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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est film^ d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche k droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'images n^csssaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustr'-nt la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 &>-<^:- unfj. s:*/if- ltd. //I I I HAND BOOK OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANAUA). ISSUED EY THE AUTHORITY OF THE CROWN LAND DEPx\RTMENT, Hon. a. T. Dunn, Surveyor General. V- PREPARED BY -v^ M:iCK:ixrjOL]sr. /S 7 ? — IQOO. FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK. DOMINION OF CANADA. ! i ( !l CONTENTS. The Province of New Brunswick Dairying in New Brunswick . . . . . . * Agriculture in New Brunswick New Brunswick as a Game Country. . The City of St. John, N. H. The Kennebecasis Valley . . The Provincial Dairy School The St. John River Valley and the Valleys of its Tributaries. . Queens County Sunbury County York County Carleton County . . Apple Raising in Carleton County . . Victoria County Casual Description of the Restigouche River, from the mouth of the Wagan River to Campbellton . . The Eastern Slope, including the Counties of Gloucester, Nor- thumberland and Kent Northumberland County Kent County Westmorland and Albert Counti ;s . . Distribution of Population . . Moncton . . Albert County Description of Tantramar and other Marshes in ihe region of the Bay of Fundy . . Charlotte County . . Government (The Dominion) , , '[ " Education Means of Communication Minerals . . The Forest The Fisheries The Judiciary of New Brunswick Page 7 '3 'S 34 41 47 58 65 73 86 87 93 96 100 107 167 178 19a 194 201 203 205 209 214 a'S 223 225 231 236 242 244 ^ ■i '1 PREFACE. To undertake a description of the Province, which should be authorativc and j«-ive the various economic par- ticulars as they should be f,nven, would involve a consider- able amount of labour and time. This, in the present work, I have been unable to give. When, at the request of the Provincial Government, I undertook to write a description of the Province, I was busily engaged in preparing to lecture in Great F^ritain on the resources of the country, and my time was most limited. I was therefore only able to devote a rortion of my time during some three weei s to di -iting the lae following description, and from the method of preparing it, it must necessarily be inferred that the work is far from as full as I should care to make it. The facts are, however, I believe, correct in as far as they go, and have been adduced, for the most part, from personal observation — anything that has been quoted having been credited to its proper source at the time. The works which I have referred to ir; the course of the preparation are: "A Hand-book of Information for Immigrants to New Brunswick," by M. H. Perley, Esq., London, 1857. "Province of New Brunswick, its Resources, Advantages and Progress," by Charles H. Lugrin, published by authority of the Legislature, 1886. "A report on the Agricultural Capabilities of the Province," by J. F. W. Johnson, F. R. S., etc., Fredericton, 1850, "The Miner^^l Resources of the Province ot Ne v Brunswick," by L. W. Bailey, Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S. C, Ottawa, 1899. "Gun and Rod in New Brunswick," by W. K. Reynolds, and D. G. Smith, F'ishery Commissioner for New Brunswick; and "St. John, New Brunswick, as a Canadian Winter Port," by a Committee of the Board of Trade, St. John» 1898. W, Albert Hickman. ca z o a Oi > O O 3 T3 ^ CQ o c o -4-* >> •rs ■u ■9, ' ) O >% •—* -^ i o 3 ■u THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. The Province of New Brunswick, the largest of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, has an area of approximately 28,200 square miles — something over 17,000.000 acres. The Maritime Provinces of Canada occupy a position which is a peculiarly favored one, with regard to its relation to the Empire and its interests as a whole. They are situated nearer to the mother country than any very considerable food-producing area in the Empire. They constitute the eastern-most portion of the most important of the British colonies. Through them lie the natural path of the vast absolutely incalculable stores of wealth of the Dominion of Canada to the United Kingdom. If these Maritime Provinces \vere mcapable of producing any ot the things required in the mother country, they would necessarily derive their greatest importance from the fact that they lav in the path of the produce of Canada further west. This, however, is far from benig the case. Though the fact is vet to a great extent unappreciated abroad, it remains as a fact that no equal section of country in the world has more resources and more advantages from every point of view than do these same Maritime Provinces; and in the greatest measure is this true o New Brunswick, the largest and most resourceful of them all. New Brunswick, half as large again in area as Nova i>cotia, is roughly quadrilateral in forn;, and is bounded as 8 follows:— On the west and southwest by Maine, one of the United States of America; on the north by the Province of Quebec and the Bale de Chaleur, a portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; on the east by an open portion of the same Gulf and turther south Northumberland Straits, and on the south by the Province of Nova Scotia and the Bay of Fundy. Situated as New Brunswick is with relation to the British Empire, she occupies a position with regard to the home land, of which the importance can only be estimated by the full knowledge of the resources and peculiarities of this magnifi- cent province. No country in the world is more blessed with natural advantages than is this. To go still further, I have yet to learn, as far as I am personally concerned, of a sectiom that possesses from every point of view advantages which equal those of this province. On the north, east and south He magnificent harbors. On the east and north rolls the Gulf of St. Lawrence, teeming with fish and not subject to sudden storms. The southern shore is washed by that wonderful body of water, the Bay of Fundy, the physio- graphical peculiarities of which are sufficient to give the country an interest which it could obtain in no other way. It is a country of complicated and elaborate internal water- ways which penetrate to every portion of the province and present all the advantages that pure water always give a country, both for economic and more sentimental reasons; blessed with a soil more fertile than the greater portion o4 the lands surrounding, the water-ways tend enormously to enhance the value of this feature by laying down thousands of acres of alluvial interval land along their courses. The climate is magnificent. The summers for the most part clear and cool and the winters cold, bracing and, especially in the interior, free from sudden changes. The climate is especially favorable for the production in their best form of the most valuable crops of the temperate zone. Di.ring the summer, especially in the growing season there are frequent showers occurring often at night, the time between them being for the most part during the day one of almost uninterrupted sunshine. The comparatively severe frosts in the winter are 9 far from being as might be supposed by a resident of a more southern or a warmer climate, unmitigated evils. On the contrary these frosts have a most valuable effect in connection with agriculture, saving the farmer an incalculable amount of work in the tillage of the soil. The upper layers of the soil are so thoroughly loosened by the action of the frost, especially as it is leaving the ground in the spring, that ploughing becomes an operation so much easier than it would under other circumstances, as not to entail more than half the labor. Many an essay has been written on this subject alone, and I could occupy much time and space in giving some more definite idea of the value of this feature. Of course, on the other hand, there is the danger that the- frosts will injure the roots of fruit trees and do other damage that may mean very considerable loss. This is very rarely even a consideration in New Brunswick, the reason being that before the frosts have penetrated sufficiently deep to have done any injury, the ground becomes covered with a heavy coating oi snow which prevents any furthur freezing below. And here again another advantage accrues; a considerable amount of the elements which the soil obtains usually through the agency of the rain from the air are stored up in the layer of the snow that sometimes lays three feet in depth over the surface of the ground in this province, and these elements are added to the soil suddenly as the snow melts during ihe months of March and April, and are in a condition to do their best work for the crop by the time that the frost is thoroughly out of the ground and the seed sown. To give a fair idea of the amount of sunshine in the province— and there is no more important element that goes to make life happier and healthier—I shall give herewith in tabular form the report furnished to the Department of Agriculture of the province by Thomas Harrison, L.L. B., the Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick, showing the hours of bright sunshine in Fredericton for each month of the year 1898, as compared with the average amount of sunshine for each- month of the year for the last seventeen years, these facts being the most interestin>^ w e are to expect: — giving a better idea of what 10 ■ Months of the Year. January, . . February, . March, . . . . April, May, June, July, August,. . . September, October, . . November, December, Hours of Bright Sunshine in Fred- ericton, 1898. Hours of Possihlc Sunshine in FreJer- icton, 1898. 279-33-60 287.29-60 365. 18-60 400.42-60 456.05-60 462. 12-60 466. 4 1 -60 428.50-60 370.03-60 334.39-60 281 .20-60 267.18-60 Average Hours of Bright Sunshine deduced fiom the last 17 years. ••3 128 153 189 206 219 238 217 182 146 94 98 Fro 1 this Table it can be readily seen that New Bruns- wick is, indeed, a country of sunshine. No better conception of this can be obtained than comparing a Table of this sort with one of the same type prepared for, for instance, Great Britain. It will be seen that New Brunswick has nearly twice as many hours sunshine in the year as has the mother country. I also include below a tabular view showing the highest, lowest and average mean temperature during each month in the year, 1898, at Fredericton ; also the average mean temperature during each month deduced trom twenty- three years' observation, with the precipitation for each month ot the year 1898 !- inches of rain and melted snow, as compared with the average precipitation of rain and melted snow at Fredericton for twenty-three years. It must be noted in this connection that there would be presented very different conditions in other portions of the Province. Fredericton being much warmer in summer and much colder in winter than is the case with places nearer the sea-coast. The province is entii oly free from violent storms ot any ap- proach to the types found throughout the western United States, no storm ever attaining sufficient violence, excepting under the most exceptional circumstances to do any consid- erable damage ; nor is the province liable to the droughts 11 Hours ot Sunshine d fiom 17 years. '3 128 189 tob 2iq 23« 182 146 94 98 V Bruns- nception this sort e, Great s nearly e mother wing the ing- each averaj^e twenty- for each snow, as id melted must be ited very Province, ch colder iea-coast. »t any ap- n United excepting- y consid- "' o ■which affect the Western and Middle States, and in some •cases, the more Western portions of Canada. The scenery presents an infinite variety, in some portions mighty forests stretch from the point of observation to the horizon in every direction. These are threaded with innumerable streams and rivers, the forests abounding in game, large and small, and the rivers teeming with fish. Some of the streams wind their way through a comparatively flat country. Others move, dark and silent, between vast hills and still others thunder and roar down toward the sea, mere mountain torrents. There is no very high land in the province, the highest of the mountains being the Sagamook in Northumberland County, 2700 feet in height. The general surface of the country is undulating, with a moderate number of compara- tively sharp rises. The beautiful St. John River, sometimes (though inappropriately) called the "Rhine of America," winds its way for nearly five hundred miles from us extreme head waters, the greater portion of its course lying through New Brunswick, and empties into the splendid harbor of St. John on the Bay of P^undy, the natural Winter Port of Canada. The next stream of importance is the Miramichi, emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and tapping the greatest lumbering section in Eastern Canada. Down the valley of the St. John River and its elaborate tributaries, as well as along the course of many minor streams, stretch thousands upon thousands of acres of the finest interval land, which is self-sustaining, being flooded each spring and fall and having its fertility constantly renewed by the coating of soil torn from the banks of the upper waters of the rivers, which is deposited upon it twice each year. Then there are great stretches of the best upland farming country lying over the Upper Silurian Formation, and on the East shore of the :province another type of land sloping down to the blue waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is to be found ; and here ithe sea comes in and adds its quotum of mussel mudand sea- weed as fertilizer ; and then around the hei"^ waters of the Bay of Fundy, and depending on, the wonderlu tides of this .body of water for their very existence, lie what are in many 12 il respects the most remarkable" farming lands in the world. The famous Tantramar and other dykeJands, valued often as high as two hundred dollars' (forty pounds) per [acre, which are absolutely self-sustaining requiring no further fertilizing but that the rich silt-bearing waters of the Bay of Fundy should be occasionaly let thtough the dykes to ebb and flow at will over the land and deposit their rich coating of the wonderfully fertile red mud which is peculiar of all the headwaters of the Bay. 'As can be seen more definitely under the head of Westmorland County, the marsh mud which can be had in unlimited quantities Tor the hauling, around the Bay of Fundy region, is the finer.t fertilizer that can be applied to uplands of all types. The industries of New Brunswick are: First and most im. portant, farming ; second, lumbering, (I am speaking parti- cularly of what might be called the natural industries of the country — those depending on the natural resources.) Third, fishing in its various branches; and fourth, the various manu- facturing processes, including prominently the production of pulp from the great forests ot spruce that clothe portions of the province. Fifth in importance ranks the developnent of the mineral resources of the country. Of these, farming is conducted under the most suspicious circumstances. Within the last few years, the development in farming in the Pro- vince of New Brunswick has been simply remarkable, the change from old methods which were unscientific to new methods which are scientific from every point of view has oeen exceedingly rapid. No more important branch of farming has developed, or is developing in the country, than dairying, for which the province is most admirably suited. Before the year 1 89 1, practically nothing was done in that line. Since that time great strides have been made. I pub- lish below a valuable little description in outline of the development of the dairying industries of the provincs. This was prepared by Mr. Thomas A. Peters, the Deputy Com- missioner of Agriculture, and will give some conception oi how rapidly dairying is progressing. 