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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes sulvants illustrent la mdthode. ly errata ad to nt ne pelure, iqon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 c JII PRIZE ESSAY. CANADA AND HER KESOURCES: AN ESSAY, TO WHICH, UK)N A ftl^FHJiENCK FEOM TJIE PAI4IS EXHIRITIOX (^OMMITTEK OF CANADA, AVAS AWARDED, BY JUS BXCELLENCY SIR ED1VIUNI) WALKKR HEAD, Bart. CWVKUNOU 0B5nR l)e) "a great people, wlioso veins are filled with our blood, whoso minds arc nourished with our literature, and on whom is cntailon(>i-o(ii(Ai, Srin'CTruK — Cliu[)tur 1 1 1 ProlirnirKiry Oullino, 11 Western (iei>loyiciil Divi.-*ii)n of Canuda, 12 Knstom da do. do 26 Nortbtirri do. do. do 3(j 0KO(mArm("AL Fkati'iiks — Chapter II 28 Tiounduries of wliolc I'rovinoe, 28 The Mngdiden Islands — Anlicosti 29 Xaturul DivisioiLs of Lower Canada — Uie Ottawa Couutj'y— the Emt'Tii Town.-^liip.«, itc, ttc, 3n Natural Diviriions of Upper Cruiada, 44 River St. Lawrence 48 The Lakc^, 49 If ATOUAL PuoDUcra — Chapter IIL f;! The Forest, 51 Mines and Minerals, 58 The Fiaherios, 68 A;K;ricultural Produce (51 GrowUi of Fla.:£ and Hemp 62 MANiiFAfrrnttKs — Chaptor IV., 63 0«^)MMEBCE — Chapter V 66 General Commerce, 67 Trade with United States — ita progress, 70 llie Reciprocity Treaty, and its features, 71 Intercolonial Tradfr— its position — suggestions as to its extension, . . 73 The Canadian Passenger Route, 76 Ocean Steamers, ^^ Canals of Canada, ^8 llie Railway System 81 The Grand Trunk Railway, 82 Tlie Groat Western Railway, 84 Other RailwRys, 85 V'.ll. INIlKX. rA(. S(M I VI. iNrTITITIONH— Cll.'lptcr VI., • Till* iMiifiicipiil S\ .-Itri) TIk- Miiiiiii[>iil li'inti Fuiitl, (iHiiTuI Li'j,'i'*liilit'ri Tim I'.Mtiil Sy.«l< m 'I'htt Li'!,'al ami Judicial S)>toniH, 'I'Ik^ IJaiikiii:,' S}>f om, .* ^ 11u' I'resfl, UllflATIONAI, iKSTlTlTIOaH — CllUptiT \' II , ' l-'nlvi-rsity nod Cull •|,'cs. uf Upper Ciioa«lii, fd Tilt! Normal Scluuil.x, ild ilo "'« Tlif (iraniiiiiir ScIi'mi!-", do do «t TIh* Ot'inriioii Sch<'* Area of Cunadii, 1 3*2 A;^riiv<:^ / MiCNf)aAnc7?r' ^aiJ^--->v. ^^-_^ , / '^ /r\ / / / / / /■ 5: t1 n -< ■< -1 1 r"' "S" C .-« U C, t .. r^- - -i »5 L 4 f K C K I C Kill/ tfrii/.s III I'rr riif i I'n /'r/'/ri/.tl-// /.'/I fill/,-' A0f& WiTM iMMOf*£ ffy TH£ OJf -/ju -O/V/^T"^ ^^' MitSMJU 7JJJ "'^\A <-i -I ■< -^ I r"' TT" C ^. Of T»s^ >^ ^^ — — " N wiWM £tfBOf*£ By the Rmfre -O/v/^7"^ ':iUJ.'MasMj!j-/jJi ^^v<^ fcr/ON BtRAlLWAYS&C^' ^*^^*^: Il'iicparrd lor lln" >ff«iinilnT;iiS,ftsr>r>. .M .III 1,1 f.^ /.ilh .. \irn 1 1,, it fi I) t W X. '*■■■'■"■■ %,f% *V ^'V/f-V'-.' i/> Hon I* "■ -S. '^-, >i«nniliiT;«ll,llH.">. u ^. M&:^M'^ / IK <^ vl^.O <*» *-» ?ffie: ■-9 .;#; CANADA AND HER EESOURCES. ' Canada, the brlg]itcst jewel of the British Crown." 1 f ! '!nE Province of Canada is attracting increased and deservedly uerited attention. Her resources have of late years been rapidly leveloping, and the growth of her population is steadily and Innually augmenting. A bright future is opening out to her, and lor progress, agricultural, commercial and industrial, cannot fail fto be much accelerated, so soon as the people of Great Britain id of Europe come to be aware of the many advantages which [e held out to intending emigrants by this important dependency ' the British Crown. No country in the world, — we boldly aver it, — offers a more desir- able residence than Canada, for lier attractions consist not only in Ivery material comfort, but also in the gift of political liberty and iducational advantages to all her inhabitants; and these attrac- Ijons are held out, not merely to that claas of emigrants who have ^me small means, or to that other class who are possessed of )mparatively greater means, but to whom increasing families^ Imd the keen competition of the old world make a change to [he new desirable, but also to the industrious mechanic, to the hardy agriculturist, and, in fact, to all classes of settlers. J 10 CANADA, That such is undoubtedly the case, the following rapid review oi her position and resources, however necessarily imperfect, will abundantly demonstrate. In endeavouring, therefore, to treat the subject in a systematic and concise maimer, and yet to present some adequate idea of the Province of Canada and her resources, I now proceed prelim- inarily to describe the geological structure of the Province, — a subject which, however interesting to the scientific inquirer, will not probably attract the attention of the general reader. I will then trace, in as brief