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 22 1 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 4 5 6 
 
AmNARY REPORT 
 
 n\ 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^^' 
 
 s 
 
 OPOK 
 
 THE GEdLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Of 1867. 
 
 By ALEXA1S13EK MUKKAY, Esq. 
 
 I 
 
 1 ST. - 
 I' U I N T E D 
 
 JOHN'S, N. F. 
 BY B. WIN TON, 
 
 ruiNTEK r^ THK HOHOKABLB H0U8K Oif AS8EMBfcr. 
 
 liir. 
 
 i 
 
 .T 
 
PRELIMINARY REPORT 
 
 »'PO>f 
 
 THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 Of 1867. 
 
 By ALEXA]>^DER MURRAY, Esq. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S, N. P 
 , PRINTED BY R. WINTON 
 
 I^HINTER TO THE HONORABLE HOUSE OF ASSEMb'lt.' 
 
 i8€7; 
 
PRELBnNARY REPORT 
 
 Of a. MuimAT, Esq., ox his G.oLomcAi. S.^vbt 
 
 OP 1867. 
 
 May it please Yolr Excellekct,- 
 
 St. John's, Newfoundland, 
 Ist March, 1867. 
 
 -pplicd with a smTl veTs L h r '''^^"'^^■^"^ *"'^' ' ^'^-^'^ »>^ 
 
 at m;. disposal. """''' ^"''' '^ '^'""^^ «^ '^-' -n, was placed 
 
 After some little unavoidable detention in fiw 
 mailed from St. John's on the 4th Julv nlT 1'°^ °"' ""^ ^'°"«^' ^ 
 
 November, 1866. ^' """^ '"'"'""^^ ''"'J^^r on the 2l8t 
 
 or the year 1864,) to follow oui th". r 7 'J^'^^P^^^'"'? "^^ report to him 
 tion, which had beenpart^ail^^^^^^^^ 
 
 2212G1 
 
 I 
 
lu conuoctiou with the «xuiniuatiua a (onsidemMu aniouut of topo- 
 graphical surveying was required, there being no recently published charts 
 of those parts of the Western Coast which were likely to be convouienl 
 as starting points ; I therefore deemed it uecessary to supply myself with 
 a good chronometer for the purpose of ascertaining longitude from time 
 to time, by means of which, with latitude found by observations of the sun 
 or a star, the position of such places might be laid down with some degree 
 of accuracy. 
 
 The earlier part of the season was devoted to an examination of thq 
 Coast ^between Cape Ray anj Cape Auguille, where a good section. of tho 
 coal formation was obtained, and a survey was made of the Great Cod- 
 roy River and Valley ; I then proceeded to the Bay of Islands, examined 
 the Coast between Cape St. George and Round Head on the way, and 
 commencing in Ilumber Arm, surveyed the nuvin River and Valley foi: 
 about 50 miles up its course, by which f was enabled to connect the work 
 of tho present with that of l»styear. Lastly— I repaired to the Bay of 
 St. George with ihointentiou of extending my survey from the South Coast 
 of the Bay by tlie valleys of the various broojts, so a« to connect tlrttt part 
 with the survey of the Great Codroy ; tliercby also obtaining a transverse 
 section of the coal measures of that region. This part of my plan was 
 but partially accomplished, as I only succeeded in surveying the Flat Bay ; 
 at the' same time, fixing the positioii of the most conspicuous mountains tji 
 the SouthU-ard by triangulation, and scaling two of the streams, viz., the 
 Barachois and Fiat Bay Brooks. 
 
 " 'My operations during a considerable part of tho season, and particu- 
 larly ^hile in St. George's Bay, were materially retarded in consequence 
 of d very serious accident which I had the misfortune to meet with while 
 ^^xilnining the cliffs near Cape St. George, by which I was rendered 
 incapable of walking without assistance, and had to limit my investiga- 
 tion to such places as were more or less accessible by a boat or canoe.— 
 Under these circumstances I was with the greatest reluctance compelled 
 to abandon my intended visit to the spot where a three-foot seam of coal 
 is represented to exist by Mr. JIjkes, in' his work on the Geology of 
 Nel(?foundl&nd, and which I ha^ resolved to examine and trace to its fur- 
 thest limits, in order to ascertain whether or not it was likely to prove of 
 commercial importance. 
 
 Previously to sailing from St. John's, I visited Topsail and KeOy's 
 JMM in Conception Bay, for the purpose of ascertaining the relation 
 kS!^?B tlie rocks which fprm the lofty cliffs of the main land there, 
 
mount of tnjx)- 
 lubli.ilied fliarts 
 ) bo conveuit'iit 
 )ly myself with 
 udf from time 
 tiuusofthc 8im 
 itli iionic degree 
 
 uinatioii of tlii; 
 
 section -of tlio 
 ic Great Cod- 
 iiid.s, exnmiiu'd 
 the way, uud 
 jnd Valley foi: 
 meet the work 
 
 to the Bay of 
 lie South Coast 
 ancct tlrtjt part 
 g a transverse 
 ;' my plan was 
 
 the Flat Bay ; 
 s mountains tp 
 ;ams, viz., tlic 
 
 a, and particu- 
 n consequence 
 eet with while 
 was rendered 
 my investiga- 
 at or canoe. — 
 ncc compelled 
 t seam of coal 
 le Geology of 
 ice to its fur- 
 ily to prove of 
 
 - "u- ol ,1... ..a ..oast and ,l.e .roup of inlands : a suhj...,. whi.h may 
 — bly turn ou, ,o he one of paran.oun, in.por.au.e when fur.h.r inves- 
 tigated, in revealing the geological Mn.rture of the Islan.l 
 
 A very good section of the more rec-nt forn.ation was obtained ou 
 Manuel s Brook, at Topsail Head, and at Kelly's Mand ; but the obscuritj 
 o b...nee of organic remains renders it stiU una.lvisable to express o 
 deeded an op.n.on as to the horizon to whi,.,, ,hey belong, or tl^ a^e of 
 tl.e ser.es upon which they repose unconformably.' 
 
 Returning from the westward, several parts of the Southern Shore 
 
 re pcc.ng mmeral md.cat.ons and the character of the roeks with which 
 they were assoc.a.ed. Thus some considerable time was occupied in 11.^. 
 n.t„ge Bay „„d Bay Despair, where I was much indebted t Mr Brl 
 slunv. Collector of Customs at Gauhois, for assistance; and finally the 
 reason w,. eonchuled by visiting the La Manche Lead Mine, near 
 head of Plaeentia Bay, touching at Burin, Isle Valen, and oth r par s u 
 ^^vestern sule of the Bay, on the w^y tiMtFjer. 
 
 logical Survey of Canada who Tcln^oL^T^' ' ^ ?'<?««t«'«?^>«t of the Geo- 
 miplic4it«l' (Salter) a fonn.h«r.n?- .-r"?'"''' " *" '^*^ " Crnziana Sc- / , . 
 trelne base Vf^^iil^rt^y^tr '"'''" '' ''" "*^ ^'>^' """'^^ - /^ '>^-^ 
 
 111 and Kelly's 
 
 the relation 
 
 in land there^ 
 
(5 
 
 A 
 
 UlVEK.* 
 
 •■■ J ... . ,01.-,.„ l.l,eo,. ,„„1 .i„,.„„ „,i|„ „„„, ,. « 
 
 ....,,,„,„., ..„,„„.„„,„„ f„„c«p„ A,„„m... T„o o!,„ ;:v: 
 
 Measuring from the lower part of ,hc cstuary.n li„lo way North from 
 )u- pou.t where the latitude .ul longitude we're ascertain d'Z 
 11.0 geuoral cour.o« ascending the river are ns follow. :_ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Miles Ch'ns 
 
 3rdre„ch,N,r.3 £;3 g2 ^st^ Xri^rr'' ^""^^ " " /^^^ 
 4threaeh,N.86 E. 3 25 to the end o? LrTc;, '.■.•.■. V. ' I^ .: 
 
 Ion o^ r the whole area, except where the main channel cuts through 
 «'hcre here ,3 sufficient water to float vessels of considerable s t 
 upwards of three miles, when high tide. The upper part of tl ame 
 reach also spreads over a large space, but it ineluL Tome low sZ 
 
 Xibt ' " "^ '-'-' ''''-' ''' ^""-^ "^ '"^ ^^-r beclr': 
 
 The second reach is more or less rapid, and at a little over four miles 
 up .t or about half way to the lower main fork, there is a lit.l faT 
 
 18 feet At the head of this reach the river is split into two streams 
 of about equal s.ze, the one turning a little North towards U,e A "1' 
 range of lulls for about 3 miles, after which it bends again to the Ea 1 
 ward at the Southern baae of these hills, and runs parallfl to them wh t 
 U^e other bears upwards on the third reach in nearly the same c^urlaa 
 bdbre, gradually approaching the Cape R.y or Long Range of moZL" 
 
 * AUthe bearings are from tho true Meridian, 
 
 l-JW^W 
 
K\T C'onROY 
 
 ".'•O' M", loiiff. 
 Cnpi! Ray, and 
 J ciilianre from 
 and gin vol, and 
 Is to n cousidcr- 
 position \>y tlio 
 >il''d, rendering 
 rons; although 
 liorouglily from 
 
 a>- Nortli from 
 ncd, {ue plan) 
 
 Rise. 
 