13 DAIRYING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. The dairyinjj industry in the Province of New Brunswick is one of the most important to be found. The cool, moist climate, rich, deep fertile soil watered by its numerous rivers, streams and lakes, and its broad pastures with plenty of shade trees seem to warrant the statement that there is no country yet eng-aged in this occupation with so many natural advantages for its successful operation than this country possesses. While our summer season is not probably so long- as- it is in provinces further west, yet we do not have to suffer the long droughts which are prevalent in other great dairying centres. Dairying in this province was, I might say, only com- menced in iSgt, and even then on a small scale, for in that year only about one-eighth of a million pounds of cheese were manufactured. Many difficulties arose at that time to pre- vent a very rapid advancement. The following year hay and grain sold for high prices, and as a result the cows in a majority ot cases were fed on a ration of straw, the effect of which was plainly visible the next season. A system of Farmer's Institute meetings was established and meetings were held all over the province, which soon began to show their good effects. The New Brunswick government, realizing the vast importance of the dairy indus try, decided to offer bonuses to the extent of $150 for cheese factories and $250 for creameries to any one who would erect and equip these factories. Many took advantage of this- generous offer, and in 1892 sixteen factories were in opera- tion, making 532,000 lbs. of cheese, and two creameries witb an output of 31,000 lbs. Between the years 1892-95 thirty-seven new cheese factories were established, making a total of fifty-three, witb an output of 1,263,200 lbs.; and seven creameries were it> operation, making 113,892 pounds of butter. With the year 1896 came a reverse in affairs, for during that season there was a shortage over the previous season of one-half a million pounds of cheese and 32,000 pounds oi o — ) CO 4 jar u butter. The slump was chiefly caused by the low prices- realized for dairy products in 1895. In 1897 we regained our old position so tar as cheese was concerned, and a better price was realized for the output of the factories, but the creameries did not fare so well, and there was a still greater decrease in the make than in 1896,. the whole output being reduced to about twenty tons. The rate of increase from 1897 up to the present time in cheese has been about one-half a million pounds of cheese per year, while over three times as much butter has been made this year than last, the total output of the season of 1890 being 2,000,000 pounds of cheese and 305,000 pounds of butter. OUR EXPORT TRADE. Our export trade has been steadily increasing from year to year, as the following will show : CHEESE. 1S94. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1S9S. 1899. 205,000 442,000 450,000 465,000 832,767 1,500,000 lbs.. 1894. 40,000 BUTTER. 1895. 55,000 1899. 243.705 lbs. Reports from across the water have been very flattering regarding the quality of our goods, and now that we have a. place on the Old Country market, extra efforts are beine made by all our dairymen to hold the ground that we have acquired, which we realize is not an easy thing to do in the face of so many competiting countries. WINTER DAIRY IXG. Winter dairying was first started in New Brunswick in- 1S97, when the Department of Agriculture leased the factory at Sussex, Kings County, and established three skimming stations in connection therewith. A fair business was done during the winter of 1897-8, and it was decided to operate in the same County the following winter on a more extensive scale. 16 li^' ii'H During; the summer of 1898 a creamery was erected in Carleton County by private parties, and the work was con- tinued in both Kings and Carleton Counties durinjf the winters of 1898-9. The quantity of butter made was g-reatly in excess of that made the previous year, and the prospects' for this winter are very encouraging. It is now a dominant fact that the great industry is fairly established, and with the co-operation of all dairymen grand results must surely follow. Though every advantage is offered for this industry, it ■is not'to be supposed that the province does not oflfer equal advantages for the prosecution of other kinds of farming. The Provincial Government has realized the fact that the province has a great agricultural future and has made this the key-note of the most important portion of its policy. So valuable do I consider another little compilation of the Agri- •cultural Department that I also publish it under the head of Agricultural in New Brunswick, below : AQRICULTURE IN NEW BRUNSWICK. From an agricultural point of view this province is one of the best in the Dominion. Being situated on the sea, its •shores are indented by deep bays, while the inland is beauti- fied by numerous small streams, rivers and lakes. The principal river is the St. John, which, though not navigable for large vessels for more than 140 miles from its mouth, is noted for its beautiful scenery and productive intervales along its bank. The climate is one of the best, although the temperature reaches extreme points for short periods both in summer and •winter, yet the conditions are such that for carrying on all branches of work, it no doubt excels that of the provinces lying around us. "For any great plan of immigration or colonization there is no British colony which presents such a field for trial .as New Brunswick." This was the official reports of the Com- missioners sent out by the British Government to explore a > C/5 O =r S3 k n o c 3 3 5* ! its Id line of railway more than half a century ag'o. If such a. report could be mad? at that time, I am quite sure too much cannot be said from a immigration point ot view at the present tune. Many broad acres are now under a high state of cultivation which half a century ago were almost an impenetrable forest, and today, with railways extending over all sections, enables the emigrant to accomplish work that was unknown fifty years ago. The land is gently undulating and without many very high, elevations. The soil is rich, deep and very fertile in nearly every section, and being well watered, is suitable for growing nearly every crop with a profitable return. About 1,500,000 acres of land are now under crops,, 1,000,000 acres under pasture, 500,000 under garden and orchard cultivation. The principal crops grown in i8g8 were: Hay, 700,000 tons; oats, 5,000,000; wheat, 410,000 bushels; barley, 109,000; rye, 10,000;. buckwheat, 1,658,000; beans, 25,000; turnips, 1,000,000 bushels, and about 5,000,000 bushels of potatoes. The Local Government realizing the immense importance of wheat growing, established their now famous wheat policy, which has been the means of retaining a large amount of money that has hitherto teen sent out of the province for flour. This policy was established in 1898, when authority was granted the Commissioner for Agriculture to offer a bonus of twenty per cent, of the cost of equipment to persons or companies equipping roller mills in sections approved of by the Commissioner. Authority was also granted to make an importation of seeds for distribution among the farmers of the province, and in 1898 and '99, 3,000 and 5,000 bushels respectively were distributed. During the last two years twelve Hungarian Roller Mills have been established with very gratifying results. The followinf>- will give some idea of the increase in the growth of wheat since 1891. In that year only 200,000 bushels were grown, whiii. i. 1809 we have the gratifying return of 500,000 bushe- ■. T'l e quality of the wheat grown igr 17 is unexcelled, it bein^: larjre and hard, and as before In- timated, with the assistance of roller mills j, capable of makinj,' a hi.i,'h j,'rade flour. The counties of Carleton, York an., Westmorland are probably the best sections of the province tor hay growing- and pasture jjrass, and are equally aood for the production ot oats, buckwheat and barley; while for wheat production Gloucester and Kent are the banner counties. With crops such as the above laying at the farmer's command, laige quantities of beef are made, the quantity increasing every year, especially in the eastern portion of the provincij. The production of pork, which goes hand in hand with the dairying industry, i^ making very rapid strides, induced largely by the increased interest which is taken in the manu- facture of cheese and butter, the by-products of which are supplemented by a grain ration and used tor this purpo>.e. Another very important feature of New Brunswick is'the home market for everything produced on the farm. The vast lumbering operations of the province entails the keeping of a large number of men and horses. Then, with the Winter Port at St. John, where large numbers of horses, cattle and sheep are exported to the Old Country from the west, our market is greatly stimulated, for all these animals must be fed. Dairying is one of the most important branches of agriculture in New Brunswick at the present time and the growth ot the industry during the last few years has been rapid, tor m 1,^93 only nineteen factories were in operation manufacturing 532,000 pounds of cheese and 31,95^ pounds ot buttpr; while this year there has been in operatbn sixty cheese factories manufacturing about 2,000,000 pounds of cheese and ten creameries making 310,000 pounds of butter About two-thuds of this quantity was exported to the Old Country, for which high prices were obtained and very flattermg reports accompanied the returns in nearlv every mstance. ' ^ I ,18 The principle drawback with which the dairymen have •to contend in this province is the lon^^ distance from the Old Country, which is our principle market. Wh.le the cheese sent over is not materially dama-ed, the exports of butter do not fare so well, although transportation facilities have been verv much improved during the last two or three years, and as the dairving industry is advancing all over the Dommion, we are looking for a corresponding advance m sh.ppmg facilities. . • i i ^ii The province of New Brunswick is particularly we adapted for dairying. We have a country notably wel watered and a moist and cooler climate than many parts of the world at present engaged in this branch of farming. Our pastures are fresher and when properly looked atter will produce more per acre than those farther west ot us, while the land under cultivation is capable of producing large crops of choice milk producing foods. ^ Notwithstanding our winter and about seven months compulsorv stable feeding, facts go to show, as already stated, that New Brunswick can produce as choice an article of cheese or butter as cheaply as most any country When . we come to b.et production, we are compelled to admit that our own Northwest, the western planes of the L nited States .and the great natural pastures of South America can manu- facture it more cheaply than we can. Neverthe ess, the New Brunswick farmer reali.^es the fact that beef can be very profitablv raised from cheap foods such as corn todder turnips, 'oats, buckwheat, etc.. of which we have abundant croDS We can report fair progress in the beet raising indusirv, especially in the eastern portion of the Province .vhere 'thousands of acres of marsh land are available and suitable for this work. FRUIT. The cultivation of apples is increasing very rapidly from year to year, especially along the St. John Valley district, which is about the only fruit raising district of the province the soil being particularly well adapted for the growth of apples. 19 & 'I ■f I Few orchards are yet extensive enough to produce a -very large quantity of any one variety, excepting the New Brunswick, which looses its flavor verv quicklv after being p.cked. Winter varieties such as Bishop Pippin, Fameuse and Ben Davis are being grown quite extensivelv in some sections, and more attention is being given to the orchards than previu..sly hnK been devoted to them. The cultivation of small fruits, such as strawberries raspberries, currants and gooseberries is also on the increase' especially in the vicinity of towns and cites. This industry might be considerablv increased with advantage both to growers and consumers, and might be considerably increased on the farm for home use. The Local Government has frequently made importations of pure bred stock consisting of .attJe, sheep and swine at a g-reat expense, and distributed them all over the province with a view of stimulating and encouraging the breeding of a better class of stock. The result of these distributions is plainly visible, for a general improvement in nearly all classes has been realized. Diflferent kinds of seeds are also from time to time dis- tributed with very gratifying results. . Encouragement is 'also given to the farmers of the province by the assistance granted by the Government to the Agricultural Societies, $9,000 being appropriated for this purpose yearly. Three dHiry superintendents are employed bv the Gov. en^ent for the purpose of g-ivh,,. instruction to 'the cl,eese and butter niKkers, „, order that a uniform article may be inl ;. b^"'' r "^"•-•''"'■''S^' 'he erection of these factories m suitable sections. from'^r' p'"' ' '"'' '"' ""'^ ''■""^ ''■^^' '^- be inferred from this Report, it is very evident that the province has vast capabilities with regard to its power of producing the very food products that are required in Grea' Britai!^ I W. r^ ''"''"'''' unfortunately, throughout the pro- ZlZtr'' '" "'"/'"^ '^'^ ^"' "^^^^ ^ considerable portion of their very comfortable living by selling it. If this hav and the other farm products were employed as they should be, beini,^ used on the farm in feeding stock, both for meat and dairv purposes, and poultry, the results would be very different than thev are at present. Throughout the pro- vince there is a splendid chance for the class of farmer who knows his business. The market advantages are rapidly m- creasing, but so great is the fertile area that the price of land, compared with land in other countries ot like fertility, remains remarkably low. Of course it is more difficult to obtain the best class of farms under any conditions, but there are alwavs accidental circumstances which put evea the best farms' on the market. During the summer and autumn of 1899, the Government has been taking options on the better class of farms through the province and, as far as I know, there has not been a single instance ot a man who wished to sell because he was dissatisfied with farming in the Province of New Brunswick. There was always some verv irood reason why he should do so. Either he was ad- vancing in age and his children, if he had any, were taking up some professions, or, as in the case of a considerable number, he was growing old in the work, childless and was independent, and wishing to movejo a town and live quietly without further work for the rest of his life, he had decided to sell the farm. A number of places to be sold under these conditions, including some of the finest farms in the province in the best state of cultivation, are to be obtained. To give some idea of prices, let me cite an instance or two. A farm of 800 acres. 