiao ^j ^j^^ ^q^^s M "t« SSirS wSre a Magistrate in a summary ma»,.er. Sen»i. XI. resp«;ti0E the P«blication of notice, states that : ;T..P„b.ica«o„o,an,™..enno«^^^ conspicuonspartofanypreimsesretoredtoman^sucn ^.^j^^, ^^^ !S5.rdrnrR"S"Re%aSoSra?ein"p''ursu.nc. thereof" W section XII provides for public right-of-way by reqmnnB that : :XttS berein'contai^ed shaf, b »-^^^^^ ^f-^ S? SSLS.r=?ys«"g f^'^r.fn'.p^?^^^^^ premises to particulars of his avphcation upon so«ie «)nspicuous p ^^ ^cording be affected by the proposed grant, for not less tnan 5 uay "" iLPht.e'^prrrSur: =5 sS\ssi^'i"g»r5;£ TaSlly'S^S l?°i->.i-tal,_«miust.^^^ „ '^ "Every exclusive grant of »"' the ririits rfsuth registered free miners 2,"St^?e„"E''ioSg^rthKerS.?r*w'Sr2' fn'the Uity from which it is proposed to take such water. March 25, 1863, 'he Gold Fields Act. 1859. was amende.l. Sections IV and V. above quoted, appeared in the same form, but Mparated and numbered as sections 3, 4, 5 and 0. The Mining Drains Act, 1864, of February 1, was an ordinance to promote the drainage of mines. It provides, under section IX that "no such grant, or license, or agreement therefor, shall U Gold Fields Act, IB»3 Mining Dnint Act. IM4 WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 55 valid unless the same shall contain a reservation of the public rights-of-way and water, in such manner, direction, and extent as the Gold Commissioner shall from time to thne direct," and it was declared to be lawful for the Gold Commissioner of any district in the Colony, upon proper application, to grant full license and authority to any free miner or miners, company, or companies of free miners, to enter into and upon any lands in British Columbia, for the purpose of constructing a drain or drains for the drainage of mining ground. The Gold Fields Act, 1864, assented to February 26, further Art*'l8wn land, without compensation, is expressly reserved. Every owner of a ditch, or water privUege, is required to construct his works in a proper and secure manner and is made liable for any damage resulting from failure in this respect. The priority of water privileges in any way being lawfully enjoyed by any person is to be fully respected, but provision is made whereby persoas in need of water must receive same on fair terms, if available for purchase trom the owner of any water privilege. Some of these matters, so characteristic of provisions in the present Water Act may best be understood by quoting from a few sections of this important Ordinance. Section 29, respecting the use of surplus water, provides that : "Everv registered free miner shall be entitled to the use of m much of the water naturally flowing through or past his claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in the opinion of the Gold Commissioner, be necess«y for the due working thereof." Subject to certain requirements with respect to an application, such as. that it shall be in writing ; a deposit accompany it ; and that sufficient public notice ^^ given, section 99 provides that : "It shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, upon the application hereinafter mentioned, to grant to any person for any term not exceeding hve vesrs the right to divert and use the water from any creeK. stream, or lake, at any particular part thereof, and the right of-way through and entry upon any mining ground in his district, for the purpose of constructing ditches and flumes to convey such vater." With respect to the rights of priority, section 104 provides that : "Every grant of a ditch, or water privilege in occupied creeks, shall be subject to the right of such registered free miners as shall at ^^^ ""^« «^/"^ ! grant be working on the streams above or below the ditch head, and of any WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 57 Other person or persons whatsoever who are then in any way lawfully using such water, for any purpose whatsoever." That the water shall not only be used beneficially, but also that it shall not be wilfully nor unreasonably wasted, is provided for by section 108, which states : "Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water granted and taken by him. And if any such owner shall wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water he shall be rfiarged with the full rent as if he had sold the same at a' full price. And it shall be lawful for the Gold Commissioner, if such offense be persisted in, to declare all rights to the water forfeited." Section 109 provides for a fair distribution of water to other free miners : "It shall be lawful for the owner of any ditch or water privilege to dis- tribute for use the water conveyed by him to such persons, and on such terms as he may deem advisable, within the limits mentioned in their application. Provided, always, that the owner of any ditch or water privilege shall be bound to supply water to all applicants being free miners, in a fair proportion, and shall not demand more from one person than another, except where the difficulty of supply is enhanced." With respect to the measurement of water, section 112 states : "In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed :— The water taken into a ditch shall be measured at the ditch head with a pressure of seven inches. No water shall be taken into a ditch except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it. The aperture through which the water passes shall not be more than ten inches high. The same mode of measurement shall be applied to ascertain the quantity of water running out of any ditch into any other ditc^ or flume." The quotations just given demonstrate the direct influence these early provisions have had upon those which, to-day, are included in the present Water Act. April 11, 1865. the Land Ordinance, 1865, was enacted. It IMS ^ """"' repealed the Mining District Act, 1863, and the Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861. This new Ordinance, which, it will be noted, is respecting 'land,' sets forth some very important provisions re- lating to waters. First, section 8, relating to the preservation of rights-of-way, provides that : "Unless otherwise special y notified at the time of sale, all Crown lands sold shall be subject to such public rights-of-way as may at any time after such sale be specified by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Surveyor General, and to such private rights-of-way, and of leading or using water "for animals, and for mining and engineering purposes, as may at the time of such sale be existing." Section 24, u ;th respect to the possible use of water courses, or such other natural objects as boundaries, provides that : "Where the land sought to be acquired is in whole or in part bounded '*v mountains, rorks. lakes, swamps, or the margin of a river, or oy other -atura! boundaries, then such natural boundaries may be adopted as the boundaries of fj.« land sought to be acquired, and in such case it shall be i I ;fM :•: ! jg COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION sufficient for the claimant to show to the satisfaction of the Stipendiary MagTstrate of the district, that the said form conforms as nearly as arcum- stances permit to the provisions of this Ordinance. Regarding the saving of miners' rights, section 40 provides that : " Nothing herein contained shall be construed as giving a nght to any claimant to elclude free miners from searching for ^"7 ^^ ^^^^ P^^^^X^^^ or working the same ; but in case of any entry being made "PO". 1^"°^^ "!^° as Tforesali full compensation shall be made, or ^de^^^te seointy thereter be given, to the satisfaction of the Stipendiary Magistrate of t^e district prio? to such entry, to the occupant for any loss or ^atnage he may sustam by reason of any such entry ; such compensation to be determined by the Stipen^ diary Magistrate or Gold Commissioner of the distnct, with or without a jtuy o not les? than five, in the discretion of such Magistrate or Commissioner^ And more particulariv, under the heading of 'Water,' it makes provisions which are so important that sections 44 to 50, inclusive, are here quoted in full. Section 44, providing for the diversion of water, states that : "Every person lawfully occupying and bona 'W«, <^ltivating lands may divert any unoccupied water from the natural channel °^^;?y .^tream^ake. or river adjacent to or passing through such land for ^.^^^^j^ ^."Ijs^Ste purposes, upon obtaining the written authority of the Stipendiary Magistrate It the district for the purpose, and '^.f^^ing the same with hini^^a^^^^^ due notice as hereinafter mentioned, specifying the name of the appl^m quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereot, ana all such other particulars as such Magistrate may require. Section 45 provides for the giving of notice by requiring that : "Previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall post up ma conspicuous place on each person's land through which it is proposed that the wate? should oass and on the district court house, notices in writing stating S^^ inteSns^to ent?r such land, and through and over the same to take and rarrrsuch wLer. specifying all particulars relating thereto, including direction, quantity, purpose, and term." Section 46, respecting priority of right, states that : "Priority of right to any such water privilege, in case of dispute, shall depend on priority of record." c. caon 47 provides for the carrying of water by requiring that : "The riirht of entry on and through the lands of others for carrying water for an? lawftl purp'ose^pon, over, o'r under the said ^^nd f ay be d^^^^^^^^^ and taken by any person lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating as ^foresaid and (previous to entry) upon paying or securing Payment of com- nensalion as aforesaid, for the waste or damage so occasioned, to the pei^on whose land may be wksted or damaged by such entry or carrying of water. It is stated Sections 48 and 49 provide for the settlement of disputes. that "In case of dispute, such compensation or any other 9Jf«fi°f.^°""^^;^;'l with such water privilege, entry, or carrying, may be ascertained by the Stipen- d4y MagTstrSe'^of the distric't in a summary manner, at the option of eithe ofihe contending parties, either with or without a jury of five men, to be summoned as in ordinary cases. Union of the Colonies WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 5Q " It shall be lawful for such Magistrate, by an order under his hand, directed to the Shenft or Deputy Sheriff, to summon a jury for such purpose, and in the event of non-attendance of any persons so summoned, he shall have power to impose a fine not exceeding five pounds." Section 50 provides for the exercise of water privileges by stating that : "Water privileges for mining or other purposes, not otherwise lawfully appropriated, may be claimed, and the said water may be taken upon, under, or over any land so pre-empted or purchased as aforesaid, by obtaining a grant or hcense from the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district, and previous to taking th(; same, paying reasonable compensation for waste or damage to the person whose land may be wasted or damaged by such water privilege or carnage of water." Williams Creek ^ P"vate act. The Williams Creek Flume Ordinance, 1866. Flume Ordinance ^'^^ passed March 16. 1866. It granted certain exclusive rights relating to water, right-of-way, and land, and, although it has had an important bearing on certain cases in the law courts, yet it is not neces- sary, here, to do more than direct attention to it. As a result of the division into two colonies, with separate governments, 12,000 or 13,000 white inhabitants were taxed nearly $95.00 per capita per annum. Loans for British Col- umbia were only negotiable at excessive rates of interest. The Imperial Government, therefore, decided to unite them. By the British Columbia Act. November 19, 1866, the Crown colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were united. The Union Act provided that existing ordinances were to remain in force until otherwise determined by law, with certain specified exceptions respecting customs revenues and appointments. Gold Mining '^^^ ^°''^ Mining Ordinance. 1867. being Proclamation No. 34. Ordinance, 1867 passed April 2, 1867, need not, here, be specially reviewed, because, respecting water, its provisions correspond in text to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 above referred to. Land Ordinance ^" ^^^ ^^"^ Ordinance, 1870. June 1, various Acts relating to 1870 * the disposal and regulation of Crown land in British Columbia were amended and consolidated. The followiijg ordinances and proclamations, relating to the disposal and regulation of Crown lands, were repealed : Act dated February 14, 1859 ; Act dated January 4, 1860 ; Act dated January 20, 1860 ; Pre-emption Amendment Act, 1861 ; the Country Land Act, 1861 ; Pre-emption Purchase Act, 1861 ; Pre-emption Consolidation Act. 1861 ; Mining District Act. 1863 ; Land Ordinance, 1865 ; Pre-emption Ordinance. 1866 : Pre-emption Payment Ordinance, 1869 ; and the Vancouver Island Land Proclamation, 1862. But such repeal was not to prejudice or affect any rights acquired, or payments due, or forfeitures or penalties incurred prior to the passing of this ordinance in respect of any land in tlie colony. In the Land Ordinance of 1870, sections XXX to XXXVII, inclusive, relate particulariy to water. Sections XXX to XXXV, inclusive, are prac- «0 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Land Ordinance Amendment Act 1872 tically identical with, and correspond in numeral sequence to, sections 44 to 50 of the Land Ordinance, 1865, and which have been above quoted. Section XXXVI, of the Ordinance of 1870, in effect declares recorded water privileges to be appurtenant to land acquired by pre-emption right. The section states : • • u "All assignments, transfers, or conveyances of any pre-emption right, heretofore or hereafter acquired, shall be construed to have conveyed and transferred, and to convey and transfer, any and all recorded water privileges in any manner attached to or used in the working of the land pre-empt id. Section XXXVII empowers the Commissioner to forfeit water rights if the owner of such is wilfully taking and wasting an unreasonable quantity of water. Revised UwB I" ^^^ Revised Laws of British Columbia, 1871, No. 90.* BriSS Coli!S>ia, sections 106 to 132, inclusive, practically consolidate the 1871 1^^ J,,- ^ater, relating to 'mining'; and No. 144,t sections 30 to 37 are a corresponding consolidation for the law of water relating to 'land.' April 11, 1872, the Land Ordinance of 1870 was amended by the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872. The provisions of the Amending Act are important. The doctrine of bene- ficial use is enlarged upon and is cleariy set forth in sections 2, 3 and 4. Section 2 provides for the obtaining of written authority to divert water for necessary uses. It requires that : "Every person lawfully entitled to hold a pre-emption under the said ordinance, and lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating lands, may divert so much and no more, of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural or other purposes, as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes, upon obtaining the written authority of the Commissioner of the district to that effect, and a record of the same shall be made with him, after due notice as in the said ordinance mentioned, specifying the name ol the applicant, the quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereof, and all such other particulars as such Commissioner may require ■ for every such record the Commissioner shall charge a fee of two dollars ' and no person shall have any exclusive right to the use of such 'xater, whether the same flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been made." No exclusive rights may be acquired except as provided by section i, which states : "The owner of any water privilege or right acquired by ecord, shall have no exclusive riRht to the water privilege so recorded, until he shall have con- structed a ditch for conveying the water to the place where it is intp.nded to be Bsed And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient c.pacity to carry the quantity of water recorded bv the owner of such ditch, then the exclusive right of such owner shall be limited to the quantity which such ditch may l-e • Nn W, 1871. is essentallv the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867. t No. 144. 1871, IS essentially the Land Ordinance, 1870. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 61 capable of carrying, notwithstanding such record, until such ditch shall be enlarged so as to be capable of carrying the quantity of water recorded by such person. Wilful waste of any quantity of water is declared to be a misdemeanor. Thus, section 4 states that : "Any owner of any ditch or water privilege who shall wilfully waste any quantity of water, by diverting any more of it from its natural course, through any ditch or otherwise, than the quantity actually required by him for irrigation or any other purpose, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars for each such offence to be recovered before a Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Com- missioner, in a summary manner, and in default of payment by distress ; and no owner of any first record to any ditch or water right shall have any right to interfere with or prevent the construction of any dams, breakwaters, or other improvements made or hereafter to be made for the purpose of saving or economising the water of any creek, lake, or water-course of any kind ; provided that the construction or use of such dam or breakwater does not nor will divert such water from its proper channel, at the point or place where such owner takes the water used by him into his ditch or channel. Provided also that the construction and use of such dam or breakwater shall not injure the source from which such water is taken, or the property of any party or parties by backing water, flooding, or otherwise. Provided also that all disputes arising upon any matter or thing in this clause contained, shall be decided in a summary manner before any Justice of the Peace, Stipendiary Magistrate, or Com- missioner, who shall have full power to make such decision as shall seem to him to be ]ust and equitable." L«nd Ordinance The Land Ordinance of 1870 was further amended February >^endnient Act, 21, 1873. In section 7, the amending Act refers to the posting of notice respecting water record, and, in section 19, to dyking, draining and irrigation. Regarding the posting of notice, section XXXI, of the Act of 1870, was repealed, and in lieu thereof, section 7 of the amending Act of 1873 states that : "Previous to such authority being given, the applicant shall post up in a conspicuous place on each person's land to be affected by the proposed diversion of any stream, kke, or river, and on the district court house, notices in writing stating his intention to enter such land and through and over t:if. same to take and convey and divert such water (as the case may be), specifying all particulars relating thereto, including direction, quantity, purpose, and term." Section 19, relating to the sale of vacant Crown land, states that : "It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council to sell any vacant lands of the Crown, or make free grants thereof, to any person or company, for the purpose of dyking, draining, or irrigating the same, subject to such regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall see fit." Dramge, Dyking February 21, 1873, the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act, Aa.'iT/j*'*'"' ^*^^' ^'^^ passed to provide for the dyking and draining of marsh, swamp or meadow lands. Provision was made by which proprietors of such lands might appoint commissioners, who, under the Act, were empowered to f^arry on work for reclaiming such lands. Provision EMi ■^•1 I m ■ .'lit 11- Public Worics Act, 1872 «| COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION was also made for assessing the owners, or occupiers, of such lands for any expenses incurred by the commiss'oners for dykes, weirs, drains, ditches, flumes, flood-gates or breakwaters. While this Act is not directly associated with the present Water Act, and hence not strictly within the purview of this historical srirvey. nevertheless, on account of the character of the Act itself, it is expedient just to din i attention to it. The Public Works Act. 1872, April 11, subject to certain re- strictions, provides that the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may acquire and take possession "of any land, or real estate, streams, waters, water-courses ... in his judgment necessary for the use, construction, or maintenance of any public work or building, or for the en- largement or improvement of any public work, or for obtaining better .iCcess thereto." (See sections 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.) By the Public Works Extension Act, 1873, chap. 9, February 21, the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works is declared to have control over provincial waters not under the control of the Dominion Govt-i:nent Subject to com- pensation (see section 19), or arbitration (see section 20), ' • Chief Commis- sioner may acquire, if neccessary by expropriation, possession of streams, waters, or water-courses. Section 6 of the Act states that : "All land streams, water-courses, and property, real or personal, h-Tctofore or hereafter i.. quired for the use of public works ; all locks, dams, hydraulic and other works for improving the navigation of any water ; all hy 'rauhc powers created by the construction of any public works ; all roads and bridges ; all public buildings ; all drains, drainage and irrigation works, and all property heretofor or hereafter acquired, constructed, repaired, maintained or improved at the expense of the Province, and not under the control of the Dominion Government, shall be and remain vested in Her Majesty and under the control of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and \\ orks." March 2, 1874, by chap. 2, the Land Act, 1874. the land laws were amended and consolidated; The Land Ordinance. 1870. and all Proclamations, Statutes, Ordinances, and Acts, thereby repealed; the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; and the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873; were repealed. Section 48, relating to who may divert waters, provides that : " Every person lawfully entitled to hold land under this Act, or under any former Act, Ordinance, or Proclamation, and lawfully occupying and boiia fide cultivating lands, may divert so much and no more of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or river adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural or other purposes, as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes, upon obtain- ing the written anthonn- of the Commissioner of the district to that effect, and a record of the same shall be made with him, after due notice, as herein mentioned, specifying the name of the applicant, the quantity sought to be diverted, the place of diversion, the object thereof, and all such other particulars as such Commissioner may require ; for every such record th< Commissioner shall charge a fee of two dollars ; and ."o such person shall have any exclusive right to the use of such water, whether the same flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been ma.e." Land Act, 1874, Chap. 2 WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 63 Section -9. respecting the giving of notice, provides that : "One month previous to such authority being given the aoolioant ehnti post up ma conspicuous place, on each peVson's Und to iS affS bv tS proposed diversion of any stream, lake, or river, and on the District Com? House, notices in writing, stating his intention to ake, and convey and SvS such water (as the case may be), specifying all par iculai^ Je^aSnc thS including direction, quantity, purpose, and term." "''"'^'^ relating thereto. Section 50, relating to the acquirement of exclusive privilege, requires that : "The ovuer of any water privilege or right acquired bv record shall have no exclusive nght to the water privilege so recorded untU he Thall have tTul^^'f "a^''^- ^°' ^°"^«yi"^ the water to the place WhSe it is intended to be used. And in case any such ditch shall not be of sufficient canadtv to carp the quantity of water recorded bv the owner of S h dTtch^hS^the exclusive ngh of such owner shall be limited to the quantity wSch such dich may be capable of carrying, notwithstanding such record. untirsuJh ditch shall s^ch"S '^ '' ''^ ''''^^'' "' carrying^he quantity of .4Lr recorde^by Section 51 is the same as section 46 of the Land Ordinance. 1865 ; section 52 the same as section 47 ; section 53 corresponds closely to section 48 • as also does secuon 54 to section 50. Section 55 provides against wilful waste or uneconomical use of water and encourages conservation. The st^ction stipulates that : „.,oJt-^"^'/"''"f °u ^"^' ^'^""^ "'■ "^^t^"" privilege who shall wilfullv waste anv quaiUit ' of water heretofore or hereafter acquired by record or oth^rtise bv diverting any more of it from its natural course, through any di^ch or oSmise^ than the quantity actually required by him for irrigation or any othe?puroosl' S.^rK'''^'^ ^y ^.^"f "°* exceeding one hundred dolla^ f ,r kcKch offence, tp be recovered before a Justice of the Peace, Stipendian. MagUtSte or Comm,s.s,oner, in a summary manner, and in default of payment by SrS' or by imprisonment for any period not exceeding six monthl and no owne; of any first record to any ditch or water right shall have any right to" nterferl m.ntrj"f ''"'J^' construction of any dams, breakwaters.^or other improve! nients made or hereafter to be made for the purpose of saving or econoSe Sn J^ r °^ ^"^ '''^''H' ^^l^' ?^ water-course of^y kind : Providing thTthI construction or use of such dam or breakwater dies not nor w 11 divert such the ;,r"' '%T^^^!■ '^h^""^!; .at the point or place where such owner takes the vat. used by him into his ditch or channel : Provided also that the construj u,n and use of such dam or breakwater shall not injure ihe source Section 74 provides for the sale of Crown lands, as follows : "It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council fo qpH at,,, vacant lands of the Crown, or make free grants thereof to any pe^^on or oTh LuLfbns'alX' r 'r'"^ ?^'"'"' • °^ ^"•^^^•"^ the's?me','"ubieS 10 sucn regulations as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council shall see fit." lili' ill I: i. '■^t'VWS ^sr^'i^ IMCMOCOn RBOWTION TiST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) _^ APPLIED IIVMGE Inc ^ff'. 1653 EosI Moo Slr«t S\S Rochester, New York U609 USA •^S ('") ♦82 - 0300 - Pnon. ^S ("^> 2M ~ 5989 -Fa. 64 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATIOM Land Act, 1875 And section 81 preserves the rights of miners by stating that "Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed so as to interfere pre- judicially with the rights granted to free miners under the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867, or any subsequent Acts or Ordinances relating to gold mining." It will be observed, as certain sections of some of these acts are quoted, that some sections are quite similar to corresponding sections in acts previously referred to. It is necessary, however, thus to quote and requote in order that the introduction of new phrases may be seen, and the force of such be clearly tmderstood, because it was by just such deletions, modifications, and additions that the present 'Water Act' of British Columbia was evolved. April 22, 1875, the laws affecting Crown lands in British Columbia were further amended and consolidated. The fol- lowing were repealed: the Land Ordinance, 1S70, and all Pro- clamations, Statutes, Ordinances and Acts thereby repealed ; the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873, and the Land Act, 1874. But such repeal did not, in respect of any of the land in the Province, prejudice or affect any rights acquired, or payments due, or penalties incurred, prior to the passing of this Act of 1875. Line Fences and May 19, 1876, the British Columbia Line Fences and Water Act*Y876""** Courses Act, 1876, was passed. This measure has little, if any. Chap. 14 relationship to the present Water Act, but, on account of its title, it is advisable just to state, that it provided the means by which interested parties might open a ditch, or water course, for the purpose of letting off surplus water from swamps or low-lying lands, in order to allow the owners or occupiers to cultivate or improve same. Ditches which were opened by owners of ad- joining lands frequently partook, so to speak, of the character of a boundary fence. In consequence of this fact, the Act, here referred to, may be con- sidered more in its aspect of relating to boundary fences than to water courses, as the latter term is understood in its relationship to the present Water Act. In the Consolidated Statutes of British Columbia, 1877, chap. 98, respecting water, corresponds to Land Act, 1875, and has for short title Land Act, 1875; and chap. 123 of 1877 corresponds to the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867, and has for short title Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867. Land Amendment April 21, 1882, the Land Amendment Act, 1882, which was to Act, 1882, be read and construed with the Land Act, 1875, and the Land '■ * Amendment Act, 1879, provided in section 3 for the disposal of surplus water by requiring that : "The proprietors or occupiers of any lands subject to irrigation may, with the consent in writing of the Commissioner, by means of flumes, ditches, or drains through the adjacent lands, run their surplus and waste water into any creek, gulch or channel. The Commissioner herein referred to shall mean the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works or Assistant Commissioner : Provided further, that when such power s exercised by either of the above officers any Commissioners acting under the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Consolidated Statutes, 1877 WATER LEGISLATION I\ BRITISH COLUMBIA 65 Acts for the time being in force, shall not be at liberty to interfere with the power so exercised. The provisions of this clause shall be subject to the provisions of the law for the time being in force respecting ompensation for entry upon occupied lands for carrying water through or over them." Section 4 defines the unit by which water in the province shall be measured, as follows : "Iri measuring water in any ditch or sluice, the following rules shall be observed :— The water taken into a ditch or sluice shall be measured at the ditch or sluice head. No water shall be taken into a ditch or sluice except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it One inch of water shall mean half the qua.itity that will pass through an orifice two inches high by one inch wide, with a constant head of seven inches above the upper side of the orifice." Laud Act, 1884, Chap. 16 The Land Act, 1884, well consolidates water legislation as con- tained in previous land laws. It is unnecessary to re-review them, as it will suffice to record that in the Land Act, 1884, chap. 16, under the heading 'Water,' consisting of sections 43 to 52, section 43 corresponds to section 2 of the Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872, Xo. 31; section 44 corresponds to section 45 of the Land Ordinance, 1865; section 45 to section 3 of Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872 ; sections' 46, 47, 48 and 49, respectively, to sections 46, 47, 48 and 50 of Land Ordinance, 1865; section 50 to section 4 of Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872; section:, 51 and 52 to sections 3 and 4 of the Land Amendment Act, 1882. In the foregoing text of this survey will be found all the sections to which references have just been made for the Land Act of 1884. Respecting the Mineral Act of 1882, chap. 8, and the Mineral Act of 1884, chap. 10, it will not be necessary to discuss these measures. So far as water is concerned, the Act of 1884 is practically identical with the Act of 1882 ; and the Act of 1882 closely corresponds in text to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1867, which, respecting water, corresponds to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 (Pr;clamation No. 14). This has already been discussed at some length. This portion of the survey is more concerned n. following the course of water legislation as it developed through the various Land Acts, because, in connection with the Land Acts are found set forth those changes in legislation which were projected into the present Water Act ; whereas the provisions of the Mining Acts experienced less change from the eariy Proclamation of 1865. and, moreover, the provisions of the Mining Acts subsequently were incorpo- rated, practically as a whole, into the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. -pril 6, 1886, an Act to amend the Land Act, 1884, was passed. It deals with matters relating to the conveyance of water rights and privileges ; with court decisions ; with water rights imperfectly recorded ; and with rules for the measurement of water. These amendments are important, as waler is declared to be appi.rtcttant to the land, and all conveyances of lands are to carry with them the recorded water rights. Thus, section 1 declares that : Chapter 10, I8S6 m i:!i «.i: I'Ui )i' Si ft ,'1 h I «6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION "All assignments, transfers, or conveyances of any pre-emption right, where the same are or were permitted by law, ana all conveyances of land in fee whether such assignments, transfers or conveyances were or shall be made before or after the passing of this Act, shall be construed to have conveyed and transferred, and to con,-ey and transfer, any and all recorded water privileges in any manner attached to or used in the working of the land pre-empted or conveyed ; and any person entitled by devise or descent to any pre-emption right or land to which anv recorded water privilege was attached or enjoyed by the person or persons last possessed or seized, shall also be entitled to such water privileges in connection with the land." Section 2 states that : "Section 29 of the Land Act, 1884, is hereby amended by adding at the end of the section the following words :— , . . , ^ , r *i c ,^» " Any person dissatisfied with the deasion of a Judge of the Supreme Court may appeal to the full court at Victoria, provided that notice of the appeal be given to the opposite party within thirty days from such decision, and provided, also, that the appellant give, within such penod such security for costs as the Judge whose decision is appealed from may approve, and such appeal shall be dealt with as near as may be as in the case of an ordinary appeal to the full court from the 'ecision of an action in the Supreme Court. Respecting the making valid of water rights imperfectly, but bona fide, recorded, section 3 declares that : "And whereas, many records of water rights and privileges have in past times been honestly, but imperfectly made, and it is desirable that such records should have legal recognition : Therefore, it is declared and enacted that in all cases where the validity of any water record heretofore made may be called in question, and the Court or Judge before whom the case is pending shall be of opinion that such record was bona fide made, the same shall be held to be good and valid so far as the making and entry thereof is concerned, and effect shall be given thereto according to the intent thereof." Relating to the measurement of water, section 4 requires that : "In measuring water in any ditch or sluice, th. following rules shall be observed —The water taken into a ditch or sluice shall be measured at the ditch or sluice head. No water shall be taken into a ditch or slmce except in a trough placed horizontally at the place at which the water enters it, and which trough shall be extended two feet beyond the onfice for the discharge of the water. One inch of water shall mean the quantity that will pass through an onfice two inches hieh bv half an inch wide, with a constant head of seven inches above the upper Mde of the orifice, and every additional inch of water sha mean so much as will pass through the said orifice extended honzontally half an inch." Section 5, respecting pending litigation, states that : "Nothing in this Act contained shall affect any pending Htigp.tion, nor the force or ooerltion of any judgments heretofore rendered, but otherwise this Act shall be construed with and as part of the Land Act, 1884, but not so as to validate any record for any purpose not authorized by law. Provision had been made under the Land Act, 1884, for the estabhshment of districts to be known as 'Water Districts." Chip. 24 ■ ^prii 6 1886. an Act was passed providing for the election and defining of the duties of water ' viewers. ' In any water district, a water viewer Water Viewers Act, 1886, WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 67 might be elected under certain conditions specified in the Act, by owners or occupiers of land in the district. Each water viewer was empowered to hear, determine and adjust all water disputes and declare matters arising within his district, upon persons who had recorded water for irrigation purposes. The power to adjudicate upon the validity of any records or claims for damages was excluded. This Act was a move along good lines, but it was not much used, probably because of the lack of a necessary collateral governmental agency by which to make the operation of its provisions effective. Amending Land ^P"l 28, 1888, An Act to Amend the Land Act, 1884, was Chap"u?' passed. The requirements of this Act (chap. 16), relating to the proceedings by which water might be recorded, and to certain powers conferred upon the Commissioner of the district, are set forth in section 1, which is as follows : "The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, with the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, may, upon such terms and conditions as to compensation to persons affected as the Chief Commissioner mav think proper to impose, authorize the diversion, for the benefit of all or any of the Indians located on any Indian reserve, of so much and no more of any unrecorded and unappropriated water from the natural channel of any stream, lake, or nver, adjacent to or passing through such reserve, for agricultural purposes as may be reasonably necessary for such purposes. " (2) No water shall be recorded under this section unless and until— " (a) The pro.isions of the Land Act, 1884, relating to notice of application to divert and record water have been satisfied : " (b) The Commissioner of the district has served or forwarded by regis- tered letter to each person whose land mav be affected by the proposed diversion a copy of the notice mentioned in section 44 of the Land Act : " (c) The notice required by the provisions of the Land Act, 1884, relating to notice of application to divert and record water has been published for one month in the British Columbia Gazette, and in a newspaper (if any) published in the district, and if there be no newspaper published in the district, then for one month in some newspaper published in the province : "id) The Commissioner of the district has reported thereon in writing to the Chief Commissioner as to the volume of water in the creek, stream, or lake from which the water is proposed to be taken the damage or benefit likely to accrue from such diversion to the land owners or other persons having water rights on such stream, creek, or lake from which it is proposed to divert the water ; thai the amount of water asked for is necessary and reasonable, and for such other particulars as the Chief Commissioner may from time to time require. "(3) The Chief Commissioner may with the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, alter, vary, or cancel, any record made under this section, upon such terms and conditions as he -nay deem proper. ' (4) No authority for the diversion of water undi ■ his section shall nc granted unless and until the Chief Cumniissioner .is been satisfied that the terms and conditions as to notice have been ratisfied and com- pensation (if ordered) has been paid. 68 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATIOX \H I 1 1 !' Consolidated Laws British Columbia, 1888, Chap. 66 Rivers and Streams Act, 1800, Chap. 43 "(5) All questions connected with the diversion of water under this section, compensation for damages, or quantity of water required, shall be decided in a summary manner by the Ch ef Commissioner, and the Chief Commissioner may, in writing, direct any Assistant Commissioner or Justice of the Peace to take on oath the evidence of any person who can give evidence on or whose evidence is material to the decision of the matters in question, and such Assistant Commissioner or Justice of the Peace shall have full power and authority to take such evidence and to summon before him such persons." The Consolidated Laws of British Columbia for 1888, contain, in chapter 66, the consolidation of the laws affecting Crown lands. The basis for the consolidation is the Land Act, 1884. In the portion of the Act relating to water, sections 39 to 47, inclusive, cor- respond to 43 to 51 In chap. 16 of 1884. Sections 48, 49, SO and 51 correspond, respectively, to sections 4, 1,3 and 5 of chap. 10 of the Acts of 1886 ; section 52 is derived from chap. 16 of the Act of 1888. The consolidation of the Mineral Act, chap. 82, embodies, respecting water, chap. 10 of the Act of 1884. April 26, 1890, a comprehensive Act was passed, to regulate the clearing of rivers and streams. This Act, intituled Rivers and Streams Act, 1890, chap. 43, states in section 1 that : P "It shall be lawful for the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, upon receipt of a proposal from any person (in this Act referred to as 'the promoter') desirous of clearing and removing obstructions from any lake, river, creek or stream, and for making the same 'it for rafting and driving thereon logs, timber, lumber, containing the terms and conditions upon which he is willing to undertake the •ame, to accept such proposal provisionally, but subject to any such modifica- tions and alterations of the terms thereof as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council rfiall think fit." The promoter of the proposed undertaking is given ample powers to en- able him to undertake such works, subject to the making of sur/eys ; the providing for compensation to owners for damages ; the giving of security ; the fyling of plans, book of reference, etc., with the Chief Commissioner of L,ands and Works ; the publication of specified notice; the preservation of the privileges of irrigation or milling ; the provision for persons to take advan- tage, on the payment of reasonable tolls, of the promoter's improvements, etc. April 20, 1891, the Placer Mining Act, chap. 26, was passed. The provisions which this Act contains, respecting water, con- sist for the most part of a combination of provisions derived from the Mineral Act and the Land Act. It provides that every free miner shall be entitled to the use of so much of the water actually flowing through or past his placer claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, i-.i the opinion of the Gold Commissioner, be necessary for the due working thereof. Provision is made by which a free miner may obtain a grant to a water right in any tmappropriated water for any placer mining purpose upon certain specific conditions. The free miner must properly post a notice in writing ; a record of the grant must be made with the Mining Recorder ; the rights of other free miners are very ftdly protected ; the water must actually be used beneficially and not wasted ; wilful waste may entail forfeiture of gi-ant ; PUcer Act, 1891, Chap. 26 WATER LEGISLATION I\ BRITISH COLUMBIA 69 vide discretionary proper and substantial ditch construction is demanded ; powers are vested in the Gold Commissioner. In cases of dispute respecting priority sections 62 and 63 provide that • "On any dispute between applicants for a i,rant prior to such grant being made, pnonty of notice shall constitute priority of right, if anv " And from';he'JaTe^ftS;;ro;d''? ^'^" '''^'' ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^'^ ^' '^^ ^-"^- -^ not The Act provides that, although a grant of a water right made in respect of any placer claim, or placer mine held as real estate, shall be deemed appur- tenant to such claim or mine, nevertheless, whenever such claim or mine is worked out, abandoned or forfeited, or whenever the occasion for the use of the water upon the claim or mine shall have permanently ceased, the grant shall be at an end and determined. The Placer Mining Act, 1891, was repealed by the Water Act 1897 but m the last named Act will be found the essence of the provisions which we have just referred to, as applicable to free miners. Water PrivUeges ^n Act to confirm to the Crown, all unrecorded and unappro- Ch!;pl*47'* P"^*^*^ '^^^^^' ^"<^ water-power in the province, and cited as the Water Pnvileges Act, 1892, was passed April 23. 1892. The preamble of the Act recites that ^J^7r.^^^^^%^^ •^''*'°"^ •''^ *°/2' '"elusive, of the Land Act, provision is made for the diversion and use of water from natural water-couVses and the acquisition of a right to the use of water and the conditions of s^ch dh^rs on and acquisition are prescribed : uiverbion "And whereas it is expedient to define and regulate the powers of com- pan.es incorporated under special Act or otherwise for the constmct°ng a^d maintaining water works and electrical works, and having the power to divert appropriate, and use streams of water for motive purposes ; and to place certain restnctions upon the acquisition of water privileges : certain "Therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Leeis- lative Ar the Province of British Columbia, enacts as follows" . ^• Tht h ,itly declares that certain water rights are vested in the Crown . , .1, of the Province. Thus, section 2 states that : lake "It\ ' nn.^^K ^^^ °^ ^" •'^^ut'" ^* ^"y ^'""^ '" ^"y "^'^'■' water-course, lake, or s.._ . not being a navigable nver or otherw se under the exclusive junsdiction of the Parliament of Canada, is hereby declared to be vested in the Crown m the right of the Province, and. save in the exerc se of Iny lega" nght existing at he time of such diversion or appropriation, no person shaU divert or appropnate any water from any river, water-course lake or stream ZlTVl^'' the provisions of this Act, or of some other Act Already o^ t^^,fJ^ 1° f ^^f^"^' ""^ ^''''^F^ '" ^^^ exercise of the general right of all persons to use water for domestic and stock supply from any river, wfter-course S or reseS^e."'' '" '^" ^'°^''' ^"'^ *° ^^'"^ '^''''' ^'^'^^^^ by a pS road With respect to the obtaining of the exclusive right to the use of any water, the Act provides that such right shall not be acquired, or conferred except by parliamentary enactment. Section 3 states : I 70 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION :|i it u 1 i' i it' i "After the passing of this Act, no right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river, water-course, lake, or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any other person, by lenjjth of use or otherwise than as the same may be acquired or coi ferred under the provisions of this Act, or of some existing or future Act of Parlitment." With respect to the powers and privileges that may be enjoyed by any Company, the Act, under section 4, states that : "The powers mentioned in this section may also equally be granted to any person desiring to use or improve any water privilege of which he holds the record or to which he is entitled under any special Act of the Province." Provision is also made for the publication of notice of application for water in the British Columbia Gazette. The remaining portion deals more particularly with the rules and pro- cedure of the Courts in connection with questions arising under the Act. „. In 1897, an important measure, chapter 115, was rc-cnacted, 1897* " "' declaring that the Civil Laws of England, as the same existed on the nineteenth day of November, 1858, and in s'> far as the same were not, from local circumstances, inapplicable, should be enforced in all parts of British Columbia : provided, however, that the said laws should be held to be modified and altered by all legislation that still had the force of law of the Province of British Columbia, or of any fonner colony comprised within the geographic limits thereof.* The Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, is a highly com- mendable conservation enactment, and marks the greatest advance up to that time made in the water laws of the Provi: ice. The Act may be more fully described as one to confirm to the Crown all un- recorded and unappropriated water and water-power in the Province, and to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the acquiring of water rights and privileges for ordinary domestic, mining and agricultural purposes, and for making adequate provision for municipal water supply, and for the application of water-power to industrial and mechanical purposes. The Act also provides for the procedure by which the exercise of the provisions and powers set forth in the Act may be- secured. •Under English Law the riparian owner has the right to the undiminished ' :low of a stream. Sec- tion 4 of the Water Act, 1914, relates to riparian rights. Since 1892, with practically no change ithas been preserved m the water legislation of the Province. The Water Act, 1914, section 6, provides for the clearing up of the situation in British Colum')ia with respect to riparian rights. It definitely states that, after June 1, 1916, riparian ownership, per se, confers no right to the use of water. The question respecting whether a riparian owner under existing legislation in British Col- umbia, has any nghts superior to, or over-riding, the rights granted by a provincial water record was raised in the case of David Cook vs. City of Vancouver. Cook, a riparian owner under a Crown land grant made 9th December, 1892, subsequent to the coming into force of Water Privileges Act, 1892, contended that he was being deprived of his riparian rights by the diversion of water by the City of Vancouver under a water record granted December 12th, 1905 by virtue of the Water Act of 1897. The Judgment of March 6, 1912. of the Supreme Court' of British Columbia, and affirmed by the Court of Appeal of that Province, was that these riparian rights could not be upheld. (Consult British Columbia Reports, Vol. XVII, pp. 477 et sea.) The Judicial Committee of the Pnvy Council, on June 23, 1914, confirmed the decisions of the lower Courts (bee Law Reports, Judicial Comtnittre of the Privy Council. 1914, pp. 1077, rt seq.) The defendant's nghts were 0/ record, those of the riparian owner were not. Thus, since April 23, 1892, the riparian owner in Bntish Columbia, has, in the opinion of the Court, not possessed the rights which npanan owners commonly enjoy under the law of England. Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897 WATER LEGISLATION IX BRITISH COLUMBIA 71 sut Jth."™""'''' "' "" *" " "" "''"""'■'• «"'»' <•' i" e^t'al soope. It n was by the sa,d Act enacted that no risht to the permanent dTve,^k,n or exclusive use of any water or water-power so vested in the Crown should after the sa,d date be acquired or conferred save under phxmW oT™ in that A. ~^$^^^^^^^^:^&^^:^^^ natural water-courses and the acquisition of rishts to the use of wat.r unnn fh^ conditions as to such acquisition Ind diversion'in the safd Acts contained And whereas it is necessary and expedient at the present session to provide for the due conservation of all water and water power so vested in the Crown as aforesaid and to provide means wherebv such waer and ^^^tS nower may be made available to the fullest possible extent in aid of the industrial development, and of the agricultural and mineral resources of the Province to Pnl.t"f 7^T^' ^°'" ^^/ ^""-therance of the purposes aforesaid, it is expedient to enact an exclusive and comprehensive law Rov-erninR the grantinrof water Legi;St;:mS?of!&&Se^^^aau^?eSs3;.? ^^^ Act ??gr.V''r'"f/° T":, ^"^ °^ ^'""'^ •" P''^'- A^t^- ^''^- >" the Mineral Act. 1896. chapter 34 ; the Placer Mining Act. 1891. chapter 26 ; The Placer Mining Amendment Act 1894. chapter 33; the Land Act. 1888, chapter 66; the chanter'm .T\t''' ''^'- '^^''''' '^= ^^^ ^^^^^^ Viewers Act. 888. chapter 17 ; and the Water Privileges Act. 1882. chapter 47. were repealed. sectiJn," Svf ?.""'"'* *" ^^^ Consolidated Statutes of 1897. consists of 154 Ln m \ r^ IS impossible to review this important act in detail, atten- izrs^tSrir^-t is^ t;::.^^ ^-- -- -- .ffi J^^ "^'''^' ""I *^^ ^'■''''■" ^° ^" unrecorded water are m- st definitely affirmed. a= may be seen from sections 4. 5. and 6. whi.h state that • lakP or ctT "ght to the use of the unrecorded water at any time in anv river ill 1 'W< 73 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 11 1' i n i 1 i. 1 !■ domestic and stock supply from any river, lake, or stream vested in the Crown, and to which there is access by a public road or reserve. "5. No right to the permanent diversion or to the exclusive use of the water in any river, lake or stream shall be acquired by any riparian owner, or by any otlier person, by length of use or otherwise, than as the same may be acquired or conferred under the pro\'isions of this Act, or of some existing or future Act. "6. The Lieutenant-Governor in Council may from time to time impose and reser\-e to the Crown, in right of the Province, such rents, royalties, tolls and charges in respect of the waters, or of the lands of the Crowii and of the powers, rights and privileges, which may be acquired in pursuance of this Act, as by the Lieu'^nant-Govemor in Council shall be deemed to be just and proper, and may likewise nake and pass such regulations and rules as may be deemed necessary and a;i.isable for the collection and enforcement of such rents, royalties, tolls and charges, or any of them : "(a) Provided, ihat where by Order-in-Council such rents, royalties, tolls and charges are fixed in respect of any power, right or privilege, the same shall be permanent for the space of three years next succeeding the passing of such Order-in-Council fixing the same, and thereafter shall be subject to triennial adjustment, increase or decrease." All considerations respecting the actual and beneficial use of water are again safeguarded. For example, section 7 states that : "Every right, power, and privilege conferred by and acquired under this Act shall be subject to and conditional upon the reasonable use for the purposes for which such right, power, or privilege is conferred and acquired." Every OT\Tier of land, irrespective of whether he be a riparian owner or otherwise, is given the right to secure a record and divert water for various purposes specified in the Act. Section 8 states : "Every owner of land may secure the right to divert unrecorded water from any stream or lake for agricultural, domestic, or for mechanical or indus- trial purposes, and purposes incidental thereto, to an amount reasonably necessary therefore, upon obtaining a record thereof in manner hereinafter appointed." This extension of right to 'every owner of land,' to secure a water record, naturally resulted in a large increase of records. The Act had provided that, unless construction work were started and diligently prosecuted to completion, the Commissioner might cancel the record. Thus, section ?3 states : "Within sixty days after the record is made, or withn. such further time as the Commissioner, or Gold Commissioner, may in his discretion, upon proof to his satisfaction of special circumstances rendering further time necessary, by writing duly recorded ii. the book of the record of water grants, the holder shall commence the excavation and construction of the ditch, flumes,' and works in or by means of which he in, en is to divert, convey or utilize the water, and shall prosecute the work ''■" <.ntly and uninterruptedly to completion : Provided, always, that th. Con..., issioner, or Gold Commissioner, may, in his discretion, allow such work to cease tor any necessary or reasonable time, upon cause being shown. Upon the non-fulfilment of any of the conditions of this section, the Commissioner, or Gold Commissioner, may, upon notice, cancel 'he record." The Commissioner, as in former acts, might also cancel a record for un- reasonable use or wilful waste of water. The Commissioners, however, appear WATER LEGISLATTON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 7, seldom to have exercised this right, so that the records continued to accumu- la e no matter how unreasonable may have been the circumstance"er which some of them were held. '»'»<-i-.> uimer The Act of 1897 orovided for the issuance, by the Lieutenant-Governor co™ • 1' "'"•?"'' °' '^' '"^"'' "^ ^"-^ P'-"P°-"' -Jertakin. of a power company The certificate was to fix the amount , the capital to b.Tub scnbed. It was to be certified under the hand of the Clerk if the Ex cutive Counci . and filed in the office of the Registrar of Joint S^ock Companies A copy of such certificate was to form part of the memorandum and ar" es of the association of the company. The certificate was to be published tf the Witi^ estr^^^^^^ '"' " ^°7 "'^'^ '" ^'- ^^^ ^f the Commissioner With respect to the carrying out of works of construction, it is specified in section 87, subsection 3, that !>pecinea m state "'' '"'^"°" - °' """»» '»• "sP»«rag the first period of twel . e m«„,h,, th, fl?" *? ™ r' ''"''°'" "" ""tnesses. As was pointed o above ll!"'."".'"""?" '«",^*.'<>' »eb'ua^ - a ._. ,'S^ --^ rCE RIVER GLACIER, TRIBUTARY TO HOMATHKO RIVER The foot of this glacier is only between 300 and 400 feet above sea. REVELSTOKE HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT, ILLECILLEWAET RIVER Showmo in-take dam and wood stave pipelines. Canadian Pacific. Ry. grade may be seen above. m WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 81 43.) Also, in the 1909 Act, provision is made (see section 253) that if the powers granted by any license — and this includes licenses replacing old records — be not exercised for three successive years, then such license automatically lapses. The Commissioner, however, has power to reinstate the license, and even to give it its original priority, if the representations made to him in the premises appear just and reasonable. Part V of the Act sets forth the procedure necessary to obtain water licenses and defines the general rights acquired by licensees. It also specifies the jurisdiction that will be exercised by individual Water Commissioners. Respecting the subject of water storage, the legislation first introduced in 1908 has been modified and amplified The Water Act of 1909 enters more fully into this subject and makes provision for the storing of water whereby the holder of a license to store — subject to limitations imposed by the Act — receives right and property in the water so stored. Section 250 of the Act requires of every licensee thac : *' Every license issued under this Act shall be for the beneficial use of the quantity of water permitted to be taken and used, and notwithstanding the quantity of water granted by any license, no licensee shall, to the prejudice of others, divert more water from any stream than can for the time being be by him beneficially used, and the exclusive right shall be limited to the quantity office Mr J F Armstrong, whose ong experience with the water legislation of the province has been so valuable m assisting to bring the administration of the pro7nc"a! the nJ:.f '' '° T P''^'"' ''""^"^>^- ^^^ "^" summarized the chief o 1. Simplify the notices which were to be posted and published • towL?\;Vp\\rsi?itiJdnni^^^^^^^^^ u?edfor^^p\^r;°osf/taSr"--^ ''^' ^^' -ter^^"ui?£\^°nSX^ c°om%?or[S'wSs' '^^' ^'""^ '°'- ^^« — ncemenfanrt^he granting^ir o\rr"watti.Jfelr °^ "^^"^^^ ^"'^ P^™'^^ ^^ ^h^ plansVtrwtS trbe^cTn2L°?^V.' ^^^^^ ^'^'^^^ ^^^ ^^P^-' °^ ^^« of wJter^rnd othyr.n"c\Tb^yT^'rser. ^^'"P'^^"*^ ^°^ '"^^^' ^'--- allegfd foTe'tS'rous.'"'''''"°" °' '''"^ ^"'^ °*^^' «^™^*"«« -^ich are W«to4t Amendments covering the features just enumerated, as well C^J"!^' f .°\ !*^'^^' "^'-''^ ^°*''*^^ "'^ February 27. by the Water ciup.49 Act Amendment Act, 1912. being chapter 49. It is virtually The words 'Comptroller of Water Rights' were substituted for 'Chief »W theTcr"'T- 7'' C°-Ptroller of Water Rights was empowered to issue the hcenses to replace the former records as directed by thrBoard of ^Tm-Tr- '"''"T '"°^''°"^ ^P^^''^^'^ '° *^^ A^* --^ to be discharged by an official known as the Water Recorder. The amendments are quite extend obTai^wTT"" ""°'^" *'^ "^^^^'"^ <^^ ^^^ ^'- ^-"°« -th Pr" cedure to obtam Water Licenses, and the general ri ' acquired by licensees, and al o WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 83 of Part VI, dealing with the Approval of the Undertaking of Municipalities ano '^ompanies. ]bSrad^«t '^^^ Bo&Td of Investigation found that various matters could Act, I9IJ, "o* satisfactorily be disposed of without further legislation, Clup.82 consequently, on March 1, 1913. the Water A>-t Amendment Act, 1913, chap. 82, was passed. Ignoring details, this mea;.ure, broadly speaking, provides for greater directness and latitude with respect to certain procedure. Certain powers, formerly exercised by the Lieutenant-Govemor-in- Council, were transferred to the Minister of Lands. This change permitted matters of a purely departmental character to be dealt with by the Minister, thus relieving the Executive Council. Th( 'inister of Lands, for example! was empowered to grant approval of an 'undertaking, '♦although appeal from the decis'on of the Minister could be made to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. Under former legislation, the Comptroller of Water Rights presided at all meetmgs of the Board. By the 1913 Amendment, the Lieutenant-Governor m Council might appoint some person other than the Comptroller to act as Chairman. Subsequently, the Comptroller was constituted, by statute, an ex-officio member of the Board. Functions formerly performed by the Water Recorder were transferred to the Engine*- of the Water District, a -,ualified technical officer to be ap- pomted by the Minister of Lands. The Government Agent usually acted as local Water Recorder and often was not qualified to gather such information as was required for tue purposes of the Board. By gathering in a satisfactory manner, physical and other data relating to the water matters under con- sideration, district engineers greatly faciliuted the work of the Comptroller of Water Rights and of the Board of Investigation. With respect to the procedure of the Board, a number of detailed amend- ments were made, whereby its jurisdiction was enlarged, and means provided for more effectual adjudication. A number of special matters are provided for, such as those relating to the cancellation of records ; the filing of docu- ments with the Board ; the question of prescriptive rights ; the readjustment of licenses, which may, inadvertently, have been issued in an incomplete, im- perfect or irregular manner ; also questions relating to the forfeiture of records or licenses ; questions affecting priority and precedence : storage ; publication cf notices ; the hearing of objections ; advertising by applicants ; the carriage of waters m works already constructed ; the issuance of conditional licences ■ the imposing of rents, royalties, tolls and other charges ; and other details relating to administration. Respecting the posting of notices, it had been found that a large amount of detailed information demanded under the Act from applicants, in the initial stages of the consideration of their application, was not really required until a later period ; consequently, the necessity for providing certain data was sus- pended, also requirements, with respect to publication of notices, were made • Respecting 'undertaking,' see Chapter 49 of Acts of 1912, especiaUy Sec. 3. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION less onerous. When the application is for domestic purposes, for 500 Rallons per day, or less ; or for mining purposes, for 8 cubic feet per second, or less, the Local Water Recorder, if satisfied that all parties interested have been notified, may authorize the applicant to dispense with the advertising. To remove ambiguity regarding the relative priority to be given to ap- plications and licenses, it stipulates that all applications for water "... shall have precedence according to the time of the filing in the office of the Water Recorder for the district of a copy of the notices posted on the ground, and the licenses and the privileges thereby granted shall have pre- cedence and priority according to the data of the said filing of the said notice, unless the contrary is stated in the license." In a province like British Columbia, where some lands are ci^ffli^ties much more advantageously situated than others, settlers in possession of land requiring irrigation sometimes find it difficult and expensive to ob'^ain water from available sou'-ces. In such instances, the settler may find it quite impossible to provide the necessary works for con- veying and distributing the water. Many a proposition too difficult for the individual settler proves comparatively easy when handled co-operatively. The Water Act of 1909, by sec. 63, provided that licensees might combine for the construction of such ■\-orks, and, in 1911, amendments were passed author- izing the mmgling of the waters so carried. The Hon. William R. Ross, Minister of Lands, appointed Mr. J. F. Armstrong, Chairman of the Board of Investigation ; Mr. H. W. Grunsky and Mr. A. P. Luxton, K.C., to draft legislation dealing with 'Irrigation Communities.' Meantime, however, a new section. Part XA, which deals with this subject, was incorporated in the Water Act Amendment Act, 1913. This section consolidates the legislation of 1909 and 1911, and also includes additional provisions. Mr. J F. Ann- strong, who was largely responsible for the amendments, states : "These amendments enable paries using a system of works to form a partnership — called an 'irrigation community' — to maintain and, if necessary, to construct the main works, to appoint a manager, and to levy assessments for the expense incurred. This method of organization entails but little expense and is sufficient when all interested join in the partnership. Similar provisions for mining purposes have been in the Scatutes ot the Province for many years." (See Part V^II, of the Gold Mining Ordinance, 1867). Having further lej^islation in mind, he adds : "It has been suggested that, where the majority of the water-users under an unorganized system are in favour of forming an irrigation community they should bf allowed to levy assessments on all who use the joint works, even if such users have not joined the partnership. It is claimed that these recal- citrants are enjoying the fruit of their neighbours' labours without contributing to the cost. It is also suggested that the liability of each partner should be limited to an amount prooortioned to his interest in the partnership. It has also been asked that licensees who divert water for domestic purposes be authorized to form a waterworks community. These different suggestions arc worthy of consideration." In discussing the new legislation relating to irriga ior. jomrr. unities, Mr. Grunsky points out, that there are two main ways by which irrigation companies may carry out the principle that a water right be made appurtenant to the WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 85 land for which the license is issued, and upon which the water is usc^. One way is by the formation of companies, which are strictly carryinR .oncems, having existence separate and apart from the land companii, s, the carrying companies to be subjected to public reRulation. The other course is, by the organization of companies that will, along with each parcel of land sold, dispose of a share in the property right of their distribution syttem — provision being ..lade for payment in instalments extending over a term of years and at rates which will permit of a sufTiciently liberal profit to the irrigation companies to furnish an inducement to them to enter this field of activity. Under this latter plan the purchasers of land eventually own and operate the irrigation system. The organization recommended by the Water Rights Branch, namely, one which would sell the land and water system together to the settlers on fairly long term payments, was adopted and the new part, entitled 'Irrigation Companies,' was incorporated in the Water Act Amendment Act of 1913. Commenting upon the object of this legislation, Mr. Gnmsky succinctly states that the aim "is to provide for the creation of one type of irrigation company, at least, that will be approved by the Government, that will be in harmony with the principles of existing legislation, and under which an opportunity mi.y be afforded to capital to receive ample profits from its investment in this fiei.! of enterprise." Irrespective of this new part, however, provisions are maintained in the Act defining the powers, privileges and obligations of existing irrigation com- panies, and for regulating agreements made and tolls charged by them. Subsequently, largely as a result of more extended research by Mr. Grun- sky, comprehensive legislation relating to irrigation cr-mmunities was intro- duced in the Public Irrigation Corporation Bill. This is comprehensively set forth and discussed in Mr. Grunsky's Report on the Public Irrigation Cor- poration Bill. He states : "The Bill, in brief makes possible the joint ownership anu corporate control of irrigation enterprises by the landowners of any locality in the 'Tovince where the lands can be irrigated advantageously from a common irce or sources of supply and through a common system of works. Thirf is accom- plished through the medium of publicly owned corporations known as 'public irrigation corporations.' "The organization of these corporations resembles very closely that of city and district municipalities. They are in reality municipalities dealing only with matters relating to water, including its suppl", its carriage and distribution, and its conservation. "Through their instrumentality, money may be borrowed upon debentures or otherwise and taxes may be imposed which become a first lien upon the lands within the corporate limits. It is contemplated that, by means of these institutions, water-users will be enabled to co-operate effectively and on a large scale in the solution of their water problems." Had it not been for the European war, this pubUc spirited measure would doubtless have been more adequately subjected to a test of practical experience. No doubt this opportunity will come in the future. i 1 1 I liij III iil <6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION i Rules. The Water Rights Branch commenced an investigation re- Reg^abons specting the waters of the Province with the object of having sufficient data available respecting the special and natural advantages appurtenant to each stream, so that the fees pavable for the exer- cise of nghts relatmg to the use of waters would, so far as pos'sible. be in accord- ance with the.r respective advantages. This was a basic doctrine specially urged by the Commission of Conservation in its first report upon the Water lowers of Canada, where it states that : "Knowledge of the physical circumstances intimately associated with water-powers is essential to an intelligent classification of them It fas un dirr^n?i't"K'/° '^•^^^^"ti^te bet^^een water-powers as it would be not ^^ niff,r.?r '^^t^'^^" . timber tracts, mineral lands, or the items of any othe? natural resource varying in quantity, quality and situation." ^ As a result of research by Mr. William Young, Comptroller of Water Rights made under the direction of Mr. H. W. Grunsky. assisted bv Messrs e' Davis. C. A. Pope, and other members of the staff of the Water Rights Branch" the Dept. of Lands of British Columbia, by its Proclamation, dated Sep- tember 3. 1913. promulgated the Rules and Regulations and Schedule of lees. But here, again, owing to the European war. it was not possible to undertake the extra work necessary to the adequate carrving out of the pro- visions of these new Rules. They contain a number of 'special features con- ceived along broad lines and are well worthy of being tried out. British Columbia Water Act, 1914 .1, w ^''^'■^^'""^ ^o'" tl^e creation of the prominent statutory features of the Water Act. Chap. 81. March 4. 1914. have been traced step by step, it is not necessary to make an analysis of the various provisions. It co-ordin- ates and brings into one complete code all prior Acts governing the use of water m British Columbia-whether they relate to mining, irrigation, power, the clearing of streams for logging or other purposes, the carriage or storage of water, or to other uses. Furthermore, the foregoing review sets forth the radical means adopted to prevent speculation in water titles ; to secure the actual beneficial use of water, the building of proper and substantial structures the clearing up of old records and the granting of licenses to those entitled to receive them ; to make provision for reasonable extension of time to those who failed to construct works ; to facilitate the combination of water users to make supplies of water available for use by means not within the reach of an individual user ; in fact, it sets forth how the Government has sought by numerous and diverse means, to conserve and make available, for beneficial use and in the public interest, the extensive water resources of British Columbia t ,nT ' ^"^ °^ ^^^* '' ^" extensive measure of 172 pages and consists of 302 main sections. It presents in an orderly manner a comprehensive code dealing with the ownership and beneficial use of water. * Sec British Columbia Gatelle. Februarv 12 1014 r> i ru7 »»...„. „t „ ■ t ■ , ■ Jan^arrlmbey Sifie^'^^^^^^^ -P-^''^ - view of the date" 13th WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 87 Any person who has intelligently perused the historical survey here pre- sented cannot fail to possess a good understanding of this new Water Act, because essentially it is a consolidation of the previous Acts. There are certain revisions and additions, but these involve no departure from principle. The most extensive addition is Part VII, which relates to the creation and operation of companies or associations for the storage or distribution of water, and is an elaboration of the legislation to which special reference has already been made in the discussion relating to mutual water communities. The subject of procedure has been more specifically set forth. The water rights of riparian owners have been dealt with by placing a time limit, within which all claimants to the use of water, by virtue of riparian ownership, must file their claims with the Board of Investigation. When the time limit expires, no further claims, based solely upon the ground of riparian ownership, will be recognized. (See sections 5 and 6.) Special provisions are inserted to safeguard the granting of the more important and valuable water privileges, particularly those which involve the sale, barter, or exchange of water, or water-power. Referring to some of these features of the Act of 1914, the Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, stated : "Applicants for this class of privileges must not onlv obtain a water license from the Comptroller, but must have their undertakings approved by the mmistry ; m fact this approval is one of the very first steps required of such applicants. In order to relieve the Minister of much detail work in this connection, the petition for the approval of the undertaking is, in the first instance, referred to the Board of Investigation, which makes its report to the Minister. The Board goes carefully into such questions as whether the financial position of the applicant gives promise of his carrying out the undertaking successfully, and as to whether the general scheme proposed is in the public interest. Applicants are not authorized to undertake surveys and the pre- paration of detail plans until thev have obtained this approval of the under- taking as a preliminary step. In this way the plea that a particular applicant is entitled to consideration on the ground of having expended large sums of money IS avoided." Respecting the aims of certain measures for conserving the valuable water resources of the province, he added : ■'Licenses issued to companies for water-works and power purposes are now being limited to a term of years, the maximum life of anv such license being fifty years. In other words, such privileges are leased rather than given in perpetuity. A bond is required of ap[)licants for these privileges to insure construction of works without undue delay. A rental fee is also charged during the survey-construction period, which is sufficiently onerous to discourage the mere holding of sites for speculative purposes. In order not to work an injustice on applicants who proceed with the construction of their works in good faith, all amounts paid for rental during the survev-construction pcnod are, however, credited on account of rentals during operation period 1 his idea had been taken from the regulations of the United States Department ot the Intenor. and has the wholesome effect of making the applicant toe the mark in the survey-construction period, but lightening his burden in the early years of the operation period."* ik. *Scc paper by Hon. W. R. Ross, " Briti.sh Columbia Irrigation Policies," in Proceeding of Ottawa'^igis ''•'"■'""•'"W' Irngation Contress, held at Calgary, Alta, Oct. 5-9, 1914, ' ii ! ii m I liM m M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Under this system of limiting water privileges to a term of years, these assets will, automatically, lapse again into the hands of the province —thus affording the opportunity for reconsidering terms in the light of conditions then existing. (See section 10.) Water Authority is conferred to create reserves of unrecorded water Reserves or to cancel same by Order-in-Council. Cancellation of a reserve, however, cannot become effective until the notice shall have been published for three months in the British Columbia Gazette and in a newspaper. (See section 59.) Water-Rights ^'"/f ''*'^'°" ^°' *^^ Minister "may cause to be prepared in Maps and for each water district, or any portion or portions thereof, a water-rights map, which shall show the location, points of diversion, conduits, places of user, and such works, references to records or licenses, and other particulars relating to the water in such district or portion of a district as the Minister may deem advisable." Also, "the Comptroller as soon as a water-rights map in any locality is prepared, shall ajve every stream therein described, whether named or not and whether known by one or more names, an official name, having regard to the name of such stream on any existing official map ; and shall promptly report such name to the Chief Geographer of the Surveyor-General's Department, and such stream shall thereafter be known by such official name and no other, and shall be so de- scribed and known in all official maps, plans and documents." With its 172 pages, the Water Act of 1914 is rather a formidable docu- ment. Technicalities need not be discussed, inasmuch as the average indi- vidual, whose interests fall within its jurisdiction, is not so much concerned with Its more technical and legal aspects, as with those practical issues which govern his procedure in obtaining a license and which require him to use the waters beneficially, to construct works, and also to avoid such action or non- action, as involve penalties. Hence, a condensed summary of such portions of the Act will be of great practical instruction and assistance to the average individual. Citation is given to the respective sections where the matters referred to are to be found, but ae Act itself should be consulted in all matters of issue. Copies of the Act may be had on application to the Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. The Water Act, 1914, is divided into nine main parts as follows : ■P'"'' Division of Act Section I.— Definitions and Interpretation of Terms. . . j II.— Ownership of Water and Water Privileges 4_20 III.— Rights and Obligations of Licensees 21-51 I v.— Organization and Administration ... 52-fiS v.— Procedure to Acquire a Water License 69-118 VI.— Special Rights and Obligations of Particular Classes ' of Licensees j,g_. .„ Division 1.— Storage 119-124 Division 2.— Irrigation J7,_i78 Division 3.— Mining i20-i1n Division 4.— Water-works '.'.'.'.'.'.'. .V.'.W 13lll32 WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 89 Division 5.— 'Class C (♦) Power 133-136 Division 6. — Municipalities 137-140 Division 7.— Clearing Streams 141-148 Division 8.— 'Class C Licensees '.'...'" 149-159 VII.— Companies and Associations for the Storage or Distribution of Water 160-287 Division 1.— Water-users' Community 160 Division 2.— Mutual Water Company ' 161-164 Division 3. — Land and Water Companv 165-171 iTTTT tJ^*^'^'°j 4.— Public Irrigation Corporations 172-287 T-i'~w. ,?^'"° °^ Investigation, its Functions and Procedure . . 288-299 Ia. — Miscellaneous 300-^02 One part of the Act outlines rights, obligations and procedure which are common to all water users. Then follow special divisions, setting forth speci- fically the rights and obligations of particular classes of licensees. Organization and '^^^ ^^^ devotes great attention to the subject of organization Administration ^"^ administration. The Minister is empowered to divide the Province, or portions thereof, i-to districts, to be called •HomUS^-rf^i,' '" .'■^f<='"f."'^c t° ^."y application or license, me;in. any application or license for domestic, mil .il-tradniK. or 'steam-purpose' ; or for 'mining' or 'miscellaneous mirnose' where the wa ei .„ to be used in quantities not exceeding 100,000 gallons per dav ; or f, ' irrTt^i"- tion purpose where the acreage to be irrigated does not exceed 640 acres ; of for 'power pur- pose, where the power to be developed does not exceed 1 00 horse-power ar • -s to be used by the ,plicant only : Provided, that, if in the opinion of the Comptroller, the nature o the work* .itended is such as to require the submission of detail plans, he may plice any application which ISittior P"ertt'TlfrsfcSr'°" •"" '"^^^ ^'' ^^^^^^^^^^^ gallons per day ; for 'irneation Duroose.' wherp thf .^rr^nco f^ Ko ;„;„„*„.i .„„„ V iT« . : "" ,u . 'f .1 • • "^"'i V ^'^ applicant only ; or for 'lowering-water purpose' • Provided that if, in the opinion of the Comptroller, the nature of the works is such as not to ren Hre the «hnvJ'!!r" % ''^.""' ^^T'}'A rnay place c application or license which might come w^ In hi ml scctS'n 30 ' '' ' "°"^"^='^'^>"8 'he foregoing limitations, (\\-ater Act! i. t,„iT!"°^ ^•' '" r«f^'"e"9,e to any application or license, means a license by virtue of which water 'hvfrn, r f.°^=',T''«'''" '^>- special Statute or otherwise ; or an application or lir.-:..,^ fur 'power.' hydrai hck.ng, clearing-streams,' or 'fluming purposes,' where tolls are to be .' ged ; or for water-works or 'conveying purpose.' (Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 19ir.; For convenience these definitions may be epitomized as follows : Class A — Domestic — all Mineral fnding — all Steam — all Mining or Miscellaneous— \l not over 100,000 gallons per dav Irrigation — if not over 640 acres Clasf B— '~'^ ""' "^^"^ ^°° ^'^' '^«^'^'°P'"ent, and for use of applicant only. Mining or Miscellaneous— li over 100,000 gallons per dav Irrigation — if over 640 acres Powr— if over 100 h.p. development and for use of applicant only storage, Hydraulxcktng, or Fluming— it for use by applicant only Lowenng-water — all. ■' ft- / Class C — Water held in gross — all H^TOoftf— ^J'^**"'' •^''"""J-^"'"""^- <"■ Flvming~ii tolls are to be collected Conveying — all. Iji 1 1 ' 1 li" ll 90 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION •Water Districts.' and to define the boundaries thereof (section 52) « Th. ttrr^rrB^ardT? '-^^•^^^^^^ ^ Co^XliTwaS-RiJ s foTt^^an^^wll 1^"^, . Investigation. Engineers and Water Recorders necessarv whn K n "'*'' ^"*^ '""'^ °*^^^ "ffi^^^ ^^^ persons as may be authoriy given Water tTZ ^^p"^- ''"'" ''™' ^^^ ^" *^^ P°--^ ^"^ bpr of fif^ n ^, Recorders and Engineers, and is also an ex-officw mem- exce^t n the d 't ' ''""""' .''' P""*^" °^ ^ "'^'"'^- thereof for Jf purposes rr Tsiction ST" " """"'^ '"' """"^ "^^'^ °^ '^^-^ -^- ^-i water, and Isvested with wISl ' "^T'''""' ^'"^"^^^ ^"^ distribution of the A^t and the • RuleT- For ''°"T ^^ '"^Pection and other duties under ing witnesses and heir n. h ^.^'"P'^^i^" ^^<=^iving complaints, summon- duties of E.,i.„^;^tZTiAl> t:frr, ^ tT/"T -r^ '"" 143 and 292 ) Th^ 'R„i„c' f 7' ' ' ^' *° *^^= ^^^^ "^ to 128, rules under the Water ^t as nSS i" l^^ T'" '"^"'^^'^ °^ ^^P^^'^^' ^^e on Tanuarv iT IQiT p ! ^ ^^ ^''^ Lieutenant-Governor in Council is c eariv set f;rlh ^^'^^^'l «" ^^e part of Engineers and other officer a^ffirmeT^Th ^°l ?T""' " '■^'"'"'^ °'" "^^"^^ '^ ^^'^ definitely affirmed. The Act, by section 5. states that "no right to the quant.t> of vvater permitted to be taken and used. If the water is not used • Compare sec. 7. chap. 48, Water Act, 1909. Necessity for Record or License Beneficial Use WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 91 or is wasted, every licensee thus transgressing shall be subject to cancellation of his license, and. further, notwithstanding the quantity of water granted by his license, no licensee shall, to the prejudice of others, divert more water from any stream than can for the time being be, by him, beneficially used. Measuring devices must be installed : "Every 'Class C applicant or licensee, from and after the time of receiving Its authorization to make surveys, shall install and maintain in good operating condition at such places and in such manner as shall be approved bv the Comptroller, accurate meters, measuring-weirs, gauges, or other devices approved by the Comptroller and adequate for the determination of the amount of water used or electric energy generated (if anv) in the operation of the works, and of the flow of the stream or streams from which the water is diverted or is to be diverted, and of the amounts of water held in and drawn from storage ; to keep accurate and sufficient records of the foregoing deter- minations to the satisfaction of the Comptroller ; and to make a return prior to the first day of March of each year, under oath, of such of the records of measurements for the year ending on December thirtv-f.rst preceding made by or in the possession of such person or licensee as m:ay be required bv the Comptroller. (See section 157.) Procedure to The Act specifically describes the procedure bv an applicant wierlicense ^°^ ^ "^'^^^^ license. The various steps are briefly summarized in the following table : 1. An applicant for a license to take and use water, shall first advertise his intention by posting notices of same, giving particulars specified in the Act y-^ 2. Copies of notices are to be filed in the Water Recorder's office and also served upon each owner whose land will be in any way affected by the proposed works 7j 3. Advertisement must be made giving same particulars as are required for the notices of item 1. above. Advertisement is to be inserted : Once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper ; also in case of Class C application, published for two weeks in the tsrUtsh Lolumbta Gazette 72 4. The applicant shall next file with the Water Recorder, his notice of application and sketch pursuant to his posted notice 7.? 5. The applicant must next submit to the Comptroller of Water Rights, full information as specified in the Act respecting the proposed undertaking 7 , 6. Payment of application fees must be made to the Comptroller. (Objections are here dealt with, if any are submitted, also, in the case of 'Class C applications, the necessarv steps are taker to secure the 'certificate of approval' from the Minister) 76-86 7. Provision is made whereby 'Class B' and 'Cla.ss C applicants only must file plans and specifications of sur\'eys relating to the pro- posed works and make further publication respecting filing of the plans, etc., after which the Comptroller may issue the condiliunal '«ceM5e gygj 8. The next procedure is with respect t( the taking and use of Crown or private lands for the carrying out of the proposed undertaking , . 92-116 \ \\i pi lie l.tv 111 ' « COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ^ I^A %PPi^^^"t next submits proof of the completion of the works and of the puttmg of the water to beneficial use, after wluch tS LT . 'T '''"^' ^°l '"^'^ P«^ of the water applied for as has actually been put to beneficial use . 117-118 Priorities Jhe question of priorities is also dealt with in section 7 as follows : ' "As between two or more pending and conflicting applications for thp i«^ ine use proposed under an application of the ater rank is of a hiirher Jtandarrl afeS'ank' L" mav"'""'r''"" ^'^ use proposed under'antpHcS'of the rSof tS'if^ r^ '"^ ''^^"'^•' °" ^^^ '^''^ applications and estabhsh fnUn^f. ^ ^'f ^"'•''"?^^ irrespective of the rank of the applications The tSw^-'"'"^'' ^""^ ^"°"^>' f"^ the said purposes, with the deSion of each thereof Kivenm section 3, while not intended to nterfere with the discretion given him under this proviso, is. in general, recommended fir 4 consideration" First — Domestic purpose j' Second — Waterworks purpose " Third — Mineral-trading purpose " Fourth— Irrigation purpose "Fifth — Mining purpose 'Sixth — Steam purpose "Seventh — Flumin!? purpose '] Eighth — Hydrauhcking purpose "Ninth — Miscellaneous purpose "Tenth — Power purpose 'I Eleventh— Clearing-streams purpose .',' '^^^e'^th— Storage purpose "Thirteenth — Conveying purpose " Fourteenth— Lowering-water purpose." The Water Act makes extensive provision for the taking and use of either Crown or private lands which may be required oo r . t, ^'^^ purposes by any applicant for a license. Such applicant, however, entering upon these lands shall first secure from the Minister of Lands, a permit to enter upon any lands of tne Province, and shall a^so apply to the Mmister of the Interior of Canada for the necessary per- mission where the lands are held in the right of the Dominion. In the case of private lands or occupied Crown lands, entry shall not be made upon such wi hout first obtainmg the consent of the owners. Procedure respecting absenteeism of owners, compensation, arbitration, action of the court, etc is provided for. Every licensee is enjoined to do as little damage as possible Taking of Lands WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 93 and full compensation must be paid to all owners for any loss, damage or injury incurred. (See sections 92-116.) Wilful violation of any of the provisions of the Act may, in addition to penalties, involve the cancellation of the licensee's certificate or license ; and the diversion, wilfully, or without authority, of any water from any stream or works, or the diverting of a greater quantity of water than a person is entitled to, or the unlawful interference with the works of any licensee, and like action, are dealt with as serious offences. (See sections 18, 47, 48 and 62.) Respecting the Ter.mixation of Water-power Leases Water rights in British Columbia were, for the most part, taken out in connection with mining and agricultural development. It is, therefore, under- standable how such rights were regarded as appurtenant to the hereditaments upon which the water was used. Thus, in effect, such rights were held as in perpetuity and, under the consolidating Act of 1911, chap. 239, forfeiture of rights could only result from nor -use, abandonment or by cancellation for wasteful use or other default. Now. although the 1914 Act, under sec. 10, req-iires in certain cases the stipulation of a definite license term, which in the case of licenses for water- power, municipal water supply or for the development of mineral springs. shall be limited to a period not exceeding 50 years, yet there is but little—^ either in the Act or in existing Regulations— to serve as a basis upon which, specifically, to re-consider at expiration, the terms of the original lease. Neither is there any definite setting forth of the measure of the authority which the Crown shall at that time exercise with respect to the existing works or other assets of those who, under license, have made the development in question. Other water legislation, less comprehensive, and where the doctrine of the right of the Crown is much less definite, has dealt more adequately with the subject of water-power leases. Such questions, for example, as whether compensation shall be paid. and. if paid, for what classes of development ; what principles shall guide in the appraisement of values and what shall govern in arbitration proceedings or when arbitrators fail to agree ; how compensation shall be paid ; what con- ditions shall govern if works have to be taken over ; or shall lands with certain works thereupon revert to the Government without compensation. These and like problems require to be dealt with according to sound principles. Doubtless, since " Province has seen fit to provide for such strict regu- lation respecting licenses granted to agriculturists and others whose develop- ment works are, individually, much smaller in extent and value than works necessary under 'Class C," the authorities will not overlook the larger pro- position to which reference is here made. Safeguard in Provided the Board of Investigation, the Minister of Lands Prowd^e ^"** ^^^ Comptroller, all act with foresight, good wisdom and accord, the interest of the Crown in connection with the grant- ing of water-power or other important water rights, may in a measure be safe- mm i i » 1 jii" m 94 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION guarded— that is. to the extent of not permitting development except under conditions which will not prove a menace to the public welfare. The safe- guard lies in the fact that, when an applicant for a water privilege Ice used in connection with a public utility, makes hir application for li-.ns". 'le must, concurrently, petition for a certificate approving the undertakinj;. 1 he whole procedure must be well advertised and. before the application is granted a public hearing, which is also well advertised, must be held (see sees. 71. 72 (2), 79). This hearing must be before the Board of Investigation (see sec. 80).' The application goes to the Comptroller (see sec. 74). In the case of a 'Class C license, the Comptroller must defer the issue of authorization to make sur- veys until a copy of the certificate of approval of the undertaking has been filed with him (see sec. 78). The petition goes before the Board of Investiga- tion, which arranges for a public hearing and, afterwards, reports its recom- mendations thereon to the Minister (see sec. 80). The Minister may make an order in accordance with tlie recommendations of the Board, but it is reasonable to expect that, if the recommendations are wise and based upon proper evidence, his action will accord therewith. In a word, the safeguard m this general procedure is due to the fact that the application for the approval of the undertaking must be discussed in public and that the minister's approval must be obtained before the Comptroller can issue any authorization for the applicant to proceed with the next step to the obtaining of a license, namely, the making of detailed surveys (see sees. 78 (e) and 86). Although these safeguards exist and, in a measure, tend to prevent the creating of troublesome developments, nevertheless, thev do not provide the safeguards that would exist in the establishment by law of definite, broad and fair bases upon which re-consideration of relationships respecting terms, rentals, etc., between the Crown and lessee could be made at the termination of leases. CapitaUzaHon of Referring especially to the subject of the possibility of water FrSsis 'icenses becoming perpetual franchises and thereby permitting capitalization of same to be made upon such premises, greatly to the disadvantage of the public, Mr. O. C. Merrill, states : t^of '^ believe that one of the most important features of a proper adminis- irfn^c" °V^? '■■P°'''''i"- ^'■'^P'' '^ ^^^ prevention of the capitalization of such S^- ''^". ordinarily be done only by limiting the duration of the franchise or grant. If. for example, a franchise is granted for forty years with the provision that, at the end of every ten years or every five years, the I'rovmce or its municipalities may purchase the property and works at an appraised valuation, the franchise, as such, ceases to hav-e any value at the expiration of such periods, and the Province or its municipalities would pay for the property only, without any franchise value attached ; or, if the license is made indeterminate, as under the Wisconsin law-that is, if it runs indefinitely (not perpetually)-so long as the law and the conditions of the license arc complied with and until the Province or some municipality elects to take over the property at an appraised valuation, the franchise value again automatically disappears with an offer on the part of the public to purchase, and the public Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917 WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA J5 is not required to buy back from the company something which the same pubhcongmallygave to the company gratis."* »^» lae bame May 19, 1917. the Legislature of British Columbia assented to the Water Act. 1914, Amendment Act. 1917. It provides for a few modifications relating to procedure and other matters but It chiefly sets forth in detail the functions to be exercised, and the pro- cedure to be followed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, respecting a company authorized by memorandum of as.sociation, or bv Act of the Leg-'s- lature. to carry or supply, in the public interest, water for irrigation purposes Wide powers are vested in the Lieutenant-Governor, amongst which is the power to : ■•Declare upon giving such notice as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may see fit, that all reservoirs, dams, ditches, flumes, water svstems. pipe"line works and all other stnictures of whatsoever kind used for storing or [onve' ing «.fth Jhl ' ^T""^ ,°^ >rngat.ng lands to which the water licenses in connection with which such works have been constructed are appurtenant, are and have o^Zf''T'fl^" construction of the same, appurtenances of sa^d lands, or in the rLnffi/ ^"^ company not having provided adequate mt ..s for con^erv ng a sufficient water-supply to the whole of said lands are and have been s"nce Jhe construction of the sanie, appurtenances of the lands of the individual owners as distinguished from the lands of the company." f "^vutrs The section in the Water Act of 1914, which defines 'Class C of water users, IS amended and now reads as follows : virt,,'p'S't!L*i:' '"/'^^F^"*:^ to any application or license, means a license bv urtue of which water is held in gross, whether by specal statute or otherwise '• or an application or license for 'power,' 'hvdraulicking.' 'clearing-streamr' o^ The foregoing review of the water legislation enacted bv the Province of British Columbia, itself, permits a better understanding of the concluding portion of this historical survey, which consists of a brief reference to the legislation of the Dominion of Canada affecting the waters of that portion of British Columbia-the Railway Belt-which is under the jurisdiction of the rederal Government. mi UL Water Lec.isl.\tion- Respectixg the Railwav Belt July 20, 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation. The terms of Lnion are incorporated in the Schedule to the Imperial Order-in-Council of May 18, 1871, and are also included in addresses presented to Her Majesty the Queen fro m the PaHiament of Canada, and from the Legislative Council 'Si'c letter of O C. Merrill, Chief Engineer, Unitel States Purest Ser\-ice "Shill \V-,fnr t Section 8. .siibseetiun («). re-enacting Section 171 of Water Act 1914 ,i,o,Hn^RHKh''r'?'"vH' '"'"*' '^"u- •'• u'' "'''y ^'^ explained that the phrase 'in gros.' has been used in Bntish Columbia to mean that the right to so much water coul 1 be acnuirec' a ne™n Ztr'Z'lT" ^J^'^ ""^'u' ^' '" P"^°"^' "^^'- ^^i"'""' '^f"'^"''^ to theSuponVhich the water must be used or to the particular use to be made of the water. {• ^11 11 MM 96 COMMISSION OF ' >NSERVATIOX H of British Columbia, praying for the admission of British Columbia into the Dominion of Canada.* Under article XI of the terms, Canada undertook to secure the construction of a railway extending from the Pacific seaboard through British Columbia, to connect with the railway system of Canada. In consideration of this, British Columbia agreed to "convey to the Dominion Government, in trust, to be appropriated in such manner as the Dominion Government may deem advisable in furtherance of the construction of the said railway, a similar extent of public lands along the line of railway throughout its entire length in British Columbia (not to exceed, however, twenty (20) miles on each side of said line), as may be appropriated for the same purpose by the Dominion Government from the public lands in the North-west Territories and the Province of Manitoba." lUUwa Belt Pursuant to this undertaking there was set aside what is known •ndPeace*River as the 'Railway Belt' of British Columbia— a strip of terri- Block Created ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^j^jg ^nd extending from the eas'xriy boundary of the province at the summit of the Rocky mountains to a westerly Hmit bounded bv the Meslilloet river, the North arm .;f Burrard inlet, and the western boundaries of townships 39, 38, 2 and 1, west of the Coast meridian. The Provincial Government, by 43 Victoria, chap. 11, May 8, 1880, pro- vided for the grant of the territory involved, but the actual conveyance was not made until the passing, by the Provincial Legislature, of an amending Act intituled An Act Relating to the Island Railway, the Graving Dock, and Railway Lands of the Province, being 47 Victoria, chap. 14, December 19, 1883.t In addition to the land grant provided for and situate 20 miles either side of the railway line, there was, by the Act of the British Columbia Legislature of December'l9, 1883, an additional grant made to the Dominion Government of "three and a half million acres of land in that portion of the Peace River district of British Columbia lying east of the Rocky mountains and adjoining the North-West Territory of Canada, to be located by the Dominion in one rectangular block." This is the tract known as the Peace River Block. t • Consult provisions of section 146 of British North America Act, 1867 ; also, Pope, Joseph, Confederation ; Being a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Documents bearing on the British Aor/A America Act, Toronto, 1895 ;— respecting British Columbia, consult Index ^/w: for copy ot Order-in Council, Schedule including Addresses, see Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906, Vol IV, pp. 76-85. Consult, also, Reiised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911, Vol. I, pp. XLIX, et sea. The Statute or Ordinance making change to constitution similar to that of Ontano is No. 14/, in Rei'ised La-xs of British Columbia, 1871. For the present Constitution of Bntish Columbia, Bee Chapter 44 of the Consolidated Acts, 1911. Consult Documents Illustrative of Ike Canadian Constitution, by William Houston, Toronto, 1891, see Note No. 30, pp. 233-34. t Thi- Act appears in the British Columbia Statutes for 1884, as chap. 14, December 19, 1883. It is usually cited as chap. 14 of 47 Victoria, 1884. As a n.atter of fact, however, it was passed in 46 Victoria, 1883. The Act, chap. 14 of 1883, assented to May 12, did not become operative and may here be neglected. » j i. n •»■ t, t This additional grant was made in heu of such lands as had been ahenated by bntisn Columbia within the Railway Belt, prior to the passing of the Act of December 19, 1883, and was "to be taken by the Province in full of all claims up to this, the latter date aforementioned by the Province against the Dominion, in respect of delays in the commencement and construction o£ the Canadian Pacific RaUway and in respect to the non-construction of the Esquimau and Nanaimo railway, and shall be taken by the Dominion Government in satisfaction of all claims for additional lands under the terms of union." " !il Ill [: WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 97 SMiMBMtaad "^^^ Railway Belt land was conveyed by the Province to the JnriMUctioii Dominion, 'in trust' clearly with a view to its settlement at an early date.* Thus, section 11 of the Dominion Act, April 19, 1884, chap. 6, provides that : "The lands granted to Her Majesty, represented bv the Government of Canada, in pursuance of the eleventh section of the Terms of Union, by the Act of the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia, number eleven of one thousand eight hundred and eighty, intituled An Act to authorize the grant of certatn jpubltc lands on the mainland of British ( Ambia to the Government of the Dominion of Canada for Canadian Pacific Railway purposes,' as amended by the Act of the said Legislature, assented to on the nineteenth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, intituled, 'An Act relating to the Island Railway, the Graving Dock and Railway Lands of the Province,' shall be placed upon the market at the earliest date possible, and shall be offered for sale on liberal terms to actual settlers." Under section (h) of the recital of this Act the Dominion agreed that : "The Government of Canada shall, with all convenient spetd, offer for sale the lands within the Railway Belt upon the mainland, on liberal terms for actual settlers." According to Court decision, the date of the transfer of the administration of the Railway Belt lands to, and the consequent assumption of jurisdiction by, the Dominion, was April 19, 1884, this being the date of ratification of the agreement by the Parliament of Canada.f Province The Government of British Columbia contended that it had wftera''^ '" transferred only the land in the Railway Belt to the Dominion Government in trust for purposes incident to the construction of the railway, and that, in so doing, it had not relinquished its right to ad- minister the waters of the Railway Belt. Accordingly, the Province continued to administer water and water rights within the Railway Belt just as it did those outside. The settlers of British Columbia were accustomed to the operation of strict provincial water laws, and did not— unless v'ater rights. Eventually the vexed question of water jurisdiction came into the courts. On April 7, 1906, the Provincial Water Com- missioners for the District of New Westminster, pi' porting to act under the Water Clauses Consolidation Act, LSv7, granted to liie Bur- rard Power Company, at an annual rental of S566, a record for 25,000 inches of water out of Lillooet river and its tributaries. Lillooet river t and Burrard Power Case • Cniisiilt, Appral Cases, Judicial Commillee of Privy Council, Vol. 14, pp. 295, el seq. X Now' L'nown as the Alouette river, see Fiflrtnlh Report of Geographic Board of Canada. WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 91) L.llooet lakes lie within the limits of the Railwav Belt. The water was to be diverted for power development and for industrial purposes, and after Z'JZ 'n r ^''^'^"'■S^'^ '"t° Kanaka creek, thus discharging bv another route mto the Fraser river. ' Certain interests holding, from the Dominion Government, timber con- cessions on Lillooct lake, protests to the Department of the Interior that ./' lonr "!r" '"J";;'°"S'>- ^ff'^^tcd I,y the proposcl diversion. December -6. 1906 the Attorney-General of Canada fyled an information in the 1-x- tfZir' , rn '" u '"''^^" ■"•■• '" '''' ^"^^'•-^ -' the Province, the ; r rl'T °r ""■'' """' "''^^ •••■"■ '''''" ^ ^'^'y t° this case, known a. Burra d Power Company vs Ki,.,. T'.e , i: atifl contended that, as the provincial grant of water to the x- . r comp,„v ^as invalid and conveved no interest to the company, the gn .r sI-ouk) i>e < ancelled. Decision re J^Iay 10. 1909, the E.xcliequer Court of Canada gave decision PowerCase 1" ^^''?"'" °^ ^he Dominion.* Februarv 15. 1910, an a,,peal r.n.,U + n , " J"^''"''"* ^''-^^ dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada.t On appeal to the Privy Council, the Judicial Committee gave the SominionT ' ^''^^' "''''°''''""' '''" ''""'^'°" "''''^'""^ >" ^^^'""^ of In delivering judgment for the Judicial Committee, Lord Mersev referred to the above quoted statement of Lord Watson with respect to the Precious Metals case. He pomted out that one of the objects of Article 11, of the i^selTll ,'7'' -^ "^"'■^ ''"' "°'"'"'°" ^ "^^'"^ «f P'-^'-^i'-'llv recouping t.self for expenditures in connection with the constmction of the Railwav bv ' if'thrPr'n'v " ' n T'l '^-^f^-^^- The Judicial Committee held that, could alfohr M ' •' ^^^"^'^tion. take away the water from the land, it Zotti •' ^''^'"^'°"- '•^■^"'"'-^ I^^^^'^^^-n of the land itself, and therebv so n ffe 11 ''■\°7,^'-^''"t ^s to utterly destroy it. Lord Watson's reference n . e Precious Metals case, to the 11th Article, so far from supporting the appellants contention, is against it. He says : • The convevance contemr.h ed tne lands and to appropriate the revenues.' " The Judgment of the Judicial Committee states • ancimTt'on'ihf inrt' ot- TV^'"^ '" '^^ ^^'^ "'"^- ""'•^■'- consideration is an w/ml 1 if?nrr 'd i nn IT ^ Pro ymce to appro,,nale the revenues to itself, and I nr \\- . r ''^'-''^^^' ^''''^^^^ "i^ t^nns of the contract as internrci. .1 bv sett! d hv f ,^ P land an remain unsettled are 'public property' within the meanmR of section 91 of thrnrits" Nor h America Act, 1867, and, as such, arc under the exclusive erislativc at thoritv of the Parliament of Canada by virtue of trie Act of Parlia- SBeforrthe transfer thev were public lands, the proprietary rights in which .vxre held bv the Crown in risht of the Province. A ter the transfer thev were still public lands, but the proprietary ri-hts were held by the C rown i r Rht of t le CSnion, and for a public purpose, namely, the construction o he railway This being so no Act of the Provincial Legislature could affect Xhl ^^tcrs'upon he lands. Nor, in their Lordships' opinion, does the ^^ ater Ckuses >\ct of 1897 purport or intend to affect them ; for. bv clause 2 the Act Spi^B^^sh Scludes from Us operation waters under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Dominion Parliament."* ^ j i „ tv,« Prnvinr- This judgment makes it clear that water records granted by the Fro^nc within the Railway Belt subsequent to the transference of the Railway B. :, really conferred no rights. On the contrary, the lands withm he Railway 'Belt and all unalienated rights, including riparian and water rights connected therein, were subject to the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Canada. , . In anticipation of a favourable judgment, the Hon. Frank PaSo'olirr Oliver, Minister, Dept. of Interior, introduced during the Burrard Decision ^^^^-^^^ of 1909-10, Bill No. 187. being "An Act to Contirm and Declare the Right of the Crown fc: the Dominion with Respect to Water and Water Power, and Relating to the Diversion, Acquisition and Lse of Water in the Railway Belt, British Columbia." After receiving its first read- ing March 23, 1910, the Bill was withdrawn. Later, subsequent to the Privy Council decisi;n in the Burrard Power Case, Bill No. 124 being the Railway Belt Water Act. was introduced during the session of 1910-11. I provided means for adjusting conflicting claims and rights respecting the waters of the Railway Belt and for a system under which new rights should be granted It received its first reading February 23, 1911. but never became law.f In 1911 the subject was again taken up.t , „ -i n u Meantime matters connected with water rights within the Radway Belt were in a very unsettled state. The Provincial Water Act of 1909 jvas m- tended to apply to the waters of the whole Province, mcludmg those o the Railway Belt. This Act of 1909, with minor changes, was re-enacted in 191 1 Thus, within the Province, as a whole, the Consolidated Water Act of 1911 was in force. Railway Belt April 1, 1912 the Dominion Parliament assented to the Rail- WatrActri912 ,vay Belt Water Act, 2 George V, chap. 47.»* Sec. 5 states . "The water so vested in and reserved to the Crown as aforesaid shall, during th'e pf easure orthfGovernor in Council, be administered under and m * Sec Appeal Cases, Ibid, p. 95. , ^ _, .„,, ,, . ,/, + ThU Rill is reorititc! in Water Powen of Canada, 1911, pp. 114-16. ....„, . ■ Railway Bell,- by I . W. Grunsky, ''^'"8 r,'^[\^";q\;' ' ,, 7S.I88. Ottawa, 1917 ; also, for cor- Water /'■--«--*. J^- f^iff ^^^^^'.^.I^^^^c^t crioUon' J^f !he inauguration of the RaUwav Belt rcsponuiTii; muteria! anM to. co...pren- < arson in Railway lift llydrograpnic Survey To^l^X.'^i-b.^rS^rn'Wr P-^^B^a^^^ ^0. .. pp. W el se,. •• This Act IS reprinted in Water Resources, Paper No. 1, pp. 24-26. WATER LEGISLATIOX IX BRITISH COLUMniA ,ot ^^^l^'Aa^.^'SS^V^^JSZJ'''': '?«?•• "^ Bmish Columbia, and amhoritics haviriR powers and duties n"'""' °^ ^^"f '^' ^^'^ ^''^' "^cers provisions of the said Act shaU LvelheR-eno^t'r '''/"'' r^""'"^ ""'^'='- '^e to or m connection with the adminLtratlf of E^Ld^watS ••"'•■ "'^' '''''''' Evidently, the Dr ninion, bv this Act nf loo • . i , British Columbia the n ministrat onof fh . ' '!'''"'''^'' '° *""'f'='' *« fortunatelv. it specified ZlVat if I "'''''"Z V" '^' ^'"'^^■'■^>- ^^'^- ^'"- seded by the Pro.tlf e.^Ln f Vqu'' ^'f p^-^^'-">- '^-n super- s;-t:r- ^~^^^ rP^' :=t :t- h ^ of Lands of British CoC rthe ^7 V R Ro^T ""''^ '^: ^'^ ^'^'"'^^^^ the provincial standpoint th; cxistinTle!^;^ ' ^fi"^"^^'-'''^'"^ ^hat, from unsatisfactorv. He requ;sted Sat thl P °''- T"'^ ''™"' ineffective and powered to deal with the manv conflict T'' authorities be fully em- aHsen.duetoconditionfp^e^iyrtrSit^^^ ''''''-'' -'''' '^' Referrmg to the existing dual administration. Hon. W. R. Ross stated • Belt. Innumtrblfsfrermlt^^^^^^^^ ^ t^' administration in the flow, now on Provin iai and now fn Smrnil ?o 7^*%l^'^.™"'^'^ '" ^^^^^^nd. complicated by the fact th^t as fast TsthJn"^'-- .^he situation is furthei^ patents to private lands the lands so n/t^.^^"""'"*"" Government issues diction. The boundarv of the Belt heSore h.^r" '''"^'' Provincial juris- one as far as water adminstrLfon is cone:rn;d |rd^^^ ^'^^"^'"'^ where the act of either the one Governmpnf !,r\t ^ ■■ ""^-^"^ '''^^^ ^'^'^en rights in the waters has been caUed inrquestion -' "' '" ''^'""''"^ ''''^^^ ^un^z7z\:ZorV:%TRT-''' ^'^ ^'•°^'"^'^' ^"^'^-^^-- ^^« Act. 1913. ThiTAc Chan ;- :^; ' T'"^''''^ '^'' ^""''^'^y ^''' ^^'-tcr •^. inib Act, cnap. ^ as assented to Tune 6 lOl^ p„ c„ ^- c a»c„,l.„„ sees 3, 4, 5 and , ,„2 ^et. i. speemea '■ eeoS^Z ' =,^.raSari;Sir.i;"£f^^^^^^^ orders in council, clah^s or contracts of f nr n «^ ^°' 'T''^'' g'"^"ts, licenses, the Railway Bel heretXe maEnd nnw ^^^'^''"g.lhe use of water within and effective to the samfex^n? for the Til.Prn""'^ '''^" be deemed to be valid manner to the jurisdiction o the Board and'^Zlf h' '''"^.^"bject in the like gallons and limitations imoosed hv fhi w f^"*''^'"^^'''=' t° a'' the obli- authorized, claimed or DeS with r = Ti""^"' ^*='')- ^^ '^ made, issued, within the Railway BeU "f ^ ^'''"' *° '^^'*=" ^" ^"tish Columbia not • c;„„ n..i.. ^ . . . ... i'^l:'f •See Dot/y Co/o«.>/. Victoria. V.I.. June IS t 1 h,s Act IS reprinted in Water Resourctl,! .. 1913. Paper No. i, pp. 26-28. h i 102 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Government ; and the Water Acts of British Columbia existing on June 6 1913 namely, the Consolidated Act of 1911. and the amendments of 1912 and 1913, were expressly made applicable to the administration of the Provmcial authorities within the Railway Belt.* By an alteration in the definition of the term "Railway Belt, an excep- tion was made in the case of waters in all reserves or a-eas that were then^or in the future might be, set apart and designate! as Dommion Parks. The waters in these reserves are now administered by the Dominion authorities under the Dominion Forer. Reserves and Parks Act, and under water-power regulations of the Dominion Government applicable to Dominion lands m Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Terntones.t The Dominion Railway Belt Water Act. as amended in 1913, had pro- vided for making the provincial Water Act of March 4, 1914-which consoli- dated and revised the water legislation of the Province-effective wi^hm the Railway Belt. Thus, the Dominion measure states : "The Governor in Council mav direct that any Act, or portion thereof, passed by the Legislature of the Province of British Columbia after the third day of March, nineteen hundred and thirteen, relating to water in the province not within th^ Railway Beit, shall apply to the water in the Railway Belt as if such Act were enacted bv the Parliament of Canada. "Everv Order in Council passed under the authority of this section shall have force and effect onlv after it has been published for four consecutive IZksZ The Canada Gazeite. Every such Order in Council shall be laid be.ore both Houses of Parliament within the first fifteen days of the session next after the date thereof, and such Order in Council shall remain in force until the dav [mmeaiately succeeding the prorogation of that session oParliamen^ and r^ longer, unle.ss during that session it is approved by resolution of both Houses of Parliament." February 27 1915, the Dominion Government, byordenncouncd.t made the provincial Water Act of ^-^ ' effective-with the exception respecting Parks just explained— for administermg Dominion waters withm the Railway Belt. • With regard to the views of the provincial authorities respectinR the advantages accnting Dol'.in?on an P ovi^^^ -•>'"^. '^^ 7>"!i"f '"« of hy.lrographic -Y^T^'if"' .oeT-ater Richts Now on Workable Basis,' in the Daily Colonut, \ icona August 21. 19U + \Vater oowcrrin t^ provinces and territories are administered un.Ier section 35 of the 'p7^'s',Tcts;x^. S^°ib°#HV"" ''°"' """* °""- ""■ jSee Canada GauUe, March 6, 13, 20 or 27, 1S»15. WATER LEGISLATI ON IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Dominion Re- tains Certain Control 103 fradon'Lt' ''"T ^'^'^''''' ^^'^'•"'^ *° ^-'^^ adminis- tration have now been satisfactorily adjusted between the r^.er..:.s^^'-Jt::^^.;:^^; and co-operative t the Dominion Government has not suTnderXJt- • ■ ^ ^'' "'"'''' """' waters in the Railwav Belt Ins ead^t W ! ^ " ^""'f '"'''>'' °^^' the authorities trustees for th int re ts of he LT". 'v ^'^ ^^°^''"'^'^' waters and. under the existin;TeSa:L:':efrsThe%orrr;i;hdV'": any time the administration granted to th^ ProvSce '' RSr^^o^^'"'T G°^-e'-"'"ent. under the Railwav Belt Act fchan 50 R.b.C, 1906)^ and under such regulations as have been established h^ T' Governor m Council in conformitv with this Act ■ ^ '''^''"/■-^^'^''^.f'«^d by the Railway Belt Water Act as amendld in 1913 sV.^^r '''''°" ^ °^ '^' as no important development of Railwav Belt waters rno^H^'^^ '"''''"" authorities.* T ■ s the Act provides that approved, b> the Federal inwh;c?ln§treTerL?aScoSitrn;'irhii^^^^ ^Tf' '.'^l^\^ ^^^ "-"er laid out. administered, dealt wfth and disposed of ''f "' '"'^'^''^' autho ritTerttToSlTS^;?,^^^^^ t '''''-' ^"^ ^-^-'-^^^ authorization and license is ued in v 1 ""'""''''' '■^^P'^«i^-<^1>-. i" everv within the Rai^-ay Belt.{ ''"'' '"''"■' "'^°" ^™^"^ ^^^^s that lie Each authorization involving entry upon Crown lands states ■ occupau' n ^f ^^"fanrbeioS.r^ fo' tife' Cro"; "^''^'T ^° f'^^^- '^^ "- o^ and until approved bv the Minister of th. Tf '" '^"Z^?^" °/ ^^''■^d^ "'ess subject to such terms £ndcondSrashi^!.i\^^^^^ ^^^^^^' '"^"^ ^h^" be mg such use or occupation. ' "^ ^Imister may prescribe respect- Each license involvin^r entry upon Crown lands states • or mainttat"oLt'lor.Vu^p:^'S tr.^^^^^e'^ '^"''7 ^^^nstruction inR to the Crown in the rii:hrofC.nn, o ,"P^i'°" °^^"y'^"^'' 'belong- ^alcr-powers and other water PriviWes Thes^"'''^^'?''''"^''^ ':^1""-fd for the development of idm.mstrat.on of waters by the pSci-,1 a.f^W^ ''"^ru ^"= '"'enJ^l to harmonize with the t.i-.an Act, 1873, as amended by chap. 9, 1881, and chap. 4, 1882. 1890— Apr. 26, chap. 39, British Columbia Railway Act; see sections 9(3) and 9(5). 1890— Apr. 26 r chap. 43, Rivers and Streams Act, 1890 ; an act to regulate the clearing of rivers and streams ; contains 17 sections. • For further and later legislation respecting drainage and dyking, consult the Statutes of Britisk Columbia. See, for example, chapter 69 of the Revised Statutes of 1911. WATER LEGISLATION- IX BRITISH C O L U M „ I , ,07 ''''~^^r^^^-^:.^:^^,!^l^^^.^' -;. al^o ... Pan 11. sections 130 to 136-(M^ " ^""^ '" '^^^ ^- ""'^'-''- '^Vater.' 1891— Apr. 20, chap. 26, Placer Minintr Art isoi i Part IV re 'Water RiX/- k-^ ■ ' - ' consult section 2 : also 1892— Apr. 23, chap. 47, Water Privileges Act 189? • ^»fi„ powers of companies to divert watfr for r^w/''' ^""^ regulates more especially, preamble an?SctTons 2 to 6 ^"''"'''' = '°"'"^* ''''~2':'^8.- i'kndT6-(Mt"^ '^'"^'^^ •''"^"^"'-^ -^'=^' »«^^ ■• -e sections ''''"fcSons 2.'??: li: PfitnaTi.'^^''''^^ ^"' ^^«^''- •^'^^- l«^-» ^ consult ''""ftfi ;'ieeSions'2 a^d^''^""^ ^""^ Water-courses Amendment Act. ''''~2-'(•^& ^''^P- ^'^^ ^^--' Act. Amendment Act. 1895 ; see sect on '"'""S'seaionl^d?).^'^"^ ''^"^"^ ""''■ ''''• A--^--' Act, 1895; '''""frundV'lftteJ'S^'.'^'- '«'^= consult section 2 ; also in Part 189^7^7/'^^^^^^^^^^ '• ""'^^ '''""ti^ns 2!'it^i^' i^k^'r^un ^" ^'"^"^'"^"^ ^^^- '''' ■' - -- ''''""stLU'3^a.^^^^^^ ''''^'"^ ^^* ^^^^^^ Amendment Act. 1897 ; \m7~^J^^- *; "J'^P- ^^' ^'^^•^^ ^'^"^«s Consolidation Act 1897 ""-££ gSidafio1,"S. ^S'rthk^^^V 18^9^-^;^ ^i. ^-ter courses Act (Cons. Acts iss's rh^.. V^ ^ Line Fences and Water- 1896) ; chapter 113 is 'the L^nJ?;^ V' ^'"f'^^'^ '" '«^*' ^^^S and nded in I89O-1I3-4 5.6 and 7^ ^f-^'' t,'-'- ^^?^' ^'^'^^P' ^6. as ^^ ^ (chapter 34. 1896) -chapter 1 36 k?f,%^' «s the Mineral Act, s?ctions'i?a\'d fl '^^^^^^'"^'^^ °^ ^^^^ -^ ^oL Act. 1899 ; see '''"-It l/97t^e?ecttsYaS^^'^' ^'^ ^^'^'^ ^'--^ Consolidation ''"^Act'-isiv:^''^- '*' ^" '''' ^° Amend the Water Clauses Consolidation ''''~2Sn"54'''P- ''• ^^'^'^'^ ^°^"-b- Fisheries Act. 1901 ; see sections ''''~'X"4. '^''P ''' ^'^'^^'- ^^-"^ Act Amendment Act. 1901 ; see 1901-May U, chap. 64, Wood Pulp Act 1901 • thi^ A.. summary cancellation of water n^hts (see ^ectbnl)! ^ ' ^^^"^' I i lift 1 1 lOS COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 1902— June 21, chap. 56, Power Companies Relief Act, 1902. 1902— June 21, chap. 72. Water Claus. Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1902. 1903— May 4, chap. 28, Water-courses Obstruction Act, 1903. 1904— Feb. 10, chap. 56, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1904. 1905— Apr. 8, chap. 34, Land Act Further Amendment Act, 1905 ; see section 2. 1905— Apr. 8, chap. 55, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, Amendment Act, 1905. 1906— Mar. 12, chap. 47, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1906. 1907— Apr. 25, chap. 14, Ditches and Water-courses Act, 1907. 1907— Apr. 25, chap. 18, Line Fences Act, Amendment Act, 1907. 1907— Apr. 25, chap. 47, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1907. 1907— Apr. 25, chap. 33, Rivers and Streams Act, Amendment Act, 1907. 1908— Mar. 7, chap. 56, Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1908. 1909— Mar. 12, chap. 48. Water Act, 1909. 1910— Mar. 10, chap. 52, Water Act, 1909, Amendment Act, 1910. 1911— Mar. 1, chap. 59, Water Act, 1909, Amendment Act, 1911. 1911— Revised Statutes of British Columbia, 1911; chapter 239 is the Water Act 1909 (chap. 48, 1909, as amended) ; chapter 69 is the Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 64, as amended by chap. 19 1901) • chapter 84 is the Line Fences Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 76, as amended bv chap. 19. 1903-4) ; chapter 129 is the Land Act, 1908 (chap. 30, 1908) ; chapter 157 is the Mineral Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 135, with later amendments) ; chapter 165 is the Placer Mming Act (R.S. 1897, chap. 136, as amended). 1912— Feb. 27, chap. 49, Water Act Amendment Act, 1912. 1913— Mar. 1, chap. 82, Water Act Amendment Act, 1913, 1914— Mar. 4, chap. 81, Water Act, 1914. 1915— Mar. 6, chap. 65, Pulp and Paper Companies' Water Agreement Act. 1917— May 19, chap. 75, Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917. BRIEF xMEMORANDUM RESPECTING PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN A WATER LICENSE The following outline of procedure will assist an applicant for a water license for power purposes to understand clearly the procedure demanded by the British Columbia Water Act. The applicant should, however, early establish communication with the Provincial Water Rights Branch and be in touch also with the Engineer and Water Recorder of the Water District. The Water Rights Branch will furnish all essential information and gladly co- operate to guide the applicant. In successively passing the various essential stages of obtaining his Certi- ficate of Approval, when necessary ; the Permit to make surveys, if required ; the conditional water license ; and eventually the final water license ; WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH C O L U M II I A IIW the applicant is greatly assisted by the various forms provided by the pro- vincial authorities — although in some cases the use of the forms is optional. In dealing with the successive steps, these forms are herein nferred to by the respective numbers. From time to time it may be found necessary to modify somewhat present procedure, or even to change some of the forms now in use; such changes, however, will not affect the general usefulness of this outline of procedure, because the forms now in use and the procedure followed are in accord with the general principles embodied in the Water Act — principles, indeed, which are basic to the whole water legislation of the province. First Step Posting Notice — Notice must be posted in certain conspicuous places. Providing the inform.ation required is given, no special forms are demanded. Forms are however provided : No. 101, suitable for an application to take and use water ; No. 102, suitable for an application to store or pen back water ; and No. 103, combining, in a single form, the features of Nos. 101 and 102. (See Sec. 70 of Water Act.) Second Step Filing and Serving Copies of Notice — After posting notice in Step One, notice to the same effect must be filed in the office of the Water Recorder for the district and served upon each owner whose land will in any way be affected. No particular form is specified, and same fonn as is used in Step One may be employed. Proof of this step having been taken is later required. (See Sec. 71.) Ti. .'D Step Advertisement — Published notice, similar to posted notice, but containing, in addition, the date of the first appearance of such notice in a local news- paper, and a statement that objections may be filed with the Comptroller or with the Water Recorder within thirty* days, is to be inserted once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper, m every water district affected, and, in the case of Class C licenses — a class which includes licenses for power to be soldf — the notice must also be published for two weeks in the British Columbia Gazette and must state, in addition, that the petition for approval of the under- taking will be heard in the office of the Board of Investigation at a date to be fixed by the Comptroller, and that any interested person may file objection. (See Se.. 72.) Fourth Step The Application — Within ten days after the first appearance of the notice in the local newspaper, the applicant must file with the same Water Recorder an application and sketch. The application must be in duplicate on Form * The period of 30 days specified in Sec. 72 is stated to be an error, and should be the same as the period of SO days mentioned in Sec. 77. Doubtless, in administering the Act, the full 50 days would be allowecl for objections to be entered, even though the advertisement in the news- paper notifies the intending objector that he has only 30 days for this purpose. t See p. 89 for definition. ■if IJO COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 104 It is recoRnized that at this sta^e the information in possession of the applicant mav be somewhat meagre. Pending accurate surveys, mformation respecting the head obtainable, the extent to which storage may be rendered available and the regimen of the stream involved, may all be uncertain. Nevertheless, the applicant should give all available information, and the sketch, although it need not be drawn to scale, must show (a) the course of the stream ; (6) the proposed point of diversion ; (c) the situation of all principal works, such as ditches, dams, reservoirs, etc.; (d) the boundaries and lot numbers of the land on which water is to be used ; (e) the particular place of use ; (/) the boundaries, lot numbers and names of owners of lands in any At this step the Water Recorder, having first endorsed on the duplicate application the date of its filing, forwards it to the Comptroller together with copy of posted notice previously filed. Communication is made by means of Fo:m 105. Fifth Step Additional Information Required— Vpon receiving the application, the Comptroller sends forms and a printed letter, on Form 107, requestmg addi- tional information and asking that certain fees be paid before a certain date ; which date is to be within 50 days of first appearance of notice m local news- paper. Sixth Step Payment of Fees-The pavment of fees constitutes the sixth step Al- though so called in the Act, this sixth step is not so much an isolated step following Step Five, as it is a step closely associated with the procedure of Step Five It is counselled that the fees, in any event, be promptly remitted, because if this is done and unavoidable delays should chance to occur in re- turning' the forms connected with Step Five, an extension of time may be obtained. Fifth Step — (Couttnued The forms sent by the Comptroller are Form 108, Applicant's Letter, and Form 106. Proof of Posting, Serving and Publishing Notice. The information called for at this stage of the procedure varies with the different classes of licenses and will be dearly indicated to the applicant by the forms themselves. Thus in the case of a Class C application, it is necessary to supply the in- formation specified in Sees. 75 (1) (k) and 75 (1) (m) of the Act. Certificate of AppROVAL-The obtaining of a Certificate of Approval of the undertaking is a very important part of the procedure leading to the grant- ing of a Class C license. The applicant should carefully study ami conform to the requirements set forth in Sees 77 to 84 of the Water Act, 10 4. These sections describe the information which the applicant must specifically lurni.h. to whom, and what notices shall be sent, the procedures respecting the heart.g of petition, and the issuance and publication of the certificate. (Consult, also. Chap. IV herein.) I ' T^ WATER LEGISLATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Ul Seventh Step Surveys and Further Publication— After the certificate of approval has been granted, the applicant may obtain a permit to make surveys, and, after giving security for the payment of compensation for damages, etc.,' may proceed with the necessary surveys.* The authorization to make surveys is on Form 1,001, and specifies the time within which the plans, specifications and detailed estimates of cost of works involved must be completed and filed, in duplicate, with the Comptroller. It is very important that all applicants for water license should under- stand the class and scope of information which must be furnished by the plans and specifications required to be submitted prior to the granting of a condi- tional license. These requirements are set forth on Form 1,000, which should be carefully studied. When the applicant has prepared the information and plans, they are forwarded to the Comptroller, with an Application for the Approval of Plans on Form 150, which gives the estimated cost of the entire works and the time required for their completion. Having filed the plans, the applicant— as soon as he is advised by the Comptroller that same are in order and copies have been filed with local Water Recorder — publishes a notice once a week for four consecutive weeks in a local newspaper and in two consecutive issues of the British Columbia Gazette, that the plans have been filed and are open to inspection in the office of the' local Water Recorder. The applicant must also serve a copy of the notice on every party whose land is affected. The notice is prepared on Form 151 (See Sec. 80 (5, and (6).) Conditional License— The Comptroller takes into consideration al! mat- ters relating to the application, including the date of the application itself, all subsequent proceedings, the objections filed, the Certificate of Approval, etc., and, after approving the plans, he may issue a Conditional License. As issued to a power company, the form used is No. l,003.t (See Sec. 91.) Accompanying and forming an essential part of the Conditional License are two exhibits— 'A' and 'B.' Exhibit 'A' includes a plan showing the point of diversion from the stream and furnishes, in addition, a description of the lands upon which the power is to be generated, and of tlic territory * The Hiiard of Investigation is authorizc.1 to secure such lufurraation by moans of surveys an 1 special investigations as may be necessary for its dcUberations, and if such surveys are re- qmres 'ssuea on Form 1022 ; for domestic, mining and miscellaneous, on Form 1,021 irriSlon. on F;rm 1.023 ; storage, on Form 1.024 ; and clearmg streams, on Form 1,025. CHAPTER IV Certificates of Approval— Orders in Council— Fees UNDER the water legislation of British Columbia a 'Final License' is essential, as representing a grant of water-power rights and privileges. Of this final license, a 'Certificate of Approval of Undertaking' forms an integral part.* The certificate sets forth, specifically, the chief physical features of the undertaking. It must be published in the British Columbia Gazette, but publication of the final license is not required. The Gazette, therefore, usually constitutes the readiest source from which to obtain information re- specting individual grants of water-power rights and privileges. A list of certificates of approval and orders in council relating chiefly to water-power companies, with page references to the Gazette, is contained in this chapter.f With respect to the history of these certificates of approval, and the sig- nificance of certain dates relating thereto, it may be pointed out that under the 'Water Clau<;;;s: Consolidation Act, 1897,' 'a power company,' as defined in sees. 78-83 of said Act, could, subsequent to and consequent upon the filing of certain documents specified in sec. 85, obtain the approval of the Lieut.- Govemor in council (sec. 86), who, by sec. 87, was empowered to issue a certi- ficate of approval of the undertaking. "" -> certificate was deemed to form part of the memorandum and articles oi -ation of the company (sec. 88). It specified the amount of capital to be sub' ^ed and the time within which any portion of the capital was to be available espect of any specified portion of the undertaking and works ; it also fixed the time for the commencing and completion of the works or portions thereof. A copy of the certificate was to be published for one month in the British Cohmbia Gazette, and in a newspaper published or circulated within the area in which the undertaking and works were to be carried on. A certified copy was also to be filed in the office of the Commissioner and Gold Commissioner having territorial jurisdiction in said district (sec. 87). . . As the Lieut.-Governor in council could vary the terms and conditions of the first certificate issued, from time to time orders in council were passed, granting extension of time or other modifications with respect to the under- taking. • Where such is required. See Chapter III, pp. 73, 74, 76, 77, 87, 91. t Note— /Je consulting the Indejt to the Brilish Columbia GaulU, with reference to matters relating to water, note that previous to 1909. 'Certificates of Approval are usuallv mdexed under Prowncio; Secretary's Department; 'Reserves on Water' and 'Cancella ions of Reser^ under Lands and Worti-sub-heading Sssirves. Other referenc^ may be found under Oriieri in Counril and Proclamations, both Dominion and Provincial, and. also, occasionally, under the heading Miscellaneous. Subsequent to the year 1909. such matters are generally seKregatea in the SiTx under wX Notices wd subsequent to the establishment of the Water R'ghts Branch under the two headings WaUr Rights Branch and Water NoUcts ; also, consult under other headings mentioned above. 11 -.i tI - " if ' I 114 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION It If' |i A change in the wording of sec. 85 of the 'Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897, Amendment Act, 1908,' made it clear that a power company, "before proceeding with the construction of its works," shall apply to the Lieut.- Governor in council for the approval and "shall obtain a certificate of approval of its undertaking," and shall also give notice of such intention by a notice inserted in the British Columbia Gazette and in any newspaper published and circulated in the district in which the works are to be constructed. It should be noted, however, that, prior to the passing of the 'Water Act, 1909. Amend- ment Act, 1912,' the license might be obtained before the certificate of approval. By the 'Water Act, 1909,' any municipality or company that had obtained a license for more than four cubic feet of water per second was required (sec. 83) to obtain approval of t e proposed undertaking and works by the Lieut .- Governor in council, who was empowered (sec. 89) to issue a certificate, signed by the clerk of the Executive Council, approving the proposed undertaking and works. This certificate was deemed to be conclusive evidence in any court of law.* The ' matters and things ' to be set forth by the certificate were as follows :t " (a) The amount of the capital of the company which shall be subscribed and the amount actually paid up, before the company shall begin the con- struction of the works ; or, ,. ,. ^ , u i " (6) If the work has been divided into parts, then the amount of capital to be subscribed and actually paid up in respect of each part, before beginning the works on each particular part ; j -f j- -j j "(c) The time within which the works shall be begun and, if divided, then the time within which each part shall be begun ; ... , "(d) The time within which the works shall be completed and in actual operation ; ... . -,. n "(e) The area within which the company may exercise its powers. The 'Water Act Amendment Act, 1912," repealed the provisions of parts V and VI of the 'Water Act, 1909,' relating, respectively, to procedure in general and to the approval of undertakings and, also, stipulated that licenses for the taking and using of water, for municipal or power purposes, could only be obtained by a municipality or company after the approval of the under- taking by the Lieut. -Governor in council. (See '75' under sec. 27.) Under the 'Water Act Amendment Act, 1913,' instead of the certificate of approval being granted by the Lieut.-Governor in council and signed by the clerk of the Executive Council, it was granted by, and under the hand of, the Minister of Lands. The various sections as amended, dealing with the issuance of a certificate of approval, have been embodied in the 'Water Act, 1914.' Under it, the Minister of Lands (sec. 81) may issue a certificate of approval setting forth that the proposed undertaking has been approved, subject to such alterations, limitations, restrictions and con- ditions as, in the public interest, he may deem just. 'See sec 318. 'Water Act, 1909 ' ; also sec. 323 of the Rnrised StaliOu of tpn; also see • WateflcTAmendment Act. 1912,' sec. 66, and compare sec. 93 of the 'Water Act Amendment Apt 1913 'and sees. 27 and 91 (3) of the 'Water Act, 1914. .... .. » .. tSee'i^ 9a These 'matte« and things' are similar to those caUed for by sec. 87 of the Act of 1897. Water Act, 1914 CERTIFICATES, ORDERS I\ COUNCIL. Certificates of FEES US in . r... nf -r, ^f °''^' ""^^'" ^^^ P""^'^"^ ^^'ater Act are required only izatinn r ^ C- apphcations (see sec. 79-86) ; and. further, no author^ ^flT.T '"'''^'' '"^ "° """*'" "^^"^^ ^^^" '^^"« t° 'Class C applicants without the express approval of the Minister (see sec ll-(4) (5) ) ^P""^^"" In granting new licenses, the provincial authorities aim to issue an in olratrons ;t 1'" '^'"'^ "' '°^^'^' "'^^ ^^^^-^^ '^'-^' the nghts and obligations of the licensee, as well as a comprehensive description of the chief phys cal features relating to the use of the water in question .ithpf » ' *^.! P'"f "* ^^'f ^'^ '^«- '^^ certificate of approval is issued before ? tr T'^f!*'^^ °' ^ ^"^^ "'^"^^' ^"^' '" ^^^h case, forms part thereof ThT ' " .r '^^^r;^^^'^! ^'^-l'^ ^h« '--se. for any reason, become voTd The matters and things' required by sec. 82 to be set out in the certi- 2ririct?Th!s stl-^'^ '"'-""'^ '"'" ''' -responding cla^s^s^oMhe S aTv) which w,h°'' ""T"" ^ ''^'''"'"' °^ "^'^^ ^'"°""* °f the bond of ,n i . ™'^"''''^ ^ '""""^y ^°'' **^« P^y'"^'^* by the applicant applica'Jn.-" """"'"" "'*' *'^ investigation by the Departmenfof Ws As heretofore, the certificate may be amended, varied and altered or further certificates may be issued (sec. 83). while sec. 84 states : "A copy of every certificate issued or amended under the last thr^P nr« 116 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION CERTIFICATES OF APPROVAL AND CERTAIN OTHER ORDERS IN COUNCIL RELATING TO THE DIVERSION OF WATER CHIEFLY FOR POWER PURPOSES Grantn Adwns River Lumber Co. . do Alberai Water Worki Co line. July 2, 19081. AllnstroDg Power and LlKht Co. (Inc. Au(. 20, 19061 Streams affected Bear creek, lower .\dams r.. .\dams 1., Chase ck (tributnrySouth Thompson) Roger ereek. . . Fortune oraek U;ire of Certificate of Approval or Order in Council Apr. 18. 19M July 17,191fi Apr. 13,1909 Aiheroft Water, Power A Light Co. lino. Feb. 2o, 189S!. Belgo-ConadiaD Fruit Lands. do Bella Coola Pulp 4 Paper Co Bella Coola Telephone. Light ft Power Co. [Inc. May 13, 1908] do Britannia Power Co. [Inc. Oct. 2S, 1903]. do rittingham and Young Co.. Bonaparte nver . Ideal lake. North fork Mission ck. New Memil prr-ek Skomahl river do. do. British- American Co. do. do. Dredging May 6,1898 Oct. 18,1910 Mar. 28, 1911 Nov. 6,1902 Oct. 13,1909 Britannia ereek, Howe sound Mesliloet (Indian) r.and Salmon r. Or{ordbay,Bute inlet do. Pine creek. . . . Cheakamus river . Campbell river, Vancouver Id. British Columbia Electric Railway Co. British Columbia Power and Electric Co. Campbell River Power Co. [Inc. Apr. 17, 19091. Canadian Collieries, Ltd . Camvliiin Industrial Co. (see ['owell river.. Pacihc Coast Power Co.). do. do. Cascade Water, Power and Kettle river. Light Co. do. do. do. Caasiar Power and Industrial Co. [Inc. June 28, 1901). do. Couteau Power Co. [Inc. Oct. 19, 1'JOS). , do. do. do. do. do. Cranbrook Electric Light Co. do. Publi«he» .Mar. 3, mnl.May 28,1914 583 840 Approves undertaking. Approves seheduiu of rates. ■Approves grant of water record. •\pproves undertaking. .Approves undertaking. .Approies undertaking and plans. .Approves undertaking. Water supply to vicinity ol .Mission .Approves water license. -Approves undertaking. -Approves undertaking and plans. •Approves undertaking. .Apprn-.-c5 grant of water. Approves undertaking. Water supply to lots 486, 833, 912 and yo7, Group 1, VVeatUiiuater dis- trict and aquamisn Indian ita- serve. 3082jGruutit righl-uf-way. ^IS s-Wl 118 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION CERTIFICATES OF APPROVAL AND CERTAIN OTHER ORDERS IN COUNCIL RELATING TO THE ^ DIVERSION OF WATER CHIEFLY FOR POWER PURP08E»-Conft»Md Gnntee North V»nrouver. Dimrict of do. do. North Vancouver, city of. do. do. do. do. Stmnu affected Lynn creek. Mos- quito crepk, ereekl in Di»- trict lou 802, 7gS, 882. 88) and Rice lake do. do. do Ocean FalU Co Oriental Power and Pulp Co. (Inc. July 15, 1901|. do. Pacific Coaat Power Co. [Inc. Sept. 18, 1899] (see also Canadian Industrial Co.) do. do. do. do. Pacific Pulp and Power Co. [Inc. Aug. 9, 1906J. do. do. Penticton District Munici- pality. Pine Creek Power Co. [Inc June 28, 19011. do. Placer Cold Mines Port Alberni, city of Port Coquitlam, city of ... . Port Edward Townsite Co. . Port Eesinaton Water Co. . . Port Moody, city of Link lake and river Finlay rii -^r and lake!. Princess Royal island L te o( Certificate of Approval or Order in Council July 22, 1904 Au(. 27, 1901 Oct. 12.1901 Auc. 1S,190G June 2, 190S Aug. 27, 1901 Feb. 1, 1912 Jan. 8, 1914 Sept. IS, 190t Oct. 13,1901 Sep. 3, l-.>08 Feb. i, 19U Powell river.. Union creek and tributaries Penticton creek.. Pine creek and Surpris" lake Dec. 31, 1912 Jan. 8,1902 Feb. 25,1907 Oct. 2, 1899 July 10.1900 July 3, 1902 July 29,1903 Sept. 22, 190» Dec. 12,1906 Mar. 26. 1907 Feb. 28.1911 .Mar. 20, 101-' Nov 1.1911 Aug. 29, 1901 Ruby creek, Atlin district China creek, Al- berni canal Gold creek, Co- quitlam river Wolf creek Powell River Paper Co Prince George, city of. . Prip-je Rupert Power and l.ijiht Co. [Inc. June 30, lUOG.J do. Cunningham lake and ck, Skeena ri"er Noons creek. Bur- rard inlet. Scott creek. Coquitlam river Powell river.. . do. do. do. do. do. do. Nov, 26, 1906 July 15,1910 Dec. Oct. Dec. Published in BrUifh Cotumbia Gatftte Date I'-me I73B 1952 325; 800 Remarks Vpproves inches. assignment of 300 Feb. 28,1907 Oct. 5. 1899 July 12,1300 Aug. «, 190i .Sept. 22, 1904 Dec. 13,1906 .\pr. 4, 1907 865 1707 1158 27, 1913 10.1910 1,1913 Jan. 7, 19 U Mar. 29. 1915 Mar. 21, 1912 July 4, 1912 Aug. 19, 1901 Nov. 29. 1900 July 21,1910 .\pr. 30,1914 Nov. 9,1916 Dec. 26,1913 Feb. S, 1914 May 6, 1915 Necheko river. , Shawatlan lake, river and tribu- taries Woodworth lake, Pine creek Jan. Oct. 2. 1912 0, 191ti Feb. 22,190' June 7, 190: Mar 16, lot Apr. 30.190H .Nlay 19, 190!> Aug. 11.190!> .Mar. 9,1909 Jan. 2, 1912 Nov. 16, 1916 Feb. 28,190: .Approves undertaking. .\pproves undertaking. Amend- ed certificate. Adjudication approved n water records. Seymour creek. Adjudication approyed. ,\pproves undertaking. .\pprove8 application for lota 856 and 857 lor iri'er works. .Approves undertaking. Esten- sjon of water supply, North Vancouver. -, . - Approves plan and profile of 9 bridges. .Approves record. Approve* undertaking and plane. Approve* undertaking. .Approve* undertaking. Grants extension of time. .Approves undertaking and plan. .Approves undertaking and plan. Approves undertaking. Approves undertaking. Grants extension of time. Grants further extension of time. .\pproves undertaking and pLuis. Approves undertaking and plan. 3827 Approves undertaking. 7715 Approves undertaking. 2590 Approves undertaking. Water- supply to municipality. 2391 Approves undertaking as amend- ed. 9451 .Approves undertaking. Water supply to lot 446, rge. .". Coast district. 87-4 Approves tindertaku. supply for townsit' Essingtoo. Approves undertaki. luppl;" to city of - ll',,S5 17S9 4073 1544 2305 6177 2450 866 Apr. 2, 1908 May 7, 190K .May 21, 1908 Aug. 13,190s 1373 1758 1888 Vater Port ^ater Moody. Approves construction of paper null. .Approves undertaking. Water supply to Prince George and district. Reservation of 300 mches on all streams in Tsinipsean penin- sula. Record amended from 2,000 to 5,000 miners' inches. Approves undertaking and diver- sion. Approves undertaking. Approves undertaking. This cer- tificate supersedes those dated Mar. 10 and Apr. 30. 2950 All unrecorued wattr ol McNlch- oU's creek reserved for munici- palities. Grants extension of time. Cancelling two water licenseeand transferring same to Prince Rupert CERTIFICATES, ORDERS IN COUNCIL. FEES 119 CERTIFICATES OF APPROVAL AND CERTAIN OTHER ORDERS IN COUNCIL RELATING TO THE DIVERSION OF WATER CHIEFLY FOR POWER PLRP08E8-C«5.»«7 Grantee Prioce Uupert, city of. do. Qimoelle Hydmulir GoUl MioiiiK C*(i. Qustsino Power ami Pulp Co fine. Oct. JO. l>r)2]. Rock Criek Irrieation Co [Inc. Mar 23, 11(071. Rogir Creek Wati r Co , Al- biTni. Romlaml Air Supply Co [Inc. Sept. 30, IS'.iSJ. •Streams affected Worjdworth ftn< JShawiithin like nnil Thultii;- r Wark rhanncl do. 'wift river Feettah creek... Ilork creek . . . . Roeelsnd City water-righta. . Roesland Water and Liiht Co. Rowland Power Co. [Inc Auc. 21, 19021. Salmon Arm, city of . Sandon City, water worka and Power. do. Sidney Water and Power Co Snohoah Water, Light and Power Co. (Inc. Mar. 23 mos). Sooke Harbour Water Co Southern Ok.inaitan Power Co. [Inc. Aug. 21, 190oJ. do. South Vancouver, Munici- pality of. Spallumcheen Corporation.. . do. Spruce Creek Power Co. [Inc Feb 13. I'.lOll >t:ive Lake Power Co. fine Sept. 15. lb'M)\. do. do. do. 00. do. do. do. do. do. Roger creek, Soni- ai.s river Beaver fk..■^almon r.andXorthforK Salmon river Murphy. Bc.ulder and Rlueberrv creeks S t o n e y. Little Stoney and Lit tie Sheep eka. Murphj-. Rock and Stoney cka. Eaat Canoe creek, Shuawap lake Tributary. Saw- mill. Carpenter and Sandon cka. ct. 20. 190-'l May 2, 1907 Oct. 23, 1913 Jan. 24, 1899 July 5, 1890 .Sept. 23, 1899 Nov. 5, 19a3 May 6,1914 .Mar. 10, 1901 May 2. 1907 Nov. B, 1913 Jan. 20, IS99 Page 208.-. 113.- 4."1 219! 84 OS 10 Surf Inlet Pcwer Co. [Inc Cougar lake. Prin Anr 11 mil*.. w. • . . Apr. 9, 190. do. S'ulton Lumber and Trading Co. Thompson Valley Irrigation and Power Co. [Inc. June b. IbOS). do. Seymour creek , 'lavia creek, . do. Spruce creek . Stave river tributaries ami Mar. 19, 1903 Aug. 5, 1913 Mar. 24, 1908 .\pr. 8, 1913 Aug. 10,1909 Nov. 5, 19a3 May 21, 1914 2457 Aug. 21,1911 .\ug. IG, 190t> ecsa Royal Id. do Kennedy river. . . Lake of the Wooiia, Pennie, Twin and Bull takes . 3, 1901 14, 190U 9,1900 20, 1901 2I,190:.> 12, 190.) 3, 1901 7,1901 3I,I90( 17,190-. 14,1910 Aug. 14, 1913 Mar. 2B, 1908 July 17, 1913 Sept. 2,1909 Approves undirtaking and aa- signnient of liceruus 203 and Approves undertaking as far as it r.■late^ to application for li- een.*e. Vpproves undertaking. Approves record. Vpproves undertaking. Approves undertaking. .Munici- pil suppl.v to city of Alliemi. .\pproves undertulung. (irants diversions. Approves and eooBrms diver- tiions. Approves undertaking and plan. 293:i Approves undirtaking. Water .fupply to Salmon Arm and vicinity. Question of powers referred to oupren.e Court. Confirms adjudication. \ppro\e3 undrrt!iking. Water supply to .North Saanich di«- trirt. Approves undertaking with plana. Mar. 10.1901 Apr. 20, 1900 Apr 27, I90.-) Mav 25.1910 .Sept. 22, 1906 Mar. IB 1909 June 22, 190. Nov. 22, inoi July 14,1910 June 1, 1910 079 128S 6151 4009 Mar. 10. 1910 'Jept. 28, 1909 Sept. 30, 1900 Approves undertaking. .Approves undertaking. Kstends time for completion. '^•rants record of 1,000 inchea from Seyin -ur cieek and ad- ditional 300 inches, (irants rectird, .Viijudication approved. .Approves undertaking. 094 Approves undertaking with plan. Varii'S terms nf approval and granl.s exiension i,f liiije. \.iries trrn.s cl cerlificate and )rr:.nt«< extension of tirre, (■rant.-, furlte r • xten-iori of time. Orani.s I'stension of time for compli-ti'in of w.Tstt^-way. Or:.rit» further ciienMon of lime. Nppri.vcM nnteieit-d design and uielertakinir Aiipn.ves undi rtaking. c;r:inls furthireitennion of time. \ppriives undertaking and a- Jii'-niis ceniticate of Oct 31. , ''•""'■ (jraiits diversion. 12W 3099 72'l.' 1118 .Vpproves undertaking. Cirants permission to stream. clear 1(W. ,\pr.r.-.-.vs un.j-r«sli;iiB am! an- thorifes acquisition of water records controlled by D. C. Horticultural Estates, Ltd. 4710 Schedule of rates. ifi ill 120 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION CERTinCATES OF APPROVAL AMD CERTAIN OTHER ORDERS IN COCNCIL RELATINQ TO THE DIVERSION OP WATEP CHIEFLY FOR POWER PURPOSES— CoKniMd b ! i GrsatM Vaaoouver, City of . V»n<-ouT«r Power Co. [Inr J>o. -a. 1898). do. do. do rio VkneouTcr Island Power Co (Inc. J»D. 16, 1907.1 VemoB City water workt.. do. Victoria Power Co. (Int. July 17. 18971. do. .Seymour ^k. rr,* lake, CapOr river and Col '■ enfk C qui' lam a n ' Bttntaen lakes Streama affecceti Date of ' ^ertifieate f Aot>roval iT 0^^er in Council I i- 14,1912 Sept. 12. 1912 I.IMI !■; 1002 1003 1906 Jordan n ■■ tribe, Ti -^ Bear tkn rant. Tro Ileal lake* Long lake . . r..y I ' \ r .2. Vo' . 4, AW 10!) , '09 Published in Brai*^ Columlna Onulu Date Feb. 20,1902 May 25.1966 May 21. 190A Not. 4,' 1909 Pace 246 1285 18S8 8562 Shawniitan t and Kol»ilu do. do. Wellington Colliery Co Weatern Canada Power Co . West Kootenny Pow r and Light Co. [Inc. ^lay 8, 1897). do. da do. do. do. Wastminster Power Co. . Puntledgerivir.. p' .\ug. 14 l.lt'l. iJune 18. VI" ,|\fir. l,19J9i. ' ;ov. 27, 1911 .t. 29, 1904 23S3 'i843 Kootenay river. Lower Bouning- ton and Upper Bonningt on falls do. do. do. Weat Vanc-.iTer, City of . White Valley Irrigation and Power Co. line. Mar. 31 19061. do. do. do. do. do. Ymir Water Worki Co. [Inc. May 2S, 1398|. Meeliloct river and tributaries Young, Rrao'lt, Norton and Hixun creelu Brothers creek, Capilano creek Jones or Creigh- ton creek Nov. 26, 1897 do. Dec. 15,1902 .\pr. 25, 190.' Aug. 17, ino". Aug. 20, IttOrt Oct. 5, 1908 June 6, 19t:! July 30, 1915 July 18, 1916 Oct. 19,1916 .Apr. 19, 1U15 .\ug. 21, 1906 Aug. 17, 1905 Nov. 12. 1906 Nov. 14, 1906 Not. 16, lOOa Sept. 22, 1908 May I!, 1900 Dee. 19,1898 7,1911 16825 June 26, 1913 Sept. 2, 1915 Sept. 13, 1916 Nov. 9,1916 .May 20, 1915 Aug. 23, 1906 Nov. 22, 1906 1763 5644 2484 1991 2392 1479 2395 Remarks Approves undertaking. Approves diversioB. Approves undertaking. Confirms adjudication. Approx-ee further undertaUsg with plans. Approves further ondertakinc- ■ipproTM uadsrtoUas. ApproTes record 3.000 Ifkrhee. Rt-eerve placed upon 3,000 inchea for 1 year for municipal pur- poses. Reservation extended for another year. Reservation upon 2.000 inches for 2 years approved. Right to expropriate granted. Approves undertaking and plana. Approves reservation for Victoria city of all unrecorded water. Approves extension of time. .\pproves reservation. Approvea undertaking. See Stave Lake Power Co. Confirms records assigned to Company and approves grant of 200,000 inches. Grants right-of-way. Government's acceptance of Company's proposed terms of settlement of arrears. Confirms water record and grants right-of-way. Apprr.ves undertaking. Grants extension of time. Granta furtber extension of time. .\pproves undertaking. Amends certiGcate by granting extension of time. .\men:ls certitieate by granting exti'D-'^ioD of time. Approve.s undertaking as amend- ed. Approves undertaking. Water supply to municipality of Weat Vancouver. .\ppruves undertaking. 3700 Sept. 24, 1908 35SI Approves rules for measuring water to customers. Approves schedule of rates. Approves that copies of orders in Council Nos. 668 and 669 be famished to solicitors. Approves revised schedule of rates. .\ppr.->vns extonsinn of works. Approves record 100 inohss. m CERTIFICATES, ORDERS IN COUNCIL, FEES 121 Rules, Regulations and Fees under the Water Act The Government of British Columbia at different times has established schedules of fees for water records and licenses, but, for one reason or another, officials have not uniformly or systematically enforced collection. Doubtless the chief difficulty has been due to the lack of data respecting the ownership and status of old records and resultant confusion arising out of this difficulty will readily be understood where there is an appreciation of the bearing of various uncertainties already explained as attaching to many of the early water records. Another phase of this problem is the contention of some of the larger and stronger corporations^such as water-power companies — either that they are not liable, or only partially liable, for back fees.* These contentions, some- times involving decision by the courts, have made it difficult for the provincial authorities to act as promptly as they wished. Their desire is not to accord to large water users a consideration not equally extended to the small, but to deal fairly with all interests. Again, in anticipation of adjudication upon the validity of each provincial water record, and the quantity of water entitled to be diverted thereunder, the Province has been unwilling further to complicate the matter of rentals, and has endeavoured to avoid compromising its contentions respecting old records by accepting fees except under certain prescribed conditions. Thus, in 1910, water recorders were instructed by Chief Water Commissioner Drewry not to accept rentals on old rero'-ds where the water had not been placed to use. In 1913, however, these in-^tructions were modified by a circular letter from Acting-Comptroller of Water Rights Am rong, to the effect that rental pay- ments on records should be accepted, but that the parties should be notified that there would be no refund on such payments. Naturally, wn' r users tendering payment would contend that the Government, l>y accepting same, had virtually sanctioned their claim under the respective records. In 1913, referring generally to this earlier condition of affairs, Mr. C. A. Pope, Chief Clerk to the Waters Branch, stated : "Up to the present season the collection of rentals on water rights had never been undertaken in a systematic manner, each recorder keeping a register of payments made to him in any manner he saw fit. The result was that no two officers kept the same records, and it has been found that in some cases no register of any sort was kept, payments merely being brought to account and noted on the face of the record." Many fees due the Province have never been collected and are still con- sidered to be outstanding. More especially since 1913, procedure respecting the collection of fees has been systematized. However, conditions respecting the back dues have not been cleared up. As the various fee schedules are of special interest in connection with issues involving their recognition, they are reviewed below : The Water Clauses Consolidation Act of 1897 provided that: I • Consult sec. 290 of Water Act, 1914. 122 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION "The Lieutenant-Governor in council may, from time to time, by order in council, establish a scale of fees payable on any proceeding taken under this Act, and provide regulations for the payment and collection thereof. Every such scale of fees shall be published for one month in the British Col- umbia Gazette."* Pursuant to this provision, the Lieut.-Governor in council, on October 16th, 1900, published the following schedule of fees : FEES UNDER WATER ACT, 18)7 Schedule One Records of Water for Domestic, Agricultural, Industrial and Mining Purposes — For every record or interim record of 100 inches of water or less $10.00 For every additional 100 inches up to 300 inches 20 00 For every additional 100 inches above 300 inches up to 2,000 inches ... 30.00 For everv additional 1,000 inches above the first 2,000 inches up to 12',000 inches 40.00 For every additional 1,000 inches up to 100,000 inches t 20.00 For apportioning the water authorized to be used under any record 5 . 00 In respect of every record or interim record (except in respect of water recorded and actually used for agricultural purposes) an annual fee up to the first 300 inches of ^00 For everv additional 100 inches up to 2,000 inches, an annual fee of' 3.00 For every additional 1,000 inches up to 12,000 inches, an annual fee of. 25.00 For every additional 1,000 inches up to 100,000 inches t- • •. 20.00 Inspection or search of any record in any record of water rights .25 Filing any notice or document with a Commissioner or Gold Commis- sioner 50 For certified copies of any record or document per folio of 100 words 25 Publication in the Gazette according to the scale of charges as defined in Schedule A of the ' Statutes and Journals Act ' Annual fees to be paid to the Commissioner for the district on or before the 30th day of June in each year Schedule Two The Supplying of Water by Water-works Systems to Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Localities — Every municipality or specially incorporated company shall pay in respect of each of the several matters in Schedule One of this scale the fees in respect of such matter by the said Schedule One prescribed : For the presenting by a specially incorporated company of a petition under sec. S3 of the Act and the filing of the documents by stc. 52 prescribed, a fee of $25 . 00 For every certificate issued under sec. 55 of the Act, a fee (to be paid to and for the use of the judge of the Supreme Court granting such petition) of 100.00 • See chapter AS, sec. ISl. of 1897 ; also British Columbia Gazette, October 19, 1900, p. 1708. tBy order in council No. 202, dated April 8, 1905, and published in the British Columbia Gtutte, April 13, 1905, p. 694, the above schedule was amended by striking out the words 'up to 100,000 inches' in the two places in which they occur. certificates, orders in council, fees Schedule Three 123 The Acquisition of Water and Water Power for Industrial or Manufacturing Purposes by Power Companies — Every power company shall pay in respect of each of the several matters in Schedule One of this scale the fees in respect of such matter by the said Schedule One prescribed : For the filing of the documents mentioned in sec. 85 of the Act, a fee of $ 25 . 00 For every certificate under sec. 88 or sec. 90 of the Act, a fee of ... . 100.00 For the examination and approval of every schedule or proceeding fixing tolls, rates, fares, rents or charges, a fee of 10.00 Later, under the Water Act, 1909, respecting rents, etc., it is provided that : "The Lieutenant-Governor in council may, from time to time, by order in Council, reserve and fix such rents, royalties, tolls and charges in respect of the water used or taken and used, and of the lands of the Crown used, and of the rights, powers and privileges which may be acquired by any licensee under this Act." * On May 12, 1910, the Lieutenant-Governor, under the provisions of the Water Act, 1909, pubhshed a new schedule of fees, as follows : FEES UNDER WATER ACT, 1009 Record Annual Number of cubic feet per second — fee fee Up to one cubic foot $10.00 $1.00 Each additional cubic foot up to a total of 50 10.00 1 . 00 Each additional cubic foot up to a total of 150 2 . 50 1 . 00 Each additional cubic foot 1 . 00 1 . 00 There shall be no annual fee for water used for domestic purposes when the quantity taken is less than one-quarter of one cubic foot per second. Application under sec. 86 $ 25 . 00 Certificate under sec. 89 or 92 100. 00 Amendment under sec. 93 25 . 00 Application and license under sec. 15 i 25 . 00 Application and license under sees. 159 and 163 100.00 Examination and approval of any schedule of tolls, rates, fares, rents and charges ' 25 . 00 0-028 cubic foot per second — one miner's inch. The record fee shall be payable before the issuance of license, .\nnual rental for the unexpired portion of the current license year shall be paid before the issuance of license, and shall be determined proportionately by the number of months to the succeeding first day of June, including the month of issue. Annual rentals shall thereafter be pavable on the first dav of June in each year. Licenses which have been applied for under the Water Act, 1909, but have not yet issued, shall be issued in order of filed applications, if approved, the annual rental running from the date of issuance. ♦See chapter 48, 1909, sees. 306-310, incl.; also British Columbia Cazrlle, May 12, 1910. p. 3821. '''ill ;,j i., i g^B 124 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The 'Water Act, 1914,' in sec. 66, sub-sec. 1, provides that : "The Lieutenant-Governor in council may, from time to time, by order in council, reserve and fix such rents, royalties, tolls, and charges in respect of the waters used or taken and of the lands of the Crown used and of the rights, powers, and privileges acquired by any licensee under this Act, and may establish a sralc of fees payable on any proceeding under the Act." And under sec. 68, sub-sec. 1, it is further provided that : "The Lieutenant-'^'overnor in council may, from time to time, make, alter, and repeal rv.K'-r, and regulations for carrying out the spirit, intent, mean- ing, and purpo.;C of this Act, including matters in respect whereof no express or only partial or imperfect provision has been made, and without restricting the generality of the foregoing in respect of . . . (/) The collection of rents, royalties, tolls, fees, and other charges due to the Crown." Although the present Rules and Regulations were framed and published before the 'Water Act, 1914,' was enacted, the Rules were made effective by sec. 68 (2) of the 'Water Act, 1914,' which provides that : "The 'rules' under the 'Water Act,' passed by the Lieutenant-Governor in council on the thirteenth day of January, 1914, and published in the British Columbia Gazette of the twelfth day of February, 191-!, shall, so far as they are not inconsistent with the Act, be the 'rules' urder this Act until altered or repealed by the Lieutenant-Governor in council." '•'he fee schedule of May 12, 1910, was of force until superseded by these Rules, Regulations and Fees of January 13, 1914.* An examination of the principles underlying the water legislation of British Columbia demonstrates that these same principles have been extended to the Rules and Regulations. In making these 'Rules' operative, the provincial authorities have en- deavoured to give every encouragement to legitimate development and to discourage all purely speculative activity. They accordingly leaned to the side of severity with respect to demands upon the applicant during the period prior to the actual consummation of an undertaking. This action is based upon the belief that such restrictions as may be imposed will not deter any bona fide party from pressing ahead with development. On the other hand, parties who are simply desirous of securing only such benefits as may be obtained from a project while in its promotion or initial stages, will probably be deterred from making such efforts. In pursuance of this object, the fees payable for respective water-power sites have been so apportioned as to be as nearly proportionate as possible to the intrinsic values inherent in and de- rivable from the use of the water. Thus the Rules provide that : "In ap- praising the franchise value of a horse-power of station output the Board shall consider the natural advantages of the site for the production and market- *See reference to 'Rules, Regulations and Fees,' in Chapter III, supra, including reference to dates, ibid. CERTIFICATES, ORDERS IN COUNCIL, FEES 125 ing of power in comparison" with that of fuel plants— or other water-power plants in the province, and shall compare the cost of producing and marketing power by the use of the water-power plant under consideration with that of pro- ducing and marketing power by the use of fuel plants— or "other water-power plants"* (clause 66). In the main, the province takes the position that essen- tially it is a vendor of water, or the rights to the use of the water, and is not directly concerned with the detailed manner in which the benefits derived from the use of the water are subsequently utilized. Again, payments to be made during 'the survey construction period' are made heavier than might be anticipated, but, as an evidence of good faith, the province stipulates that, after completion of the undertaking, all rentals which have been paid during the survey construction period are rebated to the licensee in the form of credits upon his rertal account during 'the operation period.' It is avowedly the desire of the province in every possible way to protect and assist applicants who desire to place water to beneficial use. We may now proceed to consider in greater detail the present Rules, and more particularly such portions as relate specifically to water-power. In the Rules, the references given to the various sections are to the 'Water Act,' as consolidated in the Revised Statutes of 1911, with amendments to date. Footnote references, however, are here given to the corresponding numbers of sections in the Water Act, 1914. The Interpretation section of the 'Rules' states that : "2. In the construction of these regulations, including this clause, if not mconsistent with the context, the following terms shall have the respective meanings herein assigned to them : "Act means the Water Act of British Columbia and any Act passed by way of amridment or consolidation thereof or in substitution therefor : 'Permit means the permit to make survevs granted to an applicant for a license under the Act : "Survey-construction period means that time during the pendency of an application for a final license which occurs between the date of the permit and the date when beneficial use of the water under the conditional license is first made : "Operation period means the time during the continuance of the license after the date when beneficial use is first made as aforesaid : "Due notice means notice by registered letter of [to] the address given in the application or of [to] any amendments of the said address on file in the office of the Water Rights Branch. _ "Any other words used in these regulations which have an interpretation given them by section 2 of the Act shall have the same meaning in these regu- The "Rules" consist of seven parts, each of which is referred to below : 'For a discussion of methods recommended for adaption in securing information necessary under the ^\ate^ Act ResfuUtions for the appraisal and clussif.cation ol water-power plants, consult Paptr No. jSo. bemg the 'Rules and Regulations of the Province of British Columbia Relatmg to Annual Rental Fera of Water-Powers,' by Mr. E. Davis. Transacltons. Canadian ^ocuty 0/ Cml Engineers, Vol. XXX, Part I. pp. 166-196. Sli. 126 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION l! N n. Part I, consisting of clauses 4 to 21, deals with procedure and fees on petitions and certificates under sees. 89, 93, 97, 119, 120, 153, 154, 161, 170, 179, 284, 285, 288A, 288B, 312 and 329.* Clauses 5 to 20 relate to procedure respecting the filing, serving and ad- vertising of petitions ; to objections and the duties of the Comptroller relating thereto ; to the signing of plans submitted ; to the submission to the proper authorities of plans affecting highways and other public works ; and to the recording of certificates and orders in council, etc., with the Water Recorders in uach district affected. Clause 21 provides that the following fees shall be payable in respect of certificates and petitions : Petition under sec. 89 (approval of undertaking . ) S 25 .00 Certificate under sec. 93 (approval of undertaking) 100.00 Petition and certificate under sec. 95 (amending certificate) 25.00 Petition under sec. 97 (extension of time) 25 . 00 Petition under sec. 120 (expropriation by municipality) 5.00 Petition under sees. 153 and 154 (clearing streams for logging) 25.00 Petition under sec. 161 (same, application for final license) — Xo fee.. Petition under sec. 170 (extension of time) 10.00 Petition under sec. 179 (assignment under Part XI.) 10.00 Petition or order under sees. 284 and 285 (transfer of m.unicipality or power undertaking) 10. 00 Submission of schedule of tolls by company under sec. 312 — No fee. Petition under sec. 329 (information by injured party) — No fee. All other petitions, charge in the discretion of the Minister. Corresponding numbers of sections in the Water Act, 1914, are shown in footnote. Part II, consisting of clauses 22 to 34, deals with the expropriation of water licenses by municipalities under sec. 119 of the Water Act.f Part III, consisting of clauses 35 to 41, deals with the conditions upon which a licensee, a record holder, or an applicant for a license under the Water Act, shall take possession of, use or occupy any Crown lands, or fell timber thereon for rights-of-way and other purposes. Respecting the applicant for such privileges, clause 39 states that : "He shall have agreed to pay to the Crown in the right of the Province for the use of the said right-of-way the sum of 25 cents per acre per annum, and shall have agreed to pay to the Crown in the right of the Province for such timber as he may cut or carry away from the said right-of-way the sum of $2 per 1,000 feet, board measure." * Ci irrespondiriK sections in the V'ater Act, 1914, are here shown in italics : .S9 [191.?, c. 82, s. 49] relates to petition for approval of umJertakinK, see -p 93 relates to certificate of approval of undertaking, see A7 ; 97 [191.?, c. 82, s. 55] relates to extension of time for constniction of works, see cf.{ ; 119 and 120 rel.ite to expropriation of recorded water by municipalities, see ijS [i ) and ijg (/) ; 153 and 154 relate to petitions for the clearing of streams (or lojigiiig purposes, cHinipare /o {J), 7J, 75 ; 161 relates to final license for clearing streams and is embodied in Part V : 1(0 relates to petitions for extensions of time and comprises applications for clearing streams, compare 72 (J), TS ('). S8, and 117 {i) ; 179 relates to assignments under Part XI, see 14 {i) ; 284 and 285 relate to transfer of municipality or company undertakings, see 14 i2), (i) ; 2S8A and 288B [1912, c. 49, s. 53 ; 1913, c. 82, ss.'2, 83] relate to petitions re- qtiesting the inspection of works, see 6: ; 312 relates to the stihmission of schedule of tolls by company, see 750 ; 329 relates to the petition for relief by injured party, see <5x (/) ; 95 (mentioned in clause 21 of Rules) relates to the issuance of further or amending certiticates, see oj. t Corresponding to sec. 138 of Water Act, 1914. CERTIFICATES. ORDERS IN C O U X C I L. FEES 127 Those who have noted the reference, made above, to the desire of the provmaal authorities to differentiate between the respective value of variou water-powers, will perceive that a uniform charge of twentv-five cents per tnLZ '■''"" "' *'' ri,ht-of-way to Crown lands is not consistent-obviousTy ow For. "'1' *"r '"'"' ''"'' P^' '"'' "^'y ^^ *- h'«h. >" others, too ow For example, extensive areas used near the headwaters of streams sav for storage purposes, may be worth considerablv under twentv-five cent's S ridiculoush low. In the practical working out of the Rules, however modi- fications will doubtless be made as occasion demands. for dn^7.^^'' '°"'''-'"^ of clauses 42 to 53. deals with fees for the use of water for domesfc, irrigation, industrial, mining and other purposes where the p o- duction of power is not involved. ^ in fZT V '°"'''*'"/ °f ^^^"^^^ 54 to 68, deals with fees for the use of water m the development of power. Sections 55 to 68 are as follows : Record Fee and Bond power .ha«b. dSS".? i,e S^.