 . . Tidewater 
 . . 18 feet 
 
 . . Ifl '' 
 
 . 12 " 
 
 t flat and shnl- 
 euts through, 
 
 rablo size for 
 of the same 
 
 c low Islands 
 
 river becomes 
 
 er four miles 
 I little fall of 
 id to be about 
 
 two streams, 
 tlie Anguillo 
 
 to the East^ 
 them ; while 
 ime course a« 
 f monntaioa, 
 
 which it outors on the 4th reach above the second large fork Th , 
 ond fork joins the main river on the south ^1 . '^'*' . °'*- * ^'^ ««<=. 
 
 .1.. n„,,«r„,i™,.,,or,i,c.,™,,,,,,f ,,,.,,,;:,;;;;,'' " """"' " ""• ■- 
 
 Besides the forks already meuiionp.I (l,r.,.. 
 this river falUn-. i„ on ,:, J '"'''"""""■""' ""''''""^'•''^•^ «« 
 there are two i^ 1 e U t' ""'T'' '"" ""'■^' '"'"'"•""" ^'' -''-'' 
 
 An.uiiiei.ange=::::;.r;.:^:r::;::;"^ 
 
 fulling irom the Cap., l,y monntnin nn "'° ^"''- '''''^' 
 
 fork at the head of the ^ "'""'"'"'' " "' "'"^ -"""'fe' •" "l-l-'-ite the 2nd. 
 
 The stream a , .c i ^ t;".''? '"'^'f' ''^''^'^ ''•"'" " ^tward. 
 
 tuary, at its mouth, it is very shallow ... i • , ! ^' ^''^ ^^'^ *''" 
 navigation. ^ ""'' ''^"^^ "^"^ inaccessible for cauoc 
 
 The Cnpe Ray mountains, which boiin,l .i,» r 
 these two streams on the Sou'thJ' ^I", ,r b^ if ^^^'^'•-'' ^^ 
 picturesque, but they nowhere attain „n ' . ' ' ^''''''' '^"'^ 
 
 sand feet, aud are for the I . ' '"" '"""'' ""^"^^ '^° ^hou- 
 
 bothbyt'riangulatio^al'rZLSror:^.'^ ''"''--^'' "^^ 
 that altitude. On the other l,„nir, "'' '^°"«'<h.rably below 
 
 the valley on the .Jr^ht li Tp Ln^ ^1^ ^f '"''' """^ 
 the higher elevations attain an altitnl rr ""^ ^'^"'''' «"'''"<^. ^vhere 
 
 hundred feet, richly covered bvf '" """"'^ '" "''■"'°° 
 
 The flat or low ;°7'!'' ^^ ^"••'^«' "ees nearly to the summits. 
 
 two rll es f"; ::; rrv'^ '-''-'-' ^^^^^ -"^^ ^--" the 
 
 Trainvain Brook, three m,t Sout^f "' ^^ '"" "^ -'gf^hourhood of 
 
 - within a shor JZ^ ^^.T '': "^."'^ "'' ''"'^ "^^'^y «iver, 
 
 .tatute miles ; but the hi 1 r«l« ' ' "^ '"'"^ '' '^''^'""^ "^ '-''Ive 
 hillr«„g.s converging slighHy towards each other iu 
 
8 
 
 their North cAstcrn course into the interior, tlie valley gi-adually becomes 
 more and more contracted in width until shut in nearly altogether, where 
 the main stream at the end of the survey becomes split up among the moun- 
 tains of the long range into a succession of small turbulent mountain 
 brooks. 
 
 The ni-ca occupied by level or gently undulating land in the valley 
 r.mounts by rough measurement on the plan to about 75 square miles, or 
 48,000 square aert 3, a very large proportion of which is availalble foi' 
 settlement. For the most part the country is well wooded with stout 
 mixed timber, consisting chiefly of Spruce, Balsam.-fivs, YcUow Bii'ch fre- 
 quently of large sht, WhJtc Birch and Tamarack ; but there are also fre- 
 quent sfxits 6f barren or spongy marsh entirely void of timber or only 
 maintaining a very stunted growth of evergreens or small tamarack bushes. 
 The Islands and flats of the lower part of the Great Codroy River yield a 
 luxuriant growth of wild grass, affording an ample supply of admirable fod- 
 der for cattle. Along the sea coast, between Trainvain Brook and the 
 little village of Cjdroy, the country is partially settled all the way, the 
 attention of the settlers being about equally divided between the culti- 
 vation of the land and fishing operr tions ; but up the Great Codroy River, 
 which is more or less occupied or, either side of the estuary, the calling 
 of the inhabitants appears to be more nearly purely agricultural, apd it may 
 be fairly stated that, nothwithstanding the very rude process by which the 
 land is cultivated, th6 crops produced of grass, grain and roots, highly 
 testify to the excellence of the soil in v;hich they are grown. Cattle and 
 sheep are raised upon most of these small farms, proaucing most excellent 
 beef and mutton, besides dairy produce of the very best description. 
 
 The greater portion of the Anguille, and some portions of the lower 
 slopes of the Cape Ray ranges also, are quite capable of improvement, and 
 if cleared of timber and 80^vn in grass, would afford grazing land not easily 
 surpassed in any country. 
 
St. Geoeoe'8 Bay and Coast to Humber Arm, 
 Bay of Islands. 
 
 While examiaiDS this part of the Western Shores, I took every available 
 opportunuy of getting astronomical observations ia order to correct ns far 
 as possibe certain discrepaucies suspected to exist • the published charts. 
 The zesult has proved of importance, as a very c. .derable error in both 
 lat. ude and louguude was found to exist in the representation of a great 
 part of St. George's Bay, and the Buy of Islands. 
 
 •.rnnh^'T ""■''T "'"'' ""^ '"'''" °"^^ '' approximative, but as the geo- 
 graphical posUiOn, found by the observations taken at one or two wefl 
 n^^arked places, very nearly coincided with those determined by Captain S. 
 Clone of the French Imperial Navy (.hose admirable and Jl known at 
 curacy requires no comment), they may be taken as moderately trustworthy, 
 bt Georges Harbour, the only harbour in the Bay, wa3 one ofthepoHs 
 found to be very inaccurately represented not only as regards geo-^ra- 
 phical position but ia the contou: of the coast, so that i^ was deemed 
 uecessary to triangulate the whole of Flat Bay in order to get sufficiently 
 ace rate data to start with before fixing the position of the mountains and 
 nver of the interior. Harbor or Sandy Point, at the entrance to Flat Bay, 
 s .n latitude 4 " 27' 27" N. and longitude oS^ 30' 30" W. Itis the terminal 
 lonofu long low spit of gravel and sand, projcoting from the mainland for 
 uearly six miles, and enclosing Flat B.ty and St. George's Harbor. There 
 .3 an excellent and secure anchorage for vessels of nearly all si.es imme- 
 diately under this point, and a moderately deep although somewhat tortuous 
 and narrow channel runs up nearly the whole length of Flat Bay, but all 
 the rest of its area is exceedingly shallow, much of it being enfirel, dry 
 at low ebb tides. ' '' 
 
 A stream known as the Barraohois brook falls into the sea a little 
 way outside of Flat Bay, the entrance being about S. E. of Harbor Poin 
 and another of about equal si.e, called the Flat Bay brook, falls ia near thl 
 head o Flat Bay Both .Lose streams were found to be navigable fo 
 canoes for a considerable distance. 
 
 hioh.^''°.- "''° °^ '^'" Barrachols in a general bearing is N. 65° E. for 
 
 eight and quarter mle-? if whiVi, i; • ^- '^n. 
 
 ^l arter miles, at which di.u-raco it opens out into a suite of staaV 
 
 3 
 
\ 
 
 10 
 
 lakes at the base of tlie long range of raoimtaius, bearing upwards on 
 the same course for about two and a half miles more, then turning sharp- 
 ly to the southwai-d, the upper lake lies for nearly two miles fransversely 
 across the bill range, and contracts again at the cud of that distance in a 
 narrow and rapid mountain brook. The Flat Bay brook bears upwards 
 OD its general course 9. 76° E., seven miles 60 chains, throu.gli m. undulat- 
 ing country to the moimtain range which it intersects throu-!i a narrow 
 gorge at that distance, still maintaiuing the same upward bearin-^ .'or some 
 four or five miles liiore in a narrow moonfainr valley, receiving numerous 
 tributary streams on either side. 
 