700 of which is an inter', al, situated at Gage- town on the St. John River valley, can at present (January igoo) he obtained tor $12,000.00, (about 2400 pounds sterl- ing); this price including buildings, etc. Another farm only a mile from Sussex and in the centre of the toremost dairy section in the province, with some forty acres of interval at- attached, consisting of some 250 acres in all, about 100 being cleared and under cultivation, can be obtained for $2,800.00, (:^.o pounds sterling. ) This also includes wooden buildings. Some places of course reach considerably above these in price proporlionaiely, and some again can be obtained for > C/) o C/) 2 s r. i-t- o-^ IS they 3th for »uld be ne pro- er who idly in-- •rice of srtility, cult to IS, but .t even ler and ;ions on ,s far as lan who ming in /a some was ad- 2 taking ;iderable and was 2 quietly decided ler these province To give A farm at Gage- (January ids sterl- arm only ost dairy terval at- loo being 2, 800.00, )uildings. these in ained for 21 ill! much less money. The hitter instance however, would be considered a cheap farm in the province, taking- into consid- eration all the advantages which its position presents. Be- sides this cheapness of land, another feature that makes the- province a most desirable home for the farmers is the fact that building materials and fuel can be obtained everywhere for the labor of obtaining them. No portion ot the country has become so densely populated but that fire-wood and timber can be found within a day's hauling. The population is scattered, following the wonderfully fertile lands in the river valleys and elsewhere, and leaving considerable stretches of forest throughout the whole province This of course is a tremendous advantage. Nowhere can a house be erected more cheaply than here, and nowhere can it be warmed more readily during the winter season. The farmer,, is indeed, a rarity who has not on his own farm sufficient firewood for his use. Of course, I am speaking now of the man who wishes to live in the most economical way. The majority of farmers throughout New Brunswick burn^oal^ to a great'extent, this mineral in its bituminous form here being verv cheap, on account of the proximity of the Nova Scotia coal fields. A much better conception can be obtained how- ever, by reading the descriptions of different portions of the province. These will lead one to infer that there are many things to tell the British farmer as to why he should take up his r^esidence in New Bru-.swick. The man who is bound to make a success of farming in this country is he who has at least a moderate amount of capital to invest in the beginning, thus he will have his farm free from debt, and perhaps, from the beginning, or, under the most unfavorable circum- stances, in a few years will be an independent if not a wealthy farmer. Professor Nathaniel S. Shaler, the Dean of the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, said to me of New Brunswick, when speaking of i't regarding its adaptability to settlement by English farmers, that it pre- sents more advantages, in his opinion, especially for an Englishman, than any other country to which they could migrate. " l"he climate," he said, "might be compared U) C/5 CO said •)0 to that of England, north of Birmingham ; this comparison being a rough one, as the winters were considerably colder and the summer somewhat milder. "An Englishman he continued, " will find this province more like England than any other portion of the world. There is everythmg here to recall the old land to him ; the big willows and elms, and the same farming methods may be employed here, with but very slight modification." He said further regarding the pro- vince as follows : — "QneoftliebestthinKs th;U could happen to this province would be for the people who inhabit it tu arrive at a ihorouKh apprec.at.on ot what it is aetuallv capable of doino-. I,s adva-Ua^^es are remarkably numerous. It is a splendid agricultural country, .nuch hner than any section of the New England Stales." [Professor Shaler is the largest farmer in the New England Stales and an opinion coming from him must necess-arily have a great deal ot weight, independent of all his knowledge on the subject.] "Among the other advantages of the province," he continued, "are the following: Eirst, it has an enormous lengin ot coast; both the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Bay of Fundy are what would be con- sidered safe seas, as they are subject to no sudden storms. The province is so situated that it is free from the worst effects ot the storms that travel from the west, as they either travel down the St. LawrcMice Valley or reach the ocean across the New England Slates. 1 1.e climate is a fine one; the summers are cool and bracing and the wmters are cold and healthful. You should be proud of your marsn land, as well as vour intervals. One of the defects of the province, from my point of 'view, is that Indian co does not mature properly, though i can be raised most readilv for the silo. A great .nany crops that could be raised readily here are absolutely neglected. As an mslance ot th.s hops can be cited. Whoever heard of raising hops in New Brunswick. Still, thev can be grown to advantage as far north as the Ba.e de Chaleur,'in the extreme north oi' the province. Oats are here a magniiicent crop, vielding up to sixty bushels to the acre or even more. The same thing is true of buckwheat. There are no drouths; pract.cHlly every crop that can be raised in this latiu.de is a success in New-^ Brunswick. The woods contain great quantities ot small berr.es of many varieties, fuel is cheap, and nowhe.-e can houses be bu.lt at less .cost than here. In six years land ca.i be b.ought to full cultivation from the absolute wilderness. Along the eno.-mous tidal fronts, with safe landi.ig, are to be found abundance of fish. The smelt hsh.ng through ihe'ice is a feature well worth ..oting. The large ru.is ot salmon .up the rivers, the quantities of herring, shad, cod and haddock, and ttie I n —i r , a O 00 o 3 Tl C ru (J) O sr B 2 00 n "0 ft a: o s C t/5 ft (7 C/) o 2 CD 23 fi larye nmnbor^ of lol>siers ami o_v>ior'^ to bt" kfottoii on the Giilt' coast, are all indii-ativi- o( the oaso with whicli fooil can be obtained ihroujfh- oul the province. The River St. John is another niajj;nificienl feature. The ciiniale may be compareil uitii the climate of En^dand north of Birininniiani, lieiiix coitk-r in winter and with a somewhat milder Mimmer. Spruce renews itself with extraordinary rapidity, and, in my opinion, a man who has five hmulreil acres anil kee]5s three himdreil in spruce, has in this latter a j^-ood crop " Professor Shalei- mentioned many other thing's about the province — ■ its sccnerv, miner-al prospi'cls and other resoin-ces which would be loo numerous to nicnlion; but what has been saiil will K'ive some idea of his opinion oi' the country as a whole. Professoi- ShaliM- also saiil, in speakini^ of another phase of the resources of the country, that the province was one of the finest big.tcame countries in the world. 0\u^ other thint;- that he said is, that nowhere in his travels had he seen healthier or sturdier looking children than he saw thioui;hout this country. Let US sum up in brief then the chief advantages which the Province presents to the farmer, whether he comes with very little money at his disposal or whether he has a sufficient amount of capital to make himself independent trom the first. Tst. It lies iti the extreme eastern portion of the Dom- inion of Canada, the most important of the British colonies,, and is thus, with the sister province of Nova Scotia, nearer the British market than any other portion of the empire possessing- the same fertility. When I say nearer, this i-.-. the case under consideration, means very much nearer. To convince oneself of this, it is only necessary to look at a map of the world, noting the portions of the empiie which lie nearer the mother country and which are unaffected as far as their food supply in the time of war is concerned by the proximity of foreign powers. Independent of this latter phase, it will be seen that Xew Brunswick's position is aa enviable one. Lying only six days' sail from Great Britain, and having this time gradually cut down by the introduction of quicker methods of transportation (steamers of higher speed), no great food-producing colony lies as near the British market as does this, and the Maritime Provinces are the most advantageously situated in this respect. Beside n n O n a n ir> 2 CO rmi > K 1 24 "i|(ii 'h\ this there is a considerable local market which is not to be despised, and which is increasinj? rapidly. 2nd. The country lies in the midst of the temperate zone and practically half way between the north pole and the equator. It is a wonderfully healthful climate, with clear summers and cold winters. Of all the British garrison stations throughout the world, Kredericton, the capital of 'he province, when a garrison town, stood first as regards its healthtulness; and this is no light matter to the people who are to live in the country. One writer (an American), speak- ing ot the climate, says : "Willi one exception, the climate of the New Brunswick winter is the finest in the world, and that exception is the climate of the Xew Brunswick summer." The climate necessarily has its direct efl'ect on the people, the result being as line a class of men physically, having as pure morals and a mental balance and moral sanity as clear and vigorous as have any people under the sun. It is a climate that leads to the youth of the country taking a natural interest in athletics, and nowhere are out-door sports followed more enthusiastically than through this province. In summer canoeing, fishing, boat sailing and rowing, walk- ing, bicycle riding, mountain climbing and camping out fill in the time. In the autumn comes the time when the vast variety of game with which the province swarms is in season, and hunting of various descriptions is carried on most exten- sively. In the winter the ground is covered deep with snow and out-door sports still reign supreme. Tobogganing, coasting, snow-shoeing and skating are entered into with the greatest enthus.asm by old and young. .\n American not long since, a noted authority in athletics in the United States, said to me: "The Canadians are the greatest sportsmen in the world; they take a keener interest in out-door life and out-door sport for its own sake than any people I know, and I have been everywhere. They enter into athletic sports in a different spirit than we do, and I can hardly yet understand them. They do not seem to care whether they lose or win, .bevond doing their best, and, if they lose, are up and at it O o n a r- n n n n < a El a r c "^ n C_ 00 c_ 3 c^ ^ n c" n n. < a A^iku Jmm 26 .aj,'aiti." This, I think, is not an exaj^'-jjfcration. and is a ^a->od indication of the tendency to be found throu^-hout the country. 3rd. The province has a splendid educational system, whose interests are presided over by the lioard ol lulucation, a department of the Provincial (lovernment. This Board consists of the foremost educationalists of the province, and by it the work is prescribed. A great pride is taken in edu- cational matters, amonj4- the finest buildings in every town being the schools. Great number.^ of smaller school houses are scattered throughout the country, and hardly a farm can be found, except in the most out-lying districts, which is more than a mile from the school house. The staflf of teachers to be found in these schools is necessarily an efficient one, as they are trained at and obtain their licenses from the Provincial Normal School at Fredericton. The system, as founded i . New Brunswick today, is the result of much thought and much labor by men who have given their lives to the subject, the result being that the educational system of the Maritime Provinces is unsurpassed in the world. The schools are free throughout, and the higher courses in the high schools are in reality on a par with the more elementary work of a university course, and the boy or girl who takes advantage of all the educational facilities offered free by the province should be able to write, not only good English, but should have formed a style, with a firmness and breadth that indicates originality. He should have a thorough knowledge of all the more elementary branches of mathematics, advanced algebra, trigonometry and book-keeping. He should have a considerable knowledge of natural science, not in the value- less way it has so often been taught, but a considerable practical knowledge, that will not alone give him a grasp of things as they are, but should be of the utmost economic value to him in his life, especially if that life is to be the life of a farmer. He should have good reading knowledge of French, German, Latin and Greek, and should be acquainted with the more common of the classics. Besides all these things, he should have a practical application of the natural -science work, a fair elementary knowledge of physiology and s a a C/5 o J? o o O rr 26 hygiene, embodyiiiij a sufficient ixvoimd work to enable him. to 'have a knowledge of how to keep himselt in the best physical condition/ These, as before, are the conditions, which the New Brunswick system of education tends to bring about. For a more accurate knowledge of that system it will be necessary to refer to the curriculum, which is -uniform throughout the' province, copies of which can be obtained from the Educational Depart ment. 4th. Land is cheap, as is the cost of living, and a farm may be bought in Xew Brunswick for a sum that would in many cases be much less than the annual rental of the same sized farm in Great Britain, and the quality of the soil is unsurpassed, the climatic conditions also being evei-ything that can be desired for successful farming of the type found throughout tlie temperate zone. ;,th. Fuel and building materials are on every hand, pract'icallv the only expense connected with obtaining them being that of the actual process, the materials for the most part being obtained free. 6th. There are large, unsettled areas which are yet to be cleared, and, though the labour that is involved is con- siderable and the results slow to come, compared with those obtained bv taking up cultivated farms ; still, for the man who has no money, and wishes in a matter of five or six years to place himself in an independent position, no country offers better agricultural facilities than does Xew Brunswick, uncleared land being obtainable at prices which are really hardly more than nominal. Some of the best uncleared land in the Province can be had for a dollar (four shillings ap- proximatelv^per acre. The Government will do everything in its power to further the interests of either type of settler. If a man comes out with a moderate amount of capital, and a moderate amount in some countries is a considerable amount in New Brunswick— say five hundred to a thousand pounds sterling, or even very much less, some farms being obtained for one hundred pounds, the Government will do all in their power to see that the settler gets the very best position which he can, with the amount of money which he- 27 has on hand. On the other hand, in the case of a man who comes out with practically no money left after paying- his passaj,re. except that necessary to purchase his land from the the Crown, the Government will do all in their power tor him on his arrival at St. John, and see that he ^ets properly placed and comfortably settled. I publish below extracts from the regulations for carrymg- out the provisions of the Labour Act ot the Province bearinu- on this matter. • All applirations for Crown Land niu.sl be made in the name of and by he real apphcant, or by his Attorney duly authorized, and the Grant .hall be issued only to him, unless his claim be transferred with the approval oi the Lieutenant Governor in Council. If the Petition be accepted, its approval shall be published in the Royal Gazette, and uithin three months thereafter (but if between ,st OcU.be.- and ,s, Apnl then to reckon as Iron, the latter) he shall im- I rou. and clear on h,s lot to the value of not less than (.o) twenty dolars;andalso wnhin three n,on,hs additional to the value , all o^ not less than (40) forty dollars Xo Labor Act Comntissioner is t ; assi.^-n work in pavment for I and >."t,l he knows that the applicant has i.nproved to t'he value o .I t:::^'o:r7n ^^- ^^^•^^■'-'-' 3). ..ki report mustbe;L;::b ! He shall within two years after publication of his anoroval trans- n. ,0 the Surveyor-General a Certificate attested to by him^e lo, oTh be ore a Mag.trate. and certified by two of his nei^lLrs, that et' but t a house ht tor occupancy upon the lot. of not iL dimensions than sixteen by twenty feet; and is then residing, therein and tub ^h c^.... and had cultivated in the previous U at i;;:'^'!^^^ The absence named in fhr- -iliz-xr^ \ ,. i n .^^^ I r , " '" '"^ ciuove Act shall not in any one year ov- ^e d five months vi.:-In Summer, durin,. the months of Ju ; ."d August ; and .n VV.nter, during the months of January. Febria'y L.^d BeR,re he shall be permitted to cut any timber or lumber (except .hat cut ,n clearing: the land for cultivation) he shall tr-u smit t . fh Sur.^.or General a Certificate as prescribed in Sec L T an^ ^^ ^::":nr:r ^°"^"-'°"- ^-^ - '- — - - -'cj:^ All persons who have purchased Crown Lands not exceeding loo H 'Ill .11, I IHI^^HHI ^^^m ^ ( f i tf ll ■c ca u < f--»v. CQ lyi u 28 then residing: on and improving the lot so purchased, and have so resid- ed and improved the same for the three previous consecutive years, shall be entitled to a Grant upon producing a Certificate to that effect from a Labour Act Commissioner ; such Certificate to be sworn to by the settler before a neighboring- Magistrate, No person shall be authorized under the previously recited Act to commence an action for trespass upon his lot, unless he shall have pre- viously presented to the Surveyor General a Certificate on oath that be has performed all the conditions required by the Act of Assembly and the present Regulations, necessary to entitle him to present possession of the lot located to him. The Surveyor General shall prepare the necessary Forms of Peti- tions, Certificates, &c., to -^arryoutthe provisions of the above Act, and shall furnish them to Magistrates, Commissioners, and all other per- sons who may apply, in order to secure uniformity in official documents connected with the before recited Acts. No application will be approved unless forwarded by a Commis- sioner or a Justice of the Peace. 