^llLTpS? T^Zfoi^^^tHSS- feet pir°*seIo„7""'°"' °' "" "'"■ " "" ■''"" '""^^ '» '"P^-^eS to c°„Wc followf:' '^^'^ ^"""""^ °^ '''" '^*^ '■'^'^"'^ ^^^ P^^ horse-power shall be as Each horse-power up to 1,000. . . Each additional horse-power up to 5,000 * • ^- Each additional horse-power above 5,000 fi! iliiipliliii oaL bond l°lS ?e^t\iTStl°SS^^^^^^^ Survey-construction Period III ii! .!: - r 1£3 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION manner as the record fee (clauses 56 and 57, above) : Provided that where the requisite data contained in the application are varied in the permit the computation shall be based on the latter. , , . . "60 The first payment of fees to apply on rental dunng the survey- construction period, known as the permit-payment, shall be payable on the day when the permit is issued, and shall cover the rental for a year from the said date. The second rental payment shall be payable on or before the first day of Tune in the first full calendar year of the said period and shall cover that part of the said calendar year not covered by the first payment Subsequent rental payments shall be payable on or before the first day of June of each year thereafter, and shall cover the fee for the calendar year respectively in which they are made. , , . ^. "61 All payments made on account of rental dunng the survey-con- struction period (but not the record fee) may, if in the opinion of the Comp- troller the survey and construction work has been prosecuted with due dili- gence, be credited to the licensee for the cancellation of charges as they become due in the operation period. , ,, • , ^ "62 If any part of the amounts due for fees as set forth in clauses 6 and 7 hereof shall, after due notice has been given, be in arrears for sixty days, then and thereupon : . , ^ ^ n »„ "(a) If the applicant is holding under a permit, the Comptroller may cancel the said permit , or ,..,,. ^t. i • * ^„„t " (6) If the applicant is holding under a conditional license, the Lieutenant- Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister, direct the Comptroller to cancel the said conditional license. Operation Period "63. The amount of the annual rental fee shall, during the operation period, be based on the reasonable station output for the year, which shall be the Comptroller's estimate of the net amount of energy, expressed in horse- power, available for transmission and utilization during the year by a reason- able and diligent use of the privilege. The said estimate shall be based on all data available for the preceding calendar year, and shall be the continued product of the following fact s as derived from the said data : . "(o) The average flow of water in cubic feet per second which it is esti- mated was or would have been utilized under a reasonable use of the privilege granted. In fixing the said flow, the Comptroller may make use of all data in the possession of the licensee showing the actual quantity of water used for beneficial purposes during the year ; and . , , . -a a ^ "(I) If he considers the said use as determined from the said data a reasonable one under all the circumstances, the quantity so used may be taken as a basis of the charge ; or "(2) He may fix the quantity at such percentage of the average flow estimated to have been available at the intake as in his opinion represents a reasonable use of the privilege. In estimating thi= average available flow at the intake, the effect produced by storage m ar. and all existing storage- work, at or above the site shall be taken into account. In fixing a reasonable percentage of this flow, the Comptroller shall consider the average daily-load factor of the power plant for the period of the year during which the wc « are operated, and any other facts relevant to the inquiry : "(b) The average effective head in feet : , j . "(c) The factor 08 'hich represents the horse-power produced by o^ cubic foot of water falling through one foot in one second at 70 per cent eft- ciency). a i CERTIFICATES. ORDERS I\ C O L' \ C I L FEES l.',. 1 ,, iu iiPpiSlliilgii entire il'an\"rnTL°rks-'^ ''^^^ ^''"^'^^- ^'^''^'^ ^^^" mc.udeThe°^ost of an "(b) Maintenance and depreciation: "r2 1^^°^^ ^^^ administration at the work': '_' (/) Length of primary transmission : _ (g) The market for power: '.'.^J*J AlJy °^^^^ factors relevant to ihe inquirv ^pnl^f 1 ,^ preceding calendar year as falls within the said period Sub cover thffl payments shall be payable annuallv thereafter and shall Sch •■S If ' ""f *u^'""''^' -^■'^^^ respectively in 'which they are made the Comptroller to cancel the conditional or final license, as the case may be •' Part VI. consisting of clauses 69 to 73. deals with the necessity of licensee ma.nta.nmg suitable head gates, structure , and measuring devices. The clauses of this portion of the Rules have been incorporated in the Water \ct 1914 • Part VII. consisting of clauses 74 to 79. deals with the filing of plans office procedure and fees. Several of the clauses of this part have been em • Thus clauses 69, 70. 71 72 an! 7? nf tVio b.,i„ 124, 35, 65 an.) 157 of the Water Act. l^U <-'-^^espond, respectively, to sections 34. tJO COMMrsSKlN OF C O \ S E R V \ T I O N The oflficc fees ciiar;';ealjlc for clerical work arc enumerated in clause 79, as follows : Certified copies of any record or d(x;umcnt, per folio of 100 words .... $0. 25 Blue-prints. 5 cents per square foot, with minimum charKe of 0.25 Inspection of [< r] search of any record, license, or other document 0.25 Apportionment of a license : If apportioned into five parts or less 5 . GO For each additional part 0. 50 Change of point of diversion 1 .00 Rene^••al of record or license under section 255, one-quarter of record fee. Transfer of a license under section 285 10.00 Certain details of the Rules and ReRulations yet require to be co-ordinated to the present Water Act. These Rules of 1913 afe still (1917) of force, but modifications have been under discussion, and it is understood that, in the near future, changes will be made which will facilitate an eflFective and force- ful administration of the Rules as complementary to the main water legislation of the province — a function for which they were expressly devised. Applica- tion should be made to the Water Rights Branch, Victoria, B.C., for a copy of the latest edition of the Rules. With resjiect to the new fee and rental system, now in operation, Mr. C. A. Pope has stated that loose-leaf registers are now prepared in duplicate for each district, and the.se have Ix-en brought up and are kept up to date. The revenue for the year 1916 is classified under the following headings, and is representative of the manner in which the revenue is derived from the various spheres of activity. The total revenue from June 1st, 1910, to De- cember ,?lst, 1916, was approximately $275,000.* REVE.NUE FOR YF..\R K.NDING DECEMBER 31st, 1<)16 Purp'isi's Record fees Rentals Totals 1. Domestic 2. Water-works .V Mineral-trading 4. IrriKatioa 5. Mining; 6. Ste.ini 7. Fluming 8. Hyilraulicking 9. Miscellaneous 10. Power 11. Clearing streams ...... 12. Storage 1.?. Conveying 14. lowering water 15. Certiticates of approval . Touls 114 00 243.00 82.S 70 952 00 1 00 25 00 264 50 1,.S67 50 95 55 5 00 1,250.00 S 108 50 867. 4.S 2,469 17 6,437.98 369.41 55.75 1,225^42 45,590.07 175.00 822.61) 222 50 .110 45 1,294 '87 ■,.?89 98 370 41 80.75 ,489 92 ,157.57 175,00 918.15 5!o6 ,250 00 S5,343 25 858,121.35 $63,464.60 • The totals f"; record fees and rentals since the establishment of the Water Rights Branch have been as {<:Vi':.-:3 : For the vc;ir ending June Ist, i^lO, S4,057 ; June 1st, 1911, S49,591 ; June 1st, 1912, 829,849 ; June ist. 1913, 837,795 ; June 1st, 1914, 842,005 ; June 1st to De- cember 31st, 1914 (7 months), SIS, 196 : calendar year, 1915 $28,116; calendar year 1916. $63,465 ; calendar year 1917, $27,566. CHAPTER V Electrical Inspection by Province of British Columbia TABLE OF POWER PLANTS ^S the development of electrical enerpy in British Tolumbia increased and betaken ';oT;r:'Th''°'"/r^ "" '""''''^"'^^- '^ ^^^ ^ "'^^ thai s^,?;: . u d also that 7hL ^" '•' '"°'" adequately from such accidcn s ■ and t^-„.i T- T I'^^-^'-'U- It IS known under the short title of th. ' F.-Ip,. tncal Energy Inspection Act, ,..o.- Th.s meast.e (sec. 2t:f/^;rJ;!!:^ prop^pLotScTnaf'^e^S '"th?;^^^ t""--i 'T"'\'^' ^""— ' -^ who shall havJauthorU;^Tan^easL'a":rt]me.'."'"" ''"'-^ "' ^^"" ''^ ^^ such inquiries as he thinks K make " '" ''^' '""'^" '° ^ ne Act further provides that : Scptemb^'r^i.^Qfo?^"'- "^ ^'^"^°"^^^- "^^ ^PP-mteJ inspector by Order-in-Councl No. 736. (b) :;<#< .1; •■ .»« M 132 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION til i\ 1 ' ■f ! ^1 • ■i 1 r => 1 ! L f "Every person, and the officers, servants, employees, and agents of every person, whose premises, machinery, plant, works, wires, or appliances are being inspected under the provisions of this Act, shall afford to such inspector all information, and full and true explanations, so far as may be in their power or knowledge, on all matters inquired into by such inspector, and shall pro- duce and submit to the inspector all books, papers, plans, specifications, draw- ings, and documents material for the purpose of the inspection being made." The inspector is to be furnished with all means required for his entry, inspection, examination and enquiry. A penalty is provided for any ob- struction offered him in the discharge of his duties. The inspector formerly reported to the Attorney-General, but under the 'Electrical Energy Inspection Act Amendment Act, 1917', he now reports to the Minister of Public Works.* When the inspector is of the opinion that any structure, or any machinery, plant, works, wires, or apphances used in connection with the generation, transmission, or supply of electrical energy is dangerous to life or limb, he may notify the owner thereof to remedy such defect within a specified time. Pro- cedure is set forth respecting the exacting of penalty for non-compliance with an order of the inspector. It is expressly stipulated that inspection under this Act does not in any way relieve any person of or from any. liability or responsibility resting upon such person by law. (See Sec. 17.) Under the Act the Lieut. -Governor in council may, from time to time, make such regulations for enforcing its provisions and for the conduct and the duties of the inspector as may be deemed necessary. In accordance with this provision, regulations, by order in council of May 2, 1911, were adopted for 'Securing the Safety ' the Public. 't They expressly define the significance of various terms, surh as 'low-pressure.' 'high-pressure.' 'conductor.' 'appar- atus,' 'circuit,' etc., used in the Regulations. The term 'danger' is defined as meaning "danger to health or danger to life or limb, from shock, burn, or or other injury to persons employed, or from fire attendant upon the genera- tion, transformation, distribution, or use of electrical energy." The inspector, if satisfied that safety is otherwise practically secure, or that exemption is necessary on the ground of emergency or special circum- stances, may grant an exemption from the operation of any or all of the regu- lations and may revoke such order. The Regulations specifically prescribe certain forms and modes of con- struction which shall govern the installation of various electrical equipment. Respecting the employment and protection of help, sees. 28 and 29 of Regulations specify that : "No person except an authorized person, or a competent i)erson acting under his immediate supervision, shall undertake any work where technical knowledge or experience is required in order adequately to avoid danger ; and no person shall work alone in any case in which the Inspector of Electrical Energy directs that he shall not. No person except an authorized person, or •See "An Act to Aiiicnd the niectric.il Inspectiim Act," assented to April 5, 1917, Brtlisk Columbia Slalulfs, Xtl', chap. H. t The Regulations consi.st of M sections. Pulilishcd by the Electrical Energy Inspection Branch, IX'pt. of PuMic Works, Victoria, B.C. ELECTRICAL INSPECTION BV THE PROVINCE U3 such work where technical knowleje o^ eiSlT' ."*«"^'?". cleaning. S avo.d danger, and no one shall do S ^orkTna c"o" ^IS""' '" ^^'^^ ^° his AL-^:tSZi^l^^^^^^^ is under te^^a:£^-%";S^ -e^c^on^ySF rSuSr^^roccu^Jl - Shan vS?n\1?p^^ei.t^^^^^^^^ fro. electric shock or used above low pressure • and in Ifrh^i ^^"^ '^ '^^"^'"^te^- transformed which electrical energy is generated fr.t.r^'^T^' °'" ""^^^^^^ "f premised iri the Inspector of Elec^Wcal^rneSy n^ardS"? • '' °' "^^^ ^' '°^ '--^"^e-' ^s in th?;rStt"w\th it:v.!;;irt"hr' t^-^^^ °^ p°-- ^-'^p-ts Inspection Act and of tirRUat^^L^Xrr;^^?^^ ^^^^ ^-- wheeS:rdlt„Tp:;U?min:. ai^^^^^^^^ P^^r *"^''""'• --"-usually P.Uon 1 he aggregate installerl capacity of tlirJi ,?► ,,' , *""ctimes small lighting generu..r: Uon Wng usually in excesroariU'l^t Vflor'p »L- 1 V""" " ^r ''P' ''"'-'^'^- 'n the Power Site tables. f irticuiars <.f many ,.f these plants are given 134 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 11 P- i :- U f •■ 136 C O M M I S S I O N OF CONSERVATION \i £s Is .E -*• c •: -^ -5 |;ia.-r ax 1^ = 5X15 _= * ?i 5 S.« '-1 wri s *i O K -a I ^ r '"5 5 ? M "^ ■ Q '■'^ — — >^ t- C --I £S f c i ! N 'N ^ « 8 II 0. >, ^ V ^ Plate 13 LOWER KETTLE VALLEY, r*EAR ORAND FORKS B C Th,slan„,.„n,ler.ull,v,..,„nl,, D„„k.,„h,„s •Stliiw.nii irf„,j»,on fli," r !!' All rM«St(-<^ (Ktwnr w^«l,,,,„^nt i ;!■' 1^1 ELECTRICAL INSPECTIO |2 Ss "•J 1 . 4) U >i •J is 1 11 C 13 •■3 S's aii SI fl7 ii "ill Hi £ ►■3 31 1- Vc 5 V i.i :2- 3 "» B 1 J a. E 8 3 k >. 3 2 ■« « ^li in 138 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION < n o o X H e if 1 ail I I.S P^ II c-" -a 5.0 <£§ .9 9 9 vg < =3|i -8 . ^g £ «■« 5«S -^aj S-»s S o? r^- tili 89:; «1S 3'- 8 *^ • " i'U ^-a^ --'H 11 -" . -5 S --gJ! ..•§ i! St?* II2II3I O re 111 1I iIlM no 6. o.. 111 £-3 —5 d'S 1- § § § N A S5 ;; c u ^ s g e N « N 22 « §§ S?85'"S?S «M-.e«M-4 M Oa u^ ss J I** * tfx :f# w •' V 3 :■! -Si e 3 ^ X a. rt 1 ?i ss ^Z US' 0= -z - *- .5 e I c ■5£ E-ESa: = = «5 ^t':r.s£ gi! i= c •3 4 (-U ^s-i E Si 5, ■=£ it CCS--. Ssv sa , a -£« THE PROVINCE 4 ^ 1-^ H 1? X li.?] •3 i ■n>>9-r S 2-a . --o > u. -a 139 » •3 § ■3 !fl I! £ II' f! i m t. 3 S R « ns COMMISSION i CONSERVATI S i liil il 5|i x^- ^11 .1 3 .1* •g'lgS .l^e,- i|: til ^ti 111 i ■*^^ -sJs - t = i t c - « - ~ • i S . f iJ? 'Sss I e'5 — * o S ixrS . » X C C a. y: ^;r s- = 1 I < =1-1 g p s i- Z X U .. 11 i"S Sfii 3 : BB i 2 if ill u:4 r m^ 9. S ! S8 § 5 S4| — wr f- — — — — n 7* M— »* t* -ri« Ji:?" sss « 4 c , ^ £ e 5— " S? S 'ri s = ; «X Si — — x" ir' .51 iSgS rt ri ?i - § S 'C I is -s -s-c is is -s sis* »»^» 111 >t '■ = n t' -r I C-r. eta ill ll - tfit £i= r B..ft Et'^ «- — ■S-' '-'■"2 t =-'^ § i- * •i^^j'd ill" o £"■§*' •" S is =.^.e.-2 = a-3ji i "■ E.i aS o-aS- ■^ lis ;« CHAPTER VI Electrical Inspection by Dominion of Canada and Exportation of Electricity f \ connection with ihe subject of the exportation of electrical enerRv it is desirable to understand the circumstances which contributed 'to the passage of the lc>;islation n ^pecting this important matter By virtue of section 91 of the British North America Act, 1867 which empowers the Dominion to IcRislate respecting 'weijjhts and measur;s • the Parliament of Canada. May 23. 1873. passed the Gas Inspection Act * apper- taining to the standards for. and control of. the j^as industry. The inspection was placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Inland Revenue Subsequent amendments to the Gas Inspection Act regulate more fully the producers and vendors of this commodity. t Later, the sup..ly of electrical energy for lighting and power began to assume commercial importance, and companies were formed for supplying electncty to municipalities and to other customers. The companies and in- dividuals interested ,n the gas industry felt "hat the activities of their com- petitors from the electrical field shouhl be uruler regulation corresponding to he restrictions in force with respect to gas. Hon. J. F. Wood. M.P., introduced the hills for the Electrical Units Act and the Electric Light Inspection Act Respecting the former of these hills, he said : " Briefly, the intention of the Act .s to establish the standards of measurements now in use by the electric com par.ies. The bill itself in thi. respect is in line of the legislation that has already taken place in regard to weights and measures and the inspection of gas It is claimed by the ^as companies that there is no argument which makes for the mspection ot gas that does not in like measure make for the inspection of their competitors, the electric light companies." J Electrical Units .■^"''' "' ''^^■*' ^^^ Canadian Pariiament passed two basic and Act in5,...rtant bills relating to the electrical industry. One the ! . ctrical Units Act.H 'leaLs with the standardization of units govcrmng the sx=j)ply of electrical energy. With respect to certain units of electrical n.easure. it provides that "such stan.lard apparatus as is necessary to produce them, shall be deposi- the II ctphts and Measures Act." Pursuant to section 3 of this Act Mr Ormond Higm an, in 1894, was called upon to procure the apparatus necessary • Statutes of Canada, 36 Victoria, Chap. i\ 1873 Chan 37 oMsT" rL'''%^''''f '."i'Jf '■'*;''! •'^^•'' '^""™" ■^''""'" "^ Canada, n,an. 4S of 1X7? • of B.^.^o.'^ n.'" "^"^ """" "f """""'"''• '^'^ -^'^y- •89*. P- 3«0^. reIa.mg'?o the fii''"a,ling WRe Elfclrical Units Act. see, 57-58 Victoria, Chap. 38 of 1894 • RSP lOlft rh.r. ci for modifications consult repealing act of 24th .March, 1919 ' ' ^"^P' ^^ ' m. \ \-r> MOOCOrV nSMUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ITS |23 ^ ■ 2.2 3.6 MB 4.0 1 ■ 2.0 ^ /1PPLIED IIVMGE Inc ^ 1653 east Uoin Street "-B Rochester. New Yofk U609 USA SB (716) *82 - 0.»0 - Phofw Sg (716) 288 - »89 -Fax lit [I 142 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Electricity Inspection Acts R.S.C., 1906. to produce and express the standard units therein legalized.* About 1912 a branch of the Ottawa Electrical Standards Laboratory was opened at Van- couver. The other Act of 23rd July, 1894, known as The Electric Light Inspection Act,j was amended, and, in 1906, was repealed by the Electric Light Inspection Act, as given by chapter 88 of April 27, 1907, the Act of 1906 was superseded and repealed by the Electricity Inspection Act, 1907.* It deals with the electrical situation along lines corresponding in general to the Gas Inspection Act. Under the Electric Light Inspection Act of 1894, electrical installations in British Columbia came under the jurisdiction of the Inspection Branch of the Dept. of Inland Revenue. By order-in-council nf May 28, 1895, regula- tions giving effect to the provisions of this Act were made. These regulations stipulated that the inspection divisions under the Act shall be conterminous with the Inland Revenue divisions previously established. An order-in-council of October 14, 1912 established special electricity districts ; British Columbia was subdivided into two districts.il The various operating companies are required to send in reports annually. The last annual report of the Depart- ment of Inland Revenue contains a list of electrical installations in British Columbia and cognate data respecting same.' (See table on page 144.) _ _ For the next important development relating to the subiect Ifiacara Power j j- • ^. .• , ,. , ... Conditions and under discussion, attention must be directed to the hydro- iiecSicUy" **' electric power situation on the Niagara river. For many years, the supply of Niagara's waters for power purposes was re- garded by the general public as practically inexhaustible, notwithstanding the fact that various interests were already in possession of power concessions which, if put into operation, would have d.-ained Niagara dry. In both Canada and the United States, a number of public-spirited organizations had been watching this situation and, recognizing its menace, conducted a public propaganda which influenced the United States Federal Government to take action. Later, action was also taken by Canada. In 1902, following a recommendation in the Rivers and Harbors Act of the United States, a tribunal was created, consisting of members appointed • Stanilariis first aflopted followed recommendations made by the British Association Com- mittee on Electrical Standards, published in the 'seventies,' also those of the Electrical Standards Committee of the Board of Trade. In this connection consult report by Mr. Higman, Canada Sessional Paper N'fi. I,?, 1902 ; reproduced from Paper before Canadian Electrical Association, read June 20. I'm. f57-5S Victoria, chap. 39, assented to July 23, 18!.'4. Respecting amendments reference may be made to chap. 18 of ntT, chap. 29 of 1901 and chap. 20 of 1003. t6-7 Eilward VII, cliap. 14, assented to April 27, 1907. II Consult order in council October 14, 1912 (in pursuance of R.S.C. 1906, chap. 24 sec. 23); also amending order in council October 27, 1915 (see Statutes of Canada, 1915, page clxiii, and Canada Cazetie, vol. 49, pafje 1482). I The first report published by the Department of Iniand Revenue, giving data respecting the inspectif-n of electrical apparatus in British Columbia, is for fiscal year ending 'o97 ; fuller data is given in 1898; and in the report for 1899, data are separated, respectively, for the districts of Vancouver and Victoria. INSPECTIOX AND EXPORTATION OF ELECTRICITY ,43 both countries that nrn. T ^ ^ ' ^'"^ *° co-operation between „n^;,r T , ^h^t proper and adequate steps be taken to prevent further or us w'p-^r"'?'''" conducted its investigations co-operatively with the L.S. Uar Department, and subsequently made its report. Certain recom divert r"';r .''"'' ^'^ P^^^^-^^'^" «^ ^-«-^- ^^^^ 'mount ofltetobe" United States ^^^ f "'■^°" ^-^^ °^ J""c 29. 1906. was "For the Control and Legislation Regulation of the Waters of the Niagara River for the Preservation of Niagara Falls and for Other Purposes " It w:rr ^'''^ ^^ ' ^^"^^-- — -'• ^" --"id by A i" v' ^"''"'^ ^'''''' '^' '^^^'" Department controls navigable streams Seer ; rr "''" '^' ''■°'" ^ ''''' ^^^"'^P-"^ - --S-ble s ream The Secretary of War issues the permits (or licenses) to the companies utiliz'g he water and the Corps of United States Engineers enforces the regulation! essential to the carrying out of the provisions of the permits. ''^"'^*'°"^ C«,.dUn Closely following the passage of the Burton Act. the Govern- Le,isiation ment of Canada, on April 27. 1907. passed an Act to Regulate Cases t TV '^"/^P°'t^^'°" °f Electric Power and Certain Liquids and tak n. out r ? ^-P'^'f^- Act. as it is shortly called, provides for the tak ng out afresh each year of Licenses permitting the exportation of electricity to the United States, and for a possible export tax not exceeding $10 per horse-power per year. ^ This Act prohibits the exportation of any electric power or fluid except under Gover nment license, and object to such regulations as. from time to ariJ/o°^t"or;ot';''^etSm^u"onT^^^^^^^^ exportation of Cectrica, energy .n n-a>or.Pou.rs of Canada, l^a.cs 56 fs%':cZ?.S:iZ':i"ct^lZT '^' ''''''''' ^^ '''^''' under the. EUctricity and Ftu,d i^.v^«r/a',«„ l./\l; XpemHx IV ,""»•:/ '"p '""""''"^'U '^7, See, Electrical Nevis, Toronto. Feb.. iVli! pp 42-43. Regulations almost m their entirety. rt ■^t'i I II II r 144 V. o Pi ai a y. a a a K 1/3 c 0! O < OH Cd h2 t; w < :^ y. ~, z e J, o ■C Bl, o .Sf = s -3 •■T !» c y. a^ , j= M MC > V i: » cJi ^ u. s^ 4.^ C 3 •■^ > o . 'S- E Jf C— i* =^1°^- D" 5- Si s |-«2 ft. >. ^i s? X 6. S u E £ K >, H ^ •o < >. c rt E o >, C3 a c «5 C O M M I S S I D \ OF C O \ S E R V A T I O \ (^ •- f lA o -r 1^- — ■ X in 2 5 in S' -^ 5 M-, ir, ^ 3 o o »/^ 3i • —■ >o 5 c ; §0002—2 ^ OO — C^ O -M rsl^**^ -f ,— r>| rsj rr; . ^| O" '^' ^^ ■ •T- r-i rvj O = = 5555 5 o -n '**, ^^ m •w fN e^ CN i sS C O , • r*^. f*i f^ rn S"^ 3c 5 "- o o o «n (N -r t'* ^^ -^ ^ ^* ^ o" ■f ^^ r^ ''i ""T ^ O f*^- 'n C" S 533S35 SS •^r^^Nf.flf^. '*■ r^«-f*;i^ r4 5 25 *1 5 t'^ S ^ O fN CN ■+ INSPECTION A\ n EX ^25g=^5 : : ;••" g ■ ■ -t f^i . ^ ; ; ; ■ • RejTulat'ons which ditions hereof. ' ^"'^ 'Statutes and Regulations are made con- c.au|::^pr^:r.^enrnfrorth'tha;tisrad^ •^""'^'" ^ ^'^^ - which ,s subject to the ElecU-icitv Tnd pT,f;^ r-' T"^ «^ 'f^'"' '^'■■'^"se. amendments that mav he made to itand .ll'^'^^r-^""" ■^'' ^"^ ^"v tions made or which mav be made bv ,hi r '" -'"^ ^° ''''^ R*^*^'"'a- repardinj; the same ; and evcTV contUt ^'T^'™^"; (General in Council have attached thereto a conv^f ?vr '"^'''' ""''^■'" ^his license sha Fluid Exportation aS LdS the Relnr^H^' ""'^ "^ ''^^ Electricitv and Genera, in Council on the 4th^Iay ?f^Sem"ber^'i90r' ""' ^'^^' ^"— of -ehX^u^SlTs-m^:^,:'^^^^^^^^ terms and conditions or the Governor General in CoS '""*'• ""^^''" ^-V Statute exceptions, the control of wlS^^s f^ 00"' '"'"'" °''" "'"^'^'^^'y --°'- provinces of the Dominion The exporUionoT? " -'T"" '" ^^« ^--'^^ prov;nce however, is under the contr^ ^ 'hTp^id: ^Sv '"'''''' ^^^"^ ^"^^ The Electririf V anri <^„„ t ■ ' eaerai Oovernment. Inland RevenXt^tth: trtr^'ct ^V^!"--^ ^V the Dept. of ect on of revenue taxes on comrdiUe J h ' "'^ ''^" ''"P"^'''"" ^"^ ^.r- Consequently. taxes imposed upo" tt "o taZor "'"," '^ ^ -P^-n. th. jurisdiction of this department whfch ° sue "he 'V\ "''' ''" ""'^^^ -asurrrS,i:STU.!:.S:;f^^L;^,"-'-'.-^-- ^-^ted states v^hile the Canadian measure tteF/^/f'"?';"''"^'-^' '"'-^ ''^'^ ^'"'^ed States. 'wu from Canada. ' "^ Exportattou Act, regulates the .x/^.r/a- ElectricityEx- The amounts of electrical enerrrv fr,r „ i,- 1, ,• portation from CTanted to ,.^„.„ ^- '^ ^ '^"^^ licenses have been British Columbi. ^[^"ted to power companies opcratinL- in British r,.i ' t also the quantities of ,.lPf-tr,v,i British Columbia, I 1 148 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATED FOR EXPORT TO THE UNITED STATES AND FOR CONSUMPTION IN CAITADA, BY HYDRO-ELECTRIC COMPANIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Fiscal year ending March 31 Units generated for export Units generated for consumption in Canada Total output of generating station or other source Kilowatt hours H.P. years Kilowatt hours H.P. years Kilowatt hou's H.P. years British Columbia Electric Railway Company — Vancouver 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. (A,»2(i* 10* 282.383 43 395,831 61 397,709 61 330,626 51 296,190 45 327,832 .50 80,1.52,596 120,789,188 114,697,400 81,629,981 68,470,689 60,874,625 76,419,718 12,265 18,476 17,551 12,488 10,477 9,315 11, '.''4 80,217,416 121.071,571 11.5.093,231 82,027,690 68,801,315 61,170.815 76.747,550 12,275 18,519 17,612 12,549 10.528 9,360 11.744 Western Canada Power Company — Vancouver 1912t 30,960 3,259,6<:^ 23,213,891 18.219,238 11,937,700 13,692,820 14.242.756 5 49V 3.552 2,788 1,827 2,095 2,179 1,154,547 18,191,562 39,339,239 52,334,262 60,468,020 78,796.210 72.014,814 176 2,785 6,020 8.009 9,253 12,057 11,020 1,185,507 21,451,255 62,553,130 70,553,500 72,405,720 92,489,030 86,257,570 181 1913 3.284 i914 9,572 1915 10,797 1916 11.080 1917 14,152 1918 13.199 The Burton Act recommended the opening of negotiations Wiitefs?re«ty between the United States and Great Britain with the object of regulating and controlling the waters of the Niagara river and its tributaries. Negotiations were opened in 1905, but were interrupted. Later, they were resumed. The Boundary Waters Treaty was signed at Washington January 11, 1900, and ratified May 5, 1910. J It relates to all boundary waters between Canada and the United States, JVrticle \ 'ating specifically to the Niagara river. The Burton Act and the Treaty were, for a time, co-existent, the Act remaining effective until its e.\piration in 1913. The carrying out of the terms of the Boundary Waters Treaty, as well as adjudication upon certain differences between the two countries arising out of the use of boundary waters, is now vested in the International Joint Com- mission, which tribunal, in many respects, corresponds to the former Inter- national Waterways Commission. Its functions and powers, howe\er, a? defined by the Treaty and in the Rules of Procedure, are broader, and mean? of adjusting differences between the two countries are available through the • For last four months only of fiscal year, as export did not commence till December, 191 1. t For last three months only of fiscal year, as export did not commence till January, 1912. J The Boundary Waters Treaty is reproduced as Appendix I in Water-Powers of Canada. Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1911. Regarding items recommended by the Canadian Section of the International Waterways Commission for embodiment in the proposed Treaty, see Sessional Papers, Canada, 19a, 1907, pp. 101-102. "If INSPHCTIO. ..n KXPOKTATIOX OK H.eCTH,c,XV U, country is entitled to receive ksJS; JTT^ T ♦^''"^'^' '''"^'- ^^ch use of one-half of the waters whic-h tu '"''^'' ^""''^'^'^ f^"*" the waters as the Nia^a rriver if each "^ "''"'"' '°^ '" '"''^ '"'"^"'^ entitled there can be nojust lund f„r f '''"''' ^'^ ^'^"^^ ^° ^^ich it is Critical studv of tv, ^"'\*''°""^ ^°" contention or dissatisfaction. Treaty. Internat.onal Joir cZt^^slnl^T^lT'' ''''' ^"""'^^"■>' ^^'^^^^^ Secretary of War. WashinRtor D c bv th^ n '''^^""^^'°'- ^''--^cd by the Ottawa, by the Departnient of Trade and ?nJ?''T' °^ '"'""^ '*^^'^""«. of British Columbia and by other ort,ni, ^ '"'' • ^"^^'^^ ''^ ^'^^^ Province ing of events as they arise TllZ ? "I' P'™"' '"telliRent understand- the exportation of elect r"cTty '''' '''^' '"'P""^"^ ^"bject- fJ^'^':LT''^^^^ '-^e^SSl^f r^^^^^ the exponation and use l2th Feb lOlJJi \i, nri./^ '-^"'"^'"-6 "eld bv municin.-ilitif^ i„ n i. ■ ""'^. vvnen tnaty wil] not ^^lai C^V' nTX^^r?:!";- ^«^-« = -d article "by MV''wgite''°"irec' (i the mcetme held hv rir,ror;/\l"',- r""'"''''' T^'jronto, Aoril 1918 Th„Va: ■ f ' .'^'^'-- i if jM 11 It \ CHAPTER VII Power Developments in British Columbia IN British Columbia there has been considerable development of water- powers, both for municipal and industrial purposes. In fact, develop- 11-. tit of this resource has contributed much to the general advancement of the Province. Below, the more important of the existing installations are described briefly. S'lch descriptions not only show what course has been pursued upon various types ot streams, but also set forth the general design and character of such equipments as have btea employed in the respective developments. British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Ltd. The history of hydro-electric development in British Columbia is intimately associated with the early activities of what is now the British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Limited. In 1887, the Vancouver Electric Illuminating Co., Ltd., insta''jd an elec- trical plant. In 1889, a second company, known as the Vancouver Electric Railway Co., Ltd., was formed. The following year, the two companies were merged and their railway lines electrically operated. In 1890, a New West- minster interurban system and a Victoria (Vancouver island) system were commenced. These were merged into one company, known as the Consoli- dated Railway Co., Ltd., and their lines were operated under this con- trol until 1897, when the British Columbia Electric Railway Co., Ltd., was forr.ed, and, subsequently , acquired the assets of all the companies above referred to. Confident in the development of the territory to be served, the directors of the company, at the outset, formulatr their plans with respect to future development. There is no doubt that the remarkable development which has taken place in the districts around Vancouver, New Westminster and Victoria has been largely ass. ..ted by the liberal expenditures of the British Columbia Electric Railway Co. at a time when settlement in the province was being stimulated. The compar.', 's ■•aerations now extend over a field which con- tains over half the populat '" British Columbia. The supply of power for the company's various undertakings is obtained from five power stations. On the mainland, the Vancouver Power Co., a sub- sidiary, operates a large and up-to-date hydro-electric plant on the North ^rm of iiurrard inlet. It also operates a steam plant in the city. For Victoria and vicinity, the company owns and operates a hydro-electric plant at Coldstream, and an auxiliary steam plant at Brentwood Bay. The Vancouver Island Power Co., a subsidiary, opei. tes a hydro-electric plant at Jordan River. POWER DEVE.OPMEN.,.S , . „„,3„ ,o,..,„, ,„ Coqnitlam. Buatxen - .., tH.o.^r?rr^^ -scr'?;f cf^^^^^ feet above sea-ievel. and but a short d.stance Lm LlTrdTlet' '"'" '^'^ *^ The utUization of lakes Coquitlam and R m. r deeded upon sometime prior to 1898 aL^ "1 ^"^ P°^^" P'"-Poses was house No. 1 to Vancouve'r in Dece?berl9r"Tr' '"' "^'^''^^ ^^'^ P°-- raising Coquitlam lake, by means of a ^mall" clt^T'^'ur^'"'' ''''"P"^^^ above Us average summer level. WatTr o stt h ""V^*"' ^^°^' '' ^^^t tunnel 2^ miles long-then stated tol the on "f ^''Tf '''™"«'' « tunnel m the world-to Buntzen lake at thV f, ^^'^^^ hydro-electric mtakedam.54feethigh.wasbuiltattthecaL^"'''' °' "'''='' ' "^^-^^^ The rapid development and growth nf th^ a- . ■ demonstrated that the demand for^ower would in a"? T""' ''^"^°"^' maximum capacity of the plant. After calf^i; » ' '""^' "^^^^^ ^^e to enlarge the tunnel co. -.cting lakes C?au^i''I'i^''°"' '' "'^^ ^^^^'^^^ new dam to increase ti. storaee canS^f!?. ^"** ^'''"'^""' ^^^ build a additions were also provided atThfpowLTuse °''"''''" '^'" ^''^--^ By the time the enlargement nf th^ ♦. i the demand on the compan^em ntiT Lrtr""'"''^'' '" J""^' '^». power-house. Work on the extensiorTw^ ! ^^ construction of a second placed in operation in October 19 3 Th"!""'?""^- '"''"' ^"^ '"^^ «"* unit one-^Xf:mlS"l^^^^^ watershed is approximately 105 sq m^L rl "' ^^" ^' "^ °^ the precipitously to a height of 3.000 to 6.000 feet andT"" ' '"°""*"'"^ "^« watershed is well timbered. The annual nrt. ? f ""■ P"""^'"" ^^ ^he years has averaged over 150 inches Th sno St "'" 'T^ '"^^ '^" -Jeven on the higher peaks until late in the sumi^^r T "' ''"'y^'^'^y ^^'^ remains the entire runoff from the watershed . ,.„^-v ■ ^■'^^''^^ ''°''^S^ ^o enable the level of the lake ; the spHlwav of "T^' ■' ^^^ ""'''^'^'y ^o raise 60 feet above the old dam. ' " """^ ^^'^- '" ^' ^'^^ation 503 feet. toes.'tt nurat^The^our i;\Hl l.t'^'^^""^-^'" '^'^^ ^^'^' ^-vy rock elevation is 518 feet, and "he n.! Lu- ^^ "^^^'" ^' ^''"" "'"'"• ''^ ''''' point of the foundation on the cen "Tn. fmnV ' ^'"'' "^°^'^ ^'^'^ '°--«t crest including the spillway, is 1200 f eet tZ r'' Jl!^ ""^'"^ ^'^^ ^^e 1 «n 5 a„d of the downstream face 1 in 2T0 1 il 4 T^ff n ' "P^'"^'" ^^^« '^ a sohd rock spur at the east end of the dim Th. / '^ ""'"-^ '' '"' '^'''''^^ m 152 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION \> i ii carry 12,000 c.f.s. For controlling the flow through this tunnel, permanent gates are placed in a concrete tower at its upper end. As the city of New Westminster had drawn its water supply from Coquit- 1am lake since 1892, and as the raising of the lake level rendered the original municipal intake works useless, an entirely new intake had to be provided. For the protection of the New Westminster water supply, extensive clearing operations along the shores of the lake were carried out by the company. The total length of the tunnel which conveys water from Coquitlam lake to lake Buntzen is 12,650 feet. It originally had a square section about 9 by 9 feet, with rounded corners, and was designed to carry 500 c.f.s. The area of the section was subsequently enlarged to 192 sq. feet, which is sufficient for the ultimate carrying capacity required by the scheme. The intake to the tunnel was rebuilt when the new dam was constructed. It consists of a heavy masonry retaining wall, founded on bedrock and built against the steep hill above the tunnel entrance. This entrance is protected by a rack, and two in- dependent sets of head-gates are provided for controlling the flow of water through the tunnel. One of these gates is of the Coffin type, 9 feet in diameter ; the second s; t consists of two Stoney sluice gates placed side by side. A range of mountains, which reaches an elevation of 4,000 ft., separates Coquitlam and Buntzen lakes. The watershed of lake Buntzen is 7 sq. miles and the average annual precipitation during the last 12 years has been over 110 inches. The area of the lake is about 500 acres, and, by the construction of a concrete dam, 54 feet hitrh and 361 teet long on the crest, in a caflon below the outlet, the lake has been made into an excellent forebay. The crest of the dam is 400 feet above sea-level. Ten outlets 54 inches in diameter and two outlets 24 inches in diameter were provided. To these are connected the pipe-lines which convey water to power-house No. 1. The water for power-house No. 2 is obtained from lake Buntzen, through a concrete-lined pressure tunnel, 14 feet 8 inches in diameter and about 1,800 feet long, driven through solid rock, and controlled by three Doble needle intake valves, placed with their seats on a concrete foundation on the bottom of the lake. These needle valves are operated by oil pressure, and an outer cylinder is provided which may be lowered down to a horizontal seat, enabling them to be inspected without the use of a diver. Near the lower end of the pressure tunnel, and close to the top of the hill, a steel surge tank, 30 feet in diameter, is provided, and from this point three steel pipe-lines conduct the water to power-house No. 2. These pipe-lines are each 8 feet 6 inches in diameter at the surge tank, and taper to a diameter of 7 feet at the power-house. About 200 feet from the power-house the pipe-lines pass through tunnels driven in the solid rock. A Pelton-Doble-Venturi butter- fly valve is installed in each pipe-line. No. 1 power-house is situated on the east shor- of the North arm, about 16 miles from Vancouver. The buildings were erected from the granite blasted out to form the site for the generating station. The main floor is about 5 feet above high-water. The original installation has been added to from time Plate IS KOOTENAr B,VER. TrP.CAU V,EW OP R*P,08 .. COWER PORTION OP R.VER POWER DEVELOPMENTS IX BRITISH COLUMBIA ,5., to time. Steel penstocks convey water from the intake dam at the outlet Tin ;« r-- ""f' ''"• ' *° ' ^^^^^^^ -PP'-d bv m'ans ?a pipe line 48 mches m diameter and 2.000 feet in length. Two pipe lines 60 inches m d.ameter. are provided for the fifth unit. One pipe-Ur 84 nche! m diameter at the upper end and taperin, to 72 inches a^ the power-house Lm %:'' -th unit, and a similar pipe-line convener To Tl u : ^,''.^P'■^^^"^ equipment consists of four 3,000-h.p Pelton water-wheels, dnving four 1.500-k.w.. 3-phase. 60-cvci; West nehouse IprHoc^Te ;,°'^T-^- /^>-" -— ^^eel. drivin. one S.2-kT nrbrw^r^,^ ,..'"" ^'"''■"' ^^''''''' R^nerator; one 10.500-h p Doble water-wheel, drivins one 5.000-k.w.. 3-phase, 60-cvcle D ck-Kerr generator; and one 10.500-h.p. Doble water-wheel, driving one 5 000-k w 3-phase. 60-cycle Canadian General Electric generator ll^of /hTIk units have a speed of 200 r.p.m. and are of the hortontal tvpe h wat"! wheel and generator being, in each case, mounted on the same ThS In addition to the above equipment, there are four exciter unts each a dtec ' cjurent generator with an induction motor at one end ofTl^l shaft anrthe" water-wheel on the other. The transformers and high tens on switch ne NO. J"f ^ :^e r =;^-r ^-?: -^^^^^ a Uick-Kerr 8.900-k.v.a.. 3-phase. 60-cycle alternator. Close to the back wall of the power-house the main pipe-line divides into four branches elch braS supplying water to one wheel of the unit. The speed of each un t is 200 r p m provdS Th^r "'"".?' ^^^^^^ provided. There are three 300-k.w. exciter units, consisting of a Dick Ker^ itrorn:;r;A"::raf^^ ment are located!n1he sal buUdinl ^ ' "'"" ^"' ^"'^'^''"^' ^^"'P' Current is generated at 2.200 volts and stepped up to 34 600 volts for transmission to sub-stations in Vancouver, and adiacent terrTto 7 It t TheTwo ° ' ^'^^.^'•-^---n voltage will soon be increased o'oVoO volt The two ou going circuits from plant No. 1 are carried on wood poies he towers aT;'^~''' °"'''°"^' ""^^ '^^"^ P>^"^ ^^ ^-are carried on 'stee towers. A tie-line connects power-houses Nos. I and 2 comp?n7anTL\"ngrer"^ ^'°^^ '--'''' -«-* ^^^ -^^^ "PO" the Victori. Power and light are supplied to the city of Victoria by the PowT Supply Bntish Columbia Electric Railway Co. and its subsidiary the Vancouver Island Power Co. ' .1 154 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION There are two hydro-electric plants : one at Coldstream, 12 miles from Victoria, and the other at Jordan River. 40 miles distant. There is also a steam electric plant at Brentwood Bay. 12 miles distant. c> f T"" *°u • *^!' ^^^ "*^ "^^^ supplied with light and power from steam plants situated withm the cty limits, and also owned by the British Columbia Elec- trie Railway Co. r .., ^ ^" September. 1897. an agreement was made with the Esqui- Gcdstream ^alt Water-works Co.. for the supply of a maximum and minimum daily amount of water to the British Columbia iilectric railway, for a hydro-electric plant to be built at Coldstream This agreement stipulated that all water supplied for power purposes would be returned to the vVater-works Company's reservoir below the power-house site, and in condition suitable for domestic use. In 1898. the British Columbia Electric Ry. Co. constructed its Coldstream power-house. The Esquimau Water-works Co. has five storage reservoirs at Coldstream situated at elevations of from 1 ,200 to 1 ,500 feet above sea-level. From them the water flows first to a balancing reservoir of 3,500,000 cu. ft. storage capacity and at elevation 1,100. then through the Coldstream plant and, thence, to a lower reservoir at elevation 450, affording a head of 650 feet. The capacity of these reservoirs is sufficient to take care of considerable daily fluctuations The penstock bringing water from the balancing reservoir to the power-house consists of 4.000 feet of 33-inch, and 4.000 feet of 30-inch steel pipe. The initial equipment, which went into operation in September, 1898 con- sisted of two Pc ;;on water-wheels of 600 h.p. each, direct connected to two 350- k.w., J-phase, 60-cycle, 700-volt generators. In 1903. a third unit of 500-k w was mstalled. In 1905. a fourth direct-connected unit, of 1,000-k.w. capacity" was added, and is driven by two water-wheels, each of 1,000 h.p. The energv IS stepped up from 700 to 17,500 volts and transmitted over a two-circuit single-pole transmission line 12 miles long, to Rock Bay sub-station at Victoria! T .. »• '^^^ ^^^°'^^ hydro-electric plant, supplying power to Victoria JordM River ,s situated at the mouth of Jordan river, which flows into the strait of Juan de Fuca. about 40 miles west of the city The Jordan is a mountain stream, flowing in a south-wesierly direction through a deep and precipitous valley. It drains about 61 square miles-the greater por- tion lying at an elevation of over 1,290 feet. The entire watershed is heavily torested. The drainage area above the intake, including the area above Alli- gator Creek diversion, is 50 square miles. The precipitation on the western slope of Vancouver island is heavy At the mouth of the Jordan river it averaged, during the period 1908 to 1915 f^n"n r *"*'^^' annually, and, in the vicinity of Bear creek, at an elevation of J.OUO feet, an average of about 95 inches has been recorded during the last five years. Probably the average over the whole watershed exceeds 90 inches per year. At the higher altitudes, there is a heavy fall of snow during the winter months, which often remains on the ground until June or July When this snow disappears, the flow of the Jordan falls off very rapidly. To compensate for low-water flow, storage reservoirs have been provided. Although there are POWER DEVELOPMENTS IX BRITISH COLUMBIA ,55 and the length, on the crest is i mnt^^t t_ , ,. "cij,u. is 3/ leet, s«.,.piii„/c„;ui„4S™^rb^?™ekr„™rhe f ,r "t" "»■ • """- Novembpr loin o«^ „ , •- o ^.quare miles. The dam was commenced in iMovtmoer, lyiu, and completed m April, 1912 of rock Which jir^„ „"pTo'.h'' iS™, •;rcr„"'' vr-',' "^ ' "r recognUed .s the best to, a pemaneM dam ^'"'' '"" "' ""'>' ^n.«so;aJ=:d*:orr"S— -^^^^^^^ height. ,„ a ,hiok„„. o «tcheVa, the i,oT,o™ ^JT; V'T " " '"' '" dow„.stream edje b-, a hat „ Tf f, '™,'""'°"' »' ">« highest buttress. The .he ctest. above^Lrpoiltntt e" ilTA'^'pi i::," fo^Te't ',' '"' 'r crest 8 feet below the top of the dam, is provided neartiVrstrndThe";!,." ir Set ™r;tr *"^ """-• -""• -^ r-videstrdS J0JI3S vaue'trfhe'd™- ;:?htrteU":e::„':!rTt -'7, f »;, -^^ j«^« with gates in the side of the flume, are provided ' ' sandboxes. stttTL'etSceirtnrtTittTrrth '"■° f =' "'r^'" ve, water .0 the power!ho»e. ^ p^vid^^^ / J/S Nr'/tdT "ic power nouse. Both pipe-lmes are controlFed by 156 COMMISSION OF CON'SERVATION gate valves placed just below the Y pipes. The pipe-line for No. 3 unit has a total length of 9.290 feet, and tapers from 54 inches in diameter to ^"nches at the power-house. The head at the powei -house is 1.145 feet. The original power-house, as completed in 1911, was a concrete structure rnewTonn"',^'' '"'• ^l^-r-"^-- ^^P-'^-- R«--tly. it has been enlarged! u^rJf \T ''"' ^''" ^^^'^' 'P"^^ ^^^ b^^" P^°^ided for a fourth un, and a new h„h tens.on switch-room has been built. The power-house Li r Th "T""'": '■'-■'''"*'' °" '°'''"''' P''^^* ^2 inches in diamc or. pene- No 1 and 2 t "' " ''''? °' '' '° " '^^'- ^^ ^°"^^'- ^'^^-^ "-^- Units Nos. 1 and 2 each consist of a smgle Doble water-wheel of 6,000 h.p. coupled direct to a 4 000-k.v.a.. Allis-Chalmers-Bullock. 3-phase. 60-cycle' genera or ness^ 'tr\ 'P'^^ ^^^'"•"^•°" '^ °''^^'-d ^y a Lombard oiU pressure governor. No. 3 unit consists of one 8.000-L.v.a., 3-phase, 60- ycle Canadian General Electric generator, driven by two Pelton-Doble water-wheel 13 oSiTo eITT*? Ilr' T'- ■'''^ -^--heels are together rated at 13 000 h.p. Each wheel of No. 3 unit is provided with a separate oil-pressure relay- ype Pelton-Doble governor. There are three exciter units, cwo of whTch consist each of a 100-k.w., 125-volt. d.c. generator, direct driven by a ISO.rp water-wheel and also by a 150-h.p. induction motor ; the third is a 200-k.w 125-volt. d.c. generator, on the shaft of which are mounted a 300-h.p. induction a h ade?" ' ?-^- ^T/T"'^'' ''''''' '^ ^"PP"^^ '° ^h- exciter units from a header connectea to all three pipe-lines. Valves are arranged so as to permit any exciter unit to be driven by water from any pipe-line. mi^-^T'^"'?^"""*^'^ ^' --^^ ''°^'' ^"^ ^^^PP^d "P to 60.000 volts for trans- mission to \ ictoria. The transmission line is about 37 miles long. For about 15 miles he line which is of aluminium cable, follows the shore, and then strikes inland to Victoria, terminating in the Rock Bav sub-station. The poles are of cedar, cut along the line. Cross-arras for two circuits are provided but only one has been installed. Britan.ma Mixing and Smelting Co.. Ltd. Developments «t One of the most interesting water-power developments on the ioi^fso'uSr"' P^"'^*: '^"^^t '^ '^^' °f the Britannia Mining and Smelting Co.. on Britannia creek, which flows into Howe sound, about 28 ^fW I'D ^"T'''u ^'' "^'"^ '"'"•"^■'^ ''"^ ''^ the utilization of a succession of high heads and in the large amount of power developed from what, relatively speaking, is quite a mall stream. In 1905. development work on this property for the mining of copper was commenced. Since then the plant has been .teadily enlarged and the output increased. Mining operations are carried on about four miles from the beach at an elevation of 3 500 feet above sea-level. Preliminary crushing of the ore IS accomplished inside the mine ; it is then transported bv gravity aerial tram- ways to bunkers above the concentrating mill, situated about 500 feet from the foreshore and 160 feet above sea-level. From these bunkers the ore i.s drawn into the concentrating mill. After passing through crushing, washing Tunnel Power-bouse POWER DEVELOPMENTS IX BRITISH C O I. f M B I A ,,; TrlT.^Zr'''^- ''' ^°"""^^^^^^ P^°^"- '^ ^'^'PPed to the shelter in thllsTaLVeTbour/^^r"\f>,^'"r ^'^"' " '"•'^^ - '-^''^- ^^'Hn« Jane and MSal creeks T'oTlon M l'""'' '"'" ^"''"^^"^^ ^ ^^"--'- cf^,„^ 7 r ^ ■*" "• '°"S' Wh an average hei.-ht of l« ft T^ annia creek ?rL .!?; ^ '""»,'?>■ ■«' '»" ''''■■''■ ^^ ~n«™oted on Brit. This cSsofTSs ,"„?:' r'."'.™ ™"™n«*"' ^^'" discharges through Lant dam. '" ^^y '" ^ natural bed to Britannia creek abive the Park t For summary of equipment in various power-houses see pp. m-liS. Beach Power-house lit M f I P r^i ! \ 1 ■ }• 158 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION pipe-line, 8,605 feet lonR, is taken ; this consists of 24- and 18-inch wood-stave pipe, and 15-, 12- and 10-inch steel. It, also, conveys water to the Beach power- house, and an extension of the same line delivers the water, under a head of 1,945 ft., to the Beach compressor house. In addition to the natural stream flow, the water emerging from the Tunnel power-house is conveyed by 24-inch wood-stave pipe, 1,500 ft. long, to a connection with the 36-inch wood-stave pipe on the downstream side of the dam. An additional intake was constructed on Mineral creek during 1915, from which a head of 625 feet is developed. Water is conveyed to the Beach power-house through 2,340 ft. of wood-stave pipe ranging in size from 24 to 10 inches, and 970 feet of 10-inch steel pipe. At a point on Britannia creek, about 4,570 feet back of the Beach power- house, an intake dam is located,* from which a head of 665 feet is developed to drive two Pelton wheels in the new mill. This pipe-line is continued to the old mill at an elevation of 50 feet, where three Pelton wheels operate under a head of 695 feet. The Tunnel and Beach power-houses are electrically connected and can be operated in parallel. It is stated that, as mining is carried on in three eight- hour shifts, and the concentrating mills are operated continuously, the load factor is very nearly 100 per cent. Additional storage reservoirs under construction will almost fully develop the water-power available from Britannia creek and its tributaries. t An auxiliary steam plant, to supplement water-power during dry seasons, has been found necessary. This plant consists of two steam turbines, one unit of 500 k.w. and one of 2,000 k.w. Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Ltd. The Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Ltd., owns and operates Puntl^ge River* ^'^^^ mines on the east side of Vancouver island, about 160 miles north of Victoria. Power for its various operations was formerly developed by steam plants at each mine. These plants have now been super- seded by a large central hydro-electric installation, with a 13, 200- volt dis- tribution system. It is worthy of note that this hydro-electric power appar- ently has been developed to compete successfully with steam plants situated where coal is available at pit-head prices. It is claimed that considerable economies in operation have been efifected. The Puntledge (or Comox) river drains a lake of the same name situated at an elevation of 420 feet above sea-level. The river is about 9 miles long ; the grade is low for 2)4 miles below the lake outlet and then falls 350 feet in about 3}4 miles. The watershed above the lake outlet is estimated at aoout • During 1916, this intake dam was raised 26 feet, and, to supplement this storage, an ad- ditional rein? ,rced-concrete dam, 50 feet by 205 feet, has been constructed about 300 feet back of the intake dam. fThe Britannia Mining and Smelting Co. has acquired the water rights on Furry creek . a mountain stream flowing into Howe sound, about 3 miles south of Britannia Beacli. Durins; 1916 foundations were laid in Furry creek for a dam at elevation 880 feet. The system of con- veying water to the Beach power-house will consist of sealed tunnels, wood and steel pipe. POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 159 250 square miles, but, as its boundaries are not well known, this figure is only approximate. Storage has been developed on Puntledge lake by the erection of a dam at the outlet. This dam is built on solid rock and takes the form of a buttressed concrete wall 300 feet long. Its crest elevation is 445 feet above sea-level, the discharging gate sill being at elevation 416 feet. The dam raises the water a maximum of 23 feet above the original level. A channel 5 feet deep has been cut in the river bed below the outlet of the lake, thus making it possible to draw the water off below the original level, and a si)illway 100 feet long provides, with the gates, discharge capacity in excess of any recorded flood. A log sluice is arranged in the dam by omitting one panel and substituting stop- logs. Six outlet gates, each 5 ft. by 6 ft., are provided. From the storage dam the water flow.s in the natural bed of the river for ly^ miles to the diversion dam. The latter is a partially reinforced concrete structure with a spillway 100 feet long, and a concrete intake and gate chamber at one end. There are two gate openings, with gates 6 ft. high by 7 ft. wide. At the diversion dam the waler enters a system of canals and flumes 3,400 feet long, in which, due to the broken nature of the country, there are many sharp curves. The canal traverses solid rock, sand, gravel and clay, and, except for a small portion in impervious clay, is lined with concret™. The canal sections are connected by wooden flumes of semi-circular section. The canal-and- flume line terminates in a short section of reinforced-concrete flume provided with a spillway capable of discharging the total flow. At the entrance to the pipe-line intake structure there is a rotary balanced steel gate of the Taintor type, 12 ft. wide and 10 ft. high. The forebaj. , or intake structure, is a vertical cylindrical chamber of reinforced concrete, about 25 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. This forms a sedimentation chamber, a blow-off sluice gate being provided. The outlet opening is funnel shaped, decreasing from 12 ft. in dia- meter to 8 ft. in diameter, a cast iron caulking ring being set in the concrete for connection to the 8-foot wood-stave pipe. The forebay is 3 miles above the power-house, and the water is carried in enclosed pipes, for the most part of wood-stave construction. The first section consists of one 8-foot wood-stave pipe, 4,500 ft. long, terminating in a Y structure of heavily reinforced concrete, with outlets fitted with gate valves for two 6-foot pipes. The next section consists of two wood-stave pipes, 6 ft. diameter and 4,500 ft. long, only one of which is at present installed. This section ends in a junction structure with inlets for the two 6-foot pipes and outlets for four 50-inch pipes, each of these inlets and outlets being provided with a gate valve. The final section consists of four 50-inch pipes, of which two are at present installed. These are wood-stave for 3,170 ft., and are of steel for the 600 feet next to power-house. The wood-stave pipes are laid in a shallow trench for most of their lengths and are fitted with manholes and air valves where necessary. The junction structures of the pipe-line are of reinforced concrete. Great care was exercised in their design and construction; rich mixtures were used and they were finished inside with cement mortar two to IM COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION il three inches thick, and several coats of hot asphaltum r/ere applied. The static head is 350 feet. The power-house is a reinforced-concrete structure, built on a rocky site on the river bank. The present main building provides space for two generat- ing units, provision being made for doubling the capacity. The section of the building containing the switching apparatus and auxiliary plant has been com- pleted for the ultimate contemplated development. The present installation consists of two Escher-Wyss turbines of the reaction type, with multiplied balanced gates controlled by governor. Each turbine is rated at 4,700 h.p.,* and runs at 500 r.p.m. Relief valves are placed on each turbine. The turbines are direct connected to 3,500-k.w., 3-phase, 25-cycle, 13,200-volt, Canadian <" .neral Electric Co. generators. The exciters are direct connected, and each lo of sufficient capacity for two units. Transmission lines distribute current at 13,200 volts to the various parts of the property, the longest line being less than 6 miles. The substations contain oil-insulated, water-cooled trans- formers. All large motors operate at 2,200 volts. The smaller motors use current at 440 volts. Power is used for all mining operations, including wind- ing, pumping and ventilation. The cost of the present development is slightly under $70 per horse-power at the power-house switchboard. When the plant is completed to its ultimate capacity, this low cost will be still further reduced to about $60 per horse- power. Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Co., Ltd. The mining and smelting of copper ore is now one of the prin- FiSli^ek'**"' "P*^ industries of Sritish Columbia. The growth of the in- dustry, which was practically non-existent in 1894, has been remarkable, and, at the present time, more than 60 per cent of the copper ex- ported f-om the Dominion is mined in British Columbia. Much of this growth is direct. y attributable to the development of cheap water-power. One of the most recent plants to be completed is that of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Siirlting and Power Co., on Falls creek, Anyox. Falls creek is a small mountain stream, which flows into Granby bay, situated on Observatory inlet, north of Prince Rupert. It drains a watershed of about 40 sq. miles, over which the annual precipitation — a large part of which is snowfall — ranges from 70 to 100 inches. Storage has been created by a dam about one mile above 'he mouth, in a rocky cation 120 feet deep. The dam is a crib-and-rock-structure, with the crest 115 feet above the bed of the stream. A spillway, 120 feet long with crest of 9 feet, was excavated out of the solid rock on the inside of the bend below the crest of the dam. From the dam the water is carried in a 72-inch wood-stave pipe 5,800 feet long, the first 150 feet being in tunnel, the lower end being under a maximum static head of about 300 feet. A steel pipe, 72 in. in diameter "id 120 ft. long, connects the wood-stave pipe to the power-house. The w( , head at the power house is 385 feet. 'Mazimuni capacity 6,000 h.p. Plalalf PEND D-OREILLE VALLEY A h«avily timberad watershed cf the interlw of Bntiih Colurrbia. Th« P»nd dOreMIe rivar >s ,n tho (ofeground. c «K„ . „ . „ ILLECILLEWAET RIVER AND VALLEY From Observation Point, Olacier. Typical of many stream, in Britisti Columbia. The city of Revelstoke is supplied w,th power and light from fh's stream. IVf 1: J] m mts/:^ I. f Ui ., POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 161 The power-house is a steel frame structure, with bncic curtain walls, built on concrete foundation. The electrical equipment consists of two units, each provided with two water-wheel runners, which are directly overhung upon the main shaft at either end of the alternators. These are Westinghouse 938-k.v.a., 3-phase, 60-cycle. 2,200-volt machines ; the sets run at 400 r.p.m. Two exciter sets are provided, of 50 k.w., 125 volts, 850 r.p.m. ; one set is driven by an induction motor, and one set by an induction motor at one end and a Pelton-Doble wheel at the other. The power-house also contains air compressors and blowers. The air supply of the main blast furnaces and the smelter is supplied by 3 Conners- ville positive blowers. Each bl ver is driven by a direct connected Pelton- Doble wheel, 14 ft. in diameter, 625 h.p., normal rating, but with a maximum capacity of 775 h.p. These sets run at 115 r.p.m. For supplying air to the Bessemer converters, a Nordberg variable capacity, two-stage blowing engine is driven by a Pelton-Doble wheel. 23 ft. in diameter, of 1,400 h.p., running at 75 r.p.m. The Pelton wheel is mounted on the crank shaft and acts as a flywheel. Por supplying compressed air for the operation of tools, etc., a Nordberg two-stage compressor is driven by a similar wheel, 16 ft. in diameter, of 800 h.p., running at 84 r.p.m. Each of the above wheels is provided with an oil-pressure governor and relief valves, also with main gate, by-pass valve. The total h.p. installed is about 7,000. In addition to the above, the power-house contains two Westinghouse motor-generator sets, each of 440 h.p., for supplying direct current to the electric locomotives used for haulage, and to oiher direct current motors. Alternating current is transmitted to the mine at 2,200 volts. The larger motors are operated at this voltage, while, for smaller motors, the pressure is reduced to 220 volts. Hbdley Gold Mining Co., Ltd. The Hydro-electric developments of the Hedley Gold Mining Co. provide power and light for the mines and for the town of Hedle The first development by the conpany was on Hedley creek, Derel^eat ^ small mountain stream, which joins the Similkameen river at Hedley. A diversion dam, situated about 3 miles from the mouth, diverts water along a 4 by 4-ft. flume, about 13,000 feet long, to a fore- bay. From this point, the water is conveyed to the power-house through two steel pipes, 20 in. diameter. The head developed is 412 feet. One pipe-line supplies water to a 5S0-h.p. Doble wheel, coupled direct to a 400-k.v.a., 3-phase, 60-cycle, 2,200-volt Canadian Westinghouse generator, speed 150 r.p.m. The second pipe-line supplies water to a Knight wheel driving a Canadian Ingersoll- Rand air compressor, capacity about 3,000 cu. feet of free air per minute. Hedley creek drains a watershed of about 110 square miles, but, being situated in the drv belt, the flow at times becomes very small ; hence, the quantity of power obtained was too uncertain, and had to be supplemented with steam. For this reason, and with an increasing demand for power, the company decided to build another plant on the Similkameen river. 11 i I 162 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION SirailkaineeB RiTer Development Phis development is situated about 3 miles below the mouth of Hedley creek. (See Plate 5.) The Similkameen above this point drains a watershed of about 2,000 square miles. As its headwaters lie among the high mountains of the eastern flanks of the Cascade range, the flow, while fluctuating between wide limits, due to the absence of storage, is, nevertheless, far more dependable than that of Hedley creek. Water is diverted from the Similkameen river by a concrete dam with stop-log sluice- ways. The adjacent topography does not admit of storage. From the diver- sion dam, the water is conveyed in 16,000 ft. of flume, 9 ft. wide by 7 ft. deep, to a forebay, and thence through steel pipe, 8 ft. diameter, to the power-house. The static head developed is 67 feet, and it is noteworthy that, in order to develop this head for power purposes, the construction of a flume 3 miles long has been found profitable. The equipment consists of one 2,100-h.p. S. Morgan Smith Co. turbine of the Francis type, coupled to a 1,250-k.v.a., 3-phase, 60-cycle, 6,600-volt, Canadian Westinghouse generator. The set runs at 400 r.p.m., and has a 25- k.w., direct-connected exciter. Current at 6,600 volts is transmitted 3>^ miles to the mill, where the tension is reduced to 2,200 volts— a voltage which enables the two plants to be run in parallel. ^ i V City op Kamloops OeTelopment Kamloops, in 1915, completed the first portion of its hydro- on Buriire electric development on the Barri^re river, which falls into the North Thompson from the east, about 40 miles from the city. The total drainage area of the Barri^re is about 350 square miles. It divides 12 miles above its mouth and both branches have their source in the mountainous district between Adams lake and the North I'hompson river. The watersheds are generally well wooded with fir. spruce and cedar, but, in some parts, there is a dense covering of small growth. The snowfall of the district is heavy, and severe weather is occasionally experienced. On both branches of the river there are lakes which afford good storage sites; one of these, Barridre lake, through which the main stream, the North branch, flows, has been utilized for storage for the present development. The area of the watershed above the outlet of the lake is about 135 sq. miles, and BarriSre lake has an area of some 3,600 acres. A storage and intake dam has been built at the outlet of the lake, and, from this point, water is conveyed to the forebay in a 5 by 8-ft. flume, 18,000 ft. in length. The forebay is fitted with sluice- gates and provided with spillway. Penstocks, 500 ft. long, convey the water to the power-house, which is situated on the north bank of Barri^re river. The head developed is 190 ft. The present power-house has been built to accommodate four units, two of which are at present installed. Each unit consists of a 1,200-h.p. Francis turbine, manufactured by the Piatt Iron Works, direct connected to a 750- k.v.a., 3-phase, 60-cycle alternator, supplied by Canadian Westinghouse Co., generating current at 2,300 volts. These sets run at 720 r.p.m., and are con- trolled by direct-acting Loriibard governors. iyL POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 16J The voltage is stepped up to 44,000 volts for transmission to Kamloops. It is anticipated that there will be a considerable demand for power to pump water for irrigation along the North Thompson valley, which is traversed by the transmission line.* The ultimate development possible on the Barri^re river is between 16,000 and 20,000 h.p. To provide against interruption to the hydro-electric service, due to winter troubles or breakdowns on the long transmission line, it was deemed expedient to provide a steam auxiliary plant in the city. As the demand for increased power was urgent, and a steam plant was more easily constructed, it was first completed. The power-house building is situated in Kamloops, near the banks of the Thompson river. It is of reinforced concrete, and contains the pump- ing plant for the domestic supply to the city. The boiler-room contains four Babcock & Wilcox boilers of 250 h.p. each, designed to operate at 160 lbs. pressure. The turbine-room equipment consists of two Curtis turbo-alter- nators, of 900 k.w. capacity, built by the General Electric Co. The alternators are 3-phase, 60-cycle, 2,200-volt machines, operating at 3,600 r.p.m. Motor- and steam-driven exciters are provided, also the usual condensing and aux- iliary plant. The high tension sub-station receives current from the 44,000-volt lines from the Barri^re River plant, and reduces the pressure to 2,300 volts for local distribution. Complete switching equipment is provided. The city now has at its disposal about 5,000 h.p. of electrical energy. As the demand for power increases, it is intended to increase the capacity of the plant at Barri^re river and retain the steam plant as a standby. The cost of the initial hydro-electric development is about $140 per h.p. ; the installation of a further 4,000 h.p. will reduce the average cost per h.p. to $90, and it is estimated that, when the ultimate development is carried out, the cost per h.p. will be reduced to about $80. '^ :^' " li Drrelopment on Kootenay River City of Nelson The city of Nelson has constructed a hydro-electric power plant at upper Bonnington falls, on the south side of the Koot- enay river. This plant supplies light and power to the city and for mining purposes in the adjacent territory. The site selected for this development was examined and staked at the end of 1900, the water record was granted on January 15, 1901 and the city secured title to the site for the proposed plant January 22, 1903. The plan adopted provided for a plant of four units, each capable of developing 1,250 h.p. under the minimum head of 40 feetf available at high water, or 1,675 h.p. under the 60-feet headf available at low water. Work was commenced April 3, 1905, but, owing to trouble, chiefly in connection with the disposal of the •During the season of 1917, Kamloops provided electric power for five pumping plants, at a flat rate of $1 per acre per month, the city furnishing the transmission lines and transformers. On another project the owner erected a transmission line, and his rate was l>i cents per kilo- watt-hour. t The average available head has recently been increased by the improvement of the river channel below the falls, made by the West Koote.iay Power and Light Ca i . IM COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION excavated material, the work was held up from time to time. Further delays occurred in the shipment of the plant, and it was not until December 28, 1906, that water was turned on the turbine of the first unit installed. The power-house is of brick on a concrete foundation. The foundation is raised to the elevation of the turbine floor for four units, but the superstruc- ture is completed for two units only. The present installation consists of two Allis-Chalmers turbines, with a maximum capacity (at highest head) of about 2,000 h.p. each. These are directly connected to Allis-Chalmers 3-phase generators, one of 750 k.v.a. and one of 1,000 k.v.a. The umbrella type of construction adopted enables full advantage to be taken of the total head avail- able at any stage of the water. Speed regulation is secured by oil-pressure governors. Power at 12,000 volts is transmitted 9yi miles on a right-of-way piu-chased by the city. The transmission line consists of two circuits of strand- ed aluminium cable carried on cedar poles. The city of Nelson operates its own electric street car service. Derelopment •t Link KiTer Pacific Mills, Limited — Ocean Falls (Formerly Ocean Falls Co., Ltd.) Ocean falls, on Cousins inlet, near the mouth of Dean channel, provides a favourable situation for the docking of oc- ->. steamers of the largest class. The Ocean Falls Co. develf the falls on Link river, which flows from Link lake in a series of rapids, the descent culminating near salt water in Ocean fall. An intake diversion dam was built above the fall, utilizing the old river channel as a spillway. This dam is of concrete, with a maximum height of 60 feet above the lowest point of the foundation. It is provided with an intake section having two openings, 12 ft. diameter, controlled by sluice-gates for pipe-line connection. From one opening there is a steel penstock 12 ft. in diameter, 1,150 feet long. The lower end of the pipe is parallel to the back wall of the power )use and branches are provided to each water-wheel unit. The head developed is 1 15 feet. Provision was made for the future installation of a duplicate pipe from the intake to power-house. The power-house is at sea-level and contains 3 hydro-electric units. The turbines, supplied by James Gordon & Co., are of 900 h.p. each direct coupled to 600-k.w., 3-phase, 60-cycle, 440-volt Westinghouse generators. In addition, there is a 50-k.w. motor-generator set, which supplies power for the monorail system used on the wharves for loading timber, etc. The pulp-grinders are connected in groups of four, each of the six groups being driven by a Francis type turbine of 1,400 h.p.. supplied by Jens Orten-Boving. The total capacity of the turbines installed is about 11,200 h.p. During 1915 the Pacific Mills, Ltd., took over the Ocean Falls Co. and constructed a modern paper mill. A new dam is being constructed at the site of the old dam and 30 feet higher, which will store water on Link lake to a depth of 25 feet. Link lake has an area of about 10 sq. miles. From this new dam, two 12-ft. penstocks iikL POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 165 will deliver water. One penstock will connect with the old penstock and supply the pulp-grinders and the present electric generators ; the other will supply water to a new power-house which will contain additional hydro-electric units aggregating 10,000 k.w.* Powell River Company, Ltd. Development •t Powell River The largest development, for purely industrial purposes, of water-power situated on the coast, is that of the Powell River Co., Ltd., manufacturing newsprint paper. The company completed a pulp-mill plant in 1911, and considerable extensions have since been made. (See Plate 6.) Powell river flows out of Powell lake and drains an area of about 600 sq. miles. At the outlet of the lake, there is a natural fall of 140 feet. The lake, which is about 45 sq. miles in area, has been raised about 20 feet above the high water of 1910 by a concrete dam with spillway at elevation of 160 feet above sea-level. A log sluice-way with guide booms provides for the passage of logs over the dam. Sufficient hydrographic data have not yet been secured from which to determine the ultimate possible development at this site, but it is stated that, when the available storage has been fully utilized, it will conserve the total runoff and maintain a uniform flow, ''teel penstocks convey the water to the power-house, which is located at sea-level, with a working head averaging 147 feet. In the pulp-mill there are two sets of seven pulp-grinders each. Each set is driven by two Allis-Chalmers turbines, of 1,800 h.p. each; also two sets of six pulp-grinders, each set driven by one Piatt Iron Works turbine, of 3,600 h.p. ; in all, a total of 14,400 h.p. The electrical installation consists of two 3,000 h.p., Allis-Chalmers turbines, each direct coupled to one l,87S-k.v.a., 3-phase, SO-.., le, 600-volt, Canadian General Electric generator, speed 375 r.p.m. ; also one Piatt Iron Works turbine of 3,600 h.p., direct coupled to a similar generator of 2,500 k.v.a., with speed of 375 r.p.m. — in all making a total of 9,600 h.p. for the generators, or a gran ' total of 24,000 h.p. developed at the present time. City of Prince Rupert Development at Woodworth Lake Woodworth lake, situated about 7 miles from Prince Rupert, has an area of 500 acres. The watershed area, is about 9-5 sq. miles, consisting mostly of steep hillside with very little timber on the upper slopes. The mountains rise to about 4,000 feet. There are several snow-fields, but no glaciers within the drainage area. This project was investigated in 1910-12, and plans prepared; construction work was com- menced in January, 1914, and the plant placed in operation in November, 1914. Investigation of stream-flow revealed a high runoff, and it is anticipated a flow of from 80 to 100 sec. -ft. will be available for power and domestic supply. •This new plant was installed in 1918, and comprises two 2,S00-h.p. turbines and one 5,000-h.p. impulse wheel, direct connected, respectively, to two 1,850-k.w. and one 3,7S0-k.w., 3-ph., 60-cy., 2,200-v. generators. i! m .1 166 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION . ■:! : ■ 1 Oevelomnent on the niecil- lewaet River tlnrrr , t* A t '1 ^''^^*' ''*' ''""*• 'r'^* power-house is 7.500 feet SS 7 «on f ;r * "^'^^ °^ ^^•^ ^'** '^ ^*^*^°P«^ *>y '°«»°'' of * «-inch steel pipe 7.800 feet long. The power penstock is also partly used for water supply Sn!' liZf !?'^ ^^""^ '^^ power-house is attached an 18-inch steel pipe-hne. 14.000 feet long, which connects with an existing 18-inch water supply pipe near the auxihary pumping station at Shawatlans lake, about 5 miles from ^tic City. A power-house of simple design has been erected. The initial instaUation consists of one water-wheel of 1,650 h.p. capacity, direct connected to a 1.125- k.v.a., 3-phase. 60-cycle. 4,400-volt, at 514 r.p.m.. Canadian General Electric generator. Close regulation is secured by oil-pressure governor A 15-k w exciter is connected to the main units. Voltage is regulated by a Tirrell reg- ulator. The energy is transmitted to the city over a single circuit, wood- pole transmission line. City op Revelstoke The Illecillewaet river drains about 480 sq. miles of the western slope of the Selkirk range, and discharges into the Columbia nver near Revelstoke. Its valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains are heavily wooded; above the timber line there are numerous snowfields and glaciei-s. The precipitation in the valley varies from 42 inr'-^s near Revelstoke to 58 inches near Glacier, and. over portions of the waver- shed. no doubt exceeds the latter figure. The winters, with occasional spells of very low temperature and heavy snowfall, are severe and serious ice troubles have been encountered. The river is a typical mountain stream. (See Plate 16.) Its flow varies from about 250 sec.-ft. to over 9.000 sec.-ft. The Revelstoke hydro-^lectr - development is situated about lyi miles from the mouth of the river. A concrete dam, 56 feet high, has been built across the cafion, creating a pondage of about 10 acres. Two 6-ft. diameter wood-stave pipes carry the water about 1,200 feet downstream to a power- house, where a head of 72 feet is developed. (See Plate 7.) The power-house equipment consists oi a 900-h.p. Francis turbine, driving a 450-k.v.a. Canadian Westinghouse generator at a speed of 450 r.p.m • also a 1,400-h.p. Eschev-Wyss-Francis type turbine, direct connected to a 750-'k v a Canadian Westinghouse generator running at 360 r.p.m. Exciter units in each case are direct connected. Speed regulation of the 1,400-h.p. unit is secured by an oil-pressure governor and of the 900-h.p. unit by a mechanical governor Current, at 2,300 volts, 3 phase, 60 cycle, is supplied to Revelstoke and to the shops of the Canadian Pacific Ry. To ensure against interruption to service due to low water, ice. or other causes, a gas-engine auxiliary plant has been pro- vided, ^ Whalen Pulp and Paper Mills, Ltd. Development at '^^^ ^'^"^ °^ *^^ Whalen Pulp and Paper Mills, formerlv SwuMonBay owned by the Empire Pulp and Paper Mills. Ltd., and pre- viously by the Swanson Bay Forests, Wood Pulp and Lumber ^1^ POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 167 Mills, Ltd., is situated in a small bay on the continental shore of Graham reach, a narrow channel dividing Princess Royal island from the main- land, and about 130 miles south of Prince Rupert. This portion of the coast probably has a heavier precipitation at sea-level than any other stretch of the Pacific littoral. To the southwest, the contin- uation of the Vancouver range is submerged and, therefore, offers no obstacle to the passage of the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific. The immediate vicinity of Swanson bay is surrounded by high mountains ; those on Princess Royal island are probably of sufficient elevation to start the upward deflection and resultant cooling of the westerly breezes. As a result, Swanson bay has a precipitation similar to that in the higher valleys of the western slope of the Coast mountains. At this station, the average annual precipitation for a period extending over 6 years is 180 inches — the highest recorded in British Columbia. There is little doubt that future investigation will disclose in this portion of the coast many water-powers easily developed. There are several 'hanging valleys,' occupied by small lakes, situated from one to several hundred feet above sea-level, drained by short creeks, which descend, usually, in gradually increasing grade, with falls or steep cascades near salt water. Swanson creek is ol this type. It drains two small lakes, the lower one of which, about 7 miles long and one mile wide, has been partially controlled for storage. The total head available below this lake is 342 feet, of which 132 feet has been developed, An intake dam, forming a measuring weir, is situated above the first falls, about one-quarter mile from the mouth. A wood-stave pipe conveys the "'ater to the power-house, where S. Morgan Smith Co. turbines are instai aggregating 2,500 h.p. The plant also comprises a sulphite-pulp mill, a large sawmill, and wharves suitable for loading and unloading large vessels. The ultimate capacity of the plant is stated to be about 12.000 h.p. Development on the Stave River Western Power Company of Canada, Ltd. The first application for a water record at Stave falls was made in 1899, by the Stave Lake Power Co., Ltd. In 1909, the Western Canada Power Co. Ltd.,* was formed for the pur- pose oL supplying power, in ample quantity and at prices sufficiently at- tractive, to encourage the establishment of industries in Vancouver and its vicinity. In June, 1909, the company took over the Stave Lake Power Co. In the same year work was commenced on the present Stave Lake development, and the first unit was placed in commission ir. January, 1912. (See Plate 5.) Stave lake lies to the north of the Fraser river, and about 35 miles from Vancouver city. The watershed has only been partially explored. It has an area estimated at about 450 sq. miles, and lies among the granite peaks of the Coast mountains, which, rising high above the timber-line to over 8,000 feet, carry perpetual snow and numerr-us small glaciers. The total length of the river, from its sou ce in a glacier to its confluence with the Fraser at Ruskin, is about 60 miles. •Name of Company later changed .o " Western Power Co. of Canada, Ltd." 168 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The original elevation of Stave lake was about 230 feet above sea-level, with a fluctuation, between high and low water, of about IS feet. The lake was 9 miles long by about a mile wide, with precipitous shores to the east and west. From the foot of the lake to Stave falls the river was 7 miles long, with a total fall of 11 feet in about 2 miles of rapids. At the falls and at the rapids in their immediate vicinity the river descended 80 feet. Below the falls, for a distance of 4 miles, there is a series of rapids, and the river finally de- bouches through a narrow granite gorge into the Fraser river. The present Stave Lake development utilizes the head available in the immediate vicinity of the falls and also the head concentrated at that point by a dam, which drowns the rapids above and the large areas of low land at the head and the lower end of the lake. The working head varies between 100 feet at low-lake level and 1 20 feet with full reservoir. Very careful preliminary investigation was made of hydraulic conditions. This included extensive surveys, measurements of water supply, precipitation, flood conditions, etc. The results of this investigation are ably summarized in a paper presented by Mr. R. F. Hayward before the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers.* The raising of the level of Stave lake materially increased its area. At a stage of 269, the lake extends for 18 miles above the dam, and its area at this stage is about 24 sq. miles. This reservoir will have a storage capacity of nearly 370,000 acre-feet, sufficient to maintain a mean flow of about 3,150 sec-feet in lowest years yet recorded and somewhat more in average years. The average flow over a number of years has been about 4,000 sec-feet, but the physical conditions at Stave falls are such that it is not economically feasible to build a dam to an elevation of about 300 feet, which stage would be req' ired to completely store the mean flow over the years of record. The most economical height of dam is that which would maintain a flow line at elevation of about 264 feet above sea-level. In its natural state the main river divided into two branches about 400 feet above the falls, re-uniting about one-half mile downstream. The intake and sluice-dams have been built at the head of the falls. The power-house is built across the western channel, below the intake dam, and the eastern channel is utilized for the overflow and flood discharge from the sluice-dam. When the lake is raised to the ultimate elevation proposed, the present sluice-dam — now designed to take practically the whole flood discharge of the river— will be built up solid, with a row of gates on top for partially controlling the flood discharge, and the main flood discharge will pass down an old channel, about one-quarter mile to the east of the falls, known as the Blind slough. For a flow-line at elevation of 239 (sea-level) the Blind slough forms'a natural rock spillway-dam 400 feet long, with a channel 50 feet wide and 20 feet deep at one side. The deep portion is at present closed by a timber crib-dam, and a temporary spill- way of low elevation is built across the remainder of the channel. The per- manent structure will consist of concrete piers, with log sluices, and will make ample provision for flood discharge. ._ ,>* "J^^ ^'*^^ ^''"^ Power Development of Western Canada Power Company. Limited." °//>-,^. "?y*ard, M.E.I.C. Read Oct. 7, 1915. In Transactions of the Canadian Society of Ctvtl Enginters. i . I i I. li i .: L < = = I -I — j^_ -j: ^"^ >« I III < ofi E £C »£^ ii sS 55 — * s- «-< 5 Sir -I »2 ■■» IJ o - F U5 c » 5 ■055 = *i £ Si- Sis ;'r" > t POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 169 The sluice-dam is 150 feet wide, built of reinforced concrete. The piers are 8 feet wide, with five stop-log openings, each 22 feet wide. The intake dam is of concrete on a granite foundation. It is 160 feet long and, when completed, will be 70 feet high. There are four main intakes, with necessary screens. The intake gates are of the radial type and weigh 23 tons each. In addition, there are two gate chambers for pipes to the exciter units. The main penstocks are 14 ft. 6 in. diameter. The tipper ends are im- bedded in the concrete and belled out to 19 feet, giving a maximum velocity at the mouth of 4-6 feet per second, and in the pipes of 8 feet per second. There are two separate 46-inch steel penstocks for the exciter units and oil pumps. The penstocks are not more than 1 50 feet long, thus securing excellent regulating conditions. The tailrace, 1,500 feet long, was excavated to a depth of about 30 feet. The power-house, constructed of reinforced concrete on solid rock found- ation, was designed for four main units, but first completed for two, with the necessary auxiliary equipment.* Each tnain unit consists of a 13,000-h.p., double horizontal turbino of the Francis type, built by the Escher-Wyss Co.', of Zurich, Switzerland, direct coupled to a 9,000- 'c.w., 3-phase, 60-cycle, 4,400- volt Canadian General Electric generator. There are two exciters, each 250 k.w., 125 volts, driven by its own turbine, and each capable of exciting four machines. Regulation is sectired by governors of the oil-pressure type, the oil pumps being driven by individual impulse wheels. The current is stepped up to 13,000 volts and 60,000 volts, and, at the high- er tension, is transmitted 32 miles to Ardley, a point about midway between Vancouver and New Westminster. Another line runs south to the inter- national boundary, where it connects with a line built by the Puget Sound Traction, Light and Power Co. into Bellingham, the total distance being 47 miles. At 13,000 volts the current is transmitted to points within 20 miles of the generating station. From the tailrace of the existing plant to the mouth of the river, an addi- tional fall of 130 feet is available. Two plans of developing this fall have been considered: One plan contemplates a concentration of the head at the narrow gorge near the mouth by the construction of a dam 165 feet high. The second plan provides for two dams, each 65 feet high, one at the above gorge, and one about a mile below the present plant. The latter plan involves less initial expenditure, and would enable the plant capacity to be increased by stages with the increasing demand until ultimately turbines aggregating some 120,000 h.p. had been installed. This would complete the development of the Stave river. West Kootenay Power and Light Co., Ltd. The West Kootenay Power and Light Co., Ltd.— a pioneer in the develop- ment of water-power on a large scale in British Columbia— owns and operates three hydro-e lectric generating plants. Two of these are at Bonnington thiJ}^}^-^^' ^^ ''"'^'"8 "« extended for the installatiou of the third and fourth units. The Ke7nstSlS?i^n7auAh^V°'*^' '''' '^'^ ""^"^^ '^^« ^^ «-'<^ ^ P"^"-"- ! ) I 1 ■ 170 COMM ION OF CONSERVATION I , ■',"!■ ! falls, on the Kootenay river (see Plate 15) and the third is situated on the Kettle river, about twelve miles below Grand Forks. These developments are the largest and most important in the interior of British Columbia, and furnish power and light to the cities of Trail, Rossland, Grand Forks, Phoenix, Greenwood, Boundary Falls, and to other users within the radius of the transmission lines. In 1897, the gold and copper mining industries in the Kootenay country were practically undeveloped. At that time a small smelter was in operation at Trail, and mining operations were in progress at Rossland, but the total amount of energy utilized at these two points probably did not exceed 1,000 h.p. In this section of British Columbia, the mines and smelters are the largest consumers of power, and, today, the connected load in the vicinity of Ross- land alone has increased to over 6,000 h.p. The great development of the min- ing and allied industries has been largely facilitated by the supply of power made available by the developments of the Kootenay Power and Light Co. Plant ITo. I, "^hs firs* plant, now known as Bonnington Falls plant No. 1, Lower Bonninc- was commenced in 1897. It is situated at Lower Bonnington falls, and has a capacity of 4,000 h.p. under a normal working head of 34 feet. The eqtiipment consists of three units : one turbine unit of 2,000 h.p., direct connected to one generator of 1,500 k.w., and two turbine units of 1,000 h.p., each direct connected to generators of 750 k.w. The tur- bines are twin runners of the horizontal type. The generators are 3-phase, 60-cycle. The sets run at a speed of 180 r.p.m. Cvirrent is generated at 1,100 volts and stepped up to 22,000 volts. Plant No. 2, Plant No. 2 is situated at Upper Bonnington falls, a short Upp«r Bonning- distance above No. 1. The power-house is of reinforced concrete, situated in the channel immediately below the falls, on the north side of the river. The building and intake structure form a .'ing- ''am, which diverts the water to the turbines. The head developed is 63 feet at low-water stage, but, during high water, it is reduced to 56 feet by backwater caused by the contracted area of the channel a short distance below the falls. The working head, it is estimated, may be increased to 70 feet by the removal of obstructions in the channel below, and the erection of a low dam across the river above the falls. This work is now under way.* Space in the power-house provides for four main generating units, two exciter units, and the necessary transformers and switching apparatus. The main units, all of which are now installed, consist of two 8,000-h.p. Francis turbines, with vertical shaft, each direct connected to a 5,625-k.v.a., 3-phase, 60-cycle, Canadian General Electric generator of the umbrella type, and two 9,000-h.p. Francis turbines with vertical shaft, each direct connected to similar * The charter of the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. (granted in 1905) permits the con- struction of a dam across the Kootenay river, commencing at their own forebay and extending to connect up to the forebav of the plant of the city of Nelson. In this connection some conflict of interest arose between the power company and Nelson, which difficulty, however, was satis- torily .?djiiKte2 miles long, to Seton lake. The difference in level between Bridge river, at the proposed point of diversion, and Seton lake is about 1,240 feet, from which it should be possible to obtain a working head of over 1.150 feet. A good dam-site exists near the head of the canon. (See Plate 24.) Plans have not yet been fully worked out, uut it has been established that the grade of the river above the caiion is only about 3 feet per mile for 3 miles and probably does not exceed 7 feet per mile for 20 miles. It is further stated that a dam 100 feet high would give storage of 50,000 acre-feet. The watershed above the proposed diversion is about 1,900 sq. miles, and the upper waters drain the eastern slope of the Coast mountains. In the winter, the low-water flow falls at times to less than 500 sec. -ft., but extreme low-water conditions do not prevail for long periods, as the cold is not steady and rain frequently occurs during the winter months. Available stream-flow measurements suggest that, with only the one dam as an '" Ivial development. li! i I I ,„ COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION n t oK™,f 1 noo sec -ft mieht be maintained, which, under a I 'TZTlslTJ l^l dSp over Too.000 h.p. Other storage possibiL bead of 1,150 ^^et, woua ae v ^^^^ ^^ .^^ tributaries. ities are said to exist h gh r up ^^f^^''^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^ht be maintained. ^jre^nlXLIl X"^^^^^ ^^ - °^ --^^-^^^^ "^^ "*"**^' Proposed Development at Campbell River. V.I. Lower Campbell lake, area 2.200 acres. ^^^ ^elow them, summer months. develooment of the latent fi^dS l"/r second .a„,U by 8.™ a„^-^^^ to the same power-house site, E-vmE » '''f""" '■*';„ "tr'Jld not be narrow ridge' divides the Campbell -J^^^/^^^Vhi^^^^^^^^^^ short tunnel would lead the waters of Mcl^^^^^^ Ss ndge to sust'aining ground same level as Lower Ca-Pb^^^ ^f^ '^^^^^^^^ i, good ground to a for an open channel. The jbannel nnght ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ p^^^^_ ctrarbSrSs^oXu^^^^^^^^ rd:vlVed:nLowerCampbelllakeby^^^^^^^^ Instead of building a dam at the outlet of the l^ke. it W cafion about a mile below the -f ^f ^fj.^^^oleet ^^ -^^ uUlized it would be possible to deve op a head of ab t ^ eet -hich^ ^ the precipitation on the watershed , recoros icepi, uc« POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 17.i river indicate an average annual precipitation of over SO inches ; but the upper portion of the watershed is very mountainous, and the average precipitation over the whole would probably exceed 80 inches annually. Gauge records have been taken by the Campbell River Power Co. for some years. Recent measurements have enabled the gauges to be rated, and the valuable records of stream flow arc incorporated in the stream flow tables. The runoff from th watershed is fairly well distributed throughout the year and. with a full utilization of the storage available, a flow of from 2.000 to 2.500 sec.-ft. might possibly be maintained, except for short periods. At 450 feet head and 80 per cent efficiency, the latter flow wiuld develop about 100.000 horsepower. For view of Elk fall on Campbell river see Plate 28. Proposed Development on Shuswap R. Note : As corrections and additions are frequently made to the charts, those applying for them should request copies em- bodying the latest corrections. lURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 179 The Tidal and Current Survey Branch of the Naval Service under the direction of Dr. W. Bell Dawson, has, especially since 1905. been conducting mvestigations respecting the regimen of the tides along the Pacific coast of British Columbia. The Tidal Survey has established automatic recording tide gauges at a number of stations along the coast.* The table of tidal ranges (p. 180) and the hst of bench marks ,n Appendix II will be of special assistance to persons in! terested in developments at or near tide-water. Where however matters of special issue are involved, interested parties are recommendrd to cimmunica^e directly with Dr. W. Bell Dawson. When writing, the applicant shouTd suTpty in a clear and concise form, all available information. For instance for a nor " tion of the coast for which data are required and where no pe man;nt staSn IS maintained, tidal readings for only a few days, if accurately r^ZTZ respect to ttme, may enable the Tidal Survey, with the aid of their records for other stations, to set forth the specific characteristics of the tide observed mcluding Its probable extreme ranges at the place of observation. Wherever Sench mark' °'^^^^'^^'°"^ ^^°"'^ "^^ ^^^^ -'h reference to a permaLS High and low water may be approximated as follows : High-water mark TLTtli" ^''''^'-'''' -'th fair approximation, from markings upo'tht shores. With respect to low water, the small publication. Tide lZis and tTn^l I ""^'^' TP'°^''^ '^y '^' ""^""''^''y '" connection with .hdr hydrographic surveys to fix the low-water datum to which chart soundings are reduced. From these data average low water may be deduced. On the open Pacific coast, the tide curve is fairly regular thoueh showintr a strongly marked diurnal inequality, especially north'ard,'and The sprTg^ and neaps can be distinguished with little difficulty. In the region of "he strait of Fuca and the strait of Georgia, however, the tides are of quit a different character, and here it is difficult to distinguish the springs and neaps J Mean sea-level, as used by the Tidal Survey, is the mean ordinate found bv or datum. When so defined, mean sea-level should clearlv be differentiated from hal -tide level ; that is ,o say. half way between extreme high Tide and d fineT VZ r-r "r^^"i^ ^°*"^*'^ ^•'•^ -^^^ sea-levela: above '^^^"°^- Q" ^^^ P^"fic coas^ •" the case of a tide whose extreme range is at pp* l7"?9^oVt'hf;^^lS"')^"K" SoV'caif^l'lT^'"'" '■^ "^^^ -'" ^e found •■As the accuracy of the tide Ubies is rcSnt^ bv IheZ^'/rJ'^,- ^^T d^"' ^^^^^' '"lO. they are based, those for Clay™ Tctoria Sand hI^Tv^^^^^ *hich now superior to the tide tab es Tr any ilSrt on thp P-.!^^ ' ^^"9°"ver and Port Simpson are The tide tables for Prince Ru%rtar7n^MuaIt. fhosf f,r^"n p ^'"^"'^' t'?: °' Australia, the loHRPst recnrd of -nv »W 3r/r!,Kr^ ^ <• ''^^'""^e for San Francisco, which are ha=ed on Survey.^- sTfLTlbLat^^^^tl^f'-'^ ^"^ '^' ^^>^"'^' ^^''- ^^ 'he United States Coi^ t Pp. 16-21 ; (Dominion Sessional Papers No. 2Ic 1906) cJI/hal^ZTt^ K-/P--HMaK.amfestatio;s. «e p. 63 of TuU TaUes fcr .ke Pacific i Hi I IM COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION only 13 feet, the half-tide level may differ by as much as a foot from true mean sea-level. In Juan dc Fuca strait and the strait of Georgia, the mean sea- level is at greater elevation than the half-tide level. This is explained by the fact that, during the greater part of the day, the 'high waters' prevail at about the same general level — there are only relatively slight fluctuations near the high water level, but, once a day, there is a sharp and short drop to the lower water level. This stronger characteristic of the tides obscures the usual feature of spring and neap tides, and hence, for the region of Juan de Fu * strait and the strait of Georgia, the table presented in the Tide Tables gives only the mean rise. This mean rise in certain localities is as follows :* i i '■'. ! TABLE OF MEAN TIDAL RANGE Mean rise Juan de Fuca strait 8-3 to 9-3 feet Gulf islands, off strait of Georgia 9-3 to 12-6 feet Strait of Georgia 11-5 to 141 feet Channels northeast of Vancouver island 10-2 to 13-9 feet On the open Pacific coast representative ranges of tidal levels are as follows : TIDAL RANGE ON OPEN PACIFIC Locality Vatuouver Island West Coasl — Port Renfrew — San Juan bay . Carmanah point Port Albemi Clayoquot Nootka sound Quatsiii.) sound Northern Coasl of British Columbia — Rivers inlet Bellakula, head of Burke cnannel. Ocean Falls, Cousins inlet Swanson bay, Graham reach Kitimat Port Essington Port Simpson Nass river at Mill bay Observatory inlet Stewart, head tf Portland canal .... Queen Charlotte Islands — iuskatla bay, head of Mssset inlet. . lasset harbour, at Indian village. . . Skidegite inlet, at Queen Charlotte. Lockeport, on West coast Rise of tide Springs Neaps Feet Feet 9 7 10 y}i 10^ 8 n 8 12 9 u 8 14 11 16 13}4 15 nyi 13 9 nyi \Qyi 21 \sy. 20 14>i 2! 17 21 ISK 22 17 7 5K 9K 7 17 14 16 13 Note — The range of the tide at the heads of the long inlets on the coast is only from 2 to 12 per cent greater than at their mouths. • The data here given have been abstracted from the Tide Tables for 1918. For more d^ tailed information consult Tide Tables for the Pacific Coast of Canada, issued annually by the Tidal and Current Survey, Department of Naval Service, Ottawa ; also The British Columbia Pilot, published by the Admiralty, 8ro, 596 pp., London, Eng. ; also Admiralty charts. IS : SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ISl Inland Surveys The early maps were based upon exploratory surveys, and, even to-day, large sections of the province are mapped from the same class of information.' The early overland expeditions to the Pacific, the maritime surveys, the journeys of the gold seekers, the explorations of the Geological Survey, the delimitation of the international and interprovincial boundaries, and the ex- ploratory surveys for the Canadian Pacific and other railways, as well as the surveys of individual parcels of land, have each yielded their quota to the sum total of knowledge respecting the physical geography of the country. It was not until comparatively recent years that any systematic attempt was made to conduct the survey of the province as part of a co-ordinated whole. In oi ler to understand the situation in regard to land surveys in British Columbia, it is necessary to remember that since the opening up of the country, two main classes of surveys have been made : First, Government surveys] made by land surveyors under the direct instructions of the Dept. of Lands ; second, private surveys, made by land surveyors under the instruction of and paid for by the person who had acquired the statutory right to a piece of nn- surveyed Crown land. Government surveys were generally continuous over extensive areas of unalienated Crown lands, but, until quite recently, were carried out rather spasmodically. Private surveys, as a rule, consisted in the laying out of individual parcels held under pre-emption record, application to purchase, timber license, etc., and, frequently, such areas were not tied in or connected to any point the position of which was adequately defined and known. The practical alienation of Crown land before survey is peculiar to this province and is due largely to the broken nature of the country.* Since 1908, there has been a great increase in the amount of survey work undertaken, pid, in connection with the survey of vacant Crown lands, a change has taken place. Formerly, these were privately surveyed under the super- vision of the Government, but now the larger proportion are actually sur- veyed by the Government. t Mr. G. H. Dawson, when Surveyor-General, did much to systematize the surveying operations of the Province and to have the survey uata made available in such form as would facilitate its being promptly and satisfactorily mapped. 'Another fact which complicates the situation in respect to surveys is that different rights may be granted for the same piece of land. Thus, rights may be granted under the Und At, the Coal and Petroleum Act, and the Mineral Act. Under the Land Act, lands may be pre- empted, purchased, or leased, etc. ; also under this Act, special timber licenses were issued giving tne right to cut tiniber on an area not exceeding 640 acros. The boundaries of thesj relatively small parcels of land, owing to the method of plantin ; 'application posts," frequently overlapped. in an extreme case, for the same piece of land, rights might be granted to the surface, untler the .7^5 .u \.^° , "^P^^ °^ IK;troleum, under the Coal and Petroleum Act ; to other minerals, w I ij ^""«^?' Act: ••'nd, at the same time, the whole area might be included in a timber eisehold granted prior to 1892. Surveys and plans would be made for each of these rights, and, in practice, the overlapping of two surveys is common, and the overlappine of three is not in- frequent. t In the yean 1900 to 1906, less than 2 per cent of such lands were surveyed by the Pro- •^? ♦K °^^''°"?^"' ir'° *"*' ''^ P^"" '^^"^ "^"^ ^ surveyed, and in 1915, 87 per cent. At present, t ^1^*''^'"*°° mineral claims and leaaes, private surveying of Crown lands ii practicall7 .1;;, Hi f ! !i 183 COMMISSION OF CONSKRVATION The system of surveys adopted in the Railway Belt is an extension of the Dominion lands system of surveys as used in the Prairie Provinces. The report of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1914, contains a map showing the situation of all surveyed lands in the province. This map does not show surveyed mineral lands, relatively small in extent, nor the large number of isolated areas of only a few hundred acres each that are found widely scattered throughout the province. This map, in conjunction with the explanatory note on pages D54 and 55 of that report, will give a good idea of the present status of surveyed land in the province. Since 1914, owing to the war, survey operations have been reduced to a minimum. In addition to surveys undertaken or supervised by the Surveys Branch of the Department of Lands, both the forests branch and Water Rights Branch of the Department have, since their organization, been making special surveys appertaining to their respective work.* Besides this work of the Department of Lands, surveys made by the Geological Survey of Canada, and by the various Boundary Commissions, have done much to assist the accurate mapping of the province. t Provincial Government Maps So far as the mapping activities of the Provincial Government are con- cerned, they may be considered under two periods, viz., the maps published prior to 1911, and those published since that year. The early maps are of various descri; '^ons, comprising topographical, geographical, land, mining- claim and : ke •. h maps. The greater number of these are now »ither out of print or out of date. The remarkable development of British Columbia during the last decade created a rapidly increasing demand for maps. To meet this demand efficiently, the Chief Geographer, Mr. G. G. Aitken, inaugurated a comprehensive scheme for the systematic mapping of the province. The compilation of existing data and the issuance of new maps were made to con- form to this general co-ordinated scheme and, at the time of the outbreak of the war, excellent progress had been made. The main features comprised in this plan consist of : (a) A 'Standard Reference World Map' of British Columbia, conforming with a standard map of the world now being published by various countries, on the scale of looJoon ; (6) 'Special District Geo- graphic Maps ' of the middle and southern portions of the province on a scale of 15(^500 (7-89 miles to 1 inch). See Maps Nos. IE and IG ; (c) 'Special District Land Maps,' scale 4 miles to 1 inch, of the areas that contain sufficient land surveys to justify their issuance ; see below under 'Land Series' ; (d) 'Degree Sheets' and (e) 'Pre-emptor Maps'— -these are also referred to more fully below. The maps now available for distribution by the British Columbia Govern- ment are broadly grouped into six or seven classes : Geographical series. Land • For fuller information consult Anniial Reports of the Minister of Lands, British Columbia, particularly those for 1912, 1913 and 1914. SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH C O L U M T I A 183 series, Pre-cmptor series, Degree shf -., Topographical series, Miscellaneous and Departmental Reference maps. _ertain maps of these various series will be found essential in supplying information respecting ownership of lands for rights-of-way, etc. Geographical Series — This includes the large four-sheet map of the province, on a scale of 17-75 riiks to one inch; also a number of smaller single-sheet reproductions, coloured to show the various divisions of the province, on a scale of 30 miles to one inch. This series of maps is usually the most service- able for determining the watershed areas of the larger drainage basins, and, even where larger scale maps are available for the whole or portions of smaller watersheds, it is well to check any areas obtained from such by making refer- ence to the more comprehensive maps which show the adjoining territory. Land Series — Shows, in colours. Crown-granted lands, timber leases and licenses, and Indian and government reserves. Scale, 4 miles to one inch. The older maps of this character, such as Nos. 20 and 27, now classified under 'miscellaneous,' were on other scales. Pre-emptor Series — Primarily intended for use of land seekers, but have been found to be of wider service, and, in recent years, have been much im- proved. They show land available for pre-emption, reserved for University purposes, and reserved for public auction, also forest and other reserves. These maps are rapid compilations of the provincial land surveys, with the addition of railway and road surveys. New editions, giving the results of the latest surveys and revisions, are frequently published. Degree Sheets — Scale of 2 miles to one inch. These are so called because each sheet covers an area of one degree in longitude by one degree i . latitude. They are carefully compiled to incorporate all survey information to date, and, from time to time, are brought up to date and re-issued. Topographical Series — Map No. 5A is the first of this new sei ., scale of 5 miles to one inch. It is contoured and is compiled from exploratory surveys and shows all available information. Miscellaneotis — These include a number of maps which are still of some value. Most of the territory covered by these maps is, however, shown on the more recent maps of the Geographic series. Departmental Reference Maps — The originals of these maps are drawn on tracing linen ; they are compiled from all available data and are constantly being amended. Of late the style of these maps has been much improved, and care is taken to have the information as complete and authentic as possible, but their accuracy is not guaranteed. These reference maps show lands alienated and applied for, timber limits, coal licenses, etc., surveyed and un- surveyed. They were prepared originally for departmental use, but, having been found of value to the public, have been made available in the form of blue-prints, which are on sale at the Legislative buildings, Victoria, at $1.00 or 11.50 each. ii! ('■-I IM COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAP LIST No. 11 Maps r lisheil by the Department of Lands, British Columbia Map No. Year of issue Title of map U IB Ic Id 1e" 1e" If Ic IH 2a B •2c 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3c 3h 3j 3k 3l 3ii t4A t4B t4c 4d 4e 4f 4g 4b 5a 48 t33 1912 1913 1913 1913 1915 1915 1915 1916 1917 1913 1914 1918 1916 1917 1914 1915 1014 1915 1915 1915 1917 1915 1915 1916 1912 1912 1912 1913 1913 1913 1914 1915 1916 1913 1912 Geographic Series — British Columbia. In four sheets. and tiails, railway systems, etc. British Columbia. In one sheet. Districts Britisli Columbia. In one sheet. Recording Divisions British Columbia. In one sheet. Divisions (Ai.iende>l 1917) Kootenay, (Jsovoos, and SimiUcameen- Mining Divisions Kootenav, Osoyoos, and Similkameen. Showing Land Recording Divisions British Columbia. In one sheet. Showing fclec- toral Divisions ■,' ' ' j Cariboo and Adjacent Districts. Showing Land Recording Divisions Northern British Columbia Showing reads Showing Land Showing Land Showing Mining Showing Scide 17 Land Series — Southerly Vancouver Island New Westminster and Yale Districts . Northerly Vancouver Island Pre-emptor Series — Fort George Nechako Stuart Lake Bulkley Valley Peace River Chilcotin Quesnel T&te Jaune North Thompson Lillooet ■ ■ ■ • • ■ • ■ • ■ •• Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. Prince Rupert 7- 75m. to 1 inch 30m. " " 30m. •' " 30m. " " 89m. '■ " 89m. •' " 30m. '■ " 89m. " " .7Sm. " " 4m. " •Im. " 4m. " Degree Series — Rossland Sheet Nelson Sheet Cranbrook Sheet Femie Sheet Upper Elk River Sheet. Duncan River Sheet . . . Windermere Sheet Arrowhead Sheet Topographical Series— Omineca and Finlay River Basins, Sketch map of. Miscellaneous — Sayward District, Sketch map of Y'aic Distri.-l and Portion of Adja.-cnt Districts . . 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 4m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 3m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " 2m. " Sm. " 3m. " ■' Jim. " " Approx- imate size of map Inches hnr. vert. 59X52 35X29 35X29 35X29 37X27 37X27 35X29 31X43 41X26 41X27 39X29 ..X.. 40X27 40X26 .WX24 43X30 26X36 26X41 26X40 40X26 26X40 30X42 22X28 30X42 23X3' 23X35 23X35 23X35 13X23 23X35 23X35 23X35 26X38 ..X.. 26X39 ; oi.t°o"Trintr7c^M°2nd part of No. 33 are superseded by No. IE of the Geographic S«nes. 'ti riji i'l lAl SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 185 MAP LIST No. II— Continued Map No Year of issue 27 1Q12 22 1912 t20 1912 18 1912 tn 1911 9 1907 7 1903 5 1898 4 1897 3 1897 2 1896 1 1895 Title of map Scale Rupert and Coast Districts, Portions of Northern Interior New Westminster and Vancouver Island, Portions of British Columbia, South-west Portion of (Second :ssuc) Kootenay District, East and West, showing Mining Divisions Northern Interior. (A. G. Morice) .............. British Columbia. In two sheets East Kootenay District, Trianguhtion Survey of..! Osoyoos District, Portion of Kootenay District, West Division, and Part of Lillooet, Yale, etc.. Mining; Recording Divisions West Kootenav District, P.irtion of Vancouver Island, West Coast, Portion of ; Clayol niiot District 3m. to 1 inch 17-7Sm. •' " 3m. " " 12m. " " 8m. " " 10m. " " 20m. " " 6,000ft. " " 2- 5m. " " 8m. " " Im. " ■• J^m. " " Approx- imate site of map Inches kor. vert. 35X25 35X22 36X26 31X25 26X31 29X25 54X45 29X33 2tX29 ..X.. 36X31 state T-^°"u~^"'" °^ ^V,' •■ ^°- '^ '* •••™' : **>« remainder of the Geographical, Land, and Topographical sencs are 25 cents each per copy. The Degree sheets are 10 cents each per copy. ^e Pre-emptor sheets are free, but a charge of $1.00 per dozen is made for a number of copies :.nn and Ke tie River Valley. ., ....'.'......'.'..'. Similkameen District (Kercmc< s, Fairview, and Greenwood) Clearwater and Murtle River Valleys North Thomp.son River Vnllcy Dean and Burke Channels and Rivers Inlet Beiiakuin Vnllcy ;;;;;; Banks and Pitt Islands and Vicinity Gardner Canal and Vicinity Moresbv Island, Northern Portion Scale 1 mile to 1 inch miles mile miles mile ii'i ii !■■ ..IT; ' "II 186 No. 15a 16 16a 16b 17 17a 17b 18a 19 19a 19b 20 2lA 21h 21c 22 22a 22b 22c 22d 22e 23 23a 4a 24b 25 26 27 27a 27b 28 28a 29 29a 29b 30 31 3lA 32a 32b 34 34a 35 35a 38b 38c 39 40 42 42a 42b 42c 43 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAP LIST No. Ill— Continued Description of area covered Moresby Island, Southern Portion 2 mile.-; Graham Island, North-east Portion Graham Island, South-east Portion Graham Island, West Portion Portland Canal and Observatory Inlet ] Skeena River Valley (Mosquito Creek to Kispiox River) . . ...... Nass and Kitwancool River Valleys ,', T6te Jaune Cache and Upper Fraser River Valley Lower Skeena and Zymoetz River Valleys Skeena and Kitsumgallum River Valleys Prince Rupert, Mouth of Skeena and Nass Rivers '." Bulkley River Valley (Hazelton to Moricetown) ] , Fraser Lake and Nechako Valley " Francois and Ootsa Lakes Douglas Channel and Kildala Arm Bowron River and Upper Fraser River Valley Fort George and Vicinity Portion of Nechako River Valley and CIuculz Lake. ............. Blackwater and Mud River Valleys ..." Fraser River Valley, Vicinity of Quesnel .., Goat River and Upper Fraser River Valleys . Quesnel I^ke (East Arm) 150-Mile House, Barkerville and Quesnel Lake Anderson and Seton Lakes, Lillooet District Lillooet District (Clinton, Big Bar, and Bridge River Valley) Mainland Coast, Hecate Island to Princess Royal Island Porcher and Adjacent Islands Fraser River Valley (Williams Lake, Soda Creek, and Aiexandria) Fraser and Chilcotin River Valleys, Dog Creek Lac la Hache and Northern Lillooet North Part of Babine and Takla Lakes Stuart and Babine Lakes Chilcotin, West 124th Meridian ....'......'.'.'.'.'.['.'.'.'. Anahim and Ahuntlet Lakes Nazko and Chilcotin River Valleys Bonaparte River Valley and Canim Lake Bulkley Valley Francois and Babine Lakes Tatlayoko Lake Homathko and Klinaklini River Valleys Lot 4593, Kootenay District, West Portion, Flathead River Lot 4593, Kootenay District, East Portion, Flathead River Saltspring, Gabriola, and Adjacent Islands Groundhog Coal Area, East of Meridian Groundhog Coal Area, West of Meridian Upper Nass River Valley. Scale 1 mile to 1 inch 2 miles 1 mile Euchiniko Lake and Upper Blackwater River V.illey. Tetachuck and Euchu Lakes Big Bend, Kootenay District '. Adams I..ake and River Canoe River Valley , , , Columbia River Valley (Vicinity of Bush River) Peace River, South of Dominion Government Reserve Foreshore of Vancouver Island (E. & N. Railway Belt) Saanich District and Islands Peace River v'.iUey, West of Dominion Government Reserve. Crooked and Parsnio River Valleys Pine River Valley, Peace River District Parsnip and Peace River Valleys Finlay River Valley Atlin Lake and Vicinitv Telegraph Creek and Stikine River Valley Upper Nass River Valley and Meziadin Lake miles mile J^mile 1 mile 2 miles 1 mile hta SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 187 MAP LIST No. Ill- -Continued No. 18-9S 17-9S 16-9S 1S-9S 15-9N 16-9N I7-9N 18-9N 15-0 21-23 18-20 27-29 30-32 Description of area covered Rossland and South end of Lower Arrow Lake Nelson and Salmon River Valley Moyie River Valley Elko, Vicinity Femie and Crowsnest, Vicinity Cranbrook and Kootenay River Valley Kaslo and Kootenay Lake Edgewood and Lower Arrow Lake Elk and White River Valleys Duncan Lake and Columbia Lake Nakusp and Vicinity Columbia River Valley, Wilmer and Spillimacheen Trout and Upper Arrow Lakes Scale I mile to I inch Department of the Interior Maps The Department of the Interior, Canada, has published maps relating to British Columbia, as follows : MAP LIST No. IV Maps of British Columbia, published by the Department of the Interior, Canada i ih iil'f Title Date Scale Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) Southern British Columbia (Railway Belt and south to Inter- national Boundary), 2 sheets Index to Townships in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. Showing the townships for which official and preliminary plans have been issued Topographical Map of the Rocky and Selkirk mountains be- tween Lat. 50° 37' and 51° 44' N., Long. 115" 55' and 118° 21' W Rocky Mountains, Lake Louise sheet. Contoured map Rocky Mountains, BanfF sheet. Contoured map •Southeastern Alaska and Portion of British Columbia, show- ing award of Alaska Boundary Tribunal, Oct. 20, 1 03 . . . Southern British Columbia — (Homestead Map) — Railway Belt Sectional Sheets, Railway Belt, as follows : No. 10, Port Moody Sheet No. 11, Vale Sheet No. 61, Lytton Sheet No. Ill, Kamloops Sheet No. 112, Sicamous Sheet No. 113, Spillimacheen Sheet No. 162, Seymour Sheet No. 163, Donald Sheet 1914 1914 1917 1914 1902 1902 1903 Jan., 1914 Jan. 8, 1913 Mar. 26, 1913 Apr. 21, 1913 Mar. 1, 1916 June July Apr. 1, 1915 1, 1914 1, 1914 Sept. 5, 1913 35m. to 1 inch 7 •89m. '■ " 35m. ■' " l-97m. " 2m. " " 2m. " " 15- Im. " " 7 ■89m." " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " 3m. " " * Out of print. Geological Survey of Canada Maps The Geological Survey of Canada, in connection with its geological in- vestigations, has, in addition to ma-;,- exploratory maps, prepared detailed topographic maps of large areas of the province ; much of this work in recent 188 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I years has been carried out by photORraphic methods controlled by a tri- angulation network. A list of the chief maps relating to British Columbia, prepared by this Survey, follows : MAP LIST No. V Maps of British Columbia published by the Geological Survey of Canada* Publi- cation number 87 90 111 120 121 127t 139 140 141 149 ISO 151 223 247 274 275 276 277 27811 303 304 308 363 556 557 567 604 669 676 Title Coalfields of Nanaimo and Comox, Vancouver Island . , Part of Strait of Georgia and Vancouver Island, showing portion of Comox coalfield Sketch Survey of Route from Quesnel Mouth, by Stewart and McLeod's Lakes to Junction of Smoky and Peace Rivers Geological Map of Portion of British Columbia between Fraser River and Coast Range Coalfields of Comox, Nanaimo and Cowichan on Van- couver and Adjacent Islands Portion of Southern Interior of British Columbia Map of Queen Charlotte Islands Plans of Harbours, Queen Charlotte Islands Geological Map of Skidegate Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands Map illustrating the Distribution of the More Important Trees in British Columbia Part rf British Columbia and North-West Terri'ory from Pacific Ocean [Mouth of Skeena] to Edmonton . . . Sheet I — Fort Simpson to Fort St. James Sheet II— Fort St. James to Dunvegan Reconnaissance Map of the Rocky Nlountains between latitudes 49° N. and 51° 30' N . .' Northern Part of Vancouver Island and Adjacent Coasts Index Map of Yukon District, N.W.T.; Northern Portion of Briti^ Columbia and Adjacent Regions Yukon Territory and British Columbia Sheet I — Stikine and Dease Rivers Sheet II — Upper Liard and Frances Rivers and upper Pellv River Sheet III — Lower portion of Pelly and Lewes Rivers Cariboo Mining District Reconnaissance Map of a Portion of West Kootenay District Index Map showing Routes followed by the Yukon Ex- pedition, 1887-88 Mackenzie, r.,iard. Porcupine and Yukon Rivers, nine sheets (Sheet 4 includes portion of British Columbia) Sheet 4 — Liard River Portion of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, 1887 Kamloops Sheet, Geologically coloured Kamloops Sheet, Topography, Economic Minerals, etc. Finlay and Omineca Rivers Shuswap Sheet, Geological Shuswap Sheet, Economic Minerals, Glacial Strix, etc. . . . Yellowhead Pass Route from Edmonton to Tdte-Jaune Cache Date 1871 1872 U75 1875-76 1876-77 1877 1878 1878 1878 1880 1879-80 1886 1887 1888 1888 1890 1891 1890 1888 1895 1895 1895 1898 1898 1900 Scale 10m. to 1 inch 2m. " " 6m. " " 8m. " " 4m. m. 8m. 2m.t lm.t II 14 1* 14 II 50m. f< " 8m. I* II 6m. 8m. «l II • 1 II 60ra. 8m. II II II II 2m. " " 8m. " " 48m. " " 8m. " " 8m. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " 8m. •' " 4m. " " 4m. " " 8m. " " * For List of Reports and Memoirs dealing with various areas shown on the maps, consult Bibliography. The maps in List No. S most serviceable for topographv of extensive watershed areas are the 'sheet' ni.ips, such as 'Kamloops Sheet' (557), 'Nanaimo Sheet' (1570), etc. I See also Publication No. 363. t Scale in 'geographic' miles. II For maps showing quart?, veins and placer mines of a number of creeks in the Cariboo Mining District, see maps. Publication Nos. 279, 280, 281, also 364 to 372, inclusive. ^ SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 189 MAP LIST No. V— Continued Publi- cation number 711 742 754 767 791 792 828 834 853 890 921 922 941 987 989 997 1001 1002 1003 1004 1068 1074 1095 1096 1105 1106 1123 1135 1136 1147 1148 1149 1164 1167 1168 1179 1182 1183 1191 1193 1195 1196 1197 1198 1200 1201 1219 1221 Title Map of Atlin Gold Fields Geographical Map of Atlin Mining District Index Nlap of Southern British Columbia Geographical and Topographical Map of Crowsnest Coal fields, East Kootenay, B.C West Kootenay liistrict. Economic Minerals, etc West Kootenay District, Geological Geological and Topographical Map of Boundary Creek Mining District Topographical Edition of Map 828 Index Map, West Kootenay District Ccal Basins of Quilchena Crtek, Coldwater River, Coal Gully and Guichon Creek Graham I land Coal Field Geological Map of Graham Island Preliminary Geological Map of Rossland and vicinity . . Geological and Topographical Map of Princeton and Copper Mountain Mining Camp, Vale District. . . . Sketch Geological Map of Telkwa River and Vicinity, Omineca Mining District Geological Map of part of Nanaimo and New Westminster Mining Division Special Map of Rossland, Topographical Special Map of Rossland, Geological Rossland Mining Camp, Topographical Rossland Mining Camp, Geological Sketch M'lp, Sheep Creek Mining Camp, Geological Edition . Sketch Map. Creek Mining Camp, Topographical Edition . . lA — Hedley Mi District, Topographical 2A — Hedley Mii district. Geological 4A — Golden Zone .>»ining Camp, near Hedley 3A — Mineral Claims on Henry Creek near Hedley. . . , 17A — Southern Vancouver Island ISA — Ph enix. Topographical 16A — Phoenix, Geological 19A — Lardeau, West Kootenay, Topographical Map. . . . 20A — Victoria Sheet, Vancouver Island, Topographical. . 2IA — Saanich Sheet, Vancouver Island, Topographical. . 28A — Geological Sketch Map of Portland Canal Mining District 29A — Mother Lode and Sunset Mines, Topography. . 30A — Mother Lode and Sunset Mines, Geology 31A — Nanaimo Sheet, Topography 36A — Beavcrdell, Yale District, Topography 37A — Beaverdell, Yale District, Geology 41A — Duncan Sheet, Vancouver Island, Topography. 43A — Sooke Sheet, Vancouver Island, Topography 4SA — Tulaineen, Topographical Map 46A — Tulameen, Geological Map. . 47 A — Law's Mining Camp, Tulameen 48A — Tulameen Coal Area, Yale district 50A — Portland Canal Mining Area, Topography 51 A — Geological Map of portion of Alberta, Siiskatche- wan and Manitoba* 54A — Nanaimo Coal Area, Vancouver Island, Economii Geology 5SA — Geological Map of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba* Date Scale 1901 1902 1901 1902 1902 1904 1905 1905 1904 1904 1906 1906 1906 1906 1906 1906 l')08 1909 190H 1909 1909 1910 1910 1910 1910 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 l-JU 1915 i9i5 1917 1914 1911 1911 1911 1911 1)11 1911 1912 1914 6m. to 1 inch. 4m. " " 50m. •' " 2m. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " Im. " " Im. " " 8m. " " Im. " '• 4m. " " 4m. " " 1,600ft. " " 40ch. "' '• 2m. " " 4m. " " 400ft. " " 400ft. " " l,2;0ft. " " 1.200ft. " " Im. " " Im. " " 1,000ft. " ■' 1,000ft. " " (.00ft. " " 800ft. " " 6m. " " 4noft. " " 400ft. " '• 4m. " " Im. " " Im. " " 2m. " " mnt. " " 400ft. " " Im. " " Im. " " Im. " " 2m. " ■■ 2m. " " 1-n. '■ '■ Im. ■' " 6(Hlft. " " .';m. " " 2ni. '■ " 33m. " " l,'.im. " " 35m. " " il * Also portion of British Columbia. fn ■SI 190 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAP LIST No. V— Continued PubU- cation number it 1222 W37 1241 1251 1252 1253 1254 1260- 1276 1278 1283 1287 1296 1298 1303 1304 1313 1314 1^19 1320 1321 1351 1372 1376 1378 1392 1412 1445 1446 1528 1567 1568 1569 1570 1583 1594 1597 1598 1610 1629 16S4 1667 Title S6A— Skagit Vallev, Yale District, Areal geology 62A— Nelson and Vicinity, Kootenay District, Geology 65A — Coast and Islands, Areal Geology 70A — Victoria Sheet, Vancouver Island, Geology 71A— Victoria Sheet, Vancouver Island, Superficial Geology 72A— Saanich Sheet, Vancouver Island^ GeoloW. . 73A — Saanich Sheet, Vancouver Island, Superficial Geology . 4A to 90A— Geology of the 49th ParaUci, i 7 sheets! 92A — Coast nd Islands between Queen Charlotte Sound and Burke Channel, Geology 94A — Taku Arm, Atlin district 105A— Cadwallader Creek Mining Area, Lillooet District, Geology, outline edition Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Group, Geology, diagram 99A — Southern Portion of Cranbrook map-area, East and West Kootenay, Geology 104A— Thompson River Valley, Geology, outline edition 106A— Groundhog Ccjal Field 109A— Prescott, Paxton and Lake Mines, f exada Island, Topography 1 IDA— Prescott, Paxton and Lake Mines, texada Island Geology ll'A— Vananda, Texada Island, Topography. ........' 1 12A — Vananda, Texada Island, Geology Diagram showing the Geology of Texada Island. 120A— Quadra Island 125A — Coal Areas of Canada 129A — Coal Areas of Alberta and British Columbia. . . .. . 131A — Southern Vancouver Island Coal Area 136A — Hazelton-Aldermere, Cassiar and Coast Districts, Topography 139A— Coal Fields of British Columbia 142A— Field, Kootenay District 143 A — Shuswap Lake, Kamloops District 147A — Cranbrook, Kootenay District •57A— East Sooke, Vancouver Island, Topography . ] 158A — Nanaimo Sheet, Vancouver Island, Geologj-. 159A— Nanaimo Sheet, Vancouver Island, Surface Geologj' 160A — Nanaimo Sheet, Vancouver Island, Topography. t66A— Portion of Flathead Coal Area, Topogriphy 1 75A — Ymir, Kootenay district 1 6A — Graham Island 177A— Southern Portion of Graham Island ......... Diagram of Bridge River Area, Lillooet Mining Division t82A— Portion of Flathead Coal Area, Geology 167A — East Sooke, Vancouver Island, Geology Slocan Mining Area, Geology Dat2 1912 1913 1914 1915 1914 1915 1913 1913 1913 1913 1913 1913 1915 1915 J915 1915 1912 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1915 1915 1015 1915 1917 1916 1916 1916 1Q17 1916 1916 1916 1915 1917 1917 1916 Scale o-986m. to 1 inch Im. " •• 4m. " " Im. " " Im. '• " Im. " " Im. " " o-986m. " " Ira. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " 2,000ft. " •■ 16m. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " 400ft. " " 400ft. " " 2.000ft. " " 2,000ft. " " 2m. " " 4m. •■ " 240m. " " 40m. " " 6m. " '• 4m. '• '• 35m. " " 2m. " " 4m. " " 4m. " " 2,000ft. '• " Im. " " Im. " " Im. '• " Im. " " Im. " " 4m. " " 2m. " " 3m. " •' Im. " " 2,000ft. " " Im. " " Maps of the International Boundary Commission Under the Convention between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington, 2Ist April, 1906, the international boundary between the United States and Canada along the 141st meridian has been surveyed from the Arctic ocean to mount St. Elias. The results of this survey are pre- SURVEYS AND MAPS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 191 sented on 38 maps, prepared and adopted by the Commissioners * under Article II of the Convention just referred to. These maps show in detail the topography of strips 2 to 5 miles wide on each side of the boundary. The maps of the Boundary Survey southward from mount St. Elias are in process of publication. The survey for the re-establishment of the international boundary from the strait of Georgia to the northwestern most point of the lake of the Woods, under Articles VI and VII of the Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Washington, 11th April, 1908, has been completed. The maps consist of a series of 59 charts, of which sheets 1 to 19 inclusive extend from the strait of Georgia to the summit of the Rocky mountains. They in- clude the topography of strips two miles wide on each side of the boundary and the various water courses are shown in detail. Sets of these maps are available for reference at provincial and other prominent libraries. ^ ^ Commissioners (or the International Boundary Commission— for His Britannic Maiestv YLF-.^'^^'^^J!-^^^^ • J- J- McArthur, 1917 : and for the United States, O. H. TittmM 1906-1915 ; E. C. Barnard, 1915. i! 1111 '•lil i CHAPTER IX I'l General Topography of British Columbia TO convey a satisfactory knowledge of the water-power possibilities of British Columbia, it is necessary to set forth the general topography of the province and the sittiation and character of the mountain ranges which so largely influence the climate and the distribution of precipitation. To this end the prominent natural features of the province are outlined, followed by a more detailed description of various individual watersheds. The accompany- ing Ph> iographic map will be of assistance in coimection with the descriptions. British Columbia has an area of about 355,855* square miles. It includes a length of over 800 miles of the North American Cordillera, a mountainous region between the Great plains and the Pacific ocean, which, in this part of its length, has an average breadth of about 400 miles. The cordillera here includes a series of great mountain systems all lyi. " practically parallel with the coast : t (D the Rocky mountains ; (2) the Columbia system, which in- cludes (a) Selkirk mountains (b) Monashee mountains and (c) Cariboo moun- tains ; (3) Interior system, which includes (a) Eraser plateau, (b) Nechako plateau, (c) un-named mountains and plateaus ; (4) Cassiar system, which includes (a) Babine mountains, (I Stikine mountains, (c) un-named moun- tains; (5) Yukon system, which includes (a) Yukon plateaus, (b) un-named mountains and plateaus ; (6) Pacific system, which includes (a) Cascade mountains, (b) Coast mountains, (c) Bulkley mountains, (d) un-named mountains ; (7) Insular system, which includes (a) Vancouver Island moun- tains, (b) Queen Charlotte mountains, (c) St. Elias mountains. The Rocky mountains, the most easterly portion of the cor- M^tiuns dillera, are about sixty miles wide in the southerly portion, the breadth decreasing to forty miles or less in the Peace River district. South of lat. 53°-30' N. many of the summits have an altitude exceeding 10,000 feet. There are extensive snowfields, and, in the vicinity of the headwaters of the Bow, North Saskatchewan and Athabaska rivers, where ^A^iine to statistics of areas presented in the AUn of Canida 1915, th2 land area of Britifh Columbia is 353,416 .q. miles ; water area 2,439 sq m.les^ It is to be noted that th"s tore^Zr water area includes only the larger lakes. Recent measurements mdi- cate th!? the total area cf the province is upwards of 360.000 square miles, and that the water are^ is a boiit 4 000 sq miles, lending a more detailed computation, it has been deeme-. adyis- abk oaXrctcVthe^lder figures. In anv event, it should also be borne in mind that, ..articu- UrbMnThenortheni portion of the province, the surveys of many lakes and other typographic features are not of a high degree of accuracy. . „ . . . ^ , l- /- i tFor a discussion of the nomenclature of the mountain ranges of British Columbm "^^^'Z af the North Amfrican CordiUera at the }0>h Parallel, by R. A. Daly, being Memoir No 38, Geological &vof Ot^d^. Chap. 3, also recent decisions of the Geographic Board of Canada, g.vmg SSclSa? on. For altitudes in British Columbia, consult AUUuiesin the Dominion 7c^a rdi'" - ranges ant". K''" Aeon-. ! ■■ "'!• r ■■'■'• and other v VaTi system of i. ply Chilcotin va ' 'y) COMMISSION OF CONSEKVAT.ON f V, „v,: argentiferous galenas and other ,. ween the C^umhiasys.. a^ - --^r^^ ,he Interior system. ^^'^^J"^;^^^^.^ ,, ,bout 2.500 feet elcvauon .s a^JutJ^OO f-t. de« _^^^ between the margms inthelake'r^gio. ^"^-'^^"Z^. fcJs, mountains, is about 100 miles .n Us •m and the Coast moun ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ -ning towards the north. liM terminates northward to about lat .5 -30 where ^^^^ ^^^ „ns without wide mtervals. J^ '^^^^^f ^^^„ ^.^h the .„en viewed m ^^ ^f , ^t^^.^riseveral minor lountai'is. Its bundv-c '"°^"'^\,lateau has been covered by flows of b-lt U i. 'now traversed in « ^ ffnowing .... . -^ r tTe^ntVaSs'rard ;he north^ dhilcotin va • .y.) ^'^"r l^ tr^^^^^^^^^ m depth and anditsdrai.,a.cru.w_.o..^. rd.t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^,^ plateau areas, when size toward the south. •":\.f!';/,t,, appearance of mountam ranges. viewed from the larger ^^'^^'-"^^^ ^^^.^^^ Columbia lies in the open Probably the best grazmg ^;^ "f '^^^^^^ also affords, at the lower country of the southern P°^ '""^J^^'^^^tr T^ the north the country becomes '^'''''-VT^:S^Z^^^^ ,or farming. _ wooded but^.ill has^^ .^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^T^r^^^^ Co...Mouauins posed of volcanic ^-^^"^b,^^™^the Fraser river another international boundary. ^^^'^^ ?' ' .j^^^, ;„ somewhat the mountain system, the Coast mountains nses^^^^ :!'- replacing it. The same northerly course as the Cascade range ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Coast mountains arc largely ^^^^^^^^^^^f^^f For 900 miles-to the head division of the cordiUera m Braish Coumb- ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^^^^^,, of Lynn canal, where they pass inland they mainland mountain zone of the continent. ^^^ ^^^ The Coast mountains have an average -'^th ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ,,ends and composed of numerous -sjtuent ranges ha^^^^^^^^^^ separated by deep valleys, ^hik some ot P ^^ j^^,. oiac.ers average altitude of the ^^^^'^"^ll\Zl are of large si^e. These moun- are of frequent occurrence and. oward he no . ^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ tains are very rugged and densely forested, (bee 1 ^^ ^^^ ^^.^^^ from the Yukon system. O E N n R A r. TOPOGRAPHY \^-- VwwouTcr Moonuiiii The Vancouver mountains, the western subdivision of the Coastal system, traverse the western islands. They include partially submerned ranges which form the backbone of Van- couver island, and reappear in the Queen Charlotte, Pr.nce of Wales and other Alaskan islands. Southward, they are represented by the Olvmpian moun- tains in Washington state. In ^'ancouver island the highest peak. Victoria, rises to 7,484 feet, and a considf rable portion of the central area exceeds 2,000 feet in average altitude. In (^ueen Charlotte islands several summits have an elevation of over 4,000 feet. Climatic Conditions With topography so diverse and so accentuated, British Columbia neces- sarily exhibits corresponding climatic contrasts. Broadly speaking, it may be divided climatically into two main territorial divisions : (1) The maritime climate of the Pacific littoral lying west of the Coast mountains, and including Vancouver, Queen Charlotte and other islands ; (2) the continental climate, modified, however, by the presence of the other mountain systems, of the arei lying east of the Coast mountains. The Kuro Siwo (Black stream), commonlv known as the Japan current, sweeps easterly across the northern Pacific, and warms the surface waters of that ocean in a manner corresponding somewhat to the e-ffect of the Gulf stream on the waters of the Atlantic. The moisture-laden westerly winds from these warm waters are Chinook Winds deprived of much of their moisture in passing successively over the mountain systems of the province, the moisture being de- posited as heavy precipitation on their western slopes. The winds are mechan- ically heated as they descend the eastern slopes and are thus rendered more sus- ceptible of absorbing moisture and incapable of giving rain. Thi.s Chinook or Foehn effect is very marked in the 'dry belt' of the Interior system. This belt, with modifications later described, extends from Washington state to Yukon territory. (See Plate 10.) In the Intermontane valley a second but much narrower dry belt is also found. East of the Rocky mountains this eflFect is repeated in the irrigation district of western Alberta. The gradual depletion of the vapour content of these westerly winds results in a decreasing precipitation on the successive ranges. Thus, in the Coastal belt the average annual precipitation ranges fror" 40 to 200 inches ; on the western slopes of the Columbia system it varie: Setween 30 and 100 : while on the western slope of the Rocky mountains it is bet-veen 20 and 70 inches. In the "dry belt" the average annual precipitation ranges from less than 5 inches to about 20 inches, the least precipitation txjcurring in the western portion. In the bottom lands of the Intermontane valley it probably averages about 15 to 20 inches. W'hile it is possible thus to indicate the general trend of precipitation conditions over broad belts of the provim-e, the comparatively meagre records available do not permit satisfactory deductions as to the run-off from the 3iiia;;er watersheds of the more mountainous regions ; neither is it possible to produce a satisfactory isohyetal chart. ill 196 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Variations in Precipitation It will be appreciated that the characteristic mctcoroloRica! phenomena of these belts are subject to local modification due to the varied elevations of the mountains, such, for example, as result from the lower altitude of the Rocky mountains near the Peace river, and due also to the presence of gaps in the systems, such as the strait of Juan de Fuca, or the break in the continuity of the ranges west of the Parsnip river The presence of passes, like the Fraser River caflon and the Skeena valley, alsc cause local variations, and each mountain group or range to some extent becomes a centre of precipitation. These physical influence- ,n places separated by but a few miles, produce striking local differences. Thus, the average annua precipitation at Ladner and Garry Point, near the mouth of the Fraser, is about 37 inches ; at Vancouver, 12 miles north, it is about 60 inches, while at Coquit lam lake, elevation 445 feet, 16 miles northeast of Vancouver, it averages nearlj ISO inches. The Vancouver range aflects the climate of Vancouver island am the immediate shores of the strait of Georgia in similar fashion — the wesi coast of the island being wetter than the east coast. The plexus of mountain; forming the Cassiar syrtem which bounds the Interior plateau on the north ant extends across the province about lat. 55°-30'N. probably causes a more uni form distribution of precipitation over the territory in its vicinity. It is obvious that these great variations in precipitation contribute to th( difficulty of determining the probable run-off from the various watersheds ii British Columbia. For the purpose of this report, the province is conventionally divide< into the following five main divisions. Brief descriptive notes of the out standing topographical features of each division are given ; also a tabulatioi of possible power sites. I. Columbia river and its tributaries II. Fraser river and its tributaries III. Vancouver Island IV. Mainland Pacific Coast, north of the Fraser (includes the Skeena Nass and Stikine, which drain portions of the interior) V. Tributaries of the Mackenzie river. 126 ;24 ^.•" '*^ it- S4. •HAIttOTTF"* ' * T^-*- ''^?^™0n^ ^-^ ^ ;>-. 52 so -i-4J(i»njiui,i,^ (!4rmnn»»ii"t "f (On»rn>dlii>ti €lntn^t> PHYSIOGRAPHIC MAP BRITISH COLUMBIA Accompan^.nj r,pot< on-W«t»r-pow«r. .n Bnti»t< Columb.. by A V White S^'Alf ft Miles ^ _^ '. n 'iom«.^ , ■ 71,W« n^ o> lM>n«r 4 CHAPTER X Columbia River and Tributaries— Topography and Power Site Tables THE Columbia river, one of the larger streams of North America, rises in Columbia lake, in East Kootenay district, B.C. It flows northwesterly through the Intermontane valley to the fifty-second parallel ; thence, it makes what is known as the ' Big bend,' thence, it flows southward, passes through the Arrow lakes and enters the state of Washington just below the confluence of the Pend-d'Oreille river. Aftc- traversing Washington in a southerly direction it turns westward and discharges into the Pacific at the forty-sixth parallel. Its total length is about 1,150 miles, of which about 465 miles are in British Columbia. The total drainage area of the Columbia, as estimated from the best available maps, is 259,000 square miles, broadly apportioned as follows : * APPROXIMATE AREAS OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN Province or state Area, sq. miles Percentage of total area 38,700 55,370 48,000 81,380 25,000 5,280 5,270 15-0 21.4 18.5 Idaho 31.4 9.7 2.0 2.0 Tn ITnit^ States 220,300 38,700 85 15.0 Total 259,000 100-0 The chief tributaries of the Columbia and the area of their respective watersheds are as follows : CHIEF TRIBUTARIES OF COLU.MBIA RIVER Approximate distance of confluence from mouth, in miles Name of stream Watershed area, square miles Total In United States Cowlitz river 2,460 Willamette river 1 1,150 Deschutes river 9,180 John Day river , 7,800 Snake river 108,600 Yakima river 5,270 Okanagan river 8,350 Spokane river | 5,880 Kettle river 4,260 Pend-d'Oreille river (Clark fork) | 25,820 Kootenay river 19,450 In C itish nbia 2,460 11,150 9,180 7,800 108,600 5,270 2.350 5,880 1,100 24,630 4,900 6,000 3,160 1,190 14,550 ♦See Waler Supply Papers, No. 292. p. 55, and No. 370, p. 13, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. JiilJ : ri vm COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION The Columbia River drainage basin has great diversity of topography and climate. The variations are similar to those found generally in British Columbia, although, owing to its more southerly latitude, the mean annual temperature for places of similar elevation is somewhat higher. In general, the topographic and climatic characteristics of British Columbia continue south of the international boundary, following the trend of the principal mountain ranges. Some of the outstanding topographic features have a counterpart in the adjoining portion of the United States. Thus, in Washing- ton and Oregon the Coast range may be regarded as a counterpart of the Van- couver mountains, and the Cascade range the counterpart of the Coast moun- tains in British Columbia. These similarities of topography are reflected in the climatic conditions ; thus, between the Coast and Cascade ranges of Washing- ton is a region of lesser precipitation, similar to that found in British Columbia in the vicinity of the strait of Georgia between the Vancouver and Coast mountains. East of the Cascade range of Washington and Oregon the central basin of the Columbia river constitutes a continuation of the dry belt found east of the Coast mountains of British Columbia. With regard to agriculture, the character of the country ranges from the extremely arid region, where irrigation is essential for the growing of crops, through the semi-arid country, where dry-farming and irrigation are practised side by side, to the well-watered country of the Coast district, though, as more than eighty per cent of the annual precipitation falls between October ISth and May 15th, the last named may be considered semi-arid in the summer months. Although in the Coast district precipitation is usually sufficient for agricultural purposes, yet the fullest development will not be realized in some of the valleys until irrigation is widely practised. From the Pacific coast of the United States eastward to the summit of the Coast range the precipitation varies from 100 to 150 inches. In the basin between the Coast and Cascade ranges it drops to about 40 inches, increasing again to about 100 at the summit of the Cascades. Eastward of the summit of the Cascades it decreases very rapidly, until, at the foot of the ranges, it is but 14 inches. At the mouth of Snake river the precipitation is about 9 inches per annum, but such very low precipitation obtains only at the lower altitudes. The average precipitation in the valleys of Idaho is about 20 inches, with from 40 to 60 inches on the mountains of the eastern ranges. Lumbering has been and will long continue to be one of the chief industries of the Columbia River valley.* It has been stated that at least forty-five per cent, or 116,000 square miles, of the drainage area of the Columbia is forested, and, of this amount, probably about one-half is covered with merchantable timber. Although much of the territory has been settled for upwards of sixty-five years, and large areas cleared, yet the ratio of forested area to the total area has not been very materially reduced. The Columbia river and its tributaries contain about one-third of the available water-powers of the entire United States. It is worthy of note also ' See Water Supply Papers Nos. 292 and 370, U.S. Geological Survey, Washixi(ton, D.C. COLUMBIA RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 199 Upper CoIumbU River that some of the largest water-power possibilities in British Columbia are on the Columbia River watershed. Of those on the 'Big bend' of the Ci^lumbia, and on its tributaries, the Pend-d'Oreille and Kootenay rivers, the last men- tioned only has been partially developed. Of the area drained by the Columbia, some 38,700 square miles, or 15 per cent, is included in British Columbia. In considering the Canadian portion of the watershed it is convenient to regard it as divided into three main areas — the upper Columbia, the ' Big Bend ' district, and that from Revelstoke to the boundary. The upper Columbia river and its tributaries drain a portion of the Intermontane valley. It rises in Columbia lake, and it is interesting to note that at Canalflat, its headwaters are less than a mile from the Kootenay river. From Windermere lake to Golden it meanders through the valley in a tortuous channel with many side channels, but is navigable by shallow-draught steamboats. During the latter part of the open season sandbars and shallow places render navigation difficult. It has an average gradient of about one foot per mile. During early summer, when the glaciers and snowfields are rapidly melting, the tributaries are raging torrents, and the main stream floods much bottom land along the valley. It has been proposed to reclaim these overflowed lands by straightening, dredging and dyking the rivtr, and, in addition, by controlling flood waters on the tributaries. The main valley lies at a general elevation of about 2,600 feet, and ranges in width from eight to twelve miles. As a rule, the ground rises rapidly from the bottom lands near the river to a height of 200 or 300 feet, and then extends back to the mountains in a series of gently sloping benches, broken by ridges or knolls, or by stream gulches, and constituting, if irrigated, good agricultural land. The maximum elevation of agricultural land is about 3,400 feet. Owing to its situation between the Selkirk range and the Rockies, precipitation is deficient, and irrigation is necessary to secure adequate agricul- tural returns. Several large tracts of land are being developed by irrigation companies. The valley is fairly well timbered, Douglas fir predominating, especially on the lower benches. Nearer the mountains, jackpine, spruce and tamarac are found, with cottonwood and willows on the wetter soils. There are also stretches of sage-bush, chiefly on the upper benches of the eastern side. Natural grasses grow somewhat sparsely on the lower benches, owing to the dry soil. Good range feed is found on the higher lands. The winter climate is tempered by Chinook winds and extreme cold dips are rare and of short duration. The Brisco range forms the watershed between the upper Columbia and the Kootenay. The streams which rise on this range have small watersheds, and, with one or two exceptions, do not afford sufficient water with which to irrigate the land available for agricultural purposes. West of the upper Colum- bia there are several important streams whose valleys deeply penetrate the long eastern slopes of the Purcell and Selkirk ranges. The beds of these streams are. however, eroded to depths far below the surrounding agricultural lands {i i:i h'i m i 200 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ^i'{ I I liJ The 'Big Bend' District and, to utilize their waters for irrigation, recourse must be had either to long and expensive ditches, flumes, etc., or to some form of pumping. (See Plate 11.) The streams on the western side have many power possibilities. For comments respecting these consult the tables. The name 'Big Bend' district applies to the Columbia River basin north of the Railway Belt. Like several other districts of British Columbia, it first came into prominence upon the discovery of gold on its tributaries. The great ' rush ' to this district occurred in 1865. Following the river, the distance from Golden to Rcvelstoke is about 185 miles. The length of the Canadian Pacific railway between the same points is 95 miles. (See Plate 16 for view of Illecillewaet valley.) From Golden the Columbia flows northwesterly, in the great Intermontane valley, for 95 miles, to Canoe river. At the mouth of Canoe river it swings to the west and then southward around the end of the Selkirk range. The valley of the 'Big Bend' is, in general, narrow and lies between mountain slopes. As there are many glacier-fed tributaries, which carry large quantities of silt, the river is generally turbid, and, in warm weather, is liable to sudden floods. The range between high and low stages on the Colum- bia river gradually increases going downstream. It is said to average about eight feet throughout the upper reaches and increases to about sixteen feet at Revelstoke. The river has frozen over as early as the first week in November, and the ice in Kinbasket lake, 69 mile? from Golden, may remain as late as the end of April. Over a narrow belt in the upper portion of the valley the precipita- tion is small. The western flanks of both the Rockies and Sclkirks, however, enjoy a much higher precipitation, which is reflected in a heavy forest cover with dense undergrowth ; this is especially noticeable on the Selkirk range. Until superceded by the Cape Horn and Panama routes, the canoe-route of the North Vvest and Hudson's Bay companies followed the Columbia from the mouth to Wood river, a few miles from the confluence of the Canoe; thence, the voyageurs packed the furs and goods up Wood river to the Athabasca pass. Their old camp ground at the mouth of Wood river — 'Boat Encampment' — is still recognizable. During part of the summer a steamer runs from Revelstoke to Boyd's ranch, a d'stance of some 30 miles. (See Plate 11 for view of Columbia river above Revelstoke.) Travel by boat round the 'Bend' is both difficult and hazardous, and fatalities in the numerous rapids have been of frequent occurrence. The total fall in the Columbia fism Donald to Revelstoke is about 1,090 feet. In the power lists the principal rapids are tabulated. Eventually the river may yield a large amount of power, but developments will probably be expensive and will not be undertaken until the more easily <" . 'eloped sources of power on some of the tributary streams have been explo : . At certain stages it is navigable from Revelstoke to Canoe river, and ai dams built in the river should safeguard navigation. Canoe river is a rapid stream and, below Goat creek, is navigable only by expert canoemen. It is reported that there are no good power sites, although Pijte .'I Dawson falls, attove Helmcken fall. Helnn kwn fall, near mo'tth. Sheer fall of 450 feat. FALLS ON MURTLE RIVER; TRIBUTARY OF CLEARWATER niVER II !!!.; Ut^DEVELOPED POWER ON SHUSWAP RIVER Site of proposed dam for Coteau Power Co. Looking upstream from old brtdge, at peak of flood, June 10. 1913. 't ! COLUMBIA RIVER— TOPOGRAPHY 201 the river has not been adequately examined. There are numerous tributaries, mostly glacial streams, which might be developed to supply power for local requirements. The "Big Bend" district has not been examined in detail from a water* power situation standpoint, but a large number of the tributary streams are known to have power possibilities. The meagre information available is summarized in the tables. RerelrtiAe to "^^^ Columbia from Revelstoke to the boundary occupies a Boonduy ^°^^' <**«P valley. From Revelstoke to the Upper Arrow lake is about 30 miles by the river. The fall in this portion of the river, at low water, is about 40 feet, and it is navigable by boats drawing three feet. The lower nin. miles is relatively slack, the upper portion being rather more rapid and characterized by numerous islands with side channels or 'sloughs.' Upper Arrow lake is about 36 miles long and has a nearly uniform width of about two miles. To this must be added the Northeast arm, about ten miles long and one mile wide. The maximum depth exceeds 700 feet. The river connecting the Upper and Lower Arrow lakes is 18 miles in length. It is a wide, tranquil stream, easily navigable by steamers, though there are two imimportant rapids, one, two miles from Lower Arrow and the other, eight miles from the Upper lake ; the latter appears only at low water. Lower Arrow lake is 51 miles in length. It is shaped like a bow, seldom exceeds a mile and a half in width and tapers towards each end ; it is not so deep as Upper Arrow and, at high water, a current is perceptible at several points. The Canadian Pacific steamers run from Arrowhead to West Robson. The river is navigable by stern-wheelers from West Robson to the international boundary— about 30 miles— and to the Little Dalles, 19 miles south of the boundary. (See Plate 20, which well illustrates the Columbia river as it approaches the international boundary.) In the main valley there is a considerable area of fruit-growing land but, for the most part, it is confined to comparatively narrow benches of varying extent and altitude, sometimes on one side only and sometimes on both sides of the waterway. In many places along the lakes the mountain slopes ascend steeply from the water, while at other points rise steep bluffs. As a rule, the belt of cultivated land does not extend above 2,000 feet, sea level elevation, 600 feet above the Columbia. At one time the whole watershed was heavily timbered, but fire has deforested large areas and much of the country is covered with a smaller second growth. The precipitation in the valley is heaviest at the north end, averaging over 40 inches at Revelstoke, and gradually decreases towards the south to less than 30 inches near the boundary. These figures, however, apply only to the immediate valley of the river. Each of the more important and higher mountain masses becomes a separate centre of precipitation and, at the head- waters of the Illecillewaet, which falls into the Columbia near Revelstoke, the precipitation approaches, if in fact it does not exceed, 100 inches. Generally speaking, the precipitation during the growing period is sufficient to ensure ' f MS COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION crops, but, at a few points, where water is within easy reach, emergency irrigation systems have been installed for use in times of drought. (See plate 17.) As the Arrow Lakes watershed is narrow, the tributaries are, with a few exceptions, small. Many of them, however, contain good power possibilities for local uses, and the valley is well supplied with undeveloped water-power. Particulars of some powers will be found in the tables, btut the list is not exhaus- tive. In the vicinity of Revelstoke there are several undeveloped water- powers in addition to that on the lUecillewaet river utilized by the city. In ascending the Columbia, the Okanagan river is the first Okanacu IU»« tributary encountered which drains a portion of British Colum- bia. The total area of the Okanagan watershed is about 8,350 square miles, of which 6,000 square miles, or 72 per cent, lies north of the inter- national boundary. Osoyoos lake, on the boundary, at an elevation of 913 feet, is ihe lowest point of the Columbia watershed in British Columbia. Okanagan lake is 69 miles long and has an average width of nearly 2 miles. Its high water elevation is 1,130 feet and low water, 1,125. Portions of the shores of the lake rise steeply from the water's edge to mountains of considerable height. There are, however, many stretches of flat land bordering the lake and about the north end is an extensive region characterized by broad, open valleys, separated by lower ranges of hills, and, agriculturally, Okanagan Lake district is the most highly developed area in the interior. It contains the most exten- sive fruit-growing area in the province. The watershed of the Okanagan river lies in the dry belt. The timber is mostly of moderate size and scattered, with large areas of open bunch-grass coun- try. In some of the more arid portions there is practically no vegetation, but, near the headwaters of the tributary streams, the timber is fairly heavy. Irrigation requirements in this district are of primary importance, and many companies have been formed. Extensive systems have been installed and others are projected. (For types of irrigation structures see Plate 12.) The mountains in the watershed rise from 4,000 to 7,000 feet above sea- level, and in places there is a fairly heavy fall of snow. As a result, some of the streams draining the more elevated areas have a relatively large flow till summer is well advanced. Generally speaking, however, the runoff is rapid, and extensive storage will be necessary to ensure the best agricultural development. The use of a stream for irrigation does not, necessarily, prevent its use for power, but it may modify the conditions under which it is so used. In most cases, power development would be subservient to irrigation requirements. Owing to topographic features, irrigation reservoirs have frequently to be con- structed at a considerable elevation, and the head available between the outlet and the point of use may in some cases be utilized to develop small powers. On Okanagan river a small low-head development is possible at the falls below Dog lake.* Many of the tributaries have steep grades and high heads, but the small flow and the increasing demand for water for irrigation will limit power development. • For illustration of Okanagan falls, see Sixth Annual Report, Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1915, p. 8. lit m COLUMBIA RIVE R— T OPC)ORA»*HY 203 -^ Rivar WalMiktd Tbe Similkameen nver is the chief tributary of the OScana^an. Its watershed area is about 3.750 square miles, of wt-ich 2,950 square miles are in British Columbia. The Similkameen rises in the mountainous district east and southeast •'-f Hope. It flows north to Princeton : thence, southeast to Keremeos , thence southward and eastward, fallinp into the Okanagan at Oroville, a few miles south of the boundary. The whole district is a mountainous one, the streams flowing, for the most part, in narrow V-shaped valleys. The western portion of the watershed is fairly well timbered. The southern slo-pes of the hills arc open and grassy, with scattered timber ; the northern slopes are more thickly wooded. In the vicinity of Keremeos, sage-bush ijrows on the benches, while bunch-grass is found throughout the district. The climate of the watershed varies considerably, but is generally of the dry- belt type, and the land requires irrit;,ii ii. The agricultural Ian'' is confined to tht bottom of the valleys. The -hief area is between the international boundary and a point two miles west of Keremeos : here the valley has an average width of one and one-half miles. Ihe bottom land adjacent to the river requires little or no irrigation, but the bench lands on either side afford opportunity for extensive irrigation projects. South of Susap creek the benches on either side of the rivtr larrow down and ari more or less broken. From a point two miles above Keremeos to about three miles below Princeton — approximately 38 miles — t>iL- v-^imilkameen valley is narrow, varying in width from 300 feet to three-quarteri fa le, its average width being about one-quarter mile. The river is i jrtuous and generally margined by narrow, arable benches 75 to 100 feet above fhe river, above which the moun- tains rise steeply to an elevation of 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. Three miles below Princeton the valley opens out in a plateau -like basin, which also extends northward from Princeton for six or eight miles. Five or six mil'^s south of Princeton the valley again narrows. From the boundary to Ker ; ;; ;, the grade of the Similkameen is small and the flow sluggish. In the cafloi, 'ik. valley between Keremeos and Princeton the grade averages about 19 feet rer mile. From Princeton, where the elevation of the river is 2.090 feet, to •" 'i|. - saw creek, the average grade is about ^0 feet to the mile. Above W' . ;• -v creek, to the confluence of the Pasayten, the fall is about 75 feet per m\\.i. About one and one-half miles below the mouth of the Pasayten are falls and rapids in a caflon, with total reported fall of nearly 80 feet in a distance of 200 feet. There is relatively little storage possible in the Similkameen watershed, and the flow of the river fluctuates considerably. Measurements by the Daly Reduction Co., above the confluence of Twenty-mile creek, show a discharge in the winter as low as 270 second-feet. The principal use made of the tributary streams in the Similkameen watershed is for irrigation. The large extent of irrigable land in the vicinity of Keremeos, and the favourable climatic conditions, have so encouraged the cultivation of land that the normal minimum flow of Keremeos creek is nearly all utilized. Water is also brought eight miles from the Ashnola river. i< I iJ: |3| 204 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The Daly Reduction Co's plant, near Hedley, is the chief power develop- ment on the Similkameen. By means of a dam and flume three miles long a head of 67 feet has been developed for a plant of 2,000 horse-power. A note- worthy point about this development is that, to secure a head of 67 feet, three miles of flume were necessary. (See Plate 5.) It supersedes a plant on Twenty-mile creek, which developed 800 horse-power under a head of 420 feet, but, owing to the uncertain flow, a steam auxiliary was necessary. The chief tributaries of the Similkameen are the Ashnola and Tulameen rivers. It is proposed to develop power on the former. South of the boundary, at Similkameen falls, there is a hydro-electric plant which has recently been acquired by the Okanagan Valley Electric and Power Co., in connection with plans for an electric railway between Oroville and Penticton. It is stated, the company proposes to develop these falls to their fullest extent. The Kettle river drains an area consisting chiefly oi minor Kettle River mountain ranges lying between the Okanagan and Lower Arrow lakes. The total drainage area is about 4,260 square miles, of which about 3,160 square miles, or 74 per cent, lies in British Columbia. The total length of the river is about 1 70 miles. In the vicinity of the inter- national boundary it crosses the boundary line three times, then flows south, falling into the Columbia near Marcus, Wash. Much of the country in the upper part of its watershed is very rough and broken, with deep gorges and rocky bluffs. The rivers flow in valleys of varying widths ; generally speaking the bottom lands are from about one-half mile to two u: \ one-half miles wide. In addition to the bottom lands, there is a con- siderable area of good bench lands suitable for agriculture. The character of the forest cover in the Kettle River basin varies. Near the international boundan' the quantity of timber is comparatively small, the growth open, and, in many places, the hills are almost bare. The northern portion of the water- shed is heavily timbered and lumbering is an important industry — the total drive in 1913 on the Kettle and its tributaries having exceeded 20,000,000 feet. Forest fires have done considerable damage to many areas. Owing to the very irregular formation of the country, precipitation varits between wide limits. Sufficient data are not available to give an adequate estimate of the precipitation, but, approximately, the annual fall in the valleys to the south is 15 to 18 inches, in the higher valleys from 18 to 22 inches, and on the hills and plateaux from 22 to 30 inches or even more. At the higher elevations a larger proportion falls as snow and, at some points, nearly 20 feet of snowfall is reported. All the snow, however, on these minor ranges melts during the summer, and by late autumn the waters of the creeks are low. In the larger valleys, especially to the south, in what is known as the 'Boundary district,' irrigation is necessary and is extensively employed. In othfer parts the precipitation in normal years is sufficient for agricultural purposes. Grand Forks is the centre of a splendid fruit growing industry and, in the vicinity of Cascade, there is a considerable area of agricultural land. (See Plate 13.) Although merchantable timber is not met with in large quantities in the south, there is frequently a dense growth of smaller trees on the potentially better COLUMBIA RIVER— TOPOGRAPHY 20- Pend-d'OreiUe River Watershed agricultural land. The cost of clearinR such land, and the need of investment for rrigation, retard its development. From an irrigation point of view the locality has a good water supply ; but the construction of expensive irrigation works is justifiable only where considerable areas can be brought under cultivation.* An interesting develop- ment in this connection is the installation along the main river of small pumping plants for irrigation. Some of these plants are driven by gasolene engines, and others by electric power, which is available at about three cents per kilowatt hour. Many parts of British Columbia offer a wide field for the application of power for pumping for irrigation. Mining is of great import.uice in the Kettle River district, and the streams are extensively used in connection with this industry. Kettle river is developed to some extent for power. Plants are installed at Cascade, Grand Forks and Boundary Falls. Its upper waters and its tributaries no doubt afford numerous possibilities for small developments to meet local requirements. There are no large lakes, and no known extensive storage possibilities. The flow varies between wide limits and the low-water flow is small. The Pend-d'Oreille river — or, as known in the United States, Clark fork — is the second largest tributary of the Columbia. It drains a watershed of approximately 25,820 square miles — 24,630 square miles in the United States and 1,190 square miles in British Columbia. The watershed of the Pend-d'Oreille is a region of great mountain ranges and extensive valleys, largely forested, and, south of the boundary, lumbering is an important industry. (See Plate 16, showing forested valley.) The climate varies widely, ranging from the arid and semi-arid areas in the Bitterroot and Flathead valleys to the regions of copious precipitation, greatest on the higher western slopes of the more massive mountain ranges. Altitudes within the basin range from about 1,350 feet at the mouth to over 8,000 feet on the continental divide. Scarcely a dozen of its 150 tributaries are entitled to be called rivers. In British Columbia the only important tributary is the Salmon, which drains an area of 480 square miles. The total length of the Pend-d'Oreille is about 420 miles, but only the last 16 miles of its course are in British Columbia. Profile surveys of the river have been made in Washington, Idaho, and Montana. t The fall in British Columbia between the boundary and its mouth — sixteen milts of narrow caflon- like valley— is 400 feet. (For view of Pend-d'Oreille river, in vicinity of Salmon river, see Frontispiece.) The flow of the Pend-d'Oreille and of some of its tributaries has been the subject of special study by the Water Resources Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey. Recently thf Water Resources Branch Jind the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey have co-operated in establishing a station near its mouth. • A proposal hai been under consideration to utilize water from the Kettle river by a Rravity scheme which would involve making the diversion at a point situated in the Unili'd States about 10 miles upstream from Carson Bridge. t See Water Supply Paper No. 346. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 206 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION The Pend-d'Oreille has a more uniform flow than either the Columbia above the confluence of the Kootenay, or the Kootenay itself. This is doubtless due in part to the regulatinR control exercised by the three large lakes and the numerous smaller ones on its watershed. Flathead lake, in Montana, is about 20 miles long and IS miles in maximum width, with an area of 175 square miles. It is 2 916 feet above sea level. Pend-d'Oreille lake, in Idaho, is on the main stream ■ its area is 125 square miles and its elevation is 2.051 feet. Pnest lake, on Prwst river, is 19 miles long, with an area of 35 square miles.* and its elevation is 2,439 feet. In British Columbia the Pend-d'Oreille, with its total fall of 400 feet in less than 16 miles, affords exceptional opportunity for extensive power develop- ment As there are. however, no distincti've falls greater than about 10 feet in height the available fall would need to be concentrated by means of dams. There are four or five chief suitable sites. Under natural conditions the nver. in places, has a range between high and low water of over 20 feet. Special provisions would be necessary for handling the flood water, which, m the high - water year of 1913. attained a maximum discharge flow of 129.000 second-feet. or about 16 times the ordinary minimum flow. With ordinary low-water f^ow there is, in the portion of the river in British Columbia, theoretically available, at 80 per cent efficiency, about 300,000 horse-power. In the state of Washington, between two and three miles south of the bounonal boundary, which are subject to overflow, '--fj';^^^^ these areas ..vai'able for agriculture, proposals have been made to straighten and dvke the rner at th.s point, nnd also to reduce the fluctuations of the lake k\d bv enlarging the outlet. , » .v. There are numerous mountam streams, tributary to the lake and to the Duncan and Lardeau nvers. Some of them are utilized to a limited extent fnr irrigat,..n and on most of them there are power possibilities. There is a marked increase in precipitation towards the northern end of the valley. |! 1 'I It ' rM fc^S- i ii 20, COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION The third portion of the Kootenay watershed, and. from a P^^^ P^ » °; r'='"' T^fX'lid o?tLXtli, leSw .he present level of erosi™, ; IS "^fupp^'p^ « ^ tSit; : ot^p.^! by .he West .™ of Kooten.y JS^ „Ii the we^ extremity of whioh .s the nnportart c.ty of Nelso-^ rwhStltTeep'riliyl'^uS^^^ Theb„„.ho,»r.h.ve,„.e holdlp. '" '"^h^^irert'ttiiri:: ESLyt^h-'e Koote™, helo. Ko. TJfth the xceTt.on of one stretch .f eight rr.les. and another of four n.les -t:^^^le ... can - ^J^en^ ^ ^^ ^^>;j;^2.S^ lake U 25 miles long and has an »ea of ""'^"''""^'- ,.^„ t,„ .^^re general elevat.on »< '>---»•- —«.»sra„ irK-t;,., :.Ues. ^h.reTrdV^r.t'-fr^-.^.e.-nta.n^^^^ .ooded. but eonsiderable d.ntage has been f^^,^'^^^'^ "So^.th tree, are S ;oirpno':brtl jMTee-J^-ttrofJy be c;„slder.d the ...ber "" 'TV.';«S.™',*th. Koote„.y Hver between the >»>'-"^, >'- .^-"l^t y.„ey U one o, the ch.ef ^'^'^^'^^ '^^re'Sde'^uoc'r:: developed. (See Plate 13.; mt .^..^ot jg made to utilize the portion ot the flow by wing-dams and ^°J^"^"^P; '^^'^f ^„^. .^^.^ol over r1 '"^^mr'Tl"^se^d':::io;m::ts»,ht Kootenay nyer ^ tl,r;ot;tT. Jand "O "»d also .^ the t.bulat.on of po.er s.tes. tt. Gi5( ./ S««l., im-\m (Vol. IV) pp^ 20. 21B. PUI*» CHILCOTIN RIVER A -V...* looking up vail*/ (fom point (««ive milas from Ch.lcol.n poat offic*. B -C«;rfl«i.«. yUlcot^ r,«r and Its ch«rf tr;butary, the Ch.lko. C' -Canon near mouth of Cwtko riv«r. " ■" ' ' A possibMi povrar »ite. DESCRIPTION OF POWER SITE TABLES 209 Description of Power Site Tables Until recently comparatively little information respecting the water-power possibilities in British Columbia was available. As late as 1911, the official Year Book of British Columbia stated that : "Speaking generally, there is no subject of economic interest, in connection with the exploitation of the pro- vincial resources, concerning which there is less known than the extent to which water-powers may be rendered available." Owing to the topography of British Columbia and the relatively small extent of territory covered by detailed topographic and hydrometric surveys, it is practically impossible to make anything like a close estimate of many of its water-power possibilities. Both the confines of the watersheds of many of the smaller streams and their run-off are unknown. In such cases, any figure purporting to give the available amount of power is, at best, only an estimate indicating possibilities. The "power tables" contain summarized statistical data regarding the water-powers. It is not practicable to indicate all details of information upon which the tabular estimates are based, but all available data have been used. Effort has been made to keep on the conservative side, and totals for the province, based on the tabulated estimates, can only fairly be compared with estimates for other large territories by taking into account the conservative character of the deductions. The power sites are arranged in five groups : I. The Columbia River and Tributaries, north of the international boun- dary : This comprises the portion of the province lying between its eastern boundary and the watershed of the Fraser. For convenience, the Skagit river and its tributaries are also here included.* II. The Fraser River and Tributaries : This includes practically the entire area of the great Interior plateau.* III. Vancouver Island. IV. The Mainland Pacific Coast and Adjacent Islands (except Van- couver island): This includes all the rivers north of the Fraser which drain into the Pacific. They are dealt with from south to north. V. The Mackenzie River Tributaries. The power sites are listed in order of ascending the streams, and each main stream is disposed of before its tributaries are dealt witn. The power sites in the Railway Belt are under the jurisdiction of the Dept. of the Interior, but are now administered by British Columbia Dept. of Lands. Names of certain rivers and creeks vary on different maps. Where deci- sions of the Geographic Board were not available, the form given on the latest published map was adopted. The tables indicate situation, approximate watershed area, possible head, and estimated magnitude of the respective powers. The column of ' Remarks'f • In the Tables of Power Sites in Chapters X and XI, sites on streams in the Railway Belt have been indicated by a "t" attached to the number. t In the tables it will be noticed that certain descriptive memoranda have been supplied, even where no estimates of power have been given. Although available data did not, in all cases, warrant making estimates, such data, by indicating certain characteristics of these streams or sites, may prove useful. Consequently, such fragmentary data have been recorded, even though their inclusion gives the tables the appearance otincompleteness. 