 The stream is very rapid from the outlet to the mountains, Tjut after en- 
 tering the gorge tho current becomes moderate, as far as it was ascended. 
 At the point where the main stream enters tho mountam gorge it is joined 
 by a tributary ou the right side flowing from the south-eastward, in tho 
 forks of whic'i stauds a remarkable and prominently conspicuous hill, 
 whioli was termed the Cadra Mountain, from the circumstance of a monu- 
 ment having been erected on it, which afforded au excellent object for 
 ttiaBgulation. The summit of this mountain where the monument stands 
 was found to be ten hundred and twelve feet above the level of the sea. 
 tho north-ivestern flank of the long range of mountains will thus bt) seen 
 to rua in a nearly straight direction, about N. 30" E., from the upper 
 forks of the Codroy towards the Cairn mountain on Flat Bay brook, 
 «rosiing tlio Barrachois at the lakes and striking for Hare Head at the 
 Jicad of the Grand Pond. Between the hills and the southora coast of St. 
 George'a Bay the land is level or undulating, for the most part, thickly 
 growa over by a fioe growth of mixed forest timber, and drn-incd by 
 numerous streams, several of which, besides tho two already described, are 
 navigablo for small boats or c^'.noes' for several miles inland. This tract 
 is bounded on the south-west by tho high land of Cape Anguille, v/hich 
 rises into a worked mountainous country about half way between the Cape 
 and the head- of Flat Bay, extending across to the southward to the northern 
 main fork of the Great Codroy River. The maxi.i.um width of the level 
 region between the sea and the long range is from ten to twelve miles, but 
 this width decreases advancing to tho north eastward, and is reduced to 
 ttboiit five miles opposite the Cairn Mountain, while it becomes narrower 
 still at the Barrachois brook. 
 
 By a rough measurement made upon the plnu the area of the region 
 lying between tho mouatains aud the sen is about ouo hundred and ninety 
 i?w:^ sqiiare miles, of oiio hDtidre(? ahd tv/eoty-tW(? t!ioa>?and' eight hundred' 
 
\ 
 
 upwards on 
 TDing sharp- 
 (raosvarseljr 
 istance in a 
 arfl upwards 
 nil iiDdiilat- 
 i!i a narrow 
 v^ for some 
 >g numerous 
 
 "bntaftor en- 
 as ascended. 
 i it is joined 
 vard, in the 
 )icuous hill, 
 
 of a moDu* 
 t object for 
 ment stands 
 
 of tbe sea. 
 hus bt) seen 
 k tbe upper 
 Bay brook, 
 Elead at the 
 coast of Si. 
 art, thickly 
 drni'Dod by 
 scribed, are 
 
 This tract 
 iille, v,rblch 
 sn the Cape 
 he northern 
 of the level 
 > miles, but 
 
 reduced to 
 !S narrower 
 
 11 
 
 and eigh(y square acres, a vory large proportion of which is available f„,. 
 
 .derable aioa of fino agncuUural country, exteadiug from the coast be- 
 ; u on Iad,a„ Head and the isthmu. of Port-a-Port, to the ran Jo tl e 
 Table Mountn.ns, roughly estimated at about ten miles in 3h i 
 
 sZ7Zb ''"^''^'IT' ^'-SSling farms along the coast on ei , 
 side of the Bay, on wh.ch however excellent crops of grain crass uotl!! 
 ^d turnips are raised .-winter Wheat has been Un ^3 lly't^^ 
 Romams farm on the north side of the Bay, and the hardier varieties ^ 
 th gram m.ght no doubt be cultivated to a large extentT wem^ 
 mill m the country to moke it into flour ; and as there is ample water^p we^ 
 upon every brook, these would readily be constructed if an imp Z .a 
 ouce g,,en to purely agricultural pursuits. Many of these s^^farm 
 even now mamta.n good stock of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, JT 
 he cond.t.on of aU of which gives ample testimony to th/cfpabilU e^^f 
 the soil on which (hey have boon raised. capabibties of 
 
 [ the region 
 and ninety 
 ht hundred' 
 
12 
 
 The Humber Aem akd River. 
 
 Considerable discrepancies were found to exist in the position of this 
 coast as represented in the published charts, especially towards the mouth 
 of the Humber River, where there was fouud to be an error of upwards 
 of two minutes of latitude; and as , one prominent pobition where observa- 
 tions were taken — namely, the gravel point in Lark Harbour — ajrcea 
 with the result obtained by M. Clone at the same place within a few 
 seconds, the outline given upon the accompanying plan may be lelied on as 
 tolerably near the truth. 
 
 Brake's Landing at the entrance to the Humber River was found to 
 be ■ \ latitude 43" 57' 53" N. and longitude 57° 55' 32" "West. The fol- 
 lowing are the bearings and distances, exclusive of minor turns up its course^ 
 as far as surveyed. 
 
 1st. Course. — From Brake's Landing to the head of the lower rapids, at 
 station 9, S. 61" E., distance three miles aud four chains. 
 
 2nd. Course. — From station 9 to entrance into Deer Liikc, N. 60° E., dis- 
 taHce eight miles and sixty-three chains. 
 
 3rd. Course. — Doer Lake from Governov's Toint to head ot Lake, N. 42° E. 
 
 distance fiitcen miles aud seven chains. 
 
 4th. Course. — Head of Deer Lake to forks of Grand Pond, N. 44° E., dis- 
 tance five milei and fourteen chains. 
 
 5th. Course. — From Grand Pond forks to Picaver Pond, X, 38° E., dis- 
 tance (our miles aud twelve chains. 
 
 6th. Course. — From Beaver Pond to Great Bend, N. 66" E., distance 
 eight miles and forty-six chains. 
 
 The upper part of the arm towards the entrance to the river is very 
 shallow over a largo area, much ot which becomes nearly dry at low water ; 
 but there is a deep channel, although somewhat tortuous, by which small 
 vessels can enter the stream : and there is very good anchorage outside the 
 shoals a litttlc way westward of Brake's Landing. 
 
 The first or lower course of the river passes through a narrow gorge 
 bounded on either side by lofty calcarious crags, which in some parts rise 
 Ecarly vertically from the water's edge in cliffs ot one tiiousand feet or 
 more, the whole body of the magniriccni river being pent up within some- 
 times less than a chain in width. The current is tolerably strong and 
 
\ 
 
 sition of (hia 
 Is tli3 mouth 
 of upwards 
 lere observa- 
 )our — airccs 
 n- ill) in a few 
 I iclied on as 
 
 as found to 
 it. The fol- 
 ip its course, 
 
 3r rapids, at 
 G0° E., dis- 
 :c, N. 42° E. 
 44° E., dis- 
 38" E., dis- 
 £., distanco 
 
 rivor 19 very 
 ; low water ; 
 ivlijch small 
 I outsido tlio 
 
 irrow gorgo 
 c parts rise 
 iand feet or 
 nthia some- 
 stroDg and 
 
 13 
 
 ^atcr deep la this course, and towards the end of it there is a moJerateiy 
 3 ro°8-P"^ Vbovo this rapid the river opens out wide, flowingt ^ ' 
 
 ZJ TT. T'' "" '"'''- ^"'^^^'^^ -'"'--'° -^l' "- -y until wrtin 
 abo t , „,.,, „f ,„^^^ ^^^ ^^. ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ another pretty o! 
 
 teJ .""T '■'" '■°" '"° ''■" "^ •'- '--^^ "f 1^-r Lake wa, e "a! 
 
 ted to be on y about ten feet. Following the course over Deer Lake u e 
 J-et.ou wuh the Grand Pond branch, the current is sluggi.Mho i ' 
 s :,'.:r'''"°V"^°°''"=^ " "P^-'^-^ ^ a-arterof a ;i.e, the w 
 
 A to 1 ''^ '7 • ^-^ ■ """"°' '•^■'^"■^'^ "^ -^ ordinary draught. 
 
 A 1 ttlo way above the junction of the Grand Pond branch tl^ stream 
 
 be o.es very turbulent, the Hrst rapid making a Ml of eleven feet in alou" 
 . quarter of a u.le, and U is n.ore or less rapid and often shallow and dim- 
 nU c a cent for canoes all the way, except at two parts, where it opens 
 ^to what ,s called the Seal Poo, and Beaver Pond where it is still wide, 
 and deep. Ihere .s also a stret.h of so.e two miles, where the current is 
 moderate, below the great bend, above which it turns up in a south and 
 southwest course for about a mile, and then, bending round again in the 
 prevad.ng north-eastern direction for another mile and a half, comes to a 
 vertical fall of about ten leet, where our ascent terminated. The estima- 
 ated^r.se above the sea at the top of the fall was about ninety feet. Above 
 the , all the general course is said to be a little eastward of north for about 
 .c,ght or nine mile., where it reaches within less than .en miles of the head 
 of W lute Bay: and then, turning westerly for a few miles, runs alon^ the 
 base of the mountains, and finally t.rns south-westerly and terminate, 
 at Adees lond, w.thin about twelve miles distance from the head of Deer 
 Lake, and some twenty miles from the eastern arm of Bonne Bay. 
 
 The Grand Pond branch was only ascended for a little over a mile at 
 the end of which distanco the stream becomes violently rapid, and although 
 _pract.cablo for canoe navigation all the way to the Grand Pond, it is exceed- 
 ingly difKcult and dangerous* 
 
 The bills at the lower reach of the rivor, nl!houg1i very precipitous 
 and broken, are nevertheless covered by a dense growth of forest trees, 
 among which are many pines and spruces of large size, well adapted for 
 spars or lumber. 
 