7th. The rehgious conditions in New Brunswick are such that, wherever a man is situated, he is never any great distance from a church. In every Httle village throughout the province the number of church spires is a source of wonderment to the traveller who sees the country for the first time. Professor Shaler. whom I have quoted several tiines, in speaking of the City of St. John in this connection, says that, undoubt- edly, it has the finest churches of any city of its size in the world. They are for the most part massive stone or brick structures, with tastefully designed interiors. The city is a city of church-goers. This remark applies to practically every town in the province. Throughout the country sections hardly can a few houses get together, forming a small farming centre, than a year or two will see a church spring up in their midst. The denominations to be found through- out the province are for the most part the following: Church of England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist. Baptist and Congrcgationalist. There are other, denomina- tions in small numbers. An American said of the province: I'The reason you have not got Christian Scientists and Spiritualists is because the climate is not calculated to breed c il >3 CQ Z to S u 29 CQ Z X (/) S 6 £? •■s < » them." There may be some truth In the remark. Many of the country churches are very fine stone structures of which the province is justified in bein^- proud. The two classes of 'buildin^^s which are the finest in every New Brunswick village ■are the churches and the schools, and this indicates more than anything that could be said the moral tone and the mental trend of the country as a whole. 8th. The means of transportation are unsurpassed. New Brunswick is a complicated net work of natural water- ways, many of which are navigable. The value of this alone is cf course, incalculable, but it fades into secondary import- •ance when compared with the magnificent railway system through the province. There are more miles ot railway in New IJrunswick, when compared with the population than in any oilier country in the world. The chief lines of railway are, first the Intercolonial, a portion of the great Canadian Government Railway system running between Montreal and Halifax and possessing a large number of branches. This railway enters the Province from the north at Metapedia on the Restigouche River, proceeds down the valley of the Restigouche to Campbellton, then to Dalhousie at the mouth of the river; from this point it turns to the south, and taps the whole eastern shore of the Pro- vincc. Passing through the city of Moncton in Westmorland ■County. ,t proceeds to the southeast, past the towns of Dor- chesier and Sackville and through the countrv of the great marsh region at the head waters of the Bay of Fundy. It passes the Tantramar Marsh, and thence enters Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, on its way to Halifax. From Moncton one .section of the line runs through Petitcodiac to St. John which IS also the Atlantic terminus of the great Canadian Pacific Railway, with the exception of the trans-Siberina, the longest road operated under one management in the ^yorld. The Canadian Pacific Railway taps the whole of Cei/a-al and Western Canada, bringing hundreds of thou- sands oi tons of produce to St. John on its way to the British •yarket. The Canadian Pacific Railway system passes through th e region west of the St.Jchn River up toFrederictoa m] 'Hi .11 > r-; o t/) 3 4> c O I 30 i »i ■u di in •1 :S s 43 a O I and thence operates lines on both sides of the river to Woodslock. North of tliis it continues throu^fh the valley oi the St. John to Kdniundston, the shire town of Madawaska County, where it turns north and runs through Quebec. Another branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway leaves the Province at X'anceboro, nine miles from Macadam junction in York County, and enters the State of Maine, making a short cut through tliat State to Montreal. The Canada Eastern runs across the Province from Fredericton, up the valley of the Nashwaak River and down the south- west Miramichi to Chatham on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Gulf Shore andCaraquet Railway taps the extreme north- eastern portion of the province, Gloucester County, and con- nects with the Intercolonial at Bathurst. Besides these there are a considerable number of stnaller lines, one, the Albert Railway, connecting with the Intercolonial at Salisbury, runs to Albert in the county of that name, the Elgin branch pene- trating the more western portion of the county. The Xew Brunswick Central runs from Norton near the Grand Lake towns, and the St. Martin's and Upham Railway runs from Hampton to the former town on the shores of the Bay of Fundy, Besides these there are others of less importance and still other lines now in process of construction. It is but necessary to examine a railway map of the province to get some conception of the facilities offered, either tor passenger service or the transportation of produce. The most important minerals found in the Province of New Brunswick are iron, copper, nickel, antimony, lead, silver, gold, nrmganes-, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, albertite, petroleum, bituminous shales, graphite, peat, limestone, gypsum, granite, diorite; ornamental stones, such as marble, serpentine, porphry and others in smaller quanti- ties, freestones, millstones, grindstones, slates, clays of ex- cellent quality for brick m;iking, silica, infusorial earth, mineral paints and mineral springs. Besides these are found barytes, fluor, Iceland spar and asbestos. The gem stones, are garnets, black tomm;dine and amethysts. Among rare metal is found molybdenite. Referring to this, Dr. Bailey n 03 Z U f 31 *c CO a. U > U says: "It is in scattered grains and scales, some of the Matter being- as large as the thumb nail." For further infor- snation on these minerals, I shall have to refer the reader to the "Mineral Resources of New Brunswick," by L W Bailey, Ph. D. LL. IX, F. R. S. C, printed by S. E. Daw- son, Ottawa, in 1899, for the Crown Land Department of New Brunswick. Copper has been found in widely spread situations but has been very little developed. There are appar- ently considerable deposits in the Province, one of which is now being worked near Dorchester, Westmorland County. Nickel is found in the mineral pyrrhotitc in the vicinity of St Stephen in considerable quantities. Antimony has been worked to a certain extent, but. for some unaccountable reason, was gi,'en up. Relating to it Professor Bailey says:- .'As to the quantity or quality of the antimony ores ot P.ince William, there can be but little question," Speakmg of the shaft that was worked, he says: "There was also no sign of diminution in the quantity of the ore as followed in depth, but on the contrary a tendency to greater concentration, with a replacement to some extent of Stibnite by native antimony. The question of future working of the - the time that it was mined, it sold for a remarkable high price, from fifteen to twenty dollars per ton. So great was the dip, however of the seam, that before long, especially as it became of less diameter than above, it did not pay for the raising and ex- penditure connected with the mining. Bituminus shales are to be found in very considerable quantities, scattered through the carboniferous area, especially in the south-east part of the Province. These have been used somewhat extensively themselves, and are now acquiring an additional interest in relation to their bearing on the probability of finding petro- leum in large quantities in the Province. The Government has taken an interest in the matter and a company is now making a thorough exploration of the fields to discover all that can be discovered relative to the prospect of finding extensive petroleum deposits in New Brunswick. Considerable deposits of g.aphite occur in the province. They have not, however, been mined extensively. Peat bogs of great extent — the amount of peat being simply incalculable — may ultimately turn out of great value. The limestones throughout the province have been the basis of very considerable industries. There are a large number about the vicinity of St. John which turn out great quantities ot lime. In 1895 lime to the value of $35,709.00 was exported to the United States alone, while in 1890 the same country took the mineral to the value of $143,292.00, this being the largest year's export up to the present. In 1881 the entire value of the amount exported was only $1,822.00. The gypsum deposits of Hillsborough, Albert County, are very extensive, and have been operated on a large scale for a considerable number of years, forming the basis of a large» lucrative industry. No finer quality of gypsum has ever T3 u o J3 o be ^H ■^ O r-; C o .9 O 33 been found than in this vast deposit in Xow r^runswick. In 1897 from Hillsborough alone was shipped to the United States 59,334 tons of the crude phister rock. Other deposits are found throughout the province. The. finest quality of freestone suitable and extensively used for the manufacture of grindstones has long been quarried on a large scale in New Bondon in Gloucester County, forming the foundation for a continuous and paying industry of great importance. There are throughout the province considerable quantities of granite and diorite. One of the finest deposits of granite is to be found at Hampstead in Queen's county. These granites are especially suited for foundations and have been thus used —as I learned from Professor Bailey's report— in the piers of the Fredericton bridge and in a considerable number of foundations of large buildings, both public and private. There are also fine deposits of granite throughout the Nerepis \'alley and extending westward to St. George. The St. (Jeorge granite is of a comparatively bright red colour, thus being very useful as an ornamental stone. There are also throughout the province at various points, to be found black granites. Of ornamental stones marbles of various colours are to be met with some containing serpentine of a pale green colour. There are also moderate deposits of borphyry. Throughout various sections of the province are to be found some very fine quarries of free stone, mill stone and grind stone; some of the finest free stone quarries are to be found at the head of the Bay of Fundy. One o( the best of these quarries is to be found near Newcastle, Northumberland County. Among the best of all the grind stone quarries are those found at Stone Haven in Gloucester County on the shore of the Bale de Chaleur. Slate is scattered' in many positions throughout the province, as is also true of clay suitable for brick making. There are considerable deposits of silica and one or two of infusorial earth. Of mineral springs, there are some very fine salt springs, at Sussex. From these a splendid quality of salt has been made for some time, much of which has been used in salting the large quan- tities of. butter turned out in the Sussex Valley. In the .A, b,; C o z c c cr; 34 Parish of Havelock are to be found some fine mineral springs, the water from which is used in the manufacture of a variety of beverages. NEW BRUNSWICK AS A GAME COUNTRY. The Province of New Brunswick stands today the finest of all the accessible hunting regions on the North American continent. The big game hunting alone being very fine. The government of the province, realizing the importance of preserving the game have enacted a series of game laws, which are enforced most stringently; the result being embodied in ihe foregoing sentence. The practical result is that a man who goes out in the province in search of big game rarely comes back disappointed, and if he does he is almost always in a position to blame himself for it. The big game to be found in New Brunswick consists of four species: the moose, the largest and most magnificent of the deer tribe at present in existence; the caribou, an animal almost as much sought after as the moose; the Virginia deer and the American black bear. The latter is very shy and is only occasionally met with. Great numbers of moose, caribou and deer, however, are to be found throughout the province. The game law is such that no one person is allowed to shoot more than one moose, one caribou and two deer in any one season. The tendency, of course, is for the game to increase rapidly under such conditions as these, and if a man returns to civilization with his full allowance, he should be well satisfied. The moose is a magnificent animal, weighing often 1,000 pounds, standing seven feet or more in height with an enormous palmated pair of antlers, sometimes stretching over five feet from tip to tip and weighing as much as seventy pounds. The moose are hunted in a variety of ways, the most popular and one of the most exciting bein<>- known as "calling," of which a description will be given lalor on. The caribou is also a magnificent specimen of the deer tribe, sc.newhat smaller than (he moose, but often more I n''-»:\ CO CO U rt D* be of 35 difficult ,o obtain. Like their bigger cousin, tbey are very "arj- and extremely fleet of foot. They range over at dstancesu, a comparatively short time, seentifg alwlv To b on the move, and clever, indeed, is the sportsman" ho can always be certain of getting his caribou. The Red Deer or V,rg,„,a Deer is a beautiful little animal, the buck 1 ke he car,bou, having branching antlers. Th species is x- tremely graceful, light limbed and fleet of foot, and ^eneraUv remarkably wary. They inhabit the timber Joods.'of ,^ he higher hardwood lands. The Black Bear, an a, m" he h ,T:' T7"^^ "'''^°^""' °"-^y'»les, i'nasmu : lie has a dreadful reputation (in books), is now found com -onlv only ,„ the more uncivilized portions of the proMr; around the w.lderness lakes and mountains, He is I" at s^eep th,ef or rather was when plentiful, and the sport^n, m s, mcleed, uckv if he comes across a bear accidenta'u No own hide, and none ,s more cowardly. I have vet to hear of an a„ he„t,c nts.ance of the black bear attacking anybody cept when badly wounded and cornered, and ma^ are .t anu,s,ng stones told of this shy animal as the camp fire smoke curls ,ts way up through the dark green canopy of pr„ce needles overhead. ' spruce In the last few years, owing to the great number of n.oose, caribou and deer to be found i„ the pro ce New Brunswick has become the resort of some of the most femou" ortsmen of both hemispheres. The number of moo" o be found throughout the great northern section drained bv ^ie Res.,gouche and Miramichi Rivers, as well as b^ .h^. Tcb,que, can only be surmised. Over and over agai^ I have «en .he muddy spots on the banks of one of theaC i e" day out. There were moose tracks everywhere and tr^.t be followed and here and there, the big snow-shoe like foot ol the car,bou had left its imprint, almost large enough to have been made by the foot of an elephant, Besdesh" ..orthern sect.on, which is the chief moo'se region, the tl CQ c 3 O U c 3 a o s portion of Canada. All information regarding moose <1> (/) « a> c« ITS b/1 a> ii bjO ■ plc in of .arc and caribou shootino- in fho «.-^, • at Saint John or ^:^:^::Z.^^:,:''t'' '''''' unformation can practicallv h. . ''" necessary ' the province As Thi " ^ " '"^"'^^''^ throughout entlvJn. • ^ '"■^' """"'^ ^"'J caribou are evid- '€ntl> increasins- ,n numbers, the new lavv^ n.t . t -i" 'orce for any considerable period """^ '^^" Of the small game to be found in the countrv fir«f • fa„„ly from a g-astronomic point of view *^ ]..L.,c A u family, which swarm on the rivers Jakes and shorp«j nf fi,^ d • . mers, ;> c i^.uj, or an the Canadian game duckv; V«v.f • Jniportanre rnnU fU„ ui • s««"c uucks. i%ext in Tf e .a:,i;:'i^i.:,^,-: rt.er„?-"o;:i;t :;i- le Bav o?V , "! "' "'' ''"'' °' «""" Lawrence and n er ho / '" '^"' J""™'-^' ""™'-'''' 'heir southern . ; are Z; •""' "^'"" '" "^^ »P""^' "" '^eir return jom™ i A, eth^d! :? fh? • """':"■ °"^ ^^' "- --' i"'-"'- p:oVe.hro:^ra:;™?;^:;ro::;/c^-r-;L:7- Nicholas LoUir. Malicete Indian g-iide, with grilse, Restieoiiche River. 3S and fall, .