a manner, as is consistent with the magni- tude of the subject, the geographical outline of the country, exhibiting also its various natural divisions. After which the reader will be directed in successive chapters to a consideration of the natural productions, the manufactures, the commerce, and the social, educational and political institutions of the Province. A chapter will then be devoted to presenting such statistical information as may not have been necessarily interspersed throughout other portions of the work, and a closing chapter will be devoted to the removing of certain prejudices which exist with regard to the climate of Canada. Id review rfect, will stem at ic ea of the 1 prelim- vince, — a lirer, will I will le magni- country, ^liich the ideration lerce, and Province, statistical terspersed lapter will exist with ^nAPTEU T. (4E0L0GICAL STRUCTURE. To obtain a correct view of the Ocological features of the (Province of Canada, it nuist be regarded as connected with the physical structure of tho bordering Statesof the Amcncan Union on the one hand, and with tliat of the sister British North American Colonies on the other hand. It will, therefore, be convenient to divide the subject in the first place into two great sections, and drawing a line in continuation of tire Hudson River and Lake Champlain Valleys to the vicinity of Quebec, to consider the area to the west of it separately from that on the south of the St, Lawrence to the east, in consequence of important dift'erences in their Geological conditions, each area belonging to a great tiiangle of fossiliferous strata, resting on supposed primary rocks, and con- taining coal measures in the centre ; but in neither case is it be- lieved that these measures, at least as regards the profitable portion of them, come within the Province. The conditions in which these two great areas difter, are the general quiescence and conformable sequence of the formations of the western division, and the violent conditions and unconformable relations prevailing among those of the eastern. To obtain, however, a complete and exhaustive view of the subject, a third great section must be included, compre- hending, what may be termed Northern Canada.* P*-^, f .^ * This chapter is chiefly condensed and compiled from the 7ci/ valuable I Reports of the Provincial Geologist, W. E. Logan, Esq., F. R. S. !•> CANADA. TIIK WKSTKUN DIVIhlON. (n illustrjiting the tjeneral iclations of tlio rock formations of the rrovince, the ^roat area in which tlie western division is in- ( Uuletl, as coiinee descril)ed as a iriirantic troujjrh of fossih'feroiis str.'rta, eonformahlo from the smiimit of the coal to tlio bottom of the very lowest formations, rontainiiijLj orijanic remains, with a transverse axis reaching from the Wisconsin River and Green Hav, in Lake Mi(^hii;an, to the »ei<:fhhourliood of Wasliington, a distance of nearly 700 miles, and a longitudinal one exten deposit, and superposition superficial d occasioned 1 organic renif Ill tions of II is iii- esciibed om tlie lUiltiollH, g from to the los, and ■westerly Mabairia. 1 gentle jtM'dinate mti(5 coal f Logan, lireotiori iissippi, il the Mis- I Indiana, •0 square klichigan, >ni within in Lake he neigh- liibits an )f 12,000 'iigitudin- 3 State of ere many from the CANADA. 13 iiorth lirancli of the Potomac in Maryland, to the south-castfrn corner of Summit County in Ohio, 12 leagues south of Cleve- land on Lake Krio. It comprises 00,000 square miU's, and pos messes a sinuous subrhomboidal form. The main trunk of the (.Hiio serpentines through the upper portion of this region for abuit 400 miles of the upper i)art of its course. Tlu^ Snscpichanna and its tributaries intersect the north-eastern extremity of the deposit, and the valleys of denudation, in which thes«i waters How, assisting the effect of a series of nearly equidistant undulations in the strata, (here break its continuity into the outliers alluded to, which gener- ally rest on mountain tops in the interrupted ]»rolongation of a number of narrow subsidiary troughs, resulting from the undula- tions in question, and giving an irn^gular deeply indented contour to the outcrop of the main body of the coal. The chief part of the outliers, and the main body of the deposit, yield bituminous fuel, as well as the other two great coal fiehls described ; but to the east of the Susquehanna, three large outliers yield anthracite coal. The wndttlations which have been mentioned constitute an im- portant feature in the structure of the country