14 
 
 Above and immctliately upon eoteHpS Hie 2a(i reach, tiio vaHy opens 
 out with a uanow fringe of ilue flat land oa eithei- side of the river, lyins 
 between it and the mouatains, whicli varies in width and estout to Deer 
 Lalvc ; wliile nt Deer Lake it expands gradually iqore and move, and oo tho 
 Bortheia side it is in some parts upv/ards of three miles wide. The south- 
 era side is more ccutracted until vc.chiDg towards the upper end of tho 
 lake, where a great expanse of flat or rolling oouQtry spreads away to the 
 eastward and northwards, reaching in tho former direction to the Grand 
 F»ad. Above Deer Lake the flat country is of great breadth, more par- 
 ticularly above tho forks ; tho mountain range wliich bounds it on the 
 west side poinling in the direction of Adee's Pond at the head of the river 
 on ouo liaud, wliile on the other it extends to the base of the "low wooded 
 rnngc west of Sandy Pond, aud this level tract extends upwards on tho 
 i'ivor's course to the western bend, which is said to be less than ten 
 miles distant from tho head of White Bay. By a rough measurement of 
 this large tract of country made upon the plan there would be an area of 
 about four hundred And twenty-nine square miles, or two hundred and fifty- 
 six thousand square acres, at least one half of which is probably well 
 adapted for raising almost every kind of agricultural produce. 
 
 Independently of its agricultural capabilities, this fine tract of country 
 seems to present inducements for other brftnehes of industry and enterprise, 
 in tho quality of j^p timber, much of which is excellent. Tamarack or 
 juniner is not rare ; yellow birch of large dimensions is abundant ; white 
 pile and spruco gi-ow in the greatest profusion, frequently of a size ani 
 quality not greatly inferior if not equal to the best that is now largely 
 brought into market in Gaspe and other parts of the lower province of. 
 Canada. The natural facilities thia part of the island present for commu- 
 nibation also from shore to shore are very great, tlie valley is easily acces- 
 sible by water from the Bay of Islands to the Grand Pond folks, while the 
 country further north is well adaptsd for laying out roads, and a road of loss 
 than tcu miles from the uorthcra bend would open up tho whole from the 
 Jiead of White Bay. 
 
 Water power to drive machinery is everywhere obtainable, either 
 in tho main river as on the upper part of the stream, or ia the uumerous 
 brooks that fall into Deer Lake and the lower reaches. 
 
 Thousands of square miles of oonntry have been hiid out in townships 
 and already panially settled in Canada either for pnrpossa of Jumbering 
 or farming, on the northern shores of lake Huron ani many parts of the 
 lower province, far inferior in most respects to this regioa of Newfouiid- 
 
rally opens 
 river, lying 
 cut to Deer 
 , and 00 the 
 The south- 
 end of the 
 away to the 
 ) the Grand 
 I, moio pai'- 
 Is it oa the 
 of the river 
 low wooded 
 ards oa tho 
 iss than ten 
 surement of 
 I an area of 
 ed and flfty- 
 obably well 
 
 t of country 
 i enterprise, 
 amarack or 
 lant ; white 
 a size ani 
 low Jargoly 
 proTince of. 
 for cuiamu- 
 iisily aoces- 
 s, while the 
 road of loss 
 tie from the 
 
 Inn.l, which there can scarcely be 
 
 i.-t 
 
 a d(jnh 
 
 i:< cipajlc of 
 
 sup;; 
 
 Hrge population. 
 
 The irountains of the region ftltl.nn^i, ,.„ 
 
 trance to the arm, appoars to be t'le hXr.-^ '••'•"o»r l^-uul at tho en- 
 
 inland and lowa'd^ nppi- T ob-. o , / '-"r .>,„r, turtbcr 
 
 l.reUf al,o. =°"J"«""M«'1«»J fonyonoftctovorlho 
 
 ibie, either 
 uumorou^ 
 
 [1 towDshipa 
 ' ^umbering 
 larts of the 
 Newfound- 
 
16 
 
 DiSTlUBUTION OF TIIE CaKBONIFEROUS FoiiMATION. 
 
 The rocks rcoognizod as belonging to tho carboniferous nge occupy 
 three distinct areas, being separated from each other by ridges of tho older 
 formations iipou which tlicy unconfannably repose. F.)r convcuioncc they 
 may bo classed as tho St. George's trough, tiio Port-a-Tort trough, aud 
 the Inland trough of the Humbcr River and Grand Pond. 
 
 The Eouth-eastcra edge of tho St. George's trough follows the base 
 of tlio Capo Ray or long range of Laurentiaa mountains from near tho 
 entrance of Tranvaiu brouli iu nearly a straight lino towards tho upper 
 forks of the Great Codroy River, aud thcu, apparently still keeping towards 
 tho base of the mountain range to the C;iir:i mouuiaia iu Flat Bay brook, 
 crossing the Uarrachois brook, a little below lUg lakes, aud strikiug for 
 the arm f St. George's River. The uorthem edge of the same trough 
 appears to bo partially divided by a mass of crystalline mcamioi'phic rocks, 
 the age of which has net yet been satisfactorily ascertained, which forms 
 a sharp ridge of hills terminating at Indian Head, on tho wett side of which 
 the out-crop ot the formation sweeps round towards t!;e base of tho 
 Table Mountain Range of Lower Silurian limes!bne, and runs out on tho 
 shore a mile west of Romaiu's brook near the isthmus of Port-a-Port, 
 
 Tlio Port-a-Port trough is divided from tho St. George's trough by d 
 ridge of Lower Silurian limestone, which extcuds along the coast across tlio 
 measures from Cape St. George to a point nearly opposite to Red Island. 
 Red Island is all a coarse conglomerate ot carboniferous age, aud from 
 it tho outcrop Wi.s supposed to strike easterly across the peninsula of Port- 
 a-Port into Port-a-Port Bay, tho whoie country to the rorth of which 
 was supposed to belong to the same formation, except tho high land called 
 Round Head, which probably protrudes through it. The flat valley of Coal 
 River is also probably spread over by rocks of carboniferous age, but was 
 not examined. 
 
 Tho western outcrop of the Humber trough strikes inland from the 
 lower end of Deer Lake, resting against the eastern flank of the long 
 range of Gneissoid mountains which run on their northerly course towards 
 Adee's Pond at tho head of the river and then along tho left bank of tho 
 river towards the wesiern shores of White Bay. Tho eastern outcrop runs 
 along tho edge of the upper end of Deer Luke making a narrow fringe 
 between the lake and gneissoid mountains until within about a mile of its 
 
17 
 
 Ijcad, when it sweeps roiin.l 
 
 ATION. 
 
 nge occupy 
 if tho older 
 luiuncc lUcy 
 rougli, aud 
 
 vs the base 
 m neor tho 
 5 tho upper 
 iog towurda 
 Bay brook, 
 strikiug for 
 atne trough 
 I'phic rocks, 
 ivhich forms 
 ido of which 
 )a50 of tho 
 i out oa tho 
 a-l'ort, 
 trough by a 
 It across tho 
 Red Island, 
 e, aud from 
 mla of Port- 
 h of which 
 laud called 
 lUoy of Coal 
 ige, but was 
 
 ud from the 
 of the long 
 rso towards 
 bank of the 
 }utcrop runs 
 irrow fringe 
 a mile of its 
 
 Be,„». Capo aI^Z:^ J:,™ ^ 7»'- "' ^^^- <«™..ioa. 
 
 boa, of .ark ,., ......000. jk rz ;::ii::rr' "'"°^ 
 
 parallel to ■! o T^ , , ■° " ° "'""""■' "'" >"'"''" "™=S«J 
 
 ■usi..., ia:;:rr:;:i':i:t";;f '^ '•'"- "-'• -"'"'• 
 r.r:r :,r:;: -~ - =irs! 
 na.os.oa: 1 at':":::": "::""• "r° ""'' """■' "" ""- 
 
 bods. la „,oa,l, all of ,. .' ' ''■""'"'"■J saad..ooe, in ,U|„ 
 
 limestone, as.oeiafed with wl,i i brow,,, .sometimes nodular, 
 
 vo. --o™.j,,;::;,:tt:r:i:^,:;-r;r;.'''" r 
 Cape .1,0 .,1. ,„,,„::" :;;:'::i r:;::::; j;r ';^'~* 
 
 .l.o.r",:»:-l,7:la^T ""■' "°"^' ""'•" '-" ="^P««--33es ,,..,.' 
 
 6 
 
M 
 
 ton9«<|non<« of lln> nuiuorowB foUls .hhI vi-ootiuonu lir wiiiclt tlic rooka mt.i 
 ft£fec!oil lutTs,'*:! (^ipo Aiir-inillo ami Stimnr I'oiii'i tli'i vhivliniKH ef ihe 
 accumulation rcmuiud aumcwhal uncurttiiu. 
 