-an only be realized hy sailing through those waters- any attempt at description would seem like nothirg but an exaggeration. (For description of brant and goose shcot- ing, see Gloucester County). . The most prominent of the g^Tmc birds to be found alon- the shore are the (iolden and Black Bellied Plover, and varU ous types ot Sandpipers and the ^'ellow legs, together with Turnstones, Sanderlings and occasional Codwit and a moder- ate nt.mber of Curlew. Of these the finest game birds are the two species of Plover mentioned. Formerly these were found m very great quantities in the province, but of latter years they have almost entirely disappeared, until within the last year or two when they have re-appeared in moderate numbers. Down in the autumn, with the first northerly wind, they come, alighting along the sea shore and in old pasture fields not fai from the water and excellent sport is to be obtained among them. The sport, however, is now very uncertain and not to be counted on. The greatest numbers of these birds are now to be found around the head waters of the Bay of Fundy, where miles upon miles of flats furnishing great quantities of food, are laid bare with every receding tide. Around these extreme head-waters of the Bay are to be found, however, greater numbers of small shore birds. Sandpipers, etc., during the fall migration, than,as far as I can learn occur elsewhere in the world. I have spent between two and three weeks in a camp near the largest of the feeding grounds, studying these birds from an ornitho- logical point of view and endeavoring to obtain photograpl.s of the immense flocks which feed on the bare mud flats. .-Xs the tide rises the birds are forced up towards the land; th.e distance between high and low water mark decreases from between one and three miles down to the width of an oidin- ary beach, perhaps twenty yards. Into this space are com- pressed the vast numbers of birds which, when the tide was low were scattered every few yards over the whole area of flats, where the best class of food was to be found. The result is that, at high water, the flocks are simply enormous, and, though the birds are only a few inches in length, the- fl- ■ ^> ;/) r3 OJ -u fc* Qi A in •af \v\ set is I sicl intt loci \vh( goe seei nie;i part ■ever veg( thirl ■celle foun lieav bird It is sort Avay and s from shot 39 flocks can be seen a. a dis.ance o. three or ,ou. „,i,e,. From V nous calc„la„ons which , „,a.e carelully Curh,/,he la eT ,r.irt of the summer of ,898, I am safe in savin., that m-,n v ,r these flocks contain between ei^ht and te'n thouC b d' A shot from a stnijle barrel of a ten bore Run has killed as many as one hundred and twenty. These Vi.tle birds hort'lv •after thetr arr.val at the fine feeding gro.md on the b!v of • ..ndy become as fat as butter and art v'ery deiici s i.teed I properly cooked, being equal to the best plover Another somewhat larger bird that visits the head wa' rs of l.e bay n, arge numbers, though no, with the absolute legulanty thai do the Sandpipers, is the lack nin. T -er:;::rrr:r:rg-,-»:-:7^;:; interesting l.st, including- the Amenc-A,, R ffl ^ r^ 1^,, 11 , » '^ American Kurned Grousp locally known as the Kirr-h P-.-f • i . ., »jruut.e, -hose local soubrio ett he Sor ^'p •!. '•'""'"' °"'"''' Woodcock a smJiT I ^ ! "^ Partridge, the American .'et° up f om r h "" "•" ''"^"'^" '""''"' "" -"-'h ,},cis up rrom ,; b rch cover wttU tu^ ... ■ • . .1 , . «-' run to a verylarg:e si.e, specimens leaving been al^en ' ° ' trequen.ly up to between six and se-en pouni A T I t no-nnrv -ic: k„- s»"=^'^i'- tnrir such a con- .n cnc> as be.no- necessaril^v interfered with bv other iishermen is unknown A • - other .specKled beauties : any 7Z T'l '" '="^'* "'' "" .hrougl,,he Province vh7t,ln the •■,""""•' ''""'"■^' everything is „,,d flowed ^^Tene.::; ZT"'"'" w..iK,nt the other invariable accompanil?:::';'::,!"::- b. k flyand festive mosquito, is indeed an experience u , 'h « be thoroughly enjoyed and never fade from the me , o of.he sportsman or the lover of nature as Ion,, as" fee ; r-bird "idrh"""'-"" r-' '"^ ^^»' -^'-» ^^^ Pro- t'tdal ^„ "^' '" '"" ''■'■■"'"" '^ P"W-l-d hv ,1,:, Xe Brms^-ic^^Tv ""' 'V""""'' •''"'" """ R«' '" •.sk Lr , n ■ '"""P'"" '■■"" ''e ^■'btained for the ■skutsf and .v,ll g,ve much more information than one cm "tf-unpt to enibody in a „ork of thi, ,vpe Ft .1 i;lT ST JOHN. y'^^:5^'Xv of St. John, the winter port of Canada. lies on 1 I'nd), at the mouth ot the noble St. lohn River u' ■ cty of about 50,000 inhabitants, notable >: a;';::;;, I:;: fU b/. c= - 42 It is situated on a rO(.ky foundation, th a point which stretch e o es of this point lies Courtney B head-water, while to the west, where fl rig-inal city lying- on out into the harbour. On the east ay, an extensive but shallow ows in the harbour proper, one of the fii deep water everywhere capable of floating- the 1 th e river, lies est in the world. With :arg-est vessels a wharf area rapidlv incre asine- s» at all times of the tide, witi the position of St. John, reg-arding- its harboi an enviable one. ""' As the purpose of thiv wori. has been to explore the natural rather than the artif.cial resources of the province I shall not attempt to occupy space in g-iving a description of the cty Itself; this would necessitate considerable time and much_ thought if the description was to do justice to this beautiful citv. ^ As one approaches the liarbour of St. John, there is not a single dangerous reef or badly placed bar to render- naviga- tion difficult. Steamer captains who hr.ve never before been in the port, proceed with perfect confidence without a pilot even in thick weather, and this can be said of very few port, in the world As one sails into the port, on one of those absolutely clear summer days, for which the province is aioted, the sight that presents itself is indeed a beautiful one. Before the entrance to the harbour mouth is reached, the shores of the Bay of Fundy are seen stretching away in both directions, rising to considerable heights on the nor'th. The one thing that impresses a person with an eve to thino-s niihtary IS the ease with which St. John could" be strongly fortified. It simply presents a series of natural fortifications ot the most improved modern type, outside the harbour, r-illy. the two head-lands which with Partridge Island between, form the mouth, cross from busy Fort Dufferin on the eft, and Red Head on the right; both high commanding banks. Ideally situated for mounting heavv guns. Fort Dufferin at present mounts a few guns of rather antiquated design, which are necessarHy not particularlv serviceable, except for target practice. Between these two and a little further up the harbour lies Partridge Island, with the situated *3 over the houses of West St tl„T u^ ! "''™''' ""■''^ Martello.Tmver marHnl m , " ''*'' "'"^^ ^'"l^ ""= quated guns are „,ou„ted, which ilete otT °'' '7 """- little servire n„ ,i ^ °""=''* '^O'lU be of a hig-h limestone ridp-e lies Fort hV ^he harbour on Parlridse Island All ^ t ""."^'^""■"^'^ °n b""' sides of less but th. -d . ' ''^""''='' "^o Practicallv worth. j2 are ut r';r:ed""-^ ''''"''"" '^= '-•^«-'°" "^ «'• "se the numerous spires ereat hri.t t " *"'*'"■ grain elevators that indi'c! e he ''■'"""" """ P™"""'='" John. ^ ""^ P°'""°" <" 'be city of St. beaut" ThTstlo:"""'' r '"" '""'^^='-'''" °'- "- -^;-, 'Hatt«:rroi:;::o ra:;;e:;^st ^^r it -:^: rvrat„rr r" '°"''"--t'c:,:;i': Pleasant, lie.s t," c tTprtp ^ rr °" "' '"^ "^ ^ount on the left or wester shore ".re H "" "'''""'""" ""J"'' Sand Point the Atl „, 7 ^""''" ^'■»'" ^'''''^'°'-^ at •nt. Atlantic terminus of the Canadian PaciPc 2: & o .S c/> 3 C (- -4-* n £ "&> >> CO a: a. a ?3 (J rum 44 z & o. 3 C S B ij >> CO >v Oi tj 5 c u Ra.lway These elevators are capable of holding no less than a m.lhon bushel and stand in the center of a fine set of steamboat berths; below them on each side stretch th. Ion. flat freight sheds, while along the wharves lie steamers of various l.nes carrying produce for the most pan to Great Bmam Wharf after wharf succeeds this terminus on the left bank, and as we proceed further up the harbour, we pass steamers aiul sailing vessels from every port anchored in mid stream. The majority of them show the well known funnels of the promment English firms. Beside then, lie scows carrying thousands of feet of lumber which is rapidly being oaded on the right bank; almost opposite the Sand Poi.u terminal lies the lower terminal of the Int ^rcolonial Railway ot Canada; the main terminal lying near the head of the harbour where is situated the great grain elevato. , recently put up by the Dominion Government. Along the whole east •shore of the harbor, and around to the north lie the chief wharves of the port at which are also to be found steamers and sailing vessels. In the vicinity of Reed'. Point are situated the termini of various coastal lines of steamers some running across the Bay to the adjoining province of Nova .^cotia and some south along the coast to American ports, notably Boston. The International Steamship Com- pany operates a line of wooden paddle steamers and one wooden single screw boat, the St. Croix, between St. John ancl Boston This company has been long in existence and has done a large carrying trade always. Within the last few years the Dominion Atlantic Railway Company which origin- ally ran their boats between Boston and Yarmouth. Nova Scotia, have now put boats on two lines running out of St John; the St. John and Digby, Nova Scotia, route, and the St! John and Boston. The steamers put on by this company are a -edit to the country. They are very much the finest boats >' the coastal service on the western hemisphere. They are a 1 twenty knot boats and are fitted up superbly. Between M John and D.gby runs the Prince Rupert, a paddle steamer that swings a wickeder wheel" than any paddie boat 'Winning around the coast of the continent, and does the OQ Z o o C u Vi OO OS a. ■a B C3 > C3 o .5 '5 o 'o 45 hrrZi' T "■ ■'°'" '" ^''•'^>- '" " ""'^ over .wo c^eo.,e :2'p::::!z "'T "•"" '■"'""'■ "^^ screw .steamers ol wh; L . "^ "^ magnificent twin "o finer bor :;;:?" r^'r ■■' "'"' »■"• j-">' -^ a-l .he servil ^w ; :;;'™: "'" ^^ '"'!'^ ^"'P-^-"-' is rapidly increasin.. "^ ^ ^ "'"' "" '"'P°'-'»'" P^^-' East .side of t„e harbot.r .Unl e n s.o t^-uZ:;" "' :::7™^- 7 ^""*- - - co„t;rdr;rt:x of chnr h sp res^rj' ■"'"'^^'''■^'>- ^'"-^ -ith the nuntber The itv has h . """ "" '"'* "'"" "' 'h^ h^bour. ^";in''^h:r;d:7t'::Le""?her "-t t^"-"^-- «;e -one or brie. .rnet:. J^IZ;. dti! ^ ^.S The leadin, Cht,rch of En,,a^^"f ^^ it rfrriZ: d I f!' 'o^b*^ P™'"! of. The Roman Catholic Cathe- there are many other notable edifices and pre'semtTItr "?^""'' """' '''" "''' '^'' ^-'^'^ P esenting- a most modern appearance. In 1877 St ci::^ --P«. ">- ,rea. fire, and from its ashes! sea ppe ran'ce Th" t ' '"" '" ""'" """ »"" ■""- ""^ "' stTc r- thl e.:'d"""" """^^^'°"^^ '-^ °' -oo^len - ", the second, as It e.xists tod.iy is a modern. w^^pe; I, i<^wHff ~^^^^^^^^^l ^^■IMf' 1 ^Bf' J. tk , ajiK,. -' iV. - i jtMJi^^KK^KM ^^^E. ^^B ^ * ■ -m . 1| '^^ to^- ■ ' '^iiSb' I- nm^y'M m^^Ktt' * * ' ' 1 •"' 3 *f. 1 OQ u -5/5 ao Do ■ 40 '^usflinKS thriving., progressive city, with electric cars ^.s •and electr.c ,„ht and nossessing in a word, every advllta^ to be found u, any moderate sized city. To give any idea of the export trade of St. J '„,, would -occupy ^ore space than , can afford, but all variLe 'o p"^ duce are sh.pped u, great quantities. To give a hint o 1 .cepfon of the great lumber ^ade carried ofat S . ^ , ,' Z!nV:- ""?" ^^-P-fi-1 feet of deals and^-!^ L t exported tor the threu ears Mr.- q ^ o " this include, only .ho^e .xno u. , [TT '?' '^'- '"" considerable quKn'i.h'.^Z ,:»?"""," , '"'"'' " In .Sr.^ fu ^ ^ '^ c .istward direct on. In .895 there were exported to transatlantic ports lao 4.6 ■948 superficial feet; in iSo(, thk h^.i i29,4.b - 9/0. wh.k^ .n,S97,the amount had increased to 345, =3^ ;V,s world The ,r . '"■''"' -"'"PP"'^' P""^ "' ""* " The transporlal.on o, this Icm Ser to St. John is rendered eu., hy ,„e thoroui,h„e. with which the tv, o„,al Radway „„d Canadian PaciHc Railway tap porlions 01 the Proiince Thi.. i„ n of liard won, 1 '"""■. ."^'S "• usually true in the ca.sc „:,""' ''"^' quant.lies of whid, are shipped by the .a I tl e ™nou.s water ways have much to d. wi h the ease -..h wh.ch spruce lu.nfcr reaches the citv. In the mn,edi . e v,c,n,ty are ,na„y poir.ts of interes ti .h,. travellerrone' ol into th ,, r """•■'■ ™'''' ' "'""if'' » "»'-™" "or^-e eHect.J bv ,t.s hifjh l.des. The tide in the Bay of Kundv n.ses htgher tl, ., the lower levels of the River St. John he result be,ng that, though a, low water, the stream ruse outwaru , rouj^h the ,orge; at high water it rushc, almo a fearlessly tnward, renderl ,- a passage from h.rbo, Mo 'harbour nnpossible at this , ,iod in the tide. Vessels .pass n,rou,h readily, however, a. slack water. Th 1 b •»e found in the vicinity of St. John. # / ji' CO C/5 o* n. PS U Q.. (/y k SI IS \v ta ar \vl mi CO sit Th an be cit THE KENNEBRCASIS VALLEY. The Kennebecasis River is a very remarkable back-water empty.ng into the St. John River but a short distance from' the city of St. John itself. It opens in on the east side of the above mentioned river, flowing: clown from a northeaster- ly direction, its head-waters comin^^ trom a rid^^e down the other or northeast side of which flows the Petitcodiac River system to the head-waters of the Bay ot Fundy. The valley ot the last mentioned river, on account ot the high tide of the head waters of the Bay of Fundy. shows a great deal of dike- land formation, wl.ile the former river, which is, in compari- •son, very little aff^ected by the tides, shows none of the lon.^ silted prairies we found in the other river vallev. It is hardly just to call the Kennebecasis a river in the strict sense of the word; ,t .s rather a drowned vai'ey into which a few small streams flow. Though only some eighty miles in length to Its head-waters, near its mouth it is, in places, three miles or more m width, and attains a depth of nearly two hundred teet. Its shores near the mouth, especially on the north side, are high and rugged and wonderfully picturesque It -s dotted with islands, some of them several square miles in area, and forms a beautiful basin for boating and aquatic sports generally. There are courses that can be marked out along the lower stretches of this so-called river, which if would be hard to equal in the world, for shell racing. One of the most beautiful sails in New Brunswick, is to take a steamer from St. John and spend the day winding in and out through the Kennebecasis until Hampton is reached which is only twenty miles from St. John bv rail. A few miles from St. John, after crossing the boundary into Kings county, Rothesay and Riverside, two beautiful little stations situated on the shores of the Kennebecasis are reached Though only twenty minutes ride from the city, these places are both situated on the great inland basin and are rapidly becoming the favorite summer resort of people living in the citv. w x» tu CO o in ut \\\ 48 c X a x: o O As we proceed up the valley, .several stations are passed torrted to them. Qu.spamsis and Nat.wigewaak are t«o wh,ch come mider this classification. -re t«o One has but to travel fifteen or twenty miles alonsr the ntercolonial Railway In a„ easterly direction from sC Jo to note the remarkable chanj^e that comes over the Lntr By the t,me that Nauwi.-ewaak is reached, the La ni^n ..nd Cambrmn systems have disappeared with their lime uarrtes and quaint lime kilns, and the rugged scener rf the lower Kennebecasis has been replaced by fs tvp cTflrst class far,mns land as can be found anywhefe. Th r.ilwav o ows the course of the river, and, as one travels tr.! .1^ country near harvest time, on every hand over the gradu a , s „pn,g h,lls stretch away fields of grain, with here a I lee the green patch where some root crop shows to advan- r nteJvt r/ "^!" ,"'""» '"°"K 'he edge of the beauti. '«! mterval land found throughout the whole „t the upper port,o„ o, the «„ley of the river, as is also the case a ou ^ ma, S . John. Along the valley of the latter river the inter- wl land ,s one of the chief sources of wealth to the farme . .hrouehtr,r""°" ■"' *" '"''"'' ''""• "herever fo.ntd hro ghout the provuKe, is practically self-sustaining, as is .he case w,th the nrarshes influenced by the tides of the Bav of l-undy. In the latter instance, however, the tide is th . t-ency through which the natural manuring is carried on ■le .n the case of the intervals, the floocL which cLpo U .l.e ever-renewed fertile coating, as surely as the spr , b it b. " """ •"" "■''™' ^"^'"'f ^"""*'"''i .he result being that every r.ver ,s swollen and muddy, and ru.hino- tibeira ;;: °"^"""-^ '"^ ^'^"" -^•-^'-^ "f "" - 1 «™ ch it ; ,r "T" -™ "'°"'^- ■"' •" "ep-i' 'he »oii Though the upland in the Kennebecasis valley is of «cellent quality, it does not equal that of Carleton Cotmt, , f Wf*"- QQ r4 05 2 I c x: o s (/) o Q o -J c o 50 re»ull is that there isev! ^ '' "'"" ""^^- '"■^- The ™i.in„ both ?:: „,:, r;:;',::*::;:; ^ ""-■'"■^ ''-^- Unfortunately, up to the'p e.,:, i„f' ^^7 '"T"' attention has been Mirl f, ^ . '". ■"""• ."" very little the market, annh .