1;; ' 210 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION supplies supplementary information respecting head, rapids, character of banks, ownership, etc., etc. . . In the first column is given the name of the stream and the SilMtia. situation of the power site. An index number correspondmg to numbers upon the accompanying map, precedes each power or group of powers. ^^^ second column, headed 'Watershed,' is given the W.tmhed approximate drainage area in square miles. Unless otherwise indicated, the figure represents the drainage^ area above the proposed intake of the power site. In other cases, a small x' '"dicates that the area given is the total watershed area above mouth of stream A smaU •y indicates that the area given is the watershed area above the CMitlet of the lake The accuracy of these watershed areas vanes greatly, but they have been obtained from the best available maps, supplemented by mformat.on '^^The ma'sTuinshed by the Geographic Branch of the Dept. of Lands, Victoria B.C., are a great advance upon those published prior to its orgamza- Uon A comparison with those published but a few years -K° ^'f ^^^^ ^/"/^ changes due to new discoveries or to more accurate surveys. Other maps are L preparation and these will permit of more exact measurements of drainage areas. (For list of maps see Chapter VIII.) In the southern portion of the interior, and in southern Vancouver island the topography has been well ascertained. A new map of Canboo and adjacent itSs recently published, covers a large portion of the Interior plateau and Z Fraser River watershed. In the mountainous districts "^ the interior ^^e densely timbered portions of northern Vancouver island and of the Paafac coast and in the largely unexplored territory of the north, the figures g.ven for a;eas. except in a few cases where special surveys have been made must especiali; be considered as approximations. In general, the percentage of error is less in the larger than in the smaller areas. The column "Approximate head in feet may give the natural He.d head, the possible head, or the developed head. The state- ments made under the column of 'Remarks must be con- sidered in connection with the figure relating to 'Head/ He,ght3 of^banks and distance between them were usually estimated. Distances along the streams were generally estimated by pacing or by time. The arnount of head avaTble is, in n^.anv instances, optional, but, for the purposes ot -Umatmg. ?t was necessary to select a specific head, and such selections f- tabulated Wherever pos=^iWe, the heads were measured by instrumental levelling or by hand levellnii., or with a tape line. In most instances, ho- ;ever especially on rivers with st^ep gradient, or on those coursing through deep canons where it is mp acticable to proceed along the river bed. the aneroid barometer* . as used^ ^11^ rile ^^^:u";:s:(!n«r rtpj^^^'^^^iu^^ h^ . v. .. ...... Barometer, by EdWard Whymper, London, 1891. DESCRIPTION OF POWER SITE TABLES 211 In many instances data were supplied in answer to enquiry sent by mail. In such casci also allowance must be made for the 'personal factor.' Though all available data have been carefully sifted, the heads given must be regarded as approximations and, frequently, as optional. ji,n,.ed ^" *^^ column headed 'Estimated horse-power' the quantities Hone-power given represent, generally speaking, the horse-power that could be developed at the respective sites, under the given head, and when utilizing the mean flow estimated to be available during average low- water months. Numerically considered, and if developed, a large proportion of the British Columbia water-power sites, especially those on the smaller streams east of the Coast range or at high elevations, would, on account of low water or ice con- ditions, be practically inoperative for one, two, three or more months of the year. It is not possible, here, to take into account curtailment of operation such as might occur due to winter conditions. As each power site comes into a posi- tion of real economic importance, means of coping with such difficulties as ice will, no doubt, be devised. The Revelstoke plant, on the Illecillewaet river, for example, has been in successful operation for several jears. Though, at times diffiaiU ice conditions have been met, these have been overcome, and each v.mter the experience gained results in les.sened damage and interruption. With respect to the smaller individual powers, there is not sufficient infonnation to permit discrimination but, in dealing with the situation as a whole, it has been concluded that, from the standpoint of service, the power possibilities of the smaller streams may be regarded, in a preliminary survey at least, as on a seven to nine, rather than on a twelve, months' basis. For example, in the case of the city of Nanaimo's plant, on the Millstone river, for six months of the year the water-power is supplemented by steam. The utilization of steam, gas, oil and other auxiliary power is a subject which is deservedly receiving more and more attention. For the smaller streams, therefore, the column k'i^'ing the estimated horse- power must be regarded as indicating, usually, the power for jjcriods less than a year. Of course, where storage is available, each power afTecled thereby would have to be specially considered on its own merits. Ii uiany instances, especially in the cases of the smaller streams, the estimated power could not be obtained during part of the year without the utilization of some storage. On the other hand, at certain seasons, much more power than is indicated might be developed. If. in addition to such general storage facilities as each individual case demands, additional means exist for locally storing the flow for perhaps half a day, practically double the listed horse-power would be available for the remainder of each day. In some of the estimates in the tables, weight has been given to known storage possibilities. Such allowances, however, do not neces- sarily represent the increased power that might be obtained by a complete development of possible reservoir sites. iai Jr.; M !■■> ■ mi •^ If 212 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION M 'i Estimated quantities are on the basis of 24-hour power, 80 per cent effi- ciency. If comparison is made with other estimates of horse-power giving theoretical quantities, then our estimates should be increased 25 per cent. Hydro-electric developments in British Columbia, such as those at lake Buntzen, Jordan river and Stave falls, would not have attained their present commercial serviceability without the employment if storage facilities. With- out the knowledge of such storage, which was only obtained ..Iter extensive surveys and research. an\' estimates on the same basis as our tables would have been lower tlan the power actually produced under development. This fact is mentioned to show that, if the powers are to be dealt with individually and for special purposes, th» n physical data of a more precise and special nati\.e than those resulting from reconnaissance investigations are demanded. Such factors as glaciers, snowfields, precipitation of exceptional character and amount, and storage possibilities emphasize tb'- necessity for subnutting to very careful engineering investiKation any ci .lemplated power development in British Columbia. COLUMBIA RIVER— POWER SITE TABLES 213 Columbia Rirer and TribnUrie»— District No. I Area of S« I.CI- Sam* or SnuuM water- ed AND (shetl in head Situation OP Pow EM Sits aquare in niilea* fc«t* OatombUrifvr— 'Bis Bend '{ : i tl KcveUtoke nflaa 10,400 125-30 2 Twelvi^mil*, Deatn and PhMt! | rapi 8 OkaiiiiKan falls 2,545 ■imilkamMn rtTW : 9 Rapids 3m. above Keremeoa . f Rapids lOm. west of Hedley. . 10 {Development by Daly Redui I tion Co 2.960 2.040 Prinr.'ton to Whipsaw creek . . Whipeaw creel' to Pasayten river R:i[>ids and falls Hni. below Pasayten river mouth 480 • 'Alxive junction with Pasayten "'■" 160l 25 ft : perm 75, 67 I •SeeDe^. tThe par I liiin of Power Tablet!. 16 750 Direct fall 8 ft. and 8 ft. head in I.W ft rapids. Limited I storage, probably up to hin'i-wutir mark only in Dog I lake, and possibi/ some siuraKc "« okanagan lake. 1,000 Series of small rapids, 25 ft. per III ; difficult to develop. 2,000 Proposed development by Ashawata Power Co., 70ft. dam. 1.800 H«d of 67-ft. developed by dam and 3m. wooden flume. ! supplies power for mines and lights town of Hedley Hedley Creek plant usol as auiiliary. (See below ) • ■ ■ Grade 30 ft. per m. Valley wide in places ; high bencbea I , 'o west. ■ ■ ! Grade 75 ft. r'^r m. in narrow, rocky valley ; boi caBon I I in places. 80 I 1.750 80 ft. fall in 200 ft. Heavy rapids above and below falls reported no good power sites. (O.N'.Ry survey.) iGrade of 75 ft. per m. Rises '.KK) ft in 12m iS,' of'TuhlicVlL'"'^"'''?' ""H"^ 't^ ■?(« "*"<*' *"<■ '«'"'" '""" » «P»" by W F Richardson to th. ofLv,l/iot';\??li!J•v£»r;,•,;.^S,f".;:l^;.?A\" otea on the Traruadiong ^t' ^u luoiic worKB, ^-anaUft. re Columbia Kiver surveys. 1912. The survev had rpfpwn**.. tn ii CeTranhi'^? M^ t*'" 'T:V ^V-'^nnt-P^^ify the be.t Icrktionl for d«m7 "^Con." !X -'N I u«i i.- L "'; -■-'-■■■■' "■v.iii* mc: •.-ijuiiiira wi Railwav Belt. F^n^n ?^'"'\^*'"^- *''" ■?•'" '^-''»™ P"'6I« '" »• '""lows : •■ ?» 1°, 'l* "• ■"• •l««;™d» £*'«,'• *'"'" « to 10 miles, descend. 13 6 feet. J to4 •■ 31. •• •■ ii,o|2 •• •• 20:' •• to ; to 6 to 7 to S In 9 11.5 13 5 13 2 12.5 25.2 12 to 13 13 to 14 14 to l.^ 15 to 18 9 2 9 9 8 1 16 2 ■viTt'h"J!llIl'i; "VT" "' «?;',"»«•• «* ""d" column Remarks ir.ter,rt. .1 ;;»„.■ P°""'<' water-powers in the Okanagan River watershed it must be rcnon I , rrrt that irrimtion n.^'r^!ZT5 Saaree-SaL JSlSj'^^hSitv"?- ""'" ^^ "• -■ ^'^^""^ "" -"""^ "«" "«^- > UraiDBgp area above mouth. ».= •"". .:,.t vr. ««CIOCOfr RCSOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) li^l^ A rJg gLIED IIVMGE Inc aar- '653 tost Ma^n Steett S*,^E ''ocfiester, Ne* Vori. 14609 i/*;* ^= (716) 482 - 0300 -- Phofte ^S ('16) 2B8- 5989 - ra» 214 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA Bim AXD TBnnTABBI— DUTUOT Ho. l—CoiUmnid k If I 1 '•I 1 I Stbbah and Sitc Water •hed in sq.milet> luehumptlon (Nehumpshon) OTMk : 12 lUpida and falla St foothills. ■uMp CTMk : I 13 Rapida and falls at foothills. . . Karamaoi er—k : 14 Falls above White Lake road AihnoU eraak : f Lower caflon dm. from mouth) Upper Cafion (6m. from mouth) 43 15 Wintm (,Siiteen-miIe) CTMk : 16 Rapids above foothills Hadlay (Twenty-mile) erMk : 17 Dam, 4m. from mouth. . . 420 380 110 ■UrliBC CTMk : 18 liapids below forks. ■mlth CTMk : | 19 Rapids below swamp . : : Small WuUerMk Coldwator erMk (trib. Wulf) : 20 Power site just above mouth . (Dam site, 3m. from mouth) Rajm (Five-mile) or««k : 21 Cafion near mouth Bad CTMk (trib. Hayes) : 22 Falls and rapids near mouth . . Ona-mil* erMk ■uaunen ereek (trib One-mile) : 23 liapids above mouth Head in feet Horse- power 1,000 900 : 125 260 TuUmMn rinr : 24 Dead Horse fulU (9m. above TuUnieen) 25 Tulameen falls (IHm. above Tulameen) Oranlte ereek (trib. Tulameen) : 26 Rapids UOi 1-5] 30 Otter creek (trib Tulameen) : | 27 South fork of West fork near mouth WhlpMW erMk : 28 liapids above mouth . Lunont (Nine-mile) erMk : (trib. Whipsaw) 29 liapids near mouth Copper ereek . . PMarten rlTer . Ineaneep erMk : 30 Rapids 600 450 300 I 60 I 230 I 70x! Small 16 40x 310i 110 2S0 :I00 per m * See Description of Power Tables. X Drainage area above mouth. 110 RniaBsa 30 ft. direct fall, 820 ft in 6,200 ft. rapids. Head optional. Proposed development by Southern Okanagan Power Co. River below power site used by Indians for irrigation. 20 ft. direct fall ; 880 ft. in 6,400 ft. rapids below forka. 150 j900 ft. fall in 4.3m. above road bridge, water is required for irrigation. Below bridge the 600 125 ft. fall in Im. rapids ; steep, rocky cafion. 1,300 260 ft. fall in lim. Rugged cafion, steep cut banks, in- stallation probably difficult. Above forks, main branch and South fork flow in narrow, rocky valleys with fall of about 75 ft. per mile. 40 MO ft. fall in 2m above foothills ; narrow, rocky val>< y, steep side hills. Below foothills water ia used for irrigation. 225 245 40 250 400 500 424 ft. head in 3m. : developed by Daly Reduction Co. : 800 h.p. installed for mining and milling. Power in- termittent, creek sometimes dry in winter : steam auxiliary. Supplements Similkanieen River plant. (See above.) Storage possible in Stray Horse lake. Grade below forks about 200 ft. per m. : above. 300-400 ft. per m. ; narrow rocky valley. Head optional. O ft. in 1st m. below swamp, then uniform grade o( about 200 ft. per m. to mouth. Head optional. Reported no power sites ; fall of 800 ft. in 12m. Dam 100 ft. high would back up water 2m. giving good storage. Below damfiite, 350 ft. fall in 3m. Falls 100 ft per m. for 3m. below Red creek. S'crtiga in lakes on Osprey creek. 1,490 ft. fall in 2im. Proposed development by Similka- nieen Power Co. Some storage possible above cafion. Reported no good power possibilities ; grade 70 ft. per m. for first two miles. 200 ft. head in 1,000 ft : a small power possibility. 5U0 60 ft. fall in im. 320 |130 ft direct fall : possible total, 230 ft 1,500 300 Narrow rocky valley. No special sites, but small powers might be developed. K small development proposed on this stream. 420 ft. fall in Im. above mouth : 100 ft. per m. above. Hydraulic sluicing plant installed. 250 ft. fall in Im. Grade of 100 ft. per m. but no good power sitae. Grade of 7S ft. per m. for 10m. but no special power sitea. Creek has low grade for 2m. above m- uth, then rises 300 ft. per m. for several miles. Head optional. COLUMBIA RIVER— POWER SITE TABLES OOLOmU BIVIB 4in> TBnUTABnS— DUTSIor Ho. l~Conlin»t 215 Stbsah AifD Sits !W.t»r- { ihed in ^. miles BMdCTMk. Mvysfi cTMk Mclntjn CTMk : 31 PropoMd development. Small Head I infect Horse- power Remirks 74: J.. BhutUsworth (Keogan) erMk. ItcLsaii creek ; 32 Fall in box cafion (4ro. from mouth) ■Ills creek: M /North Fork diversion ■" lEllis Creek diversion Pentleton creek : 34 Diversion 9m. from mouth. , . (Power house, 2m. from mouth) 33 300 perm. 27 6S 400 38 1,600 1.300 80 I 2,100 Ihiocl* (Beaver) crtek. reur-mile creek (trib. Okanscan lake) Rarunata ereek MUlcrMk Lequllle (Wildhorse or Chute) creek : •}o Rapids and falls Trout ereek : 30 Cafion creek tributary Peachland (Deep) ereek Small SmaU Small Trepanen river : 3T I'eacfiland Municipal plant. Uiii. from mouth) Power ereek . Miision creek : 12,600 i 80> .... 70 184 Hropneed devi'lopment , 175 4S0 (By Belgo-Cansdian Fruit ' Lands Co.) i tumbr (Bear) creek : j 39 FalMra. from mouth j Hi, 960 Water all recorded for irrigation intereeta and by Stem- winder ! lining Co. . . . . (Water all recorded for irrigation. 90 Southern Okanagan Power Co.'s power site ; between Siieep creek and S. fork ; fall of 300 ft. per m. Head optional. Near mouth, water is all recorded for irri- gation. ... Water required for irrigation. Has small storage at head- waters ; 1,200 ft. fall in 4m. 225 15 ft. fall ; 330 ft. per m. in box cafion ; water below falla required for irrigation. 85 Proposed development : 1,600 ft. fall in 5 miles. 350 1,300 ft. head in Sm. Diversion at rapids just above E boundary of lot 3,639. Water below power site used for irrigation. 500 2,10() ft. fall in 7m. Town of Penticton commenced de- velopment but abandoned it as too expensive. Irriga- tion storage reservoir, IHm. up. ... 100ft. fallperm.for 10m. ; 200ft.perm.for4m. Water diverted 1 Im. up and carried over a divide into Marron lake for irrigation. Used for irrigation . . 1,140 ft. fall in 2m., but water all used for irrigation. ... 1,000 ft. fall in Im. and BOO ft in Im. Used for irri«ation. 1,000 ft. fall in Im.; 400 ft. in Im.; 300 ft. per mile for *n? . Chute lake, elevation 3.(100 ft . area 80 acree, affords storage. Water rightu held for irrigation. Proposed small development by Summerland municioal- ity. '^ Small creek used for irrigation. 60 Small lighting plant : IM ft head develope. lu tttilidh Columbia 1,190 sq. m. •Thii head would affect the level of the water at the international boundary. •For profile see Annual Report o/lht Minister of Landi, Britith Columbia, tor 1012, p. D13t. < If (Uer Ri$ourctt Paper No. 8, pp. 44 and 45. Plate ?3 !: ■ iiii '4|l5Ctf.'** '.^:~± QUESNEL RIVER A.— Showing typical 'cut banks' and country tielow Forks. 5-~l!'P"^"' s'ra'ch of river below Forks. Note recant slide. C.—First rock cilton and power site. Atiout twenty-one miles from mouth i - 1 1 •T n COLUMBIA RIVE R— P OWER SITE TABLES 217 COLUMBIA BXm AMD TBiBirrABnft— DIBTEIOT Ro. l^Continutd t-lTBEAU AITD SiTB shed ID^ He«l Honie- sq.mile»"» '«'* power Tmir iWilrl Hone) (trib J^almon) 55 Fall and rapida near mouth Mining plant Bcavar crMk (thb. to Columbia near Say ward i First rapids ! Second rapida ** i Third rapids ■ Bpavrr Creek falla .Total hrad available in 3m Violin creek (near Trail) : 57 Proposed development. . . . FaIIof30ft. : hetid.^f 34nft. in2im abovemouth. Rock ap-' travel bank?, at li«>ad o* rapida. Head optional. 150 ^. developed at certain seaHons for Yankee Girl mine * 50 30 ft rapids in Jm. ; rork banks 15-20 ft hijih. Low gravel banks ; 2 ft- 130-140 ft rapids in about Uii irriffation dam here. 175 90 ft. rapid in about Im. ; ri>ck bank.t bank 35 ft. high. Headdependson height of any proponed dam. 850 20 ft. head in 2,000 ft, rapid : high rocky bankvf> ninuth) ToUl in 41m W»ter- shed in aq.milcA OwUUm CTMk : 69 C'ai*cade» Jm. from mouth. Sprlafw CTMk : yxTHt rapid* (Im. above mouth) Kiret fall (Sprincer creek cafion) Second rapida .Seconil (all Third rapid Third fan ToUl in Um 70 BntaipriM (Ten-mile) CTMk : 71 Nfininc development Vour-mil* CT««ki (near Silverton) 72 Mining development (intake 2m. above mouth) OraniU OMk : (trib. Four-mile creek) 73 Mining development . CuMntor CTMk : [New Denver light inc plant. 74 { (intake 2m. above mouth) Total in 2m South fork CUMntor CTMk: 75 Mining development Bandon CTMk : WhiU CTMk : WUCTCTMk: Tributary en»k : 75 Mining developments Payn* »h.. Xaeiproclty CTMki 75 Mining development Lait ChanM Slide CTeck : 75 Mining development WMiandy (Sawmill) CTMk : 76 Falla MX) 11 from mouth . WUion CTMk : I First rapid 77 i(l|ni. above (' P.Ry. bridge) j Second rapid [(5)ni. above mouth) 78 Wilson creek falls (Sm. above Ist West fork) hit fork WUion a«ek : Mining development SMond bit fork : 79 Rapids im. above mouth. ntlltubbl CTMk (First West fork) 80 Rapids Um. above mouth . Head infect 30 15 260 230 Hone- power 120a I15>> 230r 465 35b 2*- 10 4im 110 ft. in 500 ft. rapid ; rocky banka. 100 ft. tall in 3,(X)0 ft. rapid* : rocky banka at upper end Direct fall, high rocky banka. 2S ft. in 600 ft., rocky banka. Direct fall, rocky banks. 10 ft. in 600 ft. Cascades in 50 ft. Dam might be plaeed at head of cafion to control hea< (including a to/) of 205 ft. in Um. 150 h.p. developed at certain leaaona for Enterprise mine. 160 ft. head developed by short tunnel and im. ditch an( flume ; 20-in. C.I. pipe : 5-ft. Pelton wheels. Supplie power to Standard and Hewitt mine. About 1,000 h.p developed at certain seaaona. 500 80i| soo 700 200 .300 570 625 150 75 200 24 I 24-in. flume, 3,900 ft. long : steel penatrck 1,500 ft Several Pelton wheels. Van Roi mine obtains about .501 h,p. from this creek at certain seaaona.l Timber dam 16 ft. high, developing head of 84 ft. 350 ft. head (including a) can be obtained in 2 miles. About 700 h.p. IS obtained at certain seaaona for the Rutb Noble Five and Ivanhoe mines. ; Over 200 h.p. is developed at certain seaaona for the Woi derf ul and Slocan Star mines, t 3C ) h.p. developed at certain seasons for Payne mine.t .y) h.p. developed at certain seasons for Last Chance mine. Fa!l 20 ft. : operates small saw-mill, SO ft. in Um. rapid. Dam possible at head of rapid rocky banks. 05 ft. in IJiii. rapid ; rocky banks ; dam-site at head i rapid. too ft. in 300 ft. of falls and rapids ; dam site 200 ft. abov falls ; high rocky banka ; further head of 80-100 ft. . Im. rapids below. 150 h.p. developed at certain seaaona for Monitor-Aja mines, t 130 ft. in im. rapid ; 10 ft. dam possible. 70 ft. head in )m. : (alls and rapids in cafion : 10 ft. dai possible. •See Description of Power Tables. t Water Hmourceg Haper No. 8, pp. 44 and 4,i. {See Annual Repot of the Minitter of Mine; British Columbia, 1911, p. 147. yH.p. of one unit installed. Operates about 12 houra per day. I ■iUt'JWWHIWBtWffW! wmms COLUMBIA RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES 2l.V) ft. from top of old dam . alio 47 ft. in :2.100 ft. rapid below caAon. 20 Formerly used to operate lO-etamp mill. nusuTAun to kootimat laki I crook (trib. We»t arm) :l tt3 Mining development CoSoo crook (near Ainiworth) ; Hi Minim; plant Codor crook (near Ainaworth) : 85 .Mining plant Indian crook (near Riondel) : M) Mining plant notehor (Bjrrknem) crook : (trib. to Kootenay lake) 87 Mirror Lake Elec. Light Co . H8 Kaalo power plant (intake Um. above mouth) TwolTo-milo crook (trib. Kaalo) 89 Mining plant WhiUwator crook (trib. Kaalo) 89 Mining plant CunpboU crook ; 90 Rapida in roalc cafion dim. above mouth) TijTUm : First rapid (}m. from lake) . . First fall (im. from lake) 91 Second rapid (above First fall). Second fall (atxive Second ra- pid) Third rapid (Jm. from lake) . . . Total in )m Rapids, head Im. from lal Rapids, 2m. from lake. . Rapids. 3m. from lake. .. Rapids, 3im. from lake. . ToUl headin3|m DotU croak : 92 Falls in rock cafion . . . vim. above mouth) Bunill crook : 93 Rapids in rock cafion . (5im. above mouth) wpor _„_ . (Old dam at foot of cafion. n, ) dm. above mouth) ^ Fall in cafion ((Hm. above mouth) Lardoau rlnr : ys Dam site (Um. south of Poplar)" IBS 15 I 175 90 1250- I 300 115 110 585 ♦Si+ tifsiription of Power Table*. t^alrr HmmrctM Paper No. 8, pp. U 1 Drainage area above mouth. 13 85 200 200 h p developed at certain seasons (or .Molly Ciilr. 500 JSOO h.p. developed at certain seasons (or No. 1. Highland, i Maestro and Silver Hoanl mines.! 750 250 ;250 h.p. developol at certain seasons for Bluebell mines 5 I 150 25 1 150 ft. in 1.. too ft rapids. Small development for supply- ing light, etc., to fruit-growing settlement :l()0 miner's I inches applied for ; 30 in. Helton and 33 k.w. generator I installed. 1 42 250 |42 ft fall in 1,400 ft rapids, f Vmrrete dam 10 ft. high : I 42 in. wood-stave Bume. Record for 2,000 miner's I inches 250 h.p. installeil. 200 h.p. developed at certain seasons for Ctica mine, t 200 h.p. developed at certain -i-asims for Whitewater mine.t 114 ft. in Um. cafion, 30 ft. wide, precipitous walls 50 ft. high. 70 ft. in im. rapid ; rocky banks. Fall 10 ft. ; rocky banks and lower end of cafion. 37 ft. fall in 500 ft., rocky cafion. ^Fal! in rocky cafion. ]70 ft. in HUO ft. rapid : end of rocky cafion. jDani could be placed at head of cafion to secure total head 1 of 212 ft. (including a to r) in about im. [74 ft. in im. rapids ; rocky banks. .250 ft. in about Im. ; rocky banks. 1 150 ft. in about Im.; high gravel and clay banks on north, ! sand and gravel on south. 120 ft. in im. rapids ; loose rock and gravel tanks : big mud slide. Total possible head in 31m. (including k) about 800 ft. 200 200 110 230 70n 116 37r 25d 2l2k 1,750 74/ 509 .50* aoi soo 6,500 100 ,20 ft. direct fall, with Jm. rapids, gives 175 ft heail from top of falls to creek mouth. Rocky cafion, precipitous walls. 125 50 350 310 ft. in 2im. rapids : cafion walls of limestone, 40 ft. wide and 60 ft. sheer. Old dam, formerly used for pUcer mining. Boi rock cafion, 40-80 ft. deep, (all 15 ft. with poasibls head of 85 (t. in im. Glacial stream. Small head might be created by dam, probably flood land andC.P.Ry. track. •Dd45. m ii'ii If 220 COMMISSION OF CON'S i:R VAT ION COLOMBIA Bim AIID TBnQTABIIS-OnTBIOT Ho. t-CmliHtoi STHEjkU AND SiTI Tuularfoot crMk : 06 CaAun {rii. uhove nifmth. Abranuon crMk : U7 Kapiii ^iii. ab^jve mouth. . OUetor crack : (tril) ti) Trout lakf) f MrPliprsjiii ilani 1 (ahtiut liii. from Trout Lmke 98 j rityi [ Po8!>ibtf> t• '" rii'e-mile mine) •"" 1 Five-mile plant on South (ork [(about 2m. from forks) 101 Ten-mile plant on South fork . (at Ten-milel Vwcuion eraak (North fork) : 102 CaAoD Ir;'. from con^uence. . . Tton^ -VMk : (trio, to Trout lake) 103 Falls about Hm. from mouth. Lowtr Duncan riTw Duncan rlTcr OUcicr crack : (trib. to Duncan river) 104 Fall and rapid (between bridge and 3m. up stream) ■owsar crack : 105 Rapids in first 1 im. of ration Scno crack (or East river) : lOd^Rapids in cation, 4ra. long ... Ball creek : 107 Rapids in eafion below bridge Midm creek : 108 Kapida Im. above mouth Oultui creek : 100 CultuB Creek falls. . (3Jm. from mouth) Water- shed in s(|. miles Head in feet Konw- power • • • 20 20 13 13 tirky banks : 10 ft. (Mfitsible. i2r> ft. hpail in 3.700 ft. flumr. Timber Uam of 4 ft. : used fnr liKlitiiia Tfriit Lake City, nnd running aniall shiniclc mil! ; .'lO h p iti-tiilleii, recoil for 1 »ec.-ft. Power plant near nioutli 140 ft. head in Im. rapid ; dam alxiut 15 ft. high at head : hi^h rocky bankjt. 70 ft. head in {m. ; high rucky baaka. ilO ft. in \m. rapidd ; high rocky banks. 200 ft. in Um. ; rocky banks. Combining a to ci a total head of 520 ft. in 4)in. might b« obtained. 100 ft. fall in l)m. rapid ; rocky and gravel banks. 130 ft. in 3.H0O u. dunie ; timber dam 4 ft. high ; record 1.200 miner's inches ; 120 k.w. generator t .30 ft. fall ; total head ifl ft. in 4,000 ft. flume. Timber dam 4 ft. at head of fall ; 2 Pelton wheels driving air compressor. 60 ft. in 80C '*. rapid : high rocky banks. Undeveloped creek ; flat and marshy up to falls of 40 ft. Said to have no power sites. Said to have no power sites in lower reaehca. tlO ft. fai. .n 500 ft. rapid : total 450 ft. in 2m. eafion. First mile through bottom lan Is : rocky banks, dam-Hite at head of falls. More head in next mila upstream. Fall of 35 ft. ; banks. 100 ft. in im. rapid below. Steep granita TKIBUTAXna TO XOOmrAT BITKB ABOTX KOOTERAT LAKI Ooal 110 111 . rinr : Cafion near Erickson Cifion about 2m. below Cam- eron creek Cafion about Jm. below Cam- 420 100 ISO I.U 1.150 80 60 200 Cafion said to alTord good power site ; head optional. II a and 6 might be combined by < ' n. of flume, and ad- ditional head obtained. Rapids im. above Cameron 100 SuccMsion of small rapids ; 100 ft. head might b. ob- tained by dam and pipe line : bel) Dam-site at highway bridge, dm. above Michel creek) Dam-site below Bingay creek, 'Dam-site at First Elk lake. . i Dam-site at Second Elk lake WIcwulk rlTCT : f Dam-site Im. from mouth. 1 Rapids about 4ro. from mouth Lodfapol* CTMk : 123 Rapids ^m. above mouth. LIxardcTMk : 124 Rapids Im. from mouth. . ,he 62 175 60 35 50 80 24a 7.J* Mr 10(f 170 10-15 15-20 10 40-30 65 100 .50-100 80 250 80 ,30-50 80 60 ,30a S06 100 60 ll'tr?**- pnwer .50 KcMtRKS 40 100 Ka^t Kiiol.-nov I.unilHr Co , H ft dam : low hank> Kast Kouten:i.v l.unilHr d. , n It dam ; low bunk* Ea«t Kooti'imv LumtierCo. 8 ft dam ; low hanks Held by 1 ppir Movie Klei-tric Co High r.ii-ky hinka ; p-Mnbli r..p of :i2.^ i- taraoe ; .V> ft f.i 1 in Jm lapida. i^J«sible 20 ft. (lam at heail in rock cahon. .•iaid to have no power pos«ibilttiea u."eil for irrigation. Rocky hanks 40-.V) ft. apart, 200 ft high: puasible dam- dite, al:iu dmati reservoir piMsibility. Roik caAon, banks over 100 ft high ; head of 30 ft. in ;^0U) ft. of rapids and by poi*Mihle dam 2.5-:i.'» ft. Fall of about IK) ft in Im rapid ; hcail might be increased 20-40 ft. by a dam. Direct fall : rock caffon fur |m above ; banka 100ft high. Rock caflon 70 't in about l..V)0 ft. rapids between falla. Irregular falls divided fay ruck inland CaAon ends at head of rapid ; 19 ft fal' in about 800 ft. rapids. This 170 ft. takes in whole caflon including a, 6, c and d. Rocky banks 20-30 ft. high. Information indefinite. High gravel banka on west : banks on east 15-25 ft. high ; fall of about 20 ft in )ni Head might lie created by dam at outlet of lake ; rocky banks in place*, gently receding. Fall of about .W ft . from 2nd lake lo lat lake : 20 ft. dam poeaible at outlet of lake. Lake reported 2 aq. m. area ; glacier at west end. 60 ft. fall in Im. : high rock and gravel banks on south and rock banka 60 ft. high on north. Pomible 20 ft. dam. 00 ft. fall in about I (m. Gravel and rock banks, high and sheer on south Hide. Irrigation dani proposed here. Good banks : fall of about 100 ft. in Im. 80 ft. fall in Im : rocky banks 150 ft. apart, 40 ft. high. Town of Wesi Fer.iie claims 900 miner's inches. Concrete d.«m 8 ft. high Head from crest of dam to river mouth 250 ft. ■ dam possible : high rocky banka on south side : low avel banks on north side ; 80 ft. rapids in about Hm. ■re are dam-sitea on this fork ; fall about 50-60 ft. per mile. 70 ft. fall in Im. might be increased 20-.30 ft. by dam ; narrow rocky valley, high cliffs. Several dam-sites be- tween here and South fork below. Care not to flood railway tracks. Low dam might be f rected ; fall about 85 ft. per m. : other sites further upstream. Falls of 30 ft. in several breaks : smail rapid below ; ahale banks about 60 ft. high. Rocky caAun and high banks : .50 ft fall in Im. rapids. With d.. i.and combining a and 6, head of 100 ft. pouible. Rock/ eafinn below falla : dam might be built above falla and more head ol:*ained in . %pi(7s in caAon iil ! 222 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION coLomu Bim Am TanoTAUM-omaioT no. i~cmii»»»i i ; ! Ktmkam a«id Sits W,ur- ■heve mouth I'U RspiU Im. ftbovc mouth. Umly dam 2ni. above C P.Ry bridge FallH in ffick raflon 132 (-Im. above C P.Hy >>|id(FI Uld dam ttm. above C.P.K,' I bridgi ! BuUrt*«r : [ Kalli in raAon . . (3ni. above mouth) Rapid* in cafion (4in. above mouth) Rapida 5|m. above mouth. . IrenarMk : 134 Dam ute im below South fork DibbkerMk: 135 Rapid 2m above mouth Tu> enak : 130 Rapid and <'afion im. from mouth 133 Uttl* BiUl rivar : 137 Fall and rapid 2ro. above mouth Wild HoTM eraak : I3IS Hapids 4m. from Fort Steele ■t. Muy riTW : 130 Dam site 2m. above Misaion 140 WydiRe dam-site (Im. above Wycliffe) 141 Marysville dam-ttite (Urn. above Marysville) 142 St. Mary Ijtke dam-sitr . . . (im. eaet of lake) Putt era«k : Lower cafion 3m from mouth .\t brickyard (Am from mouth) 143 { Dam site in aarrow ravine. I dim. above brickyard) I Perry Creek falU 1(21 m above brickyard) MarkerMk: (First rapid First fall and rapid above. . (Fort Steele Minini ar.d Smelting Co.) 144 ■ Conibtning above Kimberly power plant .... (Consolidated Mming and Smelting Co ) I Fall 3m. above Kimberly. . Mattluw emk : 145 Rapid near mouth MMchun (Whitefish) enak : 146 Fall, Im. from mouth .... LawiierMk : 147 Hansen dam . 45 850 825 655 500 54 H«Hi iu feet 75 per m Hone- power 150- 2UU 25-50 100-150 10 273.1 6.1U0 4W> 900 150 3..V0 lUU :«>-50 20 10 40 140 080 aob 180 180 75 90 240 100 10-15 10-15 15-20 two 900 1,200 400 55 180 2.50 150-200; 50 80-100 3.V) 50 Said to b<^ several sitea for small developroeots. head tiiilefinite, aatimated over 75 ft. per m. «<«*■■« Head of 60 ft. in |m : roeky banks 35 ft. hich : rapid stream ; other sitea reported above. Total .Abandoned dam of concrete and timber 21 ft. hi^. Frolii dam tu bridge fall of about 100 ft in 2m. .\b4»ut 85 ft. head in series of fulls in rock caAon in 600 ft. . •^ ft . hea ft. head in im. rapid ; gravel and roek baitks 30 ft. high. I.rfiw roeky caAon. 15 ft. fall in 1,200 ft. . rock bluff 35 tt. wide. Developed by overshot waterwheel 12 ft. diam. by ft. face. Heail could be developed by dam in ravine. Heavy rock ; in three pitches ; possible small reser%'oir s little above falls. 98 ft. fall in about {m. rapid. 40 ft. fall, also 40 ft head in 500-1,000 ft. rapid above Developed by Fort Steele Mining and Smelting Co. a ' 6 might be combined for head of 180-200 ft. Head of 180 ft in 4,000 ft. pipe line : power developed by three 6 ft. Pelton wheels. nirect fall -A 75 1 90 ft. . ead in ,.. rapid ; gravel banks ; low dam might be placed abuut ^iri. above mouth. Direct fall 50 ft. ; total descent from Im. above fall to foot of rapids below, 240 ft. Said to be other sites further up creek. 100 ft. developed for electric light plant and sawmill : .•» in Pelton wheel *8ee Description of Power Tables. tConsidenibly more power is actually developed at certain seasons. t . COLUMBIA RIVER-POWE7 SITE TABLES ooLumiA Bifn Am nusoTAmiis-oiiTBicT no. i-r.,(««d 223 tiraCAH AKD 8lT« Waur- „ . I „ ihwl in ."«<* I Honw- ^«|.miln '" '•••, powM RcHtau ■tawpcrMk : I4X (Upiiia lOra. *bor< mouth DiortU r^ik (trib. 8lu«p rrok) : lkeekaD.3hiMk rtrar : Dam Kite n«ir ro«d bridge . . liO ' (below Handown cmk) tl»nc rapid . (.'Im above road bridic) riBdUy erMk : I Fint fall and rap da below . I (6m. above mouth) ''^ . Seeond (all aod caAon rapid . (10m above mouth) t.M Rapid juflt above mouth of South fork Whit* rlTtr : 1.S2 Rapid in eafton dm. above mouth) 130 .IV) 25 340 SO 3.10 300 3IS too 2M 25 400 30 PalllMr/lTtr : Cafion im. above mouth . Rapid* and falte 3m. above mouth * 270 40 154 DeviU Hole (alle (Hm. above mouth) 15 i Cafion 19m. above mouth. . . CouriTar 180 215 75 100 105 300a ... .10 Red o( etream and bank< iravelljr. H4id to have no power poaaibtlittea. 200 Bank roeky (ormaiuin. about 40 rt high ; (all about 40 ft. to mile. 400 Diieet (all 15 ft ; about rohm ft obtainable in in , bank* in place* high and rocky 2.JU) ►all 10 ft. ; .TOO ft fall in .1m rapid* ' -low at (all rorky bankii 20-»0 ft high I>rainaa irea inrludea large group of glaciera.{ S30 Fall 20 ft. in 400 ft. rapid* : rock caflon 30-30 ft widj. 40 to .W ft. high. Dam above cafion, with Im pipe-line might devefop 100 ft. head. 180 Continiution of rapid* about .W ft. per m timcB high and rocky. 350 Head in rapid* 30 ft per m abfive mouth. bank* aotne- ■aid to be no fall* fur 45m. 3.V) Dam might be built here : Imnk* *haly limeatone : rafioa 130 ft. wide. 1,500 40 ft in U . below I .< 500 30 ft. fall : total fa'l 175 ft in 4,.W0 ft : deep cafion .Jtal fall, 73 ft in im. 300 .52 ft. fall* ; total descent IW ft in 2.000 ft : narraw caflon with perpendicular rock walla 20 ft. apart, for 1,.500 ft. below fall* Said to have no power site^ in lower reach-*. TmnirrABm to tri abbow lakbs ■gfl* CTMk (near Edgewood) : I Rapid* about 2m. from mouth ; R a p i d * about .,'|m. from 156 J mouth : R a p i d * about 3im. (rom 1 mouth [Total in about 4m InonMtklln eraak : [Rapid below fall ! Inonoaklin fall (near mouth) rapid, above fall fall (at head of cafion) [Total head in l^m. Arrowpirk (.Moaquito) eraak : 158 Rapids in l^m. above mouth KiukuuserMk : 1.59 Cafion Im. from mouth (Falls 8m above mouth.. ,^ 1(800 ft below Nakusp Hot spring*) IRapids at Hot Springs 260a 1106 40 125r 500 40a; 326i lOrfl 150 90 '. 120 20 : 120 105 40 33ai . . '260 ft in about 2m rapids ; rocky banks. ... 110 ft in about ]m : rocky cafion, 175 ft wide. ,125 ft. in Im ; r.icky cafion 200 ft wide 430 Total head, about ol») it in le^* than 4m. ; include* a, 6 and r. . . . 10 ft in Im. rocky cafion at upper end. . . . .Direct (alt in rocky cuAon. . . . ■■* ft. in 200 ft , rocky cafion. . . Direct fall ; low ro-k banka ; old logging dam I .rmerly here. 300 Total head 90-100 ft in about l}m. al ivc mouth -i- i dudes a, 6, r ani ./. 50 20 ft. fall in lim higher up. Clay and *and banks h . £r*.vel 130 {Cafion 100 ft. long. 30 ft wio 100 25-.10 ft fall : natural dam o -V) ft. dee;^ rock ; rifCK;' banka. PofthkU o-Mk : [First fall. . 'Third fall... 181 {Fourth (all. 70a 256 80r 135d {Total head in im. 100 I 480 I 85 |20 (t. in .100 ft rapid ; rock banks and bottom. For ad- ditional head, n and 6 might be combined. Short cafion, walls 30ft. high, solid rock. jFor 2nd, 3rd, and 4th (alls, walls of cafion are 25-50 (t. I high at head and 60-123 ft. high at foot, rising mseriea ; o( benches. Above 4th fall banks are 15-20 ft. high, , gravel with bed rock in places. Old dam at head of I 4th (all and log chute to (oot 1,300 jTotal (all, including, a, 6, c and d, 480 (t in |m. from crest o( dam to below (alls. •See Description o( Power Tables. l3^ -^iniMf «; 70<-| 350 1 100a 401.; 450 ' 1,100 I 150 400 250- , 300 100 REyAns9 1,000 I 1,200 1,120 2,500 175 230 75 ft. head in 1.800 ft. rapids ; crest of dam to mouth . creek 115 ft. Saw-mill working head 72 ft, by Buii and 2 pipes 410 ft. long. Two turbines of .'50 and 1 60 f? in .500 ft.; creek bottom 20-25 ft. wide, high, pe pcndicular. rock walls. 70 ft in 250 ft. rapids ; above, creek flows in deep call; for 4m to forks and additional head may be obtained Head in Im. from mouth 350ft. Includes a. b and r. 100 ft. fall in 400 ft.; possible dam-site 250 ft. above I 40 ft. fall in 20ft.; possible dam-site at head of 2nd fal 450 ft. head obtained in 1 Jm.; includes a and 6. 1.000 ft. in about 3m.; series of rapids. StorageinAri ' strong and Staubert lakes. 100 ft fall in cafton 3.000 ft. long ; width 60-100 ft bottom ; walls broken rock. Dam site here. Operating stamp mill ; .325 h p. installed ; record 7 inches; greater head possible. Intake nearer mouth than Eva Mines intake, 200 h full capacity. Plant near mouth. Akolkolez river (Isaac creek) ; tlCpl Caflon and falls 2m. from mouth TBIBUTAKm TO COHTMBIA-KAILWAY BKLT WMT lUeeUlewMt rlTer ; tl69 Kevclstoke pOwcr plant IJm. east of city tl70 Caflon just below confluence; of .North Fork tl71 Albert Caflon gorge j tl72 Glacier House power plant ..j Jordan rlTer (trib. to Columbia at: Revelstoke); I I Lower caflon i 100 475 250 130 ..-.,, Jonlan falls 'I'pper caflon (Total in about Im ElCht-mila creek (trib. to Culum- bia, 8m. above Revelstoke); tl74 Falls and rapids . . V^ 12 400 72 iH) 27.> 60 55o I 226 80r 200 5,000},FallB 335 ft. in l.VP ft.; IM»sil>le total \«'.''^'_" ,■'•1''. Boi caflon 35 ft wide, 4,W ft long, banks 30-40 ft. hi i Other sites on upper reai-hes. 2 300 72 ft head developed by concrete dam .W ft high and I I 6 ft. diameter woo height 100-300 ft. Fluming here would be dime 200 m"t. in°loO ft. rapid an.l fall ; 12 J"™' e?*". ^1"' October. Concrete dam 15 ft. high. 10 ft. long . i line. 800 ft. of IS in. C.I.; two 25 k.w. generators. 5.-. ft. in 2.000 ft. rapids ; head of cafton l,.Mp ft. be falls ; rocky caflon. walls about 100 ft. high. Direct fall 22 ft . , , . ■. i, io.-,n SO ft. in 1.500 ft. rapids ; rocky caflon ; banks 40-.)U Head of about 155 ft posaible. combining a. b and c. SO ft. direct falls, and 110 ft. in 1.500 ft. rapid* ; t can be increased^ TEIBOTAEIBS TO COLUMBIA. WORTH OF KAILWAT BMLT Cemei creek -.i 175 Caflon Im. from mouth. 80 Balmon creek ; 176 Falls 1 m. from mouth Small ■eTmotir creek : 177 Rapids and falls near mouth .... Caflon 2tm. long ; no direct fall. Small lake. 10m Carnes creek is in Railway Belt except 1st mile t mouth. Has gooil fall near mouth, then low grade into Ry. B Good fall in rapids near mouth ; storage in lake ahnve falls. ^ » See Description of Fewer Tables. i Power sites on streams within the confinei of Hallway iseit. See records of stream flow. , „ ., » ,. Most of watershed lies within confinee of Railway Belt. Plate 24 OUESNEL RIVER -FALL ON NORTH FORK About two miles tielow Caribw lake. Attempt to construct fish ladder seen on left. (' ii ii! i! 1 ' 1 III BRIDGE RIVER— VALLEY ABOVE CARON Looking downatraam towards site of proposed dam, as indicated by white line. COLUMBIA RIVER— POWER SITE TABLES 225 ! fill ' i' OOLUMBIA BXTSE AIID TmOTABIir-innaiOT Ko. I— C.-i D scription of Power Tables ♦ IiKuitic iiTt ilata for t'Stimate. S/J0 ft. high. Development bouted proximity of C.P.Ry. Falls at head of caflon, 20 ft. : 135 ft. in 2m. rapW passible small pondage ; steep rocky. banks 30-50 high ; river 15-50 ft. wide : head optiona.. River flows in deep caflon with grade of about 60 to 70 per m. (or 10 miles. II .... , , , j.„ , 847t. (all ; banks 100-200 (t. high ; rocky bed : dam- " above (alls with tunnel nOOft.long. Power site in val o( small creek below (alls. Anchor ice to be contem 70 ft. in 600 ft. cascades ; bol caflon 600 ft. long, wii 3() ft. at water level, banks 30-100 (t. high. Sir storage in Shcrbrookc and Wapta lakes. Scenic beai o( Natural bridge must he preserved. 1.000 (t. fall in 3m. o( which -iat) ft. occurs in Im. rapw 400 (t in Jm. ; 100 ft. m Jm : steep ri«ky bar Storage in Wapta lake limited by C.P.Ry. trae Possible pipe line on old C.P.Ry. grade. 300 ft. fall in 4m. ; no particular fall or rapids, stre falls 80-100 ft. per m. ; rocky banks, heavily timbei Falls 280 ft. in 1,700 ft. rapids. Small development ( ing 100 h p. for 4 months in summer How very so in winter. 4 ft. Pclton wheel ; oteam auiiliary. Falls SO ft. in 900 ft. ; dam-site 300 yards from mou above dam-site flat open country for 2m. Vefy [' storage. More head by fluming down Kicking ll< VftilcV • * 110 ft. rapids in 5m. Power site on east bank at (oo caflonrdam-site at head ; rock caflon 300 (t. deep (t. wide at bottom. 350 »50 (t. (all in Jm. rapids ; series o( falls and rapid caflon of broken rock ; storage in .Sherbrooke li Small power possible at little eipense. Direct falls of 1,230 (t. Scenic beauty development. leauty. (orbids p'l t5rrn[^TotSlon".'sa*ldTo'b'et';e're ; river usually (ro.en over (rom December to March, inclusive ; glacial (cd. tPower sites on streams within the conflnes o( Railway Bell. grade is sleeper. See Kfporl of Geologual Surtcv "/ Canada, V ol. I. Part B, p. 141 , also Autiuae, inuu James While, lOl.'J ed., p. 15. , . . , ,. ..i.. z Drainage area above mouth ; y — dr:unage area above lake outlet. COLUMBIA RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES OOWMMA «IWE AFO TmiBPTA»m-DIlTMCT Ho. l-Conlinu,d 227 Stuah and Site W»t»r- shed in ■q.milea Canon cTMk: (Am louth of Oolden) t211 Ctllon No. 1, 4in. lone (foot of cftfion Iro. abovi mouth) U Head inf«et 800 Horse- power i.aoo RlHARKI MO ft. fall in 4m. rapid* Columbia Rivr> LumU. v,„. ,.^„„ni,amm n caflon. More rapida and ca&ons further up h:V...:i:'~a"' •->""".■ "^^ky canon, precipitooawalla; Cojumbia Rive. Lumber Co. haa smalldam near foot of TMBOTABIM TO OOLUMBM BITBB— tOPTH OF BAUWAT BILT. lAIT ■pUUnuebMn riTor : 212 Rapids in caAon <3m. from mouth) BufSboe cTMk :t 213 Falls and rapids in caflon . (2ro. from mouth) Falls and caflon (near trail croeainc 8m. from mouth) Falls 16m. above mouth. . Falls and rapids, 17m. above mouth South fork Bucaboo enok :i Rapida. im. above mouth. . Tamplaton enok : 215 Rapida in cafton (6m. above mouth) Dunbar (South Salmon) crook : (trib. Templeton) 216 Rapids in cafion (3m. from mouth) Sinclair crook : 217 Falls in rock cation (2m. above mouth) rontor (No. 2) crook : 218 FoMter falls (3m. above mouth) 100 219 i Rapida 6m. above mouth. . Fall in caSon 11m. above mouth 95 110 rrancoi (No. 3) crook : Fall 21m. above mouth . . Bonothicf crook : 220 Rapids in .Sii-mile ca«on and falls at head 221 Fall in caBon, 18m. above mouth 222 Falls, 37m. above mouth . . North fork BorHthlot crook. Bouldor crook (trib to Horaethief creek) Tobj ereok : j Caflon Urn. above mouth . 22.1 j Rapids 3Jm. above mouth. I (Caflon 11m. above mouth. . 25S 190 30 230 200 220 40 120 160 600 120 230 30 20 40 ISO 230 100 4,400 Caflon. broken rocky walls 40-80 ft. high ; 180 ft, fall in Im. ; possible dam-site. No natural storaae : severe winter conditions. 800 Two falls Im. apart ; one at head of caflon is 60 ft : Mlance of head in steep rapids, grade 90 ft. per m.. above and below ; steep rocky banka 40 ft. high. *urther investigation necessary to determine most economical head. 200 SO ft. fall in 400 ft. ; series of small falls ; deep, narrow rock caflon, walls 70 ft. high below falls. Falls of 37 ft. ; banka, (entle slopes between falls, suiublo lor fluminji. 300 12 ft. fall and 1 IS ft. in Im. repids. Falls 180 ft. in 3,000 ft. ; series of steep rapids. Haa about one-third flow of main stream below confluence. 230 ft fall in 1,200 ft. and 100 ft. in 600 ft. rapida in " JCt fall 83 ft. : rapida above fall, 97 ft. in 1,S00 ft ; rapids below, 50 ft. in im. Banka of alate and eon- glomerate, below falls 180 ft. high. Development ?nfi"E^ by tunnel (section 4 sq. ft.) ; timber dam, 70 ft. high, failed. Rapids 30Jt. in }m. ; high boulder and gravel banks ; 30 ft. head poeaible by low dam, flume, pipe line, etc. More rapida above. Said to be 25 ft. fall in caflon. Direct fall of 20 ft. reported. 90 75 SO 2,000 150 100 500 1,600 750 Falls 180 ft. in 2Jm. ; in 6m. falls 765 ft. : head optional. At head of caflon a aeries of falls gives head of 32 ft. Above falls, drains flat country sparsely timbered. Winters severe and fraiil ice to be contended with. Fall of 15 ft. : rock caflon, perpendicular walls 100 ft. nigh I possible dam ol 25 ft. ; more head might bo obtained by flume. Falla 150-200 ft. ; rocky banks. Falls 230 ft in 1,250 ft. Flow about i of mainstream. Columbia Valley Irrigation and Fruit Lands Co. take 60 sec.-ft. for irrigation. 60 ft. head poaaihie by dam near caflon mouth ; rock out- mI^'?'". • ™^'' "ravel and boulders underlaid by rock 280 ft. in 21m raiiidn By dam and flume, head 200 ft. ..htRinaMi- ; b inrludcs a. Banks covrrcJ with loose material with rock below. 100 ft. fall in 1,200 ft. rapids ; low dam possible above caflon ; stream .50 ft. wide : steep, rocky banks •See Deeeription of Power Tables. tHave')^r™«"'u "^' ""■'"■' "■• 'onBn" <>' Railway Belt. jnave b«.n partwlly ,nv..ti,ated by ProvincUl Water Righu Branch, Britiah Columbia. See Report for 1914, p H18. illil •Ji| il ' K u I 228 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION COLUMBIA Bim Am TBaOTABU*— OUTBIOT Me. I-CmUmwd SnzAH AND Site ■q.nuleii ' Jumbo en«k (trib. Toby creek) 224 Fall and rapid Dutch cTMk : 225 I'orth Fork rapid! (Urn. above confluence) Cold Ijirinc CTMk. . W«nn Iprinf cr—k WaterH „^ •bed in ""»* feet SO :40-«0 60 60 Small Small HorM- { power RUIABU 110 100 Fall of 20 ft. hai been blaated for log dr.ving ; 40 It. in 1,000 ft. rapids. Fall of 60 ft. in 5 )0 ft. of rapidi ; poMible dam-eiu. 10 It. or more- Said to have no power poesibilitie*. Sulphur ■prinm- i^aid to have no power poeaibilitiee. 8XAOIT mivn AIID TRIBUTABnS t ■kMUt Tint : , ., Boundary line to KIcatUwa creek Kleitilkwa creek to Suniallow river Sumallow river ♦o Hkaiat creek Above Skaiat creek Ufhtninff CTMk Muddj eiMk Ten-mil* eraak KlmUkwk CTMk : MaMlpuiik (Murphy) enek : (trib Klesilkwa) : 22a Kapids and falls SumkUow rirar : 227 Boi caAon above mouth Canon creok. Skalit creek : 228 Rapids... Has low grade. Uniform grade of about .50 ft. p<'r m. in narrow, rocky, heavily timbered valley. Inilorm grade of about T.l It. per mile. Grade is fairly uniform, being about 220 ft per m.; nowt in stsep, rocky valley. Rise* in Lightning lakes. Said to have no power site*. Mmall ; descends about 2.200 ft. in 9 milej. Small ; said to have no special power sites. In wide valley ; uniform fall of about 100 ft. per mile. Glacial stream with dependable *ummer flow ; woujd probably afford small powers ; about 3.ld rush and during the construction of the Canadian Northern railway, steamers ascended the Fraser as far as Yale, 100 miles from its mouth, but, as a rule, large craft do not ply above Chilliwack, 50 miles. The steamship service to Chilliwack, however, is subjected to severe competition by steam and electric lines. Tidal influence extends to Agassiz, 70 miles from the coast. At Yale the first caiion begins, and the river is confined between ' Fuller descriptions of various portions of the province may be found in the reports of the ror si Sjryiceand Water Rights and Survey Branches, Department of Lands, British C )Uimbia. Mrut descriptions of the streams in the Railway Belt are given ir Waler Resources Paper N<>. 1. Ki'frence may also be made to the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. Sm Bibliijgraphy. !i 230 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I : , f i ■■ ! i i solid rock walls, which, in many places, are only 200 or 300 feet apart. In some of these restricted passages, the river, during extraordinary spring freshets, rises as much as 80 feet above low water. The Fraser carton, 30 miles long, is noted for its rugged grandeur. Above the carton the banks are high, but the rock outcrop is not so much in evidence. The fall from Lytton to Yale is iibout 280 feet in 53 miles. As, in a general way, the great Interior plateau slopes downward towards the north, the Fraser river above Lytton lies in a deeply eroded, trough-like valley many hundreds of feet below its general surface. The height of these banks gradually decreases, but, not until Quesnel is reached, does the level of the river approach that of the surrounding country. Between Soda Creek and Lytton, 120 miles, the river falls about 800 feet, and, owing to the numerous rapids and cartons, is not safely navigable even for canoes. Graphic descriptions are recorded by early explorers who attempted to run this part of the river.* At Soda Creek it again becomes navigable, and from this point to Prince George steamers make regular trips during the open season, the only serious obstacles to navigation being Cottonwood and Fort George cartons, both of which have been improved. (See Plate 20.) Above Prince George, except at low stages, the Fraser is navigable for stem-wheelers to T6te Jaune. Much traffic passed over this stretch during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, but the difficulties of navigation and the comple- tion of the railway have made its navigation unprofitable. The watershed of the Fraser does not afford areas of agricultural land commensurate with its great expanse, but the wide stretches in the northern interior suitable for agriculture have been made accessible by the Grand Trunk Pacific railway. Near the mouth of the river very rich agricultural land is found in small benches and in extensive flats along the river bottoms. The delta of the Fraser contains some of the best agricultural land in the province. Some of it is subject to overflow, when a high spring tide with a westerly wind synchronises with a flood stage of the river. The flood stage of the river has been observed for many years. Gauge readings have been taken at Chilliwack since 1906, and are presented in Chapter XVI (See record No. 42). Only during the last few years, however, has a systematic study of the How of the river been undertaken. At present there are two stations maintained by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey — one at Hope, below the confluence of the Coquihalla, and the other at Lillooet, above the mouth of the Thompson. A study of these records reveals a wide range between the high and low water flows. Though the low-water conditions are not yet well ascertained, it seems probable that the flow of the Fraser above Lytton, with a drainage area of some 63,000 square miles, occasionally falls below 5,000 second-feet. This demonstrates that, during the winter inonths, there are extremely low dis- charges from many of its northern tributaries. The amount of water carried by the tributaries depends almost entirely upon whether they derive their • See Sandford Fleming's " Expeditions to the Pacific," in Transactions of Royal Society of Canada, 1S89. Vol. VII, pp. 89-141, especially p. 107: Montreal, 1890. 1 FRASER RIVER-TOPOGRAPHY 231 volume from the mountains of the Coast or eastern ranges, or lie wholly within the dry belt and have their drainage areas confined to a section of the Interior plateau. In the rapids and caflons which stretch from Yale nearlv to Soda Creek the waters of the Eraser are capable of developing, even at low stages, a large amount of power. It is true there are no pronounced falls, nor do the rapids occur in such proximity as to produce, in a short distance, any considerable head, yet there are numerous places where it would be possible to construct dams and concentrate the fall in the river. Such projects would, however require most careful examination from the economic standpoint. There are. moreover, several reasons why development of power on the main Fraser river will probably not very readily be undertaken— at least for a considerable time to come. First, fishing is the most important industry connected with the Fraser and, in the summer, salmon ascend the river in countless numbers to spawn in the upper lakes and smaller streams. To protect this industry it will be neces- sary to preserve most jealously the physical characteristics of the stream. In 1913 and 1914. during the construction of the Canadian Northern railway a rock slide formed an obstruction in the cafion above Yale, and, in turn, produced currents sufficient to seriously retard, or hold back, millions of salmon. The removal of the obstacle required the expenditure of over $100,000.* Second, there are difficulties of construction. As the railway tracks are m many places, but a few feet above extreme high water it is impracticable-^ below Lytton— to construct high dams, or to provide adequate means for con- trolling heavy flood flow. Third, on numerous tributaries, other powers, more easily developed and withm the range of economic transmission, are available. These tributary powers will make unnecessary, for many years to come, the harnessing of the mam stream below Soda Creek. (For view showing characteristics of Fraser valley see Plate 19.) Fourth, no effective storage could be obtained in the immediate vicinity of any proposed development on the lower river, hence, the low water flow, as modified by any works constructed on its tributaries, would determine the amount of power that could be made available. In the future, the lakes on the upper waters, more particularly on the Nechako river, may be used for storage. Fraser Riv-. '^^^ Fraser river, from its mouth to the confluence of th- below Lytton Thompson river at Lytton, has a length of about 150 miles. Near the mouth the climate is comparatively mild, and the rainy season usually lasts from October till March, with only a slight snow- tall in the lower valleys. The summers are cool and the precipitation adequate tor the growing season. In the main valley, precipitation averages about OU inches, but, on the upper slopes, it probably exceeds 150 inches. At Hope about 90 mdes from the mout'., the mean annual precipitation is from about Bar *H^nelte ^nd °Wh^Z°n^'^^^^^ conditions of the Fraser river at Skuzzy Rapids, China yea; 1913 n RW ,^i"f'^ ^"^^a,'? ^^^^'L^^ Commusxoner of Fisheries. British Columbia, for Fraser nlv^r ^flons ^"^^ ' ^- ^^ '""^^^ '""^""^^ ^''"''^ illustrations of the 1 ' f: 1 I ill H'ii }' ill, nil ft 232 COMMISSIOfI OP CONSERVATION n i li! TribntftfiM oc Loww truer 50 to 55 inches, including a larger proportion of snowfall. Here, the winters are colder and the maximum summer temperature higher. From Hope to Lytton there is a gradual merging into the climatic conditions prevalent in the dry belt. In the Lower Fraser valley fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce and other trees are plentiful and grow to great size — trees from 6 to 10 feet or more in diameter being not tmcommon. The undergrowth of ferns, nettles, devil's club, alder, etc., is frequently very dense. While the potential powers of the lower stretches of the Fraser are likely to remain unused for many years, the power possibilities of some of the tribu- taries may be developed. Jne has only to study the developments at the Coquitlam-Buntzen site ana on the Stave river to realize that powers of great aid to industries are lying latent in many of the smaller streams of British Columbia. In passing, brief mention may be made of some of the lower tributaries of the Fraser, such as Pitt river, Harrison lake, and Lillooet, Chilliwack, Coquihalla and Nahatlatch rivers. Pitt River — From the head of Pitt lake — a tidal lake — the valley is occu- pied by Pitt river, which, in its upper stretches, is a rapid stream with a fairly even grade, but stated to have no large power possibilities. Numerous tribu- taries are swift mountain streams, with, as a rule, considerable fall near their mouths. While some particulars are available, their power potentialities are, in most cases, unknown. Alouette River — A tributary to Pitt river below Pitt lake. About two miles from its mouth it forks, but both forks continue in the same main valley for some miles further. The main stream drains a mountainous water- shed of about 100 square miles. Of this area, 60 square miles lies above the outlet of Alouette lake, which v >0 miles long and 370 feet above sea level. The proposal to divert the waters of this stream for power purposes led to the famous 'Burrard Power care,' which established the jurisdiction of the Dominion of Canada over the waters within the Railway Belt. The North fork drains an area of about 20 square miles. It rises in Golden Ears mountain, at an elevation of about 4,000 feet, is a rapid mountain stream, and has some power possibilities. It is scheduled as the possible domestic supply to Maple Ridge municipality. Harrison Lake and Lillooet River — The small tributaries of Harrison lake have power possibilities. The Lillooet river flows into the head of Harrison lake, and drains a watershed of about 2,200 square miles. The portion of Lillooet river above Lillooet lake is about 50 miles long, drains an area of 1,600 square miles and rises in the mountainous country north of Jervis inlet ; near the Pemberton meadows, at the head of Lillooet lake, it has a tortuous channel and is sluggish. These meadows are snbjeft to flooding, and a scheme has been proposed to drain them by lowering Li lake. The lower portion of the river falls about 640 feet between Lillooet i < Harrison lakes — a distance of 30 miles. Pl»l»» OUESNEL RIVER— DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH GOLD MINING A. — Dam at outlet of Quesnel laka, showing sluicegates. B. — Dam at outlet of Quesnel lake, showing sptllway. C. — View on Twenty-mile creek, showing typical hydraulic placer rr'-y' PRASER RIVER— TOPOGRAPHY 233 Ckilliwack River rises in Chilliwack lake, which has an area of 2,600 acres, at an elevation of 2,130 feet. It now discharges into Sumas lake— low water! 9 feet ; extreme high water. 36 feet. The Chilliwack formerly flowed into the Fraser river through a number of channels, but some twenty years ago it was diverted by a dam, through Vedder River channel, into Sumus lake. Its watershed is well wooded, is mountainous and approximates 450 square miles. About one quarter of this lies in the state of Washington. The valley is in the coastal region and probably has an annual precipitation of 40 to 70 inches. The fall of 2,000 feet in about 25 miles indicates tiiat the Chilliwack possesses power potentialities. There are, however, no pronounced falls, and any development might prove expensive. Control of it5 severe freshets would greatly benefit agricultural lands near its mouth. Coquihalla River is a swift mountai; stream ; it falls into the Fraser at Hope and drains a watershed of about 335 square miles. The mountains rise steeply from the narrow valleys of the main stream and its tributaries, the river being frequently bordered by steep cliffs. The vegetation is coastal and undergrowth is dense. In 33 miles it descends 3,000 feet in a succession of rapids, without any very pronounced falls. There is, however, one descent of 15 to 20 feet about one-half mile above the Natural bridge, and several schemes for its develop- ment have been proposed. In 1913, the British Columbia Water Rights Branch investigated* the power possibilities near its mouth, where there are three distinct box caflons with rock walls, almost overhanginp the water i. some places. Alternative schemes have been suggested. In f ch case, an intake dam 60 feet high, at the head of the upper box caiion about 5-3 miles from the mouth, has been proposed. One scheme pro- poses a tunnel 2,600 feet long, developing a head of 225 feet ; the other, a tunnel 3,900 feet long, developing a head of 315 feet. The suggested dam would flood about 140 acres, but no extensive storage could be provided without hif a and costly dams. The power development, consequently, would be limited by the low-water flow. The proximity of the Kettle V^alley railway would have to be considered in any proposed power development. Nahatlakh River is the largest tributary of the Fraser between Hope and Lytton. It rises in the Coast mountains and drains approximately 425 square miles. There are four lakes. The upper three lakes are at practically the same elevation and aggregate 7 miles in length. The fourth and lowest lake is about one-half mile long and receives the drainage from an area of 300 square miles. Above it the river falls 15 to 20 feet in one-half mile of rapids. Below the lowest lake, a dam could be built which would 'drown out' all the lakes and would flood portions of a wide valley above the uppermost lake. The lakes are at an elevation of about 900 feet. Below their outlet the river falls 550 feet in a series of rapids 8 miles long. Two important tributaries join the river below the lake. A fairly large power development is possible on this stream, but its cost would require careful investigation. • See Annual Report of Minister of Lands, British Columbia, for 1913, p. D147, ll t I 234 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Thompeon Ri^er The Thompson river was named after the famous geographer, David Thompson. It is the most important tributary of the Fraser and drains one of the more settled areas of the interior of the province. The Thompson river, from the head of the North Thompson, is 280 miles long and drains an area of about 21.500 square miles. The North Thompson and South Thompson have their confluence at Kamloops. The North Thomp- son has considerably the heavier mean flow and drains a watershed of about 7,850 square miles, while the drainage area of the South Thompson is about 6,750 square miles. In summer, the Thompson river is navigable from Kamloops lake to Shuswap lake on the South branch. The North Thompson is also navigable from Kamloops upstream for 90 miles and also along certain stretches above this point. For purposes of description it is convenient to consider the watershed drained by the Thompson as subdivided into two main sections : First, the area lying in the dry belt ; second, the area further east, draining a portion of the westeriy slopes of the Monashee mountains. While these areas gradually merge into each other, marked differences of precipitation over these two regions reflect striking differences in attendant phenomena. In the dry belt the plateaus are generally covered with scattered bull pine and small timber, and the valleys are narrow. There are also mountains with elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet, on which are found good fir and some cedar and hemlock. (See Plate 10.) The climate of the dry belt is characterized by a low mean annual precipi- tation of from five to fifteen inches. The summer rainfall is small and the snowfall varies from one to two feet in the valleys to four to six feet in the hills. The summers arq very hot and dry. with cool nights. The winters are dry and -old. with short spells of extreme cold, when the thermometer may drop to 40° below zero. Owing to the requirements of irrigation, the stream-flow of the dry belt has been specially studied by oflficers of both the Dominion and Provincial governments. Up to the present time, nearly all the irrigation in British Columbia has been based on gravitation supply from the smaller creeks. Com- paratively little has been done to store the waters of the spring floods and still less to provide a supply from the larger rivers by pumping. The warm sun in April and May, assisted by Chinook winds, melts the snow, and freshets occur usually about the second or third week in May. The flow decreases in June, and, during July and August, when the water is required for irrigation, many water-courses arc almost, or wholly, dry. The autumn rains are light and cause a barely perceptible increase in the flow, while in winter the creeks are frost-bound. The foregoing demonstrates that, in the valleys of the lower Thompson and of its tributaries, the interests of irrigation are paramount. There are. however, some streams on which power developments, possibly in connection FRASER RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 235 with irrigation projects, might be undertaken in order to provide, at certain seasoas, a limited amount of power. Between Kamloops lake and Ashcroft, 20 miles below, the Thompson river falls 200 feet. Between Ashcroft and Spence Bridge it falls 225 feet in 25 miles, and between Spence Bridge and its mouth, at Lytton. it falls 320 feet. For reasons explained more fully in discussing the Fraser river, the chief being the railways constructed on its banks, it is improbable that any attempt will be made in the near future to develop the large water-power potentialities of the Thompson. The more easterly portion of the Thompson watershed includes the tribu- taries to Shuswap lake (except Salmon river which lies in the dry belt) and the upper portion of the North Thompson and its tributaries. The agricultural development is here less advanced and much of the ground is rolling and rather hard to clear. There is good timber in the valleys and on the mountain slopes. The high water elevation of Shuswap lake is 1,149 feet. The mountains at the headwaters of its tributaries rise to elevations of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. The precipitation over this portion of the watershed ranges from IS inches on the borders of the dry belt to 40 or 50 inches on the higher mountains. The runoff from the various streams reflects this higher precipitation, and the district is well supplied with water-power. Several small streams have been developed, the most important being the Kamloops city plant on Barridre river. Tribntuiet to Thompson River The more important tributaries of the Thompson are as follows : Nicola River drains an area of 2,650 square miles. It flows out of Nicola lake at an elevation of 2,020 feet and descends 1,300 feet in 45 miles to its mouth at Spence Bridge, its watershed lying in the dry belt. The Nicola valley is a well-known ranching country, and mining is also carried on. The water-power possibilities are limited to a few very small powers on some of the tributaries. The Canadian Pacific railway follows the banks of the main stream and would render it difficult to make any developments thereon. Bonaparte River drains an area of 2,050 square miles. The watershed lies in the dry belt, and the waters of the streams are required for irrigation. There are several lakes at its headwaters at elevations of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet : the largest, Bonaparte lake, is about 10 miles long, 2 miles wide, and at 3,834 feet above sea. Much of the lower land is irrigated and is now under cultivation. North of the Railway Belt the altitude of the valleys is higher, hence the preci- pitation is a little heavier, and there is more timber. For the last four miles of its course the river flows through a deeply eroded caiion. A small develop- ment was made here for lighting the town of Ashcroft, but in the spring of 1913 the plant was put out of commission by a washout. Deadman River drains an area of 500 square miles. It rises in several small lakes at elevations of about 4,000 feet. It is in the dry belt and, while power developments would be subservient to irrigation interests, there are several small power possibilities. i' i ' 236 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION . ii. ' !■ ! Adams River has a drainage area of about 1,215 square miles. There are large areas of valuable timber on the watershed, and the Adams River Lumber Co. has built a dam for lumbering purposes about a mile below the outlet of Adams lake. The lower river offers an excellent power site and Adams lake — area of about 54 sq. miles — affords valuable storage. This potential power is of great economic importance in connection with the develop- ment of this territory. Shuswap River, also tributary to Shuswap lake, drains a watershed of 2,050 square miles. There are two power sites on this river, one below Mabel lake and one at the canon 12 miles above Mabel lake. In connection with the latter, extensive studies have been made under the direction of Mr. A. R. Mackenzie, for the Couteau Power Co. (see p. 173), and an ultimate develop- ment of about 18,000 h.p. is contemplated. (For Shuswap River cation see Plate 21.) The tributaries of the North Thompson are not as well known as those of the South Thompson. The Barri^re river has been partially developed by the city of Kamloops. On Murtle river, tributary to the Clearwater, there is an undeveloped power of considerable magnitude. Many other tributaries to the North Thompson, particularly those from the i';<.st, are known to possess opportunities for smaller developments. See list of water-powers for a sum- mary of the information available. Tributaries to Bridge River is the first large tributary to the Fraser river above Co^nmetot t^^ confluence of the Thompson. It was explored by miners Thompson in 1858, and was prospected nearly to its source. The valleys of its upper tributaries penetrate the eastern slopes of the Coast mountains. It drains 2,540 sq. miles of extremely mountainous country. Bridge river may be divided into four portions, viz., the river below the cafion, the cafion itself, the river immediately above tne caflon, and the upper waters. Bridge river, between its mouth and the confluence of the North fork — a distance of 16 miles — has alluvial benches at each side and lies in a narrow valley between steep mountain slopes. There is insufficient precipitation for agricultural purposes, but the benches, when irrigated, yield good crops. The canon is situated above the confluence of the North fork. It is 12 miles long and is very rugged. The fall in the cafion averages over 50 feet to the mile, and, being fairly evenly distributed along its length, produces a succession of rapids. It is, generally speaking, a succes- sion of narrow gorges followed by wider gravel bars ; at places it narrows to a width of 120 feet. Upper Bridge river — the stretch above the canon — is a sluggish stream flowing through a narrow valley, at no place more than a mile wide. The banks are low and are overflowed during the freshet season. The valley is bounded by steep mountains. (For dam-site in Bridge River valley see Plate 24.) The upper waters consist of several mountain streams, drain- ing, for the most part, narrow valleys. There are a number of mines on these streams, chiefly on Cadwallader creek. There are no large lakes on Bridge river or its tributaries, and the runofif varies between wide limits. The precipitation increases towards the head- ■1 FRASER RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 237 Waters. Power developments on the Bridge River watershed are limited to a few mining plants on the tributaries, but the contemplated diversion of the waters of the main stream to Seton lake, by means of a tunnel, constitutes one of the larger power potentialities in this part of the province. (See page 171, for further details.)* The Chilcotin river is about 145 miles long and drains an area Chilcotiii Rjyer of about 7,000 square miles of the westerly section of the great Interior plateau, t Southwestward from Chilcotin post office, the country has a rolling sur- face, spreading wide and sloping slightly towards the Chilcotin valley, which appears like a deep gash in the midst of an extensive plateau. Beyond the valley the plain extends for many miles, inclining slowly upward to the gentle slopes of a bounding range of wooded hills, above which rise the snow- clad peaks of the far distant Coast mountains. (For view of Chilcotin valley and plateau, see Plate 22, also compare view opposite p. 236 in Report of Geological Survey of Canada for 1875-76.) The Chilcotin plateau is generally open and prairie-like, diversified with patches c' woodland and covered with a good r^rowth of bunch grass. This formi a hne stock-raising region, and parts o t are already occupied by ranchers. The district is, in large part, underlain by Tertiary rocks, chiefly volcanic. ! greater portion of the Chilcotin watershed lies in the dry *^°lt. The brai. . which retains the name Chilcotin gathers its waters from several creeks, which, in turn, drain small lakes lying on the plateau about 50 miles east of the Coast mountains. This branch has a small flow, and has no important falls or rapids. The major portion of the flow of the river comes from the south branch, the Chilko, which drains Chilko lake. Chilko lake, one of the larger lakes of British Columbia, is about 48 miles long, from 3 to 4 miles wide, about 97 square miles in area and lies partly surrounded by high mountains of the C...st mountains, many of which are snow-covered all the year. It is about 3,880 feet above sea and may afford storage. Some of its tributaries have their source in glaciers. At the confluence of the Chilko and Chilcotin the river lies about 2(m) feet below the general surface of the country (see Plate 22). Downstreuin the valley gradually deepens and widens and, at Hanceville, 25 miles below, it is 400 feet below the plains. At its confluence with the Eraser, 28 miles below Hanceville, the floor of the valley has dropped until the river is no less than 1,800 feet below the general level of the Central plateau. Except at one or two points, where there are short cafions, the river flows between banks com- posed chiefly of sand and gravel, with occasional "slides." The chief power site listed in the tables is at the first cation. Here the walk -re of rock and rise to a height of over 80 feet. The rock channel proper has a length of about 800 feet. Above and below the canon the river has clay cut-banks varying in height from 300 to 500 feet above low water. Back *at; " Report on Briagc River" in Annual Report of Minister af Lands, Brilish Columbia, for 1912, pp. D273, et seq. Also, Annual Report of Minister of Mines, British Columbia, 1910, pp. 134, el seq. t See Report of Geological Sunny of Canada, 1875-76, p. 234, ei seq. 238 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ■ '!■ I Of these there are a few narrow benches, wooded on the south, but open and grass-covered on the north. Steep side hills rise to the geneml levef of the open praine country at an elevation of between 1.800 and 2.000 feet above the TZw>%w. \^7'' P°l^'^'''^'^« ^'^ «^id to exist on Big creek and on JfflJ (Whitewater) nyer. but the district as a whole does not appear to afford much scope for desirable developments. ' ^^ "^ ^° 0«e«.el Ili,« X""'"''' "^^'' "^'"^^ ^^'^' J"^^" ^^^^""^« Q^esnel. is one of yue«el RiTT the more important tributaries of the Fraser. Its watershed area in th. ^f ^" "^* °^ f °"' ^'^^ '^"^"^ "'"^^ ^"^^ '"'^•"des a large area m the southern portion of the Cariboo range. The North fork drains about 1.000 sq. miles and the South fork about 2,500 sq. miles The Cariboo district may broadly be divided into two parts : First that porhon o the country which has an elevation above sea level of from 1.800 to 4.000 feet, and comprises the large valleys and plateaus of earlier periods which are traversed by the larger old river channels such as the Quesnel R^ve; system ; and. second the more elevated portion, as represented by the moun- tainous reg.'on around Barkerville. fine/nf *.h' ^"^^^ ^^"1^°'! '^f gravel-bearing streams, after leaving the con- 1^1 f H ""T Tif^"''"^ "^""'y'' •'""" '"'° ^'^'' ^^'^ ^^^^ level valleys or plains^ Here, for the most part, their courses are less rigidly defined their flow bemg slower and their channels larger.* aennea. tneir v.11.3*1''h t^ '"^'^''^ difference between the climates of the lower Quesnel valley and the upper portion of the watershed. Thus, at Quesnel. the mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches, and. in dry summers, in-igation's practised ; while at Quesnel Forks and above, the physical appearances !nd cate a considerably greater precipitation. The lower ri ^er valley, in gene"a passes through a district composed of gravelly hills, and high beLh lands thinly timbered with poplar, birch and other small growth. Jew patches o a de true ive fire. About five miles above the mouth of the river, i.^ the First canon-simply a great gash cut by the river in the gravel hank wh ch are constantly sliding into it. This so-called 'canon' I not suitaLl" or power development. From the 'canon' to the Forks the character of the g ave' bars formed by the frequent slides. (For typical country in vicinity oJ Quesnel river, also cut-banks, see Plate 23.) ^ <=t.nH,'r''" '!!' T"'*" ^"'^ '^' ^°'^' '^^'^ '' °"'y °"^ f'l^o'-able site for sub- Her. tl''"'''' ^^"^'"P'"^"^' "r^'y- -' - --^ck canon about 20 miles upstream S 2 000 f"ir T^"'' -° ' r''' V '° "" ''''■ ^"'^ ^^"^ ^b-t --n feet in 2 000 feet. The canon has rock walls and forms an excelleri dam site Probably a head of from 25 to 40 feet might be obtained. None of the tr bu" tanes below the Forks afford scope for large power development4he largest Beavei^creek, has a normal summer flow of about 30 to 50 second-feet at £ /i,^r/':;Z;;!;';.^°5;X%»U^^ of Canboc-by Amos Bowman, in '/^l /v9 FRASER RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 239 mouth, and is said to be almost dry at low water. (For power site on Quesnel river see Plate 23.) The North fork of the Quesnel drains Cariboo lake and the South fork carries the discharge of Quesnel lake. Cariboo lake is 10 miles in length by one mile in width, and occupies the southern end of a low depression which is drained by Swamp river and extends many miles to the north. Quesnel lake has an area of about 133 square miles, and extends easterly in a narrow valley for some 70 miles, having a north urm about 18 miles long. It is usually closed by ice from November to March. The North fork drains a district which appears to have an average precipitation rather larger than that of the area drained by the South fork. Owing to the regulating influence of Quesnel lake, especially as modified by the dam at the outlet, it is probable that, on the South fork, the range between high and low water is less than on the North fork. The difference of elevation between Quesnel Forks and Quesnel lake — a distance of seven miles — is 235 feet. If a dam of sufficient height to regulate the lake level were erected below the outlet of Quesnel lake and a flume and pipe-line constructed to a power site on the South fork, one mile above Quesnel Forks, an effective working head of 200 to 220 feet might be secured. A favourable location for the pipe-line might be found along the benches adjacent to the road from Quesnel Forks to the lake. i r view of the fact that storage is afforded by Quesnel lake, that the water- shed lies in a region of considerable precipitation, and that the development would be comparatively easy, this is probab'y the best large power possibility on the tributaries of the Fraser north of Bridge river, and hence is of great economic importance in connection with the development of this part of the province. Alternative methods for developing this head are suggested in the tables, but the scheme outlined above would probably prove the most satis- factory. The North fork of the Quesnel is not so large as the South fork. For the first six miles it is a swift stream with, here and there, broken water. It flows between high gravel banks, and has, in places, cut-banks several hundred feet high. The falls, two miles below Cariboo lake, have a descent of 12 feet. The additional fall in rapids above and below gives a possible head of 60 feet in half a mile. Suitable dam sites ex! t, and a dam near the falls would control Cariboo lake for storage. Below the falls the North fork descends between 30 and 40 feet per mile and additional head might be developed by fluming along the northwest side of the river. (For views on North and South forks see Plates 24 f-.nd 25.) For a similar distance the total head obtair.able on the North fork might be rather more than on the South fork but, owing to the smaller watershed and the lesser facilities for storage in Cariboo lake, less power would be secured. In addition to these main power sites there are no doubt several streams tributary to Quesnel and Cariboo lakes which would afford opportunities for smaller developments for mining and other local pur- puacb. The Cariboo district has, for over half a century, been famous for its gcld- bearing streams. In the past a large amount of gold has been taken from the m % 240 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION [ft placers of the Quesnel and lesser streams in the Barkerville dis« rict. In 1896-97 a dam* was constructed at the outlet of Quesnel lake at a c^'t of >:S0,000.' It cut off the supply of water to the South fork, but unfortunately the amount of gold found in the river bed proved insufficient to make the undertakine profitable. (See Plate 25.) Works for the control of water for mining purposes are usually constructed for temporary use only. Thus there are throughout the province, and especi- ally m the Cariboo district, a great number of abandoned ditches and appur- tenant works. The ditches are the most permanent of all the evidences of past activity, and may be followed around the hillsides for many miles. Refer- ences to these old plants are made in the Reports oj the Minister of Mines, British Columbia. The most extensive installation of its kind in British Columbia is that of the Quesnel Hydraulic Gold Mining Co. on Twenty-mile creek, a tributary of the Quesnel. about five miles below Quesnel Forks.f (See Plate 25.) The widespread occurrence of gold in the gravel deposits of the Quesnel river had long been known. To secure an adequate water supply at sufficient elevation for hydraulic mining operations, the Quesnel Company installed an extensive system for the diversion of water from Swift river to Twenty-mile creek. The ditch system is 25 miles long and includes three inverted siphons The diverting dam is 35 feet high and 600 feet long, the catchment area is about 200 square miles and the working head about 500 feet. The cost of the entire equipment is said to have been about $1,000,000. Very extensive tests of the gravel deposits were made previous to the installation of the plant, but the practical working did not come up to expectations and. in 1913, the plant was shut down. Blackwater '^^^ Blackwater river discharges into the Eraser from the west, River ■^S miles above Quesnel. As the West Road river, it is men- tioned in the Travels oj Alexander Mackenzie, as the point at which he left the Fraser and struck westward on his famous overland journey, m 1793, to the Pacific. It drains 5,000 square miles of the Interior plateau' and is about 150 miles long. East of the Telegraph range it flows through a deeply-eroded channel, about 200 feet below the level of the plateau.t The Blackwater rises on the slopes of the Itrha and Ilgachuz mountains isolated ranges rising to ?.n elevation of 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the plateau! Compared, however, with the great peaks of the Coast mountains lying to the west, their mass and altitude are insignificant, and cannot seriously modify the climate of the district. Precipitation, however, is probably rather heavier m their imm ediate vicinity. Snow may usually be found on their northern * A raceway is cut out along the north bank of the river. It is faced with cribbine and sheet pihng, ,s 400 feet long. 127 feet wide and has 9 regulating gates^lach 1 2 4 f^t wWe at the upper end. These gates may be raised to an extreme height of 19 fe^Jt To the rithrof the raceway and at the upper end of the island is a pier 220 feet long and 1 feit h^h f b^ve low water. The remaining section of the dam is in the form of a segment of circle of 415 feet radius It IS 93 feet wide at the base with a planked slope, heavily rocked sSeuostrea^ tSee Ceoloeuat Suney of Canada, Report of Progress, 1875.76. pp^ 241 el ^eq. ' ^' Plate 26 BLACKWATER RIVER F^SlSw'Tsa™" ™e '"■ ^"'' '"""' "' """^ ''leply Brmlect river channels in the mter.or of the prov,n<» Gallon at Telegraph Trail crossing. Cascades lielow Chine lake. il! iiiil : t ■ ( FRASER RIVER-TOPOGRAPHY 241 Slopes during the greater part of the summer months, and it is from this source that the Blackwater river derives the bulk of its summer flow. The Telegraph range is not of sufficient elevation to aflect, to any great extent, the climate of this district. The watershed of the Blackwater river lies entirely within the dry belt. There are no precipitation data from stations within its borders. An estimate based on the record of the nearest stations and on reports from various sources! would indicate an annual precipitation cf from ten to fifteen inches. However where affected by local ranges of mountains, the quantity may either be in- creased or decreased. The upper part of its watershed, except in the immediate vicinity of the Itcha and Ilgachuz mountains, probably has less precipitation than the more easterly portion. The timber is mostly jackpine, with some small spruce, poplar and willow brush on the bottom lands. There is little undergrowth except on the river banks and much of the wooded country is of an open, park-like character Considerable areas on the western side of the Telegraph range ha.e been devastated by recent forest fires, and very little old timber remains on the watershed. Of the rivers of the province which drain areas in excess of 3 000 square miles, the Blackwater probably has the lowest runoff per square mile • There are numerous small lakes in the Blackwater district, and some expansions of the river and its tributaries, but their combined area is not great, neither do they afford much opportunity for storage. A slight improvement might be made m the regimen of the stream, by the control of the discharge above the cascade at the outlet of Cline lake, and possibly below the outlet of Tsacha (Long) lake, some distance above the waterfall. Opportunities for extensive power development on the Blackwater do not exist. Details of the possible power sites are given in the tables. The chief points where small powers might be developed are at Blackwater canon • the rapids in the Telegraph range ; at the cascades and at the waterfall ' (See Plate 26.) ' Of the tributary drainage areas of the Fraser. the area drained Nechtko River by the Nechako is next in magnitude to the Thompson River .^^^,. watershed. The total watershed of the Nechako is about 17,900 square miles, thus exceeding the area-14.300 square miles-drained by the Fraser nver above their confluence at Prince George. The upper Nechako -the portion of the river above the mouth of Fraser Lake stream— rises on the eastern slopes of the Coast mountains and flows, in an easteriy direction through the Tetachuck Lake and Ootza Lake branches to Natalkuz lake, thence north- easteriy to its confluence with Fraser Lake outflow. The watershed of the upper Nechako. including the Fraser Lake tributary, is about 9,000 square miles, of which 5,000 square miles lies above the outlet of Natalkuz lake. R,* V'%^"'^\,^'^^^^' °i ^^e Blackwater Wis commented on as early as 1828- see Peace f t- Si •r 242 COMMISSION OF CONS \r A 1" I O N -•'I The ' dry belt ' extends over a large part of this watershed, and the flow of the tributary streams depends upon the character of their respective water- sheds. Probably more than 75 per cent of the flow at Eraser Lake confluence comes from above Natalkuz lake. In summer the discharge from Cheslatta lake falls to less than 40 second-feet. Valuable storage could be obtained on Frangois lake for the power site at its outlet. The discharge of the lake is affected by the direction and strength of the wind. The outlet from Franjois lake is quite restricted, the waters flowing through a deep caiion. Its tributary watershed, however, is relatively small, and does not extend to the Coast mountains. The Entiaco, Endako and Tatalkuz, tributary streams, are small. Storage may be secured on numerous rather large lakes, such as Teta- chuck, Natalkuz, Cheslatta, Francois, end possibly also at the outlet of the Eutsuk lake. Many tributaries of the Nechako rise in the snow-covered peaks of the Coast mountains. This, in conjunction with the regulating effect of the lakes, even under natural conditions, indicates the probability that the discharge from the Nechako is more uniform than that from other tributaries of the Fraser. Particulars of the various power sites are listed. The Grand caiSon is worthy of furtaer investigation. If developed, in conjunction with a storage site at Natalkuz Lake outlet, it might form a valuable power. (See Plate 27.) The lower Nechako flows through a country described as "constituting the greatest connected region susceptible of cultivation in the province of British Columbia,"* — but possibly an exception would have to be made in favour of the Peace River territory. The Grand Trunk Pacific railway follows the Nechako valley from Prince George to Fraser lake. This district is de- veloping, and will, no doubt, eventually become one of considerable agri- cultural activity. The Chilako valley and the country bordering the Nechako river, especially on the ,outh side, contain a large area of land suitable for Agriculture. There are many extensive patches of open grassy land and occasional fine groves of cottonwood of good size. Arid or semi-arid conditions are maintained from the eastern foothills of the Coast mountains, westerly, to the Telegraph range; but, east of the latter, there are clear evidences of a greater precipitation which, in normal years, is probably sufficient for agricultural purposes. The country between Fraser lake and Prince George, through which the lower Nechako flows, has the appearance of an extensive fertile plain, com- paratively level and well wooded. From the river, no high hills are visible. About a mile belo".- the Fraser Lake stream, there is a rapid with low cliffs of basalt. Seven miles below, the river becomes contracted and rapid and breaks through some low rocky hills. Ten miles below, a second rapid occurs, with small rocky islets, and from this point to the junction of the Stuart — 38 miles — the river flows in a fairly direct course. On the upper part of this 38-mile stretch, the land level seldom rises 50 feet above the stream, but, as the river descends, it eventually appears to stand * See Report, Geological Survey of Canada, 1879-80, p. 30B. ;. J FRASER RIVER-TOPOGRAPHY j„ g™«,al level ot the plain The rivtTo,. ^ T™ ""' ""' ™'' ■l'« semicircle i„ passi„/,h,™«h ' 1„" Va'^o'TkH' """'' .T" """"*' " which Is . „pid. „„e ot the w„„. on Se lowTr k hak^ Th ""' ""' f mi.« iX^Tet :; la^'latranTe:' T" ''T '^"'" over 200 miles, to north of latitude S-Jpc '^""^^ northwest for nver its course is 50 Ji^es i!, 1 ' ^h an^ excerat two"' tH^ '° ^'^ ^'^'^'^'^^ ■s sluggish. The banks are generaHy low Ld 7J T" ^T' ''' ^"^ extending about ten miles on each side of the river. ' '' ''"'' '°""^^>' The waterways from Prince George to Fr-»«^r i.i, ., . nver and Jake are all navi;:able at certIS stLcT n ^"'^ ^''^ ^^"^^ the proximity of the Grand Tmnt p/ « T ^.""^" stem-wheelers, but water transport on the tolj N^hLo V£d^^ 'T",''^ "'^^^^''^'''^ ^- advisable, it would be possible toTrnL ^^^"''l/"^"^^ development make it a water route from the K::^LV7:Z:'S ?:r^Z'' '' '' '° ^^'^^^ paratively small. consequently, the low-water flow is com- by tht irer'N^S'fhe'wir"''' "'^^ '""^ characteristics of that drained large. There are t:':^^' on rsTurt' '""'"'f ^ ^^^ "^"'^'^•- — °- -^ lower Nechako. In each case ,t would h"'",' ""t ""T^^"' ''''' °^ '""''^ °" the the construction offensive wo kTv ' '"^'"'^ development, involving Of the railway tracSTd^rptsibilit-Td;^^ some cas-s limit the hoad 4t t», ' • '"'**^^ "^ back-floodmg would n t>e bu,.t to controf Stuart lake for s"tcrar''Vo" 1 ''^ '^"^^^ "^'^^ ^ '^"^ -'^'^' b^.. found on the adjacent tributary streams ?t m f h"" ' P^f^''^'"^'- ^ave t!>at, when the demand is sufficien to waTrant hTJ ,^°'"''^ °"'' ^"^'"''^ available on the upper Kechak-n t\o warrant the development of the power -Hus of modern h^h ttln'^.t^Sr '"^ '''''''' '' ^•^" ^^^^^^ '^^• Between Prince George and the mouth of Bear river the unner Fraser r.ver makes its great northern "bend arotd The ;eve.esthedirSn7rflo:fltSL?Src T"^^'^'^ ^"^ "^" Boar r>ver. Between Bear river arTTTte Jaune Lf '« '° "°''^"'^' ^' Intermontane valley, elsewhere described '' ^"''^^ ^°^^ '" ^^^ g^^^* rniles^:Sv? TVe'Va^Sr neaTthr^'^^''^ ''' '^"' ^°'"— ^^-^ ^0 jaune near the confluence of Grand Fork river At • S... Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for im.77. pp. 52 ,/ ^. Upper Fraser River I nji iiii; 244 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION i T*te Jaune the valley is two miles ' ade, and, from this point, it maintains s northwesterly course for 150 miles, gradually increasing to four miles in width at Goat river, ane* to about eight miles at Catfish creek. The valley floor is at a mean elevation of 2,250 feet above sea level, and is bounded on each side by high mountains from 6.000 to 9,000 feet in elevation. The highest peak of the Rocky mountains, mount Robson, elevation 13,068 feet, is at the head of the Grand Fork tributary. The larger part of the upper Fraser valley was, at one time, covered with heavy timber. At the present time, there are patches, mostly near the foot of the high bordering mountains, which, in the size of the individual trees and the density of the undergrowth, resemble the Pacific Coast forests. Forest fires have destroyed large areas. At present, except for the patches of large timber above mentioned, the valley is covered with a light growth of jackpine (up to 18 inches, with an area of second-growth spruce, fir and cedar (up to 30 inches). The banks of the river are generally bordered by Cottonwood, alder and willow. The lower and more northern portion of the valley has a somewhat highei precipitation than the southern portion of the valley and the timber growth is correspondingly heavier. The valley contains considerable areas of land suitable for settlement. The bottom lands are from five to twenty feet above the river and the bench lands from 40 to 200 feet higher. For some time to come, lumbering will probably constitute the chief industry in the valley. Throughout its entire length, the river follows a very winding cotirse, meandering from side to side of the valley. The current varies from two to seven miles per hour, but, in general, is about three miles. During high-water stages the river was navigated from Prince George to T«te Jaune during the building of the Grand Trunk Pacific railway in 1912 and 1913, but, with the passing of railway construction, most of the traffic disappeared. Except, possibly, at the Grand caflon, 100 miles above, there are no power sites on the main river between Prince George and T6te Jaune. Several of the tributaries, more particularly those coming from the Rocky mountains, afford possibilities for power developments, and, on some of these, storage lakes at considerable elevation above the main valley are reported. This territory, however, has not been examined in detail and its power possibilities are by no means adequately known. The higher reaches of the upper Fraser extend to the vicinity of Yellow- head pass. Six miles below the summit, and a mile west of Yellowhead lake, it enters the main valley. The valley is wide and partly open. About 20 miles from the summit the Fraser flows into Moose lake, which is 7J miles long and one mile wide. South of the lake the mountains rise abruptly from the water's edge, while to the north the country inclines moderately for some distance before the steeper slopes begin. Issuing from Moose lake, the Fraser moves sluggishly in a wide channel for two or three miles, then it narrows, and, taking a steeper grade, rapidly descends. Further on. the valley becomes more con- fined and the hills close in on both sides. The narrowest point is some eight PHASER RIVER-TOPOGRAPHY ,45 mile. Wow the lake after which it again widens. Downstream, fourteen miles from the lake, the nver i, joined by the Grand fork. In thi portfon oT t cour«. ,t .. jomed by several tributaries and. while power d.velopm,mt s feasible at one or two points on the main river, the tributaries probabTy off^ more attractive possibilities. ^'•"uauiy oner The chief tributaries of the upper Fraser are the S, non. Willow. Bowron Oomeriy Bear) and McGregor (formeriy North fork) riUrs. The main branches and tributaries of the McGregor river have not been examinedT power sites^ They drain two narrow valleys parallel to the main ra2 of Z Rockies The Salmon river has no large power possibilities. TherTare some Se7piat?2?.)^' ''''^'"°"''"' ^°^-'°" "^^'^' '^"-^•^ - the tX; of Canada. Annual Report (nTw series). kx^XlX^^^^kfU'ltM'^^^^^ If pa: r 11 i f 1 : t I : 4 P:i 246 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Eraser River and Tributaries — District No. II Name or Stbeav AND SrtUATiof* or Powe ^itk Vrucr rlT«r : t229 Caflr>n between Yate and Lytton} t2J0 CaAon between Lytton and LUIooetl 331 Rivf r above Lillooet to Chim- ney creek | Select- .. ,. head niated in horse- «et* i power* 332 Cottonwood cafion . 233 Fort George oafion . 2'M Rapid* and cafion (above mouth of Willow river) Remark* River desrenda about 2sn ft. in .'j.lm. RuKKcd cafion extendi! fur Mm., untid rock walls, in places unly 200< 300 ft apart. Uifficutt to develop. River flows in deeply troded trouffh-like valley many hundred feet below general surface. Troufth-like valley continues, lieiftht of banks sradually deoreasinK. Total do.trent, Chinmey creek to I j Buntien lake and thence to Burrard inlet. See District No. IV, Power Site No 44;J. Pitt lake is tidal, tributaries. Power possibilities on numerous small 300 Rapid in upptir reaches, power possibilitiea said to h>- relatively small. 250 Partial development to opi>ratP rock crushers at quarry ; j 25U h.p. plant but iwmctinips inttutticient water. 1,500 'Descent over 2,000 ft. in tni.; rapids and falls. Storait*^ I in Uilley and Dennett lakes. 1,800 400 ft. in 7,000 ft. caAon. Coquitlam municipality sur- veyed creek for water supply, (.'ity of Westniinst* r has made application for power rights. Fall of 100 ft. and 550 ft. head in |m. rapiil ; possible to tlivert water from above falls to lake shore. Hiruilt lake for storage 050 ft. above Pitt lakcuiid Ini. dtstatit 2.200 630 ft. head in \m. of falls ami rapids, dam-site at hrati > f falls. Knsily developed power. 10,000 "Proposed development which led to famous Biirrrtut Power caae. Kanaka creek is small hut Hows in tlt-i' ravine with fall at one point of 100 ft.; good aturoKf m I.illooet lakes. .... j'lOO ft. fall in 5im. rapids and falls. Proposed Hutm* along side hills would bu cxpeuHive and troubtesonn' ui maintenance. .... Water might be diverted by tunnel to Stave lake, about I 100 ft. lower than Lillooet take, und utilised in \i." Stave River plants. 150 Series of falls ; total descent about 60 it. in 600 ft. Sn«- I gested developnipnt in Cfmnectii)n with ri>ck (nmrry, j Proposed domestic supply to Maple Kidgetiiuni'^ipHhtv. I •See Description of Power Tab!*". tPower site!* on streams within th(> conHnen of Railway Belt. iAssumeil for purpttses of estimate. For discussion of power possibilities of Fraser river, sec page 231. Watershed area above Pitt lake. * About the same amount of power is available whichever nx'thoJ of development is adopted, aaauming that in each the total head is utiliied. y Drainage area above lake outlet. FRASER RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES ; AHB TUBnTAmm-DUTBICT Ho. n--Conlinu,d 247 SniXAH AND SiTK SUtc rirar : Wettern Power 'Co. of C»n- "doi t'pp«r lite t24a Lower nte. SUtwcUI* (Silver) cTMk: (below Musioni tDevelopment b y Miaf ion W»ter, Light and Power Co fclrto ewk (trib. to Sumu lake) ; T24I RapidB 4S0 4S0 Kead in feet Horse- power Rchahib 120 S2,000: Cb«lwUi rlnr : t242 RapiJi below outlet of lake SlolUcum orMk : || (trib. to Harrison lake) t243 Succession of (alls . LUlooct rlTar : Below Lillooet lake.. Above Lillooet lake Inoweap (Glacier) enck : trib. to Lillooet river) -■44 Fall below Glacier lake... OrMn rlTtr : (Irib. to Lillooet river) .^45 Nairn falls, proposed develop- ment (5m. from mouth) Small Small 86y 2,20()i i.auo 40-50}- 120 200 300 400 S2.000I 175 loo rlTor : (trib. to Green river) ^48 Cafion 2m. from mouth . Tsmberton crook : (trib to Lillooet river) ^47 Sugsedted developna-nt ChUUwaek rlTor : t:i4H Rapids Timibl crook : (irib. to Chilliwaek river) T.l'.i Miggested development Jones lako : i UU) Proposed development . (on east bank of Fraaer river) 4.50x4 150y 25y> 050 11,500 ,800 25,000 At Stave falls below outlet of Suve lake r.n.. .i,„ . t,. "^"^ pi^ciiirtrhour^^^^^^^ '^- '^ " "-^ -" 15,000 300 f^ fall in 8m. r.oids ; possible dam 40^10 ft. hi,h 3,500 Power house site on lake shore. Hiiihest fall 220 ft Kises in mountainous region, but. near Pemberton t^overflow""'™ "'""'•'"^ '" """'°'" '^^'^'"^'•m^" j^mout""''''' ''" "'""'^ '^"'"■" "'"'" '•I" "d "f' 'i!.i*'''^i"''u '"','"' »'«i'»blc Proposed development .s below Rutherfoni and Greta rreeks AU.ut u It storage i. ,aid to be available in Green lake bv lower- leToiment. ^""""'^ "' "''""y <"=1" '"-y "mU d" •Vo particulors re head available Storage might be »ould augment flow at Nairn falls (see above). "irleS;rr't«l.°' °^° ^^ ^iMe-t-d; additional power '^''fY-iser nvl.r'"'?r" ^•|;"i*»>-|' '•"« (2.100 acres) and bmiWorJ J "■■''""' '*'' '■''"'''*■ '^"n>P<>««l of large noul;i'cd falU. "" «»"" """ """"-J but no pro- I.SOO (t in jlm^ rio tunnel in.OOO ft long. Lake, elevii- acre-ft Area t„ M ft rontour, 2.300 acres Bou der creek run-off about H that of lake; could be diver?^ •S,. »i.«>ription of Power Tables. ' l',',r!!„'^"''" """<■''■»"'« within the confines of Rsilwov Belt. n;i>^.r^;;K^ritl^f;^3X^,;S'S|:i;;'-.,^;S"ll^i:^ h^isavaHahle continuously at each si... 'V flri'nin pr P!^!»g«r^.vr"fK;^j^'i;;j:^ development wil, 'AK;'-no'rmile.^n"cSn;:d.'"'' """'' ^^ "•=•""■ '^"•''■'«"° * '^""en, > n.-aiiiage area abovo mouth, y Drainage am above lako outlet. !i II - : nil j,i^ 248 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION nUUB Bivn AMD TBIBirrAKIIS— DMTBICT No. tl—CoHtinuti Streak and Site Water- shed in sq.milen RunUr CTMk : (am. below Hope) t251 Fall aad rapidn near mouth . ■ilnr (Silver-Hope) cTMk : {near Hope) i'2a2 ilapid near mouth CoquUuUk rirar :{ i Uapid and oaAun about 5m I from tiiouth I253J f irat projected development Alternative scheme Nlcolum rlTcr : (trib. Cwiuihalla river) t254 Proposed development . Kmorr creek : t255 Rapida 2m. above mouth . T«l* CTMk : t256 Falls in caBon (Urn. above mouth) Biwuh CTMk : t257 Rapids Im. from mouth. . Sptuitun creek : t258 Rapids 3m. from mouth . . SkuiiT creek : t2o9 Rapids near forks . (3m. from mouth) Andenon creek : (3m. south of North Bend) t200 Carton near mouth North Bend creek : t261 Development by Can Pac Ry MkhatUteh rirer : t2(i2 Rapids below lakes . S.i 200 260 to Heail in feet Horse- ! power Rem-irks uoo 22.-> 3l.i I, SOD 1,000 Small 1. 000 73l Kwolck creek : ((im. below Lytton) t263 Rapids ISO Small .iOOi 300y 1,000 100 ft. fall and 600 ft. descent in 2m. rapids in rocky raftnn. Jm. from mouth. Little if any stnraup ; More fall above. 14,000 1.040 ft in 5m rapidj, from Silver lake to Fraaer ; laki: I area about 300 acres. .... |-00 ft. in 331m. from Summit lake t.. I Hope. Suietfcsted development with 60 ft. dam at heail I of box rock carton and 2,bOO ft. tunnel. 7.500 ; Similar dam and 3.9()i) ft. tunnel. No eitensive storage i except by high and costly dams. 3.000 Proposed to erect two d.- .ind form storage reaervoir of 10.000 acre ft. divertin t upper part of Sumallow river 1 Power plant near confluence with Coquihalla. Stated that several times the listed power might be developed. 2.000 -Stream descends 1,150 ft. in 3m. ft. head. Proposed to use 1,000 200 1,000 W ft. direct fall ; total 900 ft. in 2m. Can. Pac Ry. haj small d'.m fi>r water to tank and hotel. Propoaed to develop UOO ft head. Proposed to utiliie 1.000 ft. head. 6,000 1,200 ft. tall in ojm. rapids. Proposed development >.f 1,300 ft. head. 6.000 iueported that 1.000 ft. head might be developed. 325 r>J ft. in Im. rapids, 1 per cent grade for 3,500 ft. Further up, slope stecpir. Said that 1,000 ft. head might Ix developed. 10 Small hydro-c' trie plant. Creek also supplies C.in Pac. Rv. taii.» and domestic supply. Dam. 20ft. I nui. 4 ft. high. One 9-h.p. Pclton wheel. Owing t , re- quirements for domestic purposes the water-pnwcr plant has been largely superseded by a steam platit 30,000 i3.')i) ft. fall in Sm. Dam below outlet of lower lake Storage in chain of 4 lakes. (See page 233.) 2,000 |3,000 ft. fall in 6m. Narrow valley, sleep rocky side lulu. many rock slides. Three small lakes 9m. from niiith Dam-siti' at head of rapids. THOMPSON BITXB AMD TBIBUTABUS Thoiu>ton riTer : * t2fH Carton above mouth . Rapids above Spence Bridge Rapids above Ashcroft Botanle creek : (3m. east of Lytton) t285 Rapida 21„"iOO 30x 1,000 200 Descent about 300 ft. in 22m. between Spen'-e Bridge md ntouth ; rugged carton. Descent 225 ft. in 25m. betwren Ashcroft and .-ipcnci! Bridge : numerous rapitls and cartons. Descent 200 ft. in 20m. between Kamloops lake and .\»h- croft : numerous rapids. ,7IK) ft. (all in Om. Head optional Botanic lakf im lung, jm wide. Irrigati in requirements paratii.. int^. *Sec Description of Power Tables. {Lake shown on this stream im Yale sheet does not exist. J Power sites on streams within the confines of Railway Belt See Report, (Iflotogirnl Survey of Canada, IS77-ISTS, p. 40B. . a ■ IJThe estimate here given, assumes no diversion of waters that Bow south to the Skagit river. The watershed given u that naturally tributary to the Nicolum river. 'Such a diversion would, however, affect boundary waters. .... , .1 _ .. u. • lifti.nilt t.> .l,.v*i|.>p .iwing tn natural conditions. Sstung interests and to railway w^rxi (Sea pages 334 and 235.) 'Thompson Rivrr p-mrf will 1- which parallel river on both banks. ■Assumed for purposes of estimate. ■Available during irrigation season. X Drainage area above mouth, y Drainate area above lake outlet. Plato 27 caRon on willow river SuijciesleililevBloiimRnl (or Prrnre George hyilrtw-ledfir supply .... ' il ]! NECHAKO RIVER Cirani) rarton above outlet f't.m Cheslattj Ijkn. liilj NECHAKO RIVER Tetarhuck falls. Iielow outlet of Tetarhuck lake. ,|li im ■ ( I FRASER RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES 249 FBABIB KIVIS AMD TBDUTASm-DISTBICT Ko. U-Continutd Stbiah and Site ; Water- „ . ' I shed in ."«•<' Horw- sq.miles "" '«"; P"*" Reuaaks Rieoman riTW : (9m. above Lytton) 1266 Caflon ^m. above mouth . If umy cTMk : dm. below Spence Bridge) t267 Clemea power development . (at mouth) 43 48 : 2S5 : NicoU riTcr. Bplu* creak : drib, to Nicola river) t26« Hapids 2K0 Bonaparte rlTar : -' AaJicroft Electric Co. develop- I nn-nt 2,U0 ) t9f.Q. (P*'*^r hoUMe 3ni. fronii '■"■" mouth) f Possililc ijevelopment .... ^ (Itapids in caAoii near mouth Dsadman rlrer : t270 Uapifl in cafton 4ni. fron. mouth iSnohoosh (Deadtiian) take i dam ' 271 i Walhachin Irriffation runal . .(near Walhachin) 272 Falls in caHon at the bend; 30m. above mouth , TranquUIa river : +273 Cai^on 3in. from mouth lUO 70 I 350 5^0 40 2:t05 20 98 170 170 230 100 :850 ft. fall in im. Narrow rocky caBon. Above caAon, I flat valley and Indian reserve. High dam possible but I would flood part of valley. I 160 175 ft. fall in 50 ft and 25 ft. in 500 ft rapid ; 2.V) ft head developwl by 12 ft. timbp. .Some regulation of flow migl t be obtainol at heail-water lakes. Caflon 100 ft wide, steep granite banks. l'se rnnfinM nf Railway Belt* »>«i- also Water Resources Haper Ao. 8, p. 192. Mr.h'L°«(«r of Land; British Columbia, 1913, p. D456. X Urainage area above mouth, y Drainafe area above lake outlet. Ill- ,1 d'tjll i I'i, 250 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION fMAMO, BITXB AHO TBnnTABm— DIITBICT Mo. H-Co^lmwi Stream and Sitc Vater- ,, , wi.niile» "> 'c^' ■hiuwap (Spullunichrcn) riror : I • t279 Power site :)ni. below Msbfli like I 1,680 2S0 Shuswap falls (12iii luuth of Mabel lake) 700 281 Sucar I.ake outlet Charry crMk : (trib. to Shuswap river) rortun* (Dnvis) erxk : t282 Power development (by town of Arnutrong) Craty cTMk : (trib. to tlaj{le river) t283 Hmall development 45 30-10 130 HO 150 HcUARKa 4,500;|Total fall. -Mabel lake to Mara lake, about 120 ft.; 30 to 40 ft head might be developed ; good storage available. 12.000170 ft. fall in about Im rapids in gorge. Head developed by intake dam (!K) ft ) backing up water 4m., and 3.750 ft, pipe to pow.-r house. Couteau Power Co. proposed development. Head developed by 41) ft. dam and .38 ft. fall in 200 ft. rapid below outlet. Couteau Power Co. Fourth development. Said that considerable storage might be developed by high dam. 150!| a40 ft. head developed by Jm. pipe line for small lighting plant : IB ft. dam 13m. from mouth. One 150-h p. unit and oil engine auxiliary. Power at 2,200 volt* transmitted to .\rmstrong. 300 Small Pelton wheel development : 7 in. wood-stave pipe. Power for saw-mill, tire protection, lighting, and domea- tie purposes. .Steam auxiliary during winter months. NOBTH THOHnON BITU AND TEIBUTAXIU north Thompson rirar . 2S4 Hellgate caAon (I60m. ahove mouth) Total hcrfl in about 4m. at. Paul CTMk : (Reserve creek, Reservation creek, Schiedam creek) t285 Rapids 9,ri. f,um mouth. . LouU CTMk : (tnb to North Thompson) 286 Rapid above mouth Cahlltr crack : (trib to Ijouis creek) t287 Rapids and caAon MeOUliTraT crack : (trib. to Louis creek) t288 liapid Jm. above mouth... Barritee rirar : [Initial development by Kam i Ioo)M city I (5m. above mouth) . 289 I '**">'»1 proposed development Ultimate development .... 7,850x 1,200 S9y 200i 350II 135y; 30 !(iO 400 200 500 200 to 1,300 190 190 600 1,300 7,000 200 40 to 280 2,200' 5,000 20,000' Navigable for 90m. upstream from Kamloopa and in several stretches above. Narrow rock caAon. Descent 140 ft. in 4m. from head of caBon to itill-water below and a total of 260 ft. in about 8m. Above cafion, fall la about 5-6 ft. per mile. ■ 350 11400 ft. in 2m. rapids below proposed dam. Storage in Paul and Pinantan lakes. Below power site water moelly used by Kamloopa Indians and Western Cana- dian Ranching Co. Any power development would be subservient to these irrigation interests ; about 350 h.p. might be developed during season. 650 200 ft. in 2m. rapid. For 5m. stream fails 100 ft. per in. Low gravelly banks and bed. Present development, overshot wheel 11-5 ft. diam. 900 ft. flume. Head optional. 400 ft. in Im. cascades. Above, creek in caAon to lake hstimated fall 1,000 ft. in 3ni. rapida. Storage in ""ahilty lake. Head optional. 220 ft. in l.ono ft rapid, and 1.300 ft. in 2m. in caflon. Head optional. Small turbine being installed. Work- ing head 33 ft. 190 ft. head developed in 3im. Flume, 5J x 8 ft. Two penstocks 490 ft long Steam reserve at Kamloops. Same head, with storage in North Barri^re lake, eleva- tion AlOO ft.; area at low water 1,200 ac; level to be raised 20 ft. giving .10,000 acre-feet storage. Hume and conduit system from North lake with adili- ' tional storage in Kast Barri^re lake. •See IJewription of Power Tables. tPower sites on streams within the confines of Railway Belt JAssumes the prior development of Shuswap Falls site, and some storage on Mabel lake. |/nit>al itecelimmenl. One 011-inch nine. 4-(KX) rontinuniis h n «iih n««l< -^na-iit, .,l 7 lu i'l — r"r^ "7 ^'"" "' veiopment ol pnuswap rails sue, and some storage on Mabel lake. ■■" J J ."'""''''' "■"' '-"i-inch pipe. 4,(HX) continuous h p with peak capacity ol 7,000 h p. cmd dnfl„„menl. Two 9(>-inoh pipes, .S.OOO continuous h.p. with peak capacity ol 13,250 h.p. Storage in Sugar lake by darn, rul.iing lake 18 ft. but designed to permit increase to SO ft A'tc"'!^ dfttlopmenl. Two 9(>-inoh pipes, I ntrddetehpmnt. Three «l)-inch pipes 12,000 continuous h.p. with peak capacity of 19.880 h.p.; additional storage by raising Sugar lake to 40 It. with'"e'"kT""r- '"'','''"*''°''.''' second plant at Sugar bkc, increasing total capacity to 18,000 continuous h p I In the winter months the natural flow of the stream is little more than sufficient for the domestic supply to Armstronn '° tcMl "l °'"'"^'' '""''^fy " """l- Investigations are being made with a view to increased storage in upprr 'Below Hellgate caAon. the .North Thompson falU about 2.t-3() ft in 14 miles— below this the grade is steeper the rivir laUing about 200 ft. m 14 miL-s. and 220 ft. in next 13 miles. See AUtludtt in Cnnoda. 1915. by James Whitj ; pp. IJt) uittl 2'tti. •.\vailahli> during irrigation seaaon. 'Initial installation, 2 units, totalling 2,200 h.p. Ultimate development 15,000 to 20,000 h.p. Power to be distributed alomc the North Thompson valley to operate irrigation pumps. See pag^ 162. X Drainage area above mouth, y Drainage area above lake outlet. FRASER RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES •**•«» «W1« AMD TBOUTABHS-DHTBIOT ITe. U-Cmlinuid 251 Stkbam and Sitc iMBtons CTMk : 290 Fall 7fn. from mouth. Hchalllaton eraak : (trib. Lemieux rreek) 291 Development by Movit Olie Light and Power Co . . . OiiBB erMk : (trib. Boulder creek) 292 8a«-mill plant . . . Clurmtar rtrar : 293 Rapid! Falla at foot of Lower Clear- water lake Candla crMk : (trib. to Clearwater 5m. from mouth) 295 Rapids near mouth Water- shed in ■q.niiles B««r CTMk : (trib. to Clearwater 8m. from mouth) 296 Kalis and rapids near mouth BMnr «rMk : (trib. to Clearwater 1 5m. from mouth) 297 Falla and rapids near mouth Bridm enak : (trib. to Clearwater) 298 Fall 2m. below Mahood lake SSi Small 1.830 > 1.050 Small Head in feet 70 299 (Fall Im. below Canim lake. ;ToUI between lakes Muni* riTw:> (trib. to Clearwater) Helmcken falls. . . . (Im. from mouth) Dawson falls. 3(X) 302 Horse- power e.c^ii KEHARSa '''i'.'i79 " '" "Ion- Storage in Taweel lake, elevation 3.800 ft. More head above falls : SO-ft. head developed by 600 ft. of 18-in. wood aUve pipe, to small turbine, t Small saw-mill plant. Storage in Dunn lake. Reported fall of 500-«00 ft. in first 2,'.m. above mouth and to be a succession of falls and ranids with a series of rocky caB""" for a large part -if this distance Storage in Clearwater lake. 10 ft. straight fall and 10 ft. in ISO ft. rapids several lakes. Watershed mountainous ; ciers exist. Storage in many gla- :.800y 1.480y 400y (31m. above mouth.) Fall 10m. from mouth Horseshoe falls (12m. from mouth) Meadow fall (13m. from mouth) Falls, Im. or 2m. Murtle lake below Vppar ClawwaUr riTW : j03 Rapids and falls between lakes BaftriTtr:' (trib. North Thompson) 304 Rapi-U and f.lls 400y 300 750 60 110 476 700 110 20 40 3001 400 600 2.500 20,000 3.000 700 950 I.IOO 6,000 150 About 800-900 ft. fall in Im. Series of falls 50-100 ft. high and rapids, in about Im. above mouth. Total of 800 ft. 750 ft. in series of talb and rapids in |m. above mouth. River flows in deep gorge or rafton 4m. long with a direct fall of about 60 ft 2ni. below lake.' Direct fall 75-110 ft. Storage in Canim lake, rails 476 ft. in 5m. caBon between Canim and Mahood lakes. < 450 ft. fall (in lot 3.210) with 2.W ft. head in rapid and falls below. Low banks above falls, cafion-like below Three 20-ft. falls and one 50-ft. fall (in lot 3.208). Fall o' ijout 25 ft. (in lot 3.494). Fall of about 35 ft. (in lot 3.499). Fall of about 20 ft. (in lot 3.998). Said to be fall of about 40 ft. S-orage in Murtle lake (area, about 15 sq. m.) and in smaller lakes above. About 600 ft. fall' in 7m. between I'pper Clearwater (about 20 sq. m. in area) and Clearwuter lakes, partly in cafton. Several falls of 30-40 ft. or more ; grade is steepest above outlet of Blue lake. Oiuins high glacier- clad mountains. Series of falls in cafion Jm from mouth, two lower 15 ft . upper one 25 ft. No information available re upper section of river. •S<» Description of Power Tables. " ' its "'""■ «'""<"•«« Papfr No. H, p. 40 !|ri.'w\Trih*e:f mU111f|'^°C.'J?gl1Von""'^ ^•""-""•- ""'' -■ *"■ t(7-l«™:ref 'i^a^^t^lSo r m """"" "'■ ""' '"'""""'• ■'""■"«" "" °' ^'>""' '"" Total drainage area '^'"pow''er'';lfb;UU« orTiler" """"*'°"' "' """" *" "• ■""* ''"' "■"« •*<"««« = " <<»" "»» "P'""" ^e ultimate If^ *'j;|^. Canadian /•oci/i.- Railxtay, 1874, p 129. 'T^^^^l^^ESI^^^^'^^^^'^^^^''^^ "' canim li^^ed for purp ses of estimate. Npc Wattr Riaourcet Paptr No. iL p. 260. "^ X uramage area above mouth, y Drainage area above lake outlet )- I il i I iiu^ a SI." 252 P COMMISSION OF CONSERVATIO BIVIB AMD TBiaOTAail»-OIRUOT Ho. n-CmtinM SnUBAH AND SiTI Wtur ■h«d in •q.milM (95in. from Kamloopa) 306 Fall and rapid near mouth . Tamtam enak : (112m. from Kamloopa) 306 Fall |m. from mouth Mad CTMk (mile 142) : 307 Fall* Ball-roarliif enak (mile 1S2) : 308 Fall im. above mouth Thundar enak (mile 153) : 300 Fall* t eraak (mile 156) ; 310 FalU Pynmid eraak (mile 162) : 311 Falls 4S> Head in feet 60 200 200 Horee* power too RcHAaca Fall of 30 ft , 30-ft hea-l in 300 ft. rapid Rock stream falls about 50 ft. per mil*. 500 ft. fall. Falls reported about 3m. above Mud lake. Direct fall of 200 ft. Falls reported but situation not ascertained. Falls reported but situation not as'.'crtained. Falls reported, about 200 ft. head, near mouth. TBIBDTABIBS TO nUSIB BIVBB ABOVS COHFLUBHCI Or THOMMOM BITBK ■tain eraak (near Lyttun) : t3U Rapids TaiM eraak : 313 Falls and rapid* lim. from mouth CkfuM rlvar : 314 Falls south of Lot 2,686. (near mouth) Baton creak : 315 Outlet of Seton lake Portaca eraak : 316 Rapids Connal (Roaring) eraak : (trib. to Anderson lake) 317 Fall McOUUTrar eraak : (trib. .Vnurrson lake) 318 Saw .Mill Dlekla eraak : 319 Proposed diversion Im. from' mouth I Small Bridf a river : 320 Proposed diversion to Setool 2,.540x lake ^ Vppar Brldca river : Falls on main stream above Hurley river Lower falls (im. above confluence) 321 Upper falls (l|m. above confluence) Total in about im I 112 500 i SO 1,000 340 eoo 390y 70 1 15 30 I60-i 200 ,.540i MO 1,150 70a 306 400 > 100 5.000 jRapirl stream ; many cafions, fatla and rapida ; deseenda 1,500 ft. in 9m. Head optional. Small lake on tribu- j tary.: 5.000 jPropoted to utiliie 1.000 ft. head on this stream. Proposed to develop power on this stream. Steep grade in places ; large lall near mouth, i Descends about 50 ft. in lim. to Cayuse creek. [| Creek important in connection with propoied diversion of Bndge river to Seton lake. 2,000 I Portage creek joins Anderson and Seton lakes ; total I descent 70 ft. in Hm.i 150 jSaid to be high fall and some power possibtUties. 500 1 100 ft. direct fall near lake, partially developed for small I saw-mill. ^ Proposed development. ej.OOO* Proposed development by Bridxe River Power Co. by tunnel 2)m. through mountain frum head of cafion to above Seton lake. Limite50 sec. -ft. Development of storage reservoin reported oo upper waters may permit ultimate installation of 100,000 to 200,000 h p. See page 171. ■Not welt defined on maps ; estimated to be between 350 and 450 aq. m. I Drainage area above mouth, y Drainage area above lake outlet. FRASER RIVER-POWER SITE TABLES 2S3 VBAUB KXm tm TBtBDTABin-DIITUOT Ko. U-Continud 8T«tAli AND SiTC •hedin .H"d ■q.mile* 'O '**' Aloandar erMk : (trib to Bridcc river) 323 AleiftoderMinctdcvclupment Oun ( 323 Rapid*. OunUk* : 324 Development proposed Wayiide Mining Co . . by ■uTiay (Hamilton) rlTOT : (South fork Bridge river) 32» Rapida Cadwalladar cnak : (trib. Hurley river) 3:S Development by Coronation Mine* CblleotlB riTw : 327 First eaflon (7m. from mouth) 328 Second cafion dm. ea.st of Hanceville) ChiJko riTW ■ 329 Cafion between Taaeko river. . mouth an<: 350i 27y Bit CTMk : (trib to Chileotin) 330 Caflon and falls. Ban Jon rirar : 331 Kalla (12ni. below lac la Hache) Btkar crMk : (near Quosnel) I Kirst caAon S.IS ■ (2im. from mouth) Second cafion rapida Quttnal rtTar : 333 Rapids in rock cafion (about 21n.. from mouth) South fork, Queinel rivar : r)ani-8ite, fcxit first cafion I Dam-site, foot second caficm 334 i I Rapids from Quesnel lake to ; (Quesnel Forks North fork, Quanwl rlTor : 333 Keithley falls (2m. below Cariboo lake) Homfly rlTor : [Black Creek falls U4m. above Black creek) u;"> i I Second falls in cafion (40m east of Harpers camp) ;North Folk falls . yee Oi'scription of Power Tahlei. ;.\vMiUijle for »i-n mouths of year. {Rough estimntes. 7.1201 7.090 6.250 3.000 3.S0y *.r>2oi 4.3.10 2,.5.50y S.S0y 500 800 Horse- power 2.000: 3.0001 2.000 3,0001 RiHAacs 430 220 85i 6.000 1.300 4.000 90,000 3,000 300 300 ft head developed for mining purposes by flume and ditch. Water for 6 months for two 7-inch monitor*. Uravel banks. Small glacial-fed stream, never goea dry. Good small-power possibilities reported. I-ake is 800 ft. above Bridge river, total head obtainabi* at small cost : discharge small : fed by glaciers ; stor- age in lake. Good small-power possibilitia* reported. ^'mall mining development 10-ft. fall in 800 ft. rapid. Precipitous rocky can.,- ; walls SO ft. high : width at narrowest portion 4.5 ft : rock channel KUO ft long; poesible 20 ft. dai. at upper . .""J .. *'«"'•«« '■> Chilko and Tatia laki» .0 , J " *""' " rapid Power site may be created by 10-ft dam at upper end of cafion One nide of cafion has eiposed rock wall ; river channel 200 ft wide ; cafion IS 900 ft wide. Storaee in Chilko and Tula lakes 10-(t. fall in 2..'>00-ft. rapid : -vidth of cafiou at ilam-site. 78 ft. ; at narrowest point. .;:* ft. Perpendicu'ar rock walls 60 ft. high, affording site for dam of 30 ft. Said to have numerous falls and rapida in first n stream of BUckwater and more commonly referred to as Blackwater. |i Watershed area estimated to be between 500 and 900 sq. miles. ^Formerly known as Euchiuiko. a Drainage area above mouth. FRASER RIVER-POWER SITETABLES 255 mtm AMD TBnUTABin-DUTBIOT Ito. n~Con,inu.4 Htchako rlnr : Kapidi on luwer N«h«ko. 3.U Dam-lite In ■■k« b«low FrsMr ChlUko rlTtr TaeUaUUehuek erMk ; (outl«t of BedoMti l*kr) 3S4 Hapida Stout rlTM : Fint Chinlak rapidaf 3M 3M Scmnd Chinluk raplda (4ni. above mouth) Third rapids . . (2m. below Stuart lake) Fourth rapids. . dm. beloir lake) InehlerMk : (trib Stuart lake) 357 Falls In from mouth and 2m below lake TktcU riTw : 358 Gallon riffle, 4m. below Trem bleur lake Tounf erMk : iiril>. Tatia lake) 359 Falls and rapids in eaflon . (8m. above mouth) linkut CTMk : ■I'W FalU en West branch, im south of forks . Stonaj OMk ; (trib. to Neehako river) 381 F.IU 2m. below T • ■,ke| StalUkorlTw: JbJ Cafion fur 3 or 4m I7,000> M,MO l,400i Small 5,600 5.aoo 5.000y 5.003) 420y 80 3,200 6^ 2Sa 206 IS Xsvigable, »'. ..Ttam «ta«M. from mouth to nrsr Fort aevelopf d at some mtes 3.000; Dar.i-.iie, rock i.let m crntrc : dam 7-s ft would afford •tori^e m fr»«-r lak- ; r.i.e love! to hi,h-w.trr mnrk. NMhsSi ?i7eV°* """" " "'"" '*'"'»'"•'' '" 't« *'™al'li*°'' *' '"* "'"• "'"«'»'' """^ through Sat Small creek ; descent 300-500 ft. in 12 or 13 mils*. jrpp«r M»ch»ko tint : JfU Gallons below Gheslatta river ■I'VI Grand cafion (commencing Jm. above Ches- latta river) 35 lao 1.600 5,700 5,080 85 2,500 1.500 300 I' '•" "• «<».'« rapid. At dam-site, rocky reef ei- 3Soir entrance to ca«on. flow straight, width ^ sm'^ll i° ■i'^ ft-npid. .-Short rock caBon 200 ft wide : in ?. P Elt?'' L" ''!"• • *"^ '»''' outcrops up to r'iL I . P'ol^Wy dam here would c.ntr.,! lak^ I,.ve1 1^k;'m.lM t?"'"'9¥. '!•,'"• '*"' '"I"" '"'« St James. ,.niS ""«'"> '■»'»^ *-* 't Kiver MM ft. wide : small «S!«: /o«'r^"'a7 hlSii-Sk^e"."""' '"^ ' '""' •''" "■ '^/t""il!:l':"8'til;t'uk^.-'>' '"^"^^r^ to b. about 100 250 6-8 ft. fall reported in 100 ft rapid ; cafion width. 00 ft. UOa 50 10 SO 100 > 3,8001 10,000 > 30,000 < ■ Description of Power Tables. UkUSthead! '^'"'"■'**" *"*' Storage in several ^'Il^t'jd'li'"'" .1" V^ *? '*. '•■'• «•'»■' «"• «P«"- Sit- uated 8m. south of Sinkut lake. .Small creek, t f,„^ T "I'l",'}-^ "i. ..Difficult to regulate discharge from Tachick lake. Fall in Im. about 100 It. '^tl!f?hl ft'Ii"; •'""i *"• "P"'"- Francois to Frascr h^rf.,^"''* '*«'"'«'"?■>« power site : control of lake i^nMr,"""". """'''■„ I-'"":'''' l«l"». over 60m. long, rmal?faT eice'Ient storage Power site below * p'ort't"""" "i"" <•»'"-"■<" Fiwt. about 20m above B%ken ;^/- '"' '^'"f t™ "¥'»* Gheslatta river. Broken water in several places but possible to ascend ■n «•;;» at certain stages. ~<.>;"u ^™l. im f. ^"t? .''™'i no' '"'•ertairied, probably ci- r.^1 ""j'; K ^"^ '',»'" """ht be built at outlet. Cafion said to be o-8.n long with numerous rapids and .S.-i-.4r,nu«> riTcr •almen rlnr (trib. Fraaer, ISm. above Priim George) WlUow rlTOT : 367 Lower caAon (Juat north of Lot 2.7:17) Main caftnn (25ni- ir'dii mouth) Site near Lot iSW) . Total in i)i Bowren (Bear) rlTcr : 360 Bi>at raftoli j (7rii. below i'urden creek) 370 Portage cafion I i5iii below Fiirn creek) taaket oaflon:; (4ni. below I'unlcn creek) 372 Rear caAiini! (2ni. below Purden creek) 373 Kapida and cafion (below Indianpoint creek) ' Head infaet 1,7(10 730> i.goox ItaMT rinr : 374 Fall and rapid . 375 Rapids MeOnfor riTer : 376 Fall 35ni. alxjve mouth. an crmk : Falls 2km. from Fraser. Cutla crmk : (Mile S4) 378 Kapid in box cafion . (2m. from Fddy) Ftannlffi 377 fall 9S0 i,4.tn» l,:t2(i 1.310 l.:«)0 1.2S3 590 690 4S0 2.400> 75 ll)a 2.V lA.f 2.V 22/ 12.'> Hura*- puwer ISO 50 50 50 100 200" .VIO' 100» 250 • ISO 30.000: Rmaau 2.U00 2.000 2.000 2.000 .■i..JOO 130 ft. in about Im. Two direct (alls of 30 (t. : IS (I. m ISO ft. rapids below, remainder in rapids above Easuy developed! power. lyitM*hnrKe small out good control for storage in Chealatta and .Nlurray lakes. 10 (t. (all in Im. rapid. 14 (t dirert fall and II ft. in caaratif abova. 16 ft. fall in 900 ft rapid 10 ft. fallinHOOft. rapid. 2.t ft. fall in im. rapid. 22 ft (all in Im rapid . , . , Total fall 12.5 ft in about 3ni. of (alls and rapids below Tetachuck lake (including o to/), .should be treated a» one power pfMwibility. (tood storage in Tetachuck lake and in large lakes above. .imall mountain strtani in deep caAon for 10m. ; small power possibilities. No power possibilities. Not yet reported on. 7 ft. (all in 1.000 (t. On east »ide. rock outcrons to height o( 15(t.: on we»t Hide to 25 ft Dam wool 1 he !tO ft long with doubtful end proiectittn on eiwt bank. No i>tt»rage. river be>0-200 ft. high : river at narrowest point about 6*> ft. wi.le. 26 ft in 3,(X)0 (t. rapids Good dani-»ite in upper part o( caAiin. Total heail in 1 Jm with flume and pipe-line. ISO ft.: inclu los i and b. Head might be increiii-cd to 220 ft. by 40 It dam. Small storage only. I .Storage in Purden lake and in lakes at headwaters an given below. Valley is deep and narrow at source ; 6 to 8ni. wide in lower reachen. Total length of rapid about Um. No direct fall. .\bout 200 ft. fall in 9m rapids, high banks at head ; Bows between steep mountain slopes. Head optional Storage in Bowron,' Indianpoint and Spectacle lakes Direct (all 14 (t.: total 200 (t. in short steep rapid?. commencing near N K. cor. lot 5.6,S0 and ending about Im. east of S.E. cor. lot H.sH 8m. of almost continuous rapids from centre of lot 5.663 to S.W. cor. lot 5.667. Fall 80 ft. high reported. Box cafion ; rapid mountain stream. •See Descriiition of Power Tables. tAssumfiii the development, to some extent, of the storage sites available. lit is said that Stonv lake could not pro6tably be dammed to provide storage. . IITbe heads given are from a report by a surveyor and total 200 ft. in .i or «m. Probahlv this i« a lair estimate of h<- total head avi. .able, though a detiiled survey of the river might indicate a diftvnnt distribution between the various dam-sites of the total (all in the rapids.. , , .. .*.i. u i ..u j «.i ' The grade o( the river is here about 20-30 (t. per mile and there are no pronounced falls. The head would depenil upon the height o( any propowd dam. ... ... i .- n •A good dam-site is reported at the outlet o( Bowron lake. As Spectacle lake is at practically wime elevation as Bowron. it would provide storage on both lakes. Isaac lake discharges south to Swimp river. There is a summit betwiin Indianpoint lake and Isaac lake. A small stream from the south flo»» partly to Isaac iM paniy to indlanpt-i-l lakes. The grade ol the joining stream is not known, nor the diffnience m level between the lakes. •Rough estimate o( head available. ^ ... «,i. » j j-.- io.r tAa i k';'> •Eatimated with rough check aneroid. See alio AUituda in Canada, by Jamea White, 2nd, edition, pp. 187, 249 and 5.').. •Asaumed (or purposes o( estimate, a Drainage area above mouth. Plato 2« ■mail ELK FALL CAMPBELL RIVER. VANCOUVER ISLAND 1 i ll ii'ill BIG FALL. UPPER NIMPKISH RIVER VANCOUVER ISLAND A drop or 9 feet the h.ghest ,nrt, virtual fall on this „ver l«!ow Vernon lake. LADY FALL •^oulh fork of Elk nver, Strathcona (Mrk, Vancouver Island m ittt FRASER RIVER— POWER SITE TABLES rSASKS Kim AHD TBIBUTARIM-DISTMOT Ko. n-Con,;,,„ti 257 Stream .\m> Sitb Holmei (Bi-avor) riTer : :)79 Uapiil am. from mouth. Baiiih rlTsr : Sao U.-xpid 3m. from mouth . Swift Current creak : 3i*l Rapida nenr mouth .... Orand Fork riTer : 3S2 Emperor falls Moote riTer : 383 iiainbow Cafton falls . . (100 yds. above railwayi I .ihtil ill ."pail *].rmles "l left J.jOx 50 il'O 75 7(1 3005, 75x I'OO llorae- IKjwer Rem\iiks 330 lUpid mountain stream ; .50 ft. head in i-ailon. 250 75 ft. head in rapid. i 550 ijteep rapid stream, head optional. 500 iDirect fall of 200 ft.: j« 150 1,000 iThree cascades, highest fall 50 ft. .Suggested dcvelon- ment. ^ *See Desc-ription of Power Tablis. ~ ~ JSre.4nnua(/;,p<,r(.,Wi/ii..(»ro/tanrf,. British Columbia, 1913 d D431 jR.mgh estimate of head available. -u.uu.oia, uu, p. lhj,. X Urainago area above mouth. w CHAPTER XII Vancouver Island — Topography and Power Site Tables M I i ■!■■ VANCOUVER island, together with Queen Charlotte islai.-ls, constitutes the unsubmerged portions of the most westerly of the mountain ranges of British Columbia. Beyond these islands a relatively narrow submarine plateau extends to the continental shelf, and then slopes very rapidly down to the great depths of the Pacific. Vancouver island is about 285 miles long, with an average width of about 60 miles. The most settled portions are the extreme south and the eastern coast from Victoria to, say, Comox. This portion of the island also enjoys the best climate. The amount and distribution of precipitation varies from 30 inches annually at Victoria, to about 45 inches at Campbell river, and renders irrigation, generally speaking, unnecessary. The summers are usually dry, with ample sunshine. The winters are not severe and have frequent periods of bright, sunshiny weather. The climate of this portion of British Columbia may be likened to that of the south coast of England. The whole of the western coast and most of the interior of Vancouver island are regions of very heavy precipitation, probably averaging, over the greater part, upwards of 100 inches annually. The island is, for the most part, covered with a dense growth of large timber, while the undergrowth is the densest in the whole of Canada, and, in the summer, tropic-like in its abundance. (See Plate 9.) The coast of Vancouver island is deeply indented with bays and arms of the sea, forming numerous deep-water harbours, thereby providing excellent shipping facilities for the mires, lumber mills, and other industries. Numerous lakes in the interior will provide local transportation routes for short distances, but the streams, for the most part, are not navigable save, to a limited extent, by canoe. The country on the southern and eastern coasts is comparatively level, while the interior is broken by mountains and heavily-wooded valleys. Much of the interior still remains practically unexplored. The greater portion of the agricultural land is covered with large trees and thick underbrush — but the quality of the soil well repays clearing where the timber is not too heavy, and where it may profitably be marketed. Reference to Vancouver island would be incomplete without mention of the extensive coal areas, the development of which has been such a prominent factor in the history of the province.* Relatively to area, Vancouver island is exceptionally well supplied with water-power. Thus far, developments have been confined to the smaller streams. The Jordan River plant is an illustration of the way in which, by judicious construction of storage reservoirs, a stream may be made to yield * For information relating to coal mining in the province, consult the A nnual Reports o/ the MinisUr of Mines, British Columbia; also, Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. VANCOUVER ISLAND-TOPOGRAPHY 259 more power than would, at first sight, appear possible. Undoubtedly the oi""^",^ water-power on the island is that on the Campbell river. (See .u XV '^ •"*f^st'"S t° contrast the power features of the Campbell river with the Nmipkish. In some respects the rivers are similar ; their total length is about the same and the areas of their respective watersheds, as deduced from the latest maps, are each a little more than 600 square miles. It is probable also, that the average precipitation over their watersheds is not very dissimilar ' for. although It may be less at the mouth of the Campbell than at that of the' Nimpkish, yet the headwaters of the former, owing to the greater average t^rr f?.' Z^'''f't' P^°^"^^^ ^^"'^ ^ ^"S^^'y ^'^''' precipitation than those of the Nimpkish. Between Buttle lake and the Sea the Campbell alls about 625 feet, but its fall is concentrated in the last few miles of its course. K^ !^InT\ . l^'r ^^^ ' ^ ^°^^' Campbell lake and tidewater being about 540 feet, of which pro .■ r s^o feet can be developed at one point Moreover this fall takes place ... .hree large lakes, each of which could be controlled to form storage reservoirs. Contrasted with these conditions, the fall of about 600feet on the Nimpkish river, between Vernon and Nimpkish lakes occurs in over 200 small rapids and two falls of 9 and 6 feet, respectively, and it is probable that at no point, could a head of more than 40 to 50 feet be profitably developed. Again, there is very little storage possible on Nimpkish river, because both Woss and Vernon lakes are small, with low-lving land a their outlets. Nimpkish lake will provide some storage but, as its elevation above sea level IS only about 30 feet, the power developed cannot be large. (See Plate riter r '''''^' °" ^'^'^ ** ' ''^*'^ '^""^ '■'^'""'^ '^P''^' °" '^^ Nimpkish • , ?^''^ ^° the Campbell river, the most extensive power possibilities on the sland are probably those on the watersheds of Somas and Sproat rivers and their tributaries^ Another district with power possibilities is that in the vicinity of the head of Quatsino sound, although here the watersheds drained are com- paratively small. Details of the various power sites on the island, so far as lT:rr. TTZ'^" ''^'''- ^^'^^-P^^-^^^ developments will be benefited by the fact that httle or no provision has to be made to cope with ice condi- tions ; on the other hand, owing to the very thick undergrowth, the cost of making roads and clearing ground for power houses, reservoirs, and rights-of- way for transmission lines will make developments of the more remote power sites comparatively expensive. ¥ ill *! !•■ rit! [ l~ i I! Itf .. . i .1^ '\ 2(0 li COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Vancouver Island— District No. Ill ■AST COAST or TAMCOUVia ISLAND Name of .Stream AND Situation of Power Site Area of water- shed in square miles* .Select- ed head in feet* F.»ti- niatcil llorAe- power* Hemabks Oold 3S4 Lake 3SJ Trip Shan Xnkn ■tream river ; B.C. l;ii.ctrii- Railway Co devplopiiient (lliiii. from Victoria) s in Highland diitrict : I'roposed dt'wlopnicrit creek ; (Mnlnhat ilistrict) Suggested cievi'lopiiu'lit migan creek . . . 2a .>y Small Small 4:ii -'-'y 112 :t2-.x 270 22.5y 111 17i 12.JX 21.1 210' ll.-i' .Small il.V) 22 100 110 2.10 l.'iO SO 177 .1,000 : 700 3,000 2,.MX) 4,.'K)0 3,000 1..W0 200 First developnieiit on \':inrouver i.-laii'i. 1^9^. Two ;i">ll-k-w.. one .'>fHi-k w.. one l.lN«»-k w. g.'iieriit'.r.^; total 2.211(1 k.w. I'ipe-line 4.I1IKI ft. „f :« 111. H.T. trin<<- missiori 17. .VM) vrilis. St., rage in ICs-iuin.alt water- works reserv.iir. (See .I.irdan rive-.l I'roposed out lin. riipi'N. SturnKe in two lakes, area about 2 »t\. in., clcvaiion T(M) ft. 110 ft, fall in liii. rapi<-l lu-nr ni"iitli. Divorsion dam at NVwcastle re«ervMir. urc;i lMH) aore^, <»n unnamed tributary. Om- -I^O-h p. IVlton. Steam auxiliary. Mill .lull itone river : :tr \ewe;istli.> Nanaimo i:if.e. I^ight. Power and Heat Co ♦Sep Desf'riptinn of Power Tables. t.\pproiiimatP total h.p. of turbines inst,ille.l. jTmre is a Oovernnirnt fish hatchery m\ Cowirhan river P'-nr f'nwirhan lake, ami, iit prt'sent, the river ia reserved for fisMnR interests. iiPartially investigated by British Columbia Water nights Mraneh. See Report for I!}14, p, HIS. iNanainio river, surveyed in l!t' I fror- C'ns.^idy cafton to lakes, and power possibilities investigiited, bv engineers of Briti-*h Columbia Water Rights Branch. 'Infbjde*" rtrea of Jump Crwk wiil'jrshefi : Jump ereek formerlv called «outh f-.srk. •.Above storage dam-site. X Drainage area above mouth, y Drainaiti: area above lake outlet. -^-CO.VKK ISLAXO-POU-EK SITE . . n M. S 261 •■^THI.AM AND SiTK ■nglUhman river : •!:U i:rii;li>l,ii,an fiil, >"■"■ "I'^vc l'ark»viYlei Little Qualicum river - , '■^'" ■""• ''<^^'"»- fanM.n,n lal, 391' il.akf to inouiii Qualicum river: J'y i'.iiia ami rapiils Tiable river : ■>''l lalUandrapict^ '"""sfif v" Comoi river : '(I).;vr.|„„„M.nt,'|,.v'Vai.,,.li,,; I (-"!llmes, I.t,| J -"'.I'lKiri if^itc .Vo. 2. .. I (liaiiiiu bciuw sit,. \,;.' I , ■ ■ Brown river : I ■iOh J-alls and rapids. CruilMhanlt rtver .tnb. Coin.,! Jake, ' Trout lake and creek. «nb. t.„„.,x lake) VVat.T- »Hed in l|,.a,| i,,,^,^. -I nnli-s ,n feet ,,„„,.^ liE\ni:in "f ll.rcf. fall, in lj.,x r.. •,rt,.,l; „„ d. ,., il- :ivailal.li.. M7x I I ■'liill.Ttc ■<■•» I I'J.IKXIS I.-,!) ft. fall in -I.!,, ■> ■, ' <■'■ ';a",^!:;:a,r:;'t'r''«'f/'' ;''''-■■-'■;''•■ I- Birort fall of s ft . ii).. „ , ,, . , ' suitable. Ht„ra«;. ■sil,., " Ji ' '" ;'';;;':' •■'"> r-'Pid, No Wat.T supply parpjp,: '" '""''■■'>''y l>e ,,„ rv.,i for f-r local industriij Z^", bt .I'vl-l;,'.',;!. ■"""'" ""»"" Tsolom river Campbell river : l'r..p.)»«l develop,,,,.,,, (To )"""'"■"""'"'■ ''""■'■■■ .•140 " olf lake inigbt Tliirty-footfall. 'Ik river South fork, Blk river : ., ■ ' 'k. l'"i. aboven,„utbl '■ '|iid« ii,.ar nioutl. . . p.»«-,.r p.,.,sibiliti,., small, if anv Pow,.r to local iniiustri,.,. *' and chara.-ter of this strea,,,. . 3'iMie storaue. 'W.OOOl Dam-sit,, at oiilL.t ,f f •■f-non"' !•"' ,f.,r;',r.'."'>, ';•— r-h.mse at foot :i" ft. and st.H.pr,risS„'^T'''''V'' ''"'■-'' ''"J >«■ rive, !,„,, low ir.;,!. f V "''"T '■"'■'li..r .|.,»n, n Lower t'ani'.t."" '.." ■ ,"=.1"*'" V' "v oiversion from *. I .cross biK bend. (.s,.e paee ir'")"""" '" ■'"■"""■ '■"'« cXg;1aL--K^J---nn^ar.^^^^^ Hut,;,., lake,. utlet. ' '"> power p,, „ibil„,,,s. nioutii. "IW 17.'i ft fall in I Tmi (, , id to have uth fork • liurpows of csliniat !I'ltiin.| .'■■•■'■'■">■' '•' csliniat... Dp ""■""' ' '»• "' "l".ut l'..-,(X) ...e -f, "ri,E,,ie,. area above mouth ^. n. mouth. J Dramas,, area above lake ng.let. 1^ II m Jl I : I ! ■ i M3 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Tmcouvm mum— omaioT Me. m— c«iw»»*< Dtbbaii Alls 8m W»Ur- •fatdin •q-milM Welt* OTMk (trib. Buttl* l*k«) : 3M F*l] Im. from mouth ICarbl* CTMk (trib. ButtI* Uk«) : 400 lUpidi uid (*1U Btmi infMt SO Small naUporMk (tnb. Buttla lake) Mytm erMk (trib. Buttle lake) : 401 Rapida near mouth FriMcrMk (head ol Buttle lake) Thalwood CTMk : (;.-ib. Price creek 3m. from mouth) 402 Rapida below lakca Balph TtTtr (trib. Buttle lake) : 403 Falli aod rapida below lakca ■haphard ereak : (trib. to F'lnh river) 404 FalU and rapida. . . Trout Uk* outlet : 405 Rapida Cranbarry Uka outlat : 406 Rapida Salmon rlTar : 407 Cafion 23m. from mouth. WUtarlTar : (trib Salmon river) First cafion (2m. from mouth) 408 Second cafion . H amakay rlvar : (trib. Salmon river) fCafion 2m. from mouth . *** 1 Cafion Im. above lorka. Adami rivar 410 East Fork cafion . 38 35 Small 25 70 1.000{ Horae- power 30i 15 25 500 700 SOO Fall of SO ft. at Im. from mouth, above which trade averacca 100 ft. per m. for 13m Fairly fW^" <«* eharte. Some storage obtainable m amaU lakaa »« headwaters of tribuUriea. Small creek rising from 726 ft. at Buttle lake to 6.950 ft. within 3i miles. Steep creek, discharge very irregular : owing to steepneea of side bills and valley, no storage poeaible. 300 ft. fall in im. rapids, probably small. 1,200 300 Small 26 550i 190 190 Storage posaibilitiea not known. About 9m. long, rises in glacier on divide between Buttle and Great Central lakes. Upper 6m. drains reUuvely small Urritory. No storage possibilities. 4.000 1,200 ft. fall in 2m. rapids below lowest Idle. Creek about 13m. long. Good storage might be obtameJ by small dams at outlets of four lakca at elevataona ol 2,150 to 3,280 ft. 2S0t 600 500 Tsi-itka (Robson) river : 411 Cafion 4m. from mouth. . . Xoklah river : 412 Cafion 3-6m. from mouth... 40 150t 1,200 5.000 Not known 70 75||y 120 50 SO Said that fall of 300 ft. could be utilised with run-oB from 15 sq. m. Storage in three lakea at elavaUona of 3,230 to 4,116 ft. Lower 4m. of creek have low grade and upper 4m. are very precipitous, rising to elevation of 6,000 It. Said to have some small power possibilities. Snid to have some small power possibilities. Dam-site in rocky cafion, walls 120 ft. high : .'t"? •'■{• hills above. If dam were more than 80 ft. high, would flood extensive valley ; grade low Flows in deep rocky gorge. First cafion starts alxmt IJm. from mouth and continues for Mveral miiM. Numerous rapids in cafion, grade 20-30 ft. P" "• Box rock cafion in places, several good dam-sites. Head optional. , -, Said to be more rapids in a second cafion several miiei from mouth. No natural storage ; heavy Iresneis 1,300 250 60 500 Fall of 120 ft. in 2m. rapids. Dam-site at head in rocky cafion ; walls 120 ft. high. Rock-wall cafion. Good dam-«ite. If dam were o^ei 80 ft. high, it would flood considerable area. Said to have no power possibilities on lower reaches of ROTkiTcafioTat mouth of East fork and rapids «bo«. 80 ft. dam said to be possible. Head optional. Lo» water flow very small. too 35 ft. head in falls and rapids in box rock cafion ; J»m- site at head : balance of head in rapids above. Stiraie small, if any. 10,000 500 ft. obtainable in about 2Jm. ramds '» n«''y/ f."". Several good dam-fites. Dam built at head of < inm on South fork might be made to control levels o im and Bonsnia lakes, giving good storage. Heail op- tional. ^ •See Description of Power Tables. lAsaumed for purposes of estimate. _i„ .# j.„. i« ,«««« IStated that over 150 ft. might be developed by succession of dame in cafion. IIAbove Ida Ijike outlet. . , . „,,. , z Drainage area above mouth, y Drainage area above lake outlet. VANCOUVER ISLAND-POWER SITE TABLES T4HOOnV« MLAHD-DItTBlOT Ko. in-^„„.,«. 263 Strsah and Site Water-i »hpi| in! Head Hor.e- ! aq.milM, in feet power RcKAsn HimpUih rtTcr : 413 Dum-Mteljm. from mouth... 6S0 ! 5.300 4H Camotiun rafinn j. . , (SJm. abov* Nimpiiih'liiti) j 415 Bigfallat (2m. above Wo«« river) 418 One-mile rifllel.. (above Davie river) 480 J3&-50 330 140-50 185 Quarti rlTar : 417 Rapid. l}m. below lake ' Small not I defined! 50 130 I abiuhart river : 418 Rapids in cafion. Vnle enak : drib. Shuehart river) iall in S.W. quarter, sec 28. Ie« creek : (on Nigei island) l^^*" im. above mouth 30 i 150 20 raise,! more Tha"^a"w'fi?'*;oSlifl™^' " '"^f "" land at head of lake t Ht.'h^ ^ ^"^ considerable 3 500 D."" '^.'""' ?' «Pids at^dam'iL"'"'* """ '»""' "*«' rrSi:r«-^"^-^r'^i?:jf of Davie river °^ *"™* '° ■"«" ■n'»"li "'" tem'fr,r'"l^";'',i'Jo^,±'l' T 't. above sea level, drop in Jm and Mn f.ll ?, '""L"."^"' """' '"' ft. about 21^30 f? wih olrt.^uw'*'"^L. Banks, are 10-13 ft. for storag* ^ ''"'* '"'«'" ^ ""ed '■"" Pt? "^^S dt-J/irin^Cr" "L«>"""«« for some hoad : 15U fall i^ i?„ til"* 5°' "*'>'"' *"■ ''°"> tional Total fa Vrnmh^L"* .'*'""■"'"' He»d "P- about 230 ft in 4m. "** "' '=""<"' '" «« levff. Small creek with direct fall 17.5 ft.|| ••• •■•• Fallof.30f.,headoffallll0ft.above.e. .Small creek. Sooke Uke and river WX8T COAST ll2l 27y Jordan river : , 419 B.C. Electric Ry. Co I development at mouth I 53, Jacob creek : aicnfrow district) ! ''""'"°«'« .Small i'' mln'^„'f"a'bouf rlSoYn" """''>i, ^ ""''" develop. { stated, would berohiEitUe-"'""'- """ '*" '-'• " » '•"' '3.S' "^'t':,T/.'''h^«|/fib-™ type concrete dam S90 ft. Ultimate 3vS,000 j hn.r-2,«u«-ft.T 3o.,;dr;.wm;;;t y., ,„ ,„,r^ 60 Gordon river : I ■•^0 I'roposed diversion (..000_^^ft. ."boT;-B^b„„ M 155 2,500 I ■'"ap'd/in'lit'ir '*" •'° "■• """""J" »' hoad in °rr'aS.°' 'r?;^j'opi'ei'. f.^'o''^ '' V^T-der of head tunnel, conduit and -,^ 1''^!'"',.''^ .""■'^"'" dam, ately might be rLed°.'r.u''ft"' '"''"^'"^ "'" "• "'"»- jf^rti?'";" "on of Power Tables. ' " Ic ' r™.vi,^J?iPM.""'.a>.ve .\impkish lake, i, usu inth sdf-TI Nimpkish river falls nearly (100 ft beiwie'n v';™ '" '°.'"i:'!>' " Klaanch river '"■ Posoble to ereati any^ffeci™ if^l: " "^'C' '<"' h-ds of from (>20 ft mtlh." ^f^"'du■ated above, besid I I •'II 11 '''■i 1! j i ii I if fl iiii ihi m 2M COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION TAMOOOvai iiuaD— snnioT no. m— c«iiit•••" '•ke. rocky and pndpitoua banks 30-50 ft. high. D™^'** ""J*'; iadge at outlet of lake ; power-house site at footol loweet falla, brfow which nver is navigable by .'>«h*«» at high tide. Proposed to raise level of ^n**,!"; [area 338 aeree) 20 ft. for storsge. Propoeed to divert '-'eet fork to lak*. feS 110 30 170 748 400 1,300 3,000 South fork ISO ft. in 3m. Timber dam built 18 years ago for paper mill, now dis- used. Left bank high, riBit bank low. Storage on Spioat acd Great Central Take systems. 44 ft. fall in asriee of caacadea : 15- 5ft. in 2^ ft. rapids Left bank sloping rock,, rigiit bank rougher. !""»«« etorage in Sproanake. elev 70 ft., area 17 sq. m. Sits at outlet for dam 40-50 ft. hi|^. 12,000 40 ft. direct fall. Head obt^ned b» 80 ft. dam. IJ™*^ • etorage in Great Ontral Uke. dev. 200 ft. !>»>»•«• area mostly on hi* steep mountains with larie glaeiera and snowfields. 3 000 Direct fall of 8- 6 and 6 ft. ; 14 ft. fall in 4.400 '^"P*^- • Limited storage in Great Central l»ke. area 20 sq. m- Good site at outlet for dam 25-30 ft. high. 12,00011 750 Qiaat Cwitral lake is 190 ft. higher »!>»>> 8pro»»>M "J ir2»m. distant : the higheet point of the divideis ne« Onit (cSatrS Uke aSTM ftribove it The d.vert«l water wouM inoreass Bow over Sproat falls. Viei iew lake is about 746 ft. •b"" Great Centiml lake a^ the divide is 28 ft. above East View lake. Damm^' be built at outlet of View Use to •<»• «»«• •^"f* Good stand of timber on land that would be flooded. SSShS^ rf Wi:^i2f*Si«th.rn Va.«»v.r UW." by Cb^l.. H. Clapp. being 3fnn«V A', f J, C«ac««! sSvjy^orCanada, PUto IV. . D.:LiSra.s?s;^.JSirT&sS2?;~ -«^ II i li N VANCOUVER I S I- A N D— P O W E R Si l" K T A H L E S 265 TAWCOUTSB ISLAKD— DUTBXCT Mo. UI -/'m/t/.u^i STRCtM AND SirK Drinkwat«r crMk : i,trib (irt'ut (\>ntral lake) l.owt-rf-ilU , 'i^iiii. frum mouth) I L'ppcr Caflon rapida . , DoII.xfalla. McBride creek : 4;i;i Nortli Ki.rk rrinidii Um?1mw outlot .McBridtt lake) B«ftTer creek : 431 Car. ,11 Ath river : Di\nii falls ami rapitla. Canth.mk falls. (abmt i~'i ni. above mouth) tipper Ash river: W) A-.. ..ut!i't r.I-ielake., Nahznint river : ('ai^i'ii -111. tr'irri nitjuth . Tails Irii below lake. Total head in 'mi . . Effingham river Bedwell JffMr^ river. . Moyeha river Heg^in riker and lake. Burcnan river Oold river . Tahiii riv9r : 4-17 falls and rapid.*. . (4ru. froni mouth i Mahatta river. Johnson river. Infferioil river . Marble creek : t (.uutlt't Atico lake.' f abin falls 1 lin. from ninudii jCafion rapids ;lini. .'ron mouth l.is i .\Iipp falls I '4ini- from mouth) Wat4r- ■hed in ■M) niiU"> 20 Sm^n 8m»11 Small Small Ilea' I tn fi!«.-t 150 970 1.5S0 77 GO My 50y 19Jy .ISO to 510 1 00b 2J0 0.".: loo: llot'Mi- ptjwer SOO 250 300 1.000 5.000 2.000 KcUlHKd !M> ft. fall in -VOOT) ft. ; seru^n of falls in •'aflon. UM ft, fall in Jim. to mouth of <»truatn, alAo rapidj above, llvad optional. 30O ft in Jm. Lower carton. 2.»0 ft in IJm . 360 ft tn lim, I^n»-.T carton t. f.#.,i (»f Delia falU. Total, Ui\i ft. in Htj4iut :im. i!i>ad ojttional. I.oVi fr. ijin-pt fullH at oiitU't uf i>.Ua lake, arta 00 arr<-d. a Ntiiall ulacuT fed mck bacin. ek-v, ;J.7tM ft. Uo.k1 darii-^itf ut outlet of lak«' .Some mine ihaftd luiglit be utTtTted. KK ft. fall in 2m rapi'In. Banks low. flat, woodiii. liolow Mina'l falls. lUwl op- tiutial. Banks eauy Mlopr. ht-avily tindxTCMl. hut ca^y for conjstrnrtion ot IliiiufH and pipi* linr. Storam- in Dixon lake and lakes above. GimmI dam-site at head of falls. Reportt-d falls. 3.."i00 '..500 N'o ff porta. SS ft fall in I.OOO ft. in box rafion. Itln ft fall in \\m. rapitls above, includinit 1-' ft drop nrar lake * arlon. fai-l walls M>-5ll ft huth. wi-^t wall.'*. itit(lM r: itood •lam- site at head. Narrow valli-v with strip ul b-ntofn land 4(H>-l>tX) ft. wu'xh-d side fiilfs. Direct fall 12ft and rapi'U b-low f.-***!' particulars afwjve*. (ioo.i darn r.ite at tKitlt-t of lake for hiijli 'lam, eiact head possible, not 'Ictcrruintd. Po.-*rtibh* head is ovtr J.V) ft. m oin. ; iiicliid''.- >t and b. Sto-aKi- in Nahniint lake, urea ab-iiit 2 r«'i to. Those rivi-rsdiavp not bii-n investiitatcil from ;i warf-r- powrr stanilpuint, Tlii-y are ^ituati-ij iti a rr-tri-.n it are saiil to have some power possibilities. Direct falls of o ft. an-1 I'> ft. Ron caflon 15 ft. hiah then sloping side hills. 5i)-ft. dam po.-.siblL' near falls 44 ft. fall in 1.000 ft. rapi'l^ in (-afton ; dirert fall of 14 ft. ab'j'it 450 ft. below ra''ioii witli low bank' : ."i')-ft ilatn miftht be erected at head of raflon and total oi over UK) ft. hea.i deveIor».^l. :>0 ti fall in • ') ) ft. fall.-* and rapids, .\bove falU, river ha^ low .rah' to .Mice lake. Cioud dam-site at head of fallc . storaKe in Mice lake 'See OeiH'ripttun of Power Tables. tS'ote — .\liee lake is only about I.'iO ft. aliove sea level. The f::rade between the three power sites given is ver>* low and obviously the total heail that mi|{ht be developed canii (t much exceed l-V) ft. plus any small amount lh.it Alice lake lb rais«>d. Possibly a dam built at either the first or second power .iitea listed would drown out the falls above and control the level of Alice lake. X Drainage area above mouth ; y Drainage area above lake outtet. 1 i 3M COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Snoua ungira (oullat Victori* lake) Vietori* (•lU 439 Amwoo fall* and npid< below BanionriTtr : (oonneeu Kathleen and Alice lakM) 440 Bapide below Kathleen lake Ukrtnr : (connectinc Elk and Kathleen lakee) Baclncrinr : drib, to Elk lake) 441 Falls and rapids near mouth ■an JoMf riTir : 443 Small tributary and lake ,1^ i„ Head I Hnne- iqmUe«'»'»« po*" M Not known 20b 100 Rbuws Direc' i.!l o' "«> It. at outlet of Victoria lake. Very low ; mki I >r ' kl ft. below to Amunn fall» l.lgO M ft .i.rwt 11,1 undai ft in 300 ft r»iuiU below. Dam mijlit be ! 1,1 to riuw Victoria lake , elevation 275 ft.) •ibi.v -,, '. it. for atortuie. Below rapida river hiw lice lake. Xhia lita includes a. ril - I.ono ISO j Ffc;' l< I.SOO Dr.c n r 111 1 ,000 ft. Bol eafion of aoft limestone , v> d '^ might be built, but Kathleen lake » ft ) A,* second outlet to Alice lake, which 11 o ! pv. to be dammed if lake level were raised. i ' ' . etween Elk md Kathleen lakes. No i> '" >| ,i. Above Elk lake river is Tsry 1.1 I in • , a; fi-1 1 a f« Jiiy devt ,i . 'Lak* .' n. loni.» h:. ' ; m. » riv, r, and. It i;i Sttui. wii ,n 1.300 ft. rapiiU below ; If dam were raised over 'fc level of the 'Three lakea' ^fi storage. This constitutes I power . it* Im. north of 8sn Josel i afford good small power at *Sm DcaetiptioB of Power Tables. H CHAPTER XIII ■J Mainland Pacific Coast— Topography and Power Fitc Tablet The Pacific coast of British Columbia is formed by the western slopes of the * Coast mountains, and extends from the international boundary to Portland canal — a distance of over 500 miles. In the valleys, and wherever there is sufficient soil on the mountain slopes, the coast is densely covered with heavy timber. Much of the area, however, lies above the timber line. Water-power possibilities along the coast possess special advantages ; the chief being that the whole region is one of very heavy precipitation. This varies from a little less than 40 inches annually along a narrow belt near Powell river— where the mountain ranges of Vancouver island exert their maximum influence in reducing precipitation on their eastern side— to about 200 inches near Princess Royal island. An average annual precipitation of 180 inches has been recorded at S vanson Bay on Graham reach. This heavy precipitation results in a high rate of runoff. For precipitation records, see Tables. Other favourable features are that the harbours are accessible at all times of the year ; plant operation troubles, due to ice conditions, seldom exist ; and, further, all alor. - the coast, and particularly nearer the heads of the various inlets, the mountains are covered with snowfields and glaciers, some of which are of vast size. Occasionally, these glaciers extend down into valleys lying but a few hundred feet above sea level. (See Plate 7.) The runoff from such snow and ice fields, especially in warm weather, materially augments the stream flow available for power development at times of deficient precipi- tation. The coast, with its numerous inlets or fiords, resembles that of Norway, which country has recently come into prominence as a field for large water-power developments in connection with electro-chemical industries. The fiords are bounded by steep mountain slopes and, in many places, preci- pitous walls rise sheer for hundreds of feet from the water's edge. The shore- lines are marked by an absence of harbours and beaches. Near the heads of the inlets the mountains attain their greatest elevation and scenic grandeur. (See Plate 29, showing character of shores of inlets along coast.) Most of the smaller rivers flowing into the various inlets rise in the Coast mountains. A number of the larger rivers, such as the Homathko, Klinaklini, Bellakula, Dean, Skeena and Nass, break through these ranges, although many of their tributaries and the larger portion of their watersheds, lie among the Coast mountains. In general the coast streams may be grouped under three main classes. In the first class may be placed those larger rivers flowing in longitudinal U-shaped valleys, which valleys may be considered as continua- tions or branches of the inlets, that have become filled with gravel or glacial silt. u •il! ih] i J 11 'Ml lit 268 (■ (I M M I S S I () N OF C O X S E R V A T I O N ! * i Streams of the first class are characterized, at their mouths, by extensive tide-flats and sloughs strewn with logs, roots and other ddbris. The river usually reaches the inlet by several shallow channels, through gravel bars and glacial silt washed down from the mountains. Even with a small launch, great care has to be exercised in ai>proaching these flats. In places, it is possible to anchor in six feet and have the stern of a launch overhang, say, fifty feet of water. In entering on the ebb tide it is easy to get aground and find the launch at low tide stranded on a flat with the nearest water a mile away. For typical views of heads of inlets with low land at mouth of larger rivers see Plate 30. In their lower roaches, these rivers are usually swift-flowing streams obstructed by log jams and numerous 'snags' or 'dead heads." They are often difficult to travel, and at high water a good deal of danger attaches both to the ascent and descent by canoe. The channel is often tortuous and changes from year to year. Examples of such rivers are the Toba, from its mouth to some miles above the forks ; the Homathko. to Waddington canon ; the Klinaklini, as far as the Great glacier ; the Kitlope and several others.' Rivers with the above mentioned characteristics, of course, offer little, if any. possibilities for power development. In the second class may be grouped chiefly glacial, or snow-fed. streams flowing in narrow V-shaped valleys, often dropping several hundred feet in the last portion of their course, or plunging precipitously from great heights into the sea. It is upon streams of this class that the power possibilities of the Coast district are mostly found. The physical characteristics of these streams vary considerably. In many cases, the river flows in a deep canon— fre- quently a box canon ; in other places, rock slides occur. The river bottoms are usually strewn with boulders and contain frequent outcrops of bed rock. Often there are no conspicuous falls, although the river has numerous small pitches as it descends with a grade of 20 to 40 feet to the mile. In these cases the only practicable way of developing the latent power is to concentrate the head by dams in suitable locations. The amount of head obtainable is optional, and is generally limited only by constructional difficulties, or by the extent of possible flooding. A typical river of this class is the Klinaklini, in the Grand canon above the Great glacier. (See Plate 31.) In some streams of this second class the grade is considerably steeper, perhaps 100 to 200 feet to the mile, but with no dam-sites at the lower ends. These may be developed by a low intake dam and fluming along a side hill to a convenient location for penstock and power house. This is the commonest type of coast river, and a good example is the Little Toba. Again, other streams of this class possess a series of water-falls, falling from an elevated or 'hanging' valley. The value of these, from a power standpoint, depends largely upon whether storage exists, or could be created. For views of typical streams of the class just described see Plates 31 and 32. The information regarding the upper waters of many of the coastal rivers of British Columbia is comparatively meagre, but there is no doubt that many storage possibilities, as yet unknown, will be discovered in the future. Such MAIXLAXn PACIFIC C O A S T-T O PuG R A P „ V .,, out the whole of the year elencnZTr. , '^ '°^'' ^^'^'^^ ^'^^^^ through- elevation and suitab'; lo'cated TyT oTLXd """°^^^' '^ ^^ ^"«'^'^"' nection with the dcvcIop,.ent of powers By tv TT"" "°'^' '" •^°"- may he drawn to Princess Royal island "InHr^ illustration, attention inlet. In these localities there are s^f.. ^''^^.^^"^/°^^»- i"<-I"^Hnj^ Mussel rock dams, and falling one hundred to s"' T"'"«/'-°'" '^l^--^ over natural a distance of from a Lvlmdred v.nls to" ""'"'' '''' ^° "-^^ ^'^^^ - ment of the Powell river (see Sate 6) s « '' ' '"'' ""'"' '^^" '^''''^'''" accomplished Where lar jTaY-^stra'ijy^.SS:" ^■^^'"'^'^" '' '"'-' ^^ '^ chara^et'^'lt^TrTlittir^^^^^^^^ ^^ - intermittent melting the glaciers or snowfieldraboveo^^^^^^ ""'' '"-" "'^^" ^^^ -" - have no well defined valley their elursl K '"'? '' ^''"^"-^' ^^"'"S" They accidental channels and while often hT "^ ^'°"^' ^"'"^ ^'^"'^^ «'• other frequently too uncertafn or pr^ "al ooZ '"' ''"' '^^'^' ^'^^'^ «°- - be created, small powers may rLTalbTf or 7^" ^""^ ''°''''' ^- year. On coast streams lowest unf„/ ^'* ^*''''^'"^' months of the or during FebruaryZd iany o 1 4 s^^^^^^^^^ T-'f' "'°"^ ^^^ -'^ °^ J— ry of necessity, only indicative '^'''■^' '"Stances they are. The following are brief notes of the more important inlets and streams • numerous falls and raoidT Vh! r .^-shaped valleys with the British Columbia Electric Rall^; t. on theTor hT^""'"". ^'^"^ °^ power development in the province, it diverts to Bu^«rH ? '' '^' '"^"' normally, would flow to the Fraser riv^r t i '^ '"'^' ^'^'^^^ ^'hich. at the head of the inlet. An fnterestL nro '?"' °' ^^''"'°^^' "^^^ ^^'er ^ ream and its tributaries is described "n pTgfm '° "'"'" ^'^ ^'^^^ °^ ^h" ofint°:^i^rnit:or:iurth?:t^^^^^^^^^^ municipalities. '"PP'^ °^ Vancouver city and adjacent Capilano Creek is the present source of water s,,r,,,i t ,r watershed area is about 55 square miles and for th?'' ! ' ^"'^°"^^^- The bered. There is also a dense growth unJerbtshn ^ i^"'' ^'^''"^ ^''"- soil IS gravel and sand with numerous boulH^.u" '^^ '°^'' ''°P^^- The where the forest covering has berremoved thTh " , f' ^"^^"'^-ce. In places The runofi is rapid and. even under nrslnf '''^^°."''^^'-s ^^e much in evidence, heavy freshets. If the'exittinglir: ^wt^l^l^^^^^^ V^^'^ '^ The grade of the stream average^rfj^t^p^ ^ '^T^he^^r^-- mi m i i| I . 270 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Sites except near the headwaters, where the limited watershed would usually not yield sufficient runofE to warrant the construction of expensive dams. Seymour Creek is the most important stream connected with the future water supplv of Greater Vancouver. Unlike Capilano creek, it has storage possibilities "which would be ample to ensure water supply over long penods of drought. The drainage area is about 76 square miles, consisting most^^ of precipitous, wooded mountains, with peaks reaching an elevation of 6,000 feet On the higher altitudes and in sheltered valleys at lower elevations snow usually remains all the year and, in hot weather, augments the flow. Lynn Creek drains a watershed of about 17 square miles of high, steep, mountainous country lying between the watersheds of ^apilano and Seymour creeks. In physical characteristics it is similar to the watershed of the latter. Howe sound is one of the better known inlets, because of its Howe Sound proximity to the more settled portions of the coast. The Squamish and Cheakamus rivers unite about eight miles from the sea and discharge into the head of the inlet. Other tributaries are short mountain streams with rapid descent. Britanma Creek has been developed by the Britannia Creek Mimng and Smelting Co. (Seepage 156.) At Porteau there is a small development for gravel screening, consisting of several Pelton wheels operating under a head of loo feet. At Mill Bay the British Columbia Sulphite Fibre Co. has a develop- ment of over 1,000 horsepower. Squamish Kmr-The lower valley of the Squamish isfl,^*, and near tide-water, is open country. It has considerable areas of good land, although parts are subject to periodical overflow. The more serious flooding appears to Ee due to thi breaking of log jams during freshets. At its mouth, the valley is about two miles wide ; 30 miles upstream it narrows and the "ver passes through some cations. There are several tributaries which, on entering the Squamish valley, have falls of varying height, but their power possibilities, however, appear to be small. . _ . Cheakamus River valley, formeriy one of the routes to ^h^ 'ntenor has recently come into prominence, owing to the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern railway. The valley proper seldom exceeds one mile in width and has vcrv little agricultural land. The Cheakamus is a rapid, turbulent stream and, 'lO miles above its confluence with the Squamish. it flows through a e?Jl of canons. At other points the river bed widens out. and has numerou :ha"nds separated by gravel bars. The power P^^'^f -%° /^j:,!f ^^^."^ the Cheakamus and some of the tributaries have not^been fully determintd. though some investigations have recently been made. Jervis inlet is one of the larger coast inlets, but the drainage Jervis Inlet areas of its tributary streams are of minor extent, being, for the most part, but small mounlaiu streams. Details respectin;; their power possibilities, if any. are not at present available. —^-^^T^ual Report of M,nisU-r of Land., Bntish CoUunbia. IQ12. pp. 269-272 ; also, Altitude, tn Canada, 2ml e,l.. by James White, pp. 12, and 197. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST-TOPOGRAPHY 271 Powell River drains Powell lake, the largest lake adjacent to salt water ""l !" , .r. '°^'^ °^ ^""''^ Columbia. It is a short stream and descends about 140 feet m one-half mile. This fall has been very advantageously deve oped by the Power River Company to supply power to its pulp and paper plant. (See page 165.) Powell lake is employed for storage. Tnh. T„.., ^nL^''"^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ °^ "^"^^ '"'^^' ^^^'"^ ^^ "^a estimated Tob. Inlet at 900 to 1 ,000 square miles. It follows a well defined channel between low banks with a fringe of cedar, spruce and cotton- wood up to about four feet diameter. Behind this timber there is much swamp and alder bottom, with thick growth of underbrush. The country surrounding Its headwaters is mountainous and little known. Its main valley is from one- half mile to four miles wide. There are no power sites on the main stream for the first 16 miles, to the forks, nor on the East fork-which is the larger branch-until the upper waters are reached. Here, the river rises rapidly but IS small. The Toba heads in a glacier some 30 miles above the forks Although there are no power sites on the lower reaches of the main stream several fairly large tributaries have high heads. Cafion creek, a tributary of the East fork, 15 miles above the forks, is the best power site vet discovered in the Toba valley. (See Plate 32.) The Southgate and Homathko rivers are the largest rivers Bute Inlet flowing into Bute inlet. Southgate River drains a watershed of about 475 square miles. It flows through a flattish valley, one to one and one-half miles wide which has good soil and some valuable timber, mostly spruce and cedar For 40 miles above its mouth there are no power sites and the banks of the main stream are low. Falls -^rc found on the numerous glacial-fed tributaries two of which, on the northwest aide, are of fair size. Homathko River, with a watershed of a' .^ut 2,000 square miles, rises in the Central plateau near the Chilcoten countr> and flows throu"li the Coast mountains. Its valley is important as one of the few feasible raihvav routes from the coast to the interior. Description of it may be found in the Canadian Pacific Railway survey reports.* The Homathko valley may be considered in two portions • the upper mcluding the East and West branches, extends from their .sources to Wafldine' ton canon, eight miles below the 'forks' ; the lowrr portion extends from Waddington canon to the mouth. The upper portion passes through the heart of the Coast mountains • the two streams are confined in narrow valleys with occasional deep ravines and rock canons through which the waters dash impetuouslv. The East branch rises in lake Tatlayako, at an elevation of about 2.720 'feet. In its passage through the Coast mountains it descends 375 feet in the first eight miles and about 1,200 fe et between the latter point and the ' forks - a distance of 1 4 miles. for,! *FW,^'/'"''p " ■^"."■'■>'^ ""^ Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Ra,U;,x bv .Sand- tonl HcminR. For West Branch see Report up to 1874, pp. IS 19 109 an',1 I S2 ,1.;, £.i„ ^ For East Branch see Report up to 1S77, pp. 162-166 16^ 70 ami 267 7ftr ■ t ' ^^u.?^f^ *" Canada, 2nd ed., by James White, pp 125 and 129 ' ^^* ' "'"'"• ■""""''^ "• :'l! I il i i! , '■'hi i Mj! ?f' a -■■«;; 272 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION The West branch issues with low gradient from a chain of small lakes and, below Bluff lake, descends 575 feet in a distance of 34 miles. From this point, at elevation 2.285 feet, the frrade steepens and the river falls about 1,150 feet to the 'forks,' a distance of about seven miles. Between the 'forks' and the foot of Waddington canon— about eight miles— the river descends about 800 feet to an elevation of 355 feet. Waddington caiion '", 3,600 feet long, and its granite walls rise several hundred feet. Immediately above the canon the river widens. The portion of the river from Waddington caiion to the head of the steep section on both branches has been referred to as the Grand caiion. It should, if the demand arise, afford power by the construction of dams — probably high ones— at favourable sites. Recourse might first be had to some of the numerous high heads on the tributary glacial streams. The lower portion of the valley, extending from Waddington caiion to the head of the mlet, presents the usual characteristics of the U-shaped valleys previously described. (See Plate 30.) It is from one to four miles wide; the bottom lands carry large Douglas fir and spruce and very large cedar, with Cottonwood and alders on the low islands. The Homatbxo watershed contains many large glaciers. Ice river, for example, issues from a glacier only two miles from the main valley and only 300 to 400 feet above sea level. (See Plate 7.) In the summer months the Homathko is a turbid, lupid river, rising with the melting of the snow-fields and glaciers, and having, in addition, a distinct diurnal rise and fall due to the day and night temperature, respectively. After a few days of warm, bright weather the river carries a heavy flow. Its breadth at the foot of Waddington caiion is about 150 feet, but, below this point, in 30 miles, it fre- quently divides into two or more channels enclosing low islands of gravel and light soil. When the valley becomes opened up several streams might be developed tor power. Klinaklini River flows into the head of Knight inlet and drains Knight Inlet an area of about 1,800 square miles. At its mouth there are extensive tidal flats and, for about 15 miles above, it flows in numerous channels over wide gravel bars, which, in places, stretch across the entire valley. On its floor, this valley has scarcely any large timber— a remark- able fact differentiating it from other valleys of the same general class. Except at extreme low water, the Klinaklini is exceptionally difficult and dangerous to ascend, but it is possible to canoe upstream to the 'forks.' a distance of about 15 miles. At the 'forks' the character of the stream changer, ; one branch, the West fork, issues from a great glacier two miles from the 'forks,' and only 200 or 300 feet above sea level. This glacier extends across the bottom of an apparent continuation of the main valley and, on the sloping sides, large trees grow within a short distance of the ice ; on hot, clear days the volume of water from this source appears to exceed that in the Grand caflon. The East fork flows through the Grand caiion, which extends for upwards of 20 miles above the forks. The walls of this cation rise in many places sheer for hundreds of feet above the water's edge (see Plate 31); at other places there are the usual steep slopes and rock slides. °-' — **- ' '—'"• ' Below the 'forks,' Plate 30 CHARACTERISTIC VIEW OF INLET ON COAST East arm of Matheson channel. ■^JiS^^!!^!^- T^-t TYPICAL DLLTA LAND AT MOUTH Ot- LAHGfc U-SHAHtU VALLEY Kemano fiver. Garer portion there is a series of small lakes the largest of which is Kitsumgallum lake. Zymociz (Copper) River flows through a ^eep but narrow valley with steep banks and joms the Skeena at Copper City, a settlement on the south side of the nver about 98 mi.es inland. Its source is in a glacier-filled region among mountams over 6,000 feet high. The snow-line in August is at an elevation '- 5,000 feet and. during the summer, the river is thus ted from these snow- ■ 'IL^'J"' , ^' ^^"^ slacicTs. The river forks about 26 miles from its ■ uth, the larger portion of its water coming from the North fork The camate and vegetation of the valley belong to the coastal rather than to the interior types . On the lower slopes of the mountains there is a dense forest i) in ! ; . If '^\' 1 i i f'iiliili f ■I i 1 1 1 ^9 276 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION m !•? of spruce, hemlock and cedar, interspersed with poplar and cottonwood, and the hillsides are carpeted with moss. Fovir miles from its mouth, it issues from a caflon two miles long, the walls of which are about 70 feet high. The head obtainable would be optional and dependent upon the height of dam. There are. no doubt, numerous minor powers on the smaller tributaries, which are mostly short, steep, mountain creeks. With the exception of one site on Granite creek these have not been investigated. Bulkley River, entering at Hazelton, is one of the chief tributaries of the Skeena. It drains a watershed of about 4,500 square miles. Its chief tribu- taries are the Telkwa and Morice rivers, the latter being the extension of the main Bulkley. The Bulkley valley is bounded on the west by the Bulkley and Coast mountains, and on the east by the Babine mountains. For the first twelve miles the valley is about four miles wide, and affords considerable areas of bench lands, which lie at an elevation of several hundred feet above the river. A large part of the former forest cover has been destroyed by fire and much of the timber now existing is small poplar, balsam, spruce and lodgepole pine. Above Bulkley caflon,the valley gradually opens out until, in the neighbour- hood of Moricetown, 26 miles from the mouth, it attains a width of between eight and ten miles ; 30 miles farther up it widens to about 20 miles. Above Telkwa, the valley continues wide and rolling, is almost prairie-like in appear- ance, and is practically without timber. The Grand Trunk Pacific railway follows the valley and much of the land has been taken up for agriculture. The bordering mountain ranges contain agricultural valleys which are also largely occupied for farming and ranching. The precipitation in the Bulkley valley is usually sufficient for agricvdtural purposes, although, in its upper portion, it approaches semi-arid conditions. The tributaries from the east have usually a smaller flow than those from the west, as the latter drain the eastern foothills of the Bulkley mountains. For the greater part of its length, the Bulkley occupies a deeply eroded channel— practically a cafton— through which the waters rush with great force, forming numerous rapids where the channel narrows or rocky ledges are en- countered. Near the mouth of the river the walls of the cafion are of pre- cipitous rock, varying in height from 180 to 250 feet. (See Plate 33.) The main stream has several power sites (see Tables). The head obtainable in each case is to a certain extent optional and dependent upon the height of dam. At Moricetown there is a direct fall of about 13 feet.* Telkwa River enters the Bulkley about 60 miles above its mouth and drains nearly 500 square miles. At its lower end, its valley is several miles wide, with extensive gravel flats, having a growth of small lodgepole pine and aspen. About eight miles upstream, the valley narrows in, and is enclosed by low rolling hills a few hundred feet high, while farther on. these hills merge into mountainous country. The upper waters of the Telkwa penetrate the eastern flanks of the Coast mountains, and receive the drainage from snow-fields and glaciers, which • For illustration of Moricetown falls, Bulkley river, see Fifth AHHtuU Report, Commission of Conservation, facing p. 104. MAINLAND Pacific coast-topograp„v 277 gives it, in a modified degree th^ ^»,o. . ot the Telkwa watershed's Ue tnnZ'TZ^'r ' ^'^^1°' '''''"'■ ^'^^ the -forks- and its mouth, a distance of 15 1 .T"" ''^' ^"^- ^'"''-^-^ tmuation of the main valljy is comparativeK h'' ^"' ^^"^ ^''''- ^h^" con- fork, which has a grade simir toX o 'he Jo^^' "' " ""^'^ '^>' '""^ ^'«"h more rapidly, the grade, in places exceeuri"^^^^^ The South fork falls creek, its largest tributary, falls into thosT S? , ^^* P*^"" '"''^" "o^'-on Near the mouth of this creek hS^are two fill t' T ""'''' '^°'" ^'^ f^'"'^-' developments.* "'^ ^'' ° ^^"« affording possibilities for small aboufsi^.r^:;L-:ts;x;i:.f "'trv- ^^^ --^^h^- of lower portion of the watershed ha been / ,, ^""'^ °^ '''^^ '''"ber on the The climate is essentially that of the nort.'''' °' "^''''"'-"^ ^y ^^^^^t fires. ably increasing somewhat towards the S "l'""'' ?' '"^"P'^^'-n I-ob- rapids in the first 14 miles, for whYch ^tancet h "k ^"""^ "^ "° ^^"^ ^^ steam launch. Above this, canoes have Seen J H^'.>. "''''^^'''^ ^^' ^ ^'"^'l nses in several lakes lying in vallevs whir ^^ """'' '° "^ '°^'^'^- h Coast mountains. As theselakefirefedt 1"?'*" ''^ '"^'^^" ^^^''^ ^^ ^^e nver shows a perceptible inc^Lse Irin/hoT ?r'' ^'^^ ^'-^arge of the control of the flow of the Bulkley canTe fh.» T'^"' " ^"^ appreciable outflow of the various lakes a t'hrhead of tTeli^^i"'" ^.'