between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic. Three ridges, preserving a remark- able degree of })arallelism, have been traced for vast distances, ranging in a sinuous south-westerly courst^, from Lower Canada to Alabama. From beneath the three great coal fields which have been men- tioned the subjacent formations crop out in succession, surrouri- of tracing out the p»rimeter of the great western area under con- sideration. From the north-west bordcjr of North Carolina it sweeps in a broad belt across Virginia to the junction of tlu' Shenandoah and Potomac. Thence, traversing Maryland, it passes through Pennsylvania, by Ifarrisburg, on the Susijuehaniui, and Helvidere on the Delaware, accomjianied up to this point by the underlying sandstone. Diminished in its thickness it thence crosses New Jersey, and reaching Poughkoepsie, it passes up the valley of the Hudson and Champlain, keeping to the- east by tiie river and the lake, and attains the neighbourhood of Missisquoi IJay. Entering Canada it proceeds towards Quebec, and reaches the vicinity of that fortress ; and a stratified limestone answering its condition is quarried and burned in the Seigniory of St. Ilyacinthe. As Quebec itself docs not stand upon the formation, it probably crosses the St. Lawrence higher np the stream ; but it may be seen in the quarries of Beauport, and further down the river, and its limit in that direction is to bo found near Cap-* Tounnent, where the underlying ])rimary rocks come to tlh^ water's edge. Turning at this point, and following the northerix CANADA. 15 slllM'C'VtM l)(MI(>Utll, iii^ upon silittToti-i irpost' to •liiiiary, variable Icilrnni* inarkaMy >y its or- )Ih ineaii> lulcr coil- arolina it i>n of tilt rvluiid, it qiU'liuniut, s point by it thence SOS up tht- ist by the Missistjuoi id reaches answerinir ny of St. ronnationv ream ; but down the lear Cap-* e to the northern outcrop of the deposit up the valley of tlio St. Lawrence, it is t\»un.| to run i\h>uff the foot of a range of syenitic hillH of a gneissoid order, wJi .(;h pres<'rvo a v»>ry even and direct )*<»uth-woHterly course, and down the flank of whi limestone, with some beds of a pure calcareous quality. Its tliick- ness is about 250 feet. To this succeeds the important calcareous deposit of which the course has been so extensively traced. The lower part of this formation consists of a dark irregular limestone. It has a thickness of 130 feet, and upon it rests a dark blueish (compact hard limestone, occasionally yielding marble. It has some drab colored beds, giving water lime. The thickness of this deposit may be about 140 feet. As well as the previous part, it i.-* considered to possess peculiar fossils, and with it constitutes the New Yo-rk inferior limestone formation. The superior formation is based in some parts upon a valuable ten feet bed of black marble, extensively worked on Lake Champlain, above which occur various strata of black limestone, alternating more or less with black bitu- minous shale, and associated in some places with one or two impor- tant bands of a grey color, and of a more crystalline texture. This grey stone is extensively (piarried at Montreal. At the top of the general deposit, which in New York is known as the Trenton limestone, the bituminous shale predominates over the limestone, and affords a passage to the succeeding formation. The next deposit in the order of superposition is the black bitu- minous shale, differing very little from the argillaceous part of the previous formation. In Upper Canada it may be seen at Whitby, whence it has a run to Nottawasaga Bay, and in Lower Canada on the Montreal side of the St. Lawrence. It has distinctive fossils. It does not exceed 100 feet in tliickness. Upon the alternating w of a greenish lairical chara( ceous and jm jaceous strat; glossy black feet. The next .4tone, of a n purposes. It The total tl toot. The sun the south side itt Oswego. ' niations above from which pc Bay in Lake these two'poir .sideratiotti the of the strata, sandstone will and Quebec, sandstone and the lowest co are therefore i lence of any •question, — a c Continuinor order of superj is a varieijated t'rujiibly natur CANADA. 