^ h t T? -*- ""f or mutton for done in a r«her Stor ' '" "'tempted, having been. .cod rasuitfa: m res':::;:;:';! ''""' """ "-^^^"'^'^ .He sort attempted in a hath .ed ^^ "l:,";'' T'""' "^ .ew years ago, practically the same thTng co d be' T' gardmgthe dairying industrv h „ ""' '''=- anyc„„siderable'att!ntio, w^s.i „":: I'"' ""'" '«" """ Government. Before .hat .ime" hingth t'Za^T' '^ "^ done privately, and as is nc. n '" *^ ^''^^ ^^^ done, was o attain, took several step vhLh T " r''" ""'""""'y .he work on a better fooZ ' "Iculated to put ^--. was that TZ'rZ 0;;:;; eTar cle^r^' "^ uere established, and that number i " i "realt w 1 """ >^^us rapidity. Nowhere in the Provi ,ce r "^ "'^"''■ Gaining methods been taken to more k indh th" '™!"""" Hon of Kinc, Coimt,. , ^ • ''"'" '" 'His por- -id, ..Sussex mav h ' '• ," °"' *'"'" f"™" ^"-'.ly ^-.«^>.:...re;^vi::e::t::tr:::r."'^^^->-' .o.hr^:;;^r:;;::;™rrir':?rrf"°" .0 dairying, the possibilities of this b a" ch ^f ' ""'"•■" Province, as indicated from th: ej t, ha™h"°" '"k "' chtamed in St.ssex alone, are sintply en^Jmous '"" ''''" This ins.i,t,tion, one o'f tl fi 'e^t b.t.er,;::'"' °-''V'""'"'- "< Canada, has done a great deal ,0 e ' T" '"'"'"'' .he proper methods f\T ° "™"^ "'" '''™'^'- '<> PP methods. E>eryo,mceof milk which is bought I ^ I' I u 03 Z — I c o V I or. 52 down ,he valley, dirocly abu,» on this, and beyond this another, and so on, without the interruption of anv uncleared .rea for many mile,,. The farm, are all compara'tivelv Iar!e n> th.s secfon, varyinsr from perhaps eighty acres toV.vet SIX hundred or liir^^er. "ve or Natu^dly the finest time of year to get a ,.ood idea of the crops ,,s just as the hay is being harvested, about the niKldle of August. From everywhere comes the sound of he -ow.ng mach.ne, and wherever one locks there is hav; hav s.andmg, hay m windrows, hay in c„cl »"- 'o thrive splendidly in Ins natural garden. Here and there a young orchard will form a promment feature of some farm sort '^hT'" b"'""*'' "■■ ^'"' """ '""""• ''"'" ■•"!»"'? °f ^'"y Val Iv ,7" 7' '"'"" "''''"''"' "' '■"= Kennebecasis \ -illej, and ,t ,s only w.thin the last few years that this most .mportan. and lucrative branch of farming has received -^ I 1> > in o ri c a o ■ I renu-mbt peak "VN'ooclstocIv 'v il> n C", "iIh'- not l>i '!«• Miice to Mr. Sh; ir p, of •"»-. .h.v I :Z^::''Z". ""^'-"•f-'i- opinion. Ihis ,,ortion of ,|„. ,;„,„'„ "'■"• '" '''" inun.phs in ih, ,„„„ i;,,^, "=' ''^ .1'- •■•>:l>ifv.d l,i. ■"^•".v thousands or , .a, , , T'' '" "'^' l"''»"»'"- "f ■-' >'i.i> ei.o ;i,;;;::,rt :;;m" '"-: - "r 7-"- <-s.-clas.s frui,. i. s„o„ld become , T" """" ''"■ «.n:::^:r;:—-;::r-,;t7 :»""--, d,b. side valleys which r„n huo' i, Vb ™ ?' ^""' ""^ portions of the land wot U„o b":r''""'"" ''""'^• some others, but the in^e 1 I ,, : iiT '"' ""''" "^ ■•'^'-" "Hi average, none of tl „t'e • ',"" ■'"' '"■"■ " *-"'"• Oeterioration thron.b abso ,t e".; , 'ZZr'r'" «Ses published bv the Dentrtm „,,,', *^ """ ""'"■ '" potatoes, in Ki„ ^■„„„„. ' ''^'^" '" l""'! P^mted >i>in, an average :f on. :;;::;:-^,;X«-«''^^-'>-. tilt case ol barley, trom 288 acre.s i "• ,/ ^n:i %. ^. ^%. w O.. \^^t.. 1.0 I.I '" iillltt !i IM II 1^ IM IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1 6 4 6" ► V] .% '<» 7W ^ My 4^ # n' /^ ^•^ (9 / Photographic Sciences Coiporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. )4580 (716) 872-4503 4> #, ^ //,. i/.x I r^ ■ '.5*S.- . ■ ft ' I "■"~-'^'^^«.^^-^-V'->-- * ■ M ■ * L ■ i s :>, ■ L ■■' . 1 ii ■""-;""'>, 1 ^:k ■ ^ ■'■,_' : ■ ..-'f;^' r <■■■ - M'* '"." ■ «• ^- ,'■ •' ■^'%' ' "'' ■' ■ ' ■ '■'''■'' ' &■■ ' :. i i r ♦, V. ° 3 CC~ > X CA) b/) work is concerned, is, that the market has, on account of the high protection in the United States to a great extent, and the comparatively limited character of the local market, not been sufficiently large to warrant operations on a more ex- tensive scale than he had previously undertaken them. Now, Jiowever, things have changed, and the British market is virtually becoming closer every day, as finer lines of steam- ships are being put on the route between British ports and •St. John, ,\ B. The Kennebecasis valley is especially well situated for raising produce in large quantities for the British market. Through its whole length, with numerous stations, runs the Intercolonial Railway, with many trains a day passing in both directions. Sussex is but forty miles from St. John, a little over an hour's run under ordinary circumstances and includ- 'Jng stops. This being the case, it can be readily seen that shipment of produce could nowhere \-<.. carried on more readily, but a single change being necessary after it is placed on the car. Let us now look a little more closely at the conditions .as they actually present themselves in this section of the country. Again leaving Sussex, let us drive, we will say, in an easterly direction up the valley. As soon in this case, as we strike the limits of the town, the same panorama of farms stretches before us as when driving in the opposite direction. This, however, is true irrespective of the road you take. Now we will come to a farm-house, set well back from the road and surrounded by willows, elms, butternuts and one or two other varieties of shade and ornamental trees. Here and there a few Lombardy poplars will suggest some parts of France, and again the thick, wavy-edged leaves of the oak recalls another country very much dearer to the Canadian. English and Canadian oaks here grow side by side; an elm or two, with an occasional willow will stand out in the centre of some great field oc oats, that by the middle of August, is yellowing at the approach of harvest time. Beyond them, again, are fifteen or twenty acres of land, from which the hay has been cut. and which is now covered with OQ CO 56 a luxuriant growth of clover after-feed; and now another farm-house, this one perched on a little eminence, and sur- rounded entirely by Lombardy poplars. Sloping- away from its front, is a few acres of wheat, on the other side of which a field of carrots and turnips is to be seen with three or four acres of corn for the silo. Just inside the fence, and running-^ along- near the road for three or four hundred feet, lies a patch of squash and pumpkins, these part for fodder and part for domestic use. Passing- these, on the day I have in mind we came to afield of oats, which showed up remarkably well, so well that I got my assistant to stand in them while I got a photograph to give some idea of their height. A few days after, when we traversed the same ground, the reaper was at work, and the oats lay thick on the ground in one part of the field, while in another, they were up in stocks. Later we came to a patch of wheat, which was especially fine, and of which I also got a photograph. The wheat of which I am now thinking, J afterwards learned, thrashed about thirty bushels to the acre, and from this patch came part of New Brunswick's contribution to the Paris exhibition. We drive on through scenes of this sort, until, near the road, puflfing white jets of steam into the clear August sun- light, we come to a cheese factory which is struggling with the products of half a thousand cows, endeavouring to get through before the lot of the next day comes in. Now, more- fields of oats and then one of barley, and again, more Indian corn. We round a bend in the road and come on a comfort- able looking homestead, from behind which slopes down an orchard of a thousand or more young apple trees. Some questions put to the owner, who exhibits a pardonable pride in them, showed that they were but five years old and all giving a considerable yield. Several different varieties are represented; King of Tomkins Co., New Brunsvvicker, and a tew of the ancient favourites from the grower's point of view, but more or less worthless Ben Davis, which, as the owner said, were a great success as a selling apple, insomuch as they would keep for all time, and could be sold for a hand- some price, when no other apple was obtainable. "But"" p^ •u o c/) ^ "^ ^ (/) ex 57 he said, "personally I should prefer i^owg without any; but .still, If people have a taste for dried sponj,^e.s dipped in a little vme^rar and water, why I should be the last one not to allow them to have them." This was not a compliment to the Ben Davis as an eating apple, but, as the ^-entleman said, a few barrels of them were always a great financial success. Then, there were other apples with very different reputations and also very different flavours. There were a moderate number of thnviny: specimens of that king of all apples, the Graven- stem, which probably a little care would succeed in raising as satisfactorily in New Brunswick as anywhere else, despite some assertions to the contrary. From here we drove on and took a road that would ultimately lead us back to Sussex; and now comes a change ot scene. From the right side of the road, stretches a field of perhaps twenty acres, from which the hav has been cut, and on which a good after-teed has been developed. Here thirty or forty cattle are ea»ing; some lying under the big elm trees or complacently switching their tails and chewing their cuds; others are moving around to find the spots where the grass is the tenderest, and still others are standing knee- deep in a brook that flows through the field, and beneath, the cool shade of some willow, are switching away the flies The majority of them are Ayrshires, and fine looking cattle they are, with here and there a number of Holsteins and an occasional Jersey. Probably nowhere in the world can more ideal condi- tions for successfully raising cattle be found than this very section that we are now studying. One of the best illustra- trations of this can be seen in, for instance, the quantity of maize that can be readily raised in New Brunswick. I stopped one day near Sussex and took a picture of what I considered a typical row of fodder corn. The variety was Pierce Prolific, and the average yield, according to the proprietor of the farm, was fifteen tons per acre. This, of course makes an excellent element in first-class ensilage. ' Several men, whose farms I visited, had herds of from, thirty to forty milch cows, from which they would take in. C/) a: m perhaps from 700 to 800 pounds of milk a day to the Pro- vincial Dairy School. With well-built barns, calculated to keep the cattle warm during- the New Brunswick winter, which is very consider- ably colder than is that of Kn^'land, there is no difficulty in keeping the cows in splendid condition throughout the year. It may be as well 10 say in passing, that very little indeed in the way of raising sheep or hogs rs done in the Kennebecasis valley, though, of course, the advantages for this branch of farming .an also be readily appreciated. THE PROVINCIAL DAIRY SCHOOL, To one who wishes to get a fair idea of the extent to which the dairy industry, in this particular section has ex- panded in the last few years, and also to obtain a look at iiome of the farmers from the surrounding country, it is onlv necessary to turn up at the Provincial Dairy School between daylight and sunrise on some fine summer morning. Perhaps before the first rays of the sun have shot over the uplands, ■clearing the land fogs out of the little valleys and lighting up the feathery elm trees, the first of the long line of wag- gons, which bring the milk from every direction in the surrounding country, will come clattering down the road, with five or six big cans of milk in behind, and will wheel in under the portico and up to the door where the milk is taken in and where the scales are situated; and almost simultane- ously with the arrival of the first waggon, the hum oi the engines inside will start, accompanied by the whiz of the separators. In a few minutes, waggons will be seen coming from every direction, and inside the Dairy School, everything will spring into activity. The big cans are passed in and weighed, and then out and into the waggon again, and the man drives around to another door to get his skim-milk and take it off" home with him. Sturdy, sun-burnt, strong looking men they are, with the •healthfulness engendered of the Northern climate, with its ca U cs: LLJ e/1 >% * - ■ 59 ^parklinp, clear, cold winters, and its summeis full of fresh- ness and free from malaria. They are iin.. - Americans; they are unlike Knjr|ishmen; they are a distinct type, lar^'er then either the former or the latter, temperate, for the most part industrious, and normally (iod-f jarin^r. Throuj^'hout the Maritime Provinces the farmers are hospitahle, and as a rule, generous. In a little while, as wo wait, a lon^' row of wat,'<,rons turn up with their cans of milk, and their respective ovniors are husy conversing' about crop prospects, yacht-racing. horse-racing, or any other subject of local or 'internationtil interest that rv.r^y be alloat. The average New Brunswick farmer is intollijrent, and, I am thankful to sav, becoming more so a. time goes on and ' ,at rap" My. He is a great new.^- paper reader, and takes a keen interest in things both across the water and across the border, as well as in his own country. In a little time the row of w.^i^^oas e.xtends three- quarters of the way around the building, covers part of the spacious yard in front of the factory, and the last arrivals occupy positions in the procession which reaches well out into the street beyond. Hy this time the early birds ;.r- getting their cans filled with skim-milk, and are starting again on their way towards home, with the sun hardly half an hour UP. Finally, by between eight and nine o'clock the last team is .<;one, the milk is all skimmed and the creamery is running full blast, with jets of steam pufling out of diflerent orifices'", from the churns, and so forth. To give some idea ot a representative New Brunswick factory, I herewith give a lew selected portions from the description given of the Provincial Dairy School, in the report of the Department of Agriculture of the Province for 1898. ' Since then such extensive changes and alterations have been made, that the description no longer applies, (oc in the interim a cheese-making plant has been installed, and the capacity of the factory generally, very much increased: "III the wintir of 1893.94 a few young: men visited the Dominion W inter Dairy Station in Sussex, for the purpose of j-etting some insight into the factory butter-making business, then being introduced in the ~^XiJA;JJ.S-L:i:sm:^:^f^ t*!; bJO £■ GO Maritime Provinces. The following winter .here was a further demand '"„:/?""'"'. ?' ^'■^'- J- ''■ '^°''-'-'"- D-'--" Dairy Com : •> oner, arranj^ed that instruction should be given in the Sussex f.n ; e"h^ portion of March and April, .8,5' The iln T^ .^^rZ JJ.i'ry staff. Some fifty students attended the school. Datv n ^ Robertson and Harvey Mitchell of rhe Provincial Da.ry Department. The Provincial Government also encourard e :^t:z"' ''''''"'' '-'- -"^'''^ «^ '^'"^^ County, bv ,;: x^ loir ':;:r ^- j:" r-^ •!- -'- - — '■^---^•^ Ik char^^^^^ ^™r""r' "^'•-•--•"^ -'• Agriculture. Mr.'Mitchel, 00k charge of the school, and was assisted by Mr. J. E. Hopkins of U.e Domnnon Department of Agriculture, and Messrs. J. F. TiUe Lc edito; of't' r ^'"'^' •"""■•:: •'^""-'"^-^''->- ^r. U- W. Hubbard editor of the 'Co-operative Farmer." also gave a course of lectures upon Anmjal Husbandry. ">m or lectures- .