^' "^'"'^^'"« ^^^ lakes in relation to power sites on theTullt th^r' ?' ''^''''' °^ ^'^^^^ and the.r outlets should be examined for Dossfhllr^°^^ of Pnme importance site on the Morice river is 21 mJrupstrerm «/ "?"''''• '^^^ «"* P°^^ long and 80 feet wide at its mTuS. 'Sr 'ites m^^ ' ^T f °"' ^^ ^^^ /ft^/nox River ioin«! tt,« ci, ^^ ^'"^^ ^""^^er up. shed liesl ttZS^; s?de of ThTcrt ""'" ^'°^^ «^^^'^-- '^'^e water- separates its valley from that o the 81^1^7""%^"' ' '°" '^"^^ °^ ^iUs tinibered with small poplar, birfh hemtek ,n ''• k?' ^^*^"^^^ '« ^^nly and there is a light growth of h«,!iKu ^^^^' ''^''*'"' a'^^er and willow northern banks of the"^^: ^°a„ey a L :« " ''^ ^^^^""^ '^^'^^ The an abundant growth of wild g^assi and weT'' h'1^ ?' ""«* ^^^^' ^-« for feed. Much of the land hasCn prelinLl f '' ^'^^^^^ ^''''^'''' ^"«""er that of the northern interior. wTth a mode 'f ^.^"^"''"'■e- The climate is abilities of the Kispiox are L,^ ' Vwo d'm sTer'h^''"K"- ^'^ ^^^^ P^ mam stream and some small powers on its trib, ''' J""'" ^^"^''^ °" ^^e •n the tables. ^ °" '*^ tributaries. Particulars are given Babine River, as vet hat nr.f k„ Its general characteristTcs are however simT'r'."^^"^"^ ^°^ P-- -tes. Hazelton and the mouth of tLe BaWne l^X ? '^T °^ *'*^ ^^^^"^ between ently not easily navigable even for croes "tJs if / *'.' "'^'"^ " ^P^^^" the Indians and the Hudson's Bay Co Tn train ' .'"^'^^^^^ ^y the fact that apparently find it safer and more economicll T ^"^ '"^P""" ^'""^ "^^^l^O'^. !!^^he river rises in Babi^eTkr ^^ e^^n^;--: ^2^0 ^ In f! 1 i I id 1^ 278 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION S HiSon with the Skeena. is some SO miles long and descends in that d«- ' wt 1 47S feet bv a succession of rapids without any dtstmct falls. ^rjiTis o c^^rL no' unTorm. and there are probably many place, IhLe U coiider.Wy exceeds the average figure of 29 feet per mile. As the rivrilowsT a -flon for a long distance there are no doubt several points where developments might be made by means of dams. Nass River is the most northerly of the Pacific Coast nvers H«Ri,« which flow wholly through British Columbia^ j'^.'l'^f! 'u high mountains, but flows for the greater part of tts length through a wide rolling plain traversed by slate ridges. The lower portion of the Kitsumgaltom trail Irom the main Une ol tne uiano ""leiow the Indian village .1 Guineha. about 20 mile, from the mouth and 8 i atove the head of tide, the Nass flow, between b«J., of mudoj ™v!l 10.0 ISteet high and ha, a eomparativdy T"T^IuT1 £:f row^ar KeLibtrtiTitrrr'srt^'r^^^ SSefi:t£rrra:sg'S£,".^mrr^utr.^p^^^^ tolts mSht ascend a short distance further, but. above the foot of the reserve. rr^,ses.ro^^^^^^^^^^ r " Te^e^ver .^^^^^^^^^^^ width and\s 200 to 500 feet above rXvelEncosine the valley on the east is a very regular ridge of mountains 3 00rto sJSo S in height broken only by the valley of the Cranberry. Tut a mlLand one-half'wide. On the west side, there is a similar ndge. '"' The^'lTof the Nass is well timbered. There have been comparatively few fir': L Sstgion. and the burnt over areas are -fo-^-^^;f J^^, , J t, „i^^v ThP<;p trees characterize the Nass valley to a pom., d- lodgepole pine appears on the poorer and dryer soils. MAINLAND PAC.P.C CO«T-TOPOO , A ,■„ V ,-, cult.es to overcome would be the rreat rL ^''Z.^^''^ ^"'^ '^"^ ^^'^^ C'fli- the river and. possible, i^^eV^n'oTLSl ^tTs^ ^'t''"' '°^' "«- °^ suggested that, by me^ns of ,* suc^ssTon o h f ''"•''^'"^'- '^ ^^^ be«n river, between the up,>er end of "he loT °L„ .''!! *°'^' ^"" '" ^^e Nass utilized The chief tributaries o the Nass are th"eT' '"V^^'°"' ""'^^^ '^^ adm and Cranberry nvers and Rmr n ^"^*''^' Kinsko,.ch. Mezi- possibilities.* ^ "'^ ^""^^ ^"«^-^^ "^k. all of which have power Stikine River. — In l7o? \'„„ Stain. Ri,., Stikine .-, ver. the shoals of Xh" '"'''1 ''^ ^^'"^^ "^ '^- Gold was d scovcred n ,86 « h'' """^'"^ "' '^'^ ^^^arts. plorations for the overland te'r^oh Zr \ S '" '*'*'' '^ ^867. ex- In 1873. the placer mines of Cassilr were Lr^'r^ '" ^'^ '""^'"'^ --^'X the Stikine has afforded an nn^rfanr mean, . ' °''''' ""''• ""'^^ ^^'^^ ^^e. to the interior. ""Portant means ot communica- ion fn,m the coast the c^^::^; ;;;:: ti^'ii^^r tr "^^^ -"--' '- - ^^-^ east or In size and general character the SnerT T," '''"''■ ^"""^^ ^ ^"^'-^^ usually opens between Apr^i 20 and mIv , J f ''"'" '"'^'^"^ ^^v, ,a:ioa vember. It is navigable bv 1.^1^7 ^"^ ^'°'^' ^''■"-- '''-'^ ■ "1 of Ko- power from its momh t Glen;" izfrnl """^ °' '!f^^ ''^^^^' -''^ P-5 stances, to Telegraph Creek v^l age 'l2 mi ^ '? ' T^'' ''^"""'^■'■-' "-"- navigable portion is swift, with an avera.^ T '^^' ^""^"^ '^ ^^e per hour. In many place between th. T. Z"S\1' '^''' ^'^"' ^^^ miles and Telegraph Creek, it attains a rate of six t ' " ""'"' ^''''" ^^^ month. being chiefly met with above the LktL cafion Th'" "'"' ''' "^'f'- ^^'^r so-called, although the Little caflon floTr V T "^ "° ''^P'^^^' P^operly stages, a serious impediment to LvigatioTThr !''^ "^"^'^^ °'^^^^' ^^ ^'^^ of the river render it necessary to^rTt ab^ut 1-^2 ""^ " '^^ "^^"^^ -^^^^^t^^^-:^-^ ^-; about .0 f.t, givin. Above Telegraph Creek is the Slat clfionrhr ''°" ''^ ^'^^^^ ^^'^ ^^"'^ge. -quite impassable either by stcTmers or boat's V "''' ^ "^"^' ""'" ^d wmter on the ice. "^ ^°^*^- -^^'"ers have travelled it in lake.'o'rth^S wat'f 'The'h"^''' '^'''"^ ^"^ ^--"^ leads to Dease pan i„ a mountaino^dS J n ap^trrefat'sV^^".^ "^ ^°^ ^^^^ ^- explored. Crossing the Alaska coasSZ In " ;' ^"' ^"" ^^rgely un- ^eneral trend of the valley is canand ^c^t mT^' "^°"^ '' '"''-, the ^!!^^s a north and south direcfio^^ Prot Z^^l^^^^^ Ml I' ft .'I s ;■ ■ "f ■■ jgO COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION the sea. it runs northeastward to the vicinity of Dease lake. The upper por- tion Is occupied by the Tanzilla branch, the main nver entering the valley from the southeast. , , ,•, ^. ^ t "The lower T.ortion of this river-valley may. in fact, be regarded, like that of the corresponding part of the Skeena. as an inlet which has become fi"ed with de trt" in consequence of the great si.e --^^^^--^^-'^"/'^YZll^ the river ... The mountains immediately bordering the valley of the Stikine at its seaward entrance are from 2.000 to 3.000 feet in height, and nse abnipt^ from the wide alluvial flats, through which the nver there winds. . . The flats are generally covered with fine groves of cottonwood, mingled with spruce and other trees, and are often cut through by sloughs and channels. . The t^^ll^'bottom maintains an average width of from two to three miles as far up a the Little canon, which place may be regarded as nearly marking the head of the old salt water inlet which has been silted up by the nver. No general description of the Stikine would be complete without a refer- ence to tl e glaciers wiiich constitute one of the most remarkable features of tL lower vallev. While there are a number of these on both sides of he nt vet onlv four are of special importance. These four are situated on the we t bank, three of them lying on the eastern slopes of the most massive central ranges of the mountainous region. For a description of these glaciers the reader is referred to the report of the Geological Survey.t "The Little carion is abo.t three-fifths of a mile long. and. in places not tnnrP than 150 feet wide. It is bordered by massive gramte cliffs, 200 to 300 "etin height above which.cn the west side, rugged mountain slopes rise. On tie east a e low rocky hills representing part of a former spur of the moun- tain through which the caiion !.as been cut. A tract of low land separates he"; hills from the eastern side of the main valley, and it is difT.cult to explain under what circumstances the river has taken its t.resent course. "For some distance above the Little canon the S^'^ine valley appears to cut verv obliquelv through a series of somewhat irregularly P^^^^ ^^ ^"^"^ EVght miles further up is the 'Klooehman canon' ... it is "^^^^^ f « ^f^^^ !" wiSh Ld oilers no impediment to navigation. At four miles above the Klooch- nian a^nt the so-called Grand rapid, which, in consequence of -cent changes fn the river is now by no means formidable, though the water is still partic- ulriv sw ft and the river wide and shallow. Here the valley begins very marked" to open out. the mountains retiring further from the nver and de- ""sing in ah, tude. while irregular, basaltic hills, of no great height, appear between the river and the bases of the mountains. + , ,. , u The striking differences between the coast and inland climates hav^ alreaclv been n"crred to and, as the more nonhern latitudes are approached, t:^i:^: .e sun -^ts^te^r ^^;;£ ::st^=ts^- Sl^rr loo i^^h^i ^TriS^SS. on the inland side of the mou. —^:;;j::^aTsuney of Canada. Annual Report ^New Scnes). Vol. III.. 1887-88. Part B. p. 4.. t /frid. pp. 51-53. t Ibid. pp. 49-50. Plate 31 KLINAKLINI RIVER, GRAND CAfJON In traversing the Coast mountains, rivers often flow ttirough great caAons, STREAIVt ON PRINCESS ROYAL ISLAND Thisstream 15 (lesceralinii steeply from lake in hanging valley as frequently found on coast. 1 m RAPIDS ON THOMLINSON CREEK, TRIBUTARY OF TOBA RIVER A typical Roast stream, iknmnrlmg ovAr 600 feet -n four nv.le*. !! 11 i I MAINLAND PACIFIC CO A S T— T O Pu G k A P H Y 281 tains, it is so small that it is necessary* to irrij^ate cultivated land. Aj;ain, near the coast there is the moisture which beclouds the skv, while on the other side of the mountains, no more than 80 miles away, clear, bright atmosphere prevails. In the viiinity of the Stikine the i^Teatcst precipitation probably occurs adjacent to the highest central ranges of the Coast mountains. The existence of important glaciers and the heavily snow-covered appearance of the mountains until late in summer bear testimony to a large snowfall. It has been stated that snow accunnilatcs on the lo^^.t-r parts of the Stikine valley to a depth of eight or ten feet, while at Telegraph Creek, on the Tahltan river, the depth seldom exceeds eighteet, inclies. At the latter place horses have been wintered out. On the eastern side of the Coast mountains, vegetation is much earlier than in the lower parts of the Stikine valley, where the larger quantities of snow retard the arrival of spring. About the middle of May, 1887, for example the cottonwoods and other deciduous trees at the mouth of the Stikine and along its lower part showed merely a general faint greenish tint as the buds opened. At the same time, in the vicinity ot Telegraph Creek the appearance was almost that of early summer. The character of the vegetation found in these different localities confirms the general testimony respecting the trans- ition from the moisture of the coast to the dry climate of the initrioi . It is evident that the meteorological differences involved emphasize the necessity for individual study of watersheds over which runoff co-efficients doubtless vary within wide limits. As yet, opportunity has not been afforded for the exam- ination of the numerous tributaries of the Stikine from the standpoint of their power possibilities. Such information as is available has been summarized in the tables. I If ; ill m '}{ 382 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Mainland Pacific C«aflt— District No. IV Name or Stream AND Situation or Power Site Area of Selnct- wnti»r- p(i shed in head Hqiiare in niile«* feet* E«ti- mated hor8#- powel* Reharer BnaSABO BUT Coquitlam-Runtien Development : British Columbia Electric Rui- wav Co. [Lake Buntien 443 \ ^^^^ Coquifl.im j Power Houae No 1 i Power Houae No. 2 iBdtan (MMliloel) riTW :§ Power site at mnuth Hiion creek ; intake 2im. above Hison creak Brandt cTMk 7 105 400 400 3S0 L«k« Cwuitlam div.>rter>iinal area lake Coqui'lam about 2,190 Rem ^ I P»»e 151. Small '1.960' I Smal! 1.9A0 3,000 .3.50 ft fall in about 2ini rapida ' 1,900 ft iull in about itni Storai (iam at outlet of Belknap lake. "S?°B°ra'S3Tf ]8m.IIj.,960 10.00(1. Tounr crNk. (trib Brandt) SbirII : l.( ■ by propoaed 40 ft. 1.9(B) ft 'nil in about 4TO. hitake at elevation 1,906 ft. above iMi'ver house. >tnraKP in N.irtnn lake, elevatnw 2,216 W above power bnwr. 4(1 ft dnm propoaed or outlet lak". sad intake atelpvatiim l.UtWft. ^tora»e in Younit lake, elev 2,214 '^ abov and in rv,n Uke ; propoaed 50 U dam. I -iMn ft Oinrwra r\j^iUAis l^^hLtaA OnuUto ralla ervek : (trib. Burrard inlet) Coast QuarricH ilevelnpmfnt. Small mil in i>ni iake ; propoaed 1,9iMOf» t, n I., oporatf ful'v. but n "'!ry reason only half thi.- ic avail.ihle ; recupl I.jr 2,HO0 miner's inches. ... stated that over 1.000 h.p. ia arailttble on thw creek &t certain Heosonr l.-'iOO Partially developed. sowi aomiD (MkB creek : i Kallahne creek : 444ai IV\ lit.pinpnt by Depks Grav- el and Ki>ck Co. at I'orteau Forrj creek : 445 D.'vci.ipii.ent by Hcwe Sound Cupper Co Brltannl* Creek : fDeve'opinent by HritaanMi Minins: and Stnelttng Co Tunnel p*>wer hmwe Uit elevation 2,0H4 ft.) I do. Bearh p-iwr hou-**. (at clevrtti-.ti la; it 1 30*> 'Juarry and (trave' ^ercfnmiE plant, 8tn«i^ nf nhout I.7(K) acre :> ut Ih-vk-* lake. etev. .■1.2(10 ff I'.niber "rih dam L'lt ft hitfh. Flume at elevation nf 1 .(MMI ft. divert?^ wattT from Deeki' creek t.. Kalhihne rreek, powiT house near >oa lev*-!, intak,.- 2m from mouth. Four Pelton wheel:* tlrivin« rushiTM and si-rei-nn Water in diverteil from I'urry freek In tunnels and pipe^ to power houue :it trwiinx of rtumen, Mritannia Il<-acli. 1.464 1.950 446' df,. Old Coneentratinjr mill... (at elevation .'>(! ft ) New f •^(>«i ut fp - points under seven heai!^ Sr»me ^toniae ha-* bepn ol-tamrd by liigh ilams. Sti't'l and wood-sta\'e pipe.(}. • See De<8m tq.miln "■ '••' power 448 Faih bolow Ouat enek ■toOMsriTM' : Bor Mount eafion Pomr Hte, Sm. below Stoney 9ite. 2in. toiith of junciion of North fork Sanll I 200 I M6 i m,mo Site, Im •oMh of junction oC North fofk Bnbbl* (Stonjrt (trib. Cheftkamua. 450 RapidB with powar site at mouth Braadywlaa «N*k : Itrib Cheatemus) 4il Rapid* RiHAnc* A amall daowJopment waa tuccMted for this stream; no details acratlable. Proposed development by Mauquam Falls Power Co. 560 ft. fsll in 3m rapids. Propnded development by B.C. Power an>i Electric Co.; pDbably head optional. Storage in Uaribaldi li.ke, area :i.;<80 acres, and Cheakafflus lake, area abuut 2.400 acres. No details available, tiead probably optional, depending on height uf dam. No details. No details. 1,000 400-MO ft. head might be developed. Storage in lake I rirar : 4S2 Caltons 30m. from mouth . > sraak (trib. Squamish) : 453 Falls about IJm from mouth. ■■■■■ttUK .tTib. .Squamish) SiigKested development 240 I waUtMl: (trib .Squamish 22m. from mouth) 464 Falls im. a^aove mouth Un- known mu erMk . I 465 Development by British Col- ' umbia Sulph^e Fibre Co OadaracMk: 465 SiisKested development ...... , . . , 260 000 l.nno 325 500 Fall of about 200 ft. reporteJ: half-mile from mouth. jSay to have power poesibilities — also small powers on tributaries. jReported falls, height not ascertained. Glacial fed I stream, ijaid that 2,000 h.p. is available. |900 h.p. is said to be available at certain seasons. Larsest of three mmilnr ntreamK, but flow it« small- Kstimated direct fall 80 ft , total 250 ft. in short dis- tance. Two Peltons developing L.'ion h.p : 100 h.p electrical ; balance direct connected to grinders and other ma- chinery. Proposed development by the British Cntumhia Sulphite I Fibre Co. : 2 «IOtl h.p. «,iid to be nvaiiable BTmAIT or OIOEOIA (.Mission eraak. iStated 800 h.p. is available on this creek. SALMON AKM Gtowhom tivar >ai headi : 456 itapidi: and fall near mouth. . 140 1 130 6.800 [Direct fall over 80 ft. Storage in Clowhom lakes. nmviB iNLXT : nmnu inut to mjjmuipina imut PowcU rlTtr : 457 Development by Powell River Co 2i.^'00 Falls of HO ft. in short ih»tnnce nt'ar salt water, Ex- devel oped •| eellcnt Btoraup in Pdwi-II lake, nnninfti area aUmt 65 Bt\ If I.iike IivpI hah hovn raicc*! alwmt 2't ft . prc>- t>.)KX» h p. •Set Description of Powt-r TaW^w. JJcr^iii inirt if nn< M thf* lar^fr tiorfi*^ ^♦f tbc Parif- rnant It ha; tributarj wnicr^ ore n)oeily mountain pttittn;!- *-r(h rrlativety i>i: afTord fiwilitit"; wr power df'tailr arr Bvat«.>ve 2nd ca.'^cadea. Tota. head, dam-site 10 be-,c' , about SOO ft. No p<'wer sites on main stream below forks 10m, from mouth. Banks low. Valley J to 4m. wide. Series of high falls at edije of Toba valley. SOO ft. head visible from valley, probably more head above. 30 ft fall in lira. 100 ft. fall in Im., .W ft fall in next !m. Swift river, no direct fall for fim liapids start about 2m. from mouth and river rises about 2.')0 ft in next 'i]m Head optional, more rapids above, but river rapid'y diminishes in siic towards head. Swift-flowinir river, no fall or power sites for 15 to 20 m., rapids at head but river then small. Series of falls in rock cafion. Head optional, probably I over 1 000 ft. might be obtained in short distance. Series of falls and rapids. He.-.d optional, .ino ft or over might be obtained in short distanee. Flow small in ' winter. Un- known Un- known Un- known Un- known Un- known over 020 I over 1,000 70 360 530 5,500 M ft. fall in Jm. rapids : 00 ft. in Jm. ; 270 ft. in Im ; 210 ft. in about 2m. Kapid m.mntain stream, 1120 ft, head in about 4m. Heail optional. -More liea:I60 ft. in Ijm rapida in box cad. high : direct fall at tiead of eadon i be conibinwi to give t:iO (t. lica.1 m -m 2,.300f ,->:«) ft. fall in series of falls and rapids for Um, box caflnn. filacier feil. walls 1.-.0-2.T0 ft. The above might ♦.See Descripti.in of P,,w,T Tables J.\lso.allr.,i - Hithfork, jWinliT condition, unknown. Bow probably unreliable MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST-POWER SITE TABLES 285 MAmLMID FACmO COAIT-DMTMOT Ho. n-Con, Unutii Buminlt ere«k (tr.b s.,uth fork loba, Win uh..vp fnrkal ■ 469 Hapids m-ar mouth ...... Ckwt CTMk (trib. .«outh fork Tob. ■ilrn, above fork.*) ■ 470 I'all, Xlita riTer : (entir» Tolm 2ni. above mouth) 4< 1 JIapKta 7,»'»""'"'»n«,<«M.v.-yard)er««k: *l. 1 alls and rapidt near moutli Brem river : .,!■"'"'' "}'}'- of Toba inlt't) 47J Rapids and falls ni-ar mouth I'n- ki'.own . Vn- l.n iwn I 30 mix l'()0 2.-0 to 3110 ^niall cretk ; flow, down rc«k .lide .n stoop rapids. 1,000 |.0 ft. direct fall: 17 ft. i„ I,,w „ ,„„i,|, ^ ,,- „ ,,_„ . I --^r;;^V caaon an,, a tot.l h^/ [^'[i^; f.^I^ I 4 'KXJ j.i.-, ft. in Im. rapi,l.« l„.low f:,l| ; 40 ft . „ ,H„r. dl, Tot„,^ad.„:.:i:i;o,:,'!;t:,o.;1^:v,,^';;,,,-'"ili Salmon river (Orford bav) : »»ll« and r„|,i,i» in b„, ..aflon 4Jm. from mouth BirrE INLBV Soutbrate river Twenty-two-mile creek (north west bank of Soulhg„,<. river) *i> halls near mouth. . . SllJott creek (trib. Southgate). . ""ior'' .'w*'' ""■to'-on South ^^Kate and llomathko rivers) : Bomathko river ; { 477 Waddinirton eaflon (Sm. below forks) 200 130 330 .....re.u:b;;;'<"'a^:i::iX^-""t; ";;^::;l:-ii:;-;;^:ii';iss::^ir-;h',^i;i;'flir 3.000 rn- known 478 East Fork cation 470 Weet Fork caflon '","■'"■• "'" ""mathko, about «u Hapids and two cations. . ko abon VJm from mouth) : •'"'l Hap.da near mouth. . . In- known Tn- I known Said to be no power sites on this creek for 5m. or more. Z-A^fr^Z nr^rbove"" '""""" "" "-" "-^ J;.;^of^x.^;'l;;ii:'::b;^<5Sr?t. b^'-»''"''<--I ..valley Vuhm"nyeaV,oil"'- °' ™'"''' "> ■''^^■"' """■'» 6,0001 O.OtX) 1 2,.V)0> 200 " 7m.'Xve"IXV '■''^'■^'^ ■'"'^"J> "bout I.iM f,. i„ ■..OtW-jFalUrom H.e of^,,,,ma^^^ to tm above, about I More fan and'y;!;i;^!;';;i!„;;;"^Veid"::;iii'-;^i;;-^ •.;j..,-. pc»cripi ion of Power TabI,.,, ■ . ijou'sl.ta';:;:"""'' '" '■""'""•• ■ "" ""'».* '^im'i'r"' "^ '" ""•""""■ «■'■"- -""H.ion, unknown, flow proh.l.K fl, „.. , , » nrainage area above mouth, ""■ "n...^ l„.,„.,en e,eept.onally II; ;i.' ; Hi Hi : I. ' 1 . ^i^i^ '■ I ( fr t 1 286 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION luauiio rAoino ooar— mtnuor ii«. it— cmMhimi Btbbam 4110 8m Watar- •iMdin ■q.milM (TMk (trib. Hoowthko ftbout 15ni. from mouth) : (Cueado Im from mouth *** ) Rapid! above. Total in im. . . ■•MBd WMt trUratair : (to Homathliai Ut rapida. im. from mouth. 4S3 FalU 2nd rapida... Total in 2m. , Third WMt trtbaUrr : (to Homathlin) 484 Falli 800 ft. from mouth . Haad iataet Un- known Un- known 28M sao \aoa 2J0t 240c 6S0 300 Hon*- power 3.000 3,000 l.SOO RSMABCa 375 ft. fall in l.SOO ft. eaaeadea in boi eaaon, bank* 30-40 ft. hi«h. . ^ . , . , . 28S ft. in 2.000 ft. rapida. bed itrewn with large bouldera. ToUl •DO ft., inoludini (al and (k). in about im. eaiaada* and rapida. im ft. in 1.300 ft. rapida : banka 15-20 ft. high : bail gravel and bouldrra. . , 250 ft. in 1.800 ft. falla and rapida in eaflon; wall* 70-30C ft high. 240 ft. in Im. rapidi : bouldcr-atrewn bed. Total of A50 ft. in about 2m. : ineludra (a), (Mi («)• (^ood dam-aite above rapida; glacial fed. Deaeenda 300 ft. in 1,000 ft. rapida in eaflon : buha 70-200 ft. high, bod roek in plarea in atream. Morr falla and rapida above; glacial fed. PHium Amu PUUipa rivtr : 485 lS0l{ .... Hsa no power aitea for Lta., above which atraam i» amall- LOVOHBOKOUOH IHLIT AppUrlTW. . erMk (trib. Apple) 48S Rapida im. from mouth . ■taSord river : (trib. I.ouichborough inlet) lilt rapids (Hon (t. from mouth) 2nd rapids 487 3rd rapids 4th rapids Total in about lim.. Said to be no good power sitea on this river. 210 ft. in |m atream. rapida, dam-aite (m. up. Qlaeial-fed 40 ft. in 2,600 ft. rapid : low banka. 115 ft. fall in 1,000 ft. seriea of falls in eaflon, walls 30-70 "• '•'«►' . . , ■ . 1. J .W ft. fall in 2.000 ft. rapid ; boulder-strewn bed. lis ft. fall in soft, cascade. ,,,.,,, Total head in about I Jm. 210 ft. : includes (o), (6). (r), (d). .Storage in small lake. IJm. long by Jm. wide Dam-site above 4th rapids. KHtOHT IHLIT Wawkaih eraak : '1st rapids near mouth 488 { 2nd rapids near mouth . . . Total in about 3Jm. . AwMhmaakl tint : 489 KlinakUni rivar : 490 HapiilM in Orand eaflon. (1.5-2jni. from mouth) . 95 145l 130a 2.106 360 ISO ft. fall in about im rapids; dam might be built aiiove rapids. 2.10 ft. (all in about 3m. ; several possible rtam-sitea. 6000 360 ft. tall in 3Jni. ; includes (o) and (6). dam-?ite above 2nd rapids, bed rock in strenm. 1.100 100- 150 Partially ejamined in lower reaches, said to be small. Power possibilttie!!. Mtiisal creek drib to Klinaklini. .■jni. (ruin mouth on oast bank) ; 491 Kapicis below lake Small 300 lUda eraak (trib to Klinaklini on ea(i» ;,i(li' ^.'irii (ranK- •Se^ IV*ripM..D '.'t Power Tatie„. g Drui«ks«i' nr^a above it,.tuth. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST-POWER SITE TABLES ,,; t^UKLUat FAOmo OOABT-DMTEIOT Mo. IT-C««.,«d Stream axo Sira ! Water- „ ^ | ; shed in ."''•n ' Hor?e- »q. miles "> feet power RCMtRKK Xiaccom* river : .r„b,.,leove. S.ora.e^.^'ol't^HT'.L'&.T'p-r'eJe'-.;? WuiMr Inlet lak* : ■•97 Fall below lake. aiTMOUB nuT 10 9«7mour riTer : i 49S falls 2(m. from mouth I no 70 163 200 4,000 ;.6j^ft^ fall in ,^ ,, ,„, „, ,„„^ .^ ^^ ^^ UVns DIUT Xandl* Oraak : (.■iandlc Lake outlet . 6aa 499 Rapids between lakes I Total in 4m.. 'Whonnoek riwr : Outlet Owckonn lake 2306! 25 300 f Hot e'mrX"- '"*•■■ ''»«i»"v'"-l"Pe.l'l,vr?^;" ^t;^ll;tl!^ ";„?i;;, ;:™!r. '-r'^" -"•"" '«^- -'' 3.000 ro^a/ -,i.ho,u^4^m^, sa„,„j, ,.,„ ., ,..„ „„,„ .„^,_^^___^ L::^'^:fc^i,ti:^nr;;,^.;^T- "-- ^-^^ «nd 5fi'*r*^ (•N'uinrvis) CTMk : MW !• alls and rapids near mouth . D»mck riTer : [llapi,!- neir mouth. TBIBPTAMM TO OWIKANO LAKX 20 3.50 1,000 501 I l''lk n.Ti rapid8>bout 4n 30 Dooi riTer ; fno(« falls. 120a 50:> Rapids in carton Jim , Total (o) and (6) Keecbanu river : ■^» IJamsito:!!,! from mouth,. Macmell river •Sec D««.riptiun of Power Tables. 100 210 20 1,000 20 ft head in 1,000 ft ranids Si,!. h:ii . •••• ''""ri.r^ivr^'i^i;:^,??:;^..'""'''"""-^' i" '-t roach... -! ! j! ■ii 2SH COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAmiiAin) PACino ooast— Domucr ao. it-' Mti„^i»d Htrcam anu HirE HfM>KK< 0«iMiM erMk ' , , I ■"" * mouth'* ""'"" ""'small 800 1 2,000 120 ft .l.rrc- Ull. 7(K) (,. in Hn,. ca«-«.l-». Ht„r«.. « Mil* bki in DUrow gully. ^""^U^tJdV^m. from mouth.! 240 ' SO ; 2.500 |.V) U_tM in about Jm. I . .mn,!.. whrrr rivrr narrow. *"* i2nd rwid.. Wm frr«n mouth .... 40 ! 2.O0O jlO ti.'hwii in im. Abov. thi« river i. mU t.. :l«f.n out. Tmo tint : ,. .w. tn, ; Int rapidi. Im. from mouth . . , 20 ^"^ ,2r!'l rapida. 3ni. from mouth .j Indian ilnr : SI17 tails in bol eafion im. Ironi ntouth 30 on 20 300 100 fWI ft fall in r»piJ« in umallbol rnfion [m l"n«. lia. . !. in im. I i caBon. tloi«l .ljiM-»ilf !.i foot. 200 1,400 ; -(li) ft fall in l.OllO ft rapiili- in box i • 'n Oood rtam- ■ Hill- at upper enil of falU. '•'it no m.i .,»■ pon-ihilitiM. KIVKE8 INLET lAST AUf Chuokmll* riftr . KUiUla rinr llji 2001 .■^;u.l to be ho power »iti»; naviuable by canoo for *0m. .>Sai _j /n Total fall 360 ft. in about Im. includea (o) and (»). rock walla 20-60 ft. bifh ; more 65 ft. in Im. caBon rapida above. Said to have no power lites in lower reaches; has numeroua . small claeial tributaries NOBTH BBHTIHCK ABM BaUakutarlTCr 2,200i I Taattkwan rinr (trib. Bellakulaj Im. above mouth) : j 512 Falla on D.L. 126 and aouth of D.I ;m Atnarko river : 513 Rapii tx-low Tenas lake 640 (7m. alKjve Hotharko) ■mat Fork Atnarko rinr : 814 Rapida, about 3m. below; Charlotte lake . .! 130 515 Charlotte lake outlet, fall in rock cafion i • • • • •See Descrii.tion of Power Tablca. 1 Drainage area abo\'e mouth. 800 40 Said to be no power sites on main river for 40m. .-wift "^ river, bed of pebbles and bouloers. Nunierous jmall tribuUriea afford small poweri. for several months of year. 2,000 Estimated fall of 800 ft. in Jm. Stream descend, from elevated valley through series of caflona 100 ft. heaa might be obtained by 300 ft. pipe at lower fall. 3m of rapids, aaeertained. Storage in Tena. lake. Head not fUpid/ above South fork of Atnarko river ; 9m. of rapids. 20 ft. direct fall in rock cafion, 150 ft. long, 30 ft. widt to smaller lake. Dam at outlet of small lake, in rod cafion, would raiKe level to Charlotte lake and obtain hi ad of 40 ft. •ii I i If •■etocopr MsowTioN tbt chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) la 12.8 lit IH |2^ ■ 22 ll^Mu^ jj APPLIED IN/MGg 1653 tost Moin StfMI (716) «a2- 0300- Phon, (716) 2M-59»9-Fa. i ! ■ i i\ MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST-POWER SITE TABLES 289 MAWLAIID PACIFIO 0O4«T-DHTmi0T No. IT-Co,«.,u*l Stream and Site ' shed in "ead Horse- wi.niilf Bothwko rtTw drib. Bellakula) :| ilS Rock cafton [ MMlMtuonnay f1«r : 517 ItapiJs in raflon near mouth NteiunUmui creek : (North Bentinrk arm. 4m from nea>••»•» rtrer (ou ea»i siiloi : oia Rapida in taAon Im. from niouth DMn (Salmon) rtwr : 520 Bani-site 3Jni. above mouth 521 Fall 6m. above mouth of Iltasyouko } UUiyouko ri»»r : • ,.<<>"'.";,"' SiKutlat lake) o.i^ rail" Im. above mouth Kinuquit rlT»r Manltoo creak : S23 Manitoo Cannery develop- nient DIAM CHAMNIL no 600 2,S' oanon, rocky banks ; bead 2.,VI0 jf""" "' »«[ ft on main stream, .leseen.l. by several step. .e er»l lL; \^"i" \'\" ""^ »""'i-'">'> r»l).ds ; leaving general le% el of plateau, enters eafim. and in 45ni dewends nearly 3,00U ft. '•**" ^Wd'±i±'l^-'," "»'•''• 1"'"' "PP-' over bluish feldspathie rock ; lower m narrow chasm betwwn per- j E'riYarefaUv'e" ' '""""'"^ """""■ '» ■^■«-'"" i.Xaiil to have no power possibilities in lower reaches. "';'l.". t™'!.'" "'>""•»■" : "leep Klacial creek ; 10 h.p. In- known In- known 230 1 35 4,000 7,000 .~l 1, ;■";.'■" ■ "'""P Kliciill creek ; 10 h.p. UBjOO ft. high. Good dam-sites, stream flows over bed rock. JIO ft. fall in Jm. from lake to .sea level. Natural dam at outlet might be raised to give excellent storage in lake about 1,200 acres area. Easily developed. 1,500 130 ft. direct fall at iiilet. Total 220 ft. fall in Jm. from lake to sea level. Additional storage in lake, area about liOO acres, good dam-site at outlet. Easily de- veloped. A proposal has been made to develop power on thi» stream. 3,000 8,000 2,000 (!0 75 \:\2 ft. head developed by wood-stave pipe. 142 ft. po.«Rible head from lake to sea level. Intake dam and measf-ing weir at head of pipeline. Lake about 7m. long t>y Im. wide, small control dam at outlet. IK) ft. in Jm. below lake. 90 ft. in rapids below. Good storage in lake Um. long. Jm. wide. .\t outlet, river flows through box rock caAon ; dam would raise lake to any height desired. 1,000 'iO ft. fall in 1,000 ft. falls and rapids. Good dam-site above falls. 2,000 75 ft fall in L.'iOO ft. similar falls and rapids. Good dam-site above falls. 2,200 S2 ft. fall in short distance. The above falls might be developed separately or possibly combined . Smooth water between the various falls. Said to be storage possibilities further up stream. OAKONKX CAMALi Triumph river : (head of Triumph bay) 'Saltchuck falls Tn- known S38 U.akefa..s. Kiltulih river : (head of Kiltuish inlet) First fulls. 3Jm. from mouth i Second falls 530 \ (Total KoweiM river : 540 Tributaries In- known In- known 2,000 2,500 5f). 506 100 2,800 '*." ft. head in series of falls over boulders in 450 ft. Good ilam-sile at rock islet above falls Extensive swamp and lake above falls, would give good storage. Easily developed. , ..j . 110 ft. in about im. below lake over big rock slide in raAon Good storage in lake 21m. long by Jm. wide. Lake level might be raised a few feet only. Easily developed. Above lake there are .more rapids and fells, but stream divides. Direct tall of 15 ft., balance in Jm. steep rapids. ■Second falls about 300 ft. above first. Good dam-site at head. ■ u j , ,. (a) and (6) might be combinetl to give total head of about 100 ft. : good dam-sitt.' at head of second falls. Has no power sites in lower reaches of main stream, bn high heads are available on several small tributaries. •See Description of Power Tables. iThe winter conditions about the heed ol Gardner ousl may be mmn. The canal ■ometimes freeiei over for 25 mUe» from its head. 1 Drainage area above mouth. i MAINLAND PACIFIC CO,.- ^OVVHR SITE TABLES «, Stream and Site Frtc« riT«r (at Price cove) 541 F«ll» at mouth ' Water ahe«e- in feet puwer Kltloiwrinr. \ In- i known i sooi! lUU 500 RttlARU 3Mx. Kcnuino rtnr Waehwu eraek: | u'."'u *'>;"»'•?. am from mouthl, 54 J Kapids in box cafion j m. f ronJ "«»"'' ! Small iMkwTaUn Tint: c. ?'■''?> '^*"V">". »»' from mouth) 54.) Dam-site in box caflon Im. from mouth i^-^. TachuUi eraek : : ''""*" i (trib^ Kemano, 1 6m from mouth)' 544 Cascades in box cation i fn- ■ known Brim riTer : 545 Itai.ids l}m. from mouth. 205 900 ilnelo|).^l Above fails in deep. b.n r,Kk n!i„a with at mouth .Narrow V-shaped valley .Main stream fl,.w, through low wide valley and there are no ,«.»er site, U'low headwater, where stream "Tm.ll riow unreliable m winter. »"wu. **" l"™rljfili'eiflo;;. '''■'^"''' '"^'' '"■'«'■' »' J-"'- Low -•00 1,600 :l(5 ft ca«cades in \mx carton and 5.", ft in rir.i.U belo. KaVhllar "'"" """■ '" -"- •■<'-- ..."^Lli TributUT "A" (ea«t side ^l'^'" 1"' from mouth) : 546 Falls 200 yds. from mouth ^•«en«>k(nMr Brim river): 547 1st falls at mouth Brim 90 rn- ! known I'n- i known 20 400 20 t headinini Hapid, might be develop,,! l,v diverting dam and flume More falls in ru„id» li.iow a,, "ear"? niouth but dltheult to .levelop „,/d proMinity , p,Z" m tributary 'A' wouhl make it ui ne-vsMiry fianki low and roeky in places Side hills steep and rocky 300 ; 1,000 220 i .Suggested development !1™*J!»,''"' drib. Eestall MS h alls and rapida oaiimm cHAinnu. akd amwA mtuakt "'„"■,,'.!"" r' "•""" •'^' " • P'-'l^bly more f ,11 above- not closely exanuni.d. ao"*^. "''ll,.!l r"!,';"'!''! '"". K'j'-"l;™tciam-,ite at h.a.l of falls. •r V H "'''"'""■ "" '""' "<><■ -f> rock i..let in centre Grade fla tens out aliove, and river How, in narrow or I'; m„„;r"[ ;"'""' """'" >* "'"■■'"' »' '■«" »' '«^s or at niouth of Brim river. M J Uam-sitc at outlet lake . Madalin* creak : ojy tails Im. from mouth FaUirlTar :{ 55i"''l!-,n™"'"' '^"' '™"> •»«'"'h> 5.^1 tails near mouth Khatada rlrar : t ooS Proposed development Stated that 2,.VJ0 h p. is available at certain season.. 70 ft. dam proposed. .S80 ft fall in S.5JU ft. Storage in small lake. fiii EarlTar - " BKIKIIA BITIE AMD TR IBITTAatM "•* KitMlaaiafion 1 ,5,520 2a Cascade 1H5 ft. fall in 4(W) ft , 25 ft fall only in 4m above Ample storage may be developed by dan. Uan.-sUe 9.50;)>2»l) ft fall in Ijm. rapi.l, ami falls below lake Brutinel I ■'■"' II '!"'< storage to conserve total run-off tKs-timred""""' ""''"'" Table.. tSee page 175. i>iirvevs hy Itit.^hie \gncw c& Co •s^e^'paie'l?""''"""''"' ™-"-Pl«i« inrtaUaUon of 24 000 h.p. 15,000 b-4 ft. fall in Jm rapid water. Channel 2uo ft wide lower en,l, to «. ft at upper end We,t bank Vl 00 I ft. high : east bank 30-.50 ft. Woul.l be difficult to i ' \\ I 292 l; n ■i I 1 1 r. 'i i COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MAOIUjro FAOIFIO COABT— DUTUCT He. IT— Conlinucd Stream and Siti ■kMIurlTtr (continueil) : 5^ ("aftun at Four-imli' bmige. Uudt nurtli of Hazelton) ^bTJ »'ti\ «°"r 5 55 Old Kuldo cadon (20ra. above Babinc river) 556 Big Slide eafton (2in Bouth of 3rd Telegrapli cabin) 557 Fourth caflon :i,\W {9m. above 4tli Telegraph cabin ) nilea! 9,200 4,000 3,700 iu teel power Willianu cmk : (trib. l.akclse take) 558 8ile 5m. above f-.akelae lake . Kitium(»Uum Tint : t (trib. Skeena) 55B CaAoD i-1 Im. «b.>ve mouth. ZynUMts rlTcr (trib. Skeena) : 560 Caflon 4-ttm above mouth . Small 27 35 9,(KX) 5,000 OranlUcTMk : (trib. Zymoeti river) Ml Falls near mouth . Kltuua (Gold) crMk : (trib. S' »ena) 502 Rapiun in caflon 2|m. above mouth 1,100 In- known .W-(jO 50 7.500 90 Lorn* GTMk: (129 m. above mouth of Skeena) 563 Dry Hill Hyilraulic Mining Co. development Junlp«ror««k (trib. Kitseguekla) : 564 Montana Continental Devel- opment Co. , power develop- ment (4m. from mouth) Bulkier rinr : 565 Hagwilget caflon 50 I ft direct fall, making total . . 7-5ft. m 1,000 ft. rapida. I'.KBilble 20 ft dam at head, \\ould create good pondage. Walls nf hard rock rise .V) ft. »he<-r. ft direct fall, making total of ic) ft. m l.:iO e dam. Small hydraulic mining plant. 21m. flume and 6-inch monitor; 1,000 miner s inches. 212 ft. static head. ISO ft. effective head developed by 3,780 ft. wood-stave pipe 18-24 in. dia.; 54 in. Uia. Pelton wheel belted to "'''-k-v a. alternator : no stor- age. Timber crib diverting dam 6 ft. high, 40 ft. long. Thi. head would involve HO ft. dam near old Indian bridge and include .ii) ft. fall.in 3m. "P"'" ,'»"'"*■ ,,*^?^'J" 10m, long with precipitous rock walls IHO " higli. Head optional, depending on height of dam. 8U It dam would cause no trouble by back-flooding, as caflon extends «m. above dam-site. , rtO ft fall in Im rapids in caflon. n»V'-?'.J* »' "PPfJ,*"'* of caflon 40-50 ft, wide. Kock walls 12-15 t. high 13 ft. direct fall at head cf caflon, 21 ft., in Im rapid, above, 4.1 ft in llm rapids below. C aflon 2.>-.).{ It. tide. PerpendicAar roet walls 12,5-150 ft. high below fall. If natural head were increased more than 15-JU ft. would flood valuable land 48 ft. fall in Jm. rapids in rock caflon. Suggested 3(1 ft . possibly higher, dam at head of caflon. Walls about 200 ft. high. Dam-site at island 400 ft. above sec, 2.'i. Ip la. R- V Two dams, each about 125 ft long. reMUir.-.r 13 ft. fall in Im. rapids. Total head, with 10 ft. dam. 20-23 ft ; low banks with rock outcr..p m .Places. Proiimity of railway might make development dilticult River about 200 ft. wide. 125 Small creek ; 280 ft. fall in 4.000 ft. I rocky bed : glacier fed. More head abovs •Pee > ; • r i ption of Power Tables. MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST-POWER SITE TABLES 293 tUXXLUKD FACmo OOAIT-DMTWOT Mo. IT-C««.,„d si - Stream and Site Siukwarlnr itrib. Bulkier) i)<2 Black cafton. 10m. up Ea»t fork Mod cTMk (trib. Bulklcy. Mm above Haxelton) : 573 Hapids near mouth PoiyhjTT crMk (trib Bulkley. _^17m. above Ifazplton) ; 5< 4 Uari'Js above mouth Bouldmrcrmk (trib. Bulklcv, jim ^alwve Haielton) : 373 Rapida near mouth BaiMter (Two Brid«.) cTMk (trib. .Bulkley at 37m. cafton) ; 376 Caacadca near highway bridge DrUtwoed CTMk (trib. Bulkley, .,,"1. "oove Haieltoni : 477 Cucadea near mouth Cm (CaBon) CTMk (trib. Bulkley «Tu !i "^"^ Haieltoni : 37S Rapids near mouth T?J^^ "'^ ""''• nulkley) : 37» Uam-site 3m. from mouth 580 Cafton }m. below Pine creek Oort orMk drib. Telkwa, 5i above mouth) : 381 Rapida near mouth Wa. ermk (trib. Telkwa) : a»^ LaAon im. from mouth Rowwn emk (trib. Telkwa) : «M Falls at mouth >JjeI.ff» (.tidermere) Uk* : o»4 Outlet Morie* .'.nr : 5M Cafto 1, Jim. from mouth. . . »»plot rirar : ^»8 '■'"t cafton, 3Im. from moutl; KCUARU 10 ft fall m two fall., one at upp,.r an.l one at lower end ..f Clifton. < aftori al..„it 101) ft long. L'IMO ft «,de .all. „f ,„1„1 r,Hk ltl0...lK) ft hi^h Dan. n.ight 1^ -tea to lucrcaae head to 100 ft. or more. .'-•0 ft fall in Im. ; more heacii. ■'*<'• 'V 'i'.'".'." '"' "''"''' bc'wocn waggon road and mouth. U.I.I . iiy, crosses at caftou Im. above mouth. no ft. fall in 1.400 ft. rapids. Deep rock cafton with perpendicular granite walls 93 ft Kigh ; dam-«ite at head ; width at water surface 60 ft. 1.10 ft fall in Im. caacailea. Dam-iile near l.iiiway bridge ; dam 20 ft. high, would form small pondage C_afton of shale rock with steep sides 32 ft. high, w3th at bottom 22 ft., top 68 ft. 1.500 fn- known :>^' Second cafton. 40m. from mouth I j'jj. I known .\bout 300 ft. drop in 3m. rapiils below. Dam-site at head of boi rock cafton. 100 yd.,, below highway bridge. Uam M ft. high might be built. Dam-site w-ith rock outcrop on each side of river risinc to ,,1'?,.' "'„'•'." '*'''" 'V".» »'"P« •>»='' to height of 100 ft. Pondage created by dam would be confined to river channel. ■^">~ 20 ft. fall in 700 ft. rapid. Cafton walls precipit>ua vol- canic rock, west wall 2.)0 ft. sheer, eut wall 180 (I high s ones angle tM" Cafton 4(K) ft. wide at bottom, (jravel Hats at head of cafton would give good pondage. 75 ft. fall in Im. between highway bridge and mouth. Oravel bed an I banks. .More head further up. 100 Cafton 300 ft. long, rock walls 130 ft. high at upper end. o 1 pondage. .30 ft. fall in Jm. between dam- site and mouth of creek. Two faljs 26 and ft. Dam-site .V) ft. above main falls • dam ,,, ft high would give about 23 acres storage and drown out upper fall. Cafton at dam-site 15 ft. wid« at bottom and about 103 ft. wide at 75 ft. elevation. 69 ft. fall in irn. f.ake 21m long and Mm. wide. Low dam niight be built at outlet, discharge very small, but might be u»e«h. Reported lake at source. high. 150 3 ft. fall in 700 ft Good dam-jite in cafion 30 ft. wid.. Walls of rock up to 20 It. high. Direct fall 25 ft . cascade 125 (t. fall '" , «". A^^ljf bMiks 20-50 ft. high. Dam-site near Telegraph trail. Four fall, totalling about 70 ft. and m '^^•"•''i^.OOO^- rapid. Narrow rock cafion, banks 7S-iw "• ni»i., more head above. 450 300 500 12 ft. direct fall and 5Sft in 2.100 ft. rapid, in narrow, rocky cafion, walls 200 ft. high. 250 50 Fall of 12 ft. in rapid, and small fall in rock cafion MO ft. long and 75 to 90 ft. wide. Good dam-.ite. Vailey widens above cafion. Direct fall of 20 ft , 15 ft. fall in Im. rapid above and °'.ta lir fall below. Rocky bank. 30 A^ high abov. cre«t of falls. River 25 ft. wide at cafion. ROBTB or BKBKMA XSTUAmT WoU eraak (between Porpoise lake and harbour) : ,, , t., . . 596 Prince Rupert Hydro-Electric Co. development Woodworth ri«r : 597 Prince Rupert development. Thulme riT»r : , , , 598 Falls and proposed develop- ment Union creek : i o„„„ 699 Falls and rapids »""■" 250 300 315 400 l,650t 10' 2M ft. fall in im. Storage by 30 ft. dam on small lake on Lot G91. Jevelopcl in connection with domestic water supply.for Prince Rupert. «-■ '> direct fall. 315 ft. toUl in 800 ft. give 6,000 acre-feet .torage. Proposed 30.ft. „ proposed by Pacific Pulp and Power Co. tie in I'num lake. ^__^^_^^^_-.^ OB8BBT •tream. at Mill bay : aoo Development by KmcoUth Packing Co Nau riter : II , . , . , , 601 Fall, on main river 3m. below Cranberry river 002 Falls, 12m. above Cranberry- river 180 Small development for ooeration <>' »;''i°«dP'»"j't lr,J'donr9"S"h.'p'; PiC wh^^uraed."""* ^ "" 20,000 6,500 possible total of 100 ft. in Im. Direct fall of 60 ft. Head estimated. IS ft direct fall ; possible total 40 ft. : falls occur in narrow S,.caft™Wh walls of wdimentary rock about ?Wft Wgh. At high .ta«« "r' "J" -^^'.-.tTeve Drift logs were noticed 75 ft. above low water levei. Would be difficult to develop. •See Description of Power Tablea. JHorsepowcr of unit installed. i,„~rt tProBo«ia future dcvciapi".lit fir Prinrc Rupert. , . „ • t"mIous power available of 10,000 h.p. ^^ ^^,„^ „^ several quiet -tretrhc, cpeciallv lIThe .renter part of the Upper Nas. nver flow, through box canon. ,wnr^^^^^^^^ ^^^ „„«,ible to utiU-e the entire fall " ? , ._ n.. n1i>/,iniT anvpr at low .tagc. ... between the Blaokw in elevation " It ha. been iUted that 25,000 h.p. plant may be installed with con- vailable of lu.uuu n.p. -,iion« where there are neveral quiet .tretchcs, cpcciallv . ij-i^SK^rer-rd^mTiVS^fir-T^^^^^^^ W"kV?Jer3Thev„,ageofAyan.h;t^^^^ s^bi'eTnXal?' t'l^.i^o^t'avou^^le P^fnTbut tEe head, given are .u«.est.v. rather than defimU. MAINLAND PACIFIC C O A S T-P ( t W E R SITE TABLES 295 uamjum rAomc ooait-outbict ho. iv-c.-.<,,»,d Stueau AMD Site IIh* riTtr (contii iie.lj . KbpkU ati«uklnnl«b emk : : Fall 4ia. above mouth Qulnamuk crmk : : Several falls near mouth Quinttawl creek : ; Caflona and rapids Clairwatar creek : J K:i1Ib and rapids near mouth Tauhitin creek : ; Cafions •»,700 Klaikooch rirer : 007 Fall at head of cafion In from mouth Sfo"*^?^ ''*" <'"•>• Nass) : oOS Falls on North fork 7m above forks Brown Bear creek : ~.'"t.' ^"*' ^*''" above mouth) Falls Im. above n.l r.K-k walls. Power- hi>ii>e site Would have to !>«■ Iil:uilrloir. Stream for 12m. above mouth conhned to shallow channel by lava flow. Probably greater head could be obtaineij. Direct fall of about 12 ft. Impassable by salmon. Lake above, about IJm. dia. Turbulent 3treani flowing between narrow rocky walle : impassable by salmon. .Said to he falls and rapids near mouth which bold back the salmon. Swift-running stream flowing through rocky cafions. Direct fall about 00 ft Slato rock cafion. about Jni long, below. 70 ft deep, 60 't. wide at head 15 ft direct fall, 10 ft in rapiils below: low banks above falls. Perpenfl'cular rock below for 300 ft. Direct fall of 20 ft , 10 ft. in fi.'iO ft. rapids below : per- pendicular rock walla 20 ft. high. ra.scade8 with head of 20 ft. Storage by 12 ft. dam at Meziadin lake (.Canadian Xor'. . Eastern Power Co.). 7,000 Estimate*! fall of .50 ft in 2im. in box cafion 150 ft. deep. Creek 30 ft. wide, flow 'mall creek 6m. long, falls 1,600 ft. .'175 ft. head developed by rock fill dam 115 ft high in box rock cafion at bend, about Mm. from mouth, and about n.HOO ft. of wo'Hi-stave and 120 ft. of steel pipe- line. Ten Felton-Doblc wheels from .'t-24 ft. dia drive generators, blowers, compressors, hauling man ry, etc., and supply light and power for a!' mining re ire- ments and to town of Anyox. Further storage • \.V- ,„ f,^i„„ g, p 48. etc. The river is IFot de«-ription. etc., «.e Report »/ the Gfol^,^! ;^"1?'* °-^^"'^^' J °'"sj,%™l gUrii™ wcipy .ide vsUeys coming ifiee'A^n'ri^iiX, "c^ „'"/i;„",^B";i.rc'iHa, for 1900. P. 777. ."f .\<«J;PP-^ 1,«J;. ,„ .,, „„nhcrn IprinVe» Ro'Twand i. very mountainous a."". » "."^be' "l'^ Tut iuS^Ie?^.. «^Uv i, L d to be only Si:i"S.^d*.^^i".52.™m .ku"rt?rS 1['(,^XCt"?J.f f 'J^n^^i^ards 1 y a narroW ridge which could 3SSSSl.Nl^»^^is.^-w^ a food small oowcr. .». ■ • i j There are several other small powers on this island. Drainage area above mouth. Plata U SKEENA H(VER-HEAD OF KITSALAS CAfJON On mam stium abov« confluence of Zyotret2 river. ^^, -"'ii/r^iir 7a*{ .ti I -.-^-ii. f t^-H^i^KaM-M5^ifi:v r;^;«bv?^ ; ,i; . BULKLEY RIVER— HAQWILQET CARON Near Hanlton. A poeaible power site. i I i II MAINLAND PACIFIC COAS^ roWER SITE TABLES W7 II MAOrUMn PAOmO COMT— OntAtCT ■•. tW~Cter-i ■h«d in •nmUam HMd ialMt Bofw- power RuHAas* 635 ' (on w«al lids uland) ; I Falls nt outl«< nf Coucnr lak« ■t h«Kl of inirt : I (I>*v*lopni4n, |ivM May accna to a 1. Mtiun »( " interii;'. 73 ft haad davaloiMil Ly L o*'t>-*i- . «d .-jncrcta dam 430 (t lone, 74 ft. hich, 42 ' :( ' . n pr «ir kouM. 2 faltona, 030 h.p. each »tii«o«> (Kawon) r4' miles. The caiion is in the form of a horseshoe bend, the portage across being abou. 11 miles. Mr. Denis states that : " The descent of the water in the caflon is fairly uniform, except nearlhe head, where there is a fall of approximately 25 feet in one-half mile. This latter descent is concentrated at two chutes over ledges; one is situated at the head of the canon and the other one-half mile below, with rapids mtervenmg. MACKENZIE RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 2.>9 The narrowest point in tha caflon occurs at its h3ad, where th3 distance from bank to bank is only 200 feet."* The caiion constitutes a power possibility of considerable magnitude and may some day supply the light and power needs of a large portion of the Peace River district. No particulars are as yet ascertainable of any other large water-powers in British Columbia east of the Rockies. No doubt there are several streams rising on the eastern slopes which may yield powers, but, at present, much of this country remains unexplored, t The precipitation on the eastern flanks of the mountains in this district, though sufficient for agriculture, is not heavy. The district west of the Rocky mountains, for the most part, is very mountainous. The Parsnip, Finlay and Kachika rivers occupy here the con- tinuation of the Intermontane valley, the Parsnip and Finlay at their junction forming the Peace river. The continuity of the west wall of the great valley is broken near the Parsnip, while, to the north, the range re-forms and is known as the Cassiar mountains. The following are the chief streams of this district and, a brief description of their characteristics, so far as known. The Parsnip rises near the headwaters of Bad river, a tribu- Parsnip River tary of the McGregor river. This stream was first ascended by Sir Alexander Mackenzie in 1793. He missed the other branch of the Parsnip, Pack river, which, by way of Giscome portage, forms a much travelled route and offers a very much easier passage to the Eraser river. From Mackenzie's description the Parsnip probably rises in true glaciers among high mountains. Below its junction with the Pack river, however, it flows smoothly between low banks through generally level country. In places the banks rise to a height of 80 to 100 feet, showing steep slopes, composed of sand, clay and gravel. For some 10 or 15 miles, midway between the mouth of the Pack and the Nation, the channel is much cut up by islands and sloughs. Most of these are dry at low water and large timber jams generally occur where they branch off from the main stream. Reports respecting its agricultural possibilities differ considerably, yet the country bordering the upper Parsnip is not considered of great agricultural value, as it consists largely of gravel terraces covered with small growth. *Waler Powers of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, by Leo G. Denis and J. B. Challies, Commission of Conservation, OtUwa, 1916, p. 239. See, also, Retort of Geological Survey of Canada for 1875-76, p. 47 ; estimate of fall from the upper to the lower end of caflon given as 270 feet based on several barometric (aneroid) obser\'ations. Also, Canada on the Pacific, by Charles Horetzky, Montreal, 1874, pp. 61 and 2,59 ; difference between he;id and foot of caiion, result of careful aneroid measurement, given as 240 feet. For other descriptions of caflon, see Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of Sorth America, by Alexander Mackenzie, London, 1801, pp. 167-180 ; referring to this portage. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, on page 392, says : "We soon after came to the carrying place called the Portage de la Montague de Roche ..." Consult also, Peace River, a Canof Voyage from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific, by th' Uu- Sir Grorge Simp- son in 18x8; Journal of the kt- Chief Factor, Archibald McDonuld; Edited with notes by Malcolm McLeod, Ottawa, 1872; See pp. 19 and 88 ; Also, see Wild North Land, Captain Butler, Chapter xxi, p. 249, and New Rivers of the North, Hulbert Footner, New York, 1912, pp. 123 et seq. t See "Exploration Survey in Peace River District and North of the Peace River Block," in Annual Report of Ministe: of Lauds, British Columbia, for 1914, pp. D90-D95 ; also for 1915, pp. B117 et seq. ; f ?|1 ■Mr 300 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION i. i!! The Parsnip river, besides Pack river, has two other important tributaries —the Nation and Misinichinka. The last named leads to Pine River pass. The lower portion of the Misinichinka is tortuous and not very rapid, with swampy flats covered with black spruce and other lowland growths on the inner sides of its bends. The opposite side is usually formed of the scarped edge of a gravelly terrace, these terraces being covered with western scrub pine of small size. There is no water-power on the river below the point at which the trail leaves the river to follow up the Atunatche. Above the Atunatche the Misin- ichinka is a mountain stream. The main valley of the Nation extends east and west for about Nation RiTer 60 miles. With its numerous tributaries, it drains a very ex- tensive area, much of which is availab'e for agriculture and can be cleared at relatively low cost. The width of ti.e valley varies con- siderably. Indications are that, until comparatively recently, the district was heavily timbered. Large areas have been reforested, leaving strips of the original coniferous growth, principally along the shores of the lakes and in patches on the surrounding mountains and hills. Spruce predominates, with a generous proportion of lodgepole pine and some balsam. The general eleva- tion of the plateau is about 2,500 feet, or about 100 feet above the Nation lakes. Excellent and well distributed water supplies exist, but, as a rule, the creeks are not adapted for the economical development of water-power. The main stream, from its mouth to the lakes, has not been examined for water- powers. There are said to be some rapids and a canon, but it is not known whether either is suitable for development. Between latitude 56° and 58° N., the great Intermontane Finlty River valley is traversed by the Finlay river. The valley is six to eight miles in breadth and contains much good land, which is flat- like up to the mountain ranges, paralleling the valley. Originally, it was heavily timbered, spruce predominating. Large areas have, however, been burnt and reforested with lodgepole pine, poplar, willows and some birch. The region of the Finlay and its branches is characterized throughout by its mountainous character, and, with the exception of the narrow flats border- ing the main stream, no plains of any magnitude are known. The eastern tributaries drain the western slope of the Rocky mountains proper. The western branches head in a confused medley of mountain ranges with a fairly uniform height of about 4,000 feet above the valleys, and lying to the east of the Tatla lake and its feeders. They may be regarded as the southern exten- sion of the Cassiar range. Commenting on the mountainous character of this part of the province, Mr. R. G. McConnell says : "The most notable feature of the country in the latitude of the Omineca and Finlay rivers, or from latitude 55° 30' to latitude 57° or beyond, is its universal mountainous char- acter. In this latitude, the whole country, from the eastern edge of the Rocky mountains westward to the Pacific ocean, is destitute of plains of any con- siderable extent and. with the exceptions of the breaks where the region is crossed by the valleys mentioned above, is covered with a succession of moun- tains and mountain ranges varying in height from 3,000 to 5,000 feet above MACKENZIE RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY 301 the valleys. In no other part of British Columbia is the country so persistently mountainous across the whole Cordilleran belt."* The Finlay river, named after John Finlay, who ascended it in 1824 in the interests of the North West Company, is much larger than the Parsnip, and may be regarded as the upper portion of the Peace. It is 310 miles long and, in the nav able portion, averages 250 yards in width. Except in passing through Deserter caflon, the river is easily navigable for 140 miles above its mouth. It is continually changing its channel— in many cases there are several channels and long sloughs which extend for miles. Large piles of driftwood are a characteristic feature. For 15 miles above the mouth of the Ospika the current is slack, elsewhere it would average, say, three miles per hour, and seldom exceeds five miles an hour. From the mouth to Deserter canon, 90 miles, there are no rapids, and navigation by light-draught steamers would be comparatively easy at all stages of the water. Farther up, it is interrupted by a long succession of canons and rapids. Its branches interlock with tributaries of the Skeena, the Stikine and the Liard, and low passes through the mountains from one basin to another are not uncommon. Deserter caiion is about one-half mile long, through hard conglomerate and sandstone, and, at its narrowest part, scarcely exceeds 150 feet in width The walls are not very high, except at the lower end, where there is a steep chf!. The channel is crooked and interrupted by several bad rips. At certain stages the canon can be run, but its navigation is dangerous. A good portage track has been cut out on its west bank. For nearly 50 miles above Deserter canon the main stream continues to occupy the great Intermontane valley but above its junction with the Tochieca it breaks through the range bordering the west side of the valley. Twelve miles above this gap its navigation, except at very low water, is stopped by the Long canon. For five miles the river is a suc- cession of canons, rips and rapids and frequently narrows to less than 100 feet The Finlay rises in Thutade lake. For the first four miles after leaving Thutade lake it flows in a canon, which ends in a fall with a drop of 50 to 60 feet with swift water above and below. (See Plate 34.) Omineca river came into prominence in 1868 by the discovery Oininec. River of gold on one of its tributaries. Miners flocked into the country, and for some time the population was estimated at 1,200 to 1,500. It reached its zenith about 1879, but as the yield of the creeks became e hausted the enterprise has gradually declined. The Omineca joins the Finlay from the west about 15 miles above its mouth, and is by far its largest tributary, apparently carrying about one-fifth of the v. iter of the main stream. From its mouth to the Black canon, a distance of about five miles the current is extremely swift and the river shallow, the slope of the stream exceeding 10 feet per mile. Numerous gravel bars and islands, covered in places by huge drift piles, obstruct the course of the stream, dividing it into several channels. D A '"Report on an Exploration of the Finlay and Omineca Rivers " bv R n Monnr,n.ii B.A., Report oflht Geolotical Survey of Canada, 1894— Vol. VIlVp. 13 c McConnell, '1 { i ; ■ ! J .; 7 1 J 1 ^ 1 302 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ■i I The Black canon is about one-half mile in length and varies in width from 100 to 200 feet. Its walls are usually vertical and in places exceed 150 feet in height. This canon is said to be easily navigable by canoe at low water but impossible to navigate at flood. From the Black canon to a point nine miles above the Little caiion, a distance of about 30 miles, the river has a grade of about 12 feet per mile, the difference in elevation being about 370 feet. From the head of the rapid water to Germansen landing, a distance of 12 miles, with the exception of a few small ripples the current is easy, from two to three miles an hour. Slack current continues nearly to New Hogem, a distance, measured along the valley, of about 23 miles. The river by its tortuous channel is con- siderably more. Above New Hogem the river enters a granite area and a rapid current is again encountered. The character of the country through which the Omineca flows, with the exception of a few miles at its mouth, is everywhere mountainous. The valleys and the lower slopes of the ranges are, as a rule, densely timbered with ever- greens so prevalent in the north. The timber line in this region seldom ascends beyond an elevation of 5,200 feet. The Omineca has one large tributary, the Mesilinka a swift river with many rapids, and one canon — Dog cation — a mile from the mouth. Tributary to this is Tutizeka river, on which a water-power possibility is reported below Tutizeka lake. Another large tributary of the Finlay river is the Ingenika river, but recently investigated. This river rises near the headwaters of the Finlay, its source being within a mile of a small creek which flows into Thutade lake, which is the source of the main Finlay river. The Ingenika river has a length of over 1 50 miles and several tributaries, of which the most important is the McConnell creek. The main stream has been ascended from its mouth, which is 80 miles above tl.i junction of the Parsnip and Peace rivers, for about 100 miles ; above that point the bed of the stream becomes too rough even for canoes. (See Plate 34.) The water-power possibilities of the country drained by the tributaries of the Mackenzie river may be said to be j)ractically unknown. The sparse information available has been culled from reports by various explorers and surveyors, the best being the accounts contained in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada. The character of the main streams is fairly well known, though, where a caiion occurs, it is seldom possible to determine from the reports whether it would form a suitable dam-site. The available possible heads have not been measured. There is little doubt, however, that in a country with the above described characteristics, there must be a large numbei- of streams on which water-powers might be developed. Some of these have already been utilized for mining purposes, and no doubt, with greater trans- portation facilities and consequent settlement, others will be brought into beneficial use. At present much of this country, especially in-so-far as its water-power possibilities are concerned, is unexplored. The Liard river rises in the Yukon district and flows south into Litrd River British Columbia just above its confluence with the Dease. It then flows through the province for a distance of 270 miles, and, after passing through the Rocky mountains, turns northward again \ I MACKENZIE RIVE R— T OPOGRAPHY iOi S 1 ^ to join the Mackenzie river, of which it is one of the chief tributaries Rising in the elevated country to the west of the Rocky mounts s. the Liard river falls rapidly toward the cast, the difference in elevation between the mouth of the Dease river and the Mackenzie being no less than 1,650 feet, of which over 1,000 feet occurs in 200 miles of the river in British Columbia. It is characterized nearly everywhere by impetuous currents, by dangerous rapids and by narrow whirlpool-filled canons. The descent of the river is greatest and its rapids most numerous while passing through, and for some distance on each side of, the Rocky mountains. The Liard river was used for a number of years as a trading route to the Yukon, but, owing both to the e.Kpense incurred in overcoming the great length of difficult navigation and to the number of lives lost, the trade was found un- profitable and most of the posts were abandoned. The Liard has also been used to some extent by prospectors and miners The discoverers of the Cassiar gold fields, Messrs. McCullcugh and Thibert, ascended it from Fort Simpson to the mouth of the Dease in 1871-72. The best description of the Lower Liard is given in the Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, Vol. IV., 1888-89. pages 33-50D. From the standpoint of navigation, the bad portion of the river starts just abo-ve the Little canon, which is about 24 miles Itelow the mouth of the Dease and 12 miles below the bend, and is a succession of rapids, whirlpools and narrow canons with occasional stret.caes of quiet water, until the river narrows at Hellgate. Starting at the Little caiion and proceeding downstream, the following arc the chief rapids and cations — how far they would lend themselves to power development is not known, but probably diversion or other dams could be built at a number of points should mining or other developments create sufficient demand for power. Little canor. 24 miles below Dease river, half a mile long, narrowest sf)ot 200 feet wide ; banks of dark shales. Second narroo.s and \x:hirlpools, three miles below Little canon; banks of shales and sandstones, contracting to 100 feet. Short canon, about 30 miles below Little cation, 100 yards long, preciintous lime- stone cliffs 150 feet apart ; navigable. Cranberry rapids, about si.K miles below Short cation, one and one-half miks rough water; bed of stream filled with huge angular masses of rock ; rapid in two sections with comparatively ciuiot water between; rocks of shales, sandstones and conglomerate, similar to Little canon. Mountain Portage rapids, about eight miles below Cranberry rainds, one of the worst rapids ; river falls over band of shales. Three contractions and rapids between Mountain Portage rapids and Whirlpool canon, four miles below Mountain Porte -apids. Rapids at Portage Bride, five miles below Whirlpool canon ; po,- two miles long, at lower end, river is narrowly con- fined between high ver . ,1 limestone cliffs. Devil portage, ahoxxi 100 miles below Little caiion. The river at this point makes a great bend to northeast, along which is a succession of rapids and caiions. At the elbow of the bend a large fall is reported ; at the lower end of the bend the river is reduced to scarcely 150 feet wide. Immediately below the contracted part is a large eddy and the river expands at once to over one-half mile in width. The portage across is four miles and climbs over a ridge fully 1,000 feet high. Grand t^. on ]'. 1 Is " I n n\ \\ } ■ ■: t M-ii rl iil •>. ? "Ml; 3M COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION ' ' I Fiii I iiii I- mi of the Liard, 30 or 40 miles long, is really a succession of short caflons, with •expanded basins between, filled with eddying currents. It can be run at low water but is very dangerous at flood stages, necessitating several portages. Rapids of the Drowned, forming part of Grand caflon. Canon below Hell- gate, one mile long, 150 yards wide ; river flows easily between vertical banks 300 feet high. This is the last caiion on the river. The most imports- t tributaries of the Liard river are : Dease river, a navigable stream and a well-known route of travel from the headwaters of the Stikine to the interior ; the Kachika, which is the most northerly of the British Columbia rivers occupying the Intermontane valley, and draining, besides, a large area of country, much of which is undeveloped ; and the Fort Nelson river, a iiuggish stream, about which practically nothing has been published. At Fort Nelson, 100 miles abov.. -ts mouth, some farming is done, and potatoes and other vegetables are grown without difiiculty. The country has con- siderable timber. There is no information available respecting any water- powers on the mair- stream. Its tributary, the Sikanni river, has a series of rapids and falls about 40 miles above its mouth ; higher up, the valley re- sembles a deep caiion with sides rising precipitously 1,200 to 1,400 feet and terminating in sandstone cliffs. I|j Plat* 34 n,il„.l\,url,.y Mr. IT. /■. A'.A r:<,n INGENIKA RIVER FALLS, TWO MILES BELOW MrCONNELL CREEK Tri!)utary to Finlay river. « II FINLAY RIVER FALLS, FOUR MILES UELOW OUTLET OF THUTADE LAKE ^ I ■ L .« 15: 1-- MACKENZIE RIVER-POWER SITE TABLE Tribut«ri<« to the Mackenzie RiTei^District No. V 305 Nun or SrmsAH AKD SiTUATioii or Povu 8m LUrdrl*trt 628 Rapid*, tklU and eafiou.. n riTW FMMarirw : 630 Pom RiTcr etflon: PtaMrtrcr: 631 Canon 4ri. abcve lower fork< 633 Rapida near •ummit WkUen ritrir (trib. lo Pannip) : 633 CaAon 1.5m. abore mouth. . Araaof walar- •hgdin ■quare oiilca* «3» Falla 1 im! b<.|uw War (Long) lake FialMrlnr : 632 Denerter eaAon, 636 Long cafion (about 15m. above Karadaeha river) 637 Caaeadfe cafion 2,700 98,oaOa 34,0001 a,oooz 28,S00 Un known I Un- known 2,290 ISO i7.uaox 67,00 2,900 *• mated IWKl in feet* hone- power* 120 838 Reef caAon (below Fishing Ukes) 639 CaBon and Wl« below Thu- tade lake Omlnaea riir«r : MO Black cafion near mouth • . , MtiUiiika riTW : 641 Cafion Im. from mouth J,""*!.**, rtw drib. M«,ilinka) MJ.I'alliJm. below Tutiiicalakc Inf»nlk» rirar (trib. Finlay) : o4J Cafion 75m. above mouth . 2,000 3''. are .leep .lope, or cliff, of wt ' •tone and .hale, n.ing about 100 ft. above river River uid to fall 200 ft. in 5»m. Cafion reported 15m. above mouth : I. mtvigable to Nation lake.. > above caSon, rive Serie. of fall., toUlling 120 ft. over ledge of diorite rock Storage in Carp anJ-Var (Long) lakS. ''"Jjl "'?"''•"'>'• ob.tacIe to navigation in 1 75m. above ?m ■». .. i' "j""'^ •'. '"*?'• ""y '" height up to «te, hv »"" ""i .-^^^'I*""' *"•" diffi'uUy at low water by canoe and at high .tage. by .tern-wheeler.. • Cafion 5m. long through Khiat ; numerou. rapid., grade inorcaM. toward, upper end and river i. unnavigable ^•^i^*;""""; '"' S mile, i. . .wift, .hallow ,t!S.m averaging 150 yard, in width. • Cafion with .hallow rocky rapida : at one point, a 25 ft fall in .hort dutance in ca«rade. ; iM-vcral other bad rapid.. Cafion at head 100 ft. wide Total length ol gorge 5Jm., maiimum depth 700 ft. • Cafion 2Jm. long ; vertical cliff. 00 to SO ft hieh • minimum width 1.30 ft., serie. ..f diagonal reef, extenj nearly acroa. river. ' ••icuu Below lake, river i. in cafion for 4m. ; at l.iwcr end fall of .» to flO ft with .wift water kb.,ve and below ' numerous rapida further down .treani.< Cailon Im. long. 100 to 200 ft. wide ; walla neariy ver- iL"?A' ^*f "°T *'*""\' 9"" 150 ft. Fall from head of aaift portion to mouth la about 425 ft. in about 35m. Reported to have leveral rapid., but only one cafion Im. from confluence with Umini'c t'lf' '¥5'^"P''°o of Power Tablea ;.MlIooddeiicnptionqftheI.iartm-erwillbefoundinRcpor(o/(»c«^^^ Vol IV Part D ™ It. fl-or deJJri^I' "''"'■■I '•"nflu?"'-'' «f t-oal river, including KacRika rive.-. ■Probabir?dt MOO -l^'^iS""'^ °" "" ^'"^'' '"' ^''"'" Horet.ky. Montreal, 1874, pp' 61 and 239. '^'^' j.;^-e^nnuo/Rcp(,;(c/.V,>,„(,ro/iond«.BritishColumbU,fnr10M d 07' 'See UnJ^ B^ "^, 'Y,'!-'?'r '•fM'"''- Britiah Columbia, for lttl'4. p. D84 a ,tq. llo ft «epor« 0/ .V,a..<„ „/ 3/,„„, B„t..h Columbia, for 1908, p. 7-;. Another report give, height of fall a. Ip£oSS"°° ^^"'^L^^'^^^^^'^^'"^Zl;;i,^^^^^ " '■"-^- Vo-- V". 1804. Sec. C. i-^ppronmate drainage area above mouth. , k —». ii ; W iti r 1 Ill j If - ( ? i ■ i . inl I ^ i i I CHAPTER XV Stream Flow Data ALTHOUGH, in connection with early mining activitie'?, the province of British Columbia wa- concerned with the apportionment of the waters of some of the provincial streams, no systematic study of stream flow was prosecuted by Rovemment agencies prior to 1911. The Commission of Conservation, havinK, in 1910, completed its general investiRation respecting the water-powe s of eastern Canada, decided to com- mence, in the following year, a special investigation of the water-power re- sources of British Columbia and of the Prairie Provinces. In May, 1911, the Department of the Interior inaugurated the Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey, with headquarters for fieid work at Kamloops, B.C. In August, 1911, the Commission of Conservation commenced its field investigation in British Columbia. The Premier and the Minister of Lands expressed themselves as desirous of furtheri ..,' the work, and gave assu.ance that every possible assistance would be given. Subsequently, the Province appropriated funds to assist in the field work. In connection with irrigation, especially in the 'dry belt', many problems and disputes connected with the use and apportionment of the waters of various streams had arisen. It became necessary, therefore, for the officers of the newly constituted Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey to devote their efforts first to the clearing up of this complex situation. They, therefore, for a time, confined their attention to these irrigation problems. In inaugurating the Railway Belt Survey, the hydrographic methods in use by the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey were adopted, and one of their expert hydrographers, Mr. C. R. Adams, was engaged for a period of three months to direct the initiation of the work. Mr. P. A. Carson, formerly Chief Engineer of the Railway Belt Survey, and his staff of engineers deserve great credit for their good prosecution of the work, as wrll as for the zeal displayed in coping with the many difficulties inherent to territory such as they had to canvass. Mr. R. G. Swan is at present Chief Engineer of the Survey, with headquarters at Vancouver, and to him and his able staff the Commission of Conservation is indebted for the collection of much of the stream flow data published in this report, and also for special assistance rendered in connection therewith. The work of the Kamloops office was diligently prosecuted during 1912. Meantime the British Columbia Government, largely through the efforts of Hon. W. R. Ross, the former Minister of Lands, had commenced an investigation of the water assets of the province, including their administration, and also of the status of the Inrestigation of Watfr Assets STREAM FLOW O A T A-I N T R U D U C T I u N 307 thouwinds of licenses and Rrants which had been made for the t.«o n( u-.t ing stream flow data As there wasTCn nn ^ a'^" commence-! gather- J T, • . . a* ^"^" "° co-operation between tho n,i,r,;r. nn and Provmcal officials, some overlapping' of effort resulte" In IQ T as an outcome of the transfer of the administration of the wafers of the r!" 7s\- It H T '"?"• '""^ '''"'''^■'^^ measuremen: Tork of he R -' wa> Belt Ilydropraphic Survey and that of the Provincial Wat.r Rk-h , Branch ..ere merged, boin,' undertaken h. the former "rliit n the new title of the British Columbia Hydro.raphic Surve "'rh Tciuar" e" out tne pro\ c. This mer^mK of activities placed svstom-i'ir -n i tmuous stream .au«in, on a firm basis and. to a .4at exter rehwIdTr en^meers of the Provincial Branch from hvdro^rapSc work on bo streams, leaving them free to devote their enerHes to otheT^nv. T ""'"" administrative work. Recently, the title of T Bri 'h cXmS Annual Reports 0} the Prmincial Water Rights Bra;ch * T B'^Ch^hv'"'''" ^''''"; ^°'''' ^'^'''^' ""''^'^ *he superintendence of M- J. B. Chalhes. now conducts, throueh the British rnI„„,Ko ii j established office at Kamloops had its hands more than full with eatheL",. st,«I''«'^°"°"''! ""'" "'*" '''™'' >•»■ i"* "I" undertaken certain :i::,k J ^Hll 30S COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION publications issued by the branch itself. For list of publications, consult the Bibliography. In addition to the hydroloRical data already referred to, a number of valuable records have been obtained by private and other effort ; where avail- able, summaries of these data are presented in this report. These records are as follows : Gauge heights of the Fraser river, recorded by officers of the Department of Public Works, Canada, at Chilliwack, Mission and Sumas. The record at Chilliwack commences in 1906 and, except at low stages when the water drops below the point where the gauge can be read, is continuous. Unfor- tunately, there is a deposit of silt around the foot of the gauge, which lecomes dry below certain stages. There appears to be a certain relationship mani- fested between the gauge heights at Chilliwack and thcs recorded at Hope in the year 1912-1915. If relationship can be established it would be possible to make an approximate estimate cf the flow of the Fraser river for the period covered by the Chilliwack records. Hydrographic studies have been made by various private companies, such as by the British Columbia Electric Railway Co., or subsidiary companies, at lakes Buntzen and Coquitlam, and at Jordan river, V.I. ; by the Western Canada Power Company, on Stave river; by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co., at Bonnington falls, on Kootenay river — for gauge heights Fee Water Resources Paper No. 14- -^a summary of revised data is given in this report); and by the Powell River Co., which possesses a record of the height of Powell lake since the year 1912, aad of the w^-ote water flowing over the dam. There are also hydro- logical studies r.ade by certain irrigation companies. Hydrological research has also been prosecuted by engineers and power companies in connection with various projects for municipal water supply, or proposed power developments, some of which have already been carried out. There are, for example, the Couteau Power Company's records of runoff, tem- perature and precipitation on Shuswap river at Couteau falls. These data have been made available through the courtesy of the company's consulting engineer, Mr. A. R. Mackenzie, and are published in the tables of stream flow data (No. 99). See also Plate J. Messrs. DuCane, Dutcher & Co., consult- ing engineers, secured data in connection with the development on the Barri^re river for the city of Kamloops ; and M?ssrs. Anderson & Warden, consulting engineers, Vancouver, have taken records at Jones lake for the British Colum- bia Electric Railway Co. The Campbell River Power Co. has records from several gauges on Campbell river, V.I. These gauges have since been rated by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, and revised data will be found in the tables of stream flow. The Quesnel Hydraulic Gold Mining Co. has made certain studies of runoff incident to the construction of its placer mining plant in the Cariboo district ; Messrs. Ritchie, Agnew & Co., consulting engineers, have made some valuable runoff studies in connection with suggested power develop- ments on the Falls and Khatada rivers, in the vicinity of Prince Rupert. There are also certain records of lake levels taken by the Canadian Pacific Railway STREAM FLOW D A T A-I \ T R () I) f C T I <) \ jq* La|- and Rixer Service. Some of these, ma.le available ..rou>;h the courtesy of Supenntenrtent Captain Gore, are published in this report. Detcriptioii of Stream Flow DaU „,=, ^nf iM*"" «P«« allotted to stream flow data is included a concise sum- mary of all the more important reliable records available. From the various data U was necessary to make a selection, and hence those most useful for water-power considerations are presented, while those of the smaller •irr^eation' streams, together with those which, for cause, were considered unreliable have Britirclt b d-ta which follow include records from about 130 .tation'n fnd Momana ^"' '^' ^'^^^''"' ''^''' °^ Washington. Idaho When not otherwise indicated, the stream flow records for the British Columbm stations have been summarized from data supplied bv the British Co lumbm Hydrometric Survey of the Dominion Water Power Branch The data for the stations in the United States have been supplied bv the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geolosical Survey. Wf ^!:'"'^"*r\ "-^ T<^bles-Tho tables of stream flow data are arranged alpha- betically, and also numbered to correspond whh a reference number gh^n Ible • tI? r?'/" ^"i-"^ ^°'r^'' '''' ^■•'•^'^ ''''^"^ «"- ''-^- -^e avail- able. Th, hst also indicates the district in which the stream is situated This permits ready reference to the data for any particular district. The summarized data for each station consist of a description of gauging station discharge measurements and monthly summaries.* The drainage area in square miles appears at the top of each record. Description of Gauging Station-Thesc descriptions arc based on those supplied by the British Columbia Hydrometric Survev. but have been con- densed and adapted to meet the essential requirements of the data in the form he-e presented. An effort has been made to have the descriptions, as suppl.e" for individual years, so combined as to be applicable to the record as a whole ... .'b'.' 1p?'^'^' ?1,'!^^ :,T^'' i' sometimes indicated by the use of the letters' ut'd bv'the B C H?. ^\''' ^'''''\^^-- the same significance as when h TT l^ o Hydrometric Survey in their Water Resources Papers and bv .he United States Geological Survey in their Water Supply Papm. namely 'A' indicates that the mean monthly flow in probably accurate within 5 p"r cenf if shiuld b 'V^7^"^= ^•- -'^'^- IS per cent ; and 'D'. within 25'per cent.' It should be clearly understood that all such references to accuracv refer only Note thereof JJlnfr"P^'°" °^ ^^"^'"^ ".*^*'°"' ""'i^'' the sub-heading 'Accuracv ' M i f f I ■fl I 8 ' \ ft (J 310 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Estimates of daily discharge are based on the daily gauge heights and are derived from a rating curve based on the available discharge measurements. Obviously, the greater the number of satisfactorv measurements, the better defined the rating curve will be ; but, since it is not alwavs possible to obtain m one season sufficient discharge measurements to define satisfactorily the rating curve, subsequent revisions mav be entailed. Occasionally, 'later measurements reveal the fact that, owing to backwater, ice formation, poor metering section or other causes, it is impossible to obtain a satisfactory rating curve at the selected station. As data and deductions of the B. C. Hydromctnc Survey are published annuallv, it not infrequently happens that estimates based on earlier data have to be revised in the light of additional discharge nuasurements. Through tlie courtesy of the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, we have been enabled to include most of such revisions up to the end of 1916. See also remarks under 'Drainage Area* and 'Discharge Measure- ments' below. Drainage Area— The drainage area at the head of the description of each station has been used in computing the 'Discharge in second-feet per square mile', and the resultant 'Run-off depth in inches on drainage area", and is the area estimated to lie above the gauging station. These areas have been checked from the most recent maps. Where these check measurements did not materially differ from the estimate of drainage areas made by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, or by other authorities supplying data, or where the maps and other information available allowed considerable latitude in deter- mining the 'height of land' dividing watersheds, the estimates as supplied have been published. Where, however, it seemed advisable, revisions have been made in drainage areas, and r.uch have been indicated by a note to that effect. Such revisions have necessitated the recomputation of the 'discharge in second-feet per square mile' and 'run-off depth in inches on drainage area'; also of certain totals and means. Z)j-s. harge Measurements— The discharge measurements made at the gaug- ing station arc here presented. Inasmuch as these constitute the basic data for the rating curve and resultant rating table, an appraisement, if so desired, may be made respecting the probable accuracy of the rating curve and, iafer- entially, to some extent, of the accuracy of the monthly summaries derived therefrom. An inspection of the discharge measurements reveals their number and distribution ; while the maximum and minimum discharges given in the summaries which follow show the extent to which the rating curve has been projected above or below the points for which actual discharge measurements define its position. Monthly Summaries— The column headed 'Max.' contains the discharge corresponding to the maximum gauge height recorded during the month ; similarly the column headed 'Min.' contains the discharge corresponding to the minimum gauge height recorded during the month. The column headed 'Mean' gives the mean of the daily discharges for the month. The column headed 'Discharge per square mile' is computed by dividing the mean monthly discharge by the estimated drainage area in square miles. The column headed 'Run-oil depth in inches on drainage area' is computed by multiplying the run-off per square mile by a factor depending upon the number of days in STREAM FLOW D A T A— I N T R O D U C T I O N 311 the month. (See 'Table of Equivalents', Appendix I.) The figures ^iven in the last two columns are based on the watershed area. (See remarks under 'Drainage Area'.) Index to Published Stream Flow Data It has been deemed desirable to furnish an 'Index' to publications where detailed data respecting pauge hoiKhts and daily dischar^'c? mav be found. In referring to these publications it must be remembered, however, that, since the earlier reports were issued, later data have become availal.le and have enabled some revisions to be made in the summaries h^re publisJic.l (See Note, page 309.) Those desiring to make detailed study of any particular stream should apply for the latest data to the British Columbia Ilydromctric Survey (Domin- ion Water Power Branch), at Vancouver, B.C., and to the Provincial Water Rights Branch, at Victoria, B.C. The publications indexed are the Water Resources Papers,f published by the Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa. The volumes containing data relating to the streams of Britisli Coliimliia are as follows : J Water Resources Paper Xo. /**— Report .)f the 'Raihvav Belt Mvdro- graplnc Survey for 1911-12," by P. A. Carson, t)ttawa, 1914. Water Resources Paper Xo. ^—Report of the 'British Columbia Hydrographic Survey for 191.i,' by R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper Xo. 14~'Rcport of the Britisli Columbia Hydrographic Survey for 1914,' by R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1915. Water Resources Paper Xo. /.?-' Report, of the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey for 1915,' R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1917. Water Rcwirces Paper Xo. ?/— 'Report of the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey for 1916," R. G. Swan, Ottawa, 1918 The following explanation will make the Index clear : A'o.— The numbers in the first column refer, respectively, to the summaries of stream flow records published in this report. ccrt-^inuJT-'lV'^ cmplotc years .-inro m,s..n,-,l,Iv ,.„n,pnml,le, pfn, J , /'Y'™Ki'.;^ are here presented. In eertain other instanees, it was not ieetne. expeilient to reeoni these (leihutions. .iiineu moJJ%l'''''"'"n1 "; "'"','■' '^'"'•"■r' •^'V"'" ''"""• '"'■''"''" M':«'1 -m,! a\s nl ,, rat nJ r, vn ^ ^^ .^guL-ir ,hschar«e stations an.l „se.l ,n conn.rtion with the prep;,ration of nnlK^l, , ;•! '^™"'"""^-'^' ''/'«"er Kaiii-'e Iiei^Ius an.! drnzrd .lata ,.f .iiseliar^,- etc., arc no nr-,*w"T ^V^^"' """; ''"'-1 .^i^re imblishcl in the Anuual Reports cf the Minister of lands 3 * tL .,?' '^'■■" l^t'\^"" ^"-' f"""'' '" K'-c-itcr .letail in the Water Resources Papers Sos t atiaj). For other important stations, a revised summarv f.,r !<»12 and 191 i ■%■•!' '.e fo'-,' i-i "^-t KCjjort. " - . . . ,,.. , i,i t.iii of ull^^S" ^"°""" ^"^r^"- ' contains, on pages 495 to 537, a useful HydroRrapliic Gazetteer Bnfish^Corumbia '°"'^" °^ ''^'" '"PP'^ '"' ^"'^ ^'^^^^^"^ '" "'^ Railway Belt of 11 i I if. i r ? ■?. i '1 ; I 312 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Dtstrtct—The letters indicate to which main watershed or district the streams belong, thus : C— Columbia river and tributaries (except Kootenay nver) ; K— Kootenay river and tributaries ; F— Fraser river and tribu- taries (except Thompson river) ; T— Thompson river and tributaries • V.I.— streams on Vancouver island ; P.C— streams on Mainland Pacific coast (except Fraser river). This column, used in connection with the two followmg, will assist in finding on a map the situation of each stream and gauging station. Stream— The streams are tabulated in alphabetical order. Location oj Gauging Station— On the smaller tributary streams it will be noticed that, where there is only one gauging station, as a rule it is situated near the mouth. Drainage Area— The drainage areas are those above the respective gauging stations. See remarks relating to drainage areas under 'Description of Stream Flow Data'. Records Available— In this column are {,'iven, for the period ending Decembei 1916,* the years, and first and last months, for which reliable records are available. Sometimes, records ,ve only been taken during the irrigation season, o r during the open period. See under column 'Remarks'. went't^presl! ^^'"' ^°' ^^ '''°'^' ^'^ ^^ '^°™Pl<''^^ ^' ^^e time this portion of the report I STREAM FLOW DATA— INDEX 313 LIST OF STREAMS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH STREAM FLOW DVIV ARE MAILABLE WITH INDEX TO WATER RESOURCES PAPERS A.LABLb (Thii list doM not include lome of the smaller streams whose flow has been stuJieJ in connection with irrigatiim requirements ) No. Dis- trict T C C PC VI. K C T T T C PC. P.C. F C K PC PC PC T Stream V.I. Adams river ... Akolkolex river. Alouette (S.Lillooet) river. do. do. North branch .\nderson river .... Ashnoln river, trib. Similkameen. Barnes creek, near Ashrroft. Barri^re river Beaver river Beaver creek Belknap creek BiK Qtialicum river Bi« Rand creek .... Blaebcrrv river. . . . Bolean creek. trih. Salmon. Bonannrte river . . . Botanic creek, near T.ytton. Boulder creek, near Jones lake. Boundary creek . . . Brandt creek. ..... Brandywine river, trib. .Squamish. Brash c-eek, trib. Shuswap. Bridee river Bueaboo river Bull river Bulkley river ..... ! Location of gauging station Below lake Wigwam, near mouth. 8m. from mouth At lake outlet 3m. from mouth - .Vear mouth Near Ashnola . . . . .^bove Barnes lake Below power plant 4m. from mouth. . . .'Jm. from mouth . , •^*ee .\Iesliloet river Near mouth Sm. from mr>uth . .Near Moberly Near Falkland . . . .5m from mouth. . .5m. below lake . . . .\t mouth Greenwood See .Vlesliloet river Near mouth .Above intake . Drain age area aq. milf> ,l«Ot 105 do, Buntsen lake .... Cache creek, trib. Bonaparte, do. Cahilty creek, trib. Txiuifl. Campbell creek . . . do. Campbell river . . . Canoe creek, trih. .Shuswap lake Canon creek . . . , Above cafion Im. from mouth. . . Near mouth Haflton, near niuuth. 3m. above confiu. ence of Telkwa. At outlet .\bove diversions . . 100 100 20 200 480 38 .I.Wt 400 M3 tributa 02 40 .•J2.-. 80 2.000 20t Recorils available Limiting dates (s-e remarks) luly inil-nec. IflIB May 1913-rjec. I9lr> Oct. 1911-nec. lOM 12.'> tributa ii ■i.i Ca'iun creek. p _ _ "" from Ciilden. •■^- Capiiano creek . C Caribou creek, near Burlon. ■^ Carpenter creek . do. South Fork F Cayuse creek • Cellsin creek, T ,-.■'"''"' ^•"l»wap Like * Chase creek '^' Cheakftmtia river. r IChehalis river ^ .1. Ctieiiiiiiiius river. . . . Below diversion to Einht-hiile ck.' Im. from mouth Barnhart Vale, Todds Corners .\bove Campbell Estai liv.rsions Outlet, Lower _ Campbell lake. Near Salmon Arm . .\bove lleffley lake Im. from mouth. . .\hove Vancotiver intake, Orii. from mouth. im. from mouth . Near New l")enver In (lunie near ,San luly to Dec , 191.i July to Dec, lnl,5 Wairr He^ourcea Pnner No 110 «-'j|69 100 172 10(> 33 33 20 200 200 600t 30 7 .50 04 Remarks .10.-) 440 494 142' 97 416 3.5:t 179 190n-nec. 19I3|. . .Fune 1911-.\ug. 1912 111 May 19t5-Oct., 1916 . \ug. 1911-Oct. 1912 115 May 1911-Repl. 1913 120 !77 63 22K 112 230 114 3.5. 397 127 127 May 1911-Sept. 1912 May 1910-Dec. 1916 June 1911-Sept. 1912 June to Aug., 1914.. June 15 to Dec 30 1914 Ian. 1914 Dec 1911 Near Chase station Im. from mouth l^m. froo] niouth Near mouth 223 3.50 not 100 Vug. to Dec, 1914. April 20 to Dee, 1914 \pril 1914-nec. 1916 \nril 1914-Dec. IflKil Fell. 1914 Dec. 19161 124 Irrig. stream. Open seasons. Small stream. 279 210 120 June 1911 Oct. 1916' 1.34 250 Mar. 1914-Der. 1915 . . 201) JNov. I9II .Time lai'.luil 120 |May 1914-Dee. 1916| 1.50 151 6>. 181 Irrii;. seasooft * >I«.'n seasontt Irrig. stream. .Small creek. Open seasons. Open seasons. 144 69 1711116 2.S1 96 231 174 IIM 7i 71 1231146 Irrig. seasons. Irrig. seasons. Open seasons . Irrig. stream. Very small stream. Oiien seasons ! Revised value based on recent measurements. ' Diversion also measured during 1913, ' No records for 1913 and I»U. ill Ir ■ I 'i If!: il If i i El ilill I i J 314 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION No. 31 326 33 34 33 IJU- trii-t 37 43 44a 4S T T C C C C C C K F F V.l. T T T T T T T F K C T T T K V.I. T P.C K Cherry creek, trill. Kamloona lake. Cherry creek, South-east Koo- teriu.v. ChiUiwuck river . Clearwater river. Culiiwater river . . (Juluinhia river . . . Uo. . . do. . . do. Coqililiaila river Co>iiiittam river. do. Cowichan river. . , Crazy creek Criss creek Location of gaugiQK station Cornwall'tt ranch. Near Wasa. om. above Sumas lake. Near mouth .... .\Ierritt ' Trail Carttleuar. .... .Vear KevcUtoke iHen .Spillimacheen, . . Drain- a«i- area Davis creek .... Ueadnian river. do. do. do DortS river, near Mc' Bride. Duncan river, ♦• Kootenay lake Dutch creek, n'%u Fairmont SpriiiKb bj-A^le river ^ do Bdwards creek, trib. llelferly. KIk river Kntflishinan river. . . Kssell creek, trib. Salmon river. Falls creek, trib. _ Kcstall ; Skeeua Kindlay creek Flume creek, Indian river. Forsters (.\o. 2) cr.. Fountain creek, ^ 10m. from Lillooet Fortune creek, near .\rrnstronK. Fourmile creek . , Fraser river do. do. dj Fry creek (.Uilc.v creek, to Pitt ^ river. Cilacier creek tjo;it river tiold creek, to Co- q>iitlam river (-iold creek Uranhy (Kettle K., -N'. itiTkt river. Clranite creek, trib. Tulumeen. Cjreen river do Greenstone creek, trit>. Nici>la river. .\thalmer N'ear lloiie Below lake Im. aliove mouth.. Near lake outlet . . .Vear Taft Trib. Deadman river. .See Fortune creek .Vbove Crias creek . 3m. from mouth . . .\bove Walhachin intake. In flume im. above mouth. . Near ilowser, 10m above mouth, itii from mouth. . . .Malakwa N'ear Sicamous . . .im. from mouth .Vear Elko im. from mouth Near Grand Prairie Near mouth . . . «y mitea 30 See Ma 4S0 4, loot 3BU 31,000 1.").000 9.000 2,."K)0 1.700 .MO 3(JU lOo 11.5 235 4.5 1.50 Rfcortls available Limiting dates (see remarks) W'Ufr Keaourctn t*ttper So. rf 1.5m. from mouth.. .At mouth Um. from mouth. , liin. from mouth. . Im. l>eIow city in- take. .See .Silvcrton creek Chilliwack Hope Lytton Lillooet Jm. above mouth .\bove power in- take. Near Howser . . . Krickson, 5ni. from mouth, m. from mouth 7ni. north oi gate. Grand Forks New- .N'ear Coalmont.. .Nairn Palls Green Lake Jm. from mouth. 300 5 3Sf 120 Ho. Nsrth fork. _do. West fork. . Khatadu river Kicking Horse river do. do. Koksilah river Kuflkanax creek . Kootenay river. . T P.C. T PC PC. P.C. PC. P.C. PC. PC. PC. PC. T do. do Laluwissin creek, above Lytton. Litlooet river, trib, Harrison lake. Unklater creek, near NewKate. Little Clearwater river. Little Qualieuni river. Little Sand creek, trib. Bin Sand ck. Louis creek Lynn creek ■\t lake outlet., , Jm. above mouth. Kiislo, near mouth Carson Near Nicholson's bri'lite. See Granby river. See Westkettlc riv Trib, Skeena Golden, near mouth Field No. 'J Tunnel , . . 2m. south t * can. Int. from Xakuf At Glade Bonninjcton Pool Upper Honnington , Fall.,. Nelson Wartlner -Above irrigation ditches, Agerton, 6ni, above Lillooet lake. Near Smiths ranch tributar 2.V) 480 -ioo Recorils available Liiiittinff datrs (see rctnarkn) Water Henourct* Pfijitr No June inil-Sept. 191 June 1911-Oct. 1916 May 1914- July lai.") 1911 to 1916 . April to Sept., 1913 1911 to 1916 ies, .May 1912-July 1914 Oct. 1914-Uec. 1»16 25 130 fit) 170 2,.'!90t l,620f 3m. above mouth. \t Cameron outlet. Near JalTray . . lake Mark creek , .Mather (Cherrj-) creek, south-east Kootenay, .Manson creek, trib Shuswap lake. .Mesliloet river .Mesliloet tributaries Belknap creek. do. Brandt creek, . do. Hixon creek , do. Norton creek Young creek Monte creek, trib. S. Thompson at Liucks, 12ni, from mouth. Below north \'an ^ couver intake. Near .Maryaville, al mouth. Im, above mouth, near Wasa, Im, from mouth , Below caAon, 8m from nioulli. Belknap lake, , . . Below Ann lake . At mouth Above Young ereek. Jm. from mouth. Above Belknap creek. At lake outlet... Near mouth Several stations , , 60 700 130 50 •24 19,1. 17,,S(k 17,800 17,700 5,2U0 20 800 42 84 60t 33 100 14 54f 80 24 6.") Oct. I91I-nee. 1916 May 1913-I)ec. Iill4 .May 1914-Dec. 191-- .May 1911-Oct. 1916 June 1913-Dec. 191(1 1911 to 1910 April 1910-Dec. 1916 1. 1908-I)ec. lull June 1914-L)cc. 191U Sept. 19I3-r)ec. 1916 .Mar. 1914-Nov 1916 Dec. 1911-Dec. 1912 April lUI2-l>ec. 1916 June 19l2-l)ec. 1916 July 19I2-I)ec. 1916 May 1914-Dec. 1916 .lar. 1914-l)ec. 191.) May 1913-Dec. 1916 june to Dec , 1914, Dct. 1907-Dec. 191 Jan. 1913-Dec. 191.- Jan. 1914-I)ec. 1916 June 1914-I)e--. 1916 Nov. 1913-Dcc. 1916 .May 1914-Sept. 1915 June 1914-Oct. 1916 Feb. 1913-Dec. 1916 April 1914-Oct. 1016 3a"> OS July 1911-Nov, 1916 June 1914-Dec, 1916 .May 1914-Dec. 1916 .May 1913-Oct, 1916 -April to Sept., 1913 Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916 Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916 June 1914-Dec. 1916 Oct. 1912-Sept. 1914 Juiic 1913-Dec. 1916 Oct. 1912-July 1914 April 1914-Dec. 1916 Oct. 1912-Dec. 1916 Oct. 1912-Dce. I91U 1911 to 1910 t Rsvised value baaed on recent measurements. 338 105 16^ 47: 174 131 192 417 411 :f0.-| 412 MS IS.- :is: 512 220 13- .>24 (70 373 i: 194 .i.t0 1911 86 33i 24.- 243 TO 161 201 163 318 320 167 299 109 49 :ioi .'21 Remarks Irrig. stream. Irrig. stream, Irrig, stream. Open seasons. < 'pen seasons. t*I)en seasons. Open seasons, Irrig. stream. Irrig. stream. Open seasons, tipen deaaons. .140 10, 128 130 4o: 198 l,w 41 200 88 409 199 24 90 irrig. stream. .Small irriga- tion stream rrig, stream. Open seasons. ( >pen seasons. 3.34 Irrig. seasons. Small creek. 47 Irrig. atream |i!i i i Hi II! 11 W ftSii I !; II ' 1 1 f» 'i i ■■ ■I i 'J ■ h I 316 No. COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 73 74 73 7H 77 'JH 79 8U 81 Hi S5 87 DLi- trict K K T T F F V.I. C F F T T T T F T F T T P.C C C C C V.I. T F Stream ne&r Moyie river.. Mud creek, Elko. Murrmy creek, near ,Spence BricUe. Murtle river, trib (Mcarwater. Vahatlatch river. . . •lo. Vanaimo river . .Vakusp creek . . Xechaku river . do. Nicola river. . do. do. Location of (aiwiot itation fntcmatinnal boundary. Near mouth . . Drain- age area do. 83 Nicolum river, trib Coquihalla. Niakonlith creek, trib. S, Thompnon .North Lillooet river North Thompaon do. .North Vermilion creek. Norton creek No. 2 creek Okanagan river.. . . do. OtterUil river ... .\bove diversions . l.lm below .Murlle lak>. Lower Htation, near ^ mouth. Cpper Htation, be- low lakes. ftm. from mouth. . 2nt. from Nakusp. Vanderhonf Fort Kriser Near mouth .... Merritt Nicola " K K K T T F P.C. »l! T 97 VI Wt T Oyster river. . . Paul creek. Pavilion creek Pend-d'Oreillei. Phillip creek Powell river .... Puntledge river. . .'. . do. Raft river Kainbow creek, trib Pitt lake. Uaven creek Rock creek, near KIko. Rosa creek, to Shus- wap lake. Rushton (Raven) creek to Pitt lake. Rutherford (Sii- mile) creek, trib. Cjreen river. St. .Mary river Salmon river, to Shuawap lake. do. .Sand creek (Big), . , Sand creek (Little). . Sawmill creek Scotch creek to Shus wap lake. Scottie creek, trib Bonaparte river. Seton creek fim. above Nicola lake. 4m. from mouth .Near mouth 590 7 36 4(X)t 400 300 Keconls available Limiting dates (*-*e ri-niark.H) Alouette river. Black Pines . . .4bove Barri^re ^ river. Near Edgewatcr See Mesliloet river See Forster creek. Fairview ... Okanagan Falls .' Near mouth. 5|m W. of Field. .Near mouth Several sutions . . Above irrigation ditches. Near Waneta ... . Near Rooaville .... Bflow lake Ini. from mouth. , , .\t diversion dam . . im. from mouth. . . Near mouth .See Rushton creek. .\hove mouth .Mud creek. 2m. from mouth . , Below fall, Jm above mouth. Im. from mouth ■luly 1914-Dee. 1916 May to Sept., 1914 Sept. 19U-Dec. I91a Sept. 1914-Sept. 1916 Mar. 1912-Dec. 1918 Mar. 1912-Dec. 1916 2.'>0 |Feb. 191.1-Der, 1916 .Mar. to Dec., 1914 July to Nov., lUl.i June to Dec., 191.i Aug. 1911-Dec. 1918 June igil-.Hept.191.'> .\pnj 1913-Dec. 1916 May 1915-Sept. 1916 July 1914-Dec. 1916 Aug. 1911-8ept. 191.1 40 9,.'iao 6. 1 30 2,a.W l,.i00 1,300 540 30 50 7,.W0t 7,000 20 tributa 3,000 2,7.'SO 90 WaUr Rttoureu Parter No 2o,800t 23 600 27St 2.i01 300 20 37S April 1912-Dee. 191 June 1915-Dec. 1918 April l91S-Sept. 191.J April to Dec., 1914 . Mar. I9I5-Dee. 1916 June 1912-Oet. 1913 June 1914-Dec. 1916 1911 to 1916 June 1915-Oct., 1916 May 1913-!^pt. 1915 .May 19U-Sept. 1915 May 19U-Dec. 1918 June 1913-Dec. 1916 June 1914-Nov. 1916 Nov. 1911-Nov. 1913 Seymour creek . Seymour river Shawnigan creek . . [Shuswap river Near WyclilTe.., .Several stations,. Falkland See Big Sand creek See Little Sand ck .See Wee .Sandy ck 3m. from mouth. . . Near mouth, above diversions. Below lake. 3m from l.illooet. .Above \'iincouver witerworka in- take. Shuswap lake Below lake 13 56 10 30 825t 158 Remarka Irrig. atraam, Irrig. strMm. 97 2531306 282 350 24.-. 73 460 89 1 2.')0 22 n:Jiv^^«V^iir,t'''^%:n':.;^%7VAr'iZ'^^^^ «- co. no i I 1^ STREAM FLOW DATA-INDEX 317 « j 1 No. 100 101 102 1(M 10.) 10ol>er Col- umbia river. •Spiut* creek Sproat river Stamp river do Location nf laugins ■tation Couteau falls im. from luouth . . .See Widceon creek Helow liewitt mill .\bovn Hewitt in- take. Below .-Vsiinola creek. Ini. from mouth . . Cippoletti weir . . See Kutherforil ck .Vbove Internation- al b(mndar>-. Did Hazel Ion . . Ini. from mouth. .SUjciin city -Near mouth. . , . Drain- a(e area Records available Limiting datt'S (*fe remarks) Water Hrtvurret Hapfr \o Near mouth . Princeton See Alouette river. Chaae T T T C T V.I. C c c 124 C P.C. Stave river Steiii creek, near Lytton. Sumalluw river. . . do. Sweltier creek, trib. Chilli wack. Teiaa creek, 14ni. from Lillooet. Thompson river . . . do. . . . : rhreemile (Purand) creek, to Kaniloope take. Toby cieek Tranquille river . . . Tsolum river Tulameen river. Twentymilc creek.. Vermilion creek . (North I. V ermilion creek (Southl. Washout creek. . . . Wee Sandy (.Saw. niUI) creek, to Slocan lake. West Kettle river Jm. above mouth. Im. from mouth. . 700 SO 41 30 2,900t 30 7 3.W 9,200 '.,3iillt 710 Jan. Ifll2-I)ec. 1914 Nov. lUU-Dec. 1913 .May 1914 Dec. 191.-) .May I914-I)ec. 191 .\pril 1914-I>ec. 191B .July to Dec , 1914 (unc lOU-Oct. 191«| 2m. from mouth Below Sproat laice Stamp falls Outlet Cireat Ceil tral lake. Stave falls )n). from mouth. . . m. from mouth . . ■Mil. from mouth . Ini. from mouth . Seat mouth . . Spence bridge. Kamloopit .... Near Savona. 75 7J0t 7,000 10 5H0 March to Dec, 191.'. luly to Dec . 191.'. I><'C 19I2-l)e<- Ifli; April to Dec . lulB Discharge meiisure- ments onlv. Mar. I914-.\prill9I.ji May 1914-Nov. 1918 .\pril 1911 Dec. 191B April lOUSept. 1913 June 1912-Dec. lOlfi 14 IM 3.i2 soot Aug. I911-.Sept. 1913 12lt |.\l8r. 1913-Dec. 1»1« :mo 3X3 311 481 263 Remarks 43.* 3 l.17'267 Whitewood creek, to N. Thotii|)son. Wiilgeon (Silver Pitt) creek. Windermere creek, 7m. from Winder mere. Yoho riv.if Voung cnwk Near Athalmer, _ Im. from mouth Near moutii . . 2m. from Sandwick Coalmont ■See Hedley creek. See North Vermilio Sec South Vermilio -Near (talcna At bridge at mouth Westbridge, ne mouth. 2m. from mouth. 2m. from mouth. .3m. from mouth. 33(i 177 430 130 70 17 30 21.000 14,.300t 230t 230 1.30 ti.30 n creek. n creek. .Mar. 1913-Dec. I91li Feb. 1913-Dec. Itflfi 1901 and 1903 to 1913 Sept. 1911-Aug. 1913 July 1914-Nov. 191f'i luly 1914-Nov. I91ti Nov. 1911-Xov. 1912 .April 1914-.Sept. 191; Oct. 1911-Dec. 1911) .\pril 1911-Dec. 1914 June 1913-Oct. 191Iipn seuofu. Open spaaons. I'seii for trri- gatiuD. Irrift. seuons. Reponls not relitible. [rrig. stream. 270ki42 Open seasona. (rris. seasims. Open seaduna. Small creek. Small stream. and lii? KSd" "''"**"* '""^'''" ■ *^''*'**'*'«^ ''''^ ^^"*^«^ f^oni Uiach»rge» of KicUng H. or»e river near No. 2 Tunne I 11 .1 1 i ■ I !^' ^ I ! I I ' I ( 318 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION T*bl«s of Stream Flow D.t. fo r Selected Gaugi ng Station, in British Columbia Drainage area. 1.160 square miles * *- 4I;AMS RIVER-helow Adams lake ... ^ ^ DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locatton-Sec. 6. tp. 23, rge. 12. W. 6th mcr. Records afailMe-]^\y!,nd Dec.. 1911; Jan. 1. 1912 to Dec. 31. 1916 except Aug and Sent 1914 Drainage area-XM!^ sq. m^Ies above mouth : 1.160 above ;usin« s^,^on " ^ ' *' ^J^ft? '^T"}f'' J^'^' '^'^K- R^--°^'!er No. 630 wa. put into operation, at a no nt 50 1 etui eHt "':^ f "'" ^ """ "' ^""""«=' ™ ^''^ «-«- '' 'f"- --^ insta'n ; v^ hJeht" atr^ rl" rr °" ""'' "^^ '^'^^^'^ ^'=="""«' - f-"-- -between gaug" D!^Z'!»t^''' '"""" ,*''V' '"^'^""Ks are made. 300 to 500 feet wide. Velocities are uniform "^'T «■ ~='d:;'.^^ ""'"' ''^^^ ''- '^"^ "^-' '" -^' '"'^ -- -^- ^'^y -e -de *^'"at tt"::'''''"*'"*!'' T"^"'?' ""'' '^""'^^ "■*"'" "^"""^^ •'"t "-" i= ^'^l^lon' frozen over at the gauge sufficiently to have material effect on the accuracy of returns /lcc«r«.v-D,scharge is artificially controlled by Adams River Lumber Co.'s .lam. Maximum sTxiatli J?H T'^r f ''•^.^'^^ °^ "^'^ "^■"- T'^«= '"'"™"'" 'Ji^-harge obtains with all mum P f t''^' '^"'^ "'^ '^='^"'"^' "'">• °P^"- ^' '^ ""' necessarilv the true mini Tr^H r*r ;"^^""*'°" ^'f ^"t°'"'»»i- K^'URe (Oct. 17. 1914) there was'a possib.liry of good. Some shght revision may be necessary, however, more particularly at high stages. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Datp 1911 Julv 7 Nov. R 9 9 " 10 " II Dec. 12 1913 Aug. 19 " 1ft Area of wction Sq. It,l 2.7»0 1.770 1.700 1.720 1.700 l,t<70 96 2.07S 2.0N1 .Mean veloi-ity Ft. per ste 2-1 0-.3 0-4 1-2 1-9 0-7 1-4 2-4 1-7 Gauffe height • dtilT 1 FttI 4-4 • 0-57» 9 » 2-6 • .3-4 • 1-7 • -0-3 • .5-40 4- .■).■. Diarharge Sec.-ftet 5,900' 4»4 ' «02" 1.9l>0" 3.1liO> l.lHOl 130' .5.009 3.300 Date Aug. 19 " 19 1914 July 3 191.1 Feb. 2.-I Julv 3 1916 July l.i Oc-l. 2h Area of section 2,0!«7 2.0;'6 2..355 871 2.026 2.21R 230 1.720 Mean velocity Ft. per nee. l-;i 1-0 0-3 2-5 ' ^'"^^ '""" ''»»' above dam. ■ Made by waJing below dam MONTHLY SUMMARIES 3-1 1-9 ?-\ Gauge height Feel 4-40 3-60 0-74 5-25 fi-37 1 • 2« 4-13 Diflcharge See.-frH 3.280 2.220 5,650 272 5.140 6,793 4361 s.aio ' Different action. Month Discharge in aecond-feet Mai. .Min. Mean Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar , April. . May. . June. . July 1 . Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov.... Dec. . . . Peri'ni . i!ni l-er sso l.:!so 2.iiro lo.:.oo 7,S00 9,700 10,500 6.200 1,810 7.35 2.510 lO^VW 127 127 110 85 83 195 1,210 263 1,810 195 165 165 83 774 578 8;i9 801 5.627 3,029 5,446 5,718 3,288 995 338 1,283 2,.361 I 2.21 0-77 0-54 0-83 0-77 S-.38 4-84 5-39 5' 66 3-18 0-99 0-35 1'28 30- 16 — ; ■ ' II I ear lu,.'iOU p.<.:^SSi?~"^- -«^^««e|i{^ Ume it .a. not po,.ibl. to •RevUed value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES MONTHLY SLMMAR\KH-ConlinuM 319 Jan. . .-. . 17.-. llH) F«b ItiO ino Mm . . 2.2! H) ino April. . . . 2.4('0 KiO 8,:i«IO s.i'no June. . . , 13,800 4.400 July... .i.'WIO 1.0.V) Aug 10.300 1.0.V) Sept ... 4.400 910 Ort 1.270 SS.i Nov.... 2.S70 1..1.-.0 Dec 1.970 2J0 Year . . 13.SflO IfiO I'M) UK) li.'>S I. .-.21 3.4M 9.710 .'>.039 3,40et. . . Nov. . . Dec... Year. . 191.5 0- Hi 014 OlHi 1 • 4.-> 3-4tl 0-,3.% .'.00 3 -.38 3- 17 100 1-8.-1 082 30-44 9.30 290 370 2,9(i0 •i.9.30 A.380 7,270 3.180 3,.340 1,230 I..53t) 1.090 7.270 200 275 275 370 3.030 2.480 3.2«0 2,B10 7.X) 7.-0 SfiO 075 2fiO 441 279 310 l..'i31 5.0.T5 4.100 ■"•.00<1 2,723 1.774 807 1.0.-. 1 1.027 2.010 0-38 0-24 0-27 I -.32 4-.3li 3-.>4 4-31 2-. 3.1 l-.'i3 0-70 0-91 0-89 0-44 0-25 0-31 0-4ti .1-01 3-94 4 !WI 2-70 1-70 0-81 101 1-03 23-62 Jan K.'b . Mnr .Vpril. \hy .lune. . .(illy . . . ■\»K- . . X'I>t. < ) 6^43 7,. 160 (i-,12 7-52 4.190 3- 61 4^ 16 1.800 1 ■ 73 .--10 0-48 O^.Vi 440 0- 38 0-42 4.-.0 39 0-45 2.640 228 31 25 2- AKOLKOLEX RIVER-near mn„th DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Drainage area. IK snuarc miles Clmattc foBd(/io«j— Heavy winter snowfall. Gauge— Chain gauge referenced to three bench marks From \r->,7 tn r,, ►„. three t.mes a week. November to April, once a we;k. ^ "'"• "'"'' " "^-^ CAa«^i_Straig!it for 100 yard.s above and below section. Water is swiff fl„w= ,1, ,, , tis";:'S^r'^^^°'""''='^-'"^^^^°^^^"- itisd.mc^no:.:t::nr;te U .n/<-r /fou^Occasionally affec ted by ice. Stream at sec-tion seldom freezes except for a dav or two. Anchor ,ce seldom forms for more than one or two days at a time "'"P' '"^ ^ ''^> "^ /Iffurafv-Apparently accurate meterings have been made, but monthlv summir-V. will h k 10 'tr ^r;:':::*"^— ^ °^ -- -^'■-- ^'- -or.j:!:;:-:'^:^;:-;^ DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 1913 May 7 " 30 June 9 " 27 July 17 ■• 23 Aug 13 EC a N. ..20 1914 Mar. 18 May 19 June 26 Sj. fett 1.57 363 4.'J5 314 268 299 2.3.1 186 106 121 275 312 Ft. ptr tec. 2^56 7-43 9-18 6-40 4^98 5-32 4^37 2^92 1-71 1-48 4-95 5-34 I 2 ■35 7 .50 1000 6 45 4 90 5 75 4 28 3 10 I 70 1 35 5^ .30 6^ 10 402 2,700 3,990 2,110 I, .340 1,.590 1,070 530 180 179 1,360 1,670 July 24 Aug. 10 Sept. 6 Oct. 10 1913 .Mar. 18 May 14 I Oct. 2S i Nov. 30 I 1916 Mar. 18 June 1 July 18 Aug. 12 Sq. tea 239 190 171 . 150 116 2.50 210 140 130 248 342 240 Ft. pfr i>ec 3-88 2^82 2-18 2^18 1-19 4^60 3^2» 1-45 1-44 4^06 7^08 3<61 Frrt 4. 30 3^10 2^40 220 1-20 4^80 3^56 1-60 Sec-fret 929 537 373 329 138 I.W r April ^fay I Jun«. . July . Auc-. ■ Sept.. . o«.. . Not... Dec.. . Period. Jan. Feb . Mar. April. Kfay June. . July. Auc.. . 8ept. Oct.. . Nov.. Dec... Year Diacharge in aecond-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per aqutre mile Kun-olf depth in inciiea on drainaff* 1913 2.N10 4.1(10 2..^40 1,6.10 1.300 S36 274 17S 320 i.eito 1,120 7.M 440 274 17.1 100 1,403 2,760 1,770 i.ogo 691 344 224 127 14 22 26-. 30 1H'H4 10' 3N 6-l» 3-28 2-13 121 1H7 7,'i 142 1 • a.'. IM im 121 11.1 244 irei l.M 1-47 1.140 2H1 672 6-40 1,9<»0 1,040 1,410 13-4 1,860 1,000 1,290 12-3 1,760 9NS 1.370 13- 1,310 eai 96;» 9- 17 6«3 202 331 3- 1.1 677 202 320 3- 0.1 422 194 260 2-47 202 129 180 1-71 1,990 75 601 5-72 16-. 37 29-34 19-42 11-97 7 -.15 3-78 2-38 1-40 I'.Ul 1-20 1-70 7-14 1.1-40 13-70 14-.10 10-60 3-. 11 3 -.12 2-76 1-97 77- .16 Month Feb. . Mar. . April . .May June . July . . Auil. . .'(epl.. Oct. . \ov . . . Dec.'.. Year.. Jan> Feb •. Mar April .Vfay . June . July . Aug. . Hept . Oct . Nov . . . Dec. . Year Discharge in Mcoml-feet .Mai. Min. Mean Per •quare mite Kun-off denth in inenea on drainage 226 177 210 770 1.890 2.9.10 2.780 1.260 MO ■18.1 540 290 2,9.10 177 191 1-81 1.10 161 1-.13 1.10 178 1-70 168 481 4-.18 1,000 1.4.30 13-6 1.300 1.970 18-8 893 1,790 17-0 .3.10 7,39 704 274 41.1 3-9.-. 310 384 3-66 282 363 3-46 ISO 181 1-72 ISO 090 6- .18 1916 42.1 8.1.1 1.430 7.220 3,840 1,520 1,1.10 404 260 139 7,220 US 211 597 975 1,210 -147 ; 320 I 202 I 139 108 j 108 i 115 115 224 387 937 2,760 2,240 912 571 2,18 188 12U 736 1-09 1-09 2-13 3-68 8-92 26-30 21-30 J-J8 5-44 2-46 1-79 1-14 7-00 207 1-50 1-96 .1-11 15-70 21-00 19-60 8-12 4-41 4-22 3-86 1-98 1-26 118 2- 46 4-11 10-30 29-30 24- HO 10-00 6-07 2-84 2-00 1-31 05-43 • For period May 6 to 31. and climatic condition*. ■Eitimated Dec. 16 tu31. >.Mean monthly diacharge eitimated Irom gauge heighia 3— ALOUETTE (SOPTH LULOOET) RIVER— 8 m. from mouth. Drain.tge area. 100 so. mileji* I DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — To Dec, 1915, at upper highway bridge, eight miles from mouth, in sec. 28, tp. 12, east of Coast mer. Just south of Vennedon post office and about seven miles below Alouetti- lake. For 1916 at outlet from Alouette lake, tp. 4, range 4, west 7th mer. Records amilahU — Oct. 26, 1911, to Dec, 1916. Co-operation — Records for 1916 supplied by Burrard Power Co. Gauge — Chain gauge near centre of bridge, read daily. Power Co's. gauge is vertical staff. CAonne/— Permanenf rocky channel ; at B.C. Hydromctric station, stream is confined by bridge piers and roadway, to one channel, width 80 to 125 feet. Discharge measurer-, .-r/i — Are made from the bridge. Winter flow — -i >pcn water all year. Accuracy— Varies, 1911 and 1912, B and C ; 1913, A, B and D ; 1914 and 1915, P. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1911 Oct. 2fl Dec. 13 Area of section Sq. feet 113 31C 1912 July 4 151 2-4 Aug 17 28K a-5 Sept. 10 234 3-3 Nov. 13 608 8-1 Mean velocity Ft. per Iter 2-0 4-3 (iaugc hcixht Fret MR 2-80 1-50 2- TO 2-00 4-t» Discharge Date 1 Sec-feet 1 19!3 i 226 M»y 22 1,360 July 10 1914 Aug. 21 361 Oct. 22 1.010 1915 767 April 15 4,9.10 July 5 Area of | section I Mean velo<-ity Sq. feet [Ft. per see 266 296 80 371 321 90 * Also cstirr.atcd by Burrard Tower Co. at 140 square miles. 4-4 3-S 1-5 5-5 4-70 2-(H) Gauxe height Feet 2-45 2-40 O-.W 3-12 3-05 0-80 Discharstf 1,18(1 1,12U li:i 2,0OU 1,52(1 STREAM FLOW I) A T A— B. C. TABLES 121 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month F*b. . . M>r. April May.. Jiiu. . July.. Au«.., Sept.. . Oi-t. . . Nov.. . Dec... Period.. JftD. . F«h. . , Msr. Apiil. ifay Jine. . July.. Aug.. . Sept., Oct. . . Nov... Dec. . . Ypf\r. . Jaa. . . Feb. . . Mar.., April. ^fay . June. . July.. Auc.. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov. . Dec... "^ ear. DMcharffe in aecond-fret Mai I IVr Mtn. I Mean { M>iuare ' I mile Hun-off firnrh in I tnrhr-Kiin I (Irainitsr i area DlNcharKe in Km>nct. . . Nov D«c... Year. . :i..ViO 1.-.0 1.412 14' 12 2.S10 410 1..393 13-93 :tHO 130 210 2-10 970 2«0 4.V> 4-.-..^ \.OiM 590 N02 H02 1.7:«J 430 H17 H-17 A-(|3 2-42 5-06 9-23 9-11 4-4A 5-Ott 5-94 H-SO 23 -.16 12-23 J;in. . Feb . Miir. April May. Juiii-. Julv Aug. Sept. Oct.. . Nov.. Dec. . Ycnr. N,3.V> l.OsO 2.000 2.0IMI 1.320 .VV) 270 IJd 2. 1 .V) .■i.lHK) 4.700 1.710 K.3.-|0 2.i0 170 320 270 370 270 110 100 l().-> 230 4S0 135 100 I.liO ';■:■" 1 5-32 1 l.lltl) 10- 'II l.o;i(i 10- 30 .M.I 5-94 3i'.7 3-67 IHl 1-111 1(11 l-Ot li.vi fi-.-,ll ' 1.210 12-10 ; 2.2SO 22-i»0 3S7 3-S7 ,SIH S-IH 16- 70 5-.M 12-00 1 1 - M 6-»1 4-10 l->«t 1-21 7-32 13-95 25-44 4-46 110-96 2.1.-.0 160 743 7-43 8 SO 320 .W3 3-M 2.470 420 SllO 8-110 4.9.10 230 1.400 14-00 840 210 492 4-92 4S0 140 225 2-25 1.10 123 140 1-40 125 100 lOtI 1-00 115 95 101 1-05 3.400 100 970 0-70 2.820 320 HR4 8-81 4.500 420 1.300 13-GO 4.950 95 6.16 6- .16 11-07 9-91 15-62 5-117 2-51 1-61 1 - 211 1-17 11-20 9-86 15-70 89- 15 1 191(1 Jan. . . 1.417 111 39'1 3- '19 l-liO Feb. ll.soo 231 1.370 13-70 11-78 Mar .I.M's 397 1.1121) III- .'0 Is- lis .Wll . 1.9.10 711 l.OV) 10- .•il) 11-71 May. 1.4.12 739 1.0 10 ID- :o 1 1 - 99 June. . . 1.3S2 7.35 922 9- 22 19-29 Julv . . 1.4..2 .1.19 873 8-73 lUOtl .Aug... 379 18.1 311 3- 11 3 -.18 Sept.. 175 82 121 1-21 1-33 Oct 917 .10 nil l-lll 1-34 Nov... 2.298 2.13 979 9-79 10-92 Dec... I.34S 231 334 5-34 li-lli Ycnr fi.sOO .10 77*> 7- .H 103-46 4 -AlOPETTE (NORTH LILLOOET . RIVER. NORTH BRAWCH -5 m. from mouth Dmin.igo .ire.-t. 20 sg. miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At bridge, five miles from mouth, in sec. 29, tp. 12, east of Coast mer. Records available— Oct. 27, 1911, to Dec. 11, 1913. Gaugj— Vertical staff gauge at bridge pile, read daily. Channel — Gravel bottom, water deep and quiet at gauge. Discharge measurements— \re made from the bridge at high stages or by wading at low water. Winter flow — C)pen water all year. Accuracy — Good. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of section 1911 Oct. 27 Dec. 18 1912 Mar. 16 Julv 4 Sq. feel 16-3 13-0 24-6 2*-7 Mean velocity OaUKe height Ft. per etc 1-79 0-87 0-7 0-92 i Fee; 4-33 2-28 2- CO 2-7 Discharge i| Date Sec-feet 291-0' 11-3' 17-3' 22-8 • .Vrea uf section Aug. 17 Sept 10 Nov. 14 1913 Jiilv 11 Si. /erl 44-7 27-0 113-0 44-3 Mean velocity Gauge height Ft, per "ec 2-16 1-30 1-48 Fefl 3-1.3 2-89 3-91 3-1- Discharge i See -feet [ 98-2' ' 35- 1 I 170-0' 102-0 ' From bri dge. J By wading. 'Different section. * This estim^- .A drainage area may be too high. Consult maps. \U] I i : Hi ■'■' ■ 322 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES J Month IharhariP in Mvoad-fert Mu. Min. Mna ■■|iMr« mill* Kun-4»(l depth in inenet «m drainage area Nov Dee IhM Same in •n'«inii-(ert Month Mai Min Mean I'er •quare mile Htin-off depth in incheaoB drainaca areq Nov. r>ee l,.iU) 1.100 2."p(» 1(12 12-.-) S 1 Feb. Mat Anril May Jona . July . Aug. . Sept.. . <)rt . Nov. , Dae. . Yenr .V.<) e.10 141 107 3H.'> 93 .'.70 41 lU 47 1,300 l.l.'iU I. .TOO 24 29 17 ■M 2!» 24 17 14 12 17 29 3.-> 12 172 |.->4 22 49 •■•0 liO 34 H2 .^2 Ml 22H 136 92 7-7 1-1 2-.i 30 3(1 1-7 3-1 2n 4-0 11-3 «•» 4'li 11-9 H-3 1-3 2'H 3-.^ 3-3 20 3« 29 4-11 2« 7-S B2-« 191.1 Jait . IVb. . Mar April Mm June July . Auit *-pt.. IVt. . Nov. , l>ee.i.. Year. . l..-.3-> 1.197 470 htm 2H7 243 1«IS 40(1 1.220 l,.\N0 4(W , L.'SKO ' 29 20 20 42 3-. .'I 2U { 14 < K U 14 ! 42 1 77- 1 174-1 llt-it 1.3S- 1 Ml -2 »3-7 111-2 2X-4 39-3 lil-S 22M-3 77- » 111-0 h:- 7; •»3 91 .VI IH 30« 1 42 99 11- 4(1 3-9U I i- .^4l 13-9 9-3 4-44 n-.3i« H'M 7-71 H-72 4-ft« 3.^3 1-(H 2- IB •Sept. 1 108 1917 Jan. 12 1 S.i Ft.pt-uc 2-4A -l-IH 7-.W 3- 7.1 1-SO 1-33 FtH 6 9C 7-^<» 9-0.') 10-70 S-45 7-15 Stc.-teH 1911 July 28 23 H lOl.T Mnr. 2 .56 flfl 2.M 107 I-.l I'H 4-7 2-« 2-2 l.l.iO 2,7HO •' 1.-. May H Aug. 14 Sept. 1 8-7 9-.'. 7-.') 70 770 la.j ■ MONTHLY SUMMARIES ' Another estimate makes the drainage area 350 square miles. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES i2i *— BIAVTO KIVIR— nor Sin-milf Creek r>rainngc area. 400 sptiare mile** DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Lo .!ay depreciate' the value of the liaily gauge reading. 6 000 feet. It ,s 4) miles lon« and discharsos into the Columbia near Bcavermouth S nJr R^ ■ '"'"" 'T ^"""*' "''' '■''"'■>■ '^'"^ B'-^'vcrmouth for 15 miUs to Bear Creek near Rogers pass, and the river in its lower reaches winds across a broad vallev mouth The ■t'""T'^' ''^T " '^•* ^' ''• •*>'■ '^'"'"">'--- -' ••' "-1- --P --he mouth The scattere.1 areas of agricultural land have not been taken up. and lumlxrmg is ^mmenc^"; * ';• " c' "" '''^"^''"^>- ''"""'^•^ """■• «»" ""'' -"-''■''^^ t.mbeHml commenced operations at Six-mile Creek. DISCHARGE .MEASUREMENTS Date 1913 May 24 JuD(? 5 .. ,2 July 7 " 20 Sept 15 Area of wction Sq tt't 3.-)7 601 ti.i« 609 4V> 2.11 Mean vi,-lo<*ity 8-. 11 SCO H'2li N-Bl 9-20 1)02 (JauK^ hflKht 3-00 4:«) 4-0.-I 4-.V> 4-20 2 0.-. DiKliargF Xvv cunditiuD!4. Ser.-ftft 3,040 4.S40 .">,420 .'>.240 4.460 1.390 Dat« Dpi-. 3 1914 June 22 " lU •Sept. H Oct. 24 Area fif section .Sv /rel 122 3>H) 4HU 373 157 .Mean vel .N'.)v. 1 148 5-26 778 July 31-3 1-39 I'SO Tl-3 191C Aug. ,30 ■f;--, 0-72 1 ■ 4.-1 2B-9 Oct. 27 27 0-86 1-30 23-2« Dcr. 10 •t2-» 2-S7 2-(iO 2li7 • Metcrcil at K. A N. Uy. crossing. »l?talion o?>tabliahcd ut new suction, cable carrier installeil. * Not at regular flection. 'Wading iiiL-asurcnu-nt. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Disrhargc in seconil-fcet Max. Min Mean tquaro Uun-uir (Icnth in inches on (irainage area Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar.i. April, . May. . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec. . . Pcrio-i.. 2:is 112 2 so lfi4 241) 140 2S0 is.-i 220 S12 «2 70 210 70 .-.(',0 240 1.120 2S0 740 400 l.-|2 216 I'.'O 2.«) IM 11!) 3r,2 42.'> 520 l-4.i 1-4S l.()7 .NO ■21 •U2 2- (14 :i-ss 3 -.14 4 ■ 2'.) 2-!)l l-:i'.) 2-14 li.7.t 7'(i."> 9-ri7 .Month Discharge in second-feet Min. Mean IVr square liuii-olT depth in inches on dniinage urea Jan. . . Feb. . Mar.. April .\lny. June. July., Aug.. , Sept.. Oct.. . Nov.. . Dee... Year. . MO 140 :tis 5- i:i 410 140 257 4-15 4>U) 170 211!) 4 '34 liso 120 302 4-.H7 120 100 107 l-7:t 100 .■t5 CU) 0-!)7 ;i.) 25 :io 0-4S 25 20 21 0-31 20 20 20 o-:t2 1,.100 20 2l,S 4-00 SIO 170 3.S!) li-2r 1,1)10 320 5.-.4 8'93 , ..100 20 215 3-47 40-93 ■Ian. . . leh. . . .Mar . .\liril . M.iy'. June, , July. . Aug. . Sept. . . iiil. . . Nov , . Dec... Year. . 2,130 4(iO 1.370 22- 10 I.IWO 4liO 713 11-51 I.IKK) 740 1.011 111-, SO 1,120 4110 .S54 13-78 200 120 140 2-40 140 1(K) 114 1-84 100 45 •13 1-02 45 35 3li 0-.5S 120 35 .5!) 0-!)5 2.3.50 85 731 1 1 - SO 1.800 4110 8i)0 14-3(1 810 100 243 3-92 2,:!.ii) 35 .522 S-42 25-47 11-97 l!)-37 15-38 2-77 2-05 1-17 0-B7 1-06 I3-(10 lU-04 4-51 114-0fl> ,1 a n . . . leb.. . Mar.. . April . .May, . June, . July.. Aug.. . Sept... I let Nov... Dec . . Year. 2S0 HX) 1(12 2- (12 l..S(X) 120 .557 S-!l.s 2,020 3(10 7(i5 12 -.30 510 3110 435 7-02 410 210 315 5- OS 320 200 241 3 -.SO 200 100 143 2-31 100 35 5(i 0-90 35 25 34 0-.55 5.5 20 22 0- 3(1 3(H) 100 19!l 3-21 4(10 140 2)10 4- 19 2.020 20 2(!« 4-2S 3-02 9-119 14-20 7- S3 5-Sli 4-34 2-()(i 1-04 0(11 0-42 3 -.58 4-83 .5,S.0S ' 1 or piri.xl Mar. ;i to 31, 1913. • 1-iir i»Tici,l May 21 to 31 .uilv; isiiniute for vear assumes Muv 1 to 20 had similar mean .liscliarge, it was probably more. > 1914 was a year of exceptionally heavy precipitation over the centre portion of \aiicouver Island. See precipitation records tor locality. 8— BIG SAND CREEK— near Jaflray Drainage area. 40 to .SO square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STAl luN Location — About 8 miles from mouth, at an old private bridge about 300 yards below highway and C-P. Ry. bridges, near Jaffray. STREAM FLOW D A T A-B. T A B L E S il5 Records avaUable-May to Sept., 1914: April to Sept.. 1915 : April to Oct.. 1916 ""■"S'x-J!' c'h;:;;^ :::c t:::;:°-^^""'^^'^ '^- "-^ '---^^ ^^--^ ^-^-^ B^nch. Gauge— 5-{oot woofien staff gauge, rea.l >'aily Discharge measurements— Jie\iah\e ami rating curve goal ^««ra.y-The results for 19U an,l 1915 should be w.thin 5 per cent; after the freshet in June 1916. results at h.gher stages -above discharge of 200 sec. f t.-not so good Oeneral— Creek flow is useti for irrigation. ^ DISCHARGE M F- ASUREMENTS Date .Area nf section 1013 July .3 Aug. 22 Opt. 29 1914 May 19 Junp 19 July 9 " 2!) Sept. 9 IDI.I April 24 Sq. feet 'W-4.. 4.i-4 39-9 93-8 81-5 .'it-2 28-4 19-9 00- fi Mean velocity Fl. per tec. .5 -44 4-53 2-ft4 MO 3-l.i (^■auKe heiKht Feet 1-79 0-l>6 0-54 2-3 2-0 1-20 O-ii", 0-35 1-40 Discharge ! 'About «,000 ft. above C.P.H. briilgo Sec. -feet 306 1 68-.', 1 58-2 ' .■ill 3fi9 13.^, 47-1 21-9 191 Date Mav Junt' ■^ug. 11)1 June July I Aug. .•7-8 .it! -2 30-0 10-2 110-2 9.3-4 ,'>0-2 49-4 .38- 4 24-7 .Mean velocity Ft per ,«ec 4 -.30 3-10 2-31 0-73 7-71 4-97 2-23 2- OS 1 ■ .-.ti 1-04 (iauge height 1 - 3.-1 0-«7 0-lS 2- .-.8 1 - 7.-, 0-71 ()-r,s 0-40 0-OJ Pis'-li.irge Ser-f et 21 1 J 17.) 90-7 12-2 S9,-> 474 112 101 110 over creek. MONTHLY SUMMARIES May June July. Aug., i^ept. .^pril. Nliiy. June. July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct... l'crio 2S2 177 42 s-n .■iOi> 34 S 101) 22-0 31- 1 12-ii.i S-70 2-ti.-| O-.-iS 0- S.-| 14 '.-iS '1-71 3- 00 1)117 0-O.i In li .■i-91 7- 2ti IvOS 3-1)8 0-70 0-28 Al.ril. M:iy June- July, .Vug,, S.-pt . Oct. . . 2-t-21 I Period. 1.4«0 9-BLAEBERRY RIVER-near MnI,orK 3.12 lM-4 III 3..-,2 ti.")7 137 32.') S»I2 '). 3ti I.4li0 332 7ii.-i 19- 10 2 1 - 30 104 3117 9-112 11-41 113 41 71 1-77 204 HS .30 -4 ."i7-li 1-44 29-2 lll-O 21-7 0-,-i4 0-02 1.4«0 IB-fi 2,-|3 n-39 .•.0- 30 Drainage area, .^25 square miles side of C.P.R. bridge. DESCRIPTION- OF GAUGING STATION Localion-SWH sec. 29. tp. 28. rge. 22. W. 5th mer., on downstream about one mile from mouth. Records avaiiaJde-Apnl 15 to Nov. 14, 1912 ; June 1 to Nov. 30. 1913 ; April 1 to Nov 30 1914 • Apnl 1 to Nov. 30, 1915 ; discontinued 1916 l ■' i lu .n ,v. ju, iyi4 , '""^s::?;;^™ "^' '''-" '"''''-'-' "-'-« ^^^^ -•^^ — -h^*- ^-^e ^'"'"r'Z^T''^^' ^"[ ^^"' '° >'^'''^ "^""-^ ^'"' ^'^"'' ''»-■ station. The water is swift and con rolled by a sand bar about 100 yanls downstream. This bar probably shifs Except on ally I"gh water on the Columbia may afTect the gauge readings t-xcepfon- Ihscharge measurements-Arc made from downstream side of C.P. Kv. bridge Eu^ht m 1912 ~r1 '" t- "'*^' 'T^ ' "''"« ^""■•= ^''^'"^ considerabl/from t\at of fg " Ze m 1V15. Rating curve of 1914 used for 1915 ^i|| :, ■ I! 326 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION ) :■ t I \l I i !■ I • J ' i ! I ^ i n I Winter flow — Ice conditions exist usually from middle of November to end of March. Frazil ice at times. Accuracy — Due to infrequency of gauge readings, and apparent non-permanency of the control, the results are only fair— probably within about 15 pt-r cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area ol flection Mean velocity Gauge height Diacharge Date Area o( section Mean velocity height Diacharge Sf. fett Ft. ptr -te fttX Stc.-tt€t Sq. feet Ft. ptT sec Ftet fUic-fett 1911 Aug. 2 341 «.33 3- 15 2.160 Oct. 16 177 1-V5 0-90 310 Sept. 5 335 5-fiO 302 l.SSO 1912 •• 16 250 3-64 1-90 910 Feb. 21 . . ' 0-41 .W-S" •• 30 154 1-38 0-50 212 June 6 ';' 2-43 1-40 4S4 1914 7 J37 o" \T) 1-90 746 June 12 3.57 5-15 3-10 1,840 " 15 .398 7-28 3-.'>0 2,900 July 27 323 3-96 2'60 1.280 July 11 293 4-.'i2 2-72 i,;i:io Aug. ,-. 322 4 -.53 2-80 1,460 " 27 279 4-08 2-43 1,140 .Sept. 10 2.30 2-50 1-75 573 Oct. 3 21S 2-40 1-40 512 Oct. 13 188 2-19 1'3 412 1913 1913 May 24 290 4-59 2-45 1,.3.30 Mar. 3 104 0-.55 Ice 57 June 15 340 5-90 3-10 2,010 May 6 238 3-38 2- 15 802 July 5 310 4'8U 2-70 l,.'il0 July 4 332 0-34 3-28 2,110 5 310 4-94 2-70 l,.'Mi0 •• 13 340 4-89 2-82 1,660 •• 23 .3110 6-36 3 -.32 2.2no Oct. 21 16.-. 1-80 MO 298 * Ice conditiooa. MONTHLY SUMMARIES DiacharKc in second-feet Kun-otI depth in inchcHon drainage ana j Month Discharge in second-feet Run-off depth in inches on drainage area Month Max. Min. Mean Per square mile -Mai. Min. Mean I'er square mile 1912 i 1913 April. . . . May 340 1,160 4,000 1.570 3,fi00 1,000 530 130 310 490 1,160 930 4.'iO 310 200 770 1,820 1,3.10 1,670 7.36 391 0B2 2-37 5-61 4-16 5-14 2-26 1-20 0-69 1 2-73 1 6-26 480 5-91 2 -,52 1-40 NIay. . . June. . . . July .... Aug Sept Oct Nov June. . - July . . Aug.. . Sept. . Oct.. .. Nov.. . . 3,460 2.740 2,740 1,440 900 415 1.530 1,270 1.030 720 370 170 2.450 1.880 1.840 l.O.W 607 274 7-54 5-77 5-66 3-26 1-87 0-84 8-41 6-65 6-52 3-64 216 0-94 1914 1 1915 Mar 600 1,310 3,120 3,290 2,760 1,060 660 324 355 600 1,260 1,360 880 425 256 236 428 90.i 2,210 2,340 1,520 608 422 278 1-32 2-78 6-SO 7-20 4'68 1-87 1-30 U'86 1-47 ■J-20 7-ii9 8-30 1 5-40 I 209 1-50 0'96 Mar .. J , April May... June. . . . July .... Aug Bept Oct Nov... .^pril .. May. . . June. . . July . . . .\ug.... Sept.... Oct Nov.... 660 1 •' .r 3.54 1,720 1,060 4,16(, 1,800 2,600 2,180 2,440 1.890 1,260 628 460 „tiu 1 371 425 200 1 277 109 3-26 5 -.54 6-71 5-81 1-93 114 0-85 1-22 3-76 6- 18 7-74 6-70 2-15 1-31 0-95 10— BONAPARTE RIVER— .S m. from mouth Drainage area. 2.000 square miles i ! J , 4 DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — Sec. 18, tp. 21, rge. 24, W. 6th mer.; near Collins ranch, about 5 miles from mouth. Records available— ]\ine 10 to Nov. 6, 191 1 ; Mar. 25 to Dec. 22, 1912 ; Mar. .10 to Dec. 31, 1913 ; Jan. 1 to Dec. 9, 1914 ; Feb. 20 to Dec. 25, 1915 ; Feb. 1 to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge — Standard vertical staff gauge ; read daily. Channel — Straight at measuring section ; average width SO feet. Velocity high. Discharge measuremenls — Are made by wading, except at high water, when cable carrier is used. Winter flow — Ice conditions prevail during January and February. Accuracy — Rating cur\'e is well defined and accuracy of results considered good. New curve 1916, accuracy not so good. GtHeral — Bonaparte river lies in the dry belt and its tributaries are being increasingly used for irrigation. A power development was made in caiion about 4 miles from Ashcroft, but, in 1913, the dam failed, and the power plant has since been out of commission. D>te 1911 Jtjno 10 July 14 Sept. id " 26 1012 April 24 May 9 June IH July 17 " 30 Aug 2K Oct 3 ion April 2."i May 3 " 1<) Area of ieetion STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES niSCHARGE MEASUREMKN-TS 327 Sq. IM 109 (11 40 40 7S l.lit 93 Mean velocity Vl. per ate 3-3 2-2 1-7 1-7 2-9 4-9 3-2 (iauice height 100 2-S 79 2-3 48 1-S 1S3 4-3.-, 114 3 -Ha 1.54 4-30 IflO 4-tM Flet 2-2.-> 1-49 0-99 09 1-57 ;•■ 10 1-0-, 1 • H.I 1-70 1 • S.l 1-n.s 2 -on 2-30 2-Kl 2-90 Discharge >\ Date Scr./rrt 3fi4 177 B7 70 22(1 7.jfi 297 229 2.S9 2S« 87 fi»i7" 4I.-|> (i'>4 1 7».'ii I 1913 I July 31 , llct 3 I 1914 1 May 22 I July 9 lOI.-i I Mar 30 April 24 May. li Auk 20 191H May 13 June 13 Aug. 22 O.t 17 1917 Jan. 17 Ar,.a .,f spfti'.n S 103 3S .Mean veliM-ity Ft. p*r ate 2-S7 l-ti7 f.-2N 3-33 1 • s.-. 1-94 l-7t; 2-21 2-.'>7 .^■2(1 2 -.50 1-72 f Jauge height l-7fi 1-09 3-23" 1-0S< I.l.-> 1 • :i.i 1 • .'1 1.07 2.2S 3 •.•..■! 1-9(1 l-3(i DiAcharg* Table mfasurenient. 'Waiiine niea.«uren ,nt. > A. tuul gause h. ieht Mil previous »mter, thu. making actual readings 0-07 ft too high. « Actual gaugVhei i-31 Src -feet 2.33> l.OO.S 359 1 0.1 13ii 107 2.S4 3.14 91.S 2.->» V9 M gauur t'unk ght 2-05. 0-07 ft. duitiig the MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Month Max. Min. Mean I'er square niile liun-.>fl depth in inches on drainagi area Discharge in (*crr>nd-f-et April May . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept. Oct. . . Nov... Dec. . Period.. . 40.i 207 102 79 S9 207 113 2.1 IS 42 284 1 09 I'll M-fi 49-6 0-14 0-OS 0-03 0-02.5 0-02.5 0- Ifi 0-09 0-04 0-03 0-03 .1. i .Month Mean I IVr 1 square ' mil.. I Uuii-o(T denth in inches on drainag* ' art»A I .' .\pril .May June. . July . Aug.. . Sept. , Oct . . .Nov. . Dec. . . Jan. . . Feb. . . .Mar. .\pril, . ^lay. . June. . July . Aug.. , Sept.. Oct. . . Nov. . . Dec. . . Period.. 88.5 680 65.5 .540 245 145 124 115 103 S85 I 124 340 340 230 145 80 408 5.53 4M', .390 1S4 lOl lOli UK) 86 270 0-20 0-28 0-2< 0-20 0-09 ai 05 05 0-04 0-13 0-22 0-32 0-27 0-23 0-10 Oli OOti 0-06 0-05 I -.37 crioH. 495 S30 535 317 207 1S3 113 106 90 s;to 535 244 195 136 90 OO Feb. . Mar . April. Mny June, July.. Aug.. . Sept. Oct.. . Nov.. Dec. . . 175 225 815 745 910 615 210 140 183 Perio*!.. 910 100 120 140 335 365 225 125 115 90 90 141 174 382 418 S98 339 166 127 118 274 0-07 009 0- 19 0-21 0- 30 0- 17 008 0-06 0-06 014 008 0. 10 0-22 0- 23 0- 35 20 09 ('■07 0-07 Jan. . Fi h. . .Mar. .\pril Nlay June, July. Aug, Sept. Oct.. Nov Dec.'.. 1014 177 o-oo 0- 10 673 ()-:« O-.iS 331 0-17 0' 19 247 0-12 0- 14 167 0-OS (l-OO 137 0-07 o-os 105 0-05 0-06 93 0-05 0-06 84 004 0-05 224 Oil 1-15 123 70 205 795 1,768 753 4.58 205 13" Of, 123 137 5(i 42 70 1.50 651 475 205 56 42 70 70 96 42 S3 ■52 132 4,50 1,150 590 293 114 8H 78 91 270 001 003 06 0-22 0-57 . 0-2.1 0- 15 06 001 0-04 0-05 I 005 0(13 07 (>■ 25 0-lW 0-32 0- 17 007 0-05 0-05 005 1-41 Feb. . .Mar April, -May June July , , .^ug Sept., I )ct. . . Nov.. . Dec. . . Pcri.Hl. 105 48 72 180 57 115 330 130 215 890 370 5.50 l,(MiO 790 930 790 4K0 640 4M0 165 310 165 103 1.30 130 86 100 115 86 95 06 50 70 I.OfirO 48 293 004 0O6 Oil ' 0-27 0-46 i 0-32 0- 15 ! 006 i 0-05 ! 0-05 ' 003 , 0- 15 I 05 0.07 0-12 0-31 0-51 0-37 0-17 0-07 0O6 OOB 0-04 1-83 ' For period Dee. 1 to 9, after which winter .undit.on. obtained - l.s.in.ated 1 1 -BOULDER CR EEK— ne.nr mnuth nrV„ — — ^ ■ I Jrainagr .^^re■^, not known DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION /.o<:af,<,»-N<..,r mouth of creek .an.! nr,-,r Jones like in s..-. 2S, tp. 3, rgo. 27, W. GUi mer Records available— Jan., 1913, to Ue.-., 1916. • ^^ ■ ^^ ■". »v . oui rner. Co-o^ratio„-The records of this stream are kept by Messrs. Anders- n and Warden, civil en- gineers, Vancouver, for the Vancouver Power Co. I . ■ im (, ? ! i! i i ' I II I Hi HI 1- M I 1 I ■ H : 328 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Cautt—K fine wire is stretched tightly across the stream and the distance to water surface mea- sured with a graduated rod. These figii - •, are subtracted from 15-00 to give direct readings. Channel — Bed of stream covered with large rocks, giving an uneven bottom but good control. Winter flow — Stream freezes over for one or two months each winter. Accuracy— Below 100 sec. ft. A to B ; above 100 sec. ft. C to D. Remarks— The flow of this stream is being studied in connection with proposed development, of Jones creek. See page 1 74. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of ■ectioD Mean velocity Gauge height Diieharge Date Area of aection Mean velocity Gauge height Diacharge 1911 Nov. 3 1912 Sept. 8 1913 Ju' 24 Se,,t. 1 1 5« fttt 24 24 52 34 Ft. per uc. 0-5 0-S 1-6 1-0 Fat 4-20 4-25 4-90 4-60 Sec.-fut 12-6 13.4 84-8 34-5 1914 July 21 1915 April 23 1916 July 14 Nov. 24 Sa. /«< 34 39-2 47-5 26-6 Ft. per tec. 0-7 1-00 1-73 0-59 Feet 4-40 10-3 5-00 4-35 See.-ful 22-7 40-4 82-5 13-7 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Diacharge in second-feet Month Mai. .Min. Mean I'er square mile Uun-ofT depth in inches un drainage area Jan.".. . Feb.'. . . Mar.'.. April May. . . June. . . July... Aug.. . . Sept Oct Nov — Dec 1013 Period.. 130 200 250 Z-'O 200 340 200 SO 12 22 113 43 15 15 16 2.') IS 42 118 169 117 28 42 66 58 25 Jan. , . . Feb. . . . Mar.... April. . . May. . . June. . . J-aly... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct Nov.... Deo Year. 22 16 120 200 160 103 75 13 14 240 105 180 240 13 11 13 37 28 37 14 9 9 10 16 13 9 14 13 40 80 76 37 29 11 10 62 31 38 38 Month Discharge in second-feet .Mai. Mean Per square mile Uun-off depth in inches on drainage area 1914 eb. . . . 300 95 Mar... 160 April. . . 180 .May. . . 200 June. . . 150 July... 93 Aug.... 23 Sept.... 103 Oct.... 85 Nov.. . . 160 Dec... 37 Year. 300 15 13 22 25 G3 SO 15 9 13 25 10 52 25 61 92 133 91 44 13 26 23 78 17 53 Jan.'. . Feb.'. . Mar.. April.. May. . June. . July.. Aug... Sept.. . Oct.. . Nov. . . Deo.*.. Year. 350 325 26 180 37 24U 58 260 110 230 74 92 20 52 11 65 8 350 17 8 13 48 132 77 125 167 125 42 20 15 45 16 89 IF ^iin' 'or portions of Jan., Feb. and Mar., 1913, during which periods gauge heights not available ■ In 1U16 ICC conditions affected gauge-heighl- Drainage area-Above mouth 2,500 sq. miles ; above gauging station 1,900 sq. miles. Ca»|«— Staff gauge fastened to timber abutment of bridge and read twice daily. Channel-Wide and deep, sand and mud bottom, an excellent measuring section. Discharge measurements— Are nu: uc from the upstream side of bridge. Winter Jhw-The str^m is frozen over during colder winter months, and the gauge height^is- charge relation affected by ice conditions. "eigni^is- "''IT^^tT'" »'^"!if ""^ '"'''" ^"'^ «^"«* '^'^'"8' '*'«= ^ -l^y ^"°"W Kive accurate re- suits. The estunated low water discharges for the winter months have been substantially increased by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey, based upon a revision in 1916 of TerrS curve and upon a consideration of gauge heights and climatic conditions. Compare dis- 330 COMMISSION OF CONSER-'^TION 11 •[ I 1 I charge tables in Walrr Resourcts Paper No. ZJ, pp. 72-78, with earlier tables in Paper A'o. /*, p. 114, and A'o. 14, p. 168. The monthly sun marics given lelcw tmlcdy the latest revisions. General— See pages 171 and 236 for further particulars of Bridge river. . DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1913 Oct. 7 1914 April 17 " 19 June •• 20 Auc 3 Sept. 21 Aren of Mction So. Jti! 1.050 912 932 1,4.32 2,120 1,826 1,044 Mean velocity Ft. ptr uc. 1-S 2-05 2-25 3-56 .')-54 4-83 1-97 Gauae height Ftit 2-38 2-25 2-43 4-75 8- 10 6-80 2-.'>S Discharge Stc.-Jttt 1,890 > 1,8RS 2,101 a, 130 11,7,50 8,820 2,OflO Date * Station eat&blidbed. * Ice cunditiuna. 1915 Feb. 16 May 7 June 24 Aug. 9 1916 May 6 June 24 Sept. 27 Di-e. 14 Area of lection Sq. ftH 724 1,090 1,794 1,790 1,260 2,340 1,06" Mean velocity Ft. ptr «c 0-7B 3-10 4-73 4-73 3-^3 C'SO 2-47 Ciauae height Fert 0-9,1 3' 7.1 7-00 6-80 4-.'55 9-75 3- 1,1 1-05 Diacharge Stc.-/trl 3,410 8,482 8.470 4,200 15,910 2,630 467> MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in Becond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per aquare mile Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Feb. . . Mar... April May. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dec. . . Perifv). l.'i.SOO 15,4(X) 7,4UU U,9t)0 1,610 1.100 S.SOO r,,4ou 2,600 1,1110 S.SO 700 10,310 B,6,33 3,670 2,.')6n 1,1.1.1 790 5-43 5-07 1-03 1-3.1 0-01 0-42 6-26 5-84 2-15 1-56 0-68 0-48 Jan. . . Fell. . . Mar... April. . ^Iay. , June. . July.. Aug... Sept... Oct. . . Npv... Dec. Year . 191.1 1,240 3,700 7,.iOO 10,800 14,S00 13,.;'X) 9,700 3,400 600 1,0S0 2.300 4,4(JO 7,570 !t,100 2..i.10 1,160 U.'KJ 600 883 2,2.'>0 4,939 8,136 10,720 11.340 4,497 1.800 767 530 3.926 0-34 0-32 0-46 1-18 2-60 4-28 5-64 5-97 2-37 0-!t5 0-40 0-28 207 0-.39 0-33 0-.13 l-.i2 300 4-77 0-.10 6-88 2-64 1-09 0-45 0-32 2.^-22 Discharge in seronfl-fcet | Month Mat. Min. Mean I'er square mile Kun-off depth in inctieson drainage area Jan. . . Feb. . , Mar. April May. . June. . July . . ■Vug.. . .Sept. , Oct.. . Nov... Dec. . . Year. . '130 700 1.160 2.180 9,900 18,800 14, mm 9,200 5,700 11,100 3.620 I, .190 IS.SOO 6.10 700 700 870 2,400 .1,100 6,460 5,S00 2,100 2,000 l,.i!l0 650 6.10 772 700 S57 l,6.-,0 5.530 9,180 12,200 7.760 3..120 3.790 2,030 879 4.072 0-41 0-47 0-37 0-38 0-45 0-12 0-87 0-97 2-91 3-36 4-83 5-40 6-42 7-40 4-08 4-70 1-S5 2-06 1-99 2-29 1-07 1-19 0-46 0-33 2 14 29-27 Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar.. .\pril. ifay . June. . July.. .Auil.. . Sept. . Oct.. . Nov.. . Dee. . . Year, . 1,730 520 1..140 810 1.7:iO 1.04(i 6,700 2. ISO 19,800 5.60ri 15,400 6.620 11,600 5.420 9,820 2,3.10 3,300 1,2.0 1.240 490 520 .S.18 I.IXX) 1.320 4,000 ,000 il,:iOO 9,300 4,710 1,800 728 466 4,000 0-27 0-45 0-.13 0-69 2-10 6-32 5-95 4-89 2-48 C-95 0-38 0-25 2-10 0-31 0-4S 0-61 0-77 2-42 7 05 6-86 5-64 2-77 1-09 0-42 0-29 28-71 eondii!^.Ts^£^ v'-'^i:!^;^ r2'?i'5?.'Sr^;'^ ^,i:^^:fr\:;;:i's^tJizj^r'%^f'' "-•' -''"'"'- Msr. 5 to 8. .00 c.t.a.; Nov. 14 to 30. 540 c.f.s. 1916— Jan. and Dec ■ - . "'" • •"»■ to 30. 450 c f.s. ! shown . J to 4. 600 c.f.s ; leb. 1 to 10, 620 c.f.a.; Nov. 13 II 14— BUGABOO CREEK— near mouth nrainage area, 190 square miles' DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— On downstream side of highway bridge, one mile from mouth. Three miles south- west of Spillimacheen landing, 40 miles south of Golden. Records available— Jnne to Oct., 1912 ; June to Nov., 1913 ; April 1 to Dec. 15, 1914 ; Mar 17 to Dec. 29, 1915 ; April 1 to Dec, 31, 1916. Gauge— Vertical staff gauge, fastened to pier of bridge ; read dailv during the open season. CAa«nc/— Straight for 100 feet above and below the gauge ; velocity high during freshet ; one chan- nel in low water and two at high stages. Bed, rough and rocky ; banks, low and bushy. Channel is not permanent. * Estimates differ considerab! •, ranging from 120 to 190 sq. miles, adopted appears more consistent with the measured runoff. The higher value here T^ STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES 331 Discharte measurementt— Meterings are taken from downstream side of bridge. A new rating curve was plotted in 1914, using 1912. 1913 and 1914 measurements. In 1915. the ratinR curve was further revised below gauge height of I -50. Five measurements define thj 1916 curve. Winter flouf— Winters severe ; creek usually frozen over from November to April. Frazil ice Accuracy— Above discharge of about 270 sec. ft., accuracy B ; below discharge of about 270 sec. ft., accuracy C and D. DLSCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1912 June 1 8 July 16 8ppt. 29 1913 May 20 June 2.1 July 11 •' 27 •■ 30 Srpt. 3 14 Nov. 26 reaof sect -on Sq. fftl 96-3 13S 128 8S-8 103 1.52 150 158 130 118 HI 84-7 Mean velocity Ft. per ttc 2-89 6-08 5-34 1-87 2-94 6-88 6-87 6-66 5-70 4-04 3-63 I-.16 Gauge height 1-45 2-40 2-15 1-02 l-,3.5 2-40 2-40 2-38 2-05 1-S3 1-69 I'OO Diacharge Stc.-/eel 278 839 684 161 303 1,040 1,030 l.O.'iO 744 478 406 US Date 1914 June 17 July 31 1 Oct. 23 19IS 1 Feb. 28 May 3 " 21 Oct. 22 1916 1 June 13 *• 1.5 July 5 Aug. 23 Nov. 10 Area of •artion .S«. /«( 187 151 96 73-6 iI4 116 89-4 137 178 It") 118 72 Mean velocity Gauge height Ft. per Mc 10-21 6-40 1-71 0-69 3'.'>3 4-09 1-50 3.94 6-02 6-93 4 -67 1-08 Ferl 3.00 2 •3.5 1-10 0-,50 1-75 1-S7 1-12 2-25 2-95 3-a5 2-2.5 0-SO Diacharge Sec-frH 1,«I0 970 164 .50 4IKi 477 140 .540 1,070 1,170 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in >econd-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-uff depth in incheeon drainage area June. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. April. . . May. . . June. . . July... Aug. . . . Sept.... Oct Nov. . . . Period.. 2,910 .,6.50 1,390 1,700 400 220 820 570 510 3.50 160 85 1,650 1,070 878 ,569 292 145 8-70 5-63 4-R2 2-99 1-.54 0-76 9-71 6-49 5-33 3-34 1-78 0-85 April. . May.. June. . July . . Aug.. . .Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dee... Period.. 372 " 803 1,390 1,.390 1,460 648 214 02 I 314 423 563 746 161 103 171 471 693 1,020 1,000 287 148 0-90 2-48 3-65 5-37 5-26 1-51 0-78 2-85 1-00 2-86 4-07 6-19 6-06 1-68 0-90 .Month Diacharge in »econd-feet .Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-ufI depth in inches on drainage area June. . July . . \ug... Hept... Oct ' U 12 1,430 230 M).5 4-23 1,210 .560 743 3-92 810 300 584 3-07 340 1.55 233 1-23 245 UK 1.51 0-80 4- 72 4-51 3 -.54 1-37 0-92 .April . Xfay. . June. . July.. ■Aug.. . Sept... (Vt.. . Nov. . . Period, 230 856 2,510 2,.585 1,170 ,560 333 250 2,585 .58 310 600 800 468 230 140 79 58 140 525 1,217 1.4S6 700 375 226 156 603 0-74 2-76 6-40 7-82 3-68 1-97 1-19 0-82 3-18 0-82 3-18 7-14 9-02 4-24 2-20 1-37 0-92 2S-89 April.. Nlay. . .lune. , July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov.", Dec.'. . Period. 1916 176 415 3.060 2,210 1,020 704 2.50 3,060 .52 171 362 7(M 370 1211 84 Mi 2S5 1,140 1,310 680 312 115 36 40 'On Oct. 31 river comnienied to freeie over and station was abuudoncd for »ea»on. » Ice conditions obtained Nov. 16 to Dec. 31, discharge estimated at 40 sec.-ft. 0-4.5 1-.50 6-00 7-05 3 -.58 1-04 0-60 0-29 0-21 2-37 0-50 1 71 0-69 8-13 4-13 1-83 0-69 0-32 0-24 24-26 IS— BULL RIVER— ncnr mouth Drainage area. 625 square miles* DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Location— At mouth, near Bull River settlement. 6 miles from Wardner. Records available — May to Nov.. 1914 ; April to Dec., 1915. Gauge- Vertical staff gauge, about 100 yards below Bull River Lumber Co.'g dam, one mile from mouth ; read daily. • Revised value based on recent measurements. % ; i I f » it I r I ?<2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION CAannW-Straight for 100 yards above and below gauge. Channel at the measuring section shifted considerably during June and possibly the first week in July, 1914. Discharge measurements— Ait made from the railway bridge. H-.«/(f /Sott^Wintcrs severe ; ice conditions generally exist from November to end <■{ March Accuracy-Due to changes in channel accuracy is only fair, and no revision of early data has been made^ May, June and July, 1914, accuracy D; after July, 1914. accuracy C and B 7^ff^nZ!" f^* ^ '","'' '°"^- '' "^ '" '^' ^°'^y mountains among peaks from »,(XX) to 10,000 feet above se.-.-level, and flows, generally, in a southwesterly direction through caflons and over shifting f .vel beds into the Kootonay near Bull River settlement One mile from the mouth the river is controlled by the Bui' River Luml)er Co.'s mill-dam This company owns timber limits on the upper waters and every year drives its logs to its miU DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of ■ectioD 1014 April 28 May 13 June 6 ■■ IS July 30 •• 26 Oct. 8 •■ 13 Dec. 17 1015 April 28 ^^ay 14 Sq./tl 502 677 608 642 38S 442 425 410 117 504 552 Mean velocity ft.; 3-78 7-01 6-10 704 3-39 3- 16 1-60 1-50 1-10 3-48 4.53 Gai, beicl life ictat Ftl 2- 02 4-10 3-50 4-10 1-30 1-40 0-74 0-70 2-10 2-40 Diacharge 1 Soundioi *From Su.-tut 1,870 4,880 • 3,770 1 i,080< 1,310 1,400 685 668 140 < 1,749 2,500 DaU May 29 June 17 July 4 Aug. 30 Nov. 24 1916 < Mar. 2 April 5 July 9 July 27 Aug. 17 Sept. 8 Oct. S Area of flection Sg.fett 548 528 535 405 342 Mean velocity Gauge heiglit i. ptr ^ec, 6-24 .^•00 4-63 1-5* 1-10 Fetl 2-85 2-60 2-65 1-15 0-40 Ice 0-60 4'7I 2-14 1-56 1-61 Sili^lI'A""' it'".' ''>■'<''''"•'«• • Peculiar oondiUon. owing to dam above gauge Mucellaneoua Meter Meaauremenu," W. S. Paper A'o. tl,p. 352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Diacbarga Ste.-feel 2.870 2,640 2.480 641 407 • 203 587 7,410 2,050 1,180 1,110 542 Month Diacharge in aecond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-off depth in iucnea on drainage area April. . Afay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dec... Period.. 5,230 7,060 4.090 1,290 I.e.-' 1,510 2,220 7,060 2,600 2,600 1,290 475 390 665 570 390 3,920 4,190 2,410 800 688 866 1,070 1,990 6-27 6-71 3-86 1-28 1-10 1-39 1-71 3-19 7-22 7-40 4-47 1-48 1-22 1'60 1-90 25-38 Month Discharge in aecond-feet Max. Min. Mean , , square April. . May.. June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept..., Oct Nov... Dec. . . , Period.. 3,450 4,120 3,860 3,430 1,360 685 890 620 335 4,120 400 1,490 1,760 1,360 685 500 335 335 335 335 1,350 2.470 2,630 1,060 092 596 514 504 335 I 1,280 2-48 3-96 4-22 3-14 1-50 95 0-82 0-81 0-64 2-05 2.77 4' 56 4 n 3-61 1-84 1-05 0-94 0-90 0-62 21-00 16-BULKlEYRIVER-atHazelto_n Drainage area, about 4.500 square miles' DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION IocattCl sqii.irc milos* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At highway bridge near Hubert, and about 3 miles above the mouth of Trlkwa river. Records available — July 8 to Dec. 31, 1915, Ca«gf— Vertical staff gauge, nai.'^d on upstream side of pier at south en.l of bridge. Rc.id d.iily. CAawnW— Divided into three sections by brlge piers. Straight for 2.S0 feet al)ove and below.' Section is influenced by a cur\'e in the channel about 300 feet atxive the bridge. Discharge measurements— Four measurements during the open season of 1915. Four in 1916. Winter flow— The river freezes over about the end of November. Ice jams, :razil anip\>th in ilirfi('f on drainage Month Max. .Min. Mean Per square mile Ma- Min. .Mean .•^Murirc mil.' \'>ir, Au. Sept.....' •\ug.. . . Sept.... Oct. . . . Nov Dec . . . 7,740 4,770 3,150 2.700 1..3.5() 4,770 6.310 S.l.M 3.!>rt0 2,700 2,S.tO 2 -.-.2 1 • .">8 1-14 0.7- II-4.' 2-90 Oct Nov Dec ;::::::: ::::::: 9S() i.(mi) ()-48 18— BUNTZEN LAKE Drainage area, 7 square miles The following averages have been compiled from records supplied by the British Columbia Electric Railway Co. AVERAGE RATE OF RUNOFF FRO.M LAKE BUNTZEN WATERSHED Year 1906 1907 1 908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 57 8-1 44 0-3 46 6-6 44 6-3 47 6-7 41 5-9 45 6-4 Second-feet per square mile 6-3 * Revised value based on recent measurements. T t ' i 11 334 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION MEAN MONTHLY RfNOFF TOR YEAR IBI3 MoDth Hw-tt. Sep -ft mile. P" "q Jan. 12-0 Feb 6-9 Mu. 4» S-4 Apr. 27 3-9 May 3« SI June 32 ♦ •6 July 17 2-4 Au(. 12 1-7 Sept. 33 4-6 47 «'7 107 15-3 Dee 41 5-9 Ann 11*1 mean e-3 19— CAMPBELL RIVHR— at outlet of lake Drainage area. 600 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION LoealioH— At outlet of Lower Campbell lake. Records orai;aW<— Gauge readings by the Campbell River Power Co. from May 10 1910 t On June 2. 1914. a new station was established by the British Columbia Hv.lromctric Survey. Dra,nat,area-(mjq. miles above outlet Lower Campbell lake : a»x)ve mouth 700 sq. miles. Gaui^lhc Campbell River Power Co. establishcl six vertical staff gauges : British Columbia Hy^ometnc Su^^•ey have one 12-ft. enamel staff gauge, located near outlet from lake and l.tXJO feet above metering section ; read twice daily. C*<.nn<-/-Gravel and boulder bed ; channel straight for 300 feet above section : rapids 100 feet below. Discharge measurements— t^X^Ae from cable car. Winter flow — Open all winter. ^f 3-13> 0-321 6-5S> 3-74 • 1-60 M.5 Diacharge Stc.-/tet 4,730 • 4.710 977 12.200 > 3,710 l,2r>0 8,36 Date Oct. 11 '• 26 •• 27 1916 April 11 Auc. 3 " 24 Ort. 24 '• 25 Area of Mean Gauge section velocity height Diaeharge S«. /ftl 425 1,267 1,320 937 H40 603 333 336 Ft. per nfe l-6»t 6.46 7-57 5-04 4-03 3-16 l-.W 1-37 FrtI 1-01 6-45 8-10 4-28 3-50 2-20 O-tiO OMIO Ser.-ftet 716 R.180 11,300 4,820 3,.390 1,010 4.>« 4fiC menta &-i^m»v^s^-;=-lfe^A;^.'^^ MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Uincfaarge in second-feet Max. Min. I'or Mean square mile off J, .,th in inches on drainage area Jube. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. Dee.. Period.. Month Discharge in second-feet Mai. .Min. Mean square mile Kun-„ff depth II) inches on drainage area June. . July.. .Aug.. . Sept... t)ct. . . Nov.. . Dec... Period. tt.WO 6,.;80 2,840 1,010 10,900 U.3U0 5,500 10,900 2,7»u 2,780 l,0.iO 730 930 1,730 1.930 730 4,1)70 4.130 2,IK)0 867 3,830 4,940 3,300 3.420 7'r» 6-88 3-33 1-44 6-38 8-23 5-83 .')-70 StiS 7-92 3-83 1-61 7-35 9-20 6-71 45. 30 • Revised value based on recent measurements. T The Campbell River Power Co. established gauges at five points on the lower river and a™ .hn^r^^ "^" ^^ """=,' 5^^'«^ Campbell lakl The relative positions of thrmer ~s ^t™»"^K" ^.P,"fr !?*i*'^ ^^.^ °f Campbell River Power Company, Hydro-ElS;tric Power wtJ^lf- ^*^^^' ^^^ '"^ the Provincial Water Rights Branch at V ctoria When the new gauge was established by the BritieJi ColMmW.i Hvdron-.etric Sur\'ev a ra-r ful analysis wjas made of the records from the Campbell River CompaiJys gauges It wi f^^d ITydl^mrct^ey'Sel'"* "'^"^'^ ^""^ *° '•'^ »- dat'um^as W'gritii^ ^^i^bia STREAM FLOW IJ A T A-B. C. TABLES as MONTHLY 8lMMARIF.»-r.m«i„Mrf MoDth Diarhrtrifi Mai. Min. F^b. . , Mar April. .Slay June. . July . Aug.. . Sfpl.. C)ct. . . Nov, . . Oec... Ynr I ,H.VI 1 ,.uo 2,IH0 Z.ftM) 4,7S() T.-IOO •4.700 i.MO 2,210 4. .140 10.7(10 5,100 10.700 l.l:<0 770 aw l.:i7o 2.0)10 ■t..->.-.o 2.!lf,<) l,::«) M:to 7110 070 l.iHO BOO Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar. . April. Xfay. . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept. . . f>et. . . Nov.. , Dec... Year. 2.7hO H1*0 .•».,2ti0 1,»KK) H.IU) 4, .ISO 11,400 3,:)40 .•).140 1.2(H) 2,I!K) i,o.-o s.noo 1,210 C:ioo 1.2110 7.300 1.S.-.0 o.wo Jan. . . Feb. . , Mar.., April., Nfw. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sipt... Oct. . . Nov... Dec... Yew , 2,720 2,1110 7,4(10 8.(K10 4,220 3,340 2,3(10 1,200 070 10,200 13.700 S,420 ie.200 030 1,220 2,,t,V) 2,000 I.NOO I.JIH) U^IO 4.'iO 4.W 1.S.W 1,900 4.W U914 wart apparrntlv a year of exc( cipitation Records tor this locality, also ■ptionul precipitation over the central portion i f VaniM.uvi compare Stream Flow Uccorda of Big Qualicum rivi r. r Island, 5k.-e Pre- 2a-CAPaAKO CREEK— 6 miles from mouth Drainage area, 64 sqll.^re miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— ]nst above the Vancouver Watemorks intake ; about 6 miles fror he mouth. Records available — Nov., 1913, to Dec., 1916. Co-operation-Gange readings taken by employees of the Vancouver waterworks department. Draiimge area-(A sq. miles, a revised estimate by the engineers of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. * Gauf-— Vertical staff ; read twice a day. C*an»«^-Rocky bed ; water swift at high stages. At low water, a small temporary dam is some- tunes pUrpd m the channel below the gauge. Gauge readings are corrected to allow for the backwater caused by dam. A subsidiary gauge has been installed for low water stages beyond the effect of this dam. ' Dicharge measurements — Well define the rating curve. WitUer ylote— Open water all year. Accuracy — C. ill i , r' • [ 1 j I 'i 1 1 •f ? 336 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date I Area ol I eection 1909 Aug. 4 1913 Nov. 6 1914 April j:i \iny ih June V.t Auf 1.1 Hept. U Oct. K A«. /Ml 190 344 3.-.4 343 !»2 »S Il.i MeaD velocity Ft. ptr »te. 2-04 2-17 2-10 l-ttl 110 MO height l»«eh«rge Ftt 0-90 .1-10 .•|-1.> ..• lO 4-10 4-70 4-0.-1 Ji29 200 300 2M) 1(7 ni 320 Ft. ptr ate 7- S.J 2mm 4-90 l-.M) \-m> 10.^ 2'7.j 0-97 (tauge height I Diacbarga FrtI 7-70 4-40 S-9.^ 4-20 200 1-40 3-25 l-:2 StC.-frtt 4,100 407 l,4S) 3-)it 1711 64 » 806 691 ' AffecteJ by backw»Ur from dam. • New gauge imt»ll,-.l above iuulie un \ugu.t I ■ W a„n,g nicasurwrnnt. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Dt.-charici.' in »rconU-fept Month Her ■qua re mile Kun-olf d<'nth in inches on 'Irainagc area Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar.. . April. ^fay. . June. . July.. Aug... Sept... Oct.. . Nov... Dec... Year. . .Month Disrharne m nec.mil-ftet .Min. , Mean square ' mill 1913 Jan... Fob. . . Mar... April.. Ntay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . iiept... Oct.. . Nov. . . Dee. . . Year. . 4,020 1.920 5.020 9,620 1,540 .540 210 as 110 4.620 1,230 3,620 9,620 160 2S0 280 375 310 150 65 43 35 45 240 210 35 645 653 1.022 1,487 704 303 138 .53 .30 1,200 540 1,100 658 10. OS 10-23 1307 23-21 11-00 4-77 2-16 0-83 0-78 18-76 8-44 17-19 10-29 11-62 10-65 18-41 25-89 12-68 5-32 2-49 0-96 0-87 21-63 9-42 19-81 139-75 Jan. . Feb. . , .Mar. . April. .Vfay. June. . Jtily. Auc-. . Sept.. . Oct.. . .\ov... Dee... Year. . 1014 Kun-o9 depth in inchf-D on dramaga area 9,420 2,860 4,100 3,0)0 1,720 1,600 1,260 215 5,660 9.020 6,620 710 9,420 510 410 410 410 5<10 430 110 73 40 220 2.J0 60 40 2,190 31-22 877 13-70 MHO 18-00 1,160 18-14 1,170 IS- 29 903 14-13 393 6-14 113 1-80 643 10-05 i.<;8p 2fi-2fi l,04?i 24-72 S-33 226 1,018 13-90 ;f9-4» 14-20 21-45 20- 25 21-00 13-77 7-06 2-08 11-22 .10-26 28-70 4-05 215'67 1916 Jan. . . . 600 100 ■-, 2-73 3-15 Feb. . . . 8,960 100 1,1'JO l->-«0 20-10 Mar. . . . 4,670 240 1,240 :u-4o 22-40 April. . . \fay. . . 1,960 480 027 14-40 16-10 2,460 540 1,210 18-90 21-80 June. . . 2,590 890 1,550 24-20 27-00 July . . . 3,630 600 1,230 19-20 22-10 Aug . . . .340 1<*0 330 5-15 5-94 .Sept.... 210 63 98 1-.33 1-71 (Vt. . . . 1.840 43 166 2-60 3-00 Nov 3.240 150 52(i 8-22 9-17 Dec... 4,020 80 345 5-40 6-23 Year. . . S,960 45 749 11-70 158-70 21— CAYPSE CREEK— 2 miles from mouth Drainage area, 3.S0 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Localion— At the Pacific Great Eastern Ry. trestle ; 2K miles from Lillooet. Records available— April 8, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Gauge — Vertical staff on pile in the trestle ; read daily. Ckannelr—'Wide and of moderate depth, strewn with boulders and coarse gravel. The current is very swift, especially at the higher stages. Discharge measurements— Are made at a good section and well define the rating curve, except at extreme stages. New rating curve in 1916. Winter /oui— Affected by ice conditions during the winter months. Accuracy — Good, except possibly at extreme stages. =^ STREAM I- LOW IJAT.\-B. C. TABLES 3}7 niSrHAROE MEASUREMENTS Jail 47.) K.-b ISO Mir, ... :too .Wril .. I.IKK) May. . . . 1'.I4(( June. . . . L'.TIO July.... l',42U Aug 1.1 v. f-ct 40 V««r.... 2.710 Jan I Kub.i.. .Mar. . 440 .^pril. Nlay 41. 1 l."iOO Junn. . •i.OOO July. 4.0NO Aud.. . . 2.iKiO .Sept ... l.tiOO "ct.' . . Nuv... I'fiO Dec... 17 j Year. . . 1 n.ooo 10 -I , aw I .V») 1 1,110 ; 1.S40 ' l.litiO l.j.i "i.-i.-i 14.-) lO-l J»7 ■■!.:i:io ■t.sui 2,(isn .'loo I'M Ki.i o:)ti 0- 7.) 0- s I 2tiH '.'•-'a r,-'.n 1 Sli o-.sti 0-." 0-47 2-79 12 •39 •M •94 ■(W •BO ■liO m 99 li4 o4 •37^9S ''•■-^--"'---■-""^^^^^ J2-CHEAKAMUS RIVER- near mouth Dninage nren. 2.^0 square milp^ , DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION 6a««.-Cable gauge from h Zav brklTe r'T T^'^»'' P"''^ ^■"v. 1 to Dec 6, m$. r>:^charg, measure men,s~Me made from the bridge " '"'"• noa.— Open water conditions. ■ Ucuracy—B and C. Date Area of nctioQ Mean Gauge velocity >----»^- DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS uauge 7 7 . height Diaeharge Date Area of Meao Gauge aectioo velocity height Diaeharge CfaMuiel may have changed during f,c.h.t in Li^r . K ijj, mese results now are not considered reliable. * r ! Mil § 3» COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Diachafve in Mcond-feet Kun-olf depth io inches on drainage area Month Discharge in aecond-feet Kun-oll depth in inches oa drainage area Month Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Max. Min. Mean Per square mile J.„ ""■■ 1915 Feb Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar. .. April.. . >lay. . . June. . . July... Aug.... Sept . . . Oct Nov'... 1,070 920 4,600 12,880 3.7.50 4.600 6.250 5,300 4.850 9,125 450 550 800 1,430 1,280 1,380 3.350 3,.'-..W l,fl.W 090 612 725 1,440 3,4.50 2,.530 3,270 4.320 3,960 2,180 2,930 2-4.5 2-90 5-76 13-80 10-12 13-08 17-30 15-80 8-72 11-72 2-83 Mar April. . . . May. . . . June. . . . July.... Aug ^Pt Oct Nov 5,550 6,750 8,120 8.2.M 4,600 6,170 14,500 8,620 1,770 M^WO 1,150 2,450 2,080 2,4.W 2,300 1,190 1,070 950 S50 550 2,618 4,2.iO 4,333 5,020 3.200 2,011 4,080 3,338 790 3,290 10-47 17-00 17-33 20- 08 12-80 8-04 16-32 13-35 3-16 13-16 11-68 19-60 19-33 23-15 14-76 8-97 18-81 14-89 3-64 134-83 15-40 11-66 14-59 19-90 18-20 9-73 13-51 Dec' . Period.. 2.300 12.880 750 450 Period... 2..'>40 10-17 11.1-48 ■No record. > Dec. 7 to 30. i f \n it 23— CHEHALIS RTVER— near mouth Drainage area, 200 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— I '/i miles from mouth, in sec. 14, tp. 4, rge. 30, W. 6th mer. Records aiot/aifo— Nov and Dec , 1911 ; Mar., 1912. to May, 1915. Gauge readings CLjised June 8, 1915. Gauge — Chain gauge read daily. Channel — Rocky bed ; water swift at higher stages. Discharge measurements— Are made by wading, except at high water, when a canoe is employed. Winter flow — Open water all year. Accuracy— Below 3,000 sec. ft. accuracy B ; above 3,000 sec. ft. accuracy C. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1011 Nov. 3 Dec. 11 1912 Mar. 8 July 5 Sept. 11 Nov. 23 Dec. 4 .\rea of section Sq.fett 127 273 162 221 248 600 343 Mean velocity Ft. per »fl Ctauge height Pea 085 3-80 2-70 3-07 2-90 4-05 3-92 Discharge Sec-feet 1.33 • 1,021 • 295' 535 594 2,910 1.220 Date 1913 May 21 Sept. s 1914 May 22 Aug. 25 1915 Mar. 6 Area of section Sq.feel 460 395 423 180 273 Mean velocity Ft. per etc 3-90 3-95 4-20 X-10 2-30 ■ Old staff gauge. > New stuff gauge. •Chain gauge. Gnuge height Feet 4-40 4-40 4-50 2-60 3-7 Discharge See.-feet 1.810 1,5U0 1.730 188 623 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Uun-oB depth in inches on drainage area Month Discharge in second-feet Kun-off depth in incnes on drainage Month Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Max. Min. Mean Per square mite 1911 Se^;:::l;;::::::l;;::::::l;::::;;:l:::::;:l:::;:-::: Nov.l.. 9,500 1 290 1 2,173 1 10-8 1 12-0 Dee.l... 4,550 1 810 1 1,.598 1 8-0 1 9-2 1912 1913 Feb Jan.... Feb. . . . Mar. . . April. . . .May. . . June. . . July... Aug.. . . Sept.. . Oct.... Nov.... Dec. . . . Year. 1.330 l..M)0 3,100 3,450 5,580 2,200 1,5,50 750 4,850 7.700 15,000 4.350 15,000 270 340 580 710 1,100 1.430 4.50 230 250 270 420 820 8.30 551 l,3!iO 1.084 1,465 2,4C0 1.693 916 441 1,010 1,705 3,895 1,615 1,467 2-76 6-75 5-42 7-32 12-30 8-47 4-58 2-20 5-05 8-82 16-48 8-08 7-35 3-lB 7-03 6-25 8-17 14-18 9-45 5-28 2-54 5-63 10-17 18-40 9-32 99>60 Mar.'. . . April... Nfay. . . . June. . . . July.... Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Period... 355 650 1.270 1,270 556 1,610 1,330 1,610 5,250 2,620 5,2SO 200 3U2 502 580 210 160 130 135 6,50 410 IM 248 425 904 760 386 310 300 631 2.127 900 718 1-24 2-12 4-52 3-80 1-93 1-55 1-95 3-15 10-83 5-00 3-59 1-4 2-3 5-2 4-2 2-2 1-7 2-1 3-6 11-8 5-8 403 * Approximate, possibly somewhat greater. STREAM PLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY 8UMMARIE8-r^. , 339 ' P'f ly e.um»ted. • M«rch 7 to Si] 34-CHEMAimjS MVER-near n,o.. ^^ _'>rainagearea. 120 square miW DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION ""■Sl-S^Jir" Sr- -" " '"• '■"" ""« ■■ '"'" '" -a ^. co„.„, Discharge measurements— Are made from f h« K -a mnlerfl,»v-GeneTMy open aTl^ntTr k » 1^'' °'' ^' '°''^' ^'^S^' ^^^ "^i"R- weeks. "^ °'''" "" "'"'^^' ""*• ■" J-- '^nd Feb.. 1916. stream was frozen for some well defined. ^ ^■°°" '*^- ^'- accuracy C. The 1916 rating curve is not Dftte Ares of Me.n I Gauie '"'^■>° v»locity [ he(«bt DuehiJfe DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS i J i i «1-1S 1 I J i 1 1 1 ;■ ^ I f i II L .,' I f '\ 340 COMMISSION OF COXSERVATIOX MONTHLY SUMMARIES— ConKnwfti Muotb Diacharge id seconJ-feet Max. Min. Meaa Per •quare mile Kuu-oR; depth iri incnca on drainage area lOl.i Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar... April . . ^fay . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov.. . Dec... Year. . 3,7li0 240 916 7-63 1,400 4.W 713 5-04 3.700 3.M) 840 7-00 i.^m 100 932 7-76 330 190 2.53 2-11 280 80 148 1-23 72 40 .58 0-4S 44 15 24 0-20 20 11 15 013 4,520 15 795 6-63 2,7tiO 210 897 7-47 6,130 570 1,810 15-10 8,130 11 617 5- 14 8-80 6-18 8-07 8-66 2-43 1-37 0- .55 0-23 0-14 7-64 8-33 17-40 69-80 Month Diicharge in aecond-feet Max. Min. Mean square mile Kun- 8-21 IS'.W 7-01 S'UO Ice 1.0.50 8,230 29.864 5.394 3,601 1,281 •lO-l. "O-e. 'New Sauge MONTHLY SUMMARIES •Reviged value based on recent measurement* i I £ r I I I I j; ji Hi !| I If 342 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES— Cmtfrnwl Kun-off depth in incheaoo drainage area Month Diacharve in aecond-leet Run-off depth in inchea on drainage Month Max. Mia. Mean Per •quare mile Max. Min. Mean Per aqu-u-e mile 1915 1918 lit Feb Mar Apnl.... May. . . . Juiw July... Aug Sept net Nov Dec Year.... 1,740 1,330 2,120 9,600 20,100 16,400 18,800 15,900 11.600 6,160 5,160 2,860 20.100 1,040 950 950 2,380 9,600 12,400 14,300 11,700 4,160 3,350 2,650 2,260 9.50 1,445 1,163 1,354 6,603 16,234 14,580 15,668 13,565 0,611 4,014 3,716 2,496 7,287 0-35 0-28 0-33 I-61 3-96 3-56 3-83 3-31 1-61 0-98 0-91 0-61 1-78 0-40 029 0-38 1-80 4-59 4-00 4-42 3-82 1-80 1-13 1-01 0-70 24-34 Jan.... Feb.... Mar... April... May... June.. . July... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct.... Nov.... Dec.... Year. . . 1,920 1,630 1,870 5,180 14,070 33,160 25,880 14.260 8,760 4,070 2,940 1,770 33.160 1,630 1,490 1,170 1.770 5,380 13,600 14,070 7,320 3.850 2,340 1,580 1,490 1,170 1,790 1,570 1,380 2,950 lo,»3n 22,200 19,750 10,320 5.820 3,170 2,160 1,600 6,960 0-44 0-38 0-34 0-72 2-65 5-42 4-8,2 2-52 1-42 0-77 0-53 0-39 1-70 0-51 0-41 0-39 0-80 306 6- 05 5-56 2-90 1-58 0-89 0-59 0-45 23-19 27— COLUMBIA RIVER— near Trail Drainage area. 34.000 sqii.ire miles II DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— 15 miles above international boundary,— above mouth of Pend-d'Oreille river, below mouth of Kootenay, at the highway bridge near Trail. Records available— April 18, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1910. Co-operation— This station is now maintained in co-operation with the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey. It has supplied a standard chain gauge and a special type of sounding device for use in high-water. Gauge— A chain gauge, 60-8 feet long, read daily, and during 1916 twice dai' Channel—The river has a bend about 400 yards above the bridge, while below, t. . is straight for 400 yards. The control, a pronounced riffle 100 yards below the bridge, ap perman- ent. Discharge measurements— Are made from the upstream side of the traffic bridge. Winter floi— The river never freezes over ; sution not affected by ice conditions. Accuracy— The rating curve appears to be good. Accuracy B and C. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date r 1912 Dee. IS 1013 Mar. 5 •• 26 May 1 " 21 June 11 July 4 •• 21 Aug. 6 7 Sept. 4 Nov. 5 1914 Jan. 15 April 17 June 2 Area o( section Sq. /eel 6,640 5,640 .'j,640 9,3H0 11,200 23,900 20.100 15,800 15,100 15,100 12,300 7,630 6,250 7,120 15,000 Mean velocity Ft. per tee. 2-79 2-53 2-72 6-3 7-3 124 10-9 9-63 9-42 9-65 7-93 4-88 3-57 3-51 9-68 Gause height Feet 10-5 8-5 8-5 15-4 19-0 40-2 34 -.5 27-6 26-1 26-1 21-0 13-1 9H 10-5 28-3 Diacharge Sec.-/eet 18,600 14,300 1S,400> 58.700 82,200 297,000 219,000 152,000 142,000 145,000 > 97,001) 37,100 22,300 25,000 151,000 Date July 17 Nov. 11 1915 Jan. 4 Feb. 11 June 4 Aug. Dec. 23 1916 Feb. June 6 •• 25 July 20 Aug. 8 Sept. •'^ 28 Oct. 26 Nov. 28 Area o{ ■ection So. feet 19,200 9,110 6,940 6,290 14,400 15,000 6,160 5,810 14,100 22,400 22,000 16,000 13,000 9,990 8,110 7,040 Mean velocity Ft. per tec. n-09 5-43 3-42 2-74 8-09 9-60 3- 10 2-29 8-89 13-96 11-90 10-00 8-34 6-31 4-23 3-23 Gauge height Feet 33-7 14-6 10-0 8-8 24-7 25-9 10-3 8-20 24-75 39-13 37-68 27-07 23-63 16-60 12-00 10-30 Diacharge Sec.-frrt 213.00(1 49,CH)0 23.800 17, KW 125,0(10 19,100 13.300 I2.V>0wn ^(frftm, not a rciiabit: measurement. -MlI£^S."?!j;fv"{S''"'^^ •^"*- ''■ '»13- »'«■> hoth gauge, read 26' 10". On Nov.5, old gauge read 12' 8", durli^h^aSJ!^ ■ ^""""^ "«»«' by "t^r pUTng up be»de the pier, to which old J^w {aMen«l f i! STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY SUMMARIES 342 Jan Feb.. Mu.. April. May. June. . July.. Atlg.. , Sept.. Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec... Period Jan.. . Feb... Mar. . . April. . May. . June. . July. . Aug.. . Sept.. . IJcl. . . Nov Dec. . Ypnr, . 16.5,000 312.000 230,000 1A2,000 98,400 6O,.50O 39.300 27,800 312.000 .W.SOO 191,000 l.Ml.OOO 98.400 «2.100 39,300 27,800 18,600 18,600 I S6.400 2-. 54' 262,000 7-70 181.000 5-32 12.5,000 3 u8 83..500 2-46 46,900 1-38 32.300 0-9,5 22.600 0-66 104,960 3-09 22,500 17,000 22,000 72.000 129,000 137.000 149,000 139.000 117.000 45.!l00 38.000 29.500 149,000 191 17.000 16.000 15.500 23.100 74,400 117,000 130,000 119,000 47,200 34,000 29,.o00 21.500 5 •2'M 8-50 6-13 4-24 2 75 1-.50 1-06 0-76 28-0.5 19.900 16.400 17.300 4,5„500 110,000 123.000 140.000 132,000 76,600 3»,200 35,000 25,400 l-5..'00 64.941 0-.-)» 0-48 0-51 1-34 3-24 3-62 4-12 3-SS 2-2.-. 1-13 1-03 0-75 1-91 0-67 0-50 0',59 1-.50 3-74 4-04 4-75 4-47 2-51 1-31 1-15 0-86 26-08 Jan. Feb. . Mar April June July . -^UK. . Sept.. Hit.. Nov.. Dec. 22,000 1H,600 24.500 69,100 167,000 220,000 222,000 140.000 85,200 ■54,100 51..500 39.000 191 19,000 15,.0OO 1.5.,50O 23,700 71,300 103.000 144.000 87.200 52.200 44.400 39.)iOO 22.500 20,700 16,800 17,000 43,700 125.000 190,000 200.000 112,000 65,700 46,aoo 45,900 30.500 0-61 0-49 0-52 1-28 3-6N 5 -.59 5-89 3-29 1-93 1-36 1-35 0-90 0-70 0-51 0-60 1-43 4-24 6-24 6-79 3-79 2- 15 1 - 57 1-51 1-04 Jan. Feb. . Mar.. April. Alay. June. July. Aug.. Sept.. t)ct. . Nov.. Dec. Venr. 20..')00 1B.500 33.400 57,700 118.000 306,000 304,000 185,000 108,000 -57,700 34,300 23.100 .106.000 13.000 12,000 16,000 34,000 .59,800 119,000 192,(KXI • 04,000 .59,1(X) 34.700 23,100 15,600 12.000 16.300 13.700 23,000 45.U00 99.400 192,0(K) 262.000 1.36,000 86,700 42,300 20.100 19.(KX) W.400 0-48 0-40 0-68 1-.I2 2-92 5-li5 7-70 4-00 2- .5.5 1-24 0-«5 0-58 2 -.30 0-.55 0-43 0-78 1-47 3-37 6-30 8-88 4-61 284 1-43 0-95 0-67 32-28 28-COLUMBIA RIVER-nc.r Castlop.-.r nr.tin.-igo arc-i. l.S.QQQ squar,. miles i:>KSCRIPTIO\ OF GAUGLNG STATION '"'"'ZTJ::1:'1'J- "^- "^^^^ -- ^•-'-- --'ow Lower Arrow U.e an. aUove .out,, of Records available— Dec., 1912 to Onr ion r-.- „ *• . ,, . C<.««.-Vertica. staff ,l.,o was u^T ti, Tugus^Tm'Sn rt" ""• read daily. ^i"gjsi, iyi4, when a chain gauge was established ; results may be somewhat in error Month J poss.bdity of backwater these body revisions based on W measuimentr""""'" '"^" '^""^- ^°^ '''' ^'"^ '"'' - 1913 June 14 July 5 ■ 22 Sept. 5 .Nov. 25 1914 J-u. 14 .Mar. 5 .May 31 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 20.100 16..5.50 13,800 12,200 7.730 0.800 6.170 14,100 7-88 6-94 6-24 5-55 2-04 1-66 1-24 5-82 28-2 21-6 16-4 13-0 3-2 1-7 0-72 18-12 ' Fhao "Miwiellaueoua Meter Meaiuremeota,' 158,.50O 115,000 86.200 67.600 15.800 11.300 7,680 82.100 July 28 Aug. 6 1915 F"eb. 28 April 28 May 6 June 2 1916 > Feb. 12 Sq. /«( 13,500 12.900 6.510 9.2.50 1U,2IK) 12,400 Ft. per «pc 7-67 6-60 1-21 3-73 4-2S 5-76 W. H. Paper Ao. tt, p. 351. Feel 17-52 15-8 0-70 7-23 P- :«> 14-40 0-.50 Sec-feel 104,000 85.100 7,920 34., 500 43,7uu 71.500 7.010 r M 11 i I. 344 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Ducharge in aecond-feet Mai Min. Mean Per square mile Jan. . . Feb.., Mar... April.. May.. Juna. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dec... 1912 Kun-off depth io incnee on drainage area Period.. 14,700 12,900 13,800 0-92 1-06 Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar... April... May. . . June. . . July... Aug Sept.... Oct Nov.... Dec.... Year. 1914 10,(300 8,200 8.080 29,500 80,700 121,000 128.000 8B,000 35,300 34,200 23,200 19,200 128,000 8,450 7,210 8,200 8,710 30,500 88,400 92,000 56,400 29.000 23.200 18,000 9.820 7,210 0,410 7,740 8,360 16,700 61,900 104,000 116,000 69,200 41,600 28,100 21,600 14,100 41,560 0-63 0-52 0-56 Ml 4-12 6-94 7-73 4-61 2-77 1-87 1-44 0-94 2-77 0-73 0-54 0-64 1-24 4-74 7-74 8-90 5-31 3-09 2-16 1-61 1-08 37-78 Month Ducharge in second-feet Max. Min. Mean Per ■quare mile Run-off depth in incnea on drainage area Jan. , . Feb. . . Mar... April. . \fay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dee... Year. ..I 13,400 9,390 7,700 21,900 86,100 159,000 118,000 86,100 66,100 38.800 23,200 14,600 1.19,000 11,300 7,450 6,970 6,970 22,300 95,100 83,300 60,700 40,400 23,200 14,900 0,820 6.970 12.200 8,650 7,470 11,500 38,600 132,000 97,400 76,100 54,400 28,500 18,500 12,400 41,500 0-81 0-58 0-50 0-77 2-57 8-80 6-49 5- 07 3-6Z. 1-90 1-23 0-83 2-76 Jan. . . Feb... Mar.. . April. . May.. June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec... Year. . 1915 0-93 0-60 0-58 0-86 2-96 9-82 7-47 5-84 4-0I 2-19 1-37 0-96 37-62 10,100 8,450 8,980 37,300 71,600 78,900 85,600 86,100 74.900 28,000 21,900 14,900 86,100 8,450 7,950 7,450 9,530 39,400 61,300 76,100 75,500 25,100 16,800 14,900 10,700 7,450 9,050 8,120 7,910 21,600 58,700 68,700 81,200 81,200 49,200 20,300 10,000 12.900 36,490 0-60 0-54 0-53 1-44 3-01 4-58 5-41 5-41 3- 28 1-35 1-27 0-86 2-43 0-89 0-56 0-61 1-61 4-51 5-11 6-24 6-24 3-66 1-56 1-42 0-99 33-20 29— COLUMBIA RIVER— near Revelstoke Drainage area, 9.000 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— SE'A, sec. 33, tp. 23, rge. 2. W. 6th mer.. above the mouth of IlleciUewaet river, on downstream side of highway bridge near Revelstoke. Records available— 1912 to 1916, during open season. Gauge — Chain gauge ; read daily during open season. CAann«i— About 1,000 feet wide, controlled by an apparently permanent gravel bar, SCO yards below. Shift in 1913 apparently cause.! by the building of a breakwater at the control. Discharge measurements— Are made from the bridge. Winter flow—ASected by ice Frazil ice forms in large quantities. Auuracy—A and B for open water conditions. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of Kction Mean velocity Gauge height Diaeharge Data Area of •action Mean velocity Gauge height Diaeharge 1911 Oct. 13 1913 Feb. 27 St/ttt 4,990 3,160 3,140 12,500 15,700 10,200 7,570 6,230 5,040 10.100 13,400 7,340 Fl. per ue. 2-66 1-41 2-60 7-80 8-60 6-40 4-80 3-10 2-40 6-02 7-60 4-33 Fat 5-45 Ste.-tMt 13,300 4,460 > 13,000 96,900 135,000 65,500 36,400 19,600 12,300 61.000 102,000 31,800 1914 June 25 May 20 Sept. 7 Oct. 8 Nov. 18 1015 Jan. 6 Mar. 17 May 11 Nov. 30 1016 May 31 July 19 Nov. 14 Sq.J-t 11,500 8,190 7,940 5,750 4,210 4,130 3,770 11,000 4,500 *,0.W 15,150 4.450 Ft. ptr t*e. 6-38 5-93 4-75 3-18 2-66 1-82 1-60 6-78 1-84 8-10 8-68 1-67 Fut 13-3 11-6 9-5 7-0 5-1 4-65 3-70 13-50 4-20 10-42 18-50 5-20 Stc-fttt 73,603 48,500 April 10 June 18 July 24 Aug. 20 Sept. 14 Oct. 9 1913 May S "26 June 7 Sept. 17 5-54 15-50 18-30 12-75 0-20 7-30 5-60 12-82 16-30 9-20 37,700 18,300 11,230 7,510 1 5,950 74,700 8,280 41,000 131,500 7,010 ' >Ie*OM Mlitiona. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY SUMMARIES 345 Periixl. I 5)1,000 'Station i*«tabIi8ht'(n>ptol)or r> I'm i.% - »^ '. ~ up occurred middle o( December, 191 j 'K/tin au"d '' • l"''''''^r ■'• "'l'' <''">nn,.! „p<, r_»iimau.u • Ice coniiilions Nov. 12 lo ;>, ,*^ „ iwi-lKirsf CNtinmted. 30-COLUMBIA RIVER-n.a, Gclden Drainage area, 2,500 square mili-«; DESCRIPTION OF GAUGIN'G STATION Records avaaablc-DMTing the open season from 1903 to 1915 cZ^"" T?'' T '"'' ' '"' '"'" '"""« '''' °^" ^-^°"- I^'ff-"' gauges have been used- riffle disappears. °" ^"'^' ^^°''' '^^ ^auge. but, at high water, this D.scH^^ ^asurenu„.s-Are made from boat held by temporary cable about 100 yards be.o. "■'ta^r F^TicltaX:^^ '-- ^^- "'^ -^^'^^ °f N-mber tiU the end of here presented. Anv person dlrirrt„.u ^. ^ "«=«*«"y to revise some of the data the latest revision frim the BCHvdror: -^T ""'" '°' '^''""^ ^'"'^''^ ^'^°""1 ''-'^^ perienced in meteriS Shsils tTT" f^i Considerable difficulty is also ex- and July isprobablyUif.rj3Spe?c::t3r1:^^^^^^^^^^^ 4 I I I I i 346 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS D«t« 1011 Ort. 17 1012 Feb. 20 June 4 S .. 2, July as " 2S (>t. 1 1913 M»y 23 June 16 July 4 Sept. IS Nov. 24 Area of St. fetl 792 01. 'i l.dJU 1.270 2.4X.-) I.OIO 2,011) 798 1.080 3.710 2.6 K) I ,i80 7*4 Mean velo<'ity Ft. per Mc. 2-36 1-27 3 02 3 •.12 4 •3.) 4-IH) 4-I4 3 51 3-42 5-4) 4 • 211 4-17 2-20 GauKe height Fat 10-8 9-2 S-1 .1-0 a- 3 h-n lO'S 3-7« 21 4-0 8 1> 1-8' Diacharce Sec.-, a 1,870 79.-> 1 3,I0U 4.490 lO.NOO S.S20 S.3IH) 2,020 3,030 2U,0IX) ii,:ioo 5.:M0 1,670 Date 1014 Mar. 2 July 30 Oct. 14 191.1 Mar. 13 May 7 July r. ()<-t. 23 1910 • June H •• 17 '• 29 Auu. 17 " 29 Nov. 9 Area of ■eetion Sq. /«( 616 2..'i49 8.>3 1,420 1.940 2,4H0 1.540 Mean Teloi-ity Ft. ptr tec l-4.i 4-00 2-6.i 0-B7 2 OH 3-73 1-14 ' Ire ronilitionii. ' (which wii!! marked anil •From "Mi.scellanf Ciauco height Ftl 7-9,'i 2-48 0-.V> 3-7.-> 7-20 1-.58 .l-l.i 7-10 12-0.-. 7-20 0-70 1-40 Dfacharge »4'4S on other ; reeorileil m f -el and inehc-.) at top, lero on other gauge (feet and tenths) at bolt, ou« Meter Meaaurementa," W. R. Paper So gl p jy- lenina) at Dott. Stc.-fttt 804 • 10,400 2.260 9r,7 1 4.0.->0 9,200 1.750 5,280 7.2.W 19,000 9,270 7.340 1,;)90 ■ero^on one gauge ".om. MONTHLY SUMMARIES l!i n if April. May. . June. . July.. Aug.. . 8ept.., Oct. . . Period.. B.."i00 II. .300 13,301) 13.tHJU 1,830 4,800 P.CJO 1I,)HJ0 3,000 7,491 ll.,W3 13,000 1-20 3-00 4 hi 5-20 1-34 3'4A •■i-lH 6-0O April .Nlay. June. . July . . Aug. . . Sept.. Oct... Period. 2..100 1.400 l.JOO 0-UO 4.000 2.050 3,201 1-28 18.100 4.500 11,793 4-71 17.100 ll.DOO 12,987 5- 19 11.300 5,400 8,019 3-21 6.100 2,1.V) 3,913 1-57 2,150 1,850 1,900 0-76 1S.100 1.400 fl,18S 2-48 o-i;7 I- l^ 5'ilS 3-70 0-S8 19- 7J STREAM PLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY BVMMARlEa-C«Uinu«l 347 April May. June. July. Auk.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. 2.000 ■ .^.K) 1 »,:ino i.nni) IS.flOO C'liO t 12,H0n 9.07(1 1 B.7W «.««» K,M40 5.HI0 •i.OtiO 2.«i(ll) 3.M0 1.3M lt.«00 l..t2n f ^.-coQTO^..,n„. „„ , n„.„..,^, ,„,.„„,. „„J , ,. ,, DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATro\ Wrf^ro^aife-Continuous records. Nov.. 1911 to Se 1916 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 1911 Not. is Dei-. 12 1912 Kub. 29 June 8 " 29 Sipt. 13 Nov 18 ■' 20 1913 May 12 .Jillrc 21 July 21 > I ) -Old -u... now d.«ruy«l aoU «..;„„ ..tered. . Ne, ..^,, -J",-^ -,77^ I9I2. ■ Ice conditiuDS. { \l 348 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Mouth DiMCharce in n^cnod-feet MiD. Mean Her •qunrp niilp Kun-off depth to inrneion drainafe area 1911 Jan. . . Feb... Mar... April.. May.. June. . July.. Auc.. . liept... Oet... Nor... D«... Perio! . 3.630 I.IOO :io 470 1.000 819 2-78 «-27 DiMharge in eeeond-feet .Month .Mai. .Min. .Mean Per square m.le Kun-oS depth in ineneeon drainafe area 3-10 2-02 1913 Feb.... Mar.... April. . . May... June. .. July... Aug.. .. Sept.... (let Nov.... Dee Year. I.5S0 320 3,400 2.'50 5t)0 270 2,310 230 6,070 890 7,040 2,480 2,480 gso 970 3.10 3,110 320 3.690 320 2,.1I0 770 1,240 470 7,040 230 557 592 391 1,195 3,330 3,961 1,705 580 1,000 1,665 1,243 719 1,412 1-55 1-64 1-ON 3-32 9-25 11-00 4-74 1-61 2-78 4-62 3 -4.1 2-00 3-92 1-79 1-71 125 3-70 10-66 12-27 5-46 1-86 3-10 5-33 3-8.1 2-31 53-29 Feb. . . . Mar... April. . . Nlay . June. . . July... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct Nm- Dec... 191S Year. . 31'0 300 l.r>oO 3,200 1,920 1,100 890 270 270 6,840 2.310 1,640 6.840 210 2J0 2:96 2,480 810 1,480 4-06 1,200 290 674 1-87 5,880 220 1,405 3-91 4-33 1-62 5-00 8-84 12-75 8-16 3-31 0-90 1-37 1-11 4-53 2-16 53-07 Jan.l. . Feb. . . Mar.i . .\pril. . May. . June. . Julv.. .\ug.. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov... Dec. . . Year. , 6,900 3.170 4.900 6.200 3.260 1,080 600 510 3,600 450 6,900 970 1.500 2.700 1,100 3S0 190 UM 170 170 150 402 390 ^.'iSO 1,380 2,810 3,730 2,oeo 634 309 232 712 244 1,220 1-12 1-08 4-25 4-39 7-80 10-40 5-61 1-7B 0-8P 0-64 1-98 0-68 1-29 1-17 4-90 4-90 8-99 ll-«0 6-47 2-03 0-96 0-74 2-21 0-78 ' Gauge h •■,ht- n,i., , u 349 Drainnge aren. 1 15 sqiiar.- mile. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION ^rl!r~^V^- ^; '"• ^'' "^^ °' *»'* Coast meridian. Rfcords avmtablr-Jan. 25. 1915, to Dec. 31, 1916 Gautf— Chain gauge on highway bridge it UV.f,^i„-.. r C*an./-^.aven>. hotto..ULonV.'oi:ate;rd' nU^^^^^^ Ducharge masurenu„,s-WeU define the rating curve. wLjrrtXt '^ t ^9lV" "^ "'"' "^^""^^' '^■'^'^^ -"- -"- DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1915 Jan. 2S April 3 '• IS Ares ot section Sg. fett 2H 1.170 792 Mran velocity Ft. p*r ue. 1-J3 4-40 1-40 C.auiie beiclit bciowl^"!;'" ''-"" '"'^ ""•'""' «""«'^- Pta •i'SS 3-30 Disc barge Stc.-fert 401 S,1B0> 1, 120" DaU June 21 July 20 1UI6 April 14 Area of Motion S«. frtt a 6-5 3H3 Mean velocity Ft. per me 1-70 3-70 2-fll fjau«e height Frn I -3.-1 1-35 3-. 30 Diicharge MS Sc.c..„n « guug,.. . Section ,00 >„r.l« bcl„. g„ug... ..s,.,.,i„„ ,,0 yard. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharire in upcnnd-fcet P DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Drainage area. 2.^5 square miles Wr. JS;!S:,°^rS^'^^ - f^^^e,o« Canadian Northern Pacific R,. ..rid.e. to Dec. 31, ,916. by Britirh Columhik'^v'rr tZ^^' ^-'' ' J""" '' ""^• S::^^!7Ti:^''" '^'^'^'^ Branch estabSredgauJe in 1913 "ne channel at all stages. "'^^■^ '""^ ^'^ ^"''^ l^^''"^' section ; Ducharge mrasunmenls-V.-en define rating curve 1913 to 19IS n r , ,r channel occurred, and new ra'-r- nnr-t -[! T ' °" ^^^'- '^' ''^'^' shift in Umier iln«^j^ 11 ■ ra..n, app,ic= smtx that date, "ifer ^010 — Open all winter. •^""""^y-Good ; monthly summaries given below for 19n „r,A loi. u . on later measurements. See Note page 309. *"" ^•' '^"''™' '''''''^^ . r ? ! t ! I ! I ! I-! ti r I • i D>t« 1913 Jan. M H.pt. 30 Dec. 10 •' 20 •' :il l»U June 24 Au«. 2lt Nnv 25 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Area at •UP lion Sq /tH 1,01 1 743 l.MM "1,183 824 .■.33 lot 1,670 Mmb valurily /(. ptr Mr Oaiw* h«i(bt 3-4.'i 200 .1-42 4-33 2' OH OTO 0-72 (1-20 Durhargr NfW Nt;>lli>n CMtabluiii-U L>> ' Not at rt-Buittr Mctiui>- 1,377 »71 3,.M3 2,S44 2,e:« ttri" ' 117 list 4..K10 DaM IBIS Mar ,'3 Au« .10 Ufc B 9 lOIA Mar. 22 • 23 .Nov. rVr 13 Arra of •wtion 1,310 l.'iO 1,7S0 1,83U 1,640 1,H20 H52 «.-.:. i.ino Mran velijrily Ft. per Me Uaun hriabt 4'M OHl 7-,V4 7-71 H-60 tt'52 3-70 3'(M DiMbarga 2,0M 108* 4,H2(I 4,S. ttydruuetrK 8ur»ry. Nu ii— nut lu ««iij|i. uuiuiu. "Low »aut •rition t * MONTHLY SUM.\I.\RIES I I Month Jan . »eb. . . Mar . . April.. Nfay. . June. . July.. Aug.. , 8ept. . Oct. Nov., . Dec.. . Perio"! Jan... Feb. . Mar. April. Afay. . June. , July . . AU(£ Kept . Oct. ., Nov... Dec... Vear. . Di*rhari|e in *e(-..iid-feet Mai. Mean } Mquare mile Itun-oit I depth in incneeon I drainagf 1,740 l.BtK) I.OflU 1,810 wi:% 47.5 noo 1.670 U.400 (i.UU «.4fl0 1.280 1 ,340 1,460 U3.i .VMl 2:ti = 2:to •MM 910 1,810 2.30 1.4.10 1 .U."iO 1.754 1.260 783 330 H0!> 1.082 2,5.')2 3,4UO 1,47.5 « 08 7(r2 7-46 5 •.36 3-3:1 1-40 2- 1.5 4'60 10-87 14-47 6-2f) 2.71*0 1,280 1,030 8-21 1 1,880 1,340 1,720 7-32 2,3tiO 1,400 1,870 7-96 3,260 1,220 2,340 9-B6 1,160 ti«5 842 3-58 6.55 320 500 2-13 305 170 234 1-00 167 95 132 0-56 1(3 32 54 0-23 3,440 32 616 2-62 3,800 1.980 2,700 11-.50 4,980 2,930 3,980 16-94 4.980 32 1.410 COO 34— CRAZY CREEK— near month 7-00 7-83 8. HO .5-96 3-83 161 2-40 5-30 12-14 16-67 71-34 9-46 7-62 9-18 11-11 4-13 2-38 1-15 0-63 0-26 3 02 12-80 19- M 81-28 .Month Juii Feb. Mar .\pril May. June. July . Aug. Sept Oct. Nov.. Dec... Year. Jan. . Feb.. Mar. April. NIay. June. July. .\u«.. Sept.. Oct. , Nov.. Dec. Year. Dirtchurge in nerond-fei-t Mat. Min. Mean Cer B4|uare mile Uuu'uff t depth inY incneaun* drainage 1' • 14 7. 3 JO 1.8M) 4.483 19- 0.8 3,1.10 1,370 1.8H8 7-94 3,4«0 2.040 2.908 12 -.17 2.870 1,880 2.289 9-74 1.810 S-2.5 1.243 5-20 825 .V.0 702 2-1'8 .5.50 230 37B MiO 230 112 IKM 0-71 3.50 87 183 0-78 5..500 3.50 2.37H 10-10 4.11.50 3,2-20 3.997 16- 95 3,490 990 1,951 8-30 7,.T00 87 1.879 8-00 3,010 3.880 4.040 2.690 2,690 1,710 1,310 715 325 433 1,510 1,570 4.040 1. 