1^ 'own sand- lickness of ises into ii f Pennsyl- consider :i irenaceou> Its thick- calcareous iced. The- limestone, irk blueisli e. It has II ess of this IS part, it is ititutes the • formation ck marble, cur various black bitu- wo impor- ure. This top of the le Trenton limestone, black bitu- part of the It Whitby, er Canada distinctive Upon the preceding lies a dei)Osit of thin grey sandstone strata, alternating with fine easily disintegrating argillaceous shale beds, of a greenish color. Occasionally there are variations in its litho- logical character, there being sometimes a band of red argilla- ceous and purple argillaceous shale, and above it a set of argil- laceous strata, composed of flattened laminated pieces, with it o;lossy black exterior. It:: thickness may be estiinated at 1400 feet. The next supei-imposed deposit is a grey even-bedded sand- .m which point it bends round to CoUingwood, on Nottawasagat Buy in Lake Huron. If a line, therefore, be drawn between these two' points, oi. the two lakes, it is probable, taking into con- sideration) the extremely moderate dip and undisturbed condition of the strata, that no deposit higher in the series than the grey sandstone will be found in any part of Canada between that line and Quebec. There are still to be interposetl between the grey sandstone and the true coal measures a mass of strata equal at the lowest computation to between 4000 and 5000 feet, and we are tharefore not warranted reasonably to anticipate the occur- rence of any part of the true coal measures in the district in ([uestion, — a conclusion which every day's experience isjustitying. Continuing an enumeration of the formations in an ascending order of superposition, the next in succession to the grey sandstone, is a variegated red and green, marly and shaly sandstone, of at truaubly nature, with which are associated some bands of (piartzos* 20 CANADA. p^rey sandstone. Brino spnngs issue from this forniation, one nf wliich exists at St. Catherines in Upper Canada, and is used for medicinal purposes, an Artesian well havini; been sunk into it. Tli<; thickness of this deposit is estimated at about 600 feet. Upon the preceding rests a «et of strata, consisting of bright green shal's, associated with a partial bed of oolitic fossiliferoiis iron ove, of which the greatest observed thickness in any place is two foGt, and interst ratified with two bands of more or less impure limestone, containing stratified organic remains. The thickness of the deposit may be estimated at 80 feet. The next formation consists of calcareo-arifillaceous shale of a blueish color, abundantly fossilifcrous, on which a few l)eds of sili- (.no-argillaceous limestone, constitute a passage into a strong cal- careous ro(;k above. The lower part of this consists of a cemented n^ass of broken encrinital columns, often beautifully variegated with red, to which su(!ceeds a thick bedded grey limestone, followed by one of a darker color upon which rests a brownish bituminous limestone, sparry below, and marked by the presence of sulphuret.* of zinc and of lead abov«, and the whole is crowned by a set of slaty dark grey calcareous beds withmamillated surfaces separate>*it'erous part of the deposit, and the whole is capped by calca- reous strata, fit for hydraulic cement. This formation is the seat Of a number of valuable brine springs. The fossils of the forma- |tion are not numerous, and its thickness is about 700 feet. This deposit, so valuable for its gypsum, salt and hydraulic [lime, occupies a belt of country on the south side of Lake Ontario, .md passing into Canada across the Niagara River, occupies^ [nearly all the neck of land separating Lake Ontario from Lake Kric. This whole assemblage of deposits skirts the shore of the former lake through Niagara County, and, attaining the extremity jof it, the strike turns northward towards Cabot's Head on Lake IfuroK, On the east side of it is the red and green sandstone, land to the west will be the gypsiferous rocks, some of which are [aheady worked for their plaster, on the Grand River, near the Town of Paris, U. C. In the general classification of the New- IVork system of formations these rocks are followed by five succes- sive deposits of limestone, which thin out before reaching Canada, I their thickness bsing 200 feet. To these calcareous rocks succeed three deposits of a silicious [character, of an average thickness in New York of 109 fcei, I which also- thin> ou* before reaching Canada. Resting on the sandstone in the eastern part of New York, and Ion the hydraulic limestone of the west, the next deposit in ascend- Iriig order is calcareous. It consists of beds of limestone of a light grey color. It yields a handsome variegated marble. The thick- Iness is about 70 feet. These united bands of limestone strike into Canada on the [Niagara River, whence they run westward along the shore of Lake Erie