 On the coast between the Great and Little CoJroy Rivers a •oction c^ 
 tha measured vras obtuined in pretty regular sequence, consisting of greon 
 and red conglomerates, aandstono^, rcil and j^ocn marls and red, green and 
 black shales, the whole accnnuilalion of which nmountcd to a thickness 
 of two thoutiaud three hundred and six feet. All this mn?s of strata is 
 very micaceous, an'' most of the beds are more or lesa characterised by 
 thoprescuco ofcarl)ouizedi)lants, — in some parts the carbonaceous material 
 derived from an accumulation of them being found packed in irregular 
 beds and nost.-< : but in no car^e did there appear to exist anything like 
 a workable seam of coal. 
 
 The cours'e of the Great Codroy River runs a little obliquely across 
 the lower portious of the measures, the calcarious parts, wiih masses of 
 gypsum, coming out on Ryan's brook a little way back from the estuary ; 
 while the limestones were observed on or near the right bank of the river 
 both above and below the falls, and further on crossing the 1st fork about 
 a mile and a half above the junction of the streams. 
 
 The measures both on the coast and the river sections were found uni- 
 formly to dip to the south-eastward. (except where a fow small disturbances 
 occasion a slight break or undulation), toward tho Cape Ray range of moun- 
 tains, until within a very short distance of the gneiss, where they were usual- 
 ly cither liighly tilted, inclining in the opposite directions, or vertical. Thus 
 disturbances were visible on the coast near Trainvain brook, on the banks 
 of the streams near the mountains in the neighbourhood of the 1st fork, 
 and at the junction of gmiss above the 2ud fork, affording evidence of 
 a great break or fault, which shall presently be more particularly re- 
 ferred to. 
 
 The high land of Cape Angullle runs flpon the axis of an anticlinal, 
 the north-eastern extension of which is mentioned by Mr. Jukes as 
 crossing tlie 1st and 2nd brooks in the conntry about three miles from the 
 coast of St. George's Bay. On both sides of the Cape the rocks are dis- 
 turbed, but are more conr-picuously so on the St. George's Bay side, where 
 the cliffs show many complicated contortions ; and whether any other forma- 
 tion may protrude through the carboniferous on or near the crown of the 
 anticlinal arch has not yet been ascertained. ^Ir. .J .kes aho mentions 
 the recurrence of the gj-jiseous masses and associated rocks, resembling 
 thosa of Codrov. on cither lida of tb* snticlinal en the 2nd brook, and at 
 
ie 
 
 tlir rooki (>»■-■ 
 ckniM af the 
 
 trs II loctlon of 
 isting of grcon 
 red, green and 
 
 to a thicknosa 
 =ia of strata is 
 aracterisetl by 
 iceousinatcrial 
 }d in irrcgvilar 
 
 anything liko 
 
 bliqncly across 
 v'nh masses cf 
 m tlio estuary ; 
 Ilk ol' the river 
 Ist fork about 
 
 I'ere found unl- 
 ill disturbances 
 range of moun- 
 ley were usual- 
 vertical. Thus 
 :, on the banks 
 ■ the Ist fork, 
 ng evidence of 
 larticularly re- 
 
 if an anticlinal, 
 Jr. Jukes as 
 miles from the 
 ; rocks are dis- 
 Bay side, where 
 ny other forma- 
 3 crown of the 
 s aUo mentions 
 cks, resembling 
 d brook, and »t 
 
 •ight mile* from ih« coast he states Jiavinpr wn « b«d of coal three feet 
 thick, which however was not traced. At about that dislaucc from th: 
 coast there is reason to suspect that the great fault alrcndv alluded to may 
 have the effect of cutting off part of that scam and brin-in-tho lower 
 measures once more to the surface on tlie south-eastern sid'e. 
 
 Evidences of the presence of the gypsnous part of the formation were 
 perceived near the base of the mountains a short distance to the west- 
 ward i.f d< the Cairn Mountain, wliero a set of enormous canities, re- 
 sembling inverted cone, of almost perfect symmetry, sometimes ncnrlyone 
 hundred and fifty feet in diameter at the auriuce, witli a denth of from 
 sixty to eighty feet to the apex of the cone, in ti.c strike of which some 
 fragments of G^qr.um were found on tlie bod of a small brook which 
 falls into Flat Bay brook just before it enters the gcrrro of the mountain 
 range. A coarse conglomerate was also observed on this brook associated 
 with bright red marls, and some small fragments of coal were found 
 •trewed at a few parts along its bed and bank^. 
 
 Coar.se conglomerate is exposed upon the banks of Flat Bnv brook 
 dipping irregularly to the eastward, whi.h apparently strikes across ta 
 Hat Bay, where, whh a north-easterly incb-nation, it rests upon beds of 
 limestone ; and at the mouth of Flat Bay brook beds of lime.to-e are 
 exposed, with re.l marls and conglomerate beds resting on them, which 
 dip to the northward. 
 
 The mode of occurrence of the lower measures of tb^ forn.ation, with 
 the associated masses of gypsum on the north side of St Goor-e's Bay 
 were described in the narrative of last year. A lauh is there ro^rosenle.^' 
 letting down a confused mass of carboniferous limestone amonn- the lime- 
 stones 01 caleiferous age inside of Port-a-Port Bav. ap..' r cal.-lvlnr, v-u 
 holding galena is represented as indicating tlie p^ation of the -llslocation. 
 The effects of this fault were observed .gain thi, season on the outer 
 coast near Red Island, where limenono holding fossil, of onrboniforous 
 age were found entangled with Sibn-ian stratr. the r,cks b. in. thro^vB 
 down on the northern side, while patches of flat bed. ^ ,-hich howe'^-or wer* 
 not accessible) resting in" unconformable relation to\he uptm-ned .trata 
 of the cliffs were supposed to be of the same formation. The d;--iurhancea 
 which affect Iho cliffs on the main land at this parr do not reach R^d Is- 
 land, which i3 of a coarse red conglomerate, with intercalations here eM 
 there of great lenticular masses of coarse brown sandstone. The cliffs oa 
 ae south side of the island attain an altitude of well nigh three hunarod 
 f»^ wlula at tte nortJiom extremity tJioy are not muah over oae 
 
'20 
 
 nuuare4<e*i'. sJiewmg « ^jontl.. iiicliimtion . *>ry iv^jiiUirly to iho north- 
 
 vvanl. 
 
 Tlio flat liuid of the poniiisiilns bciwoPit llu- m-h ami Poii-ii-l>oit Uav 
 tvas coiL-idtirfd IVom the u.^iiort of tliu couiitr} to bu sin-oiid over by the 
 nrcimceous mid cakarioiu rockx of tlic lower jjcrtioiis of the i-(irbuiiiferou:i 
 formatio;i; but in coiisctjucnce of the uc'ci(Uiit to myself, wliiili occurred 
 while oil thi.s part of the const, it was uot v|»ited. • 
 
 At Do«T Lake the formatiou is nf,'ain refo;,'iiizod on the west side, in 
 some Hlrong bcd.s of coarse eoiiylonienite dippiiirj at a very small angle 
 to the north-eastward, which line the lake shore, a little way north from the 
 Island near the lower end of the lake ; and by miiuerous larj,'e an-ular slabs 
 of red, green, and brown .-andtitoue which are strewed abundantly on the 
 bank.-* and shores further up, und are expo.scd in low clitis on a brook called 
 Coal Brook, where the strata is nearly horizontal. On the eastern side 
 of Deer Lake the conglomerate is exposed with some beds of limestone at its 
 base, turned up vertically, or inclining at a very high angle towards the 
 lake, striking along the shore and resting agaai-t the gneiss of the moun- 
 tains, the disturbance being evidently connected with a fault running in 
 a uorth-casterly direction, with a down-throw on the north- west side. 
 Above the forks of the Gram! Poud branch the banks expo.^e strata of very 
 bright rod sandstone with bright red marls, usually quite or nearly quite 
 flat, until within a short distance of the lower or John's Fall, wliere the 
 rock consists of brownish and red sandstone in thickish beds which are 
 somewhat tilted with a dip towards the north-west. At John's Fall the 
 rock is a coarse conglomerate with red sandstone, the former in beds some- 
 times upwards of five feet thick which is underlaid by black and greenish 
 calcarious shale. Above John's Fall the l)auks, which sometimes are up- 
 wards of thirty feet high, exhibit black and greenish calcarioi... (ail 
 argillacious shales, intcrstrutified with beds oi dark grey nodular liro.;i,rnh, , 
 varying in thickness from one to seven inches, jn nearly hjii/oniiu 
 strata, which continues to bo exposed up the long reach nt the "real 
 bend and on either side of the river to the foot of the upper fall, where they 
 again dip » -low the coarse conglomerate, inclining at a moderate angle up 
 the river i tht north-eastward showing a flat anticlinal between the two 
 faUs. 
 
 There :■- [, t-^ ';;• evidence to shew that the great fault, of which 
 mention hu.. », ■ :, -oa.'s as aflecliu, Jic strata in the Great Codroy valley, 
 iatorsocts the islan.i diagonally frora shore to shore, running in an almost 
 perfectly straight line from pear the entrance of the little Codroy River to 
 Whit« Bay. 
 