-t af In'Iu'd T ;'' "'""' '"^ '^"^ '"'" '" ^^ •'-'^'"'^-hi.h was. ■ ^t at all suited to the purpose, and it was felt each year bv the- ^ mstructors that some change should be made. This change cunl- about through the action of the patrons of the factory, who felt Zt hey would prefer to run their factory business on the cci;perativ^ p an with a buildmg and plant of their own. • • • ^e pian, "The suggestion thai the Provincial Government should erect the- Da.ry School Budding was warmly seconded bv the Hon. C H LaBdlo.s, Commissioner of Agriculture, and the 'Government invited t. .Klers for the erection of a suitable building. "When the Provincial Government agreed to erect the building, the- associated patrons, under the name of "The Sussex Cheese and B^.tter Company, agreed to provide a site for it and a suitable plant, and now vve have n, ,he combined property at Sussex, the building which i.. equipped with an up-to-date plant. "The building is a neat wooden erection with a covered d.ive-wav thirteen feet in width over the milk-receiving platforms, a veranda o^, Uu end facing the road, and an ice house, ,8 x ,8 feet at the back end. The ground floor of the building covers a surface of 5s x 7, feet -he mam building being 35 x 75 with a lean-to on the east side, in which the boiler and engine and butter-making machinery are located. Cold storage is htted up in accordance with the specifications supplied by the_ Domunon Departmen' of .Agriculture. Refrigeration is acco.n- piisncd by the galvanized cylinder and ice and salt method. OQ CO u CTJ u c/) 61 "On the first floor Is a lecture room and a large cheese-curing room w.th a hoist for lifting cheese from the making r Jom below The bu.ldmg .s steam-heated and finished in natural wood throughout. The floor .n the making room is of best quality rifted spru.e^and cann sphnter The walls and ceilings are of clear spruce sheathing and mshed w.th o. and varnish. There are roomy wash-rooms and c.os:ts' and no effort has been spared to make the building a model of its kind. Steam ,s furn.shed by a thirty horse-power boiler, and power from a ten horse-power engine. The churns and butter-workers are of the best makes. .A 3,000 pound Alpha DeLaval Separator skims the milk, never leavmg enongh fat to be read on the special skim-milk bottles of the Babcock test. "The cheese-making outfit is now being installed and will be of sufficient capacity to acconnnodate 20,000 pounds of milk per day. Ihe dramage system from the factory is very complete; a main sewer ot vUnfied p,pe w.th various branches, conveys all the waste into the centre of the swiftly-flowing Wards Creek." The above description will apply fairly well to the larger of the butter and cheese factories throughout the Province and all, on account of the interest taken in them by the Pro- vincial Government, are rapidly increasing in efficiency. In 1897 the number of factories to be found throughout the Province -vas 49, while in 1898 the number had risen to 55- In the former year there were i ,209 farmers taking milk to these factories, while in 1898 the number of patrons had increased to 1,569. an increase of 360 in the single year The quantity of milk rose from 11,280,067 to 15,838,042 pounds, an increase of 4-557.995 pounds in the same time. The quantity of cheese increased from 1,107,281 pounds to 1,540,418 pounds, an increase of 433. 137 pounds in the year. The value of the cheese manufactured in i8q7 was $99,655.29, the value of that manufactured in 1898 was $127,-84.48, an increase in the value for that year of $27,420.19 or about ^ 5,000 sterling. This is a considerable increase tor what may be considered a new industry. In 1898 the creamery at Sussex had 75 patrons and consumed 1,425,621 pounds of milk, and manufactured 146,3.^2 pounds of cheese, using an average of 9.7 pounds of milk to each pound of cheese manufactured. The cheese sold at 8 cents (about 4di per pound. z C/) u c u O O CO >^ a *> o o o a. 62 ^ Twenty two miles farther down the Kennebecasis vallev •is s.tuated the town of Hampton, the Shiretown of Kind's County, only 20 miles from St. John. This is also a favoured situation tor first-class farms. The railroad here passes a m.le or so tVom the Kennebecasis river, on the shore; of wh.ch the older portion of Hampton village is situated. Im- mediately below Hampton, the Kennebecasis suddenlv widens out into a b.au fu! sheet of water with marshy •shores known as Darling's Lake, which flows around a con- s.de,-ab sized island of the same name. Running- down on th north sHle ot the river, are a series of picturesque ele- va ions known as the Norton Hills. The most prominent |-s I ikwaaket mountain, a rather noticeable elevation, which however, hardly deserves the rather pretentious name which has been given it. The view from the top of the mountain, looking in a north- westerly direction over the village ot Hampton, the Kenne- becasis as It vvinds through the interval, Darling Lake and Island, and the numerous little islets which cluster around the b.gger one, and then across to the hills, at the base of which runs the Intercolonial Railway is undoubtedly, one o'^ the most beautiful in this part of the Province. From your ieet stretch fine looking farms both up and down stream. They are farms, which, as in the case of Sussex ones, are in excellent state ot cultivation, and nearly all have a consider- able acreage of interval. Ha'ypton is very conveniently situated with relation to St bo!!; h°!r " I '""' ""'''' "^' '' ■'^'^'PP'"^' P-t' being about half way between that city and Sussex. The rcnons surrounding this village, however, are fkr less devebped t^ian IS the case in Sussex, though, as in all other parts of the Province, the development is now going forward rapidlv. One advantage that Hampton has is the fact that it is con- nected wuh St. John by a navigable river, the Kennebecasis being navigable from this poi-r down. When looking down •over the valley from the top ot F Rwaaket Mountain, in com- pany w.th the Deputy Commissioner of Agriculture. Mr. ihos. A. Peters, I remember his remarking that it would be >%«^s,. fl ^ a c o B. c o a> o iH. G3 hard to find a more ideally situated sheep-farriT than Darling's Island, with its large area, fertile soil, short distance from the railway and inaccessibility as far as dogs are concerned. Hampton is the seat of several important industries, one of which is the Ossekeag Stamping Company Ltd., which manufactures stamped metal goods in large quantities. There is also situated here, Flewelling's Match Factory which does a very considerable business, and is beautifully situated on the bank of the river. The village itself is in- deed very beautiful ; its situation being almost ideal. Here are many of the Summer homes of wealthy St. John people, while one man comes all the way from Paris to spend his Summers in this delightful situation. This description, as so far given, has, as before mentioned in connection with other portions of the Province, been merely intended to give an idea of the typical appear- ance, quality and a simple outline of the resources of the Kenncbecasis valley. The two towns which have been chosen, and of which these very short descriptions have been given, were simply so chosen on account of their being the largest farming communities in this valley, and also because lack of time prevented my even visiting other sections of the valley, which, I have no doubt are fully as fine and perhaps much finer than the sections described. Norton is a very considerable village, and the other stations, mentioned earlier, are progressing rapidly. Time and space have not suffered me to even leave the main line of railway. There are various branch lines which strike off from the main Intercolonial railway at different points along its route: From Hampton the St. Martin's and Upham rail- way runs to the town of St. Martin's on the shores of the Bay ot Fundy in St. John County. Another line trom Norton, the New Brunswick Central, runs north through the northern part of Kings, and opens up the towns and settle- ments as far north as Grand Lake in Queens, and new lines are being added constantly. Some distance south of Sussex is situated Markhamville, where is located a considerable deposit of bog manganese,. t^ Il» -« 64 ^vhich has been somewhat extensively mined, while in the northern part of the country is situated the village of Have- lock, famous for its mineral springs, as, for that matter, is Sussex itself. Among other stations and villages may be mentioned Waterford near the extreme eastern boundary of the country, and still farther ea.t. Mechanics Settlement, while north of Apohaqui, in the Mill Stream Valley, is situated Berwick. Directly south of this portion of Kings County which we have been discussing, lying between it and the sea, stretches, as a narrow strip, for the most part heavilv tim- bered and ending abruptly in cliffs three, four and five hundred feet in height, that face dark and forbidding out on the wonderful bay, lies the eastern section of St. John County, a section chiefly valuable, tor the present, for what timber is to be found on it. From some indications which have never been exhaustively worked out, it would seem verv probable that this section of St. John County must turn ou't mineral deposits of considerable richness. No exception to the rule that holds in other portions of the Province, this country is traversed with a great number oi rivers and streams, the largest of these being the Big Salmon River, all of whose sources lie in Kings County. Another is the Little Salmon River, and there are many others of less importance. One thing that may be said, however, of that long, narrow stretch of St. John County, extending from the cily eastward to the boundary of Albert County, is the fact that', in its numerous lakes and streams, excellent fishing can be obtained; the trout fishing throughout this region being, in many cases, very fine indeed. The largest of the lakes in the county is Loch Lomond, some four miles in length. This is one of a system of three lakes, the other two being smaller. Otter Lake is another of the larger lakes in the county. Ball's Lake, but a few miles from ihe city, being about the same size. These with some of the wilderness lakes, have, for a long time, furnished excellent fishing, and those in the eastern portion of the county are very little troubled bv the angler. < 72 Q o E c n > c o X •ri C X 05 THEST. JOHN RIVER VALLEY AND THE VALLEYS OF ITS TRIBUTARIES. Among: the sections oi' New Hriinsvvick that I have al- ready spokon of is the eastern slope, comprisiiij,'- a very considerable area of land, ihroiiyfhoul which the tarniinj,-- varies hut little in qiudity and -nethod ; the Hay oi' l''undy rejfion, comprisinf,' all that portion affected directly by the abnormally high tides of this remarkable body of water, the Kennebecasis V^alley, includiiii,'- the maj^-nificent farming,' sec- tion around Susse>( and H.unpton and the other smaller towns of the dlev. and finally the St, John river rej^ion. This latter, j,Tt...er than all the others in area and of a won- derful fertility is, perhaps, the most prominent feature, either from a physiographical or agricultural standpoint, that the province possesses. The St. John River, taking its rise in the State of Maine and flowing through nearly half a thou- sand miles of a beautiful territory, has a large number of tributaries. There are but few large or \ery important tributaries. The St. Francis. Fish River and Madawaska drain great lake regions along its upper waters, as is also the case with the .Aroostock, running from the State of Maine and opening in on the west bank of the Saint John River in Victoria Count} . But a short distance below the Aroostock the Tobique — the most famous salmon stream of this portion of the Province, flowing through \'ictoria County from the northeast, the greater portion of its length being in that County — meets the St. John but a short distance above the town of Andover, the shire town of the county. And- over and its immediate vicinity embodies 'most an ideal situation for an up river farming country. The intervals are not as large as further down stream. They are, howe»' remarkably fertile, and the up-land in this region is full fine as that further south in the well-developed County oi Carleton, and further north, where the magnificent silurian I 2 X ■A X o G O 2 u T3 ./I .-:V 6« aron sweeps throt,«:h Ma.Ia..a.ska. northern \'ictoria and Resf^.ouche. No other river of importance, unless the Meduxnaihe beautiful little river of Oromocto, enters almo.st directly from the south, and at its mouth is situated the shiretown of the County, a villa^a> of that name. In gueen's Counlv some forty odd miles f.om the mouth of the St. John the (.rand I.ake system empties into the river throu^^h a little thoroughfare known as the Jemsej^. The Jemsejf hardlv de- serves the name of river. There is but little outflow from it Its head waters not bein- very considerable. The larjrest o' all the tributaries of Grand Lake is the Salmon River, How- ing north-eastward from its sources in the absolute wilderness of the western part of Kent County. The Canaan River.' ansmg: m Westmorland, broadens out into the long- lake-like expansion of the Washademoak which flows into St. John five or SIX miles below the Jemseg. This, like the last tributary flows from a north-easterly direction, as is also the case of the next one. if it can be called such, namely, the Beileisle. The Belleisle is hardlv more than a lake-hke expansion of the river, rather in the nature of a back-water, and for this reason has generally been known as a bay. ^ The last of th. important tributaries connects with the mam river about four miles above the city. This is the Kennebecasis. the peculiar stream to which I have already referred. All the tributaries from the Grand Lake to the mouth of the river are really 'ake-like expansions, in and out of which the tide ebbs and flows, the current hardly seemin- to move faster in one direction than in the other. Beginning with St. John, the river flows through and drains to a certain extent, the following cou-ities: St John. Kings, Queens Sunbury, \ ork, Carleton, Victoria and Mauawaska. Leavin- the magnificent harbour of St. John and going over to thQ I 'a^WMBMOTftiMitiaMMii Z u (A (75 O C/) > p ^■ p 1J 67 river port, known as Indiantown, a steamer can be taken durwg the season the river is open, up to Fredericton, eighty' four miles above St. John. Fredericton is situated in York County and is the capital of the Province. In the spring and early summer, when the river is in flood, small steamers run between Fredericton and Woodstock, sixty miles further up ■ ^itream. Through the latter portion of the summer, however and during the autumn these steamers have to be generally discontmued, on account of the low water in the river The sail from St. John to Fredericton is. indeed, a very beautiful one; the scenery constantly changing, both as to tvpe and variety. The geographical formation in the region of St John is Laurentian and Cambrian, and jusi above the city the river runs between comparatively higi, cliffs of .rray and white limestone. Below and around Indiantown" are situated the large lumber mills that cut the greater part of the millions ot feet of lumber which are shipped from St John and for which the logs come down, some of them, almost the whole length ot the St. John River. As soon as you are free ot the smoke from the dump piles of these mills, the fir^f por- tion of the river has its chance to impress vou. The Lime Kilns are situated practically everywhere and in apparently the most inaccessible positions. Many feet below them are their loading wharves, at each of which a wood boat or schooner IS generally lying. Afcer one or two sharp bends the stream straightens out, and the land becomes somewhat lower on .each bank, ending in a rather abrupt cliff at th^. mouth of the Kennebecasis. The sharp headland on the right bank of the nyer is known as the Boar's Back. Just opposite the mouth ot the latter river lies a great expansion of the main stream known as Grand Bay. The scene is one of sparkling blue waters, vast rafts of logs, which are cominuailv boomed up in Grand Bay, of sharp cliffs close at hand,and of rolling hills beyond, with here and there a lumber mill of some kind" with Its puffing white steam showing up to advantage against the green foliage. To the right, one can look far up the Kennebacasis and in the distance catch a glimpse of Long islanu, the largest island in that beautiful bay. \ little CQ U, b/) U- 68 :above this, also on the ntrht bank opens out the mouth of the ."Milkish, just north of Kennebecasis Island. On the southern side of Grand Bay,, nestling- among the dark green spruces, stands out a typical St. John River Light House. This is the ■Green Head light. The river throughout is well supplied with these lights, rendering navigation extremely easy at any time during day or night. Again, above the great expansion at the mouth of the Kennebecasis, the river narrows, until only about one mile in width, where on the right at Sandy Point is situated another light, this time a little white structure set far up on a steel tower. P'rom here the village of Westfield, one of the favorite watering places of this portion of the Province, is plainly visible on the left bank of the river. Just at Westfield enters a small and unimportant tributary of the St. John, which has long been famous as a canoeing river. The Nerepis, the stream in question is a beautiful Uttje creek with intervals on each side, throughout the valley of which runs the Canadian Pacific Railway. At Westfield, the river takes a sharp turn to the right, running practically at right angles to its former course. I ts direction or Row is here south-west, and its course is absolutely straight for nineteen miles. This is the famous Long Reach, equalled by only one or two rivers in the world. The sail up this reach is, indeed, a very beautiful one. The st 'amer now approaches one bank and now the other, as village after village is passed. Now, she swings in comparatively close to a little wharf and is met by a boat bringing out