for some distance. They are recognised again in Ohio land Michigan, at the head of the lake, and they form a belt across Ithe extremity oflthe southern peninsula of Michigan.. In Cauada il I 22 CANADA, pat<5hcs of the imiuediately succeeding deposits may be found in parts of the old Western District. The lowest of these is a hlack bituiHinous shale. The thickness of this deposit is about 50 feet, and it passes into a dark shale of a more slaty character, and grad- ually passes into a stronger rock. This again becomes a blueish- giKiy calcareous shale fit the top, and is followed by a thin band of encrinal limestone, to which succeeds a persistant greyish-blu«^. marly rock. Its fossils are numerous, and its thickness, which diminishes from east to west from 1000 to 300 feet, may be stated at 500 feet. On the top of this group rests a bed of partial lime- stone : its greatest thickness on the south side of Lake Ontario is 20 feet, and it dwindles down to nothing approaching Lake Erie. On tiie preceding limestone rests a dej>osit of deep black consist- olishing materials are found granitic and syenitic bouldei-s, derived from the granitic or gneissoid rocks, and adapted for millstones, and silicious conglomerate, granular and corneous quartz rock, granite and pseudo-granite. Sandstones suitable for grindstones, though not of the very best quality, are also found among the Potsdam sandstone, and also in some por- tions of the Gaspe sandstone beds. Materials applicable for the CANADA. 57 making of whctstonos anil honos nrc fi'oely fo\»iv.. Cat.adian 'ripoU, a siliciou.H infusorial doposit, is found, used for polishing. Materiah for paving and tUing aro abundant. Quarries of r-)oJing slulcs !mvo been opened and inanufacturod at Kingsoy and Sliipton, and liavo been found in Halifax and Frainpton. The ^!ato from tlio Kiiigsey M'orks is likely to come int*) oxtonsivc use, ihey being, as aro also the Shipton works, easy of access to the City of Montreal by railway. J'^lag iftoni's are found in very great iiumbers. Thcro is no lack of materUib) sidHhle for bitil^fing purposes, and in great variety, viz ; granite of superior quality, white and durable pseudo-granite, sandstone, yellowish v.hitc calcareous sandstone and limestone. The latter material is that •j;«ncrally in use in tbe City of Montreal, ami being a compact dark stone, imparts a peculiarly substantial appearance to the buildings and the whole city. Common lime is largely found, and luatorial applicable to the making of hydraulic lime is also to bo obtained. CVay, for the manufacture of red bricks, white bricks, tiles, and common pottery, is abundant. Owing to the want of stone at accessible distances, the buildings in the City of Toronto are chiefly constructed of white bricks, of superior excellonce, made from the blue clay found in the vicinity. The bricks arc tiompact and substantial, while the whiteness of the material givefi an air of graceful elegance to the structures for which they are used. Marble of various qualities is found in many localities, and of varied character, viz : white, black, brown, grey, and mottled, variegated white, green, and verd antiqiie. Serpentine, in many parts, suitable for ornameatal purposes, is found in a range of 135 railes, running through the Eastern Townships, and in another range of 10 miles running through Leeds. Combustible materials* As coal, has not yet been discovered in Canada, and as from its geological formation it is unlikely to comprehend within its limits 58 CANADA. any portion of iLe coal measures, tliougli in the ncightoiirinw; Province of Nova Scotia it is found fortunately in immense fields, it ia of consequence that peat is very abundant, and may prove to j«ome extent a profitable article of consumption far fuel. It is now being manufactured in one locality in the vicinity of Montreal, and is off'ered for sale in that city. Pcfrofeum, naphtha and nsphalt are also found. Iir closing this enumeration of the economic minerals and deposits of Canada, it may be remarked that even from this partial summary it is apparent that when the population of the country becomes more dense, and when increased attention is paid to the development of the mineral wealth of the Province, and its prac- tical application, Canada will be found producing largely, and affording occupation, and the sources of respectable livelihood, to a large population engaged in the working of the mines and niinerals which are so abundantly placed by the hands oi Provi- dence within its limits. We next, in the order