21 
 
 fo.k. of ,1,0 G,,.,.. ( .Klroy. ..t ll.o I,.... „f ,1., ,,•„. ....,, ,,, t,,i,,„ j„,„„, , .,, 
 oncno oast .de „r Deer Lake, an., near Jol.u. Gallon the II..n.b..-" 
 ^ W.t. .„,e.u,ae. at the he„U o,' Spruce b.ok. which are ..i.e.., i.. t 
 
 vertteally. fhe value of thi« fault was uot a.-nuately a.scer,„i„r,I but al 
 iu 1 T : '""■;" """^""^ ^^'"■^■'"""-^ "" —"to be three 
 
 I Imve been thus particular i„ deseribiug this -Jisloeation, no, s.,nplyas 
 a feature of great ,eolo,i..al in.por.anee. but a.s .naterially aH-eeti. /.h 
 r^n.ab.l.t,o workable seun.s of coal bein, fonn.l to exist in , ho", a 
 
 of : ::::?'^ r'^ '"'^^ ^^ -"•'^-•'"^ ver, eon.aerab.e breaa 
 of cun.r, .p,.ea.l over by coal measures betweer> Sandy Pond on the one 
 h«nd and Adee's Pond and the Laurentair. Mountains .;. the other ■ lu 
 
 hestrat. e.„..nostly flat, as has been shewn in the valley of the 11 n.; 
 
 nd an upthrowfault occuring on the San.ly Pond side of the trough bri X: 
 lower measures to the surface on the eastern side of the dislocation il i] 
 
 s.sU of lower members of the formation, iu which, so far as at present 
 known, searaa of workable coal do not appear^to exist. ' 
 
 Ecoxojnc Material.s. 
 
 The eeonomic materials observed during the season, at various parts 
 
21 
 
 Copper Ore. 
 
 A beautiful sample of vitreous grey copper ore was obtaioed from 
 Rock Cove, near Graudy's Point in F'ticentia Bay, which appears by the 
 description giveu of the locality to run in veins ; and indications of similar 
 ore, together with native copper, are reported to exist at various parts in 
 Fortune Bay : copper was also observed associated with other minerals at 
 the La Mancho mines in Placentia Bay. At this place it is chi:fly indicated 
 by the presence of green carbonate of copper diffused through the calcarious 
 matrix of the vein, and nodules of malachite occur usually near the walla 
 of the lode. 
 
 Lead. 
 
 Crystals of galena were observed in quartz veins, cutting the gneiss 
 of the island, on Deer Lake, and on the point of the main laud opposite. 
 The rock at this p.irt is chiefly mica slate constituted for the greater part of 
 fine grains of white quartz, and small scales of silvery mica; small coarse 
 garnets and cubical iron pyrites are sprinkled througli the mass in abund- 
 ance. The strata are cut by numerous voiub- of semi-translucent white 
 quartz, the largest of wliich is about three feet wide, running in a north and 
 south direciioa, witli numerous smaller veins i-adialiug from it cast and 
 west. A few specks of galena were observed in the main vein, but it was 
 chiefly in the smaller ones, that the ore seemed to occur. 
 
 At Parrody's Head, near the head of tho Bay Daspair, galena was 
 found in white quartz veins through which calc-.=par is d' --miuatcd, but 
 not in large proportion. Tliese veins run irrcguhirly, intersecting black 
 plumbaginous occasionally slightly calcarious s'ate, wliicii was supposed to 
 be of lower Silurian age, and is the rock of the country over a very lar^e 
 area of the surrounding region. 
 
 The La fliancho mine is situated near the north-eastern extremity of 
 Placentia Bay, between Little Southern Harbor and Little Bay. The vein 
 that is worked for lead varies in width from three to six feet, and is chiefly 
 of calc-spar, much of which is tinged of a pale pinkish amethystine color. 
 Siilphttta of barytes, quartz and fluor spar are moro or less distributed 
 
2S 
 
 lined from 
 2ars by the 
 i of similar 
 us parts ia 
 minerals at 
 y indicated 
 : calcarious 
 X the walls 
 
 the gneiss 
 d opposite, 
 iter part of 
 inall coarse 
 I ia abiiud- 
 cent white 
 i north and 
 !t cast and 
 
 but it was 
 
 alena was 
 iuatcd, but 
 ctiug black 
 lupposed to 
 very large 
 
 ctrentjity of 
 
 The vein 
 
 d is chiefly 
 
 stino color. 
 
 distributed 
 
 throu-h the vein, the walls of which are frcqticnily lined with hcai-Iful 
 crystals of amethystine quartz, and occasionally with green or blue 
 malachite. 
 
 The ore is distributed irregularly through the whole thickness of the vein 
 sometimes in " vceghs," as termed by the minors, or po,l<c(.. ; but there 
 appears to be also a pretty regular and continuo;,s .(ring of ore ne?r the 
 middle of the lode, of from one to four iu.hcs thicknos., from whence the 
 '• prell ore," as it is termed, is derived. The run of the vein is about 
 N. C3^ E. from the water's edge, and its altitude vertical, maintaining that 
 course and altitude with great regularity, and being traceable on the surface 
 for a considerable distance. The lode cuts a set of green, very hard and brit- 
 tle compact cherty or jaspery slates, which cleave exactly with the beddin- 
 and for the most part weather an opaque white, which discoloration extends 
 into the stODO for an inch or more. The dip on the south-eastern side of 
 the lode is abont N. 27° W. < 25° ; that on the uorth side points in the 
 same direction but with an increased rate of inclination. From the posi- 
 tion of the vein to the entrance of Little Southern Harbour the 
 measures gradually accumulate upon this dip, but as there are several dis- 
 locations observed in the cliffs it is probable the same strata may be repeated. 
 A considerublo amount of rod strata are visible ia the cliffs, of a hard 
 jaspery character, alternating with rock of a dark bottle-green color, 
 having the aspect of diorite ; b.it being incapable of landiag^to examine 
 that part of the coast I am unable to state the mineral characters with 
 certainty. 
 
 It will require much further investigation to determine with any 
 amount of certainty the geological horizon which these rocks may repre- 
 Bent ; but it may be slated that the mineral character and general aspect of 
 the strata bear a very strong resemblacce to the rocks at the Topsail 
 chffs ia Conceptiou Bay, where the evidence tends to show that rocks of 
 lower Sib "ian age succeed them unconforraably. Indie uions of lead ore 
 moreovei, have been perceived near the coast between Topsail Head and 
 Portugal Cove ; and more recently the some ore has been found in veins 
 intersecting the slates and sandstones in the immediate vicinity of St. 
 John's* 
 
 *I was informed at the La Mancho mines that the amount of ore shin- 
 5240 t'?/ '^' ^°"' '^^^-^^ '^'"°"°»°'^ '° 2,35d,987 lbs., or 10402227- 
 
 2240 tons. 
 
24 
 
 Near the junction of the coal raeasiircs with the gneiss on the Great 
 Codroy River seme bands of a very kTruginous character wero observed, 
 iuterstratified with the latter rocks. Those bands are of a reddish brown 
 color, are hard, b"ittle and with aconehoidal fracture, the broken surlaces 
 presenting occasionally a metallic lustre. 
 
 Much of tlie gneiss in this locality is of a bright red color which is 
 derived from the prevalence of bright red orthoclaso fellspar, over the other 
 constituents, which consist of small grains of semitrauslucent white quartz 
 and small scales of mica. 
 
 In this locality, and for some distance down the stream, largo slabs and 
 fragments of pure white crystalline limestone, witli specs of graphite and 
 silvery mica, were observed to occur in abundance ; from which circum- 
 stance it was assumed that strata of that character must lestw si(u some- 
 where airong the Laurentiau Rocks further into the interior. 
 
 Some beautiful specimens of magnetic Iron ore were procured from the 
 neighbouihood of the Cairn Mountain near Flat Bay brook, which, judging 
 from the quantity distributed over the surface of the ground, is probably 
 derived from a large and important mass in that neighbourhood. The 
 rocks with which the ore seems to bo associated are of an opaque white 
 color, for the most part, being chiefly composed of white orthoclase fellspar 
 with quartz, in a small proportion, and Labradorite. 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 This mineral was found to be pretty generally disseminated in a set 
 of black shaley slates on the islands and main shores towards the head of 
 the Bay Despair, On the north side of Richard's Island it has been taken 
 out in considerable quantities by tlie neighbouring residents for usual house- 
 hold purposes, and it was observed to occur in the same rocks on the 
 banks of the brook by the Indian settlement, at the entrance to the Conne 
 River. The mineral appeared to be in the greatest abundance where 
 the strata were affected by cracks or dislocations, which, on Richard's 
 Island, Isle Bois and the northern side o! Long Island, are of frequent 
 
25 
 
 occurrenco. The age of these plumbagJuous slates is doubtful, but it was 
 considered probable will prove eventually to be lower Silurian, and may be 
 the equivalent of the slates and shales of Manuel's Brook and the islands of 
 Conception Bay. 
 