110 l,a50 2,290 2.280 1.780 l..lliO 740 334 160 88 .VIO 1,140 88 1.6.i0 2.340 3,120 2..520 2,260 \,:*ia 980 492 230 137 1.190 1,400 1,485 7-o:i 9-96 13 -.30 10-70 9-62 6-38 4-17 2-10 0-98 0-.58 5-07 3-96 22 00 8-25 14-25 10-87 6-08 3-32 1-85 0-82 (1-87 ll-CS 18 square miles J DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — Sec. 28, tp. 2.?, rge. 5, W. 6th mer. Records available— \Uu 8 to Hoc. 13, 1914 ; Mar. 24 to Dec. 31, 1915 : Apr. 1 to Nov. 12, 19Ift. Gauge— Standan I, vertical staff gauge, iituateil on C.P. Ry. siding bridge. CAannW— Channel averages about 75 feet in width ; bed of stream is rocky and vei.^itics are hij;h. Winter fto-j.— Ice conditions exist during November, December, January and February. Control and diversions— The British Columbia Forest Mills Co. holds records on this stream f r 9 sec. ft. The water runs a small hydro-electric plant, consisting of 1 Pelton wheel an.l 1 C.O.E. dyn.tr:-:--. (2,000 volts, 50 amps.) replaced daring winter months by steam piai l, for purpose of operating saw mill. i4««ru(:y— Considered good. The rating curve is well defined. STREAM FLOW O.VTA-B. c. TABLES niSCHARGE MEASUREMENTS J5I i^argtt MOXTUI.V SLMMAR,[.:s I'.riol ''•■orp..ri,«,.M«r,,„;u. ■ F.,r „.„,., n... , t„ ,, ■I!:iCR^SS CREEK-nrnr ^...o. 'ft.T Kbich winl,.r .■„„Ji,i„n, „t.tain.,l. Dm in u'CTfi, !.;() ^riii.r '"■'•SCRrmON op fiAlT.IXr, STATION G'l. Ihe rating curve is u-n't x r.„ , 10 per cent. lunt. is «(.i difmoil am! result ^vhoil,^*;^.;!!;;^ j^'~n ^orcst^ Brand, s.a.e U,at Criss cr.-i. (■' •■ 1! t h i { I* IT 352 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauze height Diacharge 1 Date Area of section .Mean velocity Gaujre height Diacharge Sq. ftel Fl. ptr lec. Ftet Sec.-/eet Sq. fat Ft. per uc. Ftet Sec-feet 1912 1914 June 14 47-6 2-2 100 107 May 24 77 .'i-34 2-o:,' 412 July Hi .11-4 1-2 0-7 SH July 10 29-5 0-S3 0-3S' 24-5 Aug. 5 2S-« 115 on 3.) Utl.i " .30 29-2 10* 0-0 30 April 1 19-2 0-Dl 0'.30 12 IQl.'} •■ 2N 47- St 1-73 1 • 2.'. 100 April 22 Nfay 17 114 l-!» l-«2 217 Auk 2ti 12'. J U-9J 0-22 12 124 2- 0.1 1-72 231 Kllli June 10 IIKI 1'72 1 • 411 1711 May 12 (W'O 2- 3-. 1-47 HiO Aug. l.-> 2<)-0 l-l.-i 0- :>:i 31 June \it 99-0 3-53 2 04 3.')0 Opt. 4 13-4 OUl U-18 12 Aug. IS Oct. l.t 0-41 0- 14 24 18- :i 6-. to > Aftual KiiuKi- lii'iKtit, J' lU. (tiiuKc sunk 0'5 ft. during prfvious winUT, thun iniikiiiK »< tual ri>ading>* U'O't ft. too high. > Actuul gaugt- htight, U-4. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet 1 Uun-oft depth in inches on drainage area Month Discharge in second-feet Kun-ofT depth in inches on drainage area Month Max. Min. Mean Per j B(|uarc mile Mai. Min. Mean Per s<|liiire mile 1911 1912 July 1 1 1 1 July... Aug. 334 11 1 84-2 1 o-r,f, 1(1 1 29-7 1 0-20 0'6.j Aui 1. :::::..!. :::....! 1 :::... 0-23 1913 1914 April... Slay . ■ . June. . . July.. Aug — Sept.... Oct Nov.... Dec.'... Period. 100 ■.32 310 .IS 13 21 17 10 18 UK IS 140 64 13 6 4 14 15 16 4 102 32S 14.-> 27 To 11 16 15 0-68 2- 18 0-97 0-18 007 0-07 Oil 010 0-76 \Uy. . . . June July... Aug Sept .... Oct.".... Not ... . Ucc. 444 340 418 8.1 14 68 26 68 76 41 13 8 10 20 260 1(17 lliS 32 12 31 24 1-73 l-U 113 0-21 008 021 016 1-'19 1-24 1-.10 0-24 009 0-24 013 2-,M 1-OS 0-20 008 0-08 0-12 0-11 Period . 444 8 99 66 S-23 82 0-.55 4-94 ,..!.-, 1916 June. . . . July .... Aug Sept Oct I.-.0 I.OMl 1.470 K".(l .-|0,( 10.. ■is H'.» 274 2fl'.l 242 100 12 0-.-.9 l-SJ 2-110 !•«! 0'li7 0-08 0-lili 2-10 2-23 1 ■ SI-, 0-77 0-09 April... ^ray. . June . . . July... Aug.... S»pt.... Oct Period. 22.-> .ilO 730 37.-. o3 10 8 730 28 120 140 44 3 2 3 2 71 28,". 330 12.-I 2.-1 6 121 0-47 1-90 2-20 0-83 0- Hi 0-04 0-04 0-81 o-.u 2-19 2-4.i O-W 0-lS 0-Ot 0-05 Pirio.!.. . 1.470 Ifiil 1-13 7-71 0-39 ' I'or 36— DE p.Tiod \ ADMAI ov. 1 to 2 7 RIVE] 1. ' For pi-riol 1 I — .itiove Criss CO. 1 to 9, creek after whii h winter conditions obtained. Drainage area, 300 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — Sec. 15, ^p. 22, rge. 22, W. 6th mer.; above mouth of Criss creek. Recordi available— April 22 to Nov. 21, 1913 ; April 1 to Dec. 9, 1914 ; Mar. 22 to Sept 30, 191.S ; .Vpri; 1 to Oct. 31, 1916. GoMjf — Standard staff gauge ; read daily. Channtl — Gravel and silt. Control app-trently changetl during 1915 freshet. Discharge measurements — Are made by wading or from the bridge. Winter flow — Ice conditions exist during January, February and March. Accuracy — Is consi18 45 52 14 ' For period Dec. 1 to 9, after which winter condiUon. obtained. 85 270 225 1.50 t>4 1)4 24 12(1 0-2S 090 0-75 O-.W 0-21 0-21 OOS 0-42 0-31 1-04 0-84 0- .57 0-24 ()-23 0-09 3-32 I I > I, # . 37-EAGLE RIVER-at Malakwa Drainage area, 350 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location-At Malakwa highway bridge ; sec. 9, tp. 23. rge. 6, W. 6th mer Drainage area-Above gauging station. 350 sq. miles : above mouth. 420 sq. miles Go«g*-Standard chain gauge, situated on highway bridge : read daily CAa»H*f_Un>form and straight for 100 yards above p 1 below the guage tnTnrtrhT"^"'"^'^''^^"'""''^'^^^'""'^-^'^'^''-^^^ Velocitiesareunifonn H'.»ter/r<,..^Partial ice conditions exist on the river during January and February. • Revised value based on recent measurements. i 1 I I •!■! 3M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean veloeity Gauge height Discharge Date Area of section .Moan velocity Gauge height Discharge 1913 May 14 '• 31 Juno 7 July 10 Aug. 27 Nov. 7 1914 Mar. 3 Sq. feet 674 1,100 1,090 740 ."VW) 434 206 Ft. per tec. 400 6-46 6-20 4-14 2-49 1-36 1-24 Feet 4-80 6-80 6-70 5-12 3-70 2-61 ISO See.-feel 2,690 7,110 6.7.iO 3,060 1,440 620 2.57 May 18 July 16 191.5 July 20 1916 Feb. 24 Juno 14 July 11 .Sept. 13 Sq. feel 718 719 667 387 8.50 790 510 Ft. per nee. 3-98 4- 14 3- 10 0-81 4-64 4 05 1-86 Feel 4-90 5' 03 4-30 2-02 5- 95 5-43 3-27 See.-feet 2,860 2,972 2,083 312 3,960 3,200 9,50 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet Max. Min. Ulean Per square mile Ian. 191.1 Run-«>ff depth in incncH on drainage area Feb. . , Mar. April. , &Iay>. June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept. . . Oct. . . Nov... Dec... Period.. 8,150 12,200 3,950 2,130 3,.540 1,670 730 3,370 1,670 1,110 690 480 300 213 2,860 6,444 2,861 1,739 1.228 80t 519 318 8-17 1 18-42 i 8-17 ' 4-97 i 3-51 2-30 1-48 0-91 ; 9-45 20-58 9-45 5-73 3-93 2-63 1-63 I-03 Mar... April. , May. . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov... Dec... 1915 Period.. 880 170 409 2,680 860 1.721 4,330 1.750 2.806 3,670 1.6.10 2,365 4,020 1,360 2,200 2,000 780 1,174 813 355 530 1,240 355 696 0.50 355 533 400 200 348 4, .330 170 1,278 117 4-92 8-62 ! 6-76 I 6-29 3-36 1-51 1-99 1-52 0-99 1-35 5-49 9-23 7-56 7-24 3-79 1-69 2-30 1-70 1-14 .Month Discharge in second-feet -Ma -Min I'er square mile 1914 Uun-off depth in incnes on drainage area Jan.< . Feb.'.. Mar... April . . Nlsy > June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept . . Oct.. . Nov... Dec.'. . Year' 422 320 445 2.285 4,023 6,800 6,6.50 1.292 2,0,50 1.620 1.620 603 6.800 320 2.56 223 400 2,0.iO 2,3.50 1.090 632 445 5.50 422 335 225 362 268 326 1,339 ' 4.063 2,632 896 769 849 783 1,3.32 1-03 0-78 0-93 4-46 '61 ■.52 , ■.56 I 20 ' 42 ■24 i 1-19 0-81 107 5-00 '12-96' 8-66 2.93 2-46 2-79 2.30 3-81 3-65 ! 41-49 l| .Mar. . April.. Xlay.. June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov.... Dec. . . . Period. . ' Alajr 1 to 13 estimateil. ' For piriinl of 20 days tlons during parts of January and February. Gauge readi, 800 2.300 3,800 10,000 5,000 1,930 1,220 530 500 303 10.000 2.50 630 980 2.140 1,800 800 520 355 275 223 225 510 1,180 2,180 4.300 3.070 1.220 830 430 373 260 1.440 1.46 3 -.38 6-23 12.29 8-77 3.49 2-37 1-23 1-07 0-74 4-12 1.6H 3-77 7- 18 13-71 10-11 4-02 2-64 1-42 1.19 0.85 46- .57 For n.riod Dec. 1 to 12. ' Partly estimated. gs lor part of May considered unreliable. Ice Condi* 38— ELK RIVER— near Elko Drainage arer. 1 .450 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At the cable station, SO yards above the highway bridge }^ mile from Elko, East Koot- enay. Records available— April to Nov., 1914 ; April to Dec., 1915 ; Jan. to Dec, 1916. Drainage area— Above gauging station, 1,450 sq. miles ; above mouth 1,800 sq. miles. Gauge— A chain gauge was established at the Elko highway bridge, in November, 1913. When the cable station was established in May, 1914, a new gauge was put in at the section. SO yards above highway bridge. Readings daily. Channel— The channel below the highway bridge is confine.'>.i S-tW 3-80 73 > 4-40 ' Ice comiitiona. 11.000 8..-.70 S.HM 1 .7'.I0 1.880 1.3tlO 1.410 030 1 noi > .Vpril 24 .\I:iy 13 •■ 31 June 1.1 Aux. 28 1916 Mir. 1 July 29 .\u«. 9.1 •■ 19 .S -pt. 1 1 14 Ort. B S<,. f„l B72 83S 7.-I-, 724 482 212 7ii3 4:is «r4 «11 MS 443 Ft. per «« 4-17 5-9li i.2« 4 -Hit 3-01 2-2i 4-3-, 4-!l,- .■t-4i 3-21 3-01) 2 -SO Di^harge 4-90 2-411 2 00 l-S.) 0- .).•> -1-12 4-4t 4-li.i 4-25 3-93 2- 2") fH 2.S()0 ."i.OvU 3.940 3,1)20 I.4U0 546 • 3,320 2.180 2.327 l,t)70 1,720 1.010 -J MONTHLY SUMMARIES .Month April. .M»y .. June. , , July . . . Aug.. .. S-'ept.... Oct Nov.... Dec... Perio).. Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar. .. April!.. ^fay . . June . . July . . . Auri.. .. Sept.... Oet Nov Dec. . . . 4,080 6,.560 8,800 •1,420 2,-510 1,340 1,310 1,310 l,23U Period. I S.800 I Dinrhargein Benind-feet .Ma I l-er Min. I Mean j siiuare niile 191S 1,060 2,020 3.030 2..il0 1.380 1,200 1,200 1,020 980 980 2,220 4,200 4,780 3,490 1,740 1,2H0 1,260 1,170 1,070 2..360 l-.i3 2-94 3-:w 2-41 1-20 0-87 0-87 0-81 0-74 1-63 Kun-iitr /ientli in inrlie>ti>n (IrainiiKe area ' Partly of discharge 1-71 3-39 3-68 2-78 1-38 0-97 1-00 0-90 0-85 16-66 .Month April.. May. . June.. . July.. Au« . . Sept.... Oct. . . . Nov.. . . Dec.'.. . P.'riod. Jan . . . Feb. . . Mar . . April. . .May. June. . July . . Aug. . . Sept . . Oct . . . Nov . Dec.. . Di.trharge in mM-ond-fi-i- 3,24U 8.290 11,-300 4, .180 1,720 l,tiOO 2,0t>0 2,ti«0 1. 220 11,300 3,.)20 8,20J 22,BO:) 14,20) 2.H80 2,730 1,280 1,:W'J ^T^. u'n'?iii5;i::i;"ir «" '""'' "-""« Ye:ir. I 22.6)0 ■Min. .Moai; 1914 931) 3.3HG 3,4liO 1,720 1,220 1,120 1,330 1.270 l,«..0 .5,820 6.231) 3,0.iO 1,470 1,260 i,.->ao 1,660 8.J0 2,640 I.4SI) 2,SS0 4,200 2,88') 1,860 1,2S ) 1.140 l.(MO 92) 680 W.V) l,9.l>) 4,.),t'J 1 U'lJ ) 7,610 2,3IX) 1,710 I.IH) 1,16) 1,0W 2,9 V) Kun-ull I lie >lh in )Nt I inch 'Son iiuare drainage 'iiil'- ' nr.-a l-.U 4-01 4-30 2-10 1-01 0-H7 1-03 1-14 0-58 1-82 Jan. to .Mar., but ice coDditiou did not 0-63 0-47 0-li.-> 1-37 2- 99 7-93 ,5-27 1-59 1-18 0-81 0-80 0-7J •04 1.511 4-61 4-99 2-43 I- 18 0-97 1-19 1-27 0-68 18-80 0-73 0-51 0-75 l-.W 3-45 8-85 6-08 1-83 1-32 0-93 0-8H 0-86 27-73 pt.-riiiu estiniatea 3Q-EWGLISHMAN RIVER-near mouth r)rain.-ige area, 111 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION """IX^lle""' '"'" '"°"" = '•°*^ ''"' "P^'^*"™ '""" ^''^"'1 highway bridge : 2 miles tmm • Estimate b> B. C. Hydrometric Survey. If I ;.i H 35e COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION ^'^"^'^^r" ^'Tiy '' 'uf"*'' t'™''^''* ^°' ^ ^'** *''°^* """^ ^^°'' ''^'i''" : one channel at all stages : liable to shift each year. Discharge measuremenls— Cable carrier used at high stages. Wtnler flow — Open all winter. Accuracy-V^\T : monthly summaries given below for 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements. See Xote, page 309. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1913 • Feb. IS Au(. 9 Dec. 13 •■ 17 1914 May 19 July 9 Aug. 29 Area of aection Sq.fut 153 50 446 377 160 15S 14 Mean velocity Ft. per tec 1-9 0-8 1-5 Gauge height Pet 1-48 2-21 2-21 1-8S 2-50 2-00 1-47 Diacliarge Sec-feel 315 < 51-5> 1.082 > 758 • 304 ■ 127 « 21 • Date Aug. 29 Dec. 10 1915 AprU 14 Sept. 3 Nov. 2 1916 Mar. 18 Oct. 28 Sj. feet 110 227 279 24 453 446 17 Area of Mean Gauze aection velocity height Diacharge Ft. per eec 0-2 1-2 202 0-45 2-18 1-47 0-93 Feet 1-47 2-50 300 1-60 3-50 3-18 1-58 Sec.-fet 19-9 266 563 10- 7 • 986* 657 16-3' Hydfo^^^n^te^'tLS^^ia^r^U'r^'?^^ regular «ct>on. ' Wading mea-urcment. new cable carrier inVull" ""'*"«'■ ' ^^ "»'" ""'o"- • Not at Discharge measuremenU in 1913 were made by Provincial Water Righta Branch. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet Mai. Mia. Mean Per square mile Feb.'... Mar... April t.. May •. . June. . . July... Aug.. , . Sept.'. . Oct Nov.' . . Dec... 1913 Kun-ofl depth in inches on drainage area 2,mo 290 500 183 980 210 800 195 470 250 415 r>5 65 15 440 10 1.785 78 640 90 747 271 373 420 327 192 35 101 280 197 6-73 2-44 3-36 3' 78 2-94 1-73 0-31 0-91 '. J2 1 ,7 2-75 2-81 2-38 4-08 3-28 200 0-S« .o 2*i#0 0-40 Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar.... April. . . May. . . June. . . July... Aug.. .. Sept.'.. Oct Nov.. . . Deo Year. 3,020 165 613 5-53 1,350 390 609 5-49 2,600 250 656 5-91 2,840 185 604 5-44 365 150 230 2-07 165 65 107 0-96 65 30 44 0-40 30 25 28 0-25 25 23 2« 0-22 2,840 25 618 5-57 1,640 170 644 5-80 2,960 390 1,220 1100 3,020 23 4.50 4 05 6-38 5-72 6-81 6-07 2-39 107 0-46 0-29 0-25 6-42 6-47 12-70 .55-03 Month Discharge in second-feet Max. Min. .Mean Per square mile Run-off depth in inches on drainage area Feb. . . Mar... April . May •. June. . July.. Aug.. , Sept.'. Oct. . . Nov... Dec.'. 500 340 210 30 640 340 180 210 30 5 3 330 256 85 22 63 2-98 2-31 0-77 0-20 0-57 1-76 1-44 2-58 0-89 0-23 0-43 Jan. . , Feb., Mar.. April.. .Vfay. . June. , July.. Aug.. . Sept.. . Oct. . , Nov.. . Dec... Year. . 1916 •37 390 150 3,680 180 3,440 340 1,290 560 1.400 390 1.180 415 560 165 180 65 65 30 1,130 15 1.290 114 1,880 114 'For 19 to 31. 3,680 period Feb. 15 to 26. > April I to 19. ■ May 3 to 31 'SScpt. 1 to21. 'Dec. 9 to 31. • Partly estimated.' 190 1.040 1,160 787 737 611 322 107 41 77 368 3.55 481 1-73 9-45 10-50 6-97 6-70 5-53 2-93 0-97 0-37 0-70 3-35 3-23 4-37 1-99 10-20 12-10 7-78 7-72 6-19 3-38 1-12 0-41 0-81 3-74 3-72 .59- 16 « Sept. 1 to 7 and 21 to 30. • Nov. 1 to 6. ' .May 40— FALt3 CREEK— near mouth Drainage area. 89 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locatiort-^e^T mouth of PalU creek, tributary of Ecstall river, IS miles above its confluence with the Skeena. Records available— Mat. 1, 1912, to Feb. 28, 1913. Drainage area-&9 sq. miles from triangulation survey. The drainage area includes 12 fair- sized glaciers, and numerous snowfields. STREAM FLOW D A T A-B. C. TABLES „; careful study of the powerVssibllitres of ?alUc^^^^^ ""' ^"<^ '"'^ ™'^« •'' future development for power supply to Prince R^peTt "'"' ""' ' ^''" ^ "^«' MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Mar. 1912. April " . M.y •• . June " . July " Aug. '• 8gpt. " , UiifhBrg.. in HfTOn.l-tcnt I Mean I. -.3 44! 90o 032 1.0*0 822 1,349 Per 8q. mile 1-74 4-9fl 10' 18 10- 4S 11-70 0-24 IS- IS Hun-off depth in inoli-fl on drainage area 2-01 5 -.'13 11-72 11-70 l;l-47 10' M Ifi'9.i Oct. 1912 Nov. •• Dee. " Jan. 1913..'. Feb. " Year, Mar. iflii to Feb., 1913 4l-Fim)LAY CREEK-15 mile, fr. u Drainage area, 320 square mile* , 'DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATTnv '"i:r^u'::r4r- - ^'-'"^ -- ^' -rfs^s^s fro™ ^outn and . „... 2S:Z'!?t;;'sS™^mf;;,:^;* = 'r^ • - °- ^•. ^'>5. station discontinue!. Survey and the Provinci:! wrtrkthtsVranr ""°" '""'^" ''' ^^ ^^ "^^—^-^ ^-.^Vertical staff gauge, near Mason's cabin, about XH mi-es below measuring section: read ^tZ'r^""''^ '"^''^ """^ ^^°'' ^^''°" : "°t liable to shift. W^IZ^X^T""''^"" ■""'^^ '™™ '""^ highway bridge. Winter /oui— Winters severe; frazil ice /l«»ro<:y-D. probably within 20 per cent C^^ro^-Up to the present this creek has been used for lumbering and placer mining. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS D*t« 1913 Oct. 24 1914 April 13 June 18 Date Aug. 1 Sept. 23 Oct. 20 191S Sept. 2S Area of ■ection Sq./ut 184 107 105 89 .Mean velocity Fl. per Mc 5-77 2-90 3-11 3-17 Qu ugu height Feet 2-70 100 0-90 0-90 Diachargs MONTHLY SUMMARIES Sec.-fett 1,000 314 337 283 Period... 3,980 ' Partly eatimated. i I 'i I \ I IJ 1 f it i li IJJ s» COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 4^— FRASER RIVER— at Chilliwack* Drainage area, 88,300 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — On front wharf at Chilliwack. Records available— Ga.\ige heights only, Feb., 1906, to Dec., 1915. Co-operationr— These records were taken by the Department of Public Works, Canada, New Westminster office. Gauge— St&B gauge ; read about 10 a.m. daily, with occasional exceptions on Sundays. It is believed that there has been no change in zero elevation since gauge records have been kept. Due to silt, however, it is not possible to read the gauge at extreme low stages. Datum— Zero is 21-96 ft. below deck of wharf and 22-56 ft. above Sandheads lero.f Bench marks— Concrete pillar at S.W. comer of shed, close to side, iron pipe in centre. Elevation 41-82 feet in reference to Sandheads zero and 19-26 feet above gauge zero Discharge meoiurements — None have yet been made at this station. Remarks — Subject to tidal influence to small extent, about a maximum of 6 inches at low water in winter. DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1906 TO 1915 ' . 1900 D>t« 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1?: 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 30. 21. 22. 23., 24.. 25.. 26.. 27.. 38.. 29.. 30.. 31.. Ju. Feb. Mv. April 3 9 4 3 M>y 7 6 7 9 8 8 3 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 3 10 June 11 9 11 10 6 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 July Aus. 9 9 9 3 8 9 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 9 6 9 6 3 6 3 Sept. 9 6 9 7 3 8 9 9 6 10 6 10 3 10 6 10 6 10 6 9 9 8 9 8 8 6 8 a 8 3 7 9 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 Oct. 8 8 3 8 7 8 7 3 9 9 8 6 8 3 7 9 7 6 Nov. 7 3 7 6 g 6 e 6 9 6 6 6 6 6 9 8 9 9 8 3 Dee. 6 3 3 3 3 3 6 9 3 3 9 O 9 3 2 9 3 3 6 1 As will be observed from the tmbles. the Chilliwack tecords are given to the nearest 3 inches on the cause from 1906 to June, 1912, and subsequently to the nearest inch. * Gauge height records in connection with navigation requirements have been made by the Department of Public Works, Canada, on the Fraser river at Mission and Sumas as follows : Missio.v — Location — Pier of C.P.Ry. bridge. Records available — Months of May, June and July, 1895, to date. Gauge — Board. Datum — Zero elevation is 9-23 ft. above Sandheads zero.f Bench marks — Base of rail, C.P.Ry. Mission bridge, 44 ft. above Sandheads zero. Remarks — Subject to tidal influence to the extent of 3 ft. in winter. Si' MAS — Location — At mouth of small slough near Miller landing. Records available — 1892 to date; gauge does not read belcw 13-14 ft ; extreme low water is about 12 ft. Gauge — Automatic ; installed in 1892. Drtum — Zero elevation is same as Sandheads.f Bench marks— Concrete B.M. erected near gauge. Elevation 38-95 ft. Remarks — Subject to tidal influence ; the daily range varies from lero at high water with neap tides to about 2 ft. at low water with spring tides. t Sandheads zero is the extreme low water in the gulf of Georgia as indicated by the zero of the tide gauge at Garry point. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 359 DAILY GAUGE HEIGHT OF FHASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK 1907 WHARF. 1906 TO 1915--Con/.>,«d • Water level .llected by ice jaou from Jan. i ! Ill 3 3- I f 8 to near end of month. 1908 Date Jan. Feb. 1 2 1 6 1 a 1 fi I 6 1 B 1 9 1 9 1 1 Dry» 1 1 ! 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 1 g 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 6 1 6 1 6 I 6 1 a 1 A 10 11.. 12 13... U 13 16 17... 18 .. 19... . 20 :' 21 2J 2.1 ■ 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2i 25 '■in... 27.... 2S 29 30 " 31 Mar. 1 April 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 H 3 3 3 3 May 3 9 3 8 C 3 6 9 3 9 (i 12 a 12 (I 12 6 12 9 13 13 3 13 6 13 13 Q I I 13 June 13 13 13 I) 12 '< 6 10 6 10 3 10 11 A 11 o 12 11 9 12 3 11 A 12 A 11 II 12 9 10 9 13 3 10 A 13 A 10 6 10 9 11 11 6 II 11 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 II II II 9 9 9 6 3 3 !0 9 10 A 10 6 10 6 10 3 10 9 9 9 6 • Dry at fauce, doea not record aitrame low water. Aui. 9 3 9 Sept. 5 5 S 8 S 5 S S 6 5 S 5 5 4 4 4 6 3 9 3 e 3 6 3 6 3 9 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Oct. 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 S 6 5 5 S 5 5 S 5 6 6 7 7 7 6 8 3 Nov. 4 9 •I 3 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 6 3 6 Dec. 3 6 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 A 3 6 3 9 7 3 S S 4 9 4 3 B 3 A 3 3 2 9 2 « 2 9 3. 4 4 3 3 9 3 9 3 « 3 6 » A 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 » 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 J. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 361 DAILY OAOOE HEIGHT OF FRA8ER RIVER AT CH.LL.WACK WHARF. 1«» TO .„5^«m„«. 1911 ' Diy M ■»««, dow not record aztrem* low water, 1912 Data 1... 2 3 4 5 A 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 1« 17... 18 19 20 21 22 13 24 2J 26 27 28 29 30 ... »l Jan. Dry Feb Mar. Dry April Dry 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 May 4 6 S A , 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 II 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 3 12 6 12 9 12 9 13 June 13 12 6 11 9 July Auc. II II 11 10 9 10 9 10 6 10 3 10 3 12 8 12 11 11 10 11 10 9 13 3 13 3 .1 13 3 U 3 II 9 13 3 9 8 11 8 10 8 9 8 10 9 Sept. 10 3 10 5 10 3 10 9 II 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 10 8 9 7 7 7 1 A 10 6 7 A 4 2 A 5 lu S 7 Oct. 4 11 4 9 Nor. Deo. Dry Dry 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 A P!" 3 3 3 A Pry I i; I I: I J f \'- l. h Wk ; ■■18 E !■;! B i: '4 M u M] COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DAILY OAIGE HEIGHT OF FRASER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WHARF, 1908 TO I»15-C««««I 1013 Dmte 1. 3. 3 4. S. «. 7. 8., 9.. 10.. 11 . 13.. 13.. 14.. 11.. 16.. 17.. 18.. 19.. 30.. 31.. 23.. 33.. 34.. 3S.. 38.. 37.. 38.. 39.. 30.. 31.. Jan. Drjr 1 F.h. Drv Mar Dry April Dry . May 3 6 4 3 4 10 5 6 S 9 5 10 6 S June 15 6 1.1 A 10 n 10 II U 3 ■2 9 13 lA 16 7 17 17 lA II 16 8 4 9 4 2 7 1 4 4 16 16 IS IS 15 15 16 16 lA 16 2 July 15 10 15 8 15 6 15 3 15 2 14 14 14 13 l.'< 13 13 l:i 12 12 12 2 11 II II 8 11 7 11 9 11 9 11 II 12 2 12 5 12 9 13 O 12 10 12 9 12 8 12 3 11 9 Auc. 11 5 11 1 10 10 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 1(1 10 10 10 1(1 11 .S«pl 8 1 9 9 10 9 5 4 5 9 5 9 4 9 9 O 9 9 8 II 8 in J 7 II 7 II 7 II 7 6 7 A ID 6 10 6 Oct. 1 Gau^ dry at 3" 6" 1914 Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21. 22. 23. 24 25. 2U. 27. 28. 29. 30 31. Jan. 3 3 3 Dry Feb. Dry Mar. 3 3 2 9 3 6 Dry April Dry 2 6 2 9 3 3 3 4 4 9 5 9 6 6 6 6 6 May 9 9 9 6 9 6 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 11 3 11 9 12 3 12 6 12 11 12 9 12 9 12 7 12 5 12 6 12 8 12 9 13 June 12 3 12 6 12 11 12 9 12 A 12 6 12 8 12 11 13 1 13 3 13 9 14 4 14 9 July Aur. 13 4 13 7 13 11 14 1 14 6 14 3 13 6 13 A 13 A 13 A 13 6 13 A 13 13 » 13 H 13 5 13 3 13 3 13 3 12 6 12 II 12 6 12 3 11 11 11 8 II 3 i 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 lu 6 A A 5 6 3 r, 2 Sept. 6 5 9 4 II 4 9 4 8 4 6 4 5 4 5 4 S 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Oct. 4 3 4 4 3 9 3 A 3 6 3 A 3 A 3 A 3 3 3 3 3 .1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 3 A 3 A 3 3 •t 3 .-1 A 3 9 4 4 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 Nov. U 3 A 3 6 5 10 5 6 5 3 5 3 5 3 4 9 4 3 9 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 g 9 3 3 3 9 3 A 3 6 Dec. D^ ' Dec. Dry STREAM PLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES DAILY QACGE HEIGHT Or r»A8ER RIVER AT CHILLIWACK WH 1«15 36} Altr. ISM TO mi-C4HUn>ud ! { ] i i i = 1 1 Year 1878 iiisi 1S93 1806 1897 1898 1N99 1000 1801 1902 1003 1004 1905 1900 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1013 1014 191£ • Ci.ui» dry below 2" S". i O.u,, Ury below r 3' HIGH WATER ON THE FRASER RIVER M.«muin ««u«e heighu re«,rd«d mt Mirton. ChilUw.ck and Hope • I Munon brids* Date June 20 • • ■.. ,;,• ....... .^. ■■ 13 July 9 Ma) 24 June IH July 13 June J7 ■• 3 July 7 June 18 July U June 12 July 13 June 4 •• 13 " 17 •' 18 " 19 " 26 ■■ 16 •' 21 July 16 Oaufu I Above height Sandheadi recorded 22 23 io' 25 10 21 18 18 19 21 19 17 i2 18 16 13 17 20 18 15 6 19 1 15 U 18 10 17 2 11 8 lero t 32 33 i as" 6 28 II 31 27 27 28 30 28 28 31 27 25 22 9 26 11 29 3 Chilliwack wharf Date Uauge heisht recorded 27 24 28 25 28 26 20 9 Above Saodbeads aero f July 10-15 June 3- 5 ' 14-15 ' 16-17 ' 16 ' 18-20 ' 25 ' 14-15 •• 20-21 July 15 Hope Date Gauge hfight rtfcorjed Feet 12 15 17 15 14 17 14 17 15 11 6 35 1 9 38 4 9 40 4 6 38 1 36 7 3 39 10 9 37 4 U 39 7 3 37 10 7 34 2 Discharge at Hope Stc.-fi June 24-25 ' 14-lS ' 20 14 23-2 30-2 27-2 22-3 262,000 362.000 302,11 )<) 201,700 The :.JS^".?'3'oS iI?^rth;'^''c*,°Sy^d'l^re?S''.SX':'"'''''''""* "^ "" '>'P^- °"t°tPabUeWo,ka.Ca.»d; ■ero of the tide gauce mt Garr^^Jr^ ""' " '^ "*"'°"' '"" "'-' '» "-e riU of Georra, a. indicated by the ..fet^^'o^T.?'' 1*^^ rLtTf?r?beT;>'^a"?'^a?trr'jJ^M"t"iij^^^ bridge during the 4.ye, nod, 1894 to I90:i. U 20' 4"; ume for 22-vear i^r?™! l wA . im - ■ *L9^,'.'"'f''' " '" » : »•'»« f'>r m *Kr« of. the .Fra«.r river r^heli duri^^ h^U^' l',f„! ". \?}±'i}? ^ " ""1 'hu. be ««n th. I V the period, mum j«a«M of the Fra^jr river reached diriii Lhe"u«' loTr I'i 'v''.«i;'hA?. " " "'" """ ^ •^■' ""' «he Woxil stage* reached during the preceding decade. *^ "" *"*'• '"' »" ""»*i u" latcr DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS D«t« 1912 Mar. S June 6 .. 2g Sept. 24 Sept. 26 1913 June 21 Atnol ■ection 14.405 19,835 26,300 12,500 17,200 27,100 Me«n velocity ft. per tec. 1-3 6-8 8-5 &-9 40 10-2 G«i Gauge hei«Et 100 21-0 24-5 140 14-7 26-0 DiKhvge 18,3001 147.000 22.^oao> 73,400 > 70,000' 278,000* Date Area of iertion 1914 July 10 Au(. 28 Oct. a 1015 Mar. 31 July 2 Oet. 31 Dec. 17 25,300 18.200 ISUiUO 10,800 i4A90 20,000 l-VMO MelD velocity n. prr M, 10-3 6-2 4-4 2-1 8-1 4 S 1- 8«:Uon.t,au„. • Me.»r«l a, YaU. • 8«:tion above gauge. • Float .neaauremeot MONTHLY SUMMARIES Gauge beigSt Fm 240 IS-g U-5 12-2 21-8 l.'.-B n-2 Di^'hikTijt' lirr-f,H a.14.(KX) « 101 .000 • r.'.Hoo • 35,200* ii)«,aou> »4,100* 26..VX) • » Kettle Valley bridge. Diacharge in aeeond-feet Month Mai. Min. Mean Per •quart mile Hun-olT depth in incneaon drainage area April. . . May. . . Juiw. .. July... Aug.... Sept.... Oet Nov.... Dec... Period.. Alonth Diacharge in second-feet Max. Min. Mean Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar.. , . April. . . »fay. . . June. . . July... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct Nov Dec.... KM Year. , 24,600 42,700 26.900 68,800 199,000 362,000 286,000 232,000 197,000 87,400 56,400 26,000 362,000 12,700 19,000 18,300 18,300 32,300 208,000 203,000 190,000 89,000 51,200 26,000 26,000 3 18,200 25,000 20,200 34,700 95,300 202,000 220,000 212,000 139,000 62,300 35,700 26,000 12.700 99.117 0-21 0-29 0-24 0-41 Ml 3-41 2-68 2-48 1-63 0-73 0-42 0-30 1-in 0-24 0-30 0-28 0-46 1-28 3-81 3-09 2-86 1-82 0-84 0-47 0-35 15-80 .Mar... April . Nfay . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. .. Nov... Dec... Period. 20,40 I. 58.2(111 ItW.lHW 40,.'ino 23.aoo 14.100 I 14.100 I 7B.JI.-W n. ~~ ■: drainage area. M.QQQ aq„afe mil«* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGIXG STATIO.V ^'^""^ aw./aifc-F^b. 20. 1912. to Dec. 31. 19J4 P^" nver. Or,..n.,e ar.a-Abo., gauging station. 63.000 «,uare mile. : above mouth 90 OOO C.«,^ -Ga.,ge painted on rock, and read daily ' '"'"' "■'*•• """"gTrar"^"'^-^^" -•'- '-"> ^^^ ^-. but should b. accurate e.ept .. e«.e.e Win/w/toa^—Open flow throughout tl.*. >• - r ^««rofj^-Conditionsforea.it;.. -a-linps : discharges of 10,000 = c iV.-t , i i sec.-feet, the gauge-heit" ii-- •- ,■;.• ■ : nver, the exact effecic' • h ■::. has been made in the • ». .. .-n o low water of Januarv', .,b.,i ..r, - ■ The rating cur\-p jsed for I'ur -^ -■ charges as here published are ^ r '^- The rating cun-e is fairly well define, i Ijetween ■' s.jc..feet Above a discharge of ,ax>ut 70000 ••IS affectel by back-water from the Thompson ••■ .iet«wined. Below 10.000 ^<>c..feet a revisirm a. .>on chiefly affects discharge estimates for the ' ' ms. and is embodied in the summaries below ' --.- 1-^ ■ 1913 and 19!4 estimates, an.l the 1912 dis- the accurao- of the data given L.,v, o- Z^f'l "' T ^l'"^"" ''^'''- "'^"'^"">- ^I^'^'"« DI.9CHARGE MEASUREMENTS • M^.„^u ,„ ,.», „p. ^,„ ^_^ ,^ ,^, ^_ _^ ^^^ ^^^ i: }:! , '■. ' ! I 1 i >a I 11 1 i 366 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION- MONTHLY SUMMARIES I I ii Month Ma> DlKharice in ■«rond-fect | Hun-o(I — — 1 depth in Per I inrhen on Min. Mean xiuare drainage mile I area Mar. . April. . \fay . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept.. Oct Nov Dec. . . . Period. ■N'onth Dineharge in aeeond-feet Mai. Min. .Mean square mile I Kun-oS depth in inoneaon I drainage Jan. . . Keb. . Mar. April May. June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oft.. . Nov. . Dec... Year l^i.-MJO 1.1.000 13.S7.-. .W.OOO I4:!..W0 1N2.000 I l.'i..'>00 114.H7.-. (Ht.a.iO ri..joo 47.000 2S..W0 5,000 7,4.tO 9,500 2K..J00 13«,W0 ft9.2.>0 t)2,.'.00 5,1.000 44.0U0 2O..>00 13,000 I 1S2.000 5.000 H.910 9.770 10,510 2t),4.'iO 79.7.iO lfl0.7.TO 123.310 X6.0.>0 7 LOW .■>5..-)00 30,Stt0 20,540 .';fl.s7o 0-14 0- 15 0-17 0-42 1-27 2-.)5 l-9fl 1-37 1-13 O'SN 0-4H 0-33 0-90 Olti 0-l« 019 0-47 1-47 2-S4 2-2« l'.5H 1-26 1-01 O-.iS 0-38 12- .13 .Mar. April. . Nlay . . June. . July . . Aug. . Sept.. Oct.. . Nov.. . Dec. . Periol 1912 12.M0 51,200 I.i9.2.'i0 173.000 1.13,.i00 ft7,000 .Vi.SOO 51,200 2.-i,.'>00 21.000 173.000 9,.'i00 lO.NOO 51.300 S0.700 «S..'>00 ti2..''i00 32.K00 25,.'>00 13,HU0 12,tt00 ia,.itio 3O,7H0 9»,.i00 122.200 KM.920 7».780 44.B10 3«.9:J0 21.800 14,950 .54.R70 0-l« 0-49 l-5« 1-94 1-41 1-25 0-71 O-.W 0-34 0-24 0S7 0-19 0-.55 1N2 2-18 l-n2 1-44 0-79 0-flS 0-38 0-28 9-77 ' For perio 1 April 1 to 4. (iauge reader waa drowneJ wa» secured. • Partly estimated. aauroancj Jail- . . K.-b. . . Mar. April 1. Nlay > June . July.. Aug.. . .Sept.. . Oct.... Nov. . Dec. . . Yenr 23.000 31..-100 2.S..-)(I0 14.7.JO 145..'iOO lilO.400 lli.i.7."i0 113,000 67.300 55,400 3t>.300 35,100 190.400 «..iOO 9..V)0 13.000 I3.(XK) 14.7.i0 lHi.l2-> I19.8U0 (Hi. 100 47.000 32. KM 23.000 l.>,100 9.500 14.840 19.010 18.050 Ii7.<.SO0> KKS.txJO 19.200 Date I9ltii .May 1 June 1 1 " 25 .•ii'til 29 .Area of section Sit. feel I Fro.n ".Misi.-llani'ouB .Meter .Measurements," IV. H. Paper Su. il, p. l;u. MONTHLY SUMMARIl's .Mean velocity Ft. fter nee Gauge height Discharge Feel 20 20 21. 05 31 d". HI'OO See -feel ."i3.!KHI 84.1.'iO 215.2(K) 40.4li(l f ki. »■ ■ Measurements frorr latest maps indicate rather less, about 60,6(K) sq. miles. i ! STREAM FLOW D A T A-B. C. TABLES 367 4S-G0AT RIVER-nP«r EricVson Drainage area. 430 square miles* DESCRIPTION- OF OAUGING STATION C»o»»W-At the gauge, permanent ; below measuring station shifting oewraj— uoat nver .Ira.ns a mountainous area, but there are sai.l to !»■ n-> , i • i. ■ glacers. consequently the flow is small tow'a.,s the M^:: Z ^f the summl ""' ""'' " • i DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ' Ice eonditionii M«.„e„..^rT' «. ^ r*^;;^^'' j^fs -1*"™ - 'i-M -".e. .T;^;;r^n;;ii;;;;;;;;r]s^ Month MONTHLY SUMMARIES nii*rhnrKP in Hci'nnfl-fpet -Mil. Mf*an Keb. . . Mar. . April . M«y ■. June. . July.. AUT..., Si-pt... <>tt Nov.. . , 1!IU IVr Htiuare niilp Itun-citt tlppth in inrnpMun (IrainaiTp area Month I>l«rharKf m !«<>rf>ntl-fi>)>i Mai. Min .\tfnn S.TSO ■i.r>M rijso 1.730 2..)I0 4i:i 4INI L'O.-, :isr, 211.-, m.-i .141) 1,'tiO 4»() 3,J00 1,170 2yii 31K 440 M1i 3.2.'i|2 2!t2 432 :«l!) 2.>ti 2.".(1 H.'».'. I.H40 |iiare milrs* DESCRIPTION OF CAUGING STATION • Rev!&etl value based on recent measurements. m lii! 11 I - 368 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION rHscharge measurements— Are made from the bridge. They are considered verj- reliable. Accuracy— The rating curve is good. Accuracy, during high water, C ; during low water B. New rating in 1916. ' General— Gold creek may be considered an irrigation stream ; it lies on the western side of the Intermontane valley. The mean annual precipitation is light and probably does not ex- ceed 20 inches. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of •action Meac velocity Gauaa hei^ DiMharge Date Area of UMtion Mean vaiocHy ^rtkuge wwht Oiacharte 1914 May 17 June 18 July U •■ 28 Sept. 11 1915 April 2.-. .\fay 14 Sq./at 192 112 74 48 30 120 121 Ft.pTMC. 5.9; 3 02 1.6.'. Ill 068 2 .11 2 76 2 35 1 3.'. 7.-, U 37 03 1-22 1 30 Stc.-fttt l.ISO 339 123 33.8 20. 6 .102 33.-) .May 30 Jun.' 14 Auk. 27 1916 July 10 " 28 Sept. 12 Oct. 7 Sq. /eel 108 HK 3^ 14;j 122 107 58 Ft. per etc 2.M 190 092 2.86 1-32 70 i|.ti8 Fmt i » ae U.M 2 4.^. 1 92 1 is 1 40 SK-fut 273 164 34.4 40S 1«2 74 39 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month DiMharge in eecond-feet Kun-off depth in inoheeon drainage area Month Discharge in second-feet Hun-off depth in inolMaor. .Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Max. Min. M 1 """ Mean i square mile May. . . . June. . . . .May June. . July . Auk. 1914 1.2U) .-,(».5 S6S 710 175 392 210 49 107 M 26 IS 2.48 1. 12 031 1) 11 2.*e July ... l-jr, Aui 036 13 April . . .\fBy . . June. . . . July .... Au« Sept Oct 490 397 316 2.% 72 72 42 270 72 72 31 31 262 338 173 126 44 43 075 0.07 049 0-36 013 13 84 1 12 . 55 0-41 015 14 April Nlay Junf .luiy . . . Aug.. . .Sept. . Oct. . Period. 274 .544 1.700 301 198 58 49 1.700 Itilii -'0 100 20 280 274 674 132 277 39 104 20 29 39 40 20 215 0- 29 0-80 1-92 0-79 0-30 0-08 O'll 0-61 0-32 0-'.12 2-14 0-91 0-35 0-09 Period. . 490 31 165 0-«7 » 21 0-13 4'SR 47— GRAWBY RIVER (WORTH FORK KETTLE)— near mouth Drainage area. 050 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — At Grand Forks, near mouth. Records available — June 1, 1914, to Dae. i\, 1915. Gauge — Standard vertical staff gauge, on foot bridge ; read daily. CA.«i« I.IXU) 2,OI2 X70 i.i:iO 120 4.>*> ns SO HO H7 iOO 114 1 100 KM no <* GREEK MVEB-.-,, v.;^ ^^^ • — Drainage area. 180 square mil« DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION G«»,ra/-<;auK.nK stations were e..ablished. in November lyn .. v ■ . „ and, m March, 1914, on tribuUries S.« river arRu^h.rf t ,^"™.'"''' '"'"'^ ^' ^^^^'^ ''^ke. at the falls gives the unregulated flow at the ntake s" e of th < ""'■ ''"'^ ■■''^" "" the other thre. stations show the distributfoL of fh fl 1"""'"'^'' '"^"^ ''^^•eloi -■.'>... i sidering the storage possibilitie!. ""' "°''' ^"'^ ^"" ''^' "^ ™P"rtance >n con- OISCHARGE MEASUREMEN'iS ^^^ «ubii.b«.. .s«ti,n p,„i»b„ .,«^ byi;;^;^!^^ -igh^tL^^r^rnro^S.^'A'; l^T '^'•-"^'^^ -^ ^^° -'- - per second, givin. 1r;|! i 370 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I i I MONTHLY SUMMARIES i ( i i il IN I Month r>u4ctiarK<' tn it<'«M>n'i-fe*t Mu Min. Xean square mile I Kun-i>tf depth in inrhen on drainaiee Jan. . Kft>. . . Mar April . ^lny . Jum* July Aim: . «t.-t , Xov ' Ppfiad. 320 2U3 2U1 1 (13 1 12 Month niachantp in wwynii-fpet Min. Mean ; «ii lire .lip Kun-i>ir •ienth in incnenun drainaKe j'.rea 67 Jan Feb Mar April .\f»y June July Au(( Sept-. o« . Nov. Dec. . Year U7U 3.5U 1.H20 H,02() 4,a.'>0 4.1(10 <) 2.4.V) 970 4.10 3M 320 22(1 3lil 2.i() 770 2,170 2,4IU 3.240 4.120 3,7«0 i.SKtt 1,100 3l>2 2 (H I .W 4 2» 12 O-i 13 40 l<« ipO 22 (H) 2w 1(1 >. TN <4 11 .1 27 2 01 2-32 I 43 4 93 13 4.'> 1.1 4.-. 20 OK 2S 40 24 10 M SO 7 (« 3 ti,-. 2 32 i»n. . Feb. .\iar. April Nfaj • Juih- July Ann Sept.' On. . . Nov. Dec.:. 2«i t l.'U) *Hl .i»a. . )■»*.. Mmr . April . .Nfay June. July Au(j . .Sept . . Oi-t.. , .Niiv.. Dec. Year. IHIt 2 ill 1 .-.3 1 7(1 IIW »4 lis !<3l> I 114 r, Xi 1.S43 10 2.) U 44 l.x>4 10 37 UO.i 3,702 20 :>s 22 . 97 4.S10 2(1 70 30 78 2.!I4II 1(1 .34 LS.M i.n7« 11 ()0 6 14 2.«(MS 1(1 49 19. 02 1..->2H N 49 9 47 (147 3 39 4-13 l.'>7.i 10 97 142.81 32(1 3.0MI 3.:n<»rtly estiuiatod ' For period Sept. 1 to 15. 130 130 470 710 2.07 1.090 1,320 2,490 4,440 4,()S0 3,230 1,490 702 30(1 lOl 1,700 1-33 1-33 4-21 4-54 (i-oi; (i-99 7-34 8-19 13-90 lo-oo 24-70 27-tlO 22-70 2(1-20 is- 00 20-80 8-28 9-M 3-90 4-,iU 1-70 1-90 1-10 1-27 9-44 128- 76 <» -aLECILLEWAET RIVER -near Revelstoke Drainage area, 480 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — 1 mile f~Hn the mouth o{ the river. Records Ofai/oAie— iVt. to Dec., 1911 ; May to Dec.. 1912 : April to Nov., 1913 ; Mar 1 to Dec 7, 1914 ; Mar. t to Dec. 23, 191S : .Mar. 2? to Dec. 31, 1916. Cdttg*— Chain gauge on upstream side of second highway bridge ; read daily. CAonnW— Measuring section is .W mile below gauge, current at gauge section is verv fast in high water, and, .u the measuring section, there is a possibility of backwater from the Columbia during highwater. The control changed in 1916. Diversions— Discharge is partaally controlled by the dam and power plant of the city of Revel- stoke. Disckarte measurements— Ave made fmm the first traffic bridge H'«n0 (1-90 5-UO 4-40 3-82 30U 3-00 C-11 See. -feet 670 197 6.010 7,510 4. KM) 2.320 1.7.")0 1.080 1. 110' .";.03()> (l.O.MI 2.220 < Date 1913 \ov. 22 1914 .Mar 17 May 18 Juno 9 • 2(1 July 23 Aug. 1 1 ■• II Sept i : Oet. 9 " M Oct. 2rt .Area of section Sq. feet 431 290 704 tmi 820 703 33U (138 306 082 3(H 482 (2.-. Mean velocity Ciauge height Ft. per ae 1-41 1-(V4 5-21 5-25 6-33 4-63 3-71 3-87 3 -,17 3-04 Z-.-iO 2-16 2-49 Ferl 2-33 Dischargi- 4-80 4-70 5- 70 4 -.50 3-7.-) 3.24 3-;m» 2-38 .'-40 I 'I.-, Sec.-fvit 007 478 3.(17" 3.4.1" ,5.190 3,.M0 2.0(10 > 2„")(»l « l.MJO' 2.080 • 910 1,040 < 8IK' Note— .-^ line 14, p. 371, for ii> (cs. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 371 DiK-harie Date Sec-/,n 7>» • loin 71 N Mny -.m ■■ :«) *5< 3.150 July 17 Auk. II 1.440 IH 4*1 ■•*«-pt. 4 Nov. 14 444- 1 M ONTHL Y SUMMARIES 4.f'()| Nov. 13 tu 28, ' Dec. 1 to 2.V . June 1!) t,, Id ' \ ' ' .•'."^'^'.."""''"■'".v the KaUKc hiM>l,t^ i^K.! ' .'^ft'on was si EA T«rMA.. . .'■-rocOlMPPLE DX imTO-,„,„ „ Wrf. a™,/„«.-.May ,„ Dec. 10,4 : Anr, to Dec VHS • is_m^ very reliable. '^ "''"^"'^ ' «'"^«'-- ^-"'""KS are daily hut the ,a„Ke I i 1 1. •It! Ill y: if: I 111 372 COMMISSION OF COXSERVATION General— This river flowi through heavily timbered mountainous country. There are numerous glaciers and extensive snowfields. The river is not navigable but is suitable (or logging operations. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS DaU Area of nction Mma velocity Gauce heiiht Diieharce Date Areao( ■ection Mean velocity Gaun heiiht DiMharge St./ut Ft. rn Mc. r-t Sk.-J-L Sg./eM Ft. per •«£. F-l St.-t-t 1913 Sept. 4 732 401 4-13 3,020 May 8 63.5 2-80 2-28 1,800 Oct. 27 564 1-65 2-8 935 •• 28 1,130 7-63 4-90 8,832 .Nov. 20 490 1-57 2- a 768 July 8 906 6- 16 S-50 5,932 1915 ■• 18 l.OM S-82 5-02 6.130 Mar. 19 4 5 0-93 Ice 415 Au«. 11 1,097 5-. 19 5- 60 5,940 May 16 620 3-49 3' 90 2,1601 Sept. l!i 830 4-91 4-87 4,0X0 8ept. 13 554 1-66 2 '83 920 Nov. 21 526 1-13 2-40 597 Oct. 26 553 2-24 3-30 1,240 1914 1916 > May 21 June 19 " 27 763 4-46 4-8 3.410 June 2 4-45 2.660 973 5*41 6*1 5,360 Au(. 14 4-85 3,880 902 6-11 5-6 5,520 Sept. 2 5-95 4,590 Nov. 4 2-68 622 I From "MiaoeUaoMKU Meter Meaiuremeota," W. R. Pavtr No. tl. p. 352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Diiohargein ■eoond-feet Kun-oS depth in inonee on Month Diacharcte in ■econd-feet Hun-off depth in inches on Month Per Per Mai. .Min. Mean square mile drainage area Max. Min. .Mean square mile drainage area* 1914 Ull.i April.... May.. .. April... \fay... 3.290 748 1,950 4-24 4-73 4,710 2,470 3,480 7-56 S-72 5,290 2.390 3.270 7-11 8-20 7,.')60 .1,100 3,040 10-95 12-23 June... S.IMIO 2,470 3.730 8-11 9-05 July... !I,6.'U) 3,030 5,840 12-70 14-63 July... 6.1.V) 3.730 .'S.UIO 10-90 12-56 Aui..... 5,340 2,260 3,470 7-.M 8-U9 Aug.. . . 6,950 4.000 i.MO 11-60 13-37 Sept 2,9fiO 1,090 1,890 4-10 4-57 Sept. . . 3,380 972 1,640 3-57 3-98 Oct 2,260 890 1,360 2-96 3-41 Oct 2.240 670 1,130 2-50 2-SS Nov 1,740 790 l.OfiO 2-30 2-57 Nov.... 1,460 596 797 1-73 1-93 Dec 690 400 0-87 100 Dec. . . . 590 310 453 0-99 1-14 Period. . . 8,630 2.818 6-13 55-82 Period. . 6.9.'S0 310 2..W4 .I- 64 57- R4 51— JONES CREEK— at outlet of lake Drainage area, 2.'' square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At outlet of Jones lake, in see. 28, tp. 3, rge. 27, W. 6th mer. Records available— April, 1910, to Dec., 1916. Co-ofera/to»— Records on this stream are collected for the Vancouver Power Co. by Messrs. Anderson and Warden, civil engineers; Vancouver. Drainage area — 25 sq. miles ; determined by triangulation survey by Anderson and Warden. Gauge — Vertical staff, fastened to rock-fiUed crib ; read daily. A Gurley automatic gauge was installed Nov., 1916, at same section and to same datum. Channel — Uniform section, with deep water and good control. Disclmrge measurements— WeU define the rating curve. Winter flow — Open water practically all year. Accuracy — A and B. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge Sq. fttt Ft. ptr ue. Fetl Ste.-/ett a« /ffl Ft. per ntc. Fett Hec-Ztel 1911 Sept. 11 131 1-3 1-24 175 Nov. 3 96 0-5 0-50 52 1914 1912 July 33 12S 1-3 1-22 164 Sept. 18 1(M 0-8 0-85 87 1915 1913 April 23 119 I-IO 1-02 127 July 21 ISO 2-3 2-00 411 lUKl Julv 14 1R2 i-nn I-HO 309 April.. .May.. June. , July.., Au<. . . , 8«pt... Oct Nov..., Dec.... Period. , Jill. . . Feb... .Mar. . April. Nfay.. June.. July.. Aug. . . i5 85 1.-.2 6-07 200 120 159 6-.X5 190 120 1.50 6-00 140 100 113 4 -.52 92 .W 66 2-64 .W5 .50 1.57 6-28 375 85 1.34 5 -.16 227 70 116 4-64 565 45 116 4-B4 2-44 1-92 3-27 S-04 7-0(1 7-08 6-92 5-21 2-95 7-24 5-97 5-35 61 -.TO Vonr Year, Jan,. Feb, , Mar,. April. >lay. June, July AuK , .«!ept, , f)ct. , Nov, . Dec , , 4U1 745 419 320 191 KX) 456 619 179 745 2U5 190 74 70 320 380 245 320 130 120 320 180 380 Jan,, . , 680 60 Feb, . , 70 45 Mar. , , IK) 65 .April , . , May.. 280 280 85 140 June. . , 310 1.50 July.. 295 120 Aug,.., 140 90 fiept, . . , 190 Oct. , . , 165 70 Nov, . . . 325 140 Dec,.. 150 5b So 39(1 530 227 375 (i6(l 425 270 165 215 495 120 fi 55 63 .(> 1<.I6 170 277 1.55 211 120 179 60 91 .■).j 80 vo 1.56 70 96 3- 40 5 -.56 2-24 2-52 7-,M 11 -(8 8-44 7-16 3-64 3-20 6-24 3-84 5-40 3-91 5-98 2-5» 2-SI 9(M 12-37 9-73 8-25 4-05 3-68 6-95 4-43 73-77 1914 173 57 109 158 223 221 213 119 114 96 215 73 148 6-92 2-28 4-36 6-32 8-92 8-84 8 -.52 4-76 4 -.56 3-84 8-60 2-92 5-92 7-98 2 -.17 5-03 7-05 10-28 9-86 9-82 5-49 5-09 4-43 9-60 3-37 SO- .17 1916 50 .59 2-36 2-72 47 137 5-48 5-91 92 207 8-28 9-55 120 157 6-28 7-01 190 263 10-50 12-10 255 4ai 16- 10 1800 255 357 14 -.10 16-50 130 2IIJ 8-08 n-32 .50 100 2.12 4 -.12 3-08 9-28 4-82 3-55 10-40 84 3-30 3-87 47 190 7-62 103-75 .1 \ t ■ \ SWORDANRIVER-near mouth n • ■ ■ — I irainage area, 60 sgii .irp miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Inatwn—WaXUvWe. above month. ;lan Rwer development of the British Columbia Electric Raihv.iv Co ' ^ """^IZ^S^^^^T^' '- --^-^ '-- — ^^ -PP«ed .y the British 374 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES ■ I Month Uiftcharge in aecond-fcct Mu. Min. Per Meftn sqiwre mile Kun^if depth in inrhesun drainage area Jan. . . Feb... Mar. . April. May . June. . July . , Auit. . Sept.. <>ct,. . Nov.. Dec.' Perio*!. , 4.«tO ItiO K9tt 14-94 7.<)00 UK) 770 12-83 7,70(1 200 I,29S 21-M 4,:«I0 :iou 722 12-o:i 1.000 250 417 «■»,) 2S0 l(W iy» 3-20 220 10 M 0-KM 70 10 17 0-2S IHO 2.> 47 0-7>t 1,990 23 277 4-«2 11,900 130 1,729 28-82 u.noo 10 ,W3 »-72 17-20 13- M 24- H8 13-43 8-00 S-.W 1-01 0-32 0-87 S-31 32-15 120-.W Jan. . . Feb. , Mar April . Nlay . June. . July. . Auk ., Sept-. . tVt. . . Nov.. Dee.. Year 7,210 ■f 919 13. <2 fi.sno ino 7.i3 12-.V. 19-7.-. 1,740 370 (V,7 10-95 1,010 320 ,SSH 9-80 34.1 1)0 193 3-22 llfl 2tl .53 0-88 4H 13 20 o-,^3 02 1 1(1 0-27 (1,348 129 1.028 17- 13 10..W0 320 1,BS7 28-12 0,010 320 1,329 22-15 10..i.W 1 702 11-70 ii-(m 13- on 22-77 12-22 11-30 3-50 1-01 0-:)8 0-.30 19-75 31-37 23-33 1.18-04 Month Uiachane in iccond-feet Mai. Min. Her Mean Miuare mile Hun-olt depth in inunea on drainace area Jan. . . Feb.. Mar. . April. May June. July. AuK.. Sept. Oct. . Nov. . Dec. Year. 7,040 125 1.;M)I 21-«8 7,320 195 1.032 17-20 2.5«5 330 525 8-73 3.010 330 626 10-43 1.110 330 S5;( 2-25 33-00 27-95 'Gauge washed out, no records available. S3— KASLO CREEK— near mouth Drainage area, 170 square mile DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — At the second highway bridge above the mouth in Kaslo, Kootenay lake. R 1915 1.57 2-83 1.52 444 Mar. 3 82 1-J.' I)' to 101 Sept. 3 i.-.;t 2-80 i • 52 41'^ May 10 2)16 «- 37 2-8(1 1.750 ■ 22 11!) 2-02 1-10 211 Julv 25 l'.)2 4-(ll 2-11.) 770 Dee. 1 103 l-:'7 0-,56 141 lii Mooth June. . July.. Aug... Sept.. Oct. . . Nov. . . Dec... Year. Jan.! Feb.>. . Mar. . April. May.. June. . July.. Aug .. Sept. . . Oct. . . Nov... Dec... STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY SUMNLARIES 375 DiacharKe in aecond-reet M». U.S 20H 1,2H0 l.«10 i,79n HIM 3H3 4in 205 i.nio Min. Mean 1013 94 77 H-J 247 946 1,020 7.')6 427 220 190 1.57 138 77" IIU 90 1)10 B4.5 1.270 i.aoo 1,110 ,57n 2H.5 2ni 2.11 157 .in o«.-i 0- 7.-, o-.w 0- 5.5 0-94 1-OS 3-79 4-23 7-47 K'lil 7lW 8 -.52 6-,M 7-53 3 41 3-93 l-tl8 1-.S7 1 • 5,') 1-79 l-3n l-,52 0-92 1-06 41-44 June. . , 4.tl>0 1,420 1 July. . 3,040 7IM) Aug.. . . 880 3.5.5 Sept... U84 24.5 <>et.. . . 39.5 220 Nov. . . . 458 182 Dec.'.. . 192 115 Periml 4,160 115 2,.I!N) 1,7.50 495 375 289 291 l;u 818 I40li 10-29 2-91 2-20 1-70 1-71 0-78 4-82 1911) Jan. . . Feb. . . .Mar . . April . . .May . June. . July.. Aug. . . -■'ept. . . Oct.. . Nov. . . Dec. . . Period, 2,88 905 1,9.30 H,790 3.7I>0 9.50 .500 225 2I« 140 fi.790 ' ParUy eitimated, ' Ice conditions obtained Jan. 23 to Feb. 8 i 15- 70 11-80 ■l-M 2-4H l-Wl 1-91 0-90 13-35 IIH 100 0- 98 1- i3 210 437 2 .57 2-H7 7(K) l,12f) li-.59 7- (10 1.50 2,940 17 -.Ml l9-;«) 820 l,9sl) ll-fiO 13-40 382 .5V1 3-44 3-97 I.5(i 124 3ii; IM) l.-H) l-.sti 1-0(1 0-VS 2-07 1-22 0-9S 80 10(1 0-(U ()-74 sn 79N 4-09 .53-28 mean diacfaarge e«tiniated. • Kib. 20. 54-KETTlE RIVER— at Carson Drainage .-irc.i, 2,.W() simarc miles* DESCRIPTION- OF GAUGING STATION Location— At Carson, 4 miles south of Grand Forks ""•"^K ^¥ts ^^Ti^r ^ z::t^ '"'- °^ ''^'^■-- ^^'- ^ -•" ^-- --^ CAa««*/-Straight at measuring section ; bed of stream gravel and san.l ; contr„I g,x.d Discharge measure?nents—Ave made from highway bridge. If't»/.r;?<,a^Partial iee conditions prevail during December, January and Febru .ry Accuracy-U considered goo<], and results should fall within 10 orr cent C«„.ra/--Thi. station gives the discharge of the Kettle river as it flows north across the inter- national boundary before joining the Granby river at Grand Forks, DISCHARGE M):. 'r JKEMT..\TS Date 1914 •May 19 Jun-r 9 July 23 Aug 24 1915 M.ir. 20 Area of section Sg. /«! l,4fM) irini 093 500 B15 Mean velocity Ft. ptr tec 3-37 3- (12 0-!H) 0-39 0-.52 Gauge height Feet 7-45 5- (13 2-50 1-70 l-9(i Dischai,, D.-.u Src.-/eft 7,»4fl ■ 4,200 1 (184 > 221 ' 324 ' June II ' 'Jl« 1 V r. <> 1 J L-K- Aua, Jan. 'l7 .>.;■. of >e tion .Mean velocity Sq- feet 1.022 1.21!i .-48 0-.53 Ciauge height Feet 4-98 1-92 (l-(i, 3- li ' Gauge height to datum new gauge. • New gauge, established Mar. 20, 1'. Discharge Sec-feel 4,300 310 4.7.59 1,001 ■ Ice. • Revised value based on recent measurements. N: iitlj 376 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES |i| Diaahane in Moond-(ect Kun^ depth in incnee on drains^ arpa Month Month Mu. Mia. Mau Her ■qua re mile Mai. 1 Mia. Mau ioa&aaoa dniaaa* an* 1913 1914 Jan. . . . Jan.... Feb.... 555 375 45a 019 6ii Feb ....... |.. ..... Mar .Mar... iC: June. . . July Au». .Sept, Oct.... Nov.... D.<>.. Year' 835 5,575 13.<7n 7,0»0 4«0 345 320 320 414 2,030 5,9SO 3,274 -',3»2 1,003 388 422 460 017 1-23 2-50 l-.f7 100 0-42 016 018 019 0-20 137 2-88 l-.*3 115 0-48 018 21 0-21 .Mar. . . . .April... Nfay... .I'lne. . . July... Auf... Sj.pt... Oct. . . . Nov.... Deo... Period.. 510 3.920 ■J..i40 4,340 1,300 600 420 115 ^60 9,340 200 570 3,330 4.500 1,350 540 400 340 260 ISO ISO 365 1.640 .5,000 5.7.10 3,390 890 480 390 305 200 1,850 015 0-69 2- 13 2-39 1-43 0-37 0-20 016 013 008 0-77 017 0-77 2-4S 267 1-64 0-43 0-23 0-18 014 009 8-77 Period. . 0.5A0 320 1.918 0-80 8-21 ' For period Sept 5 to 30. part of Jan. and Dec, > Jan. 1 to 23. • Dta. 1 to J. • Partly eatimatad. Io« oonditiona durioi Feb. and SS— KETTLE RIVER— near Nicholgon bridge Drainage area, 1.620 square milea* Hi ■■ DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — At Nicholson bridge, near Rock creek. Records available— Mar. 1 to Dec. 11, 1914 ; Feb. 18 to Nov. 30, 191 > ; Mar. 1 to Nov. 13, 1916 Gau[e — Standard vertical staff gauge, situated on pier of highway bridge ; read daily. Channel — Is straight for about SCO feet above and belov. section ; average width, ISO feet ; be.i. gravel and land, considered permanent. Velocity is high end control good. Discharge measurements— Four during 1914, two in 191S, and three in 1916 agree well. Wittier flouf— Ice conditions exist during January and February. Accuracy — Considered high, results should Ko within S per cent, except at extreme high water. General — This station gives the flow of the Kettle river a' 've Midway and above Boundary creek. DISCH.\RGF. MK.'VSUREMENTS Date Area of aeetion Mean velocity GaUff hrillht Diaeharge Data Area of section Maan velocity Gauae heis&t Diaobarge 1914 May 20 June 7 July 19 Alj. 27 litis Mar. 25 Sq/M 1,063 869 320 184 301 Ft. per Me. 5-75 4-8a 2-03 0-78 1-50 tret .5 00 79 36 — < SO J 05 StC.-/Ml 6,104 4,235 668 144 466 June 9 1916 Mar. 17 June 21 Au«. 7 1917 Jan. 14 Sg./m 682 182 955 354 124 n. per we. 4' 16 1 4„ 4-76 3-32 0-81 4-85 1-59 607 3-58 Stc-/tet 2,844 263 4,549 786 100' ■ Under iea cover. • R'.\ ied value based on recent measurements. STREAM PLOW DATA— B. C TABLES 377 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Mi»tli DiMhsrg* in Meond-fnt Kuo-off dMthia incnn on drainage area MoBtb Ouoharge in Meonl-feel Kiin-off depth in inrhei un drainace area Mu. Mia. M«ui Par •guar* tntlfl .Mai. .Min .Mean Per Miuare mile «(»- Apnl... M«y.... JuM July... .Mar Jun« . . . July.. Au«. . . . Sept.... Ot. .Nov. . . , Dm! Pmod« 7;i5 4.7.-K) 9.I.V1 S.0.V1 1,870 264 .VV) 81(2 mo 31HI 9.1.W 20(1 4;l(l 7:M .1.0(17 3.(ilo .VHoo 2,0!I2 4,112 2H.'i >,7.| UO lll.l 120 2.^(1 .120 MJ .I'HI .>S7 .1.12 120 1.7.i.-. 27 \Hf, 3-8>i 2M O-.M 012 oin 0-31 0-36 lOX 0:11 2 ■07 4' 12 2W 062 &?':;. 0- is Not (i:i6 Pviod.. ll-o.-. Mar April.. M»y. . Juno July.... Au« Seft Ort N Inoludaa Dao . 1-6, 1913, aj Ml Dee. 7-31, 1911. .1 i I 57— KICKIITG HORSE RIVER— near mouth Drainage area, 700 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION LteatioH— On old highway bridge, in town of Golden. Records owtfotfe— Opet. seasons, 1912 to 1916, also metering under ice conditions. Ga«je— Vertical staff gauge ; read two or three times daily. **»C»OCOPr RBOWTION TiST CHAIT fANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ APPLIED IN/MGE I ^K 1653 E05l Mom Street Sr^ Rochester, Utm York U609 uSA .^5B (^'^) *82 - 0300 - Phone ^S (^'6) 288 - S989 - Tom 378 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION <:Aa»n«/— Straight for 200 yards above and below the station ; control is a gravel bar about 200 yards downstream from section. At high stages water also flows in side channel. Discharge measurements— Xre made from the bridge, and are considered accurate. Winter flmit— Ice conditions prevail and stream becomes choked with anchor ice ; frazil ice will be found practically up to source. A ccuracy—Thc channel shifts slightly, and new rating cur\'es are plotted from time to time The results should be within 10 per cent. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 8 . Ii Date 1911 Oct. IS 1912 Feb. 22 May 24 June 4 8 •• 24 July 12 •■ 26 8ept. 26 Oct. 1 1913 May 22 July S S Sept. 4 Nov. 29 Area of section Sq. fett 280 1.S5 430 372 5C7 U2S B.M 004 ;iK3 351 431 6.54 6,54 712 277 .Mean velocity Ft. per tee 1-7 0-93 4-3 2-7 4-2 6-4 .5-2 4-7 2-8 26 3-67 .5-60 5-50 0-47 1-40 Gauge height Feet ; 1-72 2-97 4-52 4-52 4-90 1-53 Discharge Date See.-feel 1914 4M Feb.. 28 June 11 172 July 28 1,840 Aug. 6 999 Sept. 11 2,390 • Oct. 14 5,970 ' 1915 3.340 ■ Mar. 2 2,8301 .May 15 1,030' •• 18 930 July 5 " 14 1,540 Oct. 26 3,660 1DI6 3,580 July 13 4,610 Aug. 17 384 •• 21 Nov. 8 Area of flection Sq. /eel 284 644 005 69.' 3!) I 31'.. 308 4.34 423 739 705 282 1,070 090 550 408 Mean velocity Ft. per tee. 0-98 5-51 5-12 5-94 3-30 2' 77 0-50 3-92 3-78 6-97 6-95 1-94 7.47 3- 02 2-89 1-18 Gauge height Feet Ice 4-25 4-10 4-50 2-9 2-32 Ice 3-20 3-05 4-95 5-00 1'89 0-49 4-73 4-12 2-73 Discharge See.-feet 278' 3.,550 3.100 4,110 1.290 912 154 1 1,700 1.600 5.160 5.320 548 7,900 2..500 1.600 483 ' Water Bowing in aide channel. » Not reliable, fraiil ice. « Ice conditions. MONTHLY SUMMARIES 'i i Discharge in second-feet Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Month Discharge in second-feet Kun-ofI depth in inches on drainage arpA Month Mat. Min. Mean Per square mile Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile 1912 May.'.;. April'.. May . . . June. . . July .. Aug Sept.... Oct « 305 2.760 5,870 3.480 0,720 2,190 1,000 180 295 980 2,500 2,250 830 400 224 1,410 3,570 3,080 3,230 1.530 731 0-32 201 5- 10 4-40 401 2-19 1-04 0-26 June. . . . 2-32 July... 5-68 Aug 5' 07 Sept S-30 Oct 2-44 1-20 April •. . May... June .... July... Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1.260 6,320 9„580 5.660 4,760 4,240 1,420 730 030 410 3,300 2,500 2,230 1,420 650 181 836 1.817 2,760 4,020 3.430 2,060 939 493 1-20 2 00 3-94 5-70 4-90 2-94 1-34 0-70 0-71 300 4-40 6-57 5- 05 3-28 1-54 0-78 April... 19 14 .May.. June . . . Jiily... Aug.... Sept. . . . Oct. . . . Nov. . . . Dec*. . . 3,800 8,510 7,910 4,750 2,030 1,520 047 485 i.oto 3.030 3,070 2,100 830 563 185 2,220 .5.140 5,460 3,100 1,480 914 454 24M 3-17 7-34 7-80 4-51 2-11 1-30 0-05 3-06 8-19 8-99 5-20 2-35 1-50 0-72 0*40 1915 1 1916 April. . . . May... June July. . .. Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1,.520 3,750 7,840 6,310 5.490 2,880 891 690 266 1,020 1,950 3,470 3,600 785 400 250 751 2,310 3.590 5,030 4,380 1,410 639 443 107 3-30 5-13 7' 19 0-26 2-01 0-91 0-63 119 3-80 5-72 8-29 7-22 2-24 1-05 0-70 April.. May... June. . . July... Aug. . . . Sept.. . Oct. . . Nov'.. 702 1,900 14.200 8,180 3,000 3,010 1.180 230 6,50 1,780 2,570 1,600 840 540 1,330 4,300 5,050 2,080 1,720 681 460 350 l.SKO Oja 1-90 0-14 7-21 3-83 2-40 0-97 0-07 0-50 2-09 OoH 2-19 6-85 8-31 4-42 2-75 1-12 0-7.5 Period... 7,840 2.50 2,319 3-31 30- 21 Period 14.200 0'58 27-50 'For period April 9 to 30. the discharge dropped to 95 sec. 1912 about middle of November Nov.^Tto^M^iwU^U.fo^^Mrtown''^ """" ""*' '""'^' ''^'»'«« '°e"«"™°» •'«l"'""^U^™'2itioM, 30. In 1911 freeie^up occurred on Nov. 11 ; on Nov. 9, due poMibly to ice jam above, sec. ft. (open condiUons at gauge). Channel opened in 1912 on April 8. > Freeie-up in mber. • For period April 15 to 30. • Partly estimated, i (iauge height-discharge r-la- STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 379 S»-MCKIlfG HORSE RIVER— near Field Drainage area, 130 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGIXG STATION i»cart1 262 M 36 19 19 8.8 12. « 10 2 10 3.-. lis 278 412 321 9.'i 44 26 20 ll.'i 0-25 20 20 70 2.36 a.-.o 8-24 6. 42 1 89 88 or,2 040 Jan. . . Feb. . Mar. .Vpril. ^Uy . June. . July . . ■Aug. .S-pt.. (),t. . Nov. . . Dec. . . Year. . 2. 30 I 31. "il Jrin.' Feb. . Mar... April . Alay. . Juni'. . July . . Aug. . J*<'pt... Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec.' . Period. Discharge in second-feet Mai. Min. 36(1 784 l.V) 60 23 15 24! .'.37 440 367 230 1.38 40 31 .537 787 3X2 307 113 44 >Dm., 12 c.(.s. 1913. parti, eitimated. • No gauge reader avdlable Jan. to June. Mean I'er square mile Itun-iiff depth in inches on drainage arc!i 1912 2.Mi I :uo nr, ;j34 60 I 1(X) 40 I .-.0 6-20 ( «.6S 2. Ill) I 1 00 I 7. 13 7-70 2-23 l.l.i 1914 2:1 23 1.'. 19 1.1 M In 29 90 l.-)3 14.-. .302 230 328 166 236 63 121 40 83. I 31 .32. 8 19 26. 7 1.1 114 46 38 O ,i0 .-.8 3 06 6 04 fi .V) 4 72 2 42 167 66 .53 .i3 40 O.3.-) 0..6.'> 3 .13 6. 74 7. 16 .144 2 70 192 074 061 2 28 31.17 1916 132 70 44 22 471 2.10 160 .16 29 14 163 9. 42 .100 3 20 112 .18 28 10 90 .1 76 3. 17 129 6.1 0.32 3 27 I 22 49 f I Discharge estimated Dec. II to 31, 00— KOKSILAH RIVER— npar month Drainage area. 124 square miles DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION L..a/.o«-2 miles from mouth, upstream side of Esqui.malt and Nanaimo Rv. bridge ; 2 miles south from Duncan. ' * • ' ""ws hecords available— M^y 12, 1914. to Dec. 31. 1916. Co-o/^ra/ioB-Provincial Water Rights Branch installed gauge in 1911. Caug^Fourteen-foot staff on left bank. 600 feet above bridge ; read daily. '"'^'flT! "^ • *"° ''''"""' '" ^°'" ^"''^ '' '='''""^' '''^^^' f°^ JOO fe«t -bove and for JUO teet below section ; good control. Duclu^ne m^suren.nts-On. in 1911 and one in 1913 by Provincial Water Rights Branch ; ^ 8.x .n 1914, three m 1915 and four in 1916 by British Columbia Hydrometric Survev. Winter flow — Open all year. Accur^y-G^, monthly summary given below for 1914 embodies revisions based on later measurements. See Notb page 309. i -■\ 382 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Dalp Area f>f section Mt-an velocity (fauge height Dincharge Date Area of wet ion Mean veliirity (iauge height Discharge I'.Ml !>"(• 14 Sil. feel l.)7 Fl. per Kc. •i Vti Fret 1-.) ' .Sfc.-/e'l 3i»' l!tl.-> Sq. f,tt Ft. per arc Feel Src-ftet iiii:i Mar 23 13-> 2 1 '. 2 43 2fM Jan. 28 192 3 7j 2. OS" 702 Aug. 2N 2« 40 1 (M 10 5» l'.tl4 U><- » 1,210 4 W « .-.o 3.840" May 12 87 13 173 110' liMll July ■> IS in 123 ;h.9' Miir. 27 470 3 HI .j 20 ! .7«0 Aug. 12 !14 2 1 00 14 4 " 28 3114 3 CI 4 28 1.330 14 11 1 1.1 IK 2 N.iv. h 223 3 10 3 30 lidl •■ 2T 12 on 1 00 10 1 Dee. 12 177 2.81 2.84 .■>07 Nov 2.'i 4.-,2 :i fl 4 !I2 1 ,f).'>0 ' .^ot the same datum as aubaequent meoaurerri exits. »580 feet abuve E. A N. Hy. bridne. > N'ew statioi^ establuheii by HyUroiuethc Survey. * DtfTereDt nections u»en(i-fprt Max. Mean ai|uare mile Hun-nh depth in inehetion drainage area May June. July. Aug.. <>rt.. Nov. Dec. Jan. . . Feb. . Mar.. April Niay. , June. , July . Aug.. , Sept.. f )rt. . . Nov. . Dec. . Year. . 1..00 100 .ViO 4 44 .-.'.0 270 3(X) 2. 00 7^K) 340 480 3. 87 \,:m) KiO 440 3 . .5.5 180 300 3. 14 2.(120 420 !t2(i 7 47 5,.')30 .TOO 1,31)0 11-20 T^Am 7 .in.'i 3. IS .>. 12 3 02 4 40 3.»(> 1 (M .38 21 14 0" 3 (12 8 :« 12 -Ot 43. 27 .Month Pitieharge in weeonti-feet Max. Min. Mean t-er square mile Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Amy ' June. July , Aug.. . Sept.. Oct.. . Nov.. . . Dee. . . Pe'ii^l l(X) 120 .33 21 100 2,0tSO 2.140 790 2.140 1 4.1 («8 .3.1 .52 21 23 12 14 12 .3(1 3.5 .3(14 270 7(1.5 100 2(i0 12 IDS ;..! O 42 O 19 11 29 2. 93 018 2. 10 ICiO 41 047 22 0. 13 32 3. 38 (1 8() 2.42 14. 21 Jan. . Feb. Mar. April .Nlay. June. July . Aug.. .lept.. Cet.. Nov.. Dec. Year .illO 340 427 3. 44 1.420 420 1.1.1 on 1.980 .5f section *;. frH 2(>» 274 27:j 2!);i 22!l 221 2411 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Diitf-harKf in Herond-fpct Mai I Min Mran sfiunri- iiiilo Ktin-ofT 4 12 24 12 KO 14 M) 10 M) 12-44 2 90 3..M 218 2 4.) 4 14 4. 77 2 «9 A OH 1 42 1 M ' Gauge heights May to 20 not available. .W.90 Diwhargp in Herond-frrt Month Max. Min. -Mean Miiuare I mile Itiin-off depth tn ilirhe(«on (Iruinage area Jan. . I'eb. .Mar April ^Iay ' June July Aug . Nept. • let Nov. Dee. . . PeriiwI. l.l.l l.-.l 1.190 1..140 1.070 .i2<» 1S4 4.V> .197 102 I, .340 1.">1 II.-. Il.i l))2 tis;t .140 \r>\ 142 If 12 lfi2 lliO 1114 12.-. 127 (19.') Nli9 n 9.-. tilil r, W 21.1 1 70 I.Vi 1 2.5 2:is 1 90 2.(.i 1.N.S 140 1 12 I.-. I .'.I I HI (1.20 (i 10 1 (»i 1 m 2 19 2. 10 1 29 32 ■09 11 1! ve and below section and ver>- uniform. There are riffles 1,000 yards above and below the section, which is an ideal one for metering purposes "^^t^^d::;-::^:;;.;;;;.:^ '"''' ^^^-^ ^ ^^"^ -- -^ - ^ ^^^-- -"^- ^^--*i -ve is {^'inter flow— The river never freezes over. Accuracy — A, considered very good. . ^DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 191.1 June 1.3 July 3 " 31 Aui» 6 -Sept. Nov. 27 1914 Jan. 13 '• 31 Mar. 9 June 1 July 20 Aug. 11 I .Area of section Sii. fett IH.OOO 12,400 8,930 S.4.10 8,980 4,940 4,.i80 4,620 4,000 11,370 10,800 7.9IB Mean velocity Fl. prrsei 9.63 8 . 38 6.21 608 4. 81 3 J 282 2 82 2 22 7. 79 7.54 .'1.46 (iauge height Feel 24 .-. 19. 8 14 K 13- 8.-) 11. .W 7-82 2 -.52 7. 40 1.57 13. 3,5 12. 60 8 22 Discharge Date Ser.-feet 1.54,000 104,000 .5.5,.500 ,51,400 33,600 1.5,100 12,900 13,000 8,900 88,600 81,400 43,200 Aug. 13 Dee. 11 191,5 Mar 9 .\pril 19 1916 Mar. 10 June 3 " 26 July 19 Aug. 11 Area of section Oct. Dee Sq. /eet 7,700 5,020 3,600 6,720 3.870 9,980 16,,300 '4,100 1.«iO ,tiHO J.270 3,9,50 Mean vehicity Ft. per xec. 5.2.5 3. 42 (Iauge height 2 24 4 48 2 25 6 89 10 17 9 60 6 54 5 64 3. 68 2. 33 Feet 7-80 3 45 107 5 87 1 . 65 1 1 ■ .30 2005 17. 10 10 .5,5 7.75 4 64 1 88 Discharge See.-feH 4U, too 17,200 8.080 30,100 8,720 68,800 1«5,8 0-.54 0t>2 1-5.5 April ... April. . . Nfay 42..iOO 89,600 13.100 43,200 26,.-iO0 70,IH)0 139 3. 70 \f.y' . 77,aoo 32,.W0 4.-.,40O 2-39 2-76 4 2T June ». . . l.M.OOO o.t.ooo i2r>,ano « fiO 7.36 June. . 102.000 88,600 90,100 .•>.03 5. 61 July.... iiM.nno .-)fi..-tn(i 78,'.)00 4 13 4 •7.'-. July . 93,600 ,58,200 82.:t00 4 31 4-97 Aug 54.7UO ■■u.in) 42,900 2 2.1 2 -.19 .^u«. .57,400 26.900 39.iaiO 2 07 2 39 Sept 33.iiun ;!:i.lo,) 2.H,>i(H) 1 .-« 1.67 ISept 26.400 19..-i00 21.40(1 112 1 25 Oct 22.100 is.ooo 19,(00 1 MJ 118 Oct, . . 20.400 18.100 19..300 101 I 16 Nov 17.000 1. -1.000 l.-.,9()0 O.Hl 094 .Vov. 2"..S00 19.200 22..-.00 118 1 .32 Dec 15,000 9.1)00 12.400 tlj 0.7,-) Dee... 19..-|00 IO..-1OO 14,400 o.-.i 86 Period... Year . 102.(X)0 8.3.30 3.-,.3-.2 1 8.-. 2.5 21 M.r, JMIli Jan 10,900 H.400 9.940 .-.2 O.IU .litn. . 10.900 7..VXI 8..-,.'() in 0.52 Feb «,fl"W) K.IIO 8,2>iO 43 0.4.-. K,-l). . . 9.1110 7.830 8,140 44 48 Mar... 11. .too H.IIO 8,940 47 O.M Mar 22.(¥)0 9,2iM) 14,200 74 85 April. . . ^fay. . . 40,.VX) 11,71)0 24,800 l-M 14.-. .\pril , , 39.100 22.0f)0 29.100 l..i2 1 70 .w.noo 41,200 .i2,.100 2 74 3. 16 Mav 7()..->00 3'I,H(K; 61. '10(1 3.24 3 73 June. . . . .IX.L'OO .1 1,800 .^>,i,000 2.8.S 3 21 June. 162,000 70,.->0n 110.000 .-.76 6 43 July .... .w.son 4S,700 .14,100 2. S3 3 26 Julv . . . l.i7,0(K) K7,30f) 129.000 6 77 7 80 Auk 4S,7()0 .■»2,600 39.900 209 2 41 .\tiK. . . . H3,9fl0 30 400 .->ll.400 2'9.i 3-40 Sept .32,2on 17.700 23,600 1-24 1-38 Sept . . 36,100 23.iOO :M).200 l-.iS 1-76 Ort 17,.T00 13,900 1.1,000 79 091 o80 40,.-.l.O 2-12 28-98 ) Results for May and June. 1913. are dedure«l from measurementa of the flow of the Columbia, above and below the mouth of tbe Kooteoay, at Caatlegar and Trail. 63— KOOTENAY RIVER— at Upper Bonnington falls Drainage area, 17,800 square miles* > 1 H I i ! i DESCRIPTION' OF GAUGING STATION Location — At the headrace of the West Kootenay Power and Light Co.'s plant No. 2, at Upper Bonnington, 10 miles west of Nelson and 16 miles from the mouth. Records available— Oct., 1907, to Dec., 1915. Co-operation — Gauge readings by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. Gauge — The elevation of tho water each day is determined by measuring down to the surface from a known point. The gauge is situated at a point at the upstream end of the headrace, where part of the water is diverted to the turbines, and the remainder flows over the falls, some 200 feet below. Discharge measurements — The only metering section on Kootenay river between the lake and the mouth is near Glade, about 6 miles below Upper Bonnington. The only large stream enter- ing between these points is Slocan river. The rating curve for the Kootenay at Bonnington falls is obtained by subtracting the discharge of Slocan river from the discharge of the Koot- enay river near Glade. Winter flow — Owing to the warming influence of Kootenay lake, the river below the lake never freezes over and very little, if any, frazil ice or anchor ice is formed. Accuracy — These data appear to agree well with similar data gathered in recent years, at Bonn- ington pool and near Nelson. See Accuracy notes for Kootenay pt Nelson, and for Slocan * Possibly nearer 18,000 square miles. I : STREAM FLOW I)AT.\-B. V. TABLES MONTHLY SUMM. JS5 I Kun-f>ff - — i iioii •liutrt* ilriiiimc«* ^^e:iT,z^ii^x;i?:,i^s.v^iur,'^^^^^^ 64— KOOTENAY RIVER— near Nelson Drainage area, 17.700 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At Astley wharf, Nelson, about 2 miles alx.vc the outlet of the West ann of K. otenav lake. Records available— Jan., 1913, to Dec, 1915. • Possibly nearly 18,000 squaie miles, if account is taken of changes on recent maps. \ I ■ i ■ i ^ I f : I I . > I J if 386 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Gauge— Vertical staff 20 feet long, situated at Astlcy wharf; rcail ilaily. Discharge measurcmenlsSonc have l)cen maile at tliis station. Winter jt(ra~The river Wow the lake seMcni. if ever, fret-zis. The main lake never freeze* and the West arm only freezts occasionally /tffHrao'— As in the case of the KfK)tenay r ver at BoniiinKti.ii falls, iliscluirgia l>ascil upon the Nelson gauRc are determined \,y suhtractinR the discharRe of Slican river from discharge of K'Kitenay river near Glade. To compensate for llic intlow to Kootcnay river below the outlet o,' the lake and above (;ia0 10,200 0-58 1 9,700 ■,i.w 7.730 0-44 11,400 7,4.^>0 9,010 O-.ll a.j.,->oo 10.900 21,900 1-24 78,400 .Ifi.lOO BO, 100 3-40 S!),200 7«,700 84.100 4 •7.'-. 82,400 ;> 1.900 73,900 4-18 .V),500 -'4,.iOO 34,000 1-92 24.100 18,.t00 20,000 I- 13 i!i,noo Ili,800 17,700 100 22.li«0 17,300 20,.500 1-lfi 18,000 9,300 12.500 0-71 80.200 7,1.50 30.970 1-7.1 0-tt7 0-46 0- .i9 1-38 3-92 .•i-M 4-82 2-21 1-2H 1-1.') 1-29 0-82 23-87 .Month Discharge in Mecomi-feet Min. Mean I'er square mile KunMjfT depth in incnes on drainage area Jan. . Feb. . Mar April .\lny. July . Aug.. .S-pt.. Oct.. Dee.. Year t>,.ViO 7.7.80 31,.V)0 80,300 134.000 ue.iix) 47.000 29.3110 20.700 14,900 11,100 1.34.000 «,270 «,3.iO 8.2.-10 30,400 8<(,30(l 48,:(0O 2W.N00 20.700 l.i,400 11,200 8,0.'>0 6.270 ..OJtl li,3liO «,7.-.0 17.900 43.,'->00 ll.VIXNI ,IHKI 17,.'()0 la.KOO 11.730 30.797 0-40 o-:w 0-38 1-01 2-4H H-.W 3-94 2-12 1-47 0-!lfl 0-71 0-55 1-74 o-4i; 0-3S 0-44 1-13 2-84 7-2.'i 4 ■,-.4 2-44 1-M 114 0-79 0-63 23- H8 Jan. . . F. b. . .Mar . April ^^ay June. July .\aK. .■00 9,0.')0 7,230 9,130 r.-M 7, .•.40 0-43 7.920 G 45 20.900 1-18 45,000 2-.M 47,800 2-70 48,300 2-73 3t>,.-i00 2-0« 21,400 1-21 13,.iOO 0-7B 12,iKX) 0-73 9,910 0-56 23,400 1-32 0-liO 0-45 0-.52 l-,32 2-93 3- 01 2-38 1 - 35 P-88 0-81 0-65 05 65— KOOTENAY RIVER— near Wardner Drainage area. 5.200 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At the highway bridge, near Wardner, above Elk river and below Bull and St. .Marys rivers ; about 35 miles from the international boundary. Records available— Jan. to Dec, 1914 ; Mar. to Dec., 1915 ; Mar. to Dec., 1916. Gauge— A vertical staff gauge, 12 feet long ; read daily (twice daily .n 1916). Channel — The channel is straight and uniform, but piles have been driven down the centre of the river for logging purposes. Discharge measurements — Are made from the traflSc bridge. Winter flo'd. — The river is generally affected by ice from December to March ; frazil ice occurs. Accuracy — Rating curve is good ; results should be within 5 or 10 per cent. General — The fall of the river is very gradual, and there are no power sites between Canal Flats and Wardner. The river is most suitable for logging and, each year, large drives com.e down from its headwaters. STREAM FLOW D A T A— B. C. TABLES DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 387 D»U Area of Hctirn .Mran velocity (■.tufe heifbt Diacbarie Data Area of Kctiun Mean velnrity (jauce liL'i(ht l>iarlm'(« 1913 Nov. 23 1914 May in June 7 " l.S ■' 20 July 2.-> " 31 Orl. 7 a,. Art 2.100 4,»«iO 4,»40 5.4 •.() tl.d.'O 3..l'.<) 3.211) 2,4'.«) Ft. ptr ttc 1 M 4 S3 4 ».-. 5 .-.-> « 41 3.3S 3 ,33 2 IM Fttt 2 00 s on H (XI '.1 30 10 li.'i .i 00 4 70 2.!l.'> 3.4S0 23,.V)0 23..-I00 :«).2fp 13 mi 5 frh 23 .\pril 27 NUy 21» June |i> Auu 2'.l l<)ID Sfpt. i ).•! .', S, Art 2.4)i0 774 027 2.720 3,IUKI 3.4>>0 2.littO 3.000 2..'71) Fl. ptr MC 2 11 2 11 10.% 2 74 4 II 3 h2 2 .'Mi :i on 1 N.-i Pert 2 .SA 1 7 1 10 3 Ml .1 <«l .") Ill) 3 lid 4 3K 2 M Ute-trrt .Mwi 1,11371 I,»I0 1 7,(00 14, Mm 13.200 i<,h70 '.1.170 4 Jul 1 1 t I i! i i ^ i * V ! 1^ I IcffcouiitioDi. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Muath .liiii Kel. Mar April Nf»y June. July . Auk.. Sept.. Ikt. . . Nov.. Dec. . Year. DL-rhuriti' in nwnnil-fM't Mai. Mm. Mean wiUHre 111 lit* Kuii-iilt flpnth in infnrstm ilrainaicp nrru 1' 1.. Mar.. . 2.610 1„W0 I,S>(I Jli 42 April . Nlay . I2,0(KI 2,210 ii,:t4() 1-22 1 ,3li 16,)»no 9,7,'iO 12,400 2-38 2 74 June. . . . 21, Mm 11,200 14,80(1 2 8.') 3 18 July . . 19,(MKI 11,000 14.900 2-87 3 31 Aug 12,30(1 7.040 9,120 1 7« 2 Kl 8cp« 7,200 4,240 5,0' K) 97 1 08 Oct 5,0«0 3,,V)0 4,130 79 91 Nov 4,940 2,8X0 3,mo 70 78 Dec 2./MI 2,ltiO 2,.>tO 49 .17 Periwi. 21,800 1,^00 7,480 1-4' lA 38 M.iiith Jill) 1 K.bi Mar April. .Vlay June. July. Auk. ."npl. (lit. Ni)V. Dee.. . Year. Mar. April . Nlay . June . July Auk.. . Sept.. (>t. . . Nov. . Dec. Period. lIliichurKe 111 necoiiil-ffct .Mai. Mm. I Kun-off (leptli in i inrlicMuu tlniiiiuKe I iirt'a 1.2011 1,700 1,000 8,400 2.->,3(KI 43,;kio 30,200 11,00(1 7,410 (1.40(1 «,700 3,3V) 43.000 noo 80(1 (MIO 800 8.70(1 17.4011 1II..'>(KI .1.(140 4,400 4,700 3,.140 840 KNI I.IIMI 1.420 S.*i2 4,'I20 1.'<.I00 2(1.4(10 lil.IIMI 7.820 .'1.1120 .1,.1I0 4,7.W 1 .940 8.12M .400 ,MM .'>0() ,.VI0 ,400 (KNI ,890 .400 ,840 «7..'i00 2..300 7.800 13.200 13.400 8,700 .1,180 3,2.'i(l 1.72(1 2.040 1.720 ■ Partly catimated. 4,2110 11,300 33,MH) 27.411(1 10.700 7.490 3..S'.I0 2,(140 2.2'.H) ll..'.:io 0(1 44 24 O 28 18 1 mi 4 01 .1 117 4 23 I 73 I 20 1 22 1 02 43 21 92 2 .-* 7 2.1 « (W 2 .18 1 lil 8(1 .17 .11 22 (18 6<— LTLLOOET RIVER-at AEerton Drainnge area, 800 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — Goveinment highway bridge at Agerton, 8 miles ahi.ve Lillooet lake anj 2 miles above the mouth of Green river. Records available— >:o\: 16, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area— Above rnouth, is 2,200 sq. miles ; alxjve lower en :).-. .-..171) Sm 111 in:. 2 ll.l 1 Kl i.tK>;i' JuDP i;< 1 .7.K« 4 ai 7 :w 7.."V>t0 nu Aug. 4 I'.WO .^ m H fiO ii.:mm Mur is i;^iii ■i Ai 1 07 1.140 IW 1 444 2 on 1 .w MM) May :tl t.;ii«() :t M 4 Mi 4, MM) lull) .luni' is ■J.IXi.* 4 37 7 r. !l 1 .BJ" :i .•.« B 3.-. .'..tCXl tttl.-. SVpt. i\ Llil"" :i .-.I H 30 .'..IU«0 V,h. H 4fiO 1 T.J 2 (M 77H» !><• 7 3liH 1 50 1 4H r>^:, ■■ -22 .i«r> 1 !!.'. 1 00 71J ■ .Station cstabliahrd. > Icf rover. MONTHLY SUMMARIES I)i.«rhiincr in MMjond-fwt .Max .Min. .Mrau Pi-r Rquare niilf Hun*uff depth in inrlieeon drainage arra .Ian. . Ket> .Mar April -■Vfay .luni* July Aug.. .S.pt. <>rt. Vov. Dec Year. ,l»n' 2.470 700 1.310 I 64 1 SO Frbi tHXI 700 7.30 01 n.'i .Mar 2.n70 tKM l.BKO 2 OS 2 40 April .\lay .'..O.Vt 2.670 a^Vio 4 44 4 fl.'i 7,»t.T0 2.770 .-..ISO 6 4M 7 47 Junt- . 12..'.20 4,B.30 H.470 10 no 1 1 s:i July 19.200 7.S'i0 13.200 IB .W 19 00 Aug. IU.2II0 X..WO 13.200 in 50 19 00 11.700 3,1 BO :-,AM 6 79 7 .W (let. . . (i,.1IO 1.000 2.420 3 02 3 4H Vov. 2.40R cso i.nw 1 .36 1 .12 llei-i. 1.000- 690 SU 99 Year in.200 1.744 .1 H3 Ml OB Oiif-harge in •ri-r.nd-frct Month Max. .Min. I IVr Mean wiuare mile Kun-ut! deoth in incnei on drainage area Jan.! V-h'. M»r .April \fay June July . Aug. Sept. I>rt. Nov. . , IVr. Year . 1.4U0 l.VMi 1 41 700 MM 2.li70 700 1.700 2 12 3.7.'>0 1.700 2.M«0 3 .IM !1.2.'iO 3.7.W .1.N70 7 34 lli..-.00 4.9.30 9.I40 II 42 1M..3()0 B.NOO 13.010 IB 2.t 14.700 7..V)0 10..ViO 13 20 7.M.')« 3.200 .'..0.W 6 29 19,200 2.B70 6,.i90 M 24 1 4.1130 2.470 3..VI0 4 42 3.200 1.400 1,M40 2 30 19.200 700 .■5.164 B 4i 1 B2 92 2 44 3 »•> M 4« 12 74 19 9M 1.1 22 7 02 9 f.O 4 93 2 6.1 M9 47 Keb.l. Marl. 2.940 April .May. . 2.720 I..140 6..110 2.940 June. . . 16.100 5.4M0 July . . . 13..100 H.BSQ Aug.... 14.100 .1.760 .Sept. 11.000 3.3M0 <>rt. . .. .1.760 1..140 Nov. . . 1..-.40 600 IJec". 600 Year 16.100 600 7. 683 n f,.-, l.S'" ; 91 2.200 2 7.1 4.370 .1 46 10.200 12 80 9,9M0 12 .10 10.400 13 00 6.440 M 0.1 2.600 3-2.1 1.000 1 2.1 .146 68 4.210 .1 27 86 92 2 20 3 07 6 30 14 30 14 40 1.1 00 M 98 3 7.1 1 40 78 71 96 'Gauge height-discharge relation affected by ice and discharge estimated as foUome r 1914. Jan. 26 to Feb. 21. /OOaee. ft.: 191.1, Jan. 25 to Feb 12, 700 see. ft., ind Dec. 25 to 31, 600 wr. ft.; 1916, jun. I to Feb. 13, 600 sec. ft. Feb. 14 to 21 . 70^ sec. ft.: Feb 22 to 29. 800 sec. ' ; Mar. 1 to 7, TOO sec. ft.; Dec. 24 to 31, 520 sec. ft. \ i 67 —LITTLE QUALICUM RIVER— at Cameron lake outlet Drainage area. 60 square miles' DESCRIPTION OP GAUCTNG STATION Location^?it outlet of Cameron lake, downstream si.it of hinhway bridge. Records available— Feb 27 to Dec. 31, 1Q13, Provincial Water Rights Branch ; Jan. 1, 1914. tn Dec. 31, 1916, B. C. Hvdrometric Survey. Cauge — 12-foot wooden stah nailed to crib on shore of lake, 500 feet from head of river ; ri.aj twice daily. Channel — Straight on both sides of :^ct'>n for 100 feet, gravel and small boulder bed, one char.nc'. at all stages, confined by brie uments in high water. Discharge measurements — 6 in 1913 by Provincial Water Rights Branch and 9 in 1914, 1915 an i 1916 by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Winter flow — Open all winter. Accuracy — A up to 600 sec.-ft. ; B, MO to 1,000 sec. -ft. ; C, above 1,000 sec.-ft. Monthly summa.-'>s £-ven below for 1913 and 1914 embody revisions based on later measurements, see Notk, page 300. Revised value based on recent measurements. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C TABLES DISCHAROE MEASUREMENTS 3S9 DM* Ares of Mction Meu vtloeity Sq tM ri.ptMc I«I3 Ki-h 27 (•1 2 35 A-pt 23 43 1 IM Nov. IK 1»7 3. 24 Dn. 4 17H 3 12 \.\ IMN 3 !A " » »H 2 OA lOM May 20 143 2 4 0»UM h«i 70 <■ n3)t :..v. .Vt2 202 340> OkU July 10 *-pt. I 2 D.T. 16 lUIA April in .•V.X S mm Mar 20 < h-t 3(1 Ar» nl wrlion Mran velocity hei^t Uiaehwo .S, Art KO .13 32 lit'. Fl pft „.■ 1 '1 1 1 10 2 3 1 lU U 4I« 47 2 (U .S« -/mi IW 3;. 3 :i3 .-. 2»i9 IW 33 2 73 U IM 2 NO 3U 437 31 l.}7 2 -.3 1 M 2 S3 1 U.'> 3n7 10.-, t.ui'.dJI^'.S!' •' ""■'•" """"^•' *'"''" ' •''''" "•"■"■ •"•bli.hed by B. C. Hydrom.lric Survey. No MONTHLY SLMMAPIES Chang* in DiM-harge in a^unil-feet 1 Month 1 1 Mai MiD. Mnin Per aquare rtiilp I»I3 ~ Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Month Jan. . . Feb. . Mar .April .\r»y Jim«* . July . Aug . ; .jS 110 131 215 172 2 N7 2117 4 4.-. 3113 ti o.-> IN7 ti 45 2.W 4 32 7K 1 27 im 1 1)3 2ii3 4 :tx .■►43 ft 0.-. 4211 7 10 2N7 4 7>t 3 31 4 !I5 H U«i 7 I!) 4 <.I7 1 4ti 2 15 .■. tt". 10 10 s 17 •■►1.31 Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar . April . Nlay . June. . July.. •Aug.. . Sept... <»ct... Nov. . . IVo. . lui.-. 46.'. 330 700 1.030 295 185 70 47 37 1,5:10 97- 710 I. .130 l.-iO 165 170 200 IS5 70 47 30 2N .10 IN'. 29.. 272 245 344 465 2IN 121 :i7 31 290 3.34 48.5 242 4 .>3 4 ON 5 73 7 7.". 3 1.3 207 (I 95 (' ti2 O 52 4 H:< 5 .->7 » 08 4 03 5 22 4 25 ti tiO 8 65 4 19 2 31 I 09 71 58 5 .W I. 21 9 31 .VI <18 Diacharge in MHrund-rrft Mai .Min Mean wiuare nitte UuuiilT fl< pth in inc>. .n Jun. . Feb. . .Mar April Xlay June. July Aug. , .Sept <>rt . Nov.. . Dec. . 1914 I.HIO 215 Ii32 10 53 .'135 165 242 4 03 855 290 498 8 30 840 ■i"> 495 8 25 445 315 ;i82 6 S7 375 235 278 4 63 230 68 134 2 23 68 45 .VI 90 1H2 38 91 1 52 2.0:10 \M «.V'> 10 92 1.300 375 824 13 73 e-w 130 2.VJ 4:12 2.030 1 38 379 6 31 , 19 W .W 9 21 7 :i3 5 15 2 .17 1 1)4 1 70 12 57 15 33 4 97 85 76 Jan. . Feb. . -Mar April %f«y June. July Aug... ."v-pt. Oct.. . Nov. , . Dee. Year . 325 I 1.120 l.OtiO \ 44.} 760 462 209 76 176 341 243 1.12b I in US 291 315 333 400 229 82 13 35 Iftl I3u .15 165 374 .WO 370 4.38 .V)8 :i;i5 i:i;i .'i9 »7 I 1.5 27fi 2-75 6. 23 8 ;i;i 6 17 7 .30 8 47 5 .^8 2 22 98 78 3 .15 2 92 ■,60 3. 17 6-72 9 60 6 88 8 41 9 45 6 43 2 :*\ 1 09 90 3 73 3 71 62 31 «8-L0mS CREEK— 12 miles from mouth Drainage area, 100 square miles DESCRIPTIf.N OF GAUdl -.V, STATION LocaUon-l '"■les south of the Railway LcV. boundary. alx,ut 12 miles from mouth. Sec. 33, tp. 23, rge. 15, W. 6th mer. Ruord, a«..7aftte-Aug. 16 to Oct. 31, 1911 ; April t to Nov. 16. 1912 ; May 1 to Oct 14 191V Apnl 1 to Dec. 11, 1914 : April 1 to Sept. 30. 1915 : April 1 to Nov. 17. 1916 Ga««.-Standard vertical stafl ; read daily .luring high water and two or three times weekly Uunng low water. v».iw.j ^^''TJ::^^^^'^ ^'"'*^" " '° " ^'- ^' "'•^^'^"ring section ; channel at control is affected by Siauusi scour. ^ Disckargf measurements— An made by wading or from the bridge. HtnUr ftov—Ice conditions obtain during winter months. .4cr«ra.y-Fair, somewhat impaired by shifting channel: resulU. however, should be within 10 10 13 per cent. hi M ^ ; • ^ . ^ 'M ■^ k j I : I !i t h 390 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Data Ana of ■ectioo Mean velocity Gaufe beiibt DiMharge Dnte Area of ■ection Mean Telocity Gauge height DiMJiarge Sq./eit Ft. ptr Me. Ftt Sec.-JtH 1913 SQ./tet Ft. per »ec. Ftft See.-fttt 1911 June 28 58 2. 65 2. 10 155 Aug. le 33.4 80 91 28 1914 Sept. 18 36 8 90 98 3.54 AuK. 13 27. 3 10 059 28 1912 1915 April 30 May 1« 49 4 17 1 50 94 April 15 .\fay 13 22 2 3 82 51 108 2 4 3 80 439 58 2 9 182 168 " 29 90 3-6 3. 20 328 1916 Juue 8 82 3 4 2-72 27(1 May 15 51. 1 2 14 1 29 109 9 85 3 4 2 81 288 July 21 58.2 2 02 140 117 Aug. 22 19 2 8 102 .W Auk. 31 30 2 65 58 23 > Different aection. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Month Max. Min. Mean Per square mile liMI April. . . . May July.... Aug Sept Oct." 48 24 i4 14 28.3 17.6 28 18 31 021 1913 April. . . . \!ay. . . . June July.... Aug Popt Oct 398 4.54 165 65 48 .50 144 57 42 38 172 250 98 54 42 172 2 50 98 54 042 1-98 2. 79 113 62 047 Nov Period.. 4.54 .38 123 1-23 6. 99 l!tl5 April. . . May. . . June. . . July... Aug.. .. Sept.... Oct Period.. 105 15 57 57 375 96 213 2 13 360 81 132 1 32 240 81 119 119 91 29 47 47 45 29 32 32 375 15 100 1 00 64 2. 46 147 1-37 0.55 36 Month Discharge in second-feet Max. Min. Mean square mile Kun-oS depth in inches on drainage area April.. .May. . June. . July.. Aug... Sept... Oct. . . 94 34 47. 6 U 48 520 94 312 3.12 301 94 207 2 07 133 57 80. 3 89 84 .50 57-5 0.57 81 45 57. 6 .58 .55 43 46 4 46 53 3 .59 2. 31 1 02 066 0.65 .53 April. . Nfay . June. . July . . Aug.. . .Sept... Oct.. . Nov.. . Period. 61 26 43 43 398 89 233 2..^1 32« !.■«) 226 2.26 117 30 66 0.66 30 22 25 2.5 28 20 24 24 28 24 25 25 32 24 26 2t'. 398 20 84 84 048 2. 69 2. 52 78 29 27 U 29 29 7.59 April. . Alay. . June. . July.. Aug. . . St'pt... Oct. . . Period . 93 16 27 :(7 260 105 175 1 7.5 385 230 285 2 85 350 72 1.55 1.5.5 72 25 45 45 27 19 24 24 19 19 19 19 385 16 104 104 U-30 2. 02 3. 18 1-79 52 027 22 8-30 69— LYNN CREEK — 4 miles from mouth Drainage area, 14 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — Below the overflow from North Vancouver intake, and about 4 miles from the mouth. Records available— June 10, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation — Gauge readings by the Water Works Dept. of North Vancouver. Gauge — Cable gauge on flume bridge; read twice daily. Channel — Boulders and solid rock. Discharge measurements — Well define the rating curve. Winter flow — Open water all year. Accuracy — C and B. General — This stream furnishes the water supply to the municipality ot North Vancouver. • Revisetl estimate by engineers of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. In 1913, drainage area was estimated to be 17 sq. miles. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 391 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date lOOft .VuK 4 1913 Nov. 3 1914 Jiini- in 17 .VuK. 18 Oot. 21 .\rea of section iiq. feet 3S -'>4 tiO 9 4 91 Mean velocity Ft. per tec 1-j 2 40 2 .30 20 2 82 Ciiiune hciKht Feet 1 73 5 00 5 12 3 45 5 SO DiacharKe Sec-feet 57 1 5.S- 5 124 135 1 Date 1915 .\pril 9 June 1 '■ 24 ,\ug. 3 •• 13 191 ti .\pril IS .liini' Itt ScriT 13 .\re;l of section Me:in velocity !iq. feet 70 1 511 9 20 2 14 2 112 101 129 Ft. Jter nee 2 30 1 . :,i\ 9(1 O 45 U 30 2 (■.« 3 S4 73 (iauge blight 1 Not referred to gauge- Feet 5 00 4 12 3 85 3 48 li 00 11 1)5 4 12 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Disc barge Sec-feet 8S is 3 2 495 111 Di:*('harge in second-feet Hun-olI depth in inche.4on drainage area 1 Month Discharge in second-feet Uuu-olf depth in inches on drainage arcA Month M»i. Min. Mean I'er 8fi 3 3li 0-24 10 3« 1 1 72 22 .50 07 3 Sti Sept 28 Oct Nov Dec 25 11 Period.-. 1915 Illlli Jan Feb Mar April Alay. . . . June. , . . July-... Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year. . . 270 243 305 1.200 395 lai 41 6 9 7B5 .562 810 1.200 13 57 41 77 49 9 2 9 120 50 115 1H9 151 193 203 56 12 9 2 12 221 222 277 135 8. 21 12 07 10.78 13-78 14 -.'jO 4.00 92 14 09 15. SO 15. 90 19. HO 9 65 946 12. 57 12. 43 15 38 IB 72 4.46 lOft 16 10 18.22 17. 70 22. 80 131. 06 Jan. . . . Feb. . . . .Mar... April .. Nfay. . Jiine. . . July... .Aug.... .Sept.... Oct.... Nov... . Dec... Year . 2.V) 1,290 I.IIO 745 435 .505 «25 488 75 9a5 525 100 1,200 1 I 107 215 2.50 2.50 1B5 40 3 5 75 12 1 108 23.3 illiO 292 343 351 160 20 S3 191 54 2,30 16 60 39 80 25 70 20 90 24 .50 25 10 11 40 1 43 5 93 13 60 3 86 16 40 8 89 17 90 45 90 28 70 24 10 27 .30 28 90 13 10 1 60 6 84 15 20 4 45 222 88 70— MARK CREEK— near mouth Drainage area, 54 square milfg* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— M mouth of creek near Marysville, about 14 miles from Cranbrook. Records available— May to Dec, 1914 ; April to Nov., 1915 ; Jan. to Dec., 1916. Co peralion— This station was niaintaineil by co-operation between the B. C. Hydrometric Survey and the Provincial Wut.r Rights Branch during 1914. Gauge— An enamel gauge, 6 feet long ; read daily. CAo»»e;— Straight and rocky, water is generally broken. Control changed June, 1916. Discharge measurements— -Thhtecn, up to June, 1916, well define rating curve. For latter part of 1916, rating cur\-e is based on 6 measurements, IVtnler flow— The creek freezes over in November or December, and remains frozen till March, Frazil ice forms, ^ecurofy- Results from first rating ctirve B ; from second, C. G«»«r(i/— Creek partially tleveloped for power for mining operations. * Not well defined on existing maps; this is a revised estimate based on recent measurements. '■I III ilT ^i| ■ i , t f 1 1 ■ 1 i JMi v 5 j, 1 ( 1 .J — ! 1 Lk 392 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Data Area of wetion Mean velocity Gauce height DiKbarge Date Area of •eetion Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge 1914 May 1 S«./«< Ft. per fee. Ftet Stt.-feel May 26 .S9/ee« 44 4 Ft. per tee. 3 08 Feel 2 18 See.-feet 137 2 fifl 1.68 110 June 13 39 7 2. 43 2 00 96 3 ■'?.'>' ,? 57-9 55. 4 4 08 4. 02 2 2 2 1 23B 223 Auk. 26 1916 29. 5 81 116 26 4 • 24 34- 1 192 14 56. 4 Mar. 4 21 61 Ice 22-2 77 1 00 17 2 June 17 88. 8 10 3-70 808 Oct. 10 28. 2 28.4 105 86 120 1 12 27-4 24. 2 July 7 " 26 49.0 34-2 5. 39 2 85 1 75 1 05 268.0» 97-4 1915 Feb. 21 29.4 99 122 29. 1 Aui. 1.; 16 8 197 75 33- 1 23 48 l-2h 11> .Sept. 15 f)rt. 7 14 9 13. 9 1 .36 1-29 59 - .55 20 2 17.9 41 S J S3 2 10 118 Deo. 4 17 1 112 .V) 19 3 > Ice conditioiu. ' New ratini curve. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Diacharge in aecond-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per ■quare mile Run-off depth in inches on drainage area May June. July. Aug.. Se^t.. Oct.. Nov.. Dec. Jan. . . Feb. . Mar.. April. May. June. July.. Aug.. . Sept.. Oct.. . Nov... Dec..«. 1915 160 191 170 78. 2 51. 5 28. 2 29. 1 22 1 23. 5 102 78-2 37 7 18. 6 16 6 17. 6 15. 8 78. 2 135 112 58. 3 27. 4 21. 21. 8 17.9 145 2.. 50 2. 08 108 51 039 40 33 l.i;2 2 88 2. 32 124 59 43 046 0-37 Month Discharge in second-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per a square mile • Run-off depth in incnes on drainage .May. June. Julv A UK .«C|11 Oct . , Nov . . Dcc.i. 3ti8 122 238 4 41 527 1.32 270 5. 00 221 36 8 10.-. 195 38. 1 17 9 23 4 43 28 1 15 8 21 39 34 1 21 8 27 4 51 .38- 1 24. 5 28. 9 .'i4 36 8 20 1 37 5 08 5 57 2 25 .50 43 .59 HO 43 Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar. . . .\pril May. . June . . JulyV Aug. . . Hept... Oct.. . .Nov... Dec.. 191 15 18 108 246 57 26 21 .33 16 10 10 15 18 57 ' Stream froien after Dec. IS, diacharge eatimatwl. out June 10, not replaced until July 7. 21 16 16 11 13 24 13 16 I fil 140 35 19 17 17 44 24 30 1 13 2. 60 65 35 032 32 28 51 26 35 126 3. 00 75 39 37 .36 .32 < Ice conditions obtained after Dec. 24. • Gauge washed 71— MATHER (CHERRY) CREEK— near mouth Drainage area, 80 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— Kbout 1 mile above the mouth, near Wasa, East Kootenay. Records available— May to Nov., 1913 ; April 15 to Oct. 8, 1914 ; April 11 to Sept 30 1915 • June IS to Oct. 1, 1916. Co-o/wro<« 2 14 1 42 1 43 4 til 3 05 2 34 Feet Sec-tett 73 4' 272 3 33(1 7 128 3 39. 7 23 3 24 6 I 32 92-2 5« 7 Aug. 31 Sept. 23 1913 April 22 -Nfay 26 Jun** 12 Aug 23 1916 June 18 July 7 •' 26 Aug. IB (fept. 15 (M 4 Sq. Snt 13 7 Iti 3 2-12 29 8 29 8 16 7 74 38 3 27 18 3 13 9 15 2 Ft. per tec. I 18 1 37 2 S8 3 43 3 4(i 1 33 8 2li 3 90 4 13 2 82 2. 41 1.9(i Feet (X.2 229 792 0-91H 896 242 3 11 177 86 33 32 0.37 Sec-tea IB. 2 1913 May 2(1 June 3 '• 23 22. 3 84. 1 102 July 28 Sept. 21 Ort. 14 1914 Mny 28 July 13 •■ 24 42 29 32 1 . 133 9.'-.8 OHM 10.3 26 5 BID 227 112 52 335 30 > At w« ggon bridge ; one mili above mouth. MONTHLY SUM.\L\RIES Month Discharge in Becond-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per Bquare mile Kun-otf depth in inches on drainage area .May '. . June. . . July . . . .\ug. . . . Sept.... Ot Nov.' 300 143 1 81 370 109 2.30 2 87 131 3i 70 li 88 34 30 30 5 38 30 24 25 1 31 27 18 23 5 29 20 17 9 22 2 09 3 20 1 02 44 35 33 24 .May. June. July. Aug.. Mept. 120 78 9B 5 1 21 124 67 97 1 1 21 97 57 78 2 95 54 17 32 1 40 30 17 24 6 31 1 3U 1 ;*5 I 10 0-4« 35 .Month Discharge in Becond-feet Max. Min. .Mean I'cr Bquare mile 1914 Hun-off depth in uiches on drainage area .May June. July. Aug.. Sept. Oct. . Nov. . 183 312 124 24 34 100 97 35 Hi 14 143 1760 B8 7 20 9 21 5 1 79 2 20 8B 0-26 27 2 Oti 2 46 90 30 30 1916 ■ Eatimatcd May 1 to 5. re available before June 18. May June. July' Aug.. Sept.. 561 79 44 64 39 21 224 .59 8 33 4 2 80 75 42 3 23 0.80 47 » ESatimated Nov. 21-30. 'Owing to difficulty in securing a gauge reader no recorde MESLaOET (INDIAN) RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES For convenience, data on these streams are grouped together, as such gathered in connection with one proposed power development. ilata have been 72— MESLHOET RIVER— 8 miles from mouth* Drainage area, 65 square mileg f sec. S, tp. 7, rge. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— k short distance below caflon, 8 miles from mouth, and 7, W. 7th mer. Records available— Oct. 31, 1912, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-opero/»o»— Gauge readers are maintained by the Westminister Pow Co. DraiTiage or«o— Estimated at from 45 to 65 sq. miles.f Gouje— Vertical staff ; read two or three times a week. Channd — Boulders and gravel ; permanent control. Discharge measurements— Well define the rating curve. Winter flow— Open water conditions all winter. Accuracy— B and C. Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. ». ,*,'" '''^' * ??^.K'"8 station was maintained from March to December at the mouth of the Meshloet nver. This station was superseded by the one at the present site close to the canon, which latter gives a record of the flow available at the proposed intake location. ,i, J I u^j"**^^*!^ o "°' ^^" defined on existing maps ; the estimate of 65 «q. miles, made by the B.C. Hydrometnc Survey, and used below in computing the run-off per »q. mile, may, possibly. ! 5" * . 11. 394 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Data Area of Mction Mean velocity Gaufe heigEt DiMbarge Date Area of •eeiion Mean Telocity Gauge heicht Diacharge 1912 £«./<•< Ft. per Me. Ful S4C.-/€ti Sq./eet Ft. ptT tee. Feet Sec.-fut Nov. 16 277 3 5 3. 58 942 Oct. 31 130 1-6 2 26 188 • 1914 1913 Aug. 2 131 12 200 l.M June 6 232 2-9 3 23 662 Nov. 11 220 36 3. 03 555 " 13 240 3 1 3. 40 713 1913 •' 17 I'V.j 2 4 2 90 446 May 6 20.'i 2. 30 2 85 476 July 3 2)3 2 4 2. 98 471 July 16 157 131 2- 15 203 " 29 116 16 2 28 230 ■' 17 159 1. 19 2-03 174 Sept. 17 1U9 1-2 1-87 122 1916 Oct. 9 81 9 1 61 76 Oct. 12 63 75 139 47. 5 • Nov, 10 18fl 2 2 2. 86 417 «- MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Diicharge in leeond-leet Max. Min. Mean Per iquare mile Run*off depth in incoea on drainage area Not. Dee.. Jan.. . Feb. . . Mar... April. May. . June. . July.. Aug. . . Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Deo... Year. . 147 1.720 222 690 1,370 1,290 1. 110 368 483 2,120 1,880 753 2,120 60 50 72 89 180 430 183 105 89 72 98 115 50 78 283 131 337 643 716 449 188 214 293 594 269 l.iO 12 44 2-0 52 99 11. 69 29 3 3 45 91 41 5 4 138 4. 58 2. 31 3. 80 11. 53 12-27 8. 07 3. 46 3. 68 5-18 10- 15 4-72 73-10 Jan. . . Feb. . Mar.., April. .May. . June. , July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . Nov.. . Dec. . . Year.. 1,2'.I0 390 l.K.'iO 2.0SO 483 300 207 113 220 2,6S0 1,310 2,320 2,6S0 70 2.S6 4 40 1.15 226 3 48 160 433 7 00 220 677 10 40 115 318 4-89 160 245 3 77 113 164 2..'>2 33 94 1 4.-1 42 78 120 r,o 951 14 «3 143 422 «.,i0 123 740 11. 38 3.1 3.i«S 3 97 5. 07 3. 82 8 07 11 60 5B4 4. 21 2-91 l.«7 134 17.1.S 7.23 13 93 82-31 Month Discharge in aecond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-Kiff depth in incnes on drainage area Nov.. Dec. 1.720 I I.SIO I 160 136 599 246 I U I 10-3 4-4 Jan... Feb. . . Mar. . . Apnl.. .\fay. . June. . July.. Aug. . . -Sept... Oct. . . Nov... Dec... Year. . 1914 3.320 116 597 8 413 72 162 2-S 1,010 170 360 5 5 1.115 170 -W 71 1.150 280 320 8 755 251 393 60 293 136 228 3 5 147 50 99 15 1.880 SO 447 69 1,800 115 644 9 9 1,600 170 691 10 6 370 60 121 19 ' 1.880 50 394 6. 06 106 26 C.3 7 8 9 2 6-7 4 17 7 7 11 4 11. 8 22 82 1 Jun. . Feb. . .Mur.. April .May. June. , July . , .\ug. . . .Sept. . . on. . . Nov. . . Die. . . Year . 4«3 2.680 1.010 1,0.S0 860 1,440 1,370 483 180 440 8(10 S30 2,fiS0 70 fiO 1!).-. 343 390 483 3V0 170 80 40 103 60 40 13U 2. 14 779 12 00 5ti3 8-66 330 8 13 010 n,* 7H0 12 20 701 10 SO 2!(1 4-48 112 1-72 89 1 37 370 5-ti9 134 2-OC 426 6 .IS 2 47 12 00 '.) 08 9 09 10 80 13 60 12. 30 3. 17 1.92 1.58 fi .15 2 ,« 88 74 MESLILOET RIVER TRIBUTARIES In connection with its proposed development on the Mesliloet river and tributaries, the West- minster Power Co., in conjunction with the .British Columbia Hydronietric Sur\-cy, has made a study of the flow o£ 'he streams involved. Considerations of space preclude the giving of records for many of the smaller and less im- portant streams of the province — that is, viewerl from the standpoint of power development. Inasmuch, however, as there arc comparatively little data for the smaller coastal streams, and as such data are of special interest in connection with power development, it is desirable here to present a summary of the existent data for the tributaries of the Mesliloet river. Description of 5(oMonj— Generally speaking th.ese creeks are mountain streams, wiih rocky, boulder-strewn beds. The drainage areas are small, but not definitely known. The channel at most of the stations is rough, but with permanent control. Vertical staff gauges are used in each case. They are read irregularly and, owing to the flashy nature of the creeks, tne gauge readings do not adequately record extremes of. or rapid changes in, stage. The g,^^Igc at Brandt creek, near mouth, is generally read 5 or times a week, but the other gauges only from 1 to 3 times per week. Except under very exceptional conditions, the streams remain open throughout the winter, although the lakes freeze over. The rating cur\-es are well defined. STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES 395 Data Presented — The data here given comprise for each station : (t) The maximum daily discharge recorded during the perio 40 137 97 .59 201 3; .54 38 17 11.5 13 .54 1.59 20 60 9 81 136 222 26 U 61 86 95 113 '2b— BELKNAP CREEK— below Ann lake, about half way between Ann lake and Belknap lake near the proposed site for the divr.sion -. Records available— July, 1914, to Dec., 1915, March to Dec., 1916. Cawge— Vertical s-taff attached to the abutment of highway bridge ; read daily. Channel— Is straight for 200 feet above and below section ; flow is swift, over gravel and small boulders. Width of : ream at measuring section, 44 to 97 f et. Discharge measi'rements—Aie leaable and well define the rating curve.f Winter flow— The river, as a rule, does not freeze over, but ice conditions obtain from November to March. Accuracy— V.esuhs are considered to be within IS per cent ; 1916, up to 4,500 sec -ft \ above 4,S00 sec. -ft. B. General— The Moyie river is an international stream. There are lumbering and mining interests on the watershed. Above gauging station, including a small area .n the United States. • vl *"!«. J T "measurements have been made at the bridge at Eastport, Idaho, which IS about 100 yds. downstream from the Kingsgate bridge. As these measurements indicate.1 that water is lost in the stream bed between the two bridges, the lower station was abandoned. STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES .W DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area a( Mction Mean velocity Gaiwe heiifat Duebarie Date Area of ■ectioD Mean velocity Uauge beigBt Dim barge SQ.f-t Ft ptr§ee. Feet SK.-/ttt Sq./tet Ft. per m. Fel Src.-/Ml 1914 Aug 23 104 1 78 80 l<«i> July 7 247 4 61 2 10 1,140 Nov. 24 HH 2 42 8U 21,'i Aug. 1 122 2 73 080 333 1916 Urt. 8 80 2 66 75 213 Feb. 21 82 1 10 Ire OOl ■ IS 83 2 72 80 225 June 15 (•86 10 »0 7 00 7,510 " IS 97 189 1 10 183 > ■■ 16 706 11 26 7 20 7,9.W igis • 16 706 11 01 7 20 7.780 Feb. 20 66 2 14 65 142 July 6 397 6 ,10 360 ■j.r Ukl gsuie ; 3- 10 od automatic cauge. • Automatic lauge datum. i 5 •1 i I i GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES DiirinR 1914 and 1915, the gauge readings were not taken frequently enough to permit the making of satisfactory estimates of monthly mean discharges. The following is a record of the gauge heights actually recorded and corresponding revised estimated discharges. DaU Oct. 1814 8ept.|2 9 •• 14 23 25 1 10 •■ 1« •■ 23 •• 29 Nov. 7 •• 14 •• 18 " 29 " 29 Dec. 4 " 5 ... 11 '• 12 ■' 19 '• 28 1013 Jan. 4 *' 5 •• 14 " 15 " 21 •• 22 ■• 28 Feb. 5 " 6 •' 13 " M " 21 " 22 " 28 Gaug) height Feel 3' 10 3- 10 3-10 3-30 3-30 3-70 350 3-40 3-45 3-40 3-35 3-25 3-15 3-05 3-05 3-05 3-05 3-15 315 ^e Ice 3-05 3 OS 2-85 2' 85 2-85 2-85 Ipo Ice Ice Ice Ice Ice Ice 2-75 Dis- charge Sec.-fl. 825 825 825 900 000 1,380 1,175 1,080 1,130 1,080 1,035 950 885 790 700 700 700 8rt5 865 790 790 6.50 650 650 650 Date Apr. 1015 Mar. X •• 7 •• 8 •• IS •• 16 ■• 21 28 20 4 18 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 30 May I " 9 •• 14 '• 15 •• 16 " 17 " 18 •• 27 " 28 " 31 June 1 3 4 12 13 15 16 18 19 Gaui Oauge height Feet 2- 70 2-50 2-50 2-60 2-50 2-50 2-50 2- .50 2-80 3-40 3-50 3-60 3-65 3-70 3-75 3-80 3-80 3-85 4-35 4-25 5-15 5-55 5-55 5-5.-> 5-50 .5-40 S-75 5-80 5-55 6 -.55 40 35 85 95 80 85 4-70 4-75 Dia- charge Sec.-ft. 5.55 450 450 500 450 450 450 450 615 1.080 1.175 1,275 1,330 1,380 1,435 1.490 1,490 1,550 2,085 1,9.50 3.3.55 4,095 4.095 4,095 4.000 3,815 4,480 4, .580 4.095 4.095 3,815 3,725 2,8.50 3,015 2,765 2,850 2,805 2,685 Date July 1915 June 21 22 26 27 30 1 4 5 12 13 18 19 23 24 26 27 28 29 2 3 .\ug. 6 7 8 9 12 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 27 28 30 31 Gauge height Feet 4-60 4-65 5-80 6-75 4 -.55 4-46 4-35 4-30 4-45 4-45 5-05 00 3.5 30 25 25 25 20 4 4 4 4 4 4' 4-00 4-00 3-8.5 3 85 3-80 3-80 3-75 ;i..5.5 3-65 3 -.50 3 •.5.5 3-42 3-45 3 -.37 3-40 3-30 3-32 3-30 3-28 Dis- charge See.-/t. 2,4.50 2,530 4..580 4,480 2,375 2,230 2,085 2.015 2.230 2,230 3,190 3,100 2,085 2,015 1,050 1,950 1,0.50 1,880 1.72,5 1,725 1,.5.50 1.S.50 1.400 1,490 1,4.3.5 1,22.5 1,330 1,17,5 1,22.5 1,100 1,130 1.0.5.5 l.OSO 900 1,010 990 975 Date Oct. 1915 Sep.. 2 3 6 7 9 10 14 15 17 18 21 22 24 25 29 30 1 2 7 8 10 11 18 10 22 23 27 28 .Vov. 2 3 7 8 9 11 13 10 20 Gauge height FeH 3-25 3-22 3- 17 3-15 3-05 3-05 3-0» 3-00 2-98 205 2-90 200 2-85 2-85 2-80 2-80 2-85 2-8.5 2-75 2-75 :i-72 2-70 2-80 2-85 2.95 2.05 3- 15 3-1.5 3-10 3-0.5 3-0.5 3-05 3-00 2-95 2-90 2-84 2-83 Di» charge Stc.-/t. 050 920 885 865 700 790 750 7.50 740 715 6S0 680 650 650 615 615 6.50 6.50 585 58.5 565 555 015 6.50 71.5 71.5 86.5 S6.5 825 790 790 790 7.50 715 fiSO 640 635 Month June. July. Aug.. Sept.. MONTHLY SUMM.\RIES Diacharge in second-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-oS depth in incneft on drainage area > Mean mentUy discharge Sept. 1 to 0, 1,31S sec.-ft. Month Discharge in eecond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Hun-off depth in inches on drainage ares -Itiat.-. . July.. Aug. . . Hept.'. T.OOO 5,680 2,030 2,buu 3,100 1,350 4,740 4,046 2,016 11.87 I iJ.2J 10- 12 11.66 5.04 5.81 STREAM FLOW D A T A— B. C. TABLES 399 75— HAHATLATCH RIVER— 7 miles from mouth Drainage area, al)out 400 sqii.nre miles. DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— ^\en miles from mouth, below Douglas and Log creeks. Sec. 7, tp. U, rge. 26, W. 6th mcr. Records orut/uW?— Weekly reconls, Mar, 1912, to Apr.. 1916 ; ilaily records May to Dec.. 1916. Drainate arta — The watershed is not well definetl on existing maps, which, (or this region, differ considerably. The estimate may be somewhat low. CflKj*— Standard vertical staff gauge, reail weekly ; al.so, since April 27, 1916, auxiliary gauge, read daily, the readings being transferred to main gauge. Channel — At section, is straight, with an average depth at low water of 8 feet. Velocity low. Bed of river rocky and permanent. Discharge measurements — Are made from cable car. Winter flow — Op(i> conditions generally prevail throughout the winter, though partial ice condi- tions sometimes obtain, as in Jan. and Feb., 1916. Accuracy— The disci.Tge estimates given below ftr days on which the gauge was read are re- vise-l figures. For 1916, the results are considered quite reliable. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Arexrf Kctioo Mean velocity bJubt Diacharge Date Area of section Mean velocity h -iKht Diicharge 1912 July 23 Sq.t«t Ft. per «c. Feel 3 7.T 2 20 6.4 4-9.1 2 65 Stc.-ttet 1,020 801 4,640 3,106 1,273 lOl.'i Fib. 15 1016 April 10 June 26 Nov. 4 1017 Jan. 11 Sq.litt 262 414 x.to 272 220 Ft. per tee 1 10 3-60 !• SO 2 OU i a 3 40 3 10 H .V) 1 33 41 S4e/eet Nov. 28 290 1913 June 26 July 4 Sept. 21 747 627 431 047 .son 2 '.Mi 1,400 S,IOO .'•50 209 GAUGE HEIGHTS AND DISCHARGES Owing to the infreqtiency of gauge readings up to 1915 it was not deemed advisable to inter- polate discharges and give monthly summaries. The following is a record of the gauge heights and corresponding estimated discharges that are availaMc. 1912 1913 1014 II 1015 Date Gaui;e heigh; Dis- charge Date (jauge licight Dis- charge Date Cjuuge bright DiK- charge Duic (iauge height Dis- charge F-et Sec.-/l. Feet Hec.-ft. Fift S.;-.-/l. Fe.l .>Vr-/(. 570 510 440 3,S0 360 3>0 3!I0 3S0 410 Jan 4 1-00 4 NO Jan. 4 2-60 1,140 Jan. 2 1'30 " 12 0-S.i 420 " 11 2-32 080 •• 10 Feb. 27 Mar. 4 6-95 0-75 400 " 10 " 20 Feb. 2 0-80 0-85 0.'> 410 420 360 •• 18 " 25 Feb. I 1.70 1-00 1-40 700 060 600 ■' 23 " 30 O-OO 0-70 O'W", •' U 0-6,i 360 U 0- .-.0 320 8 1-10 510 Fib. 7 0-70 O.7-, " 18 0- 6.i 2KI) ■• 16 1-10 510 ■' 15 O-OO 440 " 15 • 2i 0-50 .120 " 23 0'75 3'>0 " 22 0-80 410 " 21 OTO April 1 l-4.i 610 .Mar. 2 0- r,-, 330 .Mar. ; 1-20 ,540 8 1-70 700 0-70 3S0 •• 8 1-10 510 .Mar. 7 ■• 14 •' 21 200 2-40 820 1.020 •• 16 •• 23 0-7.1 0-70 3<10 3.S0 ■• 22 1-05 2 05 SOO i.3>;o ■• 14 " 21 1-05 1-45 400 610 1.100 " 28 2- 3-. 1.000 ■• 2') 0-65 360 •' 20 2-25 950 May .S 3-30 1,620 .Vpril 6 0-70 3S0 Apri. 5 2-60 1,140 April 4 6. 15 " 12 5-70 3.00O " 1.! 1-00 7 SO •• 12 4.,(0 2,4.50 •• 11 LU-SO 3,65 1 • 2,6.10 I,7S0 5,8.'iO 2,400 2,'JOO 2,f*0 l.S.'iu 3,100 2.3.50 2.150 4.000 1,940 •' 10 5-50 3,li.-.0 •• 20 3 -.•?.-> l.r.iio •• 11 4- to 2,2.50 17 5 -.50 " 2i 5-70 I.MM) " 26 2.S0 l,2r.o ■' 211 3-35 1 ,liliO 4 -.50 3 -.50 June 2 4- 10 2,2.W -May 4 I-'.IO 7S0 May 3 6-30 4,600 May 2 6-40 4,7.10 " 12 5- 10 3,200 ■■ 10 5-. 50 3,6.50 " 7*20 " 16 4-50 2,0.W " 18 400 2.200 ■• 17 600 4,2.50 " 16 4-25 " -J 6-25 4,.i.W •■ 2.i 6-70 5,1."«0 ' 22 7-.'iO 6,:i00 " 2.i 4 'HO " 3U 4-40 2,.-..W June 1 800 7.100 " 24 8-20 7,.500 " 30 4-4 5 Julv 7 3-80 2,020 8 7- 7-'-. «.70t. I 8 '• IS " M SB a 13 ■• ao " J? Nov. & " 10 ■• 17 " 24 .>■ ** Oee. 1 " 7 " 15 •■ 22 •■ 3» hriKht Fnt 3- .V, .1-4:. 4-3:. ■.\M ■i- 7:> 2-20 2-30 2'SS 2' 10 l-SO 200 1-40 3- 10 1-HO 1.0 40 20 2-80 3-20 IM ISO 1-30 MS 1-3S I>i«- rbsne Stt-ft. 1.821) 1.740 2..VI0 I.UMI l.rtNO »a) 070 1.100 N70 6«I0 ftao 600 870 740 000 «00 020 1,280 930 780 630 S70 530 550 1013 Date July 6 " i:i •• 20 ■• 2» Ailc 2 •■ 10 •■ 17 •■ 34 " 31 Sept. 7 ■ IS ai 37 4 12 10 35 Nov. 3 16 33 30 Dee. 7 14 31 38 Ort. (•win beicht 5-40 4'H.% S-.30 .^•2.- 4-MO .I'M) .I- l.'> 3-N.-. 3-t:, 4-70 3-60 a- 05 aao 1-90 4-75 3-75 3-85 1-80 3-35 380 IM 3-20 1-70 1-40 1-30 1-30 rharge Ste.-n. 3.5.W 2,'».V) 4,(100 .'i.4ao 2,900 2,100 \.!*ra 2.0(10 l,(iA0 a,8oo 1,780 1,170 9il 780 3.8S0 1,330 1.300 741 980 1,140 780 930 701 600 570 540 1914 D"« hisK July II ii 2fl Au|. 2 9 1(1 2:1 30 II 13 30 37 4 11 IS 3.; 1 8 15 23 38 Dee. 6 13 20 36 .>' I.e.* ) 1,700 1,470 1,140 to eatimate the mean flow fur Month Kun-ofl depth in ineheaon drainase area Month DiMfaarta in eeeoDd-teet Kun-off depth in inefaea on drainace area Max. Mio. Mean Per •quare mile Max. Min. Mean Per •quare mile April ... May .. June. . . . July... Auc a«pt Oct Nov Dm April. . . May . June. . July... Auc.. . . Sept.. Oct. . . . Nov.... Dee... Period. 2,;soU 5,300 11,700 6,1.10 3,750 2,200 700 .170 440 11,700 1,0I 4.; ti .")X 4 ;.-p S 1 I)iKh*r«e;i I>mU Ste.-fttI 417 I .»:\n »I7 a.i>.".ii I .aiii 1014 Muy 2)) Area of sertlun >q Ac/ 7!i:i *»J7 Mi^an velocity ri. p*f He 4 :t.\ ;l (Ml : April l^ \ i:il .' '11 ;, .luiii- :.'7 i I.IIMl II -i( , .S"nv, 4 ' IMJU 1 1 '■'"■ 1 1 .hin lo 1 I'fis !»7 (iaiue hrlcht III III ;i 7:. IHacharie Str-ftH :t.4:i2 l.L'ii.-. 440 f ■ OAIT.E H ,iITS A.\r) DISfHARCKS fhvinK to the irifrcquency -f Ra.iKe roail.ngs it was n.,t ,leon..- 1 a,lvis.nl>lo t.. prrnnrp nmnthlv summane' by interp< lating .lischarpes. The toll-wing is a re.,.r,l of the gauge heidus a.t.r.Uv recorded and torrcsponding discharges. », i-- aciuaiu 1012 Date F'' . M i.%t. 4 •• II •■ 18 " 25 April 1 " 8 ■• 14 " 21 ■■ 28 May S •' 12 " 19 •• 2« 'une 2 9 " 16 • 23 " 30 July 7 • 14 '• 18 •• 21 23 28 4 7 " 11 " 18 " 2.5 Sept. 1 '^ 8 •' 15 " 22 29 6 13 20 27 . 3 10 17 24 28 1 7 15 22 29 Aug. Oct Dee Gauge height rm 3-45 3-25 3-20 3-20 3:5 3-95 4- 10 4-40 4-80 4-70 5m 7-80 7-40 7-80 6-40 8-70 6-95 S'60 5-70 6-30 7-20 6-70 6-70 6-60 5-75 8-15 5-95 G-90 8-00 6-40 4-70 4-80 5-25 4-50 4- 10 4-SS 3-90 4-6.5 4-30 3-90 400 4-70 5- 1.5 4-75 4 45 4-10 3-55 3-70 400 Dia- rharge Stc.-fi. 415 380 375 375 365 520 560 660 8.30 785 1,270 2.815 2.415 2.815 1,800 3,490 2,295 1940 1,330 1,730 2,370 2,010 2,010 1.940 1,360 1,625 1,490 2,15.5 1,525 1,800 785 830 1,060 700 560 720 510 760 625 51U 535 78.5 1,010 805 680 560 430 460 535 1913 Date Jan. 4 12 19 26 Feb. 2 9 16 23 Mar. 2 9 16 23 29 April 6 ■■ 13 20 27 .May 4 ■ 11 18 25 June 1 8 ■• 15 „ 22 " 2H •■ 29 July 6 " 13 " 20 '• 27 Aug. 2 '• iO " 17 •• 24 .'iept, 7 ■ 14 21 27 5 12 19 " 25 No». 2 " 9 '■ 11 " 23 30 7 14 21 28 (lauge height Ot. Dee Fitt 3-45 3 -,55 3',^5 c .:5 3-35 3-25 3-80 3'SO 3-30 3 -.35 3-40 3-30 3 30 3-30 4-.'iO 5-70 5-10 4-30 7-25 5-9.5 »-;l.5 9-40 9-30 8-15 7-90 8-30 8-flO 7-7.5 7-20 8-60 7-60 7-10 6-30 6-40 H-3U 7- 10 5-90 5-10 4-60 4-35 7-00 5-10 5-20 4-50 4-30 5-00 4-30 4-80 420 4-00 3-90 3-8J Dia- eharge Stf.-tt 412 377 377 447 377 ,345 535 430 3611 377 395 360 360 360 730 1,465 1,115 730 2,780 1.627 3.94,5 -5,120 5.000 3,725 3,4,50 3,890 4,220 3,285 2,710 4.220 3,120 2.610 1,880 1.280 1,880 2,610 1,.595 1,115 865 /52 2,510 1,115 1,170 710 730 1,160 730 960 690 61J 570 535 1014 Date Jan. Feb. 4 11 18 25 1 8 1.' 22 Mar 1 8 15 22 30 April 5 ■ 12 19 26 .May 3 10 17 21 24 29 30 June 6 13 2(1 27 July 4 •• 11 ■■ 19 ■• 26 Aim. 2 •■ 9 " 16 '• 23 " .30 .Sept. 6 " 13 " 20 27 4 11 18 25 .Nov. 1 8 15 22 28 Dee. 6 13 20 26 Oct. Oauge height Frtl 4-76 4-86 4-26 3-86 3-84 3-74 3-. 54 3' 14 3-67 3 -.52 4-42 5-27 4 -.57 4-79 6- .59 6-19 5- ,59 8-46 7-41 8-, 56 8- JO 9-90 6- SO 6-70 7-. 30 8- .50 8-20 8-40 10' (10 8-90 8 -.to «-.tO ti-00 5 -.50 6- 10 5- 60 5-50 4 -.TO 4-20 «-00 5-60 4-95 4-flO 8-50 5-50 8- 15 6-10 5-30 5-00 6- 00 4-90 4-10 4-10 3-90 Di»- rharge .Ser-/( 940 990 714 .5.56 .549 514 400 489 437 784 1.208 851 9.55 2.131 1.797 1.394 4.066 2,920 4,176 4,110 5,760 2,320 2,2.30 2.810 4.110 3.780 4.000 5.900 4..5.50 3.890 2,0.50 1.660 1 ,110 1.7.10 1,400 1.34 I 820 1)90 l.HIKI 1.400 l.ttl5 86.5 4,110 1,340 3,725 1,730 1,225 l.lfiO l,«fi0 1.010 6,50 650 .570 Date Feh. Jan 2 10 17 23 30 7 15 .M 28 Mar. 7 •■ 14 li ;: ^' llApn. 4 '■ 11 •■ 17 • 24 .May 3 t ■' 16 •• 23 " 30 June 6 13 20 27 July -4 II 18 25 Aug. 1 8 15 22 29 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 Gauge height FtH 3-7) 3-60 3 -.50 3-30 3,30 3-20 3-30 3-, 30 3-30 3-40 3-60 4-60 5-00 8-30 5-90 7-50 6- no 5-70 8-70 6-40 7-00 11-70 8-40 7-00 6- .50 6-20 800 5-80 5-60 6-30 ('•50 5-60 6-80 6, 30 5 -.50 5-20 4-10 4-10 1-90 4-40 3-4t 3-40 5- 8 J 6-20 4-61) 2-90 3-4(; 3-:w :Mn) 3 -.50 3-40 3. 50 Dia. charg* 430 380 350 230 290 270 200 290 290 320 380 780 1.0011 3,700 1,5.30 2.900 2,a50 1,400 4,200 1.900 2,400 2,100 3,800 2,400 1,9.50 1.7.V) 3,400 1,460 1,330 1,800 1,9.50 1,330 2,200 1,800 1.260 1,100 .570 570 490 700 32U 320 1,4611 1,7.50 78)) 20) 320 290 3.S0 :«<) .320 3.50 i! jl It ^ li I ^^ i t < f,ji 4ta COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION QArOE HEIGHTS AND DI8CHAHaE»-C«rt„wj IftIA 77-lfAWAIMO »IVra-6niiie«fmn , mouth !>»;«.». . ,«. "ramage area. 250 square mile« DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Records atailablf-ftb. 11. 1913. to Dec. 31. 1916 s-yrr^ir^ir " -"-^ "-' """ •■ «"■»• ■""- DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS (0 Noi» Feb.. Mir April -Muy. Junp. July . Aug.. Sept. . Oct. . N ov Dec. . Ptriod. L.'iOO 2.7.).-> 2,37U 1,74.-| l.O.W 1.S23 3,52.-) 11,420 Ci.OTO 11.420 "ro 7'.M) ".■,0 2l).-i 101', •I.) 3:t.-i 3(10 uOu 1)12 !.4 1.444 1,(K)H '122 17.1 .M:i 9:!7 .■!,.<7:i i,e.-,7 .1 9S .5.7S 4 04 2-4!l 11!) 2-20 •■i-7.-. 13 4!) ti-ti3 1.217 I 4 S7 4 :::: i 20 fi *i7 r. nii 4 .■>o 2 S7 7!) •1 4.'> 4 33 ].- 07 7. 03 .W. 17 Jau.. Fib. . Mar... April. .May. Jur»e. , July . , Aui5.. . S<>t... Oft.. . Vqv... lice.. . Yoar, . 23,.i()0 4,ilH0 S,.120 «,.-.iu l,fi."iO (►40 4s.) • oO 1,22a ll,tiOO lO.li.io 3,140 . ...100 1W14 770 •1,S40 ir,.Mi 17 7i .•.70 1,240 4 !)l) 2.520 10 as 11 *)2 HSO 2,4.10 i) 72 10 !« 1,070 4 2.S 4 ■ '.13 130 70 2B.j 9.-, 2 60 100 0-3» 2 90 122 44 fis 335 134 l-.'K) 3110 3.2!H) 13 I'j l.i.lU ftftU 4,3«0 17. 5« 19 CO 330 740 2. 90 3-41 M 1.739 6 96 94. 4!) STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES «U MONTHLY SIMMARICS— CmlirikW Moeth Ducharg* in Hcontl-lost Mia. Mtu F«b. . . M*r April.. Miiy.. <'uiw . July.. Aus . 8cpt. . Ort. . . Nov... Dec . . Y»«r . *.7M 2.390 A.o;o W,(MW MO 4M5 140 W M ^..^ao S.430 N.SI0 9.M0 810 7.W 4*10 3(t.% 140 Kl .17 .W «0 .VIO •U I.4IU 1,420 1.740 1.7H.S .•.73 2)W KM «« .W 1.700 I.AHO 3.070 1.1.^7 i It I ■ 3 I ') 43 II 2H 24 H 80 (1 72 12 28 It .-A) ^ no H 02 H 01 2 m 1 21 49 30 27 7 H3 7. .10 14. la 4 IW . (12.8.1 MoBlh Uwclurifl in Mnonil-f) ci Mu. Mio. M«sn •qunrp mil* Hun-«>lf rlfpth in in<-M« on drunas* Jul. . fVb M>r .April. . M>y. . Juiw. . July.. Au« S.-pt... Ilrt . Nov. . IVp. . . Y«r. la.iiat 7.4on 3,(ViO 3,:i40 2.990 1.2411 4.V) l.MI J.-IOO 3,910 2, UK) 13.I0O 2«r 42.^ t.OlO I.INO l.lllll I.IHiO 47-. I. Hi 112 47 2ii7 3-.2 iM>2 2..'i70 3.a-iO l.miii I.U40 1..-.20 790 2.V) St'i l.ONO 7;io 1,220 2 41 10 2** 12 20 7 IK) 7 7ti n Oh 3 Hi 1 00 31 I) III 4 12 2 92 2 7s 11 01) 14 07 H 4H It 9,-. rt 7h 3 2,130 > 4,710 II.O0O 12.S70 10,1)40 I- 1 HI ! MONTHLY SUMMARIES .Month Diacharge in second-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile Uuriotf dentil in inciiei on drainage area Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. .Month Aug., . Sept.. . Oct.. . Discharge in second-feet .Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile 191.1 11 .k'O i 0,10 4 7S0 7,0.10 4,7NO 3,740 9,110 5,S30 4,120 Hun-off depth in inches on drainage area 0,9<> I 0-Hl I 0,43 I 111 068 o.so 79— WECHAKO RIVER— near Fort Fraser Drainage area, about 6,150 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At the Grand Trunk Pacific Ry. bridge, about half-mile west of Fort Eraser townsite. Records available— J\me 16 to Dec. 10, 1915. CoKje— Vertical staff nailed to a timber pile on the left bank of river, about 75 feet above the rail- way bridge; read daily in the open season, and semi-weekly in the frozen seajon. fi !■ * il 404 C f ) M M I K S I O N OF C O \ S E R V A T I O .V CAanw;— Straight above and below section; divided into sections by the bridge piers There IS a possibihty of shift in the section due to current action around the piers of the bridge Dtscharge measurements— Are made from the bridge. WinUr flov>—The river is usually frozen from mid-November until middle of April. During eariy winter, the flow is affected by anchor and frazil ice. Accuracy— The station is newly established, but the conditions for meterings are good The results should be within 15 per cent. lilSCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1015 June 17 July 18 Aug. 26 Sept. 23 Are* of section Sq. /ml 6.210 5,480 3,9.tO 3,180 Mean velocity Ft. per ifc. 2 37 2. IS 1-67 140 Gs'ige bright Feet 8-M 7- 10 4 20 2.68 Discbarge Stc.-tMt 14,730 11,920 6,610 4.440 Date 1916" April 27 ^fay 11 Aug. 11 ■■ 21 Area of section Sq. fat 'From ".MiscellaneouB .Meter Measurements," WaUr Hnourcts I'aptr, No. Mean velocity Ft. per tec. Gauge height FeU 2 30 6. 30 6 .IS 5 -.50 Discharge See.-feet 4,630 8.610 10..T00 O.l.W «/. p. im. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet Kun- f. . Records available-hnf.. 1 to Nov. 30, 1911 ; April 5 to Dec. 21, 1912 ; Mav 9 to Dec 11 1913 • Apnl 1 to Sept. .30, 1914 : April 1 to Nov. 15, 1915 ; April 1 to Dec.'si 1916 ' ' Gawfic— Inclined staff gauge ; read three times a w«ek. CAann./-Is straight at measuring section ; velocity high ; bed of stream, rocks and gravel ; one channel at all stages. During high water on the Thompson river the control is affecte.! at tlie measunng section, but not at the gauge. Pifcharge measuremenls-Arc made from bridge at all stages. None was made in 1915 iUnter floji^ice conditions usually exist during Januarj-. Februarj- and March Accuracy — C. filSCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge Date Area of section .Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge 1011 Aug. 8 Sept. 15 Oct. 24 1912 Mar. 20 M:iy 3 " 27 July 3 " 20 Aug. 10 Sq. feet 244 151 116 127 348 6.58 390 260 167 Ft. per tu. 3 3 25 15 10 46 6 1 3 2 2 6 10 Feet 2 65 1 78 1 30 2 00 440 6 IK) 4. 20 3. 10 2-25 See.-feet 810 386 176 242 I.IHJO 3,090 1,208 667 321 1913 May Juno 7 Aug. 12 1014 May 23 July 31 1916 July 11 Sept. 2 Nov. 14 Sq.fett 400 778 194 .sni 197 ti42 102 130 Ft. per uc. 5.44 5.34 2 11 8.06 2 40 4 70 1 63 1 17 Feel 5. 40 6 65 2 .50 7 60 2. 42 5. 95 2 50 1 SH 6'ec.-/re( 2,.'i8ti 4,1.V« 410 6,i.-)rt 468 3.085 318 163 STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 405 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month April. . Ntlty. . June. . July.. Auf.. , ijept... Oct.. . Nov.'. Dw. . . .4pril . May «. June. . July . . Aux,. . . .Sept.. . Oct Nov.. . . Dec.'.. April May. . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept. . Oct.*. . Nov.*. Dec... Period.. Diuharge in aecond-feet Mu. I Min. Mean 815 422 290 400 346 220 175 155 54.5 335 200 227 1U!:< .'.,375 5,375 2,423 700 1,965 725 544 337 2,3X0 2,57tt 730 180 180 180 356 145 3,484 3,610 1,302 402 603 444 439 220 1915 3,300 3,010 2,010 1,160 720 230 3,300 1,400 1,600 1,060 660 215 19S 1,980 2,2(X) i,9oe 841 374 213 1,185 IKun-off depth in inches on drainage area 020 13 (m 00 131 1'3U 49 15 0-23 17 17 (I 08 u-7r, 088 057 032 014 08 23 14 0!) 09 97 1-52 57 17 25 lU 18 03 0-84 096 0-64 0..17 d 16 009 3 06 Month April Stay June. July . Aug. JSfpt. l).-t.. , Nov. Die.' April May. . June. . July . Aug.. . Sept.. . Oct.' . Nov.". Dec. . . • De^ P»"'»' ■« condiUona, mean discharge poxaibly high. • •Dec. 1 to 11. • Gauge readings not numerous enough to p. April. . .VI ay . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov. . . Dec. . Period. Discharge in necond-feet Mu. Min. Mean I Per square I mile Hun off depth in inches on drainage area 1.000 I 4,630 3,230 1,360 660 I 3B0 430 3.t() 3,.i,0 7,740 5,345 2.370 335 340 240 1.220 430 1.200 1,060 390 300 lor, 215 1.55 3,.'S70 2,270 430 115 100 210 830 B73 3,310 2,326 790 391 244 .301) 226 2,333 5.ti<>4 3,:iss 1.216 205 162 25 1 25 88 30 15 6 00 II 09 8h 2 14 128 046 008 006 3,o- '""^^ —liately below mouth of Co,d- W.^.^„™.VaW,-June U, .9,,. to Dec. 31. ,9,4 : Apnl , to Sept. 30, ,9,5. Station dis.on- Caugf-i^taM vertical staff gauge ; rea.l three times a week. ni.T " ^''''■'""-' ''"'' ""= """■ '^ '" '"° '^''"""^'^ ^'"ring high water viT """'"""•"^'^-^^'^ -^^'« Kv cable suspension from the l^ri.ige. nmUr flou^Opcn conditions usually prevail throughout the year "'^'inipSf a::::^::^"'" ^^^ ^""^''^"•^^"' -^ -^^^ y-- —-- -^ ^-ffng channe- Date 1011 July 11 Aug. » .• 7fiO 233 3. 27 5-86 2B9 265 .140 3. 52 6.30 6 19 1,020 943 |.50 5.(10 284 M !i II iiti ml IH ■■' » I 3 1 ; < 1 i 406 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-off depth in incneson drainage area July. .. Aug.. . . .Sept.... Oct Nov.. . . Dec Jan.. . Feb. . , Mar... April. ^Iay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov. . . Dec. . Year. 31U I no 2.'i0 .540 2,.580 1,.W.') 87n 210 100 ll.'i 160 14.5 2..iR0 1)0 145 KJO 230 600 NOO 220 8.5 40 40 .50 oO 40 127 i«y 137 .■(68 1..502 1,2.57 514 16.5 84.5 62 4 U5.3 66. 1 380 (W 11 10 «) 24 1 00 84 34 II 0— Stream is usually frozen from about Jan. 1 to April 1. Accuracy— Is fairly high, con.sidereti to be within 10 per cent. DTSCH.\RGE MEA.SUREME\TS Date 1912 F.b. 9 Mar. 12 .\pril 19 Jtint' 5 Area of section Sq. fret 4.2:10 4.OJ0 .^>.:)40 Mean velocity Ft. per sec. 5 039 1 . :«; 3 73 Gauge heiKlit Discharge Fert 10 ii.i; 111. 8 Hfc.-feet 2.12(1" l..")(i0 1 7.I.-,0 211.02.". Date 1913 April 12 .lorn; 5 I Jul.v 22 .Area ol section " Ice conditions. Sq .'... 4.: '■; 11. 'ISO 7,410 Mean velocity Ft. per Kec. 07 (iauKe height Feet 10 3 24-1 Discharge Sec-feet MOXTHLY .SUMM.ARIHS Month DischarRe in spcond-fr .Mai. Min. Mean •t I Kiin-oIT depth in Per inclw'son Mciuarc draiaaee riiilc ) area April. May. . Junv. . Jul.v . . •Vug.. . Sept... O.t.. . .Nov... Dec.".. 11,700 40.!lliO 47,7110 30.120 32,7(H) 27,."i40 S.'.'OO ti.lSO 2,:t,Mi 12.110 2."..3'.0 21.1(KI 2:i.:l(K) 7.510 n..-,2o 2.0ti0 .'...V.IO . ;.'. 3-*.722 5 17 27,027 3.(!l 27,103 3 112 iii.tir.-i 2-22 7,529 1 (K) 3.707 49 2.0.S4 2S !7,0in ? .■iO -Month Di.'cliargc in kcco !-feet -Mai. Min. I Itim-oll Ih 111 r irielieson Al>ril 5. .May, . June. . Jalv.. A.IK... .Nov... Die. . . Piriod. l'.i|:i P.T [ irielieson square tlrainane mill. I ana l.'i.O'iU ."p.".,llso I15.:til0 •■2,940 41,1110 :til,040 22,9(K) l(i,."iXO l:i,lliO ri.'i.iiiio 3,:ioo I'.'.l.'.O 49,^110 :i:i,'.i9o 30,'.IS0 21,7tK) l."..N20 i.i.nio 9,2.")0 .i,.ino 7,'.IV1 24,:i29 57,11.14 4l,sr4 3.-..S21 2H,M,() l.S,7ilil 14. UU ll,:t(17 2ti..'.'M) 101, .1 :I2 4.7s :i ."js 2..W ISS I . .".2 ■t .14 !• 17 3 . ,S2 .S ■ 57 11 42 5..-|0 li.'IS 2.SH 210 1 75 ;)ii !9 P.Tirvl ' For piTiod Dec. 1 to 21. « Partly cBtimatcdT •Considcr.-jl lie changes in ttic location of this river and its trilmtarics have been made on recent maps. In this estimate these changes have l«-en taken into account. '' I II I If i { *^* COMMISSION- OF CONSERVATION 84-WORTH THOMPSOW RIVER-ahove Barri^re riv^r Drainage area, about 7.000 square miles* OESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Mo«~C>ne mile aI>ove the mouth of Barridre river, 40 miles north of Kamloops Retards available-Jur^e 1 to Dec. M, 191.5; Apnl 1 to Dec. 31. 1916 Gau,e-Cham gauge on highway l,ri,lgc; replace.) on April 7.' 1916, bv vertical staff on -lown •stream end of western pier of highway bridge. ' "=>' ^wri on .lown- '"*'"ilw.'"'"" '"""""' '^ '"'^'^ ^'"'"'^"'^ =»"'" P'-^" = "««> -- '-'^e and rapids y, mile Discharge mcasuremetits—An made from the highway bridge. Winter flou— Ice conditions obtain during 3 or 4 months. ^fCKraci— Consi71 Ft. per tec. 1 20 1 47 3. 98 7.36 500 3. 42 Feet 3. 03 4. 16 9-87 18 00 14 60 9. 4.5 Sec-feet 3,490 4.000 18,9.'>(l 50,900 840 MONTHLY SUMMARIES ■ Partly estimated ; ice conditions obtained after !!•.<• 18 t v..;.-.. j '■ : 7. ■ panson with d«.h.rge. on South Thomp«,n at Ch^ aS^ Thomplo^u l^'nce^BriSge." *""^''<'"' "^^ 24-11 by coni- 85-OKAWAGAW RIVER— below lake Drainage area, 3,000 square milest DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION """''IZ:^::^':, ^^: - •''^- - '^-^ ^-^-^ ^^^^- ^^ ^t. above O^anaga,. Records axmUaUe-hpn\ 8 to Dee. 31, 1914 ; Jan. to Dec.. 1915 ; Mar. 18. to Dec 31 1916 '12^^;;'^''''' "^' = '-^ ^™^ ''-^^ ^ ^-'^ '° ^^-^ '2. .915, an^x'L^'a wee.. maps^nS^4'a;e:'.^abou^V^i^^^s^S "'"' ^'^ '"'° ^'^'"""^ ^^^-^^ "^'^^ - -"" t A determmat.on of watershed from recent maps seems to indicate about 2.750 sq. miles. STREAM FLOW O A T A-B. C. T A B L E S 409 CAa»»W-Average wiiith at Fair%'iew measuring section. 75 foet : bcl of stream, gravel and sand, and constant shiftmg resulted. At the new station al,ovc falls, river narrows down from outlet of Dog lake, and is confined by bridge abutments to one channel at all stages : gravel bed ; permanent rock control near falls below. Discharge m,asuremenls-At Fairview ; were obtained at all stages of flow. an!««ra.,K-Considered fairly good, in spite of adverse 'conditu-ns at f.rst station. At second station accurate and reliable. DISCHARGE ME.ASUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean velocity UauKi' height Discharge Date .\rea of sertton .Mean velo<'ity (tailKe heiKht I>ts<'harge 1914 .\pril 7 .\fay 11 June 5 July 17 Aug. 14 •• 28 .\ov. 21 Sq.fut 270 4.Vi .-.20 4,'i4 3.V4 320 309 Ft. per tec. 1 90 2 1.3 2 71) 2 51 2 20 2 20 1 . k; Feet 71 2 43 3 28 2-27 131 1 08 84 Sec-feet r.Ji ' 1,1 9(1 1.43C. 1,138 7 402 4I.K i ,020 2sr 1,197 1 .(1.-..-. 820 2.-.9 ■ .Near Fairview. > New static n above ful s. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in sMcond-feet Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Month Disrharge in second-feet Hun-ofT drnth ir inches on drainage area Mai. -Mic. .Mean I'er square mile .Max. .Min. 1 Per Mean { siiuare 1 mile April. . , -May .. June. . . July .... Aug Sept Oct .Nov Dec April. -May *'une. . . July . . . Aug.. . .Sept.. Oct. . . . Nov.. . . Dec. .. Period 88.-. 1,440 1 ,.-.00 l,2'.t.''. 900 68.-. 6.30 610 o8,'> l.-'iOO .rfiO 94.1 1,310 9.1,1 69.1 565 .17,1 .165 485 481 761 1.2.18 1,421 1,120 792 601 .198 .196 .140 8.14 25 42 47 37 26 20 20 20 18 28 11 28 48 52 43 30 22 23 22 Period... 11 ll.''. 21 2 SO Jan Feb .Mar .\pril ... Nlay. . . June. . . , July... •Aue ISept t)ct .N'ov Dec Year. . . . o20 442 442 600 1,160 1.120 910 840 630 .120 470 460 l.lfiO 46.5 420 400 400 600 880 810 660 .i20 460 4.10 400 400 4S.-> 433 426 497 8.50 966 8.i7 737 .i70 473 4.-.1 429 U 16 14 14 16 28 .■t2 28 2.1 19 16 I.') K 20 19 l.l 16 18 33 m :« 0.2<.t 21 18 17 3 16 2 71 Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar . . .\pril , Alay . June. . Jul.v Auk — .S-pt.. . . Oct. . .\ov. Dec. .. Peri. Hi, 48.-. 960 1,290 1,.'<00 1,1. '10 7I'.0 .120 ..1,1 26,1 1,.100 300 .100 980 1,1.10 770 .120 31£ 265 265 26.1 3.10 770 1,110 1,2.10 970 6,10 410 281 265 671 12 26 37 41 32 21 14 09 09 22 13 30 41 47 37 23 1) 16 10 10 2 27 ii i rij i nl «6— OTTERTAIL RIVER— near mouth Drainage area. 90 square miles DESCRIPTIO.\ OF GAUGING STATION ^"'"JImT^'p"^"" T^ ^^ ^ ■''^- ^"'* ^^°''' '^'" '"«''^"y ^"'^^^ "" ^"'"i '>°'" ^'■eW to '^>ttertail (old CP. Ry. grade). Records availabU-]Mnt to Oct., 1912 : May to Oct,, 1913 ; station discontinued Oflttje— ^Vrtical staff gauge ; read two or three times a week. ill .. I- 1 f 1 M f! '5- I 1" 410 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION "■izri;rr™ r "::i"" '*'"'»"^ '°"""** "^ "••" '" ""« '"-- «- lit«/^r77-Thc river is Renerally frozen from Nov. to April Accuracy~C ; infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. DISCHARGE -MEASUREMENTS MONTHLY SUMMARIES ■ \t, 5 p.m. on Aug. 24. 1912. diKharge wu 1,120 sec.-ft. 87-OYSTER RIVER-nP^r mouth Drainage area. 70 squ .re miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION en"T^' mile from mouth, upstream side of Island highway bridge. 18 miles from Court- Records available— inne 1. 1914, to Dec. 31 1916 """"'^d 'tS: dX' ^'^' "=**'^ *° "'^•'-^ - "«^* t-'^-- 20 feet downstream from bridge ; l^f'u^Zrw b S:.'^"'" bridge; extreme low water measurements taken 1.000 7m se" '^''' '«='-^'-" ■^■=^''^;f of 80 and 1.400 secft.. accuracy B. above discharge of 1,400 sec.-ft.. accuracy C ; m 1915, accuracy B: in 1916. accuracy C. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 396 5 3S« "•de'''''G^^^SK^iZ^S^5^X^^^ STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 4tl MONTHLY SUMMARIES Moath DiKhane in iMond-feet Hu. Min. Mean Per •quare , mile I «re« Kun-off deoth in inches on drainage Juae. July. Auk.. Sept.. Oct.. Not.. Dec.., Period. Jan.. . . Feb. . . . Mar. .. ApriJ. . . May. . June. . . July... Auk — 8fpt.... Oct Nov... . Dec... Year. 1,11:0 1,00(> 2,020 2.M0 OB.'j (IKO 240 100 «.-) 4, BOO 1,2S0 2,U00 4,«<»0 140 240 21.^ 370 270 l!tO 100 3.5 3.1 4.W 110 3.5 444 .512 703 7S.-. B43 3W l.M 72 4!) 7S3 tl89 M9S .507 (i 34 7.31 10 04 11 21 010 5 14 2 1'J 1 03 70 11 lit 0.K4 12 79 7 24 .tl til .5H .5!t 74 .52 19 7S N'.l 9M 74 .Month Diacharge in MCond-feet .Mai. .Min. Mean Per •quare mile Kun-off depth in incnei on drainace area June. . July.. .\UK-. ■ .Sept. . Oct. . . Nov. . Dec. . Perirxl. 1,3:10 710 9.50 13 t'lM I. OHO .340 700 10 00 410 140 27.5 3 93 1.470 90 3.50 .5 00 3.000 270 1.040 14 8t! 2.170 .540 1,2S0 IS 2!t 1,0.30 140 4<>0 1) .57 3.000 90 722 10 31 1.5 20 11 50 4 .53 .5 .5« 17 13 20 42 7-36 81 92 Jiili '. . Feb. . . .Mar. April ». .\f«y June. . July . . AuK.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov. Dec.. . Ye 3,.500 2.270 900 1,7.5 175 94,S 8S7 1,000 1.310 H97 29!t 1311 2.53 202 3 23 2 .50 13 M 12 70 14 ;- at low stages, and appears to have a permanent control. Discharge measurements — .^re made from cable car. Winter flow— In Canada the river seldom freezes over and frazil ice is not often a serious factor. Accuracy— The gauge readings are somewhat infrequent, the stream is flashy during May and June. The measurements, except at low water, are only surface measurements. The results in May and June probably within 15 per cent, and, during the other months, 10 per cent. The discharge measurements and monthly summaries, given below for 1913 to 1915. have been recently revised and supersede all previously published data. DISCH.\RGE ME.XSUREMENTS Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge Date Area of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge 1913 June 11 Sq./ttt 11,500 Ft. per sec. 11 46 Fm 25. 20 Stc.-ftrt 132.000 July IS Nov 12 Sq. feel 5.9S0 4,.500 Ft. per etc. 6.tt5 4 Ul Feel 10 60 5 (>0 See.-feet 36.200 20 700 11,100 10 50 24 20 117.000' 1915 July 1.5 8,230 8 24 17. 13 67,900' Jan. .5 3.9.10 3 25 3 60 12.800 Aug. 4 .5,840 6 07 10 24 35,.500 > Feb. 12 3,.500 2 78 1 95 3,600 Sept. 2 4,440 4 3S .5-41 19,300 ' Mar. 20 3,7(yj 3 16 2 70 11,700 Nov. 8 1914 AprU 8 June 3 3,840 4,600 S.920 3 37 4.61 8. 47 3 20 605 18 9,5 12,900 21,200 7.5,600 June 5 Aug. 10 Sept. 3 fi..5.10 5,000 4,7.30 « 67 4 84 3 3S 12 on 7. 54 4 24 43.-500 24,200 16,000 ■MeaMu rement by e ngineers of Provincial Water Right B Branch. See also records by the United States Geological Sun,-ey, in following chapter. t This is a revised value based on recent measurements ; the area, as estimated by the B. C. Hydrometnc Survey and used in preparing summaries below, is 26,600 sq. miles. I i # I 1 j 1^ ' I [I It ! ; (i :|- I I 412 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES ?P-PHILLIPPS C REEK-nearRoo^v .... ' ■ l -irainage area. 2.^ square milw DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION W<.„-,,500 feet above road, near Roos ranch. RcsWHe Wrf, a.a^aW.-May to Nov.. ,914 ; April to Sept.. ,9.5 Ca.opera,ion~Proyinci.l Water Rights Branch and B. C. Hyd^nietric Sarv H <;a««.-Woo,len staff gauge ; read daily. "X^'-^etnc Survey have co-operated. CAa„„^/_Fairly uniform and smooth, but the bed of ,h-, . stream is subject to severe freshets wWh "" " ^°"'"^"='">- shifting and the -.«.. .....„.-s je :"::.;,: rrurr' "^-^^ ^" "^"-'• should be within'; preen™ """ ''^ "'"^''^^"' ^'°"^- -^'-" -"^-^'y "-charges C.„.ra/-PhiUipps creek is a small but flashv n,ountain stream 10 to ,5 mil. , a ■ a narrow draw, between two m„M„f • • . . "''^^ '°''8' """'"S through thence into We rn Cr In " 1 "' Tl ''"'' ^'""' " "''"'' '^^ ''^ "'-^•^. -^ Koos ranch, which migl!;! d^^f: p::^" '''''"'' ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ Data DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 1914 May in June 17 July 10 " 27 Sept. 10 lOI.'i April 24 «>««"— Mcu. Meaaure^e-t,." «-. «. p,^, .y, ,,. p. ,,- STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. T A B F. K S 41? 4 m ■i m 1 IK (1 «.i Al M 51 II 17 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Diachirge in Mcond-feet Max. Min. Mmn Her •qiMra mile KuiwjIT depth in inrhefl oo drainage arrft April May . June. . July . . Au«. . S'pt... <>i-t.. . Nov lOfl 33 69 H 3 02 134 53 76 2 3 31 5.1 21 5 33 9 14/ 33 U 17 74 18 12 14 U ff dppth in inrheiun drainage April Nlay Jun*> July Aug. Mept. • h-t \..v lt2 7 lOli (I Xt :( 20 5 3.-, 1 17 II 14 .1 37 (I 70 7h (I V.l It 22 (I l.-i 9 I 1 l>4 .1 m 3 40 2 W I 110 )iU 1 Nil 3 .-.O 3 7!» 3 00 1 1.1 O 77 ^0-POWELL RIVER -.,t lake outlet Drainagf area, 600 s(|uarf miles A descnption of the power development of the Powell River Co. is j-iven on pa^c 165 The company has for sone years kept a ren.nl of the level of the lakc--which is approximatelv 4S square miles in area-an.l also cf the flow of ,he waste water oNer the dam, which is controlleii by flashlx,ar,ls No record, however, has been kept of the water actually nse.! in the plant; conse- quently, wUhout a study of the plant output, etc.. it is not possible to do more than approximate the run-off from the watershed. From such records as a- • available it is estimatecJ the average yearly run-oflF is from 4 to 6 second-fee. per square mile, fhis vicinity is favoure- is given for a ,,ortion of the vear IVI.'. Ihe discharge, as lust stated, is artificially contr<.lle 30 2 K7 .Mont h t>i»ehar(fe in ..erond-feet Mai. .Min. .Mean Aug. iSept. Ort. . Nov. I)e<... IVriixl, 3,3liCI 2,22.i 2.42.". fi.OOII I Kfjuare I mile Itun-<.ff depth in inches on drainage area ATot^— Flashl.oards were taken off Ian. 1 April 22, May 29 and July 10. • .^^?*'"" "f '^•'■^ J^"- '■ -^"'••^" : J'llv 1. 267.60 : (kt. 1, 2( mg 100 feet bclt^w sea level. ^1— PUKTLEDGE RIVER-near mouth N.-.0 7.'>0 I.l.W 3.-,0 1 .Mi3 1,4,S4 l,7Mi 3 10 2 47 2 04 2.2(10 .1 57 2 711 3 311 3 77 I 42 .'.a Fla.shlH.ards were put ,9.' : \,,, n Mar. 26, April I!*, 1, 26X.,W, .latum [H-- Drainage area, 275 square mi les* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING .STATION i«fa/.«n-One mile from mouth, downstream side of highway bridge. 1 mile from Courtenay Kecords available— May 30, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Ga««^14-fect wooden staff, nailed to piling of right abutment of trussed span of railway bridge downstream side ; read twice a day. ' * CAa««W-Straight for 800 feet upstream and 200 feet downstream ; even gravel be.1 ; one channel except in extreme high water, when there is one small side channel. Control changed in Discharge mtasuremenls—ATe made from the bridge. Winter flow — Open all year. Accuracy— B. Change in contrr.l in Oct., 191S. mad-: revision of 15 data necessary The revisions ar e embodied in the monthly summary below. •Revised value based on recent measurements. IIJl I' i I ff- ti J f !l 414 COMMir'lON OF CONSERVATION DiaCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date Area of •Mtion Mean Telocity Oawa bciiCt DiKharg* OaU Area at Mctioo Mean vtloeitjr Oauce beiitt Diaeharf. 1914 May .10 July 17 Kept. 4 Nov. 10 1015 April 21 5«/«« 463 378 1.19 631 284 S3 4 8 2-9 5 .1 4 20 3 .18 3 .10 1 80 4 R8 2 80 Su.-fnt 2.4.10 • 1.820 457 3.490 1.190 8ept. 26 Opt. 30 1916 Mar 16 April 14 Oct. 26 1.1.1 611 876 462 122 n.piTMe. ■i 27 6 25 5 98 5 .VI 2 .16 I 45 4 71 4 43 3 88 1 40 3,880 3.440 2..160 313 'Station eatublithed. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Dlnrharge in recnnil-feet Hun-ittT depth in inphea f>n drainage area ■Month DiHhargp in apcnnd-feet Kun-off .Mai. Min. .Mean I'er Mjuare mile .Max. Min. .Mean IVr" ■guare mile depth in ineneaon drainage area June. . . July . . . Au« Sept Oet June. . 2.2.VI July 2,310 Aug.... 810 •*iept . 2,.M0 fVt. . 13,000 Nov.. 3,810 Dee... 3,1.80 Pt -iod. 13,000 1.570 1,840 800 1,400 480 610 410 7.10 080 3.9.10 2..V1O 3.220 510 1,380 4.V) 1,879 5 09 2 22 2 72 14 .W 11 70 3 02 6 83 7 46 5 86 2 56 Nov Dee Period. 19 15 16 .V. 13. 06 S 77 M 29 Jan...:, Feb Mar April... Nfay . . June. . . . July... Aug Sept t>ct Nov Dec Year 1.570 2.030 4.070 3,890 1,.M0 1,280 810 440 465 4,440 3,680 3,460 4,400 ..,0 720 880 1,420 1.1.10 810 440 .140 320 320 1.310 1.180 320 WOI 1.120 2.0.IO 2,470 1.260 l.o:)o 601 .151 344 1.400 1.770 1.980 1.270 3 28 4 08 7 39 8.98 4. 18 3. 75 2 20 128 1 25 503 6. 44 7 20 4 62 3 78 4 25 8 .12 10 02 5. 28 4 18 2 54 148 140 5. 87 7 18 8. 30 62 SO Jan. . . . Feb. •Mar April May . . June . . July.. Aug.. . Sept.... Oft... Nov.. . Dee... Year 1.120 2,.100 3.850 2,910 3.590 4,190 3.060 1,420 675 780 1.040 1.270 4.190 IWlli 492 700 492 1,310 810 2,.3.10 l.O'^O 1,670 1,770 2,780 2,6.30 3.260 1,020 2,2i)0 .180 861 465 541 170 4.12 46.1 .178 520 629 170 1,4.10 2 ,V» 4 77 S.-V, 6 07 10 11 11 8tl 8 34 3 13 1 97 1 M 2 10 2 28 5 28 2 93 5. 14 9. 86 6 77 11-65 13 24 9 62 3 61 2 20 189 2 34 2 63 71. 88 92-PUWTLEDGE RIVER-at diversion dan, Drainage area/250 square n,iW DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Location-At diversion dam of Puntledge river, hydrcelectric installation : Canadian r.Hieries (Dunsmuir), Ltd. Records available— ]me 7, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1916. Ccoperation-The data for this station were supplied by Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Lt.l. Ga«gf-Wooden staff, located on right bank SO feet above diversion dam. CAoMwe/— Very even flow over crest of dam. DiscHarge measuremenU-D^ily discharges obtained by weir measurement, over diversion dam plus water to flume. Wittier flovi — Open all year. Accuracy-1\,^ monthly summaries as given below are from revised data. Water diverted and flowing through flume is included. • Revised value based on recent measurements. 3.440 2 .SAO 313 7 4>1 A >Mi 2 .VI :< «« IH .Vi la ()« 5 77 M 20 Month J»n. Kib. . Miir April . ^^y Jun" '- , Julv . .\u«. . IVpt Oct.. . Nov. tVr . Jan. . Feb. . .M»r. April. Stay. . June. . July.. Auc.. . Sen... ()ct.. . Nov . . . Dec... Ypar STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY SUMMARIE.S 4IS Diwharge in seivmil-frft .Mai. .Min. M^an IVr •ii>-uii I ilppth in ' inchi'N on ' (IrainsKe ' ' area i Month I>i«*-har(f in ••(H-iintl-fr'>t 2.S00 L'.DJI) lUK) 1,^1111 1, 2111) .•i.;.'()(i ■J.'MH) •■(.200 I.UIII :«io 7'MI .VMl l.OU) .lliO 2,I(II> I.IIK) ■.7.-, '.KM) ' l.litlll I.VjO l.lNO .s 41) 4 411 I •.4 a U 1,100 2N0 2H0 3.NO0 .•t..T(K) 2,380 3.H00 41)1) 4t>() .5.30 720 mm 1.000 300 240 210 210 1.040 1,000 210 )>3ll 710 1..3)I0 l.liOO 1.100 1.100 tiOH 2.V) 2.->2 1,2(10 1,490 lAW OS.i 2 M .-. ,14 40 4 40 4 40 ;' 43 1 >;v 101 .') o» .1 0« i KO 3 P4 2 '.I.-. 2 01! 6 2.-. 7. 14 r, 07 4 90 2 )«0 1 1.') 1.13 .■| (to « li.-. t> 0)« .VI 4>i 7 .'.() .•. Oti I 7H 4 3.-> 4 14 7 l.l .s . :,i 3X.4S .1^111 K. b . Mar April .\lay. June. July . Aug .s<>pt.. ( h-t. . Nov.. Dec. . Mm .Mi'an } K<]uarf> Uun-ofI • li|ilh in iiii'ri*'M>,ii •lr:iin.-iKe J»n. . IVb. . . .Mar. . April . Nlay . Juili'. July, . Aug . •"'••pl . :io 3,111)1 1.S2.-. .■i.lllll I 2,:liH) 4IHI •',v:o 3.l>0 2.l>00 .'i.sflO 41N> i;.0 71(1 I.^.'iO l.l.'iO MKl imi 2(0 .'2(1 .'IliO 2.jm) 3.V) 220 ' Kor period June 7 to 30. I.2i;ii 2.3.-.0 3.7)il) 2.!t.M1 2.S70 2,4M) 2,--)20 Ao 400 4 HO .'>40 .■|.7(M) 4M) 4sO 720 SiO 1,140 I.SXO .">()() 4 SO 4(10 .120 3liO 410 .120 1.9IK) I .■>Jl) I.lllll 2.f.O 1.71(1 2. tim Mil 3011 .'llO 2.MKI 2.lU'ill 1.100 7 lill J IIS I 411 •I Ml rt.iHi '.t lill I 21 1 211 2 1)4 II 211 III lit 4 40 1..-.2.-. i II in .H 7r. 2 17 '. Oil III :>:i s IKl 111 71 .1 73 12 •»> II SS o Oil iili4 2 lili 1.200 4 so I.N40 7 3(i 1.420 ."i lis 2.0S0 s 32 2.210 s S4 1.3.-.0 .•> 40 72 H 2 !)1 4.V-, 1 s2 3(1H 1 47 422 1 ll'l 41(2 1 »; 1.102 4 41 3 07 .-. IS M.4S II :t4 '■> M '.) MH II 21 03 70 S!t 2: ' i. I * ■■ ! iij I M 00 93— ST. MARY RIVER— near Wvcliffe Drainage a^e.^. 825 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Laca-ion-At traffic bridge near Wycliffe, 12 miles from the mo„th ami 7 miles from Cranbrook Wd5 ara./aW.-June to Dec. 1913 ; April to Dec, 1914 ; April to Sept., 1915, April to Sept.' Drainage arfa-S2S sq. miles above gauging station ; 1,000 sc]. mi es aV)ove mouth Oottgr— Vertical staff gauge ; read daily. CAawnW— Straight, uniiorm, with smooth, swift water ; good control. Discharge measurements— \k made from the bridge. Rating cur%-o is satisfactor%-. H tnlerflou—St. Mar>- river freezes up in November or De.-cmber ami remains frozen till March Frazil ice is prevalent, ^cctti-acy— The results should be within 10 per cent. Monthly summar%- given below for 191.? embodies revisions baseii on later measurements. See NoTi:, page 309. n ir DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1912 Aug. 21 DiT. 2 1013 June 14 •■ 2.5 July 21 Sept. 17 1914 June 30 Julv 23 Oct. ID Arivi of st'ction Sg. ffet 477 345 I.2.S1 1,077 7S.-1 4o0 1,110 ■O.K 4.54 Mean velocity Ft. per lec LSI l-3b S .34 .5 S3 3 SI 1. 86 6-S2 3.41; 1 93 ( lee conditions. (lauge height Discharge 11 Date Feet 2 05 11 6.8 .5. 5 3 "9 18 .5-9 3 H 1-9 Sec-feet S63 •;i8 IO.r.73 (>,273 2,9.S(i 838 7,.5C.O 2.1.50 S7S Oct. 1« 191 .> r.e>. 21 .Muv 27 June 12 191U Mar. 4 Julv 2.'-. .\ug. Hi Npl. I.-. O.t 4 .Area of section Sq. frft 4. ".2 4(13 lili.5 .570 252 97(i 7(il • Revised value based on recent ma.surcments. .Mean vilority Ft. p*T sec 1 94 .5 iO 2-28 4 21 2 20 1.4s 1 3(i (lailKc height Fen Ice 4 l> 4 Ice 4 Ii4 2-70 2 ■ 0.) 1 . K5 Discharge Sec-feet S77 «51 1 3,890 2.910 572' 4.110 l.i.slj 932 690 (f I ill I • ! } ! { i I ii H '< ' 4t6 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES 94— SETOlf CREEK below hike Drainage area, 460 smmrc miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUOINO STATION ^"uno^^' ^""^ ''"''''^ "' Provincial natchcrj-, half-mile l.clo«- Seton lake and 3 miles frc.m Records available— .\pri\ 6, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area-460 sq. miles : estimates differ : another measurement gives about 600 st miles t/a«g?— V ertical staff on bridge pier : read daily. C*a»»f/— Shallow and strewn with boulders. The current is swift. Discharge meusuremenU-The measuring section, though alK.ut the t,est obtainable, i, hardly ^ an Ideal one. The rating cur\-e is fairly well defined. Winter .rtou-— Open water conditions all year. Accuracy-C, in 1914 : B. in 1915 ; C, in 1916 (D. above 2.490 sec.-ft.). DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1014 April B June 13 " 1« Sppt. 17 191.') Kfb. 13 .M»y 10 iunp Mi Area of swtion ,!i«. feU 112 231 261 134 S.-) 171 322 Mean velocity n. ptr nc 3 23 6 73 7 .V) 3-64 2 7.S .-. 10 4 4.") Cause height Fitt 1 72 3 .30 3 70 2 20 1 43 2 .Vi 3 20 ' -Station entabliafaefl. 200 yd». below hatchery. Diaeharge Ste.-fttt 362 1 1,5.VI 1.967 4H8 230 87.i 1.4.30 Date Area of section Sq. fM Aug. 6 190 Dec. 2 89 1916 June 26 580 •• 26 286 Sept. 2.1 162 " 30 2:i2 Dec. 9 209 Me. j velocity Pt. ptr »9e. .•) 4.'> 2 66 4 It 8 6;^ 4 51 2 24 1 20 Tiauge height Fett 2 75 1 43 4 10 4 10 2 38 2 18 1 .37 Diaeharge Stc-ftrl 1,040 236 2,3M)« 2.460 ' 731 • 2.W» 'HiBhway bridge at lake. > Regular «ction. « Bridge, 100 yd., above hatchery. • Bridge, . MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month DtHcharge in »erorid-feet Run-olT depth in inches on drainage area Month Discharge in aecond-feet Kun-olT Max. Mm. .Mean Per ^luare mile Mai. .Min. Mean Per square mile depth in inches on drainage area .\pril .. SUy . . June. . . . July .... ^fa-j^ June. . Julv Aug. . .Sept.. Otl. . . . Nov.. . . Dec. . . . Heri™l. 4.W 1,780 2.280 2.800 1,760 610 610 610 4.50 2,800 300 420 1.660 1,760 700 4.i0 4.>0 4-iO 340 300 362 1.013 1,84S 2,390 952 492 510 .-■09 382 940 79 2 21 4 02 5 20 2 07 1 07 1 11 111 83 3 04 hh 2 .■>5 4 4S Aug .Sept Oct 6 (X) 2 3(1 1 I'i Nov 1 2s Dec 1 21 Period... 'jr. 20 97 f ;l: 1 im • 7."i 12 k; *t7 1 4H 1 04 •W 1 »»1 STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES MONTHLY 81;MMARIE«_C«i«.„„n« 417 9»— SEYMOra CREEK- 7 mil. s frr m mr„fh Drainage area, 6*) scui.ire miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Ucalwn-Ahove the Vancouver watcnvcrls intake and about 7 miks fror. the mouth Records availablr—Sov., 1913, to Dec, 1916. Co-opfralion— Gauge readings by Vanc< uver waterworks .Not at regular wtion Ft. per ire 47 1 !l 3 it 1 no 1 IW 40 1 69 (•auge height Fut <'>0 2 IK) 3 20 2 23 1 37 22 I DiM-harge .Sec fret 73 > MO l',2!>0 710 248 42' .V.2 MONTHLY SUMMARIES .Month Ditcharge in second-feet I Kun-off . J depth in I'er I inch .Month Diachargp in second-feet I Kun-ofT I depth in I inches on i drainage ^ II 41,S COMMISSI O \ O F C O \ S E R V A T I O N MONTHLY SUMMARIES— f„n(mari i it :i! Discharge in serond-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile I Run-off M depth in ; incneson Month drajnagt! ;j I area i ' Djscharcp io scrond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per square mile i ini.-, .' 1 ; I.Mr, IK) 411 .". HIi t> . n7 i 1.100 IH.-i 12:1 li i:t li .IH : Mar, 2.(100 ■-'10 7(K) 10 la 1 1 ■ li7 1 April 7.7r,o I'TO 1.1*4 17 17 11) 111 May 1,(«0 •2Ut ..40 7-S2 !> 02 .uinr . 4J.-. 100 214 .11 ;t . 4ii .lulv . . . i.-.o .*!.'> KH 1 27 1 411 Aug. . . tU) 4 a 4S 70 SI S«pt »."> 41 .It) .SI tH) ' fht. . 8.1.W '.'t 1 ..IM) 20 00 2:110 1 Xer 0.400 1.-* H72 12.114 H-.V, ' ^Var R.l.iO 41 .■.:i2 7 71 lOi Oli Hun^off depth iti inches on drainiige area Jan > F.-l> Mar .April Miiv Jiint' July .\UK. I Sept.. Oet. \|)V Dec . . Ve.r 1 1 . too :i.'t.".0 I. too 1 .7.-.0 2.1.".0 2.:).">o .<:«) l.MI I.7.-|0 :t.()00 2.l.(H) 1 1.41X1 I 70 ISO :«M) :tHO im.'i S.W 102 ■>.s ."lO no .SO ' Ice conditions Jan. 11 to 1!( and Jan. 2.1 to 31: .ii-vliarKe eitiinated. 06— SEYMOUR RIVER— near month i:i.'> 1.1. -.0 «7.l 7011 SS2 1.1 HO !W1 21iO 74 ls;i 4!I4 271 IWI 1 1)11 Hi 70 14 10 10 20 12 HO 17 .«) 14 40 :! 77 107 2 li.'i 7 Hi :i.9.i S.S4 is 111 11 14 in lli 4 1. :i 7- 4 111. 00 :ii( 4« SO :io tio It* (Hi DrainaKO arra, 2.'0 square mil DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION ioffl/joM— Near the head of Seymour arm, atiout 1 mile from mouth. Records available— Mn. 17 to Dec. 11, 1914 : Mar. 8 to Dec. 31, 1915; April 28 to Dec. .M, 10 U,. Cai/jf— Chain gauge suspen^ 2,200 cubic feet per second are somewhat uncertain. For 1916, results are considered reliable. except at highest stages. ^^^^ DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1914 AuK. 15 191.', Mar. 17 May 1 •' 13 June 9 '■ 10 July IS " ''.'» (let "s Area of aeetion A'«. /eel 427 2S4 471 .iti.S .571 49.> r,K:t 497 ■294 Mean velocity Ft. per sec 2 45 2 10 2.. lli 3 IK) 3 .Vi 3 21 3 ■ (K) .3 02 1 44 Ciaufte heixht Fret 2 37 1 . Ii5 3 22 3 115 3 . 07 3 25 .3 90 :l 0-1 I 22 Discharge Date Area of section Mean velocity Gaune height Dischar^ie Sec.-ieet 191 li April 2S Sq.feet Ft. per see. feel Sec-fft 1,051 514 4 .'•0 4 15 2 2^1(1 ■■ 30 432 3-77 3 . .33 l.tiSi' Ii05 June 15 5.70 li ()0 4.4111 I .USD 1 July 13 7S4 - 00 li 47 5.21 •!) 2.040 i AuK. 12 ."i2.'> 2 2,1 2 70 1.17(i 2.IHI) 1 Sipt. 15 394 1.7s lis.. I ..591) Oct 19 37S 1 3li I 59 51 2.140 1 1917 1.510 ' Jan 24 322 51 H'l 425 MONTHLY SUMMARIKS Month I>iarharKf in Bt>ruiion square | drainaKe niile I aren , i/i3CliaiK< 111 ni.-i:uiid-lt'i t Month Min. Mpan IVr MIUAfe mile denll, 1:: in^h«•^o;, ; drain at: •Sept . 1 1 No\ 1 ..... .....j \\ 15 .■^ept Oct 1.030 1 .li.il) 1.7111 420 540 .100 7i.O 903 S14 3 04 .3 111 .3 . 2I> .l.i'' 1 1' 3 1.1 r.l A pi Nfay June Julv .\uK. Sept. Oct . Nov. Dec. I'eri.Kl 3,030 930 1 .S05 7.22 :i.320 1,711) 2..545 10 18 3,li!K) 1 ,030 2.413 9 fi5 3..W0 1,470 2,093 8 37 I..'i.-.0 730 1,0S2 4. 13 910 3liO IK)5 2 42 1,110 300 708 2 .S3 H.'iO 3.30 519 2 08 420 2!»0 ■ihX 1-40 ■x.mn 2Sli 1.347 5 .39 1 ,S 05 1 1 . 73 10 77 9 114 4.9m 2 70 3 211 2 32 llll Oil April . Aiay. . June . July . .Au« . Sept.. . Oct Nov .. Dee.'. . . Period. 3.740 7.270 5.,i30 2,120 1,4.50 1)10 .190 .5.30 70 9110 l.S.IO i.tion 810 550 395 395 200 200 ' Ue coudit.on.i obtained alter Dec. 13. > Ice conditmnj after IX-c. 7: di.idmrge estlinatid. 2.090 8 30 3.990 15 9li 3.30<) 13-20 1.310 5 24 SliO 3 44 470 1-H8 4 SO 1-92 340 1 311 ■ lilO 11 42 2 11 1 .T STREAM FI,(.\V 1 1 A T A- B. C. T A B L i: S 419 0--SHAWNIGAW CREEK-hilow lak, I )r:iiii;im' .irea. 22 sqiuirp mile; DESCRI1'TI(,\ (IP CAICINC, STA HON Loa„.on-500 fee, fro,„ .,u„e, „f shawni^.n !ak., ,„..ue.n, sulc U Ls^uin.-It an.! N:,n..,n,o Ky. hriilgc. C-«-fl/.rrfl/,o„_Pr,.vincial Water Ri>;l,is Hrarch an,! B.C. Ily^lr.n.etnc Sun.v. Kfcords fli'ai/uWf— May II, IQ14, to Deo. M, 1910. C;.«Kr-Nire-(eet en-.r: ^ , .T, .ailcl to pUin, .n left ,l,.wns„ea,n si,!e ■ f In^hwav l„„!,e .t outlet from ! : reai :.,;!v. CAa„„W-Straight or a. f..t ... en, ' M,'e , f seai-n ; gravel an.l sa,„l l,.-! : „ne el.annel „„ly. D.ukane ^.a.ur.rr,r -, i, ,■>,, v IV.vir.cial Wat.r Ri,l,u Branch -. ,0 .,l.e.„„.n,lv l.v H. t. Hydrome.,.. ..u..., ^•easur<.™>n of IJe.-. II, I«JI(,. „w.,'e revisiwi ,f rating curve necessary. li'tnler fimf—Open all year. Aauracy-.\ up ,„ .lischar«e of 2S0 sec.-ft. : B above. Mon,l,lv sunui.arv ^iven 1., l„w f, r I'.I4 emlK,,hes revisions base.l on later n:eaEurer:ents. SVe N<,tl-, pa>;e M)'>. \ i J! i; DISrHARCE MEASIRKMFATS Date Ari'B i)f i .Menu ll.miif Dati' l'ii:i Jan J I!II4 .M:i.v II 41 ■Inly .-, 1 I Svpt 111 \i.v L'4 1 'K Sq. ferl FtprrMc r> :i F„l I 71 I (l.-| (I 4:t n no t A.K At R.ll. bridge. ■ At highBBy bridge. >rr.-/.t( l.'iT 1 .1 H > (I :i II L'4.-| .'> i> « ^4 !l ' :Statl..li .-talill.hi^l. 'Several differed «.,li.,]is u>ed. < .\u H.,». MONTHLY SLMMARIKS Jan. I.li Mar April \r,v ■Itine .l.ilv. \1IK . S PI. « I' t . \<.v. I),,.. V...,r (SO .'».") .'l.S 'Js 14 II I 2 37 ■i» 14 220 IIX 7.) 411 411 I'.l II .1 I (I (I 4 .M> :i 3J L' (HI ■2 (III (1 Ml II 41 ■Jl II 1.-. IIL' II ll,"> III II DO ** II lU ■< :t 43 !:! :!0 ■2 .-.4 ' For pirii.l .May 11 tu31. Kel. Mar \pril May .llllie July .\ug Sept. (let .\.iv l)ee ^4 ,VI ^ ^V„r 411 17 Oil (Kl M ^3 .■kl ;.'22 .'i7 1U7 . 430 »4 212 .•il'O Kill 302 1 •■ 2(l.s 114 107 . , (14 IH 37 ■■- i l.!l 1(1 3 1- II 22 122 520 3 l-.j (I I .•> 20 (I 04 4 A J ■1 (H 13 70 4 sr 1 (i,S 4(1 II 20 1 U in 1 03 1 (Kl i 3 ii:. ' 1 4 4(> 1 3. 58 Kl 40 1) SO ". 43 I (14 (I .M II Jl II 1*2 0.3 (10 3 40 ."< 14 4S.I.2 *20 COMMISSION OF C O N S E R V A T I O N 9S— SHUSWAP RIVER-at Kn.ierhy Drainage area, 1,900 square miles* li DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — At traffic hri'Ife at Enderby. Records available— Mir. 25 to Nov. 10, 1911 ; Mar. 1 to Dec. 31, 1912 ; April 1, 1913, to Dec. 31, 1915 ; Mar. 19 to Dec. 31, 1916. GuMge— Standard vertical staff on highway bridge pile ; read daily. Channel— Is straight for 100 yards at section; control is good; width of water surface at measur- ing section, 180 to 330 feet. Discharge measurements— Are made from a boat, except during high water, when they are made from bridge. Winter flou^lce conditions prevail some years during Januarj- and Februar-. During 1914, river remained open throughout. Accuracy— B. Results are considered to be within 10 per tent. DISCH. \RGE .'"TASUREMENTS Date Area of section .Mean velocity OauKe height Discharge Date Area of section Mean velocity Cause height Discharge 1911 Aug. 2.-. Ort. 7 1912 Fob. 2!* May 20 .Sg. feel 2,120 l.H'M Ft. per tec. 9 7 Feet 4. OS 3 15 See.-ferA 1,9.W 1.300' Aug. 2li 1913 Sq. feet 2,li.iO Ft. per tec. 12 Feet 5-20 Sec-feet 3,230 I.8S0 *.970 4 2 3 i.90 10 0.5 590' 1I,400< April 3 Sept. S 1910 1.S90 1,900 11 9 4 03 3 70 2,030 1,«90 June IH .5,.-.50 2 4 12 OH l.).100« Feb. 21 1,470 3. 10 3 40 743 ' 3.7liO 17 7. 34 B,270 • June 13 2.970 2 40 9. 00 7,170 Oct. 5 1913 May 13 3,lfiO 1 1 4 6 3,2tiO • July S .i.WO 2 .V. 1 1 . 30 10. ISO 1,710 10 3 53 1,720' Sept. 11 2.030 i-mi 4 34 2,1.30 2,.'i70 2 2 7 . .5.") 3,B10 Nov. 21 1917 1.190 ti9 2 43 S20 June .'i 7,01fi 2.6 14 ()0 1H,700 Jan 22 1,'.S0 033 520 ' Cable atstion. ' Bridge station. • Under ice cover. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet .Max. I'er square mile Hun-otl 'li'Pth in inches on drainage area Mar. . April. . May. . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept.. Oct. . Nov.'. Dec. . Perio*l. 1,7.30 l,4tK) 1,3.34 940 ,.380 ,100 0.83 0.«1 0.93 0-70 Jan. . . Feb. . Mar.. April . May. June. July . . Aug.. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov... Dec... Period. 21.800 5,600 603 14,300 4.1,30 21.800 13.400 13,600 5,3S0 5,240 2.810 3,100 2,180 2.0S0 1,720 1.9S0 1,300 1,.360 905 003 2,712 7.250 17,443 9,100 3.787 2,773 1,937 1,746 1,240 S,.333 143 3 82 9 IS 4-80 190 140 103 0-92 65 2.81 28.67 .Month Discharge in secnnd-feet Ma .Min. Mean square mile Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area 1912 Mar. . .April. . Nlay.. June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov.. . Dec. . Period. Tito 490 385 31 4,960 7.35 2,t«iO 1 40 13,780 4,900 9,1.30 4-81 13,780 9,.W0 11,750 6. 18 9,210 3,700 5,880 3. 09 3,2S 1,3,tO 1,1)10 7)0 13,276 3 3,., 371 374 l,fl0.') tl,2H0 2,U00 1,170 1,07B »00 72S 435 33li 3HJ 412 3S8 1,405 3.92.-> «,77» 4,28Jt 2,070 1,.52S 1,1. m X(*7 ."Wl 2,145 O oO 54 51 1 85 5 17 1 1 .ill 5 «5 2 72 2 01 1 .W 1 17 71 2 82 .)» u .W ,w 2 Oli 5 »li 12 HO ti .^lO 3 13 2 24 1 73 1 31 ° S2 ' 3.S 38 Hun-«jff Hepth in I inrhetton drainage urea 327 43 4« .343 4.1 48 335 44 51 1,447 1(»0 2 12 4, two A Mi 7 0*.* 5,7(>4 7 .iK 8 4l> 2„S0.1 3 70 4 2ti 1,1124 2 14 2 47 I,2(M 1 . 58 1-71) 4 1 .53 1.200 (180 .H33 1 10 l,4(iO I.IOU 1.24S 1 (14 1,510 900 1.212 1 (« 900 450 005 80 6,827 408 1,7.50 2 ,30 .M (iO 68 2 .53 (i .V) 7 4(i .') 22 1 7(1 1 23 1 89 92 Nil 31. 39 w S { n 422 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION lOO-SILVERTON iFOUR-MILE) CREEK-helow Hewitt mill Drainage ..rea, 41 sg. r^il.s DESCRIPTION C»F GAUGING STATION Location— At bridge, about 3 miles from mouth, near Silvcrton, and atout 'i mile below Hewitt mill. Records available— Way, 1914, to Dec., 1915. Drainage area — 40 to SO sq. miles. Gauge — Vertical staff, enamel ; read daily. Channel — Swift water with rocky bed. Apparently permanent. Discharge measuremftits — May not be very .-iccurate. Winter flow— The c. eek does rot stay frozen for more than a few ila\s at a time. Frazil a:^ 1 anclior ice may form at tines. Accuracy— Belov/ discharge of 36 sec.-ft., t.icertain: Detwecn 36 and 380 sec. -ft., B; above 380 sec.-u., D. Cfn■ 2 9.1 r fifl .•i.1 1 ;« .-I 18 ti 41-, :*\ 1 Mean velocity Ft. pt r Iter. :t 97 4 f>9 4 81 .1 01 4 •■Ml 2 B4 3 12 ■, 10 ■.t 02 4 IS ( iaiiffp lieinht FffI M 1 20 1 l.i 2 10 1 30 DtM'harge Sec.-frel 171 298 27.1 47!) • 283 SS 101 39 139 23.-1 Date Sent. 9 I>.- 1 1916' Mar. 14 .\pril 1 1 .May 10 Aug. 3 " 30 .Sept. 1 " 2.-. Oct. 30 .Area nf section .S«. frrt 24 li 111 4 2 89 2 .W 2 42 2 10 ■J 98 .Month Discharge in second-feet Max. -Min. .Me Per square nule I Kun-off I depth in I inches on i drainage area Feb. . Mar. April May. . June July . . Aug. . .Sept. . (Vt.. . Xov.i. Dec. . ' Partly estimated. 40 .W il Perio .58 H .58 5 07 2 4A 1 .5n 1 .54 1 34 100 2 83 i (I 94 1 10 :i 411 7.. 58 7 34 584 2 84 1 74 1 78 I .50 1 15 35 27 i t i 'i \ ( 101— SILVERTOi: fFOUR-MaE) CREEK — above Hewitt intake Drainage area. 30 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Zoco/ioM— Immediately above Hewitt intake, about 5 miles from Silverton, at mouth. Records available— AnriX 24, 1914, to Dec, 1915. Gauge — Vertical staff, enamel ; read daily. Channel — Water smooth and swift ; controlled by Hewitt diversion dam. Discharge meastiretnenls — Made by wading. Accuracy — No high water measurements have been made. The gauje readings in 1914 were somewhat intermitteit. The results in 1914 ::iuy tiot be closer than 20 per cent. In 1915 the results should be better. Gfw^ra/— Granite creek flows in below this station a (. above tt-» station situated below Hewitt mill STRKAM FLOW I) A T A-B. C. T A B I,E ; niSCHARGK MEASUREMENTS Hi Uiu IHM April III June II .lulv •( Vug. II* Nov. .1 l!)l.j Mar. 18 April 2'* Area of •ectiori Sq /«« ti2 7 .17 N *i » 22 fi Hi 3 4I() Mean velocity "■(. p^r art 1 -'7 1 »(, 2 (HI m 1 (•tiUKe heiftht Ftel 1 0" I .•i2 1 OS (I s (I 7.'i 1 ()-| Uischarne ; Date Stc.-frft HII I Ifl-. ()■ 2U'i U M I 47 4 |-. I SO 4 .luni' (1 I s.'pt ;» !).■.■ I l'.)lil> May M) Auu. 2 S. pt 2.'> Area of section Mean velocity aq jfti 4!" .■. 211 4 4il 4 ¥t. ptr nee 2 7ll I .tL' (I l>7 (iauie heillht Ftrt I .<» () il» I.-,. I v. I ,■< M W) o .);» ^^^^ MHHerent «c.i„n. Mce co„,luio.,. . Krum - .Mi*.e,laue„u, Met,. Measurement." MOXTHLV SUMMARIES Diicharitd Stc. f't r<:i u s :il l» III ) 121) 1) 4l'i 1 22 ' W. H. I'aper Xo. tt , Month Dii«charice in seeunrl-feet Mm. Min. .Mean IVr square mile Kun-oif I4> 4 !(3 Auk.. . ■■> i; 1\ s 1 .V* 1 :ui 73 j I'.-riiHl. ' 430 12 .•. nil 3 1)7 33 22 1 Min. Mean I'er square mile ' Ice .'oD'iitions ulttuinetl Jan. . Keb. . Mar. April June, July. . Au*. ■S'pt Oct.. . Nov. . Dec. . V.-ir l' Kun-.)tf 'Ivpih in inclies on tlrainage area l.-i I Hi 131 21 Ni 172 l.-)7 SS 11 3!) 1) 3t< li 31 .-. Ilj 2 20li J.c. 13 ti. 21 l."> () l.'i (I 14 H l.-| li lo.-. 121 !I2 I 3» .-, 23 (I 20 .s Hi 2 I.-J 14 S I4« 141 123 .".4 2S 21 1.') .-,1 Ml .-rf) .-.2 .10 .-.s 2 2S 2 .H 4 HO .•. .Vt 4 70 •■> 21 4 10 4 73 1 SI ■i W '.<•", 1 mi '.12 1 ()« 72 On) r,i M I S7 i \ 102-SIMaKAMEEN RIVER-nPar Ashtiola Drainage area, 2, ■)!) square miles* DESCRIPTION- OF GAUGING STATION tofu/iOK— Near Ashnola, below Ashnola creek. Rf-cords aia«Va6/t— April 8, IQU, to Dec 31 1916 iZ'Jl^T'^^"^- 7"''"' ''^'^ ^^"^' • '"""^ ^^''■^"- ^^'^""^ •°«"^-' ' f'«^' °" Mar. 8. 1916. at tw stS '' '""°"' "■"'' '" '° "' ''■ '• "^ '■'''' "'^••^>- --1 -'- '-l^"'-' even Discharge measuremenls—Raimg cur\'e well (lefme.1. H'lBfer.^oaH-Partial ice conditions exist for short peri.xls in cold winters .1 ccur'm V — Good. Date 1!)14 .\pr. s .May 10 •hmc 10 July 2!i ■Vug. 30 .\.n . 2.i l!ll.-, .\pril (i I Area of ' aection Sg. f€tt 1,0U7 !)13 S.W 3.H2 2lil 37j .'>o0 72ii DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Mean velocity Ft. ptr » . 14 . .-.l I 24 3S 04 tJange height Fal 1 3.-I -i !!:' 3 10 30 -0 47 20 'Liauge datum lowered 1 fo Discharge Date See.-feet 1.S.S1 7.320 4.tiH7 3,S70 S.IS 3'iO 7li4 2. Hi.-. 3..".iio mio Mar. 8 May 31 .lune 2S Aug. 3 ■■ 31 \..v. 17 HI17 Jan. 20 • Revised value, an.I indudes watcrblicJ area ..f Asl .\rea of section Sq. feel .300 1,2.30 l.lil.-. .'..S."i 3.10 207 .Mean velocity Ft. per gee. 1 04 S 70 3 (i3 2 30 1 SO 'iauge height Feet !I7 .1 Ik) 7 .30 2 M) 1 . 1.1 ,10 30 Diacharga 6ec.-feet 4f: . 0,...., 14,001' 2,120 ,S02 37 » 274 inula crce k. i it ! If 424 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES I '•- ' ^ I IhKharge in necond-fect Month J>n Feb.. Mar.. April. May. June. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. Dec. Year Mat. Min. Mean Per square mile Hun-oft depth in incnea on drainage May .: June. .. . July .... Aug Sept Ot Nov Dec Perio.!. ISl.'V 450 I BO 343 012 340 220 30K 11 770 310 453 16 5,7»0 700 2.644 91 4.570 2.445 3.018 135 3,580 1.500 2.422 84 1.710 010 1.293 045 l.OAO 400 745 20 520 280 404 14 1,940 375 694 24 1.400 400 675 23 S70 340 476 16 5.790 190 Ll"^?. 41 14 Oil 018 102 1 56 94 0-52 30 IS 0-28 026 018 5-65 .Month April'. Xfay June. . July . . Aug.. . .Sept... Oct.. . Nov.. . Dec. . Period! . Jan. . . Feb. . Mar. April. ^fay. June. July. Aug.. . Sept.. Oct... Nov.. , Dec.. . Year . Discharge in second-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile 1914 4,305 15.525 12.945 4.185 795 720 720 1,009 755 15..W5 1.880 3.870 3.770 795 330 318 462 624 160 160 3.101 8.9U0 6.8.19 1.993 .542 469 578 786 447 2,635 1916 1 07 3 09 2. 36 69 19 16 20 27 015 9. Kun-ofT depth in inches oo drainage area > For period April 8 to 30. 320 300 300 010 790 310 465 16 2,620 ,580 1,190 41 6,2vi0 1.070 2..520 87 13,600 4.800 8.140 2 81 20,.W0 8,300 12.490 4 31 10,600 2,400 5.790 2 00 2,220 710 1,340 46 1,210 460 660 23 520 400 440 IS 490 320 395 0-14 380 255 330 11 20..'J50 255 2.830 98 91 3 56 2 «3 79 22 018 0-23 30 17 9.27 012 017 47 97 3-24 4. 81 2. 31 .53 26 017 016 013 13 34 !1 il w I : 103— SKAGIT RIVER— above international boundary Drainage area. 356 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — 1 miles from international boundary, 40 miles from Hope. Records available— Mut. 27 to Dec. 31, 191S. Gauge — Gurley automatic. C*.Aarg, measurements-A well distributed measurements during open season 1915 H inter /<«._R,ver usually freezes over early in December. Winter flow ,s affecte 1 by ice jams near confluence with Bulkby river. ' ^ '^"T J^^ceJ ^''"^^ ^"'^^^ °^ ^'°' '"""" '''°"''^ '''' *■'*''" '' P" '""' • ''^^'^ ^••'- ^^'"''" DISCHARGE MEASURE.MKNTS • From ".Mis.'ellan.'oua .\Ijter M,f:uiiri;rnonts,' MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharue in seronil-fcet Max. Min. I'lr Mean s'luarp niilp Kuu-ult depth in inches on (IrainaKe arm Aug . •Sept.. Oct.. -Nov.. Der.. Perio'pt . Oet. . Nov. . Dec. . Pi-rinl. a(i.(KXJ 1!>.(H0 bZ.TlO 13..->20 .12.720 17,400 7.1(>0 8.:)00 «.120 S.tMO ."i.tUO 2'i.i;o(i 12.o:m) 1S.40() M.J1.0 .j.S.V) H.nc,2 1 .11 2 00 112 tU 1 .'..1 I 4>> 2-. 11 lO.I 0-74 S-74 ■ Maximum flow July 10 to 31 ,a» on July 22 ; gauge h.igh.. 9-5 ; ' estimate,! ,li«.harge. 47...20 ^iconJ-feet' 105— SLOGAN RIVER— near mouth Drainage area, 1..S00 square miles.* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Lwo/ion-About 1 mile from mouth, on highway bridge near Crescent Valley Kecords available— Dec., 1912, to Dec, 1915. Gauge-Vertical staff gauge, fastened 'to the bridge cribbing ; read daily CAa«nW-Stra.ght above and below the section, and inclined to shift. One side of the channel IS often filled with logs. The control is no' satisfactory. DiscMrge measurements— Ace made from the highway bridge ^c.«ra^3,-This station, particularly at the higher stages, is not considers! satisfactory. The hon^ th"'t r^r"? f ''"'''''^ ""^^"^ ^'"^ °' '^"''- ^"-^ -^ *"<^""«1 to shifZ It i^ hoped that further discharge measurements and a careful analvsis of the records will enable a satisfactory revision to be made. The summaries given below, therefore, must be regarded as approximate only, especially at the higher sUges. rtZ^rTf' °'"^'?'^ f ' '^''' '*^''°"' '" ^°"i""=t'°" ^vith those obtained on the Kootenay mer at Glade, are utilize1."> Ffh 24 Area of •vction ^4. /«< 6.W 470 1,470 M-. 57(» 4tt!t 330 Mean velocity Ft- p«r ue 2 47 1 01 A 43 Ciaiwe b-iiht f»rt 3 10 DiarhariF I Date Stc-fttl 1.000 S07 T.OKO i'.:)40 •'.3!>0 1.230 I May h i Juno 3 Julv .'10 10 m« June 7 Julv 3 Aurt. h .Sept. .'i .. 27 N'liv 20 Ares of .Memn WPtion velority Sn fret 1.170 I. tin i.ino Fl. p»T Mf 4 .VI 3 7.') 3 40 ' Logs in .haonel. • l-r.,rn •' .Mi»cillHne<.ua M.tir .Mea^'ur.nitnt!.," IV. «. /'„,„, .V... .-■/, MONTHLY SUMMARIES height Ft 1 1 ti "." 7 M) :,ii 7 7(1 10 H) .") M\ 4 .'.2 3- 07 3- 1(1 Durhargp Srr -/tri .1.340 1 ."..420 1 4..VI0 ' •<.O40 I4.3.-.0 4.270 2.310 I. ■•.Ho HfiO p. 3SI. Discharicp in MtM^oiid-fii't Month I .Min. I Her Mean I iKiuare mile Kuii-uH denth in inrnesnn drainage area Jan. . . Feb, . . Mar . .\pril.. .Nfay . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... fVt . . Nov... Dec. . Vear. . 9S0 73 Jan. . . Feb. . , Mar. , April .May . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... tVt.. . Nov... Dec... Year . 2.090 1.240 1.340 4,0.W 8.120 11.700 N,I20 2,7SO I.B.50 2,320 2,5.'>0 1.440 11,700 «.■>() 070 750 I. .340 3 OHO 6.300 3,.'i00 1,.340 1.240 1.440 1.440 7.->0 7.-i0 I,2li0 LOW 1.040 3.2.S0 6.3t)0 8,170 fl,l.'iO 2,o:.o l,3!M) U.WO I.S40 OKO 07 81 80 2 .« 4 80 « 20 4 73 1.58 107 1-22 1. 42 7ti 2.031 2 2f. 1. 12 S4 92 2 81 SM 7 02 .1 4.1 1 82 110 I 41 l.-iS 88 Ot^cliariri* 111 .secoiitl-fet't Month .Min. .Mean ivr f-'Iimre Tinle l(uii-i>fT h m I int'n. • IrainaKe area Jan. . Feb . Mar . April.. -Nlay. . June. . July . . Aug. . .•o 22.(100 .".30 4.(0 3.V) 3.300 10.000 4.230 2.(>00 2.3.V) I ,l'«0 1,32(1 700 2>.(l (>,V> (HO i.V, 2,200 0,7(10 lfi,000 7.370 3.370 3.120 1 .080 I. .120 82.-1 4.000 .',0 (I 40 3.-. , 1 70 ! 7.. 11 I 12 31 j .'. 07 I 2 .10 ! J 40 I 1..12 I I 17 i (i3 ' :< OS (I .In .11 40 1 07 S 04 13 74 11 .12 2 09 2 08 I 7.1 I 31 73 41. h.' Jan.. . Feb . Mar. April ! .Nlay June. July . Aug . . Sept.. Oct . . Nov. D.T. 30 OS ; Pcrio.1. aiKi 700 8.10 8.10 i 8.10 I .800 I 800 800 7.10 r.1.1 700 7.14 811 820 773 .18 O .14 .18 02 113 .19 (I «7 .10 07 72 70 68 ■ Figures for Dec. are for 1012. > Ke»ulta fc r the higher stage, in 101.1 are withheld for fu. .' r Kudy. .05a— SLOGAN RIVER— at Slocan Drain.igp area. 710 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At the oudet of Slocan lake at Slocan. R-rords aimlabU— April 1 to December 31, 1916. ^^ T"^'*"'''^' ^^^^' "''■'^ *° P''*" ^' ^"'' °^ C:-P- ^y- "'•^arf on Slocan lake. The gauge is about 200 yards above the meterinsj section. CAannf/— Uniform, with smooth flow ; control good. Discharge measurements— 2 in 1915 and 8 in 1916. Winter flow— Ice conditions not severe ; lake is open for navigation throughout the year ^«ara<:3^-Between discharges to 4.000 sec.-ft., A ; 4,000 to 9,000 sec.-ft., B : 9,000 to 14,000 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 101.1 Mar. 2.1 Julv 29 1910 Mar. 13 Mav 8 Area of aectioD .Sg. /nt SU8 1,110 526 1.1.10 Mean velocity /*(. per «c 00 2.64 1 13 2 «o (iauge height Flit .10 3 75 09 Diacharge , Date Sic.-ftit I 400 i 2.930 592 I 3.100 ' ! June 2X July 1.1 Aug. 4 " 20 .Sept. 26 Nov. I f '' STREAM FLOW IJ A T A-B. C. TABLES *:: I MONTHLY SUMMARIES Moatb Uuchtrir in trtntul-lm Mu. MiD. MeiiD I Prr squurr j nille Kun- Kun-'jff \..V... IV.- . IV-i,i I I. .'>!() ll.4(J I.tiltd i.no :i L'.'. A 7'i :t.:^ai 'i.«Mi) !• .l.-) 10 40 .t.^M) ■ >..'|IMI S XJ 10 M l.i«i») a.4:w :i 4.' :i 04 1.4:iU l.liOII 2 2.-> :i .■>! Mim 1 .-..-, 1 7i» .Vio r>:io I) «• 9?t ,lx.-i 4i>l U l>.-| 7.i rts.-, ■-•.4M7 ■t .-.1 v. Oil .Mean iiii.iitlily iii«-hariie esli- 1 06 -SOOTH SIMILFAMEEN RIVER-noar m.,„th TV iiinaue ;rl,ari[e in s ,iul-fect June. July. Aug.. .lept. Ot. . Nov .\pril. . . Nlay. . . June. July. .; Aug.. . . ■■*ept.... "cl... Nov.... Dec. I'crio-l. TTIo 2.270 1.(130 570 440 180 5.30 365 2.270 180 8.>0 500 280 150 »8 125 1.50 027 l.,i0.j 928 407 23(1 142 223 277 •isl 1 24 2 01 1 24 054 31 19 30 37 1 38 2 32 138 0(12 30 O 21 35 041 Max. .Miu. square drainage imie I nr...t June. . July Aug.. . Sept... Oct. .Nov 1 1014 (1,037 1,830 33.) 2H7 4.-)5 I 1.337 345 144 13.-. J (15 217 2,. -144 3 30 871 1 1(1 235 31 105 2(i 1 201 27 I 312 42 .\pril .Nlay . June, . July . Aug.. J^pt.. . Oct. . .Nov.'. FVc". 2,270 11.700 11.340 5.1.VI 1.110 580 170 170 lOKi 3 78 1 .34 030 29 31 O 47 03 I! Perio.|..l 11, .140 o4KJ l,5.->fl 3,530 1,(1110 34!) 200 120 _|_Ice™nditi0M obtained after Doc. 19, therefore uo auuimary i. given lor D. • Revised value based ..n recent measurements. 820 3,4.-.0 (1,340 2,(110 (140 300 1.-* 115 100 1.(110 100 1 22 4 (10 5 30 8 45 9 43 3 48 4. 01 85 98 40 45 20 23 15 017 U 13 015 15 21.04 ' l:.itiuiated .Nov. 13 to Dec. 31. I Hi 1 1 42S COMMISSION OP C O .\ S E R V A T I O .\ 107-SOOTH THOMPSOW RlVER-at Ch.nse Drainage area. 7,000 square miles* DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Leealum-At wharf of Adams River Lumber Co. at outlet of Little Shutwap lake Chase Sec 35, tp. 21, rge. 13. W. 6th mer. Record, avaUaUe-April 22 to July 31, 1911 ; April 10 to Dec. Jl. 1912 : April 12 to Dec 31 1913 ! Jan. 1 to 27 and Mar. 24 to Dec. 31, 1914 ; Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. 1915 ; Jan. 1 to Dec' 31, 1916. J 1 i^et Co-operaltoH— Gauge readings by Adams River Lumber Ct. in 1911. Ca«gr-Vertical staff gauge fixed to pile : read daily ; also chain g.iujfe for winter use. CAa»»W-Above the measuring section, river broadens out into Little Shuswap lake. Below section, river is straight for 200 yards, width about ;00 feet Discharge measurements-Aie made from cable and boat. Rating curve well defined. Wir,ter condilions-Excepi during severe winters the river remains p.irtially open throughout the year. Ver,- little ice forms at the Chase riffle, which forms control for station. Gauge height discharge relation is practically unaffected. Accuracy-RetvXts considered reliable and accurate at all sL-iges and at all times of the year. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS I* • t i f n "•»• 1 iwction Mean Gauge velotity height Diic barge Date Area uf section Mean velocity Gauge beigbt Diac barge 1911 Oct 20 1912 Mu. 1 Mity 18 June 13 " 21 July 24 Sept. 5 1913 May 12 June 10 July 7 Oct. 22 1914 Mar 31 Ix). feet 4.450 3,710 6,480 7,190 7.IWX) 6.2ft 3 411> 1 95 8.25 9 01 10 75 7.7.5 5.73 6 25 12 27 10 75 4 37 2. 58 Stc.-frrt 5,780 2,.380 19.600 .3C.800 33.800 19.600 11,600 13.100 38,100 32,400 6,630 2.700 ."15 Felj 24 April 20 Nfay 20 June 11 July 3 •■ 13 •• 15 " 26 1916 Feb. 12 July 22 Aug. 14 Oct. 23 Sq. ftrt 3,630 4.. 570 7.0.-0 7,000 5,630 6,630 6,680 0,440 7.3(i6 5,883 4,2.54 Ft.prrttc. 69 170 3 .35 3.49 4 02 '3.09' 3. 42 43 4 at 2 93 110 Fut 2 30 4.89 8. 30 8. 98 8 60 7.75 8.. '5 8 46 2.60 10-70 7.51 3 55 Htc.-Jut 2.510 7.800 23,1,00 24.400 22.600 21.100 20.500 22.870 2.800 29,700 17,200 4,690 > All (a list heigbu n termi of new gauge uaUlled Ma rcb 24, IQlt ). II J! I t ■ : 5 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet .Mai. .Min Mean Per square mile Uun-ulT depth in inches on drainage area .May. June. July . Aug.. Sept.. Oct. . Nov.. Dec. Period.. 20,2hO 36.520 36,050 9.240 20.280 19,200 14,680 30,410 29,210 20!) 4 34 4 17 I 2. 41 3 84 4 81 Discharge in second-feet .Month .Max. .Min. square mile Kun-cff depth in inches on drainage area •May June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept... (Vt.. . Nov. . . Dec... i Perio0 10,!).jO 20.280 2 90 34,800 29.300 32.330 4. 62 31,800 16,6;iO 22,6.50 3 24 16,.Vr. 12,210 13,6.50 1-95 12,060 9.430 11,070 158 9,300 7,900 8,.577 1-22 7,700 6,800 7,0;iO 1-00 6,800 6,500 6,701 97 .34.800 6, .500 1.5,290 2. 18 3 34 5. 15 3 73 2. 25 1-76 141 112 1-12 19. 88 * V"v,"l^P? recently published several changes have been made in the delineation n( tt,. =rltr 2v^i 'n^^S^-^Jo^T^-es'-^ ' ^ -"^^ °^ watershei^^rit^Tn rL^ lii STREAM FLOW DAT A-B C. T A B L E S MONTHLY 8rMM> •«;»— C<„fm«e( 429 MoBtb DiMlwrgc in wcoixl-lKt Mu. Mia. M«ui Her •q Ultra mil* Run-off depth in infnninn dnuumge mnn Imo.. Feb. . Mh. April May June. July. Aug.. Sept. Ort.. Nov. . Dec Perin.1. B,970 Zfi.nou *N..«)0 •ihiiX) 48..')0n 2,W0 10.200 27.000 22.100 la.ouo «.lil.O fi.^lTO .'i.H.-O 4,140 2.S00 .'.330 r..ii'.i 41,740 2H.!)K7 ir,.M'.t ll.:i)>4 7,l>li() I'>,al4 5,170 l.'5.220 IUI.1 7B 2 Hi .') !l« 4 14 2 111 1 02 1 O-.l VO 74 2 17 Q .S.S 2 4'.) « ti.-. 4 77 2 .•)2 1 M 1 211 1 ID) .>j 22 20 lliKlune in Meaii!tO 2..'>I0 2,.S30 12,000 2i,:too 20,!M)0 10,400 .■>,,s,to 4,S30 4.010 3,8.J0 2„^10 ,7fM) ,'i70 .r>[^ ,0211 ,7;() ,4-.0 .IKK) ,»4.". ,(M'i ,020 ,l',tO S22 I RuD-off _j depth is MiD. Mean Her i iDchea on ■quare ! drunac* nitlf . area 1! 14 J'tn l-Vb 1 3,i70 3,3;»o 3,4(10 :m &» 3,00(1 (1 43 45 .M;ir ' 2,(140 2.720 2,7*3 40 4(1 .Nliiy '>,000 2,720 4, '1211 70 M 24,l.-.() '',1110 17,7>i.l 2 .'>4 2 (13 June. July :l(l.l.',(l 24 ,2 J.-. 2'*, 107 4 02 4 4N lt>,s(MI 2.* , 1 7.*i 3 (10 4 \i .\ug 1>'.,2(M) 7..«N) KI.S.Mi 1 :>-, 1 79 .■<«-|il... 7.:too ."i,400 r.,22.1 n '10 1 00 Nov.: (■».'*.'►,'» .'>,l(IO .'■.'•71 »,1 UH *,220 7,(I(M) 7,(177 1 10 I)ir.. o,».-,j 4,4->0 .'i,.-)21 no U2 Y».ar , .' .T0.4.-« 2,720 10,12-. 1 4- m 78 Mini UK) .MIO .■..•,o .■|.V) (i.'>(i ,MMI AM ,7(HI ().•.() (ilHI .((Kl ,o.-.o ' .\pril 1 to 11, ealimated. ' Estiiuatoi, • i'artly estiii.ated. IO»-SPaUMACHEEW RIVER— near mouth 30,120 2.S()0 3.070 2,S0() 2,H0(> 2,-0(1 2.'i7(l :).i;.-K) .'>,7J(l s.s.VI U.illO 1S,.1(K1 2.^,llll 2.".,200 31,'iM) Il,'.ll(l 17.0.MI T.IKKI s.dilO 4.:i.M) ■..3-0 :i,()".(i 3, -.1.1 2,(100 2,.S00 2,000 in..ioo 1 O 44 40 42 H2 2 10 51 43 4H (H 2 42 4 TX) -> 2il 2 nl 1 3.« »« -HI U 4U 20 OS Dniin.ige area. .'^80 sqii.ir.- miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION LocalioH— At highway bridge near mouth, alxiut 4 miles from Spillimacheen Records amilahle— June to Oct.. 1912: June to Nov., 1913; April to Dec, 1>)H; Aoril > D«- 1915; April to Dec.. 1916, ^ ' Caugf — Vertical staff ; read two or three times a week. Channel— Is straight for SO yards above and below section ; width at section, 105- P.S ft The (»ntrol is a gravel bar. and there is a pronounced riffle at low water, 25 yards bel.jw ^tion Control is not permanent. Discharge measurements— Xk made from the downstream side of the highway bridge ; measurine section is good. " Winter flow— The river is generally affecte.! by ice from November to April i4fC«ro<:y-Results to June 22. 1916. should be within 10 or 15 per cent A landslide occurred on June 22, which entirely altered rating. This was not fully determined in 1916. There is a possibility of backwater from the Columbia at high stages. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1912 May 31 June 17 19 July f, " 19 Sept. 29 1913 May 20 June 25 July 11 " 27 •■ 30 Sept. 3 '" 14 Area of section S«. tett 464 51*5 620 568 .599 381 466 608 i70 613 490 4N.S .M can 1 velocity Ft. per tic 2 43 4 70 5 52 4 18 5 08 1 45 2 60 7 39 6 60 60 4 70 3 12 3 .58 Gauge height Feet 1-30 2 20 2 5i 2 2.-. 2 3.-1 42 Discharge Date Sec-feet 1,120 2,740 3,4.W 2,7.-.0 3,040 5V» 1,210 4,420 3,880 4.070 2.710 l,.-).30 l,7.iO Nov 26 1914 June 17 July 31 Ort. 23 1915 May 3 ,. 21 0 374 .^24 630 425 .-Ki5 1120 .538 329 .Mean velocity Ft. per gee. 114 8.8S 5 84 1 28 lU 24 (17 6 3 0. 3 77 (19 (;»uge height Feet 23 3 3 2 4.-. 40 1 8.1 1 80 40 2. 75 2 01 3 00 2 08 20 IJiir barge .Sec -/eel 37s 3.920 3.430 4 SO 1,990 1,920 507 3,960 2,240 4,190 2.030 228 flli ( r !, f|| fi' *M) COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Jtinr . July . Aua... Sft Or» inia ' Fni-jr-up oiTurri-.| Suv 1 tiiKhiirgF r^'lmiun •Hect«l by ic »l:iti..n iiban.lonol („r *-:i»„„ = Kirat tw., ,..,.k, »nil .liwhurgc rttinmtwl, Nov. 11 to M, 2>^ «. in May ittinmtMl L'--ft . I)vf. 09 ultun •diiuin. heijlii- I I lOO-SPIUS CREEK-2 miles from m. utl, DrainaKi- area. Mm smi.ire mi'e>* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION SXr ~'"'^'^ °^ r'^' ""'' ^""^^"= "^'-^^'y °f '^^'^^ - '"«h at all stage. DiKharge measuremenls—V:e\\ .lefine rating curve. H-,«/rr/«,t-Ice con.Iitions usually exist from November to Fcbruarv [l?r "^"^'''*^^^"' '"«''• ^'='■^1" =»^ freshet, when results shouM fail within 15 per cent H 191.. no raeasuromcnts were ma.le under open water conditions niSCHAROIi: MEASUREMENTS Dale 1911 Aug. l-') S<-pt. 18 1912 June 22 July li 24 Aug U 1913 Aug. 1 Area of section ij. /ert 52 SO 193 134 Sti.'i 2S Mean velocity Ft. per tec 3 .1 2 ti 2. •> 1 li 2 )i 2 in f iaugc height Fe» 0.871 92 I 2. 90' 2 30- 1 . 7.1 ■ 1-50' fi.O' Discharge * Gaucf \o. 1 . ditions. Src.-Jecl 130 1.-.U 480 217 90 l:iL' -Uatigr Xu. I)«le Auu 21 1914 -Mar IS Mav .1 3 04 2 92 3 00 2 OS I 2J 1-70 Discliarge Hec.-fft U» I, I'll 1.30^1 1,171 1.23'. 4'Ht 120 ■>S1 • Ch.,a g...^.. . Different «.ction. . New chain gauge inataH:^. • Ice con • Revised value based on recent measuremenU. STREAM FLOW D A T A-B. C. r A H I. I- S 4.(1 MltNTHLV SlMMARIi:s DlnPharc* in *fr)M>h|irfft- HI MTl>lli|.ft-« t Muiiili Mm I'.r ! tUpth III '■ iiirhrs'iii iritiD»K(* rirPII l'< t N..V I'lll Oil -•■■HI I HI'. I iir. I i:HJ May ' .luD'', . .I.ily.. Aim .">i|ii llrl Ni.v 1.4W» 7(J<» lau : J. Ml .'ill IH) h.l.i l.lll liH J is I l.'l j (1 47 : " -' 1 • i ; 4» 1 l.tl n .vt i'7 1 U'. 11 4.' II 47 '•« II ■'-' 1 t| (7 H.f o w 1 II ••:) Hi:i ~ M»y •lun** July > \nt ■ (•♦■pt «lrl X.iv. Hill 4.1 ILM l.'l II.' 171 O .'17 ' 11 1.4 1 II II 41 11 -.1 .■i«i II 1.7 II 7 ', 1'".' II 114 11 74 I'..' II .Vt II Ml Al.ril . >(uy . I..I7II IMI A4II J Ml .1 1:^ 1'.'I4I) tm4 l.w:i li im 7 «) .luac. . . . 2.ti;7 .-.14 1,JI7 4 IXi 4 ,■.:! July. . i.ir. ■ 111 4i.'l 1 40 1 I.I Auic Ill* 'I'J 1)^.-. ai x-p' 3111 .S2 lU o.:i« II 4:1 llll 4.-.0 7li lim a.-. U I..'! .\lJV 7l.!l 2.W 4.-.!t 1 . .■.:! 171 IV. "... CI4 147 2'M 9» S7 ■ l'.-il«l 2.'i4n ■,J .■>■).- I.'IK SO 3I-. Ai.ril Nlay Junr Julv . Aui.. , .>^pi . I Id. . Xuv . Dfc . IVru.l 1,K.".II J.l.'ill •Mill 10.1 j.'rti .'.Ml JINI .SI II .',S7 •14 .s .1 11. 4IH 1 ati 14li 4'i M7 II ;.''i 4.* 02; 1 .11 .1 14 u .'s tjj ::S»HS va-^^.iSh sr;''::;-;?- s:':::-:.=:.s;;r ;;■;;.:-;.„ ,:;-;=; llfr-SPROAT RIVER— 1<-I>.w I,,ko Oniin.tKP •ir'''i. UH s()ii.iri' rnili' DESCRII'TID.V OF r,A' r.ING STATIUN Location— mi feet below oiitUt frotii Sprn.it l^ike, H inilos from Allx-mi. Records ofar/uWe— Feb. 2ri, 1<)I,5, to Dec. ,M, 1916. Cooperation-Previous U .ne 1. l')14. by Pr-.vinaal W.iIlt Ri^Uu BranJi; since that .l.itc by B. C. Hyilrometric Survey. Gauge— n-loot wooJen staff, nailed to crib r,n kike sliure, ,<0t) feit to riKht of outlet ; real .l.iily. CAannW— Slight curve at section, straight for 5(Ht firt aU.ve ami below, gravel an] l>MiMcr Sk- 1. solid rock on left .side ; groil control ; rapids and falls bolow section. Discharge measurements—V^'vW define rating cur\e. (■xi.ci)t at extreme stages Winter flow — Open all winter. Accuracy— A, up to discharge of 2,.S00 sec.-ft. : B, between 2,501) and 6.000 seo.-ft.; C, above 6,000 sec.-ft. Monthly summary given below fur I'Mi embolics revisions baseil on later measure- ments. See Note, page .509. m jjiii I : DISCHARGE MEASUREMH.XTS 432 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Jan. •l.-VM h.SK l.lll'.O WiO Mar , a.o.'K) 1,140 April , . 4,U'() 1,->L'0 May. .. 1.2.V) !t40 June 'JM 470 July . 4.-.() I'.V) Auk l'4o l.i.-. Sept i.ts ?*■") Oit ."...".2<) 10(1 Nov .".,L'.SO 1 .li.V) I).c 3,940 1,710 \,-AT r,.r,2n s,-. 1 ,."..".0 l.4L>0 l.;t:)0 ■JA'M) 1 .OKO t;,s() ;)4K i.s.-. KIS 1,270 2.390 2,S00 1-' 10 II, III l.">07 19 4.-. S-44 .^■31 2 72 I- 4:) 0.S4 9.9,( IS. 70 21. S7 1. 3.-4 10-.^,K 13 Hi) 1 1 . oil 17-37 21. 0. ro "3 ,'■.92 3 14 1.(17 94 l:.45 20 90 23.21 I43..%4 Jau. I-,I>. .Mar.. April, .May. Jun»'. July Auk . .-M-pl.. Oct .\22 2.30 13S 70.-> 714 HI.-. 1.S20 3.l.-,0 2,0(10 2,010 1,790 1,470 774 3.-|(l 20H 947 1,060 I3S I 1,3».0 I.-. 14 2(1 24 (10 Hi 10 !■•. 70 14 ((() 1 1 ■ .-.0 (i-ai 2.7H 1 ■ (13 7-40 S.2» 10. RO 24 1". .30 2-> 40 In 00 IHIO l.i ()0 13 30 (198 3. 10 1 HH S.26 9 33 14671 1 J ;! f f 1 1 1— STAMP RIVER— near Stamp falls Drainage area. 336 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION L«ca/,^-Onc-quarter mile above falls ; 8 miles from Albemi. on Beaver Creek road. 3 miles above the confluence of Stamp and Sproat rivers. Records Ofaj/aWt— March, 1913, to Dec,, 1Q16. Co-.p,ra/,<,„-Records to May 31. 1914, by Messrs Ritchie. Agnew Co.. ensineers, Victoria ; subsequent records by B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Ga«g«-14-foot wooden staff, on left bank. 80 feet below measuring section: read daily ^^''"con^o?"'^*'* ^°' ^ ^'"'' ^^^^ '^''°" ^"'^ ^°' ^^ ^^' ^'''°™' '"^^ ^^ ^'"^ travel; good ^"'''kTt.T' r'"M''"^l'''\'^''T '''' ''^ ^- ^ "ydrometric Survey. Measurements were also made by Messrs. Ritchie, Agnew Co. in 1913 and 1914. Winter flow — Open all winter. Accuracy— ^csnXti should be within 10 per cent. G.«.r;e area, 177 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location-3O0 feet below outlet from Great Central lake, 16 miles from Albemi. Secords available— Feb. 20. lOH, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-oMa^xon-Results before June 1. 1914, by Provincal Water Rights Branch : subso„u nt to that date by B. C. Hydrometric Survey, Ga«j^l2.foot wooden staff, nailed to crib in lake, 300 feet to right of outlet : read twice dailv CAann./-Straight for 300 feet above and 100 feet below ; rocky bed. some boulders : at extreme high stage there is a discharge from slough 1,000 feet to right of stream. Dischane measurements-Except at highest stages, rating curve well defined. Winter flow— Open all winter Accuracy-Good ; monthly summary given below for 1913 embodies revisions based on 1 uct measurements, see Note, page 309. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS n!!i 434 * ; I Month Jan. . . Frb. . . Mar... April.. .\fay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct. . . Nov.. , Dec. . Perio.1. Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar.. April. . May. . June. , July.. Aug.. . Sept.. , Oct. . . Nov. . . Dec... Year. . COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-olT depth in iocnes on drainage area 033 1,9U0 2,.'>f)0 2.m.; 2,340 1,400 1.24U 1 ..iS.'i 4,33.-. 4,030 4,33.'. 7-.3 890 i,.w.-. 1.9(1.5 Kl.j 540 .500 K05 MO 1.780 .100 8f>4 l..-|12 2,041 2,367 1,833 91!t 938 l,IU0 2,1,S1 2.912 I .«7.i 4- 88 8 .54 11. 53 13. 38 10 47 3. 19 3 30 li.33() 1,1)90 3.370 4..500 2.aio 1.490 820 480 21)3 6.3ti0 3.820 3,340 R.3fl0 820 1,180 l,ll.'>l) 1,470 830 48.5 240 180 203 l.UliU l.tKX) ISO 1.2.S0 1.410 2.110 2,9tiO 1 .'i70 1.170 t>77 3.V) 220 l.HSO 2..-.70 2. lliO 1..549 7 23 7-911 1209 IB. 72 9. 43 (> fil 3-82 1-98 1-24 9-49 14 .50 13 90 8 - 73 8-33 8 - 29 13-93 18-03 10-87 7-37 4-40 2 28 1-3K 10 !H) 10 20 10 00 118 r,o Month Jan. . Feb - Mar.. .4pril Nlay Juni.'. July . Aug. . . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec... Year Jan. . . Feb. . .Mar.. April. -Xfay. June. July., •\ug. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov.. Dec. Year. Discharge in accond-feet .Ma.1. .Min. Mean Per square mile Kun>off depth in incnea on drainage area 4,s.)0 1,870 2,700 4,820 2..540 2.070 1,7.50 830 1.310 8.300 3,370 4.200 8..30O 1 .820 900 1.900 2,0^(0 2.0.50 1.700 8S0 4.50 340 I.OIO 2,370 720 310 3.208 1.240 2.430 3.3IH 2.317 1,848 1,308 037 707 3,793 4,113 1,731 2.2.30 18 12 7. 01 13. 75 18 72 13 08 10 44 { 7. 73 ! 3. 60 I 4. 00 I 21. 42 23. 24 j 9.78 20 90 7 30 13 85 20. 90 13 08 1 1 - 05 8-91 4 15 4-40 24-70 23 95 11-28 42 00 17I-13 1.490 2.240 3,810 2,400 3,210 3.080 2.860 1.910 830 330 1.710 1,300 3.8in 330 570 1.310 1.800 2.430 2.080 1,940 830 340 100 204 013 101) 862 1,300 2,440 2,170 2.760 3.050 2.480 1.270 575 2.50 898 913 1.580 4-87 7-34 ' 13 80 i 12 :;o : 15-00 17-20 i 14-00 I 7-18 3-23 1-41 I 5-08 ' 5-17 I 3 ■ 62 7-92 13 90 13-70 18-00 19-20 10-10 8-28 3- 03 103 5-07 5-90 S 93 1 121-01 113— STAVE RIVER— at Stave Falls Drainage area, about 450 square miles I DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locarton- Near Stave Falls in sec. 3, tp, 4, rge. 3, W. 7th mer. Records available— May to Dec., 1901, and Mar,. 1905, to Dec, 1915 (e.tcept April, 1903, anri May to Sept., 1910). Co-o^ro/iou—Records are by the engineers of the Western Canada Power Co. Some check meterings have been made by the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Drainage areo— Estimate<-t. . . Nov. I ».-.■- . P'-ritvl. l!i.:itio 1(1.410 4.V*.-| :i.7r.H .'..■«0 11, 401) .•(I.S.M) IJ,J70 .>l).k:!n 2MS 4,:ili) :),.wi l.!H)H 1 :i{m 1,10.'> 4.4.W 1,342 1,I«.-. .•.,',1*1 4.i:4 !l,.'.l."i ■..420 4.01 •■. 1 .; 14 jt» i:i l!l 1 •) is <; .'i\ :t lis li .■,!. ! Jl '< i IJ Ul 10 !>J 17. 14 111 I in. . K a , .Mir \.jril .Miy , l.li' , .laly. . Xili.. S-pt. Ol.. . •Viv ... I))-. . V-ir .Un . K ti. . Mir .\pril. . Miy.. Jua'. . July.. Auii . ^■pt... Ot . Niv... »■• . V-ir . .I:ia... K-b . Mur .Vp-il. .M:.y ■lunt'. Jillv, , .\.ig.., S.pt.. O..I .Vov... V»ir 1901) lp,l. > I >.">f> "..1 "0 , I. .r. :(i.ii') ■' .'i).".ii) i l>i.70J ' .ti.ir. I :il.Uf) l.tiJt 1 it > ".'I 2.1 •! I 1,141 I ll.'i.'l , .i.rii-. l,u:i 7SI 4.1J.> I '.I :i,iA'> s i.7iiO :f ;i,.'-'o 7 t..'>UII I 10 l,SW 1 10 .■i.ii;i.-> I ,s 2.0'i7 4 7MMt I 17 S,tU0 I IS ti,S.«) I 1.". a,ui.s i li (I..VNI I in 17 10 yi Hi 00 7s ( OS •id li7 I )i7 { ■ h| 71 , ■42 .,->o '.IS 05 :il *• 7:i M (Hi 190h .>.51U I 3.S3S li.lSO I 7.27.-. ■^>,ilO 9AM i S.i»S I :<.«2> i 4.02-. I 17.210 :i.'.Jll| ■ ..:ita I l.'<«2 I 1,0.^4 i.i'i> ! l,liU4 I :i.u;2 I 4,4.'>ll I :t..Vll I 2.0i2 I SIS I nil i,s:r. ' «'."i")3 . J.'.ISO 1.4S.-. :).4.\s :i. 102 |4.420 ll-'i-r' ii.iii.i 1,1)1 12 2,0S« :t.2t).i 11.7.111 i 2,si;i ><<•* iHM.Iil 1) 1)2 :i M) 7 HH 7 .")« <) SI H 72 II till :i .".« 4 ii:i 12 li S7 i| S-. 1 HI) 14 n M ■ Is OS !.•> liii 20 iTf! 71 1(110 JiU. . . . K.-b. . . . .Mir... .\pril . . . .\Uy. . . .lune. . . .luly . . . .