we have defined, treat of THE FISHERIES. The produce of the fisheries is annually increasing. From the Gulf of St. Lawrence are obtained herring of excellent quality, and in large quantities. Salmon are also caught, and large quanti- lies are cured. Codfish and mackarel arc also prepared for market. The trade in these leading articles might bo indefinitely increased, but is already rapidly advancing. The value of these product?? exported from the gidf and the lakes was in 1850 only £36,621, but it amounted in 1852 to £74,462. This is in addition to and exclusively of the home consumption. These fisheries are carried on in Gaspe, on the north side of the Bay of Chaleurs, '^nd on the 4'oast of Labrador and the Magdj^len Islands. The export from CANADA. 59 llioso Utter irjlands, consisting exclusively of codflsli, herrings and niackarel, was, in lSo'2, £11,096. In addition to the regular ti-hories above mentioned, along both shores of the St. Lawrence ht'low Quebec, salmon and herring fisheries are carried on by the ri^sideut proprietors in a primitive maimer, by long walls of wicker- work, terminating iu u circle, into which, as the tide recedes, the fish are carried and detained. In this way the catch is often very luge, and the herrings thus caught are fully eqiial to the celebrated Loch Fine. In addition to these fish, at certain seasons immense i]uantities of a delicate fish, popularly known as sardines, are taken ill the weirs. The writer has known as many as thirteen barrels taken in a weir, in a single c^/c/t, and is firmly persuaded the trade in those might be made a profitable one. The fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence are thus spoken of in a paper prepared by ^Ir. Bouchette, and published by the House of Assembly in 1852 : '• Rushing periodically, in certain seasons, from the Atlantic, whether by the passage of Canso or by the entrance of the gulf, between Capo Ray and Cape Lawrence, the cod, licrring, had- dock, mackarel, "and the various gregarious finny tribes, in irn- niiinse shoals, spread along the vast extent of coast that is presented by the o"ulf shores of Capo Breton, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, (';a>p6, the north coast of the St. Lawrence, and Labrador, to the Straits of Belle Isle, then along the western coast of Newfound- land, to Capo Ray, presenting upwards of 2000 nnlt>s of in-shore tisheries, besides the numerous rivers and streams which are ascended for miles by salmon, as Avell as a quantity of fresh water tish, which form a very productive branch of the fisheries of ilio?e Provinces." In addition to the deep sea fisheries should be mentioned the st-al li'-hery, which is prosecuted with considerable success by the '/>:''■« V 00 CANADA. inhabitants of the Magdalens, and has been found, from the vahie of the stin and oil, to supply a very productive staple article of export. Another branch of the fisheries is that of the white porpoise fishery. These fish arc pursued for the sake of the oil they aftbrd, and of late years it has been discovered that their skins are <;apable of being manufactured into very valuable leather. But in the fisheries of the great fresh water lakes, Canada is ]>ossessed of no inconsiderable resource. The trade is compara- t ively a new one. White fish, lake trout, and sturgeon, of great size, abound in Lake Superior and Huron. AVhite fish are also caught in large quantities in Lakes Erie and Ontario. The export from Lake Eric alone in 1851 was 3590 barrels, of the value of twenty- five shillings each. The fisheries are carried on chiefly on the south-west of Prince ]!)dward County, on Lake Ontario, and on Lake Huron, and in 1852 produced 11,884 barrels, principally of white fish and salmon- trout. The waters of Lakes Huron and Superior are teeming with life, and on the north shore of Lake Superior alone 30,000 }>arrels might be yearly put up for market. As an instance of the way in which a trade springs up, it may be mentioned that a small fish, the tom-cod, is caught with hook and line along the shores of the St. Lawrence at Rimouski and at Kacoima, in summer. In winter it comes up the stream as high :us the St. Maurice, Three Rivers, and is there caught through holes t'ut in the ice, with nets, in large quantities. During the present Avinter it is stated by a local paper that 20,000 bushels have been sold in the Montreal market alone, ref.lizing the sum of £2500, as the produce of the Three H'vers fishery alone, exclusive of local consumption. CANADA. 