 The slates in Bay Pespair are usually more or less calcarious, and 
 we intersected by veins of both calcspar and white quartz. 
 
 They usually display a fibrous structure with a ;ilky glistening surface, 
 sometimes covered over by romarkable crystals and abounding with decom- 
 posing iron pyrites, * ""i-uui 
 
 Gypsum. 
 
 Gypsum abounds in the lower part of the carboniferous system, and 
 .8 largely developed ou the coast near Codroy and iu the Bay St. George. 
 Ihe vast masses which come out in the cliffs between Codroy Island 
 and the Great Codroy River, can hardly fail to prove some dav of very 
 great value and importance. The color of the greater portion of the 
 masses on the Codroy side of Cape Anguille is grey, and usually presents 
 8 regularly laminated appearance by the presence of tbin scales' of a black 
 substance which alternates with the soft white gypsum : but there are per- 
 tions very white also, and the associated marls are frequently streaked 
 with those seams of snowy fibrous gypsum. The little Harbor on Codroy' 
 island IS sufliciently favorable shelter for small vessels, and the Codroy Roads, 
 having a fair anchorage for larger sized craft outside during the summer 
 months, there does not appear to be any great difficulty to overcome in 
 having these great deposits opened out to commercial enterprise. Large 
 quantities of gypsum are annually taken for the Lower Canada market 
 from the Magdalene Islands, where probably the facilities for w.rkin<. the 
 material are not grtfatly more favourable than iu this part of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 ^ The great mass of gypsum at the entrance to Romain's brook was 
 described ,n the narrative of last year's exploration. It is chiefly pure 
 white, and is admirably suited for stucco purposes; but the want of shel- 
 ter for vessels at that part, offers a considerable obstacle to the shipment 
 of the material. The gypsum of the south coast of St. George's Bay and 
 in the interior I had no opportunity of visiting. 
 
26 
 
 Mahbles. 
 
 The fossiliferous limestoao of Topsail H^ad takes a high polish and 
 affords a very handsome description of variegated marble, some cubes of 
 which were sent to bo shewn as specimens at the ensuing exhibition at Paris. 
 Some of the variegated red and white beds of limestone near Capo St. 
 George aiu likely to yield a good and ornamental material, and one strong* 
 pale drab-coloured bed w hich comes out in the cliffs nearly opposite Red 
 Island, is particularly fine in grain, takes a very high polish, and might be 
 jaken in blocks of any size under five feet in thickness. This bed seems to 
 be of very pure lime, and is sometimes upwards of seven feet thick. The 
 position of this stratum of rock, however, cannot be said to be favourable, 
 asthe only anchorage near is under the beach at Red Island, which affords 
 shelter from northerly winds only ; but as it strikes inland and probably runs 
 across to the Port-a-Port side of the peninsula, it is possible enough some 
 parts may be found where it might be quarried to advantage. 
 
 Marbles of various kinds occur at certain parts of the Bay of Islands. 
 The cliffs at the entrance to the Humber River yield white, black and vari- 
 egated red and white limestone, a large portion of which is capable of being 
 used for many ornamental purposes, although so far as I have yet been able 
 to ascertain, th« white variety seems usually to be too coarsely crystalline 
 for statuary purposes. Just below the lower rapids a vein of compact cal- 
 carious spar between two and a half and three feet wide may be seen on the 
 right bank of the river cutting the strata and running up the face of the 
 cliil" with great regularity, and many more similar veins occur on both sides 
 both above and below. Some while and variegated marble has been obtain- 
 ed from this large vein which, although susceptible of giving a smooth 
 surface, is mostly too coarse in texture to bo considered of high quality as 
 an ornamental stone ; but I am informed by Mr. Makim of this place that 
 higher up the hill, near where this vein comes out, a pure white marble 
 may bo obtained from beds which may prove to bo of more importance. 
 Some beds of black limestone of very fine grain, hard and compact, the 
 exposed surfaces of which are sometimes characterised by obscure siliciGed 
 organic remains, occur also in the lower reach of the Hutrbcr River, which 
 are capable of receiving a fine polish, and at a place called Cook's Cove, on 
 the south side of the Humber Arm, a beautiful and homogeneous samplo 
 of jet black marble was oblained from a bed about six inches thick, and in 
 Toraodiato contact with a conglomerate limestone. 
 
 a 
 
 to 
 
 se 
 
 fn 
 
 as 
 
 bo 
 
 bri 
 
 the 
 
 of 
 
 £s( 
 
27 
 
 Still another variety of marble may be fouml at YnrV w t, 
 of »rp.„,i.e however w„ p„a„„„l fe e.hlWtabv ^^1"",? 
 
 le of being 
 
 
 been able 
 
 
 crystalline 
 
 
 mpact cal- 
 
 
 eeu on the 
 
 
 face ot the 
 
 
 both sides 
 
 
 sen obtaia- 
 
 
 a smooth 
 
 
 quality as 
 
 
 place that 
 
 
 ite marble 
 
 
 nportance. 
 
 
 mpact, the 
 
 
 re siliciQed 
 
 
 ver, which 
 
 
 s Cove, on 
 
 
 308 sample 
 
 
 ok, and in 
 
 
 
 i 
 
28 
 
 ButLDn^G Stokb. 
 
 Granite. — A very coarse dark reddish granite occupies a considerabla 
 portion of the const at La Poile, the prevailing color being derived from 
 largo irregularly formed crystals of red fellspar, which usually give the 
 exposed surface the aspect of a conglomerate when viewed at a little diti" 
 tance. A finer grained quality of granite is found to intersect the coarse 
 mass, sometimes of a red and at other times of a whitish grey color. The 
 coarse variety is very hard, tough, and endurable, and would doubtless have 
 ft grand and imposing effect in large and massive structures. The age of 
 the coarse grained rock is undetermined ; the intersecting veins however 
 penetrate into a set of blackish or dark blue and greenish slates which 
 ,come against the granite at Little La Poile, indicating a more recent origin 
 than the slates which are probably lower Silurian. An exactly similar 
 coarse granite was observed in 1864 at the other extreme of the island, 
 at Cat Cove near Cape Freels. 
 
 A beavUiful variety of granite occurs at Rose Blanche, where there is 
 na excjllent small Harbour, about twelve miles west from La Poile. The 
 color of ths rock, is ot a whitish grey, it is rather fine grained, and is consti- 
 tuted of white quartz, white fellspar, and brown mica. Blocks of this 
 ijiiMiiic, »ire easily procurable in almost any requisite size all along the 
 ...ji-i'. .Ti>') in '■io"l,nr.=l,ible quantity. 
 
 ^ ..u.-^ToNKS. — A good mateiialfor building may be procured in ample 
 H' uudunce from the sandstones of Kelly's Island, in Conception Bay. 
 The stone is usually of a greenish tinge, sometimes weathering yellowish ; 
 some beds are very hard and difficult to dress with the hammer; others 
 a.'o freer in the grain, and dress with facility. The sandstones of Kelly's 
 Island rest upon a set of brownish shaley slates ; and beds of that descrip. 
 tion are interstratified with them. Portions of the measures are slightly 
 calcarious, and most of the sandstones are somewhat micaceou84 The 
 horizon of these rocks, together with the slates and limestones of Manuel's 
 Brook and Topsail Head, is supposed to be low down in the Silurian 
 
 system. 
 
 Admirable building stone is obtainable at many parts from the sand 
 stones of the carboniferous rocks : instances of which may be specified as 
 occurring on Codroy Island, in the section between the great and little 
 rivers Codroy, and on the Groat Codroy River. The rock on Codroy Is- 
 
20 
 
 isiderabld 
 ved from 
 give the 
 little diti" 
 he coarse 
 or. The 
 tiess hare 
 rhe age of 
 I however 
 tes which 
 lent origin 
 ly similar 
 he island, 
 
 re there is 
 jile. The 
 3 is consti- 
 ks of this 
 along the 
 
 id in ample 
 •tion Bay. 
 yellowish ; 
 ler ; others 
 of Kelly's 
 lal descrip. 
 ire slightly 
 iOUSi The 
 >f Manuel's 
 le Silurian 
 
 1 the sand 
 specified as 
 it and little 
 Codroy Is- 
 
 land, where the bands are thick, is frequently slightly calcarious, and is 
 tery hard and compact ; the centre part of the bed being of a pale bluish 
 grey on fracture, while the exposed surfaces weather of a drab or yellow- 
 .sh color. Some of the beds south of Codroy River are a drab freestone 
 slightly coarse in grain, and always more or loss micaceous: yielding a 
 handsome material which is easily worked. Beds of this description wore 
 also observed m several parts ou the banks of the Great Codroy River. 
 