\ii».. . . S..pt.. . . Ot.. . . S„v.... Hoc... I'.Ti.vl H.SoO I UOO I ,a,(sl I 7 .)2 I SB.) 3,330 S47 ihSliS 4 l.i I 431 'i,3.-)j I [2,330 4,070 9 0.'. I 10-44 7.275 I 2.0S3 3, .■).■).■) 7.ilO SHI 20,7.i{l la.'lOll li.710 l,fl7() 2,1112 2.2'J4 7,220 Ii,lls0 3,'.l4li Hi 04 14 S3 s '1 7ii lS..-)0 Hi .V. 10- 10 i'l.l.iO 7.02:. !.730 2.1.-)3 ■•>.2!I7 lO.SIII 4..l'll) ■"...•.7S 7,02.t ),S9.i 1),000 3,988 1^.000 »S2 1,730 4fl!l 7(H) 2,43(1 3.107 '.'.1113 2,012 1.0'iH l,30ti l,UOli 4U4 3,t>lH 4, (ISO 770 1 .(ifl.i 3,S0S .•.,4'.I0 3. 02.-) 2.090 .1.2'MI :!,102 ii.(r)2 1,042 8 04 907 1 71 3 70 S (Ml 12 20 II 7;) ('. (>.'. 7 31 ('. !«) 14 70 4 32 7 M Diflrhargp in !ti*ri.n(l-fiH't .Month .Mai. .Mm. I I'.T .Mi'au «4)ijare I ni|(t* Kun-off (Ifuth in incnes un ilriftinttge area Jiiii. . Keb. .Mar April . .\fay June . July. .\UK. . Sipt. tilt .Nov Dif. I'.'riu.!. 24,000 4.730 (i.OOO 3,42.-. 3.071 Is, (DO I IO.()li.". (i 177 ' 3,7MI I 24.0(10 I 2.(>ls 1 ,200 1,2,1 1.20U 1,271 1,342 1.200 I :),ti:to 12 .52 14 43 3,421 7 t)0 S 7ii ' 4,"iO.-. 10 23 11 42 2,07.-. li til 7 (il 2.0.VS 4 .'.7 li..".S,". 14 l.^< lli 33 4.1)1.-) 10 2.-. 11 Hi 2,.iS0 .-. 20 .-. SO 2,li03 .-.OS t) ss 3. s r,3 SS 30 Jan. . . Keb. . .Mar \pril .Muy Juni* July ■^ug ,S.pt tl.t .Nov. Uic. V)*ar. Jan. . . Feb. .Mar. April .May Juntv July Aug . ,S-pt Oit. .\..v. Die \Var Jan. Feb. . Mar. April. .Nlay. June. July Aug.. .S'pt (111. Ni.v.. IlfC. War Jan. . . Fi-h. .Mar April \ri> Junt- July. Aug.. Sept.. ilvt. , \uv . Dim-. 2,0H3 ti,HH.-) 3,7»(l I7,.SOO 7,700 H,120 li,3.->.i 4.170 3..)31 l,70.-> Hi, ISO 13,.-.20 17.S00 .3ti 1,270 1 ,0'"4 2.223 2.l)4H .{,(>.'{s 2„VI 1 2.013 1,411 7(«i i2,l.-,4 12.0.S2 ti3<) ,iiHli 1,«02 ,ii.34 .120 .722 .21.') •OlS .713 ,030 .247 .4S.-) ,450 3,734 3 OH H 20 3 li.l 11 H2 12 72 11 .*..s ,S 71 li 03 4 .■)2 14 43 12 11 8 30 3 .-),! H .-.3 4 is 13 20 14 (i.~) 12 03 10 Ol U 03 '> 03 3 10 Iti 11 13 05 112. 29 7,27.5 ,5,018 3,.530 3.920 9.71.5 11.40(1 S.120 7.010 .5..507 (i.HNO 37.(HIO 27.000 I 37 .(KK) 1,024 1.7e.5 1.341 l.(i».5 2.43S 3.020 2.1.53 1.7li.5 2.437 1.7(i.5 1.024 1 .02 1 2.S.5H 35 3.0KO (i 84 1,004 4 37 4,1.51 9 23 7,(i.-)0 17 (10 .5,4(XI 12 00 3.4.51 7 07 2..S2,5 (i 2N 4, IIS 015 1 0.110 20 23 4,00.5 1 00 1 4.320 fio • 7. 31 7. 11 5 02 J.7(i 10 83 IS iKl 13 S3 H.,S4 7. (XI 10..55 12 5l'i 130 17 3,10S 1,3014 3,SS5 3.073 11, (.05 H,070 7,025 3,(i72 9.710 5,0.-)0 12,405 5.Hli.! 12.405 1.37s 7'7(i 7(Mi 1.730 3.405 3.SH5 3.HS5 2.153 2.012 l.Hil OHH 2.IS3 1.005 2.0S5 2,44H -5. .5.57 li.222 5.315 2.li02 3.707 2. lis 4. IIS 3.33s 3.402 4-H5 5 .58 2-43 2 .53 4-64 5. 14 5 44 t) 05 12 34 1 1 22 13 ,S2 15 4:t 11 80 13 Crfl 5 7S li li5 H.2t 920 4 77 5 40 015 10 21 7.42 H.5I 7. .51. 102. H4 3,70(i 15,740 3,777 5,43rt H..580 o.o:i(i 0.248 (i.777 22.270 .IH.S30 21.710 11,507 38,s:to 70ti «:t5 053 2.012 2. .577 Ii..5li5 4, 105 1.412 I ,.'>HN 1 .000 2.013 847 1 .573 3.100 2.t.->0 3..SH5 5.470 7.332 O.HOl 3.227 5,-ii;5 5.740 0.09.1 21 2.H00 3 .50 (> 80 .5 45 8 144 12 14 HI .10 li) 11 11 (iO 20 20 (i 44 10 .52 4 03 7. 17 li . ;.'7 IH 13 00 IS '20 17. 12 8 211 13.(1.5 II 70 |l 1 1 lilt 436 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 114— SUMALLO RIVER— near mouth Drainage area, 70 square miles DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Location— I mile from mouth, and just south of the Railway Belt boundary Records avaUable—Jaly 12, 1914, to Nov. 22, 1916. Co-operation— 4 meter measurements were made during 1913 and 1914 by L. N. lessen for Mc- Kenzie & Mann. Go««f— Vertical staff on bridge near mouth ; read daily. CA^inn^Z-Straight for 200 feet above and below section ; boulders in stream bed ; good conttol Discharge measurements— Me made at road bridge ; rating curve well defined. »'.«/«r^ 54 Date ' Probably affected by ice. .Mar. 16 •' 29 May 28 " 31 Oct. 29 1916 .April I July 9 " 11 Aug. 16 Area of Mean •ection velocity] Sq. feet 62 67 99 88 146 88 163 139 83 Ft. per sec. 190 2.10 3.14 2 80 4. 03 2. 74 5 . 33 4 72 2-53 Gauge height Feet 0-77 1 00 180 1-52 268 149 3. 05 2.95 138 Diieharge Ste.-feH 118 143 311 247 591 241 . 903 752 218 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in second-feet Kun-olt depth in inches on drainage area .Month Discharge in second-feet Kun-ofl depth in iucnea on drainaga area Mai. .Min. Mean Per S(|uare mite -Max. .Min. Mean Per square mile Alll! Kept Aug.... Sept.... Oct. . . Nov.... Dec... Period 13.> 105 103 310 243 310 90 112 70 88 70 83 133 231 70 HI 70 129 160 126 1-21 3 59 1-59 1.84 1.85 Oct Nov Dec 1 41 139 4. 01 Period.. 19 13 1-83 10. 49 Jaa Feb Mar April May... June. . . , July .... Auk 84'pl Oit Nov Dec 70 43 2a5 485 360 310 163 120 70 483 420 l.JO 485 40 40 43 245 22.J 150 120 80 43 43 92 92 40 38 44 100 320 284 210 138 89 36 l.'>7 18.3 112 1»B 0-83 0-63 143 4.57 401! 3. 00 1-97 127 80 2-24 2 61 1 60 2 09 096 066 1 . 65 5. 10 4. 68 3 • 35 2-27 1 46 89 2.,-)8 2 91 1 84 Jau. . . . Feb. . . . Mnr... April. . . May... June. . . July... Aug.. . Sept.... Oct. . . . .N'ov.i lOU 388 880 .12'^ 1,420 2,9,W 1,240 310 150 82 1! 33 .33 l.'iO 233 360 620 310 1.30 82 33 16 72 168 300 335 695 1.420 6.36 217 lo:) 62 98 70 3.30 1 03 2 40 4-28 4 79 9 93 20 30 9 37 3. 10 1 47 89 140 1 00 5 00 119 2 39 4. 93 5. 34 11 40 22. 70 10 80 3 57 1 64 103 J. 58 115 67. 90 Dec... Year 28 .35 Year . . 2,(l.-0 .33 '.\o J augc read er availaL le after .N ov. 22. Discharge estimated Nov. 23 to 30, 80 sec.-ft.; Doc. u shown. 115— SUMALLO RIVER— 8 miles from mouth Drainage area, 17 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locations miles from mouth, in sec. 28, tp. 3, rge. 24, W 6th mer. Records ora«7a6/«— Irregular records beginning in July, 1914, to Nov 1916 C?a«£ 44" .W H2 .M: . 20 .lum- 1 tVt. 20 1016 April 2 Aue. Ill Sq fett «0 90 e,7 7t Ft. ptT »rc. .' ••>:( 2 :il 2 0(1 2 IS 2 01 Fr,t 1 '.m 1 :.' 2 ;i.-, 1 NO 1 711 Sec.-fttt 190 l.i7 2(16 ur. 140 ■ Station eatabliihed. ■ Probably affected by ice. MONTHLY SUMMARIES .\'olt- -From July to Dec. 1914, gauijp hi'ights wiro rc(or,le(l on IH days only. In 191.-. gauKP readinns were . lent, but still irregular : dia<-har»M o«lim»foH !.>/ in.„r- ■ -^ ■ •■■•■■ ■ -..""'' "'»<'•"¥" "ere eatimate monthly discharges Jan. more frequent, but still irreijular ; discharges estimated by inlcrpV.iaiion. 'in 1910 insuffiVi..Ct"gauge7ei!iirngsIto . to June : no gauge reader available after Nov. 13. 116— TEXAS CREEK— near mou Drainage area, 80 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At highway bridge near mouth, 14 miles from Lillooet and on the west side of the Fraser river. Records available— April 14 to Oct. 14, 1914 ; April 11 to Sept. 30, 1915. Gaaje— Vertical staff gauge nailed to bridge pier; read three times a week. Channel — Shallow and covered with boulders. Discharge measurements — The measuring section on the lower side of the bridge is rather poor but is the best obtainable. Winter flow — Measurements made only during the irrigation season. Accuracy — C. Infrequency of gauge readings impairs accuracy. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1914 April 14 June 7 July 29 Sept. IB Area of section Sq. feet 29 7 42 7 430 2(1 3 Mean velocity Ft. ptr tee. 3 (10 ■i 47 2. 06 2 .10 Gauge height Feet 1 20 2 (W I ■ hi) lOU Discharge Sec.-leet 107 I 233 137 Ii3 Dat« Area of section Mean velocity 101.5 May 11 June 2.'. Aug 10 !)..■ .-. Sq. feet 24 4 TM .34 4 20 7 Ft. per tec. 1 1 • .50 (1 00 3 17 I 21 (lauge j height I I'lsrliarge Feet "" 1-hO 1 . 9(1 I 30 U '■■! 1 Station established. Sec. -feet 2.S0 300 109 2.-1.4 • Revised value based on recent measurements. Jjsil 438 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATIOM ■i I: -Month M»y Junt>. July. Au«.. «fpt.. P.Tio.1 MONTHLY SUMMARIES DiMhsria in lerond-fwt 3IU 5ti0 280 1.10 100 .Mia. .M»a 120 210 140 70 .■>o .30 247 337 211 100 71 193 sguare niil<> 3 09 4 21 2.tH I . 2.3 89 2. 41 I KuD-utT depth in inches on (irftinage area 3 33 4 on 3 04 I 44 99 13 71 Munth .May . June. . July.. Aug.. . .St-pt... IVri,i.|. DiMharge in aecoDd-feet .Mai. .jOO 313 410 I. SO 70 .343 .Min. Mean 1913 133 294 180 77 43 43 332 370 281 130 32 237 I'er xiuare mile Kun-3 0-03 2.9li j-Oii ,^•13 4 04 I.8S 0-72 lr,.83 tl -THOMPSON RIVER— at Spence Bridge Drainage area. 21,000 square miles' DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At highway bridge, sec. 10, tp. 17, rge. 25, W. 6th raer. Records avaUabU—Oct. 25, 1911, to Dec. 31, 1916. Ca«ie— Standard chain gauge on traffic bridge ; reail daily. Channel— Width at measuring section, from 320 to 500 feet. Discharge measurements-Are made from bridge: owing to great velocity at high water, metering, are difficult to obtain. However, rating curve is well defined. mecenng. "'"in/Frb7uaij^^'l9lT"^ '*""'*'"' °''^"' *'"'■ °*''"^ ^ "ceptional weather, was frozen dur- Accuracy— Results are considered to be accurate and should fall within S per cent. DISCHARGE MEASURE.MENTS Date .\rea of section Mean velocity Gauge height OUcharge Date -\rca of section Mean velocity Gauge height Discharge 1911 0,-t. 23 .Nov. 23 1912 Feb. 17 .Mar. 30 May 1 •■ 2.5 July 23 1913 .May 8 .lune li Sq. feel 2,780 2,433 2,200 1.960 3,800 8,080 6,l.i3 4,331 S.9,H9 Ft. per tec. 37 3 4 2- 7 2 4 10^3 11.7 34 10 7 Feel 40 2.8 14 1-2 ti 33 15.9 7. 1 ,»c.-/«rt 10.300 8.180 3,900 4,770 20,700 84,900 .30,200 23,1100 93.700 June 18 Aug. 12 1913 Feb. 13 I91B July 10 •• 31 Nuv. 14 1917 Jun. 12 M ir. 21 Sq./eet 9,229 5,733 2,038 8,.3o0 7,360 2,660 2,000 1,800 Ft. per tec. 10 8 74 2-5 9. 80 9. 10 3 40 2-63 2 43 Feet 18- 13 11-4 1.7 16. 5 HI 28 12 07 Sec-feet 100.000 42,700 5,150 84,200 6ll,.S00 9,0'(0 3,320 4,420 MOXTHLV SUMMARIES -Month DiHcharge in second-feet Min. square mile Kuu-uH depth in inches un drainage urea Jan. . . Feb. . . •Mar... .\pril . ^Uy . June. . . July... Aug.. . Sept. . . . » 2« 0,330 4,925 .5,1.52 0-25 23,200 .'5,240 11,749 .itl 73,«00 23,200 42.4ti0 2 02 110,420 7»,000 95,97« 4 ■ 57 (Mi.SOO 52,070 •14, 7M 3 OK .W.OOO 35,400 42,270 2 01 34.S00 22,740 29.205 1 39 22,2S0 14,280 17,013 SI 14,400 9,950 11,S11 .W 9,390 5,750 7,380 3U 110.420 4.925 2.S.2.-)9 1 35 »,.-..'iO .'>,m(i li,83(l 32 5,7.W 5.420 5,.'>IK) (1 2« B.inOO 5.330 .5,710 27 33,300 (i,SO0 22.21U 1 (Ml 74,.iOO 33,800 57,.580 2-74 ti7,300 .52.100 57,.500 2 73 82,000 ,53,.500 .57,111) 2 72 .53,.iO0 33,800 43,.5SO 2 08 .X1,800 I4,.i00 21,900 104 16,.'i00 9,950 !2,.520 110 17,.300 8,970 12,430 .■.9 8,830 0,290 7,830 37 74..'iOO 5.330 25.807 1 23 31 27 29 tl2 2 33 5 10 3 .->•• 2 32 1 55 93 r>2 41 IS 31 3; 28 II 31 lis 3 1(1 3 05 3 14 2-40 1 111 «t O till 043 in S3 .Month Jutr . Feb '. .Mar April . -Nlay . June. . July.. ■\iit . Sept.. . Oct.. . Niiv... Die... Year Diacharge in aecond-feet Max. Min. Mean Per •quar* mite I Kun-off depth in incneson drainage area 1III4 J:in . 7.U0U 5..)30 11,208 U 30 34 F'eh. . . . 5,H7() 5.375 5,1125 27 2S .Mar .5,870 5,5.10 5,742 27 U 31 April . NUy . 25,.'>0O 5,1,40 14,.VI3 70 78 71,910 2I>.8SII .54,304 2 .W 2 9^1 i June . 89,000 111,170 73,!KW 3 52 3 92 July. . 78,880 4.5.4I>0 114.210 3 Ol> 3 52 1 .*-it . . 43,i>0() 25.010 33,133 1 5s 1 S2 1 hept . 24,580 1.5,240 19,210 91 1 02 i (hi.. . 24,.>80 15,I(IMI 18.820 90 I 01 ; Nnv. , 21.820 13,ll.',0 17,1. -.2 82 n Ml Dec. . 13,050 7,490 9,1175 41) 53 * Yer.r 89.0011 5.330 211.881 128 17 4ft 7,IMXJ .i.SUO li,.10O .10 5..-0() 117,800 S3,5.->0 3 9S 114,700 ,34,.V)0 4ll,7(i(» 2 23 34,.VM) 18.200 25,730 1 J3 17,800 11,1100 13,t:>0 in 11.300 7.1100 8,3liO 4(1 7.000 4,l.iO 5,.',.">0 27 lO'l.OOO 2S. 100 1 3". U .i.'i I) 28 II 43 71 2 49 4 21 4 5i.( 2 57 1 37 74 45 31 IS .50 ' \<>v. 1 to 5 estimated. ' Gauge height-di-selmrne relation affiTted by iee during Feb. Mean monthly ili.vharie e»timated from study of dweharge at Spince Bridge Uforc and alter lrc«»e-up and on a comparison of certain discharges on the North and bouth ThumpHon rivers. »«^^u.»i»ct 118— THOMPSON RIVER— at Kamloops Drainage area. 14.500 sfiuare miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— At lower traffic bridge, J< mile below confluence of North Thompson and South Thomp- son rivers. Records oroi/oftfe— Gauge readings were taken at this station from April, 1911. to Dec. 1916. Several discharge measurements were made during this period, but, as it was not found possible to establish a satisfactory relationship between gauge height and discharge, the station was discontinued in 1915. The daily and monthly discharges for this station, as published in Water Resources Papers, Nos. 1, 8 and 14, are now not considered reliable.' Gauge — Standard staff gauge on bridge; read daily. Channel— Width at station varies from 750 to 850 feet, while at high water, depth is from 12 to 17 feet greater than at low stages. Discharge measurements — Are made from the bridge. Wtnter flow— River generally freezes over about January 1, and remains so until early in March. General—The flow o the Thompson river at Kamloops may be estimated approximately • rom the flow at the measuring statioi on the North Thompson and South Thompson and the total flow as measured at Spence Jridge, near mouth. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS Date 1911 SMpt. 8 (lit. 3 De<-. 1 1912 Mar 5 Area of section Sq. /eet 11.600 10,100 8,(i.)0 8.0.10 Mean velocity Ft. per itc. 1 !tO 1 3(> 83 height Discharge Date FttI 4 37 2 50 .^0 Sec.-/tit 22.0(K) 13.7IKI 7, ISO April n July 9 " 22 Aug 23 1913 June 11 Area of section .S«. /rut s.o:t7 14,300 13,IIKI 12,300 17.540 Mean velo 231 2.93 (iaufte height Feel 2-00 2.4>* 2 no 2 2.) 0-40 1-70 3-74 3 78 3 20 3 22 2. 00 2-20 2. 20 1-03 Dix-barge See.-feet 797 1.110 1,270 1.140 270' 424' 2.tl.i0 2.420 > 1,.V.0 l.S.iO l.O-.'O f.44 (170 I 100 » Date 1914 May h June 19 Oet. 22 ini.i Feb. 20 May I •■ 23 July s Sept. 24 (let 23 1910 < June 10 July 6 Area of section Mean velocity Sq. feet 310 027 159 5.-.. 2 217 2.S.^. 320 I. -.3 132 Ft. per tec. 2 0*, 4.79 1-87 1 . 2.1 2 .57 2. 87 3. 80 2-24 1-89 1 Differe • Prom Gauge height Feet 1-20 3-15 6 lee 1-28 I -3.1 2. 00 60 0-43 i-ns 2-75 Diiehargt Ste-feH 031 3.000 293 09 > .ws • 817 1,200 .342 2oO 1,010 1.430 nt aeetion. > New gauge. • Ice conditions. .MisculUneoua Meter .Measuremento," W. R. Paver \o. ei, p. .352. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month Discharge in seconil-feet Mai .Min. Mean I'er square mile Kun-ulT depth in inches on drainage area May. . . June. . . July . . . Aug.. .. Sept.l.. Oct 3.750 2,400 1,190 425 530 370 270 1.000 1.170 709 3.58 4 ■ OS 2 84 1-43 741 5 .38 3-27 1-60 Month Discharge in second-feet .Min. Mean Per square mile 1913 Hun-off depth in inches o n drainage area Xhiy June July. •^UK.. Si-pt.. o.-t. N"V> 1,>.0 3,.'fi;() 3,3110 2,130 915 3,->0 3,50 440 1.130 1,370 725 S.-iO 305 1,120 1,900 2,340 1.210 479 330 270 4 4,% 7. 84 9 30 I H4 1 92 I. ,34 1-10 -> 10 8 74 10 78 5 . 57 2. 14 1,54 123 2.290 3,050 2,470 1,900 I,. 530 .55 5 295 1,200 090 090 445 395 720 2.130 1.490 1,230 713 441 2-90 8 -.52 5. 90 4 92 2. 85 170 3 34 9 51 6 86 5 66 3 18 2 03 .May. . June. . July.. Aun.. . Wept... Oct.. . Nov.«. 990 I,.S30 2,290 2,880 1,090 323 494 784 945 1,090 278 244 ■ I'artly estimated, creek fr.iie up at the en.l of October. 1912, creek frozen Nov, 15, 1914, Mco conditions after Nov. 1?, 1915. 0,59 l,OtO 1,010 1,980 408 209 2.1>» 4. 32 6-44 7-92 1 87 1 08 3-Ot 4-82 7-42 9- 12 2 09 1 24 ■ First 17 days estimated. • Partly estimated; l2a-TRAN0mLE RIVER-near mouth Drainage area, 230 square mile. DESCRIPT ON OF GAUGING STATION ioca/jon— About 20 feet above Cooney's diversion dam. Sec. 36, tp. 30, rge 19 W 6th mer Records availabU—]u\y 4 to Oct. 21, 1911 ; Mar. 29 to Sept. 7, 1912 ; May 1 to Oct 31 1913 ■ May 3 to Nov. U, 1914 : April 1 to Sept. 30, 1915 ; April 1 to July 14, 1916. Station main- tained on!y during irrigation season. • Revised value based on recent measurements I) ' STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. TABLES 441 Gauge — Standard vertica staff gauge ; read daily. Channel — Straight at the gauge section, about 20 feet "vide. Bed, stones and boulders: control good. Discharte measurements — Rating curve well defined. W nier fiov — Ice conditions prevail during winter months. Accuracy — Good. In 1916 the flow of the creek at the station was diminished by a small diversion (max mum about 3 sec.-ft.). DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS D»t« 1911 July 4 Sept. 11 1912 F 8.2> SSI 17 >• 45n< 576" 314 • t3n< Dkt« Au«. 2 S<'pt 10 1913 .May .1 •■ 30 1914 May 30 Aim. 4 19 la Mar. S Sept. \f, Area of ■ertioo Sq./rtt 10 3 19 2 29 45 8 31 14 5 13 « Mean velocity Ft. ptr Mtc. •i 03 1 70 4 00 5 20 4 24 59 39 Game beicbt Ftt ss 1 01 1 43 2 02 1 3.1 65 2 40 ST, Diflr barge Ste-/t*t 21 3.1' 1151 237 132 ».6 5-3 ' At Kamloopa Uk*. 'At Coooey'i ranch (ice conditiooa). 'At Cooney'a raocb. 'Foot bridge. 'Above dam. MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in itecoad-feet Kun-ult depth in inches on drainage area Moatb Mai. Min. Mean Per square mile 1911 April. . . . May. . . . juS: : ; ; July'... Aug Sept OeU . . 33 12 7 7 4 l.S 1.5 3 4 13-6 u 4 9 0« 02 02 02 06 02 002 02 1 '12 April Nlay. . 24.'* 4 .M-U 2a 2t> 720 180 420 1-82 2 10 June. . . IS.'S IS 3» 1 17 IB July . . 44 10 2« 3 11 13 Aug.. . 18 10 14 7 07 08 Sept... Ot . Month Discharge in seconil-fcet Max. Min. I Per Mean ) square ' niile lfT depth in inches nn drainage irna 1914 May. June. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.' . 614 117 288. M 1 21) 208 48 96 5 42 153 24 67- 1 029 24 7.5 14 5 on 10 4 1 a 8 02 14 9 41 10 4 04 1 145 47 33 07 02 05 May<. June. . July.. .\U2.. . S«-pt... Oct.. . .'>77 84 iUO 1 3li 95 38 •Wl 29 34 10 If, 07 10 4 « 3 at 7 4 6 1 ()3 .s : 7 4 n 03 1 47 32 08 0:1 O (13 03 April. May.. June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept. 13.) 15 73 032 340 65 131 0-57 300 35 76 33 120 22 51 22 27 7 13 06 7 7 03 36 6H 37 0-25 07 03 April \Uy June. July . , Aug.. . Sept. IBS 4H0 265 S 135 36 42 I 2.30 127 18 1 00 55 O 211 115 61 > For period July 4 to 31. 'Oct. I to 21. > Estimated last 6 days at 13-5 sec.-ft. < .May 3 to 31. 121— TSOLUM RIVER— 3 miles from mouth Drainage area, 150 square miles DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location — ^Upstream side of foot bridge, 2 miles from Sandwick. Records available— Msiy 31, 1914, to Dec. 31, 1916. Co-operation — Records by Provincial Water Rights Branch and B. C. Hydrometric Survey. Gauge — 12-foot enamel staff, 20 feet downstream from bridge, right bank ; read twice daily. Gauge datum lowered 2-0 feet in 1915. Ckanne! — Straight for 500 'eet above and 300 feet below section ; gravel bed : stream confined by cribbing, both banks, in high water. Control changed about March 9, 1916. Discharge measurement, — Well define rating curve except at high stages. Winter flaw — Open all winter. Auuracy — B and C. Change in control necessitated new rating curve ; for 1916, accuracy C. 442 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS i I' >i t\tt 2 OJi 2 48> 1012 Jan. 8 1013 Mar 7 iei4 May 31 July 17 S*pt. 8 Nov. 10 m.n.L'^''?^'"""""* '" '»"2 »"d 1913 by ProvinrUl Wat^r Hitht. Branch bv B r HvT" *"f *'5'** ••"'• ?'" «•"«• '" ■'^'' «t>« .April; I *-pt . 2« Ort 30 1916 Msr IB April 1.1 Ort. 2t) Sq f,ri 131 2 2 212 198 224 Ft, par Me 1 40 9.-> 2. 03 2 flO 3 73 38 FtH 5 83 4 M 6.85 674 7.0.1 4 4U Diarhiri^ Stc.-fnt 181 0« 2 1 • SAS .'i7fl.O- »:« 0« 2-3 ich not to sanip datum aa nubaequent mpuuri- 't above footbridge. • New aution eatablisbcj !• U It. • N ot at refular aection. ' Temporary MONTHLY SCMMARIES Month Diacharge in arcond-feet .Mai. Min. Mean Her aqua re mile Hun-off M depth in | incneaon [ Month drainage < area Discharge in >.^ond-fret Mat. Min. Mean June July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov. Dec.. Peri.1.1. I **" aquare mile if U!l-off ili'rilh in inches on drainage area Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar. . April.. May . June. . July . . Aug.. . Sept. . (Xt. . . Nov.. . Dee... Year , 1,800 1.300 1,6.M) 1.410 260 115 17.5 8 18 1.800 980 1.650 1,8.-10 I 260 260 3 5 8 28 4.'>0 751 693 642 441 171 4.W 19 42 6 4 444 407 9!)0 424 5.00 4-62 4. 28 2 94 1 14 3 ai 013 o:j O 04 2. 96 3. 11 0.)iO 2 »;» •|.7H 4-81 4-93 3. 28 1-31 3. 40 o.i.-> 0.04 04 3-41 3-47 7.61 .38.21 Juii,. . Julv . .\ug. Sept. . Oct'. . Nov... Dec... Periml .i20 19.1 28 2,100 "l',.^•^o 900 2.100 i 0,^ 18 4 3 280 115 230 63 11 310 873 375 311 1 33 O 42 07 2 06 '.V8.3 2. SO 2 07 J 71 4'< OS 2 30 'b-.to 2 SS Jan. . . f'eb. . . Marl April . .Slay June. , July.. Aug.. . Sent... Oct... .Nov... Dec... Yp'ir 2|.-> 740 1,7»0 1.040 1,040 720 (iliO 120 x 540 720 1,I.'40 3 2 400 ittO 410 2ti0 120 4 o 2 50 120 ■ No record for period Oct. 13 to 24. ■ Change in control about Mar. U. 53 219 834 743 089 4.39 290 41 3 36 291 334 .334 035 1 46 5. 36 4 97 4 .39 3. 06 1-93 27 02 37 216 2. 23 2 -.12 U 40 1 . 3S 6 41 3 . ,3.3 5 W 3. 41 2 2:< 031 1)2 043 2. 16 2.57 30 .-W .SO square miles 122-TULAMEEW RIVER-at Coalinont Drainage ar DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Location— hx. Coalmont. Records avaUabU— May 15 to Dec. 11. 1914 ; April 11 to Dec. 25. 1915 : Feb. 17 to Dec. 31, 1916. Drainage area — 400 to 650 sq. mile!..* Gowge-Chain gauge on downstream side of bridge at measuring section : standard staff gauge on right hand abutment for high water ; read daily. aa«nW-Straight for about 700 feet at section ; bed. clean gravel. Change in control May 5 1916. ' Discharge measurements— Ra.ling curves are fairly well defined. ^^'"'rehZr^"^ conditior .revail during the latter part of December and during January and /Icfurucy— Resu lts considered fairly reliable, except for highest st.igcs. . • Estimates differ : the smaller area is the estimate of the B. C. Hvdrometric Survey .-xni onl^mE""^ '"""^^^'""""^""''''''"''^ .he higher value is b^sed on mti^^re'ment ■ Hi STREAM FLOW DATA— B. C. T A U L IC S 44» DISCHARC.E MEASURKMENTS D*U Aru o( •retloB Mean Telocity U*uf> hriiht Due barge Dmt« Ari.« or w«tiaa vvlority Oauii' iMigkt Piarhargf Sq /ul ri.fruc Fnl Stc -/ill «,/..( Ft. ptr »ec. rtti See -fnt ini.i Junf 3 20.J 2 50 3 IMS :**>. Nov. Ill 228 3 TO Mill lOIH 1914 Mity 211 in 5 hn 5 I-.5 2.73rt M»y 14 HUl D.)i2 4. 03 5.300 .lull.- 27 I4U >< «l .■> TO .1.1120 Junr 14 3H7 4 flO 2 ,V) l."n July 14 271 :i 71 3 9.". l.l>2ll • l.2,'> • 1 MfaAulvment made at I'rini'eton befure rt-gulur Ntulinti wii« i-)4Ulili« lauf r, 2' its feet lower. • Ire. MONTH l-Y SI- MM ARIES .Mar April May JUHL*. July . Aug.. >«'Pt.. (Ht. . . .Nov.. Dec. Pe-ii»l. Diaeharge in aerumt-feet Kuii-oR depth in incneaon drainage area .Month Mai. .Min .Mean IVr square mile May . June. . . July Aug Sept tl..| 1915 i.:mo 1,180 225 120 lai 1,930 790 225 1,9.30 570 225 HO tiO 42 .'. .Mm Kun off deptli in ini-)iea(»n I Nqiiare { drainage I inili- I ari.» 4.1140 I.2MI .1.11. >4 1 i..t 2.X7I1 7H0 1.4li4 ;i m; 745 Ml 31(1 77 90 70 74 II IM 125 411 92 (1 2.1 IHII Ml 112 II 2>' l.liXU ,:UII .IKO 14.1 1.9«0 570 1,020 5.170 1.74(1 2.NMI 7 211 7.S.10 I.9IHI 3.4MI .S 70 2,020 4S0 1,130 2 HJ 4.35 110 2m 1)2 170 30 93 23 170 ."■2 1 . 55 Gauge height I I.OW water iectioc > New gauge, datum 1 ft. lower. > Ice cover. * Another estlmr.te is about 660 sq. miles. Ft$t 0.50 2 .'.9 lOS Discharge S*c.-ftti so 1,003 2U7 m iH 444 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION J Pi i 1 i. ■ • f *--.f (' m,^-. 4 i _ MONTHLY SUMMARIES PMicKl. 2.SM) \ott. — Gauffe readincB ' Ice oonditioni obtniniHl during put ot Feb. ana M»r , 1915. ■ 2 miles from mouth Drainage area. Wag, miles* 124— WIDGEON (SILVER .^(TT) C ■: FV D: cp.:vra..\ ov gauging station Ucation-At lower end of carSon. about 2 m,!^ ■ from mouth, in sec. 8, tp. 4, rge. 5, W. Tth mer. Rfcords avaUable-AugUBt •>, 1912, to Dec.. 1915 ; d,. Aug. 9 1913 May 2.-1 Julv 16 Sept. Id ■• 17 Area o { •ection Sq./ttt 104 121 lOU OS CM Mean velocity Ft.vtrttt 2 39 3. OS 1.83 1 3,5 I 27 Gauce height Ftet l.SO 2. 15 1.41 S7 9(1 Diaebarge Sec.-fet .'42 309 190 92 S4 Date Oct 25 1914 July 20 .Nov. j 19l.-> lulv 19 Area of ■ectioD St. lut Ti no 142 -Mian velwity Ft. per Mc l-.IO 2-86 I 2S Gauge height Ftt 0.99 90 2 19 n «2 Dtacharge Ste.-/ut Uti 90 405 MONTHLY SUMMARIES Month UiiclmrKe in secuuii-feet Mai Min. Mean I Kuo-un depth in I'er incneflun aquarp . drainage mile ! area Feb. . . . Mar... April... ^^ay. . . June . . July... Aug.. . . Sept Oct Nov Dec.... Period.. 1912 2fi2 3H2 2tt5 l.'i .1.') 109 90 8N 135 322 142 2-93 3-27 4. 50 5.IH 10.73 ll-OX 4.73 5.44 .Month Discharge in secoud-fcct .Mai. .Min. Mean Her square mile Kun-otf depth in inclieaon drainage area Jau.i . Feb.'.. Mar.i. April I. ^lay. . June. . July.. .\ug.. . S.-pt... Oct. . . N"v Dec... Ypar. • Revised value based on recent measurements. 1913 125 H4 94 3.13 3.t>0 251 51 111 3-70 3-84 175 90 113 3.77 4.33 335 100 250 8.,^ 9. 30 5«3 278 :m7 U..i7 13-33 428 196 286 9. .53 10-63 322 117 221 7.37 8.47 4H1 45 164 5.47 6. 28 884 45 214 7.13 7.. 95 1.023 45 242 8. 07 9.29 973 10.-. 343 11.43 12. 76 428 100 223 7.43 8.55 1.023 45 217 7.23 98. 33 STREAM FLOW O A T A— B. C TABLES 44S MONTHLY <4l'.MMARIE!<— TmiifiiwJ Mootb F«b. Mu April Miy June July Auc. Sept.. <>--t.. . Nov.. . I>*e... Y»»r. DiKhar(« m ■■•coiid*(*ci Mm. MiB. Mean ■qu-irp wile I HuH'^ff I I depth in | I ineneflon j ilraia<«e { I urm 1 l.iJO 1.0 •.'« |.'>-UV .•ni.% 11-. 240 H 00 .1M) U.^ :u-> II 17 f,M) 240 ;iio 10 :i:i «,«) 2.'i 70 2J.I r u I'M e 37 •f.iS 7.»;t :io> 10 20 ; 2«'< •1 1« 101 :t m li»l 2. 20 :i.l 1 10 .•>i 1 !i:t f.i.i 1 1 . «:i .110 m ;t.t 4. ill .t .'>:i 22 1 7. ;7 'i |12 i» o;t II 40 11 O'i 1 01 2 M 1 27 2 11 1 1 .•.:! Irt.74 I0|..">« ' Very lew gauge lieighu ritor,l„i| in ■•vly montha of litl I; ,ia Jan., i; Kub , iaUrpoUMd lor daya on wUib gaur- heigkta were nut recordtxl. 'r. .Mar., .i, .Vprii. :i, diarhifgea MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS Water Levels on Certain Navigable Lakes in Southern British Columbia The Department of Public Works, Canada, the Canadian Pacific railway and other interested parties, have established gauges on some of the larger lakes in the southern portion of the province for use in connection with navi- gation and for other purposes. Departmmt of The gauges of the Department of Public Warks were all estab- P"»'>« ^r**'* IJshed in 1915. * Their zeros were set at what was assumed ' "* to be 'low water' on the respective lakes, and the elevations were determined with reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway bench marks. The elevations used by the department, as given below, were determined from data supplied by the company, supplemented by precise levels by the department . The Canadian Pacific datum is low tide at Burrard inlet. In determining these elevations, the department co-operated with the B. C. Hydrometric Survey. LIST OF DEPARTME.NT OF PUBLIC WORKS, CA.N'ADA, GAUGES (Sometimes referred to as 'Government G,-iuges') Lake Upper Arrow lake do. Narrows between Upper Arrow and Lower Arrow lakes Lower Arrow lake Columbia river Slocan lake West Arm Koolenay lake do. Kootenay lake do Situation of gauge Arrowhead . Nakusp. . . . Burton Rer.ata West Robson Sl02 7 in. .ibove low mark 190,1 IS in. Mow low mark 1904. . . 2 in. alKive low mark 1905 2 in. atjove low mark 1906. . . Jo. 'i". do. 4 in. Ik'Iow low mark 1910. . . . 19(M 1905 1906 1er- leir low "or- ons son ere The West arm of Kootenay lake is not very wirle and at places is romparatively shalliiw. From the various records available for Kootenay lake, there would api)ear to be. t)etwe<-n the water surface in the main portion of the lake and at Nelson, a diffcrfncc in level which varies from a few inches at low water to over two feet at high stages. Respecting the gauge at Kootenay Landing, Captain Seaman has stated: "This gauge was moved each year and amount recorded as follows, as the c;ise may have been— -3" Ik'Iow low mark of last year, or V above low of last year. "For high water this gauge was continueil in sections until high' water was reached and left in plate until the next high water— if not broken out or carried away by logs or such like, but usually (l.K. "The gatigc was always placed at low water of each year." WATF.R LEVELS ON CERTALN NAVIGABLE LAKES LN BRITISH COLUMBIA ( Rccc rd? taken by British Columbia Lake and River Service — office, Nelson, B.C. — of the Canadian Pacific R;iilway) Date le. sr- he to )f er 1912 Mar. 11 " 18 " 2S April 1 7 " 14 " 21 " 28 May 5 " 12 " 19 " 2fi June 2' 1913 Mar. 16 " 23 " 30 April 6 " 13 " 20 " 27 May 4 " 11 " 18 " 2."; June 1 8 l.St 1914 Mar. 29 Apnl .S " 12 " 19 " 26 May 3 • 10 " 1? " 24 " 31 June 7 " 14 " 28j| Nakusp II 2 7 12 10 Ij 1 :3 2 3 6 5 10 6 7 8 7 11 1 16 22 11 21 9 West Robson 11 9 9 1 1 2 3 5 6 8 12 16 15 11 SIi )can Citv 1 3 7 1 1 2 5 7 9 11 14 15 15 2 19 18 23 20 I 3 1 3 1 11 10 2 8 5 6 6 2 6 11 10 1 11 20 2 23 5 30 2 12 15 17 9 20 3 20 3 24 6 22 5 5 1 2 2 2 10 3 3 6 6 10 8 9 8 3 1 2 3 3 4 10 5 3 5 6 6 5 7 6 10 6 10 Nelson Prix-'tor 5 9 6 2 7 3 8 2 2 3 5 3 5 8 6 11 8 2 10 2 12 12 2 II 1 It 6 11 4 1 1 1 1 3 KiKitenay Lam ling 6 II 7 3 9 10 7 16 20 21 6 2 3 3 5 7 8 10 12 14 6 16 17 4 15 6 16 9 IS 9 al • Water begins to fall ever>-where. No reconl kept of same, t Water line thereafter shows recession from above records. t Water recetled after June 28. 9 9 8 11 I 10 3 7 4 5 5 8 10 II 11 I I 1 1 1 6 2 10 4 6 4 4 4 10 8 I 9 8 15 1 20 7 22 6 1 1 t 1 2 4 6 7 9 II 13 I 13 7 14 8 14 1 13 3 15 7 Lardo 5 II 2 2 2 9 4 4 4 II 6 1 10 1 11 5 11 8 2 6 8 3 5 5 6 6 10 8 1 8 10 14 5 21 1 22 5 6 It 8 It to II 13 2 13 9 14 10 14 2 15 6 15 Gerrard 7 I 3 6 6 7 2 6 4 9 5 6 10 8 4 I if if !i 448 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATTON WATER LEVELS ON CERTAIN NAVIGABLE LAKES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— C .5 o o 'iO::^ d d a B 6 15 il ? a rSdS .a I ! ■■9 ■f.aaS 1 ■21 US do It T ^ i-3 s fC j; 2 i!95i J! .tttt £5 ■fi'S'»-3 II J8 ege .M !";2 a o 9 Pos-osd [«;d -"ida K II III 'djd «- u 1> t'C i 5 *■ . « t 5, . ^ 5 St M_5 1 .1 :5 sa ^^ •? ^ k ^^ tee 9 B « ' J -; e o o o oi S C a J o 5 — — J« V ft. lu ^:^£3 3*5 5 'T.^ O O O C - o c U(h h 0^ > H HOO 0. .rl 453 J k 3 I •8 3 I o I 1= •si at in J 5 t yi! M 1 1 454 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION il ■SSi if si - M i s w O b«* ^^ S 1^ 11*^ I s U Eb> Eos 5 5««§||S§2||S|2S| 2 |SK S -S525|g ||Sa«8sgR5S2 n^^eco^ »n "it ^CIMMM- Jss § 32S =|28g SiiS-SS 828S''a5 5SSS SSeoS 5 2 flk 01 Ok Ok O 9 S3- = 5S- a I iIj II & i -PI II a d I T ^ "2 i •c 5 1 J I Ji 85 -. 8? * e >; s-^ f sis? .as re '3 i d 6 d d d i23-«'-»"i d d d d •> a s-o-o-o-o ill! iliPii h,eMto o hu;;>sc;ui> I'Sssidd Co s S o d o _3a las-! cida hhUU !i > t i 1l 4M 4 ll ^1 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 9 « I «oacn 1 Ml mi ffliti s E I i i ■ » 12 i ISKSSSSSSSSSiS JSSSSSSSKISSSSS 5582"^-- saass*" 2s !£i:ss;:s 9 o e> o • g JJeCJ ij .Siod 66066? S.2^^ o^ 6 6 0* e d*^ III I K-4UU d sS eS S S;s; as eici S3 s^ss ^aggi Sio S33 =S82!; S" ss 28 ss= s^s;:* 4 T ■ J ^5 o 3«-'"' o o o o o o_^ H i »1 1 is o k 06^ - .E c e 4 it- s III I •iii r ^ i i •2S if 11 « o Iji c u s li ll ill i oy pa BOO J xi« !<^i< ^o 000 c u u iz 458 COMMISSI(>N OF CONSERVATION I I f f i!^;i H » . * i. F •2 J 5 M -hi 4 ' " II B «e« M vn «4 bsSSSS 2g 2; I- ^ tsss ;s I g S33 : 3S2223222-3XSg '•asass5'::22-ssss 8S- - 99 99 9 9 9 9 9990 "■"■rSSS 52 2S8S 83 8 S i55-< l'oE4'< 5 2'S2'2*2 g"5SS?iSRSS2R2-"22"s£ t 3 fiijllljl... :4 . ■ lU i^ fell- P O O S W U WW w 9 w u ^ E — op PPyP p-a «i^uo oi 14 =■8 e ii 3 ill 11 I 8»° Isi" 1 I d B i I I u ? i STREAM FtOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 439 a ?! I 1=^ -Si £■• I mi I'i I s 1 H4 ^ *'^tlls •i? 4i <.2 .3 r j St ;5 Si . 4 I IJI I I OS ^ t-> "ft O 31 3"- - '^~"~' - ^ — ^ ?i — T* I Hi ■5 i = i £ as .i i«: : k .??3v-i5:;. 2? I § I ^1 % S353 is 82 Sv-25?5;5S^|^-j^2s|i5t;3.- s S.S ss M f I M rt •< »! P- 0» 9> 9> 9 Oi St 3> ffi J» » o» 3» - ri - SSIgSiS3S?,?,3;;2,'.5q.3S?5SS5 J; l5 -22 ■3^3 :3s il'lV.l •aw f e ^ J — * a S -5 Ii5 ,=^■§^■2-^ 1 it : : • C2-^ -^ifc a -a - -3 I ^1 i -i»< ■•a I sfl : s^ SJjr- = lillill a-< ■ = !» ■ U I ;: J# : : Jj ^ S 5 K. -c , ifllfl SSSSS s a 3 C 3 ■ - 3 • 5 :5 :« a = M *s^ '■7.: 31 H I f tin 1 1 oC-iOyp iiH I ! ■ ! ' 1 i -i \ MO COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION '/ , ni 1 1 • » \ & a a 8^. III! |L I s.|3||i8gs : I'I'IIJ'II* 1 !l I >: ■^ 2 H ^ o5S' sgs 2|*s8g as Sisli' I e '^ s •rx-.s OOOCOX3C = 1 S2 S|55SS| g |:?|SKg|5Si]3?52SK3S$Rj: it KOO^.«N __ _ _, PSrtrt^iM rt ^^ c^ woe oc«r* — ni^o 5 H CO Sol 1j1 ill. I III SI ?1| is|l o a: sgs |s j- Si at CI 5 ift O O p .- r- 7 — — — M 1^ tC -^ — SI s? 3 "--f is'- > :« c ; c V o "^C his':?; ? 2 2 Ml A^ J? STJ_ ^ 2 ea b^ ■si ; 1 S o o •s'S - e > 9 ^ !r ** 2 Mi * t £ C S ^ E Q -i 0.0. a. STREAM FLOW DATA-B. C. TABLES 46J I CHAPTER XVI I I ! ; iM Rtl M Stream Flow Data Records by the Umted States Geofegical Surrey— Water Resources Branch C TREAM flow data for the United States asre collected chiefly by the Water ^ Resources Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey. The work was begun in 1888 in connection with special ss.udies relating to irrij^ation in the arid west, and, since June 30, 1895, appropriations have been made by the United States Congress "For gaujrinjj the streaams and determining the water supply of the United States, and for the invest:«aa-.ion of underground currents and artesian wells, and for the preparation of reports upon the best methods of utilizing the water resources." In the executic^n of ti»e work many state and private organizations have co-operated. The Water Resources Branch has been the leader in the systematic gather- ing of stream flow data, and its able engineers have been pioneers in devising and improving methods incident to this work. Much credit is due this organ- ization for its painstaking research atwi development of the methods now so generally employed in connection with hydrological investigations. The publications of the Branch, as well as the special publications oi its Chief Engineer, Mr. N. C. Grover. and Chief Hydrographer, Mr. W. G. Hoyt, have been of very great assistance, not only to the United States, but also to other countries. Measurements of stream flow have been made at about 3,800 points in the United States, and also at points in Alaska and in the Hawaiian Islands. About 1,500 regular gauging stations are maintained by the Geological Survey and the co-operating organizations. In connection with this work, data respect- ing precipitation, evaporation, storage reservoirs, river profiles and water- power in many sections of the country have been collected and the results pub- lished in the Water Supply Papers. The custom of the Water Resources Branch has been to publish yearly reports. Prior to 1901, gauge heights and discharge measurements were published in Wahr Supply Papers or bulletins, and the estimates of monthly discharge were given in the Annual Reports oj the Geological Survey; since I9t)1. both classes of data have been published in the W'aier Supply Papers. In the annual publications, until the last few years, the various data were collated in 12 parts, each embracing an area whose boundaries coincide with the larger natural drainage basins of the country. Lately it has been found STREAM FLOW DATA-UNITED STATES 4,5 necessary to sub-divide part XII-dealinK' with the North Pacific drainage t^^lTcT :"" "'^""" ''"-'• ^"-^ -^ X"-C- The distnc adicenTt: Columbia River. The followmg is a list of published Water Supply PaL. S;rbi^'*'^'^ "'^'°« ^° ^^'^ ^""^ ^''^^ ^'^^-- adjacent 't? BriU;; Year Washington an.! Upper Columbia river Snake river I-owerColnniliia river j and (Jregon ISW . 3S 51 (>(>. 75 «5 UN) 135 17S 214 252 27 ' 2'>2 312 332A 3f.2A 392 412 3S 51 hi). 75 S5 100 135 17S 214 252 272 292 312 332B 362B 393 413 . 1960 l**)! 3S 51 I'HV 06, 75 IW,? H5 fHW 101) 1 r..'i>,rts published by State an 1 Wood.B^D..'S,ream-,^u;,inKStaZ^^ ^'^ - V" 41 >. pp. I-XI.. Consult als. f.S. Oeolo^eaJ Survey. '>^.f• ^^e fi«t from April 1 to Ma^ 24. mKSa!^ 1^,,^°"'^';"^"' «*"^ = ^"<^ »>'« »««>»d to read the same. No lienTl^rk e,SSe^ '""'*" '^'°' ^'"^ P"*^"* ^^""^ -"^ -» Oan^l-Gravel and cobblestones ; shifting in extreme floods. ^charge 'ncasurem.nts-M^de from a cable 100 feet below the gauge Auuraty- Results good. ^ ^ '^T.r^^::^!"''''' "~"^ ^^ ^^^ °' *•>' ^^'^^^'^ — ment, fumUhed b. the • As estirnated by the United States Geological Survey, r Revise,! value based on recent measurements. ; In Lnited States, known as the Clark fork. a Station discontinued i A e 7 1914 392 pagf 1915 412 Paie i S3 50 110 107 / t 62 119 102 160 44 47 101 104 3i 31 89 STREAM FLOW DATA-UNITED STATES DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 467 • Gauge X„ ,, , v,,ugo N„ 2. Miaug- UHkI... to n,«a.urei„o„,» h,.«i„„i„^ Ju„, .-,, ,,h,,,. ,,,, MONTHLY SUMMARIES r to gauge No. 3. Uun-..ff il'Ptli in irH-hi'Son ilr iiii;igu jireii IflOs Mar . April May . . . June. . . . July .... Au« S»pt ■ . Oct \ov Dec Period. 1909 Mur'.. i.UM) April . liTS Mny . . I'.lKH) Juiii'. . . t».^iO ■luly . . .■I.:f70 ■^ "K. . . . 2.4:i(i S.pt. . 1.J40 Oft . l..)2(l .Nov. . .•!I.7(J() "•■• ■ 4. (KM) :<44 4.">.". 1.440 I.IMI • 1 1 i' M 2-'.ll l.'f't 3-.Sli 17/4 4-H-. ■•.•71 Jan. Feb. Mar April ^fay. June July . Aug. Sept (),I No\ Dee 201 2-32 1 24 1 • 2!l 1 ' (it) 1-9.5 2-32 2-.W 11 as 701 141 I.i- 73 107 12-34 4- Mi 3-tiO 3-S2 4-2li 1-41 1>I>3 3-2H 3- 1)1) I-«l 2-20 ' For p«nod Mar. » to 31 .w.;'':::* Mry"Ln';r j!:„e'^;M7''n!;;rv';;"x!?g^:r^ r.""'-^' ■^p"'iL^>"v."'< n"v .nd Dee.. May 24, ItWS, fairly -ell ,le«„ed Mav -.1 t f)"e 1, W^w f T . « ^"^ """'" "^ " '"""'" ^^'^ ** '» J.D 1 to Dee. 31. i910. fairlv »ell eh„; V,^t«ee„ U ,f^ .1*.."' w"' ""T""" '^ ""•' •'""" •""nd-fee, : fairly well d.Hn«l below 3,000 ««uod-.f™r "* »'"'°-«'-'«» : -J"- '. l»n. t„ April 30, 19 1 k mk i 4«S P.S. ^-PEWD-D'ORBTLLB MVBB COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Metaline FalU. Wa«h. Drainage area 2S 600 g^uare miles* DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION Locatum-Just above Metaline Palls. ^cords availobie-Oct. 1, 1912, to Dec. 31 1915 ^«<«--Staff in five sections, one inclined, the others vertical t 2F^^^S:l:SrrtS^:^^^^^^^ Chan.e.in.„trol.., ""SoT.-'-rre^t:!^— :S^^^ fron, the ice cover 2.000 feet above the iau« ™"'"^''^* '' "^ ^'^- 1 ^ l"". was made W-interyJoi^Not seriously affected by ice ilccttfocy— Results good. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS' 1 i I i .1 : 1014 Feb. 1. June U Dec. 4 4 I91S Mar. II J. E. St>-w«rt Parker and biown Brown and Built-y. do. I C. O. Brown. 5- 80' 28- 17" lO-liQ 10-58 S-30< 10,200 68.100 21.000 20,B00 fl.7.TO C. O Brown. . . Brown an.l Kornf.^Ht ParkcranlRi.hardson' do. Lapyand Parker. 19- 3.% 19-29 7-B7 7-05 " 68 , •Mra.^c:-;™:^^^^^^^^ from boat K mile above sau^e •"" "*' *•»" «'"'«^- ' .Me"urcd from boat I..WO feet above ^uge MONTHLY SU.MMARIES StC.-/Mt 42.600 42.700 13.000 13,700 13.900 • Meaaurwt _ nuned from . raUng curve •'"ch i. well defined between 9.000 and 80,000 «cond-f.... • As estimated by United States Geological Survey bv^^.^"^:.7— SnY>SS^^rl'^ %^!^l,'ri 7"^ ^-'- -- «- visited tnurth. The middle section crthis^^iuLe was ir^fT'' I'i^' '^ ""^'^ SauRe was replac^f 3 betw«..n 27 fc;et an.i 13 feet on the all n^staTe in iTl^anH^''^ '^^ J^f, *"'«'' " '^^^ «"^1 'Sdingt gauges^ In rVcember, as the "bservcr couW not r~H rJ, ^"^V^'' '"^' ^^""^ ■"^'''^ "" tempora?; mstalleti. (.^-opt readings pr.„r to Oct 1 lOli o™ ■ ■ "L*' ^ "^* Permanent gauge was ratmg curve has been developtni for the \Ietaline PaS^ an?'""'^:,"' ^■"^"''^y unreliable.^ A* g^ l"*! 2 arc considered reliable. Metaline Falls gauge and estimates stibs«quM,t to Octl, STREAM FLOW DATA-UMTED STATES MONTHLY SVMMAmES-CoHiinu^ 469 SO.OV) 0-7S.) 0-441 O-.Sl (>:i7H 0-.)9 (>-4iii 0-4(> 0S12 0-91 l-4o 1-67 1 • I-.7 I-.S6 1 • ;i'.i 1-tiO 0-90r, 104 o-.-.j:t o-.-.s ()• 4111 0-.-|3 ()-4(il O-.il ()• |-:» 0-">5 io-r>4 II U.S. 3-l>END-D.0REII.LERrVER-nearP,-.in. ^,..> Dra.na.e area. ...OOP snua.e ^„., » DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION ""l^T^'^f FXadS;*""^ ' ""'-' ''-'' "'^'-' •^^°"'- -^ ^^"* ' -'- ^>ow the Records available— Oct. 28, 1910, to Dec 31 191S gauge al'!;;'to She sal™""" '"'""^^'^ ''''''' ^^' '"^^"^ ^° ^^^ >-'- '•'^ <="- *"Ja::^el7ro':"' '" "°' °' ''"^ '"' '^ ^"* "^^''^-^ °f «-«- Elevation 16-38 feet al.ve Channel— Fairly permanent. headwaters of Pend-d^reiile ""''"°" ^"" '"''"''^"^■'' ''^ ^''''hea.I rive, and Accuracy-Rating curve good, but gauge height record somewhat doubtful at times. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ' SurfMe velodUe. ob«rven>ff r - dmthia laebMoa ir» dniaac* area W 0-46 H OM W 0-47 W (). 17 ) OM 132 4 O-XS 1 0-54 n 0-55 44 « .1 t 0-43 ) 0-41 > 0-41 1(» 3-12 5-4« 2-48 OB* 0'57 Ool (1 51 U-46 1 l«-42 0-4H U-38 0-41 0-87 !-Sl i-ug I- 53 0-H3 »■ .-18 0-54 0-48 0-50 1 0-38 ■auae f>b. STREAM FLOW U A T A-C N I T E D STATES 471 rMl"r ^' ^'^' ^,"*^"T ^^°^' '^"«' "^^ ''■* '^'^'"'•» •• <^t- »0. 1879. to June 30 1881. L S. Engineer Corpi' gauge at The Dalles.* juneju. *^"r^trY'''' ""■' '''*^/ '"''°'"''" '^'' ^'■^''^ *''»» '"'"<• *"'! *"' •• ""'t™' i» rock reef at the Cascades ; practically permanent. " '"• OW.WI* m,««r.««,U-In 19a». ma,Ie with flo.ts and with current meter at Cayuse rock / In 1908 made wuh float, at the gauge. In 1910 and 1913. ma.Ie from the .Northern Pa Tc Ry. badge just above th. mouth of Snake river, the discharges of Sn,-.ke. Umatil a T^hn Dav «,d Deschutes nve.= at their mouths being determincl from Kau«e ridings an I vhle-Uo he rneasur.1 discharge to give the flow at The Dalles. An allowance of one day w« made for the tv ;. interval between Snake river and The Dalles Rating cunes -For discussion respecting rating curv-es and discharge estimates published in Pa^?A':.^y;.'p"',7''"" ^""^'=^' '""'^^- '- --~ made in^.l^lt t./" Ex,rem, ^to«"-The highest flood of authentic recor.l occurred in June. 1894. It was due to the coincidence of floo.U in the Columbia and Snake. accompani«i by heavy rainfa7 n the lo' r 6uZ'lT- -^^ '""*''\f °^" '"'^ ""^"^ ^-' •^-' '-en'except nal y h avy dunng the previous winter. The highest stage at Cascade Ic^ks was 49- 7 feet at 4 o m June 6, corresponding to a discharge of 1.160.000 secomi-feet. or 4-89 second-fect per squL' r « 1 >s no authentic record of the fl.xxl of 1849. but it may have closely appr^™ thi. flood m peak discharge. The lowest stage of which there is authentic re^ d ^cu^ en. 20/ ■ 22 .. 27 " 28 " 30/ 31/ -'/ 3/ 5/ fi/ 11 12/ 13 14 !«/ Hydrocrapher Feb U.S. Encineer Corpi do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. heic tuae iaht / Float measurement. Ftt 2-()0 3-50 9-70 10-70 9-00 7-70 6-00 S-.30 4-30 3-70 3-30 'i-.30 3-10 2-80 2-10 Dbcbarg'^ Si,a)0 71,100 7«.400 72.100 77,300 9.1.400 rt'JO.OOO 444,000 115,000 742,000 3.10.000 101.000 IT c V'J'' Statement relating to checks on gauges. U. S. Geological Survey. seeJHfl/rr Supply Paper No. 370, page 17; •"OOCOrV RESnUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ APPLIED IfVMGE I S*- '653 East Mom Slreet F^ Rochester, New rorfc 14609 USA Is (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^S (716) 2BB - 5989 - Fa» ( I Ij H i !f ii j I I i 472 COMMISSIO.V OF CONSERVATION DISCHARGES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES OR'^r.OV COMPUTED FROM MEASUREMENTS AT PASCO WASH i'nGTOm' Date mio Orl. 31 , 1!)13 Jimf 15., . Julv ](i-17 .Nov. M Bured dis- charge Collin. - bia river It Piwco, Wash 8«,.tO0 ')37,000 303,(XX) •ll.L'OO Snake river at Burbankf Woafa. Gaug, height 3U-3 47-2 37-7 Dis- charge 23,000 ift-i.noo 4!i,l)00 ■i'i.nm I Umatilla river at Um.-itilla, Oreg. Gauge height 2-3 2-r. 2.0 2-S.5 Dis- ehargp 49 140 140 2.'i0 John Day river at .McDonald, Oreg. GaugL height 1-6 3-8 2 -3.5 2-1.-) Dis- cliorge 2U0 2,880 93 J 74 > Deschutes river, at Moody, Oreg. Gauge height 2-34 3-0 2-0 2-fl Dis- charge i.l90 Colunit.ia river at The Dalles Gaug. height .5-.i Dis- charge 11.5,000 742,000 3."iH,000 101.0110 Date ■ .\l,.:«ured at Hi.hhinil f rry, diwharge of YKkii.ia riv.r at Ki,hl;,nd added MAXI.MUM GAUGE HEIGHT IN FEET OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT LOWFR CASCADES LANDING, AND DISCHARGE IN SECOND-FEET AT THE DALLES FOR 1858 TO 1877 {Gauge heights observed by Oregon Steam Navigatioy Co.) 1910 Nov, 1 1913 June 16 J'ly 17-18 \ov. 21 I8.W 18:.9 1800 I8!il 18IU1 1SI13 18fW ISM 1800 18117 CJ.iuge height Discharge Year Gauge h-ight Discharge 84-3 93- fi sr-.i .'7!,000 ISIiS.' 81-S 76-6 90-8 93-1 89- tj 80 •« 81-9 8S-0 9ii-0 81-9 483,000 328,000 777,000 8-i(>,000 737,000 038,000 .'>82,!KX) 084,000 9-18.000 481.000 1819 1870 1S71 1872 1 1873 1874 isr-> IS7'1» 1877 feet ; discharge 948.000 sec-feet ' "^ "*'' <"«""«« J.000.000 sec. ft., at Cascades locks 43-4 8.e.mNrv?g':iton*6„'.'Vt'Ll«V:j:,'^t/S„'^.^^^^^ J^e^i-. of the ,auge of the Oregon ^incer Corps above the Cascades. 18 fairly well defined. Asst. Engi- higher above Celilo falls than the great as the niaximuui for 1S94. Month MONTHLY SUMMARIES Discharge in second-feet Mai. .Min. Mean Per square mile Kun-off depth in inches on drainage area Jan. . . Feb. . . Mir... April. . .May. . June. . July . . .\ug. . . , Sept. . . 0<-t. . . . Xov. . . . Dec Perio-1.. 48r,,0OO 370,000 222,000 1.51,000 100,000 93,200 11S,000 48,5.000 370.000 21'>,000 l.i.1,000 93,J(» s.>,ono 7fl,200 71,000 71,000 420,000 273,000 lSt,000 1-' 1.000 81.S00 '.000 2.58,000 1.54,000 113.000 83,800 7,5,400 08,300 ifi, till) 77,200 75,200 151,000 401,000 (i!18,(KK) 793,000 38fl,000 198,0(K) 131,000 104,000 80,700 260,400 0-410 0-326 0-317 0-037 1-70 2-95 3 -,35 1-63 0- 8,35 0-5.53 0-439 0-.341 M23 0-48 0-,3S 0-37 0-71 1-96 3-29 3-88 1-88 0-93 0-64 0-49 0-39 15 .35 Month Discharge in second-feet Max. Min. Mean Per squars mile Ilun-oS depth in inches on drainage area Feb. . Mar... April. . .May. . June . July . . Aug. . *-pt... Oft.. . Nov.. . Dec. . . Year. . .1,000 217,000 317,000 453,000 551,000 043,000 601,000 379,000 204,000 124,000 03,000 09,000 643,000 01,200 .5.u«d 473 Month Jan.. , Feb.. Mar. April. Afay. June. , July . . Auk.. . Sept.. Oct.. . Nov. , . Dec... Year. . Jan. . . Feb. , . Mar... April. May. . June. . July . . Ai g.. . Sept. . . Oct. . . Nov.. . Dec. . Year. . Ji*n. . . Feb. . Mar.. April. May. , June, , July. . Aug.. . S.pt... Oct. . . Nov.. . Dtc. . , Discharge in second-fi-ct Max. Min. Mean wiu re mile Kuii-uff I depth in inches oil (ir Lintge !iri*n 1882 Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar... April, . . ^fay. . . June. . . 'uly... Aug.. .. Sept.... Oct Nov.... Dec 94.4U(J 02,200 183,000 2112,000 542.000 SMIi.OOO 643,000 313,000 197,000 iin.ooo 11.1.000 197,000 Year.. . I !• 1.3.000 tiO,400 B0,400 7.'>.000 192,000 210.000 .')40,0()0 321,000 200,000 11S,000 I0-',0(IO 79,000 7" ,000 78,400 ««,700 O.'^fiOO 229.000 3.tli,000 770.000 477 000 2113,000 l.W.OOO 110,000 04,400 121.000 Bfl,400 232.000 3.([ 1 2M 0'40.1 1 91 id 1 42 3 2.1 2 01 i 11 (1 633 4li4 :i9H 0- oil 0-flS2 1 0-3H 0-29 0- 4(1 1-OS lMi4 S'fvl 2-32 1-28 0-71 0- .13 0-44 0-59 13-.3.i 18M Jan. . . . Feb. . . . Mar April.. . May. . . June. . . July... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct Nov.. . . Dec.... Year. . . 94,400 163,000 121, OIX) 286,000 607,000 698,000 573,000 300,000 195,000 150,000 l.'>!>,000 110,000 o»,MIO 45.800 s;,.soo 117,000 2.'>().flOO .">M,S,tKIO 2't»,(XH) 194.000 123,000 112.000 ll,000 203,000 404.000 648,000 403,000 2i5,000 1A<>,000 1.33,000 135,000 80.(100 O-.iai 0-303 0-443 0- S.57 1-70 2- 73 1-70 i-as 0-700 0-561 0-.570 0-340 O-.f.. 0-,33 0-51 0-96 1-9(1 3-05 1-96 1-24 0-78 0- 65 0-64 0-39 12-82 ^iOJ.UOU 217,000 1.34,000 2(i0,000 597,000 673,000 456,000 262,000 147,000 99,300 78,000 90,400 673,000 tH,400 140,000 101,000 129,000 239,000 458,000 260.000 150,000 101,000 7(1,000 62,800 62,000 62,000 lOi.OOO 178,000 122,000 209,0(X) 342,000 577,000 351,000 201,000 12.5,000 85.900 69,700 75,300 203,100 42« 751 515 SS2 1 44 2 43 1 48 848 .527 0- ,3(12 0-294 0-318 0- 857 1 0-4',l 0-7S 0- .59 0-98 !-«« 2-71 1-71 0-98 0- ,59 0-42 0-33 0-37 11-ni 1888 215,000 190.000 137,000 306,000 412,000 .5«4,000 451,000 2,56,000 188,000 119,000 109,000 94,100 564,000 411,400 123,000 10,;,000 128,000 282,000 420.000 262,000 190.000 I20,(X)0 89,200 8J,300 78,000 SO.liUO 144,000 I20,(KX) 189,000 3(12,000 51.5,000 .•«H,000 213,000 1.5.3,(100 102,000 «3,2{X) 85,500 49,400 190,600 0- ;i38 0-808 0-506 0- 797 1-.53 2-17 1-43 0-899 U-MQ 0-4.t0 0-3U3 0-3(11 0-842 0- 39 0-66 0-.58 0-K9 1-76 2-42 1 - 65 1-04 0-72 0-.'.0 0-44 0-42 11-47 1890 67,000 197,000 179,000 300,000 633,000 532,000 .381,000 246,000 1.52,000 95,400 84..500 74,000 Year .1 633.000 41,900 62,000 .59,600 145,000 325,000 .388,000 248,000 157,000 90,400 8;t,l00 73.IMI(1 65,200 41.90 .St, •.O.J 573,00 I .>N.MJ() 63,600 12I.(K)() li>7,000 .95,0(K) 49I,0(K) 244,0(K) 1. 57,000 103,000 7'I.(K)0 69 .(KK) 64,400 Jan. . Feb . Mar .\pril, •May. June. July Aug. . Sept. . Oct.. . Nov. Dec. . . Year. . i;i3,(ioo 190,000 221,000 2!)0,(X)0 4.14 .(KM) 4.82,000 447,000 233,000 179,(XJ0 I49,(X)0 11.5,000 110,000 ,00t) 95,400 149,(HK) 21.5.000 237,000 38S,000 237,000 18:1.000 1.39,000 9(1,700 92,S(K) 92,S0O 482.000 7n,000 212.40(1 0- «9 ^'3,1(11) I(>4,0(HI IS'1,000 259,000 ■■i72,0(K) 44.5.000 340.000 203,(XKI l.>5,0(Hi 122,(1' <.] 103,(H)(1 10),00<) ' 394 (19 J 797 09 57 .S.S 43 S57 (154 515 435 135 18S7 Jan. . Feb. . .Mar April .M.iy. June. July . Aug.. .Sept.. Oct. . . Nov.. Dec. Yeir . u^.ooo 10<1,000 2,5S.(I00 282.0(K) 720.000 89(i,(K)0 760,000 393,000 221,000 126,000 117,000 115,000 89<1,000 .Mp.SlHI (1(1,100 73,000 235,(XK) 319,000 713,000 403,0ec.... Ye-xr 131,000 132,000 1.37,000 276,000 473,000 4.59,000 ;t92,000 2i0.000 149,000 100,000 85.600 79,000 47.5,000 81,200 80,100 103,000 143,000 281,000 342,000 264,000 148,000 108,000 84,.50O 74,000 70,000 70.000 102,000 94,000 119,000 182,000 376,000 381,000 .348,000 206,000 129,000 96,500 78,600 75,300 I82..inn 0-430 0-397 0-.502 0-768 1-59 1-61 1-47 0-869 0-544 0-40( 0-332 0-318 n>7Aa 0-50 0-41 0-.58 0-86 1-83 1-80 1-70 1-00 0-61 0-47 0-37 0.37 1896 1897 Jan Feb Mar Ami. . . . ^Aay. . . . June. . . . July .... Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year. . . 125.000 123,000 212,000 200,000 426,000 785,000 778,000 372,000 191,000 110,000 194,000 212,000 785,000 70,000 81,100 103,000 152,000 203,000 481.000 386.000 191,000 114,000 78,000 78,000 102,000 70,000 90,000 92,600 134.000 ■ 80.000 268.000 679,000 039,000 256,000 1,57,000 89.300 122,000 163,000 2.39,200 0-381 0-391 0-565 0-760 1-13 2-86 2-70 1-08 0-062 0-377 0-515 0-688 1-010 0-44 0-42 0-65 0-85 1-30 3-19 3-11 1-24 0-74 0-43 0-,S7 0-79 13-73 Jan Feb. Mar .\pril May. . . June. . , July... Aug.. . . Sept.... Oct. . . Nov... Dec. . Year . . 134,000 155,000 208,000 501,000 780,000 730,000 431,000 255,000 188,000 106,000 16),00() 168,000 780,000 98,000 98,000 84,500 130,000 447,000 445,0(K, 21^3,000 192,0OC 102,000 83,600 82,000 117,000 82.000 115,000 123,000 109,000 299,000 624,000 .540,000 372,000 210,000 137,000 97,100 114,000 141,000 240,100 0-483 0-519 0-460 1-26 2-63 2-28 1-.57 0-8,88 0-.578 0-410 0-481 0-595 1-0I3 0-56 0-54 0.53 1-41 3-03 2-54 1-81 1-03 0-64 0-47 0-,'>4 0-69 13'78 1898 Jan. . Feb.. Mar. April May. June. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. Dec.. Year. 135,000 260,000 181,000 3:17,000 394,000 049,000 541,000 201,000 199,000 114,000 87,400 84,700 649.000 84, 1 00 82,900 113,000 111.000 328,000 ,547,000 300,000 202,000 116.000 85,600 78,600 58,000 113,000 147,000 147,000 201,000 420,000 603,000 399,000 237,000 143,000 97,400 83,600 68,900 5S.000 221,600 0-477 0-620 0-620 0-848 1-77 2-54 1-68 1-00 0-603 0-411 0-3.53 0-289 0-9,35 0-33 0-65 0-71 0-95 2-04 2-83 1-94 1-15 0-87 0-47 0-39 0-33 12-68 1900 Jan. . Feb.. Mar. April May. June. July. Aug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. Dec. Year 231,000 142,000 230,000 303,000 336,000 441,000 437,000 239,000 1,57,000 137,000 142,000 180,000 536,000 138,000 103,000 132,000 216,000 291,000 381,000 239,000 1,52,000 120,000 99,000 106,000 in.ooo 99,000 168,000 125,000 187,000 272,000 4.50,000 411,000 323,000 1.87.000 13'i,000 114,000 12.5,000 138,000 219,700 0-709 0-,527 0-789 1-15 1-90 1-73 1-36 0-789 0-574 0-481 0-527 0- 582 0-927 0-82 0-,55 0-91 1-28 2-19 1-93 1-.57 0-91 0-64 0-55 0-59 UU7 12-61 1899 Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar... April. . May. . June, . July . . Aug.. . Sept,. Ort. . . Nov.. . Dec. . Year 142,000 130,000 126,000 245,001) 469,000 787,000 727,000 435,000 210,000 168,000 166,000 194,000 787,000 71,400 80,200 94,000 120,000 201,000 471,000 447,000 232.000 '68.000 123,000 112,000 132,000 98,500 109,000 106,000 192,000 309,000 638,000 614,000 307,000 193,000 140,000 130,000 187,000 71.400 249,.500 0-416 0-460 0-447 0-810 1-30 2-89 2-59 1-30 0-814 0-,591 0-549 0-662 0-48 0-48 0-S3 0-90 1-50 3-00 2-99 1-.50 0-91 0-68 0-61 0-76 1-0.52 I 14-33 1901 Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar... April. . May. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept. . . Oct.. . Nov... Dec... Year. . 160.000 108,000 129,000 0-344 206,000 81,100 122,000 0-515 269,000 152,000 187,000 0-789 211,000 137,000 165,000 0-696 646,000 20->,000 429,000 1-81 662,000 40 -.,000 516,000 2-18 412,000 286,000 340.000 1-43 281,000 166,000 219,000 0-924 165,000 99,000 132,000 0-5,57 101,000 77,(X)0 85,800 0-362 94,000 77.000 83,900 0-.3.54 114,000 (7,000 92.500 0-390 662,000 77.000 208,400 0-880 0-63 0-54 0-91 0-78 2-09 2-43 1-85 1-07 0-62 0-43 0-40 0'4S ll-9e STREAM FLOW DAT A— U MTKD STATES 47* MONTHLY eUMMARIK-S— r7 0'81 13- 21 0-30 0-41 O-.'iS 0-86 1-83 1-80 1'70 1-00 0-ei 0-47 0-37 0.37 0-M 0-34 0-53 1-41 3-03 2- 34 1-81 1'02 0-H4 0-47 0-34 0-69 Difcharge in Kcond-feet Kun-off depth in inrhee ud Month Diacharjce in second-foot Kun-.>ff depth in Month Per 1 P,.r Max. Min. Mean squire mile drainage area Max. Min. Mean 8W 2.54,000 147,000 200,000 0-844 0-97 Aui.. . . 205,000 124.000 175,000 0-738 0-83 143,000 98,000 122.000 0-315 0-.57 Sept.. 121,000 77,SOO 95,.50O 0- 403 0-45 96,000 75.400 84,700 0-337 0-41 Oct. . . 113,000 92.000 103,000 0- 135 0-.50 78,600 68.300 72,600 0-306 0-34 Nov.. . 93,000 73,800 79,000 0..i;i3 0-37 78.600 66.900 71,800 0-303 0-33 Dec... 76,200 62,700 67.400 0-284 0-33 Year. . . . 629.000 66,900 226,700 0-9.57 13-02 Year. , 412,000 52,600 141.300 0-.597 8-12 1906 1907 Jan Feb 72.200 59,200 63,500 0-268 0-31 Jan. . . . 142,000 77,800 105.000 1 0-443 0-51 102.000 64.100 76,700 0-324 0-34 Feb.... 212,000 113,000 158,000 0-667 0-09 137,000 73.800 92,200 0-389 0-43 Mar... 231,000 129,000 167.000 0-70.5 0-81 Niay,.:: June . . . 264,000 16.5,000 203,000 0-857 0-96 April... NIay. . . 289,000 1.56,000 234,000 0-987 1-10 343,000 2.58,000 299,000 1-26 1-45 522,000 248.030 379,000 1-60 1-84 374,000 278.000 332.000 1-40 1-.56 June. . . .587,000 4H 1,000 ,532,000 2-24 2- ,50 300.000 229,000 278,000 1-17 1-3.5 July... .532,000 305,000 431.000 1-82 2-10 Au« 8ept Oct Nov 223.000 131,000 125,000 100.000 168,000 115,000 0-709 0-485 0-8S 0-54 Aug.. . . .Sept. .. 305,000 180,000 178.000 135,000 230,000 162,000 0-970 0- 684 112 0-76 108,000 85,600 91.700 0-387 0-45 Oct. .. 135,000 96.000 116,000 0-489 0-56 360,000 92,000 136,000 0-574 0-64 Nov.... 95,000 83.800 88.100 0-372 0-42 Dee 155,000 105,000 123,000 0-519 0-60 Dec... 118,000 77.800 88,300 0-373 0-43 Year. . . . 374,000 .59,200 164,800 0-693 9-47 Year, . . 587,000 77.800 224,200 0-D46 12-84 1908 1909 Jan Feb Mar April.... Ufay. . . . June July.... Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 87,400 66.200 75.200 0-317 0-37 Jan.... 275,000 63,400 107.000 0-451 0-52 69,800 .59.900 66,200 0-279 0-30 Feb. . 140,000 84,700 103,000 0-433 0-45 116,000 0-489 0-36 Mar. ... 130,000 92,000 108.000 0-4.56 0-53 303.000 401.000 110.000 269,000 188,000 344,000 0-772 1-45 0-86 1-67 April... May 187,000 388,000 1.32.000 173,000 1.50,000 231,000 0-633 0-975 0-71 1-12 6.13,000 399.000 537,000 2-27 2 -.53 June. . . 675,000 395.000 .592.000 2 -.50 2-79 ■511,000 3I6,QP0 159,000 413.000 1-74 2-01 July . . 555.000 284.000 422.000 1-78 2-05 204,000 0-861 0-99 Aug.... 283.000 146,000 203.000 0-8.57 0-99 102,000 121,000 0-511 0-,57 Sept.... 1.54,000 106.000 129,000 0-.544 0-61 90,400 0-,S81 0-44 Oct. . . . 105,000 91,000 101,000 0-426 0-49 82.900 88,000 0-371 0-41 Nov . 220,000 00,100 128,000 0- .540 0-60 91.000 66.900 78.300 0-330 0-38 D.-C. . . 198,000 97,000 141,000 0-.5n5 0-69 Year. . fl,5,1,000 .59.900 193.000 0-814 11-09 Year 675,000 63.400 201,300 0-8.50 1 1 • ,55 1910 19! 1 Jan. Fpb Mar An'il ... ^lay. . . . ,5,000 86,500 108,000 0-4.56 0-53 Jan. . 90,100 69,800 79,000 0- 333 0-38 • 22.000 79,400 92,400 0-,390 0-41 r-h. . . 113,000 63,400 79,200 0-.3.14 0-35 392,000 136,000 272,000 1-13 1-33 Mar . 1,54,000 62,700 104.000 0-4.19 0-51 48.5,000 249,000 322,000 1-36 1-.52 April.. Mav 212.000 1.14,000 154,000 0-6.50 0-73 566,000 433,000 4»3,000 2-08 2-40 376,000 215,000 106.000 1-29 1-49 July ■ ■ ; ; 485,000 311,000 397,000 1-68 1-87 June. . , .574,000 ,347,000 .503,000 2-12 2-36 197,000 238,000 1-00 1-15 July . .520,000 2.58.000 378.000 1 - 59 1-83 125,000 160,000 0-673 0-78 AuK. . 2.'.5.000 136,000 187.000 0-789 0-91 Oct Vnv. Dec 121,000 81,100 93,200 0-393 0-H Sept.. . . 135,000 97.000 120,000 0-.500 0- .56 81,100 102,000 0-430 0-.50 Oct 98,000 75,400 84,900 0- 358 0-41 104,000 121,000 0-511 o-.-.r Nov.... !l.5,000 73,000 7S,I0O 0-.i:i0 0-.17 138,000 91,000 113,000 0-477 0-53 Dec. . . , 77,800 63,400 60,800 0-295 0-34 Year. . . . 566,000 79,400 209..300 0-883 12-05 Year. 574,000 62,700 178,600 0-7.54 10-24 m :| II \\ 476 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SI MM'.RIES— Cen/mwd Ills !;! 1 - 1 i i i ■ yi Month Dischtirge in aecond-fct't .Max Mia. Mean squ re milt* Kun-<>fl liepth in incDus on druiniz<-* arna .Ian. . . Feb. . . Mar... April. , .\fay. . June. . July . . Aug.. . S.'pt... Oct.. . Nov.. . Dee... Year. . IIK.OUU 141,1)1)0 iii.omi 219,000 .MT.OOO .568,000 4.') 1,000 21.1.000 IM.OOO ftfl.OOO 10.1,000 02,000 .'>0'..000 .>J,(K)0 S-.,IHX) 7n,20<) 1 VA.nyo 22.-i,0(X) 471,000 218,000 14.1,000 m.mo 8->,(i00 84,700 70,liOO M).S()0 110.000 SI, (10(1 181,000 :i72.flfl, ."■22,000 :)0">,ooo 18(,000 120,000 81,200 0.1,300 79,300 .')2.000 lS.'i,.100 0-311 0-46 1 0-3 IB 0-764 1 - .17 2-20 1-29 0-7.W 0-.)44 0-.17r> 0-39t 0-33J 0-782 0-39 0- .W 0-40 0-85 1-81 2-40 1-49 0-88 0-(il 0-43 0-44 0-39 10-ri.i Jan. . . Feb. . . Mar... April. . Afay. . June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov... Dec... Year . 111,000 131,000 178,000 27(>,000 491,000 4111,000 3«7,000 220,000 12.1,000 112,000 I3i,000 114,000 493.000 1914 lO.'iOO 77,KOO 131,000 134.000 2iiO,000 374,000 234,000 1.10,000 98,000 98,000 10"i.000 62,000 ll.i„10l) 80,800 l.W.OOO 218.000 37,i,00i) 423,000 316,000 168,000 109,000 104,000 12 "1)0 S„, 00 62.000 188,200 U-402 0-379 0- 'i33 0-920 1 ■ ..8 1-78 1-33 0-709 0-460 0-439 0-111 0-378 0- 79.% 0-46 0-39 0-73 1-03 1-82 1-90 l-.'>3 0-82 O-.il 0- .->i 0-.i7 0-J4 10-80 Month Discharge in lecond-feet Max. Min. Me?n Per xju ire mill Kun-oS depth ic inches oi druitiagf area Jan. . Feb. . M.ir. April. .M.iy. June, July. ■Villi.. A-pt. . ( let. . Nov.. n.c. 87,400 100,000 12."i,000 308,000 631,000 7."i9.000 ■)74,()00 269,000 14»>.0')0 120,000 106,000 103,000 7.i9,000 lki,UO0 63,400 73,000 l.Vi.OOd 24^1,001) >83,000 27.i,(KX) l.i7,001) 121,001) IOJ,000 98,000 71,400 74,900 76,400 98,101) 228,000 37i>.(K)0 '•>94,000 392,0(K) 210.000 111.000 110,0(K) 101.000 82„M)0 63,400 21.-i,3TO 0-316 0-322 0-114 0- 962 !-.■)» 2-93 1-6.-. O- 886 0- .iO."! 0-4M 0-426 0-348 0-908 0-36 0-34 0-48 1-07 1'83 3-27 1-90 1-02 0-66 0-.J3 0-49 0-40 12-34 19 1.1 Feb. . .M.r Arril. .\Iay. June. July. Aug.. S.-pt.. (let.. Nov.. D>c. Ye H0,-00 82,000 117,000 204,000 3-.-),000 .328,000 239,000 199,000 164,000 8."),600 9->,000 101.000 .128,000 J6,800 6"i,.500 69,800 123,(X)0 197,000 220,000 199,000 16.-|,000 82,000 73,000 7.'>,400 76,200 .56,800 70.300 71,100 84,100 167,000 2.">3,000 26l>,000 224,000 185,000 122,000 77,200 81,300 85,600 140,800 U-297 0-34 0-300 0-31 0- 3.5.5 0-41 0-705 0-79 1-07 1-23 1-12 1-2.5 0-94.> 1-09 0-781 0-90 0-.513 0-57 0-326 0-33 0-3.50 0-40 0-361 0-42 0-594 8-09 YEARLY DISCHARGE OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES-By caUndar years Yw 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 18.86 1887 18S8 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1804 180.5 1896 189; 1808 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 191.5 Period 1879 to 10I."1 Vlaxinum Mioiniun) 6i3.000 S9,600 914,000 68.300 .598.000 73,800 883,000 60,400 .573.000 5.8.800 698.000 44,300 482,000 76.000 673,000 62,000 896,000 60,100 .564,000 49,400 302,000 54,800 633,000 41,900 448,000 57,400 607,000 66,200 679.000 61,300 ,160.000 88,000 47.5,000 70,000 78,5,000 70.000 780,000 82,000 rt4't,000 .58,000 787,000 71,400 .536,000 99,000 612,000 77,000 644,000 58,000 787,000 73,SOO 629,000 66,900 412,000 .52,600 374,000 .59,200 .587,000 77,800 6-3,000 59,900 675,000 63,100 .516,000 79,4,10 .571,000 62,700 ■518.000 .52,000 759.000 63,400 491,000 62,000 328.000 58,800 Diictiarire in lecond-feet lliKheiit Lowest monthly monthly mean mean 1 160,000 41.000 612.000 973,000 546,000 770,000 534,000 648.000 445.000 577,000 809,000 51.5,000 268,000 5.59.000 420,000 .544.000 597,000 970.000 381,000 679,000 624,000 603,000 638,000 450,000 S16,IX)0 537,000 683,000 5.59,000 357,000 332,000 532,000 .537,000 .592,000 493.000 .501,000 522.000 691,000 423,000 266,000 070.000 65,900 75,200 86,400 66,700 73,.50O 71,900 93,400 69,700 75,300 80,200 63,700 51,400 62,600 73,000 71,000 114,000 75„100 89„100 97,100 68,.500 98,.500 114,000 83,900 83,600 87,700 71,800 62,900 63,.500 88,100 60,200 101,000 92,400 69„S00 79,.100 74.900 89,.500 70,.100 81,400 Annual mean 242,700 266,400 251,800 232,600 204.300 223,000 212,400 203,100 266 600 19!<,600 129,J00 196,100 170,(H)0 197,600 229 "00 306,000 182,300 239,:;00 240,100 221,600 249„500 219,700 208,400 196,100 223,800 226,700 141,300 164,8J0 224,200 193.000 201.300 209.300 178.600 185,100 21.5,300 188,200 140,800 210.300 Per s 1-09 I 0-90 5 0-57 B 0-38 It 0-40 1 0-42 t 8-09 Per cent variation from mean ■flS-4 +26-7 + 19-7 +10-8 - 2-9 + «-0 + 1-0 - 3-4 +26-8 - S'l -38-6 - 8-8 -19-2 - 60 + !)-2 +45-5 -13-3 +13-7 + U-2 + 3-4 +1S-8 + 4-5 - 0-9 - 6-8 + 6-4 + 7-8 -32-8 -21-8 4- 6-6 - 8-2 - 4-3 - 0-3 -15-1 -11-9 + 2-4 -10-3 -33-1 STREAM FLOW D A T A-U N I TZ: D STATES 477 YEARLY DISCHARGE OF COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES-Bj- water years Year ending Sept. 30 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1C84 1883 .1888 1887 laS8 J 889 1890 1S91 1892 1893 1804 1893 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1903 1908 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1913 Pi'riod 1879 to 1913 Di^chjirKt' in iitn-ond-fi.t;t n43.0U0 914,000 fl«S,0(X) 883.000 573,000 Ons.fKW 482,000 liVA.ItnO 8!lli,000 .i«4,0(IO .•I02,(X)0 fi33,(KI0 448,(K)0 (■.or,o()(i fl7»,000 l.lliO.OOO 47.-),OI)0 7S.-I.O00 7S0,(«0 8»!>,fK)0 7S7,()i)0 .3311,000 01)2,000 644,000 787,000 62i),000 412.000 374.000 587.000 n.33.000 673.000 ,3fi'j,000 574,000 5l>8,000 7.'>n.'"10 49 ) 328,U00 1,180,000 .Minimum .".9.filX) 'i->.300 73.M()0 li0.4IX) •■>H.V)U 4."i,H0U 4«.;ioo 64.400 i:i,oi)i) 4^1.100 .■>7.10l) 41. 'Kin 37.400 6 ;,2oo 6 '..too 8S.:l(K) HO.lOO 70.000 78.001) S.'.OOO 5S.000 lOt.OOO 81.000 38.000 72.200 80,200 32,600 .)0,200 77,>(00 59,900 63,100 70,400 62,700 52,000 63.400 70,600 38,800 tliKhi'it ni;inthly m 'un 612,0(M) 7'I3.000 .3|!i,000 770,(X)0 331,000 OIS.IKW 4»5,00t) 377,0! K) 80.I,«K) 513,000 2ii,S,0(M 33(,()00 4JO,000 311,000 3!I7,(X)0 970,000 .381,000 679,000 624.000 603,000 638.000 430.000 516.000 .337.000 683,000 ,i5i),000 337,0(X) 332,0,(i(X) 70,.100 Annual ineun 2I2,IXK) 2''>I.(M«) 2'i2.07 0-987 0-772 0- 6.i3 1-36 0-6.30 0-764 0-962 0-920 0-703 1-67 1-70 1-80 1-42 1-70 1-70 1-.37 1-14 1-78 1-33 1-07 2-36 1-44 1-26 1-86 2-43 1-39 1-13 2-83 1-77 1-30 1-90 1-81 1-31 1-30 2-14 0- 869 1-28 1-60 1-43 0-973 2-OS 1-29 I -.37 1-39 1 - .38 1-07 fl-oni I I. no .May I June 1-80 2 -.38 2-Uj 2-30 3-23 2-25 2-73 1-88 2-43 3-41 2-17 1-13 1-84 1-77 2-30 2-32 4-09 1-61 2-88 2-28 2-, 34 69 July 1-73 2-18 2-27 2-88 2-36 1-31 1-40 2-24 2-27 2-. 30 1-68 2-12 2-20 2-93 1-78 1-12 2-28 1-13 2-11 3-35 1-82 2-01 1-68 1-70 1-43 1-48 2-47 1-13 0-772 1-38 1-29 1-89 1-96 2-33 1-47 2-70 1-57 1-68 2-39 1-36 1-43 1-72 1-80 1-68 1-04 1-17 1-82 1-74 1-78 1-00 1-.39 1-29 1-63 1-33 0-943 |.«7 Aug. ?-ept. 0-771 1-16 1-83 1-03 1-tl 0-832 1-08 0-s.-.: 0-848 1-22 0- SOU 0-620 0-819 0-865 0-8S6 1-15 1-14 0-869 1-08 0- 886 1-00 1-30 0-78il 0-.)24 0- 975 0-911 0-844 0- 73N 0-70!i 0-970 Q-.Srt! 0- 837 0- 67.- o-7sn 0-7.30 1.030 764 774 3.840 0-l>48 O-Sf," 0-607 1-9U 4-30 fi-67 3' 65 MS 0-9.57 0-630 0-473 0-478 1-75 0-75 0-59 0-70 2-12 4-9S 7-44 3-Oft 1-33 1-07 0-73 0-53 0-55 33-83 Jan.'. . Feb.. Mar. , April. May. June. July.. Aug.. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov... Dec.'.. Year 7,000 20.8(X) 23.800 8,880 2,800 1,500 1,670 1,240 960 23,800 710 3,140 8,880 2,640 1,500 960 9fi0 960 570 650 650 650 2.960 8.580 14,900 4,390 2,050 1,300 1,210 1,100 809 3.270 401 401 (I 401 83 5 30 9 20 2 71 1 27 0-802 1 C 747 0-679 0-499 2 02 1 0-46 0-42 0-46 204 6-11 10-26 3-12 1-46 0-,s9 0-86 0-76 0-SS 27-52 ' For period Sept. 22 to 30. .i„ j'"?'*""'"' '■'■'jH°" aff<«'"^ by ice, Jan. 3 to Feb. 26, 1912; Jan. I to Mar 3 and Dm. 25 i» »i ion alaodurmg parts of Jan and Feb, 1914: diieharges partly estimated for thesjLia' ' * As estimated by United States Geological Survey. I i STREAM FLOW DAT A— U N I T T I) STATES 479 MONTHLY SUMMARIES— Cond. Moath Jan.! . . Feb. . . . M»r . Asril... W»y. . . June. . . July . . Aui. . . . Sept.... Oct Not . . . Dm.... Y«»r . Duolurge in second-feet Max. Mio. Mean. I 111 irt milf Uuniiff depth in inr nei on drain:iKe area 1,^4U 790 790 ■■>,2so 12.400 13,300 4.H40 l.HSO 1.910 4,040 4.810 1,5G0 13.300 570 3.50 .ilO 790 4,B:'0 4,M0 1.7.10 1.J40 1,140 1 ,.">ti0 1,790 060 3.'>0 90 1 623 1147 3,110 M.7:)0 7,380 3.190 1,470 1.3S0 2.2S0 2.010 1.190 2.S20 0-.i..li 0- 39.5 0-400 1-92 .■.•3'J 4-. -,6 1-07 0-907 0-S.->2 1-41 I-Sl 0-735 1-74 0-ii4 0-41 0-46 2-14 6-02 5-OS 2-27 l-M 0-9.> 1-62 2-l'2 0-8S 23-51 .Month Jab. . Kib.. Mar. April .Nlay June. Jul.v Auc.. .^«-pt. Oil. . Nuv... Dec... I Year. . Diwharie in aeeond-fuet Mai. Min. Mean 1915 Ft-r ■quiri- mile I 1,I4U OtK) 1,100 7,:i00 7,(i00 H,2U) H,220 2.;i.!0 1.:I40 1.790 l..)40 870 S.200 7!tO 710 mo 1.140 3.860 3,Mi0 2.:t.lO 1.240 1.140 1.14(1 710 <.40 •140 9.t» MH 81 M 3,78t) 5,:i60 4.9BO -.i.rAO I.BSO 1,1110 1,4211 1,1. "lO 70t) 2,190 -580 ■496 •496 ■ .13 31 06 19 (VI 73.'> 877 710 43'< •3.5 Kun-uff lienth in incnt-« on (Iriintge are:i 0-67 0-52 0-57 2-110 3-82 :i-4l 2 -.'.2 1-20 0-82 1-01 0-79 0-50 IS- 43 * See reference on previoua pagi- m-trlceU > t912!dt!l7lSie°har?".'',leirmS f JomTJSunJ'cuVe '^l^lTfiZ't't'!' ".'il'^'"'"' *^,^?' ^•'"<' -"•""■'-'"» 1911- determinerf from a »ell dSin^l ratinTr^ve that ?.^he «L . „. .i^ . '"". "•'•OOO "o'oml-f..K 1913. .laily ,ii«.-har«ei f.... 1914-1915. d«ly di« h""iiT.Jrmin;iV™mV«ird:^^^^^ '»"-""- '"'"» '^"'"^ ''-«>■» of i t m 0-75 0-.59 0-70 2-12 4-96 7-44 3-0» 1-33 1-07 0-73 0-53 0-55 33-83 0-46 0-42 0-46 2-04 6-11 10-26 3-12 1-46 0-.S9 0-86 0-76 0-58 27-52 U.S. 6— KETTLE RIVER— at Boyd, Waah. Drainase area. 4.060 square miles* DESCRIPTION OF GAUGING STATION Locatton-800 feet east of Boyd station, on the Oroville branch of the Great Northern Records availabU-Sept. 10, 1913. to Oct. 31, 1915. Station discontinued. GaugeStaS in three sections on the right bank, the lower two sections inclined, the upper vertical Channel and control-Large gravel and small boulders ; probably shifting in flo«ls. Diuharge r..easurements-Ma^e from a cable 1,000 feet above the gauge, or by waJmg. Winter flow — Seriously affected by ice. j4£c«r . Fpb.l . Mar. . .\pril May Juno. . July . Aug.. Hepl,. . . d... do do. do. FeH 4-88 2-60 6-00 3-86 3 -.14 4-80 2-391 2-39 2-87 2-41 2-22 2-03 2- .11 2-02 2 -.-4 ^■-04 2-20 2-20 2-21 2 -.17 2-47 Src.-feel 11.300 3,900 18.900 7,S20 9,630 10,700 3.120 3.000 2.920 2,.170 2,170 2,160 2,180 2,110 2,000 2,050 2,270 2,310 2,.1O0 2,720 2.960 Date 1913 Feb 17 " 18 '• 19 '• 20 •• 22 •• 24 •• 2.1 " 27 .Mnr. 1 3 5 7 " 10 " 13 " 19 " 20 " 25 " 28 " 31 April 5 •• 2(1 June 11 Dec Ifi HydroS2C, 71!» 0-4,l.) J .11 . K..h, , . Miir \i'ril \U\ . I'lti". . riily,. XuK.. . iii't. . . V..V !»■.■. IVri.,1 lOt^ II- SO II .•• M»r ' 7,»«<) April . ■Si.iUK -"J.-iOO Jiim'. . 7;<.->«ii July .. 4-..!ll)ll Au«. 17.300 *Tt.. «.ti->o IM li.r^t Nov' rt.SV) I t><- — I.IIJO J.IWII J.n.Mi ll'i'lill II. Mm t.l)20 'i.oso ^hi.liiii 10,000 ■Ji.MH} 2o:. 17,M)0 2li.]04 4.UII ^J.X.V) :i.;iio o:toi :ll 0-:i,s7 l> ,liWI :t.i:tu II- 2M ,330 t.:uMi o-;)!ii .270 11,. -.00 1 - O.'i ,U(XI :io.7oo ,.'UI (7.000 :i-:iii ■i ..too 2.-..40O 2-.)l .■rtiO 10,100 0-!IH t ,2N0 7,.tliO 0- lili.s ()■ .2.W H.OOO 0-727 ,2S0 ••..■>7o 0-77M (!• 4.2711 0- iVH 0- 1-17 I l.l 2..100 1.270 I1-2!I7 2..Vt(| 2.7IMI 0-2.-.4 : ll-2li ■l..">40 0-:l22 1 'I-J7 • ..•i:tll Il,:t00 1 • 0.1 i ■|.!H«( UI.IUIO )-7,s ; ■'..iHHI 21.200 l-'.i:i : "'• l.'i inMIO 20.lio.. -S7 *- lt> •<.!I20 II.7IMI I'lMi 1 1 • 22 .■|.II70 li.MO 0-li2J ' .■|.t7l) 'i.lMI 0- ">l.J ' I.7KC) "•.1211 U- I'.l.f , ll-."»'( .'.tl40 •I.N.so 0- :i.v< II- II) ■ For p..ri,.i ()..,. la.o. 11 :|>... Hf.ii .M . . _:::vu»» -;.V)o | ^i.r,..o | p.ssi , ,|-wi j' 1.. U .l,.ler,ni>,e.l fr„r„ fairly "w,.ll.lefi„e,l raiing .-urv" »nnVi'„V,„ ,'^IZ,1 '" -"' ' !>'"• I"'""« K-h- 7 to 2S :.>.,! uM...J.,■e.isi•;a^■a•iS;i';;a:S^ ,'^,",r, "'■'»■ » When 11,1 gang,! Iipight «as ro|)ort U.S. 8-MOYIE RIVER -at Snv.ler. Maho. .urv.. ». II.I.H>i;,lbet.,V. :T4^'i'^;i^'?-:J"J" '"lO to l.ll.Horday.. u.,aff«-t«i riiilr„-,l in I'll i.i,-. fr,„„ , .ii.lllh^"^, ;'■,'?'" »"•■'«. at" fmrly w«ll df tincl al.„v. I)r!Mn.ige arc.t, 717 sqiiaro milug* !>- ■ ■ I PTK )\ ( )K GAroiNG STATU ).\ .na Internationa. Ry. hn.l^e/a JtZ-^ le elw ^ p.'t ^l' , ■■' "'^^ •''' "^^- ■^■-'^-' /^aW5 availahle~M.,r. 10, 1911, to Dec 31 191S ^P'^"^"^ ..tuation. railway br.Ue 1 mile belol "csent gauge ' ' ^' "" ^'"^ '*"^^'''^' '^^ '^^^ ^^"'-^"' ^^ _._jOO^eeU^w«augea^,^„;.,^;^S^^'S^^^^ 'Revised estimate by V. S. G«.!c,gical .Sunrv -na.la ami 117 in Inited Stales. " f •! ! i AlKiut MK) SCI. milts COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Disckarff measuremtHtt — Made by wading at gauge nr from highway bridge one-fourth mile downstream. Winter flow — Discharge relation is, at times, seriously affected by ice. Aciurdcy — Observer's reconl apparently reliable, but gaps are frequent owing to his absence. Curve fairly well defined between 20() and 3,000 sec.-ft. Discharge relation affected by ice for short periods each winter ; estimates approximate. For periods in vhich ice is nQt present and rcc'>rd is continuous, results are ap[iarently goo fJ. \i. I.,ut. Beebva,.-* Lridl. J. r. Bi-ebo (tUUKl- hetsht FtH 3-24 «-»0 3-«0 3-25 3-30 2'98' ■M' lliitrbargr Srr-frrt 2.30 4,.3no 4i:i 313 21A 124 3,».M) n:>t May It W\i Aug. 111 1911 Jan. I.*! Ill Feb ifi Junr n lly>trogr.iph Gauge heights on ulil gauge fur the 1912 n.easurec 'iiti are 2-W), .'>>M)antl f'r.lnfi'et, rcHpectivrly. Str../rrt :i,4l0 2l»)i 473 446 223 2.400 MONTHLY SUMMARIES UoDtb Diicharg* la Moood-fMt Mai. Min. Mean Per luuare mile Kun-off depth in inrV'if nn drainage area April. May.. June. . July.. Au«... Sapt... Oet... Not... Dee.. . ^ April. May.. June. . July . Aug.. . Sept. . Oet... Nov... Deo... Year 391 200 342 2,200 4,120 2,200 1,080 425 315 36S 840 315 4.120 100 110 91 435 I,S40 550 ^50 171 171 171 171 171 91 221 144 147 1,330 2,940 1,220 710 243 219 202 479 199 673 0-308 0*201> 0-205 1-86 4-10 1-70 0-990 0-339 0-306 0-283 0-668 0-278 0-36 0-21 0-24 2-08 4-72 1-90 1-14 0-39 0-34 0-33 0-75 0-32 0-940 12.78 Feb' Mar. April. . May.. June. . July.. Aug.. . Sept... Oct.. . Nov... Dec'.. Year . 1,030 170 423 0-590 274 220 0-307 820 224 487 ''■679 3,820 665 2,160 . Jl l>,120 2.830 4,460 11-2? 4,760 1,540 2,.'i60 S-.W 1,440 310 743 1-04 2S8 125 190 0-265 270 100 145 0-202 265 154 213 0-297 1,160 386 666 0-fc.« 412 221 0-308 0,120 1,011 1-45 0-68 0-32 0-78 3-3li 7-17 3-08 l-2r 0-3 0-3i. 19-77 Month Difleh.irgn in seconct. . . Nov.'. Dec.'.. l.IIU 3.WT0 6,450 5..'i80 1,910 288 200 242 221 364 1.910 1,780 288 161 161 200 Ii7« 1,HI0 2,820 3,770 84n 24U 174 220 175 1.51 0-«4lii 2-24 5-33 5-i 1-18 0-348 0-243 0-307 0-2I4 0-211 0- " 2-.-.0 r,- 13 5- Mi 1-36 0-40 0-27 0-35 0-27 O-L'4 Jan.'. . Feb. . . Mar... April.. May.. June. . July.. ■\ug.. . Sept.. . C>ct.«. . Nov. . Dec'.. Year. 4.55 265 315 265 3,090 265 8,020 1,540 .8,020 1,340 1.,'10 310 310 170 265 180 2111 314 280 1,640 4.380 3,640 763 251 210 218 178 0-301 ()-i:is 0-391 2-29 6-11 5-08 1-08 0-3.50 0-305 0-304 0-248 0-3.-1 0-4ii 0-45 2 -.511 7-04 5 .67 1-2J 0-40 0-34 O-:.'.-. O-l'J Jan. . Feb. M;ir. April. May Junt . July. Aug.. Hopt.. Oct. . . Nov.. Dec. . Year. 1H7 154 .595 2.570 2,320 1,440 605 310 170 224 224 217 2..570 140 100 125 440 1.540 .593 334 125 120 140 187 154 100 163 128 258 1.460 1,820 901 470 195 136 158 206 186 .507 0-227 0-179 0-360 2-04 2-54 1-26 0-6.56 0-272 0-190 0-220 0-2S7 0-2.V.I 0-707 0'2i, 0-l!i 0-4.' •-'•2- 2-'.i:l 1-41 0-7i. n.;M O-.M 0-2'. O-.l-' 0-31) 9-ti4 ' Drainage area of 717 iquare milei, aa estimated for new location, has been used for computations (or lajt l»o eoluinns for penod Mar., 1911, to Feb., 1912, when gauge km at ulJ situation one mile below; the difference in drain i,;^ area between Id and new situation is not sufficient to make any material difference. • For period Mar. 10 to :il. • Partly esttn,.«t«l. ' Oct. 1 to 22. • Dec. 8 to 31. • .\ffccted by ice Dec. 10 tn 31, dia.-h»rgr>»rtly estimat"! A^o«— Discharges interpolated for days of missing gauge heights, except period Oet. 23 to Dec. 7, 1913 r>\'- charge relation afTected by ice, Nov. 15 to Dec. 16, and Dec. 26 to 31, 1911 ; Jan. 1 to 18, 1912 ; Jan. 9 to 21 ami Feb. 17 to 24, 1913 ; Feb. 4 to 7 and Dee. 10 to 31, 1914 ; Jan. 1 to 3 and 28 to 30, 1915. Srr.-/rH 2m 472 446 223 2.400 STREAM PLOW UATA-UNITKO STATES «„ as. ^SKAGIT »mr.«--n. .^^Ki,n;oun^ iiiinae^sj^J^^^ DESCRIPTION OP GAUGING STATION LocaiioH—M propose! power-house site of the Ski«t Poo,, , - i •■ ^ ana about 16 miles above Marblen^-mnt ' ™'* "^""^ *'"*'•=" "'^^' Records availabU-D^. 21. 1908, to May 23. ,914. Station discont.nue.1 sea-level datum ^ ' ^''=^-^"°". 'S'** -"et. gauge datum ; 509-38 :cet. Ckanntl-H^^vy boulders : shifting in extreme floo.is. Ducharge measurrments-^^ladt from a cable at the gauge. v4«»rafy— Results good. "'^tSrp'^SeTco.''''^'' '"^'^ ""' '^ ''■'' ''' ""= '«-"-«'• -asurements furnished by the Uun-off depth in iocnes nn uri k u-r; 2-.W O-l.l .i- HIi l-a« 0-40 0-27 0-35 0-27 0-24 0- a."i 0-4ii 0-4.-. 2-.5r, 7-04 5-«7 1-22 0-40 0-34 0-2.-. 0-21. 0-l!i 0-4.' 2-!i:t 1-41 0-7.. n.: U-9S 7-72 7-90 n-so 00 1,670 l,»t30 2,370 2,()00 ,S70 1,S7C 1,3S0 1.7,-.0 ,490 2,440 2,710 3,.520 li,010 X,.-,30 5.070 10.400 13,000 13,.500 10,300 8,2«) Oct. 19': Jan. 2. May B 7 " 14 Aug. 27 Sept. 16 Parker am Stewart and U.Alle.. Laville and ."winery Parker and Collier.. I. L. Collier. , Hoyt and Parker! I. L. ColUer 2-46 3-76 5-71 9-09 2-881 1-51 > 2,420 7.000 7,020 1J,600 2,770 1,360 ■^^=rz^::^:Sl:;!-;:t::-^)^o.bet.eene,ti..^ — __^ miic. aDo» e. and inflow between e«timated at 85 aecf t ^-^*^^^^XX'!-^-ItiT.'^^^^^ - -- measurements. 1.165 s,,uare miles. This revis«l cstimLrh K '''^^''^^Se area in British Columbia, gives I .raina^e area in Ca Ja 3^'S "STS '^:^^^;rZ^:'' '^ """""^ -'-^- fi m 'I I ^\t 484 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION MONTHLY SL'MMARIKS Month l>UL>h;iriie in acnuuj-fet't Min. Mc.ii ft] Hurt' inilf Kun-<»ff pth in inrncson ! (lr;(iniiti>> i .Month Uinrh irice io »i)pornl-fect 1 M:i«. Min. Mean IVr iiiilf Ittin-ui flcnth i inrni'^ i: (lr:M) I-7.' 1-(IS K. b. . . l,S.S() I..MI I.MIO 1-:17 l-l;t Mar a.KX) l..<20 I.7.V) 1 • M l-7:i April . 3,mio 2.:tl0 :i.liio 2- (ill 2-!)s May... U.IUO :t,;)!ii) 7.N>tO ti-77 7- SO •Iiine. . . . 27,401) •.).li)() 1.->.I0() 12-!lli 11' tl) July... M,.-><)U "i.'KX) S.H8U 7-U2 H'77 Aug.... «,!)7() 2..">ll7 4-10 Hapt 4,fl»0 1,700 2,S!)0 2-4S 2' 77 Oct 3,«20 1,»WK) 2,170 1-Sll 2-14 Nov 47.200 l.JM) !*,li20 7-40 S-2.'» Dec 19,400 1 .7liO 4,<)4U 3 -as 4 -is Year . 47.2()0 I.liO .-.,240 4-.->0 f)0-'>".t Jan.. . Feb.. Mar.. April. Nlay, June. July. .\ug.. Sept.. Oct.. Nov.. Dei-, Year . 2,3:m) 1.240 1,'jaO 1-45 1.240 S70 1,020 0-87t) 4.2(iO 920 I.SUO 1 • 02 7..'>00 2,:t.-.0 3.7IJ0 3-23 17,.'iOO .■.,3>*0 fi.HO 7-33 20,.'>00 9,120 l.->,000 12-8S 11,900 .-i,7S0 .S,.-|90 7-37 6,410 2.9,S0 3,'>70 3'4I s,aoo 1,490 2,920 2-.W 1,1)80 920 1,2.tO 1-07 4,810 HMO MHK) 1(13 2,230 1,170 -' ,1)20 1-39 2ti,.'iO0 S70 4,300 3-74 l-b7 0'91 1-S7 3-(M) .S-43 1438 S-4H 3- 93 2-79 1-23 1-S2 1-(J0 .lO-?! Jtin. . l>b. . Mar.. .\pril. .May . June. . July . . .\UK. . Sept.. Oct. . . Nov... IJec... Year . 1.400 920 1.090 0-936 4.0K0 820 1 ,.i20 1-30 2,000 1,240 1 ..•>20 i:«) 9,3(i0 1,320 4,310 3-70 20.300 3,270 10,1)00 9-10 28,100 11.400 17,000 14-.59 13, MO ."...'iSO 9,710 8-33 7,9.->0 2,.W0 4,700 403 l.'i,000 1.890 3,.'>40 3- 04 e.stio 1.320 2,8S0 244 A,320 l.'*90 3,060 2-63 3,150 1.240 l,8(i0 1-GO 28,100 820 .'■>,I47 4-41 lOS 1-3.1 l-.W 4-12 10-48 10-29 9-bO 4 •03 3.39 2-81 2-93 1-84 60-02 JltD . I ell. . .M:ir. April ^ltty Jun- July. Aug.. Sept.. (li-t.. Nov., Dei-.. ■N'.-ar ,390 ,010 ,S40 ,:iOO ymi 200 400 ,s(iO 420 ;«• 1,470 1,880 3,770 9,2(X) 7,020 5,880 1,840 l,4.-iO 2,91(1 3,210 2,170 2,310 1 ,V.HI .'1,120 ,s.720 l.j.800 11.200 8,980 ■1.(100 2. 100 0,33(1 7,(140 2.940 1 98 1 02 4 39 7 48 13 9 02 7 71 :< 4S 1 H."| ■• 44 2-2*i 1 - (,'.! ,>-()," 8-3,-. l,-|-00 10-7:! 8- SS 401 2-07 0- -J't 0-74 2-90 Z7,(.00 l,4."iO I 0,410 Jan.. Feb. . .Mar., April .\fay. June. July , Aug, .Sept, . Oct.. Nov.. Dee. Year 3,910 970 l,.Vio 1>:I4 2.S40 1,490 2,270 1-9.-I 1,780 920 1.21(1 104 3,.-.S0 2,110 2,S90 2-4> 1S.900 3,120 9,970 s . .Vi 10,200 0,840 11,800 10- 12 7,720 3.740 0,080 .■>,190 1.890 3.0-,0 3-13 2,470 1,170 1,080 1-44 2,110 920 1 ,230 1-00 0.410 1 ,0.30 2,240 1-92 2,230 1,240 1,.>«) 1-31 18.900 92(1 3.840 3- 29 1-.-.4 2- 10 1-2(1 2- 7s 9-S.-| 11-3(1 0-0(1 3- 00 1-01 1-22 2-11 l-,-.l 44-8.-, Jan, . Feb, Mar,. April Mayi, June. July ■ .\UK. , Sept, . Ot. , Nov, , Dee, , IVriiMl, 17,700 I 2,210 .-..000 8,420 1(1,700 1,240 l,-.>40 1,890 2,430 .-.,810 4.020 1,430 3,080 .-.,770 10,.I00 3-4.-. I • 23 2-04 4-9.-. S-8.-I 3-90 I - 28 3-01 .-.- .-.3 1 Foi period May 1 to 23, 1914 ; station di-icontinued. Note -Dailv discliart-s Jan. 1, 1909. to May 9. 1910. ili-terniinml from a ratine rurvi- well ileHned lx-lwi-<.n 1.3, f«J 14.000 aeeond-feet. Di«eliarxe« subseiiuent to May 9, 1910, ■leterniini.il from rating lurve well .li-Hned l>et»i- 1,000 and 1 4,000 i(econd-feet, U.S. 10— SKAGIT RIVER— at Uefleftor Bar, nB.ir Marhlemount. Waah . Drainage a rea, t ,.'?00 square inilea DESCRIPTIO.V OF GAUGI.NG STATION Location — Just below the mouth of cailon Di.'ililn, three-fvi-iir- ments, using the lat(.'st m.iii available for the portion wM>i. Hiin-uff .-.■0.-. H H-:!.-, 7 i:i-i>ii 2 in-T:i 1 s- ss N 401 .*» ■2-Vi' 4 »»■:;.'. t (i-74 - :!-!.0 (1 74-i;i 4 i:>4 ."i a- 10 4 I'^HI s J ■7s .*1 «S.'i 2 ii';!0 J li-0(l :i •.\m 4 Mil i> las I J- 11 ir.i ' Correctwl for angi,. „t , urrti.t, > Z.-ro Bow, 0- « +0 Discharge 1 Dat,? See.-fttt ■ "" 1015 1,000' Feb. 10 «,100 " 20 14,300 .luly 20 j,.-.so Sept. 10 l.TOO 1 llyJronrapliLr J. T. llart^oii. ''"■ C. i4ctiarge ■iee.-feet soo 770 ■•1,140 l,:)0O MONTHLY SUMMARIES .Month Diachargi! in a,-,onii-f.!et Max. Mill I'er square mile 1914 V,.ar , 1,2»10 1,240 2,5(!0 1.09U I i;736 14.400 1,060 I 4,10S M.mth I lti« I ' Partly estimated. .ViXe— Daily Jij3hir<.< |. 51 -OS Jau.. . . 1.110 739 leb. . . . .SIS 739 Mar. .. 2,020 S24 .April'.. 10,700 3.020 May '. . Ii.2li0 3,500 June. . . 5,S40 2.650 July . . . 5,OtiO 2,560 .\ug., . . 4,230 2,650 Sept.... 2,740 962 Oi't.i.. . l>,020 789 Nov. . . , 4,340 1.2.S0 Dec . . 3,li00 1.170 SOU 0-82 094 769 0-70 0-73 1,560 142 1-64 5,200 4-75 5-. 10 4,520 4-12 4-74 3,920 3-58 400 3JJ90 3-28 3-7,s 3,4S0 3-18 3-66 1,.500 1-37 1-53 1,S30 109 1.95 2.040 1-86 2-OS 1,880 1-72 1-98 10,700 2.509 I 2-37 I 32-33 ■rjuiti. 1 from miliar ■lM.-rta.-|l..t Wi-en l,.M)a[' 1 i:i,(Ji)) „..,.,„ |-f,.«t. !!i II \l • i ■ ^ it B: f - I CHAPTER XVII Diagrams Showing the Distribution of Precipitation, Temperatui and Run-ofT in British Columbia THE following diagrams will readily serve to impart a general knowledj of the distribution of precipitation, temperature and run-off in Britis Columbia. A careful study of the diagrams, in conjunction with the top( graphic descriptions previously given and a good map, will clearly indicai the geographical trend of the meteorological and hydrological phenomer throughout the province. It will be observed that the most extensive recorc are for the southern and more settled portions of the province.* A knowledj of the trend, as disclosed by the diagrams, will be of assistance in interpretir corresponding but less complete data for other districts. The following bri explanation of the plates will assist to an understanding of some of the chi( characteristics of the phenomena under discus ion. The diagrams t are arranged to show, primarily, the broa of Diog^u differences between characteristic precipitation, temperatui and run -off phenomena of the Pacific littoral lying to the wei of the summit of the Coast mountains and Cascade mountains, and the corre ponding phenomena of the territory lying to the east of said ranges an embracing the interior plateau and the easterly mountain systems. The Pacif littoral, or westerly division, has a marine climate, with heavy precipitatic and run-off and a moderate range of temperature ; the interior, or easter' division, has a continental climate, with much less precipitation, a greati range of temperature, and different run-off characteristics. In addition i this broad classification, records from selected stations are grouped to show tl characteristic phenomena for various districts. Thus, for the precipitatic and temperature diagrams, the grouping of stations is as follows : West and south of Coast Mountains East of Coast Mountains Fraser River Delta and Lower Interior, north of the Railway Be Valley Mainland Pacific Coast Vancouver Island, south and east Vancouver Island, west and north Dry Belt, south Arrow and Kootenay Lakes distri Intermontane Valley, south Selection of In selecting, from the tabular records, the precipitation ar Piecipitation and temperature data to be used for the diagrams, attention w; Temperature DaU pgj(} \yQth to the geographic distribution of the stations ar for Diaerams *^.. . ,, ,, , ■,■.,, to the length and completeness of the records. Where a clo comparison of the diagrams reveals some anomalies, reference to the d tailed records will usually disclose the actual cause of the seeming di • Consult map showing precipitation stations. t Diagrams appear on pp. 493-502, following the text of this chapter. DIAGRAMS 487 crepancies. For example : Abnormal precipitation mav be recorded for a certam month for one station, while, for another station, the record for the same month may be missing. No attempt has been made to interpolate for missing records. For any month of the year, variations in mean monthly temperature over a period of years are small compared with variations recorded m amounts of monthly precipitation. For this reason, less temperature data and from fewer stations will suffice satisfactorily to show temperature con- ditions. Also, for records of equal length, variations of the recorded means from the true means will be less for temperature records than for precipitation records (see discussion in Chapter XVIII, Meteorological Data, which follows). In addition to other information, the diagrams summarize data from 78 precipi- tation stations, from 24 temperature stations and from 17 stream-flow stations. Precipitation ^^^\^^ ^' ^ ^"'^ ^ ^'^"^ ^^^ monthly distribution of precip- Diagrams itation. Beneath the name of each station are given three sets of figures; the centre one is the elevation in feet of the station ; the right hand figure gives the mean annual total precipitation in inches, and the group of figures on the left gives the period of the record in the same manner as given in the 'List of Precipitation Stations'. For example for Princeton, the elevation is 2,111 feet, the mean annual total precipitation is 13.41 inches, and the figures 16-39-5 show that the record is for 16 complete calendar years, and in addition, there are 39 complete months recorded in 5 incomplete years. Some of the outstanding characteristics revealed bv the precipitation diagrams are as follows : The extremely small precipitation over the southern Dry Belt Plate A cclumn 1. which extends also over the interior north of the Railway Belt' Plate A, column 3. is clearly manifested. The relatively large proportion which falls in the summer months. May to August, will be noticed ; indeed, the average rainfall in July and August recorded at some stations in the Dry Belt actually exceeds the fall for the same months at some stations on the Coast and on \ancouver island. The least monthly precipitation in the Drv Belt and over the Interior generally occurs in March or April. The increase of pre- cipitation with altitude is seen by comparing Hedlev with Hedley-Nickel ^-late Mine. Plate A, column 1. The similar amounts and monthlv distri- butions, of the mean precipitation for stations in the same vicinitv at similar elevation, and having records of similar length, is well illustrated by Enderby and Salmon Arm. Plate A. column 1. The marked increase of precipitation on the western slopes of the Columbia mountain svstem • is apparent from the hrst three stations of column 2 on Plate A. Increased precipitation moving irom west to east across the Interior plateau towards the slopes of the Columbia mountam system, is shown by the diagrams for Chilcotin, Quesnel, Quesnel I'orks and Barkerville. Plate A, column 3. The records for Pemberton Hatch- ery, which IS situated among the Coast mountains, more closely resemble the records for s tations west of the Coast mountains (compare Powell River). • Respecting Columbia mountain system, see chapter IX, General Topography. m mil 1 1 1 L rtt ■ M 488 COMMISSION OF C O N S E R V A T I O X Precipitation records for stations in, and near, the Fraser River de and lower valley, shown on Plate A, column 4, and Plate B. columns 1 and clearly manifest the general similarity of the monthly distribution of the prec itation throughout the district, with July and August as the dryest months a November the wettest. The increased precipitation in the vicinity of t mountains to the north, is revealed by the records for Coquitlam lake a Buntzen lake. The disiribulion of precipitation on the Coast is shown on Plate B, colun 3 and 4. The differences in total precipitation are understandable by care consideration of the situations of the various stations in relation to the moi tain systems. Bellakula lies a long way back from the general coast line, the head of an inlet. Powell River is situated nearer the Pacific ocean, but ii region of lesser precipitation, extending over the area near St. George chanii lying between the Vancouver Island mountains and the Coast mountai; Swanson Bay, on the other hand, receives the full effect of the moisture-lad southwesterly breezes. On this portion of the coast, these breezes are i obstructed in their jjassagc until deflected upward— with consequent p cipitation— by the mountains near this station. For the s+ations fartl north, it ma>- be observed that the maximum monthly precitiitation occurs October instead of November, the dryer months being also earlier in the yei viz.. May, June and July. vSee Nass Harbour, Port Simpson, and Sitka. Sit has the longest record on the coast, and the uniform fluctuation of the me monthly precipitation is noteworthy (compare the long-period record i Victoria, Plate C, co1ut:i 3). For precipitation conditions on Vancouver island, see Plate C. The mc noticeable characteristics are, first, the heavier precipitation on the west co£ and north, and, second, the low precipitation recorded in the summer montl especially July and August. The latter fact will explain the low run-off the end of the summer on streams on the island not fed by glaciers (see below On Plate D the variations in annual total precipitation are shown for few long-term records at British Columbia stations. It may just be mention( that the noticeable cycle of wet and dry years shown for Victoria is corroborate by V. S. Weather Bureau records for stations in the vicinity of the strait Juan de Fuca and Pup,.t sound. P'ate E shows the fluctuation of the mean monthly temper tures throughout the year at selected stations. The foi groups to the left are west, and those to the right are ea ol the Coast mountains. The difference between these two sets is mo marked. With the single exception of Bellakula— which is situated !: from the general coast line, at the head of a long inlet— no station r the Pacific littoral has, for any month of the year, an average mea monthly temperature which falls below 32 degrees Fahr. The differs form of the curve for Bellakula, indicating a higher summer temperature an a lower winter temperature, at the heads of the inlets, is also noticeable in t!; case of Alberni, V.I. As confirmatory of the lower winter temperature in sue Temperature Diagrams If H D I A G R A M S 4J,, situations, it may H mentioned that Gardner canal sometimes freezes over for a distance of 25 miles from its head.* The diagrams to the right show temperature conditions in the Interior In some mstances. the variations due to difference of latitude and elevation of the stations are discernible, although frequentlv an explanation of the dif- fererces. which are more marked than in the case of the coastal stations must be sought elsewhere, as for example in the situations of the stations with resoect to mountain ranges. t Selection of The run-off diagrams show, primarilv, the broad differences fofSuSL'***' ^^^^^^^ conditions to the east and to the west of the Coast mountains and the Cascade mountains. It is only in recent years that stream flow data have been systematicallv gathered in the west The majority of the longest records cover periods of less than 10 vears. Some of the diagrams have necessarily been based upon run-off records of four vears or even less In most instances, there was little choice in the selection of records. For the shorter records, all data available have been utilized, but for the longer term records, an even period of years has sometimes been selected The unit of comparison for run-off is that commonlv employed vh cubic teet per second per square mile. ' - • • Plates F. G. H and the upper half of Plate I illustrate the monthly distribution of run-off. At the head of each diagram are given, the name of the stream and the approximate situ- ation of the gauging station, the period for the records used in preparing the diagram, and the drainage area in square miles. { tegend ^°'" ®^*^^ month of the year there are three quantities repre- sented— expressed in second-feet per sq. mile— the highest , 1^ 'Report on Winter Examination of Inlets. British Colnmhia ' in »,*-.,( .. . c t It was not considered advisable to draw on each diagram i>f Plate E records for n„,r» .!,=„ three stations. Among the longer records available in the resoecti ve l1str4rf ^ ho»»,.»r , t" mentioned that in diagram I. in the first column^he cur^ eKa set K tCL^f drawn would follow closely the curve for Rivers'lnlet. but would teatout 2 degrees k^^^^ert^^^^^^ ...t In diagram II. the curve for Quatsino would lie between tlie curves for Clav^uot Id H^y ^^ "™^ San-drawn' in dtg"4m We cun e for Chilcotin-Big Creek would follow the form of that for Quesnel but would * fhrrm»h perature is lower ; also, a curve for Vernon would be vefv close throuiCut to tL Vm^-IT; Kelowna-Okanagan Mission. A curv-e for Hedley-.N'ickel pTate Milie S^S 4 5TO fe^t wo. w that thn 'i.fi'i^l'^' •° ""^ ^""^'nage areas, it is recognizrf (see discussion on pages 210 and 310) ..error It7= .!fl^'''!? T """"^ ^^^^ «P^'^">' f"r the smaller watersheds.'^mav be sOTievThai c ti.na,;. l(A ?^''«^^' however, that in the stations utilized for the diagrams the errore in 'l a^ratS xilT^" "T" "'^ "f '^^'^ l"°"8'' '° ^^"^ -J«l"ctions based uJ^ncornparisTs of as ams. In any event, errors do not affect o.mparisons made withi-i the compass of "nv one Run-off Diiframt ■I ! 1 HJI W 490 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION IS : < i I f ' i ■ fllll \l ^! mean monthly discharge recorded during the period of record, the mean the monthly discharges recorded during the period of record, and the low mean monthly discharge recorded during the period of record (see legend Plates F, G, and H). A scale of the actual discharge in second-feet is gi^ for each diagram. In order to permit of direct comparison, the same scale has been ma tained for the various run-off diagrams. In making comparisons, howev it should be borne in mind that, without exception, the drainage areas stations diagrammed east of the Coast mountains and the Cascades are lar than for those to the west ; moreover, for the more extensive watersheds, i culture is more widely diversified, varying from the glaciers and snowfields the mountain ranges to the arid region of the dry belt. The dry belt, for cert; periods of the year, is practically a non-contributing run-off area. The wat sheds of the coastal streams have not so marked a diversity of culture. I the smaller watersheds forming part of the larger interior drainage basins, should expect to find greater ranges between high-water and low-water stai than are shown on Plate F, We should, however, still find the same ^ene distribution of annual run-ofif throughout the different months of the ye Winter months would have a low run-off rate, because the precipitation then largely stored in the snowfields and glaciers. The melting of these, the spring and early summer, causes the characteristic spring freshet. 1 average date of peak flood depends largely upon the nature of the topograpl chiefly upon the elevations within the watershed and the mean latitude the drainage area. Generally speaking, the greater the proportion of ai at high elevation and the further north the latitude, the later in the seas will be the melting of the snowfields, and, consequently, the occurrence the peak flood. It will be clear, therefore, that, for any drainage basin British Columbia east of the Coast mountains, a run-off diagram will exhil the same general characteristics as those shown on Plate F. For run-off characteristics of streams in the coastal belt, including Va couver island, see Plates G, H and I. The chief features are, first, the gre increase in the average yearly run-off per square mile, and second, the mc even distribution of run-off throughout the year. Where the drainage has includes large areas of high mountains, some of the winter precipitation stored as snow, which, later, contributes to the spring freshet. There usually, another high-water period, corresponding to the time of autumn rair As a rule, the greatest floods of the year occur in Octobc- ir November, when spell of warmer weather, combined with heavy rain, causes excessive melting the early snow on the higher levels. Respecting individual diagrams: On Plate F are shown two diagrams f the Columbia river at The Dalles.* One is based on the full record of , years and the other is for a period of 5 years ending 1915. This latter peri( corresponds more neariy to the period on which many of the other diagrams a based. It will be observed that the mean monthly run-off for correspondir months is ve ry similar, but. that the highest monthly means show markc * For comments respecting this station, see record in U. S. Stream-flow Data, Chapter X\ DIAGRAMS 491 increases, such as one would naturally expect to be manifested by long-term records. On the lower half of Plate I is shown the annual run-off depth in inches on drainage area for the Columbia river at The Dalles; in the first diagram the 'water year' ending Sept. 30 is used and in the second the calendar year. The similarity in the diagrams is marked. Below these is one for the yearly var- iation in run-off. It shows the maximum daily, highest monthly, yearly mean, lowest monthly and minimum daily discharges, each expressed in second-feet per square mile. In the diagram for the Columbia river at Castlegar (Plate F), the water- shed of which includes a large proportion of the western flanks of the more massive and higher portion of the Selkirk mountains, the shifting of the average peak of the run-off curve to a period later in the \ear than for the Columbia at The Dalles, or the Pend-d'Oreille at Metaline Falls, may be discerned, thus showing the influence of elevation on run-off. The influence of latitude is manifested in the diagram for the Fraser river at Hope. Here, a similar shifting of the peak is manifested, due to the moie northerly position of the Fraser drainage basin as compared with that of the Columbia at The Dalles or the Pend-d'Oreille at Metaline Falls. In the diagrams on Plate G, those for the Coquihalla, Chilliwack and Skagit rivers may be said to represent the transition stage from the stream-flow characteristics of the interior to those of the coastal type of stream. The mean monthly discharges are still highest in the early summer months, due to the augmentation of the flow by the melting snows at the higher elevations, but the mean annual discharge per square mile is much greater, also ihe influence of the heavy autumn and winter precipitation is seen in higher run-off for corresponding months. The diagram for Stave river typically illustrates the conditions obtaining on glacial-fed coastal streams. If comparison be made between this diagram and the precipitation diagrams on Plate B, columns 1 and 2, it is apparent that much of the precipitation during January, February and March is stored as snow at the high elevations, and that, with the coming of the warmer months, this stored precipitation is released, thus augmenting the flow until late in the summer. The low water occurs in August. Further north, on the coast, it is probable that the run-off is yet more evenly disnibuted throughout the year, because, due to the more northerly latitude, the summer flood would 'pea! ' later in t'e year, while at the same time the autumn rains start earlier ( Plate B, ^;o umn 3). Diagrams on Plates IT and I illustrate the discharge characteristics of streams on Vancouver island. For these, particularly, it has been necessary to utilize some short records. Those for Stamp, Cowichan and Little Qualicum rivers are each for a period of 3 years and 10 months ; foi- January and February but 3-year records are available; moreover, a reference to the stream-flow tables will show that, on each of the three streams, the mean discharge for February happened to be practically the same for 2 of the 3 years. Obviously, longer term records are here necessary. Notwithstanding the short records i It if sfe* 492 COMMISSION OF C O X S K R V A T I O \ employed, however, it is possible to perceive certain characteristics, and t note the influence of some modifyinK factors. The effect, for example of th autumn and wmter rains on run-off is seen on all the diaRrams. and. with th exception of Campbell river, it appears that a much smaller proportion of th wmter precipitation is stored than in the case of the streams shown o Plate G for the mainland coast. Campbell river drains the most mountain ou"part of Vancouver island, and is fed by several Rlacial streams. It flow, therefore, is maintained until well on in the summer, the peak usualb occurring in June. The three comparatively large lakes on this stream ii their natural state, exercise but little influence on the mean monthly flow they do. however, have a marked effect on the extreme daily maximum ani minimum flows. Conduiion Special emphasis has been given previously in this report t< the fact that it is necessary to possess r^ore complete anr extensive hydrometric data. This is especially so in British Columbia, owinv to the diversified nature of its topography. Where information respectinj meteorological and hydrometric data is specifically gathered, it become- practicable to make intensive studies which will prove an insurance againsi some of the failures too frequently made in connection with the design ol power developments. As an example of information of a comprehensive char- acteijbeing gathered in connection ;rith specific projects, one may consider the data for Lake Buntzen development, for Stave Falls development and for thit proposed by the Couteau Power Co. at Shuswap falls. Some of the data for the latter project are shown on Plate J. i i u W*Tfn.|>OA(nS or BRITISH COLUMBIA PLATE A MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION MEnOMLOGKAl STATIONS EAST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS ORY BELT STATIONS NEST Of THE COAST MOUNTAINS Okanacan KETTLE SIMILKAMECN AND THOMPSON RIVER VALLErS ETC 35iiM5il5is f5iniiis?ig i5ijiUj? iiiUi^iii i;|yi5|5?og 1493] I I IHf I" ■: _■ • WATCN.POWCMS or INITnM COlUMtIA MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION METEOMLOCICAL STATIONS WEST OF TNE COAST MOUVTAINS PLAn FRASER RIVER LOWER VALLEY COAST DISTRICT •-»*.» hll. .M»l 1 H ■ ■ _Ih ■ » H lU ««»^ .»"* «Jt 11" L It ^Hfl 1 ^ MH I»IL— ^ il: rr Its 43 HmmIh - J J f ■S «.. '^Ts?'" 17 3* y 1 1 ill Gm:^ jilii LUUIll IUUI:i uSjiUiNii isiiii?iie«f° *Ts|fif?Fif "hiHiiII [494) u<->^ n » i 1 1 1 I I m :=4 MATiM-poiMcns or aniTitM coluvw* hah C MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION MmOIOLOCICAL STATIONS WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS VANCOUVER ISLAND WEST COAST EAST COAST ANO NORTH MOLKWa MtO CA^ JCOTT I v i»-<. H St i»«8 VANCOUVER ISLAND AND SOUTH I IT T-r - ll-tj-J « ^ t.7ki - i « |— ^ LI 1 1 ■ « — ■ 1 ■1 1' o fa ~1 11 * B HomMv lauwK 4B • «0 ^ s ^ ^ 1 A. h 1 1 O * Ih n AT) m II-H hi rmnct t _l «. ki— H HI .- III m NAM IMO 41 H o K a. ■ 1 ■ ' In ■ IE H^ III 1 P i5iiiliil8§i° [495] **"■ P0A( Ki 0( ^M T.jM COtUM*.* ANNUAL PRECIPITATION METEOROLOCiCAL STATIONS IN BRITI8N COLUMBIA »L»t£ I I I,' ; f M »2»«4"J* 'WOWMTIW «T MIWllVIUE-limTIOII 4.IM FIH ANNIW TOTAl WiamATjOjMT NKOt< L-n"Tar"."'r^ [4%| 'M li -. n.*ti » -— j,.. m> Hi * I * 1 « o i> * 4S « 4« K MONTHLY WSTRiBUTION OF TEMPERATURE n^TI C METfOROLOOICAL STATIONS WIST OP THE COAST MOUNTAINS i MAINLAND PACIFIC COAST MtTConOLOOICAL STATIONS tAST or THC COAST MOUNTAINS r INTCNIOM NoSTHoHMTSAltwrTtCr' J«» FEi MAR AM. MAT JuN jcH. AyQ iC^ UCF. KQy OK, fW) * ' I II t E WATEHPOWtBS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA MONTHLY DISTMBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS WITH DRAINAGE BASINS LYING TO THE EAST OF THE COAST (AND CASCADE) MOUNTAINS PLATE F 10,(100 I OOO.OOti PSNO d'obeille *t metaune falls, wash. JAW iiKTOUtr. HIS ;i.nOO SQuinc MiLf ■■ pitirifc ffc »,[fc;! i"|."B>~|«""|"«'|^"''l^"'-|'H^CP|»CT|w.v|MC, < Ik • ) Ik ) ; o ' 400 000; 100.000 COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES l,m l»?«toDCC llli ; 17.1100 SlJlJ«Ht «i:n- [B.iM~.|«^.|l«MJjlilt-|jur|»".|«f''|---'|''"vi"' > I « k FRASER RIVER AT HOPE M«R I«I2 10 OCC Hill .)l.00 SO'l'W Wi'l- JE pililirik fte^ffe,^^: j«!?.|rlB.^!iSj«"|w~|JuN.|jr|«H-rp|.icr|N^vjw loo.n"!' ■ :i(fl.oi'i' COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES lAM HiiTootc HIS »7.nio 'mm »ni^ IZl^k^^^ „ifc,»i,r» j!S.|t^|!l".|.Pw!»i~|j~^JUL.[«U^SCP|0CT|'W^^^ H981 1 I WATER-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA MONTHLY DISTMBUTION OF RUN OFF PLATE G GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS WITH DRAINAGE BASINS LYING TO THE WEST OF THE COAST OR CASCADE MOUNTAINS ill ;1 :j! I \ M ! i f I WATCn-POWERS OF BRITISH COLUMVIA PLATE H MONTHLY DISTWBUTION OF RUN-OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BEING WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS 1500] J^mhismmm WATER-POWERS ' BRiTrSH COLUMBIA ''LATE I MONTHLY DISTPvlBUTION OF RUN OFF GAUGING STATIONS ON STREAMS ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BEING WEST OF THE COAST MOUNTAINS COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES - DHAIHACE AREA 237,000 SQ. MILES ANNUAL RUN OFF DEPTH IN INCHES ON DRAINAGE AREA-«i„iER-YEARS TO SEPT. 30 ANNUAL RUNOFF DEPTH IN INCHES ON DRAINAGE AREA — CALENDAR YEARS mil* vEAP ; S|j { : YEARLY RUN-OFF IN SECOND FEET PER SOUARE MliE "-|rL l -U-,:i.iJJ.l i .;jX ■""i^i?i:ifi^:ri5iiiJi!iJiiiiii '^ j. i ■L i . i ,i- i -i.. i -inr!- i L i - i^i'T' i TT ^|l|li^i^il|i|j|?|glfiilfiJi!i!iElii?ji|; ;. I^Oll PUtTB J i PROPOSED COUTEAU FALLS POWER DEVELOPMENT - HYOROGRAPHIC CHARTS ISI2 Courtesy Mr. A. R. Mackenzie [5021 PuiTmJ CHAPTER XVIII Meteorological Data PROBLEMS of hydrology, especially those relating to the conservation of water resources for municipal and domestic water supply, irrigation, power and other purposes, demand that estimates, as nearly accurate as possible, be obtainable of the water run-ofiE available from any watershed that may be under consideration. Such supply originates in precipitation. As a basis for estimating this run-ofi, meteorological data, such as records of precipitation, temperature, etc., are second in importance only to actual meas- urements of stream flow. Precipitation may take the form of rain, snow, hail, dew or, in theory, fog. I The amount of any form of precipitation is usually stated in terms of its equiv- alent depth of rainfall expressed in inches. In selecting a precipitation station special regard must be paid to the manner in which the snow falls in the pro- posed vicinity. Dry snow may be driven by the wind from the place where it first fell, thereby increasing the apparent precipitation in another locality. Thus, in hilly or mountainous regions, wind-swept slopes and ridges are often robbed of their legitimate quota of the annual snowfall, whereas sheltered slopes, gorges, valleys and caiions derive additions to their supply as received from direct precipitation. From the viewpoint of aerophysics, neither the depleted snowfall on the exposed ridges, nor the excessive fall reposing in the sheltered places, may represent the true precipitation for a particular region. On the other hand, such unequal distribution of snow may be the normal, yearly, recurrent phenomena for a given locality ; hence, from the climatological view- point, the snow on the ground, whether derived from direct fall or affected by drift, may be considered as the precipitation of the locality. The securing of true records of snowfall is less interfered with on extensive plains or in broad open valleys. In view of the foregoing it is clear that precipitation data — which includes snowfall — cannot be satisfactorily studied without taking into account the extent to which snowfall precipitation records may be affected by the exposure and environment of the respective stations where records are secured. In most instances meteorological stations are situated in or near cities, towns or villages. Such communities, in a mountainous countr^ like British Columbia, are usually situated in the valleys and along sheltered slopes ; hence, in general, observations made in these places will tend to show more snowfall than the true amount for the locality. In the case of many stations, however, such readings, even though excessive, may be more than counterbalanced by the greater precipitation falling at higher altitudes. In practice, snowfall is measured as actually found . t a station, irrespective of its source. The causes of precipitation are varied and complex. In many cases they are directly connected with great cyclonic disturbances, while in other in- f 1 i" 9M COMMISSION OF e O N S E R V A T I O \ stances they result from more local circumstances and are largely influenced by the immediate topographic features. Mountains are one of the chief causes of unequal distribution. It is not uncommon to find precipitation occurring on one side of a valley, while the opposite slopes are receiving none, and, even in a territory with no very marked topographic features, local variations are frequently experienced. Such variations in records taken over long periods will probably be found largely to counterbalance each other. In order to lessen the effects which local variations may have Aecu"a°e Records "PO" t^e uses to which the data are applied, it is desirable to have a large number of properly distributed stations. The number for any district depends largely upon geographical and topograph- ical features. On the Great plains, where there are no marked differences of elevation, a relatively small number of widely separated stations ma^ suffice, but in a mountainous country, like British Columbia, many stations, often in close proximity, are required. As a general rule, for any district where a complete set of meteorological observations from one station would give a true representation of meteorological phenomena apart from precipitation, measurements to furnish a record of equal value for the precipitation would be required at many more stations, say, thirty or more. Respecting the length of time required to secure a true mean precipitation record. Sir Alexander R. Binney, in his discussion on 'The Variation of Rain- fall',* has stated that the mean derived from 35 years of good records will probably differ by 1-79 per cent from the true mean for a long period of years ; the 20-year mean will probably vary 3-27 per cent from the true mean ; th^ IS-year mean, 477 per cent; the 10-year mean, 8-22 per cent ; and the S-year mean will probably differ by 14-93 per cent from the true mean. These results are based on data from 26 stations distributed over a large portion of the earth, with records of an average length of 53 years. Mr. Alfred I. Henry, in his 'Rainfall of the United States', t writes that the average variation of a 25-year mean is about 5 per cent, and of a 40-year mean about 3 per cent, from the true mean. In the investigation recently conducted by the International Joint Com- mission, the precipitation records for the Lake of the Woods watershed were subjected to careful analysis. In the report to the Commission by the con- sulting engineers, attention is drawn to the long-term records at Duluth, Minn., Winnipeg, Man., and Pembina, N.D., and it is stated that : "The mean precipitation at Duluth, from 1871 to 1913, is 29-42 inches, while the mean from 1885 to 1913 is 27-21 inches, a variation of the 29-year mean from the 43-year mean of 2-il inches, or 7-5 per cent. The niean precipitation at Winnipeg, from 1873 to 1913, is 21 -41 inches, while the mean from 1885 to 1913 is 20-17 inches, a variation of the 2J-year mean from the 41-year mean of 1-24 inches, or 5-9 per cent. The mean precipitation at Pembina, from 1872 to 1913. is 19-36 inches, while the mean from 1885 to • Proceedings of Ihf Inslilule of Civil Engineers, Vol. lOQ, p. 131. ^Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C., 1896-7, p. .117. METEOROLOGICAL D A T A-I \ T R O U U C T I U X 505 1913 is 18 -87 inches, a variation of the 29-year mean from the 40-year mean of 0-49 inches or 2 S per cent." * East of the Coast mountains in British Columbia, the prevailing tempera- ture in the winter months is such that nearly all the precipitation falls as snow, and, in the province generally, there are extensive areas at high altitudes where most of the precipitation, at any time of the year, is snowfall. Much of this melts during the spring, but, of that which falls at the higher altitudes, some remains till late in the summer. At still higher altitudes heavy winter snow- fall frequently furnishes a residue which may be carried over for one or more seasons, while on the summits of the highest ridges glaciers and perpetual snowfields constitute huge reservoirs, the molting of which materially au;;- ments the run-off during the summer months. The amount of run-off derivable from snow storage is of special importance in British Columbia. It augments the water available for irrigation, power and other purposes ; and it is highly dpsirable that the fullest possible data respecting rainfall, snowfall, snow storage, temperature, evaporation, f etc., be collected. The following are a few of the principal factors inv()lve II ?•? lis ill ?< -~3 oHi t- Si! S U 3 C ^ soaf Ills O EgS Ul !? 2-= T ^^ i^ ^ « « a u. - ts a =€ w < ; * 3 a I,- iiii 5 -I? I- ~ '■ ' v> s s fi i is hi C 3 ir II ill U II i : ■ • ii if .' ! ^ i 1 1, i I 'H METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-I NTRODUCTION 507 Careful measurement by experienced observers of the depth in favourable situations is probably the most satisfactory method of determining the snow- fall, and the results of such measurements constitute the criterion for com- paring the accuracy of special snow collecting apparatus. Unfortunately, suitable places are not alwa;s found close to the observing station, yet, even on windy days, beds of snow of uniform depth may be found in sheltered spots, for example, in small clearings in woods. The depth recorded should pre- ferably be the mean of measurements caken at several selected spots where experienced judgment indicates that a normal and representative depth is to be found. A simple devxe sometimes employed to facilitate the measurement of uewly-fallen snow is the 'snow-mat. '• This mat, made of white duck, serves as a base for the first fall or, when placed on the surface of snow already fallen, I serves as a dividing plane for the next fall. There are many cases when ground measurements fail to represent accur- ately the fall of snow ; for example, when snow and rain are mixed or alternate, when melting takes place, or when the fall is very light. It is desirable, there- fore, to employ some form of collector which can be relied upon to secure re- presentative samples even under unfavourable and widely variant conditions. Various devices have been employed to reduce the gieat disturbances due to wind, but without full success. M. Billwiller's observations, as reported in Meteorological Zeitschrijt, May, 1910, are of interest. On account of high winds on the Gotthard in the Alps, satisfactory rainfall and snowfall measure- ments had not been secured. He employed a shielded gauge, resembling some- what the Nipher design. In light winds, the catch of snow was fifty per cent greater than that caught in the ordinary gauge and, with high winds, about 100 per cent greater. That is, the shielded gauge collected twice as much snow as an ordinary unshielded gauge. No single design of collector is uniformly applicable for all conditions. The U. S. Weather Bureau has conducted experiments to determine the best form of snow-gauge t and has also sought to devise some form of seasonal gauge, for use in out-of-the-way places, and which would only be visited by an observer at infrequent intervals, perhaps only at the beginning and end of the winter. A snowfall-gauge must be elevated some distance above the ground, in order to escape surface drifting and to be above the accumulated depth of • This simple device consists of a piece u£ white duck, about twenty-eight inches square, with small, triangular pockets at each comer to receive dia^ .nal slats of wood, which mauitain tlie mat taut and flat. Short pegs projecting downward from the slats prevent displacement by the wind, and the possible loss of the mat in a storm may be guarded agauist by attaching to it a stout cord fastened to a stake a few yards distant. When snow is on the ground, the mat is simply laid on the snow surface ; its lightnesf permits the soft snow to support it practically even with the surface of the former fall : its cokur being white tends to lessen the chance ot a partial melting. In ascertaining the amount of the fall, a small area is cleared and the ;e of this type is installed for snow collection, to employ one of larj;er di- ameter than is useil for r.citi. Where there is no wind and the snow is saturated, or alternates with rain, this is a fairly satisfactory method. Where there is wind, even in these vrauj;es some form of shield must he emploved. Spec ial sDowf;.ll->;au;;es, or collectors, are usually supported on an elevated structure fitted with a suitable jx-rmanent wind-shield. The shielded rain and snow ^•au^:e desi>;ned by ('. F. Marvin, Chief of the I'. S. Weather Bureau, .admits of consi,'n. It ha a Nipher trumpet -shaped wind-shield, whose extreme diameter may be not less than three and not more than four times the diameter of the re- ceiver. Tile mouth of the receiver should be at a slij.:hlly lower elevation than the extreme edjje of the Nipher shield, so that the edfie of the shield if it could be \iewed from the ed^'C of the receiver, would have an aii'.;ular elevation of possibly 5 to 10 decrees. As the receiver is 40 inches deep by 1085 inches inside diameter, its capacity is adequate to contain any snowfall likely to occur at most stations letween rejjular hours of observation. The size may, of course, be increased where special conditions so require. The following; description of the wind-shields employed is taken from the instructions on the measurement of ])recipitation issued by the United States Weather Bureau : "A double arranjremcnt of wind-shields surrounds the mouth of the >,'au^;e. On the outside is a larjje Nipher trumpet-shaped shield of galvanized sheet iron arranRed in octagonal form to simplify construction, and to reduce cost. Inside the trumpet shield is a fence-shield, consisting' of four sheets of iron, 12 inches wide, spanning the space between the cciner -'..sts. Th,' upper ed>;es of the (inner) shields stand above the rim of the Kauge by from twenty to thirty de^'rees angular measure. "At the top the collectfir is centred and secured in place by a ^;uard ring carried on the supports. At the bottom the can rests uixin a central support, which can be raised and lowered for placing; and removinj,' the collector. " In measurinj,' snowfall the collector, with its contetits, is weighed on a oalance adjusted to read zero when the cf)llector is empty. The scale is grad- uated to ^'ive the rainfall equivalent, in hundredths of an inch, of any collected ])recipitalion. Where not practicable to adjust the balance to read zero with the empt>- collector, due allowance must be made.f (See plate 36 for diagram of shielded snow-Kaugc. i * Cfinsult ''I'lio Koj;i.C.. !i)eration at Blue Cafion, Cal.; also, note references to cxiHriniental researches of Mr. B. C. Kailcl : also c-oinment. page 21S, respecting .iccuniiila- tion of snow (in shieMed gauge in manner to affect rc'^nlc 1 'catch.' i % M E T E o R (I I. ( k; I (■ A I. 1 > A T .•; -1 N T R <> I • t. ( ' 1 I < ' n 5ary t'> a »vrt;iiii it^ eqiiivalint (\v\Ah in rainfall. When the snfiw is cdllectt'd in tlu' tisual rain-;,'aii)jf. it may t»' nu'lteil eiilur by jiuttinj; it in a warm filari', nr, l)etter, by aililin>; a known vnhimi.' of warjn watc. The licjuid is then ti astired in the usual wa\-. In Canada ati- shows that t average of the 277 depth measurements was 36 inches, a the average water equivalent was 11. 5 inches, or 32 per cen making 3.833 acre-feet of water, or the eepiivalent of fourteen inch iiver all the ground irrigated under the stream.* Where the results obtainable would seem to w.'- -ant tlioi sen^onal snow-gauges might be installed. Where, hi^.vever, it desirable lo make frequent measurements of the accumulatii snow on the ground, snow-stakes should be used. The accoT pan\ing illustration shows 'he snow-slake recommended by tl .U.S. Weather Bureau. It is I'X inches square, with a standai length of 90 inches. The stake, which is i)ainted white, securely bolted to galvanized angle steel which has first Ixc iirmly driven into -Jie ground. To it is attached an enanielk iron scale, graduated in inches, with figures opposite cvci ten-incli interval ; when suitably located, the scale mav 1 read at a considerable distance with a telescope or fiel. glasses. In reading due allowance is made for any sligl irregularities in the snow surface in the immediate vicinity . the gaugi'. Where observatioll■^ are to be made resi)ecting snowfal official-; of the Domii. n and Provincial porest Services coul rendtr great assistance. + Precipitation Recognizing the importance of meteor. ilc...; Recor^y"'**"'"" '^'''^ ''^'''' '" delation to water-powers, tlii ."tj* report contains summaries of all know Tvk available jirccipitation data for British Columbia nii. - lemijcrature records for many representative statioi.^. -*»*■ . ,,•'",'",' -J "■' ^"''"' ''^ ^"""' ^>irv<'ys ;i.s relate,! t,. Iiriijation Pp.ie.N l^v \lir(.-.l H. Diiessun, Section Dircetor, U. S. Weather Bureau, in Year /i„„ '■J Dipartmnit of A^ruulture, WasliiiiKton, D.C,, 1<)11, pp M)\-W(> illiis ■ iN Alamini,^ ilu- sjwK ui Maph- Creek Cuilon, Llab, hv .Alfre,! H. Thicss-',!, an, ,1. CenI .Mter ■Weather Bureau i ; also Instruclians for InshiUnig Snou--st,ik,-< .< ^,.;/f5 Jor Measun,,^ Depths of Smm- oil the Groukd. beinn .Appen.lix, Citeula 'V I";''""'™'!' Division, V. S. \Ve;al)cr Bureau, Washin^t-n, U.C, IQI,? s,, ;.I-. Ihe ( atr!niiein ..f Snowfall hy Means of Large Snow Bins an.l Towers,' 1.. In!, irank M. Bigelow, in Monlhlv Weather Revie-u; Vol. ,^S .\o 6 lune l'>lii Ihe ii-je ot l.ins of the type illustrated in .Mr. Bi^elow's paper, it' is sta'tol ■ hi-.r.ti ;t— The W^- .'■■ ■ Hun au an.l the Korest Service in Co-operation,' bv K. K. Iloilson, .A.ssist.int, C ■- Innst Service, m I . S. Monthly U'nilher Re-.ir.c, IWy, Vol. ,17, jip 94<)-t)5() ;m I i 7) O Q: •? C 5 2 i a: S T = ii ii III il 1 1 -i H l5 'i! i i \'s ■ . li i! f i !■ ii III METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-I NTRODUCTIOX 513 The Dominion Meteorological Service,* Toronto, maintains a number of stiVLions in British Columbia. The stations are classified as follows : A. Chief stations, where all ordinary observations are taken, day and night, at equal intervals of time, not exceeding four hours. r. Telegraph Reporting Stations, where all ordinary observations are taken three times daily at the same absolute time, namely, 8 A.M., 2 P.M., and 8 P.M., 7Sth meridian time, and the first and last are reported by telegraph as soon as taken, to the central office at Toronto. /. Ordinary Stations of the First Class, where all the ordinary obser- vations are taken three times daily at certain local times. II. Ordinary Stations of the Second Class, where regular obser-ations of temperature, extremes of temperature, the diicction and velocity of the wind, and the state of the weather, are taken two or three times daily at regular local times, the rainfall and snowfall also being measured. ///. Ordinary Stations of the Third Class, where records rre kept of the fall of rain and snow, and the general state of the weather. In Bntish Columbia, the only chief station is at Victoria. There are telegraph leporting stations at Atlin, Barkerville, Kamloops, Prince Rupert and Vancouver. There are also first-class stations at Entrance Island, Tri- angle Island and Nanaimo. The majority of the remaining stations rank as second-class. The class of each Dominion station is indicated in the tabular lists. The British Columbia Water Rights Branch has recently established a Meteorological Section.f It has provided many new stations, and the numV r IS bemg further increased. There are also several private companies, e.- . the British C olumbia Electric Railway Co., Campbell River Power Co., VVesV RainIJd%it^!7:'!P^r'' P"''"<^^'j""/ "f ^^^ Mtiof.rf. logical Senice (Hca.l Office, Toronto) : 1,fZ^^i.TT^u- "f^""'^/,:"'" '903 to 1913. Ottawa. 1915 ; The Temperature and PrecibitaUon oJBrtttsh Columbta, by A. J. Connor, Ottawa, 1915. (This includes recw.ls of monthly scasona" -nu.foreToi;r;"v ^'^ ""■*■'""' °/ t'^'nP^^ture and precipitation from certain sclecte.1 'sta ions mclrifn^rf n^rnl^'^'^^T^^ i I'^V''*'''-, /"' ^""".Ictails see : Annual Reports of Meteoro- i^, 1917 ?^n=,l ? ?; Ju" f/*,^""??' ^'/""•' >«suod was for the year 1915. pulili'slied early \Vin^ ' S°'^''"lt ■■' «o .^Vo«/A/y Weather Retteu; which gives tables of •Pressure, Temperature \\md and Precipitation of Stations in the Dominion of Canada.' The former pra, ce was e^"e«int*f';om Th.^'* '""^'^ ''!"?"''' "''"'.*'' ^"'"^ "'^ ^°°" '^^ '^^^^ "'"''^ ^assembled a ': .?nl Tr It ' u ''i"""^ stations ; s'lbscquently, the recorus were again checked before Zlf^t^Xl Tn ^l'^"/"''' fr:'- , Sm^I^he end of 1915. the publication of the ./on A v iyeatker Revtewjind the Annual Report has been discontinued, and has l)een suixTse.lcd bv the f' ™eriv Xn in '^C!"' ^T"" '^f ^,^.^<>">l"Vcal Observations. This publication indudesth.^la,. aZallv^tX<.^t,= earier publications and, when bound with a small SupphmenI, issued h the^\I^t^^r,l„iP t'^Q,"^ •^'' f"™"^"""^' '•'^P««s- Bound volumes are not. however issu.-d t,J^trn,ur}^7xF''''],^^'''''i;u ^^'*'' ^''^' I'^^tructwn^ for Rxording Run, Snow, malhrr ttmperature and Mtscellaneous Phenomena, issued by the Meteorological Service Cana the Meteorobgical Office, the Royal Meteorological .Society, the Scottish \Iete(?TOloV^a^ b>..cty and the Bntish Rainfall Organization, published (annually) I^ndon, England ^ ,/.,,J^^;f ri"LP"''i'^^r.^ ^y }^^ ^roviv^^^ of British Columbia, see leaflet. Inslruclions for 7^ a7Zr/f «,5/ r/f''''L''~K^'''''''' "^1"''^ ^?' ^^^^'■■' ^'«'"« Branch. Victona ; also bulletin. '^:::i'^X7^^;o}Z:!s, "^^r^:^^' -- M.^r^>^.^ Wor.,- conta,ned^n I: MM •f jL 514 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION I 11 t I Assistance to Observers eih Canada Power Co., Powell River Co., and others, which, with commendal foresit'it, have been recordinf; meteorological phenomena. In the United States, the Weather Bureau,* Dept. of Agriculture, Washir ton, D.C., .las for many years, maintained stations which, owing to their .01 parative proximity to British Columbia, and to their being situated in are of similar topography, are of special interest. Records of a number of static in Washington, Idaho, Montana and Alaska have been compiled from t publications of the Weather Bureau and are summarized below. In additi( summaries of records from some adjacent stations in Alberta and Yukon ha been included. Every possible care has been exercised to make these assembled recoi reliable. They have been thoroughly checked and, where any inconsisten was apparent,' the records for stations maintained by the Dominion Govei ment were checked, either with the original abstract books or with the origii sheets as turned in by the observers. The provincial records were suppli and checked by the courtesy of the Provincial Water Rights Branch. Our thanks are due to the chief and to the section directors of the U. Weather Bureau, for their kind assistance in providing data and, also, in soi instances, for furnishing advance copies. The Meteorological Service of Canada is ready to furn; apparatus for the establishment of precipitation stations, i of charge, to any person suitably situated, who will voluntar attend to making and transmitting the observations. Naturally, the serv does not wish to establish stations which would probably be discontinued, i where there would be the possibility of the records being indifferently taken transmitted, once the novelty had worn away. The accuracy of the reco is very greatly dependent upon the faithfulness and intelligence of the observ To those' observers who desire to extend the scope of their observati( thermometers recording maxima and minima readings, may also be suppli These temperature readings should be taken regularly, though continuity not quite fo fundamentally important as in the case of precipitation recoi Any person resident in Britirh Columbia— especially in th3 less settled p tions where no records have hitherto been taken— who is willing Lo devote a I minutes daily to this service, will, by so doing, be compiling records of gr value. • For publications containing mcteoroloKical records of U. R. Woatlier Bureau WasWnR D.C., consult Annual Reports of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, \\asliinKton. D.C.; also . maryofthe ClimatoloRuat Data for the United States fry 5f<:(.o«i. This consists of 106 scU published from 1908-1912. The territorial sections adjacent to British tolumbia are \Vof Washington, Section 19; Kastem Washington, Section 20; .Northern Idaho, Section 21 : . Western Montana, Section 28. For supplementary records consult the Annual Summaries published by the various chiefs of sections of the ChmatoloKical Ser%ice of the Weather Bi These give the date by stetes. See also Monthly Weather Renews, which not only set forth current date in digest form, but include monographs dealing with matters of special climato o; interest ; also Measurement of Precipitation : Instructions on the Measurement and ReRtsIn of Precipitation bv means of the Standard Instruments of the Weather Bureau, bemg Circuhi Instrument Division, Washington. 1913. with appendices (issued scpuratol>-J ; IIo-^ to Mc, Rainfall on the Farm, and Instructions for use of Mamn Float Ratn-Cauge. Consult U. S. \V e. Bureau publications : Instructions for Co-operative Observers, Circulari, B and C, Instnn Division; Wash., D.C., 1915 ; and Instructtons for Obtaining and Tabulating Records from cording Instruments, Circular A, Instrument Division, Washington, U.C, I Hi. nmendable METEOROLOGICAL DATA-IN TRODUCTION Tabulated Data III 515 The following tabular data are here presented : 1— Stations in British Columbia for which Precipitation Records are available. 2— Stations in Alberta and Yukon for which Precipitation Records are here presented. Note to 1 and J--Those interested in hydrological considerations will hnd these two lists of great assistance. They will facilitate t • select- ing of groups of stations having corresponding characteristics, such as similar elevations, lengths of records, mean annual precipitation etc or they wil facilitate, when used in conjunction with the precipitation map, the selection of stations in specific localities or on individual water- IhrZl fT^^ ^^^^T "Tr'u ^" ^^'^ ^''* correspond, respective! v, to those of the records and of the Precipitation map. 3— Precipitation Records for Stations in British Columbia. 4— Precipitation Records for Selected Stations in Alberta and Yukon 11 f^K^iif "^ "H'^. f-Consideration of space has made it impossible to tabulate m detail the snowfall records. For the longer term records monthly and annual means, also maximum snowfall recorded in anv one month, are given. For the short records the snowfall recorded is given by months. '■ 5-Selected Precipitation Stations in United States on International Water- sheds or Adjacent to British Columbia. 6-Monthly and Annual Mean Precipitation at Selected Stations in the Columbi °" International Watersheds or Adjacent to British ^'ote to 5 and (J-It was intended in this Report to present complete records for selected stat, ons in the United States similar to the data sup- plied for British Columbia stations. Thus, mean monthly and annual total precipitation records for stations 300 to 370 had been assembled ^71 t' as supplementary thereto, only summaries of data for stations J71 to 385 were being mduded, becauc3. from the viewpoint of *heir relationship to watersheds of international bearing, these records are of lesser importance Many of the records 300 to 370 were lengthy and It was subsequently found that consideration of space required that only summaries be given of the mean monthly and annual precipitation for all the stations 300 to 385. i^ii.aLiua lor 7— Temperature Records for Selected Stations in British Columbia. Note— The stations for which temperature records have been selected '?'" P;f entation here, are indicated in items 1 and 2 above by the letter 1. Although the periods of records for precipitation and temperature are not always identical, nevertheless, a comparison of the records will Show that the penods for the various temperature records generally do correspond to those of the respective precipitation records. 8-Monthly and Annual Mean Temperatures at Selected Stations in the . btates of Montana, Idaho and Washington. headin7''s!^pk.SinTaS^ '° ""^ numerical sequence on the map. are below presented under 1 )| in I 11 516 COMMISSION OF C O N S E R V A - I O N u k 't I Hi li '' ( -*well BriiUe Uiver Brisco ( Jfi-niile) Britannia Beaeh Britannia (Tunnel) Britannia (Mine) HulLifon Buntien Lake Bute Inlet I.Southjate K.) Caehi! Creek Cameron Lake ... Campbell Laki- Campbell Uiver. . . . Canalflat Canobie («r.ha]rw»djunc.) Canoe Point ... Cape rf 'ol ; . . Capilano Intake Carmanab Carmi Caulfiell . . . Chileotin (Bi«Creek)(T) Chilli»ack (T) Chinook Cove Chinook Cove (^'hristina Lake. Clayo'iuot (T) Clinton Cl<)-m)se Cobble Hill ColdsprinK Ranch .... Comfort Ranch Coquitlam Coquitla^i Lake Dam Lon|. W. (Dom.) (Prov ) 49- ;i 49-14 Short 49 20 49-20 IC-IH 49-17 .-iO-:t.i 1-47 49-17 .W- :) .1O-47 ■■0-2« .iO-4:) 49-.W ■iO-:u ,i»-:r) .v>-is 55- .1 4S-S0 53- 2 See L 19-13 «»- 5 See J See A See A See V -i2-20 SeeC 19-11 SeeC 49-27 I9-2S 30-4S 50-50 49-37 49-37 49-37 HeeQ 49-21 .50-32 .50-49 49-17 See S .50- 2 .50-10 IH-49 See A SeeH 49-23 4*-3X 49-30 49-21 51-43 49-10 5I-lt« 51-lB 49- 3 49- 9 51- B 4»-40 IS-41 .50-13 See I 49-15 49-21 51ev.» 122-17 121-41! r ecorti 124 -.55 12 (-.53 124-.52 4-.50 I2tl-.5N 12«-5» 122-19 122-29 119-27 119- 5 19-12 21-lli 120-37 IKi- 2 133-3K 129-10 126-2B 12.5- 9 121-35 ouia Cr 115-12 125- 5 oriian H lb**rni Iberni ict«>ria I2B-.54 hilcotiii 117-43 (ibble H in-M 1 It>-4« 122-19 116-18 123-12 123-11 123-10 ueHnel 122-52 12<-.10 l2I-'20 124-35 trathco 125-20 15-.50 123-44 nnia o11kt/( 123- 8 124-47 119- 9 123-lfi 123- 3 121 -.57 120-11 120-11 118-13 12.V.55 121-36 124-50 123-30 lSO-22 nverme 122-40 122-48 89 .12 for 2 ni 300 Limiting Jate> .VS. I.. J N.S.L. N S L. 400 1,325 1.160 1.190 l,(M)0 3.200 2.620 2,210 N.S.I,. 2.2:10 .50 4.180 '.ek 2.800 440 iver ( Beaver ( Beaver Waters- 1.50 1.400 ill 1.6.50 1,7S0 1,800 2,600 165 2,200 3,700 Forks 400 N.S I.. 1,2.50 640 n» Park 80 2,056 100 4S0 130 2,780 30 3,100 21 1,300 1,300 1.460 40 3.040 30 33 2,700 Jan. 1889-Au( lOOt Del. 1889-I»ec 191.; ontha onlv in 1912. Apr. 1894-I)e.. \9]: 189.VI)ec. 1899 1914- Apr. 1914 19(M-Mar. 1910 19i;»-Xov. 191 1913-Dec. 1915 191(Hr)ec. 1915 1911-I)ec. 1915 June 191,'>-I)ec. June 1910-I>e Jan. 1912-Ilee 1912-Dee 1913-I)ec 190.5-Auil. 1909 190.'>-Dec. 1915 Ju'ne 1914-t)ec. Oct. 190S-Dec. 190:)- I>c. l»8S-Dec. Ja Jan. Sep. llee. Oec. .Sep. Auk. Sep. Auk. Dec. .S<-p. Feb. Jan. Jan. Aug. 1915 1915 1915 1915 191 191.- 1915 190li 1915 1915 191 Com- plete years 1915 191,1- Dee. 1914-Dec. Creek) P.O. Creek) orks June 1898-Dec. Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 Sep. 1913-Dec. 1915 Mar. 1911-Dbc. 1915 July 191.3-Dec. 1915 Sep. 1913-nec. 1915 Dec. 191,3-Dec. 191 June 1914-Dec. 1015 June 1914-\ov. 1915 Jan. •Sep. Auk. Nov. 190.3- Dec. 1914-Dec. 1913-Dec 1915 191 1915 1914-Dec. 1915 May lOlO-May 1914 N'ov. 1913-Dec. 1915 Jan. 189j-Dec. 1896 July 1914-Dec. 1915 Jaii. 1892-June 1902 Oct. 1913-Dec. 1915 Jan. 1902-Apr. Dec. 1892-Dec. Jan. 187S-Dec. Jan. 1914-Dec. Sep. 1913-Dec. Sep. 191.VDec. June 189S-Dec. Jan. 1881-Dec. June 1912-Dec, Oct. 1913-Dec re 34 4.50 190:t 1915 1915 1915 1915 191 191 1889 191 1915 Aug. 1913-Dec. 1915 Jan. Jan. 1902-Dec. 190.3- Dec. 1915 1915 19 5 4 1 2 4 4 .1 4 1 2 10 1 1 2 25 1 2 2 1 is 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 10 2 1 12 IB 2 3 2 2 13 13 Scattered record Mth» Yni. 6 H 14 20 4 12 12 I 14 7 15 .5 24 4 43 21 32 4 14 6 4 1 7 14 4 4 2 13 2 3 4 49 34 4 4 18 53 7 3 3 Average annual total precipi- tation incKet 6015 B4-67 68-79 70-43 73-42 12-13 98- 54 22-77 19-38 21-. 59 91-28 35- UU 41-31 109-79 35-85 109-47 12-36 60-21 118-24 5-70 70- .17 149- 16 ♦ Where the exact elevation of the observing station is unknown, figures in this '■"'""'■'/'P"*',''' '''J.f'" of nearby points, such as the local railway station ; many of these elevations have been taken f-om AUUu. Canada, 2Qd ed., 1915, by James White. a. Number of complete calendar years. h. Number of additional months in incomplete years. r Number of incor^.plete years. t In this column, •■Prov." indiostea reeords supplied by Provincial *»««' 'I'*''" branch. •■D-I."" I etc., indicate records supplied by Domioioa Meteorological Service and show claM of station. Sec page WJ. •• For stations marked (T), temperature record* are also given m thii chapter. t N.S.L. denotes " Near sea level. (1) Records by the British Columbia Electric Railway Company. (2) Records by the Campbell River Power Company. (3) Records by the British Columbia Electric Railway Company. METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-I N D E X 517 AVAILABLE Aversce ftnnuftl totml \iMhnr- pfM-ipi- ity t tatiim inrKea BOl.') D-II. W-67 I)-II. nx-Tg n-i 70-45 I)-I D-I I 73-42 D-I D-I Pri.v 12-1:1 U-IIl V6-M .1) DM 22-77 I>^III 19-38 D-III Prov. Prov. I)-ll 10- 9H D-I Ptuv. 21 -.W D-II «1-2I* IJ-II 33- W D-T D-II Pruv. 41-31 Prov. D-II Prov Prov. D-ll Prov Pr,>v. 109-79 ID Pr<»v. Prov. Prov. 5J-85 (21 Prov. U 11 Prov. 109-47 1)-1 Prov I>-III 12-86 D 11 BO- 21 IKIl 1)-U Pmv. Prov. 118-24 IVll 5-70 D-II D-II D II Prov. 70- .57 D-III 149- 16 (31 D-II Pro «»lit the elpvari^m f-om AUUuiii in •D-I."" D II," ?e page 513 ■ STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RECORDS ARE M'AII iBLE Eltv.* Limitini d«te< »y. IWI.-i June lUi: 61) ICuwii'han Buv Gl je'owirhan Lak< 62 |f'rttiib*»rrv Liik.- , , . , 6.1 rranhrook I Tl jTranbrook City ii.i 'f 'rawforii Bay 66 IC'reston 67 iCrMton (Reclaniatiun Farm) nt ifrnwii Neit 69 ,f 'umherlanij 70 i Deer Park 71 DenmaD Islaai. 72 ; Departure Bay 73 iDonaW 74 j DouKlan Lake ..... 75 . Duck Lake Ranch . . I Duck» Duncan Kast .\rrow Park. . . Kcho Lake K 191.-. KM.-. 1015 1915 Com- plele yeara Aug. 1907 Dec. 1915 June 1912-Dec. 1915 19 37 I' 24 49 -13 49-1,' .'iI-2m .W-14 .V)- O SeeM 4»-45 .W- H .i6-3« 50-42 50-34 See F 19- IN 5<)-;W 49-13 SeeV 49-22 49-11 See N onte Cr eek 123-42 40 117-M 1,413 l:tO-12 3,714 11»'>- H 2.620 120-20 3,200 ruitland 9 l.i- 7 I 3.100 SS F;ernie (Prov sta.) . S9 Fifteen-mile Ranch !H) Fifth Cahin 91 Fort Cieorge i.-^e Prince 92 Fort St. James (T) 93 FortSt .lohn 94 Fort Steele (.-^ Steele) 95 French Creek (Tl . . . 96 IFruitlandsiU (T) 97 j Fruitvale (iarry Point Gateway mow Newgate) 9S Oilli« Bay (Teiada Id ) . 99 (JIacier it) 100 jGlenemnia ;C!oal River LiKige . . . 101 ^Golden (T) 192 jGoldstrearii Lake.. . 103 IGrand Forks 194 Grand Fork« lO.'i Grand Prairie t06 Greenwomi 107 Griffin Lake l')H Harrison Springs 199 Harpers Camp 110 Harper Ranch 111 Hartley Bay. 112 Hatiic 113 Hazelmere... 114 Haielton Haielton, New II.-. illedley (T) 116 jHedley (Nickel Plat Minel (T) 49-30 .■lO-.M .56-23 Getirge .■|4-2S .56-15 49-21 49- I 49- 7 .See S .SeeN 49-40 >1-16 .50-22 .See P 51- IS 4»-2(l 49- 2 49- 2 50-28 49- 6 .10-57 49-18 52-20 .50-43 .53-27 49- 9 49- 2 5.5-15 SeeN 49-21 49-23 19- 9 123-49 ictoria 26-.33 19-36 eedles 117-29 !l.i- 3 115- 3 121-47 127-53 I 124-12 120-.T4 124-22 ".5- 5 117-33 tevesto ewgate 124-32 117-30 119-10 well I. n6-.5S -.'■)-37 iIS-2S IIM-2H 1 9-48 lIS-41 118-30 121-46 121-25 120-32 129-16 122-14 122-42 127-44 ew Hai 120- 5 120- 2 1,180 45 .N.S.L. 3.:«)5 3.3(.'5 Mar. 1H96-Aug. July 1914-Dec. .Mar. ls«s-Dec, Feb. 1914-Dec. July 1906-Dec. Jan. 191.3-Dec. -Mar. 189.5- Nov. Feb. 1878-<)ct. 191.3- Nov. Apr. Jan. .Mar. Aug. .Sep. I904 191 IWIO 191 1915 1915 1899 1886 1914 1S9.5-June 1903 1914-Dec. 1915 1914-Dec. 1915 191, (Dec Dec. 1914-Dec. 191 1915 Jan. Jan. 191.1-Dec. 1N9I-Dec. 191S-Dec. I915| 191;V 1915 Jan. 1909-Dec. May 1906-Keb. June 1908-Dec. Dec. 1913-Dec. May 1914-Dec. Nov. 1913-Oct. 1009 1912 191 1915 19 1915 June 1914-Dec. 1915 Jan. 1.500 IJan. Ijan. Feb. Feb. 125 2,684 1.984 1894-Dec. 1910- July 1892-Mar 1890- Dec. 1910-Aug. 1915 1911 1903 1915 1911 N.S.L. 4,072 ake ■ 2,.5.50 I, .505 1.746 1,7,50 2,1.57 2,400 1.317 .50 2,400 1,245 N.S.L. 32 200 973 elton 1,771 4..500 Jan. 1913-Dec. 1915 1H94-Dec. 191 Nov. 1914-Dec. 1913 Apr. 1902-Oct. 1915 Aug. 1894-Der. 1915 Sep. 1909-Dec. 1913 Aug. 1913-IVc. Nov. 1882-Dec June 1911-Dec. Jan 1893-Dec. July 1889-Dec. June 1914-Dec. Jan. 1913-Sep. Nov. 190.5- Nov. Oct. 18<»6-Feb Mar. 189.3-Jiily 1915 18901 1915 1900 1889 1915 1913 1907 1898 1901 Sep. 1896-Dec. 1897 .May 1904-Dec. 1915 Feb. 1904-Dec. 1915 10 1 2 O 6 2 4 3 7 I 1 2 1.! 1 1 2 7 2 1 1 I 22 II 16 7 21 6 2 1 2 3 I 6 .Scatter-li Prov. Prov. I) II IVII Prov, D-II D-II D-'.I Pr.y. D-(II Prov. D-III D-II D-II D-III D-II D-III D-II Pro». ProY. D-II Pror, D-II D-T D-I D-II D-III D-II Prov. D-II Prov. D-II D-II D-II D-II D-II D-II l>-II D-II D-II D-I 1 1 D-II Prov. D-II D-II D-II D-II Prov. D-II D-III D-III D-II D-II D-II D-II i' if""'''''''' °' fou.pttli. calendar years. &. Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. IN umber of incomplete yeara. . -,v — -. — ...^...Kt^te y< T In this column, "Prov.'' indicates recorda supplied by Provincial Water Hiski. Rr....k , indicate records supplied by Dominion .MeteoroloSica. £n-"ernd"how cl« o*itLtSa "'*" ♦.';;■'.■ uenotea Near sea level. (1) formerly Tobacco Plaini. "D-I." "D-II,- See pace 513. ;l i| i^ If ^\ 518 COMMISSION OP CONSER A T I O N STATIONS IN- BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RECORDS ARE AVAILABI ~-C9ntinu4d ■i! I! No. :it*tiua 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 13.'> 136 137 138 139 140 14i 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 ISO 151 152 153 154 155 ISfi 157 N. LoM. W. 158 159 ifio' 181 162 163 164 165 l«t> 107 168 160 170 171 172 173 174 175 Holbrri and Cipc Scott kT)- Holt Creek Hope Hornby laUnd Howser 105-niile Houae Hyitraulic Hydraulic (Swilt River Daml Ikerla Hay CT) Invermere Invermrre (Kxp. Farm) 1 nvcrmrre Height* Jamt^ NIand Jonea Lake Junlan Kiver (Shirley) . Jordan Kiver (Bear Cr.) Kamloopa (T) Koalo Kelowna Kelowna (Hydraulic Hummit) Kelowna (T) (Okanagan Miaaion) Kelowna (lliltland). . . KerenietiB (Dominion). KcrenieuB < I'rovtncial) Khatada Kiver KinKBiCate Kitirnat Klmaklini Knouff Kuiier l!itand Ladner (T) I.a-23 49-32 50-18 51-45 52-38 52-49 32-17 50-30 50-30 50-.VI 48-37 49-14 48-26 4,'<-31 50-40 49-55 49-54 49-45 49-49 19-51 49-13 19-13 See S 49- 5:1-59 51-57 50-57 48-58 4(1- 5 19- 49-10 J9-t4 lO-lB 50-42 See A .-feetj 51-10 .50-14 49-15 49-20 ■iO-.5n 30-24 See -A ■)0- 8 5:t-58 Soe A 48-23 M-M 49-20 49- 1 55- See?. .50-38 51- 4 50-14 49-10 49-10 49-17 49-;i(i .■.4-.5B 49-51 49-29 49-.59 Elev.* 128- 3, 123-48 121-26 124-43 lltV-,58 121-23 121-48 121-49 131- 7 116- 4 116- 2 116-22 123-22 121-36 124- 3 123-56 120-20 116-56 119-18 119-11 119-29 119-18 119-50 1 19-.50 keena 116-11 128-42 24-35 20-11 12.3-38 123- 5 123-49 122-:t4 24-.54 120-4H 121-.56 louette lalicum I2iy- 8 18-58 iis-2t; 123- 2 118-48 120-18 bbotsfo 12.5- n 1.32- 9 l>liotsfo 123-32 126-53 124-47 18-47 129-47 icola- C 119-.57 122-28 117-49 123-37 12.3-37 124-12 119-36 129-.57 118- 6 117-18 117-23 N.8.L. t 300 500 40 1.875 3,000 Limiting date* Com- plete yean Apr. lS97-Der. Oct. 1914-nrr. Jan. I878-I)€i-. I>ec. 1907-Dcc. Kep. 1912-Aif. July Ilil3-D*c. 2,000 Apr. 1912-Jan. 2,700 5 3.340 2.6.50 2.600 N.S I.. 2,050 NS.L. 3,670 1.245 1,752 4,120 1,200 1.870 1.372 1,361 2,800 NS.L. 3,000 3,000 2(1 N.8L. 68 22 12 '"840 Lake 1,230 1,900 637 1.215 3,.JU0 rd 23 30 rd so !,(>70 Dee. July Aug. Nov. -Dec. 1915 Nov. 1913-Dec. 1913 Aug. 1896-Feb. 1898 Aug. 189.">-Mar. 1904 Sep 191:l-De.. 1915 u Creek Watershed .May 1908-De-, 1915 Oct. 19l:t-Dec. 1915 Mar. 19I2-r42 80'90 70.08 94.18 10.26 25.76 12.75 12.65 8.58 81.47 43. .10 36.70 M.S6 .4.97 53.03 10.75 27.94 41.;i2 42. .T^ 33.03 '78^69 23.41 27.56 • Where the exact elevation of the observing station is unknown, figures in thia column represent the elo of ne.irby points, such as the local railway atation ; many of these elevationa have been Uken from AUiliu. Canada, 2nd ed., 1915, by James White. a. NumlxT of complete calendar years. b. Number of riddition.il months In inromplrte years. c. Number of incomplete vears. tin this column, '•Prov.'' indicates records supplied bv Provincial Water Rights Branch. "D-I." 'I •*« ■ "nd'cate records supplied by Dominion Meteorological Service and show class of station. See page 513 T»T a'.""''""' marked (T), temperature records are also given in thia chapter. J N.S.L. denotes " Near sea level." 1 Lat. and Long, of Holberg. '1! Records by the British Columbia Electric Railway Company. (2) Record by Mr. Good. METEOROLOGICAL I) A T A -I N D R X 519 AVAILABLE STATIONS .V BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR WHICH PRF.CIPITA.. < RKCORM ARE AVAILABLE — c i/nitnttCij Average ■douaI loUl Authit- precipi- llyt UtlOD incA'« 120.80 D-II Prov M.27 LII 44-60 D-III n-ii Prov. D-lI 28. 15 D-lll \07-ii I>-II Prov. i)-n DIM U-ll NO'SO (I' 70.0H D-;ii 04-lH D-Ill lO.Jrt D-T 25.76 D-II D-ll Prov. 12. 7S D-II J2.M Prov. 8.58 D-Il Pruv. Prnr. 81.47 I>-II D-ll Prn\. 43.3(1 D-Il 3e.70 D-II D-ll M.Sfi D-Ill D-II Prov. ,4.'t7 D-ll D-III 17.04 !)-IlI I'rov. I'n-v. Pr.iv. Pr«>\. D-II 53.05 D-ll D-ll Prm. D-llI 12.43 D-II Vu^y. 10.75 n-iii iT.W D-II 41.32 D-I 42.32 D-III 33.03 D-II '78^69 D-III 23.41 D-II 27.itt D-II ri,.v. PScnt thi* plrvatioB from AUilU'i' ; ii "D-I." •■D-ii; e page 513. Sution I7o 177 17s 171) HI IHJ 183 lit 1».-| 1«-. 190 I'JI 192 IDi 191 19.-) Mil 197 19S 199' 201 302 203 201 20.-. 91 207 20S 209 210 211 212 213 211 SIS 219 220 221 22.1 221 225 22« 227 2iS 229 230 231 VewgHte ... Newgate (Yitkite lUnchl New Ilaielton Sew Weilminstf r (Tj .Virkrl PIbIi- .Mine . . Nir(»l!i-n;ipi>*>rt<»n Creek Wjiterthed \icbBervation Bay ( Vean Kalla f I ) iikanagan MUiiun. Ovtter Bay I'itrkAville Pavilion Peachland I*etnh»rt'>n Hatchery (T) I't'mberton .Meadows.. . IVntictou (T) I'enti(?tr)n (Carrni Road). Perry Siding Phoenii Pilot Bay (T) '.'.'.[ Point f jarry Point (iT9y Port F4iiinicto.l Port MiKxty Port .Mocxiy (Provincial) Port Simpson (T) Powell River. . . Powell River (Coat River Lo Ige) Powell River (Head of lake! I'rinfe (leorge Prince Riipr-t (T) [Princeton rrt * j Princeton Crossing . . . . . (joalicum I'jualicurn Beach. . ...... |< juamichan I'Jiiatsino (Tl '.'.'.I Kijeen Charlotte City. . . jljiionel iTl I ■iuesnel Forks (Bullion (Tl ^uilchena Kcvelstoke (Tl Richlands (Ililtonl. . . . Kivers Inlet (T).. . Kock Creek K. .island (T) lloyal Oak '. . ' Kiiskin (.Stave Falisl.'. .] Salmon Arm (T) Salmon Arm (Eiper- itnental Farm) alt Spring Island sandspit (nr. tikidegate) Sandwick Saturna I.iland. . . . i ! i ! ! Seymour Intake. ....'..] Shawnigan Lake I.at. N. m- n 10- .-..-.- 1.-. 10-13 S.« H .V)-IS .1(1- Vl-.W ls-41 40-12 10-12 Long, W. II.VIO IIV-IO 127-44 I22-.)1 e*lley 120-.IO I2i>-:w 120-37 I24-.V) 121-20 122- 2 Eley.< Limiting dates 2.IIX) 2,400 I. Olid 33U •i()-41 .'iO-20 i2-2'' See K 10 .-12 10-19 See 1 10-45 ■i(V-2(' 10-21 40-30 40-2!) lo-.io 49- (1 40-3'J See IS Statio ■il- 9 40-10 40-1(1 4-3 4 (9-55 .50- 2 .'10-20 5:j-,V, 54-lH 40-27 40-13 in-lH 40-21 4S-47 ■iO-32 53-15 52-50 1 ,'i2-3« .">0- 50-,-)« .■il)-12 51-41 49- 3 49- 5 See V 49-13 50-42 50-44 4S-50 5,3-15 19-43 4H-,37 49-2,3 4.S-3S 120-20 125-22 127-47 clowna 125- K 124-19 .">-MiIe 119-45 122-35 122-.i5 1 19-35 1 19-27 11 7-. 10 11S-.37 ll(i-.-i3 teveston n Co mm 129 ,55 122-52 122-52 130-20 124-41 124-25 124- 7 122-4S 130-lS 120-31 120- ,s 124- IS 124-2(1 12.3-41 127-40 132- 9 122-30 121-40 120-32 llS-12 llS-37 127-19 119- 1 117-49 ictoria 12 '-'*1 i;9-Is 119-12 123-30 132- 4 12,5- 2 123-12 12,3- 123-3H 3,100 2,120 N.SJ..'! 495 59 t.KiO NSI,. .V.S.L. .\SL. 200 Ranch I.liiO 700 700 1.1.50 1.71)6 4.S()l) 1,7S0 ence*l r 10 (15 N.SL. 2(1 \SL. lUO 160 l.Hfl3 170 2,111 3.515 NSL. .V.SL. 100 NSI.. N.SL. 1.70<) 2,275 2.900 1.47(1 2,.500 20 1 .092 3.400 W'ftterw 125 1,152 1.1. 50 N.S 1,. N.S.I.. N.SL. 14 405 3S3 1915 1915 1915 191 1915 1915 1915 1915 1015 19 Vpr. 1911-Dec. (let 1913-D.c. Aug. I9ll-D.e. Jan ls74-IKc. Vug 1913-Dec. Ian IS7S-D.-C. Nov. 1914-IVc. Sep. 1014-Dec. May 10i.5-Dec. .Ian. I>ft3-Dec. Aug. 1913-Oct 1914 Starte.1 .Wil 1915 Ian 1915-Dec. 1915 Htarle.lOct 1915 Oct. 1915-Dec-. 1915 1915 1915 1915 191.- 191.5 1915 Sep. Apr. Sep. Vpr. .Sep. Vpr. Aug. Nov. 191.1-Dec. loos- Dec. 1912-Dee. 1007-Dec. 191.3-Feb. 1913-Dec 1013-Dec. 1915 lS93-Dec. 1901 ecorling .Ian.. 19|(t Vpr. 19(H)- Nov. 190.. Oct. lS,S(V-.Iulv IH92 .Ian. 1914-Dec. 1915 .lune Isstv-June 1910 .May 1910-Dec. 1915 .May 1911-Dcc. 1915 Apr. Vug. Aug. jJan. (let. Dec. I Dec. May July Oct. Jan. June July May .Ian. Jan. Aug. Jan. orks Oct. \pr. July 1911-Dec. 19l„ Apr. lS93-Dec. 1915 June 1905-Aug. 1905 Oct. 1914-Dec. 1915 Apr. 1901-Feb, 1-II Prov. D-II Pr.iv. D-II D-III D-II Prov. D-I (2) (2) (21 D-II D-T D-II Prov. D-III D-II D-II D-II I>-III D-II D-II Prov. D-II D-II D-II D-III D-II D-II D-II D-II D-II D-III D-III D-II Prov. D-III of ne,rby"point,".";Jh"«"the" it'l n.lur.vl^ftlorJ"" " ""''?'.7"' "f >"". '" ""■ ~>»»n repre«.nt the elevation CM-i^ia. 2nJ ed., 1915. by James Whi'c"^ "■'"''° = """"' "' ""^•* ''ovations have be«n token twm AUuZ"°n 1 ^; '""[»'• of c()mplete calendar vears. 1. .Number of additional mnnt.'-.a in inooniflclc y-ar- < Number of incomplete years I'^icj.ar.. .W.,iVric»tt%ecteup5iSby oimWorMe'i^^^^^^ Pro^-incial Water Right. B u>ch "D-t." D-II.*: HI 1 1 p M 520 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION BTATIONB I<4 BRITim COLUMBIA TOR WHICH PREaPITATIOM RECOROfl ARE AVAILABt — CmUiniud No. on \f\\ \ ii i . i- j»; j^ -il: 3.12 ■iii 23S ZM 237 23N 239 240 241 242 94 243 244 24S 24(1 247 248 249 2m 2.M 2.12 253 2.M 2.-iS 2.'>A 257 2.M 2.^ 2no 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 269 270 271 272 ffllirlcy raioawftp KftlU fHdncy 8k«ru Rivrr (FmJU Ri»»rl .Skwu Riv>r( Kh>t«d« Rirrr) f*kid- Pl.HT) Htraart Htrathcona Park Muart IjUir Hu«ar Lakr (head uO Hummerland (T) •• . . Hwanaon Bay (T) . . . . Hwift River Dam ?:ii?:a".. ■■.;:::;;::: Terrace TMe Jaune Thetiii Inland Thrums Tobacr<( Plains Tramiuille Triancle Island Twin Island I'duflet Tnion Vananda Valdes Island Vaneouver (T) Vancouver. City Hall Vanrouver. Court House Vavenby ... Vernon (T) . Vesuvius Bav Virtoria ana Esquimalt (T) Virtoria Waterworks .... Wsneta (Pend-d'Oreille). Welcome Harbour (Porchcr Id.) Westley West Ko-Dec. 1915 Mar. 1913-Dec. 1915 June 1914-nec. 1915 Feb. 1914-Dec. 1915 Jan. 189.5-June 1895 .^ep. 19fl9-Dec. 1915 Sep. 191.3-nec 1915 Apr. 1912-Xov. 1914 O 5 8 2 2 13 n 19 2 1 8 5 3 14 2 2 14 40 21 Scattered record .Mlhs. Vra 10 12 12 20 U II 4 5 83 5 11 35 14 8 Ii 14 25 5 32 8 7 13 7 19 7 9 47 7 10 4 11 6 36 21 31 Average annual total precipi- tation iiM-Ars 51.47 Aul It 37.75 65.00 11.67 179.97 41 41 11 53 9 63 04 .56 .59 72 42 14.48 29.94 .14 .,54 12.95 14. S5 ( D- (; D- D- D- D- Pr D- • Where the eiact elevation of the obsert'inil station is unknown, filures in this column represent the elcv of nearby points, such as the local railway station ; luuny of these elevations have been taken from AUxtw! Canada^ 2nu ed., 191.5. by James White. (I. Number of complete calendar years. b. Number of additional months in incomplete years. c. Number of incomplete years. tin this column, "Prov." indicates records supplied I'v Provincial Water RlKhts Branch. *'D-I," **D •tc, indicate records supplied by Dominion Mt'teoroluRical Service and show clasa of station. See page 5i;t. •♦ For station marked (T), temperature records are also given in this chapter, t N.S.L. denotes "Near sea level." (1) Records by Couteau Power Company. (2) Records by Ritchie, Agnew A Company. (3) Records by Couteau Power Company. (4) Victoria is a chief station. AVAILABLE ^vrracr ■nnual total precipi- tation Aull.-f ilyt ipi^Am (I) D-II (2) (21 D-III D-II .11.47 D-II D-III Prov. s.oo D-I Prov. D-II 37. ^^ I>-I tis. 00 D-II Prov. Cl'i 11. 67 D-II 179. 97 D-II D-II 4|. 11 D-II Prov. 41- 53 D-II Prov. fl »3 D-I 63.U4 D-I nil D-III .">« 72 D-II .19 42 D-T Prciv. Prov. D-II 14 48 D-II 2fl 94 n-'i> ,14 ,V» DIM D-II D-II D-II nil I 12 .0.1 D-II PrnN 14 .S.^i IWU wnt the plevuliiin rom AU llwi' rt M ETEORO LOGIC. \L UAT.^-INDE.K at IIT.\TION» IN ALBKHTA AND VIKON fOR WHICH PRECIPITATION RF.COHDH ARE PRESENTKD ^ So. M%tutn ALBBIir« 77.1 .4th«ba*ka Lan 21) IHM.I i:i.-. EU¥» I.OM 1.22.t 2.171 l,l)7.-> Liniiliag dalM *p, Jan Jan. .\u« inorv ivc mi.^ I»l2-<)rt 191.5 lHJIO-Ni)V 1912 I»ll> Auk 191.1 ltN>7 Juiir 1914 I. Mar IU*)H-Jiily I9la Jan 1907 -Dn- AuK 1H97-I1..I- 2.0X.5 !N,.v I90I Jan 1911 C.-M- pi-ls yrara 1 Hcaturfd rworii Avi.rai« ■Miual total prmpi- tatiun 1.5.41 14. .52 14 .37 20.12 14. 2H 1S.:M 9. 911 12.92 11.37 .Mlhi 6 H.-I IH 40 :M) ■29 4U 20 21) II Vra e n ii 4 « 2 4 3 II n 2 H 1 4 fl 12 4 Author- ity! D-II D-II I> II D-II D-II D-II D-II l>-T D-II • Where the e«»el elevntinn nf the oba-rvint atation i« unknown. Knife, in this e„liinm renrewnt the eUv»il..n ■I Number nf I'uinptfte eutm^lar yi'»ri* *» Number of aiKJitiimnl riioriiho in iiironiplcte years. *■ Numb*^ of iu<-unipli*te yi-urn fin this polumn. -pfov*' iti.liritM rr.or.i« supi.liwl hy I'rovinrhl W«i.- Highr^ Brsnrh 'ni-'nil' • D-I." *D ii; 522 COMMISSION OF COXSERVATION PliFOCIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Year Jiin I Fob. I Mar. | April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. || Am ABBOnrOKD (M.\T.'4QUI PRAIRIK)— Elevation. 89 -6,8 .1-29 7-.'i0 7-63 ,-,-97 J-11 8- ,14 7-64 n-3n 3-,-.l 3-04 2-37 3-14 .">•.'.(> 6-07 6-47 6-82 .-.-3.-. 10-21 «-lil .^>-.-.o 7 ■:>'.> S-47 1-fil 7-20 4-UO «-.i9 (i-,il 4-88 ,•■•67 «-«3 .5-77 2-7.-> 4-73 3-82 3-00 7-04 .1-48 «-07 6-10 7-18 5-43 3-l).-i 2-34 11 -8.5 4 -,59 ,-.-.>8 H-4B 4-84 ,-.-12 3-93 3-40 ,l-.-|4 4-92 .5 43 4(ri 2-7!l 3-43 4-7.'; 3-28 2-37 2-. 12 4-77 5- 8.-. .■1-87 6-39 3-83 3-21 2-70 ,1-12 7-11 ,S.74 3-32 3-IW 2-10 4-24 2- mi 7-37 6-01 1-88 4 -.3.) 4-60 2-46 2-97 4-76 3-81 2 03 8-22 2-99 3-29 3-4,i 2-G4 3-93 l-.iO 1-98 0-41 2-38 1-.33 1 - 8,-> 0-83 0-0» l-7,-> 0-73 \ir, 2-20 0-98 2-«4 3- 13 1-98 l'S7 2-4.i l-0.> 1-92 1-47 0-94 000 0-30 1-47 1-07 0-(>.i 3-88 2-3rt 0-09 1-96 2-S7 1-04 1'47 .I -33 1-48 8-08 6-43 .-.-78 ,1- 13 6-91 1-84 3-82 4-47 2-H.i 2-71 3-67 2-62 3-70 9-54 .1-28 4-7.-. ."i-.M 10- 13 0-90 411 2-63 H03 4-62 7-6.'. 4-63 3-44 3-25 3-79 2-,')6 10 -.M 10-40 10-6,1 9-47 6 -.17 10-69 10-,i0 9-37 13-74 .1-33 12-29 9-6.1 11-22 5-6,1 1 8-43 10-71 6-18 12-42 4-.W 8-.->6 8-67 10-93 4-93 9-71 13-.i0 6- 10 8-66 7-96 4, 1891 1802 18(W 1S94 1S«S 6" 7 .'if 1896 1897 18B8 1899 .1, 6 1900 1901 74 1902 1903 5" 1901 M»'an« 4-18 S»08 9-10 8-46 fif f » Durinj!E 1889-1904 (1904 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 6-4 in. 2-7; Dec., 6-2. Mean annual snowfall, 2.)-9 in.; luaxiraum recorded, 26* 5 in., Feb., AOAB8IZ— Elevation, 52 ft. 1 Total PaBcmTATioi* Feb., 7'1; Mar., 1893. ISS9 2 -,'.2 1-(M 3-27 l-.i3 1-23 0-93 0-.30 4 -,38 3-41 1-76 1-21 1-23 2 -.38 2 -.30 3-43 2-40 2-36 l-0«i 2-80 3-49 1-18 1-12 5-00 3-71 0- 15 1-62 2-16 l-.'>0 3-94 2-78 1-82 0-24 0-70 0-38 1-13 0-81 4-17 5-65 0-00 3-30 5-08 2-30 2-80 1-04 8-40 1-24 3-18 3-90 2-97 7-84 2-71 0-60 0-07 2 -.56 0-90 7 -.83 3-92 4-96 8-26 8-67 2- 19 8- .'« 3-93 3-07 2-77 l-.i9 2-73 7-30 2-37 8-40 6- .32 3-30 1-90 6-33 3-47 4-91 2-.'>0 7-88 6-29 1-26 4-60 3-83 11-81 8-31 6 -.33 6-34 10-73 0-74 8-34 6- 23 7-21 5-36 5-13 4-15 3-35 2-71 3-20 8-42 9-18 1-24 3-93 5-49 7-00 3-67 7-27 8-84 7-53 11-20 6-00 3-77 3-. 321 12-77 U-8.il 11-28 10- 62 0-81 9-87 3-43 3- 19 11-44 4-99 10- .57 9-82 4-42 6-43 2-51 10-30 8-62 7-45 20-94 7-61 11-04 13-82 12-29 14-72 7-75 9-OS 3-2,1 9-37 17-92 3 -,'.9 12-71 4-89 13-74 10-70 3-63 4-79 10- 15 7-43 4-76 7-34 8-20 9-32 4-28 8 -,39 4-30 2-62 2-30 6-70 7-69 10-09 3-36 0-,33 15-39 7-40 1890 1891 1892 3-89 r'-ii ,-. .0!» 11-30 7-4.-. 8-87 6-19 ,-,-Ofi 6-70 13-04 6-97 3-68 ,1-39 6-70 3-40 6-;t,-> ,'.-33 3-14 4-43 4-63 4-98 4-31 13-24 13-96 7.17 6-S2 5-30 2-34 3-27 8-21 7-21 7-73 12 -K.-, 2-21 7-2,-. 7.86 43-81 5-46 6-66 1-40 6.06 4-28 4-68 5-90 6-02 .i.68 ,-.-51 3 -,16 10-64 -1. 12 4.06 3.87 7-25 6-41 4-24 6-01 6-84 6-76 3-79 4-18 7-91 2-3.'. 4-71 6-19 3-16 5- .55 6-04 5-62 5-60 2-(M 7-46 7-64 2-03 5- 36 2-66 2-03 7-66 3-12 2-45 4-ni 3-25 8-14 4-26 6- 16 8-2.-. 3 03 5- 2!) 3-12 3M> 3-27 3-40 3- 19 3-03 3-30 3- 48 4-88 2-04 7-40 3-80 4-22 3-22 2-48 4-26 4-72 2-94 5-37 4 -.30 2-10 4-13 3- 16 6 -,-.7 4-92 8-44 4-82 4-42 2-82 6-62 7-60 4-80 4-17 3 -.58 2 -.34 8-48 7-40 2-30 2-68 3-22 4-93 |6-.'.7 3-99 6-08 3 -.33 5-20 4-79 3-86 4-18 3-20 5-42 3-80 2-43 2 -.86 1208 4- 19 2-42 10-76 7-08 2-43 8-03 3-42 3-20 8-40 4 -.36 4-68 2-36 3-31 1-63 5-93 7 -.33 3-18 2-36 4-74 ,'X 6- 1893 1894 7i 1895 1896 M 1897 1898 1899 8; 1900 7- 1901 1902 ,'.i 1903 190t ',, 1905 1906 m 1907 1908 3' 1909 1910 1911 6 r 1912 - 1913 1914 8 6 1915 6 Means ft During 1889-1915 (1889 and 1891 incomplete), average monthly anowfall was: Jan., 16-4 in.: Feb, 9-2: 3*9; April,0-3; Nov., 5*2; Dec., 0-7. .Mean annual snowfall, 41-7 in.; maximum recorded, 89-0 in.. Jan , AKABOHA (NEAR KOOTENAY PASS) Short record for two month* only in 1912. (BEAVER CREEK P.O.)— Elevation. 300 ft. Total PnccinTATioN 1894 1895 15-96 11-70 5-64 4-09 14-06 6-78 4-23 14-75 11-87 4-95 4-6:1 0-21 6-U2 10-44 3-58 3-43 5-62 l-3» 5-97 1-59 0-99 1-31 2' 12 0-83 1-03 2-33 4-24 U-43 1-22 0-(K) 1-76 0-39 U73 0-02 0-24 1-95 0-OU 7-24 2-35 U- 14 2-23 4-45 13-93 0-73 3-63 3-90 3-81 7-12 5-02 6-38 8-13 11-81 10- 27 17-93 13-, ')0 14-04 1898 -| 1897 1S98 1899 19-.i.' 8-43 50- (Hi 10-71 OS- (it. H-IK .■i5- ft4 12-42 (i7-7s 4-.W 71-.-|> H-.i6 .-.fi-L'l S-67 .")(i-2J lo-'.i:! :.»- 10 4-03 .V)-41 H-71 04-!!.-, i:t-50 74-11 tl- 10 ()0-no 8-6ti (iO-3.i 7-96 57-lli S-4fi fin-i:, r.-w n-37 50-. 57 17-92 5- .if, (i7Tv 12-71 7t>-'''. 4-(m 7K-III 1.1-74 .M..-.(P 10-70 ()K-r. .■i(13 (13- 1:! 4-7(1 .•.0-:il 10- l.l t>7-.'..l 7-4.i 72-Uil 4-7(1 .W-os 7-34 ,>»-iW 8-20 (••32 M-<<7 4-211 m-n 8-.Vt (i4-'.<0 4-30 .'»7'i'.T 2--(i7 AI.BERNI— COT(inu«rf 523 Annual I • .V) 4-,-iO 7-07 ■i-83 2-37 2-. 11 1-07 2-95 4-51 2-»« 1-51 3-89 3-«l 1-42 2 -.32 0-8.i 2-00 0-31 0-88 0-9:| 3-2S l-(i2 0-17 0-27 i-o-> 2 Oil (1-43 7-08 2-3» (i-»S 4-17 1(1- OS 14- 14 11 -.54 l(i-.52 14-18 9-11 12-(>7 8-(i2 2-51 16-51 3-24 I 6-61 12-31 11-00 66-58 6.3-44 82-27 75-5.5 6!'-79 Dunn, 1894.1915 (189. aa,.ls98inc,..,.,.Me. lu^l '' ■.•^4 16-6.12-31 11-00 9W9. F.b, 9-6 : Mar.. 3-3 .■.pr.1^. I rxiv 1-0 'dJL 8.7 "'mJ.'' ^""^f '"°^^\Y '"»"'•" "•» ^ ■'•'■■ 21 » in. 67-4in., Jan.. 1911. .•">-.« (J . uec., 8.7. Mean »nn(»al .Dowfall. 511 in. ; mmximuin recofded, ALBUUn (BE.AVER CREEKi* Total PREripiT.\Tlo!» 1W5 . 1891) . 1S97 . 189.8 . 1899.. 11II-74 2:- -60 7-, 86 4-.il 9-3U 11-10 10-46 12-.>6 6-05 13-21 6-91 9-81 Dtirinc Doc. U-9. 9-27 I li-KO 3-92 I 2-6'l 3-.5« ; 1-32 -.54 208 4-.Vi I 2-35 ■37 I 3-07 1-40 2.W) 3-28 4-24 I- 10 2 -.58 1115 11-09 2-48 0-39 1-20 1-01 O-.tO 0-37 1-66 0-(K) 2-40 2-41 0-27 2-27 3.93 2-44 189.>-99.avprag,. monthly ,n.m fall wa.,: Jan . 15 7 in ■ Fob 6 Mean annual anuwfall, 42- 1 in. ; maximum, 35 8 in , Jan !^ 1896, AtBMUn (STAMP F.VLr,S) ToT.*L Precipit.\tio» n-9-. I 2-26 0-74 5-65 2 (12 4-34 (i-54 6-01 8-97 8-38 9 -.54 23-48 11-08 19-51 17-27 12-11 6-47 13-23 13-72 5 : .Mar . 7 ; April, 1 ; .\( 81-37 82-94 .56-66 .54-74 77-19 70-45 uv, 5»; ""^ '117-94 I 5-37 I 7.;ja I'^TifT ■I 191 (4 . . . . 1905... , 1906... 191)7.... 1908... 19;)!).... 1910... -Mean*. . AUnin TOWMSITI, (,SO.MA.S RIVER)-Elevation,„ear«..level ToT.\L Precipitatiov S-71 11-28 5-80 11-.52 10-35 15-45 10- 55 9-80 6-40 7-24 7-75 10-67 b-58 8-07 12-30 5-50 5-49 6-87 5-00 5-21 6-73 I 4-19 1-07 3- 01 7- 69 4-98 2-01 2-36 3-24 3-12 ?-0S 1-45 3-81 1-37 0-.86 1-87 0-.55 0-06 1-10 0-17 0-47 1-17 0- .39 0-95 1-16 0-92 1-22 6-09 8-48 1-95 1-49 3-8.5 14-57 13-22 9-24 11-03 10-24 7-24 10-93 70-00 73-38 6 1 -06 77-89 73-42 ALIBT BAT (Do.MISIOV ST.VTIO.M-Elevation, near ,ca-level Total Precipitation lUM. 1911 1915 6- 13 5- 13 3-74 3-17 5-(K) I 3-60 2-75 I 3- 19 1-04 3 48 086 0- 46 1 - 25 l-.t8 1-00 0-18 4-00 1-27 6-88 11-43 9-42 5-89 45-96 I'.ll.l 1914 191.-1 AIMT BAT (PROVIN-CIAL ST.\TIOM-[-:ieva.iun near ,ca-l.vel Total Precipititiov 6- 43 4-00 3-84 3-31 5- IK) 4-4 3-60 1 ■ 75 3-65 1-04 0-86 102 1-25 1-72 Snowfall in Feb.. 1914. l-O in. Total in 1913, 8-0 in. all in Dec. 1-00 0-10 4-00 1-30 S-88 11-15 9-42 6-35 4-61 2-74 7-81 46-06 46-59 10 1910 .. 1911... 1912 1913... 1911 . 1915... .Mf..in« Total Prkcipitatiov 0-87 042 0-08 1 - .50 0-53 0-74 0-20 0-13 0-14 2 -.53 0-28 0-22 0-,-*7 0-09 ■'-38 067 0-27 1-20 0- 10 0..34 O-.I0 O-.V) l-OO 0-67 0-84 0-90 1-90 1-08 0-6.3 1-64 4-17 1-73 2-62 ?-l« 1-34 2-28 1-80 0-60 2-76 1-76 2-22 3-46 2 -.53 0-80 0-.52 1-91 007 2-09 0-64 1-69 1-62 0-74 -14 0- JJ o-oo 107 0-42 0-07 0-62 1-32 l-«« 0-60 0-55 l-Ol 0-10 0-83 0-/J 0-80 0- 13 0-00 0-75 0-53 0-49 12- 46 13-29 11-94 12-17 -''i^i^5:^'»^?=!r^j^»^^if=^ (B.-.veTc'r^ik'p.or "*•""'"** »■' """' ""•". .«, Alberni. in ISM. and di«,ontinu«l in 1900. See alio Alberni I i { '■''. 1 ! HI! ■n 1. 1 1 I r S24 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Ci>n •fov \ Dec. || Anm ALOCBTTI (LILLOOET) LABI— Elevation, 400 ft. Total Pubcipitatios igil... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... Means . 11-53 11-69 17-26 11-39 12-97 9-66 9-S9 7-22 7-82 »-.-.7 1-64 12- K2 8-20 6-61 7-32 6-23 6-47 »-2l 8-47 7-34 3-93 7-14 3-2:1 7-33 5-41 4-31 6-99 5-35 2-14 4-70 3-a3 3-. 11 0-90 2-U 2-40 2-12 K-W 3-42 0-86 0-44 2-98 2-ni 6-18 11-31 2-77 6-23 2-77 8-77 10- H7 9-91 16-43 IS-Wi 19-02 18-04 19-41 11-02 9-75 17- «i 13- 13 [ 14<8» ; x-7« ' 3-98 i 17-30 ! 11-62 ! 93- ( 105- 1 95-' 93- ( 96-; Snowfall in Nov., mil, 20-5 in.: Dee, 12-3. In Jan.. 1912. !2-0 : Der, 2-0: total in 1912. 14-0. 1913, 95-8 : Mar., 8-0 : total in 1913, 103-8. In Nov., 1913, 0-5 ; Deo., 1-5 : total in 1915. 2-0 in. JlLTAITOR— Elevation. 1,325 ft. IS Total Precipitation In Jo 1915. .11 .1. 1-20 l-lj» I 0-.53 I 0-77 I 1-32 I 0-9» I 1-22 Snowfall in Nov., 1915, 5-5 in.; Dec., 9-9 in. It Ainnt (CANOE POINT)— Elevation, 1,160 ft. Total PnEcipiTATiov 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. 3 -.57 3- .50 4-91 3-51 2-18 Meann 3-. 53 2-31 1-31 1-20 1-99 0-37 1-44 1-27 0-08 0-68 1-23 1-00 0-86 0-85 1-22 0-44 1-14 2-06 1-14 1'17 1-97 1-55 1-15 2-76 1-72 1-(M 1-14 1-91 3-92 2-05 4-21 2-38 1-68 2-80 2-03 0-72 3-11 1-95 1-lB 1-11 1-86 1-27 0-44 1-20 0-91 1-89 1-29 2-18 2-27 1-36 1-17 I 1-65 4.13 0-31 1-67 2-19 1-90 2-24 2-07 2-29 5-48 2 -.13 I -62 3-22 1-23 2-67 3-H8 3-.-|l 1-49 0<3;l 1-26 2-86 21-: 21-- 22-: 20-i 24- 2-19 I 22- During 1910-15 (1910 incomplete), averase monthly Bnowfall waji : Jan.. 27-7 in.; Feb. .8-8; 5-0 ; Dec., 15-0. Mean annual snowfall, 57-6 in.; maximum recorded, 49* 1 in., Jan., 1913. ABMBTkORO— Elevation, 1,190 ft. 14 Total Phscipitation 1912 1913 1B14 1915 2-62 3-25 2-81 1-99 1-37 1-67 1-56 0-64 006 0-42 0-66 0-93 1-20 0-35 1-01 1-30 0-32 1-33 1-34 2-95 1-92 4-59 1-20 3-28 1-94 1-77 0-08 2-27 1-36 1-62 0-2:1 0-84 0-95 0-90 2-31 1-48 1-76 2-48 1-63 1-67 3-35 1-61 2-. 37 1-09 2-18 1 0-73 0-5.5 1 2- 14 1 2-«7 1-31 0-.52 1-02 I-.54 2-74 1-74 1-01 1-42 1-89 2-11 1-41 1 Mar, 1-1 ; N( 19-: 20-; 16-' 20-; 19-. 1 During 1912-15, average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 23-0 in.; Mean annual snowfall, 48-2 in.; maximum, 32-5 in., Jan., 1913. Feb., 6-5; Mar, 0-0 ; Nov., 7-5 ; Dec, lU ASHCBOrr (PROVINCIAL STATION)— Elevation, 1,000 ft. u roTAL PbSCIPIIATIOM 1912* 0-48 0-74 0-50 0-37 1 1913* 0-40 0-47 0-00 0-11 0-41 0-70 0-73 2-04 1914 0-31 0-47 6-46 0•.^5 0-00 1-12 1915 . 6-80 6-2i 6- .32 0-03 2-19 1-42 2-15 0-98 6-2.5 10- * The Figures for 1912 and 1913 were obtained from the head office. Dominion Meteorological Service. Snowfall in Dec , 1912. 3-7 in. In Jan.. 1913. 4-0 ; Feb., 2-3. In Nov., 1914, 1-5 ; Dec., 0-0. In Jan., 19 2-0; Feb., 1-0; Dec, 5-7: total in 1915, 8-7 in. M urMK Ol lOTK— Elevation, 3,200 ft. roTAL PBICIPn-AT-',.-* 1U13 0-18 0-00 0-23 1-23 1-25 1-01 0-60 1- ..S 1-.58 2-25 1-51 2-17 0-43 0-90 1-94 1914 4-46 1-48 1-00 0-11.5 1-40 0-78 0-65 0-90 2-00 2-157 0-00 1-48 0-00 2-04 14- 1«15 16- « Sm)»-fall in Nov.. 1913, 18-0 in ; Dec, 4-5. In Jan.. 1914, 23-5 : Feb., 10-0 ; Mar . 14-0 ; April. :i-(l : N'l 9-5; Dec, 9-0; total in 1914, 69-0. In Jan., 1915,14-8; Feb, 6-5; Mar., 2-5; April, 2-2: Nov., 19>3: Di 16-4 ; tuUl in 1915, 61-9 in. —Elevation, 2,620 ft. IT Total Pbbcipitatios 0-45 0-25 0-15 0-99 2-72 1-9B 0-48 1-46 0-41 1-03 0-67 1 1907 1 1808 0-7S 1-13 0-58 0-30 i i 1909 i-i9 6-.5i tl-:« II- .37 6-8.5 1-31 1-49 111 Snowfall in Dec. 1903, 2-0 in. In Jan., 1906, 4-5 ; Feb., 2-5 ; .Mar., 1-5 ; Nov., 3-4. In Oct., 19U8. Nov., 1-U: Dec, 3-0. In Jan., 1909, 8-9 ; Feb., 4-2; Mar., 0-2; April, 1-6 in. METEOROLOGICAL DAT A— P RECIPIT AXIOM PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLVMBIX—Conlinwd 525 Ymr U l| Jan. I Fph. | M«r. I Anril | May | Jime | .liily | Aim. I Sept. | Oft. I Nov. | Dec. |l Annual ATIUI— Elevation, 2.210 ft. Total Precipitatiom 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. I«0S.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. 1-37 0-99 l-OH 0-.%3 0-6S 0-7.'5 0-tM) l-o:i 0-70 0-47 Mrana O-SS 0-72 2-l« 0-«0 n-M 0-S8 l-:i.i 0-.17 0-82 MS 0-90 0-00 O- .W l-7rt 2-12 1-30 1-17 0-OS 0-20 0'!K) 0-32 0-93 I n-S4 0-09 0-OS 0-3B 0-SS O'lO 0-20 0-3S MO 0'21 0'30 0- 2.'> 0-34 0-14 0' 49 1-00 n-l(i 0-17 0-?s 0' M 0-99 0-44 1-74 0-32 0-S9 0-.51 I-2S 0-74 0-2li i>-r>2 0-27 0-74 0-73 1-62 0-42 0-21 1-92 2-11 0-41 O-.'iO Ml 0-IX'i M4 1-01 0-71 1-4S 0-SO 1M2 1-03 l-«9 1-77 1-27 0-47 0-37 M4 l-0<) 0'4S 1 •.->.-. 0-7(i " 0-7S l-4.'> 2 -.•).') 0'S.s i 12-07 O-.iS 0-S2 2:t4 o-.-.i 10- B2 l-9« 1-49 1-4S '.».-) 11-41 2-.M 1-.37 0-70 U-2S : 12-97 0-.i7 0-a2 0-73 M7 12-31 l-9fi 0-.)« 112 1-tW 11-72 o-.-.i l-2.> OMW 1-3!1 7-9(1 M« 1-4A 0-S(l 3- 10 12-,"i!l 2-Ofl 102 0-02 0-2S ' 10-21 0-14 1-60 0-32 1-2J !i-4j 1-21 MO 1-20 MI 10-9S DurioK 1905-15 (1905 and 190(1 incMnplvtrl, average niunthly nnowfall was : Jan . s-7 in ■ Feb 9- ' 6-2 : April. 3; 3 ; May, 0-3 : June. U-3 ; Sept . 1-S ; Oct . 6-3 ; Nov.. 0- 1 -. Dm.. 10-4. .\iiaD annual Si-Sio.; mumium re<- '■loci. 30-3 in. Dec, 1913. •"«» «uuu». if •B8 •.■)1 24-29 -49 21-43 -3;) 22-32 -2fi 20-90 •86 24 -SS •19 22-77 ■-37 1 •00 -12 io-ji' •20 1 .... •io'i . . . ,1 ■ M ATAM8B — Elevation, near sea-level Total Precipitatiov 1914. I91.^> 4-51 I \-3\ I l-W I 1-25 4-41 2^11 1^.-|2 0^«!t 3(i.i r7i 3-S.5 7^S7 (ill 2^S0 P2l l^(irt Snowfall in Nov.; 1915. 24 3 in. 1914. 18-0 in.; Dec. 12^0. In Jan.. 1915, 7^5 ; Feb.. 0^0; Nov.. 9-5; Dec.. 1^3; total in M Total Pbecipitatiox 190S 1909 1910 rso 1-85 2^83 2-25 200 0-90 1^94 128 105 120 i-ii 0^80 0^30 1^03 0^70 r47 0^97 i-6.5 l^BO 0^45 114 6-94 5-6i 2-98 i-ii 2-48 2-64 l-.W 1-96 o-3-t 1-9(1 2-85 2-.« 2-70 4-18 l-l.-> 1 1-21) j 2-70 ■; 1911 28-36 1912 1913 i-oo 3^Stt 2^23 6-20 2-90 6-40 1-flfl 6- 05 n-.i9 2-.W l-Ol- 6-90 4-75 2-14 0- 15 1-S7 1-20 2-41 2-2(1 0-70 0-S.^, 1-00 1-50 1-90 6-70 1-45 1 0-00 1 0-70 j 1-21 I 1914 1915 Meana 21 -.59 .. ^S'i?* I'^^'J (™'np' 20-15 2- 70 10-41 lfl-92 11-45 33-71 7-50 10-51 15-79 50-64 64-94 Snowfall in Mar, 1903, 3-0 in ; Oct., 0-2. In Jan., 1904, 3-3 ; Feb., 12-0 ; .Mar, 5-0 ; Nov 4-0- Dm- 24-S. In Jan.. 1905, 0- 1 ; Oct., 1-0 ; toUl in 1903. 1- 1. In Jan.. 1906. 2-9 ; Dec, 0-0 ; t<^tal in 1900. '2- » in. n 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1H9S 1899 lUOO I'.IOl I!m2 lims 1904 19U5 1006 1907 1908 1909 BASUETILLB— Elevation. 4,180 ft. Total Precipitation 3-40 2-50 1-25 2-BO 6-40 2-87 2-60 2-90 2-31 1-00 2-50 1-79 1-82 4-40 1-80 1-40 5-40 2-01> 3-40 2-50 2- .37 3-00 2-05 1-60 1-00 2-20 1-70 5-2U 2-90 2-30 4-10 4-09 4-30 1-22 1-80 0-46 4-30 l-7(t 0-60 3-33 3-72 2-78 1-55 3-80 2-30 1-12 1-20 1-40 0-70 2-20 2-20 1-80 2- 18 0-7« 2-90 1-90 1-95 2-70 I < Itl) 0-71 0-00 5-75 1-40 5-45 1-68 3-73 1-15 1-26 2- 15 2-76 0-30 0-80 0-39 1-50 1-78 0-76 1-86 2-18 2-S8 1-15 2- IS 2-38 0-16 2-91 3-62 1-39 3-70 3-80 1-05 3-75 2-01 2-58 2-18 2-39 1-23 3-09 2-84 3-17 4-34 2-78 1-59 2 34 1-00 1-06 2-29 I 82 4-02 2-16 2-48 4-35 2-22 5-27 4-02 1-97 1-95 2-55 5-68 2-74 5-91 4-00 3-.Vi 3-.M 2 -.VI 4- 14 3-00 2-90 4 -.52 1-48 3-48 0-32 3- 83 3-70 7-40 2-79 1-09 2-04 0-18 5-56 3-i6 2-78 3-3S 2-«S 3-77 2-13 2-20 2-14 6- 40 3-72 2- HI 3-28 4-25 4-23 2-00 3-72 3-65 1-79 2-40 1-73 MS 0-.M 2-88 S-.50 0-94 3-48 8-42 l-M 4-21 l-:to 5-24 6-29 3-68 2-30 3-24 3-05 4-88 8-73 2-97 3-93 1-9S 0-99 0-00 3-87 2-98 2- 00 .) ~-2 3 70 7-74 3-08 i-O-i 7-46 3-2.1 2-60 4-93 4-12 1-03 2-33 2-33 3-01 5-63 1-07 0-31 1-77 2-99 2-76 2-22 3-20 2-20 0-91 0-78 3-40 3-62 8-32 1-49 5-23 3-09 2-63 1-90 3- 13 4-83 3-.i3 3-80 3-02 5-2S 2-30 2-80 3-.iO 2-00 3-14 3-90 4-10 1-00 0-92 3-7« 3-46 4-(M 4-43 4-42 3-47 3-40 4-52 4-20 4-20 5-10 1-80 6-2S ; l-:«) 2-00 { l-M 2-36 I 1-60 4-20 1-.50 2-20 I 3-.'i8 ! 2-su : 5-88 4-30 2-95 1 3-39 I 41-01 28-71 3S-26 34-79 40-98 27-19 32-14 20-61 23-77 31-23 39-81 33-75 32-23 34-92 32-03 .32-07 37-63 '49-' 54' .37-41 II 1 1 1 f ") \ r- 526 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Ct87-19l5 (4 years ineompletel, averaxe immthly anawfall was : .Ian , 2r>.2 in.: Feb.,25'0; Mar., IH' April, 13' (I: May, 3-0 ; June. 0-7; Aug.. 0- 1 ; Sept., 1-7; Oct., 9-8; Nov., 28-3; Dec, 33-8. Mean ann •Dowfall, 15S-a in.; maximum recorded, 02-0 in., Jan., 1892. I 1i f ? Iff ' ' s BATKU LAU— Elevation, 2,800 ft Total Prbtipitatiom 191.-.. II I-2S I 0.32 I O-.-.t I 1-41 I I-Ii2 I 3-1.2 I 1-74 I {\-M | 3-11 | .1 l-7.'i I 2-O.S Snowfall in Jan., 191,5, 12'8 in.; Feb., 2*3 ; Nov., 7>0 ; Dec., 19-4 in BKVAN— Elevation, '40 It. M ToT.\L PRECIPITATloy 1914 ;'II5 8-01 I 7-fW I 502 I 2-9fl I 4-71 I 1-04 I 0-91 1-42 I (lOS 7- (.•. |13-2(i 111-71 I 4-01 1-49 114-21 ill-97 llH-.i9 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, U-0 in. In Feb., 1915, 2-5 Nov., 8-5 ; Dec., 19-4 ; total in 1915, 30-4 in. IS BnULKULA— Elevation, 1.50 ft. Total Precipitation 1S9S 2-45 0-91 0-29 0- 4.1 l-:«l 2-51 5- 85 1S99 2-80 3 -.30 2- (SO 0-20 0-05 l-ti3 3-80 2-.-^3 l-8(i 4-73 1-30 I' 15 25- 1900 3-31 5-51 1-28 l-9« 2-78 1 - 85 l-:»4 2-27 !-:« 3-37 1901 4-70 1-05 2-8;i 3-00 2-43 1-09 2-78 1-74 0-.-.0 8-99 10-00 9-75 48- 1902 5 -.57 2-01 2-75 2-41 3-93 0-92 3 -.59 8-74 l-«9 9 -.58 5-03 n-41 30- 43- 1903 2-05 0-00 0-27 1-23 114 2-88 1-.52 li"'' 5-82 3-, 50 0-.5() 3- .v. 0- .55 1-93 1-17 0-17 5-04 5-8:) 7-76 fi* 10 41- 19.'- 2-Oti 2-85 3-57 0-9(t 1-44 0-95 0-59 1-91 WV o-8.-i 2-2:< lO-HO 12-72 3-95 H-05 i-58 4-i8 1 - 45 2- 15 l-.-|3 l-.W 101 2-9« 3-21 5 -.17 1 1 - IM 3-82 40- 1-48 3-98 0-97 3-74 2-03 1-lil 2-74 0-73 H- 15 4-13 4-40 4-90 42- 1909 2-90 2-80 1 - 23 0-7H '> ■ "(7 1-.-.4 1-72 3-89 4-04 7- Hi «-81 2-:t4 37- 1910 6 -.v. 3-17 s-o;) 1-<.H> 1-77 2-81 1-28 1-94 2-47 fi- .58 5 (17 4-40 4H- 1911 3-t>2 l-(W 3-80 1-37 1 ■ 211 1-48 0-93 1 - .V.) 2-13 4-71 ('.-79 7-00 36- 1912 5-79 1-93 0-71 1-70 0- 7li 0-lil 1-25 1-17 0-85 5-04 8-. -14 0-90 35- 1913 (i-ti,S 2-74 3- (17 2- (14 4-37 3-31 1-07 1-77 8- 15 12-42 9-. ■(5 0-99 (13- 1914 5-17 2-95 8-88 2-85 2-22 i-;io 3-31 11-89 4 -.-.2 4 -.59 12-95 0-98 .50- 2-«« 1-80 1-28 1-68 2-21 1-70 1-30 1-81 2-12 3-84 12-40 (1-84 3-87 6-87 5-08 5-0 39- »4 1-85 38- 2() i-39 3S-00 ■15 25-9.1 •37 •7S 4H.KIi >-ti3 3(1-00 ■41 43- 1.-. (■lU 41-02 (■05 •Hi 40-4.-> ■(Ml 42-(lx ■34 37-71) •4« 4H-7-' ■IM 36- :i*,-. la., 1915, IJ-J ; BBiDoi airn (above rAvox)— fi-v in, i.soo ft. ToT.\L PfiEriPIT^TIOM 1913.... 1914... . IBIS.... 3- IH 0-77 2-74 1-0,S 1-74 0-47 0-70 0-43 1-47 1-7H 2-01 l-li2 1-M7 0-14 l-.ts 1 2;i 2 !i:) J 111 07 1 22 1 17 (12 22 4 20 Snowfall in .Nov , 1913, 19-3 in; Ui-c, 7-0. In Jan., 191 1. 0-0 , Kob,13-U: .Nov.. 13-0- 1914. 34-5 in. BEISCO (40-.MILI-:i (I'ROVINCIAI. STATION) -lilcvation, 2.69T ft. .( 3.1 t 11(1 tl tH 73 24 fW ) I 04 1 >H> 13 .37 Dec., 4--> ; t(»tal io M TOTIL Prkcipititios 1913 I . 2-4? 2. .31 1-01 071 1-11 lit 174 1.13 0-92 0- 32 0-41 2- 00 1914 1915 2-84 0-.32 0-sO 0- 11 0-4t 0-31 1-21 1- 10 1 49 1.31 2-22 4-70 1-00 4-07 0-92 0-.39 111-113 19-31 Snowfall in Oi-t.. 1913. 03 in.; .Nov.. 1-3 ; D-c. 3-2. In Jan . 1914. 9- 3-4 ; Dec. 4-4 : total in 1914. 21- I. In Jan., 1913. j-2 ; Feb . I- 1 ; .Mar, : 13-7; total io 1913. 3i)-s in. Feb.. 4-9 Sept., 4 ■Mar.. Q ; .Nov. Nov , Dec, BBITAimiA BIACH— Elevation, abutit 1G3 ft. SI Total Prbcipititios 1913 i 1914 1 1915 1 10- h3 7-.'<3 3-.y) 0- ,*4 (i-.3s' 3. 17 5-32 3- 77 i-is' 1-47 2 6s' 1-33 0- 4> 1 - 1>0 0-77 0- 3» .S. 23 I -lit 11-41 Il..T(3 2-44 1-02 0- 12 12-00 1-64 19-3» IS- 11 12-01 I 0-70 il 4-93 12013 II 107-76 Snowfall in .Nov , 1914. 36- in. ; Dec., 3. 3. 191S, 103- 7 in. BRrrAM. In Jan., 1913,29-2 ; Feb., lS-3; Nov, 20-0; Dec.3G-0; total in NE)— Elevation, 3.700 ft. yf EClPfT.\TION 1914... 1915... 6-65 I 6-60 1-11 3-77 0-99 0-03 12-73 120- S9 2-99 I IS- 01 16-32 S-64 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 43-6 in; Dec., 30-5. In Jan., 1915, 66-5 in.; Feb., 61-0 ; Oct., 6-5 ; Nov.. 60-7 in. M 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Means. . . . BtmrZlN LAKX— Elevation. 400 ft. ToT.\L Precipitation IS- 89 20-66 14-10 21^44 16^40 12^52 13^17 8-20 10^10 15-94 17^39 19-29 11-22 I5^.33 3-20 13^ 61 11^23 11^45 13^S0 9^68 10-90 12-03 6-44 10- 13 8-89 7-S2 7-03 9-S7 U-90 11-46 15-72 2-57 7-25 17-12 5-69 11-38 9-41 3-02 9-2S 8-01 7-97 8-91 7-37 5-18 5-34 2-39 10-10 8-07 5-51 12-01 2-26 6-74 5^2S 5 -OS 5-70 0-23 6- 32 3-80 6-02 10-32 2-46 5-85 6-69 4-.>4 9-18 3-23 7-31 3-:w 5-78 5-76 0-5S 3-05 4-30 8-94 3-02 2-70 4-52 4-02 2-99 4-62 6-37 4-69 0-44 4-23 3-33 3-30 2-12 0-79 1-Gl 3-30 3-64 0-25 1-03 2-oS 3-48 0-80 2-oa 2-19 2-30 1-08 1-S5 1-79 3-3S 0-30 6-20 5-92 1-39 8-23 2-44 1-13 0-73 2-S3 13- 2(1 3- 25 20-69 21-05 (j.75 3-63 4-83 3-27 10-10 4-74 6-25 10-99 1-46 16-23 7-29 9-40 24-57 1-34 13-81 14-30 15-62 3-65 11-40 10-44 15-25 19-36 9- IS 12-51 21- 19 20-93 9-21 14-95 25- 9S 24-64 22- 63 19-51 20- 45 19-08 21-26 lS-90 lU-12 19-37 9-85 13-73 16-16 14-35 14-44 8-33 7 -.39 17- 75 21-60 19- 04 8 -.34 3- .39 19-64 13-43 121-41 109-.34 116-14 137-61 106-.39 112-17 105-73 114-50 98-60 108-77 106-93 98-96 91-48 109' SB BUTX INLBT (SOUTHOATE RIVER)— Elevation, near sea-level Total Peecipitatiom 1914 1 1 1 . i 1 1 3-42 12-13 r^64-'26" 1915 1 4-69 1 5- .30 4-24 5^96 I 1-IS I O-SO \ 2^26 1 2^6s' 0-6ti \h-»i 1 8-39 Snowfall in M Sov., 1914, 3-0 in.; Deo, 23-8. In Jan., 1915, 2-9 ; Deo., 31-7; total in 1913, 34-6 in CAOBB CBUK-Elevation, 1,250 ft. Total Pbicipit.it!o>( ' 1914 '6.(J2' 0-37 1-46' 0- 15 0-03' 0-37 '6-3.3' 0-04 '6-',37' 1-99 '6-98' 1-09 '6-'7,3' 1-10 1-71 0-OU 0-07 0- 13 0-28 0-00 0-.i2 0-15 0-01 0-71 0-15 0-16 '6-27' 0-02 "■■,3-8i" 6-37 1915 Snowfall in Jan., 1914, 3-0 in.; Feb., 13-0 ; Deo., 2-S ; total in 1914, IS- 5. ToUl io 1915, 2- 5 In., all ia Jan. IP i *» ■ ,j 1 1 m i n 3 4 1 tli I . J ; 528 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS I\ BRITISH COLU.MBIA-ro^„„J Veitr J.n, I Fch. I M.r. | April | M»y | June | July | Am, | Sept. | fvt. | Nov. | D«-. || Anni CAmEOll lUiSB— Klevition. about 040 ft. ToT*L Precipitation nil I I«l.-i .'i-.-il I s-54 I 4-.W I t-HO I :i-u> I o:4« I Q.si I o-i4Ti-:t4 |i:i.i<> H-12 I 2-:w 9-2H I ft-2S Snowfall io Nov., lUU. U-0 in.: Bee, 0-7. In Jan.. 1913, 0- 1 : Feb., U- 1 ; Dec , 0- 1 ; total in I'Jl.i, 0-3 i CAMFBILL miVl»»— Elevation, SO ft. n T0T.\L PHr.t-'IPIT.*TIOV i'.)ii) mil „ 1«I2 i»i;i 1!>14 Means 1 1 7-l(i s- l:t 1- w 10- 4S 4-S() 2-2:) 4-M 4-1(1 0- 70 o-ai :mi<) 5-71 2-43 l-:i« 2-44 2-(H 4-3o 2 -.-►4 .(-.'•1 4-|:i ;t-:t2 l-:is llj 2-70 1 ■ ...1 l-IM 1-72 :i- 2:1 (I- SI 0-7:1 2- SI lift 0- ti.-i 1-22 :i- l.-i 1-J(l l-HI! I-2II 2- 2.1 :i-4s 4-(r. 2-74 7 -.■>.•> I-H,i «•:« .-.- ,-i7 .->-.l2 11-70 10-M H-IVt '-:". 10- SI l.i-01 9-24 12- 2H i-22 fl-M 4.1- ; •It-; so- 3 • Reconl* by Cunipbi-II Uiver Power Co » OAKALFtAT— Elevation. 2,0.-ii.< l-H.-> 2 -0.1 •l-fi.". I 2-.:9 2.i-»l 22- S Mii.iwfiill in Nov.. I9l:i. K-3 in.; I)<'i-, H-3. In Jan.. 1914. 32-0 : Feb.. 9-0 • Mai 20-.'); tijlul in 1914. 90-0. In Jan.. 19l.>. 2U-0 ; Feb., B-0; (Sept.. 2-0 • Nov 2,S-o • ***»■ ."» in. ' ' CAKOBU— Elevation. 190 ft. ^0 Total Priscipitatiov , ia-0: Nov.. l.-.-.'. : iv Dec. 24-0 ; total in 191 H9.1. 1 I'-Sli i:t-il9 -l-.Vi I 9-11 I 4-.-.7 2- .■)» .(•4:t I .I-.17 l-HI I 2-14 0-2ti 1-112 I 0-liJ T 0-1.) 0-44 1-74 n-91 0- I.) I 4-74 |I.)-.V4 4-21 lli-(>7 llO-SO j Snowfall in Jan.. IH9.>, ll-.'» in. : Feb.. a- 3 ; Mar . 3-S ; .Nov . lli-0 : Feb., 0-0 ; .Mar. 1-9 ; total in 189C. 31-8 in. Dec.. 14-3; total in 1SU3. 27- 7. In Jan., l!t9U, 31- «1 CAPtLAXO niTAKB— Elevation, 480 ft. Total Pb&:ipitatiov 1914.. 1913 1 1 in-:):) I s-77 ll:)-2:) li(i-7l I .i-M I n-7(t 0- 70 2- 2:) 2-14 0-2H Snowfall in Nov.. 1914. 1-0 in. Snowfall in 1913, 14-3 in., al! of which fell in Dec. U-U H^-9J IJJ-.M I 4-9ii II l-:w l-'i-HH lr.'-7i» ljfl-07 II iiB-o: a Total PaErlpITATIOS 1»9J 1 9-71) 3- 79 13' 13 8-93 4-(W 1-1)/ 3-18 3 •.'«.( 4-(i,j 7- 15 14-43 86-9 101-7.- 128-1 118'W 139' 4.- 109' 44 84'91 120' 41 1S93 9-28 9- 93 12- Iti 14-03 7-:)7 1-48 l-:)2 0- 73 3-08 B-78 17- m 16* 19 1S94 11-0!) 17-07 l«-:»3 13-0.-1 4-77 2- .34 1-44 0-12 Ift-.W 10-93 16-61 1.S95 l4-:)8 10-73 12-83 11-32 7-93 3-41 3-44 0-2(1 8-83 2-27 16-27 27-3.4 >a-zi .'8-08 7-02 14- 00 7-41 H-23 T l-IO O'tH 7-93 1897 12-79 12-9)1 I0-.58 12- .12 3-94 3:!« 3-84 1-29 3- 98 9 05 13' 08 18»H 11-24 17-93 2-21 4-89 2- 17 5-11 1-27 0-80 5-tiO 0-98 13-96 12-75 1899 17-Ofi lti-71 7-(M 9-70 8-09 1-55 0-51 0-94 3-40 »• 12 28- 93 1900 12-80 11-34 8-41 8- 11 6- 13 11-38 2-05 2-:iH 1-42 14-36 11- B2 8-19 10-82 1.1-Ofi 9- 2.5 ."1-20 14- M 2-94 11-87 Q-.'fO 8-:« I-Kt 9-M8 li:»4 3-07 B-OH 3-48 4-45 4-01 0-80 0-NO 6-10 6-M 20'B8 IB-08 1902 94-8.1 1-97 119 .VBl S-7B 17-00 17-75 Durinn 1892-1902 (1902 incomplete), avi-ragc monthly anowfall wa« ; Jan.. 5-5 in- Feb 5-7- .M.r :2.n April. 0-3 ; Nov.. 2-0 ; Dec.. 2-0. .Mean annual snowfall, 18-1 in.; niaiinmni, 41-0 in, Feb., 1893. ' ' OABm— Elevation, 2,780 ft. ♦I Total PnEciprrtTio.f 1913. 