61 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. By far the greater extent of the Canadas is admirably adapteu foi' agricultural pursuits, as the export of agricultural products for the years 1852 and 1853 amply proves, the export of the former year being £1,214,214 33. lOd., and of the latter £1,995,094 15?. 9d. ; while the total growth of wheat in 1851, in all Canada, is calculated by the Board of Registration and Statistics as having been 15,162,062 bushels. Of this quantity, 4,276,871 bushel^i were exported in that year, as wheat and flour. The home con- sumption is nearly 5^ bushels per individual. In the United State.-*, during the last ten years, the growth of wheat has increased 48 per cent, while during the same period in all Canada it has increased upwards of 400 per cent. The average produce of wheat per acre iu Upper Canada is 16/^^ per acre, and in Lower Canada 7(fjj. In the latter Province, during the last ten years, the growth of fall wheat has been either wholly abandoned or is only sown inter- niittingly, owing to the ravages of the fly, but it is believed it.* general cultivation may be eventually resumed. Black Sea wheat is the variety now chief y planted in Lower Canada, and is sown in the spring. Canada exports large quantities of butter of good quality. The amount of butter produced in the Upper Province has in three years increased 372 per cent., and that of cheese 23-'! per cent.; but the returns are deficient as to Lower Canada. Tht- soil of Canada is adapted and the climate favorable to the growth of wheat, peas, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, hay, hemp, and flax, grass seed, Indian corn, and potatoes, — and of all these large quan- tities are raised. Upper Canada is best adapted for wheat, and produces it most largely, but Lower Canada grows no inconsidei- able v^^antity, and produces also large quantities of peas, oats, and the coarser grains generally. Its ioil is also well adapted for thu i* f'sasmam 62 CANADA. growth of root crops, which should be more extensively growr, in view of the importance of fodder, which is rendered more valuabl.- in consequence of the length of the winter. Flax and hemp might also be grown with great advantage to the country. Lowoi Canada is especially suited for their growth, and these articles might prove a great source of industrial wealth, and give employ- ment to a thrifty population. Hemp and flax grow with the greatest luxuriance. " The fibre of Canadian flax has been ascer- tained to be of the best description, and the Society for the Encour- agement of Arts years ago determined, by actual experiment, that Canadian hemp is equal to that from the Baltic." In viewof tin former large export of flax to Britain from Russia, and its present interruption, it is most important that its growth should be encoiu'- aged in Canada, as the demand in England is greater than the supply. In 1851 the import into Britain, of flax and hem}), amounted to 2,495,672 cwt. Ireland produces a considerable quantity, but 100,000 tons more fibre are consumed in Britain than is produced there, and this quantity Russia and Northern Europe has supplied to Britain at a cost of $50,000,000 or £12,500,000. This, then, is a favorable juncture for Canada to enter upon a new and profitable branch of industry. In th« Chapter on Statistics fuller details will be found as to the agri- cultural products of Canada, and a contrast will there bo instituted between the productiveness of the Province and that of some of the adjoining States of the American Union. From the grcar diversity of climate, the goodness of the soil, and its adaptation to the growth of the cereals, Canada cannot fail to continue to be, :is it already is, a large exporter of wheat and other grains, and take liiffh ""ank as an agricultural country. CHAPTER IV. MANUFACTURES. The manufactures of the Province are yet n\ tlieir infancy, bu' are annually increasing in variety and extent, and rising in impor- tance. Lower Canada especially is admirably adapted for the extension of manufactures. The long winter, in which compara- tively few of the departments of out-door agricultural labour can be engaged in, and the peculiarly appropriate character of the Industriv.Mis French Canadians of the interior, adapting them for such occupations, render it very desirable that the fjicilities afforded by the abundant water powers and comparative cheap- ness and plentifulness of labour, capable of becoming skilled, should to a large extent be taken advantage of. We shall then see from one of its fertile valleys