 Whbtstones and Grindstones :_Some of the sandstone beds of 
 .he coal formation on the Great Codroy River, near the fails, and at one 
 or two places iH the coast section, would produce good scythe stones ; and 
 Hear Cape Anguille, pieces of a slightly calcarious slate of the very finest 
 texture, very hard and of a dark grey color, were found of excellent quality 
 as hones for knives, and are probably well adapted for finer tools or ia- 
 strumeuts. Many sandstone beds of the coal measures might be used for 
 grmdstones; some of the best hitherto observed were found oc the Grand 
 Pond, near the foot of Old Harry Mountains ; while at Whetstone Point 
 on the opposite side of the same kke, sycthe and caurse hone-stones iu 
 unbounded quantity may be picked ofiP the beach or worked out of the ad- 
 jacent cliffs. 
 
 LiMESTONES.-The clifi-s of Cape St. George and the coast north 
 from It are apparently more or less magnesian in quality : but beds occur 
 of very pure lime at some parts, among which may be enumerated, in 
 particular, the pale drab stratum, already alluded to under the head of 
 marble. Some of the dark colored bituminous and fossilferous beds of the 
 calc.ferous formation, such as those that skirt the coast inside the isthmus 
 ot i'ort-a-Port, are^o doubt of good material for burning. 
 
 Many beds in the cliffs of limestone at the entrance to the Humber ' 
 River, which are supposed to be chiefly of the calciferous age, may be found 
 to possess all the requisites for burning into lime ; and some of those which 
 outcrop 11. the Humber Arm at Cook's Cove and other places, associated 
 with limestone conglomerate, may also be found available for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 The limestone beds in the lower coal measures also are probably 
 capable m many instancs for making good lime, examples of which may 
 be instanced as oocuring on the coast near Codroy, and thence cropping 
 out at intervals near the right bank of the Great Codroy River, particularly 
 at Ryan s Brook, where there is a considerable thickness of this rock expos- 
 ed, associated with sandstone and masses of gypsum. 
 
pMSMmw 
 
 SO 
 
 A limestono occurs at the ODtraace to Ship Cove, at Burio, on the 
 west side of PIac6atia Bay, which was supposed to be the equivalent of 
 the rock of Topsail Ilead ; and very low down in the Silurian System. 
 It occurs in two bands, one from fifteen to twenty foot thick, the other 
 from thirty to forty feet, divided by black calcarious shales, and overlaid 
 by similar shaly and slaty strata, containing a brown material supposed to 
 beanoxido of manganese, with which the surrounding parts are discolored. 
 The color of the limestone on fracture is pale blue, weathering drab on the 
 exposed surfaces, some of which exhibit obscure forms supposed to be 
 organic, probably fucoids. This rock has been quarried to some extent 
 for the purpose of burning into lime. 
 
, OD the 
 ^alent of 
 System, 
 he other 
 overlaid 
 posed to 
 >colored. 
 b on the 
 id to be 
 10 extoQt 
 
 31 
 
 Ked OcimE. 
 
 has b^CXl^rttL^^^h' r ''' "-'''' '''- -"^ — -. -<• 
 Bay, as a red paiJt d.^' ^a ^ "if '"'^ ''' ''''' '' ''^ ^^^^'^''^ 
 the Flat Bay Brook and nn ^hn w k V "^''''"^ "P°° "'« ''^"ks of 
 
 also reportod'to b:L;l:^ ';,^r:?.tr rr ^^^"^' ^'°"^- ^' --^ 
 
 the high land of Cape Aoguille! '' '''""° ^^«' ^''^ ^^ 
 
 Clay. 
 
 At the extreme head of thp Tln^ o* »i 
 
 .i.l,«rcommoa or flr. bricks ■ >„rf !,! '"" ■""»"'»«"• »t 
 
 rud, „„=„pt „„ „b«„ "a ,1', r ' ' "'°° f"""' P"'P°'»"- A 
 
 Shell Marl axd Peat. 
 
 thiol; 'n.„ .II, "uouier oeu ot peat from six to ton inches 
 
 tnick. iho shore banks between Flat Bav nn,1 .1,. . , "'"^cnes 
 
 «o«l moasmo «ro.i, wbiob I,,. „„, been visi,„l Z.,"'-'''""'" "•' ^^ 
 ...»co .. » ,W, „.e. .0. b, co™„„„LT„p:: "'"° °' ""^ """ 
 
 -o.t.f c :ir:r: ■!■;":;:: z r -r °° ■': -' "' «•• 
 
 y 
 
32 
 
 a led of sea-weed about eighteoa incl.03 iu thickaess, whioU reposes oa 
 clttv with pebbles and small boulders. 
 
 The bottom ot the bed of sea-weed is about tweive feet ofer high 
 water mark. Shell marl is useful as an agricultural manure, and when 
 sufficiently pure answers a good purpose as a white- wash. 
 
 OBNAJUiUNTAL Stones. 
 
 and 
 
 ana! 
 rcas( 
 discc 
 
 Red, and green, and brown jaspers were frequently found ou the shores 
 oftheHumber Arm, and in the valley of the Humber Rivers they were 
 also observed in sundry places in St. George's Bay and on Flat Bay brook. 
 These probably take their origin in beds or veins of lower Silurian age, 
 but frequently occur as smoothly rounded pebbles in the conglomerates 
 of the coal measures. The red jaspers in particular are frequently capable 
 of taking a high polish, and might be cut into brooches, seals and otlor per- 
 
 80Db1 ornaments. 
 
 The Labradorite of Cairn Mountain, some cleavage planes of which 
 are opalescent, reflecting various beautiful colors, when placed at a certain 
 
 angle to the rays of light, may in some cases be found as a handsome orna 
 
 mental material. I»8 prevalent color at this part is a pale yellowish white 
 The malachite found lining the walls of the vein at the La Manche 
 
 mine, as far as my present information goes, has only been found in amall- 
 
 quantities. 
 
 ToE 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 This substance was reported as existing on Middle Point of Port-a-Port' 
 in my narrative of last year. Since then a sample of oil has been procured 
 from the spot by C. F. Bennett, Esq. : but having been unable to visit tha 
 part I can give no further particulars as to the mode of its occurrence. Petro- 
 leum is no»v stated to have been discovered in the neighbourhood of Bonne 
 Bay ; but not having visited the locality, I am still ignorant of the condi- 
 tions under which it is produced. 
 
3S 
 
 toses oa 
 
 rer high 
 ad when 
 
 le shores 
 ley were 
 ay brook^ 
 iriaa age, 
 omerates 
 y capable 
 ■)tLor per- 
 
 QUABTZ VElJfr,. 
 
 I have (ho honor to bo 
 Your Excellency's most obedicut servant, 
 
 Ai.EXANDIin MURK.VT, 
 
 To His Excellency Geological Survoy. 
 
 Antho.ny Hosgpavj! Esq, 
 
 of which 
 a certaia 
 some oraa 
 ish white 
 la Manch^ 
 d ia small- 
 
 ort-a-Port 
 1 procured 
 3 visit tha^ 
 ce. Petro- 
 1 of Bonne 
 ' the condi- 
 
/ 
 
 i^lijRATA. 
 
 Pnp;o 0- 
 " 10- 
 " II- 
 " 12- 
 " 12- 
 " 12- 
 
 " i;3- 
 
 " 13- 
 
 " II- 
 
 17 
 17- 
 17- 
 
 1« 
 
 I'J- 
 
 •20- 
 
 -Liiic 
 
 Th. Linos n,e „„.„bcro.l tVon, , lu. .,.,,.,(■,,,.. Paj,., 
 
 . u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 & 19- 
 
 " 20- 
 " 20- 
 " 22- 
 " 24- 
 " 24- 
 " 24- 
 " 2->- 
 
 " 2.1 
 
 " 2;j 
 " 2G 
 " 2f; 
 
 " 28. 
 " 28- 
 " 28- 
 " 29- 
 " 29- 
 " 29- 
 " 29 
 
 
 
 7._I,,H,r,„„,;,y,,,u,reot,,linit/' 
 
 ■^:2"---;:»:^.^s^^^^^ „ 
 
 10. _Fo,-",ho.e"rca.l^^aV. 
 , ' '•;;•"'' '""' •>•''— Calcareous („ be .„clt umH, 
 "•-M..acx.ous ,.Iu.ul,nK.s,,olt with an c ' "° '• 
 
 "^^; ;:TrX!'':;'i''' ''-pelt u-i,,. a,:;. 
 
 — C<.l.'a.vo„s a>ul a.-ffilla.c.ous .nou!,! 
 U— For " is" read rr,f. 
 •^1— ContiuiK-s «honl.l bo coatiaut.. 
 
 '-•'ilcan.'niis a"aiii 
 ■J.— Omit "arc." 
 
 io:-£'^.iS;;:---^nbo..ta,.. 
 
 ^0.— After " is" insert a. 
 
 'j'J fpolf with 
 
 - " 2.;.— For 
 
 il'vinjr," n-ad rcccivinr/' 
 
 Df)IIS 5lri.i ;., ►., 1. , '' 
 
 
 I (1 
 
 -taloarcoas a-aiu to be spelt uith c 
 3.-1 elspar should bave but one/. 
 
 -0.-talearcou.stobcsin.l( withe. 
 
 T-ii,.oH..,.r„,,, .••rf,„„,„.