1914. 1913 3-63 1-88 1-75 l-f« 0-8t) O-B.'i 122 4' 14 1-09 1-83 0-30 4-24 1-03 0- .58 1-56 0-26 1-91 1-82 1-22 1-90 2-84 2' It 1'45 2-74 2-13 20-O:i 22- 13 Snowfall in Oct., 19l:», 10-6 in ; Nov., 8-8; Dec., 14-5. In Jan , 1914. 24-0 ' Feb I7.i' \f„ »..t ■ A™;i ?iX: ^n ; \^;2ri.^5^7*j i^' " '""• ''-' '» ■""• "»*• ''■'■ "'^■'^^^ ^"■- ^^' '^Ji.; iV?S' CAVmnD— Elevation, 30 ft. 44 Total PsBciriTATioN IW3. 6-IM 6-65 I 8- 79 I 2-38 7-57 4 -.10 2-96 2-42 4-20 I 3-81 I 3-30 I 0-99 | 3- IS I 4-48 |1U-SJ I S-BO || 64-25 tanirfall in Jan., kf.. 14* a in. 1902, n-I in.; Feb., 1-S ; M»r.. I-O ; toUl io 1902, 20-2. In Jan.. 1903, 1-5 ; Feb.. 0- J *« (W ■i-'i-m r.:t XI- nil 11 r so-ar lU 101 •7:1 DK us- 11 .H lis- oil 7:t 139- 4.-, . METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-PRECIPITATIO.\ PRECIPITATION REC0RD8 FOR 8T.VT10.V8 tN BRITISH COUMBIA-T.,..,^ ■^ 1' ■'°°- ! ^'O- I M"- I April I .M.y I J„n. I July | Au^ | 8,p.. | Q... | s.y. \ D,.. || ;;; ^ CRUOOm (BIG CREEK)-EI«v»tion. 3.10O ft Total PREririTtTinv 529 iuaI l-.V) 0-52 M12 l-n5 0- .-.5 MO 6-97 l-(lll 0-70 0-2.1 0-10 0-4:1 0-20 0-70 0-37 0-SO 1-43 O-SO 0-SO 0- .',.-• 1-NO 0-95 0-45 0-25 0-20 0-70 1-40 1-0.-. 2-05 0-05 0-50 0-6H I 0-90 0-.57 1-10 O-liti 6- 49 1-03 n- 1.-, 0- 35 o-k;i 0-92 0-20 0- 19 ()■ .13 010 0- 75 0-4S 0-23 0-.i3 1-07 0-14 0-07 0-lB O-.VI 0-77 0- 49 0-OH 0- I'.t 0- SO 0-24 0-12 0- 43 O-.Vi 0-21 0-2S 0'!t5 0-45 O- 13 0- 75 0- 32 1-05 2-04 O-.Vi 1-97 I ■ .34 1-02 0-nrt 0- 43 0- (W 0-72 2-19 1-05 1-.59 2 -.35 0-74 0-NI 1 - 35 1-01 1-12 3-22 1 - 05 1-53 1-SO 1-94 2 -.14 3-77 1-H5 1-04 1-44 1-10 0-02 2-40 U-31 0- 13 !-:«) 1-73 l-.il 1-71 1-25 ()■ m o-;i:i 2-S2 2-03 0-70 3- 15 1--35 0-27 0-29 ./- 5« 0-53 0- 35 1-17 0-.I3 3-(M 1-05 Mil 2-42 4-11) 3-41 3- 32 0- -24 1-09 •70 I 1-37 I 1-45 O- .V) 1-31 0- 70 0-07 0-5t l-.-.li l-IHI 0-51 1-93 MS 3 --52 1-25 0-79 1-S5 1-35 ■21 l-.Vl 1-21 0-.-,2 O- HO 0-41 0- 79 00.1 0-75 0S.S 0-«2 0-10 1-13 1-23 ()• 1)2 0.56 M7 1-OS 3- 13 6- 69 0--30 3-01 0-«() 0-00 O-.Vl I-4S 0-91 2- .55 0-42 0-65 1 • 25 0-35 0-70 I 1-17 5-70 6- .55 6-42 6- 06 0-7S 0-90 2-20 O-lil) 0-45 0-SO l-o:i 1-25 0- 40 0-20 0- 40 1-10 1-09 7- Hi 10-73 11 -W 10-(i.-> 14-21) 11-93 12-1111 Ili-li7 12-91 11. Vl 12- SI 13-07 12- -31) 31-3in.. .Nuv. 1896. . -■vra*e ,„„„.hlv „.„wfa,I w^ fKorJel. 70 3 in. Jan.. 1918. '»)'"i." -J, .>tov.. c i, Uj<-.,4-(,. .\I?-..nnuaUn jwfall, 38-6 in.; majimum 1914. 19IS. CHnoOK COTl (DO.\II.\IO., STATIO.V)._Elev«tion. 1.300 ft. Total i'REcipiT\Tin\ I 3-13 I 1-ss I 0-75 I 0-.i7 U-/4 0-71 II- 4 1 0-40 0-,jl 2-SO 1-1)2 3 -.12 Ki'Oyt r 0-44 2-76 I 0-S7 1 • 13 1-02 1-05 1-1)0 l-.Vl 14-M 16-47 n^^'^f^:S:^'^:l:s. 'v&:: \n i li^u:^^^^:f;^ ■ ^ ■ ^'^■oV.^^m..^.^. m^.^ 4t 1913. 1914 1915 CBBISTHIA IJ«E— Elevation, 1,480 ft. Total Precipitation 6-98 2-19 2-28 1-34 1-03 1-49 2-04 2-51 Ml 4- "7 1-58 !-S2 0-73 a- 44 l-M 0-10 1-98 n.iv. 0- 75 M5 1-9S -^!^^^!::^^^^-i:i:::.:.^i.^^^ 1 J-ii 1-72 •i-ai 1-49 23-08 1 3-lt4 3-B7 26-8,5 Mar. 2-0 ; Nov., 3-5 • toulin 191S. 51-7 io. ,A«tlv*i."" **" ["' P""^'^'*'*™' •■"* Snowfall recorded at the Provinoial atotion (ReeonI No 48) a» .lm<.t *«ctly the «me « tho.. recorded at the Dominion .ution. the former have been omitted "* (I li .; ;j {I 1 ■ Ml 1 I ijii I i 1 J i ■^'>- i I 530 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Ceia«y«J Year || Jan. | Feb | Miir. | April | May | June | July | Au«. | Hopt. \o<-t. | Nov. | D«. |( Anoui CLATOqUOT— Elevation, 40 ft. 10 T- 18 U07 7-10 12-32 7-21 ]g(lU 2-m No ilccor 3-22 5-95 14-14 22-66 IIMM ll'M 17- M 13-31 12. 38 17-6.-, 1-13 4-77 l-.'i2 4-. -.7 I0-9<1 :t2-87 16-67 148-6 ItMKi 12'07 25 -47 17- SS 13-46 7-.« «■ 10 2-H9 2-26 5-06 10-77 19-. V) 23- 88 146-5 1903 13-33 6-61 6-72 10-. W 7-49 7-13 1-21 2-81 15-91 15-69 25- 73 15-07 130-3 19(M 15- 10 16-90 B-5.1 7-36 5-7« 2-77 3-70 0-00 9-80 15-11 33-75 19-43 136-2 1905 13-79 U-IO 23-27 4-26 3-81) 0-Ul 0-25 4-49 10-85 8-60 16-06 21 -.50 121-6 ]90«1 J3-S7 6-42 9-93 «-13 2- 15 9 -.VI on 4-27 I1-.13 211-82 13-79 17-54 128-9 1907 l4-0<* 13-11 S- 40 11-73 5- SO 0-S7 0-95 5-09 4 -111 4-61 5-98 13-62 8S-9 190S 10-24 7-on 18-30 7-28 9-82 1-93 3-.V. 2-19 6- 92 12-21 27-60 9 4.T 122-5 xtil 12- S2 12-48 4-22 2-91 4-71 3-21 15-73 4-o;t 16- .32 17-8:1 4 -.57 lOS-0 1910 JflBJ 7-6!) 7-9J 9-20 5-69 3- .59 0-13 1-24 4-60 18-01 16- 06 15-76 116-8 1911 I2<40 8-9(1 0-03 2-05 7-70 1 - 58 1-17 I -.58 3-48 9-49 18-56 16- J3 92 a 1913 i7-s;» nr>7 l-7.'i 7-6S 3-90 3-92 1-23 4-57 4-73 1-77 18-85 21-36 105- 1 1913 13-97 9-70 8-43 11-2K 5-78 6-16 3-25 2-09 9-90 8-10 18-95 16-88 111-4 1914 2I-.'S.''> ll-.W 13-72 11-08 2-65 3-08 1-03 1-66 9-11 19-44 24- :w 7-44 129-7 191S 10- tw 10-48 13-23 9-10 7-47 2-44 2-89 2-85 1 77 21-02 14-52 22-61 119-0 Mean* I4-S0 12-. 13 in- 94 8-96 6-46 4-18 2- 08 3-29 7-03 12-70 19-51 in- 26 lis- 2 During 1898-1915 (complete -iml for 12 yi-arnl, avprage monthly unowfnll wi« : Jan.. 11-0 in.: Feb., 1-: Mar., 2-0 ; Nov., 1-2 : Dec., 0- .Nlean annual snowfall, 16-1 in.: inaxiniuni reronleil, 43-2 in., Jan, 1907. Snow at thia station does not usually remain long on the ground : probably tiiust of the snowfall is recorded rain. CLnrrOK— KIpvation, 3.010 ft. II ToTtL Phecipitatiov 1.12 0-60 1-35 0-42 0-30 0-60 1-31 2-03 0-85 0-93 0-32 0-23 0-23 0-08 0-83 0-09 0-54 0-28 M5 0-42 1 1882 :i0 T 0-03 0-30 0-09 0-84 0-93 0-00 0-31 0-10 T 0-08 0-20 0-U3 0-24 6-6.5 1-25 0-13 1-72 i-'ii 0-00 0-46 0-70 0-32' 0-71 6-oi 0-07 0-00 0-03 6-67' 0-OS 0-06 0-40 O-IO 0-03 6-i6' 0-3:1 1-12 0-31 0-45 0-50 0-00 0-20 0-no 1-11 0-28 0-25 0-35 0-80 •?-50 . 35 0-20 0-95 1-51 0-70 000 0-88 S-9< 1883 1884 1885 1886 .... 1888 "t" 0-07 2-36 0-79 '6-69 0-70 6 62' 0- 35 6-39' 0-28 6-98' 0-29 1889 7 i Means 5-7 During 1881-80 (1882, '83 and '89 complete), average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 9-0 in; Feb., 4-0; Mar.,3- April, 0-3; Oct., 1-3; Nov., 3-0 ; Dec, 7-0. Mean annual snowfall, 27-6 in.; oiKumum recorded. 23-0 in., Dc 1883. CLO-OOBB— Elevation, 30 ft. n Total Precipit.vtion 1912. 1913. 1914. 1913. 9-66 2-91 8-03 5-97 1-28 10-00 4-90 1-30 8- .52 4 -.54 1-.58 6-07 5-3.5 0-90 4-92 3-44 6-01) 1-07 0-44 1-70 3-16 0-22 2-09 5-48 1-67 0-21 1-75 5-51 7-77 1-69 0-47 9 61 5- 40 6-88 16-89 17-03 0-15 18-56 11-14 8-01 2-40 5-87 20-90 66-3 42-fi 91-2 Snowfall in 1913, 10-3 in., all of which fell in Jan.; in 1914, 4-3 in., all in Jan.; in 1913, 7-8 in., all in Di COBBU BUL (BO.\TSWAIN BANK)— Elevation, 33 ft. U Total Pbicipitatiom 1913. 1914. 1915. 11-32 3- 69 1-99 2-10 1-93 2-03 2-33 2-03 n-36 1-84 2-08 0-63 0-11 0-60 0-15 0-06 2-72 0-79 3-80 4-40 4-64 7-31 8-73 6-16 2-01 1-02 8-»l 37-1 33-4 Snowfall in Jan., 1914, 6-3 in.; Nov., 1-0 : total in 1914, 7-3 ; in 1915, only a trace. C0LD8PBIMO RANCH— Elevation, 2,700 ft. M Total Pbbcipitation 0-83 0-41 0-62 0-80 1-81 1-45 1-79 0-47 0-70 0-44 1-18 0-31 1-17 C 95 0-90 1914 3-00 1-18 0-60 0-37 0-29 0-75 0-32 0-89 1-67 2-90 0-77 1-89 0-23 1-96 11-7 1915 13-9 SnowfallinDcc., 1913, 5-Oin. In Jan., 1914, 12-2 ; Feb., 2-0 total in 1914, 36- 1. In Jan., 1915, 11-8 : Feb., 3-7 ; .Mar., 1-1 ; Mar, Nov., April, 2-0 Dec, 7-7; Nov., 5- 5 ; Dae, 9-. total in 1915, 25-6 ii M COQUTTLAM— Elevation, 34 ft. Total Pbbcipitation 1902 4-82 11-81 8-87 6-41 5-64 2- 15 2-28 1-74 3-77 5-OU 12-88 12-07 < , ■ J 1903 10-85 2-91 5-51 5-34 3-92 3-98 1-60 1-83 9-85 6-63 13-24 6-97 74-6 lUlH l:MO 10-10 8-22 1-00 2-2! ■i-;w 2-24 114 2-!>l 4 -.50 Vi-M 19a5 7-01 5-87 8-93 1-39 3-96 3-17 1-2;! 1-67 11-39 7- -32 4-07 9-86 66- i 1906 11-89 7-64 2-81 1-37 5-07 4-49 0-58 o-o;) 12-51 9-66 9-83 9- 66 76-1 1907 10-01 10-05 3-71 6-66 2-03 l-«7 1-45 2-20 4-02 2-77 15-35 10-72 70- 1> 1908 7-20 7-83 9-47 4-72 3-76 1-33 2-01 1-55 2-49 7- .58 13-97 10-48 72- :l 1909 8-56 11-20 5-70 1-66 4-68 J-82 3-10 3- :i8 3-29 6-80 18-51 7-75 7(i- .1 >«■. Add (111 0* lift H7 wtm SH 148-57 (»7 130- 3-5 43 138-27 .Vt 1«1-B« .M 12«-92 rtj SS-91 4.1 122- S5 57 lOS-04 7rt I16-«« £\ 92-31 ■.w 105- irt HH 114-4» 44 129-72 111 119-03 L'ti ns-21 80 50 35 20 95 51 70 00 •S8 5-96 ■■■7 is" 5-70 fl8-3rt 91-24 D., all ia Uao ' •01 .. -02 37 14 -»t 33 43 11-70 13-9-i -07 -7-5-i -97 74-09 •86 66-10 • m 76-14 ■72 70- 14 -4H 72--K •75 7(i-".l METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-r«.,„«rf Sit Yenr J.n. I r.b. I M.,. I April I ^hy I j,„, I j^y I ^^ I ^^, I ,^, I ^. ,^ , ^^ |, ^^^^' 1910 . 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... Mearu. COQUITLA.M -Ton/miMd |14<04 , 7-48 9- 16 10-64 13-21 6-82 I O-BS 7-31 4-17 a- 24 6-72 5-89 5-iM 7 -.38 Durinc 0-3; .Nov. 3-55 5- 14 1-(J» 8-IM 4-lW 5-40 5-76 5-2» 1-78 4-:« 3-61 4-7(1 4-78 3-59 5-6.1 2-48 4-73 1-.38 4-OU j 2-52 1-78 2- .39 5-62 I' 19 0-88 4-001 3-7!) I 2-78 1902- 0-6; 15 (1904 Dec.. 1- 0-00 0-43 2-03 1-68 0-77 1-71 1-51 1-38 1.57 5-M 3-92 0-88 0- .Vl 2-00 incoiMplcti-l, iivemiii- nitmthlv snowfall wiu 8. .MtMn anntui ■iiuwfall, 17- ; 2-58 7-0(1 2-66 4-10 7-fll 115 5-42 11-23 1-88 5-77 7-05 7-54 12- 10 ii-80 13-31 12-34 11-48 11-51 12-in 7-21 12- 15 11-11 9-70 11-.32 5-12 3-2:1 13-32 9-. 13 Jan , III- 5 in : Fi-b . iiiaximiini rMonlnj, 47- » io , 75- »u .58-90 64-50 72-77 65- 73 63-27 70- .17 Jan. Mar. 1. 1913. 2 ; April 190it.., 1901 . . . 1H05 . . 190(1... 1907... ]90f)... 1909... 1910... 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914..., 1913.... Mf ann . . COQUITLAM LAU DAM -Klevation. 4.-.U (t. Total PKRfll-lTATIov 1 18- 48 I28-8I 13-25 126-50 12-38 18-80 15-50 32-41 21-59 21-71 15-88 ■26-51 15-87 5-21 21-16 16-91 18-66 16-93 15-45 23- at 15-78 10-12 lS-48 10-14 9-54 10-05 8-117 22-30 2:1- .36 8-80 10- :« 21-98 10-48 7-16 9-88 2-13 13-04 10-00 12-24 15-74 13-. VI 3-07 8-81 5- 113 9-97 7-. 56 6-92 8-62 6-14 4-81 13-21 5-20 9-20 12-62 I 8-95 9-62 3-75 9-58 4-71 7-38 •Precipitation July-dctobor. purpose of certain calculatiims. 20-43 IH-.M !l2-15 I 8-08 I 7-75 .III 3-.Vt 3- 18 12-08 3-112 3-49 3-90 5- 14 4-31 5' .59 7- .57 5-28 0-63 5-07 3 5- 10 3-99» 1-18 2- 45 3-62 4-89 0-25 1-45 2-68 3-82 0-,57 2-29 2-72 2-8-. 1-05 6-»2 3-(M 5- 15 4-31 8-60 4-43 2-21 9 -.5.5 3- 15 1-311 0-se 47 5- s> 17-49 28- .53 8-98 7-21 7-51 5 01 9-51 6-72 8- 14 13-85 1-56 4-08 ll0-60 It- 111 .•5-(ia 10-82 22- 78 17-09 :«-75 37-29 28-77 29--18 29-28 26-09 .17 15-02 1905, totalled 50 inches, whicli haa been ilktributed COmoifATIOK-Klcvation. 3.750 ft. ToTiL Prei'IPITATIOV 11-75 .'0-0(1 180/ 20- 89 21-78 21-12 12-02 23- 112 22-98 26-69 11-64 5-28 24-91 17- .54 27-20 18-98 over the 4 nionthn -for th« Snowfall in .Nov., 1915, 54 ; Dee.. 53 m 110 I 1-25 I 11)1 I |.()H I (|..-,2 I ^.:^< ; ,v4s I .-...r 1915 3-60 COBTKZ (TWI.V rSLANDl-Elevation, near sea-level T(rT»L PaccipiTvnox 4-18 I 2-71 I 2-52 , 2-2i~ II -37 I (Jbservcr tlieil. n-il yit rcplHi-wi I . 1904... 1905. . . 1906. . . 1907... 11108... 11X19... 1910... mil... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... Means . .h 8- OS 6-14 4-02 9-10 7-73 6-04 6-34 6-51 5-48 13-04 4-tM 7-02 10-21 5-04 4-(W 5-03 6-28 5-112 3-33 1-20 4-53 1-55 2-35 2-85 4-39 COWICHAM (TZOIHAI.K.M)-Elcvation. 170 ft. Total Pretipitation !«-47 5-88 1-89 1-31 3-118 1-87 2-16 0-73 0-83 1-90 2-08 2-17 2-74 1 ..111 0-42 0.95 2-09 1 .74 0-17 0-94 1-14 2-03 1-00 2-78 2-13 Durina !• I i Nov., 1904- 2-8; 15 (1904 Dec., 2 1-41 1-21 2-79 2-07 0-61 2-47 1-74 1-14 2-59 2-05 1-84 0-31 2-44 1-77 1-28 1- 18 0-70 0-90 0-13 1-20 T on 0-67 0-81 0-15 O-.V) n- .-.8 (I'Ot 1-17 oUs O- 93 0-85 0.93 0-62 2-.>» 0-90 0-28 0-18 0-86 0-2:1 4-94 1 .oi O.:i0 0.117 1 -25 2-62 1-.18 1.93 3-40 0-78 1-70 .»> 11-21. 12-97 *t 3-OS 6-54 1914. 1915. and 190o iucouiplute), average monthly snowfall was - Jan •7. Mean annual .nowfall. 22-5 in.: JnaSmuS i^rfed? jl OOWIOBAN lAT-Elevation. 50 ft. Total Pbccipitation ■ 08 .78 (12 .VI -28 .39 .98 15 5.21 3-24 7.. 18 111. Ill 11.91 10.29 6.U0 6-81 8-90 9-40 6-32 8-. 35 8-.>| 8- 111 5- .52 8- 07 4-38 7-29 2-34 1 - .13 9-U7 6-61 10-7 in. ; Feb.. 5- •5 in., Jan., 1913. 44-KI '3:1-87' 45- 18 41-15 38- M 28-47 39-88 31-21 42-74 37-25 .39-95 ; .Mar., .3-68T2;64'r2-tl6 2-08 I 0-7.5'|'6-'74'rii-2O I 2-71 I 0-.-|9 5-09 7-16 I 1-02 5-66 I 8-78 33-20 IKi:!, 1914. 1915. COWICBAH LAKE— Elevation, 540 ft. Total PRiiciPiTATio.v 25-95 8-14 7-60 7-15 .''jjoffall in Jan., 1914. 20- 5 i 7-68 12-89 7-12 5-78 1-50 3-64 2-88 0-68 0-12 0-68 1915.0-1; Dm., 5 a; total in 1915, 5-0 Feb., 2-5 : -Mar, 4-j; 1-15 0-28 0-47 0-31 5-72 0-47 8-72 15-:i3 10- .59 21-06 16-29 12-06 8-17 2-53 17-82 Nov.. 3-0 i Dec., 1-0; total 93.00 80-33 if ■1 li }^ :Ui t i io 1914, 32-0. Iq Jan., .r»fc 532 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IS BRITISH COLUMBIA— C«n. Feb. I Miir | April I May | Juni' | July { Au( rtrpC t>rt. { Niiv. | [>rr. | Annual OSANBIBBT LAXB-Elevation. 2,400 (t. TwT*L Pl«CIMT*TION IHI4. ISIA 4-.U I u-i«a •i-n\ ■14 '■«:i I 1-.17 i ■20 I :V.'M I O-M I •77 il Snowfall io Jan., 1U14, 3^2 in.; »b., 1-3 ; Mar, S^U : April, i-i. In Nuv.. 11115, *-i ; Dec., 17-0 ia. U CSAiraSOOK— Elevation. 3,014 It. Total PaEcinxtTiow IHOl 1 i^io 3- 17 Mt5 107 2-41 0-47 3-87 0-tl9 0-64 4-52 0-lt2 0<66 ll'(NI 0-78 135 U-43 0-39 IIH 0-70 4U5 1 1902 3H2 IIA 1-60 1S5 213 053 IIH 305 23-38 IQAA 2^I9 1-73 MB 2-:m lO.'i O^Wt 2^02 2- 13 0^31 1-40 O^IO 3-7>l I-. 1) •. 2-»N l-7fl OH) 0-49 ioi 2-24 '1-44 1-31 llti. 074 0'9H 1-W 2- 10 0-50 O'Nt 1-27 I'M 1-2S 6^92 o-ao l-.M 017 114 0-44 1-57 0-94 0-S2 l)-70 2 86 34:t 1-40 MB 107 247 2-M 1-85 051 1-10 2-10 1-30 on 0-80 0-80 i 1-50 1 129 1 1909 1910 1911 1912 2-.Ta 0'7H 372 110 2>60 3^Ki 0-60 2-44 0-fflO 1-59 0-4rt 0-20 o-ot 015 0-70 102 045 0-fl7 1-M 0-03 2-20 0-7(l 0.12 0-97 O'KO 0-30 0-35 0-35 0-4H 0^79 U-12 0^«8 0^M9 0-64 1-2H roH 2-95 I'OA 220 102 14-53 ' 12^18 10-35 1914 1915 10-(l« 10-24 Mean* 10- 24 S3 Dunns 1901-15 (19U2 and 1009-15 complptv), avi>race monthly snowfall waa : Jan , 20^7 in. : Feb , 9^0 ; Mar ; AprU,l-l; Nov, ti-9; Dec, 11-4. Mean annual inowlall, 50-4 in.; maiimum recorded, 00-0, Jan , 1903. CBAKBEOOK CITT— Elevation, 3,020 ft. ToT.\L PrECIWT.\T!OS 1013 ■ 1 0-3» 1-63 0-.59 2-41 2-31 2-21 0-Bl 1-27 2-27 1914 1 1915 1 2-37 1-4B 0-77 0-84 0-80 Oil 0-74 0-95 i-62 1-92 1-71 0-97 0-99 2-78 6-38 0-40 0-88 1-70 14-87 16-20 Snowfall in Nov., 1B13. 9-9 in.; IJe«., B- 1. 11-0; total in 1914, 55^ 5. In Jan., 1015, 14-0 In Jan., 1914, 23^7: Feb., 4-0 ; Mar. 6^2; Nov., 10-0 ; Dec. Feb., 1^6: .Nov. 10^5; Dec, 12-0 ; total in 1915, 38- 7 in. CBAWrOBO BAT— Elevation, 2,000 ft. Total PniciriTATioM 7-52 3-40 1^90 4-25 5-93 2-62 1-21 2-56 2-75 186 0-45 1-71 1-93 1-68 4-48 8-28 3-41 2-39 2-46 4-96 i-60 3-77 1-05 I 1-87 1 041 ! 1912 3-47 40O 7-45 1-80 2-04 2-41 1-42 2-33 0-80 3-70 1-97 118 0-84 1-32 2-04 3-31 1-79 0-80 1-33 3-41 2-04 0-78 1-58 1-99 3-30 0-60 1-00 3-34 2-44 2-19 0-83 0-70 26- SH 1913 24-39 1914 20-38 1915 3.)- S3 During 1907-15 (1912-15 complete), avcrase monthly snowfall waa: Jan., 36-5 in.: Feb., 7-' April, 1*2: Nov., 16-3; Dec, 26-3. Mean annual anowtall, 95-3 in.; maximum recorded, 55- 4 ii CBnTOK— Elevation, 1,985 ft. (( Total PBECiprriTioN .Mar, 7-3 kn., 1914. 1912. 1913. 1914. 191.5. 2-38 5-38 1-40 0-43 1-57 1-32 . . 0-94 2-01 1-25 1-.37 1-48 1-71 0-74 0-33 1-17 1-07 1-49 2-28 2-00 2-40 1-20 0-99 1-90 1-82 1-14 1-32 0-06 0-09 0-22 1^82 1-97 3-27 0-29 2-08 1-19 3-7 5-10 2-25 3-27 1-74 0-80 0-79 3-71 18-96 21-10 21-77 During 1912-15 (1912 incompletel, average monthly inowfall waa : Jan., 24-7 in.; Feb., 6-3; .Mar. ,4-1; April 1-0 ; Oct., 0-2; Nov., 15- 1 ; Dee., 15-1. .VleanannuaUnawfall,06-5 in.; maximum recorded, 36- 3 in, Jan., 1914 CT CBUTOM (WEST KOOTENAY RECLAMATION FARM) Total Pbbcipitation If 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 2-26 1-09 1-55 4-71 2-10 1-32 2-12 1-40 3-28 1-3.-) 1-91 2-71 3-38 0-55 3-26 5-22 1 2-48 2-38 l-:«> 2-06 1-65 1-34 2-21 1- 1- 4- 4-14 I P4U 0-39 I 0-84 i 1-73 0-08 , 2-04 I 1-44 0-84 1-31 0-53 I 1-35 2-19 ' 1-20 0-67 1-71 1-80 1-.52 3-20 3-79 0-98 0-86 1-08 88 1-09 1-70 2-05 3-10 1-71 1-54 1-34 0-19 2-22 1-68 0-51 0-74 1-43 2-23 1-07 1-87 1-04 0-42 1-11 2-98 1-81 0-17 1-12 1-19 0-32 0-B7 1-01 1-21 1-03 1-94 1-78 1-IS 1-87 -04 I 1-.39 I 1-12 i 1-41 1^21 1-51 1-04 2-02 3-55 0-92 0-40 1-23 1-48 7-30 5-04 1-9S a- 87 2-63 2-73 4-06 2-65 3-52 3-99 3-50 1-15 1-68 3-51 1-72 5-71 1-90 24-2.'> 19-"'> 22-2li 24-R.i 22-81; 27- 9J 21-90 2-63 II 23-4.' r m During 1890-1904 (1896 and 1904 incomplete), average monthly snowfall waa: Jan., 17-5 in.; Feb., 14-'J Mar., 11-9 ; April, 2-1; Nov., 15-0 ; Dec, 17-7. Mean annual snowfall. 79-1 in.; maximum recorded. 49-9 lo. Dec, 1902. >> ! a 23- 38' 'ii-si' It! » 1 16' 3a 16- OB 16-24 16- 24 14 -W 16- 2U 26- KH 24-39 26- 3S 35- S3 4 18-96 21-10 n 21-77 19 1 SO { 24-2:> s 19-7'. iS 22'2li >l 24-».'i '2 22-Hii ■1 27- 9i Ml ••1 21-9ti METEOROLOGICAL D A T A-I' R E C I P I T A T I O N PRECIPITATION' RF.CC.RDS FOR STATIONS IN BRIT..H COM MBIA-r,.„,„„rf .V« Ynr J.n. I y>l . I XU, I April I M..V [ Jun, | .|,.|y | ^^ | ^^^, | ,^., | ^,_^ | ,^^ Annual 1914... 1913... CBOWnraST— KIrvntiun. 4.4.W ft. Total PMririT4TinM 1 0-4.. 1 0-40 1 0. .0 1 2-^ !n.m, I, -49 1 !;:;!^ I tf\ I fa I ;!:S I irila ! V;:;! 11-72' DC. ^f 5il:i':To ^X^in^ •i;;;,\l;v^,i!^;i';*; "« • «^^^~T:^i:^i^:nn^:T:^^ IH9lt. 11*99. 1900 cvmnujuio* TrrTAL PrCC-|pit«TIO!« I 2- HO «-7>* 4-43 3-2:1 (>-.'.l 2-.«) n-91 3- 79 2- 7.-. r- I'.i 2-23 3- 2.1 1-UO ll-IH 3-04 3- :m 3-3'» 1-Ml 1-74 '*■!-— Klfvntion. I.4.V1 tt. T€>r»i. Pniu'iriTtTiot 3-311 II- M 9- Hit I il-.-xi I 7-41 3-44 17-(M 511-73 U:, 2-1(1 I 2-72 IS- 73' n 190tl 1907 3 -NO A- 11 190H 12- fU 7-11 1909 5-13 9-71 1910 1911 S-31 2-67 1912 7-4»» 7-,W 1913 .'5-34 2-49 1914 15- KM 4-H4 191S 6-29 3-81 MnnA 7-70 .'i-79 omnuM HL*iro— Ki,r«ii„„. 40 u. Total FiiKclPiTATinN ■ ' " —■ ' "■"• J- [II ■ :;-72 i i%- 7:1 In Jmi, 1915,7-0; i-'iib.O-Ai Nov., s-O; Dec, 27-2 2-90 3-40 1-68 6-tlO I- 10 MM 3-KI 3-(>4 2-37 .•.-.10 3-41 0-00 1-97 1-61 l-ll 2-12 4-6(1 2- 40 2-.W During 0- 1 ; Nov., 4-77 1-90 lOX 1-32 4-76 l-Nl 0-90 0-40 1-45 2-(M 1-37 l-6o 2-i9 0-41 1-09 2-10 2-36 0-16 1-47 0-(KI 1-23 3-M 0-(i.l 0-17 l-:«i l-.W 0-36 0-16 0-9.i 0-14 Ml 0-62 i-20 0-71 3-6H 0-9S fl-4.-> 0-03 0-99 1907- 30; l.'i (1909 Dec., 1' 6-0!» 2-32 1-Uti i-l<2 2-62 l-.^3 3-93 5-2M 1-6S 2-92 H-llO 1-93 4-21 l-:i» fi-»3 3-44 4- 23 4-.'i2 11-13 9-H7 6-24 1 1 -.-17 9- 33 19- H2 I - .'lO 12-74 3-0(1 10-72 l3-3>« 11-39 8-U 10-42 1913.... 1914.... 1915.... 4-H2 10-37 3-8H »nd 1910 inconinlMe). ayenme monthly nnuwUII wu ; Ja„ 7.7 ,„ 1. Mean.nnuiiT.Buwf.ll, 13-9 in.; inaxiniuin r«ard«J. 21-0 in , Jiin DCTASTUBB BAT-Elpvation, nearwa-Uvel Total Precipitatiox 9-43 : 11-47 51 -HH 7- 04 66-71 1-73 7-I.S 1 4-97 ' 32- .Id 9-06 50- 7s 3-;i9 44-57 *■«.% 6.3-43 12-73 53-16 7-39 .W-IM Kfb, 20 ; , 1913. Mar, l'6l 2-69 3-27 2-25 2-43 3-24 I'.M 2-31 1-KI 1-96 0-73 2- .57 2-77 1-87 1-2S 1-N7 0-07 0-80 (1-45 0-46 0-21 2-30 3-78 0-2S 4 13 I ■U 2 13 6 20 7 40 71 3 .50 5 :v\ K 28 ;)2-99 40-24 .36-48 N«v?S?rr'li^^^b?V!;tffi^\^i4^:i.:«;Jt..ril,V3/i|!iit;'^ -»■ '^ ^''■ »-3:M.r..3-3; ^ DOMALD— Klevation, 2.090 ft. __^ Total PnEriPiTATinx 1893... . 1X96.... 1897.... 1H98.... 1899... Means . . 8-38 i-67 2-38 4-14 5-23 1-48 3-47 1-60 1-65 0-42 1-.37 1-26 1-24 1-33 0-07 1-IS 0-93 1-20 1-03 0-39 2-26 1-27 1-83 0-,58 1-88 1-23 1-16 0-10 0-00 1-13 1-66 1-39 ' 0-81 0-;(H O-IKO 1-44 1-08 4-38 1-«2 4-60 0-S7 fl-.57 1-20 1-06 2-80 2-46 6- -19 l-.3:i 0-99 0-87 5- B7 2-31 2-60 3-24 6- 36 4-60 1-95 19-32 4-30 26-12 ecord«d, 77-0 in., Jan , 1896. "''••'■'■ •^'"' ■ ^•' * ■ 0™ • •«■ 1- .Me.n annual .nowl.ll, 123-4 in.; mi.imii T4 157». iS82'. 1883. 1884. 1885., is.sn.. DOUGLAS LAM-Elevation, 2,600 ft. Total Precipitation 1-30 1-43 1-85 0-4U 1 0-69 i-io 0-90 0-51 (1-63 i 6-40 0-17 I U-91 0-80 0-59 0-17 0-13 O-.io 1-29 ; - .87 0-61 1-29 •>(.■> 0-,32 1-86 1-12 0-27 1-15 0-26 I n-44 I 0-76 I O-.W i li-:i«l 0-76 0-92 1-16 (i-48 1-01 1-15 0-59 6-84 ((•69 1-21 0-13 1-18 0-45 0-68 10-42 '»»., -> ^ . ueo., o J , toul, 1884, 31- 1 in.; maumum njcorjed. 18-5 in., W. 18*6. •Obaer^er moved to Cumberland from Union Bay. which .ee for supplementary rc-cord. 5M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION i I ? |! m i. > ) PHECIPIT\TION RlQC«'(li>K FOR STATIONS IX BRITIIIH Cn( TMBIA— TMhuiiW Y«ir II Jan. | F.lv 1 .^i*' ! \: ,1 XUy 1 Juni- 1 July \u( | ^pl j n-. 1 Annual n DQCI '..ITi C LAI OUI a BAKOa-CUvktion. t.MOft. rrrr«i PuBTinrtTiny lui-t 1 1 |.ru 1 2IU 1 0..W I I-IW 1 O-UU .1 i|.H7 1 0-21 1 ()•:« 1 i-wi l»l I-4fl 0.tf.f l-2» Oi* t Mnowtsll in Nov . 1111:1, i > n IB.; D» I'l Jan., lUU, 17-4 : Feb., 3-5 ; "CAHt— KlnvMion. 40 (t. t ■' ^L l*IIE<'IPIT*TIOM .Mar , 1 •0 in IHOA I«-8I 4 « 1 i-^ . » i»i 0-fl3 0.(iU U'2ti k-IU ■1-im ■i-r. :|.*iU llOS 1 M 10-75 .VSl ma J»-(W ■ .' 1.1 17' 6- 34 O'Sl 111 1901 1902 fl.JB 4-«l ll-lt 1 'l.^ 100.) ! .VIM :«.«.-i 1! 1, s,-. ISO Snnwiall in Jan . 1HI(.^, ;«• ^ ■ 1002, 10-0 ; .Mar.. U-ll in ., 17- 1 ; tuUl in LtH.!, iii. \u Kab., IflOI. t-i. In {.in. Bi "1 n • «- 1 1 1 C.-ir, -...ir ■ T".'. ■14 1 M ^ J-2. In . kmK— F>vation. l.n:i (i I*WWIflT*TI'iM lull il . . ' 1 !•«" J'4.< 1 1- Il 1 ll'ilt 1 :i'.'ii 3- .VI 1 :: 29 1 1.19 1 i.^i . : '> i.. 'ii.i. 17-0 n. 3,711 ft ■IrATION 2.71 1 ;t-7rt 1 1-^) 2.«1 1 3. in) 1 .1.72 31-20 Snowfall tn Mar , 1914, 11-4 in. N" ls-.-i: I>ec,.l4-!<; total in 1015, iiJ. s i n ; Feb. 10- 0; April, 2-5; Nov mi4 11 1 1 191.-. li 2.:W 1 1.17 1 1-.T4 1 ; 1 ll-'Ml :).()."> 1 ! I'M 1 J02 l.Hl 1 4..-.9 1 1-92 1 2.27 l| .•:).-■< .Snowfall in Nov., 1»14. ll-O ; Vn- in 1915, 1)7.9 in . Xt-l: Feb., 11-7; .N,.v., 18-0 : Oua., 20'U : tola WDOT. WATIB Um I SI ' ' >' |.:.eva tiun. 2.«2U ft I'nrM, Pkwii ;! ition 1913 1914. 1915 •18 0-30 0.3<1 2^ti.i ((•93 1-2.^ MM !■ I.-) 0.4fl 3.40 rwi ll'9U 3^7.'i .(•37 lt.37 0.79 OtjU I 4-UO n-80 I 0^45 0^t« Snowfall i'l Nov , 1913, Nov., 4^.*' ; i>vo., N'O in. 7-3in.i Dec, 5.2. In Jan., 1914, ll-U : Feb., 3-0; Mar,3-0. In Sept., 1915, 2- U ; BDITB LAKB— Klevation. 1.200 ft ToT.\L Pmecipitvtiov 1911 li 1 ini.1 1! PH.) 1 0.4.-) , "•44 1 21ill 1 17^73 1 d.fii 1 0..30 1 2.2.% 1 4. OX 1 1-77 1 6.73 1 0-72 1 II- "19 1 i^4»t Snowfall in U-i , 1UI4, i.4 in li in 1915. U2-1 in 11 Jan., 1915, l»f5 : Feb , 4^5 ; Mar, 23 ; Tor.iL rBBCIPIT*TIOV Nov., 14- S ; Dae.. 22-0 ; tot: 1913 1 19H j 191.-> 1 i-i'w' 1 ..->-. (').70 n.s7 ini 1 • 35 i-h' 191 1 ?i) i-2»' 3^17 {•79 !)■ 21 O^K.I 2.2H 3.. 55 ell.' 2- 17 |.t2 2-i» 2-2) 2 77 O.W 0-95 3^ .M ■ii-si)' 25- OK fsnowfall in Nov., 1913, 19U, 3S.'J. In Jan , 191.5. Il-din.; l><-,5-(l In J.111 , I9U, 2P0 : Feb,:.^7; 15-5. Feb, 0-2; -Nov, 2^7; Dt-C. 27^5; l.ital i BIIDBIBT— Elevation. I.IHO ft. ToT\L Prwipit\tiom Nov.. I^7; n-i'., 9^5; total in 11)15, 7.'^'J in. 1H9-4 IS95 1808 1897 1898 1899 3^90 195 290 2 13 3- 07 8- 02 1.53 092 1- 10 2 02 1-84 17.5 271 3-48 1.89 0-97 l-.iU 1.01 010 137 1-31 0-97 O-.W 0-5S 1.88 173 1-80 0-49 0^42 Poe 051 IJ-82 O'liO 3.2'J l.W 0.4H 1^81 P44 l-«8 0-Sl 1 ■ 8.-. 123 1-21 2-55 3 3-48 0-87 0-78 1-23 1-78 208 2- 14 103 MO 0.79 1.98 1-88 2^19 2-08 2-05 2 -.53 4- 12 2. 70 3. 56 1-35 110 2-52 4-27 2 -.55 1-82 1-24 1-67 19-34 20- act 18-49 21-89 23-93 1900 I'JOI 22-55 1904 2^B7 1-56 1-58 0-57 0-.52 1-22 1-18 0-09 1909 1010 1911 1912 ■i-25' 2 43 319 413 2-52 2>29 273 i-.M 1-43 1-21 138 1-60 0.54 i-65 i-77 0-91 ((•(HI 042 6.71 151 )<42 0-87 3-73 16H 4^84 228 2- .58 1.3s 2.06 2-18 118 088 2.28 1-49 0-78 1-07 1-75 1-28 1-97 27 20 I- 10 0^04 174 1^04 1-33 2-49 I--23 1-72 i-28 3-115 0-20 1.39 1-11 1-23 1-19 1-47 0-83 3 -.5:1 8-08 1-98 1-71 l-HO 0-9« 2-54 0-00 1-53 3-29 2-45 1-10 110 2-10 1-91 "21-23' 23- 26 1913 084 0-82 l-.W 1. 05 005 1 02 2- 15 0^94 i^40 112 2^H8 1-41 19- 75 1914 19!5 Mean. 1 16-62 2205 30-29 During 1804-1913 (complete record (or 12 jreara), arermgc monthly snowfall was : Jan., 10-9 in.; Feb.. 11-9; Mar.. 4-0; April, 0-8; Nov., 11-3 ; Dec, 13-8. Mean annual snowfall, 63-3 in.; uiaiimam racorded, 41-3 in. Jan., 1913. 5 iu-iw 1 o ; total in METEORO VO G I C A L I) A T A-P R E C I P I T A T r <) N 535 PHEriMTATlON RErORDS roR STATIONS IV BRITISH COM MBIA-r«.ii,«rf V«.r J... I K.h. I M., I April I yUy I Ju«> I July | A.., | S,.,„ | ,v,. | N,,,, | ,„^, || ^„„,^^, 1016.. MTBAIIOl liI.AWB-Klev.tioo, IS ft. Tirr»i PavirrrtTiov I l-'tO I im I ij-TO I 1.;^ i |..V4 I Q.,.), I I,. J, O-.il In 181S. the luul »Doo■( ! ;tii7 ; >,itil iTm" M.r, OS ; Dec, 0-3 : FAtSTUW H-uu ! ini |i jii.Hi tuUI in 1»09, U- 1 ia. 1906. . . . iflw.!.'! 1»10.... IBM.... ISI3.. . T<»T\L l'llE('lPIT%Tlii\ 0-90 0-eo n-ox 0-10 Sutio Ol;) 0-lS n al 12 1-M ioo 1-00 1-O.i 4-67 raBOOION 1«08... 190>... 1910.. 1911. 1912... 1913... 1914... 1919... .Vfea&a. Tor*L Prccipititios 9IJ3 &-9i 9i.\ i-HH 6.70 lOOH S'40 7-59 8-B7 7-:to 2- 211 ;i-30 3-20 3 MX) 3-95 4' 52 2-01 4 0.^ 3;>0 M.i 4-tW 4-H 1-25 2-97 l'7fl .>• Is 2-27 2-2(» 2- 2s 3 (is 3-83 3-04 '12 2 IK) l'7l 2-97 2-09 3- 1.-. 2-19 :14.-| .'•47 2- 3.' 3-4S IS7 3' mi 4-2:1 4-4C 1-711 3' 10 0-H7 2-2S 3-3S 3-2.-. 1 • ■,'.) 3-30 31.i 2-1.'. 2'IIU l-3.-> 1-30 202 4-tt.-> 1-97 0-94 1-30 2 -NO 3 -.33 2-10 2-!»7 1-33 4-31 i-M 1-04 I 3-14 IXlrill* '»0J-'-?. <'.»"'* .'"?a"'''v'' '""<«'<' "'"nthly .nowf.ll wm : Jm I', ^ • . Alav. U-4 ; Oct.. 4»fl T \rtv .^it.u . I k... at .^ «■ ._ , 3-77 4-7.-. li- Hi ()-llJ 4 -2s 4-:il) 3-3(1 j-S.) 4-1.^ li- K(l 7- (II 7-27 (1-00 s-4.1 4-U.'> (l-.V. 4- j s-im ill so 7-»s I .'.70 .'j- JO .'-Ml S'lM 7-.-.^ I r,-23 90-A2 44-23 4'.l-2() 47-92 49-51 49. 05 4H.92 April, 4-2 ; May, 0-4 113-0 in., Dec., 1912 2-3 in : Feb.. 44- Oct.,4.9; .Nov.,M-9; D«c..61-S. .Mean «>i.u.l .lu.wf.ll, '^s-3 i,,:! maxHimm"^^^ 1913... 1914... 191S .. (DO.MI.VION- STVTION'I— I-:ierau..r>, 1,30.-. ft. Total PHeririr^rios 10-94 I-S4 1-23 2-S3 MS 0-7.-. 2-4H i-o.-. -(14 :-s3 ano«rf.ll in J.n., 1914. (tS-5 in., Feb . 1-2; ^Se|lt., 1-0; Oct., 0-0; .Nov.,il-S; I-3S 4-47 1-45 1-M 2- 1.'. 0-2(i 4-77 2- 1>( 4-47 3- 4.-I 7-09 I-.-S4 1-4S 1-si .-i-'M 40- Sb" 34-2(1 'ii.' -'*?/■ '^-5: D«- "*-l. In J»ii, 191-,, l»r4; Feb., 21-3 SImt Dec., 43-0 ; ti.t.l in I«I3. 130-7 m ■•■'■•. «■<">. -:i J , aur.. 1914. 191S. nsmi (PROVINCIAL STATION)-Klev.tioa, 3,3Ui it. Total Precipitation I 3-00 0-89 SoowfiUlin Nov.. 1914, »-7iu.; Dec. 13-7. 71-0; total in 1915, 179-9 in. ' "• ' In Jan., 1915, 17-7 ; Feb., 24 i .Mar, 1-7 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. rmUM.MILK RAHCR (PAVILION P.O.) Total Pkei-ipitation 1-40 o-.vs 0-4(i 0-3S 0-39 0-lJ 0-24 ()• .•i2 0-S9 1-(M 10 „''.™"^f" !» "«„• '»«3, 1-0 in. In Jan., 1914. 19-8 in. In Jan., 1913, o- 8; Feb., 3-8 in. lis 1-01 0-4t 1-4S 0-10 1-93 1-92 0-I5 0-37 0-42 0-40 2-50 (> 45 10-34 Feb., 4-5; Nov. 3- j ; Dec., l-O, totlkl io 1914, 1914 1915 nrrB cabin Total Pre* ipitatiov I 4-is j 2-'74Ti-s6'|'2;42'ri.'i2 ■■ - '- ' '■"■ I !■■•-' I <-32 I 1---J :; :, -AT ; io.o^'^;s-ri)i?"M^?yiL/?r.\,ii;-i93'?;lr-''''^- ■'*'•='= ""■■''■* ■ *'-«-^= FOET QBOEOl— Klev»ti.,n, l.S03ft. •* dee under Prince Ucorcc, which fullowj record No. 206. 40-21, April, 3- J ; Oct., 'I ;ti Iff I ; Li \ "■■ t S36 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— 0 1-41 0-(M 0-lS 2-4S 0- it, 1 ■ 4.-> o-;«7 I-2J 0-,s9 0- mt 0-041 2- Xt Mil I -.10 0-iis 0-70 0-72 1-41 0-S4 1-17 0-Ull 1-14 l-tM 1-40 0-4.i 1-00 I'OQ 0-70 0-4:1 0- .Vi 0-SO 1-2.1 0-02 0-4S 1-90 1-17 0-0:1 0-7:1 0-14 1-01 l-l.i 0-73 0-HS 2-20 C>6.i O-M 1-41 0-07 0-0.1 0-:«l l-2:> O- .V) 1-72 0-lS 1-01 0-si 1-02 l-:il O- 110 0..V1 l-H-( 1-04 0-s:i 0-74 0-73 ()-S9 U-4.t l-«2 0-21 1-HH o-:)0 O-KO 1-41 1 ■ :i.-. l-:«) 0- .52 1' 14 1-24 0- :l.l 0-74 :i- 2.S 0-22 2-:i:i 0- 2.-I 0- ;i.'i 1-47 o-4:t 1-3U 1-0.-. 1-117 0-91 l-.'Sl 1-91 0-91 T 1-:17 1 - ll.> 1-9;) -.{■ 40 1-04 »■:>- 1-71 I - 09 2-01 1 • 2.1 1 -.-..-> 1-02 1 - r' 1-27 1-10 1-51 1-47 0-7» 2-26 1-27 2-06 3-04 T l-.W l-4.i 1-01 1-.10 0-K7 0-:« 0-9-< 0-94 l-Ol 0-49 i-;to 1-03 0- 25 3-25 2- 75 3-.i4 1-4S 0-113 2-51 0-40 1-03 0- .'W T 0-6S 0- 15 2-03 3-09 0-20 2-9'i 0-,S7 2- SO 1-41 i-sn 1-73 (>• 70 2-211 i-.h; 0-.12 0-00 i-:i(i 1-93 2-07 o-:i*i l-:i» 0-05 o-o.? 0-30 0-40 1-10 1-47 2-10 0Sti tOET ST, JOBK— Elevation, 1,500 ft. Total Precipit.^tiom 1910. 1911. 0- 25 0-75 0-41 l)-."i5 0-93 I 0-05 j I)- III I 0-911 I 0' 93 2-03 1-S9 1-01 :53|::::::l::::::l::::::|.'" .■Snowfall in Jun, 1910, 2-5 in ; Feb, 4-1; .Mar. 9-0; April, 0-5; .Nov., It-S ; Dec, 4-3 In Jan., 1911, 7-5 ; Feb,5-5; .Mar, 0-5; April, 9-0 in. total in 1910.34-9. M rOET SniU— Elevation, 2,4.33 ft. 8«« under Steele, which follows record No. 242. H TOT.AL PHETIPrr.lTIOM 1«92 1303 1 894 2-. to 3-50 0-98 H-98 10- 83 2- .52 2-01 5- 42 5-90 701 3-47 2-24 4-91 0-5,' 4- 17 3-41 201 4-97 1-75 5 -.30 2-73 3-27 2 -.85 02 0-72 3-20 2-98 3-80 3-73 401 2' 01 3-43 103 2- 17 503 1-02 5-80 2-24 3- 10 3-:l0 2-(NI 2-09 1-57 1-58 108 1-47 0-94 1-43 3-32 1-02 2-75 3- 12 2- 10 2-42 2-01 0-95 1-90 1-3? 3-:i7 2-20 1-89 1-21 1-79 2-11 0-H< 1-03 1-95 1-42 1 39 2-88 1-94 1-30 1-82 l-HI 0-25 0-20 0-08 1-71 0'4H 0-87 0-94 002 1-10 0-0.) 0-41 0-51 o-;i2 0-31 0-88 007 2-8.5 I -.50 0-.<0 118 5-20 3- 12 3 03 1-89 .0-51 007 2-28 1-23 1-14 1-12 2-01 2-70 3-20 4- 00 0-28 2- 12 2-, 38 2-30 4-22 4-94 1-80 3-40 8-40 4-91 4-32 3-45 5-22 7- 08 5-10 11-19 3-82 0-58 S-30 3-95 3-89 4- SO 8-87 6-61 909 5- 11 0-23 8-31 5 tW 7-79 30 08 35-04 37-09 33-:i4 37-88 33-79 2S-«'i 40-01 42- (12 33-17 40- SI 1895 IS90 1897 1S98 1S99 1900 1901 1902 1903 Means 1-87 2-25 l-«3 0-S9 n-83 2-05 2-85 5-9» 0-38 ofl'OO Dunng 1SDJ-1U02, nver&ge monthly »nowUII wam : J»ti , U'7 in.; Feb., 6-0 ; 4'5. Mean annual snowfall, 29'3 in.; maximum. 37*0 in., Jan., 1901. Mar., ij'l: Nov., 5-0 ; Dec,, II rBUITLAKDI (TOBACCO PLAINS, NEAR FLAQSTONE)— Elavation, 2fiU It. M Total PaaciPiTATiO'* 1890 1897... 0-49 0-40 1-27 1-17 2-85 1-28 0-98 1-01 1-80 1-90 2- 40 0-70 2-75 0-15 1-35 1-30 1-12 0-48 1-.57 1-24 0-37 207 65 1-29 1-65 2-30 102 0-20 1-HO 1-11 OSO 1-49 0-30 0-40 1-74 2-79 0-48 0-«2 1-71 2-29 0-27 0-27 0-94 1-20 0-95 1-25 0-77 O-SS 0-09 1-29 0-25 0-89 1-:19 1-25 1-48 0-07 0-77 1-75 1-41 2-57 2-13 5-63 0-79 0-72 3-75 1-.J.5 S-28 1-8.5 100 3-71 2-06 3-33 2-05 4- 10 1-S2 1-93 0-83 2-45 2-72 3-43 2-S6 1-30 1-09 2-28 1-59 2-90 1 31 0-92 1-84 2-13 090 2-38 0-h;i 3-21 0-43 3- 19 0-76 000 1-87 4-10 2-20 014 118 0-90 0-91 023 1-47 3-93 0-«l 0-29 3- 14 i-si' 1-23 1-85 1-43 1-34 0-OB 110 0-:»5 3-98 i-24 1-06 0-85 0-90 0-89 1-91 0-63 0-43 0-66 0-30 2-30 I..W T i-3.5 4-49 3-41 0-95 1-40 1-71 1-34 1-80 ISO l'3S 111 3-3,5 0-89 1-.33 3-65 0-43 0-8S 0-S4 2-03 0-68 0'6S 1-8S 0-30 1-05 1-3S l-fl« 1-70 0-71 1-91 "is-i'j' "ii-'ii' 18- OS 17-25 19- IS 12-73 13-25 1898 1898 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 190)^ , ■36-3}' 34-64 ■jo-oi' 1907 1908 1909 * S99 alao reourd for Little Quatioum. Annual y l!l-37 7 21-61 7 10- 00 i 19- 2.5 1 H-74 2 10-Sli [) l:i-22 :i 12- »S 7 IS-WI S IH- 2,t 1 IS-UI 1 UHl 5 14-HM 1 U-7:i 5 20-7.-> 7 12- 3S .-. IS- 4.-. .) 13-5li 1 13-22 ) 19-3.S H 12-IKI U 14-(iO f) is-r,.-i l> 3«-08 ( 35-54 37- (ill 33-34 37- MS 33-7!) 2S-«-i 40- HI 42-62 33-17 40- SI oS-00 IS- 31) '21-41' IS- US 17- 2.i W-IS U.73 13-25 20- 3.' 24-64 10-01 METEOROLOGICAL D A T A— PR E C I P I T A T I O N PHECIPITATION RECOHDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COX.VMBIA-Continutd 537 I J.D. .| F>b. I M.r. I April I M.y | Jua, | July | Au«. | Sept. | (Vt. | Nov. | D»-. i| Anou.1 FRl'ITLANDS— TonJiiiu/d IBIO 1911 1913 J913 1914 I91S M«ftlM. 1-26 1-67 2-23 2-72 1-91 1-85 1-62 2-5* 1-30 1-17 0-21 0-50 1-14 1-17 0-54 1-Sl 0-99 0-A2 1-06 0-8a 1-0(1 1-07 0-47 1-34 0-73 1-4M 0-73 0-91 1-H7 3-93 1-20 2-:iH 2-01 3-91 2-2A 0-84 3-97 3-64 4-05 3-74 3-99 3-51 0-52 0-87 3-8.1 3-11 0-90 2-37 -77 O-OH 1-.14 2-58 1-93 1-63 0-60 •33 1-.16 1-62 2-14 0-78 1-.39 4-38 1-Sl 1-58 0-36 2- .56 0-45 2-45 1-93 1-12 4-19 2-60 2-57 0-35 2-OS 2-11 2-10 2-16 1-84 0-94 0-60 0-80 2-10 1-21 18-02 20-78 34-09 17-92 18-94 34-86 18- ,57 Apri.?5T 'Z:,Ta rcv:: .j.T™C'bT;'T„T:!.''Ji.rrwtin4^»^?" • ''" '■"■ ''"■■ f^y^^^^^^ ^ mnrrTALB— EInrktion, 1,984 ft. ^ T(»T«L PmcipiTtTinv nuuitnum reeordwl, 35-0 io., Jan., 1910. 1911.. 3-27 1 1-70 ' 0-73 1-94 MO 1-09 0-81 ■«7 3-65 2-17 2-03 0-69 o-sn 0-69 I I-02 I 1-19 I 2-92 I 2-92 I 4-18 I 4- SO I 4-5 f A^f.VBj'n.'" •""'•'*■* '°= *'"•=*•*: Nov.. 4-2; D«., 21-6. In Jan.. IJll. 22-7 Feb.! 7-3 :".VUr.! OILLU BAT (VANANDA)— Elevation, near Ma-level ** ToT4L PRKriMT%TfON 1913 1914. 1915. 10-27 4-15 3-99 2-81 2-.58 2-91 2-25 3-8:1 1-SI SoowTall in Jan., 1914, 2-0 in.; 4-0 in., all in Oec. 1-.5H 0-96 1-88 3-73 2-33 0-.53 I-9N 0-26 l-
    fl (|.97 0-.59 n-.5.5 (I- IIS 2. VI (1-73 0-40 1-10 1-62 2-(M 0-24 I -Ml 2-24 1-97 1-73 1-29 2- SI 1-0!I 3-(H 0-lil 1-67 l-IO I - ,55 0-22 1 - 23 3-73 2-03 0-42 4-75 1-(I3 1-79 0-37 1-lS I-6» 1-2S 3-92 1-81 0-43 0-6S 1-(17 3-23 0-92 1-31 l-(U) 0-00 1-02 3-23 1-73 1-03 (1-32 0-68 1-SO I - 23 2- 16 1-22 0- 73 2-63 1-33 2-31 4-72 1-01 1-20 1-77 5--23 2-H6 3-;»0 2-10 2-10 1-67 I-(I2 i 1-79 i 1-74 i 1-42 i 1-60 j I -,53 i 2 ,58 3-:lll ; 1-S3 1-2(1 1-lS I nil 1-25 1-33 1-7S 0-3U 0-7S l-4n •OUerver raeiiined. .New one aUrted Feb.. 1916 9-7 NUr* 7^^r'^ '!!rP'«" '■^TT' k". "^■' »"'' "» : Jan., 24-2 L\inmm'^?'4lkl*S«-'6i„'',^.;t!''l'9n.''' '^'•'''^ Nov., 17-0 ; Dec, 13- 1. Mean annual .iowfall 14-31 21 -.511 2(1-99 20-11 IS- 63 20-22 14-&4 n : Feb, 7o-3in : 6* I M rl < ( 'Ir 538 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— dmMittMl Year in Jan. I Feb. | Mm. | April | M«y [ June | July | Aug. | 8.pt. | Oct. ( Nov. | Dec. | Annual QOLD8TBIA1I LAKi— Elevation. l.a» ft. Total PnBcipiTATinrf 1S94 1S95 1806 18fl7 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Moans . . . . 10-12 19-22 9-76 .I- 72 11-S.5 10-70 11-03 7-74 S-91 10-Kl 9-38 9-33 7-16 10-89 11-46 12-94 10-38 10-16 17-53 3-50 10-42 5-24 14-03 6-46 U-KO 9-89 6-!52 11-06 11-20 3-80 11-06 6-10 5-04 7-24 9-79 9-23 10-20 2-41 7-34 3-42 3-46 3-57 7-.'i6 5-29 3-04 9-36 2-70 6-69 12-01 4-61 7-10 7 -69 11-08 7-46 1-,M 4-Sl 9-61 3-59 5-26 3-81 2-08 4-93 4-88 2-91 6 82 4-96 2-.V) 2-79 •i-M 5-95 3-05 7-21 5-40 3-43 2-18 0-98 1-44 5-46 3-79 1-41 3-69 1-86 2-48 1-92 2-83 2-85 3-25 4-31 3-76 1-35 0-92 S-.M 2-&1 3-37 1-85 2-03 2-01 5-09 2-04 0-87 2-75 2-40 1-45 2-40 1-83 1-90 0-97 2-55 2-.3S O-.W 1-28 1-32 2-39 0-84 4-44 2-13 0-sn 2-05 l-.?6 2-50 1-91 1-11 0-10 1-01 1-60 1-03 1-98 2-24 2-34 0-37 I-.S9 0-56 0-00 1-43 0-51 0-12 1-27 0-29 1-62 0-73 1-71 0-26 0-28 O-IW 0-34 2-09 0-02 0-lS 0-99 0-97 22 1-94 0-77 0-29 0-75 0-92 0-S« 0-45 2-42 1-24 0-Ot 1-03 1-96 0-93 1-53 0-77 0-65 MS 1-64 0-73 0-76 2-89 0-88 0-42 0-09 1-01 «-12 2-48 1-«1 1-99 3-74 1-22 2-03 1-82 3-24 5-8;) 1-06 8-57 7-.M 1-81 0-07 1-36 2-14 2-68 1-39 3-22 3-57 0-93 2-87 9-40 0-67 4-25 2-37 5-29 0-22 8-06 4-66 3-29 4-79 2-55 7-08 12-17 1-35 5-22 5-20 0-03 1-43 4-22 5-02 7-97 11-02 5-14 « T ''VC"' ■'?*5''''*J5' »«"«' monthly unnwfall waa : Jan.. 20-5 in.; Feb., 11-9 ; .Mar., 0-7 ; uec., 14-7. Mean annual Bnowfall, 69-3 in.; maiimum, 88-0 in., Feb., 1904. 8-63 6-25 19-66 12-57 11-90 15-82 8-61 14-83 13-45 14-17 13-00 4-40 14-04 13-42 11-51 25-08 16-31 12-39 11-45 12-80 12-85 10-52 12-89 11-. 34 4-83 26-98 16-60 20-23 8-34 10-20 12-97 10-01 Ifi-.M 5-83 16-07 6-25 9-16 12-04 13-97 9-68 11-32 7-30 12-07 3-91 1-73 13-37 68-20 87- 8S 70-19 56-08 74-84 74-44 71-88 73-25 61-22 74-72 57-58 6.5-25 5.5-90 70-12 74-15 74-78 46-. W •8-OP 61-17 68-67 63-62 65-04 8- 8 ; April, 1 • 7 ; Nov., OBAiro rOKKI— Elevation, 1,746 ft. in Total PRECiHrr.\TioM 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1913 Means 1.66 0-83 1-49 2-05 2-89 2-00 0-72 l-Il 0-89 1-55 0-13 0-9U 0-99 0-93 1-03 0-54 0-15 0-72 1-26 1-19 0-SJ 0-29 0-83 1-31 0-28 1-97 1-09 Ml 1-21 3-43 1-78 2-21 0-89 3-61 2-19 1-45 2-78 2-13 3-39 2-22 1-82 2- .30 0-08 0-49 2-81 n-M 0- 1.) 3-44 1-.37 0-64 0-52 2-28 0-71 0-00 0-05 0-70 Dunns 1909-15 (1909 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 0-5 ! Oct.. 1-3 ; Nov., 5-8 ; Dec., 13-8. .Mean annual inowfall. 43-7 in.; 1-18 0-82 0-85 1-10 1-IS 1-89 0>89 1-13 1-17 0-75 0-08 0-75 1-80 1-18 1-21 0-99 1-68 1-45 2-51 3-28 2-03 1-89 0-97 1-97 0-92 2-18 2-84 1-42 0-60 1-70 1-25 1-54 11-82 17-25 20-61 16-78 16-33 18-13 18-71 14-3 in.; Feb.. 5-7; Mar., 2-3; April, maximum recorded, 28-9 in., Jan.. 1B13. . 1,750 ft. IM Total Prccipitatiom 1914 '.'.. 1915 2-66' 1-00 i-'io' 1-19 o-sA' M5 i-'ss' 2-06 6-76' 4-41 1-64 '6-34' 4-10 0-57 000 0-10 2-46 1-69 0-69 t 45 1-01 1-.33 J-08 2-15 1-00 0-49 2 02 1-76 "is-oi" 20-43 Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 2-5 in. 10-2; total in 1914, 26-8. In Jan. IM ; Dec., 4-9. In Jan , 1914, 10-4 ; Feb., 4-5 ; 1015,4-0; Feb.. 1-7; Nov., 2-7; Dec., 7-5 ; OKAHD PBAUn— Elevation, 2,157 It. Total Precipitation Mar., 1-2. Nov., 0-5; total in 1915, 15-9 in. Doc., 1882. 1883. 1889 1.S90 0-75 0- .^2 0-15 1-49 0-37 1-78 0-78 n-.59 1-71 1-31 Snowfall in Nov., Dec., 10-8. In Jan., 10* 1882, 4-6 ii 1800, 5-0; 0-42 0-88 1-08 0-94 13-27 ';.> P^-^",. '" •'»" • '**'• '^■^'^- *''^- '*'0 : •'«"•■ »•«■ In Nov., 1889, l-o: teb., 7-5; Mar, 3-2; April, 0-3; Dec, 3-U ; total in 1890, 19- 2 in. OEimwOOD— Elevation, 2,4?3 ft. Total Pribcipitvtiom 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1916. . . Means . 0-98 4-21 1-23 0-05 0-48 110 O-.M 0-33 0-98 0-92 0-45 1-81 2-40 2-69 1-44 4-24 l-.W I 2-76 1-94 1-26 2-91 1-80 1-80 1-90 1-U4 2-13 1-2.') 0-49 3-23 1-87 1 • .">« 3-03 1-29 0-01 0-Ul 1-30 I 12 1-44 2-74 0-71 1-.53 0-71 1-05 80 0-85 1-70 0-66 1-33 1-20 1-20 0-82 0-50 1-85 3-63 1-72 13-59 21-70 18-11 .,.,'''.'"'??'*'*■''» l"*}^ "J.""* "'■»P,'"f>. aviTiui. nmnthly snowfall waa : Jan., 20-H in.: Feb. 2.4- Mar Jan.; 1914 • • • ■^ • •^'"' • '■ ' • ^- '*■'• -«•»■> •"■""'•nowfall, 51-5 in.! maximum woried? 39-4 ii. * Another recard, statian in city. (M-20 87- 86 70-19 56-06 74-84 74-44 71-88 73- 2S 61-22 74-72 S7-M 65-25 55-90 70-12 74-15 74-78 46-59 »8-0f 51-17 58-67 53-63 65-04 Nov., 11-82 17-25 20-61 16-76 16-33 18-13 16-71 16-03 20-43 Doc., 13-27 13-59 "ii-ro' 18-11 METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-P RECIPITATION PRECIPITATION REtXIRDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLLMBIA-C<««.n«rf 539 Jm. I F«b. I M.r. I April I M.y | Jun. | J„ly | Au». | S,pt. | O-t. | N„v. | Pe.. || Annu.1 Mr 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. MnaiM. OBDTnr lAKl— ElevstioB. 1.517 ft. Total PmBciPiT\Tiov 1-00 2-90 1-76 8-00 6-95 1-82 3-74 4-20 3-47 1-85 1-50 3-43 5- TO 8-72 4-m T 3-10 0-20 Ml 0-95 2-25 2-03 5-80 1-93 0-00 0-Al 3-00 0-50 'i-52' 0-74 5-40 2-94 0-SO 0-00 2-27 404 4-81 2-48 1-04 0-80 1-52 3-42 6-00 2-0I) 0-50 5-A9 l-4f) 1-89 2-31 O-OO 0-10 0-00 0-UO 3-Al I1-39* 2-fl2 l-»0 0-85 2-Ofl 1-31 2-81 2-88 1-20 6-78 1-30 1-11 3-flo' O-.IO 5-05 fl-80 0-00 5-89 5-28 3-65 4-22 4-31 38-50 :t!l- 77 64-69 oSrii lS9i:i9Jo7coropirt?",i^';'?o'j'i85w^r.v"" *"« '.t:,-'-^ ""}"■,: »' """ "•"<■ '«^^ M.r., 12-6 ; April.0-8T0?t . l-7^Nov 20?4^d22 '5^. i^vJ"""''"''' '■','•*'''", "^i" • •'"" • ^'^ '"•: ^'^- '"•S ttO-Oin., J.D..1808. •^'- '•."<>»•.•«> 4. Dec, 28- 1. -Mean annual «no«rf«ll, 120-3 in; majimum reoorded IM BABKiaON SPBOrOB— Elevation, 50 ft. Total Prbcipitation The only snowfall recorded ii a trace in Dec., 1889 ■I 3-iH 1 4-117 1 K-rtii 1 5-ut 1 7-:iirnr 1914... 1916... BABPIU CAMP -Elevation. 2,400 ft. Total Prccipitatio'« 0-46 0-45 I 0-68 Saowfall in Nov., in 1915, 31-0 in. IM 0-34 I 2-61 201 3-82 •45 I -95 »-50 0-71 I 1-iis 2- 38 1914, 9-7 in.; Dec., 8-6 in. In Jan., 1915, 35 ; Feb., 1-0 ; N BABPIU «A»OH-Elevation, 1.245 ft. Total PRBciprrATioK 2-U I-S7 1-AK U-sii 18-02 ov., 13- j ; Deo., 13-0 ; total .11 1-82 I U-W I O- 15 Snowfall in Jan., 1913, 18-2 in.; 0-20 I A-(IO Feb., 4-8; .Mar, 2-40 I 1-72 I 1-47 I 0-43 1-5 ; April, 1-0 in. Ill 1906. . . 1906... 1907... Means . HAETUtT BAT— Elevation, near sea-level Total Precipitatiov 33-49 6-55 20-02 7-51 8-99 8-25 7-85 5-25 6-,i 16-04 7-24 2-87 4-58 B-.39 2-96 Snowfall .a Nov., 1903, 0-5 in.; Feb., 17-0 : Mar., 44-5 ; April, 0- lU 3-73 I 4-67 •26 •26 1^41 21 •.10 0« 23- 7.ii 2-83 -■7-73 14-00 16-11 18»« 1897 1898 Dec., 2-3 In Jan., 1900, 49-5 ; Feb., ' ; Nov., 3-0 in. RATZIC— Elevation, 32 ft. Total Pketipitatios 13-29 I9^28 33 • 44 10-60 22-02 12,1-89 4-S ; Dec., 2U-0. lu Jan., 1907, 5;t-0 ; 13-69 9-60 7-92 11-33 4-21 4-51 2-82 32 4-S2 4-72 4-12 I7-S(i 111-45 12-03 12-20 76-50 .snowfall in Nov., 18Uti, 4- 1 in. In Jan i.mi7 i.n - *i-- t u . v zr~i^ Tt ' " — In Jan., 1898, 0-6; Feb., 1-0 in. ">•'»■'. i»«7, 4 , ..lar, 7-8 : Nov., 8-a; Dec. 0-6 ; total in 1897, 20-9. Ill 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896... 1897.. 1!(«8... 1899... 1900... 1901... Means. 1— Elevation 200 ft. Total Phecipitatiov 8-.i3 0-48 0-97 5-34 4-.-14 9-59 3-89 4-86 3-87 5-14 4-97 4-41 7-li4 0-Ul 4-22 2-48 4-S4 1-37 0-48 3-3(1 1 - Ii3 4-SO 2-70 2-97 U-8;< 2-07 3-.>8 8-79 2-NB 4-33 J-.SH 2-73 3-8;t 3-71 5-33 4-31 3- n 4- '■' 3-92 2-87 4-19 1-93 4-41 3- 75 3-47 :f-K3 Feb ^3! 7"* »'■—''"!'"*'•' ('■.•;"'P'':!* .'■«;»'■' I fur i^w-wu 1897. 2-4(1 4-90 2-4(1 2-14 3-10 3-42 1 - 34 3-2U 3- 13 3- HI ((•76 0-.i2 0-21 0-01) 2- 19 (I-IMI 0-89 1-20 1-23 (1-88 U-27 T 0-41 U-81 0-79 0-80 4 -.57 2-05 1-22 3-S9 3-23 1-18 2-(H 3-1(1 U-72 it- 19 4-1.' n-2s 39 3(il 2-01 4-. 34 3-41 4-92 ■l-ni 7 9-liti X- 13 3-09 8-03 7 ■ (is 1(1 -(17 3 -.50 (11 .03 42-, 35 47-43 '43-24' .58-81 48-44 .Mar.O-V-'Noi'"'ro'"'l'>;i""..',"''^r''"'' "''•'?-'^»'>i>;. .'"uruifi- mondilv ..n<,wfall »-,., ■ mr, ui, .>uv., j-u, uoc, J-2. .Me»n annual snowfall. 2.' ' .Ian,, 7-2 in.; ■I in ; inuxitnurii ri-conled, 23-9 in , .Miir , 114 1896.. 1897.. HAZBLTOK -Kl<>v»ti.)n, 7:'- Tot\l Pbecipitation ft. iSnowfall in .Nov., 1897, 3-8 in.; Dec., 5- 7 in. I I U-38 |. . 3-2(1 I I I :|. NO I (1-49 i (l-,57 HO COMMISSION' OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C(»ift»i.«J Year II J«n. | Feb. | Mar. | April | M.y | June | July | Au». ( Sept. | Oct. | Nov. j Dec. AdduaI nDUT— Elevation, 1,771 ft. lU Total PRECiprr.iTioM 1904 . 1905.. 1906.. t«07.. 1908.. 1900.. 1910. . 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 19IS.. Alean 0-4.-I l-ll 0-40 0- (« 0-gi 0-7» 2-92 0-72 I-3H l-2« 0-25 i O-BS 0-4H 0-9« 0-BS 0-.>4 .I- 06 0-H4 0-77 3- IK 0-40 O-.W 0-j4 l-OM O-.W o-;« O-.TS O'«0 n-iH 0-41 o-.w 0-09 0-91 0-.18 0-33 0-44 0-71 n-.io 0- l.-i 0-4:i O-M n-M 0'()0 l-.W o-n:» U'Hfl 0-95 0-49 0- l.-i 0-SO .3-47 l-4i I'M 2-40 1-17 2-K9 OvM 1-IS Mm 3-3.^> 1-72 l-IU 0-91 2-i5 0-72 0-4H 1-27 i-m \-9H 1-2.% 2-24 1-41 MS 1-S7 1-OH 2-30 6- 76 0-7S 3-10 0- .V. 0-.12 1-32 0-37 0-Mi 2-29 1-27 0-rii 0-Sfl O-.M I'.il 1-28 0-0« 1-24 l-frt 1-40 0-S.) 12 0-71 T 0-80 O-.^'S 1-H2 0-47 0-52 SI 1-41 o-.w 0-32 1-02 1-32 0-00 0-7B 0-4tt 1-02 0-37 0-19 0-5I 1-Ofl 0-Al 0-21 0-*J 1-72 O-AH 1-13 0-73 0-.'i4 0-73 2-40 o-,a 0-22 2-12 0-94 1-OH 0-M 0-.3« 1-44 0-38 0-92 0-70 0-46 10- 22 IBO 0-43 8-73 0-B7 S-14 0-2)« 1.5-29 11.5 9-91 1-40 l.-)-67 0-H2 12-6ti 0-3.i 10-72 ll."-. ll-IS 1-23 13-30 0-M 11 -.52 n:„.''S"c"*t?^'*''i' ?"".¥'"'""'•■'>', """*'»""•"'■ ■Ian.,5-0in.; Feb., .50; Mar. l-«: ftor., 2-K; Uec, 7-7. Mcauannualanowfall. 23-0 in.; maximum recorded, 16-0 in , Dec. April. 0-5 ; , 1900. Oct., 0-3 n» BDUT, mCKBL PLATI mm— Elevatioa, 4,500 ft. Total Precipitation 1904 .. 1903... 1906... 1907... 1908.-.. 1900... 1910. . . 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... 2-83 2-15 1-29 0-41 2-01 108 1-26 1-45 1-75 1-43 2-25 2-30 2-70 2-00 2-90 3-30 6-70 1-HO 2-30 0-90 2-6.5 2-28 0-3« 3-25 0-80 0-65 3-45 1-70 1-10 0-80 0-60 0-80 2-15 1-74 1-.32 2-73 1-68 0-30 1-00 2 -.55 0-15 1-40 l-8i( i-s6 l-,50 2-06 1-.53 1-10 2-87 7-30 3-32 4-70 1-30 iO-75 2-25 1-11 2-70 0-81 3-48 2-87 2-51 1-77 1-78 1-9.5 2-78 3-28 4-15 3-51 2-04 1-30 2 -.54 1-43 '^ •• ? 1 -; ■, _^. ' '■', ■ • -PVr,"?? HJM-Ij (8 years complete), average nionHily snowfall waa : Aoril, 13-3; May. 23-3; June, 8-4 ; July, 1-4 ; Aug., 1-2 ; Sept., Wean annual anowfall, 161-5 in.; maximum recorded, 101-5 in., .May, 16 40 98 25 04 25 I-.36 0-18 1-59 1-41 l-9:j 0-01 1-07 i-06 0-45 5-40 2-02 1-.56 1-18 2-05 1-79 0-00 1-63 2-90 1-33 0-96 1-15 3-45 1-00 3-80 4-40 0-90 0-75 2-03 3-15 2- .36 2-22 21-22 27-50 19-39 24-96 17-23 23-42 19-57 23-22 Jan., 21-3 in.; Feb., 17-4 ; .Mar., 12-8 7 ; Oct.. 10-4 1911. Nov., 23-2 Dec., 22-1 BOLBBEO (FORMERLY CAPE SCOTT)— Elevation, near lea-level m Total Precipitation 1898 1899 1900 16-00 15- 05 4-18 741 11-43 5-78 0-48 5-25 4-39 3-77 2-79 4-81 0-3.5 5- IS 0-0:1 llss 9 -.39 8-19 14-87 11-42 9-51 162-25 16-49 8-58 10-07 5-61 10-70 8-97 4-OS 1-05 0-68 1-18 12-05 12-45 2-76 24-09 95-52 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 lOOi) 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 luij 12-84 21-37 14-9.5 7- .56' 4-07 3 -.34 3-23 4-91 3-33 3-27 0-13 2-25 7-97 18-73 10- 15 28-59 17-54 17-45 20-00 iss-so 7-13 4-24 l3-o:i 0-20 3-90 0-43 3-85 9-90 7-09 20-94 19-68 110-33 5-46 4-21 4-93 2-74 1-91 K 5-98 13-18 27-74 14-39 105- 75 12-. 54 11-72 12-93 3-37 5-. 50 0-75 1-00 80 14-10 11-00 17-10 20- .59 II7-8U 9-44 7-90 3-22 6-00 0-00 4-92 14-02 12- 11 12 29 19-74 113-41 14-43 10-41 11-27 8-07 2-58 l-?2 7-00 0-00 7-89 22-32 18 -.53 II3<:I4 9-99 22-84 9-40 11-37 9-98 13-05 l»-77» 15-41 11-02 5-42 8-00 8-01 7 -.58 4-22 3-88 3-72 4-88 317 1-.53 2-57 13- 70 231 7-17 7-73 5-67 8- .52 21-27 17-98 20-25 22-60 20- 15 11-37 9-13 25-73 115-27 128-90 140-50 12-32 3-09 4>(H 6-10 1-.50 2-83 8-82 12-07 21-80 23-56 123-01 20-53 13-22 15-44 5-88 2-87 5-84 10-41 10-77 4-74 11-22 2-88 4-01 1-71 5-18 2-:w 5-18 3 -tie 17-84 11-70 24 -.53 23-40 19-05 26-39 126-07 9 31 17-94 11-80 7-15 200 3 -.50 2-08 6-!»7 1!I-.t6 26-47 5 -.57 137- 01 14-73 9-71 14-12 5-73 107 3-40 3-35 5-lG 24-99 18-34 23-18 135- (j.j Means M'53 11-80 9-78 9-03 6-41 3-57 2-72 422 7-64 13-70 19-41 18-08 130-89 • In April, 1900, recording station moved from Cape Snowfall in .Mar , 1901, 9- 1 in. In Jan., 1913. 11-5 \ery little snowfall at this station— it usually melts a Scott to Ilulberg. Total in 1913, 4-7 in., all in Dec. 8 it falls and is recorded aa rain. lU h-'V KOLT CBUK— Elevation, 300 ft. Total PBEciprrxTinx 1014. 1915 3-21 3-60 2-65 3-12 3-17 0-47 ro-78To-i,3T6-»8' 7-21 8-03 110-78 8-70 2-04 3-67 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 3-0 in.; Dec.,20. In Jan., 1915, 0-2 ; Nov.,1-2; Deo, 4-2; toUlin 1915, 5-6 in. AnDuat m « 10- 22 :i H-T.i 7 S-14 •x l.i-29 a fl'Ol (1 15-67 2 12-AI> 5 10-72 5 IMS a 13-36 w 11- S2 21-22 27- SO 19-39 24-96 17-23 23-42 19-57 23-22 162-25' 95-52 i35-s6' llU-33 105-75 117-tiO 113- 4! 1I3<:I4 115-27 12S-!t() 146- SM 123-61 126-07 137-l)-< 135 -(j.j 120-89 METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C»««»mJ 541 Year Jan. I Feb. | Mar. | April | M.y | June | July | Au«. ( Sep. [ IV,. | Soy | Dor. || Annu.l Mt ■OPl— Elev»tion. 500 ft. Total PRecfpiT\Tiox 1910. 191 1912.. 1913.. 1914 1915.. Mean During 3-4 : April, 1H7!»-191 0-9; Nov Vr'"«'."?JL"°,.."^"'>. ■"'•'»«<• 'Vonthly 8u""°*'»" *»• : J-in, 42-8 in.; Feb., 10-9 ; Mar 12-3 AnriTT^ 21 4 . Dec., 330. Toul .nowfall m 1911, 148- 1 in.; niatimum nicorded, 48-0 in , Jm.I lili. •^" ' * '' ' 2-30 2-70 2-66 2 -.35 Nov., 1 i \l hi r r ■»■% ^i ■i > - 1 1 :^ 5*2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS TOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COtVMIHA—C«m mui J»n. I Fi-h. I M.r. | April | M.y | Juni- | July | Au«. | S>pt. | Oft. | Nov. | Dfc. |) Anna YOBF IWM.. 1IM9.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 19IS.. Meftiu. 16- 80 24-8A 11-72 16-61 fl-79 20-12 7-89 14-91 IXBSA BAT— Elevation, 5 ft TtTTtL PwWIFITATIOt 9-94 1.1- 9S tt-51 16-80 .i-o.-> 17-ft'> 4-W 10-26 10-79 11-98 2-OU .'i-OO 22- Wl 12-20 10-S.1 2-58 1S-S3 4-4.5 «-«7 18-. "iH 8-85 9-44 7-08 8-80 6-06 B-70 l-.W 5-37 6-42 3-67 B-27 4-16 2-05 0-60 1-85 0-54 2-73 4-23 9-.y) 0-86 3-23 8-22 2-04 4-6.8 I 5-72 10- 14 0-50 1-61 2-00 7-24 4-.M 11-43 13-54 4-01 4-52 3-35 7-86 3 -.59 3-55 6-49 18-02 9-45 7-61 4-39 7-10 10- ,'.7 13-01 «-7B 9-99 17-2rt 15-28 7-42 8-06 8-70 21-15 18-78 15-12 13-97 «.i -''J'i?."*n^'^ V *■' ^f*? ™'rP'e«f'L«veni-.e monthly Knowfall »a.: J.n.. 16-4 in.; t-Vb, 5-6 0-4, Oct., 0-4; Nov., 1-2 ; Deo., 2-7 .Mun >nniiaranowrall, 29-3 in. 11-25 7-61 8-80 9-8S 32-35 7-69 9-12 13- 16 116-11 135-3: 85- SX 107-4: . M«r., maximum recorded, 58-2 in.. 2-6; Apr Jan., 19(1 IM 1913. 1914. 1915. (COMFOKT RANCH)— Elevation, 3,340 ft. ToT.*L Prwipitatio.s l-.Vt 0-.5S 0-.50 0-31 1-02 0-18 1-M 1 - .Vi 1-22 11-80 2-02 3-93 1-21 3-.'ifl 0-72 O-.IS 0-69 1-79 2-:«> 0-95 . . i**""?.!?!' ■n,-'^''" , 1913, 4-7 in.; Dec., 3-9. In Jan., 1914. 7- toUl m 1914, 29-3. In Jan., 1915, 5-8; Feb., 3-4 ; .Mar, 0-7 ; 0-42 0-74 0-60 0-86 1-26 0-27 0- t« 0-:i8 0-07 13-8; 13-.'.: ; Feb.. 5-0; Mar. 8-4; .Nov.. 5-0 ; Dee., 3- Nov., 0-6 ; Dec., 0-7 ; toUl in 1915, 11-2 in. UT 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. (DOMINION EXPEIUMENTAL FAR.M)— Elevation, 2.650 ft. ToT*L PBBTIFrr.iTIO^ l-:t4 1-80 0-51 2-08 0-50 0-30 o-:« 0-40 0-03 1-78 1-25 1-14 0-67 1-46 1-01 1-71 1-.59 3-92 1-80 1-57 3-79 1-84 0-75 0-67 1-89 2-16 n-72 I 0-71 0-61 I 0-78 0-77 0-79 0-90 0-90 1-36 0-12 0-43 0-58 n« '*('"'>« '"'^-'•J (''■"- inromplcti-l. average montlily .nuwfall wa« : Jan.,»-7in ; Feb., .^-9 ; Mar , 2 u o , .>ov., o-i ; Uec., 2-0. .Mean annual auiwfall, 24-1 in.; maiimum recorJeJ, 13-4 in.. Jan., 1913. 14-73 13- 4J 14-47 -3; Apr IM 1U13. 1*14. 1915. nmmKM BSIOHTS— Elevation, about 2,600 ft. ^__ ToT*L Pricipit^tiow 2-00 0-43 0-91 0-48 0-48 0-05 1-04 1-18 1-46 0-Sfi 1-54 4- 16 1-40 4-04 0-81 0-00 2-16 0-69 0-44 0-70 n-97 0-78 0-58 0-57 0-12 0-41 0-52 1915*'S?j'"'ivf.''''4"i'''li'l^"n',° = i>''-^"l' -^^'-^iJ: ■"'"V*-*: Dec, 4-1: total in 1914, 31- 1 in. 1»IS, 4-3: Feb., 4-8; Sept., 0-7; Nov.. 5-7; Dec, 3-7 ; toUl in 1915. 19-2 in. 13-. M U->)1 In JuQ IM 1U14. 1915. HlMMB MLAMD— Elevation, near >ea-level Total Pretipitatio.n -70 -03 0-t>2 l-.'.4 l-:io 0-97 0-26 l-:i7 2-10 I 0-48 I 0-02 0-81 0-09 0-23 2-15 0-48 3- lU 3-:i5 5-40 I 4-08 0-89 5-97 JOMU LAMM • — Elevation, 2,050 ft in — ToT\L Precipitation 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 0-(l« 4-74 U-31 2-82 2-39 14 15 17. 18 llil- its 14-64 4 .S3 a 22 4-17 o-:«) 2-07 3-20 3-14 lU-12 2 10 17-51 7-8;) 81 8 ;2 2 :iO 3-:lli 3-95 4-44 5- SO 7-04 2-07 7 .58 12-8.1 ll-B.' 7» 12-07 ti ;o ; 2; 3-:«i 5-24 4-48 7-03 2-98 10- 11 9 98 12-04 2-7ti 81 4 4li 8 80 0-22 7-15 5-21 l-Otl 0-89 7-01 5 .50 14-75 2-31 7S >ii 4 23 3 50 5-;w «-,)0 4-11 2-50 0-30 2-51 15 15 9-93 13-98 73 7.1 Means ll-.)5 5 SO _5^ 45 4-49 0-03 4-27 3-.%i 2-87 5-71 9 08 14-04 8-10 SO '.ID . During 1910-15 (11112-15 oompleU), average monthly unowfall wa» • Jan , .59- Jan 1 tin ' ' ^'" ■ ■'^"'"' ■ ■""'' ■ ^"'' "'"■ *'"" •''"'"'' 'nuw'a". 1S2-0 in .■inowfa I reduced to e.|iiivalent rainfall by uae of factor 12 to 1 un to .March 31, 1914. sn' wl:ill redui-cl to .- luiv lent rii it.ill bv u»<- of factor IJ to 1 fro:n April I, IJU. JOKDAH KIVIB (SHIRLEY)— ElevaUon, near lea-Ievel 4 in.: Feb. 17- S . .Mar.. 17-1 raasimuin recorded. 120*0 i;i. Ut Total PRBCipiTA-noM 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910... 1911... 1912... 1B13... 1914... 1915... Mean" 10-70 11-14 9-00 11-07 9-:i8 10-92 17-51 5-11 9-41 10-40 7-65 4-24 0-m 4-90 5<9«l 4-50 «-71 U-4B 0-49 5- 02 3-90 2-22 4-99 5-50 4-33 .'vOS 5 -59 2-48 4-6!» 3-10 1-95 2-38 4-03 3-62 :!.48 2-98 3-50 1-01 4-17 2-07 3-00 1-75 2-43 '■70 O- U» l-:)2 I -01 1-27 2-91 3-74 3-91 0-27 2-01 0-22 1-77 0- 13 0-40 1-10 1-92 0-32 1-00 0.«7 1-90 1-30 2- 13 202 o-.-.s 2-95 0-00 4 -.52 3-21 2-50 0-44 5-27 0-98 4-02 0-00 0-61 1-30 2-9S 5-74 0-15 U-49 180 4-Ul 0-24 10-47 13-59 During 1908-15, average monthly anowfall was : Jan.. 1-4 in.; Feb , l-O • Mc^" annual suuwfall, 4-3 lu ; luuiiinuin n corded, 8-5 in., Nov., 1911. • Hi-cordo supplie) 1)3 -0:1 tiU-.il Oli-li 71-92 59-9.' 7a' OS Mar, 0-4; Nov., 1-1 ; Dec, U' I Annuol ih HI iirt IH 80 M M m i:»- n 12 (U-iM te 107-42 tH ■m l» S7 (17 13 .'i2 ;w 12 14-77 4» 13-47 S8 14-47 April 13- J.) l4->il ■■»i-v-)' ».' 7«-«» 7(1 M-t>s II 7S-IU J» 73-7.1 ti'i Ml)-'.tO 11 77- HI 3 7i)-i"> S 7.S-.vi •u (>3-(i:i ),t UU-.ii 17 Oli-11 J 71-H-' 18 5'j-a.' to 70 -OS Dec., u- 1. METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATIOM PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLVMWA-Cmlinusd 543 Year || Jao. | Feb. | Mar. | AprU | May | June J July | Au,. [ .^,.p,. | ...t. | Nov. | !».. || Annu:,l in 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1918 JOBOAW aim (BEAR CREEK)— Elevdtion. 3.670 ft. Total Prktipitatiom Mmm 17-09 I. 5-03 W-37 IH-70 .30-29 7-06 »-47 11-11 9-.W a-S8 7-02 .j-.W 1-97 9-17 10-07 e-33 fl-n3 4-00 2-90 3 -.13 0-02 6-)t4 4-Bfl .J-26 2-.Vi 3-.W 2-.'i2 3-85 3-.W 2-OA 2-52 3-74 4-4H 0-47 2-rt5 »M7 94-74 91 M UH-J7 9j- 19 AprioT0c^'.^J:V,''^V„vTT''Dii"T5-T "m""''*' """'.'''" ^?M ir • ^'■'* '"■ f«'b"''«"» r'.Mar.. .i-8 ; Jan.. 1913. ' ' ' ^" " ''' '• ^^'"'" »"'"'»' '"o"'"". 97-2 in.; maximum recordod, 101-5 in.. KAMIOOFS— Elevation. 1.245 ft. Total PHrripiT AXIOM 0-.50 0-90 2-21 0-.^3 2-27 l-2fi 1-.37 3-<2 0- no 1-23 0-37 -49 5-.W 3-20 7-79 «-03 1-15 3 -112 S-70 9-. 5.1 H-27 24-16 13- SH 21 -2S 21-79 H-21 23-71 15-76 4-76 12-06 19 '.i-tlrt 14-40 1S-7H 6-92 3-67 20-35 I3-.T0 1>7S 1S79 i887.! !!!.'; 1896!."!!;! 1891 1892 1X93 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 I9I0 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 .Mninfl O-.tj 0-84 0-12 6-46 1-93 0-64 1-00 1-28 0-44 0-90 1-lM 0-35 2-71 0-94 0-72 1-10 0-52 0-81 0-22 0-54 1-18 1-44 1-68 0-93 1-33 1-50 0-18 6-79 0-80 0-07 0-90 1-05 0-26 0-47 1-24 0-02 2-48 6-25 ■ 0-M 0-97 1-00 0-87 0-21 0-62 1-01 2-18 T 0'li8 1-00 O-IO' 0-67 o-:«) 0-45 0-47 0- 55 0-83 0-01 0-27 0-0« 0-.3H 0-B2 O-.V) 0-00 0-10 0-24 0-20 0-06 0-18 0-12 0-00 017 0-26 0-47 l-.vi 1-51 0-99 0-65 T 0-00 0-18 0-17 0-46 0-28 1-07 0-4H 0-08 0-16 0-2H 0-30 0-12 U-11 1-36 0-22 0-;t8 0-17 0-97 0-39 1-67 0-49 1-79 0-00 2-51 0-.->2 T 0-00 1-79 0-09 0-91 0-73 0-62 1-18 32 0-fiO 1-31 2-28 0-92 I 0-82 0-32 n-3f. I 0-98 I-.TO 1-26 1 1-00 0-SS 0-61 1 - 22* 1-16 0-12 0-63 0-86 I-H2 0-92 3-07 3-42 6-60 1-52 6-36 0-19 0-55 'i-60' l-72» 6-23' 0-81* 6- .35 "t" l«-«l i-22 1-30 MO i-ii 6-.W) 6- 2.5' 2-26' 6-'i.3' 6-58' i-6i' 0-.17 O-HO 0-42 0-91 0-44 2- .52 0-91 1 1 - Xi 1-76 3-18 0-44 0-99 0.41 2-42 1-23 12-73 0-8.3 0-88 0-00 0-72 I'll 1-44 0- 12 9-80 1-10 1.37 3-73 0-.-.2 0-42 0-80 0-66 11-fJl i-;8 2-22 O-.Vi 0-64 0-51 0-.V1 10- ■^ 0-42 0-00 1-21 0-10 1-23 0-46 7-07 0-83 0-86 1-20 T 0-72 1-62 12-lX) 2-33 1-74 2 -.14 0-44 0-48 0-.54 10-27 1-02 0-;i8 012 0-02 0-44 0-82 10-78 0-82 0-02 1-m 1-.V4 0-96 0-31 0- 37 1-49 0-35 000 0-61 1-28 2- 38 2-04 11-09 5-18 1-73 2-01 0- 13 0-.57 0-17 8-94 0-48 1-46 0-10 0-65 0-07 0-90 '•on 2-24 0-62 1-21 0-50 0-84 0-30 9-63 0-29 1-60 0-43 0-66 0-65 0-87 7-69 1-02 0-88 ont 2-01 1-27 8-36 l-.W 3-.')0 2-09 0-86 0-66 0-82 O-.M 13-47 2-flO 0- 9li 0-80 0-48 1-04 0-71 0-26 10-29 0-.>l O-.M 0-.J8 1-09 0-79 1-01 0- .'i8 10-73 2-49 1-15 1-32 61 0-SO 0-38 l-fiO 12-20 -04 0-77 10-26 • Interpolated. 1-1 :^0?.".%^*JtNlv'W-'"Djr"6-'"\^lL^^^^^^ Jan. 7-9 in.: Feb.. 6-2; Mar. . " .= . iNov.. n . UM . b .. .Moan annuaUnowfall 28-2 in.; maximum rt-corded. 24-4 in.. Feb.. 1904 &A»IiO — hievation, 1.7o2 ft. * Total Pn EriprTATtov j I.S95 1.S96 i9i2!!!!!; 1913 1914 1913 Moans.. . . 5-.il 5-86 I- 13 7-17 1-00 4-73 1-77 2-66 0-65 1-26 0-95 2-97 0-77 6-ri6 1-11 1-65 0-51 1 - 25 1-74 0-93 1-24 2-07 1-12 1-42 2 -.87 1-37 0-81 1-72 2-47 -S3 1-09 116 2-48 1-32 1-74 I -.VI 0-87 4-03 2-20 1-17 3-00 2-25 1-92 1 ■ 94 0-00 1-29 3-33 3-23 2-30 2-.M U-81 2-97 1-61 1 - 75 1-23 -68 2-3-( 4-14 i-oo 4 -.56 2-76 1-00 3-31 3 04 3-31 'i-78 0-.58 2-20 3-40 2-12 24-64 26-30 23-76 , - -■■ - ... . ... .1- .,t A--li *.)•/!> ApriuTf NS^''9-'2^X'^'7-r'Man;"""r"TV,''>,r"r'^''«"»^ J-" ■•*'■• -^ r.b..7.A. M.r..6-r .u 1. «ov..» J. Uec., 17-j. .MeauannuaUnowfall. 7I-4in.; maximum recorded. 44-0 in,, Jan.. 19l4. U( 1914. 1915. •27 I 0-28 KKLOWHA (BANKHKAD OUCIIAKD) Total PngripiTATiov 0-67 I o:t5 I 0-86 Snowfall in Nov.. 1914. 1-3 in.; Dec. 4-3 IM 0-95 2 -.33 0-81 1-10 0-26 1-70 0-2.3 0--20 2. -.2 1-70 l-o.-> 1-06 2-12 -00 0-45 11.. 1-.I2 II 13-69 InJan. 191.3. 12-3; Nov.. 4- 1; Dec. 11-7 ; total in 1913. 28- 1 in. 1912 1913 19H.. . 1915.. ■ " KKLOWHA (HYDRAULIC SU.M.MIT)— Elevation. 4.120 ft. „ Total PaErrpiTATlov 3-00 6-25 1-75 1-25 2-73 0-00 0-56 1-30 2-00 0-81 U-91 2-27 •63 2-02 6-22 I 1-47 2-4i> I 0-94 5-00 I 1-70 I 2-38 1-78 0-56 0- 85 1-70 2-72 0.89 I 3-12 0-46 0-81 0-38 1-82 3-00 li !-0n II 2.3-14 ;J:^TS&1:F -- - -«---o'" ina^!'iti.^;;i:5?ki^f ^i5S;^lI« 3.i.i S i*i a li 'i ii| I 544 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— ConMniMd Yew J.11. I F»b. I M»r. I April | M«y | Ju» July | Auc. I 8«|>t. I Ort. | Nov. I Dm. 'I AoDual m BnOWllA (OKAN.\GAN MISSION)— Elerktion, 1.200 ft. Total PaacirrrtTio 0-47 2-OT O-.M 0-25 2-35 0-33 0-39 1-35 0-55 0-20 1-88 0-75 0-17 0-05 0-18 0-51 074 ■15 1-87 1-76 1-37 2-25 0-07 0- 15 0-65 2-51 2-04 0-00 1-.W 1-28 0-58 0-10 0-11 1-74 0-87 O-.W 1-09 1-16 1-02 1-27 0-26 0-28 1-52 0-93 1-53 1-76 0-08 2-09 0-85 2-23 0-48 1-81 0-SO 0-99 0-85 0-28 2-65 1-65 0-90 0-90 003 0-62 1-21 1-48 1-27 0-27 0-68 1-31 1-06 0-18 0-91 2-27 0-70 1-21 2-3S 1-63 0-88 1-12 1-89 1-52 2-78 2-09 1-25 •01 I 0-82 I 1-28 I 0-91 1-55 1-46 0-75 0-75 2-64 0-70 0-25 1-22 1-32 3-21 1-47 0-84 1-43 1-31 1-13 0-82 2-05 1-M 1-40 1-08 1-51 1-12 0-82 0-50 4-41 1-45 0-M 0-95 0-48 1-23 9-26 12-2U 11-59 1-44 I 1 37 15-09 12-41 11-31 14-86 13-32 7-79 13-12 13-43 12-39 12-71 13-64 11-2.5 14- lU 12 75 ApnI. 0-1, Nov., 5-0; Dec., 10-2. Mean annual •nowfall, 35-2 in.: maximum recorded, 25-0 in, Dec, 1896. KILOmtA (RUTLAND)— Elevation, Total PRiciprrATioM 1,870 ft. 11)11... 1912 .. 1913. . . 1914... 1915... MeanR 1-35 1-15 2-10 1-92 0-04 1-49 o-;» 1-15 0-93 1-13 0-36 0-87 0-2i( 0-00 0-27 0-36 0-82 0-^5 U'JI 1-11 0-26 0-6S 1-05 0-fl6 I/O 0-43 1-46 1-00 2-41 1-40 During I91l-1.'>, avpra«p monthly snowfall waa : Mean annual anowfall, 29-0 in.: maiimum, 21-0 in., 2-17 1-4S 2-47 1-44 1-41 U-S9 2-02 0-49 0-56 209 1-3.1 0-80 0-66 0-64 0-46 1-12 1-06 0-5:1 2-.M 1-32 025 1-02 1-90 0-39 0-88 2-43 1-18 0-30 1-00 0-26 1-45 0-70 0-55 0-85 0-70 13-97 12-16 11-92 12-.Vi 12-70 1-79 1-21 0-79 1-32 0-M 1-03 0-85 12-65 Jan., 12-0 in. : Jan., 1913. Feb., 5-1 ; Mar., 0-7 : Nov., 4-4 ; Dec., 7-7. Ut (DOMINION 8TATION)-ElevatioD, 1,372 ft. Total Prbcipitatiom ,- s 1891 1892. 1893. 1804. 1895. ■-J 1912. 1913. 1914 lOlS. Meann . 0'.55 0-2U 0-02 0-04 0-42 0-14 0-98 2-20 0-40 0-I1.5 0-22 0-06 0-a5 0-00 0-27 0-66 0-32 n-28 0-50 i-ai 0-48 T 0-60 0-13 0-72 0-44 0-59 0-44 0-89 0-31 0-44 1-15 0-5.1 1-0.5 0-18 0-62 0-84 0-29 0-81 1-12 1-31 0-78 1-00 0-50 3-07 1-14 2-01 1-47 0-57 6-46 0-93 2-2:1 1-31 0-82 1-23 1-19 0-.53 0-60 0-27 0-11 1-72 0-20 0-49 n-B4 0-75 0-53 0-28 0-00 0-00 1-01 1-28 0-20 0-51 0-72 0-40 0-09 1-71 0-54 0-76 0-70 0-20 1-31 0-25 1-06 0-76 T 0-47 1-50 0-73 1-30 2-36 1-19 2-13 0-13 0-58 1-OS 1-21 1-25 U-07 0-15 1-30 0-62 0-40 0-63 8-. SI 8-19 3-9S 10- 4B ll-O.i Uurini 1891-1915 (1896-191 1_ no reconi), .ivi.ra«e monthly -niiwfall wa. : Jan , 3-9 in ; Feb, 1-8: .Mar,U-7 Oct., 1-1; Mov., 3-B; Dec, 2-d. Mean annual gnowfall, 13-9 in.; maiimum rerurdcd, 17-8 in, Nov., 1894. itO (PROVINCIAL ST.\TI()N)— Elevation, Total Pbbcipitatiov ,361 ft. 1913. 1914. 191.5 2-61 0-40 1-99 0-2!) 0-H6 0-.32 0-72 0-10 0-15 3-14 2-.« 0-.5:l 0-l)r> 0-51 2-I:| (Snowfall in Nov . 1913. 0- 1 in. In Jan., 1914, 10-0 ; Nov , 1915, 4-0 ; Nov., 2-0 ; Lhx., 9-0 ; total in lOlo, 15-0 in. i .5,, 016 114 0<.5> U-O:) 0-22 l-«l 0-04 0-79 0-41 IJ-II) 0-9.5 42 0-17 0-.72 2-. 58 |! 11-7.5 •0 ; Dec, 1-0; total in 1914, 12-0. In Ju Ml mrOBOATl— Elevation, 2,600 ft. Total Prw-ipitation 4 •II II 77 ., . i • .57 76 2-00 2-flO 3 06 9! 1 ;i-57 45 3 -a) 1-84 4 09 3 21 Snowfall in Nov, 1913, 10 2.S-l>9 i^- - f 7-7: total in 19.4. 84.o;-iy^{;';iJl5^ira: l^^^-^^K^^^lIfs^''^^ ^"-''^-^ ^^ ' ^'^^ ■^- 00*4 in. ' , 35-3 ; Dec., 23*0 ; total iu 1915, tt. 1 Annual :::::;:: 18 92« » 12- 20 8 ll-SB 3 13 1I-9S is' A 15-B9 1) 12-41 »t 11-31 1 14-8A 2 13-32 2 7-79 ) 13- 12 1 13-43 1 12-39 > 12-71 1 13-M 1 11-2S i 14- lU 7 12 75 METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION RECORD8 FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C«h.«< 54S Ynr Jnn. F.b. M,p. ■^Pril [ May I JuM I July I Au«. | Itept. | (Vt. | Nov. | D«- >«l 1902 . 1903.. 1904.. I90S.. 1906 . 1907 I910'. '. Mftnn KITIMAT— ElOTMioD, ncu ws-lcv«l Total PnacirtTATioM Annnnl 4-93 19- M 3-00 17-97 5-10 9-17 404 3-70 2-80 3-OS 11-38 S-17 1-43 4-37 4-36 4-48 8-81 4-BO I 3-80 2-19 3-78 S-56 4-03 6-34 2-12 1-54 1-00 2-75 4<51 2-30 0-63 2-93 1-US 2-30 2-30 1-82 1-47 1-02 1-55 1-63 3-40 I' 13 9<4« 7-86 3-22 708 10-17 11-18 11-43 3-38 .2 s?-.?}-.'??^ «S2*.5?'5'T«r£;->';;^^;;Rr>! •S!^'"^ 5-01 I 8-83 6-15 34-54 15-17 7-90 18-10 14-37 12-08 13- 10 10-65 6-39 14-80 9-87 10-98 Itt 1914. 1915 »M : Jan., 91-9 in.; Feb , 20- maumum noonleil, 100-1 in.; Dec., •UWAKUMl— Elevation, about 3,000 ft. Total PnncipiTATtnir 81-8S 74-31 03-08 81-47 9: Mar.. 1903. Snowfall in Nov., O-wj 6-86 I 6:48i 6-30 i2-.Ml i-m'l 0-19 2-6S 0-4; Oct.,1.7rNoi.8"';'!;^^ii.i^'.i?;«!5:-.-'5Pi'«"'-»-0 0-02 I 0-92 I 1-311 0-43 1-09 I 1-47 3-90 I 0-80 I 1-80 1 0-88 13- 14 IM total in 1915, 37-0 in. nronrr— Elevation, 3,000 rt. Total PanciriTAXtON Feb.,8-0; .Mnr.,0-5: -^pril, 1-6 ; May, Snowfall in Nov., 1915, 5- 1 in.; Dec., 16-7 i -I 0-89 I 1-68 I l-on I Q..W I i.B^ ^1 I 13-97 12 M 11 02 12 .'>.i 12 70 i 12-6.^ ttt 8-81 8-19 ■ ' 3-9s' lo-'-ifl' 11-03 s-.w 12-lt) 1 1 • 7-. lu in 1»»4 1805 8-88 3-07 1896 11-97 4-90 IS97 6-24 3-16 li*« 2-61 6-84 1R99 7-33 4-12 1900 6-49 4-71 1901 6-77 4-78 1902 9-.M 10'. ll 1903 4-4H ■2 12 1904 8-10 5-56 Meant 6- -.J 4-08 I « I i* I ID— Elevation, 20 ft. Total PnacipiTATioM 3-60 3-28 4-10 0-07 3-17 8-62 1-18 3-11 4 -.32 5-48 3-70 1-08 1-68 1-77 1-40 i-flo 2- 46 1-82 l-M 1-73 1-79 1-78 l-»« 0-87 1-39 2-5S' 2-67 2-12 0-99 1-29 0-59 0-88 1-45 304 2-39 2-45 1-24 2-9t 0-76 During Nov., 5-.> ; 1-70 I 1-75 0-54 0-27 2-17 0-30 6-71 0-45 0-84 1-04 0-02 0-80 "« . 4-1 .Mean annual inowfall. 33-0 in.; maiimum 2-06 T 0-17 0-72 0-22 i 07 0-16 0-46 0-.S5 0-08 0-76 4-06 1-.56 1-23 1-43 1-76 0-72 1-48 1-02 1-27 3-44 0-44 5-69 0-27 2-56 2-0.3 4-i3 5-00 4-2.i 2-3.1 2-96 3-90 1-01 4-l-( 3-12 8-07 8-03 6- 25 13-82 5-50 0-76 8-62 8- (14 10-30 1-84 3-20 8-01 7-S3 .37-43 45-06 45-37 3;M3 47-61 40-83 40- 15 37-01 47-59 43-.30 *" -J ^."K- '3* '■> ; •■■«'>. *-l : -Mar., 5-9 i recoi-led, 34-2 in., Jan., 1896. lU 1*78... 1M9... 1880... 1881 . . . I«2... l.'9>!,. ' 18WI... li/OO... 1901. . ISO-.'.. 190;i,., IWM,.. :»-. . I'.Hl.,. l^KC liHKI inuj. mi. . . mii 1913 , I9U. I'JIO., Means ^■*01I1E— Elevation, near aea-level Total Prbcipitation 6-83 5-81 3-01 3-16 8-14 .11 d-75 .1: 2-77 ■ I ;i-7o iiOo U-25 I 4-37 i «•;? I 5-47 II 2-90 i! 3-50 ll 2-99 i ■••70 2-27 II 5-4-'> 2-UO 4-55 2-07 7-S3 2-70 6-52 3-41 3-7.%' 4-1.- 3U(I S-53 5-08 1-4B 6- Ml 2- If, 4-!tO 4-I.i U-20 5-71 2-31 2-21 3-80 1-80 2-60 1-85 3-93 3-42 7-29 1-95 3-83 2-34 1-05 2-32 6-58 1-25 3-12 2-30 5-00 4-10 1-80 I -.52 4-3.-> 3-(K) 2-15 1-95 0-30 2-70 1-90 1-90 2- 82 . During Nov, 1-0 ; 0-84 1-90 1-9S 3-07 2-61 i-73 2-60 3-15 2-71 1-50 1-78 I 1-90 0-40 Ool 2-72 1-45 0-42 2-07 1-05 1-85 1-58 l-tW 1-25 1-78 1-33 2-87 2-58 3-12 1-07 i-8.5 4-02 2-84 2-55 1-88 1-84 0-80 2-20 3-07 (1-.V> 3 -88 2-31) 2-18 .j-0.-> 0-05 3-30 "•4.-, 1-65 2-2<) 0-24 0-78 l-:i3 2-85 1-61 3-08 0-38 3-15 2-78 0-92 2-21 l-6.i 1-ftl I-*) I • :).' 0-4.i 1 - (10 l-lXi 1-10 2-05 2-57 1-90 0-4.'! 1-flO 0-S2 3-S» l-8(i 1-00 3-41 U-47 0-35 0-00 6-95 1-11 1-71 0-7.i J-2i (j-8I (I 87 1-72 0()2 0-5 0-.W 2-»« 5-30 3-42 l-,57 3-80 5-01 (i-.M' 12-32 3-2.-1 4-21 11-08 8-20 0-22 2-91 .••3U 3-40 4-37 121 4-.M 4 -(is (i(i0 2-70 415 3-40 2-t)0 4-34 4-04 8 •.•..> S-3S 5-2.-1 2-(W (i 79 8 •il .", 7(1 >4 31 7 (ill 7 m .", 48 .H 2.» (i .(.-> •) 5S 6- 15 4-00 4-85 .)-4S ■)-37 3-37 7- 15 5 ■ 5.J l-7(i •■>• l.-> M-SS 4-80 2-15 i)-!)5 5-30 4-70 38-96 43-53 30-37 '29-71* Jan.. 7-2 in ; 24-0 in.. Fob 35-19 40- 5S '37-76' 40-44 35-24 .39-59 34-77 34 -.54 38-94 35-02 31-82 27-05 26-44 36-70 Si. il a 1 Pt Feb, 4-4 ; , U79. .Mar, 1-9 ; 546 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— CmhimW Y««r II Jan I Feb. | M»r. [ April May | Jun<- | July | Aui. | H<i-t j Nov. | Dm. || A Iff LAOTUara— Elevttian, Total PiiErtpiTtTinM Mft. 1913 IDU 17-34 SB7 3-31 4-ai 1S3 0':lt I»4 ine u;7 ti-M.1 0-07 0-21 2-Wl 4-41 ()-2>l :lMt 12- 12 lU-2fl 10'7I 7-B2 7.57 1-1(9 12-13 1 lots HnowfillinJan., lUI4.21-5iia.i Feb.,U-Ui Mu.. 3'Ul Nuv, l-.i inlOlS, 2-iiD., *llin Dee. LAXaUT—Elevatinn, 22 ttM T(ITM. PnEriPITATIOM Doc, 1-2; toUlinlVU, 27-2. ToUlaa ft. ll*7tt., inn.. imo.. iwi.. iDita.. 1883.. 1884. I88S. 18M«.. 1887.. 1888., H 1804. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900.. Meuu. 3-.W lU'tXI 7-49 3-16 4-96 7-64 7-B5 11-72 6-89 8-12 4-09 5-40 B-57 10-56 8-34 5-36 9-91 6-83 7- IB 6-12 11-21 3-H2 6-4'. 6-05 4-50 4-00 9-(W 5-36 7-44 2-42 3-77 A-8:< 9-34 5-90 10-77 .■■1-89 5-10 6-.TI 4-82 10-60 2-on 2-6M 7-36 3-72 l.»7 2-05 6-30 11-84 6-00 5-40 4-U6 2-61 6-10 3-82 2-94 8-80 S-21 1-52 2 -.'.7 0-8U 3'IM 4-31 4-23 2-51 o-:w 2-48 5-25 2-72 2-47 3-83 5-35 3-68 2-97 4-3:1 4-08 3-18 2-37 2<:io 2-17 4-23 1-84 l-2-'i 1-71 3-99 2-38 3-19 O-Ki 2-62 5-05 4-91 4-32 3-29 3-OH 4-03 4-98 3-21 I)- 44 2-2.5 0-80 5-6»l 2-00 1-112 3-48 1-0.5 1-51 1-39 4-38 2-46 5-68 3-07 3-26 2-56 4-21 2.• BHIT.SH C OLrMBU-C^..,^ II J.n. I F.b. I .Mar. | ^p,., | „., | j,., | j„., | ,„, | ^^, |~ 1 547 [>vr. Auwd tTKOa Cmi«K-i;i,valion, 1.900 ft. ToTAI. I'aCCIPITtTlOW ■ ■ -< , |>l.O , 15.7 ; to,,| j„ ,gJJ_ IH *•"" <*■« '^f- VANCOIVEID-Elovation. 637 ft. 10T»I. PREriFITATInN i»ia. I»U. 191S ||20.4« !l .■i-ttil u-uo 4 -TO 10-37 «-47 4-9.'> '1-2 2"S l-Hli 4;:'' " ' " ' *'" • i" ^ •'unc 20 (tuUl, : Nuv.. 2- 1 : ,„ul .^19177^ * * ^ '* * ^WA— Elevation. 1,215 ft. ToT*L Pkecipit^tiom inisisrsj-aJs.-'''"'- '""•'•"''' Uec 1-77 I 4-M 1-1.5 I; 4-i»s !! '■"'• '" ••" • '»»•■'. 2a- 1: Keb..9.1; Nov. 19- 5; Doc . 3 ur 1914 1915 MAIOT L4II -Elevation, 3,300 ft. ToT»I. P8ECIPIT4TIOV :i.i-2o' : total I l-.i5T6-6.Vri-4.5T6.79l 3-15 j 1-4K I 2-81 0-40 l-.5!» 0-21 7-5 '?o"Ji'iiT9r4b-'llS: *" '■'■■ '^'- '■' in UAMX MLAWD-Eleration, 25 ft Total PiiecipiTATiov I 2-lu I 0-97 0-5.1 0-6.5 -21 1-05 H-37 jl 1-21 II 111-10 la Jaa.. 1915. 15-5; Feb.. 6-5 ; Mar. 0-5: S^sTlSTTE^. •**■•■»— Elevation, 30 ft. Total PKKL-ipirATio.v 6 -.14 I fl-.12 42-Olt 3rt- 10 0I-3S 4s-7:t 72-71 «-no II .M-os ,, . ■ •■ ■•. I, .-,10 -J. 99 2-7H 4. in fl. •uuuui »M >»iaii, J7.9 ,„ . maunmin reconieU, 53-0 in.i Jan., lU 11»I.V IMTOHOSIK-Elevation, 80 ft. Total PREcipiT\Tinv Saonfall ia Dec.. 19(5. 0-5 in. ■I 0-01 I U-42 I 5-.V, I 0-78 I 7-41 1! Ul W!3... 1914... 1915.. 1-80 0-65 MeOLrai LAU (TELKWA)_EI.v.tion, J. 670 ft. Total PBECiprrATiorr 2-79 1-12 1-02 3-10 0-65 4-00 0-31 2 -.38 1-29 2-23 1-68 2-46 0-21 0-82 1-78 1-33 2-20 3-. 11 I 1-19 3-27 I 1-10 1-16 0-95 1-00 17-95 23-70 K^S:%i:»!g»--'-s-..'i«s^'«^ i-S 8 ? *3 U.,:l ii t ( 1 ': -1 M lii w 1 ' ?. * . •ii 1 "f t i ?1 548 COMMISSION' OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECX)RD8 FOR 81ATION8 IN BRITIBH COLL'MBIA— CmHiiim^ Ynr I' ^^n | Kih j Mnr | April | Miiv | Jun.' | July | Aiw | S. |.« | . ■ t | Nov | !>•<• ! An M«OOT tAMM (AI.BF.RN-I) IM Tr>T»l, PlieclPIT%TIO*t ISBtt I*»7 IM* ll-U!) 4 ••IS 7-a.r l«-74 7- .TO 4iio I'tm J-.Vi jii l-HI u-twi a- 13 :i-7i 14- W B'y7 '7.' Hnowfallin Nov , ItOli, tg'Sio In Un . tM)7, U'U . Keb.a-U. Mnr . 7-0 : Nov, ll'S; On: , l-l* : tati 1807, 32-4 in. In Jan , IttM, 4-0 ; Peb,l7'Uin. IM KIDWAT— Rlevarion, l.^l I ft ToT*L PKBCIrlTATIOM IMS 0«.'> (1-40 0-»0 J-:is o-M 0-19 O-.'iO 0-34 0-70 O'SH M;t 0'2f* 0-37 1-4H 010 OW 0«l il-at 0-:i2 0-70 OM 3-34 MI9 0-41 000 2:« 104 0-79 0'5H 1-41 IS2 1-44 066 O-XI U-42 0-70 0-40 107 im 0-00 000 OHS 1 (») 1 ■ :il 1-23 2-20 l-Sd oia 0-4« l)-»4 l-flO 0-SO 1-23 1 ■ .31 l-4'» O-.iO i-sa I8W1 1807 Oil 0-li99. Mar., 1 IM BAT (NAS8)— Elevation, .10 ft. ToTAt PaKIPITATIOX 1913 1 I U-'JU IH-40 110-21) 14-04 3-H9 10.36 3-14 1«-9S 9-43 n-70 1914 3'Oa tl-.-kt (1-55 4-96 0-13 2-03 4 -07 7-.VI 3«7 ■i- IS 1-40 3-211 1(1- 24 2-32 4-2.1 2-.W M-HH rt-16 1 73 1913 .Smmfall in .\ov., 1913, 2^-2 in , 21-3 ; total in 1914. tiS-S. In Jan., Dec , 191.3, 14-7 In Jan.. 1914, 17-3: Feb. 15-0; Feb., 40-5; Nov., 16-0 ; 13-5; Mar, 3-5; Nov., 7-5 ; I Dae., 30-0 ; total in 1913, 107-5 i IM MORTS CmiBK (DCCKSI— Elevation, 1,150 ft. ToTiL PRE':iririll»'4 190H.. 1909 . 1910 . 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. ISIS.. Means. 0-«l 0-17 0- 43 I • 4.") 1-23 0-H4 1-75 0-93 0-7B 0- 42 0-15 0-15 0-tlO 2-08 0-21 O- 2.-. 0-2S U-UO 0-02 T 1-32 0-30 O-ld 0-70 O-,*.-) 144 0-17 0-15 0-2;* 0-4H 2-HI 0-2< 0-63 0-15 0-27 0-BS U-IM l-e4 0-88 I -OS 2-07 6-74 2-85 1-09 3-54 l-ft'l 0-42 2-31 U-42 0- .->2 1-97 2-23 0-9H 0-79 1-21 2-47 0-3S 1-71 1-on l-:to 1-06 0-.38 0-9S 1-17 0-39 1-21 0-2-i 1-29 1-11 0-18 1-20 0-41 0-70 !)-34 I). 'S i-;s 0-03 3 H.-. 1-42 0.711 0.38 0-79 o-:w 0-B5 0-74 1-94 1-11 0-81 1-00 017 0-go 0..3S I 0. 11) 1-70 1-84 0- .3i 0-02 0-78 0-88 0-81 io- n- s' 10- Durins 1908-15 (1909-14 complete), averane monthly -aowfall wai : Jan.,7-9in.; Feb., 6-1; Mar, 0-3: .\\ •I; Nov., 3-2 ; Dec., 7-3. Mean annual anonrfall, 24-9 in.; maximum recorded, 17-5 in, Dec, 1911. IM UOUA (NORTH FORK BRIDGE RIVER) Total Precipitation 1913 0-i9 0-27 0-31 0-2:1 i(w l-tiO i-73 0-14 I-2S 6-08 0-57 3-27 0-28 It- HI 0-19 I-.55 2-U5 3-21 1-08 U-U 1 1914 1915 2.|i6 It-. SI 1-20 0-49 It n Snowfall in Nov., 1914,300 lo Jan., 1(T 1913, 14-0 in.; Dec, 0- 1915,6-5; Feb., 0-2 ; 2. Id Jan., 1914, 8-0 ; Feb., 12-0 ; .Nov., 7-0 ; Dec , J-0 , tot. Nov., g-2 ; Dec., 17-0 ; toUl in 1915, 31-9 in. MAKUSP— Elevation, 1,413 ft Total Precipitation 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. 4-81 5-24 2-00 Means II 4-02 I 0-3« 1-86 2-01 1-54 ! 0-96 1-62 1-02 1-67 I 1-09 O-tfo 0-53 3-07 3-85 2-10 l-o2 1-68 l-BS 4-57 2-35 2-39 I 2- '.to 2-5.3 1-55 2-43 I 1-37 3-70 I 3-11 2-76 I 2-29 4-«l 2-35 0-9:) 0-63 2-18 1-14 2-89 2-90 1-05 2-00 2-31 1-97 i-as 2-84 2-27 2-75 I 3-12 3-36 1-18 3-31 ! I'.IS 2-01 3-53 2-86 I 2-.35 Dunne 1912-15 (1912 inoompletc), average monthly •nowfall was : Jan., 33-2 in.; Feb., 10-4 ; .Mar . J Oct., 0-3 ; Nov., 10-3 ; Dec., 20-7. Mean annual aoowfall, 79-9 in.; maximum recorded, 47-3 m., Jan , 19ii •I« to- J) ii-i: l«-i.7 IH-2-, 10- r. 9--1 13- n XI.r., l< O'lii H. Vj 1-71) lo-*; I'M DVi lO'll l)(W j ii-j; 0-7S 9'Vi O-M OSl 10-7i c, J-U , total m 3-12 I'M 3M L»i-74 J7-W W-9J 2- 35 i7-9» METEOROU>r.,CAL DATA-PRECIPI ,nos „, MAIIAIllO-KI«-.i,o[,. ir.ft T(>T*L H'iiief-ipiT\ifti\ --^ -:«^n:rSr^^ .M»r,2a . -M ' 1 .' "1 Ml 1 1 ,)<) 1 ? ;!i ( .".-. .'. '-V ' 1 -»-i i» 17 • • ''' fly 1 lll.i 1 " II .) • M 1 " ,1 :• 71 l>-7t '«i u IH 1 1-34 43-2I :in'tii .">l 14 4J 11 44 M 4,i I 111 II- 17 " I ISH I 201 ! o-tii, i |.i2 i j..^^ on 1 ■ U-30 , ■ r.ii.i i'.'H r II-'K) ■ 1<»U I'Jij IIA«AMATA-Kievaii„n. I. ISO ft. TlTAL PKECIPITATlt.V 2 .1 Ij 4 fi 7(1 1.' •S.') 717 "■ 7'< 7..i« .1.49 2 21) I. 14 1 4.0(i 4- 29 rt'M 3.07 29-43 39-twl 28-60 33-03 .Mar. I-u ; \„ .-nowl.u lo Keb,. 1914. 3-2 »,.; Dec , 5.^^! 191.7. 3-2; Uec.0.7. total ,0 1915. 3.9, n7 KAM HAMOUB-Klevatiun. 20 ft. Total I'REr ipiTATIOV ♦ ThU ii a record kept by .Mr. Good. j ] £ .1 i 4 i \ 530 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Cmi«bw<» y'»f II J«n. I Feb. I Mar. | April | May June | July | Aug. | Sfpt. | Oct. | Nov. | Dee. || Annu NAS8 HARBOUR— Condnued IlKW.. 1»09.. 1010.. 1911.. 19)2.. 191.3.. 1914.. 1915.. Meant! . a -92 7-30 7-tW 3-.W S.IH 9.»3 R-22 2'4U 3.19 K.7» 2.M S.4U A.M R- 4li 3 »S 4-M 8-34 5-3(1 9-70 1-07 K-tl2 5-.W 2 70 4-.'.S 11-41 5-51 7-»3 4-67 1'3U 5-77 5-30 7-21 .-.-23 4-00 3 -NO 1-25 2-71 5-46 2-16 3-53 2-27 3-22 l'H9 2-39 3 :)1 3- 12 .■i'89 2-«.i 1-0!) 2-57 2-90 3'UU 5-3S 2-30 3--(t 1-32 5-99 9-79 204 Sflfl 2-22 8-13 3-HO 3-43 U-33 4-47 3-03 2-43 5-24 24- H» 11-67 K-11 3-01 7-70 11-67 «-S4 S-84 lS-95 11-49 13-67 ii-76' 17-OH 5-86 14-09 7-33 4-50 6-23 12-. W' 8-8(1 10-25 9-18 9- no 112-72 1 9-51 5-91 3-30 17-32 8-41 11-7.- 13- 09 2-18 8-47 8-96 97 -;i 75-1 90-J 'cs-o 90- s «7-l 70-1 7S-C During 1901-15 (1906 anil 1911 ineomplete). average monthly Mnowfall wai 12-2; April, 2 9 ; Nov.. 7-0: Dc?., 22-4. Mean anuual Huowfall, 106- 1 in.; 1902, and Jan., 1911. : Jan., 44-5 in.: Keb . 17-1 maxiniuu recorded, 89-0 i Mu , IX- tn TOT.IL Prkipitatio.v 1910 1-40 2-90 3-00 3-93' 1-25 2-.'i0 3-04 1-95 0-70 0-27 1 ,50 1-50 1-49 3--i.< 0-10 0-90 i-'-io 0-40 2-91 \-r,2 i-40 1-40 2-ti6' 0-46 0-48 1-27 i-f)3 1-30 i-'io' 3-63 0-94 1-94 4-2i' 0-10 2-i4' 2-36 2- 15 2-19 4-15' 3-00 i-8d' 2-49 3-01 0- 18 2-40 2-90 o-'-Jo' 100 1-37 1911 0-fiO 0-20 0-77 0-04 0-88 0-«8 1-85 0-70 1-09 2-39 3-09 1-82 3-40 '2-34' 1-31 4-13 2- SO 2-70 1-53 2-79 2-67 23-0 1912 1913 1914 1915 Means 23-a During 1909-15 (191! conipletel, average monlhiyBnowfall was : Jan., 120- 5 in.: Feb., 13-3 ; Mar, 1-9 : No' 6'5; Dec., 10-9. Total snowfall in 1911, 91-5 in.; maximum recorded, 30-4 in , Feb., lOlU. 1T4 Total Precipitation 1898 1-96 1-78 1-47 1 - 90 2-88 4-11 a- 23 2-83 1899 2-47 1*16 1-66 0-60 1-43 2-62 2-36 2-70 6-55 3-01 3-03 2-40 1-44 3-63 2-31 1900 3-18 5-64 1901 5"« 1-45 '7-0.3' 1-10 '5-'79' 1-00 1-23 '2-07' i-29' o-iWi' 6-48' i-.M '2-93' i'-ih' 1904 3-46 '36-:) 1905 :i-13 1-83 1-88 1-1« 4-00 4-. '.3 1-92 (1-03 2-27 3-59 2-75 2-;io 29-0 1906 3-RS 2-flO 1-02 110 1-88 2-70 0-25 0.50 1 • 25 2-42 4-.36 3 -.57 25- li 1907 3-63 2-35 1-12 2-24 2-02 1-94 7-51 1-39 1-20 3-:m 3-45 1908 3-39 .■;-94 2-47 2-11 2-41 1-90 1-45 0-79 0-98 2-32 1-80 0-.-.3 240' 1909 3-87 107 0-29 0-99 2-23 4-57 0-«7 2-43 2-33 7-65 1-75 1910 i-; 2-10 3-12 2-44 2-33 3-17 2-05 3-95 0-80 L'S'li 1914 (i- 10 1-00 1-58 3-07 1-95 2-.W 1-05 0-24 3-44 1-85 4-113 0-70 3-72 2-26 2-09 2-72 3-87 2-07 0-60 1-72 1-12 1-M 2-18 2-:b 3-10 3 -.52 3-57 2-4S 23- li 27..V Aleani* 3 -.TO 2-17 1-.-17 l-.Sfl During 189V1915 (11 years complete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 24-7 in.: Feb,10-7; Miir.ii- OT' •.!.",^ • Oft., 0-2: Nov., 10-0 ; Dec, 171. .Miian annual snowfall, 77-3 in.; maximum recorded, 09- 3 1 leb; 1904. IT* HIW DlllVMI- Elevation, 1,800 ft. Total Precipitatio.s 1914. 1915 2.00 I I -90 109 0-72 1-74 3 -no 2-74 3-74 0-70 I 3 -.30 I 0-09 1-14 4-10 I -.52 2 -.59 2-78 4-19 2-44 I-IO 2-95 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 3-0 in.; Dec, 11-0. In Jan., 1913, 13-7 : Feb., 0-7 ; Nov., 10-2 ; Dec, 19- in 1915, 50-3 in. mWOATB (GATEWAY— DOMINION STATION)— Elevation, 2,400 ft. in ToTu. Phkcipitatiom 1914. , .1 ... 0-40 1 ().93 1.49 1 1.00 1 1.70 1-81 1 2-13 2-15 1 3-18 | 0-tl8 0-89 1-94 207 0-4« 1-19 1-(V» U-41) ll.. I -.50 li 1915. .1 0-40 6-8.3 (i-3fl IT-O" .Snowfall in Nov , 1914, 0-0 in.; r915, 40-0 in. Doc, 40. In Jan., 1913, 4-0 ; Feb., 7-0 ; Nov., 14-0 ; Dec, 15-0; tulali mWOATI (G.\TEWAY). YAKITE RANCH (PROVINCI.\L STATION)— Elevation, 2,400 It. ITT Total Pricipitatiom 1913 0-36 1-99 0-40 1-.50 2-26 1-04 0-80 0-05 1-50 1914 3-70 0-91 0-.52 1*62 1.54 0-90 1-.32 105 0.78 2. 16 0-97 3-88 0-64 2-01 1-30 0-14 0-90 1-88 i:m H-Sl 1915 During 1913-13 (1913 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 14-6 in.; Feb., 2-4 : Mar. 3-5 M*y,2-3; Nov., 9-6; Dee., 0-8. Mean annual snowfall, 42-2 in ; maximum recorded, 20-0 in., Jan , 19n •91 07';tl •:«) 75^11 •3? (M)-20 ■41 •7." (W-0> ■m 90- Wi •IK «?■ Pi ■47 70-10 •OS 7s-m , 1-9 ; .\ov , :tu- II NO . fiS 1' (16 50 IS SI Year METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION 55, PRECIPITATION HECOHD8 FOR BTATIOKS IN BRITISH COLUMBU-C«.W II J». I Feb. I M.,. I APH, I M.y | .une | .... y | Au,. | ^p. | Oe. | S... | D,.. || .. „.■..■ in 1914.. 1915.. MW HAMLTOH-Elovation. l.aw ft. Total PRmprr*Tiov I o-6.-i' In J»n., 1915, 5-3; Feb.. 11. 4 ,„ "*^ ''MTMIHBTIS-Elev.tion. 330 ft. Total Precipitatiov lg-38 M»r., 1-0 ; Nov., 2-5 ; Dw:., tab., 3-5; Mar., 2-U 36-91 46-18 56-97 S4-81 72-71 69-6S 6.1-45 63-24 5S-37 59-09 53-37 .19-23 55-30 57- (17 59-0« GO'M .W-B7 59-10 52-92 52- 3U 8-86 I 8-03 I .W-n.1 •Vov., 4-2; Udc, 5-J. 1»U 1014 191-1, ^^ HICOLA.0L4„„TOH CM« WATn.HB, <.MILL CREEK)-Elev.ti„„, 3.100 ft. Total Precipitatiom 2-71 1-HO 0-tlo 0- .15 0-85 0-51 O-.M 1-12 l-4fl • •42 0-rt7 2- (17 a^4.j l-i't I 1-70 0-17 I 0-H5 ,,j IWCOLA LAM-Klevoti,m. 2,120 ft Total Prbcipitatio.* 1-34 2-15 1-22 Feb.. 5-5; Mar. 8-5; ; Mar. 3-0 ; April. 3-0 1-26 1-48 1-18 1-72 2-26 1-02 0-60 U<94 1-48 April, O-.'i ; .Nov., 10-0 • ; Nov.. 7-5 ; Dec, 12-0 ; 13-97 17-48 Drr.. total .19 0-23 0-69 - 68 0-70 0-39 1-75 1-31 0-24 0-70 0- 15 (I-H2 :17 0-31 0-73 0-98 0-54 0-77 1-3U 17-42 0-21 0-26 2-3.3 9-01 1-87 0-81 O-.W 13-26 1-27 1-05 0-37 9>87 1-18 0-81 i I ^ M2 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION FBSaPITATION HSCOROB TOR STATIONS IN BRITMH COLUMBIA— Continiuci Yew fl J«n I Ffb. | Mt | April | May | Juni- [ July | Aug. | X^pt. | Oft. | Nov D«-. || .\, NICOLA LAKE— Canlimtud 18»1. 1802. 1803. I8B4. 1805. 1886. 1SB7. 1808. 1889. 1800. 1801. 180S.. 1803. 1804. 180S.. 1806. 1807. 1808.. 1808.. 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. 1813.. 1814.. 1815.. Mean*. U-Oil 0-46 1-13 1-16 1-82 0-47 0-26 0-81 0-29 0-80 0-70 0-32 0-67 0-88 0-80 0-92 0-64 1-86 0-35 1-55 1-24 0-78 1-82 0-95 1-07 O-W 0-10 0-35 0-24 0-87 1-09 0-42 0-70 0-62 0-59 I-II 0-15 2-12 0-24 0-35 0-67 0-96 M8 1-40 0-38 0-82 1-4B 0-46 000 0-75 O-Sj 0-64 0-85 O-IO 0-40 0-52 0-57 0-82 0-55 0-46 0-39 0-94 1-41 1-78 0-35 0-05 1-37 0-23 0-05 1-10 0-10 0-08 0-15 T 0-30 0-60 U-SI 115 1-34 0-09 0'2>> 0-80 0-80 0-10 0-38 0-51 0-43 0-68 0-16 1-81 0-SH 0-00 0-00 0-03 0-41 0-14 0-35 1-50 0-15 0'2S 0-54 O^jl 0-62 1-46 I-05 2-84 l-SU 0-49 1-53 1-02 0-ao U-65 1-83 0-ie 0-00 1-87 2- 37 0-53 Ml I'OH 1-21 0-93 0-83 0-77 3'95 2- Mi I-09 0-69 1-84 0-27 0-20 3-08 1-2S 1-48 2-27 2-45 1-24 1-41 0-90 0-09 l-:i6 1-00 0-24 0-81 1-71 U-46 O'M 2-02 0-45 •29 0-50 0-64 0-43 0-30 0-87 0-00 1-74 0-38 1-80 1-23 1-02 III 3-18 0-34 1-38 0-30 1-07 0-38 1-45 0-28 0-28 I-S8 0-8a 0-04 1-57 0.95 1-23 0'37 0-34 on 0-40 0-10 0-24 0-12 3-4A 3-26 0-03 0-26 2-76 014 0-24 0'I2 2-.'>2 1-54 0-18 0-93 1-53 2()3 1-49 0'05 0-57 0-90 0-72 0-44 0-97 0'79 M6 1-00 0-49 0-70 MO 1-27 M2 0-94 2-.W 0-57 2-14 0-77 2-30 0-2e 0-84 1-46 M7 0-97 0-73 0-83 0-94 U-OI 1-65 0-86 I -18 0-19 U'28 0-94 1-82 0-98 i-aa 0-22 0-l« 0-66 0-10 1-03 0-80 0-06 0-53 O-ll 0-56 0-33 M2 0-90 M.r'^iM."? w*^l' n B^f^'^n'?** IJW-ISP ~n.plete., average monthly .nowf.ll 2l"m..jiui^?8ks • -^'"'■^■^' D«.7-7. Mean annuil . nowf.il miiTa cABm •*• Total Pucipitatiok 0-82 0-77 Ml 2-10 0-92 0-18 0-76 2-19 1-67 0-41 l-HO 0-98 2-46 M3 1-22 0-20 I-Sl 0-88 0-31 1-77 1-44 2-48 t-20 1-28 0-85 0-77 1-04 1-60 0-25 1-33 0-97 117 0-38 0-83 0-55 0'37 1-93 0-21 1-43 0-42 2-28 1-20 1-22 0-48 0-70 1-32 0-53 0-24 0-00 1-36 1-05 11- 10- 8- 9- 8- I.'.- 9- 13- 14- 9i 13'. 14- lO-; 10-: 10- 12- 7'' lo- ll- 10- 12- lU- waa : , 30-6 Jan., 8-9 in.: Feb., 5 in.; maximum record 181< 6-54 I M3 •43 I 1-54 I 1-49 I 1-43 ri-7«' i i 8nowf.ll in .Nov.. 1914, 51-7 in.; 2-5; Oct, 6^0, Nov , 21^8 ; Dec., •47 I 4-87 3-17 2- 18 1-Vf 3-81 Dec, 18-8. In Jan., 1915, «5- 4 : Feb, 39-1 ; total iu 1915, I.M1 in. 28-' 11-3: .Mar.,a-3; April, 4-7; .\l 19U. 1815. . rnnWAT LAKl— Elevation, near aea-levcl Total PnaciprrATinM ii9'62 112-70 ilOOullU- 7.5 Snowfall m Dec., 1914, 0>7 i 1 8-25 r6-70T2-88T>-"95' IM 1915. Total in 1915, 3-0 in., all in D«. NOSTR BUID— Elevation, 49.1 ft. Total Prkcipitatiom 74 l2U-0i l24-0« I li-77 ■'»ii I230S |m-82 144-41 Snowfall in Nov . 1915, I'lU m Dec , 27-4 in. 1-78 I 0-47 i 1-42 I 0-34 | 0-63 I 5-33 | 8-37 I »"^55" IM MICOMSH (Lr)CH KHIIOCH)— Elevation, 59 ft. Total Precipitation M 1893... uS 18917 1898 1899. 1900 1901... 1902. . 1903.. 1904 , 1905 1900 1907 ... 1908.. 1900 .. 1910 1911 1912. 1913. . 19114.. . 1015 . . Mtttiii^, . 5-90 «i*l 7-78 9- 11 X 17 9 -.52 6-87 11 73 5-88 14-49 1 .-88 5- 2:. 2-32 .5-82 8-73 8-82 13 03 4 72 «98 8-13 4-44 it 07 8-3.' 7-82 .s-26 0-34 5'55 1 7-88 11-41 7-87 ll-4!l 244 5-78 10- 1!) 8-49 8-84 7-2.S .1-47 8-41 1 9M 0-5" 1-71 1H7 ll-.il 4-21 7N4 5- 98 ll)-8.-l 10- 07 l()-2« 4-03 ! 1 1 ■ S!) «i«l 7-3.) .S-17 a -74 510 in- 10 8-8,5 110 .■(■80 7- 19 « 91 1701 4 44 5 OH s-70 421 3' 13 H-9,) 7-M 5-88 i 7-,'»./ 11-78 3-9» 8-43 4-33 4-82 5-20 4 • 85 5 43 3 03 4-43 4 112 -'■07 2- 15 8-i':i 5-ti .W 4 24 10 3' 19 208 2-93 3-S.S 3 -.'.7 4-25 5(10 2-81 3 (H 4 «S 4 84 1-80 2-31 2-48 0-48 00 4-71 2-84 2-51 211 0-82 .i-.'.5 281 2- 14 0- ,">5 0-51 2- 12 118 3-20 0-23 181 2H2 3 -.12 OOX 1-92 4!)7 I 4-.-.8 I 3-92 I 1-93 2-, 30 0-40 0-31 014 0-87 0-.38 3- 92 3- 14 0()5 1-37 2»i8 0-75 4-4S 0'.)>l 2 ■ .'>.*> 2:h 2-33 2 7.1 2 II 3 08 2-73 0-51 03 1H5 3-33 1003 13-32 I0;|9 13 ■3S 1301 9-28 4-04 S-S3 0- 23 3. 30 4-88 14- (17 4-79 8- 8:1 11 08 1-94 8-29 18-93 3-88 8-78 5-38 2-70 8- SO 14-80 0-80 4-75 12 112 lO-ol 7-4U 15-83 2-38 4- 18 9-57 1(1-87 9-S8 4-71 ,N -92 13-70 '.l-7t 2-81 2-80 13-29 U->,1 8 -.',7 9-41 3IW H-(i3 22-05 1-72 It -83 18-42 7-21 1-79 13-4',l 1-33 8-94 13- 19 8 -.30 10-51 13-29 8- 15 8- 43 12 84 1-48 11«I 7-48 ; 4-82 7-73 12-42 I lf»-3;) -99 14-112 13-.i7 .i-.l 1 1 - 23 10-80 •01 11 15 9-88 12-. S3 8-97 s-78 •(•45 s-08 During Nov . 4-0 ; ?893- Dec 11 28 i 9 13 : f> .30 1 3 .38 2 70 13 82 9 .«! 71 > Ml si-.l 7)-.' .-" I ..1 t ' - ■-- . ... If -w^ : V •!* .it 1915 ilSHS iiiomipletc), average niunthly .nowfall was : Jan , 13-3 in.; Feb , s-7 .\I„7 .w ,0-4. .Mc.nannu.lanowf«ll,380in.; nmiiroum recorded, 51- i in , Jak, 191; '"' l-«? 11-117 1-60 W-W [)-2A 8-U.S l-M O-M )-»7 *>•(%)• 1-17 i:;-27 )•;« g-M )-s3 l3-.'>2 )-M i4-;i7 (•37 Ul).-. •93 u-:m )'2I 14- 11 1-43 10- NX )•« 10-33 ^•28 10-71 1-20 12- .-.2 1-22 7-46 I-4M 10- :h 1-70 11-J7 1-32 10- M )-53 12- 7s )-24 1U-S2 )-HU ,, 1-3U 1-05 IMIU 28 -^(4 .4-7; M.iy. ill .!■* (hi M '• fiS 71 '.1 >7 SI 11 SI .1.. 71 .'4 Yeir METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION 553 .Isn. Ffb M.r \^U\ May ! .,u,.T. »..v | A«,. | .S,p.. ! p.., | ,■„ . J_,,, || ,„„„, 1»I3 1914 »0«TH THOimOII (KAMUK>PS,-Kle„,i„„. 1.160 ft ^_^_^^ Total Prbtipitation 1-09 I 1-92 I 6- is 0-: •14 I O-49'l 59 I O-HU I 0-S4 0-8U 1-37 1-2H 61 ini.i -Snowf.,, in Nov.. .913. 30 ,n : D.. , .o In J.„., ,»u, ,.4 .^^.. .9., i.. 'ATIMIBM- *r,.voRA l.SLAND.-Klev.tion. „«,«,.,„,, i-*rAL Prbcipitatuin- 1-2S 0-71 I 0-«7 lar .SnowfBllin IJ«-. 1913. ii)j 191.-. .Suuwfill in Feb , 1915. s 10-06 lls-fti l.-,i>| II-4M i r lis I- 11 TUr 1915 >«"v. I 7 , l)«p 12.3 in OmtWM B*T-i;i,v«ri.,n. near .ea-l-vel Total PnsrieirtrioN l.t-»» 24-79 .■inowfall in Dec . 1915. 2-0 in «-5I ■47 11-83 1915 -Elevation, 200 (t. Total pKBrierrArr'-v lU nAOBI.Ain> (W.NBOKN..: H.NfH,-K.ev.t,„„. ,,„„„ "•■*^ «•'»! : 7-a8 t..ure. fo, Ueoember. I...I5, uiclii.le tL. iVt i,,' 1 Ith'only. Nov . U-0 ; ITOH HATCDBT-Kleva.inn. about 700 ft T otal I'HEri pir atio s- II- 17 i •;■ •■•' 1 1 • 75 4-02 II 7-H5 I'»0 1! H-30 'i- 1.) I'SH i 0-46 rt-iW 2-X2 ' 3-3rt 5-49 4-a< 1-22 7- (1.1 1 23 4 -.15 s-44 0- 9.S li-59 .' 02 5-9.>( 1-12 701 :i-II total IB 1911. S2'9. 31-43 ,l,>-9« ■£i-Kl 27-94 31 -.55 15- 4.'5 29- 14 ITOW MEADOWS -i;ievBtion. 700 ft. TotalPrecii-it \Tlr V ■tl-30 Nov, 1 ■ 35 0-2S 1-25 I - .TO OOS 0-3(1 17m 4(i» 4 -(It 051 ■•■ Is 3-79 5 III 5-SS IP-MV, l)-(i5 -■so 1 • (i.-, S- 19 9-23 4ii-) 1 • .50 34-35 41 s? 34 -Ul ■16 -,35 x.:^:r '^^%iT ^::::'^::::i!si^^r!;l-;:^-^^^ -,:^ m.7:77i IM MWnOTOIl— Eleva(ion. l.l.iOlt. Total PRacipiTATinM - "i^T--i.^--i-^;:^ rrn^— g'-:;3u^^-L.^^ m s» COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PKECIPIT*riON RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBU— CMKmMri Jan. I Ith. j M»r April M»y June | July | Aii«. I Sept. | Oct. i Nov. I Tttr. Aaati ramcnm (carmi road) Total PoccimATioM 1013. ISM. 1»U. 0-SI O-tHI 0-M I'U 0-4K 4-31 1-46 0-53 Snowimllin Jan.. 1814, 10-2 in.; Feb. 1-1; Nov., 10-3 ; D«., I7-8. In Jan., 2-(M 1-78 l»tS, lii-U ; F«b.. 4-3 in. 1913... 1914... 1819... Means. 4-75 1-23 I -14 1-31 1-23 1-19 1-86 0-73 2-92 3-46 2-44 imilM Elevation, 1.700 ft. Tr*TAL PmcIPITATION 2-33 1-70 3-76 4-15 1-83 2-54 2-84 1-41 0-98 .i-3a 2-3»i tt-4S t>-71 1-18 1-77 3- 51 Ml 1-34 l-.W 2-5« 3- 12 J-'Sl 2-86 Snowfall in Oct.. 1»13. ()•» i» ; No»., lO-S : HHt., 6- 6. In Jan.. 11*14, 28-3 ; S«^V.°*' '*■ '■•"'»'»" I'l*-"*- 8- InJan., 19ilS. 12-3 : Feb. 10-4; .\'ov , 2:1- 73*3 in. 0-71 1-21 3-04 l-fl.'i 24-7 28- 1 Feb., 9-» : Mar, 3-« ; No' : ; Dec., 27-4 ; tout for 191 wr ■ 1813 1914 3-00 i'-m 2-90 i-90 l-M 3-07' 2-10 WIS 'Uevation. 1.800 ft. I'oT.vt. Ph«i:ipit^tI"»v o-9e ,>-83 3- an 2 -v. 1-73 6-7S U-CHJ 3-22 4-70 0-ax O-liS 2-.W l-HH 1-7.^. .>-4U 1-23 SnowfallinOet, 1913 19-Oui.; Nov , 54-0 : Dec , 9;5 ; Nov., 12-0 ; Dec., 24-0 . total in 1914, 130- S. Oet, S-3in. L' 80 2 40 -•30 2«-r 31-4; 20-0 In Jan , l'H^.iO-0 ; Feb. INl). .Mar , 17-0 .■ .\Dr In J«m., 1915. 3U-1* . Feb., 20-0 , .\I»r.9-U; April. i^C tM nLOT BMr— Elevacion. 1,780 ft. Total PnmciPTTkTtov 18B3.... 1894..,. 1893.... 1806.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900.... HOI.... 4-3S 13- 10 :)io s-.w 3-71 4-32 .3.90 3-34 3- 7.5 ;j-o:t .V3S 4-l« O'XO 0-20 2-83 1-75 1-31 1-17 n-43 0-M 1-40 3-37 4-87 S-60 8- 49 1-18 1'20 1-99 7-34 5-17 2-61 0-41 1-98 o-He 1-43 10- 1.9 0-:h 4-00 0-70 1-09 0-48 3-18 0-13 0-14 0-74 1-81 5-46 4-20 3-56 0-40 1-38 1-31 0-98 2-»J 2-U' 4-'l7 2-82 .■>-4a 2:v\ 2 -.•>.-, 2-«7 2-02 4-23 !• 2-92 2M« During 1893- im)! (3 yeara c.implcte), avpnu,. monthly iiiowfall wae ; Jan.. 32-3 in Krb '!■ April, 0-5; Nov., 7-4; Dec, 15- U. Mean annual »no»hll, 84-. I io.; maaimui'i rocir-loil, ll'.lj lu :t-32 3S-n> 188 POINT OUT Station sturlcd rcconiinif January, 1010. > m.; Klevation, n«^r ■ ■: Mar. :-l , Jan., ISM. \ I If 4 POBT BSimOTOK— Elevation, 10 ft. "• TOT.iL Pbbcipitation 1901 1902 1«N M94 1905 Mean. 14-83 12' 22 15' 73 20- 7T 3'0» I3-,12 5'W 4-97 4-21 8-47 «-57 12-10 12-24 3-80 4-48 8-32 8-20 •j-'MJ 6-fi2 3-70 8-40 S-7G 7-08 6-7(1 t)»7 4-13 4-14 7-28 .1-30 5-30 .•)-.->0 9-29 2'93 4-23 2'H7 7'4« 0-G3 4-.')7 4-04 3-27 4' 43 211 .I'.M 3 04 3 '74 7-29 12-95 13-00 2-97 u-'io 10-09 4-87 3-64 14-18 1720 13-60' 11' 10 Hi- 40 21-31 9-07 2909 20-75 18-52 15 -.W 17-21 27-57 15-07 1 7 -.52 23-00 19 -.10 i7-3s 25-78 17-43 13-49 IS -.-..> I3K-W iS7-'-y7 12>i-Ill l)una« !9«l-<» (1901-03 completel, averace monthly annwl.ill w:is Jan., 23-S in ; Feh 13-0 .Mar -••J 1.1,0-4, .V«-, , j-0 , Deo., 15-0. Meananuual auowfall, 07'4 in.; matiinuni rpr.jrded, 71-0 in., Jau, I'jui. mS7 1887. 1888.. 1888 IS? 1893.. POBT MOODT (DO.MINION STATIOM)- ToTAL Pbecipitatio?* ■Elevation, 65 ft. I2<16 8-2H 5-8.-. 6-40 11-37 8-05 Muanfl S'6S 8-08 4-88 (i-OS 3 -SO 3 '04 5-46 .-.•l.'i 11-00 8- II 5- 43 fl-!iO 7 '30 H'31 7'4« 5-72 3-2(1 4-49 5-60 6-11 ■■'■02 0-88 :l>H4 2' 36 2-40 2-37 0-21 6-U4 I-OO 5-03 3-33 3 '24 0-22 4-00 ()-()0 2'50 1-86 2-83 I'SS 0-47 4-23 3-20 2-10 3-73 2-73 3-99 2-85 8-69 4'39 li'31 6-78 10-28 5-81 l2-no 5-13 7' 87 1(1'. ",.i 13-41 8-48 6-64 4-.')4 14-29 17-41 14 -W U-87 7 -,32 15-13 18-07 9-fi2 14-10 .3.|-'jsi I ;;:as I fZ I ^:j^ I i:^i | tT. I V:;^ I H:^ i ;;;a i.-gg r^; jq |.?:to i, a^ aM«rf.ll m J,n,. 1914, 6-0 m. Tot.1 ;a 1915. 3-0, all iu Deo. »OBT BIMWOII— Elevation, 28 ft. ToTAi, Prkipitation Apn ' iw .'!! 7 ^^iZt^V^'it'"- *""•!= '""","i'y »"°*'»" • "« . I i . uec. VS. Mean annual snowfall. 39'8 m ' Total for () niontha. see Priace Hupert. fiS.'i f).B4 12 .23 wa.H : Jan.. 10- 1 in maximum ret-orded. 4 1I-.10 10-23 II 02-29 Feb. 11-0; .Mar.ti-i • -•l) in., Jan., Iss? POWUL «IT»B^Elevation. near s«a-level Total PaEcipiTATiow l')14 I'll.'. t .No rain June 20 to August 12, ItflO Snowfall no. usually recorded separately. In Dec.. 1914. 1-0 in.. .1.1 in Dec.. ^ POWIU. anrn (C . VT river LODOD-Elevation. Total Precipitatiow 7-43 .■J-HS li-Kn 3 •.'.4 3H- 12 ti-.-.0 ,5 •.17 .35 -.37 2-2H 36-74 fi-iis 3-29 44-94 3-10 7-57 34-19 «-I2 4-m 1 37-34 Ul.). 1- 180 ft. 5-9H I 6-88 Snowfall in Dec., 1913. 12-0 in. I'JIt. lui.l POWIU. BlVn (HEAD OF LAKE) -Elevation. 1«0 ft. Total Precipitation I 8-09i 9-.m' ■7-77 Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 29-6 in. 7-25 8-9S 1-2.* ■>oo 3-(W 0-B2 l-2t 4 -.17 l-Ul n-70 9-31 1-2.'; |17-9J| l21-5;)l 20-W I 4-71 11-93 |ls-4S HS-.TO norOI OlOSai! -Eteration. 1.883 ft. loTAt PaarapiTATioN „ „ howfall 2-2; ."^ov., 4 j^e: \^.^}>J:\i.S^i^}^, ^^^fV^^o ii^-^^ ' ftMOids aupiriiad by Powril River Company. Mar., 8-8: Oet. ■"S Mil 556 coMj.fissiON OF Conservation PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR 8TATI0XS IN BRITISH rOLlMBIA-C«./„«rf IZ! II ■''"■ I r^*' V^- I April I .M.y I .,un. I July j Aur I .s,,... | t^.. | x„,. | ,^, J^ PBDIOI BIIFI«T»-EI«v»tion. 170 ft. ToT»t Pbccipitation 11)11. • '•"«•<•> ""-'•"■■'■"'•'■nowf*!!. 44-7111.; niBiinmoireoonled.Hl-H in, J, '■H'OITOW— Elevation, 2.111 ft. ToT\I. PllBrlp|T\TIO<< 3S- 7 in . Nov . iU02. '• '-• -^ov. » u , IJoc, 11-1. .Mc»n annual ,nowfal . 4.'- 7 m.; maxiNiuui TO„rd,, PBMOITON CBOMWO-Klevation. 3,51.-. ft ToT*L PHEriPITATIOV 1914 lltl.l 117 I l)-41 : .'-77 I i-is t-Vi I J-o:t :l-70 32.4"";:^!';^;^;;^ vw';"' "" "*•'• ''•'• '" ■""'■• ""- "■' II-72 I 2-.t7 Feb. 41; 1 U-l»2 I 1-14 I 2 •.■1.1 I 2 •7s 1 • .•|7 .(•24 .Mar, 4-.') ; .Nov , 2(>U l>. tlO llto.s... iDoe... into .. ■oil... 1UI2 191.1.. I»I4 IBIS MmuM QUALICUM* -l;i,-vat..)n, near -la-lc-vrl Torn. PHKi;ii'rT\Tiov ."> il ;:ts ii-:ifi 4-77 ItWi .t()7 4 .is a «« 1 ■12 :) .W 2 :<1 :< l(i a ■i SI D'lK) 1 ■ s,-, ()-4,i 0'2s I'SU 2'4.S 2'IW) I-4K O-.W 0- :m lai l-4ti .')-71 2 II 1-7S l-UO l)-74 2-7.5 1-'.W l-7« 49 2-« l-7:i «.-i 1-90 0-50 l-M 2-7;t 2 -mi 0-8.) 1 - .■.4 0-BO ()-l() 0-10 l-US 1 • .■.-> 0-(l7 0-14 o-r.4 2-40 ll-Sti ()-,S7 2-12 0-s.i 0-22 0-02 I ■ n.-i I)ur„.K lWH-1.-, , mf.)-lJ ,.„„;pl,.„.,. a,-,.rnK,. n,„ntMv -n.mWI .a, Jan y 0-9. .Mi-an »un..Hl -n..wla!l. l.va ,n ; r„ax,n,un, r>H„r.l,-,l, 2N-l( in" Jan , I'tl'l QUAUCVM BIACB -r.lnvation. near «ca-l.-i T.)TSL I'HECIPITtTIOS 2:i 1 in. 10- 2S (IIS 3 02 2- til .l-lil) S- l.i S-S3 i;- II) 4-09 S-OO rt-tis 7-S4 9-9.-I 9-0.-, 4-17 7-12 .) 4li o:io a-,') I 2- SI) ■|-S0 2- 19 2 ■02 S-SI) a-91) a.i-v, 29-. ll ;ir. •."..' ar-ii leb , 2-0 ; .\uv ,a-.t |).r 211 l)-2s' 0(»4 O-.H 0-0.'i 4-77 It' 10 H-oi 7- IK) 71.-. 0- 4li a In Jan , 1915, O-U ; Uef., 0-7i isl 107 I-S4 • Sw alMi ri-<-oril f..r Purl Simiincn, t |-.,rM,i.rb .-all..,! I.itil,. liualicuni. -Ve al»> rut-or.i for I r, m-l, Creeli. Annti 1 42 ■ ■l-HH li:i-Ho 4«4 .»• 19 IKIVI 11-21 90-U.> 1»MM :20-4s tlM KM-Mi l-ttt 110-47 2' 9-1 KW W -30 u-u •l.i 10-74 -(«) -0(1 ■3S • m' 'ii-4'> -HS iij-r:, ai Ki 111 1.) I.I i.> |-. 411 :io :i.-.-:i:i .-.1 :i.:-^.'. Sll j'l- n V) :l''.- J l!l :IV7". W .-.!)■ '7 HI) .^^■■ ! HI :ir- It METEOROLOGICAL D A T A-P R EC I P I T A T I O \ 557 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-CT*t PnccinT.vTiiix IIM.... 1880... 1887.... 1888.... 1889.... 1890.... 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894... 1895... 189«. . . . 1897.... 1898.... 1890 1900 1901 7-75 3-88 3-46 8-26 3-96 5-4(1 2-!,j 7-.W 6-37 7-45 0-74 8-02 3-98 1-73 2-45 2-86 7-93 4-OS 1-00 6-13 61 1-81 4- 12 i-79 2-94 3-60 2-72 5-OA 4-4.; 3-.V) 0-03 1-15 3-38 2-24 2-52 0-9H 5-86 4-09 4-59 2-.10 2-20 1-60 2 43 l-3« l-.M 3-65 2-87 1-2H 0-60 2-26 2- 32 0-fiO 4-20 2-80 1-65 i-94 U'6A 1-28 0-92 6-76 3-86 0-26 0-40 1-72 1-80 0-flO 0-20 0-65 1-91 O-M 1-97 i-55 0-00 0-74 0-«0 1-10 0-37 l-:io o-.w 0-10 0-34 MniM. I 5 .57 I 3-9.'-. 2-81 2-03 2-10 1- 18 I 0-72 Oct., 0-1; Nov, 1-0; Deo,.'>-3 Durin, 1886.1901 (1889-95 complete). .ver«e monthly .nowfall .0-1. .Nov. I-O: n«, n.i .Moon annual .nowfall, 38-5 in ; 0-01 1-19 0-00 0-72 1-04 0-27 2- .H 0-80 0-21 0-20 0-40 0-90 0-31 O-IK. 3-95 2-01 i-27 3-08 1-11 3-81 3-60 3-65 3-00 O-.W 0-60 1-40 2' 3.1 3-42 S-M I .11)4 2-38 2-09 13-24 3-61 4-93 6-31 3-60 1-80 2-97 4-.V) 0-70 4-00 2-31 3 -.1.8 2- 84 3 23 1 ■ HI) 7..V) .1-7.1 7-!K) 2 1)2 4 -.to H-.TO .'5-28 10-29 10-22 .i-00 .■>-fl0 2 0.". »-7» 1-64 i-.50 7-15 .v'si' .■>-!)! .12 -94 39- 14 43- '9 a'i-7s 4.5- 16 34-52 29 27 wan: Jan, 11-9 in: Keb.nj-H; .Vtar,l-4 maximum reeoidvl, 58-3 in , Kob , 1893. HI QUATUKO (AND WINTER HARBOUR)-Klevation, near wa-leve Total PREc-iriTATioif 1SB3... 1896... 1X97... 1N9N... 1809... 1900... 1901... 1902... I«03.,. 1W)4 . l!K).i .. 1900 . 1907 . . 1908... 1909... 1910... 1911... 1912... I9I3 .. 1914... I'J13..., Mean?. , 7- 13 10-52 15-91 19-79 I4-«6 7-92 14-94 3-10 9-14 19-51 6-73 .s-s6 19-21 ]i-hH' 14-00 lH-411 8-5S 12-.34 Hi- 17 7-84 17 -.17 13s:j 1107 Hi- 9:) 1-13 5-(i() 12-50 H-3-2 16-74 li-90 9-23 12-84 .><-03 5-31 3-70 9-90 7-14 7-23 3-84 7-77 12-22 13. nn 17 9i; 3-40 2-H9 13- 1 1 10-06 10-32 li-m 10- nu 10- Z) 1-71 4-2H 12-42 7-71 10-72 I 0-21 3-91 10-01 13-:tO 18 13 o-r.s "i-Otl 10-93 4-:t7 n-2« (i..Sll 2-17 8-29 3-09 3-ai 7-44 9 •36 6-77 7-77 4-70 6-23 li-(il 7-31 lO'lK) 4-21 'i.|)l 3. VI rt-2li ■i-w; '.i-70 3-. 39 3 -.34 3 -.IS 2-82 3-97 3-Vj 2-82 10- .39 3. 2« 3. 1)3 I < fill li-20 3 •(>.■> 3-77 li.3l 0-31 9-3S \:m ■.i-'.m 3- 02 3-,H3 3- 79 1-13 1-10 1-34 0-46 33 4-2. 3-74 2-03 7-09 4-IM 0-30 2-23 3- 39 3-22 0-MII 2 -.39 1-11 2-Ofi 0-74 3-,S2 3-00 1-11 1-7X 1-31 2- 67 0-7t 1-70 2-li.3 During April, 3-6 : 1902. lU lv.(3-1915 (14 yoara Ott, 0-2 ; .\ov,2-( 3- 3.3 0.73 «-lil) 0-24 1-42 3-89 2 ■.IS li.,S't 4-Sti D- 12 S-U3 3-37 3-1)9 2-47 13- (12 2-11 o-:io 1-84 5-78 1-05 2-47 3 -82 10' 03 1-04 4 -,33 8-83 «-45 2-N4 3-KI 7- lis 131111 II -SO 14-27 IS. 92 11-44 8-59 7 -.33 0-51 5-49 1-51 10-69 5-22 1-9J 6- 73 3-93 13-49 10-27 10-88 li'Sli IS- (I) 12- IS 7- IIS 11-^1 13-60 11-82 23 -.33 1-95 10-63 12-73 i-«3 9-19 14-51 18-99 22- tl !l-27 11-33 Hi- 23 23 -OS S-llS 24- si l^-il 21)- 7l) 119.74 Hi 13 17 .'ID 33 II nil 14 31 II) SI 13 91 21) ss 22 3S IS- Ij 13- ss IS-l'lO 15-01 I ■ 23 l7-4ii 14-73 19- II) 17- .33 12- *t 12-11 17-01 22- 3S 23- 12 10-113 I). IIS 19-27 11 -9S 11-02 13-93 3- IS 14-19 I II -.311 complete), average monthly : Dec, 2- 9. .Mean annual lOS- 37 ll)2-53 11S-K4 1.3.3 -.37 123-05 116-47 93- 14 1211. 18 1 46 -.39 105- 7u 67-. m' 99-55 93- 24 SS-37 HIS- 9.5 dnuwtall wai* : Jan., 7-s in.: anowlall, 24-6in ; majimum I- ill. Is : M„r, 2-7 ; ri-ci.rclc.1, 39-1) in.. Dm., QUMN CHARLOTTS CITT-EIevatioa. near wa-level ToTAi- Pbecipitatiow 1914. 1913. 7-41 I 3-30 3-9S I i.iio'! o.'hI i-.i'i'l 2-97' Snowfall in Feb., 1913, 7-0 in.; Dec.. 3-3 ; total in 1913, 10- J in I I 2-73 ... .1 3-03 11 3-39 |n-0 1-10 0-40 1-70 2-49 a- 93 2 25 2-10 0-97 1-35 0-00 too 1-63 0-OS 6-00 2-45 l-tlj 0-15 0-HO 0-37 0-00 0-00 1-411 0-00 1-40 T 0-:H) 11. 35 2-10 I 0-25 0-6.J 6-. 35 0-11 0-00 0-S2 000 0-02 6-10 1). :t6 1102 1 1 -.3:1 ()■ IS 0-41 0-.32 0-21 I-7S 0-9S 01)7 0-liS 1-at 6-.W o-s; l)-4)i ll'lUt 1-43 0-73 o-im 1 - 33 111 2 112 2 -.39 1-93 l-7li 0-47 l-,35 0-31 I 112 3- 111 1-.34 0-73 .12 2-74 3- (JO ion' 2-37 007 2- 46 O-.-iO 3-13 ISI 3 -.39 2- i2 I • .311 0-21 1-45 i-8-1 2- 63 0- 33 0-31 2 -.33 2-20 3-64 0-40 i-oij 0-29 1 1-27 I 0-62 I 6 -.32' I I -.30 i-.W I 1-76 I J-90 0-68 I-:j« I 1I-27 1-00 i- io I ■ 93 1-311 11-30 0-43 1-09 1-.50 I 2-03 I I- 13 l)-S7 I -.33 I ■00 1-30 ■66 112 ■II) ■70 -20 -63 •80 •HO ■70 05 ■S5 I 11-69 13-69 1743 1«30 1 1 • 38 1367 17^ 23 19-07 » -4 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C««,«rt Year Jan. »b. I M.,. I April I May | Ju,e | July | Au.. | 8,p.. | O... | Npy. | p^. )| a,.,^ QLESNEL-CMh'aiwI I9W.. IBIO. . 1911.. uia.. 1913. . 1914.. 191S.. 0-S5 0-57 t-WS 0-4-I 2-20 1S2 029 Mram il i.M l)-H3 1-00 0-70 O'M 1-03 l-»4 OlS 1-03 0-51 0-72 0-10 IIS 83 0-47 0-45 0-42 0-20 0-43 O'W) 0-31 0-81 0-72 0-.17 IW 1-M 1-41 2B2 i:i« l-3:i 0-40 1-08 1-30 1-M 1-21 2-37 1-38 2-08 0-87 ' 1-71 0-82 111 1-84 1-66 3-47 2-78 1-82 !•*■ Oct 'S"o"'nov'''{|?'4'"d^''To""1EP'""' """f ■"?■'?,'''>' •"■"''•" wBi.uo, Ao\,0'4. Uee, 8-0. Mean annual ■aowfall, 37- S in.; i lau 2-48 1-07 104 3-65 0-30 0-79 1-A8 2-13 0-63 2-20 0-70 ISl I-3B 1-24 1-72 2- 49 0-85 0-30 1-31 2-97 0-07 1-24 1-21 1-40 2-42 i-g« 0'97 0-87 1-77 DOS 1-20 0-25 ■ •33 2-3S 0-SO 0-42 0-80 1-90 0-90 13-41 15-4; IS-« 10-54 20-5;; is-m 12- Ot 14-09 Jan., 11-2 in.: Frb , 9- 1 - maiimum recorded, 30-0 in., Feb., Mar. 22 1899. tl« qnumo. rOSU (BULLIO.Vj-Elevation, 2,273 ft. ToT»i, PnncipiTATiox 1887.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. IBOi.. 1908.. Means 3-28 3-70 2-:« 1-92 1-23 1-98 4-15 0-9U 1-78 2-.1« 2-97 4-75 3-20 0-82 1-37 0-80 2-2.'> 1-43 0-12 2-40 2-39 1-24 1-48 l-li 1-1)1 o-r, .52 0-30 l-O.'i I 1-21 0-96 2-21 O-KI 2-09 I-7(i l-IM) ()-7;i 0-9H 0-81 1-27 3-31 2 35 2-23 1-00 2-29 1-71 0-87 2-2(1 1-20 1-99 2-8.1 2 O-jt) 0-31 2-94 «-07 0-.53 3-16 2-711 0- 12 I -.Vj 0-50 1-71 2-71 1-54 1-83 2-94 2-78 5- 19 0-72 1-34 2- 95 1-85 2-.'i7 1-UI 1-06 1-(M 1-94 1-70 0-40 2-95 2-46 2-17 3-53 I -98 2-80 2-8:1 2-47 2-91 2-:h 2-3.> 1-OS 0-87 3-43 2-12 2 -.12 2-31 I -31 1-43 1-70 2-74 1-33 2-20 I-(jO 1-40 3-57 1-96 27- .VI 29 -:r. 30-0:t 22-6:1 21 -SH 27-(i;t IH-2-. 17-(>0 21-65 24 -at A-iTi^r May,'!!^ :"o?t.;i"'r''Noe'' ?4^'=5"«'ir"'l7'V"Tl""' """ ■■ i'"" • f>J '"■■ ^>b..l7.8: .Mar.T^ *F0 in., Feb., 1899. "='•'"• "o" • " •* ■ "« . 17-7. Mean annual .nu«fall, 83-5 in : maiimum reoirdt'i; IIT QUncmiA (DRV FARMJ-Elevation. 2,900 ft. Total Pbccipitatio.v 1913. . . 1914... 1915... I 2-61 I 0-.S3 0-70 0-70 0-87 0-S9 0-51 0-48 SnowfrillinOnl., I9l:j, l-.i 1-76 3-72 1-43 2-51 U-.IH 0-Oi) 1-HH Dec, 9-7; total lU O-iM l»-7U l-:lll o-it; 0-40 0.' l-9il 0-13 1 • (1.) 0-97 12-n:t 1 31 n-<(t lin 2-23 10-64 BlVEMTOKl-EIevation, 1,470 ft. Total PnaciprrATio^f I! 1898 1S99 1900 1901 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 191S Means 5-05 4-04 6-86 5-30 6-12 3-20 4-90 6 -.55 6-65 6-17 3-33 7-55 3-21 7-37 9-89 3-40 5-45 4-74 0-85 3-51 4-83 3-71 «-2(i 6-70 6-62 4-!)2 3-27 3-:i2 2' HI 2-06 2-18 2-82 2-87 4-.S1 2-87 2-37 0-37 3-47 4-65 l-6;j 4-43 2-98 0-72 1-29 3-23 0-84 5-41 I 4-22 I 2-62 1-.S2 1-93 1-49 2-07 1-65 0-78 1,54 3-25 2-56 ■i-'.io 0-83 1-93 0-88 2-42 3-19 1-90 3-4.S 3-02 i-'es 1-92 1-41 2-94 2-08 2-67 2-23 1-49 0-87 2-59 1-86 2-23 1-25 4-83 2-ni 2-.'»7 3-;»4 2-01 3-41 3-94 3-67 2-51 5-44 2-54 2-61 3-29 2<31 2-13 2-29 1-73 2-.'>3 2-93 2-flfl 3-73 1-42 0-14 5-;m 9-68 4-63 Dunng 1898^1913 (1899 and 1903-15 complete), averane Mar, 11-5; .\pnl.0-4. May, O- 1 . Oj|.,OirNov 19-1 ■ mum recorded, 77-3 in., Dec., 1912. 1-61 1-19 1-62 0-53 I-;J3 2-;i2 0-89 2 -.57 4-13 3-ai 0-97 4-91 2-flfl 1-53 1-43 0-88 7-02 1-W 1-36 1-61 1-03 4-03 4-60 1-19 0-72 2-.W 2-73 2-03 3-75 8-14 1-74 5-68 4-40 4-34 1-79 2-88 2-15 2-64 1-49 3-26 3-87 2-51 4-.J6 3-66 8-47 3-47 i-ai 5M3 B-.54 2-28 2-88 4-49 6-19 0-46 4-96 3-08 2-23 0-87 4-X6 7-12 8-20 3-79 4-9J 2-73 4-71 8-09 5-58 7-22 6-47 5- 14 5-98 6-90 7-09 3-68 3-34 I 3-79 I 5-, 53 3-63 5-72 0-:jo 4 23 5-02 4-23 4-01 monthly anowfall waa : Jan , 43-9 Uec., 34 - 4. Mean annual anowfall, 4 2 3 8-71 4-30 8- 13 3-75 1-65 5 12 4-31 37- OS 37-:i5 40- 20 4909 41-1..( '■(SlV 36 -rt!! 4or 41 27 3H-,K 35' 18 41-78 in.; Feb., 152-1 in.; 32-fi: maii- BIOHLAKIW— Elevation, 2,300 ft. Total PaEciprr.vTioN Soowfallin Jan. 1913. ZJin.: Feh.o. J*»»., 6-5; D»o,7-.|. tota! in 1914, 20-8 BkCtt-O; total in 1915. 27-5 in. ': April, 0-4: Nov., 0-0: Dee, 0-0. In Feb 1914 l.n . In Jan., 1915, 16-0 ; Feb, 3-0; April, 0-1; "Miiy," 2-0 ;" Mar. 2,0: Nov., 00 ; tee. AuBUnI 25 13- M ■M 15-45 ■M lS-40 M 10- M 42 20-52 MU 15-67 UU 12-09 90 14-00 11 II 27- .VI ■i 29-:r) 30- on 4 22 (in :< 21 -SH •0 27-(i;i u IM.21 u 17-1.1) 7 21-Uj fi 2t-ai :t7-(is 37 :).■> 40 2t) 4!)0<» 41 I:' 4fi 1-*' :w I1<> 4 or 41 27 3H- .IS 33- IS 41- 78 .. 32-6 ; ■ ; mui- 17- 52 17-91 21 -Hr. METEOROLOGICAL DATA-PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COHJMBIA-C«l.,.«< 559 Ynr J»r., I i-eb. M.r. I April [ SU, | Jun. July | Au» | 8«pt. | Qet. | Nov. ^^^^ Mmma nOir— Elevation. Total pBacirrrATiox AoaiaJ 30 It. MCMU. 1-41 1.0 -'^^ *^^^ »ven««e monthly .nowf.ll wm : Jan . 11-8 in ■ , 1-0 . Not.. a-B ; Dec.. 8-0. Me.n .nniul .nowf,U. 62*0 in:! oSim 4-?9 8- 03 1H-4(1 114- /I4 I17-«.l 1 7. .17 0-12 10-72 ti-7« lin-72 19-13 1-20 1-79 I3-.W 0-26 17-77 6-P9 8-37 14-16 8-46 11-29 0-52 8-00 O-.W 19.2a 20-14 2-17 8-07 13-18 12- 80 15-80 4-7« 3-28 19-61 8-59 13-94 3-43 4-43 18- 13 20-12 'in- 7.»i 0-18 10-08 R-23 16-17 19-23 7-47 15-10 22 -,M 23-97 I3- 5-40 4-86 1-02 1-65 :^■■M 5- 45 4- IS 2' 49 .•i02 0-13 1-07 3-92 3-22 0-W 2-!i4 2-16 4-76 2-76 B-24 3-n:i 0..>l 014 2-08 7-65 2-08 .■■.-SI 9-811 1-77 2-72 12-72 2.fi2 7.6fi 9-55 7- 6.) 14-32 3-01 I 4-S.S I9-S2 14-91 17-77 13 -.-.7 1 ; ■ s2 i.i^o 7-59 817 3.0 °SE?«}T'^r^n;r«^^^j»?---^=-js;i. fc u::>^^^ 11-38 .'i-92 i: H • I) ;.-. 10. 11.5 3- 93 :!-i:t 1302 8 -.18 87-88 73-99 67-73 78-52 74-10 70-83 75-07 S , .Mar. 10; Nov, IM 1S93. 'S94. ISU.'i. 1SU7,, SALMON AEM-Elovation, 1.150 ft. Totai, Precipitation 1906.... 1907.... l»l)S 1 ' 19... . 2-20 2-00 3. 37 2.W) 2-2H 1-00 1 ■ r,r> 1-30 1-28 2- 11 2-. 12 I). 20 0-25 1-33 0-73 l..';9 2-11) 1-40 114 0-71 0-50 11 -on 0-67 0-31 0-9, 1-00 2-61 1-34 1-97 1 • 49 l-:i2 "•90 3-. SO 1-79 0-42 0-65 2-39 1-S3 0-S7 2-2fi 112 0-3:1 1-24 0-00 0-72 1-7.-. or,i 3-22 (1-9:. 0-22 000 0-57 0-21 1-90 l-.-.l O-.V) 0.4s 2- 19 3-61 1-16 1-2S 3-23 0-92 2-16 2.9S 0- 70 0-26 1-77 2- 99 0-r.o 0-72 2-00 2- ill ll-'ll) 0-31 2-03 16-90 14-87 16-62 i-BS' 0-31 110 1-10 4-i2' 1-3S 1-39 2-68 2-'.'.3' O-4-. 1-25 1-52 " 18-41 ■ 14-64 21-71 m *^! ]l ^ I II II i! 11 r COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION REOORM POR STATIONS IN BBITISH COLVhlMA-CUumM Ymf Jm I F.h. I Mw I April I M.y | Ju,. | j^^ "j a«,. | 8h* | <.r.. [ Nov. j pJlU^ finr nil. mi. »a. 1*14. WIS. 2-M 3-8S 3-(M 2- IN 2-M SALMON ARM— CMOmiMri lao I'M 113 113 1-30 0-SO im 0-iW u-ai 0-60 0-»7 110 0-81 I 0-M I '.52 I'M U'»« 1-27 I '52 1-02 I 14 0.66 i-aa )'36 1-45 41A 3'ie I'.M S'ttH l'»* O-lft 1'7<) 2' 14 i-»2 0'73 I'OH 1-71 2'OH I ■4.'} O'lO 1-2.% I 0-9S 0-73 l-HO l'3l l'3l 2-17 it- a 0-33 I 411 i'lK) 1-.VI 1-&2 . .» • .nvsu anausi (nowUII, «0'g in ; mmjiinum r«jor.l»il, 3«.s in., 2'M 2'3)( 4 M a-ii 0- ;| lii 2l'l U-i IS- a 19' « 1«'( i-iw ii iS'd Feb . 10' > Ju . 1913 »I3... MIS. . . WI4... IMS... Meftiu. Dunne 1-2 ; Nov.. iAUfOK ASM (KXPERIMK.VTAL FAR.M,-EI.,.,..n. .bout I.IMf.. Total rHr,riFiT4TloN 2'7H .1' 1.1 3'S» 2 IS J'fll I'lH 0-90 1 • 4 -. 0'4.'i I'OO 22 O'.M 099 0'96 0-87 I'D.'. O.W 0-97 I ' 9.1 I -12 O.H 1-2(1 090 3'5I l-.M 0'H7 2' 72 1-43 2'M I l-m 2'(K) I'Hl '1.7« J'58 i-K« I I'sn 114 0.32 O'.V) S*l'. 'iw^Ib'"!**"!?,'"*"- »'""»«• monthly .no«f»ll wai »I, Oec.. I8'l. »'««n«onu»l.now(i»ll,81'Sin.: mi 032 0-74 1-71 1 ■..' U'OI 0-.M 1-S4 1-20 I'.32 .5'.)4 2-09 1 ' 3 ) 2'5A 0-87 |.n.i O.ftH 2'44 I-tl 0711 II.; 3-00 l'S2 Jjn., HI- 'J in . Kfb . ".4 ; M« l- iimum reconi*! 31-i m , Jnn., 1913, V, I 17. Ik 20 j, . .Vpn ■ALT 1W3 . IIM.. ia»s.. 1890.. 1867.. 1898.. 1899.. 19091! 1910.. 1911 . 1912 1913 1914 191.-. . Meant. SPUXO IU.An> (VESUVIUS BAY)-EW.tion, m^r »..-Iev. ToT»L PnaciriT.tTioN 7.|:t 7'NB 9-87 3-44 2 -.37 e'3N S'23 5' 30 5' 67 .V71 1 I.-. J S2 8- .)« 5-78 '4-ii 1-91 2 '7.5 2-88 3-94 S-07 3- IS l'09 4-29 0-82 2-27 '2'67 0.S3 2-42 2-l« 2'20 3'9N 3- 83 2- .39 I'OS l'2«l 1'33 I'SS 1-4- i'89 1-32 3-07 2-67 2-41 3'00 211 l'B8 0-83 1-71 2-04 0-85 'i-78 2-24 0-38 2-24 2'»« I 2-15 I 1-77 Uunus Nov., 3-3 ; 2-00 2' 2.1 0-43 0.92 1-31 1 • ,V1 0'09 1-34 i'lio 1'87 2-21 0-41 1-31 I'M 2'WI 0-22 0- .to l'7'l 0-23 O'OO 6-42 i'3;i 012 0-4K U-20 Oil 0-lS 0-51 0'42 O'Si 0-82 2-9.5 l'09 11-28 O'O.; 0' IW-WJ (1900-(M no ro,'or4.). average ,no„tl,ly .now,: u«.,2-2. Mean annual •nowfall.21'0 in.; maximum U'82 2-75 2'«S 109 1-00 1-18 2'g9 1-41 i-92 2-08 3-40 0-60 « 17 3-97 O'lO •i-M I'.W 3'29 4-. 38 O-.W 4'36 3-54 S-50 5-08 3-2.5 13'lil 5- It 2-73 9-29 7-34 8-88 12-01 9-93 5-75 7-21 8-50 8-69 8-72 7-99 !1 was ; '-■ootdel, Jan., 9- 2J-5in .■>■.*) 40:1 j 10'. 51 i H..5S 11.52 4-18 tl' III !M)J »-'-l)7 .IS- ,5.1 2 in.; , Xov Feb . 3 , 1911. Mar. 2-j ■ANOIPIT (\E.\R 9KIDE3VTE) Elevation, near ,e. level ToriL PRr.n, 14 ft. Total PREcipn-ATio.s 4 '73 Snowfall in Jan , 1902, 13-0 i 84 1 ::;:l ""'•'•"' '•» "•« i «-oo 1 1-31 1 2-97 1 3.38-1 4'08 1913 1914 1915 24-29' 13-85 9-37 1005 li 9 ■■TMO"* WTAKl-Elevation, 403 ft. Total Prbcipitatio.v 11-09 8-79 7 .53 3' 50 5' 77 In Nov., 1915. 0-7; Dec. 17-5: total in 1915, 18-2 in 4-04 1-80 0-8S 2-01 1-27 0-98 8-23 11-2-2 1-21 11-34 1.5-90 21'ni 23-88 22-39 ll-a5 Feb., 4-2; Mar., 9-0; .W. 10-39 I . . 4-SS I HW-sl 18-92 i| llM.;!-) , 3-7 ; total in 1914. 30-1. Dm-. II Aaau.ll ■M SO ■11 •Si 1 il-m 1 Uf, 1 IS-J7 , 19- IH 1«-4S .*» i I9 M <;l Hi )■• 7X 17 .(■* li 17^l») 00 I 20 j) Hi ioo 11 ■ 1 'l llM .'1 METEOROLOGICAL D A TA-P R E C , P , T A T I O N WEcipm noN REcoRDe tor stations S6I IN BRITISH rOLlMBIA-f«ft, .n.,"!"*'*" '" Nov, 1 W.1. JlO; Fpb. 2.6; I*""! . 3-0 ; total ia lltI4 too in VfV ''J • i"^- "'O ; total in 1911 ~u p^^^"? .liirtv-VBliiii^ir i.'}:^.i;;{i. ^:!rl 's&S%^ {?[i samvAprAui Ki-vaiioo. i.«ooft. Total PavipirtTin.v I t-u7 I 01 ^^ •lOIIlT-El.v.tion. 300 ft. Total PaKipiTATio<< In 19M . t,„e „l .BOW fell i„ .Nov. and !>«.; 1912 1913 ^ F.AU.S „ . r,.. •„ „.„„„ Riv„,-E,e,,„.„. „„, ^^,^^^, Total PHCcipir«TioM l|i'«-naT6-2Q .1 2-27 j '(•27 ••<•« I ^-73 I l-tM 4-ll|10-Oo|,7^4, j.s.luTjjr^jg- ■■nxA anriR AT KHATADA R>^ hH,-El,,.ti„„. „,„«. „,„ Total PacnpiTATiox 'IJec. 7 to Dr.- :)|. s n-.19 " I "-74'| i-MsT.-i. Oec. 1 to Uf, . «. •42 I 2-8.-,T:i..-io-| 7.,, Lii!iu«.i.2«7i'i:SSi|l:;: •UDIOATI-Klrvation. n™r,e^l,vel Total Hrccipitatio.v ■"inowfall m \, 4-2. In Jan , I'JIl 'ri^;^^:«^'^k;:;i!o^i?[S;3l^^i^ t"eb., 4.U : .Mar., 50; Nov. 1.7; Dm.. Ut 1-S7U. 1 s-ii' ! 1-lS.J , WM . i9i:):; 1914 191.;. 1-117 0-70 1-10 6-4:1 0-S.5 0-OS 2-1.5' 0-00 0-67 ()•(» T 000 ; 1-31 I 0-3.% 3-io l„ 0-17 I 1-31 SODA ORIM-Eiev.tion. 1,690 ft. Total Prccipitatio-i l-(is o-so o-.-,o 0-00 0..17 0.57 0-,W 0-33 0^00 0^70 000 6 10 0-S7 0-S8 000 i-20 0-61 6^:h 0.50 0-29» 1.56 0-30 0-90 0-4.5 9-24 0-5.5 4-53 0-73 3-43 6- .50 0-73 i 20-06 0-80 1 12-72 {-UV.M-.^-a; Oct..I.O; Nov..4-2!X'.%%''.''Sriarui7:iE.Xl'''Jr-'or'»''-- i".«-«™ ■■ F.b .oowt«ii.Ji.o,n: >n««mun.recofd«l. 3-10 ia.; i\ r I ««a»OCC»Y »fSOlUTK)N TEST CHA«T ■ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 21 1^ LEs 1 1.4 M ,6 "-^^B ' ''6) 288 - 5989 - Fa, } f: I -1 362 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C.m«..«J Ye» II Jan. | Feb. | M.r. | April | M.y | Ju.e | July | Au,. | 8,p.. 1 Oct. | Nov. | D^- || Am.u.1 toon— EleTation, 25 It. Total Pr«cipitatio« 1903 1904 1905 1906 i9i6".'.!!!!!i 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Mmm II 8 4-23 11-20 6-01 5-66 's-'m' 1-25 5-29 3-29 3-60 2-41 I 4-85 12-64 9-84 1-52 i^so 0-70 1-21 3-17 3-70 2-71 4-47 I 1-79 ii-»3 1-35 1-10 2-30 0-70 2-00 1-28 2-65 1-88 1-7U 1-58 5-40 0-90 2-00 1-16 1-49 0-58 1-63 2-10 1-28 2-54 1-00 0-90 1-99 2-15 2-93 0-23 U-!)2 1-91 1-75 0-00 0-10 0-31 0-86 0-06 0-73 1-56 0-92 1-43 0-20 0-70 2-81 0-45 0-36 0-02 1-83 I 1-68 I 0-74 I 0-94 5-7.5 0-70 7-15 i-eo 1-44 3-11 3-42 0-71 2-98 I 5-54 5-08 1-92 7-14 6-40 ■3-16' 6-92 6-22 7-56 15-15 I 6-65 I 61-07 14-33 4-03 ii-26' '6-87' 9-94 9-48 8-01 9-70 77-98 60-10 SS-44 43-94 48-6- 37-21 9-88 7-79 II 51-47 During No»., 1-9 : U* 1903-15 Dec., 1- ■OOKI LAXS— Elevation, 560 ft. Mu., S-0 : TOTAJ. PBBCIPI . \TIOM 1913.. 1914.. 1916.. 17-49 4-23 3-85 3-80 3-68 3-85 2-04 2-23 1-28 2-12 1-77 0-50 0-05 1-39 0-40 0-06 0-90 3-26 0-37 4-85 10.07 12-80 16-14 11-90 10-53 3-57 1-95 14-90 57-74 56-78 BnoirfJlinJan.,1914,7-0in.:Nov., 2-0 : Dec.. 1-0 : total in 1914, 10-0. ■OBBIHTO— Elevation, l.ISO ft. Total Pbicipitatiou Total in 1915, 5-0 in., all in Deo. 140 1913... 1914... 1915... 3-18 1-47 1-32 0-51 0-83 0-86 0-50 0-83 0-83 3-08 1-02 4-46 0-70 3-40 1-19 0-21 0-6S 1-49 1-91 1-20 1-36 1-12 1-29 1-27 2-49 0-67 0-88 0-50 2-49 14-61 20-94 „..?i^\Vl,-1iol^|:r^i5../f/^'^i?i^i»"^i^ 12-1; Feb., 9-3; Mar., 1-0 : totalin 1914, 22-4. In Jan., 1915, BmiCl BXIDOB— Elevation, 770 ft. Total Pb»cipitatiow 0-97 0-24 1-39 0-29 0-76 1-24 0-45 9-99 11-84 6-81 11-96 1-77 l-(4 1-16 6-8.5 2-79 12-87 1-3.5 8-91 1-50 8-15 0-37 8-91 0-58 13-54 0-59 790 0-19 5-53 0-65 2 -.15 0-3S 1-20 0-98 I 0-99 Meinw During Nov., 5-0 ; 1S71" Dec. i ' ■-' r< t h P ii ■ '. ' 1 1 » H J ^ =r f m lU 1»0S (12 vc»r« completet. averiwe monthly snowfall »" -^ J5".v;V ' 'S To. Mean annuttl sno^kall, 23-2 in.; maximum recorded, 2i-o in., 1 BTAVS LAKI, UPPB«— Elevation, 250 ft. TWIAL PRCCIPITtTIOM Feb,, 3-0 eb., 1879. Mar., 2- 1915. .11- ■ 1 3-tV t I n-a? t :i-S9 !15-M 114-71 l2«-2g IL Snowfall in Dec., 1915, 22-5 in. , 6-0; a., 191S, 9-99 II-** 6-81 ll-»fl 1-77 6- a') 12-87 8-91 8-15 8-91 13-M 790 5-53 METEOROLOGICAL D AT A— PR E C I P I T AT I O N 563 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Comini«« Year || Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | May | June | July | Auk I .Sept. | Oct. I Nov. Dbo. {| Annual M BTULB— Elevation, 2,433 (t. Total Prbcipitatio.-« 1893 18(M I89S 1896 (1-50 1-80 2-35 1-88 1-55 0-47 0-05 0-31 1-10 0-8(1 0-87 0-07 0-70 1-SU 1-47 0-50 0-S.t 0-27 2-44 2-21 0-9S 0-89 I-IJ 2-11 1 - 25 1-09 4-73 1-54 0-30 1-40 0-83 0-48 l-5« O-ll) 2-20 1-9J 1-90 3-07 0-72 0-95 113 0-37 0-19 4-10 1-150 0-.32 2-76 0-75 1-16 2-09 1-23 18-32 16-30 13-41 13-58 1837 1913 1-9(1* 2-40 !07 O-.W 0-75 1-95 1914 191.5 2-54 0-95 0-4.1 O-.W 1-80 0-17 i-iii 0-75 6-90 191 2- 07 3- on 0-SO 2-23 0-49 n-3« l-3fl 2-22 1-S3 l-3« 17-18 18-35 • In Nov., 1913, m new ttation wsa establi.xliel by the Province. The record for 1893-1S97 is from the Dominioa obwrvBtory. During 1893-1915 (complete record for 6 years!, avpra^e mu.ithlyHnowfall was: Jan., 11-7 in.: Feb.. 4-9 : Mar,, 2-9; April,l>2; Oct., 0-2 ; Nov., 14-0 ; Dec, 8-4. Moan annualsnowfall, 43-3 in.: maiiraum recorded, 22- 1» in.. Nov., 1893. SU STKTISTON (GARRY POIN'T)— F.Iovation, 6 ft. Total Precipitatiom 1891) 4-42 1-28 3- 11 l-»3 1-45 0-0 J 0-21 0-92 3-5) 7-9.1 7-85 1897 4-69 1-74 2-03 l-3< 3-81 2-75 0-.32 1-32 0- 15 1-34 2-74 1-15 2-87 7-49 6 -.3(1 8-33 2 -.36 3^1- 16 33-21 1898 3-75 5 -(19 1-49 1-64 1S99 5-80 4-H7 2-11 2- (15 3-80 0-69 0-3() 4-01 1-23 5-27 10-72 5-71 46-96 1900 5- 12 4-47 6-79 3-25 2-43 3-m 1-01 2-38 1-46 4-2) rt-3.» 6-41 47-62 1901 6-12 4-38 1-Jt 3- 13 3-3'J 2-91 0-9T 0-n-, 2- 16 3 35 7-01 4-OS 39-42 1902 4-. 50 6.31 4-11 2-05 2-64 1-6) 1-17 (l--ii 2-43 2-6) 5-67 5-62 39-82 1903 4-.M 1-21 3.15 1-12 1 ■ (16 2-Ul 1-27 (1 ,) 5- 2^ 3-41 9-43 3-32 37- 04 1904 8-05 6-21 4 (11 2-22 1-33 1-3(1 1-7S (IT, 1-93 2-41 6- 15 s-os 41-79 1905 5-2(1 3-23 3-97 0-78 2-31 1-81 1-68 -■ I'l 7-82 30t 3-29 3-8) 3J-1S 1906 5.70 3.43 2-(W 0-(15 2-75 1-77 0-21 0-5, O-7'.l 4-8S 5- 85 5-72 Id- 36 1907 5-20 5-68 1-51 2-48 0-8.3 (>< 6:) 0-07 Oil 0-21 0-47 6 -.57 6 -.52 .39- .30 1908 4-96 3-99 1-.52 1 .35 2-8S 1-31 0-73 0- 5'1 O'sn 3-72 9-29 5-21 36 -.38 1909 3-74 4-B< 1-97 0- .55 1-SO 1-21 1-21 0(17 0-89 3 ri 9- (11 3-03 33-09 1910 6 -.59 3-02 2-08 1-92 1-73 1-47 0-01 0-4(1 1-12 (i IS 7-47 6 17 3S- 12 1911 3- 69 1-70 1-13 1-4(1 3- 12 1-31 0-51 0-79 2-«< i-.n 5-811 5-5) 29- .32 1912 5 -.52 3-30 0-41 2-42 2-25 I-4I 1-62 4-4(1 1-9J 4-ir 6- 25 5-4) .39-31 1913 3 -37 2-42 2-85 1-84 3-46 2-89 l-.3rt 0-51 2-47 4-2:> 2- 28 31-95 1914 1 8-tl 2- 10 1-44 2-46 0-53 2-11 013 0-37 3-119 4-41 6- 17 2-.)> .14-65 1915 4-34 2-62 2-78 1-75 2-52 0-33 0-53 0-33 0-37 6- 14 3-92 7-41 33-07 Means. . , 5-. 33 3 -86 2-. 50 1-91 2-27 1-81 0-90 1-0(1 2- 43 3-55 6- S3 5-27 37-75 During 1896-1915 (18911 inciimplptfl, averaitc monthly smwfali wn : .Ian , 8(i in.: Fi-lj . 2-8 ; Nov., 1-8 ; Dec., 1-7. .Mean annual snjwfall, 16-9 in.; niaximudi recorded, 3J-2 in., Jan., 1901. Mar., 2-0 : IM ■nWABT— Elevation, 215 ft. Total PREcrpiTAxiov 1910 1911 1912 8-64 2-81 6-00 3-73 6-00 5-44 3-99 3-60 3-56 6-25 3-38 4-16 8-71 1-78 6-31 4-82 2-87 4-90 '.5-(ir 2-82 ■.3-86 5-02 4-31 2-21 2-64 2-58 1-62 1-71 2-15 2-21 1-.50 1-78 0-.52 2-21 1-61 3-01 1-.53 5-43 9-06 1-96 4-20 3-67 6-69 201 4 -.32 8-1/ 3-24 6-85 10-87 9-07 7-64 11-10 6-23 8-78 10-68 7-37 8-84 3-37 8-70 7-66 8 -.82 8-26 5-82 7-11 11-99 11-71 14-44 11-62 2-98 0-08 10-29 ■67-93' 1913 1914 1915.. ■ '66-09 ■ Means 6.5-00 Durint 1910-15 (3 years complete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 42-8 in.: Feb., 27-8 : .Mar., 11-3 ; Apnl,7-4; Oct,l-g: Nov., 29-0 ; Dec, 58-6. Mean annual snowfall, 178-7in.: nmiimum recorded, 108-0 in., Dec., 1912. tM ■TEATBOONA FABK— Elerstioa, 930 ft. Total PnsciriTATioN 1913 II 1914 l|lO-20 7-79 I 6-54 I 3-67 I 0-76 I 1-72 I 0-22 I 0-95 I 3-90 4-32 8-52 8-85 13-11 1-52 anawfallin Jan., 1914, 25-0 in.: Feb., 50-0 : Mar, 32-0 ; Nov., 13-2 in. M* lUOAB LAKI (HEAD OF*)— Elevation, 2,080 ft. Total Pmcifitation 1912 11 1 1 1 0-90t| 1-31 1913 II S-19 I 1-08 I 1-31 I 1-28 I 2-70 2-58 I 4-8.5 I 2-97 2-.M 3-47 2-65 2-04 3-37 I 3-16 3-3- 4-26 3-88 3-54 0-50 32-78 t April t9thtoaoth. SiunrfallinNov.. 1912. 4-5in.: D«>. "' 7-5; total in 1913, 106-11 in. 0. la Jan., 1913, 62-6 ; Feb., 6-S ; Mar., 15-3 ; Nov., U-9 ; D«e., * Records tainn by tbe Coatwu Powtr Co. 4 J 'W i : I I i n t " t \ ! 564 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COI,UMBIA-C»fa.»iiri Y.-ar Inn. Feb. M»r. April May June July I Au». I S^pt I Oct. I Nov. | Dec Ij Annunl t4T ■VmilBLAIlO— Elevation, 1,100 (t. ToTtl. Pll»CIPIT\TIOS 1907... 190».... 1909.... 1910. . . . 1911... 1912.... 1913... 1914. 1913. 0-44 '.•01 0-5? 0-78 1-S2 1-06 1-91 0-53 1-22 0-A8 1-00 I-OO 0-86 0-SO 0-57 1-00 0-57 0-16 0'14 0-33 0-OK 0-20 0-34 1-28 M«in». 0-97 O-W n-39 n-HT l-«0 I l-.iO Mil 0-43 0-n7 051 0-Ofl I-Bl 0-3.-> 1-02 0'4!« 2-02 IH.'S 0-95 1-24 1-11 I -(13 117 2- 83 0-27 l-.W I'Ol 0-83 1-flO 4-60 1-32 0-80 i-2e 0-88 3-22 0-27 O-.M l-.i3 O-M 0-2.5 2-41 1-B9 0-97 0-85 0-S2 1-26 2-14 o-8:j 0-12 0-27 0-9!l 1-Wi 0-36 0-91 0-33 1-08 i-:m 0-26 2-24 1-24 1-07 0-33 0-51 0-72 0-51 0-13 1-33 1-20 0-78 1-16 0-74 0-4.i 0-lfl 0-94 1-flO 1-78 o-.ib 0-92 0-S2 0-92 O-'tl 0-73 8-58 ()• 38 12-31 117 8-83 O-.V) 8-53 n-.5.i 13-82 100 12-49 0-82 11 -4« 1-8J 14-73 0-88 11-S7 SWAMOll BAT— Elevation, near aea-Ievel mtM ToTni. Pmcipitatiom 1907.. 1908.. 1900.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. Mean. 19-0I 17-42 12- 13 14-22 14-41 21-12 14-19 27-57 7-48 21-87 19-20 12-07 10-22 19-58 13-73 24-20 26-20 4-97 18-02 22-18 7-24 18-48 8-01 12-76 20-27 12-94 17-79 14-82 1-42 9-67 8-91 7-14 5-37 8-85 12-74 7-44 3-81 8-85 6 -.50 10-87 S-82 3-05 3-95 6-2H 3-87 11-31 12-02 3-80 4-(M 0-88 7-88 5-47 25-21 3-76 3-28 5-16 6-75 25-95 25-40 10-22 8-71 7-51 18-15 21-55 32-19 14-94 23-77 16-22 34-89 31-08 23-22 25-62 27 -.W 27-22 8-48 14-28 21-47 28-26 23-32 .•1-98 13-09 8-05 tl-13 J8-n4 29- IK) 198-28 189- 21 195- 39 180-82 l.V)-07 1.79-97 •'»°' '9"- TAPPm— Elevation. 1,350 ft. f^ Total PBEfipir.iTiov 1913 1914 1915 4-11 4-10 2-51 rl-ss 2-2S 0-78 0-74 1-23 \-(ll 0-*i 0-78 1-31 1-09 0-90 3- 3-211 1 • 15 92 1 •(».■) 0-(i9 2' l-l!t 0-31 U< 8(1 1-S8 2-07 1-22 1-72 1-90 1-34 2-1).) 3-8!) 1-98 I)- 89 1-21) 3- 21 20-2?) 20- 19 2»-ri During .913-1^ .ver«e monthly. n„wfaUwa,: J-n.^^n.. F-^.B-^^ ^'"•^-'^ ^"^"^-^^ '^ ' '*' .Meanannual .nowlall, 07-3 in.; maximum, 41-1 in., Jan., 1913. TIBEAOB— Elevation, 345 f> aaa Tout. PHECIPtTATIOS 1912. 1913. 1014. 1913. Meann . 3-00 3-42 1-78 2-9,-i 1-20 4-19 2-36 3-14 2-81 3-03 2-01 1-46 3-15 2-21 1-81 2-19 2-00 1-60 i-oo I- 31 5-2:t 5-73 2-94 0-93 7-04 5-33 4-82 4-. 58 7-311 6-14 12-21 4-30 7 -.55 ii-08 11-87 2-50 3-44 8-70 47- 37 '31-77' 41-11 "Durinn 1912-15 {1912 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was: j""" • '^'f'" i. /'"'j,!.','^'^ N0V.73-7T Dee . 12- 3. Me:>n annaal snowfall. 42- 1 m : m;iiin.um reoordeJ, 19-3 m., Jan., U13. Mar , U- in T£TI JAUME— KIcvatinn. 2,400 ft." Total 1'rbi'ipitatii)-< 1914 1913 i-40 I 0-43 I 0-00 I 3-41 1-08 I 0-JO 1-71 1 2- 09 1-87 1-93 2-86 0-39 0-63 I 3-80 1-3S 1 0-74 2-66 I 2-'40 I 0-94 1-80 I l-OS 1.-.- S4 Snowfall in Nov., 1914, 3-8 in.; Dee., 16-0. In Jan., 1915, 14-0 ; Feb., 1-8 : Nov.. 5-8 ; Dec, 8-0 ; total m 1915, 29-6 in. THETIS MtAKU— Elevation, near sea-level |u Total PRBCiPiTATioy 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. Means . 7-32 4-50 4 75 8-90 8:)7 4- 14 4-09 4-72 8- 39 4-83 3-29 3-92 1-81 1 - 53 2-04 3-10 1-93 0-6;i 0-.50 1-.53 1-83 1-2S 119 202 3-02 0-82 2-47 1-90 U 67 I US 1 70 1 30 23 1-18 1-14 0-49 U-16 0-31 0-.52 0-87 0-97 0-09 0-84 r A 8-3:1 3-18 4-02 2-04 3-43 4-90 3-48 9-72 3- 13 7-83 III- 18 .-.- 10 8-48 8-01 8-93 6-89 7-31 39 •48 411- -7 41-".( .^ cwtall in Mar 19 8- Sfi 12 M 8 Ki 8 M 1.1-82 12 4!) 11 4n. 1. 112 It. T0T\L PRBCtPIT^TinV 1011. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1913. 0-75 0-09 1-48 0-89 Meann 0*05 0-26 1-45 2-57 0-10 1-10 (I- IS 0-00 0-fl 0-59 0-27 0- (l."i 1-22 0-20 0-14 0-15 0-35 1-27 0-47 1-2-t 1-54 0-14 0-70 I • 45 0-44 2-40 0-42 ■2-M 0-xl 0-7.-. 2-73 I- 117 2-31 0-77 O-O.". 0-54 l-2i« 0-)lS 0-07 1-03 0-H7 1-07 I 0-74 Durins 1911-15 (1914 and 1015 eomplete), average monthly snowfall »a» : Jan . «• Ue«., 8-0. Mean annual snowfall, 24-7 in.; niaiinmm rccortled, 23-5 in., Feb , 1914. TBIAMaU MLAHO— Elevation, «so ft. ToTtL Pretipit^tio-* 02 j I -111 It 0-H 1^1 ' 0-H4 Hi 1 0- 12 1 31 I i)-7'.l I "■. 0-4I 102 O-Ol \, 0-lW 11-21 n-sj "> in.: Feb . s-0 ; Nov., 4-2 ; 1910. 1911 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Means, 12-71 5-93 9-27 7- 14 5-70 8- 13 5-2'* 7-22 3-91 4-33 7-72 5-09 4-8.S 0-73 4-80 4-27 7-01 4-35 2 -.'.7 4-02 7-37 4-44 3-99 4-88 I -811 2 -.55 3-111 5-84 0-25 3-09 2-87 5-03 5-01 0-97 3 •70 0-Oit 1-03 2 -So 2- 20 3-21 0-95 1-5-. 2' lit 0-35 1-S2 2- 10 3-71 2-S5 2-01 0-71 2 -OS 2-44 5-42 5- 88 3-20 7-OS 115 2-91 4-20 15'M 10'42 9-liJ 10-3') 3- 07 4- )'i ill-'.t.'i i 7-9t I ')- |ii I 3-70 During 1910-1.5 (1910 inoomplete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan , 23-8 • ••■ "• \Iean annual snowfall, 32-3 in 8-05 I 0-27 71-85 .'.'I-Cil u-;to 31-rtO 47-77 03-01 2-4 ; Nov., 1-0 ; Dec., 0-3. IM . Feb., 1-3 ; .Mar, 0-3 ; maximum reoonled, 87-9 in , Jan , 1911. .\pril. VCLniLBT — Elevation, near sea-level ToT-M, Pbbtipitatiov l»l5::::::;;::: 1.1-89 ,2.57l>2.o7 1 7-22 1 7-22 1 Hi 1 ^:i;l 1 U^ ISi If:;:;! ifli^i \xi!, 1 11301' Snowfall in 1915, 8-0 in , all in Dec. UNION BAT* •W TOT\L raKCIPITVTIO-^ 1893 1894 8-49 4-98 1-42 4-00 0-io II7I i {■•■-■> .c.il H•'^'.^ .'(-4 1 III- S"» i 9-rt! 8-84 •(•02 O-sO 3-.5« 1-42 ■ ■09 0-Of) 2-.Vi ()• M i i;. 17 li -.. -.7 85- 17 78- 74 00- 7 > 1S9« 26 •40 10 -.59 1-18 2-75 2;t4 1-00 0-02 0-89 0-41 :i-8] 1 s-15 :i5-*m 1898.. ■ 7-37 2-74 3-71 10-89 7-30 2-73 0-00 2-48 2-71 2-33 1-98 8-01 IIOCO il2-98 v^^'^Vn"^* "if?2:'***,A'o"'*'''JI """""'«'«', averaKe monthly suowfall was : Jan , 30-ii in . Feb, 10-4; .M Nov., 10-5 ; Dec., 20-9. Mean annual snowfall, 94-7 in.: maximum reoorde4 9- M S'SO .57-04 9-02 4-28 3-37 2 -.-.3 4-33 3-81 2 02 0- 85 3-89 8- 19 10-Os 3 • 95 3-28 3-04 0-74 3-42 3 -.58 1-07 0-42 091 0-75 0-38 8-88 0-80 8-37 8-8;i 1915 7-13 4-42 4H 5-41 10-88 50-23 Means 8-00 606 4-:!7 3-10 i 3-.38 j 2-75 1 • 25 1-.58 4-23 5-93 10- ss 7-31 .59-42 During 1898-1915 (14 years complete), average njonlhlv snowfall was : .I«n , 13-0 in Keh. :(- 1 \ Nov., 2-7 ; Deo., 2'U. Vleaa a lliual SI lowfall. 230 It . : max unum r ecordet , 67-3 n., Jan , 1913. • Observer moved from Union Bay to Cumberland in 1898. For supplementary record see under Cumberland. ! r 5M COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Conliiiurf Year | Jin Feb. 1 M»r. 1 April | M«y | June | July | Au«. | Hopt. ...t. Nov. Dec. 1 Annual tto ▼JkHOOUmi (CITY HALL)— El«Tsti(>ii,40(t. ToTlkl. PpXCIFtT.TIOM 1913 1914 it-is' 1 7-34 i-ii' 461 3-32 421 3-46 S-IH a- 9a' 3-71 4-l» 3-29 0-9(5 l-»7 0-4S 0-81 U-0.1 0-85 J- J7 7-10 e-s9 S-25 10-19 9-M 2-S6 10-82 r&i-3s' WIS 0-31 0-87 1 5I-7J Ml TAKOOnnS (COURT HOUSE) Stmtion ttmrted raeording January, 1916. VATMBT— Elevation, l.m ft. Total Precifit\tiom 1913.. 1914.. ISl.'i.. 1-93 0-41 0-79 0-20 0-97 0-.13 0-44 0-37 0-72 0-o'J 0-»ti 1-49 1 -M 1-83 3-11 1-6/ 1-S7 3-45 2-l.> 0-33 0-81 1-74 1-91 1-53 1-50 0-86 1-12 l-2;< 1-9) 0-fla 0-33 1-04 1-S7 14-54 15- 04 Snowfall in Nov., 1913, 4-6 in.; Dec, 3-2. In Jan., 1914, 10-4 ; Feb., 7-5; Mar, 2-0 S-8; toul in 1914, 38-2. In Jan., 1915, 1-S ; Nov., 4-5; Dec, 6-3 ; toUl in 1915, 12 3 in. VISIf OR— Elevation, 1,573 ft. Kl Tt.TAL PRCCIrlTATIOX Nov., 8-5 ; Doe., 1895. . . 1896... 1897... 1898... 1899... 1900... 1901 . . . 1902... 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910... 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... 0-75 0-80 1-60 0-60 T 0-95 2- 2.1 1-05 0-S5 0-63 1-40 2-38 2-4.-. 1-23 l-,t3 Means 1-17 0-75 0-90 2- 15 0-15 1-15 1-23 0-?8 1-40 0-59 0-00 2-80 0-25 1-25 1-33 1-30 0-83 2- 10 0-90 0-92 1-02 1-22 0-56 1-09 0-00 0-19 2-50 0-60 0-59 1-01 1-90 0-57 0-17 0-80 0-7d 0-34 0-51 0-6S 0-70 6- 03' 101 0-.30 O-ll 0-40 0-35 0-50 0-63 0-42 0-40 0-46 1-10 0-67 0-42 1-63 O-.-18 1-52 i-'-is 0-55 O-.W 0-46 2-33 2-23 1-55 0-74 0-88 0-77 1-73 0-80 1..36 1-07 2-91 1-32 0-49 0-60 1-98 1-75 1-45 1-96 2-77 1-43 2-6t 2-19 l-.i6 0-93 l-7fl 1-75 1-73 1-32 4-17 1-05 1-73 1-76 1-40 0-00 2-21 0-90 0-50 2-43 3-96 0-42 0-34 0-31 0-91 0-.5S 2-92 0-9S 1-33 2-57 1-26 0-62 2- 18 1-36 0-12 0-45 1-70 000 0-12 1-51 2-07 0-27 0-30 0-23 3-52 1-40 0-77 1-63 1-42 1-19 0-86 0.53 0-72 0-90 2-97 0-31 0-81 1-23 1-27 1-51 2-OS 0-02 3-27 0-90 2-67 0-87 1-90 0-71 0-91 0-70 1-33 1-96 0-92 1-39 0-06 1-28 0-32 0-45 0-10 0-00 0-53 0-83 1-.32 1-12 0-.34 0-76 1-38 1-8S 0-07 1-20 1-61 1-I> 114 0-83 1,65 1-47 1-93 0-85 2-31 1-27 0-14 1-15 2-61 l-2t 0-23 1-.36 1-24 4-07 1-38 0-99 1-46 0-88 2-07 1-43 4-13 1-70 0-00 0-70 0-10 0-80 0-20 1-70 0-80 0-86 0-80 2 -.33 2-55 1-20 0-40 1-15 0-87 1-21 12-44 "9-69' 17-96 8-59 12-99 U-87 18-01 9-94 11-06 13-26 17-33 16-66 12-42 15-55 During 1895-1915 (14 year« completet, average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 11-2 in.: Feb., 9-3 : Mar., 3-7 ; April, 0-6; Nov.. 7-5 ; Dec, 9-9. Mean annual anowfall, 42-4 in.; maximum recorded, 28-0 in, Feb., 1901. VICTOBIA AM.1 ISQTI'MALT*- Elevation, near aaa-level IM Total pBKCiprrATioM I ' 4 Is ■I I igji.: 2-9U 2-39 3-35 1-68 3-63 8-00 3-84 2-28 5-97 5-25 9-95 3-84 6-58 5-02 2-84 3-96 5-22 5-29 4-55 7-31 6-84 8-24 5-99 2-78 5-00 3-58 4-15 3-13 3-94 4-32 0-83 506 2-25 2-79 2-98 2-00 8-84 3-. 55 3-26 2-11 3-84 3- 17 5-36 1-77 1-12 2-a3 2-62 0-80 6-12 4-33 2-92 6-80 3-91 5-19 5-36 2-75 3-37 2-47 1-31 3-93 4-93 3-04 3-46 1-84 4-65 1-83 1-57 4-02 1-.58 0-38 0-32 2-94 5-36 3-53 l-.W 1-50 3-42 3-05 3-36 4-59 1-52 1-71 4-83 1-66 2-45 3-63 0-93 2-27 2-71 3-63 1-11 0-88 0-14 0-54 0-54 1-14 2-70 1-24 2-02 1-02 0-53 1-67 0-76 2-20 1-83 0-86 2-72 2-53 5-37 4-23 2-02 1-08 1-04 0-88 2-88 0-87 3-01 0-95 1-39 0-75 2-42 0-76 0-58 0-87 1- o.t 0-74 1-48 0-53 0-74 0-73 1-30 0-45 1-32 0-19 1-01 0-98 0-7'- 1-95 2-35 2-71 1-60 1-62 0-92 0-90 1-SO 104 0-98 0-97 0-76 0-49 0-73 0-83 0-63 0-14 0-74 0-65 1-59 0-42 0-53 1-59 0-25 1-00 0-48 2-23 0-77 2-10 1-28 0-90 1-73 2-37 0-48 099 0-86 1-82 0-98 1-61 1-06 0-08 0-97 1-29 0-00 0-40 0-22 0-36 0-77 0-88 0-90 1-24 0-06 0-48 0-06 0-80 0-27 0-34 0-00 0-64 0-02 0-87 0-95 0-21 012 T 0-97 0-28 0-18 0-40 0-19 0-37 0-49 0-48 0-82 0-41 0-23 0-07 0-80 1-15 2-53 0-91 4-4S 2-54 3-13 3-02 7 -.37 4-27 6-64 4-71 9-63 1-84 2-77 3-97 38-26 1876 23-57 1877 23-93 1878 20-90 1880 0-45 0-79 0-99 0-00 1-84 002 0-73 0-01 0-42 1-04 012 1-47 0-72 0-09 0-25 0-4S 0-57 0-29 0-27 1-28 0-61 0-00 0-43 0-86 0-50 0-82 0-82 0-59 1-65 1-66 4-00 1-59 1-19 1-01 2-33 0-33 4-27 400 1-21 3-63 1-32 1-52 1-80 1-79 0-72 115 0-90 2-31 3-79 0-32 2-83 411 4-30 1-&S 4-88 2-73 2-32 2-75 3- .35 2-08 7-52 2-04 1-59 4-91 4-90 0-4S 2-87 1-29 3-14 3-38 2-98 1-95 1-09 1-76 0-88 1-94 5-25 3-32 6-03 1-90 3-47 1-92 S-36 3-69 1-76 1-74 7-22 10-34 10-43 6-88 3-43 11-02 7-29 4-44 9-43 2-31 6-44 915 5-99 5-23 8- ,38 6-13 5-37 4-55 1-95 2-47 7-10 9-18 1-96 2-28 8-28 12-58 4-75 9-75 1-99 12-18 10-41 10-84 4-11 5-28 4-07 3-49 6-23 2-41 4-71 29-56 1881 37-99 1882 27-83 1883 27-65 1884 23-49 'S85 28-94 1880 27-59 1887 38-39 1888 23-77 1889 18-59 1880 30-39 1891 43-93 1892 36-65 1893 50-49 1894 42-77 1895 33-03 1896 46-5:1 1897 39-70 1898 29-96 18S9 35-14 1900 24-70 1901 26-14 1902 28-45 1903 26-02 1904 26-52 * 8m footnote, pm* M7. METEOROLOGICAL DAT A— P RECIPITATION 567 PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— Coirtinwd Year Jan. I Feb. , Mor. | April | Mny | Juiu- | July | Auk. | ^^i-pt. | (let. | Nov. I IV<- | Annual VICTORIA AND ESQUIMALT'— Con/mu» 0-.33 ()• 39 0-23 I-2I 0-73 4-68 4-78 3-22 4-32 4-58 0-63 1-27 0-09 n-i.'i 0-67 0-fi2 2 '33 4-02 4-88 3-25 2-20 0-73 O-OI 0-9fi 0-47 0-92 0-47 0-79 2-31 I1-51 3-77 4'55 4-73 2-37 1-70 0-77 0-96 001 0-36 1-J9 .5-09 7-71 e'4i 4-30 0-96 1-93 0-,V,l i-8n 0-73 0-14 0'68 2-2.5 0-ni 7-40 2'80 4- 1.5 3-14 1-43 I -.30 l-.M 0-99 MS 2-26 0-B6 2-3;j S-M 5-84 4M 1-91 2-00 0-62 0-80 1-03 0-43 0-84 1-9.-) 3-63 4-70 I- 3.5 8-47 1-56 2-05 1-04 0-18 1-67 T 0-18 1-98 2-58 5-83 0-.59 1 M 0-98 1-53 0-57 1-26 0-91 0-84 0-04 0-80 4-20 4-S7 4-80 4-.'H) 3-18 2- 4!) 1-42 l-I.I 0-ni 0-12 O-.W 1-73 2-89 S-38 .5-2fl 22- 96 27-22 22-47 20-78 27-99 38-25 24-19 29-8S 23-84 26-13 21-7S 29-94 During 1875-1915 (39 years complete), average monthly snowfall waa ; Jan., 5-0 in.; Feb., 2-9 ; Mar. 0-0 ; Nov., 0-9 ; Dec.. 0-7. Mean annual sDowfall, 10-4 in.; maximum recorded, 37-0 in.. Feb., 1893. TICTOUA WATIB WOBKB (BEAVER LAKE— ROYAL OAK) SH TOTA.. Prkcipitatio"* 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1903. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914.. 1915. Means. . 5-37 2-SO I Utl 2-U:) l-Bll U-45 0-2l> ()• J( 1- li ()• 4J 2-41 lJ-9.1 1 1) .'» 5-93 6-47 1-79 1-39 1-20 0-86 0- 10 0- -M 1 • 1 ■> 2- 7K 1 1 ■ 8.' 4-61 4-19 5-70 1-29 0-52 0-98 1-32 0-41 I-M 1 • 3." 7- 11 II--.! 2-46 5-05 2-06 0-93 0-80 1-71 ()■ •>■) I)- 2.) 1- s) .)-3r .■|-!H 4 •.■.•, !| 5-68 5-37 2-03 3-22 2-24 0-37 n-iD !-8( l)-'.l"i 3 • s:( «• 31 7- It 11 5-04 3-32 5-41 1-40 1-45 2-7S O-li.' ()-:tii 1 - 4.-I I-4S 3- 111 .5-.51 i! 6-90 4-92 2-54 3-37 1-46 0-87 0- 4-, D-D) 1- in ■■i-i< s-.j-. .5- 1 1 { 4-39 3-94 3-43 1-60 1-17 0-3(1 0-SJ OIK 2-7!» 2-15 S-Sli l:)-0." 1 5-14 2-90 3-12 1-71 0-92 1-OS o-.-,i «-.-,l t"! 3-.il 7- 91 ;Mn i G-S2 6-41 4-81 0-94 0-76 1-32 0-71 0- 12 n-4.) I - 112 7-r.) H-ni i 5-43 3-23 2-34 0-63 3-88 1-2S ii-on 110 .".•(IS 3- St I •(■..' I-.5.' 1 4-56 2-77 0-83 0-51 2-10 1-02 017 l-.>') 3-.51 .'.-31 7-(il .5' Si { 4-28 3-49 1-81 1-89 0-52 o-;is O-li'i (I. t.'i 1- 1!» (l-'.tl .5I>) 711 5-03 5-89 5-20 0-88 1-61 0-.3I) 0- Hi ()■>!) ll'iit 2- 7.1 4-41 7-fiJ 6-46 3-74 1-31 0-83 1-36 0-(i.) 1-21 0>fi-< II' CI 2liJ 11-07 3-S'l 6-06 5-94 1-61 1-10 0-75 1-12 O-Oll 0-:l-i 1-3.' 5-31 8-8.5 B-IW 5-5.5 1-02 1-62 0-81 2-25 0-77 0-0> 0-7i) 2-01 0-77 0-02 3-19 5-74 3-99 1-32 1-43 1-48 1-22 0-70 2 -.57 1-02 1-91 5-28 5- 32 6-12 2-30 2-23 0-74 0-71 1-30 0-84 0-72 1-91 3-13 6-32 1-67 9-27 2-34 1-80 1-34 0-47 2-04 05 0-17 2-46 2-49 6-40 0-86 2-13 1-17 2-08 0-G3 1-63 0-52 1-10 0-33 0-37 4-75 5-66 7-33 5-37 3-8.5 2-80 1-37 1-38 I-Ol 0-47 o-r,s 1-73 2-89 6-91 8-28 31-04 44-00 40-44 29-34 42-21 35-47 38-66 40- 15 3«-28 39-69 33-07 .13-48 2S- 10 33-18 37-49 .■58- 59 21-78 31-96 28-04 29-69 27-81 34-154 DuriiiK 1893-1913. averai^e monthly snuwfall was : Jan.,3-9in.: Feb., 1-9 ; .Mar., 1-7; Nov., 1-6 ; Dec, 1-7. Mean annual snowfall, 12-8 in.; maiimum, 18-0 in.. Mar., 1897. IM WAMBTA (PEND-D'OREILLE)— Elevation, 2.280 ft. Total Precipitation 1913. 1914. 1915 5-01 1-20 1-20 1-.50 -04 -30 -07 U-34 2-33 2 -.51 2-31 2-87 4-85 B-l'J 3-3ti 3-03 3-38 1-30 4-21) u-tfa 0-03 0-10 1-UJ 3-93 0-so 1-71 1-33 2-38 2-99 3-25 0- 43 1-43 3- .55 2S-17 21-49 During 19i;i-15 (1913 incomplete), average monthly snowfall was : Jan., 24-8 in.; Feb.. 11-0 ■ Mar 7-0 ■ April, 0-3 ; May, 1 -0 ; Oct., 3-4 ; Nov., 19-0 ; Dec, 14-2. .Mean annual snowfall, SO-7 in.; maximum rect>rJeJ ! 37-3 in, Jan., 1914. WKLCGMX HABBOUB (PORCflCIl I.SLAND)— Elevation, near sea-level W7 Total Precipit.atiom 1914 II I I 1915 II Obserlver to jwar. ...| I 1-31 tuiicl returiils later. 7-73 I13-.3S 111. SI) ll. Snowfall in Dec. 1915. 2-0 in. 168 WBSTUtT— Elevation, 1,414 ft. Total Phecipitation 1914... 1915... 2- 12 1-02 2-72 I 1 - S2 I 4-fi3 2- 13 1 ■.>-8) 1 1-4S :i-43 I)- 32 0-17 2-71 1 n-117 1 1-4.-. 1-91 3-21 2-3<.t 1-42 3-S7 2.53-2 Snowfall in Feb., 9-5 in.; .Mar., 7- tuUlin 1913, 49- Sin. Dec, 14-2. In Jan., 1915, 9-9 in.; Feb.,l-S; .\ov.,lo-3; Dec, 22-3; itr;alt harboiT, kept some records from Jan. 1, 1372, to * Observations at Victoria and Esquimalt : (1) W. T. Bevis, light keeper at Fiiigard lighthouse, I July 31, 1890. (2) W. T. Livock. Chief Factor, Hudson's Hay Co., kt .eeorJs at Victoria from Doc. 1, 1877, to July 31, 1890 Private rccortis fnm Ucc, 1877, to Opc. 31, 1XS4. MHt^.y- -gi.^-.l S-rvi.^is .>f Cina-U froiu Jan. 1, 1SS5, b July 31 , (3) E. Baynes Reed, appointed meteorological observ r to succeed Mr. Livock. Station at Esquimalt from Aug. 1, 1860, to Aug 9, 1898. Station at Mr. Heei's residence. Cook street, .\ug. 10. 189S, to Dec. 13, 1899. Post Office building, Dec. 13, 1899. Thermometer shed moved to back of Post Olfice in IJJj. Station moved to oresaat ite on Qonsales Hill, April 22, 1914. MB COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR STATIONS IK BRITISH COUMBlA—CmiKnuii I ' Year |{ Jan. | Feb. | M»r. | April May | June | July | Aug. Sept. { Ort. | Nov. Dee. | Annual Mt WMITI LAKE ToT*L PrnKirrtATIO!! 1X99 .11 l)-M I 0-33 I O-M I .MW i n-W •0.J ! SnowUllin Jan, 1X95, 7-7 io.: Feb., 3-3, Mar, 3-2 in. WILIUB— Elevation, 3,.100 ft. TnTAL PlIECiriTATION 1909 1-15 045 0-79 0-37 0-74 0-43 0-S8 0-80 OSI 1-76 ON 110 0-95 M3 123 l-Ol 112 0-45 0-69 0-33 0-50 0-35 0-53 om 0-52 1910 . T 2-09 0-73 l-2!t 21H 0-85 119 U-75 0-44 0-13 0-35 0-4)i 0-48 0-44 0-05 0-45 6- 85' 0-94 008 0-47 0-67 0-35 0-35 0-44 1-30 0-45 O-.W 0-55 i-i2 0-79 1-32 1-63 1-OS l«l 1-91 1-67 1-57 1-51 4-02 2-0.> O-30 0-70 3-95 2-24 IM 4- 12 2-22 1911 167 152 204 0-82 0-51 1 :i2 013 1-35 1-78 254 0-91 1-31 1913 1913 13-24 19H 15-«i9 1915 15- M Meana 12-95 During 1909-15 (1913-15 complete), average monthly snowfall wat* ; Jan., 9-9 in.; Feb., 4-4 April, 0-3; Sept, 0-3: Nov, 7-6: Dec, 5-2. Moan annual snowfall, 31*1 in.; nuutimum raoordad, 1911. WOLF OBOK (WASA)— Elevation, 2,.U0 ft. tTl Total PnannTATioN ; Mar., 3-4 ; 30-9 in., Jan., 1913 0-70 0-34 1-50 l-OO 1914 3-51 1-00 1-64 0-82 0-32 1-09 2-0.'i 1-63 2-95 1-3S 0-7.J 0-18» 0- 35 1915 1-87 1-20 2- no 3-i6 • observer died : Snowfall in Nov. a7-0; Dec., 31-0 in. tn station re-established in March. 1915 1913, 13-0 in.; Dec., iO-O. In Jan., 1914, 30-0 : Feb., 10-0 : Mar., 12-0. In Sov., 191.J. WTCLIFri— Elevation, 2.S33 ft. Total PnEciprrATioN U-HO 1-43 0-39 0-81 0-flfl 0-86 1-liii 2-01 1-44 2-42 1-01 0-95 0-57 1-40 0-00 0-60 0-37 0-06 1-91 0-05 0-17 2-ai 1-00 0-05 2 35 0-70 1913 1914 1915 2^50 Obser 2-50 1-40 0-96 ver to 1-18 4-27 0-03 war. 2-15 Means 0-81 0-72 1-70 1-46 0-6fl 0-.34 0-71 1-10 1-52 14-8.5 SnowfallinOct , 1912, e Nin.; Nov., 7-0. In Jan., 1914. 25-0 in.; I'eb., 9-5 ; 16-0; .Mar Dec. 11' 0- 1 in. S. In Feb., 1913, 14-0 ; .Mar., 24-0 ; Nov., 10-0 ; Dec, m PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN ALBERTA ATBABASKA— Elevation, 1,690 ft. TOTVL Pbccipitatiov 1900 1901 0.67 0.43 0.37 2.27 0.50 T 0.80 i.83 1.63 3.78 4.53 3*51 3.23 2.91 i.33' 3.51 2.27 T 0.67 0.00 0.63 0.25 0.73 1.04 0.4U 0*45 1.26 O'OU 0.31 0.25 1903 1904 2.17 2.37 i.i7 3.06 0.89 1.63 1.22 0.25 1.40 0.39 0-10 0-25 T 0.03 1905 0.15 0'45 0.02 0.73 0>12 0.60 0.07 1.85 1.38 0.72 0.60 1.63 1.33 1.19 1.20 0..97 1.41 0.38 0.74 0.68 1.63 0*39 0.78 0.67 2.03 0..50 0.50 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.35 0.53 0.85 0.60 1.04 0.20 0.34 0.10 1.07 0.60 0.49 1909 1910 1911 0.S5 6-»2' 0.ti.i 1.33 0..W 0.45 0..57 0.20 0.55 0.48 0.26 0.40 0.13 0.20 0.31 0.70 0.02 1.16 0.50 0.49 0.66 0.05 0.46 1.30 0.39 0.34 1.40 0.92 0.44 1.S3 0.92 3.24 1.12 1.S7 0.72 0.79 0.17 1.98 1.70 2.52 3.04 5-48 1.72 4.S2 7.0.i 2.40 3.46 2.11 4.82 2.30 2.65 6.81 2.82 2.44 3.23 1.01 2.11 2.02 2. .56 2.64 1.31 0.81 1.75 15.22 "i7.6:i' 1912 1913 12.69 19. H3 1914 17. 7J 1915 12.34 Means . 15.41 DarinK 1900-15 (1909 and 1911-15 complete) average moothly snowfall was : Jan., 5*7 in.; Feb., 3*1 : Mar.. 4<3; April. 3*8 : May. trace ; Sept.. 0*7 ; Oct.. 2*1; Nov., 5-0 ; Dec, 4*3. Mean annual snowfall, 29*5 m.; maximum recorded. 20*5 in,, Nov., 1909. UAVnUiODai— (REDLOW) 174 Total Pricipitation 1912 U.34 2.63 1.10 0.23 1.13 0.05 0.15 1.45 6.33' 0.33 1.37 1.33 0.31 1.15 1.09 0.59 0.29 O'll 1-53 0.63 O.tftt 5.18 5.74 2.40 3.. 7 2.13 3.07 0.32 5.66 2.80 2.53 0.32 1.24 1.72 0.11 1.55 0.74 0.80 0.14 1.99 0.44 0.77 0.84 0.82 0.51 0.37 0.57 0.36 0.17 0.73 0.43 1913 19.9.'. 1914 12. 2U 1913 Mean^ 0.55 0.3« It.oi During 1912-15 (1912 and 1915 incomplete) average monthly snowfall was: Jan., 11-3 in.; Feb., S-S; Mar, .3.4; Aprir7.7; May,0.7; Oct., 3.3; Nov.,4.9; Dec., 4-3. Mean annual snowfall, 4 1.1 in.; maiimum recorded, M'3 in., Jan., 1913. ii Annual 13-24 IS- 66 12 -OS •r., 3-4 : in.. Jao., v.. 191). 14->i5 a : Dec. METEOROLOGICAL DAT A— P RECIPITATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR fl KD STATIONS IN ALBERTA-C»nliii«rf Year J«n. I Ffb. I Mm. I April | M.y | lunf I July | Aur | iVpt |(>ft. N„v. | I>T M» Annuftl tra 18M.. 1881.. 1883.. 1883.. 1884.. 1804.. IMS.. It06.. 1007.. 1008.. isoe.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. Meinn 0'99 WHS 3'90 0-38 0-98 0-83 0-03 0-20 DimnOAll (PEACE RIVER)- -ICIevKtian, 1.320 ft. Total PmciPtTATinM 0>69 1-99 1>I8 0>SS 0>4S ■ •4S 0-3S 0'23 0.20 0-00 n-SN 0-60 0.67 I '40 0-3C 4'80 j.SS 0-m 0'20 0'4S 1.7.^ 0-25 0-40 0-40 O.OS O'lO 1-04 0.50 0-Wl :-23 6.3S 0.06 0.24 Q.AM 0.03 6.44 0.S8 0.12 0.7H «.4« 0.7» 6.90 I. AS O.M 0.72 0.31 1.2S 2. NO I.IM 0.31 1.09 1.47 3.76 6.74 1.2N 0.S2 1. 17 4.0.') 2.33 3.33 2-:w 2.2H 1.01 0.79 2.00 2.42 I. MS 1.72 1.30 0.S9 1.S9 i-ei l.tw 0.H7 0.7.'i LIS 2.32 2.02 0.91 1.43 1.21 S.22 3.32 2.00 2.46 1. 14 1.90 •.•71* 1. 14 1-21 1.36 2.02 3.48 2.17 . P^S* '.¥•*■'«'» <^ J**" romplete) avcraie monthly unowUII wu : 3f.0in;M."'882. ' ' ' ' ^'* '' °^ ' ^'^ ^"^ """' 1.32 2..W 1.08 o.et |.|9 o.9.^ 1.32 0.:tO O.IIH 2.1.'> n.nii 0.00 i.m 1.04 2.50 I -IS 0.47 |.|0 0-40 0..S7 0.72 0.67 0-00 0.17 0.10 n.74 0.26 2-22 |.4j 0.74 0.66 1-27 n.ll O.DS O.HM (1.23 0.2M o.aj 0.73 0.60 1.2.1 I.SS 0.33 O.OH 2.(« O-I.l o.:m o-tw 1. 30 0.711 0.00 15.27 31.91 19. SI 11. 1« It. 98 ii.ia' 9.71 ii.oo' 16^43' 14.04 Jan , 9.9 in.; Frb . 6.7 ; .Mir , 9.0 ■ •nowfall, 42.8 iu.: muimum recordadl m 1910... 1911... 1912... 1913... Mean* Lumipomo Total PaiciriTiTiOw |.A8 2.02 1.77 1.82 |.2S 0.28 T 0.30 0.4A 0.5K 0.27 O.HO 0.30 0.49 0.71 0.|6 0.73 I.IS 0.70 1. 10 1.61 1.79 0.45 1.24 3..M 5-60 2*09 2.:i3 3.40 3.32 4.35 5.60 8.07 5..^3 3. NO 2-66 3.Z5 2.N3 3.14 1.74 1. 68 0.52 Durinc 1910-13 (1912 oompletel averase monthly inowfall was : Jan.. 16.8 2.4; May.0.0; June. 1.4: !fept,0.4; Oct.. 3.0 ; Nov.. 3.0; Dec. 9.2 M< mum rMordad, 17-7 in., Jan.. 1913. .» « . i.iv . • *. .>n 1.31 0.46 1.00 (1.4.5 0.45 0.2.-> 18.41 21.12 in.; Feb., 4.6; .Mar. 3.0; AptiL Mean annual inowfall. 44 .4 in. ; mail m 1907... 1908... 1109... 1910. . . 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... Mcane. PBAOI RITim LAHDDIO— Elevation. 1.107 ft. ToT»L PuaFrrATio.-* O'lO 1*20 0.28 I.6S 0.80 2.10 0.16 0.90 0-23 0.50 0.08 0.40 0.15 1.85 0.4S 0.52 1.20 0*15 0.75 0.50 0.30 0.21 0-Hl 0- .0 0-15 0.95 l.:« 2.65 1.S4 1.29 0.80 1.60 2.92 1.35 1.98 2.67 0.71 3. ON 8.60 3.33 0.77 1.H4 1.71 1*24 1.76 1.24 2.91 1.64 , B "i""*? 1907-14 (1908-10 and 1912 complete) avera«e monthly snowfall «riidf§iv6l;.Vja^ri9?3.'^ ""•"•*' ^'"'■'•'- '^•'■'' •^'"" ramiHA "• Total Precii>itatio<( |.2» l.:t5 1.02 LIS 3.02 0.59 0.77 L31 0.20 0.K.3 0.90 0.27 6.59 LIO (1.56 0. i.-> LHO 0.65 0.75 0.30 0.30 U.OS O.C) 0.40 1.06 0.90 0.95 O.OU 12.99 14.03 11.20 8.62" U.2S was; Jan. 9.0 in. Fi-h. .i.2; Mar., annual tnowfall. 38.4 in.; maximum ra- 1908 1909. 1910. 1911.. 1912. 1913.. Means . 17.0! 12.69 19. SS 17.72 12.94 1.5.41 1 ; Mar.. 29.5 in; 0.48 0-55 O..Vi 0.60 Q.CO 6.30 O.-IO 0.3li 0.54 0.20 0.70 0.75 L2S 2..ifl 1.0>i 1.02 2..'50 L6S S.61 H.flS 1.07 Snowfall in Mar, 1908, fl.O in.; Oct., 3-0 : Nov., trarc Feb., 5.5 ; .Mar, 6.0 ; April, 1.5 ; .Nov., 4-0 ; Dec , 3.5. AprtI, 3.5 m. 1.34 0.96 2.71 N.OO L22 2..S.-> 2.24 1.47 1.71 3.91 1.24 0.00 0.08 1.64 1.65 0.30 6.68 6.45 0.4s 0.40 O.3.J 0.2.-> 0.30 0.33 15. .33 In (let , In Oct., 1910, trace ; Dec, 3.0. 1912, 4.5 ; .Nov., 3.5. In Jan , 1911, 4.8 '• In .Mar , 1913, 3-0 • PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIO.N'S IN YUKON m 19.9.-. 12 .20 S; Mar. raootded, 1907.. 190H.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. Means . . . OABOBOSB— Elevation. 2.171 ft. TS 0.10 O-Sti 0.15 0.1.) o..-« 0.S9 0.3.1 O.HO "f ■ 0.03 0.47 0.2N l.:t,S 0.04 H.2S 0.76 0.3.1 0.03 ■o;.v, LIN 0.72 U.Ol LOl 0.49 0.05 1.44 3.2N 1-17 1.45 1.02 0.26 n..36 i 0.47 I 0.00 i 1.20 1.12 0.92 i.ss LOl 0.43 0.20 0.j4 i . ON 0.27 LI2 U.47 i.:«i |.H9 0.3.1 U. ^U i.,",3 0.43 L12 0.41 2.70 o.:u 0.94 •04 I 0.95 I 1.04 Ln I (!• 0^92 0^9« L2S 0-OS L03 0.i« 0^7j L07 O.tO Lll 0.79 0.94 LOO 0. 1.-, 0.40 0.7N 10.77 11.45 S.15 7.54 4^90 9^90 v2Ji 1*!?**.?° "™^' '?'•* incouiplctel average monthly snowfall was ; Jan., 5.ii in.; Feb 10^- April, 3.5; May, 0.6; Aun. 0.3; Hept, L3; Oct., 3.4 ; .Nov., 10.3 ; Dei 7.5 MM,n'anr.u.i I in.; maiimu-n recorded, 34.7 u., Feb., 1007. , .-o , lu o , utc., fo. .Mean annual 1 1: 570 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PRECIPITATION RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN YV KON— C«i««»ii«* Ymr Jnn. I F»h. I M».-. I April | Mi.y | Jiin. ' July | Au«. | Sept. | 0». | Nov. | l)w. )[ Atrnml 1 I \ f IW DA WWII - Tot* I, Flevati'in, 1,050 fl. Prbtihitmiom lttV7 0.42 1.3U • * • • * * 1901 . . 0.04 o.sti 0.50 1.71 0.2.^> 0.92 0.S5 1.23 2.l)li l.li 0.H7 0.75 1^73' 1.2S 1.14 1..32 3.33 1.11 2.14 I.!>3 1«20 1.93 2.43 2.10 0.S2 1.37 2.»S o.uo 1.37 0.06 l.fll l.M 2.3H 1.47 1.66 2.51 1.46 1.28 l.OS O.HI 1.67 l.M 1.59 0.07 1.49 I.IW 1.43 i.i7 1.17 2.41 |.0t 3.52 1.14 2.:»4 1.25 2.40 i.:m 0.86 i.20 1.21 1.71 i.ni 2.25 0.»2 1.2-, 0.36 l.»4 0.47 4.09 0-m 0.1)11 1.117 i.ao 2.43 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.28 1.10 1.10 0.45 U.80 0.21 1.55 2.60 1.48 0.67 1.46 1.05 1.12 0.82 0.70 1.30 1. 10 1.55 0.80 0.05 1.45 1.24 0.93 0.62 1.96 1.17 0*60 1.70 2>09 1.45 0.08 0.92 1.15 1902 1903 |90» 1.73 0.50 0.82 0.23 1.26 I. S3 0.71 0.30 1.31 1.52 0.20 0.67 T 0.30 0.79 0.20 1.15 0.32 l.W 0.51 0.34 1.011 0.4H 0.22 0.91 1.05 1.12 0.95 0.50 0.73 0.00 o.im o.ai n.+o 0.22 0.S8 0.71 1.21 O-IM 0.77 o.no 0.20 0.4X 0.53 0..V) O.M) 0..i7 0.(11 0.42 O.M 0. 1- 0.64 1.6H |..'I0 o.ou 6.25 1.70 0.70 0.46 0.39 O.i.Hl 0.97 2.00 l.Otl 1.13 O.Hl 0.19 l.tis 0.3>. 0.25 I'Ot 0.55 0.S7 13.41 11.28 12.00 190.^ 1908 15.37 12.08 1907 1908 1909 17.75 14*29 14.21 1910. 13.08 1911 1912 1913 13.02 1914 9.22 1915 10.70 Mmm 12.92 During 1897-191'> (12 ye»r« eomplrte) a\-crue monthly snowfall waa : Jan , 7.9 in.; Jeb., 7.3 ; M«-. 8.2 : April, 5.2; May, 0.5; June, 0.4: Sept., 2.0 ; Oct.,».3; Nov., 11. u: Dec, U. 5. Mean annual anowlall, 6». 9 in.; maximum recorded. 38.3 in., Oct., 1907. SU W Hl T KH Omil— Elerati. ,. 3,085 ft. Total PREr.FiT.tTioN 1901 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1-72 0-.55 0-55 6-45 0-18 0-20 0,61 000 0-75 0-52 '"•SO ;-00 0-18 0-00 1-43 6- 40 0-30 0-10 0-23 0'08 2-.V5 0-02 015 0-65 0-27 0-tl4 0-03 0-20 1-72 3-03 6-87 0-66 3-30 1-.55 5-10 0-92 l-3'> 1-63 2-10 0- .55 0-80 l-.W 0-30 0-26 1-50 1-20 1-10 0-90 ii'; ' Fell 48 46 48 23 48 11 48 13 4J 28 114 55 115 33 114 .'>5 115 30 115 35 2.975 2.075 3.500 4,500 1,880 48 42 49 116 19 lltl 30 2,429 1,6«5 Mar. igoe-Dec. 1915 July 1895-Dec. 1915 Sept. 1907-Aug. 1914 Feb. 1907-May 1911 Dec. 1894-Nov. 1910 Jan. 1909-Dec. 1915 Jan. 1892-nec. 1915 pkhd-d'oshlls (clark fork) kivkb watibsbbd Mdnt.a.na Anaconda Butte Columbia Falls. . . Conio Dayton Kast An;ieonda. . . Hamilton Hat Creek HauKan Heron 46 7 112 .57 3.330 46 112 33 5,71« 48 22 114 U 3.100 4ti 3 114 12 3.7.-.0 47 52 114 17 2,923 46 7 112 55 5,.W0 46 15 114 10 3,!J24 46 40 1 112 32t U.OOO 47 22 115 24 3.150 48 3 115 hS 2.261 April April July Mar. Sept. July July Feb. Mar. 1894-Dec. lS94-nec. 1S93-DCC. IStOS-nec. l'.)03-l)ec. 190.'>-I)ec. lS>l.3-<^)ct. 1!)0.)-Dcc. 1912-Dec. 1912-Dee. a. \un\ber of complete calendar .year*. 6. Number of additional months in incomplete yeara. r. Number of incomplete years. t Near sea level, exact elevation not known. .\verailt: annual precipi- tation a c 7 32 3 5 15 3 6 12 2 2 26 3 15 12 2 5 22 2 22 Ui 2 Inckt* 17-91 16-77 19.22 68, H2 24-91 21-06 22-69 1915 11 42 5 1915 20 17 2 1915 17 40 6 1913 7 6 1 191'; 8 37 5 H".5 10 4 1 1913 14 30 5 1913 6 6 1 1913 3 11 1 1913 2 20 2 13-6S 13 -.'iT 22-<» 13.o,S 14. KH 15-OJ 11-37 23-!'l 27-17 30- TS Incht* 17.91 16.77 19.23 Ba.«2 24-91 2l.0li 22.69 METEOROLOGICAL OATA-U. S. PRECIPITATION 57| ■ELECTED PHECIPITATIOX STATIONS IN' INITED STATES OX INTERNATIONAL WATPHSIIEDS on ADJACENT To HKITI.SH roI.lMBIA-<„„/,n»W No SutioD I.at. X. Ixing W i:iov. Liii:itiDg ilfitca r.>m- pl.tl. years Sita. Sanilpnirit Spirit I,ak»» Wabhingtom CiMirk NVwn.irt J ' ^ ' tft ! 4S 12 114 111 2/111.". ■ 411 W 114 II 3.22". 47 1 113 h 4.ll'. 11 2.1147 47 24 1 l"i 32 3.l'i..t S-pl ■|.l 101.1 llIM Ull.l v.nr, I'm mi". I'ti.i itiii 1013 191.1 ini.1 1910 K.I.. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1H!l7-IVr. 191.1 IS'.IH-Dic 1!>1.1 imi-Drr. 191.1 I'.MIU-.Mar. 1913 lS99-lune 190S 1910-1)..,- 1111.1 (1 h ,. 19 .1 1 31 73 10 13 .> 4 II I'l 1- 1.1 r| .1 32 ■i 1 311 211 :i H 13 2 4 4 1 4 .1 1 1 3U 4 M 32 4 11 31 4 .1 U '*7 T 50 s 1 4 11 1.1.51 1.1.87 1H..H> 111. 10 1 3.. 1.1 111.13 1I1.S7 22.74 34.:«) 13. 9-1 I'l.m 3U.6M 2S.3S ;«).72 27. 17 31.21 24.94 23.7s .330 .337 33S 3.39 310 .341 342 .343 314 345 340 »TAT10W8 ADJACniT TO Bmmw COLUMaU— IN lASTIBN WABRDfOTOH C'.lville ConroniiUy . . . . Kettle Falls. . . . Lakpsido Lauri'.r Loomifi Xorthporl Orovilip Uppu!>li(T Spokane Wilhur 4 s 33 4S 34 4S 3.1 47 .10 4S 59 4.S 49 4S ,55 4S 55 4S 39 47 40 47 40 11/ ao 119 45 IIS 7 120 3 IIS 14 1 19 .31) 117 47 M9 -20 lis 45 117 25 IIS 43 1,11.1.. 2.300 1.2115 1. 110 I, .144 1,200 1 .350 922 2.r.2S 1,943 2.203 llir. IViD- ll...'. l'.l|5 July lS9l-l).p. 1915 Mar. 1909-n..p. 11)15 June 1S9I-DPC. 1915 April I!)I0-1).T, 11115 AuK. lS9li-July 1907 Jan. lOIKI-Iuni- 1914 .Mar. 1'I01> Mar. 1915 Jan. ILOO-Mar. 1915 Jan. lHS|.i,i.<;. 1915 April lS92-I)po 1915 2» 1.. lu 2S 4 21 2 22 29 3 9 1 07 9 1.5 2 311 11 9 51 7 35 13 41 11 17.. 17 10.07 17. SI 12.32 19.41 14.07 18.35 12.74 10.07 17.42 13.70 347 34S 349 3.10 .351 3.12 .■J .13 3.14 355 31S 317 318 3.19 300 301 302 303 304 aTATIOWa ADJACIWT TO BKITI8H OOLUMBIA— III WBBTBBK WABBmOTOK Anacortet Baker R.'lUngiiam Blaine Ck .rbrook Coupevillo, Clranite Falta . . . OI«a Olympia Port .^a^teles. . . . Mount PIqruant. Port Ore.^('ent. . . Port Townsend, . Seattle Scdro-WooUey.. Sp"*.'>mi«h I Inlf 4S 31 112 38 IK) 4S .32 121 45 390 48 45 122 29 107 4S .19 122 45 57 4S .IS 122 21 80 4S 13 122 41 N.S I..J 48 .5 121 .18 397 4S 37 122 49 .10 7 1 122 .14 142 48 7 123 27 N S I,. 48 1 123 23 .100 48 9 123 44 259 4S 7 122 47 .80 47 37 122 20 248 48 30 122 15 3S 47 45 122 47 10 122 28 213 4S 23 124 45 Sll April IVJ3-l)e. 1915 Jan 1900-l)i-r. 1915 June 18.17-r)er. I9IS Aug. lS93-I)cr. 1015 Mar. 190:4-ner. 1915 0,t. l8).VApril 1909 iy09-l)ec. 1915 lS90-I)ec. 1915 1877-r)er. 1915 1.883-Scpt. 1908 lOll-June 1015 1909-I)er. 1915 18IM)-I)pr AuK. 1800-nec Auk. 1890-1)c- Keb. 1894-npr Jan. 1SS4-T10P .\l>ril IsiID-Hp.- Ja Jan. July Den. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1915 1915 1915 1915 1015 1015 15 SI » 8 14 J 19 42 .-, 15 39 11 9 42 4 12 10 3 7 I) 25 11 1 37 10 2 12 27 4' 4 1 7 37 43 24 12 2 12 80 8 18 34 4 30 9 2 29 IS 5 28. (M 01.49 30.7:. 42.011 .50.15 21.32 .17.39 30.05 54.71 29.30 30.95 20.55 34.20 40.34 43.39 42.01 83.90 STATIONS AOJACBFT TO BXITISR COLUMBIA— IN ALASKA 305 300 307 308 309 370 Caldcr . . . Juneau. . . Killisnuo. Fx)ring. . . Sitka Hkacway . SO 10 .18 19 57 22 55 30 57 3 .19 28 133 28 134 2S 134 20 131 38 1.35 19 135 20 .X.S.I,. X S I.. XS.l.. XS I.. XS.l,. XS T.. April I9fl.8-Uec. 1915 June ISHI-llpc. '915 June ISsl-Oe. . 1910 Mar. 190t-n . 1915 Miv 1812-FVe. 1015 X..V. 1898-Oet. 1913 IS 2 12 109 IS 18 113 12 11 10 1 47 92 11 2 103 14 113 79 70 .57 52 70 113 37 84 43 23 24 BDrPLBMBNTAKT ] 371 372 373 374 Idaho Burke Ccmir d'A ve. . Grand F. 1. . . Kellocc 47 31 115 48 4,082 47 41 110 48 2,1.57 47 15t 115 49t 3.000 47 32 no 7 2.305 Jan 1901-nep. 1915 .Sept. ISSl-Dce. 1915 June 1003-Aug. 1913 Mar. 1905-r)ec. 191S 21 3 19 44 9 1 31 4 '0 10 1 40.87 24-84 52.54 30-04 o. Number of complete 1 Mendar y., \n. i. N'uiuber of addiUuaa' lontlia in incomplete years. e. Number of incomplet years. t Approximate. t See explanatory Not€ to A aa'l 0, on page 31.>. m COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION ■ELECTED PRECIPITATION STATIONS IN UNITED STATES ON INTERNATIONAL WATE RSHEDH OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLIMBIA— r»,i/i,i,«< No. l.at N l.nn» W Limiting dat<4 < 'om- plrtll Vf»ri» Sr.tth'ri'11 rvcuril Mil.. I \r. AverniCA •DDUitt pri.i|,i. tiftlton SrPPLEMENTARY— ConliBuni ^1 ! i • 37.1 378 377 37H 3 7!» 3W 3MI 3S2 3M.1 3M 3*.- fUAiio — ^'G^tl^nufd LrwtHon . Mo«<'ow Murray St, Muri4-!> Walla. .■ W\1»HlNf3TON nm»k ll^iCri.k Snvilcr lt.-»n«-h . Sl.-h.kin Twi^p Winrtif' -p ' » . fi.t 4rt 2.1 117 2 7.-.7 411 41 117 2.7 IS 47 ;is 11-. .-.2 2.7.V) 47 lI1.-, \.iv IS'IH- \pril IWI \pril ls!»7 lJ.iv lill.'i J»n. l'.KK)-IK'c. mi.-. K.li l'.M»-I>r. Mar Ulll) .lulv .hill. I'll 1-1)..- K.'li PHHi-N.iv, .\pril l!10.l-l>.r .l:in ll)ll-n.r mi.i l'.>i:i I ')!,•> l'M)s I'MIS I'll.-. a b e 27 .'..'. rt 21 :i:( :i 11 17 :i 11 .'..-» H 4 2.-. 3 4 1 2S T) :t :t I) 1 Is 2 1 111 2 .'» I) II. 12 22-10 .17. .') 2> - 20 41.^11 12. 1)0 ls..*.7 1I1-H2 2T.I.1 ii-sr 1,-, M a. \u"it.. r ..f I pl.t.- .jiit-niliir v.-;ir.t. fc. N'unil.. r i.f fi i.iiiii.iuil tiiitnthi. in inc-t.inpl. te y.-arf. !. \i|iiil..r nf iri.-,.rijpl -tf y.-ar" t Apprtixiriiat. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MEVN PRE^IPIT.ITION .\T SELECTED STATIONS IN THE UVITED STATE.") ON INTER.NATKJNAL W.VTERSHEDS OR ADJACENT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA Station Jan. Feb Mar Apr. May I June I July .Aug. .s»pt. O :t Nov D«c. I -^n" Dual EOOTIHAT RITIB WATIRSBBD 30! 302 303 304 305 30A 307 .MONTVW Fortine Libby Pleannnt Valley . . Snowfthoe Troy ln\Ho Bunnrri. I'erry . . . P'.rthill ura 1.87 l-OS 0>20 3.01 2-84 3.00 1-03 1.04 t'.M 5.70 1.99 1.09 1.05 1.81 6.24 l.»3 0.90 0.S3 1.17 4.21 l-.jU 2.17 1.26 l.NO 4.06 1.94 1.01 O.Sl n.K.-| 2.{M 1.S4 1.44 0.90 1.77 l.M 1.19 2.14 1.(14 1.12 0.S7 2.71 1.38 1.92 3.24 l.H.^ 1.52 0.82 1.08 1.95 1.3.') 1.40 0.91 0.93 1.99 0.87 1.63 1.59 2.04 3.6.') 1.77 1.21 0.89 LIS fl.44 1.99 1.71 1.75 1.56 3.27 2.69 14.07 4.24 3.78 3.54 1.08 5.87 2.48 1. 2.42 17.91 111.77 19.22 66.1.2 24.91 21.06 22.(19 rain>-D-OKIIU.B RIT» WATIU ! ! I t li 1 I t 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 32S 326 327 328 339 330 331 332 333 334 335 .\luNr\\\ Anaronda llut e Columbia Falli. Com.. Dayton Eaat .\naconda Hamilton Hat Creek Haugan Heron Kalispell Missoula Ovando Philipsburg Plains Poison St. Ignatius St. Regis Saltese Stevensville Thompson Falls Upper Lake McDonald. ID.4HO Lakeview Priest River Eip. Sta... . Sandpoint -Spirit F jke Washinqto.v Cuaick Newport 0.92 0.s:t 2.15 l..'i2 1*15 0.93 0.86 1.60 4..%') 3.17 1.3.') l.tO 1.93 0.73 1-07 .'•OS 1 (t: -•19 n . -al 2-42 4-24 3.19 3.. is 3.51 5.35 2.96 2.69 0.76 1.66 O.SO O.SOi 0.57 0.62 0.92 2.09 2.. 17 i.o; O.S.) 1.72 0.73 0.69 0.S.-1 0.76 2.4.-1 3.71 0.41 1.22 3.. ■17 2.65 2.3S 1.S4 3. 10 2-76 1.721 0.72 0.85 0.92 1.14 l-Ul 1.10 0.S2! 1.17 0.S7 0..W 0.61 1.03 2.01 2.IWI 1.01 1.00 1.2S 0.92 0..")9 O.ss 0.84 1. 85 2.95 0-46 1.14 1.93 2.06 2.33 1.27 2.36 2.04 1.31 •6 -14 III) 1.92 l..-)4 1.91 0.79 1.01 l.ll 1.23 0.61 0.87 1.15 1.51 1.31 1.00 l..-)9 1-2S 1.62 2.09 l..-)7 1.11 1.44 I..-)S 2.33 2.51 2.21 2.35 2.92 3. 12 1.77 2.38 2.11 2.33 2..-.0 2.92 1.79 1..S5 3.13 4.40 1.89 1.97 2.4S 2.42 1.94 2.07 2.1(1 2.22 2..-.1 2.(12 2. UK 3.30 I.SO 1.81 1..-.3 2.70 2..-.(l 2..V) 1.99 2.»H 2.*1 1.9(1 2.211 3.0-. 1.S2 I.IM 3.23 3.,H 2.67 1.96 2. l:t.87 22.(19 15.;is 14. ^s 15.02 11.. S? 23.111 27.17 .tO.;-i 15.. -.1 15.117 19. .'.U 16.111 13.. 'ill lfl.13 16. ^7 22.74 :«.:in D.'.c.i 19.>.) 30. iw 2S.3S 30.72 27. 17 24.0( 23. 7 > 1 n 17.91 1 1(,.77 K 19.2;.' 7 6fi.l'.L> » 24 -91 » 2N(I6 i 22. no .M E T C O R {) L <) (1 I C A L U A T A-f. S. P R i; C II- I T A T I O N 57J MONTHLY AVUANNfAL MEAN PRECIHTATION AT8ELECTKI) STATIONS IS- THfMNrTED HT\Tf» OX IXT RXATIONAt. WATEIMIIEIM OH AIWAfEVT TO RRITIHIi fol.t Mill V-ro»j,„u..« Station J>B. I Krb Mu Apr I May June I July AtK Sdpt Ort Xo Dm. ntial ■■iM M7 lis M'.» 3 to 3U 3tJ 313 3t« 3i:> 3 Hi ■TATiom AWAcnrr to bkitisb Columbia ni BAansii waihinotom Colvillr (^jn<*onutly . . Ktttir KafU. I^k(!»i(ie . . . Laurier [^oomU . . . - Xorthport . . fhovtUf Rvpublic . . . Sp«ikane ... . Wilbur J ■ .M I.7ti J. 2-. 1.70 2. M I .OS 2. I.-. I'll l.IlM 2.2'.' 1.7.' I ril) I '21 1.0.1 1.27 l.o.-. l.ll O.H.S O.IMI |.2I LSI 1. 311 1 (I'm l-W.'l 1 .V» lit) u ;ii lllMli 1- H'.l J-.llI 1 ■ H2| i7-.'.r 1* -I"; 2. Ill, [..•ki |.0S O.IVI I.INI I.IHI 2.011 I. ml 1 ll.li; O.HIi tt.lMt |.!>2 |.l>2 |.0.*i ll.li*. I.2.-. |.2<' l.liJ l.'Vli I7.»l n.vi 0.ll.*t l.lli 0.>l 0.31' II.;!.'! 11.. ,3 0.»l 2.01 i.im! 12.32 n....^| l-.-M 2..Vt 2.IH |..1Ji 11.(12 |.:! 1. II |..Vt |.|2 0.73; 11. .-M O.'ll I. .Ill 2.2>'. 2.23! 17.12 0.71 I.I... l.ll.-, 1|..'.SI II. Ill) ii.i,-. 1. I'll ).sn I.«7; 13. 711 ■TATIOm ADJACMIT TO BUTISB COLUKBU -W WBBTBBN WAIBIIIOTON 317 .Anarorlea 1 1. I'.l 2.7« 31t Baker ilO'l.' li'l.'i 31» Hellingham 3.H2 2. IK) IVI HIaine a.T.y i.ini oil Clearbrook li.72l l.ltl 3.V2 Coupfville 2.21, 2.13 3.M Oranite Falls .H. Is 4.,h7 3M Olga 3. .HI 2.1)2 3J.. Olympia S.32 li.Kl 3.VI Port An«i-lea 4.U1 2.70 3i7 .Mount I'lfA^ant / 3.5S Port C'rmcent n.HH 3.27 3.W Port Townson i 2.4A{ I.h;! ;wi .Suatlle 4.KI 3.l>« 3«l .Se,lro-Wo.,llev .'i.lol 4.10 3«2 Snohomish .'■.20i I. IN 3li3 Taeoma ii.21| 4.:|)I ■Mi TitmMih Wnn.l 12.231 s.iU) i.itr i..->7! i.i7| 1.27: 0. I.'ii: 1.21) L.V'' 1.33 II. I. lis; l.'ilii I.-..-,' |,.-,.| II, 2.70 2.14 2.0.'> l.ll. 11, 3.h4 3.02 1.12 2.72 I. 3.«1 .l.2i; i.ll 2. IS I, 3.40 2. ',11! 2.37 l.M' 0, 7..iii! '..Ill 4.1)3 3.,> I, ,ii:l, 0.02 1.73 13 )rt.-,l 4-21 7ll l.|.-.! 2.21 S'.: 1. 12 .1.01) Ut |.'.)ti 3.04^ l.ll 0.01 I..W .l".! 2.0«l 3. .371 73; 0.02 2. 17 m. O'M 2.70 41; 0.117 I.S7 7l|i .).7>i, |.'.)7 71 0.77! 1.221 liji l)..V) I. so 30, 1.77J 3.2.'>i lUl I.l.-.j 2.s<)l 02 U.liN J.2)l| .'ill 2.()0l 1.21 .1.01 4*113 .I.M) 2S.IM (•0112 s-2lii| 114 ■40 2,s.-, 4.ii2l 4.|j|i :«i.73 3.s|| 7. l.i; .-i.oo »..•.• |.4l! 2.. 11.20 s- 2.01 .1. 4. I'.l 1)., I2.0tl (! .V). 1,1 ' 21.32 I ,17., W I .lO.lii .!i .14. 7J 2.17, .I.IOJ 3.7ll s.iiO; Mil) 2.74[ 2.70! 11.01 l.7!)| 7.I4I 3.0.1; O.liO |.!)2|: 20.. TO 4.IH)i :)ti.».1 2., 17:: 20.5.1 .1*,Ui! .34*20 ,l.,v.)|l 4rt.;H .1.7)1 1 43.311 3.;lO| 7.2» «.s| I 42.01 7.1!) 13.00 13. OSi; s:i.w6 STATIOm ADJACBXT TO .iEITItH COLJMBIA-HI ALASKA 0.41 ,1. Ill 3.s«) 11. ii:' 7.1l2|12.1Kl,|tl.72:l3.s.l!l3.:i;)llll3.7H ...1.1 3.73 4. 71' 11.07 10.41 (i.ilo 7..K)i 7.07 70.. 17 3.01 2.I1M 2.0(1 3.30 1.22 0.77 7. ,17 ,1. 10 ,1.4 2.:.7I 1.S3 3.. 10 .'.3' m .0,1 I..2 2-74 4.31 2. ,13 ' MhtH 1.1.1 0.07 1.70! ..' i.1 o.,-»i O.so |.2li L.K) 1.47 ! 14.42 2.05 LIS 2. .-.til .3 • '4 0.74 1. 27 1 . 9 3.17 2.:i is9j ■II ^■''^ 41-U 41-9 47-5 .12-7 .1').S 62-5 62-1 52-7 51-1) 41-4 30-6 1 4H-.'i . .11 34-1 40-0 39-7 44-6 51.7 .19-0 66 ii:i-2 .16-2 49-7 20- 11 H9'S 1 47- 1 • See eiplanatory Ifole It 5 ani '>. page 515. S74 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— TonftBwd I ? I 1 i \ Year || Jin. | Feb. | Mir. | April | May | June | July ( Au?. | .S'pt | Oct. | Nov. | IVc. AOAtSn— Elevation, S2 ft. (Annual mean \BBOTSFORD (MATSQUI PRAIRIE)— Con/inued i897 1898 1899 S4-4 34-7 39-5 33-6 33-7 3B-7 36-9 34-3 MA 40-7 .33-2 3.'i-9 39' 3 41-G 3.i-6 34-8 30-2 3i>-l) 40-2 40-6 47-4 43-4 41-7 39-4 39-8 41-.'i 50-3 47-2 47 -.S 49-9 4.1-4 47-8 4H-4 51-2 47- H .17 a SI '2 ,5.->-B 52-4 53-7 M-2 no- 4 .'i7-3 no- 2 .■•..-,•9 .'•)7-0 (11-9 37-8 .18-7 im-.i (12-8 (14-0 (13- 1 r.0-2 61-2 fiO-7 63-0 (13 -fi (i,-.. 63-7 .i9-6 .59-9 (12-6 61-2 61 -3 .16- U 60-2 .18-2 50-2 .14 -S 60-1 55-9 4i)-7 49-3 4S- .1 49-3 .14-3 49-7 50-3 36-4 39-3 48- 3S-9 44-0 42-2 40-8 34-8 34-3 36-6 40- .1 3T-.1 34-8 38-4 48- .-> 49-0 48-3 inoo 49-6 1901 . 48-8 1902 48-9 1903 48-3 Means 62-3 .16-3 49- S 40-3 36-6 4S-4 1889 33-4 42-6 37-2 32-8 30-3 34-2 38-9 40-0 30-1 35-4 37-4 39-2 37-2 34-4 38- 3 38-8 41-1 38-5 38-2 38-2 32-8 39-6 39-2 39-4 40-2 35-2 38-0 37-2 1890 26-0 '33-7' 31-4 31-4 31-6 32-4 35-9 340 32-4 37-4 35-3 34-4 36-0 33-8 35-4 38-0 22-9 38-8 20- 37-6 28-0 .34-8 28-8 ,38-0 37-4 33.3 29-8 40-2 27-8 33-1 41-4 41-6 40-2 43-3 35-8 37-4 36-0 38-4 34-6 32-7 35-1 43-2 36-3 38-7 36-5 34-8 33-2 41-8 34-9 39-6 410 .37-3 41-6 ■46-3' 41-0 39-3 41-6 40-2 33-8 39-6 41-5 46-4 46-5 40-5 35-2 39-6 50-4 44-6 39-6 42-8 44-8 48-2 42-1 43-0 40-3 45-0 48-1 42- R 48-2 49-0 46-3 44-1 45-8 47-7 44-7 47-6 43-2 45- 1 540 46-3 44-4 43-2 47-5 46-2 52-4 48-5 50-3 47-7 60- 47-1 46-2 51-3 51-6 50-2 47-7 .17-0 ,18-7 34-3 51-9 ,13-1 52-1 ,10-6 .14-1 56-9 .12-2 54-4 56-3 .15-6 48-0 48-0 50-2 54-2 57- 52-7 52-9 56-8 54-6 57-8 52-2 50-3 .54-3 .13-9 ,17-7 ,17-7 .19-9 .15-0 57-3 .18-6 56-0 52-3 58-8 58-1 57-0 53-7 61-0 56-8 56-9 58-6 38-3 58-6 62-0 38-2 62-1 56-1 60-4 .18-3 ,17-2 39-4 .17-9 60-9 65-4 60- S 61-5 02-7 61-8 65 -8 57-6 60-4 64-8 65-5 00-4 63-4 .15-8 57-3 69-2 69-4 64-5 65-6 61-3 66-5 66-0 61-2 62-5 62-1 62-9 62-9 63-7 63-7 63-0 62' 1 64-8 61-2 62- 1 64-5 70-3 61-8 60-2 64-7 54-3 .15-9 58-8 62-2 63-0 59- 1 62-3 610 59-4 61-9 61-0 64-5 63-0 60-2 62-2 .16- 5 .17-1 58-2 55-3 ,14-6 ,12- 54-0 59-0 ,15-8 56-9 55-3 51-6 51-8 51-4 51-1 51-9 33-8 56-7 .12-8 .IB- 9 38-6 56-8 .16-4 36-5 54-2 56-7 .15- 1 47-2 51-8 50-6 46-0 47-0 51-9 31-9 47-3 49-7 46-8 46-6 49-0 48-2 43-7 54-2 45-2 50-6 52-6 48-3 48-9 49-9 50-9 47-8 47-7 .10-4 47-9 48- B 46-3 42-6 3S-6 36- 1 42-0 42-4 29-1 36-0 ,38-7 44-1 .36-0 44-4 37-0 36-9 43-0 42-0 40-9 48-2 45-2 41-4 45-0 38-2 42-4 43-7 42-6 40-1 48-2 1891 1892 1893 ■ '48-8" 45-7 1894.. 47-1 1895 48-3 1896 47-4 1897 46-7 1898 49-0 1899 48-1 1900 49-2 1901 48-4 1902 47-0 1903 44-7 1904.. 46-8 1905 1906 49-0 60-8 1907 48-5 1908 49-8 1909 47-4 1910 60-7 1911 48-0 1912 49-3 1913 1914 1915 48-4 49- G 50-2 Mprhs 48-3 ALBIBHI (BEAVER CREEK P.O.)- Elevation, 300 ft. 1894 1895 1896 1897 34-7' 39-8' 37-7 39-7 ,39-3 38-5 40-3 43-7 38-4 45-3 4.i-9 44-5 47-8 ,13-0 52- 1 52-8 .10-8 ,18-0 60-9 58-7 1.0- 1 .18-9 62-8 62-6 57-2 64-4 64-3 71-8 67-8 69-5 67 -6 64-0 69-0 75-0 740 ,13-3 59-8 58-3 65-4 4«-l .12-4 54-8 54-2 32-1 44-3 42-2 ,38-5 42-8 44-8 31-t( 37-1 42-3 42-3 "48-5 ■'52-9 ' 1898 1899 1900 1901. . 33-6 35-9 .33 -9 34-3 35-7 35-6 26-6 34-4 29-1 32- 2 31-1 34-2 31-0 36-1 35-1 34-1 36-5 ,15- 1 39.6 35-2 ,33-6 42- 5 42-2 40 4 ,36 -K 37-4 340 3.V .-, 39-4 ,37-0 37-1 40-1 37-9 46-4 410 41-6 ,38-3 31-5 47-0 44-9 41-4 41-7 42-8 43-1 43-6 43-2 38-3 44-2 47.4 42-5 49-0 43-7 47-3 47-2 48-8 ,10-7 51-5 47-7 47-3 47-5 46- 6 44-4 46-2 44-4 49-4 51-5 47-8 .14-4 ,12-3 ,16.8 ,13-4 ,12-5 ,14-4 ,16-8 .18-8 51-7 52-2 ,15- 5 31-6 ,14-9 ,12-0 ,14-3 55-4 ,14-5 60-5 57-4 ,19-9 62-2 ,18-3 62- 6 .16-9 62-9 ,19-9 ,17-0 54-8 ,16-1 ,19-7 53-7 ,17-7 61-1 .19-2 65-0 60-2 62-4 62-4 05-2 66 -6 68-8 68-7 66-5 61-5 62-1 64,9 63-2 62-5 63-6 65-0 65- 1 62-5 66-5 63-3 63-7 66-4 03-5 66-5 62-9 65-6 60S 61-1 64-0 61-0 61-5 66-9 66-8 65-4 57-9 .15-7 53-3 .15-8 00-9 .18-4 58-1 61-3 5B-7 ,19-9 37-3 ,17-0 .19-1 55-7 .15.5 390 .17-9 48- 33-8 52-6 49-3 .13-8 48-0 .12- :<■ ,13-7 49-9 49-5 48-4 31-1 47- 47-4 ,13-0 50- U 51-0 39-3 44-2 40-7 3S-1 40-0 44-1 41-1 4.i-,i 38-8 37-3 37-3 41-2 39-2 42-6 38-3 41.3 40-4 38-5 ,34-8 36-6 37-2 3S-7 3 -.-7 36-2 34-4 31-9 38-3 36-5 34-7 3(1- 7 34-4 34-8 3f,-9 ' 48-,i ' 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 49-0 48-2 49-4 51-0 50- 9 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 ... 49-2 47-4 47-5 47-7 48-7 1013 1914... 40. 6 49 -.1 1913 Me-n« i 40- :. ATLm— Elevation, 2,240 ft. 1905 42-4 42-8 45-0 41-1 43-7 46-2 46-0 46-3 43-8 41-9 47-7 44-3 34-2 37-9 37-9 29-2 .32-6 36-2 36-9 37-5 32-4 38-8 31-9 35- 30-4 23-2 27-7 25-2 5-6 18-1 18-2 24-6 23-6 23-8 24-9 22-3 20-2 -0-1 18-9 17-5 8-3 7-3 10-2 21-4 20-3 10-1 19-3 14-8 1906 1907 2-2 -9-0 16-2 -18-5 to- 8 -8-8 -0-5 -11 -5-7 13-0 0-1 0-7 -1-2 10-8 -3-1 -3-4 10-3 18-1 15-3 12-3 71 6-7 21-3 10- 1 14-3 23-7 21-0 14-5 20-4 19-3 21-3 30-8 19.6 33-9 31-3 31-9 29-2 29-1 28-1 33-7 31-3 31-6 37-7 31-6 45-0 46-2 42-6 42.9 42- 1 41-1 45-8 41-3 42-5 47-0 43-7 49-3 60-1 60-9 .10-0 47-4 48-5 47-7 51-8 ,10-0 53- 1 49-9 ,13-6 ,14-8 53-2 ,12-6 .12,3 62-9 63-2 32-2 50-0 69-9 ,^3•3 81-2 51-8 .12-3 49-8 49-5 53-8 49-0 •4 61-0 64- 1 51-2 30-1 30-3 1908 32-1 1909 26-4 1910 29-7 1911 29-9 1912 33-2 1913 31-6 1914 1915 30-1. 35.7 Mean* 31-1 1 METEOROLOGICAL D A T A— T E M PE R ATU RE 575 TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C<»h««d Year Jan. Feb. Mar. April I May | June | July | Auk. | Sept. | Ort. | Nov. ( Dtc. || Annual BABKIBTILU— Elevation, 4,180 ft. 1888.. 1880.. 1890. . 1801.. 1802.. 18»:<.. 1894.. 189S.. 1896.. 1897,. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 190S.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 1913.. 1914.. 1915.. Mfan« 19' 7 36-4 15- 3 16- 8 15-0 14-2 12-6 18-8 21-4 18-5 23-5 14-9 17-3 19-3 19-5 15-5 19-5 36>4 10-1 20-4 .3-9 16-4 .■s-o 12-7 8-1 16-7 19- a 1(1-4 4-6 i6-3 lB-1 24-4 25-3 20-7 25-0 14-0 19-7 19-2 27-1 21-1 9-9 20-4 24-5 19-1 17-1 12-1 15-8 23- 1 14' 7 20-9 25-0 19'2 33- « 27- 1 2e-8 30-8 27-0 26-6 28-3 31-0 I6-9 22-4 20-6 31-3 29-3 24-4 20-2 20-2 32-9 26-0 22-2 28-1 32-1 29-4 25-3 20-9 26-1 32-6 2R-1 34-1 37-5 30-3 35-0 38-8 33- 1 35-1 36-4 33-0 39 -a 36-9 31-8 40-4 32-9 3S-e 31-3 39-8 37- 38-9 31-2 31-8 29-S 3.5-9 28-7 36-5 34-0 37-1 40-4 34-8 48-0 4e-3 43-4 44-8 44-S 44-3 43-8 41-5 50-6 48-4 38-6 46-3 44-6 44-8 43-3 40-6 43-9 47-1 44-5 42- 5 40-8 43-8 41-5 45-8 41-9 43-1 47-0 44-4 54-3 50-3 49-8 47-6 52-9 46-8 50-9 50-2 49-7 341 34-1 47-2 53-0 47-4 47-3 54-9 48-2 49-9 48-2 so-'i' 48-1 46- 5 47-4 51-6 51-4 50-4 49-5 .W-1 53-6 57-6 53-1 35-3 51-0 54-3 57-0 54-8 39-3 32-7 56-2 55-4 51-9 32-8 52-3 .M-S 55-8 59-7 .W-S 56-5 32-8 32-0 .52-8 .'.2 -5 51-9 .52-1 54-0 .•i4-4 33-1 53 -8 5A-6 53-4 56-6 58-8 54-4 37-1 fiO-6 61-5 50-9 50-7 36-2 51-7 51-2 55-0 51-0 32-7 48-9 33'7 47-3 49-4 50-2 51-0 52-1 51'9 56-8 53-7 32- 1> 44-0 4A'3 43-4 49-7 49-2 44-5 39-2 47- n 47- S 48-9 49-4 411-2 44-2 43-8 40-2 48-6 45-0 42-9 43-1 43-0 45-2 43-1 43-6 43-9 43-8 43-7 43-0 4.5- S 38-2 42-8 .15-6 41-6 42-1 34-4 35-7 42-5 39-5 .19-3 34-B 34-3 34-4 43-6 40-3 36-7 39-3 31-0 38-3 42-0 37-0 35-8 34-4 37-6 33-6 32-3 41-7 38-7 .17-7 24-9 29-2 33-7 27-7 22-8 20-4 27-9 29-5 5-2 14-8 22-0 3.1-1 22-8 31-2 23-7 24-7 34-1 28-6 26-1 28-7 33-5 20-3 24-0 18-0 26-7 26-1 26-6 20-7 23-3 21-8 13-6 24-3 18-6 20-6 21-5 18-2 20-8 26-0 23-4 20-4 21-8 27-3 24-1 18-4 23-5 22-0 24-1 19-0 20-5 19-8 11-6 22-9 18-9 21-0 24-4 11-8 20-0 20-9 37-3 '35- 5 ■ 34-6 36-1 36-5 34-8 36-6 '34-9' 37-6 36-6 35-6 33-1 3H-0 36-4 36-9 36-0 31-7 34-4 32-4 33-5 33-4 3.5-3 37' 3 35-7 I BILLAKUIA— Elevation, 150 ft. 1898. . 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1903... 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 1911... 1913... 1913... 1914... 1915... M«an^ . 27-6 27-6 32-9 26-2 28-1 30-4 37-9 14-8 28-7 14-7 26-7 19-1 24-9 21-5 27-6 31-4 25-7 32-3 30-2 31-3 37-7 27-5 21-7 30-0 28-8 29-5 26-9 23-6 28-7 37-2 31-3 32-7 35-5 38-3 33-3 39-4 39-2 38-2 32-0 31-0 41-0 .36-3 34-8 37-9 37-8 38-8 39-8 34-6 38-8 44-3 44-4 43-9 43-9 46-0 43-7 43-7 48-1 48-6 42-4 42 42-7 42-6 40-1 45-3 43-2 47-6 46-8 54-3 49-4 .55-5 53-6 54-8 50-3 50-4 54-3 54-3 .50-1 50-4 52-2 51-0 54-3 49-5 52-8 55-5 30-4 I 37-6 44-5 I 52- 3 69-3 54-9 59-8 57-7 59-8 33-3 63-0 56-1 .57-4 56-7 .55-6 53-0 .54-3 57-9 36-8 .57-8 59-0 .57-4 U2-8 64-B 64-2 59-4 61-6 61-0 60-3 66-7 65-0 63-0 59-5 59-5 60-0 61-5 61-6 59-4 58-3 63-5 61-8 67-1 58-6 60-0 63-1 37-6 60-8 60-8 61-1 58-5 61-3 55-3 38-1 61-7 39-0 39-8 60-9 62-4 60-3 55-6 54-6 55-4 54-7 53-3 51-0 53-0 51-6 56-1 61-3 54-4 55-5 54-2 ,53-2 52-6 53-6 55-4 43-9 I 41.7 I '49-8 45-9 44.7 46-9 47-1 47-4 43-8 46-3 44-4 44-5 44-2 44-0 .50-0 44-5 .54-0 I 45-6 31-6 41-7 '37-7 34-3 32-8 40-1 37-8 37-8 39-7 32-3 35-0 30-1 37-3 36-7 37-7 34-1 36-1 28-0 ,'12-3 35-8 33-8 36-1 34-2 33-6 26-7 31-3 29-8 22-3 34-4 30-9 34-2 34-2 27-1 33-1 31-0 45-3 44- 6 44-S 43-8 44-1 44-0 43-9 41-5 43-7 42-8 45-8 43-6 45-3 47-1 44-7 CBILCOTIH (BIO CREEK)— Elevation 3,100 ft. 1893.. 1894.. 1805.. 1806.. 1897. . 1898. . 1899.. 1900.. 190i'' 1905.. 1908.. 1907. . , 1908. . . 1909... 1910... 1911... 1912 . l^'ia .. 1914... 1915. , . Mf-ann . 18-5 '8-7 12-7 17-2 21-8 12-2 U-6 -4-4 16 -I 24-0 22-3 21-5 '2a<'g 6- .5 lli-4 22-5 19-4 16-3 15-3 11-4 14-9 23-7 10-0 19-9 23-9 28-2 210 27 .-, 34-6 IB- 9 34-6 26- 1 22-1 2.5-0 .'12 -.5 .33-8 33-0 28-2 22-4 29-1 34-1 Jj-» u4-l 41-6 49-9 41-4 43-4 is-i '42-3 38- 4 43-5 .T5-(l 3.5-2 ;i.5-8 .30-8 34-9 :w-9 37-3 40-5 42-6 17-9 I 28-0 30-7 43-6 45-9 48-5 49-3 45-1 44-8 48-4 45-0 4!»-« 44-8 45-9 48-5 47-4 6JJ 56-3 52-0 54-2 .50-6 ,53-2 .52-0 52-7 .50-3 .52-0 ,5«-l 32- 5 32-1 53-3 .52-0 60-7 62-3 64^2 60-0 64-1 57-9 60-2 83- 7 .58-8 .59-2 .57-3 .57-2 59-1 '-•4 .'..5- 1 .57-0 57-9 63-8 63- 66-4 69-0 ■.58-0 55-0 57-1 53-8 .57-8 63-3 ,54-9 57-0 31-4 .55- 1 .56-8 60-3 .54-1 49-7 52.8 50-0 48-3 47-0 49-6 48-6 51-1 47-5 47-7 4fl-fl 48-4 47-6 49-3 4S-0 38-7 39-4 410 40-9 32-5 40-0 42-8 30-1 .38-5 37-6 ,39-1 .!.*.• r; 34-7 42-1 39-8 .38-7 20-4 2-3 39-9' 31-3 38-0 25-4 29-7 30-7 20-5 23-3 17-9 IT,- 5 28.8 22-0 24-6 14-2 24-3 24-3 18-0 19-0 10-3 18-5 14-9 11-6 20-9 18-0 20-3 20-9 13-6 18-5 17-7 38-9 37-4 33-3 36-3 34-5 36-6 35-1 37-2 ■37-1 " 38-7 37-1 I i 4 S76 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION TEMPEtUTVRE RECORDS TO' SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA— CsfXiinMd year |{ Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | April | M»y | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Der. |{ ^J^^n' OULLIWACK— ElcTition 2Ut. IMS . «-7 40- n 38-7 40- 1 34-3 42-4 40-9 35-6 40- 7 41-7 51 48-2 46-3 50-5 48-2 S2-2 47- SCO 47-9 S2') Sl-5 52-3 S2-7 54-1 00- .17- .1 .%2-3 56-7 .W-8 S70 S45 54-8 55-2 S5-4 59- 8 61-4 62-0 61-2 .'J8-9 At • .'i («-4 68-8 63-0 n6'0 64-4 «51 67-1 M-4 57-4 55-7 59-0 51-3 49-1 49-1 48- ,5 48-5 42' 9 30-2 3.5 -0 38-9 37-4 38-3 .^.'iO 3j'l 18116 J897 1889 law 32- g 3.1-3 M\ 3S0 48-8 49-5 1900 1001 S7-3 60- 1 63-8 S9-6 61- 1 58-7 ei-6 62-5 62-3 64-5 6S-6 69-4 63S 62 4 62-4 62-7 62' 4 63-7 S6-5 S6-2 5S1 54-1 Sl-7 50-7 44-4 39-7 41-1 38-6 .33 '8 39- 39- S 38-3 37- S 1002 37- 37-3 37-0 37-2 46-9 37-4 .33-3 38-4 42- S 42-5 40-8 39-9 48-9 44-7 49' 4 1903 49-3 1904 1905 . 57-6 S«-9 45-6 Sl-3 42-2 410 SO* 3 1900 . . SO' 9 1910 S6-8 57-0 AO-3 58-8 .M-8 50-5 59-9 62- 1 64-1 A40 63-4 63-2 646 64-3 59- 1 62-5 62- 63-9 81-7 65-1 63-3 58- 1 .■ifi-S fA-7 U-8 54-7 57-4 SO- 4 SO'S 46-9 47-8 S20 50-2 49-9 41-3 37-8 42- 40-4 43-3 39-7 40-1 .39-6 37- 38-4 38'0 34- 1 38-6 37-3 1911 2fiO 31-3 27-1 36-9 36-7 34-2 336- 417- 33«- 374- 41-3 38.. ■> 43-9 41 5 39-2 4.'S-1 48-9 42-9 46- e 47-7 49- Sl-2 51-9 49-9 52-4 5«-9 .')3-7 54-8 56-4 55-3 47' 3 19IJ 49-1 It»l3 47-6 lOU 49-5 191S 50-7 Mmo* 49-3 CLATOQVOT— Elevation, 40 ft. ''\ \\ 1807 43-1 41-6 1898 .55-2 53-1 57-9 60*1 .56*6 48*9 44*3 42*5 1899 41-2 39' 4 40' 8 45' 2 ■47-" 1 1900 .58*4 58*1 58*7 55*6 57*7 56*1 59*5 62*5 60*8 ,57*6 56*8 56*5 58*4 58*3 60*2 59-1 62*5 .58*7 55*8 54-0 ,54*0 53*5 56*0 55*2 56*2 59*2 56*5 ,54*8 .58.4 54*6 .57*0 54*9 ,54*2 57*9 .55*7 49*3 53*4 ,52*3 so*s 52*2 47*7 52*2 63*4 52-5 ,50*1 50*3 51*4 49*6 47*8 53*1 50*8 ,50*0 440 49*0 44*3 43*0 49*2 46*7 41*9 46*9 46*3 43*3 44*8 44*5 44*8 43*2 4,5*5 42*1 45*0 45*3 43-2 41*3 42*0 45*1 43*7 41*7 42*2 38-8 ,38*5 43*0 40*7 41*4 43*1 41*2 40*4 42*1 1001 40-3 41-4 40' 5 3S'3 41-9 41-2 34.6 42-0 35-6 38-5 30-2 41'9 37' 1 411 40-3 .39 •« 38-4 4.5' 8 38' S 37-7 41- 1 43-4 430 40-2 39-3 37-7 43-8 40' 1 42-3 42-1 40-9 43-3 42-4 39'4 38-6 4S'8 43-9 41-4 42- 2 43'8 43-4 43' 2 43' 45-2 47' 9 430 44' 47-2 42' 8 48-8 47- 1 470 48-0 48-0 44-7 44-6 43-2 46' 4 46-7 48' 9 50- 1 46.1 50-0 51- 1 48-0 48-1 49' 3 54'2 .53-3 49-3 47' 1 50'9 4»-5 51-8 .52 '0 .54' 8 .53' 3 .50-7 51 '5 55' 55' 4 50' 8 54-9 .58-0 58-6 55- I .53-8 52-8 52' 8 55.4 5.5.8 55-4 58- .54' 8 55*2 .56*9 56*2 56*5 .58*6 830 62*6 .58*3 56*5 .57* 1 .58*7 ,58*5 60*5 .58*8 60* 1 .58*. 5 48*4 1902 48*9 1003 47*3 1904 47*9 1905 49*3 1906 . 50*3 1907.. 50*0 1908.. 48' 7 1909 1910 1911 •is-i" 47*6 1912 49.3 1913 48*7 1914 1915 . .50*0 SO* 5 Means 48*8 COWIOHAN (TZOUHALEM)— Elevation. 170 ft. 1904 31)* A 38 8 48' 8 .>1*U .'>8*0 82*0 81*0 57'0 50*3 48*4 39*1 19*5 . . 35.8 37*0 43 8 47*9 31*7 .58*0 63*2 60*3 55*9 44*5 41-9 38*2 48*4 1906 . 3S0 300 40- 8 40*4 41 3 40 3 49*2 48*9 .32 -2 .58* I ,34*3 ,59*8 1907 84 4 81*1 58*1 51*3 46. 3 40*0 49*5 1908 . . . 38* 8 ,38*8 43 47*2 .52*8 .58 -7 80 2 82*9 .54*9 48*5 46.8 37*8 49*2 1909 . 29*9 39*8 42 4 43*9 .52*7 .58*4 81 3 80*2 ,57*3 49*8 42*1 34*2 47*9 1910 33*9 34*9 43 8 47*4 .33*4 58* 1 83 3 80-2 ,57*0 .50*4 43*3 41*0 49*2 1911 . . 33*9 37*8 43 2 45*0 .■i2*3 •37 -2 83 3 62' 8 .33, 7 48*0 40*0 40*0 48*3 1912 .37* ft 40*9 40 2 4!)*'.) .33*3 .39*8 83 4 81'7 ,55*5 47*4 43-8 39*3 49*3 1913 33- ■> 38 <» 3'.t 6 47*8 .33*3 .58*8 82 7 83*9 48*0 47*7 41*7 39*4 47*3 1914 40* i .in-s 43 4 .50*0 .>.>*.» .38' 7 83 9 82*4 ,33-4 52' 1 43*8 38*0 50*3 1915 37*1 42*1 47 51*8 .33*0 60*2 84 88*1 57.7 31 '0 40*7 38*9 .50*9 Means . . 35* .5 .1S,« 43'S 48*1 .33*8 37*0 62*9 82' .5.5.3 49*3 43*3 38* 3 49* n CEAKBSOOK— Elevation. 3,UI4 ft. 19U1 1902. . 1903 . 1901.. 1905.. i909.: 1910.. 1911.. 1913.. 1913.. 1014 . lOlS.. M««m. 19- 3 18-3 22* h 18*2 13*9 140 149 i:! : 23- » 18*9 17*9 21*1 28*3 12*8 21*2 13*7 13* ■20- 1 29*8 13 2 19* 8 290 20*0 34-8 32' 3 24*7 28*8 40*4 38*4 27*1 28 ■ 7 37*7 31*8 ,)*(,H 38, 3 39*9 4t'2 48*3 41*8 44-9 43'.> 48-0 48' 5 43' 3 .32' 7 48' 3 .52-9 .11 -.1 31*9 53*0 61*0 51*4 52*0 80*0 .33*4 .58*9 37' 4 ,39' 8 82*9 .5S*7 .57*5 38*9 .57*0 81-3 82-9 81*4 59-9 81' 2 84*5 60*5 80*8 ISO* 2 .39*0 33*9 .59*7 81-8 81*3 68*8 61'4 4.^■^ 49*; 43* (• 42*1 .54*5 ,53*8 .53-3 47*0 .51-9 31*9 49*7 51*1 42*9 48*8 40*1 37*5 39*5 43*4 44*9 42*5 34*1) 28*9 32*3 31*7 23*0 32*5 32 -,5 .34*8 25*8 30*7 12*9 23*4 20*8 18*9 41 8 41 1 39 D METEOROLOGICAL DATA-TEMPERATURE Meaa ISW. 1N»3, 1894. mi. 1S9«. 1S97. 1902. 1903. 1904. 100«. 1807., 1908.. 1909 Jan. Feb. M»r. I April I May | J un, | j^, | ^„, | ^^^ | ^, j ^^^ ^ ^ roET«T.JAm» (STUART LAKE)-: 11 Annual II mean ■Elevation, 2.280 ft. 32-4 32-7 30-2 34-0 36-6 :«-2 34-3 32-8 .33-2 34-7 35-3 3.V4 34-7 32- B 32-8 31-B 33-0 34-9 35-4 39-3 1893.. 1894.. lW>.i.. 1S9«. . 1897, . 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. Means nXMCH CBUK 34-2 33-5 33-2 37-3 36-7 34-4 38-9 3S-2 33-2 38-9 3o-4 30-3 38-9 38-7 39-9 35-8 36-5 37-5 41-8 36- a 39' 4 40-7 ,37'9 3«-7 39-9 39-8 44-2 41-4 41-3 39-6 (LITTLE QUAL[CUM)-Elevatinn IM f,. 43-8 45' 52-2 47-0 45-6 44-8 47-6 44- (i 45-9 51'5 51-9 49-3 H-0 33-0 49-4 .-il-2 30-7 52-9 39- li j«-7 .57-8 JS-t) GO'S 57-7 55 -0 .TU'fi 54-9 58.7 -•" ""■' ^''•' ^"-^ ^-^ r.r., «.... „;:::::,:-: ■^^.^ 59-" ttl-3 81-2 83' 6 82-9 62-3 62' 4 82-1 57-5 80' 80-8 81'8 60' 7 «2-.) 67-8 «j-2 .VJ'5 59-2 810 60-7 .■>4'4 '54 '7 51-0 54-0 53' 8 57- 1 60' 6 .55 '0 54'8 53 '6 48' I 45' 5 48-2 47' 1 47-2 47' .-. 4ti' 7 47' I 51'1 48'8 37-9 41-7 41 32 3 40 4. 39 44 41 raPITLAHDS (ELK O)-Elev.tinn 2.084 ft. :<:!'« AA.n - ...n :is-9 :).',• 2 .37-0 40. s 37-7 38-5 39' 2 41-5 38- 1 38-5 38! 46-7 47-3 47-5 48' 5 48' 5 47-9 48-3 47.6 47-9 68' 7 81'8 32' 3 60' 7 66'0 55' 4 65-7 69- 6 53'7 83-6 55' 7 56'3 64'1 .58' 7 53-2 62' 2 64-4 49-6 39' 8 81-3 51-4 62' I 62' 8 50-8 65' 7 82' 55.2 07.3 67-5 .57-2 72' 3 66'0 .59- 7 64'7 58-8 52' 9 68-7 65-0 65-4 640 58'9 69' 7 82' S 5.>'6 65'6 62-5 '54-0 62-0 62-4 49-7 64-3 65-3 56-4 69.1 67-3 54-8 62-1 70-9 83-4 65-2 63' 6 54-3 44'4 43' 1 420 44- 1 43' 6 45-8 43' 2 440 45-6 39-5 48-9 47-0 46- 2 49-3 43-3 42-4 42.9 45' 8 47-6 44' 19-0 18-0 17-3 19-8 20- 17-5 19-0 17.9' 3.0 18-5 21. 4 27-4 18-0 17.2 11'2 21-3 17-6 20- 1 27-2 29-8 28' 23-6 le-a 28. 3' 23'8 21'S 30-9 22' 8 26.7 QLACm-Elevation. 4.072 (t. 21-7 31-7 32-7 41'8 26' 7 37-6 33-4 28-4 39' 1 32' 5 32.0 35-7 37-0 38-8 37- 1 25' 3 .36-3 38-2 37-1 32-2 33' 5 33'8 23-5 21-4 30' .35 -6 28-9 28'^ 30-0 28-0 27-4 28-4 28-5 25.5 19-5 31-0 22-7 30' 24-4 14 '9 23-4 28-7 44' 2 44' 2 42' 8 44-8 43.3 42' 8 42-3 44-6 43'9 46.4 42' 9 '44-2" 46-7 43-5 43' 9 42-9 45.4 45.8 44.2 37-9 37- 33'8 34-6 40-9 36-2 35-3 40-2 33-4 38-2 si-e 30' 2 45''9' 47- 6' 31.4 58-5 53.1 58.8 44- i 39-5 3^8' 40-6 39.6 45-2 52-7 27.6 31. 1 16-7 14.4 20' 5 'iii-s '■ 43-3 51. 1 60- & S6-3 49- 1 48.6 44-4 44. S 44-9 49^8 «5S 47- S 50-7 '56'2 38-2 55' 8 4S'0 ii'O 29'9 25.7 25-6 19-6 2i-2 "33'i" 43-2 41.9 51.4 w-o' 56' 5 '54^7' 52- 1 44.' 7 49' 35.9' SB'S 28.'3' 27-5 15-7 13. 2 34-0 578 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLCMBIA-CwUwW Year [I J.n. | Feb. | M.r. | April | Muy | June | July | Aun. | Sept. | «)rt. | X,.v. | !)«•. I' 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 191S. Mean* . ! t U 1902... 1903... 1904... 1908. . 1908... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915. . Means . 1904.. 1905.. 1909.. 1907.. 1908.. 1909.. 1910. . 1911.. 1912 . 1913. 1914. . 1915. Meana . M 1904 . 1905.. 1906.. 1907. 1906. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912 1913. 1914. 1915. Meaos . 1897. ■, 1890. . 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906. 1907. 19M. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. Mnno i Annual mran GLACIER— CoiKinurf 13'9 90 10' H 11-7 20-. I lb--) 1.1-R 9-4 16-2 23-8 n-7 18- H 24-.'> 18- fi 31-H 28' H 22'tl 18'» 2ft- 3 30' S 25-7 36-4 31-5 37-1 33- rt 36-4 39-7 44-2 41-2 46-2 40-4 43- H 47-1 44-n ;*)■'■! 50- M 56-H .■)l-8 51-1 50-1 51-2 .W'O 36- 1 .54-2 54-3 57- .'i 56-2 .w-n 50-9 52-1 54-1 54'0 ,15 -7 61-3 45 -.5 44-4 44-9 44-0 45-0 44-4 45-7 37-1 SB'S .33' 7 33- S 40-0 37-2 37-2 2.">-3 IS-fi 27-2 2fl-2 27 -.1 23-0 2.^-4 23-1 17-7 17-4 16-7 ll'O 19- U OOLDKH— Elevation, 2,350 ft. 17'« 170 IS'ti 13' 1 -S-4 15-5 2-2 12-3 4-li 6'!) 8-1 20'.'. IS'.'. ll'O 14'7 10- S 26-0 20-7 15-3 20-3 tj-<) 13-1 •23- S 211 20' 1 27' 18' 3 22-0 39-0 29-4 26' 8 28' 6 31-4 35 '2 32' l> 25' 3 23'« 30-S •29-5 42-2 40-9 45-3 43-4 47-0 37-6 41'2 37'0 44 '3 .38' l> 44 '2 41 .4 44'4 42-1 53-1 50-9 51-2 .50 '6 51 9 48-9 51-5 47-9 51-0 48- )i 52-0 49-9 .iO-5 54-4 50-9 4»'9 61' 1 55-9 56' 6 .55' 5 55' 2 56' 7 56' 5 54'7 56'n 61'7 58' 7 56' 7 56-6 56- « 60-4 59-9 63-4 6.3-9 67-7 60-3 62-4 60-4 60' 9 59-6 66-3 63-4 60-4 61-8 59-2 59-2 59-7 59-8' .55-6 59-3 57-5 .56-0 56-3 56-8 60-3 59' 5 63'8 58-7 50-2 43' 6 50'.". 51 '7 51'1 49' H 51 '4 32'9 50' 1 49-4 47' H 48-3 ,10' ."> 4S'U 49-7 44' 3 41'8 43' U 35' 9 43-6' .39- < 40-5 42' 2 38'0 37' 8 37-4 43-4 41-8 40-7 26-3 20-4 .36' O 29-4 25' 5 32' 2 33' 1 27' 2 28-0 lO'O 29' 9 29-11 30-3 l.^.- 1 22' 8 23-0 23-9 18-8 20-4 14-9 8-5 22-3 15-. 5 •20-3 19-7 8-4 HSDUT— Elevation, 1,771 i 26-1 26-4 6-4 25- S lO'U 25- « 17-5 21 '3 18' 2 30' 8 23-3 21'l 32'0 23' ti 27-2 31-2 23-2 27-5 33- « 21-3 27-1 34-5 28-3 ,35-4 .33-6 35-8 39-9 41'4 40' 2 36' 33' 38' 8 43' 3 37-7 51-6 42' 2 47' 1 45-2 48-8 44-7 40- S 47-6 .10-2 52-2 47-6 33-2 54-r 54-4 53-2 53-3 56-9 51-1 .56-3 53<8 .56-7 55' 3 .54 '4 59' 2 36'3 619' 60-8 .57-5 fiO-7 04-8 61-3 .59-5 61-2 60-3 66-2 68-8 69-5 64'3 67-2 68-6 60-8 60-8 09-4 60-1 07-4 67-0 .58-0 47' 1 39-2 29-7 1 .30 '5 39' « .33-8 29-1 66-1 56' 5 49- 34-0 28' 4 02-8 56'7 50' 2 36-6 29-3 67-0 .57'! 46-9 3S-6 23- 40- 65-3 61' 1 45-4 34-0 23-6 44'f 61'2 .56' 3 47- 1 37-5 33' 3 46.4 04' 2 .33' 9 46-5 ■28' 3 26' 1 44- 03' 3 .55' 8 42-8 36' 5 28' 4 40.1 00' 8 50' 43-7 30' 30- 44-' 67-7 .35 '6 48-3 37' 2 19'7 46' 71-4 56' 1 47-5 30' 5 26-7 47'. 05-7 .30 '6 4fi-2 33-3 27-2 45" RBDUET (NICKEL PIJ^TE MINE)— Elevation, 4,.500 ft. 20-0 24-4 14-3 20-5 13-2 18-2 13-8 '20' 19'7 17'2 20' 1 23' 4 27' 28-0 23' ii'9 12-8 22-8 15-4 ■23-2 25-7 21-2 23-5 .32' 5 24' 7 22' 8 25' ■28- 7' 21'6 20' 9 21'0 29-0 31-3 25' 7 37' 5 36' 2 39' 34-4 34-2 30-2 24'4 30' 7 31 '9 36-6 39-9 34-1 41-5 40' 41'0 41-8 37 '9 39-2 28-9 40-5 39>9 43'7 41-3 39-7 40-9 48-2 44-4 40-7 45-4 38- i 38' 6 30 .3 47' 5 40' 8 44-6 45-2 55-1 56-5 63-0 .35-3 56-8 .51-i 50-5 50-5 51-3 .50 2 53-6 .34' 5 .36' 9 I 48-7 .32' 9 55' 4 47- 1 57' 47'6' 46-1 48-0 52' 5 53' 7 61' 1 .32' 6 45' 6 46' 2 46' 9 43- 2' 4i''7 45' 1 42-5 42' 4 44-7 40- S 30-4 37-7 36-5 30' 6' 32' 5 41'5 36' 8 35' 8 32'9 30' 8 27' 9 30'9 22' 4 24-8 28' 2 IS' 2 27' 23' 1 24'9 22-9 21'7 20' 8 15' 2 22-0 17-8 23-0 1.5-9 13-1 2(1-0 HOLBIKO »ail CAPS SCOTT— Elevation, near lea level 38-9 38-6 43-3 38-6 39-2 39-5 38-9 39-4 32-2 37' 9 29-8 33-3 31'3 37- 33' 6 37' 8 39-0 39-1 37' 2 39'4 41-2 37-4 35-1 30-8 40-7 39-3 37-0 37' 33'9 33-8 41-3 38-5 39-7 41-0 36-9 1 38-4 39-7 37-5 44-7 39- 5 ' 36-6 36-2 43-5 45-8 38-3 41-1 39' 5 39-7 38-6 41-1 38' 7 43' 6 47.1 41-8 45-4 42-8 42-7 49-1 42-2 45-0 44-5 45-9 42-7 43-0 42-0 40'9 39-5 44-4 43-2 47-7 48-8 44-1 48' 1 47' 4 45' 49' 2 47' 7 48-8 47'6 48-8 49-6 47-0 47-2 49-1 47-7 .32' 48-8 52-8 54-1 4S-9 51-6 52-4 50-6 51-6 52-6 53' 51-2 53-3 52' 3 51'9 52'3 34'6 55-6 57-7 54-6 54-3 55-4 53-8 56-3 .55-6 55-2 .54' 2 ,55' ,36 '5 .37' 8 ,39-7 .38-6 ,38-5 61-3 .56' 4 56-0 55-4 55-4 .35-6 55-3 56-5 53-0 55-7 55-4 .34-8 .33-4 .34-8 56-7 ,58-9 59-2 00-1 01-4 63-6 .30-7 52-6 53-0 54-6 ,3i'0 40' 8 51-7 51-1 52-1 51-2 50-3 500 54-0 54-6 53-1 .VV 3 54-8 57-6 50-0 47-0 49-0 30-8 47' 9 47' 7 49-4 45-9 49-2 50-2 46-3 47-6 47-7 47-4 47.« 47' 54' 2 .30' 7 48' 8 38' 7 41' 5 50' 6 45' i 41-7 38 '0 46' 3 45- 43' 8 44-3 43' 39-4 40' 9 40-0 42' S 42'0 44' 7 42-6 42-2 38-5 43-5 4i-r 36-9 42-4 40-4 42'6 30-2 39-6 37-7 33-1 41-5 39-7 39-4 42-1 36-2 41-6 42-8 39-9 ih-i 33-6 35-7 33-2 37-6 33 -8 311-9 30-1 36 •« 3H-7 33-S ■38-2 39- S 38- S 9-1 (i-4 »-3 3(i 4«.l 1« 44. « 3-."> 46-4 6-1 44-1 8-4 4t>.n 00 44. r. 9-7 45.7 B-7 47- ,1 7-2 4S-'-. 31 4-9 3rtS 2-9 37-'.l !l-7 !0-S 3-2 !2-0 32-0 7-S !30 33-.-. 5-9 Sii- -, 13-1 3.)-0 211-0 34- ■! 42-2 38-3 4'i-O 43-5 4(J-J 4i-I 3«-9 40- r. 42-4 4.">-" 40-4 45- S 42- B 47-1 39-2 47-' 39 -« 4:.- 7 37-7 4'v3 33- 1 4 I-.' 41-3 4V4 39-7 41 ' 39-4 4--1 42-1 3ti-2 4S--( 4i-a .-H)-.-. METEOROLOGICAL DAT A-T E M P E R a r f R E 579 I! -"n I K-h. I SUr I April I M,y | j„„, j ,„,, j „.^ j ^^, , ^---— — — __ Y»a 1S98. .. 1899.. 1910... 1911 .. 1912... 1913 .. 1914 .. 1915 .. 1I)S7. . 1896..' 1891 . . 1892, . 1893 . 1895. . 1896 . 1897.. Ia98.. 1899. . 1!HX) . 190". . IW12. . 190) 1904 . 1903. . IflOrt.. 1907 . . 1908 .. liW) .. 1910 .. 19U... 1912. .. 1913... 1914... 1915... Mrnns. 1»93. . 1S94.. 1893. . 1896 . 1S97 1898. . 1SH9 1900 . 1901 . . IW! I'HW. . 1904. . I no.-.. . Kintl l'.K)7.. 19(18 . 1909. . , WIO... l^'ll... 1912. . 19l:( 1914. 191"> . . IKIOA BAT— ElevatiuD. 3 ft. 28- n 34-9 40-7 .34-8 37-7 36-3 33- 3 33- 3 33-0 .39- 41-6 40-3 41. 7 39-6 43-3 41-3 40- « 39-8 43-6 41-7 43-6 43-2 43-3 44-7 47-4 46-0 ."10-6 48' 1 47-3 48-3 .■>2-7 .J3-3 .W-3 43-3 47-2 46-9 31-9 .-.3-3 .-.3-4 V^-2 1 .33-6 .33-8 •'■7-6 02-2 .34-6 36- !( 37 .33-9 61-0 39-8 I 60-4 38-6 41 44-3 I 48-8 I .'-.I.3 I .-.2-0 | .-vs. , >0-2 44-h 43.3 38- 1 31 -» 46-3 38 36-2 43-3 3.5-0 41-3 40-3 40-3 37-1 47-8 40-6 .■>#-« 49-9 43-0 39-8 49-2 49-1 43-5 42-9 37-3 1 37-7 li .36-6 46-7 39-1 47-6 M-S 470 41-2 39-0 1! 46-11 KAMLOOM-EIevsiion, 1,245 ft. 11-2 :<4-9 21-6 20-0 23-8 26-4 22-7 24.9 .33-8 22.8 26.8 28-1 26-8 27-1 28.0 3.7 27.9 9.3 25-0 11-2 17. 1 14. 3 29.8 23.3 17.3 28.4 15.7 35.7' 28.8 33.4 21.9 27.3 23.7 34.3 26-3 22-0 25-2 .34-4 25-8 24-9 29-4 23-2 :'2.7 31.3 17-3 23.2 36-8 34-8 44-4 37-6 31.6 47-2 46.4 33-6 47-7 28-3 51.6 33-6 00.4 34 46.8 42-2 31.3 42-6 48.3 .39-7 48.9 30-3 47.0 32-2 43-4 30-9 .38-8 .34.3 33-9 48. 4 36 -3 48-8 43-4 47.1 46-5 52.4 39-5 43.7 33-8 49. 32. 3 49.4 39-9 51-6 45.2 55.9 50.8 62-5 22-3 26.7 I 38.0 I 49-7 64.6 1 62-0 63.6 .38-6 MA 53-6 IVi-2 37.2 63-8 60. 3 60.8 .38.0 6|.0 .^>7-4 68-6 .33.6 62- 8 .37-4 63. 5 59-2 63.2 61-5 64-2 .37.3 6*i'2 :,-i 66-2 61. 9 62-4 53-6 64-1 .59.7 67-3 37-3 63- 8 38. 63-9 58-5 63.3 "18.4 67.9 71-5 70.2 67.4 68.9 68-0 66-8 70-0 09. 1 67.2 67- ' 67- 67-3 70. 1 72. 4 7S- I 70.8 72- 1 69-2 70-2 70- 66 -2 67.4 70-9 68-6 66.8 67.3 70-7 73-8 62-5 62.3 72-0 67-3 63. 7 68.6 69-2 70-.. m-9 68-8 66. 7 IM.4 (>6.0 •14.4 68-3 68-7 71-6 ft^-l I 69-4 I 68-0 .■.9-0 tiO.4 51-1 .37-2 38. 7 60. 5 58-2 .•>7. I 37. 3 .W.S .13- 1 ■M-7 37.3 60-2 .39. 1 .37-9 62-0 .38.2 .16. 1 56- 5 ,38-4 .36-3 56.8 .37-8 46. 3 .32. 43.8 43-2 47-4 4»-2 43-3 43. 6 48-3 .32. 1 49.2 46.3 48-9 4|.2 .V).4 .30- 46-3 47-7 48-3 480 45-9 44-7 49-9 .30-3 •15-7 I 27-8 40-7' .35-9' 33- 5 :iO- 3 .13-1 21-6 .38-0 13-3 26- 32. 6 46-0 31-.-. 41-2 34-3 33-3 44-3 35. 4 33.4 41.6 41.7 33-8 37-3 26-3 37.7 37-2 37- 7 33-3 29.', I 33.6 I 23.3 I 24.9 ' .32. 31-3 'I 32-2 31 29-4 'I 31.9 || 24-6 ii 21-3 31-7 ii 27-1 ! 29.9 11 ^■\ ii 29.6 ;! 46.3 47.9 46-4 48. ;i 48-3 47-4 46-3 47-8 48- I .iO-2 46-3 47-8 46-3 48-3 44-2 46-5 43-2 47-8 49-4 »7-2 ULOWMA (0K.4N.VG.\.\ MlSSION)_Elevation. 1,200 ft. 21 ■ 3 21-7 22-1 24-6 32-7 23-3 '27-9 27.1 27.8 28-8 10-0 27-8 12.8 26.1 17.4 20.3 19. 1 31-3 23-0 21.3 33.3 30.0 27.5 13-7 25-7 22.9 23. 8 19.6 34-6 27-3 27-4 30-8 22.6 21.1 ;«).8 18.6 27-2 .34 -3 |! 23.6 i 26.1 34.4 37.7 32-3 27-3 36-7 41-3 39.7 28.3 32.4 42.1 36.2 33.2 37. 39.0 43.4 37.0 31.6 32-8 39-4 40-3 46.0 46.3 42-3 48-7 44 -.3 49-0 44-5 44-2 47-9 480 .30-8 44-4 ■■-6-3 43-0 48-7 44-8 47-8 46-2 48 49-9 .34-4 .32-7 49-3 58-3 51 • 3 .36-4 .33- 1 ,36-6 53-3 .•i4-0 .34-8 37-0 .36-6 .33-0 .54-4 57-4 .34-1 7 .36-0 I 46-8 59-6 37-6 58-2 62-0 59-7 63-6 56-9 590 63.9 tiO.3 62.3 .36.8 60.6 62-6 63-4 .39.3 61.1 64.6 61. 7 62.6 tKJl ■ 6.34 m.3 62.3 63.0 61-0 66.0 65.8 64.8 63-3 63-6 66.6 68-6 73-4 67-0 68-8 66-1 86- 3 67- 65-0 64-9 68-6 64-7 64-2 I .34-7 M.7 .32-6 61-0 48-6 62-2 I 31-0 61-5 61-8 67-3 62-8 63-8 66-4 66-8 65-2 61-7 65-0 03-5 80-5 63-3 62-4 64-4 63-7 66-8 .36.1 .35. 2 .33.4 51 -s .16.3 56-4 53. I 53-9 55-3 .39.7 .35.0 .34.0 52-3 S3 -9 54-1 54-8 .33-0 60. 9 I 6.3-8 I 63-8 I 54.2 44.1 41-3 42.5 44.3 43.7 48.9 44-8 47.4 41-4 48-4 48-0 "3-5 48-4 46-0 44-4 42-9 43-1 48-2 47-8 43-3 29 -3 I 29-4 36-9 27-6 33-6 25.9 20-7 I 28.6 42. 4 31-0 1 34 -4 34-6 41-3 33.2 33-9 39-. ■ 40-6 36.9 36-4 28.3 36.3 36.8 39-5 33.6 30.8 34.8 26-1 32-0 31-8 31.7 30-9 32.7 27.3 23-6 .32-6 !' 26.6 , .30-9 I 30. S 26-0 30. 6 44. 43.6 42.1 44 6 48.3 16-2 47- s 44-8 46-6 i.y 3 t 35-3 29- (1 I^AOHia— RIevat Ion, near sea level ■M ! I i S80 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C«*«««< Ye»r I Jan. F-b. | M»r. | April | Mny 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 twos 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 191S Mesna. 1892 1893 1901..... 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1913 June July .\u(. S*pt. Oct. I Nov. I Dee. I Annual mean LADNER— ConKnwrf Mesni. 