perhaps one or two passengers. Then she bears awayinto mid-stream again, passes an occasional island, where a few head of cattle or sheep are pasturing, and the channel again swings to the right of that bank. On either side are rolling hills, some of them attaining a considerable elevation. Near the head of the "Reach." on the left side of the channel is situated the "Mistake", a false channel which ends blindly, the long tongue of land which encloses it being the first typical St. John River interval land that is met with on the journey up stream. Just opposite the head of the "Mistake" the beau- tiful Belleisle Bay opens to the view, and here is found the I x> CO CO 69 first of the interval islands. Throug-hout the whole lower portion of the St. John there is a ^^reat deal of very valuable uiterval land m the form of river islands. It is not to be supposed that there is any great expansion of the river where these island are found, a narrow channel, as a rule, flowing- on each side of them. As we proceed up stream the first of these interval is- ands of any importance that we meet with is "Spoon Island, just after crossing- the border into Queens County. Ih,s Ks a longr low-lying:pieceof interval of alluvial formation roui,rhly horse-shoe shaped, u ,th the mouth of the bav dow.i nver. Around the shores, as is usually the case, both on the "lam la,,d and on these islands, is a heavy growth of elms and w, lows. On each side of the river stretches the inter- va and then the gradual slope of the lower uplands, finallv e.Hhng m considerable hills. As we proceed up river, how- ever these hdls becon,e lower and lower, until by the time the mouth of theVVashademoak is reached the countryas far as the eye can see .s comparatively flat and rapidly becoming tvpical o he Grand Lake reg.on. Above Spoon Island is the iJrgest o he nver .slands, "Long Island" by name, situated near the 3. tie village o Wickham ; its entire length is four miles. Just at the head of Long Island, on the west bank of the river the steamer calls at the mouth of the Otnabog Lake an ex' pansion of a little river of that name. Opposite this is another horse-shoe shaped island, Lower Musquash, and n.st above this point Upper Musquash Island ii situated Wuhout exception, the soil of which these islands are com' posed ,s of the finest quality. It is practically all self-s-s- tanung mterval, flooding every spring and fall and needim. no further manuring. Two and a half miles above the head o bpper Musquash Island the mouth of Gagetown Creek is w it I •'^'""^^'■^^^"-^ ^^bove Fox Town. Gagetown'. Co nty. The steamer does not run up to the town but is met b a large row boat, capable of taking all passengers a^id baggage, while the boat proceeds on her wav up river D.rectly across Grimross Neck from Gagetown on the other i I " o CQ in T. n 70 > OS g; ■n CQ OJ CO -•) -*— '■ r— * O o > side of the St. John River, the Jemse^s the outlet of Grand Lake, flows in. This whole rej,non is a maj^nificent a.ij-ricul- tural section, and the portion of the river between this point and Upper Gag-etown, eight miles above, has lony been famed for the splendid black duck and snipe shooting which can here be obtained. Though the land is flat, the scenery throughout th's. part of the river, far from being uninteresting, is absolutely beautiful. Nowhere do elms attain a more perfect growth than along this section of the St. John. Now on one bank will be seen a little village nestling among gigantic willows, then on the other side some insignificent streamlet will flow in, its course to be traced through the intervals by the mass of foliage that hides it entirely from view. As the steamer rounds some bend, the long, low, sandy point of some inter- val island will show itself and off'er alternate channels which are generally taken on different days. The extent of some ot the islands is surprising, the level interval covered uni- formly with its hea\y. waving crop of hay, stretching three, four and sometimes five miles, without any rising ground, and dotted with the omnipresent elm. The steamer may have chosen one of the narrower channels and have pro- ceeded, perhaps, half or three-quarters of a mile, when ahead is seen one ot the peculiar low-lying paddle tugs struggling with an enormous raft of logs, and the passenger boat is- forced to turn back and seek another path. Then asrain. a wood-boat loaded ten or twelve feet up the mast, until only a few feet oi' the bow and stern portions, of the rail are visible, is seen slowly working her way up stream. .An occasional scow, sloop rigged, is seen on lier way to St. John with produce, the greater part of which, however, is carried down by steamers. "The village of I'pper Gagetown stretches along for some distance on the west bank of the river, and three miles above it is Manger's Island, in Sun- bury County, just opposite which on the right bank is. situated one of the most beautiful of all the river villages, ShefBeld. Four miles above this and on the same side of the river, is .Maugerville, directly opposite Middle Island, 71 The splendid quality of the land in these islands has had much to do with the positions which the villaj^'-es were ulti- mately to occupy. Still, a few miles further up and the Oromocto is reached, where at the mouth of the river lies the shiretown of Sunbury Coui.ty, with its quaint, Indian name, made famous many times in prose and verse. The character of the river above this chang-es somewhat; the hills risinj^- a little hig-her as we proceed, and the intervals decreasing- in extent. The stream runs practically straight for some eiyht miles in this direction, when the corporation booms, with their long- row of piers, come in sight. Opposite tiiem on the left bank of the river are two large lumber mills, and two miles above this can be seen Fredericton, the capital of the Province, its spires and domes showing above a perfect bed of foliag-e. Just opposite the town the Nashwaak river flows into the St. John. Above Fredericton a larg-e number of islands are again encountered, the channel, as it winds between them, being: shallow and in places hardly floating.' the light-draft steamers that are used in the service along- the upper portion of the river. Throughout this region practically everything is cleared, there being excellent farms on both sides of the river. Somewhat further up, however, we again come to heavily wooded regions which alternate with moderate-sized cleared areas through the western portion of York County. As must necessarily be the case, the character of the river throughout its upper stretches becomes very much altered. The volume of the stream is much smaller, the result being that the intervals are but small in area and become more and more widely separated, until by the tu^^e that Andover in Victoria County is reached there are only isolated patches of interval land. To offset this disadvan- tage, however, the upland throughout this section, as has been reiterated in the course of this description, improves very much in quality, the land over-lying the upper silurian formation which extends across the border and goes to make up the greater portion of the finest farming section in the New England States— Aroostook County, Maine. New 72 Brunswick has, however, by far the j^-reater amount ot' Silurian land in this ref,'-ion. To describe, with a little more detail, the counties alon^j the valley of the St. John River: — Kin^js County and eastern St. John County have been outlined already, especially that portion of Kinjj^'s embodied in the Kennebecasis \'alley. I\unninfj parallel with the Kennebecasis, but a few miles north of it, is the Long' Reacli, of which Belleislc Bay is a continuation. The rei,'-ion between these two valleys — that is the main St. John River Valley and the Kennebecasis — is but of moderate elevation, and the upland, even in this res^-ion, is of comparatively jjfood quality. As has always been the case throughout the Province, wherever interval land was to be found, the more elevated soil has to a great extent been neglected, on account of the abundance ot wonderfully rich soil m the river bottoms. Simply because this higher land is not cleared for the most part is no indica- tion that it has been fountl unfertile, in the ordinary sense of the term. It is simply an indication that there is a tremend- ous area of wonderfully fertile land in close proximity to it. Wherever this is the case the highlands sufTer. This is not an unmixed advantage, inasmuch as the tendency has been for the population to spread in the search of this extraor- dinary fertile river bottom, the distribution having been carried on, so that considerable wooded areas have been left throughout the Province, e\en through the most closely settled farming districts. The advantage of this is, of course, almost incalculable, as wood for building purposes and for fuel can be found practically everywhere, and the farmer in the most favoured farming districts has but to spend the time and labour necessary to collect his own fuel for the winter, very often being able to supply his needs from the higher portions of his own t'arm. Throughout the Province the majority of River \'alle\ farms are cleared along the river fronts and for some dis- tance back, the extreme back portion of the lot being allowed to remain in wood. The quality of this wood varies of course, with the section and the soil. In some cases the 7.1 trco, will consist of various specios of hardwood, manle. b ch beach, ash, bu„er„„. and so for.h. ,„ o,l cr fj^ W.II he a considerable sprinkling, of spruce, l,en,lock ,n, I i wh,le „, o.her situations the lores, area will eonsis. e , ,' o. ever-trreens, with, perhaps, occasional birch or m pL^ No. only do many of .he f„rn,ers possess al, .h^ i'r wood necessary for .heir own use, bu., especiallv in .he ' ,? t^r TT'"- ^-•'-"-'•■-We,.r;w.l, ofver tsl nl tnnber. Nowhere in the world is wood for ei.her huild ".jr purposes or fuel more readily ob.ained than is I e , J ■n .h,s lavoured por.ion of ICas.ern Canada. The m re i , P"r.ant .owns and cillajtes of Kin^-s Coun.y have b." men.,oned before. (See l-':. :: MMr valley. The land is very much lower as a Jh i .an n, Ki,„s County, especially around GraTd LaL 2^ .ere are no considerable elevations. As mentioned T he Kreneral description of the St. John River Grand 1 11 He considered a great back.w:;ter of th t s" an ..'""^ ood that flows down .he main rive s es r'™,. ^Z Jemseff and causes the Grand Lake to overHow its ..7^ ot acres of in.erval land. Durin-, .he sorLT^h "'T ...■ .and be.wee„ Grand Lake a^d Th? 2f ^.^ J^t ri'^ and for .ha. ma-er, .he very extensive intervak on ,h<: |'PPOs,.e side of .he s.ream, are overflowed, and f 1 Ga« .own one m.iy look across mi' s and miles of ^ dotted here and ihere with the elms tha are 1,7'" ,"'""' >> Salmon Bav! wh,ch ,.self flows ,n.o the north-eas, arn, of the lake. Weie .1 no. for .he grea. fer.ilit,. „f „,, surro. ndin^. land and the Inxurtance o, growth which clo.hes every part of i. wi.l elms the scenery would he rather unin.eres.injf, but, as it is a sa,l .hrough Grand Lake by stean.er, which I-onn cts t J Zesr"V h"'1;\""" ''■ >"'"• '» °- "' "■— ' n . V ,T ""' '''"'' "f "" '''^= "■•y considerable de- pos,.» of coal have been discovered, .hough no. worked verv ex.ens,vely; the greater par. of the n.ineral extracted, i shipped to St. John by water. The houses of'oagetown, the shiretown of Queen, County, „,. the shores of the so-called Gagetown Creek, peep ottjron, he m.ds. of a per.ec. tores, of wild and ornamJnta, r.e . The surro.n.dn.g cotn.try .nay be taken as tvpical of .He farn,n,g lands o( New Brunswick. Gagetown v'ies wi.h S.^sex, ,n ,ts nnpor.ance as an agricultural centre. It abours under the disadvantage, however, of not being on able d,s ance (nearly twenty miles) to the west of the town A branch „, . he radway, following up the St. John River \ a ley fron, Westfield to fredericton, has long been agita.ej and .. now seems that in a short tin.e there vdll be s:en he a.« promulgated which will n,ake the greatest difference n>.,gu able n, the prosperity of this section of the cotnttrv n,me tately around Gagetown are situated what ntav be d >o be the finest typ.cal River Valley farn.s in the Prmince o the fertd,., of .hese farms and .hose of the Sussex \alley; r OQ u O 75 iMr r vci, „ -J'"" '^'^^'^- -'lie place IS owned bv !»,>.. nv„ Mscll ;,„cl con.,„ns ahm,t „„, l„„ulr«l aero, i,i ^-Pnnjr. Another portion is. what is here cillprl - u n., out nno a comparatively wide shoal layoon This !« fU ..e . e very centre of .ha interval near ,he head of te ^r' fc i- Muated a peculiar hill, unlike anything found in oh! Mount, and, ns.n;; to a height of some ninety odd feet covers an area of about forty-five acres It is clo.L l s^e with a thick growth of'.aple, .L an'J he' "T: t4 ^st'^n^-d 'rf ' "'"'>■ """-^'o-'h of suJ! The westetn s.de of the n,ou„, is cleared, and near the centre o ■u o -«— » 76 of the clearing:, shaded by towering butternut trees are the remains of a peculiarly constructed and evidently very old stone duellino-. The stones are set in a coarse mortar, without having been altered from their original' form. The walls are tremendously thick and the foundations solidly built. Unlike most cases of the sort, there is not a single word of tradition as to whom the house was originally built by, or when, it having been in apparent- ly the same condition as long as the proverbial "oldest in- habitant" can recollect From here there is indeed a beauti- ful view. Upon every side of the Mount stretch acre after acre of interval. In front is the creek, on the other side of which is an extensive snipe marsh. The slopes of the hill itself are now planted partly with young apple trees which are flourishing under the influence ot the favourable soil. To the north-west of the house is a grove of linden, andlrom -the western base of the hill stretches a great field of oats which, when I saw them, were yellowing under the influence of the September sun-light. I was told by the proprietor that one portion of the interval of very considerable area that lay just to the east of the Mount, averaged over thirty bushels of wheat to the acre, and this must be considered a splendid yield anywhere. Though over sixty head of cattle were pasturing on difi-erent portions of the 'interval on the day on which I visited it, I did not see one of them, the pastures being so cut off from the surrounding portions of the farm by the rows of elms and willows. Beyond the oat field again lay a stretch of nine or ten acres of buckwheat; and I must say that both the oats and ,the buckwheat were' magnificent crops, the former being undoubtedly the finest example that I have seen in the Province. I afterwards learned from Mr. Peters that one portion of the area threshed over sixty bushels to the acre, the whole patch yielding over seven hundred bushels. The buckwheat also gave an extraordinary heavy yield, though I find I have no notes with regard to the exact quantity. When one considers that a farm of the type and size of this one can be bought in -New Brunswick for twelve thousand dollars at the outside— ; H^ptHJ o -i— « o o o -*— > c I I thai are ope,, lo farmers who understand their business and have a moderate amount of capital to help then,. of M^ T H h:,,"' -f 'T""" '"""' °f "''^^'°"" - "-' but a few r H r ' "T"' ""' '° '^' """^^ "' 'h^ -i">".'= but a few rods from the centre of the town. The interAl in this case is not on Grimross Necli across th. r , ■Cropir ot- ; .1 . i^cLK across the Lrap-etown Lrcek, as is the case with Mr. Peiers' farm hnf .u , \a- Iv on the itnls^n^ -ri' , ' "* ^^"^■'* direct- are practically perfect. The soil seems to present every ad vantage for fruit ..owing, and the only reason h it it not b ,,, „„ ,^^^^ extensively seems to b h a s a ed tt '''°'^^°'^'^' ^^h-^ ^^' Sharp's orchard is do 1 , " ^^'''^ "^^ P"-^^^"^ ^he same advantages tributaries. It cannot be predicted too strongly that fruit aising m these valleys must always be one o the lo lucrative pursuits that a practical farmer can take up Tn :1:TT '''' i'^" ''-" ''•''''' ^- '-^ even a modera abT th .'r^' ' T' '" ""'■^- ^^^^ --P-^ -ost favo No -a S r ".'" ''' ""■"'^ '^'"^^ ^--Polis Valley of No a Scotia; and, though I should not go so far as to s that the conditions ar. h.....w...u.... 5 , ^^' ^^ *° ^' > 1 may persons Relieve), I still think th River Valley present as fi It the Kennebe Illy casis and St. John can be found in th« ne conditions for apple gro he was just in the midst of h world. When I visited Mr. H growing as all's farm ■say It would be difficul arvesting his oats, and I perfect maturity t anywhere \o find oats m; o r under better cond grown to more