35-9 I 37-7 1904 37-9 36-9 38-4 20-0 39-2 29-4 34S 36-7 40- 1 36-4 38-8 40- 35-1 37-8 44-0 35-8 38-9 43-9 38-6 45-9 40-4 36-5 411> 45-8 4,V8 45-0 41-2 40-5 45-1 48-9 47-3 47-6 52-1 44-2 46- S 46-8 47- 4.i-l 50-2 4«-3 50-4 52-9 4tf-4 S2-3 55-6 &3-6 .M)-7 49-0 53-4 54-2 56- 4 55-6 56-3 54-7 59-2 .56-4 58-9 S8-1 .'<7-2 i>4-8 55-9 62-3 56-8 62-3 10a 62-4 64-4 83-1 62- S 59-6 61-0 6:<-s 61'3 02-7 02-5 62-5 59-3 1905 80-0 1900 1907 1908 1909 58'2 1910 57- 3 1911 34-2 38-0 34-9 43-4 30-2 49-3 1912 1913 1914 1918 ei-3 42-4 47-4 52-9 g7-7 I 616 S9-6 52-8 S5-3 54-8 53-4 57-0 56-6 S4-3 54-1 M-fl 5.1- « 5S-6 55-1 43-4 50-2 Sl-2 48-1 51-4 .■il-O 49- « 50-5 49-6 .VI- 2 49-3 47-6 4.V1 40-3 44-2 47-0 54- 1 «J-4 41-5 44-9 43-.''> *■>■ 1 41-7 4fl-.'5 43-5 38-4 38-0 39-2 37-2 33-1 43-8 40-8 41-7 39-fl 34 -.5 40-8 38-6 48-2 49-3 46-7 48-7 47-6 48-4 iiO-3 KAinr— Elevation, 30 ft. 38-2 37-2 35-4 35-7 39-2 38-9 38- 37-8 39-3 40-4 38 •.I 38-6 36-0 31 -S 40-4 39-2 37-8 40-8 27-4 3.5-8 37-6 3.'.- .I 28-4 34-8 38-7 35-8 30-7 3.5-7 37' 1 40- B 35- 1 3U-5 34-6 39-4 38-3 38-1 3.1-9 37-4 37-9 38-8 41-4 42-2 39-5 36-6 34-0 44-9 42-3 36-9 39-7 41-1 '38-4 40-2 38-9 40-4 44-0 38-3 40-8 42-1 40-4 41-4 40-5 44-1 48-2 46-6 45- 8 44-4 42-0 43-9 39-8 45-0 40-8 44-4 45-0 42-1 48-7 46-9 50-8 44-0 44-6 52-9 53-7 .52-9 .57-3 48-8 48-9 48-7 52-8 48-6 48-5 5;)- 9 49-4 52-4 39-9 I 43-0 I 49-8 54-3 51-3 55-0 58-0 49-6 59-2 56-1 54-0 .53-3 .54-7 51-2 52-7 51-8 .52-5 .53-0 54-3 53-5 54-2 59-8 57-8 55-2 .56-3 61-6 .50-6 64-0 85-7 .58-2 .59-4 58-3 .57-8 .56-8 57-7 .55-9 58-6 60-6 .58-0 84-7 61-8 82-0 57-4 .58-1 57-6 61-7 55-8 60-7 eo-6 ,57-1 58-0 55-6 .59-7 .59-8 .57-2 .53-4 .54-4 59-8 .58-8 32- 54-3 .54-4 .53- 1 51-2 51-9 .54-4 54-7 53-0 ,54-7 .50-7 5.5- 1 56-0 .56-7 53-4 50-6 .50-0 53-3 .53-3 46-4 4.5-1 4,V3' J.5-4 18-8 48-4 47-7 49-6 45-0 47-4 46-7 4H-0 4.5-9 4.-1- 5 48<8 45-2 48-6 37 -4 43-5 41-8 40-3 40-9 37-8 42-8 41-2 41-3 43-5 42-8 38-3 39-1 3.S-9 40-0 3S-5 40-4 3S-9 40-4 37-3 34 •IK . 45-3 36-7 40-7 42-4 .38-8 38-4 ;w-6 .36-0 36-7 40-3 39-0 .39-4 39-9 3.5-5 3»-2 38 -8 I MAIIAIICO— Elevation, 125 ft. Meant | 36- 1 I 38-2 37-7 ?2-6 37-2 38-4 38-9 36-7 38-8 29-1 38-2 30-1 35-9 33-6 37-9 35-0 39-8 37-7 40-4 31-1 42-3 36-1 36-1 37-9 39-4 39-0 38-0 38-9 34-S 37-6 40-5 37-4 39-6 41-9 46-7 39-6 42- 4' 41-5 .38-5 38-3 45-6 42-1 40-2 42- 3 41-3 44-1 42-4 40-5 39-1 44-7 46-5 4-21 45-1 43-3 45-4' 45-6 44-8 48-4 48-3 51-0 46-7 46- 1 48-0 45-7 44-0 46-1 49-6 51-0 48-7 58-4 50-4 152- 7' 54-3 51-7 52-3 .53-0 53-8 55-9 51-7 .50-2 54-9 51-9 54- i '.57-0 55-3 UO-2 54-S .54-9 57-3 59-7 57-0 80-9 55-6 58-8 .58-3 .58-1 54-6 56-4 59-7 .58-8 61-0 53-5 57-8 80-2 800 59-6' 81-7 61-7 63-4 84-8 87-6 65-1 84-4 59-2 82-5 64-7 62-2 61-9 84-4 85-1 62-8 86-5 65-3 8i-7 61-4 82-9 81-2 64-9 82-1 64-3 59-2 60-1 62-6 83-7 66-3 63-1 56-0 .55-6 .54-8 .58-2 .56-0 55-8 .58-4 .54-9 58-9 57-4 49-2 42-4 .54-8 .54-5 58-3 .56-3 .52-1 .50-2 4S-fl ,50- 44-9 .50- 1 .50-2 4^-8 48- 6 49-2 48-9 48-3 46-5 51-8 51-0 44-4 41-3 411 4.5- 8 42-7 41-6 43-4 45- I 40-9 42-5 o9-9 43-1 40-2 43-6 41-4 49-0 I 42-4 39-7 37-1 40-5 40-1 40-2 38-1 .38-4 36-9 34-0 40-8 40-2 39-8 38-5 36-9 39-8 38-7 •No observations 1894 and 1895. Precipitation recorded 189G-1900. mUOR— El' >tion, 1.760 ft. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1904... 1905... 1906... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 19U... 1912. . . 1913... 1914... 191S... Means. 27-4 32-0 27-3 28-2' 28-1 34-8 17-9 28-4 18-9 27-0 16-1 ■iiv 20-9 30- 1 25-1 23-5 29-3' 30-5 25-2 3:)- 3 31-8 30-4 33-8 id's 32-4 40-2 35-5 36-6 36-9 39-1 41-7 39- 1 33-2 32-9 39-1 41-1 43-3 15-5 26-3 32-2 23-2 28-3 30-4 28-5 I 37-5 I 46-9 I .53-9 45-7 48-2' 45-7 50-5 43-3 46-9 43-7 49-7 44-7 47-9 46-1 48-5 SO- 3 .50-9 35-9 56-0 53-3' 53-5 .54-9 .53-9 53-2 53-4 53-3 50-8 57-3 54-2 35-0 53-8 58-9 64-6 59-2 61-2 59-0 59-3' 60-0 .58-6 60-3 fl4--5 60-8 58-5 63-6 67-0 66-6 65-9 66-6 71-2 65-5 66-1 62-6 65-8 66-3 62 O 84-6 68-8 65' 5 59-3 63-4 00-7 66-1 64-0 65-6 64-9 60-9 64-4 62-5 80-1 63-6 61- 1 84-3 68-6 70-4 56-6 58-7 58-4 55-7 5«-7 56-7 56-7 57-0 58-7 57-9 34-2 .52-9 54-9 53-1 34-2 4-'- 6 44-4 46-9 63-8 I 58-1 48-3 41-7 48-6 48-7 46-5 45-6 46-0 45-0 42- S 42-3 48-1 45-3 45-3 34-0 33-3 41-0 36-3 34-3 38-8 41-1 36-7 38-6 30-6 36-3 34-9 37-5 32-3 30-1 26-5 36-4 31-3 3?-0 32-4 32-5 28-5 24-0 28-6 27-6 30-2 29-7 23-6 27-4 29-3 4 48-2 40- :i 2 46-7 2 48-7 1 47-6 8 8 48-4 7 50-3 « .1 50-2 8 41-2 6 48-4 ll 9-7 7-1 48-8 ^5 48-.; [)•! 49- ;( 0-2 49-^ H-\ 49-9 ^•4 48-9 rt-fl 49- n 4-0 46-'l 10-8 4S'.". 0-2 !I-S S-A «■» 50-:! !9-8 51-:i 58-7 48-9 26' 5 36-4' si'S' 46-1 S1-0 4fi-I »2-4 48- 1) 32-5 28-5 4«',--i 240 28-6 46-') 27-6 43-r 30- 2 4.%- 4 2»-7 44-1 23-6 46-4 27-4 4ii'; 20-3 _*i-'- METEOROLOGICAL D A T A-T E M P E R A T f R E TEMPERATURE RECORDS FOR SELECTED BTATIOVS IX BRITISH COr.U.MBIA Ml 1877.. 1S78.. 187S.. 1880.. 1881.. 1382.. isss;; 18S».. 1890.. ism!.' 1805.. 1806.. 1807.. 1898. . , 1800... 1900... 1901... 1902. . . 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906 .. 1907... 1908... 1900... 1910... 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... I89l>.. 1897.. 1S98 . 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.., 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906... 1907. . . 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 1911... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915. .. Means. 1803.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897. . 1898.. 1890.. 1900 . 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.., 1908... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 19U... 1912... 1913... 1914... 1915... Meant. V»«r II Jan. | Feb. ( M.,. | April | .May | June [ ,„|y | a»,. | s.pt. | .)ot. | .N'ov. | n,~p^^ 37-0 41-a 33-4 30-0 31-5 33-1 27-'9 3.^-9 34-2 37-6 36-4 35-7 3H-5 40-4 33-1 35-4 37-1 36- B .•16-6 38-4 25-6 37-3 28-8 34-7 .'to- 8 3.1*5 30-5 38 -.8 37-0 41-8 42-0 36-2 33-0 39-1 33-7 4i-6' 40-1 —^ WBITimHTMl— Eltvalion. .3.30 (u 42' 1 41-2 38-4 41-I a4'6 37-4 38-1 41-8 36' ,35- 1 38-3 40' 8 37-7 38-1 38- 1 .13-3 35' 3 40' 34-7 :)7'7 41'3 45'0 47-! 43'6 38-6 44-0 40-8 47-8 42- 2 43-2 41-2 ;W'7 40' 4 ■iii'S' 43-5 41-8 38' 9 39'j 47-4 43 -li 39'8 41-li 41'9 44 '8 4.1-4 42-2 4:. .9 44-7 48' 2 49-1 40' 8 47-6 47-5 49-7 51-8 .')5' 52- 6 '56*i 50-9 54- 1 .M'4 55' 2 .52' 3 .'J2'4 54-2 .M'ti .'jli'2 5I'U 51-1 55-2 51-7 .ifl'S .13' 3 .J7'4 .Vi'9 34'8 I 38-3 I 43'0 4S'4 .14'4 48'0 46-1 51'1 47-4 48'0 49-9 45-3 47-5 45-7 .■)0'9 50'2 .W'O 4U-5 47-4 4.->-3 4«-8 4.-1- 1 47-2 48-0 .lO-B ,12- 1 56'0 545 51-7 52' 4 611 58-7 58-3 58-4 .'i8'4 61-8 58-1 62-0 57'0 JS'9 ■>9'2 80' (i tiO- .■> 59' 8 BO' 2 ,57'.-. .VJ-7 .V.'O 57- 8 Bl'3 59 '5 57 'li 9'3 SO'O 82'0 61-4 81'9 80' 6 82-3 '83-4' 67' 0.1 '3 ai'i «.")'0 lM'4 01-2 84'3 84' 1 «2'4 .")9-.-> 61-7 61'I 63 '3 84-3 87-1 84.3 t)3'9 S9'7 «2' 3 W'O M'l 8«!'8 M'O 64'7 83'4 63-0 8t'0 .59 '3 62-5 M'i' 61.9 64-2 ■87- 5 ■ 1^4-2 84'4 67' 2 86- it 58' 7 «0 83' 3 61.9 61'5 62-1 8I'8 83 '3 HO- 8 62' .')'!' 8 .•)9.7 82 '4 82-0 at '8 83 '5 86' 2 .19 '2 i 83' 3 I 82' 8 .55' 4 58- 8 .t6'2 57-0 56-8 Si'i' o«'7 57' 9 ini-n' .55-8 Stl'o 58' 9 60' 5 .19 • I .Vi' I .15-2 .15- 9 .54 '5 57' 5 .16' 8 55' 9 ,1.1-7 ll'O 57-2 .18- 1 .18-2 .17- 5 57- 1 .11-0 3S-3 .K'i.9 46-7 47-3 48-1 45-4 47-1 .51-'8' .12-7 48-7 47'7' 51-8 51-3 .10-0 49-8 48-5 48-8 .54- i 50-8 .10-0 51-8 44 '5 .10'8 50' 8 48-4 49-2 49-9 .10- 3 47-7 47-7 5.1- I .10-7 49-1 43-7 40-7 37.1 38-7 39-7 43-9' 44-5 44-6 '42-7' 42-7 31-1 :I8'8 40' 5 48' 5 .39-0 45-0 40-5 41-4 47-0 42-0 40' 7 44' 5 45' 1 41'4 42-1 39-0 42-3 41-4 43.3 40' 5 34-8 32-8 32' 6 38-2 39-0 41-9' 3.5-1 43-3 i»-'6 37-6 39-7 38-3 ;«i-5 39-8 41-3 37-5 36-3 38-9 .39-6 39-6 38-2 38-3 35-3 31-8 39-5 .18-9 37' 4 39-0 33- 1 37-6 30-3 48-3 46' 3 47-7 30-8 51-1 20-4 21-9 20-8 21-1 31-6 20-8 23-9 24-3 24-8 21-8 27-9 0-3 22-8 3-9 20' 4 22' 5 I8'2 12' 1 26' 18' 1 20' 34 '4 2:)'H 30' 7 188 24 '6 24 '9 29-0 18- 5 19' 3 i7-4 31-4 24' 8 2I'4 28- ,-, 17-3 18-9 30-8 20 '7 22' 2 28-5 23-7 .50' 8 .32-1 .32-2 39-4 3S0 .34 -1 20-7 28' 5 40-8 34-5 :J0-S 31-9 35- 7 40-4 34-4 30-1 30-7 33-3 39-3 33-0 I 44- WCOIA LAKl— Elevation. 2,120 ft. 41-7 .37-8 30-0 48-9 49 ■9 49 ■7 48 8 48 9 4H *2 49 4 49 8 ■4 54-7 53- 1 .M-9 .•►«•.■. 44-2 4A-rt 45-9 4.'i-6 43 -.I 49-0 48-4 47' 3 4ii-3 39- .1 MO 3U-4 29- .1 38-0 34-8 37 34-4 .1.1-4 28-5 23-1 33-2 29-7 30-8 32-2 27-3 28-9 29-2 42-8 45- 1 1911 1912 igi3 43- H 4«-2 19U 4rt- * 1015 47.7 Mrann 4-.- 3 rnmCTOII— Elmtion, 1,150 (t. 1907 42-0 67- »> 63-3 57- s .12 '2 11-4 35-1 1908 31-7 31-8 ,19-6 47-0 .1.1-2 «3-4 68-, 1 6.1-5 .17-.-, 47-7 41-8 1900 i7-9 :«-6 40-0 47-2 ,14-0 Bl-6 64-6 63-6 58-6 46-8 38-1 26-4 48-0 1910 28-3 25-3 43-3 49-3 .17-0 .19-9 «7-0 61-6 .16- S 49-0 1911 .IS- 4 44-9 .13-0 flO-9 66-3 64-0 .1.1 -9 46-7 ;h-7 30- ,i 1912 26-5 .IS-l ,13-3 47-7 .15-6 fi;i-8 IW-o 62- 1 .13-7 44-7 39- 5 34-0 4ti-7 1913 22-6 23-9 34-8 48-0 .14-6 61-8 6.1-5 66-0 ,16-8 43-0 38-9 33-3 43-9 1914 34-3 30-4 410 ,'50-2 ,16-4 62-2 69-6 67-8 ,16-2 49- S 40-3 26- 1 4'*-7 ms 26-8 30-4 42-7 52-6 :i6-4 62-2 65-8 70-2 57-0 .10-7 35-5 313 49-0 Mt«» 26- 9 30-0 W-l 47 -ti .V,- 4 ni-Q 66-B M-n .16-7 4S-0 38-7 31-0 47-3 PILOT BAY —Elevation. 1,780 ft. 1893 1 1894 1895 26-3 27-8 29-7 27-7 34-2 29-7 28-3 31-3 29-4 28-2 :«-7 35-4 25-2 28-0 29-5 33-7 28-0 30-2 .f.1- 9 36 -S 35-4 34-5 40-3 38-7 ,37-4 :tJ-o .36-8 440 46-1 44-5 43-6 48-6 44-1 43-3 43-4 44-9 ,12-8 .12-7 51-1 .i3-.i' 30-4 .13-4 .15-2 .14-0 32-7 .13- 1 .18-94 58-7 62-6 liO-r 38-4 63-0 (12-5 60' 6 68-0 »iO-2 69-7 wi-o' 67-.S 65.8 63-'s' 63-7 66-4 67-2 63-8 05-5 71-5 .19-4 61-9 '66-8 67-9 65-7 ,12-0 46-5 49-0 M-l 39-8 38-4 ;b-i 30-3 31-8 46-6 ■ 46-6 1897 1898 1899 •18-6' 57-6 57-7 ,17-6 ,14-6 .IS- 9 44-5 43-5 47-7 ,io-'2 .10-2 47-7 'se-'i' J3-7 34-6 36-6' :t7-6 '29-'2' 43- 46-5 ■ 1901 33-4 30-8 .33-2 1902 1903 M^nns 46- S 46-8 POBT ilMPaOH— Elevation. 26 ft. 1886 31 .8 .Hi-3 .Vi-5 .13-1 47- 1 40-8 :)8-4 1887 32-2 23-7 ;t6-i 40-4 43-9 51-4 .13-4 .14-5 .10-7 46- 3 38-5 .32-8 42-3 1888 25-1 :w-0 38-7 41-8 48-3 .13-!) .15.1 .17- 1 53-1 4-- 3 :«»-8 37-4 44- S 1889 37-7 36-0 44-3 43-3 MS ,12-8 .16-8 .16-0 .12-8 49- 1 41-9 32-7 46-4 1890 27-5 M-2 38-6 38-8 49-5 .13-9 .16-3 .17-3 .14-1 47-3 43-6 35-8 44-0 1891 42-0 30-0 37-6 43-8 48-2 .12-5 .15-0 46-0 41- 1 3-- 7 1802 ... . 36-3 37-0 40-9 (8-6 .17-0 .17-0 32-9 48-3 37-2 36-1 1893 34-2 30-3 25-8 29-6 32-5 37-2 37-7 ,36-0 37-5 42-7 39-2 41-3 48-1 45-9 48-7 .-.0-8 50-9 51-9 .16-0 35-4 55-9 1.1-9 56-9 54-4 31-0 51-2 4S-9 440 43-9 48-6 32-7 40-9 40-6 33-8 30-6 36-0 43-2 1894 42-8 1895 43- 'J 1896 2S-6 35-4 33-9 40-4 48-3 51-9 .18-1 ,17-8 .i;)-3 47-« 28-2 .«t-9 43- S 1897 36-8 35-2 33-2 46-0 49-7 55-7 .15-4 .19-1 .13-5 48-3 .32-9 .39-6 45-3 1898 35-8 34-8 38-9 44-0 51-3 .15-7 .16-5 60- 5 .13-7 47-5 38-5 38-0 46-4 1899 35-1 40-5 34-8 33-6 37-0 35-0 ,34-6 41-6 400 45-3 46-3 42-0 47-6 49-5 48- .10-3 .13-6 53-6 .18-7 .37-8 .16-1 .10-6 .16-7 ,17-2 .12-4 .13-6 .12-4 47-9 43-6 49 'H 47- 39-3 410 38-9 41-8 39-6 43-7 1900 46- <> 1901 . . 45<8 1902 ... . 38-3 41-5 ,38-8 45-6 .10-9 ,15-3 .17-7 57-0 31 • 1 46 9 36.9 32-2 460 1903 37-1 34-2 33-7 42-0 47-1 .13-9 ,16-9 .17-7 31-7 440 39- 39-6 44-7 1904 34-8 28- 5 ,34-0 43-4 45-9 .10- 1 .13-5 ,15-5 31 ■« 48-1 43-9 39-"- 440 35-5 36' 7 43-0 44-5 49-9 ,16-3 .19-6 57-4 31 S 45-1 42-5 38-4 46-7 1906 330 24-2 ,35-7 38-4 35-2 34-9 40-4 36-1 450 42-9 41-0 ,10-6 51-3 45-5 ,13-3 ,13-7 51-0 .18-8 .17-6 .14-5 .170 .15-8 .13-5 31-1 .13-5 49-1 4S-0 46-8 43-4 41-0 41-4 40-5 33-8 38-0 36-2 43 9 1907 44-7 1908 1909 240 33-1 33-3 ,32-1 30-3 34- 1 .38-4 38-8 ,38-0 40- 1 40-4 42- 3 46-6 47-7 48-5 .12-1 48-9 .12-7 .14-5 58-7 .12- 1 43-1 W-3 30-9 42-1 Meant ,16-4 36-8 .12-3 46-8 39-2 36-6 44-7 PRIMCB RUPEKT— Elevation, 170 ft. 1909 23-2 33-1 26-1 34-5 29-7 35-7 41-2 31-9 32-9 32-8 .34-3 41-6 37-4 40-5 39-9 37-1 39-0 37-0 40-7 37- 4 42-9 46-3 40-5 40-2 .38- i' 43- 1 43-3 46-8 45-4 42-8 46-6 ifi-O .12-3 48-7 49-8 53-0 _49-4_ 51-8 48- 9 .12-6 .36- .14-8 .14-0 53-0 .14-7 .14-8 16-4 37-3 .16-2 .14 -9 .18-0 56-1 .13-8 .)5- 1 ■■7-0 .15- 1 .18 .36-2 00- 2 .16-4 .13-6 .10-8 1-1- 4 .14-8 .13-3 51-8 54-7 .13-5 46-1 46-7 48-4 48-0 45-1 31-5 46-6 47-3 36-8 :»8-9 37-0 41-1 42-6 41-0 39-0 39-5 31-6 39-8 37-0 38-9 41-3 35-1 37-7 37-4 42- 3 1910 1911 1912 1913 ■■4.3-4' 46-7 43- S 1914 48-7 1915 48-0 Means 41-4 46-5 "w-s ■ 46- S ■«.H- 44- S 4«-4 44-6 4S-J 42- S 4a- i) 4:t-S 45-.-. 4fi-4 4.J-T 46- 9 45-8 460 44-7 440 46-7 45 rt 44-7 4:i- 1 43-4 4>i'r 4J-S 4«-7 48-0 41-4 i •< METEOROLOGICAL DATA-TEMPERATURE 583 TEMPERATDRE RECORDS FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLC.MBIA-r«..,^ y«ir J.-. I y-'h I M,.,. I April I M.V I .,^n, ( .,„|^ I ^„, I ^,,„ I ,^„ I ^.,_ rv^ II AnBU.1 11 memo 1W3.. IW4.. 1885 . lW(i.. 1807.. 1§«8.. 1900 : IVOl.. \9ai.. IINM, . 1904 . 1905 . 1«08. 1«07 . 1908 . 1909 1910 . 1911 . 1912. . 19l:t . . 1914 . 1015 Mean* ISU.O . 1896. . 1H!)7 1898 . 1»9« 1900 1901.. 1902 . 190;i . 1904.. 190.') 190)i. . 1907 1908 1909 . 1910 19II . 1912 1913 . 1914 1915 Mean* 1893 1894 1895 1S9C . 1897. . 1898 . 1899. . 1900 . 1901.. 1902.. 1903 1904.. 1905. . 190U.. 1907 1908 1909 '910 »9n . 1912 , 1913.. 1914. 191S. Mean." rmiMOITOII -El.v.tion, 2.111 (t. Ifl .5 19-3 20. 10. S 18'8 is. 8 19.7 I7'n 20-7 IS. 9 21 I -0'6 IS- 1 2-2 17-2 i 10-5 15.6 11-4 24.5 16. 5 16-1 17.S 31-8 28-2 22-7 31.3 25. 9 27. 7 15-1 19-4 17-8 29-2 24-8 22-2 25. I I3'8 17.8 27.9 Ki-l 23.9 28-9 30-7 .37-8 35.8 22- 6 31.3 .32 -2 39-8 33. S 24-8 28-7 39- 1 34-0 29-9 32- •13. 3«-8 34-6 289 30-4 31.5 40-2 43-8 46-8 43-0 43-8 40-3 45.8 45-6 47-6 41.3 442 40.5 45-7 41-4 44 '6 43-4 46-8 49-0 .'lO-e H7 55.5 .53.3 52 49-7 49.8 51-2 .-,32 .Wo ■W-l 4M.f, .53.5 49-3 53.5 51 .-|2.ti .52-4 3-4 33-0 I 44 4 51. S .VS-3 .17- .'».3 .W-6 542 .Vl-S '12. .57. 58-4 55.7 .■>»■>.« .57. f. .Vi.3 :.:,■ 1 .Vi.« HO- 7 .57.9 .Vi-O 58-2 .■.6-8 63- 61 -3 «0-7 65-2 )tI-8 63' « ni-9 lio-a BO -3 M-s 114.9 694 113-4 li4-« HO-H 11 -9 113 •« 62-1 lll-fi m-(i 62-9 62-9 «2-5 61 -e 6;j-4 «3-d 68-0 66-9 65. 2 IW-? 6 1. 3 63. 9 61-7 63-3 .58-4 60-9 .59-2 .58-2 60-6 .59 -5 62.6 62- 1 65-7 62-4 m-2 51-3 .52-1 .5,3-3 .52- .^6 5-22 52- 1 50-8 ,56-2 .54-4 .54 -4 .55-0 .52-3 .55-4 .53-9 51-9 51 -s 51-9 51-4 ,52-9 .53-6 37- i 42-7 45- 4 44-8 48-9 42-7 47-9 45-6 44-8 45-0 37-6 45-0 47-4 42-8 40-2 44-1 43- 1 .53-5 39.7 45-5 450 44-2 24 2 :» A 37 23 8 30-8 ,15-8 28-6 -TO- 2 .36-6 31-6 .30-9 33-7 .35- 2 29-9 32-4 24-3 3i-2 31-7 33-6 26-5 31-2 ■2rr 18-0 24-1 22- S' 16-0 24-7 15-6 26-1 24-5 27-0 22-0 24-0 17-6 17-9 25-9 21-8 23-1 24 1 15-6 19-3 21-7 43-6 41-2 40-2 42-4 42-4 43-8 40-6 41-5 .39-0 41.5 .39-6 42-8 40-2 42-8 43-1 41-8 QUAT8INO— Elevation, near -x-a level 36- 3S.9 37-8 .38-4 37-2 38-6 39-0 36-7 37-9 300 35-9 38-9 33-7 37-7 38-5 .39-5 38-3 38 -5 .37-7 37-1 41-3 35-1 35-5 .38. 3 40-0 37-0 35-9 36-1 41-6 .38-7 39- S 40-4 .37. .15.3 .39- S 37-9 43-7 41-3 .39-3 .36-8 37-8 43-5 41-1 .39.9 42. 1 41-2 40-2 40-8 42-9 16-2 41 45 H 43-2 42-3 44-3 45-1 42-2 45-9 44-9 45-1 43.2 42-3 41-0 45- 1 '47-6 49-2 46-9 51-0 49-2 .5;i-8 49-5 54-1 4r.- 5 51 -(i 49-6 54-9 .50-5 53-7 46. 6 .55. 8 47.9 .52-5 48-6 .54-3 49-8 ,53.4 .55 48-8 ,53-3 47-2 51-5 .50-4 ,50-9 46. 7 50-9 51. 8 .5ti-0 49-5 .54-6 51-7 .54-5 .54-5 .58- |l .39.1 I 40-6 I 42-5 I 44- 2 I 49- 1 .53- 7 >6-9 .58- K .55-7 .57. 2 .59.4 .59-2 .54-3 .56-7 .57-6 .55-3 .58-2 ,59-6 .59.0 58- 1 56.1 .56-5 .57-8 .59-6 .58-1 ,59 60-1 59. .58-4 .59-6 60-4 .51," » .57-4 59-2 ,5s -H .57.9 .56. 56-7 08-0 .57-8 .58 1 54-4 .56-2 .57-9 .58. 2 .58.3 .59-2 61-8 ■58-1 I .53.3 I 48-6 49.9 48-)( ■53. 2 48-5 53.3 49-0 55-3 48-1 55- 47-1 ,51-6 47-2 .53.4 51-9 .VM 49-7 .52- 1 48-7 .53-3 ,50-5 .53. 45-8 52.6 49-5 52-9 48-5' .54-2 48-8' 51-2 .53-4 46-7 ,52-9 45-1 52-9 51-6 56-4 49-8 43-7 33-9 37-7 41-0 47-9 40-6 40-8 42- 6 40-7 45-9 44-2 42-6 44-6' 41-2 42-2 42-8 43-1 41-8 43-4 39-9 42-1 39-0 41-0 41-5 37-6 42-9 44-1 40-9 ,37-8 41-8 40-3 41-8 38-3 38-0 35- 2 42-6 40-3 40-1 42-3 35- 8 38- j 40-0 45- 4 46- 5 46-9 47-0 47- :> 46-2 47-2 47-3 46- 5 '47-8 ■ 48-0 49-4 47-4 QnWHUL— Kkvation, 1,700 ft. 8-3 9-6 12-9 22-5 24-6 20-7 26-9 21-8 18-5 15-4 15-6 -9-8 20-5 -3-5 17-3 3-3 S-2 8-0 20-0 17-6 13-9 21-1 20-9 16-5 20-6 21-2 27-1 8-3 15-8 25-2 180 19-2 14-8 13-7 12-5 28- 15-5 22-0 28-5 19-0 I ,30-3 2li-5 29-4 32-1 .35.5 15-5 23-8 31-0 37-4 19-5 41-0 33-4 27-2 28-8 33-8 36-5 32-4 23- g 24-5 33-9 30-8 3U-1 4I-I 42-8 39-4 45-8 42-4 40-4 44-8 43- S 47-6 45-6 47-1 40-8 40-4 38-4 42-2 37-1 43-2 42-0 44-4 49-2 51-9 I Xi-r, 51-1 58-0 46-2 57-5 47-9 ,53-8 47-6 52-7 54-2 ,50-2 ,53-9 ,55- 3 54-4 50-9 48-3 51-8 50-2 55-11 51-1 52-1 ,54-5 60-7 63-5 , 60-3 7-2 64-2 62-1 .58-8 56-3 56-4 56- 1 j M- 1 58-3 80-6 57-2 57-8 56-0 58-5 ,54-8 .Vj, 1 .59. 3 .59- 7 59-7 6;)-4 61-1 ■iO-4 64- I 62-6 6(i-7 68-6 63-8 61-2 60-2 .59-8 tK)-5 610 59-8 .58-0 64-5 [ W-S 58-3 61-8 64-5 ,58-3 57-5 60 60-0 61-3 61-6 60'5 63-1 ,58-4 ,59-0 ,56-4 58-3 60- 1 60-2 61-6 61-7 66-9 42-S I 51-6 I .58-0 I 61-6 I 60-5 02- 1 .39-7 19-3 15-3 37-3 27.5 22- S 44-5 43-0 38-0 -4-1 20- S 24-3 39-4 51-6 4.>.9 21-3 ,53-8 40-2 26-0 17-8 52-1 .37-5 41-2 29-3 40-7 .52- 1 44 32-6 38-0 43-0 41-0 31-9 52-9 50-3 26-2 19-5 .50-2 46-5 30-4 29-6 .54-5 45-2 40-3 23-5 40-8 .53-4 40-1 32-3 26-5 42-6 45-7 32-4 14-2 42-3 .53-4 46-1 34-5 25-3 .39- 2 48-9 39-2 34-3 18-2 39-7 .53-5 42-1 20-2 22-9 37- 1 49-9 39-8 29-4 22-4 39-7 53- 5 41-7 2U4 21-5 37-3 .52- 1 40-9 31-9 23-0 40-6 .39-6 32- 4 28-9 39-3 52- 4 45- 2 32-9 13-2 41-3 53-4 42-5 21-1 23- 1 43-4 ■52-0 42-5 29-0 23-2 40-4 IM COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION TEMPEKATURE BECORDB FOR SELECTED gTATIONB IN BRITISH COLUMBU— CoMmMtf i t « I ! ii Ii Ymt I J»a. Ftb. | M»r | April | Mi.y | Jun<- July [ Au«. | Stpt. | IV». | Nov. D«c. | Auoal QSUmL rOBU (BVLLION)— Elentlon, 2,275 ft. iKTrr:"... 57-6 :4-0 .tO-H .V1.9 44- 8 55.1 .Vi-O Mi 61-7 .56-8 158 -0 .VI. 1 .',7.8 .')9.7 .W.2 ,-,.••7 602 «3.9 61.B 5M.6 .18. 56-7 57.4 49-5 47-4 S3- 6 53-1 53-0 52-9 52-7 56-1 .14-9 .12-8 52-0 53-4 .12-7 51-9 .12-8 4S-4 41-A 44-5 38-6 44-6 46-2 43-1 44-3 44-7 42-6 41-0 42-3 4.V2 44-2 43-4 36-7 30-7 38-6 34-3 31-5 37-0 38-0 32-7 3:1-5 2.1-7 34-5 33-2 35-4 32-0 33-8 39.3 39-9 30-8 .30-3 26-8 29-8 22-1" 14- >< 30-7 25-6 29-3 2.1- 1 18-8 36-5 26-4 1903 19-4 19-7 18-3 29-3 25-6 35- 1 27-1 l«-7 20-4 31 ■! l9-« 24- S 32- 1 23-7 2.-..9 2n.B .37-5 ,32.4 31-8 :«..5 3.1. 2 :)s.6 :u-2 31.2 29-3 ■M-a 39. 1 33. 3 1904 25-7 342 25-7 4-2 26-3 D-5 32-0 14-2 170 l«-9 27i8 20- S 20-5 6S-0 64-8 68-6 63.6 64-5 63-2 63.9 61. 62.2 63-4 6.1-1 63. 63- fl «3-9 61-8 61-6 57-9 6:<.6 .19. 3 59.8 .19-3 60-9 63-5 62-4 66-2 62-0 43- S 190S 43-1 1900 44-3 1907 41-6 1908 43 7 1909 41-1 1910 1911 1912 43-4 40- B 43-7 1913 41-4 1914 43-6 1915 Mmm 44-S 4.7-4 RITBRI IHLBT-Klevstion 20 ft. 1894 31-9 31-3 30-4 37-0 36-6 35-1 38- S 32-5 35-3 36-4 34-6 35-8 34-7 34-6 32-8 38-0 30-7 36.4 38. 34.8 36-3 36-4 40-6 34-7 30- 1 36-0 40-7 35-8 37-2 39. .37.4 35.3 39-0 37-7 43.4 40' 1 38'3 3.1-6 35.4 44. 1 41-6 38.8 40-3 43-5 43-2 45.4 43-8 42. 7 45-6 42' 4 45-6 42-9 46- 1 46' 1 45' 9 44-1 49-2 .10.8 49.5 .10' 1 52' 48.5 49.5 49. 1 51-9 48-2 47-9 .10- 1 51-3 49-9 .13-5 .1.1-4 ,13.2 54-5 .v.. 5 ,12 '6 .IB '4 .13' 1 55' ,15.7 52-0 56-5 334 54-4 .18.3 ,19-1 61-5 .1.1-3 ,18-4 61-8 ,19-3 .13' 7 .17-5 57-6 56.5 60-4 58-9 58-5 60.9 57.8 60.8 60-0 60' 3 .17-6 58-5 58.3 57. 8 58. 9 57-5 56-9 58- 4 68-7 31-4 49-8 55-3 .13-6 .13. 1 55.5 54-8 53-9 51-8 51-5 53-9 51-6 51-3 53-1 44-5 .10-0 47-9 49-0 46-8 43-8 45.8 32. 490 47-2 49-1 43-9 47-3 47-6 40-2 41-7 31-3 .33-9 38-3 46-6 38-7 43-1 37-6 38-0 44-5 41-1 40-3 39-8 33-3 36-5 39-3 39-0 36-9 38-8 41-8 37-0 33-6 40-0 38-3 38-4 34-3 37-5 44-3 1895 180« 1807 1808 46-1 45-0 45-9 46-7 1809 46-5 1900 47-4 1001 46-1 1003 46-2 lOO.'' 19t lOOS 4S-5 45-5 46-9 1908 Maui* 46-5 46-2 ROMLAMS— E'evstion, 3.400 ft. 1900". 38-6 34-9 35-9 13-7 34-5 14-7 32-3 30-5 31-0 19-3 28-8 22-8 22-3 23-2 23-4 28-4 38-2 25-7 27-5 20-5 24-3 31-0 19-9 25-6 32-2 25-9 39-2 '38- 7' 31-3 31-1 32-4 33- 1 38-3 36-7 ■29-7' 35-4 38-9 35-0 48. 4 'ii-i' 48-0 39-3 42-3 38-9 47-1 42-1 43. 1 41-8 44-6 49-4 44-1 52-7 •i9-0 49-3 51-9 48' 3 48-3 54-6 48-1 52-4 50-3 51-8 51-4 .10-7 60-3 ■55-4' 53-8 56-1 M-9 61-7 36-3 58-3 61-4 57-4 55-4 53-2 .17-3 62-9 ■63-7' 68-4 62-3 63-8 59-7 65-8 64-1 60-3 61-2 66- 4 610 63-3 58-5 ii-i' 61-7 5.1-7 60-5 .19-5 39-3 60-4 58- 62-6 63-5 68-2 61-0 54-6 53-6 54-1 51-6 53-4 55-1 54-5 SO- 8 50. 2 53-5 51-4 32-2 .12.9 41-7 37-4 44-8 47-4 42-6 42- 9 i' 1 41-9 38-6 39-1 44-9 43-9 42-4 30-3 si-s' 39-6 34-1 37-0 32-9 32-8 27-4 32-9 32-5 34-3 39-7 33-1 32-0 ■36^3' 37-1 26-6 33-3 19-6 39-0 33-8 26-5 36-0 30-4 34-0 35-3 44-4 iw.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. "ii'-t" 1906 43-4 1907 41-5 1008 43 4 1900....^ 1910 41-2 43-7 1911 41-6 1912 1913 4i-2 1914 43-7 1915 44-0 Modi 42-7 ■ALMOH ARM— Elevition, 1,150 ft. 1893 43' 43-0 46-4 41." 47-3 32' 4 53-5 31-2 31 ■ 7 54'5 58-3 58'3 .1.S.7 62-5 61-7 62-4 846 62-9 62.6 62' 1 KJ-1 34-2 51-2 48.2 .12-3 41-4 42-8 42-7 43-6 28-1 33-8 34-9 19-2 27-2 27-6 29-1 32-4 1894 21-0 19-4 22-4 24-1 32-6 28-5 34-2 37-3 S'O 43-3 1895 1896 1897 43-4 43-2 lOOS 36-3 57-4 36-4 39-3 ei-e 63-6 74-2 67.0 69- 66.9 60-8 65' 5 56-3 57-4 55-3 47-9 49-1 45-1 33-8 40-1 40-3 31-0 31-S 27-5 1007 8-8 29-0 26-6 31-8 33'3 3(i' 6 44-5 46-9 44-8 1908 47-2 37-9 m-o 40-1 43- S 43-1 44-3 41-fl 43 7 41-1 43-4 40- B 43-7 41-4 43- « 44-8 43 -4 44- .t 46-1 45-0 45-9 46-7 ♦6-5 47-4 46- 1 46-2 4S-5 45- S 46-9 46- S 46-2 44-4 42-; 43-4 41-5 43 4 41-2 43-7 41-6 41-2 43-7 44-0 42-7 ■43-3 ' 43-4 43-2 "ii-'s" 47-2 ^ M E T E O R 1) f,u(; I c A I. da r A -T K M I' !• K A T V R E TEMPERATURE RECOHD8 FOR 8ELECTED STATIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA-C««,m« S'JS 1M7. 18BS. iim. laoo., 1901.. i9ua.. 1903.. 1904.. 190S.. 1900.. 1907,. 1908.. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1913. . 1913.. 1914.. 1915. . 1904. 1905.... 1906.... 1907.... 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 .Means . . . ■TETUTOII (GAnnV POINT)-KI,v.i.„„.0fi. 35-7 37-8 40- .i 3» .TH-9 37- .J 4l-» 39-4 .34-8 39-9 .■|7- -1 44-7 ,W-3 42-9 41-9 42- 1 .14 -.i 37- « m- i 3S-9 37-1 4.V2 .TO-tt 41-4 37-3 39-5 38-4 41-9 39- 1 41-2 33-4 43-4 ai-8 40-9 39-8 3H-.5 30-4 39-0 38-0 42- « 410 *^-3 52-3 I .M-7 fiO-6 .W-4 .W-* 1- ■ 1.1 t~ 1 .w-.-, *ti 40- r, 47-(l 4S-.1 47-7 ■IS- 1 .M-1 i.-o 4H-:t 414 47-.-, 41-2 *'h2 l.-.-n 4 19 40-9 4!M 411 49' U 4.5 -.. IS-0 4«-H 4H-B 42- 11 •90 42-3 4.1-H M-.i 4li-2 43' 1 4.-.-7 40' 9 .W-6 43-8 49-7 40-6 48-2 42- 19US... 1900... 1910. . . 1911... 1913... 1913... 1914.... 1915.... Mean*. . ■U inmi .4MD— Elevation. 1. 100 ft. 388 13-4 34-0 17-3 31-5 18-4 300 33-3 2S-5 30-4 31-9 23-0 31-0 21-0 3$-5 33-3 31-8 I 38-6 3*1' 3 47' 5 m-4 63' 4 39' .5 44'7 S3' 6 82' 3 4I'» 49'3 59-0 .19'8 3)i'3 44-9 53-1 63' 34-4 47-3 87-1 6.5' 5 32' 2 48' .M'8 62'.'> 38-3 49' 2 .i«'2 60-0 41'4 52' 1 55-0 tt20 38-0 I 47' 6 •5.V4 I 62- Z 69-8 70' 8 8.5' 9 K9-5 68- 7 (Mil 80-8 69' 6 8.5-8 62-2 67' 9 85' 3 63-0 6.5' 6 62' 4 ti8'3 68' « 71-3 67' 4 I U.5'9 W'l 49'2 .57 4S8 ao-;) 18' 8 57-2 48-8 .54- « 4J'3 54' 2 43-3 5,5-9 43-2 .54' 7 47' 8 58' 5 47-9 ■56' 4 46'3 3/- 3 39-9 36-3 35-8 29-0 30-3 .16-2 37-3 31-9 35-5 29-8 25' 1 23 '0 27' 3 28' 8 29'6 21'5 28' 1 27-1 1908... 1909... 1910. . . 1911... 1913... 1913... Meaoa.. IWAKIOII BAT— Elevation, near lea level 48-8 45-1 46-7 44-3 45' 7 43-9 46-5 47-3 45-8 35-0 32-1 23-8 32-1 280 28- 3 31-7 28-8 28-9 38' 3 34-1 32' 4 38' 3 37' 5 3,5 '3 39' 7 34-9 37-1 39-9 3»-0 37-1 42-9 40-2 39'6 4.5-9 44-7 43-1 Sl'3 47-3 46' 9 53' 1 48' 2 49-9 .54-8 56' 1 52' 4 5.5' .i5'2 59-2 60' .« 38' 6 54'0 56' 2 59' 5 57' 3 ,57' 1 30-4 53' 1 .VI- 8 54-8 54-5 53'3 4.5-8 43-3 45-3 48-6 46-3 46-2 38' 4 360 I 30'3 3,5' 1 36-1 37-0 I 43-3 43-8 43-8 46-2 1898 1809 II 37.4 1900 40-8 1901 34'2 1903 34-9 1903 38-9 ▼AMCOWBK -Elevation. 138 ft. 37-6 '38-7 27-3 38-1 29-2 36-3 32-6 37-4 32-5 40-5 38-2 33' 9 36-4 37' 3 38-0 42-2 36-0 36' 6 '39-8' 37-6 38-4 39-2 24' 6 3«-6 40' 9 36-1 38-7 42' 5 41'8 43' 7 43-0 42-8 39-4 42-7 39' 4 41-6 41-4 44-5 42' <> 41-3 40-1 44-9 47' 7 42-6 47-9 49' 2 4.5' 43' 4 46-4 48'3 49'8 45' 6 46' 6 4.';'0 47' 2 44-9 48' 48'9 50-6 52'3 SI'S 54'3 52' 9 53-8 52-9 53'6 S3'9 53-6 51-2 51'4 56' 5J* 2 ,56-1 34-2 56-4 56-2 39' .53 '7 58' 2 61-3 59- 4' 56-9 58-9 58-0 58-2 57-1 .57-2 60-5 59-2 58-7 60'4 47-5 53-9 I 58' S 63' 1 62' 60-7 62'4 62-5 64- 1 flfl'l 63-7 6.1'S 60' 5 62' 8 M'O 63' 6 62-9 03' 5 64-7 63'3 60-3 02 '5 02' 6 62' 3 e6'-9 62' 3 60' 7 61-9 59'6 59' 8 1)2'0 61-6 02-8 61-8 65' 8 61'8 5.5' 6 34'3 .54' 7 54-6 56''o' 33' 7 57' 1 .54' I 56- 3 .57-3 .50-1 .50-6 .5.5 • .5 .51- S 57-9 49-8 49'6 .53-0 .50-4 50' 3 44''2' 50' 2 30-4 47-9 49-6 .50' 4 49' 8 48-2 47'0 52' 3 30' 9 49-7 42-5 39-5 44-4 40-6 41-6 ii-'s' 40-8 44' 6 45-5 42-4 42- S 39-9 43' 8 42' 4 41-5 41-7 38-7 42''7 37-9 .38-1 .0-7 39-6' 38-8 30-4 36-1 33'9 41-0 38-7 39-4 40' 1 36' 4 39-0 42' 4 I .38-8 49'8 48' 5 48-7 48-9 49-6 48-3 48-6 47.3 **'3 48-1 49-8 48' 5 SO- 3 51-4 49' i I l! COMMISSION OP C O N S E R V A r I O N TEMPERATl-RE RECORDH FOR SELECTED STATIONS IN BRITI8II COLIMBIA— C«iik«i y.«r 1 Ju. 1 tVb. M«r 1 AprU Mny I 4un. j.jv|A»..|.s,p.|...t. 1 Nov, |d«..| *•;.«;' 1 ; - > VBWOII- El>v>i on. 1.51 5 ft IM>3 >IM IIM 33-0 32- J 1 43- 1 33' n MO U2-b M-U ii-j 41-3 , 33-0 38-2 '4»-i .13- i .W-5 «3-7 82-2 81-2 41-4 ■r,a 2»-3 45-5 ' INS 20-1 32-3 3.V2 38- 2 Sl-7 58-U 67-3 84-3 5;i-2 44-rt m- 1 30-- 43- tWT 23-3 2n>9 H2- 5 83-0 «.■)• 3 54-4 45-4 jii-rt 31-8 ]«es 31-e M-8 44 -.S 31-3 Ml il-tt M-3 (W-8 84-6 72-4 81-3 .M-8 48-4 45-8 3U-8 28-1 25- it 33-4 49-4 1900 48- tt M-8 m-7 8.5-7 80-8 nn 30- 1 22-« :t8-fi 43- It .v.- 3 .58-8 86-3 70-4 .53- 1 noa aa-H 30 37-3 4.'V-8 54-8 57- 1» 83-« 04-2 .53 •» 47-8 32- 5 2.5-S 44-7 INS U-* 21-2 27-4 43-7 54-1 rt5-8 8:1-0 83-8 51-1 45-4 32- 5 29-1 43-5 iwt 24-2 23-3 :«)-7 47-2 52- 7 5tt-8 87-11 87-3 .5)1 47-8 40-2 38-« 4.5-7 INB 2)i-2 22- M 43 2 48-2 53-4 01-2 t)(l-7 «7-» 56' 4 40-3 33-7 27-8 45-9 INt 35-8 311 3«-0 .V)-4 55- 1 50-7 74-6 87-4 .VI -0 48-7 .33-4 37-3 47-1 INT ^•3 2S« 34- H 2A-4 31-3 3»-« 43-11 47-0 S«-0 M-3 OO-O A2-8 87-7 8n-5 61-0 88-0 58-0 .58-0 48-3 44-6 .38.1 30-!) 30-3 23-7 43-5 1W8 45- 1 noA »■! 211-8 38-H 44- U .-•3-5 61-7 64-8 83-8 .Wt-8 46-3 .34-2 21-3 43-8 ItlO 22-3 21-1 43-4 4tt-3 57 •« »-« 87-8 82-1 .58- H 45-7 35- » ;io-2 45-9 1011 13-3 18-5 3«-8 4. J 5'.- J HO- 4 67-4 84-7 .••.-4 45-8 28-6 23-7 42- 4 1«I3 ... in- 7 28-0 :io-2 47-3 .W-8 «4-5 84-3 62-.'. .VJ-0 42- 8 38-0 28-8 44-2 MI3 IS- 3 13- 4 W-7 4tJ-4 53-5 110-5 64-5 8.5-4 55-2 42-8 35-4 28-7 42-8 MM 39-4 2S-0 38-3 40-1 .V>-5 BI-2 88-8 87-1 .55- 1 48-8 .38- 5 21-3 48-1 1»1» 30- 1 3I-: 41-& 50 7 34-5 J»-2 05-1 70-5 54-7 470 31-5 27-0 48-1 Mwiu 3t-2 2«-,1 3.^-7 4ii- :. 51-4 1 HO- 4 lUi- 2 li.-i- 4 .Vi-7 45-3 33-8 27-5 i 44- 1* I. ; TICTOBIA ARO UQUIKALV — Elevntinn, nrar •*« rvrl 1881 35-U 36-0 36-3 40' U 38-0 34-3 45- U 42-0 44-8 180 45-0 46-3 50 53-0 51-7 58-0 .5S-0 35-7 57-0 57-0 58-3 58' 57-9 .5.1' U 5:1-0 .5(1-0 48-5 48-2 48-0 41-3 41-2 44-3 40- S 43- 410 47-3 1883 47-4 lua 47- S IM4 39-0 30-4 41-7 .50- 5.I-0 .V)-7 .58-0 60- vl .52-5 •■7-0 43-3 31-0 47-0 IRU 37-4 44-3 4«-l 47-4 .53-8 .57-1 80-9 .58-2 .58-2 i50-3 48-2 42-8 .50-1 IMIA 34-8 42-7 42-8 48-0 52-8 .57-0 AO- 5 .59-5 .55-7 48' 43-2 43-4 49-1 11187 41-0 29-5 44-2 46-2 51-9 S5- i ,-.7-7 .57- 1 .54-1 47-8 42-8 41-8 47-4 IHW 32-2 41-8 41-7 18-3 .54-2 57-4 5S-7 60-9 .57- 1 51-1 42-7 42-9 49-1 1888 38-8 410 48-2 .■|0- 5 .-.5-9 .58-7 81-2 ,58-0 53-8 .53- S 45- n 37-3 .50-3 1800 33-4 42-2 33 » .33-7 42-3 41-1 48-3 47-8 53-5 52-8 36-3 55-3 58-4 S9-9 S8-1 .58-6 53-7 .54-1 47-1 1 •••-4 43-7 40-3 47-7 1*01 48-5 18U3 30-5 41-1 45- 3 46-4 52 I 5S-5 57- 58-8 54-3 48-9 43-9 39-2 1 48-6 IMS 38-0 34-5 42-7 14-4 SO- 9 .54-3 57-0 .57-8 sa-2 47-0 4(--0 4: 4«-7 1894 37' 2 38-9 10-9 45' .-8J-5 54-8 58-0 59-0 53-0 47-3 44-6 38--. 47-2 1896 37-3 42-9 42-5 46- 4 51-7 .55- 9 S8-8 57-5 51-S 47-7 • ; 40-1 48-0 IMM 38-2 41-5 40-6 15- :' 49-7 55-5 110- 3 .58- 2 51-4 48-1 .lO-S 42-8 47-4 1897 38' 5 40-1 37-8 48-0 .53- 1 .56-4 57-8 80-1 53-2 48-0 40-9 410 47-9 1808 39-0 43-8 41-7 47-2 .54-7 ,57- S 00-3 81-8 57-5 49-7 43-5 39- 6 49- 7 18M 39-:' 37-7 42-1 47-0 50-0 35-3 01-8 58-2 .57-0 49- 5 50-2 43-0 49-3 1900 43-3 40-8 41-1 .■>() s 5:t-8 .57- 9 60-1 .59-3 .55- 8 .50-1 43-5 45- 1 .W-7 1901 39-0 41-1 4«-4 48- .52-0 .54-7 57-4 01-0 50-1 •■►4-4 48-5 43-0 49- s 1903 30-8 44- « 43- 5 47- 5 .54-3 .57' 3 00-3 00-8 .Vi- 5 ,52-4 44-8 41-0 .50-2 1903 41-9 :i9-8 41-3 48-0 51-0 uU'O 58-2 39- .55' 51-2 44-5 43-0 49-4 1904 41-3 3'J-4 41-0 50-9 52-9 ,56- 80-8 .59- 1 .57-4 .52-7 49-1 43-8 50-1 1905 41-0 41-7 47- !l .-<)' :i 52' ,Vi' 7 01-2 59-4 .50-3 ir-7 41-8 42' .50- J 1906 41-8 44'(l 44-5 .Vl-tf .54-5 M- 5 0.5-5 62- :t .50-4 .-.2-0 41-2 41-2 51-3 IflOi" 33-3 41-7 42-4 i^-i ,58 .59' 2 62-9 80-4 .58-4 51- ■• 47-4 42' r> iO-3 1008 41-6 41-0 43-7 48-5 .52-7 .58. 7 02-7 01-0 .53-0 49.3 47-1 .19-8 ■«'0 1909. . 32-.5 41-4 43-7 45- 3 .52' 2 5!»-0 ,59-8 .59-5 .57-1 .50-4 44-2 36-7 48-5 1910 38-7 38-7 48-1 47-6 .54-8 .57 01-3 ,59-1 .58-8 50-9 44-0 42-8 49-0 1911 .38-2 :i»-o 43-7 45- 5 52-3 .58' 3 02-3 80-2 ;>;>- a 50-1 42-8 41-4 48' s 1912 40-6 43- 42-ii 48-8 .50. :,:>■ 1 81-9 .59-9 .57-2 4S-0 45- 3 41-5 .-,0',1 1913 3H-1 38-4 ll'l 4»'0 .53- il ,59 ■» Ol-H 02-8 .50-0 48- s 44-1 42-8 49.1, 1914 4J1 42' 41)' :l 50-5 .55- It 55-9 59-7 59-5 .53-0 52-7 45-0 39-0 50' ,1 1915 40-5 43' 3 4«-ii 51-2 53- 'J ,'.7-H .59-9 82' .50- 5 51- 1 43-3 41-4 50- 9 M»-i»n'» .3H-:! :v(-.-> 4:1-" 47-7 .■|3-0 .5.,-» .59 -S .59' 5 ."..".- 1 49-7 n-.i 41-.' 4'i.il <1 I I MONTHLY .\ND .\N\U.\L ME.\N TEMPI;RATL'R1;s .vr SKLECTED ST.\TIO.N'.S IN' THi; ST.VrKS 01 MONT.ANA, IDAHO AND WASHINCiTOS No. 1 Station Jan. Feb. .Mar. .\pr. .May June July .Au«. Sept. Oct. Nov Det. Ab- niiat MOllTAirA 30S 24.0 24.0 31.7 40.8 4>.2 55.3 02.7 01.21 .5:).ci 41.5 36.1 25.5. 4J'n 309 Butte 24.5 21.3 30.4 40.6 48.4 50.0 63.6 62. t) 52.9 43. » 31.2 25.4 4;.-' 310 Columbia Fallt 22.3 23.9 32 ■ 4:.-^ 51.1 57.5 63.9 62.4 i3.1 43.1 32.7 24.1) 44-4 3ia Oavton 23.8 26.bi :13.1, 43.8 61.1. 58.9 64.0 63.4 .54.9 44.4 35.0 27.3 43.7 31H KaW«U lJ.6 23.8 .13.0 42.5 51... Hfi'i) &i.3 C2.9 5.5. B 42.5 32.0 23.6 41.7 !in2 Libby 24-7 28-4 35-9 46-4 53-6 69' 2 64-4 660 64-8 45-5 .34-8 27-2 45-0 319 Misaouls 21-3 24-6 34-8 44'9 64'7 60'0 6:1' 2 «3'2 ,56-6 44-8 32-6 24-3 43-5 16-2 22-6 18-2 24-1 28-4 19' 2 47' 7 47'8 S4'4 6S'0 60' 1 31-8 58-2 60' 5 60-3 53-1 40 6 43-S 20-6 33-5 19-9 34-9 30- 1 331 Philipiburg 31-6 (2-2 41'7 322 FUin« 26.5 27.1 30. li 15.(1 52.2 .58.4 68.8 M.Q 55.5 46.8 35.8 27.7 4.'''.:i 587 4^•.•. 43-0 4U-« 44-7 4.1-S 4V7 45- fl 4M 43- ft 4S-0 43- « 4.VS 42-4 44-2 4a- « 4n-i 4«-l 44-t> 47- ;» 47-4 47- S 47- U .W-l 4M.1 47-4 49-1 V)- :t 47-7 4H-5 48-b 46-7 47-2 4fl-0 47-4 47-'.» 4<>-7 49- :i .M)-7 4»■^ SO- J 4U-4 SO- I .•jO-J 51 -.t •«o 4»-:. 4»-'-. 4X-S .•«■.; 411 -1. JO-.i 50-'< 4'>-il METEOROLOGICAL D A T A-I E M P E R A T U R E "-"a. JteS?r8'S:..r.~"™ «°™^"^ '- "- ■"-'-" <» "« '^.p....! „^ .J ., .ni .u«b.;; 41-: •(5-valents. as a rule, only those units of the metric system which correspond to the Bnfsh umts here recorded are given. Others may readily be deduced by moj^rthe decmal point, fhus a movement of the decimal point converts 0-40468 T^^K^Len ^InJ^ f «J"";alent of one acre, into 4046-87 square, metres or O-OoS? sfu^e kilometres. Al«,, m order to facilitate reference to the table of equivalent to ^4 Ihoff • '"""^ °^ l*'" ""^ "'*^"' ^"'^ '""^^ «"^'y 'Induced equivalenU are omftSd ; ?hus^h^rct 0-0007716 square yard. 0-0000001594 acre and 0-0000000002491 squarts^ are fmUtod " T 1 . !^^ 1 i : ;■; ■ i 590 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION- WEIGHT 1 pound avoirdupois (lb.) = 7,000 grains = 0-4536 kilogram. 1 ton (long) =2.240 lbs. = 1.12 short tons = 1.016 -047.1 kilu-rains = l -016 metric tons. 1 ton (short) - 2.000 lbs. = 0. 89287 long ton=907.2 kilograms = (1.9072 metric ton. 1 kilogram = 2 • 2046 lbs. 1 tonneau (metric ton) = 2,205 lbs.= 1.1023 short tons = 0-9842 Inn- ton = 1,000 kilograms. 1 ton of water (2,240 lbs.) - .SS -9 cubic feet = 224 imperial gallons. PRESSURE 1 pound per square inch = 0-07031 kilograms per square centimetre = 2 -307 feet of water=2 -035 inches of mercury. 1 metric ton (tonneau) per square metre = 204-8 lbs. per square foot. 1 foot head of water = 62 -43 lbs. per square foot = 0-4335 lbs. per square inch. 1 atmosphere =14 -7 pounds per square inch = about 1 ton per square foot «= about 1 kilogram per square centimetre. VELOCITY 1 foot per second =0 -6818 mile per hour= 1 -097 kilometres per hour. 1 mile per hour = 88 feet per minute =1 -467 feet per second = 1 -609 VSmetres per hour. Miles per hour Feet per second Miles per hour Feet per second Feet per second Miles Feet per per hour second Miles per hour 1 2 i 4 5 1-467 2-Q.V1 4-400 5-867 7-333 6 7 « 10 8-800 10-267 11-733 13-200 14-667 1 2 3 4 5 0-682 6 1-364 7 2-045 X 2-727 9 3-400 10 4-091 4-773 5-455 6-136 6-818 Acceleration due to gravity = 32- 191374 feet per second, per second, at Green- wich. Theoretical velocity (V) due to head (h), V = >/2gh = 8 •025n/T. Note : A stone dropped from a height falls approximately 16 feet in one second, 64 feet in two seconds, 145 feet in three seconds, 250 feet in four seconds and 400 feet in five seconds from the time of its release. When the fall of a stone can be observed, this is sometimes useful in obtainin>^ an approximate idea of the height of a direct fall or cl iflf. Velocity of sound in dry air = 1,090^1+0 -00367t°C. feet per second (At temperature of 60°F. = about 1,120 feet per second) POWER 1 horsepower = 550 foot-lbs. per second = 33,000 foot-lbs. per minute = 76 -04 kilogram-metres per second = 745 -65 watts = • 74565 kilowatts =42.410 British thermal units per minute = 2,H5 B.t.u. per hour = 1-01387 horse- power (metric). 1 horsepower (metric) =75 kilogram metres per second = 32,550 foot-lbs per mmute = 735-5 watts =0-9863 horsepower. Co.WKXIEXT EQUIVALENTS 59, 1 kilowatt = 44 256.7 foot-lbs. per minute = 1.3597 horsepower (metric) = per hour °'''''' ^ U horsepower) =3,413 British thermal units 1 second-foot falling 8.81 feet = 1 horsepower 1 second-foot falling 10 feet = 1 • 135 horsepower 1 second-foot falling 1 1 feet = 1 horsepower, 80 per cent efficiency. Xotc : To calculate approximate horsepower quickly : Second-feet x fall in feet ^ ( net horsepower on waterwheels 11 \ realizing' 80 percent of theoretical power ^ ^eJuivJenr"*' unit = 778 foot-lbs. This is frequently termed Joule's FLOW AND STORAGE OF WATER lsecond-foot = l cubic foot per second = 0-02832 cubic metre per second inchPs-ZS^i "''^'■^- iP"" ,!"'""te = 35.7145 British Columbia miner's oTr da^-T is r"'^"^ , ^''"°"' per second = 538,472 imperial gallons -n 00^7 • i ^- ^u"°"'. '?•''■ second =646,317 U. S. gallons per dav = • 99 1 7 acre-mch per hour (about 1 acre-inch per hour) 1 cubic metre per second =35 -31 second-feet. 1 cubic metre per minute =0-5886 second-feet ^ ™m1n,^t?'n 'i"7?-"*''^ Columbia = 0.028 second-feet = 1 -68 cubic feet per nrx ^'""*e = 0-1 74.1 imperial gallon per second. ^efsecond."'"'''^ '"'"""'' '""'^^^ = 2 '8 second-feet = 17 -45 imperial gallons Inn ?/'.^'^^ imperial gallons per minute = -268 second-foot. lUU United States gallons per minute =0.223 second-foot I'mnX n"f ^ '^^^"^^ ,^^"°"' P^'" "^^^ ^^4 hours) = 1-86 second-feet. 1,000,000 United States gallons per day (24 hours) = 1-55 second-feet. 1 acre-foot = a depth of 1 foot over 1 acre = 43,560 cubic feet = 1 ,613 cubic vards n V 683 -4 674-9 ';'i'r-^ h '"> 15 I 613-6 ^i:^^^^^:^^=^=rij!:i;i^^ ,«. .,..,„. 48 07 30 48 22 30 48 37 30 48 52 30 49 07 30 49 22 30 49 37 30 49 52 30 199-76 198-80 197-83 196-86 195-89 194-91 193-93 192-94 50 07 30 191-95 50 22 30 190. 96 50 37 30 189.yo ^0 5? 30 I 188-96 51 07 30 51 22 30 51 37 30 51 52 30 52 07 30 52 22 30 52 37 30 52 52 30 53 07 30 x^ 22 30 ."^i 37 30 53 52 30 187-96 186-95 185-94 184-92 183-90 182-88 181-85 180-82 179-79 178-75 177-71 176-67 54 07 30 54 22 30 54 37 30 54 52 30 55 07 30 55 22 30 55 37 30 55 52 30 56 07 30 56 22 30 56 37 30 56 52 30 175-62 174-57 173-51 172-46 171-39 170-33 169-26 168- 19 167-11 166 03 164-95 163-87 57 07 30 57 22 30 57 37 30 57 52 30 58 07 30 58 22 30 58 37 30 58 52 30 ••''' 07 30 153-96 5') 22 30 152-84 -^9 37 30 151.72 .59 52 30 I 150-60 I62-7S 161-68 160-59 159-49 1.58-39 157-29 1.56-16 155-07 A»EAS OF QUADMLATERA LS OF HaRTH's SURFACE OF 10' EXTENT ,V f . r ' ' j 5 r— ^ 1UI. lu EXTENT IN LAriTLDE A.VD LONGITUDE Miner's Inch nia. This unit, while stil extensKdv e^J 7'"'"^ '" '''' ''''' °' CaWor- ing superseded bv the more mode" unT.'f?.' "' "^^'^^^I^^^'-^- ^-P'^'-V be- foot.- Owing, however, to thet c^tha .' ^.^^°"t'°°'' '"^"'^ ''^^ '--- m specifying the quant v of wat r i > Inv of tT^'T"'' ""'' '"'''' '"^'"'''"^-'^ records in British Columbia and in T" °' ''^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^r patents or water i^ is desirable, here, to rTfer t^the n in :'"'"^^'"'°"' °^ '''' ^^"■^^^'^ ^'^'-e^- to the n.iner 3 mch somewhat at length. This ,s Hi 594 COMMISSION OF C O N S E R V A T I O N more especially desirable because relatively little information has been as- sembled upon this subject.* As just intimated, the quantity of water corresponding^ to the miner's inch varies substantially for were square; sometimes, they were chamfered; and, sometimes, one or more edges would be chamfered while the other edges would be square. The head, or depth of water over the orifice, varied in different localities from 4^2 to IJ inches above the centre of the aperture. By way of illustration, in Sierra county, California, the miners operating along the Yuba river adopted a module 4 inches high with a head of 9 inches above th" centre of the orifice. The bottom of the aperture was at the bottom of the box. Such an aperture 4 inches high, 50 inches wide, and with a head of 9 inches above the centre oi orifice was considered as delivering 1,000 inches. This measurement came to be known as the Smartsville inch, and has been estimated to be 0-0299 cubic foot per second. In Stanislaus. Calaveras and Nevada counties, the module was 2 inches high in a 3-inch plank, with the outer edge chamfered, the hea^l being 7 inches above the centre oi the opening. Again, in Colorado the miner's inch, as early used, was the equivalent ni about one-fiftieth of a cubic foot of writer pc. second. Mr. John Field, Stale Engineer of Colorado, who is familiar with early western T..ining practice, expresses the \iew that the 'inch' originally was independent either of orific,- or of the head upon it, but related to the cross-section of the open flumes, ditches, and sluice boxes through which the water was conveyed. Thus, in a letter, Mr. Field states: 'The inch referred to was the cross-section of the conduit and prac- tically disregarded velixity. As you are probabh' aware, the avcrafje velocity of 3 feet per second is about as much as excavations in earth wii! stand. Assuming that this average maximum velocity was .t:iven to the ditches, we tind tliat the cross-section expressed in inches gives results ill an ituh of cross-section discharging l-48tli of a cubic foot iier secou.l. For the i)ur])ose of mental calculation it is readily seen that this wou'.l be assumed Ijy the miners to be l-50th of a cubic foot per second. 1 tliink this the much more rcasonaVile explanation of why l-50th of a cubic loot per second is taken as ecjual to an inch than on the theory tluT^ a certain "head" was assumed.' w * This stalcraeTit is bascil iipi.n ns to Arthur V. White. Tiinmtf, ro < ; thrf California, OreK<>n, Montana, Idaho, Wasl'.injr' ' ete., anil from tlie Cniled States Geolcjjjieal Smvcv. Consult Report of the Direttor of ti.f M": upon the Statistics of the Production of the Precious Metals in the United Stales, W'ashiiiiJton, ISv.' pages 04.'-6, being Fxecutiw House Document .\o. 216, 47th Con^;., 1st Scss.. containing ari: n credited to the .V«e York Afining Record. For references to miner's incli consult, also. 'Ir.:'-- actinns r.f ihr An:rr;:i;y. Snriely nf Ciril E'lfinrrrs, Vol. VIT, page .?".? : Vi-.]. XV, p.ige .?49 : ^.' ■! XVI, page li?'. .\n early use of the term 'inch' as a unit of water measurement appea; ■■ Lardner, Handbook of \utural Philosophy — Hydrostatics — 1858, page 2.?8 ; compare delira';.:.: 'Inch' in Murray's .Vora.,o 2 the service boxes ins rted irtU '^^^^^^ ^"^- ^ ^ consequence, the surface, thus ,.ischar,in /a .u"u .nuan" tj „r"?' ' '''''"'' ''^''' '-•°- area. This subject, subseqt.ent t ss? , ^ "''''"' ''^'" '"^^ "^ discharge »=-;;^\-~ ii S=;f ^=- 24 hour,: in o,h„., .6.hour, lthot„r "v™ '\ ' ™""'"f ""•'•""'"'"y for temc usually desisunicd .„ a dav '"""rran obtains, each period ccx:S:t;t;?Mar „":^sri:.:;ed^t^tV''- - r^-- -- .».~rV ■«), „/ „,„. ,„a„„j „ ,„,;„„';"" ■'" •<" >""« "".( */i».»s a .; e""'«' measured ™sstat^.tecreatesananon.a.ouscTnS:^;t:^^^^ sells the water by the inch, mus de Hver n,?^^^ most irrigated sections, where water is sold 'hM'^:^""' '° '^' '"'^h. In adherred to.' ^^' " '"'^ ^>' ^^e inch, the old standard is held in Oregon Court decision^ th;t a In. — ''u'^^u''''" "*^^^P^^''- ^"^ 4 fortieth of a cubic foot per sec;nd A^ '"''' ?'" ''^ '^^"^' ^« °»e- one refe:.ing to d.versio'n of ^er forttrrut/aTdt;" '''' '^' ^" ''''' othe - power (see sections 6 528 and 6 s7w r ^. .; ■'"ngation. and the some atte.pt to define the :^easur rnen o t^jt Z'"' '"'"'^^ "'^''^^ '"^'^^ laws, however, neither definitely snooiTJ ^ """^'" •' '"^h. These ■^'<\ p. 1,013, sec. J,472. ^ ' P" '' ■ ^■•^- ^5)//, pp. yj,,, yj; ,^.^^, t ;yg .q f is ^ I* J 1 I . ■ '■ ! ' ^ ' ' is J96 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Montana — In 1899, the second-foot was made the legal unit of measiire- ment by An Act establishing a Standard of M-a:urttnent oj Water, approved March 3, 1899. Section 1 of this Act pr'-vic'^.c' that : 'Hereafter a cubic foot of water (7-48 gallons) per second of tim» h-il be the legal standard for the measurement of water in this state.' Section 2 provided : 'Where water rights expressed in miner's inches have been granted, one hundred miner's inches shall be considered equivalent to a flow of two and one-half cubic feet (18' 7 gallons) per second ; two hundred miner's inches shall be considered equivalent to a flow of five cubic feet (37-4 gallons per second) and this pro- portion shall be observed in determining the equivalent flow represented by any number of miner's inches.' * Idahc — In this state, also, the second-foot is the legal unit of measure- ment. Eut the miner's inch has not a legal status, although SO miner's inches, as measured under a 4-inch pressure, have been regarded as practically the equivalent of a second-foot. The second-foot was made the legal unit by an Act approved Feb. 25, 1899. Section 1 states :t 'A cubic foot of water per second of time shall be the legal standard for the measurement of water in this state.' Chapter 37 of the Idaho Sessional Laws of 1913 provides that: 'When- ever it is desired to appropriate and store flood or winter-flow waters, the appli- cant shall specify in acre feet the quantity of such flood or winter-flow waters which he intends to store.' In other words, for normal-flow waters, by direct appropriation, the unit is the second-foot, and, for storage waters, the unit is the acre-foot. Washington — In this state the miner's inch has no legal standing, although the civil engineers of the state recognize the miner's inch as the equivalent of one-fortieth of a cubic foot per second. The legal unit of measurement for flowing water is the cubic foot per second. This was established by statute approved March 26, 1890.t British Columbia — The various steps in the evolution of the method of measuring the miner's inch in this province have been given in Chapter III dealing with 'Water Legislation in British Columbia.' See the references to the Rules and Regulations of 1860 ; to the Gold Mining Ordinance of 1865 ; to the Land Amendment Act of 1382 (chap. 6), and to the Land Amendment Act of 1886 (chap. 10). Under the Water Clauses Consolida- tion Act of 1897, applicants for water privileges were required to state in their applications 'the number of inches of water applied for.' In Sec. 143 of this Act, rules are given for the measuring of the miner's inch and are similar to those given in the Land Amendment Act of 1886. It is also stated that ' In cubic measurement, one inch of water shall mean a flow of water equal to 1"68 cubic feet per minut»».' By the Water Act, 1909, the second- foot was made the unit of measurement of flowing water and the acre-foot the • See Day's Sensed Codes of Montana, 1907, sees. 4,854 and 4,855. For concise description of measuring devi(- ^^ »'■" Da«so^! 5m,'.«„//'l...r INO. ilc, 5-0 Ld. \ II., Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa, 1906. BENCH MARKS The note on the general chart of Baynes soun.l is as follows -•Tl.r. soundings are reduced to 2S9 feet helow the lev.l of ,h , 7 Spu Magnetic Observation .pot.' Thirsput J^tk -d bV "^ '' ?""' the charts of Baynes sound and Cor.o.'\^\^ Tmi U27 " "" '" The Magnetic Observation spot is on the n<.rtl,«",.ct " t r ,^ «PH. in .he .co„d ,„aU buy „»c i „„ Atoir;,,"t '..^ ^h U'T it consists of a ccn,e„t shb. .1,,, chX™'";u tl'" 't' ^'""'■ face of the sanJv jrounj I, i< maSii,,™ ?"'''' '''""'- U..e^of,ea.,e..nt^.hes.h/.s,cTeit'ihor.t„t?;kS^:-ra'", £p:':^sra"";isLi:fr.tsr°t-':;L,- r;e^.3t;rh:' ■i.i;:::f:tr„:::™ -^^ --"• '^ "--" Salmon River ; Johnstone Strait R \r • ., k^i» j h j . rock on the shore facin7th whar ■' a"t Xll f '"^d,'\°"^«"'al'y mto the pile from the inside corner of The wharf ^"' ""'' '^°" '''^ '"^'^ '-- Harrfy 5aj.. I'./.-B.M.; copper bolt. !>< inches diameter drilled inf. .» rock on the north side of the Government wharf It il' «. / *^'^ first pile bent of the wharf at the shore nd and 8 fV! r 'J'"°'" '^"^ the wharf. It is about two feet below extri^hwa:;!"'" ^'^ '''' °^ On Vancgiver Island— Weet Coast Of Mr wa.„h«„sc-s s.„„. It is a,.„„, 1 ttSt^^fLt.r 'hi: ';':;;"' .i..,'„>it;i:.:::/™:^. rrt'xt;?:::;'", :- ^"' "-■•"- n,arkcd bv a vmica, ,r„oOe ,„ .ho hricCk "l";; """■ " " ""'"' ToMo. Clayoguc, S.„„J-B.M.; brass b„], .Irilk-.l i„,„ ,„« r„cl< at •!. ■ f , On .Mainland Coast Squamish, Head of Houe Sound H At • k,. i the top of the'cap of t^: PX.E.'Ri.ihr'lr,"' Tt^l ''TZ'^'l pile from the outer come, of the wharf on .he .« side! "* 600 C O M Nf I S S I O N OF CONSERVATION Lutid—.i.M.; brass bolt set vertically into granite rook at 12 feet from th west side of Thulin Bros.' rear storehouse at the end of their wharf, ] is about the level of extreme high water. Bute Inlet (at the head)— B.M.; brass bolt set vertically into granite roc about 500 feet southwest along the shore from the only stream runnin down the cliff near the mouth of the Homathko river. It is about 2 fee below high water at spring tides. Wadham, Rivers Inlet— B.M.; on the south side of the bay in which Wadham' cannery is situated ; at 55 feet from the point at which the rock begins which rises to the southward into cliffs. A brass bolt drilled at an angl into the rock at about the level of extreme high water. Namu—B.'Sl.: the top of an iron ring bolt drilled into the rock at the foot o the steps leading down from the wharf; at 38 feet back from the head o the wharf and 14 feet from its west side. Bellakula—B.M.; in the rock near the outer end of the long wharf; a bras: bolt set horizontally into the rock at 5 feet above extreme high water and marked with the letters "B.M." chiselled into the face of the rock. Kitimat — B.M. ; at the northerly end of a small ridge of rock on the north side of the wharf. The top of a brass bolt drilled into the rock at 86 feet from the inner end of the wharf where it meets the village sidewalk. This bolt is below the level of high water. C/axton— B.M. ; tl:e top of an iron rod set vertically into the rock at 167 feet west of the stage leading to the wharf and 29 feet from the face of the crib-work along the shore. Port Essington, Skeena River— B.M.; near the east side of the most easterly of the wharves of the Anglo-British Colurrbia '^anning Co. The eye of a ring bolt in the solid rock at 85 feet back from Lne front ot the wharf and 14 feet from its east side. Prince Rupert— BM.; brass bolt in the concrete pier at the foot of McBride street. The bolt is set vertically into the concrete at 16 feet from the shore side and 15 inches from the west side. The top of the bolt is flush with the surface of the concrete. Por* Simpson— The bench-mark to which the tide levels are referred, is a brass bolt with a round head, drilled into the rock, in the rocky foreshore which extends northward from the Hotel Northern. This rocky part of the foreshore is dry at half tide. The bolt is west of the wharf and is 174 feet from the angle between the side of the wharf and the hotel platform. The elevation of 10000 feet was assumed for the reference point first used, which was cut on the rock in another position. In the summer of 1905 the final bench-mark was put in, and the levels completed. Stewart, Portland Canal— B.'Sl. ; in the face of the cliff at 50 feet due south ot the southern end of the wharf; a brass bolt set horizontally in the rock at ^yi feet above the plank walk and about 10 feet above extreme high tide. DATUM PLANES DATUM PLANES «m datu„> used m preparing the .arts, this publication states • '*'^''"'''"« '^^ final figures rilating to this1,So'rtant' subTect^^^^^^ '""i '"^^ with has been submitted to Dr nfi^-c!^^ * ^^ "}*" '*^''^ ^iven here- may now be taken as corvee?' ' "' ^' °"^"'«' ^^^^ ^""firmation and BRITISH COLUMBIA MAINLAND DATUM PLANES Datum planes referred to Vancouver Harbour tide levels Admiralty datum (O.L.W.) Mean sea level (M.S.L.) rti^!l™'"/J^'*'"i-'*''?>'^8« °' higher high w^aterj ^tum of Canadian Pacific Railway (%. i^tum, Cit>- of Vancouver. . " ' ' Datum, City of New Westminster] Datum, Provincial Water Dept., Fraser River "■ '^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^^^Z^. If ! I! [ 1i BIBLIOGRAPHY T^HE author of this report, in his research relating to the water-powers oi * British Coluinhia, has recognized the fact that development of these water-powers will prove of real service only in so far as it contributes to the advancement of the Province as a whole. To attain this end there must be co-ordinated beneficial utilization of the inland waters, and hence a study of the history of the development of tl,e Province becomes indispensable. Such study should extend to the develop- ment of the agricultural areas, of the mining industry, of the timber industry, of the fisheries, as well as of other natural resources, because each of these i-; and has been, in greater or less degree, linked up with and dependent upon the utilization of inland waters. There are, it is true, already available certain lists of books, government reports, etc., relating to the Province,— too often of a heterogeneous character- but, to the reader seeking information, it has been an almost hopeless task to select readily from such lists, books containing information most germane to a particular subject. It was early decided, therefore, to prepare for this report a more classified and descriptive bibliography and to include in it only such publications as would constitute a safe and ready guide to the literature re- lating, both directly and indirectly, to the history of British Columbia, in- cluding, of course, the development of its natural resources. Some reports, as for example those of the Geological Survey of Canada, of the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, and of the Royal Society of Canada, are voluminous, and yet these publications contain much of the basic historical and exploratory information respecting the pioneer work in British Columbia. To make an independent research in such volumes for in- formation relating to the characteristics of various watersheds of British Columbia, etc., would, in many instances, be impracticable. For these reports, therefore, comprehensive lists— which will be found of much value— have been included. Thr -bliography here presented is not offered as a complete one, but rather as one containing the most representative publications. On account of the great natural attractions of British Columbia for sportsm anship and travel, a few works relating sporifically to these pastimes Author's Nole—\t hail been my intenti m to include in thi.s bibliography a number r>f a Mi- tional and subsidiary subject classifications, but consideration of space precludes this bein^ di.ne. Attention, however, is hen- .Irawn to the fact tluit inanv of the notes accompanying the tf\t ^t this report contain references which constitute a readv guide to publications dealing specili.allv with pertain .subjects cognate to water-yjower development. For example, respecting dani;ige caused by floods, see note on page 7 ; for various works relating to subsoil water, the law rel:iling thereto, clc, ucc notes rjn pages 8. 9, 10 .111.! 1 1 . respe. ling proposeii power developments in the L_nitcd States on the Columbia and Penil-l'tJreillc rivers, sec note on page 29 ; for various a<;nvts of problems respecting the exportation and use of electrical en.Tgv, see note on page 149; for |i i!>ii- cat ions relating to British Columbia tides, see ni.tes on pages 178, 179 and 180 ; etc —A V H' BIBLIOGRAPHY This classification will as ist those --''• '"'^"'/'''""*"^ *° '^^^'^ subjects, ledge of authority.. "S esiZ'ThV'T'' 'v °''"" ^"''^'^'y ^ ''-°^- I. Gen.. .....„:,. ,,r°''*"' *'' ^"'^^^*^ '-t^^- -hich are : II. III. IV. V. Gener. .icferen.- Travel and Exploration-Mountaineering and other Sport. ' "Toa:t^ vCIs^'Llon?°Bt^'J"^^^^^^' ^^^^^^^^ ^-th West Waters. Boundaries Treatief^ Company AflFairs. International I-GENERAL REFERENCE pp. of map. »nd dia»ran„. oLITiOI^ ""-' "'P"""*" of the Interior. , u..o. ,, pp. „, te.t and 124 ALTITUDES W THE DOMINION- OP C\VUJ4 h , ", .nd U4 ntr-r.^^""""""" "' ^"■^-^'i°°- Otta.^a.il.'i'^ '"' •'"'"" '^^"^- 2"'' -'■ «>„. «o.i pp.. „ap, and p,„61«. DICTI0N.1RYOF *r-PITllr.i..=. .,., J proniM. Fulio. 14 pp. of teit, and 124 — ....... .ai.«iju, .^iiHwu, iMi.j — '■ DICTION.^RY OF \f.TITI'r)F1 IV xtii- r.^,..J. Cornea,*,,,, of S'ael^'iL'n': cTt'Lla^'JSlI,:^'"^- ''^ t'ANAD.V by Ja , Whit., ind ed Svo, 251 pp. HANDBOOK OF -VVADr B Ih 7 "' "' "' GEOGRAPHIC BOARD OF C\\\D\-n,.,. „ 0AZET^^r;^^^';^;:;crf ^ °^^^ •"'^'° ™- "' ""^"'^ "■-" --' BRITISH Cpi.U.MBIA COAST NAME!? 1392 lBn« . .... Ottawa, 1909. BRITISH COLUMBIA PILOT THP • Th!^ v^-.- "" ">'■">'■"<»»• uitawa, li)09. COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TUP. 1 . j- . CANADIAN ANNUAL REVIEW. Toronto. 1901. In pr„,re« ^ ATIONAL CON.SEKVATION COMMISSION R.„„rt , -l ' ' ^'"^ *""• "°'« ■*« ■■<°- >«* COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Ott... p , ' 004 COM MI SSI Oy OF CONSERVATION i I i \l i- ■ I 11 Sto, 397 pp., mapt wd pUtM. Ottawa, 191 "'•'^jEf^' '{^'""i?.'.!''' '^ G- !><"><» •»• Arthur V. WUte •'Vo'^-Contaiiu BMiatnpl^, pp. S47-S78. ^"^dml "ofdlTlilf"""'^' "^ -*"**•• *" ^ °- I^"" "^ J- B- Cl-Uta.. 8t* 334 pp.. «., '^'^'JSrou.^wlfri'gfg'""^" "" ^»' V- '^"- «''•• '■" '^» "port '<" P«i»tionl pp . map. «. '*"?•, i*?'*!* ColumWo, by H. N. WhiUord and Roland D. Crai«. under the direction of Clyda Lcaritt Chi, Foreeter, CoramiMion of Con«rvation. 8vo, viil +409 pp.. m?^ and iuli.^to« 191JB/ ' vi^" tmI'^ S««ro»«.Si,rt.m. «/ CanaJa. by Leo G DenU. 8vo. 176 pp.. illua. Ottawa 1916 JVote.— Thii la a revued and enlaried edition of "Water Works of CanaSa." OttawiTlSia Sl*etne Gntratun and D,ir,h,,im in Canada, by Leo. G. Denii. 8vo, 296 pp.. iUus. Ottawa, 1918 fiere/op Pmrn Tk^,JT^„. by .\rthur V. White. 8vo. 384 pp., mapa and pUtea. OttiiS, 1913!^ ' f«*iro»inn (»» /ntand H-o/fr, 0/ BnfuA Cofuwfcio. by Arthur V. White. 8vo. 14 pp O^awa 1918 ''^^^"L^ggSgrtSK-^?,^^^^^^^^^ --.. pub r^^i i Zi-^^ J^"*" J*"^"" '^"P"' relating to British ColumbU NV s h ig and 21 dealiu mot '''"?o'lr,r.h':Ta;^^r^^^^£a■(e".^'r.X,'lu'r 'StS^Tj,!^""" "" "''--"'■' »' «<»"»- ° ''"1:n.?,rbV"G''r6.^Conl^.'^gr ?rpt i^-S^'teSr.^^^^^^ D.ve.opn«n.. British Co. '''The"SX'r no^;?7!tiy.*ilil!rT.'""i^'""' "'Canada. A series of 8ve pamphl.tt in on. volume ooverin, c&^ I^l?^i, «rt!nn°,'i'i.^Sff'.'*'iP'!PV^ \°^ distribution St the Panama-Parific Expoation. S^ FriS' "'■^duft'^KTcte'H"- M'ii;£r'8To."^''ij.';'ik^.''-St.^«'??r6'"' "' ^"'"'^ ^"^ " ^"-^ '" ''^''*''l'?n^.''JthriISrii''cZ!S''l''h^.''«'''.*r°-^,»,?*^^"- Consult.th. Annual Sspor*. of the Depart meni oi me intenjr, Canada. The first Annual lieport reaardinc irrisation surveva was iunnl in isoi ;Sd «^ir In prC^"""'" '*"' '"""' '""'*'" ^^ ye." 189''5,' lM«r°ll9?:7S8, TSos" jSIt", 1908 WESTERN CANADA IRBIGATION ASSOCIATION. CoMull Report, of Proo«edin,s of Annual Convention, published by Department of the Interior, Canada, Fore8tr>- Branch. •^t'™"^" "• »iuiu»i v.^uTenuon. Forestrj REPORT OF PROGRFSS OF STREAM MEA.SIREMENTS, commencing for the calendar year 1909 and Irrigation Branch. Department of the Interior, Ottawa. In prlirei '•■""" y«« »»<»• GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA : See under "Topography," Section III. TOPOGRAPHICAL SVRVEVS BRANCH. Deportment of the Interior, Ottawa : An«i«.f Bwort, In progrM Conxult Note in "Bibliography." W(UtT.PomT, o/ Conodo, p. 349, Ottawa, 1911. '"'«™- »" P'ogreM, DOMINION POWER BOARD. Con-stituted by Order in CouncU of 25th April, 1918 Ao/f— No reports have yet been imued DEPARTMENT OF INLAND li I VENUE, Ottawa. Csn.da. Commit Annual Hepn: In progre.. INTERNATIONAL WATERWAYS COMMISSION and INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION See under Section V r. International Watars. etc. °*''''^]^n"v?.''^^ sTo'^^i^rit w'.•.'S.'^;!n'?•,5'£..^'s&•. "" "^ ■'""'""- "-^^ **^ *"^'"^ STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES. Publid«d annually. Wadilngton. D.C. In progn-M. '''''^^Z^^^^^^l^^£^..':i^^J-^^^;^"''''» p„^.. .^. 3„ ^_^ ,„ chaptar. "Strt.a». '''"'■^°Dfp^a?tl^..^'^;^is^^K Sie^lPproSS^" "' "" ^"^ " ^"'"^ = An.,.1 Ksporta of th. W., SS^rv M^pf, I 1 aW?f -^ ^ti. *'"«♦»»*?*• Brm to th, Pac&ic Ocaan. Mads undM the DlrwiUoi. .,r IM WM ito I^Snli i,1S'2;j:;;:r*w* 1° *•*• "' *^f«^ oiyamh 31, WSS, May 81, ISM, and Augu.t 5, 1B04. 4to, 13 vola., with topographieal maps, profiles, ■kstshss and plate*. Waahi^tloa, 1856-1861 ENGINErama INSTITUTE OF CANADA (form.rlyC.n«iU« Sodsty of ClvU EnginMr.). Con«,lt Tr,n^ •rtion. for special descriptions of stveral hydriMhetrie dsrslopmsnta. MontrealTlB progresa. BIBLIOGRAPHY J05 BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL ARCHIVES DEPARTMENT Con«,I. 4 , p ""^i-^oi^f?- --iKciAL OOVER.MEXT ^^::sL^'s::zi:zz •^:::z,r IRRIGATIO^__^^^d„ D.pjn„„t 0, Interior Uh.v.. .Uo »,.„„« to " W.ter-Pow., .od rrri,..io. " in Ch.p.« ^"''etTurV: vi^ri.? tc^lbk ° * ^'"-'"nr. bein. Bulletin No. 44. 8vo . 1 19 pp., illiu. Drpt. of Afri- "I^^S^^ sxiaf^te-r^^/^f^iix ?^.& »ar ^^ NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCE ^*^'°"^ BRITISH COLLMBIA GUIDE BOOKS for ye«, 1877-78 1807 1003 .nH loi, , „ '"'"" '^'^/o/7n?i,£ MKfl l« li-^ 11 t i < li i .' 606 COMMISSION OF CONSERV.A ' I U .\ in the Ana<«yffijrno/«for 1888Btpp. 79»nd83.re«nectlv«lv Pniirtk ..^ irw.i. u - o« MrvicM «o>l publication were alw rnkSr renoSTlSl ?:,-Jl V , f "'fLRrP""' "• ;««• ,'5"p«''l^.-^„«3-207"™''' •'^ ""«""■' "' "■• "■"■■ ^'"^^ OUver, Miniate, r' ^°''l~i'°r..'i°«°'»»8 '"''"■""'tion, conault alao the foUowint Under "flpn^riil ■'(»•,..■„., r . ti jk i. i V: Ha.U.t, Macdonaul' M^e"? Vlayn;, k^teSSSl fc"^' Jh'i&^^ tnder "Hiator,-," Section ^7l2,t^^^^^^ • GOVERNMENT AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PHYSICiU; CHARAC- TERISTICS OF VARIOUS WATERSHEDS *'"***^ (Consult also under 'Guides and Handbooks' above, and under 'Travel and Exploration' below.) l^^^^o'^^^^^^c:^^"^^^^^^ ""■"" ''""'"• "^'^' ""-'" "'"' "-"""'■ '^'^-'-- Mtion .Vofe-The nun.lM-r. in brackcU arc the pubUcation number, of th^ rcpo. , when iseu..d as «..pa,a-.«. iA Rtrmrt of Prograt, 1871-72 Journal and Report of Preliminary Eiplorations in British Columbia, by A. R C Solwyn • pp 1« -' ^ Tho/^«„"d"^.Snfn rcr^''t„^??re'j\''u''n.^^?a':^r" "™" '° '^"""""'-' "■»« ""^ '"' ^■°">' On the Coal ticlds of the Kuat Coaat of Vancouver Island, by J. RicLardwn ; pp. 73-100 89 101 1C8 Riport of Progrem, 1872-73 Coal Fielda of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islanda, by J. Richardaon ; pp. 32-05. 114 (115) Report o} progrest, 1873-74 Ou tJ.oloKical Eipl.jratiouo in British Columbia, by J. Richardson : pp. 94-102 Gcorgi;;;.'"""'"' '" '•'"'' ''*'^'" """^ *•*''"'>■ "' ^'■""'"'ver ialaad, an,l .mailer i.Iand. in Mrait 1 Report of Progreae, 1874-7.i Ou Kipl.iration. in Briti.h Columbia, by J. HirhnrdKjn ; pp. 71-83. ■<<>!*— J'"ii^ of n P""'t>al ciamination of Mvcrnl channel, and island. OB muml.nrf «™.. .-, i Rep^t of Progrett, 1875-76 Report on Eiploration in British Columbia, with .ketch-map of route, by A. R C Alwyn • op •>8 S- 1 1, 'Vote— Routj; followed wa. from QuMnel to Stuart lake tio Telegraph trail • thencelto M^rl, I lake and down Parsnip and Peace river, to mouth of Smoky river fteturn iia GU^ome nnr^ ■ and trawr river ; also dos H V 607 132 (133) »39 use 9S8 996 lu3i 123 Aep«r( o/ Pr^rwt, 1877-78 A«port 0/ Vrogrua, 1878-79 Report on the Queen Charlotte Inlands, by G \I Diwson- i<.,.l„„ n ,on lorcal map. and sketch., of harbour^ . Alai- Nm ^is/lTo and iTl "" ' "'"' "'° •""""""^ "**• 147 Ajport of Progrui, 1879-SO P^T^-i •if?'""" "-"^ "■'■■ -"> --n ' ""- -tet-tu^^^^^^^^^ """^J!;! S^tl^^i;^ J^^^'C^^-^'""" ^-' "' »"'"" ^■"'-"'i.. by C. M. D.,«„ ; .\uU -First printed in fanodi.ir. .Volurud.f, Vol. IX, \o. 9. 167 fitpoTt 0/ Progreiii, lS,S2-S.i-84 Annual liepoTt (New Series), Vol. I, ISS.', ^'y^V^^^^i^^^^^lrS'TAJ^r^^^^r^^ "' '^ Rocky ^t„untain. logiral TiiHi«, \i«.. 223 and 224. "iw^ori , .Vition H -IH!) pp., with two coloured geo- .\nn\Ml Report CVew Series), Vol. 11, 18811 "t^^^^XSSC^^^'^^^ ">•■ "-^V ^'™"'-'". by R. r=. McConnell: Seetion D_ .Vo<.--^.v,iu„ 1, i„ vicinity of CMmdi^.r. I'.icific railway n..„r ti.e .".Ut parallel. .4nnuof Rtpart (N'ew .Series). V(d. Ill, 18S7-S8 Report on :in Kxplnntion in the Yuk.in Diitrinl \" W T ..,. I > i- . vt l (Jolumbi;., by ^i. .\I. Uawson • Section B— ''77 nn «i.'h • ¥'■""■" Northern Portion of British in three sheet,, with V...AV^ok\ Indication..-' iC' V^'" iV"^ -" 57-''' ■^"- '^^*- ""' » '*'--"^'«» "»P "''X2^.'i^«c^'!f;:.r;,^^^"57?"j;s'^^j»'"- ''V A. Bow,;,a„ ; secti„„ c-49 pp.. with ^^ ^'" ^l^^'^l,;^, •i;^^"\t:^UJ'i^ ^"— •' '•'- »' Loc.,iti,., of Mineral, of Econotni. A'lr.ual Report (N'ew St-rics), Vol. IV, 188S-Suoi Report (New Seri«;, Vol. VII, 1894 ""■^tfiiiS-H^'" '" '"' '""•"""'" ^•»'' ^"-'^ ^y ^■- ^• Dawson : Section B-.27 pp., with Map. Mo.. """Xi.r.Xp'N-:^'';'.';^'"" "' "■- """'^^ •-'' O-'-- ""r,, by K. v.. McConneU ; Section C-40 pp., .Vo(e— rjewrihes the» two rivers in detail. Annual Report (New .Series), Vol. XI, 1898 .Ir.nuoJ K«por( (New .Series), Vol. XII. 189(1 Report on^the .Ulin Mining District, British Columbia, by .1. C. (iwinim : .Section 1,-48 pp.. ^ith m.p .Virte— Gives fall respectively of many of the creeks, ^'inuol Alport (New Series), Vol. XVI, 1904 Report on Graham Islan.l, B.C. by R. W Flls ■ .Section n a,- -.i. . .V„.--I„ this exploration p^articular'^-^t'te'nilr '^^^i-;!;; Zhl^^^::::^^:^ ^^^^^ «"' R-port o«^E.^pl..ration, i„ the Yukon -ml Adi^nt Northern Portion of British folumbia in ,887. with „- Basins. ,887-58. by R.G*Mcc"u„en. (TM.'uiw^.m''" "P'"™"""' ■" ">> V"kon and .vWkenri. 210 (212) 233 (235) (236) 358 (260) (263) (271) 292 (294) (295) 581 (373) (S74) 715 (703) 782 (743) 932 (940) 629 Preliminary Report on the Ros.Iand. B.C.. Mining Diatrict. 1906. by R. W. Brock ■ 40 pp PreI.m«ajj,^R^ejK3rt on a part of ti.e .Similkameen Dirtrict, B.C.. 1907. by Charles Cam.ell : 4, pp , witL „,.p The Telkwa River an.l Vicinity, B. C. 1907. by W. W.Uach ; 23 pp.. with map No 989 Preltnuna^^^Re^^rt^^™ ji P..i„^u ^ and MT^^"^"'^, included .„ Report on Coal Kie.d, of Manitoba. Saskatchewan. A.berL. and Ea:'t:;n BH^h ^^^X^o"^"^:^ M. DawK.n. (Reprinted from the CanSdilln PrmcSiir*y"ReporUor'^18% ."'ig':: 8vr2rpp''^ "" } ^ Ji f !| 608 C O M M I S S I U \ OF CONSERVATION 11 , Geological Record of the Roslcy Mountain Ro«ioii of C»n»dm, by Q. M. Dnwton. (Reprint«t from th BuUetiD ol the Geolocioal Society ot Amerioa, Vol JCII. pp. 87-«2, Febniuy 25, iRl). GUIDE BOOKS ISSUED BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Guide Book No. 8. Toronto to Victoria and return sta Canadian Pacific and Canadian NorUum lUUwava- Paru 1. 2 and 3. »m. 8»o. 386 pp.. map* and illua. Ottawa. 11>J3. nauwaya- GuideBook No. 9. Toronto to Victoria and return lia Canadian Pacific, Grand Trui : Pacific and Nationa TransconUnenUl Railwaya. iiu. 8vo, 164 pp., map* and illu*. OtUwa, 1913. "•"u" Guide Book No. 10. E:...ur -7' West K;c'.enay District— R. W. Brock Part A So 75- ji East Kootenay District — J. .McEvoy p„t A. pp! 87-l(K 717 Annual Rtport (New Series), Vol. XIII, 1900 Atlin District — J. C Gwillim p... a „„ eo. o West Kootenay District— R. W. Brock .■.'...'.'.' .i Part A ' dd 62- W Kwt Kootenay District — J. McEvoy VaxI A. pp 84- 91 762 Annual Asfwrl (New Series), Vol. XIV, 1901 Intrmatinnal Boundary, Geology of th< Region adjoining the — R. A. Daly Part A po .39- 51 Bo,mdar>- Creek piatrict-R^ W'. Brook Pgn A. pp! 51- 8« C.rowsnest Coal Field — W. W. Leach p^jt A. pp 69- 81 817 Annuof*fper((Newacriea),Vol. XV, 1902-3 Vancouver Island, Geology of the West Coast of — Arthur Webster Part A DD 54- 7f \ ancouver Island, Geologj- of the West Coast of— Ernest Haycock Part A. m. 76- 9i Boundary Cret k Dutnct, Preliminary Report on the — R. W. Brock Part A. dd 92-13! International Boundary, Geology of the Western Part of the— R. A. Daly Part A. pp.' t38-14( 886 Annual Report (New Series), Vol. XV, 1902-3 The Lardeau District— R.W. Brock Part AA. pp 42- 81 Peace River Country — J. .M. Macoun Part AA pp 81- Si On the Coal Basins in the Pocky Mountainl — D. B. Dowling Part AA no 83- 9l International Boundary, Geology of the — R. A. Daly Part Aa! pp! Sl-ICH 900 Annuol Report (New Series), Vol. XVI, 1904 Nicola Coal Basin— R. arately. The fallowing are the chief references in the Summary Reports to work performed in British Columbia : 947 Summary Rtport for the Calendar Year 1905 Northwestern British Columbia and Windy Ann District- R. G. McConnell no 26-3! Unuk River Mining Region— F. E. Wright dd 48. K Graham Island-R. W. T.ils T. SS' 53^ S^ Nsnaimo-Comoi Coal Field— H. S. Poole !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !pp!j S5- S! 959 Summarn Rtport for the Calendar Year 1906 New Westminster District and Texada Island, 8ur\-eys in — O. E. I«Roy dd 31-34 Telkwa Mining District— W. W. Leach . ' dd 35- 4i Similkameen District — Charles Camsell So 43 51 Rospland Mining Dutricl, Operations in the — B. W. Brock . m 56-6.' Surface Geology of British Columbia and th» Great Plains, etc. — R. Chalmera ..!!!!!!!!!!! !pp! 74- fc( Summary Rtport for the Calendar Year 1907 Powell River to Kingcome Inlet — J. A. Bancroft nn Id. II The Bulkley Valley— W. W. Leach o , I iSI 2' Camp Hedley— C. CamseU \ bo 24I 8 The Lardeau District— R. W. Brock ^' gj! 91 27- S3 52- 6J 62- 84 84- 95 39- 51 51- o6 54- 76 76- 92 92-138 42- 65 as- 74 74- 78 78- 80 80- 01 81-100 .pp. 31- 34 .pp. 3S- 42 .pp. 43 55 .pp. 56- ».'• .pp. 74- 8U BIHLfOORAPIIY 1072 mw«^It„oH for the Clend,, Year IMS U20 Summary Reporl for the Calendar Year 1909 l3»«i^t^LJ^ii.rt.^,,^...... &Pri^?^^;jr-^'i«niver-r.;rt.i„eeWe;;: 1170 Summary Kepor, f„r the Oulomlar Year 1910 60') 3V 40 41- 45 46- SO 51 52- 60 61- 64 ev 68 69 Atlin Di *trict, T'ortionn nf— .n r% n • Portlan.1 C.-.nal Ih" rTc-JT G V.r"'""" n Beavordell I)i»tri.^ Wp"t A,rk of Km,1 ' n" "' "'?-r''""''' Cam«;ii: ' ' ' Sjocan I)ijtrict~<). I;. [.crIIv '^ Rivor— L. Keiniokt ^ ' ' •pp. 61- AS . . pp. «9- 83 •pp. 84- 97 . PP 9H-102 p. 103 pp. lW-117 J. pp. 118-123 pp. 12,3-130 • PP^ 131-133 • p. 1.14 • pp. 135-138 il. Ciapp. ~...^»u i^i^tiici — ". r.. l,cRt)V »-. *n.iii|.(.|it' i'F.*ii-ll» Slocnn ami Deadwooil Diatri.'.t. -f .; PP. 120-122 Ice River District-John V ilia,; """'"■"""^'n'-e in-St,.art J. Schofield P- '2« •imarv «,n„r( for th.r.l™.,.. ,■-__..'' '. . . '. '. . / 11^ U?-]l*. PP. 27- SS pp. .W- 89 p. no pp. 01-101 PP- 102-109 p no PP- 111-119 pp. lSO-122 pp. 123-128 mt-Sum^rv Rrpor, for the Calendar Year 1911 Heporta from fleoloinrnl Divi-ion- I^3rtl„n.lV^:;^i'fS^,«^^'^^■^^Me^^^^^^ PP Upper .Skcna liivrr, hotween Hn.^!!; -MrConnell t.n CA S.. S:^^ ^^ ■ •.'""™r --. Ge^o.. Of, „.po., :_char,e. „.- "— ^I.n■nK Division.- YA^'^wlr^?."'?'.^'"!!'*" ■ pp. 135-144 41- 50 ■'«- 5« 56- 71 -;-9o 91-105 Frankiin^Mi^ing c";; ' ■'wJ.'.T"''-'- "-in'-ke.:." ;:". Nelaon Map-" rTa.'^^LX.^.^o'f-io" ' "P^Sf- ^- D'y-d-l' ■ ■ -^ Cowichan Sheet V-,n"n„v„- r 7 . ,. ' "hiPman Colu''^l»;i-l^:^2,^^^Z^nZ^-^S't^"'"' ••••■••'•■ ■ •' Sloean .Map-area-A. C. T Sheppard ^'•^'•«'"' 1305 S««m<.r„ff.;,„rtf„,,h^ Calendar Year 1912 ^lu ''°"'pf<>ioeinl Division ; M24 ,^ --i-129 pp. 1.10-1,32 . pp. 1. 1.1-1, 3S pp. 1.1fl-I.'i7 pp. I.i8-1«4 pp. lO.i-174 . pp. 17.V187 ..pp. 188-191 3RS .1fl« 3t>7 :)08 iirand Trunk Paeifie n.,ii»,... i.: ' ' v; . _ ' <-narje« jj. pp. 41. n,.- 1 T*^' ■ „ ' ^"'"'"KJ' o' rortion« of the Chnri^.. ii ' Groundhog Coal Field-O .S SlaHoeh '■'■'■ PP K^l^l^&yj^il^-tljwnitvof-^^^ :::::::::::::::;p?: L. Bowen. . . -^ "°" '-''*""' '° Vancouver. A Geological Reconiiiiance of ihe-lv PP' ThompMn River Valley be o„K.„l™. V.-,;: ;,' • ™ T " °' ""^^o™"" ■ pp. 108-114 ^ I1V150 .Geology-.:.;.:: PP'^'-'M .VV 63 0.3- 67 fi8 69-101 102-107 SS^™^^^fe-----:Oeo,og.ofthe^:^,^^":™^^^ p3SiS'fet'l"^^^^ LiUooet ^Iap-area-X m". Bate"" ^^"'"''-A. M. Batem.n'. l i ! i ! PP- 16.5-178 Yin- ''v*»^'*r<^» — A. Al. Bateman "avcman — pp. 188-210 • pp. 211-220 pp. 221-238 <10 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Report* from Topographical Diviiioo : Fart I : Lillooet Map^rea— W. E. tamon p. «H Winilermrre Niap-area — K. G. Chipnuin p. 4IS Teuda Iiland Map-area— D. A. NlohoU p. 433 Flatbaad Triaogulatioo, Britiah Columbia and Alberta — S. C. McLean p. 433 13S9 Summary Rtport for the Calendar Year 1913 Reportafrom G«oIogirRl Division : Rainy H.illow Mineral Area— R. O. McConnell pp. South-Ccntnil (inihiim Island — J. D. Mtu-Keniie pp. Hidden Croek Mine, Dbwrvntory Inlet, Heoent Development at the — R. G. McConnell pp. The Lime Belt, Ouadrii (South Vnldea) Iilnnd— D. D. Cairnea pp Britanniii Mine, Howe Snund — R. (i. McCunneli pp Sharp Poii.t Hot Hpring, Vancouver Isliind — C. H. Clapp pp. Duncnn Mup-itreii, Vancouver Island, Geology of a Portion of the — C. H. Clapp and H. C. Cooke ■ pp. 8ook« Hpeeial Man-area, Vancouver Island, Geology of the — H. C. Cooke pp. Kyuquot Sound, Vancouver Island, The Geology of the Alunite and Pyrophyllite Rocks of — Charles 11. Clapp ■■ PP. Similkameen District, Notes on Mining Developments in the, and on a Reported Occurrence of Oil at Kelownn — Charles Camsell pp. Roselaoil Mining Camp — Chns. W. Drysdalc p. Ueconnnisaanc in East Kootenay — Stuiirt .1. Schofield pp. Coal Areas in Flathead Valley— D. B. Dowling pp. Reports from Topographical Division — Part I : Fast Sooke an'i Flathead Coal Basin Map-areas — F. S. Falconer p. Bridge River Map-area — E. E. Frecland p. Windermere Map-area — A. G. Haultain p. Crowsnest Sheet, British Columbia and Alberta — A. C. T. Sheppard p. Sirailkam>.en District, Triangulation Work p. 30- 33 34- 54 65- 67 53- 75 7ft- 79 SO- as 84-105 lOft-IOft 109-130 127-12S 129 130-!3ft 130-141 334 335 335 335 330 33- 37 37- se 38- 41 41- 43 1503 Sumtnarv Report for the Calendar Year 1914 Reports from Geological Division :^ Graham Inland — J. D. MacKenzie pp. Ymir Mining Camp, West Kootenay — C. W. Drysdale pp. Ainsworth Mining Camp, and Reconnaissance in West Kootenay — Stuart J. Scho6eld pp. Flathead Special Map-area — J. D. MacKeniie pp. Reports from Topographical Division : Rainy Hollow Map-area— W. E. Lawson p. 148 Revelstoke Sheet anil Ainsworth Map-area — F. 8. Falconer p. 148 Flathead and Crowsnest Sheets, British Columbia and Alberta— A. C. T. Sheppard p. 147 1018 Summary Report for the Calendar Y'ear 1915 Reports from Geological Division : Atlin, Hydromagnesite Deposits of — G. A. Young pp. Telkwa Valley and Vicinity — .1. D. MacKeniie pp. Northern Interior of British Columbia, Exploration in the — C. Camsell pp. Bridge River Map-area— Highland Valley Copper Camp— Human Skeleton from Silt Bed near Savona— C. W. Dr>-sdale pp. Slocan Area and Grenville Mountain, Iron Industry — O, E. LeRoy pp. Kootenay District — Stuart J. Schofield pp. Kootenav Lake, District Fast of — M. F. Bancroft pp. Rocky Mountains, Alta. aad B.C., Notes on the Stratigraphy of the — L. U. Burlirg pp. Reports from Topographica'. Division : Revelstoke Sheet — F. S. ?alconer p. Pekisko Map-area, B.C. and Alberta — D. A. Nichols p. Zymocti River ReconnFissance--W. H. Boyd ^. 1884 Summary Report for the Cr-lendar Yeai 1916 Reports from Geologic?.! Division ; Anyox Map-area— C. W. Drysdale PP. Bridge River Map-area — C. W. Drysdale pp. Indej .Molybdenite Mine, Lillooet Mining Division — C. W. Drysdale pp. Slocan Area, .Ainsworth and Slocan Mining Divisions — C. W. Drysdale pp. Kootenav Tcrranes, General Notes on Stratigraphy and Correlation of — C. W. Drysdale pp. Upper Elk Vdley Coal Basin, Reconnaissance of — Bruce Rose pp. Reports from Topographical Division : Anyox Map-area — F. S. Falconer P- 335 Kananaskis-Elbow .Map-area, B.C. and Alberta— D. A. NichoU p. 335 Summarv Report for the Calendar Year 1917. (Consisting of Parts 'A' to 'F and last.') Note — The anjual Summary Report of theGeological Survey is now issued in parti, eaehdeeig- nated by a letter of the alphabet, which, in the case of the last part, is followed by the words "akd L.\ST." Part A contains the report of the Directing GeoU)gist, reviewing the work of the Geological Survey for the year and cont.iining lists of reports and maps published during the year, and is accom- panieu by a table of contents for all parts of the annual Summary Report. 60- 81 62- 6» 70- 75 75-92 92-93 93-94 94- 97 97-100 242 242 244 44- 43 46- 55 !i4- 56 56- 57 88- 63 63- 66 1719 (PartB) M 1721 (Parte) Reports from Geological Division : Haielton District, Economic Geology of the— J. J. O'Neill pp. 9B-12B Squamish and Lilbiet, Reconnaissance along the Pacific Great Eastern Railway rctween — e. Camsell pp. 12B-23B In'iinn River Copper Deposits. Vancouver !.lining DiHsion— 0. Camsell ^ pp. 23B-2.5B Diatomaceooa Eartii, Cby, .and M.igncsitc al.ing the Route of the Pacific Great Eastern Rail- wav. Note on the Occurrence of — C. Camsell pp. 25B-28B Slocan District, Investigations in the — M. F. Bancroft pp. 28B-41B Crowinest and Flathead Coal Area*— B. Roae pp. 28C-35C 1 r i i 39- 37 37- 38 38- 41 41- 43 US 14« 147 BO- «1 62- 6» 70- 75 7V 92 92- 93 93-94 94- 97 97-100 242 243 344 44- 43 45- 55 54- 5H 56- 57 88- 63 63- 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1003 1130 1131 1166 117J 1188 1304 1279 1306 123S 1293 125S 1303 All diiir'i;!^""'""''""™ ""^ Spirit I..v,l.i„, of V„eouv„ I.Urd, DC *'Tl23'a7}o""'"° '''""'"'" '■'""d. 11)12. by Cha,l« I,. CUpp db^^'ir^""""'""™ "d Spirit I..v,m„. of V.„.„..v., ,.,... „^ ,o„OK». 1909. by R. H. cUpniw, ; 31 pp., nr lOi/Tr? . '?r ' "»« «n'l lilandi b.t.,.,.„ .1.- «...;. .. Mtmoir ii-in ■-—■■• '-" m»P« .^o«. 1135 (1.-.. ;""B"c"l5ti:t;?. "i^^^,^^ 'r'-;|' '-,-- .H^ -strait ,f G.o,,i. .„d Q„.„ CH„.„... Sound ««,.,r«4_iV,.lin.in.ry Report on thr Vhv L.l'«h ^^L "' ' ''"'*• ' """P ^■»- '2« °85A) ^ ^"""'' .1i« .nd Jo'lSph Keel' rZ pp'. 4^ 'pU "aT,"" °' "" '^"'"" P'ovinee.. P.rt II 1914, by Ikiorick 1324 1344 1363 1370 lOiQ t. T^ ^ ;, >'•"»;. l.-a4 (73A.) . 1913. by D. D. Cairne. : 129 pp., 33 pi,.. 5 fi,. , 4 di.„. nu in 1-art III. 17 geological map., with itructuri - . ■ ---• • • — - >t,, iijit, oy iieinric ntoir^-' ™- ■" BHti.b Coin^bU, 1915, by O. B. Oo.in. : 349 pp 23 diag. r.^ T "• 7t;.:t--^ ?t - C^.00. Map.... 3.C.. 1915, by Stoa. . ^ j;! J:::' ^i; 3Hr''™'H?^''^^^- " •'-—"■- 3.7pp..25;...:e.. Tm^',fI^'■, iT-'A-i'.?' 'he Beavcrd.ll Map-area. Br ,0,. K.., .,, . ^ 1388 14S3 1455 1463 1039 1622 1651 1660 ;-t^^uar-"^-=:-. .oi5,by..i..e.; i.;;™::* ^-rZ/^-l'.^s'J te,.^g^7fsi;r ='^'" ^•^- '»-■ "V ^- n. MaoKen.ie ; 53 .p ' '""Nril^?l'??J,?',5S,'|'jJ?}i5'»»>i. B.C.. 19.6. by J. D. .MaoKen.ie , '"^rrSAJ-''"" •'''"'"« ^""P- BC . 1917. by C. W. Dry«l,le ; > 1 Pl.. 1 £(., 1 221 pp.. 16 pi.., 23 fig,., 2 map, Reqwcting and Drofile,. prtawarATri" foT^^^^ . -.-., »»uu,ora i- lending, 8vo: .adVo2le,.'S'ttiw.?it^:''""''=''''^""'*' ••''''•'''"•. "'4. by andford Fle,„i„g 8vo 286 n ei3 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Dttcriplim 0/ Hit Ctmnlry hrtwm lotf .Superior an 8vo, 1I + I43 pp. OUnwB. Ni.vi-ml»r, '8i9. rm.n«J Ht «l Survey Branch Report In thi, r^'peot thr^Vnuu: 1 RepX the ^iioi,t..r for lOlJ, lUi:) and 1914 are specially noteworthy. Sine {he outbreak of the wLr the ,i.e of the volun.e. h... been ,ub.tantlully reduced. VISISTER OF .W/.VSS J^VV0-.4I, «*;P^^^^^^ ^__ , ^^,. d.,cription. of mining .ctivitie.,fre.u.ntl a'li.m nf'th rr.-. r rive? dlT- t > th 'oVtn "ti ,n cm...l by th. ro .k-.U ie wh,..-h occurred Jur.u« the .iruetion of the Canadim Northern railway. nnvii r.ro;n\rHIC.\L SOCIETY. LONDON, ENGLAND; R0\ AL «C0 ■RATIUCA^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^__^ eo„tri.,utlon,to. this Society have been published m various form. > t t ,1m t?f^,.r,} n^nnriiDhenl S-icietu, London, 1831-80 — 50 void. -?£««^:^vii^-«o!h^Sr::i^t ^^JoS^ l^^'ti taining the longer papers.) OMffrapdicnl Journal from Vol. I. 1993. Half-yearly. In progre-.. jnrm- M OF THE ROYAL GEOORAPHICAL SOCIETY : Dough- r.ove'nor J.ames. B«porf of a Canoe Kxp«fit Colonic. Vol. XXVII. 1857. , 208-320. map. HrilisA VoriA > mniain Explorino Expedition under the Command ->/ Cn PaUi«.r Capt. John Proflr..^ o/^lfc« Bn'"'^^y^[l^ ,u"p?^iSee aUo • ProceSdiags' Royal Geographical Socic John i^aUtstT. ' , ■. *\C ,* tr i lYi » i*?*! VoL II PP^38and H^ulsoWL n^ P^12-J ^^^^^.^ To„n«/« and .Va,.« Populaiv Grant, Capt W a «"«"|o8.2,3; map (See aUo 'Proeeedings.' Vol. I. pp. 487-490.1 *fra,.r and Hamson «'«" .^^^^^^^j^^^-^^j^', J[:,^t. Ro„<.,/ro« ,».7„n«..on „/<*. Pr«.r .nd .-/am ''*'"BI«Vr"«'."■ASn^/WraTJ*a^dTa^^^ .vj/e. .*. Co»n«r, Beyond. a. far .,Foyn,, Vol. .\XXI. 181)1. pp. 224-236. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1M.I.. M.t.h« B. J,„^ i^ uu t^i.r 0/ ari,»H 6n -»«. Vol. XXXI. JMI. pp. I37.34J Vol. X\XI, IMl. Forb,., f %•<,<„ o,,,'p» ,„ W. iM-^. (*«,.Uu •ITocc.liai..' -V. u... ... s. Ml~5i«.- .^..o.^.;;^ of K. /-rwicpai Ouii FMU. p. 8<.l Wxlilington Brown. HolxTt Torr;,^r:."^-',f-;v O;"'"-/*/--.-..... Vol. ,V. ,859. pp. 73-70 S;. v"""- «""'*<^°"""l'a. V„1.VI..8,«. pp ,07..,, PP--0..8. UU MUton, \Mcount. and Dr rhciiili. A. r , PP- '"'■"'• S.».«r Ttrruory. s\o, 4;i,' iip., inup. l.outluti, l'i>4- ,\'otr -¥i>T ltrili-
  • i i s. ,• Ch i|>t< rx V, VI nn,l MI Stw F'tr West tin-i thi^ ttii F,ir t'.i.-,! ; >>einft So'et ,1/ a Tour in \oTth America, J(2i>an, Chtrta, Ceylon etc. Kvu. :Hli pp , Ml ipM :uitl (lliMtr:iti"ii«. t.(>n, CAI'T C K Tr.iteh in Br,li,K ColunMa, uilh the Surralue of a Yacht Vouaee rgur.s Vanroarer Ixland Svo. 307 pp Lofiilull. IHti^. nnOWX. HOIlKliT. Vinconter Ittmd. Exploration. ;«•;.;. I'rintiil hy uuthorily of the CovfrniiH nl. Svo W pp Victoria, VI. Bi:RKAf OK PROVINCIAL INKOItMA I'lON'. .S.m- roforencc '.o pul.lic.ti,.n. in Seiti.n II aljovr. nUltPl:i:, l,AWIti:\Ci: .1. .\mnn!ithr<',n,vlian Upt. 8vo, SM pp . niiij)" .iii.l illun. N, • York anil Toronto I'l; 1 .Vu.'f — Ini'lii !''.4(t'iol illintr uioii.-* of Knip«ror KiiU», (Ir.iiiil lorkrivir; anilTwin lulls, \ ohu vail, > The Wttil S irih Land : bein'j the Story oj a Winter Journey, vttK Pou$, acrott .S'ortt.en BUTI.En. CAI'T. W. I Sortt, .Im^riivi 'i .lm«riivi. Hvii. ;i.',N pp., with a roiiti' rii:in ;iri.l pUtiK ViK— I'or Ilrituli Coliuoliiii >ii- Cli:ij)tir« \\ to .\XV1I l.un
  • ^1. COLKMAN, A l>. The Can fli in Rockiet. .Wew and Oil Trailt. Svo, 37'J pp., map and illm. London, I'Jll, COX, IID.SS. Set undff ' Hiatorir il Work«,' in •uction V. The Queen'i tlii;hieay from Ocean to Ocean. CUMni:RI.\\0, STl'AUT 1SS7. Svo, 4111 pp., maps and platrfl. I.omli'n, Voyagej, Travels and ,1ifi^?if(,fM EMEIt-SON, .lOlIN, of Wolninnhnm. Britith Columbia and Vancouter laland. .Sm. Svo, I.'»4 pp. Durham (England), ISCo. FLEMINO, SANDFOHI). England and Canada : a .Sumnur Tour between Old and Sew Weetmintter, mil* lliatorual i\'otei. Svo, 449 pp., map. Montreal, 1SS4. FOOTNEB, IIUI.ni;ilT Seio Rivera of the Xorth. Svo, 281 pp., photographs. New York, 1912. .Vo(« — Desrribes I'pper Eraser and Peace rivers and the falls on Hay river. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, EXPLOR.\TION.i BY. See under 'Topogrnphy,' srrtion III. GORDON, D. M. Mountain and Prairie, a Journey from Victoria to ^Vinnipeg, tia Peace Rijer Pose. Svo, 310 pp., maps and plates. London, 18HU. GRANT, RF,.'. GEO. M. (of Halifax, N.S.). Ocean to Ocean. Handford Fleminn't Expedition tkrougk Canada in IS7t. Svo, .171 pp , illus. London, 187.1. .Vo/«— For British (Columbia soc Chap. IX to end. GREEN, WILLIAM S. Among the .Selkirk Glaciers, being an Account of a Rough .Surrey in the Rocky Afountain Rcg^.mt of British Columbia. Svo, 251 pp., map and illus. London and New Y'ork, 1890. HA WORTH, PAUL LF;LAND. On the lleadKateri of Peace Riter: a Narratite of a Thousand-mile Canoe Tri; to a tittle-known Range of the Canadian Rockies. Svo, 295 pp., illus. New York, 1917. HORETZKY, CHARLES. Camida on the Pacific : being an .^cro^nt of a Journey from Edmcmton to the Pact.fc by the Peace Rirer Vailey : and of a Winter Voyage along the Western Coast of the Dominion : vtth Remar;-..' on the Physical Features of the Pacific Railicay Route and Satices of the Indian Tribes of British Columbia. .Siu. Svo, 244 pp., map and plan. Montreal. 1874. JENNINGS, W. T. On Routes to the Yukon. Svo, 2S pp. OtUwa, IS98. JOHNSON, R. BYRON. Very f.ir West Indeed : a Few Rough Exptriences on the \orth-West Pacific Coast. Sm. Svo, 280 pp. London, 1872. Svo, 303 pp. KE.NM;DY, CAPT. W R. SparUng Adtenlures in the Pacific, vl.ilst in Command of the • Reindeer.' illus. London, 1876. \ote — Pages 188-207 relate to British Columbia and Vancouver Island. KING, MAJOR W. ROSS The Sportsman and Saturalist in Canada, or Sole on the Xational History of the Game, Game Birds, and Fish of that Country. Sm. 4ta, 334 pp., lUus. London, 186G. LEES, J. A , and CLUTTERBfCK. W. J. B C. 1SS7: a Ramble in British Columbia. Svo. 337 pp., map and illn. London and New York, 138S. LORD, JOHN KEA.ST. Xaiuralist in Vanconrtr Island und British Columbia. Svo, 2 vols.; Vol. I, 358 pp.; Vol H, 375 pp.; illus. London, 1866. • .4t Home in the Wilderness : What to do there and how to do ii. Post Svo, 323 pp., illus. Lon Ion. 1867. Note -3rd cd., 1576. CTijinai edition by 'The W.-,adcrcr.' MiDONALD, ARCHIBALD. Sec under 'Historical Works,' in section V. MiNAUGHTON, MARGARET. Overland to Cariboo: an Eeentful Journey of Canadian Pionurs to the Gold Fields of British Columbia in tSSt. Sm. Svo. 176 pp. Toronto, 1896. BIBLIOCRAPH Y (.I"; MACKF.NZIK, AI-KXANDKIl. *■« unlfr 'lll«t.ifio»l Work*' In Mctioo V, MAYNK, U. f. *e iiojer 'IIi9t..riral W.,rki' in •mion V. MILTOV, \ HCDIVr, .ml C1II;aI)I.I:. W. II. S,!. un.l.T •Ili.Uukal Works' in ..rlion V. MOIIKIII.Y. WAr.rr.lt. n. «»rt. ,m^ ft,„r, ../ OrxU.K Calu.:. »vo, lel pp., map. I.on,l„n. 1 W,. 0(JII.V1^^ WII.I.IAM Eurlu />.1K« »i Ihi VuUi ani llii Sluru o/ .(• a, l'Wpp,-niP»n.lillm. New Yi>rk an i-^'U'lun, 1903. PALI,I.SI.H. ( AIT. .lOIIV P,.p.r. «.(.u.„ (,.((,, Bip^„„„„ bu C.tptun PilU-tr „/(*.,/ l-ortinn ../ H',l„h S«'th Zr^l i2,l ,"'' ?»;',.' ""l,' ^'"'*". "•"""•'"" I'r. ""-nt.,! t„ t.„lh l|.,u~, „f I'rirl, .n,..„t by ,:.,„um,„i ..f ller .\ry,«y. Jun.>. ISftO P..I11., «i4 pp . niiip«. I.nn.lon, ISV.i • iTTT /"!['"!' ''"P"' «''■'"" ('('.' f.ip'T.ilioFi kv '»« F.tp'dtti.m uiler r,ipl,„„ I;M\u, „l thnl p,.n„m <./ ;»-,'■. ,10 ,'"'"■"■'; L'V'^ 'TJ ^L".'7, "" ■^'"•'*"-" «'•'•'"■* "/<*« Itli'T SHAaUlifuan an I the tr.^l.frvf Iht t. ■,Ut,f,lal,.: ,in./ '■'Ir'in Ikl HM «if« ,in,l tKt Kocku l/.iu-i<,Mn., wl thtn. ' to IA< I'icfic IMia„ I'w. Tsi'l4)"» ll'"i«» "' 1'iirlu.rnent by conim:.u«'«''"' ft'P'irC. an'l OV.frr,«,on« R»ti(ir( (,> M» A>p(,,ra/...n ky Cip*,!,.! /•„l/,.,r 0/ (Vil / ..r(,„n y flnji.j .\,«1A ,lm«ri,„, „(„V/.. in ti /,n,tfi/u,fe. Murtn |/|i Wt.,Urn Sliiirg of Lake ytpf'nr ■Ind (»« /'(K-l/lc ae.t-i. /)arm,7 M« Yrnr, /,<;,•, /'' ,«'.'"■ '" U" Urkrtna Sra. 8vo, .'015 pp., inupi London iind .N«w York, l»W« .\ n<» — Mtikini! and Li ir I rivirj arc r.firrfil to. POOLF, FRA VCL'4. .S«« un ler ' Historical Works' in wition V. nosa, ALKXA.N'DKII Sfo undir ' lli.toricnl Worka' in wclion V. ROYAL (1I-:0;:RAPHICAL SOCIKTY. .S.-e unl. r Topoiraphy,' wction IIL 8T. JOH\ MOLYNFtJX. Tft. .SV, .,/ W.mnlain./ an ^--foun' 0/ t-,r,l Ou/ferm', Tour Ikrouok 8rU,>k Clumfcia in 1878. 8vo. 2 voU.; Vol I, .12.i pp ; \oL2. MOpp. Lomlon, 18->7. 8ETO.N-KARR, H. W. Btar Hunting in tkt Wkilt .Mountain!, or AUuka and Hr^litk Columbia Rtniittd. 8vo, 156 pp., map and dim. Loudon, 18!>1. ' 8I.MP80.V, .SIR nEOROK. S..-e under ' Hiitorical Works' in «<-ction V. SOUTHESK, EARL OF. .Saakatckewan nwl Ikt Rorku Uuunhltm, a Ditry and Snrratirr of Tmrrl .Sport ami ttnturr, Uurina a Journty tkrmigktkt Hwl'on') Bai/ Company'iferriloriet in 1859 and tSKll. 8vo, 448 pp.. .Ad- with two folding maps and other illunrationa. Kjinburgh, "ls7.i SPROAT. OILBERT MALCOLM. .Scnt$ and .•Huditi 0/ .Somi;. Lifr. 8vo. 317 n„ couvcr lahnd. London, ISflS. STUTFIRLD, UVr.H I f.. and rOLLIR. .». NORMAN'. 343 pp., m.ap!i an., ilins. London, lftO;i. tsnii. 8v view of Sproot Inki , Van- Climhannd Exploration \n the Canadian Roekits. 8vo, 8YM0N.«. LIF.l -r. -THOMAS W R'Po'l '.' "" Fxnm-,ation of Ik' Vpprr Columbia R,».r and Ike Trrritary in licimty tn September and Oeloher tSSI In DeL-mint .(. .S'lfKi'ihaHy, and .t,l^pl,^a,ly lo .•cor„y of the Route, an.t Ike Comlrucltan of Ike Searly I omplrtel (Jrand Trunk P,u>fie Railway from the Allnnt.c to the facific, tilth 'omeof the tiardthxpe ami Stirriny .4d«n(urea of itl Corulruclon in Unexplored Country. 8vo. 34U DD raap and itlus. Toronto, 1912. « . -»v ^.y.. 4to, 182 pp , lap and illua. Toronto, 191 TOLMIF, WILLIAM FR.\SEIt. Canadian Paeifie Railway Routes. Victoria, 1877. TURNER-TURNER, J. Three Yean' Hunting and Trapping in America and Ike Great Sortk-Weit map, iltuB. Life in the Backieoodt.from Original Photographt. \k book of photOKraplia.] WADDI.NOTON, .\I.FRF.n. Sketch of the Propoied Lin« of Overland Railway through British Sorth .\meTita. Second edition, with corrections. 8vo, 29 pp. Ottawa, 1871. WIIEELKR A. O The Selkirk Range. British Cohimbia. 8vo ; Vol. 1, 459 pp., illua; Vol. II, mniM, diagram, and plates. Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 1903. • i . "— • »'■'■ »"" WHVMl'ER FRl-.nERICK. Trar.el and .Xlenlure in the Territory of .\Ui.ko.formeriy Rwisian .\r,,eTica--r,mv ceded to the i nUel 61a(M— ond in J'ariuus Other Parts of the .\orlh Pacific. 8vo, 331 pi> , mans. vi.-w8 etc London, l.'it)8. r . 1 . WILCOX WALTER DWir.lIT. The Rockies of Canada. A revise,! an 1 onlar,e.l edition of Camping in Ih. Can- adian Rockie.i. [London, 1890.1 Lite. 8vo, 3lW pp. New York and London, 1909. rUKO.S- TERRITORY. THE 'The Narrative of W. H. Dall, I.ea.ler of the Eipedition to Alaska in 186(1-1868. 1 he Narrative of an Exploration made in 1.887 in the Yukon District by fleorie .M Dawson 11 H FOB Eitnets from the !(op.jrt ,^f -n Elplciralien nia.de in lS9fi.|Sn7 hv Wm O^iSvi- h I « FRO « intr^ durtion by F. .Mortimer Trimmer, F^R.Ci.S., with map of the territory, fifty woodcuU and twenty-two full-page illustrations. 8vo, 438 pp. London, 1898. •Theae are Imperial blue books relating to Canada ; see also in Section V. ft ■ • I ! f! (>U, COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION V -HISTORIES AND WORKS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST h'.cludin.c; Xorth-Wost Coast Voyages, Hudson's Bay Company Affairs, International Waters, Boundaries, Treaties.* (a) GESERAL BANCHOi'T. iiriu:i{T iiowR. iii^i'TiiKfitriiuh cumhia, irm-tsar. Svte — C«int;uDa Hibliogrrtphy anil Lists of Authoritit-a. Svo. 2 vols. IS lei. - IliHtoTif of the Sorth-Wr.^t ('oast of America. 7fig pp. Sau rranciaco. ISSl. Hisl.iry of flreotn. Svo, 2 vols.: Vol. I, 1834-184S, : FfMncisco, ISSti nnJ 1S8S. llUtory of Wa^hinaton, Idnhfi, and Montana, lS4S-tfiS0 BEGG. ALKX.Wni'.K. mnp ami illus. Uiftary of British Columbia from its Earliest Piscorery to the Present Time. Tor.into, 1894. Svo, 792 pp., ni.ip. San Francisco, ISfi'l Vol. I, 1343-1800. 73.1 pp.; Vol. 11, 1800- S9 pp.; Vol. II, 1848-1888, 808 pp.'S.n Svo, 830 pp. San Francisro, 1S90. Svo, 508 |.p . BEGG. AI.rXAN'DER (not the 8.im.> ns author of B C. History]. History of the Sorth-Wesl. Svo. in 3 vols.: V.i I, .il.'>-|-xlvii pp.; Vol. II, 420+icvi pp.; Vol. III. 492-f-Mvii pp. Toronto, 1894-1895. BRYCE, HEV. GEORGE. Uackemie. Selkirk. Simpson; in The Makers of Canada. Svo, 305 pp. Toronto, 1905 CANADA ASD ITS PROVINCES, a History of the Canadian People and Their Institutions by One llundreii Assoei.ih< General Editors: Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty. Vol. 21, Pacific ProMncc, 346 pp.; Vol. JJ Pacific Province, 060 pp. iVote— Consult alio ia Vol. 3, 'Boundary Disputes and Treaties,' by J.imes White, pp. 751-958. COATS, R. H., and GOSNEI.L, R. E. .Sir James Douolas; in The Makers of Canada. Svo, 369 pp. Toronto, 10^s COUES, ELLIOTT. -New Light on the Early History of the Greater North-west." The Manuscript Journals nf Alexander Henry, Fur Trader of the Northuiest Company, and of David Thompson, Official OeograpKer and Ki- ptorer of the same Company, 1 799-tSH. Exptoration and Adventure among the Indians on the Red, .Saskateheirnn , Missouri and Columhia Rivera. Svo, 3 vols.: Vol. I, xxviii-i-446 pp., portrait : Vol. II. 447-916 dd • Vol III, Index, 917-1,027 pp., map*. New York, 1807. COX, ROSS. The Columbia River ; or Sctntt and Advmturee during a Rendenee of Six Years on the Western Side o/ the Rocky Mountains among Various Tribes of Indians Hitherto Unknoum ; Together mth a Journey across the American Continent. In two vols.: Vol. I, 333 pp.; Vol. II, 350 pp. Svo. London, 1S32. HAZLITT, WILLIAM CAREW. Brilisli Columbia atui Vaneouttr Island : eompriting a Historical Sketch of the Brilitk Seltltmmts in the North-West Coast of America ; and a Survey of the Pkyeical Character, CapabUiltet Ctimalt, Topography, Natural History, Ototagy and BUmoloty of that Reigion. Sm. 8vo, 247 pp., map. London. 1858. ILLUSTRATED BRITISH COLUMBIA. Pamphlet reprinted from Tkt W$H Short and eompriaini pages 267- 306. 4to. Contains numeroui early views. Victoria, 1884. -- ■-- > BXRR, J. B. BiograpMcal Dictionary of Well Known Britieh CoIvmMans, uith a Hilorical SkeUh. Vanoouver, 1890. Svo, 326 pp. MeCAIN, CHARLES W. Hittory of th* SS. • Boanr.' I2ma, 99 pp., illo*. Vaneouver, 1894. McCONNELL, W. J. Early Hittory of liahe. Svo, 420 pp., Caldwell, Idaho, 1913. MACDONALD, DUNCAN GEORGE FORBES British Columbia and Yanamter Island : comprisint a Desi-rip- turn of then Dtpmdmcies, their Physical Character, ClimaU, CapabiliHet. Population, Trade, Natural History, Otology, Ethnology, Odd Fields and Future ProipeeU, alto an Account of the Manntrt and Ciutoma oftht A'iUim /natans. Svo, S24 pp., map. London, 1862, McDonald, Archibald. Peace River, a Carat Voyagt from Hudton't Bay to tht Pacific bylhtlaU Sir Oeoras Simpton in ISIS ; Journal of the latt Chief Factor, Archibald McDonald. Edited, with note*, by Malcolm MeLeod. Svo, 119 pp., map. Ottewa, 1872. MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER. Voyagu from Montreal on l*« Rt'rtr SI. Lawrtnci through tht Conlintnt of Norih America to tht Frtttn and Pacific Octant ; In the Ytart 1789 and t79i. With a Prtliminary Account of the Ritt, Pregrttt and PrtmUStalt of tht Fur Tradt of that Country. 4to, 412pp.,mapsandillua. London, I'jOl Nott — For British Columbia see 'Journal of a Second Voyage,' Chapters III to XIII. MACFIE, MATTHEW. Vaneouttr Island and Britith Columbia : thtir Hittory, Rttourctt and Protptctt. Svo, 574 pp., maps and plates. London, 1S6S. MA.utt» rtcitt dt tavofsi, Itttrit tt rapports tnAtifs rtlotif^ nu Nord-Outtt Canaditn. Publiit ante unt Btmint Hittorupst et dot /tnnstations. 2 vols., sm. 4to : Vol 1, 154-1-413 pp. and map ; Vol. 11, 499 pp. Quebec, 1S89, 1890. A'ofs— Vol. I contsina ' Mr. Simon Fraser, Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific CoaM, 1808.' MAYNE, COMMANDER R. C, R.N., F.R.O.S. Four Ytart in British Columbia and Vancouver Iiland ; an X«.>t.n< of thtir Fortttt, Rittri, CoatU, Gold Fitldt, and Rttourctt for Coloniiation. Svo, 468 pp., map and illui. London, 1862. MEANY, EDMOND S. fftitarv of tht Slatt of Wathinglon. Svo, 406 pp., map* and illus. New York, 1909. MILTON. VISCOUNT, and CHEADLE, W. B. Tht North-WttI Pattagt by Land : Being tht Narralitt of an Et- ptduiontrmn tht Atlantic to tht Paeifie, ur^dtrtaken mth the tiew of Exploring a Routt - - -■ BriHth Columbia through Britith Ttrritory by ant of tht Norlhtm Patttt in tht Rocky Mo illus. London, 1865. aerott tht Continert tt Mountaint. Svo, 394 pp.. * In this section are given only the chief works in which reference it mad* to British Columbia. BlbIiofT»pbi»« niating more generally to the Paoia* Coast, to the Search for a North-Weet Pasaag* and to the operations of ihs Hudaon s Bay Company will be found In the following works, to which fuller reference is made in this section : Ban- eroft— Histories ; Morfee — History: Canada and Its Province* ; Burpee— Search for the Weetem Sea ; SoholefieM— British Columbia from the Earliest Times to th* Preanit ; 'TyrreU— David Thompaon'a Narrative : also, Smith- Check Uat r« Padlto Northweit ; Judion— Subject Index r* Padfio Northweat and Alaska. n BIBLIOGRAPHY 617 Wxn!i,iin''a}^^:,l^ ^'" //■'(o-'V 0/ (A. .V'yrthm Inimar of BnH,h ColumlM (fomtrly KtL I'jeOlolSSO. 8vo. J68 pp., map aud illu«. Turonlo, 1901. Cattdonia), NICOL.W, REV. C. C. r*. Oreaon Territory : a Gtograjthiral „n.l Phytical .Uamnl i,f l*a( Cou7iii2. ROni.\.S()N-, .NOEL, niazing the Trail through the KocHtt : tkt .'itory of WaUer .\fol>erly and Hit Shan in the Makxna of \ancourer, By Noil Robmaon and the Old Man lliui»<.l(. Svo, IIS pp., Uius. I'rinU 1 by .\eat-Ad- tertiser. i\ ancouver, n.d.] ROSS. ALEXANDER. Adtenluret of the Firtt Setlleri on the Ori/on or Columbia Hirer : betni a Sarratirt of tht Kxpedition fitted out by John Jacob Alitor, to Kstahliih the ' Pacific Fur Company' ; mtk an Account of Some Indian Inbtt on the Coaet of the Pacific. Svo, 3o2 pp., London 1,S49. — The Fur Hunteri of the Far West : a .SarrrOive of Adrenturt in tht Ortgm anil Rocky Mountain: Svo, 2 voU.: Vol. I, 333 pp.; VoL II, ;iti2 pp., frontispiece. London, 1855. SCHOLEFIELD, E. O. S. Britith Colombia from the Earlient Timet to tht PreterU. In 4 vols., 4to.: Vol. I. Historical, 0S8 pp.; Vol. II, Hutoncal, 727 pp.; Vol. Ill, Uiocrapbical, 1,189 pp.; Vol. IV. Biographical, 1,208 pp.; Illustrated. Vancouver, 1914. . • ■» » , t-f , -Vott— See ■ List of Authorities." SIMPSOX, SIR GEORGE. Narratirt of a Journty Round tht World during tht Ytart ISU and tSi». Svo, 2 Tols.: >ol. 1, 438 pp., map ; Vol. II, 469 pp., porlr dt and map of the author's route. London, 1847. Nof—¥oT British Columbia see Vol. I, Chapters III, IV, V. STEWART, ELIHU. Down tht Mackemit and Up Ikt Yukon in 1908. 8vo, 270 pp., map aod illua. Loadon, 1913. THOMPSO>f, DAVID. Consult itema under Coues and Tyrrell, in this section. XyRRELL, J. B. Damd Thompton't Narralin of Hit Eiploratumt in Wtttem Anurica, nSl-tStl. Published by the Champlau Society. Svo, zcvUi + 582 pp., map* and illus. Toronto, 1916. WADE, MARK S. Tht Tkampton Country, hting tlattt on tht Hittory of SouUum Britith Catumbia, and Pttrtieularbi of tht CUy of Kamloopt, formtrly Fort rAompton. Svo, 136 pp. Kamloopa, 1907. WALBRAN, CAPTAIM JOHN T. Britith Columbia Coat Namu. See above, under awstlon I. WALKEM, W. WYMOND, M.D. Sloriu of Sarty Britith CotumMa. Lrc. Svo. 287 pp.. iUui. Vancouwr. 1914. WIN80R, JUSTIN. NarraHm and Critical Hiltry at Jtmitva. L««. Svo, 8 Tola. Boston, 1884-1889. (») ■? WORKS RSLATlSa MORE PARTICULARLY TO N0RTH-WX3T COAST EXPLORATION BAILLAIRGE, G. F. CoMibtfrtm tht AOanHe to Iht Pacific and Antic Octant, Arctic Vtyacet. Voyatc* »f OiscMr* •1 S'Jf"^- "f^ ^S^ ?"*•»•,•"• •"• ^"^ AppendicM No. 23 and 23 to Aanukl B^mt of tha Miniitv of Public Work*, 1890. Svo, 371 pp. Nd* — Contain* ohronolodcal list of voyacea. BARRJNOTON. DAINES. MitetUaniu : hy tht H»n»»niti Daintt Barnkybm 4to.iT+»m + 587 (1) pp., 3 mapa and 4 table*. London, 1781. ,„'*!''»— 9°°*"?' PP- W»-iM: Jimmal af a nyat* mrrs. To iTphrt the coat of America, NarUuimrd of Cakfomia, by tht ttcond Pilot of tht Pitt, Don Franeitco Antonio ManrtUt, in Iho King't ScAmimt e«IM Iht Sowra, and commandsd ky 0m Juan Prandtco di la Bodtga. BROUQHTON, WILLIAM ROBERT. NoU—Tm the reaK>n axpreaed in footnote on p*c* 818, Brouihton, Vovof to Iho Iforik Pacific 0mm. U not lutad; but it 1* pertinent hers to record that the 'Log' of LieuUnant Brouchton, who in th« AraMd Tendar CAalkam.aooompanied Captain Vancouver with the i>ita>tsrv, waa obtained from the Publi* Record* Offloe, London,En«., by Mr. J^B. Tyrrell, and a eopy eommunicated to Mr. T. C. Elliott, who ha* Kproduoed the "Lofof H.M.8. Chatham"— aeeompanied by notea— in thaQwartsriv a/lto Orsora mMoriaU Socitty, VoL 18, No. 4, Deoambar, 1917, pacea 331-343, with mapa. BORPEE, LAWRENCE J. Tht Starch for tht WttttmSta: Ih* SItry of Iho Exriontion 0/ Norlh-Wttlom Amorioa. ' Svo, la -I- 651 pp., illus. and map. Toronto, [19081. COOK, JAMES, and KING, JAMES. A Voyact to Ih* Pacific Ocoan, Vndtrtakon Norihtm Himitphon , , . porformtd . , . in H.M. Shipt Iht 'Rttolution' 1778-1790. 4ta, 3 Tola, [mapa, charu and drawings.) London. 1784. DIXON, CAPT. GEORGE, yomi Round Iht World ; hut mart parUeularly to Iht Norlh-Wtd Coal of Ammca : ptrformtd in 17St-SS in As 'itiM OsofM" ond 'Quasn C*arto««,' Captains Por VoL II. 347 pp.; chart aad outa. FRANCH£RB. GABRIEL, lislolion d-vn < I SopUntrionaU, Am* to J ••Mf* A la CM d» Nord-Ount dt VAmtriquo i anniu 1810, It, 11,1$, 01 U. Par Q. Franehtr*, fila. Svo, 384 pp. Montreal, 1830. ■— — • NarraUMjfa r*in«flaijU Nortkmti* Coatlof Amirica in Iht Toon 1811, 1818. tSlS, and 1811, or M* first Aai*r<*m Mtlsmsnlsn |A« Paeortance, see pp. 472-478. MARCHAND, ETIENNE. Voyage Autour du Monde Pendant Let Ann/ea 1790. 1791, et 1799. Par Etiennt Mar- ehand ; PrecSde d'une introduction iiistorique ; Auquel on a Joint Dea Rtcherchea Sur let Terret Auatralet dt Drakt, et un Examen Critique du Voyage de Roggeween ; avec Cartes et Fifcurea : Par C. P. Claret ile Flfurieu, De I'lnstitut Niitioniil des Sciences et dea Arts, et du Bureau dea Longitudes. 4to, 4 vols. Pane, 1798-1800. An. VI— VIII. De I'Imprimerie de I.a Republique, An. VIII. English Exiition : A Voyage Round the World, Performed during the Years 1790, 1791, and 179t, Preceded ty a Hittorieal Introduction, and Illustrated by charts, etc. Translated from the French of C. P. Claret de Fleurieu. 8vo, 2 vols.:;iVol. I. 530 pp.; vol. II, 663 pp. + 105 pp. London, 1801. MEARES. COMMR. JOHN. Voyaget Madtin the Yeart 1788 and 1789 from China to the Sorth-Wcet Coatt of America. To which are prefixed : An Introductory Sarratire of a Voyage Performed in 1786, from Bengal, in the Ship *'Nootka*' ; Obaervationt on tht Probable Existence of a Korth-Weet Passage ; and Some Account of tht Trade Bttween tht North Wtat Coatt of America and China; and tht Latter Country and Great Britain, Roy. 4to, 372 pp. and appendices, portrait, plates and maps. London, 1790. MEANY. EDMOND S. Vancouter'a Dxacotery of Puget Sound. Portraitt and Biographiea of the Men Honoured in tht Naming of Geographic Ftaturet of Northwtttem Amtrica. Svo, 344 pp., maps and illus. New York acd London. 1907. NEWCOMBE, C. F. Tht Firtt Cireumnangation of Vancouttr laland. Being Memoir No. 1, Provincial Archivei Department. Svo. 69 pp., map. Victoria, 1914. PORTLOCK, CAPTAIN NATHANIEL. A Voyagt Round tht Word; but Mart Particularly to the North-Wett Coast of Amtrica : Ptrformtd in 1785, 1786, 1787 and 1788, in tht ' King George' and *Qu«en Charlotte,' Captains PorUock and Dixon. 4tu, 384 + xl pp., portrait, maps and plates. linden. 1789. SMITH, CHARLES W. Check-IAet of Bookt nnd PampMet* rtkUing to tht Hittory of the Pacific Nortkweat. 8vo. 101 pp. Olympia, Wash.. 1909. i 1 u ! ! (e) HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY AND NORTH-WEST COMPANY BRYCE, REV. DR. GEORGE. Tht RmarkahU Hittory of tkt Hudton't Bay Company, Including That of lk< FrtncS Tradtrt o/ Norih-Wttttm Canada and of tht North-Wttt, X.Y., and Aitor Fur Companiit. Svo, SOI pp., mapa and illua. London, 1000. FITZGERALD, JAMES EDWARD. An Examinalian of the Charter and Proceeding of Iht Hudton't Bay Companu. with Reference to the Grant of Vancourer't Island. Sm. Svo. 293 pp., map. London, 1S49. — Vaneourer's Island, the Hudson's Bay Company'and the GoTemment. Svo, 30 pp. London, 1848. Note — Reprinted from the Colonial Magatine for September, 1848. HARMON, DANIEL WILLIAMS, a Partner in the North-We«t Company. A Journal of Voyaget and Travels in the Interior of North America, between the 47th and S8th degrees of North Latitude, eztending from Mo'^trfol nearly to the Pacific Ocean, a distance of about 6,000 miles, including an account of the principal occurrenees, during a residence of nineteen years, in different parts of the country. To which are added, a concise descripfion of the face of the country, its inhabitants, their manners, customs, taws, religion, etc., and considerable specimens of the tiffo languages most extensieely spoken ,* together with an account of tht principal animalt to be found in the forests and prairiet of this extensiTt region. Illustrated by a map of the country. Svo, 432 pp. Andover, 1820. [Edited by Daniel Ilaslcet, who. apparently, took liberties with the original.) HUDSON'S fl.-tr COMPANY, REPORT FROM THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE ; together with the Pro- ceedings of the Committee, .Minutes of Evidence, Appjndix and Index. Ordered, by the House of Coinnmni. to bo printed, 31 July anl 11 .Auiiust, IS.i7. Folio, lviiH-547 pp., 2 maps (.\rrowsmith). London, 18.18. IMPERIAL BLUE BOOKS REL.ATINO TO CANADA. Many of these Blue Books contain important histnriral dati relating to the early days of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia ; to the openiticM of the Hudson's Bay and North-West companies ; to hr)undarics and treaties ; to legislation ; to discnvcriM of gold and to eiploration. Valuable maps are frequently included. The following are the chief of the» reports: Copies or Extracts of Correspondence Relatite to the Discovery of Gold in the Fraser'i River District, in British .Vort* .4mr, 8vo, 45 pp.. map,. Philadelphia. 1902. n» Alatlca Frenlier. 8vo, 108 pp., map«. Philadelphia, 1903. rOWAN\ OEOUnE n.^ Bn(.-,» CoJu-.M«', Claim upon mo.r, m«or,>aJ ond Polilical. on tht A-,r(*«-«( Coa,l of NoHh Amtrita and tU Adiaiml V^ T/iV • '?."'""if''u" ^"fj""' " . oiapa and iUoatrationa. Ottawa. ■ Xvpmdw So. *», to Roport 0/ Sunoyor-OoMral for the yaar 1901-03, pp. 84-SS, M Bnrray of a Part of Boundary Lin* batwMn Britiah Columbia and Yukon Territory. Dominion Smioitol Paper No. 3S. 8to, map* and illuatration*. Ottawa. TWI88, TRAVER8, D.C.L., F.R.S. TAe Ongan QuutioH ox awm u d, m reepec* «• Faclo and M* Low of Saliom. Sto . n-t-SSl pp. London, 1846. WHITE-FRASER, GEO. AppoHdix So. U lo Rtport «/ Suntyor-Omonl, for the year 1000-01, pp. 88-75, re Ijititwit Determination on the Boundary between the Province ol Britiah Columbia and the Yukon Territor>'. i>eimawii Stuiaiud Paper So. tS. 8vo, map and iUua. WHITE, JAMES. Sea above under Canada and iu Prowinca in iub-aection (a). i I i' - - i i ERRATA On page 10, line 38, for 'new fertile acres* read now fertile areas. On page 36, at end of footnote, add — Ninth Annttal Report, 1918, pp. 73 to 95. On page 94, line 14 et seq should read: The minister may or may not make an order, etc. On page 138, Mount Olie Plant, for 'Nakalliston' read NehaUiston. Spelling varies. In Gazetteer of British Columbia is given Nekalliston. On plate 21. In title to bottom illustration, for 'Coteau' read Couteau. On page 243, last paragraph, for 'Bear' river read Eowron river (its new- name). On plate 33. In title to upper illustration, for 'Zyometz' read Zymoetz. On page 608, Publication number of Summary Report for the Calendar Year 1907 is 1017. i r INDEX PACB AALTANHASH river 290 Abbotsford, pKcipitationat.. 493, 516, 522 temperature at 573 Abramson creek 220 Adams, C. R 306 Adams lake 43, 236 Adams river 236, 249, 262, 313, 318 Adams River Limiber Co 134, 144, 236, 318, 428 Admiralty charts of B.C. coast, list of 178 Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oreion or Columbia River 617 Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 604 Agassiz 229 precipitation at 494, 516, 522 temperature at 574 AcCTton 387 ^riculture, U. S. Dept. of 9 Am lake 297 Ain river 297 Aitken, G. G 182 Akamina, precipitation at 516, 522 Akolkolex river (Isaac creek). .224, 313, 319 Alaska 464 precipitation stations in 571, 573 Alasho-Canadian Frontier 619 Albemi 431,432 electrical installation at 145 precipitation at "iS, 516, 523 temiierature at 497, 574 Albemi townsite, precipitation ; 516, 523 Alberto .. 298 precipitotion at stotions in 521, 568 Aldridge creek 222 Alert hay, precipitation at 516, 523 Alexander creek 253 Alexander lake 43 Alice falls 265 Alkali lake, precipitotion at 516, 523 Alouette lake 320 precipitotion at 516, 524 Alouette river 232, 313, 316, 317 Alouette (North Lillooet) river 313, 321 Alouette (South Lillooet) river 313, 320 Alpine Club of Canada 614 Aljjs, high winds on 507 Altitudes in Canada 603 Alvaston, precipitotion at 516, 524 Amazon creek 266 Amazon falls 266 American creek 296 Among the Selkirk Glaciers 614 Anaconda, Mont., precipitation at. .570, 572 temperature at 586 Anacortes, Wash., precipitation at.. .571, 573 Anderson, Alexander Caulfield 605 Anderson creek 2 ! .S Anderson lake 43 Anderson ami Warden, Messrs, .308, 327, 372 fAGS Anglesey Estotes 134 Annis, precipitotion at 493, 516, 524 Ann lake 395 Anthony creek 295 Anyox 144 Apple river 286 Archives publications, Canadian 614 Arctic ocean 298 Armstrong 314 city power plant 134 electrical instoUation 144 precipitotion at 516, 524 Armstrong, J. F 82, 84 Arrowhead 17, 201, 445 Arrow lakes 17, 197, 315, 486 Arrow Lakes district 493 temperature of 497 Arrow Lakes watershed 202 Arrowpark (Mosquito) creek 223 Ashawato Power Co 213 Ashcroft 134, 144, 235 precipitotion at 516, 524 Ashcroft Water, Electric and Improve- ment Co 134, 144 Ashloo creek 283 Ashnola 423 AshnoU river 203, 204, 214, 31S Ash river 265 Aspen Grove, precipitotion at 516, 524 Astley, Mr., gauge records by. .446,449,450 Astley wharf 386 Athabaska, Alto., precipitotion at ... 521, 568 Athabaska pass 200 Athabaska river, Alto., 192 Athalmer 314, 317, 440 precipitotion at 516, 524 At Home in the Wilderness 614 Atlas of Canada 603 Atlin 296 precipitotion at 493, 516, 525 temperature at 497, 574 Atlin lake 43 Atnarko river 288 Atunatche river 300 Awashmaaki river 286 Ayansh, precipitation at 516, 525 Azure lake 43 BABIN'E lake 19, 41, 43. 278 precipitation at 516, 525 Babtne mountoins 192 Bahine river 277 BaillairR^, G. P 617 Baillie-Cirnliman, W. A 614 Baird, R. S. W 4 Baker, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 Baker creek 253 B.i!di, Thnm.T, Willing 619 Baldwin, G. C 465 Ballantyne, Robert M 605 Note — Unless otherwise stoted, municipalities, rivers, creeks, etc., listed in this Index are in' the Province of British Columbia. «22 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION < I ji PAGB Bancnift, Hubert Howe 616 B.-mfifM, precipitation I't 516, 525 Barkcrvillc 487, 51,1 precipitation at 493, 4%, 516, 525 tcmperaturR at 497, 575 Barkerville 'listrict 240 Bameby, \V. Henry 614 Barnes creek nS Barnbart Vale 313 B.irrett-Lennara, Capt. C. E 614 Barridrc river 250, 308, 313, 322, 408 development on 162, 235 Barrington, Daines 617 Batnun river 254 P.-. :es lake, precipitation at 516, 526 Bear creek (trib. Clearwater) 251 Bear creek. Jordan river, precipitation at 495 Bear Creek dam 155 Bear llunling in the White Mountains, or Alaska and British Columbia Revisited 615 Bear river 243, 256 Bear river (see Bedwell river) Bear river (see Bowron river) Beasley rapids 217 Beaton 315,371 B&'iton (Salmon) creek 224 Beaver creek (trib. Clearwater-Thomp- son) 251 (trih. Columbia) 217 (trib. .N'ico'a kike) 313 (trib. Oufsncl) 238 (trib. Salmon-Pend d'Oreille) 216 (trib. Stamp, V.I.) 265 Beaver river 226, 313, 323 Beaver river (see Hfilmes river) Beaver, survey vessel 177 Beaverlodye, Alta., precipitation at. .521, 56S Baivermoiiih 213, 323 Bedwell (Bear) river 265 Beijs, Alexander 616 Bchm cai.al 296 Belknap creek 313, 315, 395 Belknap lake 395 Bellakula 35, 180, 4S8 precipitation at 494, 516, 526 temperature at 497, 575 Bellaktda river 267, 273, 2SS Bellingham. Wash., precipitation at.. 571, 573 Bench marks on Vancouver islan Botanic creek 24S Boulder creek (Jones lake) .... 174, 313, ^2^ (trib. Bulklev) 2'),i (trib. Canoe) 22,= (trib. Horsethiof) 227 Boundary creek 216, 313, 328, 37fi Boundary Falls, niining development at 20= Boundarv waters, power sites fin 2.^ Roimdary Waters Treaty of 1910.. 28, 30, W- Bourf,eois de la Compagnie du \ord- Uuest 6Ifi Bow river, Alta 102 Bowron (Bear) river 245, 2?'i Bowser, Hon. W. J l.M Boyd, Wash 466, 47'i Bovd's ranch 2fi'i Brandt creek 282, 313, 315, ,W.= Branrlywine creek 283, 31,i Brash creek 31,' Brem river (Gardner canal) 2^^ Brentwood bay 1,' = Bridge creek (trib. Clearwater) 251 Bridge river (trib. Eraser) 236,239,252,313,329 precipitation at 516, 527 proposed diversion of 171 Bridge River Power Co 329 Brim river (Toba inlet) 291 Brisco, precipitation at 516, 527 Brisco range IW Bristo creek 247 Britannia, precipitation at 516, 527 Britannia Beach 1.34, 144 precipitation at 516, 527 Britannia creek 134, 157. 270, 282 l< '- INDEX «23 PAor ... 504 . . M(> 516, 5J(. '. ] 205 .. 222 to .. 61? . . 272 . . (.0? 7" . . 2(Ki .. 31.^ 2,?5, 24'' 313,.?26 . . 2?: 17 570, 57: .. M? 386,42 = .. 1711 516, 52(. 516, ,=i2(. .. 24S .113, ,^27 . . 2'M . . 22.= 227 , 32X, 37(. t at 20= i>. 8,30, 14> ord- . . 61(. . . 1IJ2 245, 2.'f. . . l.M 466,47'! . . 2ii'i 315, ,W.= 283,,^Ki .. 3I,< .. 2^^ . . l.< = . . 251 Britannia Mining and Smelting Co. 22.134,156,270 British Co'iimbia, area of 192 bibliography ri'latinR to history of . . . 602 climatic conditions of 195 early settlement of 48 Rcneral topngrai)hy of 192 information respecting pioneer work in 602 precipitation data for. . .493, 512, 516, 522 stream flow stations in 309 surveys and maps of 177 tempirature data for 497, 512, 573 water-powers of 4, 306 British Columbia and Vancouver Island 614,616 British Columbia's Claim upon the Dominion Government for Better Terms 619 British Columbia roast Names 603,617 British Columbia Copper Corporation . . 135 British Columbia Electric Railway Co 135, 144, ISO, 153, 154, 269, 273, 308. 348, 513 British Columbia Forest Mills Co 350 British Columbia from the Earliest Times to the Present 617 British Columbia Gatette 113 British Columbia Government, assist- ance of 2 British Columbia Pilot, The 603 British Columbia Provincial Archives Department 605 British Columbia Provincial Govern- ment Departments 60S British Columbia Sulphite Fibre Co. 140, 270 British CcUumbia Year Book, quoted .... 1 Broughton, William Robert 617 Brown, Robert 614 Brown Bear creek 295 Brown Beaver river 279 Brown river 261 Brutinel lake 175, 377 Bryce, Rev. Dr. George 618 Bugaboo creek 227, 313, 330 Bulkley caflon 276 Bulkley mountains 192, 276 Bulkley river 275, 276, 292, 313, 332, 333, 425 Bull, Dr. John Augustus 177 Bull river 222,313,331,386 Bull River Lumber Co 331 Bull River settlement 331 Buntzen lake 151, 282, 3. 313, i33 development 1 J-, 212, 492 precipitation at 494. 516. 527 Burbank. Wash 472 Burke. Idaho, precipitation at 571, 573 Burke channel 273 Burman river 265 Burpee, Lawrence J 614, 617 Burrard inlet 135, 150, 269, 282 Burrard Power Case 98, 320 Burton 313,445 Burton. Senator Theodore E 19 Burton Act. 1906 143 Bush river 213. 226 Bute inlet 271. 28S precipitation at 516, 527 PAGE Butler, Capt. W. F 614 Butte, Mont, precipitation at 570, 572 temperature at 586 Buttle lake 43,172 CACHE creek 225, 313 precipitation at 516, 527 CadwalUuler creek 236, 253 Cahilty creek 250, 313 Caliler, Alaska, precipitation at 571, 573 'California, irrigation in 14 California. Southern, ground-waters of. 9 Campbell, A. W 3 Campbell creek 219, 313 Campbell lake (lower) 334 Campbell river 38. 258. 259. 261. 308, 313, 334, 492 precipitation at 516, 528 prfjposeil development at 172 run-off of, at lake outlet 501 Campbell River Power Co 308, 334, 513 Cameron Lake outlet 388 precipitation at 516, 528 Canada and its Provinces 616 Canada, from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Arctic Oceans 617 Canada on the Pacific 614 Canada Year Book 603 Canadian Almanac and Miscellaneous Directory 603 Canadian Alpine Journal 614 Canadian Annual Review 603 Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir) 22,136,145,158,402,414 Canadian Northern Pacific Ry 349 Canadian Northern Ry 231, 397, 421 effect of rock slides on 21 Canadian Pacific Rv . . . 136, 178, 181, 193. 271, 308, 323, 445 exploratory survey, reports of 611 gauges of 446 hotel power plants 136 steamers of 201 Canadian Pacific Railway Routes 615 Canadian Rockies, New and Old Trails . . 614 Canadian Western Lumber Co., Ltd. 136, 144 Canalflat 17, 199, 386 precipitation at 516, 528 Candle creek 251 Canim lake 43 Canobie. precipitation at 516. 528 Canoe creek 313 Canoe river 193. 200. 213, 225 Caiion creek (trib. Columbia) 227 Caflon creek (trib. Skagit) 228 Caflon creek (trib. Skeena) 294 Caflon creek (trib. Toba) 271. 284 Caflon creek (see Carr creek) Cape Horn route 200 Cape Scott, precipitation at 495 temperature at 497, 578 Capilano creek 313, 335 precipitation at 516, 528 Carcross, Yukon, precipitation at . . .521, 569 Cariboo district 238, 308 maps of 210 mining streams of 239 Cariboo lake 239 M «M COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION 1 ! 11 H» PAGE Cariboo mountains 192, 193, 238 Cariboo road 229 Caribou creek 313 Carmanah Point 180 precipitation at 495, 516, 528 Cannanab river 264 Camni, precipitation at 516, 528 Cames creek 224 Carpenter creek 218, 313 Carp lake 35 Carr (Caflon) creek 293 Carson 315,375 Carson, P. A 306, 311 Carter river 290 Cascade 140 mining development at 205 Cascade creek 296 Cascade locks 471 Cascade mountains 192, 194, 486, 488, 489, 490 Cascade river, Wash 466 Cascade Water, Power and Light Co., Ltd 144 Case, J. Mon' on 4 Cassiar moimtuins 192, 196, 299, 300 Cassiar placer mines 279 Castle creek 256 Cartlegar 314, 343, 491, 498 Cathedral creek 138, 226 Catfish creek 244 Caulfield, precipitation at 516, 528 Cayuse creek 252, 313, 336 Cedar creek 140, 219, 283 Celista creek 249, 313 Central plateau 237 Certificate of approval, conditions of. . . 113 issue of (Tabular list of) 116 procedure to obtain 113 Challies, J. B 307 Chspman (Mission) creek 283 Charlie lake 43 Charlotte lake 273, 288 Chase 134. 144, 313, 428 Chase creek 249, 313 Chase riffle 428 Cheadle, W. B 615, 616 Cheakamus river 270, 283, 313, 337 Chehalis river 247, 313, 314, 338 Chemamus river 260, 313, 314, 339 ^erry creek 250, 314 Cheriy creek (see Mather creek) Cheslatta lake 43, 242, 256 Chewson creek 284 Chilako river 255 Chilako valley 242 Chilcotin 237, 487 precipitation at 493, 516, 529 temperature at 575 Chilcotin river 237, 253 Chilcotin valley and plateau 237 Chilko lake 43, 237 Chilko river 237, 253 Chilliwack 18, 229, 308, 314, 317, 358 predpiution at 494, 516, 529 temperature at 576 Chilliwack lake 233 Chilliwack river. . . 232, 233, 247, 314, 340, 491 run-off of 499 China, effect of absence of forests on . . . 6 PACK Chinlak rapids 255 Chinook cove, precipitation at !si6, 529 Chinook winds 195 Chittenden, Newton H ,', 614 Christina lake 43 precipitation at .${6, 529 Chuchi lake 43 Chuckwalla river .273, 288 Chute creek (see Lequille creek) Clark fork (see Pend-d'Oreille river) Claybum 144 Claybum Company, Ltd 144 Clayoquot 18O preapitation at 495, 516, 530 temperature at 497, 576 Clearbrook, Wash., prectpiUtion at . 571, 573 Clearwater creek 295 Clearwater lake 43 Clearwater river 193, 251, 314, 341 Clearwater river (Upper) 251 Clearwater Trail crossing 397 Climbs and Exptiration in the Canadian Rockies 615 Cline lake 241 CUnton, precipitation at !! 516, 530 Clisbako river 254 Clo-oose, precipitation at ! ! ! ! ! 5i6, 530 Clowhom river 283 Cluculzlake 43 Clutterbuck, W. J.. .'.',,', 614 Coal creek 144 Coalmont [314^ 442 Coal problem of Canada ..." ..." 149 Coast 0} British Columbia, The 603 Coast district, precipitation in 494 Coast mountains 192, 194, 233, 236, 237, 242, 2"67, ^ ^ 271, 274, 277, 486, 487, 488, 490, 505 Cobble Hill, precipitation at 516, 530 Coeur d'A14ne,Idaho, precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 Coffee creek 219 Coglistiko river ,, , 254 Cold Spring creek 228 Coldspring ranch, precipitation at! ! 516, 530 Coldwater creek 214 Coldwater river \ , jjs, 314 Coleman, Dr. A. P , , , 614 Collie, J. Norman 615 Collins ranch 326 Colorado, irrigation in ! ! ! ! ! 13, 14 Columbia Falls, Mont 466, 478 precipitation at S7o, 572 temperature at 586 Columbia lake 17, 43 Columbia river 32, 193, 198, 199. 200, 201,' 202, 314, 317, 323, 342, 343, 344, 345, 370, 429, 445, 446, 465, 466, 470. ^ 472,490,491,616 chief tributaries of 197 run-off of, at Castlegar 498 at Golden 345 at Revelstoke 344 at The Dalles 29, 470, 490,498, 501 at Trail 342 water-power of, in United States 37 watershed of 17,37 INDEX 62S FAOB Columbia River, yearly discharge of . . 476 Columbia River 616 Columbia river and tribuiaries. . 197, 209, 213 horse-power of 4 miscellaneous discharge measurements. 451 power-site tables of 213 stream-flow, index to published data. .111 topography of 197 Columbia River Lumber Co 136, 137, 345 Columbia River watershed, areas of . . . 197 lakes of 43 navigable watersof 17 Columbiasystera 192, 193, 195, 487 Colville, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 Commission of Conservation 1, 298, 306, 307, 451 reports of 603 Commissioner of Corporations, U. S. . . 40 Como, Mont., precipitation at 570, 572 Comox 258 Comox river (see Puntledge river) ConconuUy, Wash., precipitation at . 571, 573 temperature at 587 Conference of Governors 603 Cougar Uke 297 Congress, U.S., appropriation by, for stream gauging 464 Cmmel (Roaring) creek 252 Connell, Dr. W. T 25 Connor, A. J 509 Conservation Conference, North American 1 Conservation of water for navigation . . 16 Consolidated Laws of British Columbia 1888 68 ConsoUdated Ry. Co 150 Consolidated Statutes, 1877 64 Cook, Capt. James, R.N 177, 617 Cooney's diversion dam 440 Cooney's ranch 407 Cooper creek 219 Cooper's ferry 469 Copper City 275 Copper creek 214 Coquihalla 230 Coquihalla river. . . 232, 233, 248, 314, 347, 491 run-off of, near mouth 499 Coquitlam, precipitation at 494, 516, 530 Coquitlam-Buntzen development 151, 232, 269,282 Coquitlam lake 151, Pfi, 308, 314, 348 Coquitlam Lake dam, precipitation ^at 494, 516, 530 Coquitlam river 246, 314, 349 Cora Lynn falls 217 Corbould, B 4 Cordillera, Ncrth American 192 CordiUeran belt 301 Comwallis, Kinahan 605 Cornwall's ranch 314 Coronation, precipitation at 517,531 Cortez, predpitation at 517, 531 Cottonwood cafion (Fraser river) 18, 230, 246 Cottonwood creek (trib. Kootenay) — 219 Cottonwood river (trib. Fraser) 254 Coues, Elliott 616 Coupeville, Wash., precipitation at. .571, 573 PACB Co Entrance islanl _ ■"■' precipitation nt '*1", ■'" Equiv.ilentN, topvenient 5HH ErHckson .M4, .<67 Erie iTeek 2I'> Errata '>2« Essell creek ^U Essin^ton •'"? Esqiiinvilt an,l Nanaimo Ry VV), .?Xl, 411) Escivi'tnalt, precipitation at 4'>5, 520, Vid temperature at '**'> Esquimau Waterworks Co . 1 54 Estevan point, precipitation at 517, 5.Vi Euchiniko nver 254 Euchu Uke ■*•* Eutsuklake 44.242 Examination of the Charter am' P.oceed- injs of the Hudson's Bay Company 61S Exploration hy Capl. Palliser '«15 Exploration of Queen Charlotte Islands (>14 Exportation licenses 14 < Exportation of electricity H** FACTS and Figures Relalint to Van- couver Island and British Columbia. 67 Failures of power developments M> Fairmount Springs •*14 Fairview... 316, 40S precipitation at 517, 5?5 Fuiry rreek 221 Falconer, T '>!'' Falklaml 31.<,.M6 Falls cret.-k, (Granhv bay, Anyox) . ..Kit). 2')5 F.alls creek (tril). ToK-i) 2'<4 Falls river (irib. Ecstall). . .2')1 .'08, iU. .?5<_> propositi! ilevelopment at 175 Fawn creek 21') Fees clurins; operatinj; period. .... . ... 12H during survey construction periixl. 127 for office clerical work 1.5" under Water Act, 1 S'>7 122 under Water Act, ISKW 12.» Ferguson, Capt. (1. H i Ferguson, precipitation at 4')i, 517, 5.VS Ferguson creek 220 Fernie, city power plant 1'7 electrical installation of _ _ 144 precipitation at 517 5.?5 Field.. 379, 40') Fifteen-mile creek 216 Fifteen-mile Ranch, precipitation .at. 517, 535 Fifteen Years' Sport and Life in the Hunting Grounds of Western America and British Columbia. . . ._^ 614 Fifth Cabin, precipitation at 517, 535 Financial interests and power develop- ment 33 Findlay creek 223. 314, 357 Finkle, F. C, quoted 9 Finlay, John 301 Finlay nver 19, 35. i93. 298. 299, 300, 301, 305 Finlayson channel 290 First Circumnavitation of Vancouver Island 618 First East fork, Kootenay river 217 First South fork, Stikine river 296 1 ish river (mv In' onripplcux nver i . . . Fisluri'S and watir-iH)WiT 20 Fisherirs. Annu il Ki-ports of the ("om- missiotiiT ot 612 Fi--liini; indu^trv 30 Fish-uiays in the' Inland Waters of British Columbia ''•H Fishwavs, iicc'.-ssity for 21 Fissure', reek 22.^ FitZKeriM, J.ames Eilward . 617 Fitzstubbs creek 218 Five-mill' creek 'sei- Hayes creek) Rigstone 367 Flat crick (see Strip creek) Flathei I river, Mont 46(. North fork of 47.'* Flathead vallc-v, Mont 205 Fleinini;, Sir Sandford 614 Fletcher (Bjerkness) creek 138, 219 Fl<)es river 284 FordmK nver ■ 221 Forest Mills of British Columbia, I.td. . 137 Forest Services, Domiinou, Pnvinci.il. . 512 Forest Service. Unite.1 Slates 4H0 Forster iNo. 2,i creek 227,314 Forster falls 227 Fort Fraser ^ 316,403 Fort ("leorKC (see Prince Georfje; Fort ('.c..r;;e carton IS. 2.30 Fori .Nelson V'.MH Fort N'elsoti river 19, 304 Fitrt St. James, precipitation at 493, .S17, 536 temper.iture at _ . __ 577 Fort '^t. John, preciiiitation at 517, 5.?6 Fort Simpson 303 Fort S'.(vle (see Steele) Fort Steele Mining and Smelliiig ("o. 137 Fortier, Or. Samuel 12, 13, 14 Fortini', Mont., prtn'ipitation at 570, 572 Fortune (Davis) crc-ek 250, 314 Fortv-nine creek 225 Fostiiall cr.-ek 223 Fountain creek . 314 Ffnir-mile creek 215 Four-mile creek (see Silverton creek) Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island 616 France, w.iterways of 19 Frances (No. 3) creek 227 Franchfire, Oabricl 617 Franchises, capitalization of perpetual . 94 Francois Lake 18,44, 242 Frankhn river 264 Fra.ser, Simon 229 Fra-ser lake 18, 44, 241, 242, 243 Fraser Mills I'M Fraser plateau 192 Fraser river 5. 32, 174, 193, 196. 231, 243, 245, 246, 255, 256, 269, 299. 314, 358, 364, 365,366.491 fishing of 231 62S COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION rAci Ith ♦ il Vnter river f»u««'-.«'.u •( 308. 358 mat bend o| |pj Eifh water on . 343 practpitatioii in lower valley. . 496 ""■°? i?' •* ""** 364,498 at Ltllooet at Lytton tributarie* of, abo o "'^uence of Thomjjisnn river tributaries of, belon Thompion river. tributaries of lowe Fraicr river ap'< trit . ■ i horse-power c ■ . . miscellaneoua •'■■!■ r ments of. . power-site table. '1 stream flow of, im topographyoi... Fraser River cailon. Ptaser River delta. . temperature of.. , . Fraser River rush . . . Fraser River systp- . Fraser River wa ; i land in lakes of navigable waters of French Creek, precipi ion at 517, 366 365 252 "(I lence of 246 232 209,229,451 4 -MS'.,-e- 451 246 311 279 yia' \'..'.i ^ dAtSi i)6,488 193 230 43 18 J36 ill temperature at 407,577 Fruit growing 201 Fniitlands, precipitation at. . . ! !493,517, .S.16 temperature at 497^ 577 Fruit-raising, irrigation for ] . . ' 13 Fruit vale, precipitation at 517. 537 Fry river 219 314 Fuel Conference at Gal* '149 Puelless Mond.iy 149 Fuel problem of Canada 149 Fuller, George W ;;;;;; 24 Furry creek 282 Furtker Papers Relative to Exkoraiion by Capt. PaUistr 615 GAFFNEY (Smith) creek Galanskeast creek Galena Gallatin, Albert ............'.'..'. Gait fuel conference Gannett, Henry Gardner canal 274 289 Garry Point '.'....'... ' precipitation at ' Gas Inspection Act, 1873 GauRea, Government Catetteer of British Columbia Genesee creek \ Geographic Board of Canada '.'....... decisions of Geographical Journal Geological Society of America. . . . . . Geological Sun-ey of Canada ••■ ■•; I"8, 181, 302, 303, 604, e~p:---r;"t!:ot'.s by maps by ' reports of, referred to !!.!!!!]] Geological Survey, United States 3, 306, 309, 465, 471, 483, 484, 225 294 317 619 149 604 290 196 493 141 445 603 288 603 209 613 613 606 614 187 602 604 PAGI Geedogit ". Survey, U. S., records by. . . 464 reports by ^jt* Georgia, strait of ' ' ' ' i79,' 196, 283 t»ertnansen landing 302 Germany, waterways of 19 Gerrard A±t, aai Gilby, Miss E. I • • • . . *iO. 447 Gilley (Munro) creek ] '246, 314 Gillis Bay, precipitation at 517' 537 Giscorae portage ' 299 Give-out creek .'. . 219 Glacier, precipiution at. .... . [493, 517 537 temperature at 497 577 Glacier creek (see Snowcup creek) ' GUcier creek > trib. Kinbasket lake) ... 226 Glacier creek (trib. Portland ranal) . 296 Glacier creek (trib. Trout lake) 220 G}«de. 315, Hi, 383, m'.iif,. 425 Gladys lake 44 Glenora 19 'ilcnemma, precipitation at. . . ! . ^17 537 roal creek (trib. Canoe) ' 200 Goat creek (tnb. South fork Toba ri%-erj 285 Goat creek (tnb. Telkwa) 2'»3 Goat river (trib. Fraser) 244 Goat rivw (trib. Kootenay) . .' . . 220,' 3 14, 367 Gold creek , 221,314 367 Gold creek (see Kleanxa creek) Gold fields ' Gold Fields Act, 1859 Rules and Regulations under, 1859. ] Rules and Rq^lations under, 1860. . Rules and Regulations under, 1862. Rules and Regulations under, 1863 . . Gold Fields Act, 1863 . . 54 Gold Fields Act, 1 864 .'.*.'.'.'.'." 55 Gold Mining Ordinance, 186J5. . 56 1867 59 Gold river (trib. Columbia) .'.'.'." 226 Gold river (Vancouver island) . . 265 Golden. ... 17, 137. 144, 199. 314. 330. 345. 377 precipitation at 493, 517, 537 temijcrature .it 497 57^ Golden Light, Power and Water Co- 144 Gold stream 225 Coldstream lake, precipitation a.t. .. . . . „ ,, 495, si?. .';3S tioldstream power-house 1 54 Goldstrcam river 260 Goodell creek-, Wash . . . . 483 Goose Gra.ss creek \\ 225 Gordon, D. M [ ' [ ^14 Gorlon (Hi>l,icn) creek (trib.Coiilmbia) 225 Gordon river (Vancouver island) . . 263 Gore Capt 309,446 Gotthard mountain (in the Alps) . =;07 Graham reach igo, 267, 200 ^■^"^y- 216. .il4 uranby bay j gQ Granby Consolidated Mining. Smelting & Power Co., Anyo.r. ... 22, 137, 144, 160 Granby Mining, Smelting & Power Co., Grand Forks 1^7 Granbr (North fork Kettle) river ^ • 216, 314. 315, 368, 37.^ t>rand canon (Homathko river) 272 Grand caflon (Klinaklini river) 268, 272 Grand caflon (Liard river) ' 303 605 50 51 52 53 54 INDEX «2« PAOB Ofmnd eaflnn (Neehako rivtr) 242 Crand Porks. . . 144, 204, 36S, 375 electncal installation at 144 mining development at 205 precipitation at 493. 517, 538 Orand Forks, Idaho, predpiution at. . ^ •••• ; 571. JTI Grand Forks river 2i3, 245 2,s. Grand glacier of Selkirks. j23 Grand Prairie j|4 precipiution at .'.'.' .5 i 7, 538 Grand rapid (Fraser rivw) ig Grand rapid (Stikine riverj 19. 280. 296 Grand Trunk Pacific Ry. . . ..18, 19. 230. 242.243. 244, 275,' 276, 403 Granite creek ftrib. Four-mile) 218 Granite creek (trib. Tulameen) 214 Granite creek (trib. Zymoetz) 276, 292 Granite Falls, Wash., precipitation at. . _ :■•■•• 571,573 Granite rapids (Kootenay river) 217 Granite Falls creek 282 Grant, Re\-. Geo. M 614 Grant, Capt. W. C '..'.'. 612 Graveyard creek (see TahummingcrwA) Great Beaver lake 44 Great caflon (Stikine river). . ... 279, 296 Great Central lake 44, 264, 433 Great Lakes, pollution of ' 23 Great Northern Ry 430 Great Plains 504 Green lake ',',]', .'44.314, 369 Green m-er (trib. Lillooet) . 247, 314, 369, 387 Green. William S 614 Greenhow. Robert '.'..., 619 Greenstone creek [ 314 Greenwood .' ii;,' iii.jis, 328 precipitation at 517, 538 Greenwood City Water Works Co. . . 137. 144 GrenWUe channel 291 Griffin lake, precipiution at. .....'. !5i7, 539 Ground-waters 29 effect of 8 law respecting . ' j 1 Grover. N. C 454 Grunsky, H. W .'. .12, 84.' 85. 86 Ouicnon creek 315 Guide Book ., British Columbia '.'.'.'.'" 005 Guide to the Protince of British Columbia 505 Guineha 278 Gun creek . . . 253 Gun lake . . 25"l Gwillim creek 2I8 HALL, municipality of T\(, Hall, E. Hepple 605 Hall creek 220 Hamil: creek ' 2 10 Hamilton, Mont., precipit.-.tion at. . .570, 572 Hamilton river (see Hurle\ river) Hanbury. J. & Co 137 Ha:;ar.-ii;c '.......'. 237 Hancock I'Kawon) river 20" Handbook of Canada 603 Hansen iam 177 Harmon, Daniel Wiliianis. ..'..'.'..'..'.' M^ Harpers Camp, precipitation at. ... .517, 5j') PAGB Harpcn Ranch, pndpiution at 517, 539 Harnson lake 44, 232,315 Harrison Springs, precipitation at. . .517, 539 Hartley Bay, preapiution at 51 7, 539 Harvey creek 225 Haslam creek 315 Hat creek .',..." 315 Hat Creek, Mont., precipitation at. .570, 572 Hatchery (Nutarvis) creek 287 Hatiic, precipiution at 517, 539 Haugan, Mont., precipiution at 570, 572 Hawaiian islands 454 Haworth, Paul Leiand '.'.'..'.'. 614 Hay river 298 Hayes (Five-mile) creek. .V.... .'.'.'.'.'.'. 214 Haywood, R. F., quoted 168 Hazel creek 284 Hazelmere, precipiution at. . '. '. ! 493, 517, 539 Hazelton 275, 276, 277, 313, 425 preapitation at 517^ 539 Hazlitt, William Carew ,,, 605| 616 Head, available for power ' 210 Headwalers of Peace River 614 Htart of the Canadian Rockies ....'.'.'.'.'. 615 Hecate, survey vessel 177 iita\ey.. 144, 204, 2i3,'3is, 487 preaptution at .493, 517 540 temperature at 578 Hedley (Twenty-mile) creek. . . u^, ■ n ■ u.i ■ -^P^- 2**- 2". 21*. 315. 317 Hedley Creek development I6I Hedley Gold Mining Co 22. 137, 161 Hedley-Nickel PUte Mine, precipiution ' „ _^' , 493,517,540 Hefferly creek 315 Heffley lake 711 Heffley riffle '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.]'.'. 407 Henry. Alexander. \Ianuscript Journals „ °^-.„ v; 616 Henrv-. Alfred 1 504 Henshaw. F. C 4^5 Hellgate (Liard river) ....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..19,303 Hell-roanng creek 252 Herald, survey vessel 177 Heron, Mont., precipiution at . . ! ! ! !570, 572 Hewitt intake 422 Hewitt mill '.'..........'.'. 422 Hewitt mine 451 Hicks. H.B '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 4 Highland district, lakes in . . . . 260 Higm.in. Ormonci ] 14] History of British Colutii- .a. ..'.'.. .,'..' 616 History nfthf .\'orthern Interior <•' British Columbia 6)6 History of the Xorth-W'-st 616 History of the Xorlk-lVe:! Coast of America 616 History of Oregon and California .... ... 610 History of Oregon 616 History of the .S.V Bearer. .. y. ...['.".'. 616 History of the State of Washington 616 History of Washinglori, Idaho and Montana 616 Ilixon creek 2.^4. 282, 3i5, .io- , 305 Hobson lake 44 Hocsall river 17^ Holber;;, prec;pitation at 49.\ ^is, 540 temperature at 497, 573 i' '■.' ft* 1 \ ■■ ( f » i VI 1 i 1 i .; ij.-it. 1 630 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION PAGE Holilcn criH-k (see Gordon creek) Holmes (Beaver) river Holt creek Holt Creek, precipitation at 518, Homathko river 26S, 271, Homfray channel Hope. . . .2.?(), 2.^2, 233, 314, 347, 364, 424, precipitation at 4^4, 51H, Horetzky, Chariot; HomViy island, precipitation at 518, Home creek Horsefly lake Horselly river Horse-power, total estimattnl in B.C. . . 4, Horsetliicf creek 227, Hotharko river Howe sound 22, 134, 156, 270, Howser precipitation at 518, Howser creek Howson creek Hoyt, \V. C, Huaskin lake Hubert Hudson's Bay Company.. . .177, 200, 229, license to Hudson's Bay Company's Land Tenures and the Occupation of Assiniboia by Lord Selkirk's Setllers Hudson's Bay Company, report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Territories and Van- couver's island Hudsons Hope Hunter creek Huntingdon Hurley (llamiltont river Hydraulic, precipitation at 518, Hy>lraiilic conversion tables Hydrojjrapliic Survey, B.C Hydroi;rap1iic Survey, Railway Belt. . . Hydronictric Survev, B.C i, 205, 2.<0. 307, 308, .300, 310, 311, 329, 334, .US, 349, 355, 357, 367, 381, 38S, 391, .392, .394, 406, 412, . . .419, 431, 432, 433, 434, 441, 449, 257 260 540 285 284 491 .^41 614 541 225 44 2.S3 211 315 289 282 314 .S41 220 293 464 287 333 277 48 618 618 618 19 248 145 253 .i41 588 307 306 451 ICE creek (on Xim'i island) 263 Ice river (trib. Homathko) 285 Ickna creek 288 Idaho 197, 20.5, 411, 465 miner's inch in 596 precipitation in 570, 571, 572, 573 stream flow stations in 309 temperature in 587 Ikeda Bay, precipitation at 518, 542 temperature at 579 Ilgachuz mountains 240 Illecillewaet river 139, 224, 315, 344, 370 development of 166 Iltasyouko river 289 Incaneep creek 214 Inch, miner's 593 Incomappleux (Fish) river 224, 315, 371 Index to stream flow data 311 Indian creek (trib. Kootenay lake). . . . 219 Indian (Mesliloet) river 282, 315 proposed development of 174 PAGE Indian river, tributaries of 394 Indian river (trib. Owekano lake) . . . 288, 314 Industrial Canada 149 Information, caution necessary respect- ing 34 Ingenika river 302, 305 Intjersoll river 265 Ingram creek 249, 3 1 5 Inland Navigation Ordinance, 1864.... 55 Inland Revenue, Department of 604 Inland surveys 181 Inland waters attract tourists 27 Inland waters and Uimbering 26 Inland waters and mining 22 Inland W.iterways Commission, U. S.. . 9 Inlet creek 291 Inono.aklin creek 223, 315 Insular system 192 Interior, Dept. of 451 Irrigation Branch of 604 maps of 187 Water Power Branch of 604 Interior plateau 196, 2.30, 237 Interior system 192, 194, 19.S Interior, temperature of 497 Intermontane vallcv 19, 193, 195, 19<), 206, 299, 300, 301,304,486,493 temperature of 497 International Boundary Commission, maps by 190 International boundary, streams cross- ing 466 .survey of 190 International boundary watcrr 28 International Boundary Waters Treaty, quoted 16 International Joint Commission 7, .30, .504, 604,619 International waters, boundaries, and treaties . 619 International Waterwavs Commis.sion. . : 16,604,619 Invermero, precipitation at 518, 542 Inzana lake 44 Iowa, ground-waters of 8 Iron creek 222 Irrigation 605 effect of 12 power for pumi)ing for 15 special studies for 234 water for 29 water power and 12 Irrigation Branch, Dept. of Interior. . . . 604 Irrigation communities 84 Isaac creek (see Akolkolex river) Isaac lake 44 Iskut lake 44 Itcha mountains 240 JACOB creek 263 Jaffray -'24 James island, precipitation at 518, 543 JJamieson creek •'IS Jane creek 157 apan current 195 ennings, Mont 17i 1** Jennings. D. C 3, 449 INDEX 631 PAGE Jennings, W. T f,i4 lervis inlet 270, 283 Jcssen, L. N 435 John Day river, Oregon 197, 471, 472 Johnson, R. Byron ^14 Johnson river '..'.... 2(>5 Jones creek i74, 315, 373 Jones lake 247, 3()S, 313 precipitation at six, 542 proposed development at 174 Jordan Falls 224 Jordan river 224, 263, 308, 315, 373 development of 212 25S hydro-electric plant at '154 precipitation at 495, 518, 542, 543 run-off of, near mouth 500 Josephine falls 221 Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage to the Pacific Ocean 618 Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America 618 Journals, Detailed Reports and Ob- servations Relative to Explorations of British North America 615 Juan de Fuca, strait of 179, 196, 488 Judson, Katherine B 618 . umbo creek 228 uneau, Alaska, precipitation at . . . . . 571 , 573 uniper creek 138, 292, 293 uskatia bay igQ KACHIKA river 193, 299. 304 Kadel, B.C 510 Kalispell, Mont., precipitation at... 571, 572 temperature at 586 Kallahne creek 282 Kaministikwa river, Ont . ........ 35 Kamloops • J37, 144, 306. 307, 308,' 408,' 439, 513 development at 162 electrical installation at 144 power plant at 137, 322 preapiution at 493, 496, 518, 543 temperature at 497 579 Katnloops lake is, 44, 234,' 235 Kaslo. 138, 144, 374, 445 electrical installation at 144 precipitation at sis, 543 Kaslo creek 138, 219, 315, 374 Kastberi; creek 294 Kawon river (see Hancock river) KawashkaRama river, Ont 35 Keithley Falls 253 Kellett, Capt. Henry ........'. 177 Kellogg, Idaho, precipiution at 571. 573 ► temperature at 587 Kelowna, city power plant .\37 electrical installation at 144 precipitation at 493, 518, .S43, 544 temperature at 497, 519 Kemano river 274 291 Kennedy, Capt. W. R ,... , ' (,H Kennedy lake 44 Keremeoa 203 213 precipitation at 49i, 518,' 544 Keremeos creek 214 Kerr, J. B [][ 616 Kettle falls, Columbia river, Wash 28 precipitation at 571, 573 Kettle river 29, 170, 197, 215, 315, '375', 3'7'6','466, 479 Kettle river and tri!)utaries 215 Kettle River valley, precipitation in, . . 493 Kcttlo River «atershe ■ f i { ] i ; i ^;i P ? j ; ¥ 1 ''w :1 > ! 1 i 4 i ■■ ■ _ . , ,, , \ 1 I \ ' S i t • ^ ?;■ i 1 IL ^ 1 ^.K ft32 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION FACE Kootenay river 29. 32, 193, 197, 217, 315, 332. 342, 343, 383, 384, 385, 386. 412, 425,466,480 development of 163. 170 run-on of . at Bonnington falls .... 384, 498 run-off of, at Libby. Mont 480, 498 Kootenay river and tributaries 217. 451 miscellaneous discharge measurements of 451 stream flow of. index to published daU 311 Kootenay River system 17 Kootenay River watershed 507 description of 206 irrigation in 206 Kotcho lake 44 Kowesas river 290 Kuldo creek 294 Kumeolon creek 291 Kuper island, precipitation at 518, 545 Kuro Siwo (Japan current) 195 Kuskanax creek 223, 315 Kwadacha river 305 Kwoick river 248 LADNER 196 precipitation at 493, 518, 545 temperature at 579 Ladysmith, electrical installation at. . . . 145 municipal power plant 138 precipitation at 518, 546 LaJces in Highland district 260 Lake of the Woods, Ont., precipitation records of 504 report respecting official reference . . . 505 Lakelse river 274 Lakes of British Columbia (Table) .... 43 Lakeside, Wash., precipitation at. . .571, 573 temperatureat 587 Lakeview, Idaho, precipitation at. . .571, 572 Laluwissin creek 315 Lamb. W. A 465 Lamont (Nine-mile) creek 214 Land Act. 1872 62 Land Act, 1874 63 Land Act, 1875 64 Und Act, 1884 65 amendment to 65, 67 Land Amendment Act, 1882 64 Land Ordinance, 1865 57 Und Ordinance, 1870 59 Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1872 60 Land Ordinance Amendment Act, 1873 61 Land surveys 181 Lands, Annual Reports of the Minister of 307,612 Lands, British Columbia Dept. of 209 maps by 185 Lands, taldng of 92 Langley, precipitation at 493, 518, 546 Laporte 17 Lardeau creek 22U Lardeau river 207. 219 Urdo 445. 446, 447 Ureniire, J. T 24 Last Chance Slide creek 218 PACE Latitude determination, on British Columbia and Yukon boundary. . . 619 Langevin, Sir Hector L 605 Laurier, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 Law of Irrigation and Water Rights, quoted 47 Lazo, precipitation at 518, 546 Lazy 'L' Ranch, precipitation at 518, 546 Ledyard, John 618 Lee, W. S 24 Lees, J. A 614 L^slation, wat?r 605 chronological key to watei 104 historical survey of water 47 Lemieux creek 251 Lemon creek 218 Leon creek 224 Lequille (Wildhorse or Chute) creek ... 215 Lewis creek 222 Lewiston, Idaho, precipitation at. . .572, 573 temperature at 587 Liard river. . . 19, 279, 298, 301, 302, 303, 305 Libby, Mont 466, 480 precipitation at 570, 572 temperature at 586 License for power export, form of 146 Lije in the Backwoods 615 Life and Labour in the Far, Far West. . 614 Lightning creek 228 Lillooet 230, 313, 336. 365, 366, 437 temperature at 493. 518, 546 Lillooet lake 44, 387 Lillooet river 232, 247, 315, 387 Line Fences and Water-Courses Act, 1876 64 Link lake 44 Link river 139, 289 development of 164 Linklater creek 221, 315 Little Bull river 222 Little caiSon (Liard river) 303 Little caSon (0:nineca river) 302 Little cailon (Stikine river) 19, 279 Little Clearwater river 315 Little Dalles, Wash 201 Little Qualicum river 261. 315, 388, 491 run-off of, at lake outlet 501 Little Sand creek 315 Little Shuswap lake 428 Little Slocan river 217 Little Toba river 268, 284 Lizard creek 221 Lizette creek 290 Litelle 3 Lloyd creek 284 Lockeport 180 Lodgepole creek 221 Log creek 399 Log-driving and boulders 27 Long cafion (Finlay river) 301 Long lake. 44 Long rapids (Columbia river) 213 Long river •'' Long Sault Rapids, St. Lawrence River . . 604 Loomis, Wash., piiwapitation at 571, li'i Lord, John Keast 614 Loring, Alaska, precipitation at 571,'5"3 Loring lake 44 INDEX 633 PAGE Lorne creek 292 Loughborough inlet 286 Louis creek 250, 313, 31S, 389 precipitation at 518, 546 Lower Arrow lake 44, 201, 343, 445 Lower Bennington falls 140, 170, 217 Lower Campbell lake 1 72, 313 Lower cascades, Oregon 470, 472 Lumbering 198 Lumbering and inland waters 26 Lumby 421 Lumby creek 215 Lunnford, Alta., precipitation at 521, 569 Luxton, A. P., K.C 84 Lyall, C. C 3 Lynn creek 269, 270, 315, 390 precipitation at 518, 547 Lytton . .32, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 246, 313, 365 MABEL lake 44, 173, 236 Macdonald, Duncan George Forbes 616 Macdonald, F. R 4 Macfie, Matthew 616 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander 298, 299, 615, 616, 618 Mackenzie, A. R 236,308,502 stream flow studies by 173 Mackenzie, James W., quoted 27 Mackenzie nver 302, 303, 305 tributaries of 209 horse-power of tributaries of 298 Mackenzie river and tributaries — topo- graphy and power-site tables 298 horse-power of 4 Mackentie River Basin 605 Mackenzie River watershed 19 Maclure (Aldermere) lake 293 Macmell river 287 Mad river 18, 252 Madeline creek 291 Mahatta river 265 Mahood lake 44 Making o] a Greai 'Canadian Railway. . 615 Malakwa 314, 353 precipitation at 518, 547 Malaspina inlet 284 Maloney creek 225 M'Alpin creek 290 Mamit lake 315 precipitation at 518, 547 Manitoo creek 289 Manqiiam river 283 Manson creek 315 Maps and surveys of British Columbia. 177 Maps, Admiralty charts of British Columbia coast, list of 178 Dept. of Lands, British Columbia list of 182, 184, 185. 210 Dept. of Interior, list of 187 International Boundary Commission 190 Geological Survey of Canada list of. . 187 topographic, necessary J4 Marble creek 262, 265 Marblemount, Wash 466, 483, 484 Marchand, Etienne 617 Marcus, Washington 204 Marine and Fisheries, Dept. of 604 PAOB Mark creek 222, 315, 391 Marmot creek 157 Martin, Archer 6I8 Martin, R. M 618 Marvin, C. F 508 Mary island, precipitation at 518, 547 Marysville 315,391 Maselpanik (Murphy) creek 228 Masset harbour I80 Masset inlet 1 78, 180 precipitation at 494, 518, 547 temperature at 580 Masson, L. R fij^ Mather (Cherry) creek 315, 392 Matheson channel 289 Matthew creek 222 Mayne, Com., R. N 177, 612, 6i5, 616 McAuley lake 44 McBride 314 McBride creek 265 McBride, Sir Richard 2 quoted 15 McCain, Charles W 6t6 McClure lake, precipitation at 518, 547 McConnell creek 302 McConnell, R. G 300 McConnell, W. J 616 McCreary Lumber Co 323 McCullough, A. L 446, 448 McCullough and Thibert, Messrs 303 McCoy lake, precipitation at 518, 548 McDonald, Archibald 615, 616 McDonald, Oregon 472 McGee, Dr. W. J., quoted 9 McGillivray creek 250, 252 McGoogin creek 264 McGregor river 193, 245, 256 Mclntyre creek 2IS Mclvor lake 172 MacKenzie and \Iann, Messrs 436 McKnight creek 291 McLean creek 215 McLean, John 618 McLeod lake 35, 44 McLeod river 30S McNaughton, Margaret 615 McPherson, A.J 4 Meacham (Whitefish) creek 222 Meany, Edmond S 616,618 Meares, Commander John 617 Measurement 0} Precipitation 506 Megin river and lake 265 Memekey river 262 Memoir, Historical and Political, on the Northwest Coast of North America and the Adjacent Territories 617 Memoin of the Life and Travels of John Ledyard 617 Menhinick creel 224 Merrill, O. C 94 Merritt 3i4, i\(,, 405 dty power plant 138 electrical installation at 144 Mesilinka river 305 Mesliloet (Indian) river 313, 315, 393 proposed development of 174 tributaries of 394 Metaline Falls, Wash 466, 468, 491 m 63* COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION _ i t i *;■■» Metcliosin, precipitation at 518, 547 Metoirological data 503 puMications respecting 505,508,512,513,514 Metwirolozical Ser\ice, Canadian 3, 505, 514,604 stations in British Columbia 513 Mt^'MT'iiopcal stations, classification of 513 Meleotiilrpical Zeitschrijt 507 IMc-vcrs creek . . 215 Mezia.lin like ^ 44 Meziadin river 279, 295 Mica creek 225 Micliel 144 Michel creek 221 Michigan, ground-waters of 8 Middle river 226 Midge creek 220 Midway 376 precipitation at 493, 518, 548 Midway creek 285 Mill Bay 138, 270 precipitation at 518, 548 Mill creek (trib. Okanaganl 138, 215 Mill creek (trib. Howe sound) 283 Miller creek 218 Mills, L.G 3 Millstone river 138, 260 Milton, Viscount 615, 616, 619 Mineral creek 157 Miner's inch 593 Mines, Annual Reports of Minister of . 612 Mines, Dept. of 604 Mining and inland waters 22 Mining Drains Act, 1864 54 Mining industry 30 value of 22 Mining plants, qualifications respect- ing 133 Minister of Lands, annual reports of .307, 612 Mink creek 286 Minnesota, ground-waters of 8 Mirror lake 138 Mirror Lake Electric Light Co 138 Misinchinka river 300 Mission 138, 144, 329 Mission Water, Light & Power Co 138, 144 Mission creek 215 Mission creek (see Chapman creek) Mississippi river (U.S.) 7, 32, 298 Missoula, Mont., precipitation at. . .571, 572 temperature at 586 Moberly 313,325 Moberly lake 44 Moberly, Walter 615 Moha, precipitation at 518, 548 Molson creek 225 Monmouth creek 283 Monashee mountains 192, 193, 234 Monthly Weather Review 510 Moresby island 178 Monetary Times 149 Montana 197. 205. 41 1 . 412, 465 irrigation in 14 stream flow stations in 309 Montana Continental Development Co. 138 Monte creek 315 precipiution at 493, 518, 548 Monthly summaries of stream flow data, description of 310 Moody, Oregon 472 Moose lake 244 Moose river 257 Morice, Rev. A. G., O.M.I 616 Moricc river 41, 276, 277, 293 Moricetown 276 Moricetown falls 292 Moscow, Idaho, precipitation at. . . .572, 573 tcr"norature at 587 Moses creek 288 Mosquito creek (sec Arrowpark creek) Mountain and Prairie 614 Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirks 615 Mountain Portage rapids (Liard river) . 303 Mountain river 297 Mount Olie light and power plant 138 Mount Pleasant, Wash., precipitation at 571,573 Mount Stephen Mining Syndicate 138 Moyeha river 265 Moyie river 221,316,396,466,481 Mud creek (trib. Bulkley) 293 Mud creek (trib. North Thompson).. 252, 316 Muddy creek 228 Munro creek (see Gilley creek) Murphy creek (see Maselpanik creek) Murray, Idaho, precipitation at 572, 573 Mturay creek 249, 316 Murtle lake 44. 316 Murtle river 251, 316. 397 Muskoka lakes. Ont.. pollution of 23 Mussel creek 286, 290 Myra creek 262 NAGLE creek 225 Nahatlatch river. .232, 233, 248, 316, 395. 400 Nahmint river 265 Nairn falls 314. 369 Nakusp 315, 382, 445,446, 447 precipitation at 518, 548 Nanaimo 145, 315. 513 precipitation at 518, 549 temperature at 497, 580 Nanaimo river 260, 316, 402 Nanaimo Electric Light, Power & Heat- ing Co 138,145 Nanoose bay, precipitation at 518, 594 Naramata 138, 144 precipitation at 518, 549 Naramata creek 215 Narrative of a Journey Round the World . 617 Narra'ive of a I'oyage Performed by Capt. Cook and Capt. Clerke 617 Nass harbour 488 precipitation at 494, 518, 549 Nass river. . .5, 19, \i6, 180, 269, 278, 294, 295 Natalkuz lake 44, 241, 242 Nation river (trib. Parsnip) 299, 300, 305 National Conservation Commission .... "S" • National Waterways Commission. U.S. 19 Naturalist in British Columbta and Van- couver Island ^'■t Navigable inland waters of B.C 17 Navigation interests and water-power. . 16, 30 Nazko river 254 INDEX 635 PACE Ncchako plateau 192 Nechako river .... 18, 141, 241, 24.1, 254, 25!), 316, 40.? Nechako River watershej 37 Necleetsconnay river 2SQ Nccchantz river 2H' Needles, precipitation at 4<>3, 518, 550 Nchalliston creek (trib. Lemieiix cr.) . 138, 251 Nelson ,^15, 384, 385, 386, 425, 445, 446, 447, 44S, 450 city power plant 138, 163 electrical installation at 144 precipitation at 493, 518. 550 temperature at 497, 580 Nelson News 4.50 Nevada 197 Newcombe, Dr. C. F 618 New Denver 144, '13 precipitation at 518, 5.S0 New Far IVcst and the Old Far East 614 New Garden of Canada 61,5 Newgate H4 precipitation at 519, 550 New Gorernment Colony, The 605 New Hazclton, precipitation at 519, 551 New Hojjem 3o2 Ne-.u Light on the Early History of the Great Northwest 616 Newpr.rt, Wash., precipitation at. ... 571, 572 New Westminster, electrical installation at 144 precipitation at 493, 496, 519, 551 temperature at 581 water supply of 152 New York harbour, pf)llulion of 23 Niajiar.i, pr.wer conditiors and exi)orta- tion of electricity 142 Niagara power, U. S.'K-gisl.-itinn re 143 Niagara rtvt r (trib. Quesnel lake" 2.54 NichoLson's bridge 315, 376 Nickel Plate Mine, Hellev, precipi- tation at '. 487, 493 Nicola 316 Nicola lake 40f) precipitation at 493, 496, 519, 551 temperature at 497, 581 Nicola river. . 235, 249, 314, 316, 404, 405, 406 run-off of, at Merritt 498 Nicola-Clapperton Creek watershed. precipitation at 5|9, 551 Nicolay, Rev. C. G 617 Nicfjlu'm river 248, 316 Nicomen river 248, 24'> Nicumiamus creek 289 Nimpkish lake 44, 2.'<9, 263 Nimpkish river 38, 259, 263 Nine-mile creek (see Lament creek) Nine-mile falls 216 Ninth Cabin, precipitation at 519, 552 Nipher gauge 507 Niskonlith creek 316 Nitinat lake 44 precipitation at 519, 552 Nitinat river 264 Noeick river 288 Nootka sound 180 North Bend, precipitation at 519, 552 l-ACE North Bend creek 248 North Benlinck ann 273, 2SH Northe.^st arm (Upper .Arrow lake) .... 201 North Kork falls (Horsefly river) 253 North f. Tk Ib-rsethief creek 227 Norlli fork Kettle river 'sec Granbv riverl North f. .rk Quesnd river 253 North I'ork rapids ( Dutch creek) 228 .North fork Tola river 284 North fork West Lillooet river 246 North Land, Our: the Canadian Northwest and Hudson's Hay Route 619 North Lillcxiet river fsVcAUouctte river) North Nicomen, precipitation at. 494, 519, 552 temperature at 497, 581 North Pacific drainage basins 465 Northport, Wash., precipitation at. .571, 573 Nortli Sask.-itchcwan river, Alt;i 192 North Thompson (Kamloops), precipi- tation at 519,553 North Thompson river. . . . 18, 162, 234, 235, 250. 316. 407. 408, 439 North Thompson river, tributaries to. . 236 Nor'Ii Thiimp.son river ami tributaries, power sites on 2.50 Nortii Vanc'iu'.er ,390 North Vermili^ n 316 Nortliern coast of British Columbia, tidal range ot 180 Nort)iern Telephone & Power Co 138 North-West Houndary 619 .\ort1i West Company 200, .301 Nurlh-WesI Passtiiir by Land . . . 616 N< >TU m creek 2S2, 3 1 5, 3 1 6, ,396 .\i .rti .n l,il;e 396 Nc isi-all river 289 Nova .^.foti.-i, Iiimberiu!,' oiH-r.iti.ins in. . 26 No. 2 Crerk (see Korstcr crcik) .\o. 3 Creek (see Frances creek) .\usasli river 289 Nutarvis creek (see Hatcherv creek) OnSF.RV.\TION at Oliserv.il'-ry inlet. Ocean F,il!s precipitjiiion at. Ba precipitation 519,553 .. .22, 160, ISO, 2"4 180 .519, 5, S3 Ocean Falls Co 164 Ocean to Orean 614 ( )K'ilvie. William, D.L.S .06, 615 Okanagan ilistrict. irrigation in. . IS Ok.anagan falls 213, 408 Okanagan lake i . , 44. 213 Okanagan river. . .29, 197, 202, 213, 31o, 408 Okanagan valley 493 Okanagan watershed, description of . . . 202 irrigation in 202 timber in 202 Ok.inagan Saw Mills, Ltciirities Co., Ltd 138, 144 Okanagan V.illev Klrctric and Power Co ' 204 Old Hazelton 317, 332, 425 Olga, \V.a.sh., precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 Olympia, Wa.sh., precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 6S6 COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION ; ■-'■ I i Olympian mountains, Wash 195 Omak, Wash., precipitation at 572, 573 Omjneca river 300, 301, 302, 305 One-mile creek (trib. Okanaean) 214 One-mile creek (trib. Columbia) 225 105-mile House, precipitation at 518, 541 Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Com- mission 35 Ootsa lake 44 Orders in Council, list of 116 Ordinances and Regulations issued .... 47 Oregon 197, 465 Oregon Question, The 619 Oregon Steam Navigation Co 470, 472 Oregon Territory 617 Oioville, Wash 203, 204 precipitation at 571, 573 Oroville branch, Great Northern Ry. ^ . 479 Osoyoos lake 202 Ospika river 301 Ottawa river, Ontario and Quebec 32 pollution of 23 Otter creek 214 Ottertail river 226, 316,407 Outram, Sir James 615 Ovando, Mont., precipitation at 571, 572 temperature at 586 Overland to Cariboo 615 Owekano lake 44, 273, 287 Owens creek 284 Oyster bay, precipitation at 519, 553 Oyster river 316, 410 PACIFIC coast, mainland 267, 486 bench marks on 599 description of 267 lakes of 43 miscellaneous discharge measurements 451 navigable waters of 18 power-site tables of 282 precipitation of 267, 488, 494 stream flow of, index to published data 311 surveys of 177 temperature of 497 tides on 178 topography of 267 Pacific coast, mainland and adjacent islands 209 horse-power on streams of 4 Pacific Great Eastern Rv 270, 3^6, 366 Pacific littoral, run-off of 486, 490 temperature of 488 Pacific Mills Limited 1,^0, 164 Pacific Railway Surveys 6()4 Pacific mountain system 192 Pack river 299, 300 Palliser, Capt. John 612,615 Palliscr river 223 Palmer, Howard 615 P.ilmer, Lieut. H. Spencer 612 Panam.T nnitc 200 Pandora, survey vessel 177 Papers Relalne to ihe Affairs of British Columbia 618 Parker, G. L 465 ParksvtUe, precipitation at 519, 553 Parsnip river 19, 35, 193, 19',, 298, 299, 300, 301 PACB Paaayten river 203, 213, 214 Paton, Andrew 4 Pasco, Wash 47J Paul creek 316 Pavilion creek 316 Payne creek 218 Peace River 616 Peace river 19, 35, 193, 298, 305 Peace River Block created 96 Peace River caflon 298 Peace River district 192 agricultural area in 298 climate of 298 power supply of 298 Peace River District o) British Columbia.. .606 Peace River Crossing, Alberta, precipi- tation at 521, 569 Peace River territory, agricultural pos- sibilities of 242 Peachland, municipal power plant o( 139, 21S precipitation at 519, 553 Peachland (Deep) creek 215 Peavine creek 294 Pemberton 369 Pemberton building, The 145 Pemberton creek 247 Pemberton Hatchery 481 precipitation at 493, 519, 553 temperature at 582 Pemberton, J. Despard 617 Pemberton Meadows, precipitation at 518,553 Pembina, Alta., precipitation at 521,569 Pembina, N. Dak 504 Pend-d'Oreille river, 29,32,197,216,316,342,411,468,469,491 power possibilities on 206 run-off of, at Metaline Falls, Wash.. 498 Pend-d'Oreille river and tributaries 216 Pend-d'Oreille watershed 570 description of 205 Pender, Daniel, R.N 177 Penticton 204 electrical installation at 144 municipal power plant of 139 precipitation at 493, 519, 553, 554 temperature at 582 Penticton creek 215 Perry creek 222 Perry Siding, precipitation at 519, 554 Phelps, Earle B 24 Philip creek (trib. Buttle lake) 262 Philipsburg, Mont ., precipitation at 571, 572 temperature at 586 Phillipps creek (trib. Kootenav) 22i, 262, 316,412 Phillips arm 2S6 Phillips river (trib. Phillips arm) 2S6 Phoenix 1 "0 precipitation at 519, 554 Phoenix Electric Lighting Co., Ltd 145 Pike, Warburton 615 Pilot, The British Columbia f>OS Pilot Bay, precipitation at 519, .S54 temperature at 582 Pinchi creek 255 Pinchi lake 44 Pinchot, Gifford, quoted 39 INDEX 637 PACB Pine creek (trib. Telkwa) 293 Pine creek (trib. Behm canal) 296 Pine river Ctrib. Mackenzie) 305 Pingston creek 224 Pitt lake 44, 246, 316 Pitt river 232, 246 Placer Act, 1891 68 Placer creek 213 Plains, Mont 466, 460 precipitation at 571, 572 temperature at 586 Plans, filing of 129 Pleasant Valley, Mont., precipitation at '. 570, 572 Plumper, survev vessel 177 Point Grey. . . .' 519, 554 Poison Cove river 290 Poison, Mont., precipitation at 571, 572 Pool creek 224 Poole, Francis 615, 617 Pope, C. A 4, 86, 121, 130 Porcupine creek (see Big creek) Porphyry creek 293 Portage BrOI6 rapids (Liar J river) 303 Portage creek 252 Port Albemi 180 city power plant 134 electrical installation at 145 Port Angeles,Wash., precipitation at. 571, 573 Port Crescent, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 Port Essington 175, 180, 274 precipitation at 519, 554 Porthill, Idaho, precipitation at 570, 572 temperature at 587 Portland canal 180, 296 Portland and Astoria Navigation Co. . . 470 Portlock, Capt. Nathaniel 618 Port Moody, precipitation at. . .519, 554, 555 Port Renfrew — San Juan bay 180 Port Simpson 180, 488 precipitation at 494, 519, 555 temperature at 497, 582 Port Townsend, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 Potter ranch, Mont 478 Powell lake 44 Powell river. . 145, 271, 283, 316, 413, 487, 488 development of 165 precipitation at 519, 555 Powell River Co. . . 139, 145, 165, 308, 413. 514 Power Board, Dominion 604 Power creek 215 Power development, need for com- prehensive 32 Power Companies' Relief Act, 1902 74 Power developments in British Columbia 150 Power developments, prop(»ed 171 serious failures of some 36 Power pluits in British Columbia 134 Power-site wbles, descrijjtion of 209 Columbia river and tributaries 213 Fraser river and tributaries 246 Mackenzie river tributaries 305 Mainland Pacific coast 282 Vancouver island 260 PAGE Prairie Provinces, water-powers it 306 Precious Metals case 98 Pre-emption Consolidation Act, 1861.. . Si Pre-emption rescr\'e 278 Precipitation 29, 201 annual 496 causes of 503 comparisons of 198 (li.-igrams showing distribution of . . . . 486 forms of 503 measurement of 506 securing recc Tils of . . 504 variations in 196 Precipitation st.itions in Alberta and Yukon, list of 521 in British CoUmibia, list f'f 516 in l,'nitc ■* i '■ f V .1' ' COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION Puntlc'lKi" (Comox) river 22, 158, 201, 316, 41.?, 414 Pj-raniiil crci-k 252 .510, Si'). QL'ALICrM, i)ricipit.'itir>n at. . . Qualicnni rieadi, pri-cipitritidn at Qii.-iliiiim river Qiiainiilian, prccipitalidii at . .495, 519, Quartz river Quat.' .... proeipitation at 495, 519, ten-jn'rature at Quatsitio soiinil ISO, Queen Charl'itte Citv, precipitation at ; 510, Quet-M fliarliitte inlands 195, 258, Quetn Clid'lolte Islands Qui'cn ("'..iriotte numntains Qwen's Highway Jrom Ocean to Ocean. . 0">'-'ncl 2.?8, precijiiiation at 49.?, 519, tenii)erature at 49?] Qucsnel Hyilraulic Gold Mining Co. .240, Qucsnel, JuUs Matirice Qucsnel Forks 2.?S, precii)ilation at 493, 519^ temperature at Quesnel lake 44, 239, obstruction to salmon at Quesnel river 238, 240, salmon in Suilcliena, precipitation at 519, uinamuk creek Quinetawl creek 5.56 556 261 557 263 l.W 557 583 259 557 297 617 192 614 487 557 583 308 238 487 558 584 254 20 2.53 20 558 295 295 RAFT river 257, 316, 341 Raft River P. 397 RaRinj; river 266 Railway Belt 486, 487, 493 creation of 9ft decision re water jurisdiction in 99 discharge measurcme. on streams _ in 451 Dominion IcRislation re waters of . . . . 100 power sites in 209 Province claims waters of 97 Province grants water records in ... . 98 settlement of and jurisdiction in 97 surveys in 182 water legislation respecting 95 Railway Belt Water Act, 1910-11 100 Railway Belt Water Act, 1913 101 Railway Commission of Canada 604 Railways and Canals, Dept. of 604 Rainbow creek 246, 316 Rainfall records, making of 505 Rain gauges 505 Ralph river 262 Ramble in British Columbia. . , ! 614 Raney river 297 Rattray, Dr. Alexander 617 Raush river 257 Raven (Rushton) creek ....... .246. 316 Reciprocity creek 218 Record fee and bond 127 Record or license, necessity for 90 Recorded water, Board of Investi- gation re "9 PAGE Red cafion (Columbia river) 213 Red creek (trib. Hayes) 214 Ri-c'd creek 2IS Reflector Bar, Wash 466, 484 Rfiseter (Two-bridge) creek 293 Rdalion d'un \'p\iiiff, diagrams showing distributirn of 486, 4S9 Run-off, monthly distribution of 498 Rushton creek 246, 316 Ruskin, precipitation at 494, 519, 559 Rutherford (Six-mile) creek 316, 369 SAINT-CYR, Arthur 620 Salmon Arm 283, 313, 487 electrical inspection at 145 power plant at 139 precipitation at 493, 519, 559, 560 temperature at 584 Salmon creek (trib. Columbia) 224 Salmon creek (see Beaton creek; Salmon river (trib. Bute inlet) 285 Salmon river (trib. Pend-d'Oreille) . . . 205, 216 Salmon river (trib. Portland canal) .... 296 Salmon river (trib. Shuswap lake) . . . 235, 316 Salmon river (trib. South Thompson) . . 249 Salmon river (trib. Upper Fraser) 256 Salmon river (Vancouver island) 262 '"■a'mon river (sec Dean river) Si-.ltese, Mont., precipitation at 571, 572 Salt Spring island, precipitation at 495,519,560 San Bernardino valley, California 14, 15 Sand creek 222, 316 Sand Cut rapids 217 Sandford, Mount Sir 193 Sandheads zero 358 Sandle creek 287 Sancle Lake outlet 287 Sandon 144, 313, 374 Sandon creek 218 Sandon Water- Works & Light Co.. . 139, 145 Sandpoint, Idaho, precipitation at.. .571, 572 Sandspit, precipitation at 519, 5^0 Sandwich 317,441 precipitation at 519, 560 Sandy lake 254 San Joae river 253 San JosL'f river 266 San Juan Boundary Question 619 Santa An.i, Cal. drainage area of 14 Sarita river and lake 264 Saskaichewan and the Rocky Mountains. 615 Saturna island, precipitation at 519, 560 Savona 317 Sawmill creek (see Weesandy creek) Scenes and Studies of Savage Lift 615 Scholefield, E.O.S 617 Scotch creek 316 Scott-Goldie (Crocker) creek 282 Scottie creek 316 Scowkwitz river 209 Scrip (Flat) creek 225 Seaman, Capt. William 446, 447 Sea of Mountains 615 Seaskinnish creek 295 Seattle, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 temperature at 587 Sedro-Woollcv, Wash., precipitation at '. 571.573 Seckwv.'ikin river 291 Selkirk mountains 192, 193, 190. 491. 615 Seton creek 252, 316,416 Sct.m-Karr, H. W 615 Seton lake 44.320,416 Seven-mile creek (see Walbran creek) Sevniiiur arm 418 Seymour crc-k 224, 260. 270, 316. 417 Seymour inlet 287 Sevmour Intake, precipitation at. . . .519,560 Seymour river 249, 287, 316, 418 Shannon creek 283 Shawnigan creek 260, 316, 419 Shawnigan Lake, precipitation at. . .519, 561 Sheep creek 216, 223 Shepherd creek 262 Sherbrfxike creek 226 Shimahantz river 288 Shingle creek 215 Shirley, precipitation at 495 Shushart river 263 Shu.<;wap Falls 173, 250, 492 precipitation at 520, 561 Shuswap lake 18, 44. 234. 235, 313 Shuswap river. 236, 250, 313, 316, 317, 420, 421 proposed development of 173 Shuswap River caflon 236 Shuttleworth creek 215 Sibley (Soda) creek 225 Sicamous 139, 314 Sidney, precipitation at 520, 561 Sigutlat lake 44 Sikanni river 304 Silver (Silver-Hope) creek 248, 317 Silverdale (Silver) creek 138, 247 Silver-Hope creek (see Silver creek) Silver Pitt creek (see Widgeon creek) Silverton (Four-mile) creek 218, 314, 317, 422 Sim creek 286 Similkameen river. . . 22, 29, 204, 213, 317, 423 development of 162 Similkameen River valley 493 Similkameen River watershed 203 irrigation in 203 Simpson, B.N 4 Simpson, Sir George 615,617 Sinclair creek 227, 317 Sinkut creek 255 Sitka, Alaska, precipitation at 488,494,571. 573 Siwash creek 248, 317 Six-mile creek 317, 323 Six-mile creek (see Rutherford creek; ^ Skagit Power Co 483 Skagit river .20, 228. 317, 424,466, 48.?. 4S4. 401 run-off of. near Marblcmfiunt. Wasih. 400 Skagwav, Alaska, precipitation at. . .571, 573 Skaist creek 228 Skaist rapids 228 Skeena Crossmg 138 Skeena estuary 291 Skeena river S, 18, 175, 267, 274, 276, 277, 291, 292, 301, 314, 317, 332. 425 precipitation at 425, 520, 561 I I 53 E 640 COMMISSION OF CONSERVATION 1 PACE Skoena river anj tributaries 201 Skrrna v:illoy 3, 1%, .'75 Skiili>;atu. procitiitati^'n at i20, 5S Smvth, Cm. Morns H 178 Snake river, Wa.sh 197. 471, 472 Snohomish, Wash., precipitation at. .571, 573 temperature at 587 Snohoosh river 249 Snowcap (Glacier) creek 247 Snow-fall, measurement ul 506 rainfall equivalent of 509 record of 506 Snow-mat, description of 507 Snowshoe, Mont., precipitation at. ..570, 572 Snow-stake, description of 512 Snow surveys, need for 510 Snyder, Idaho. . . 466, 481 Snyder ranch, Wasn., precipitation at 572, 573 Soard creek 225 Soda creek 18, 230, 231 precipitation at 520, 561 Soda creek (see Sibley creek; SoUust creek 282 Somas river 259, 264 Soo river 247. 317, 369 Sooke, precipitation at 495, 520, 562 Sooke lake 263 precipitation at 520, 562 Sooke river 263 Sorrento, precipitation at 520, 562 South Bentinck arm 288 South Salmon creek (see Dunbar creek) South Dakota, South, underground waters legislation of 11 Southesk, Earl of 615 South fork Bugaboo creek 227 South fork Carpenter creek 218 South fork Elk river 261 South fork Quesnel river 253 Southrate river 271, 285 South Kootenay Water Power Co 145 South Lillooet river (see Alouette river) South Similkameen river 317, 427 South Thompson river 249, 317, 428, 439 South Thompson river and tributaries. 249 South Thompson River system 18 South Vermilion 317 Spence Bridge 139, 145, 235, 316. 438, 439 precipitation at 520, 562 Spence Bridge, Light & Power Co 145 Spillimacheen 314, 429 Spillamacheen Landing 330 Spillimacheen river 227, 317. 429 Spirit Lake. Idaho, precipitativ^n at. .571, 572 Spius creek 249, 317. 430 Spokane, Wash., precipitation at 571. 573 r.KC.e. Si« ikane, W.i,sh., temperature at 587 Sjxkanc and Intemationnl Ry 481 S[K>kanc river, Wash 197 Sfinrliiis Adienlurrs in Ihe I'arifu 614 S/xirhmiin and Nalumliil in Canada. . . 614 SprinKer creek 218 Sproat, Gilbert Malcolm 615 Sproat liike 44. 317, 4.11 Si)r<'at river 259, 264, 317, 431 Snuzzum creek 248 .^qM.-imisli river 28<, 313, 3,?7 St. Elias, mount 192 St. (le'TKC channel 488 St. Ignatius, Mont,, precipitation at. 571, 572 St. John, Molyneux 615 St. Lawrence river, uniform flow of . . . . 32 St. Maries, Idaho, precipitation at. ..572, 573 St. Mary river 222,316,386,415 waters of 16 St. Paul creek 250 St. Regis, Mont., precipitation at. . .571, 572 Stafford river 286 Stamp falls 317,432 Stamp river 264, 317. 432, 433, 491 run-off of, at lake outlet 500 Standard mine 422 Slalistical Abstract oj the United SlaUs. 604 Stave falls 140. 317. 434 development of 212, 492 Suve Lake 44, 167 precipitation at 520, 561 Stave Lake Power Company 167 Stave river 247, 317, 434, 491 developmsnt of 167 run-off of, at Stave f^ 499 Steele 18 precipitation at 520, 563 Stehekin, Wash., precipitation at 572, 573 Stein creek 252,317 Stellako river 255 Stetattle creek 484 Stevensville, Mont., precipitation at 571, 572 Steveston, precipitation at 493, 520, 563 temperature at 497, 585 Stewart 180 precipitation at 520, 563 Stikine mountains 192 Stikine river 19, 279, 296, 301 navigation on 279 Stirling creek 214 Stoney creek 255 Stony creek (see Rubble creek) Storage and governing factors 40 Storage reservoirs, effects of 41 Strathcona Park, precipitation at. . . .520, 563 Stream flow data 306,464,489 arrangement of tables of 309 caution respecting use of 311 description of 309 description of gauging stations 309 discharge measurements 310 drainage areas for 310 for selected stations in British Columbia 318 monthly summaries of 310 note respecting records available 312 publications containing 311, 313, 465, 466 Stream at Mill Bay 294 t N D K X 641 l"Af.( Stream mrasiirenicniF, reports nf WU tjlr ;;inis in British ('( Uini!>i.i fur whii.!i stream tli -.v data are available H.< Streams, misccllane. 24 1 Stuart river 24.?, 2.'.> StiitlieM, HtiKh E. M (>I5 Subject Indfx In Ihf llislory of the Pacific North- West and of Alaska . 618 SucSumiption creek 214 Suj;ar lake 17^ 250 predpitation at 52il, .>().? Sullivan river. ... 226 Sumall'.w river 22f<, ,< 1 7, ^^t, Sutnas Electric Light Coin, /any 145 Sumas lake 45, 2J,V M4 Summerlanrl, electrical installation at. . 145 power plant at 139 precipitation at 4W, 520, .564 temperature at 585 Summers creek 214 Summit creek 285 Surf inlet 297 Surf Inlet Power Co., Lt'1 140, 297 Surprise rapids (Columliui river) 213 Surveys 181 Surveys and maps o£ British Columbia. 177 Susap creek 203, 214 Suskwa river 293 Sutherland creek 216 Sutton creek 260 Swamp river 2.W, 254 Swan, R. G 306,311 Swanson Bay 140, 180, 267 development at 166 precipitation at 167, 520, 564 temperature at 585 Swanson Bay Forests, Wood Pulp & Lumber Mills, Ltd 140, 166 Swanson creek 290 Siwash creek 248 Sweltzer creek 317 Swift Current creek 257 Swift river 240, 254 TACHASTES river 291 Tachintelachuck creek 255 Tacla lake 45, 243 Tacoma, Wash., precipitation at 571, 573 temperattire at 587 Taft 314 Taghum rapids, Kootenay river 217 Tagish lake 45 Tahlton river 281, 296 Tahsis river 265 Tahtsa lake 45 Tahumming (Graveyard) creek 285 Takakaw falls 226 Talkomei river 288 Taltapin lake 45 Tamihi creek 247 Tappen, precipitation at 520, 564 Tanzanilla river 279, 280 TaschJtin creek 295 Taseko lake 45 Ta*eko (Whitewater) river 238 PAC.F. Tast.-kwan river 2H.S Tatalkiiz creek 242 'lalitii nver 255 Tatlal.ike 45. .t(H> .571, Tatla\.iki>lake 45,2 ■l'ati..i^'ii Ulaii'l, \Va>ti., j nvipitation at . . . ifiT'per.itiirc at Tntuk lak.- 'lelientloliki- '!'< hesink'.it I.iko r.U-yrapli rrifk 19, 27') 1 73 5S7 45 45 45 2x\ uraph ranj;e 240 Ttlkwa .M.< Tolkwa river. 27(>, 2<)i, ^.U 'I etiip«'ratiirc 'liagranis 488 TemiH'raturc, iliaRrams showing dis- triliiitionof 4S6 TempiTaturc, monthly ilistribution of 497 Templeton creek 227 Ten(!erfoot creek 220 Ten-mile creek 228 Ten-mile creek Csec Enterprise creek) Terrace 274 precipitation at 520, 564 TesUn lake 45 Ti tachuck lake 45. 241, 242 Tetachuck river 256 Ttte Jaune 18, 230, 243, 244 precipitation at 520, 564 Texas creek 252, 317, 437 Tezzeron lake 45 The OaUes, Wash 466, 470, 472, 490, 491 Thelwood creek 262 Theodosia creek 284 Thetis island, precipitation at 520, 564 Thiesson, Alfred 511 Thomlinson creek 284 Thompson Country, The 617 Thompson, David 234, 617 Thompson Falls, Mont., precipitation at 571,572 Thompson river 5, 231, 234, 241, 248, 317,365,404, 438,439 nm-off of, at Spence Bridge 498 tributaries of 235 Thompson river and tributaries 248, 451 miscellaneous discharge measure- ments of 451 stream flow of, index to published date 311 Thompson River valley 493 Thompson River watershed 235 Three Years Hunling and Trapping in America 615 Through the Sub-Arctic Forest 615 Thrums, precipitation at 520, 564 Thulnr " nver 294 Thunder creek 252 Thutade lake 45, 301, 305 Tidal and Current Surv«.> 179 Tidal range, table of mean 180 Tidal range on open Pacific 180 Tide tables for the Pacific coast of Canada 603 Tide Levels and Datum Planes on the Pacific Coast of Canada, referred to 179 Ml COMMISSION OP CONSERVATION Hi ;■ -i fAGE Tides on Pacific ca river 26«, 271 Tobacco plains 206 Tf.by cmk 227, 317. 440 Tucnicca river 301 To.1 Inlet 14S Tiilmie, William Frascr 615 Top< nn'a phic maps requiro'l 34 TiipfiKraphical Surveys Ilranch 665 I'nii 111 crei^k 2''4 rriiori of the Colonics 59 Vnnk river 296 rplan.Is. Limited. The 145 Uliper .\rrow lake 45, 201 , 37 1 , 445, 446 I'piK-r .\sh river 265 Upper Bonnington falls l.W, 315, .W4 Up|)er Bridce river. . 252 UpiKT Cafton falh. KfK^tency river. ... 217 Upjier Clearwater lake 45 Upper Clearwater river 251 Upper Fraser river 243 Upper lake McDonald, Mont., prc< i- pitation at 571.572 Upper Nechako river 255 Upper Sheep creek. . . •. 216 Ursie creek 263 VALDEZ island, precipitation at 520, 565 Vancouver. ... 144, 196, 269, 308, 335, 372, 417 precipitation at 493, 520, 565, 566 temperature at 497, 585 Vancouver, Capt. Georee 177 Vancouver's Discovery o) Pugel Sound. . 618 Vancouver Electric Illuminating Co 1 50 Vancouver Electric Ry. Co 150 Vancouver Island 134, 209, 486, 491, 492 bench marks on 598 climate of 258 horse-power on streams of 4 miscellaneous discharge measure- ments on si re.ims on 451 navigable wateis of 18 power-sites on east side of 260 power-sites on west side of 262 precipitation in 495 run-off on streams on 500 stream flow, index to published data. 311 temperature of 497 topography of 2.S8 tidal range on west coast of 180 Vancouver Island and British Colum- bia 616,617 Vancouver Island Exploration, 1S64 614 Vancouver Island mount.iins 192, 195 Vanouver Isl.ind Power Co 135, 145, l.SO. 153. .127. 372 Vancouver Island Proclamation. 1861 . . 53 Vancouver Portland Cement Co., Ltd.. 145 Vancouver's Island, the Hudson's Bay Company and the Government 618 Van creek 222 Vanderhoof 316, 403 Van Roi mine 422 Varcoe, C 4 Vedder river 233 Vermilion creek 317 Vernon, city power plant 140 electrical installation at 145 I N IJ E X 6«J Wrnon, prrcipitalw ii at 4'M. .'ill, 5i . tcniiMTiiture at 5s#> V'-rnnn lake 259 l,>v Far »rsl In,l-ed -x, 51.< I)ro(i|iitati'.n ,it . . .4')5, 4'l(i. 520, 5(i(i. 5'i7 •«nii)«T.itur«" at 1''7, 'Hd Vi ^fia IClrctrii- <,'o 145 VK--.r.i falls .»'/. '.ICt'Tl.l JMIWCT SUpIllv 1 '4 \'w\\ I.ikcs 2<>4 Vik-r-' 2'»5 Violin I Tifk 217 Voyaf.1 Auloiir r'l Monde I'rndiiiit I.ft ,I«H(-c< ;r<>\ 'TVI, '•' I7V- ■ ■ '('7 I'fivu^i A'iiiind III,- Wcrrld, I't'tlrrnii-il i/(i»;«j the Viiin ijifi. t~i)i mid ITO-' . '''" ] 'Viy KnunJ Ihr W orld f>l(,''i I'd;. I(t the !'■ itir (kcaii 'I I v. ,:,s from Montreal on :':e River Si. Liiu'ri-mr Ihrotitih Ihe (onlinenl o! .\orlh \m<-rioi i.I'' I'liviijei'. M.idi- in the IVnr.s ;7.V.V .,)'.? lyHg jnim I'htnu !•> the Xnrlii.-. t Cuuil oj Am, ma ''17 iH't; WACFIWAS cmk -i WaiMitiKti'D, Alfri-1 (.15 Wadilingion cafi'.n 2<, -7 1 . J7,; WaiU-, Mark S fW W.ikcman ri vtr 2 7 Walbran, Captain John T <)1 7 Walbran (Stvi'n-niile) creek 3ii» Walliachin l.?4,,M4 Walkem, W. Wymond, M.D M7 Wall.ii~c, Idaho, precipitation at 572, 57,' H'an.l, \V. A 4 Wancta .M6 ill precipitation at 5,iO, 567 Wapta falls 226 Wapta lake 226 Wardner 415, J41. 486 War lake 405 Wark Island falls 2% Warklake 296 Warm Spring creek 228 Warner Inlet lake 2S7 Wasa 414,492 Washington, state of ... 195, 197, 205, 244, 440,411,465, 571 stream flow stations in 409 Washout creek 417 Water, waste of 12 beneficial use of 90 Water Act, 1909 77 Water Act, 1914 M divisions of 88 Dominion makes effective in Railway Belt ..' 102 organization anil administration Ttfifler ^9 Water Act, 1914, Amendment Act, 1917 95 Water Act Amendment Act, 1912 82 Amendment Act, 1914 84,84 Water as a natural resource 5 "Water assets, investigation of 306 .n A.I, I'»'H U'ntrr h, ,i:d:ry ^'tt,-i(;,.(T Water IMausis i'ons .It 'atun A. t ti. . inen.l. iv»l Anieniliti^ .\i-t, I'xi^t Arii«n.! "^ .\ •, 1''""' .'■.'end. >; A>r. 1''!., . , . . .itnd.nu Alt. I'MIX W;rsT-("t!r IS I iI.^ir'K W;UiT 'lirtf Kts. prmtKT .!ui.li-.! nil. Water U'CL-lati'.-i. clir'in"l..(!ical k. v •■. Wa;ir lcKi^lal...n rfs|rttting K., K\a\ H.U W itrrlrvc rivT-N. misit ■|ani''.irr- V. .ill r !i-s'i'!s i.n Ki.i.'i'nav lake. . . \\ I'lr U-vils i.ti !:ikcs 111 britiah C Inm- lii , ■■ W.ili r lu'< Ii . . ;>i ii.'uri' ' ' .iiciiiirc 'M, W,iirr-p. .u>-r, I iitr.l '.f :.'!.! at;ric;iUiir an\ ti.-lHTirs .'111. I irrigati'.n ,111.1 \'% .Iru in>r. :.n.l niinir/ and navi;;.:'ii.ii nitcrrsts i-..ii'r..lling. , . WittT I'owers Hram h. I)i.nir,;i..n .507. 4(W. 411.451. Watir-powcr invoii^ation assi-'c 1 hv I'r ■'> I'liv .... pasoi a !■ I W.i.ii |. .ui-r leasi's. tcniiinatioi. . f . . . . W ii. r-i.f)wcr.-. I'lii-sili. dinn I'f . ' ii'Iiiions afTi' iiiir M-n. I ■ tatiinent.- ( H.ticizel iinp' 1 I- 'L' ' f Water-P^^wcn, Inslrvclion^ Rrlaling In the Ciiilii r.rtgnf Ortiiin Preliminary Infiinniition H peeling U liter Powers of Hriiuh Coltimljia Water Pouers of Canada 1, 86, Water Pint .•>..? Manilolia, SmkaUkrwan and Alberta. . ', Water priviligra, KrantinR "f Water rriviU>;cs A. t, 1892 Water reserves, uiirccurdcil Water Resoun^cs Bran.h, United State- 205, MX<, 40>), ' .:. Water Resources n) Calif-irnia, quote Water Resources Papers .407, 40K, .?09, 411, 352, -ijl. Water rights Water Rights Branch. British v olumbia .?, 2.43, .^07. 411, 425, .445, .449,355, 457, 467, 4,'<1, 4SH, .<91, .492, 402, 406, 412, 417. 419, 441, 44*. 441. 451.513, Water-rights maps Waters "f Railway Belt Waters, Underground, publications re- lating to Water.^lie.ls, for power site tables. for stream flow data Water Supply Papers . . 409, 380, 464, 465. Water Viewers Act, 1X86 Waterways, development of Waterworks and Sewerage Systems of Canada Wawkash creek ,10 711 :t 74 7(1 76 ,<( 104 95 »45 448 447 108 48 S 20 12 2(. 1(. 3 604 .!06 4(V. 1 93 31 2 37 41 34 f>04 vi t-- I < V I i I ( ! i J^ - 1 ^'•■i> ^' i /■ fi^ •••Xl^ •*rr \^ K'i' A ■'^^ iSfi S^^ jp*— ^"s-^^'f-f C5 "l^fc; ^2-^^*W^^!\ —" /ft ^r ^Mk^v ' « 1 ''**'ii J^fiL "* tV^p' f I I iajT^ ^L/^ft'^ji 13^ r^'^ f^^o^^M/^ -I" ;aM^ /^ • kMH** k < ^•^ Oi' -^' ->' Iw^t 'y, ,A /^. « » • • jr f. 12* fHUlt * •»/ Mfipt't llitfttuttutt tti f nt'uitti /fetmrftmtrm/ i»l intnfT Water- Powers OF British Columbia IIH U7 IM 'T- u.t 114 113 Cammtddtivn uf (fim&i ruatinn stw curro wD a irrow n cm o,c>*»waw JMttt WMlTt.*»»IST«IITTO CHA »tik«». WATER - POWERS BRITISH COLUMBIA .%!» Accompanying report or. Water- Power !>• m Bn Arthur V White, Coneulting Fr>^in#*» Scale of MihM 4iumh>a ^-^" ^' SI so •9^ A C I '^'> '^ MlMMte Jl**"* !-< s^SJ mm\. J--* '* Vn^i^nH^ ^ 1M > Hi 2^ ■^.!^;^ ^^-'j-t^wW.' '^^^^' [M^, \ -^ ?^- »./"-*/ /. J f^: •*v.: I"» :«' t:k.- ^ K y' JJ3 '***.< \ $90 B*tr -^. y|M>l r.- N WV ' iV f / tr» /lif /: / j-=fv ''^^ ^ -^ j('»'*'v->^ ^ fiM*r(>-\ Jh^M I Am-^w \ >^ Clirn M. ItAlkM^ >y- M^Ckunkill ^: •4«0 MfilnMiJ '•i :n<^ ^ 12 7 v^ ZM f24 I turn * /■ MiP s y .y Jm Kzg^, 2^ Ji^ngfiJ /• JS ,-^ ~k SW MfBaka Xi -pj s^ i..M:L-i-Ui 13^ ^ '. T i te< V* IT-" ^>>— / ^^»- '"'V, M" J^^ "y ir-y^ :" '****' '3 W^ "\ tfrrTt^/t 121 ISO u» JUmr m,apervm. t^U^r.-^t^ -^^I^bm mf Bmmini.m.M^«r Cmt»JmJt,parO«,enl»t iMm^