to another a chain of thronging fac- tories extended ; and the clang of the heavy hammer, and the jar of the machinery, and the busy hum of human industry will mingle with and be heard high above the rapid splash and echo- ing fall of the many streams which, now lavish of power, invite the labour of the artisan. The clooc of the Seijjnorial Tenure in Lower Canada has to some extent impeded the progress of this branch of industry, but as it may be now regarded among the things that were, I venture to predict that the day is not far dis- tant when Canada — and Lower Canada especially — will be largely engaged ii?. various manuftictures, and add important contribution >. in this way to the common wealth. Yet, even in their embryo t^tate, many of the manufactures of the country are worthy of spe- cial notice. New branches of productive industry are continually arising, and new manufactures are carried on. For instance, the banks of the Lachine Canal, at Montreal, are being clustered witli busy manufactories. A large sugar refinery- has been erected. 4 i!.. J 64 CANADA. An India rubber manufactory is in active operation. Paint millsi, axe factories, machine shops, nail and spike factories are carried on. The railway system has created largo railway car and locomotive works. Marine, fire and other engine works are also carried on, as are also carding and fulling mills, and cotton and woollen factories. Among the other nascent manufactories of Lower as well as Upper Canada may be mentioned tanneries, founderies, pail factories, oat- meal and grist mills, lathe and planing mills, potteries, asheriea, shingle factories, slate works, ochre works, soap and candle work?, starch factories, distilleries, cooperages, brick yards, rope walks, thrashing mill factories, nail factories, chair fjictories, brewerie:*, ship yards, barley mills, paper mills, saleratus works, match and rake factories. Ship building is a very important trade in and aboui the City of Quebec, and gives employment to a very large number of hands; while the colonial built vessels, for build and strength, liave acquired a high reputation. In the year 1843 there wert- built at Quebec 48 vessels, tonnage 13,785, while in 1 853 there weit 16 vessels, tonnage 51,637, showing a largo and decided increase. The average annual value of vessels built at Quebec has been estimated at £500,000. Latterly, an enterprising ship-builder has built several ships on Lake Ontario, and causing them to des- cend the St. Lawrence, freighted them from Quebec for Liverpool, and sold th«m there to advantage. Another very large branch of Lower Canadian manufactures is that of deals, from the north shore of the Ottawa between Montreal and Bytown, and from th».' valley of the St. Maurice, and the Saguenay <>nuntry. A new branch of the timber tr.ade has been established during the pres- ent year, in the transport, from the line of the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway, of shooks or boxes for sugar, for exportation t<» Cuba, — one enterprising firm alone shipping to the value o'\ £25,000 currency. CANADA. 65 Piissing on, witli this brief and imperfect sketch, we find that tho two great loading manufactures are those of timber, square ano sawed, and of flour, these forming the great staples. As has been eUewhere stated, the manufacture of the bog-iron ore of Canada lias been carried on profitably and successfully at Three Rivers for 100 years, and it is trusted that, before long, the vast mineral woalth which is contained in the immense deposits of magnetic aud other iron ores of Canada will be turned to account. In addition to the manufactories mentioned as in operation iji Lower Canada may be named, as being in existence in Ui)per Canada, besides those enumerated above, also scythe and rakf factories, large and extensive woollen cloth and blanket works, stone ware factories, mustard mills, plaster mills, sash factories, spad* and shovel works, whip, broom, and cigar, and vinegar factories. Among the minor manufactures perhaps the tanneries may be mentioned as the most important and extensive : none of these have, however, yet attained to the position and extent of similar works ia older countries, and some of them are humble enough in their cha- racter ; still the day of small things is not to bo despised, and in these indications of industrial energy and activity can be foreseeu those vast future workshops, for which Canada may be the site, whera its population shall have increased to but a tithe of the number is which it can sustain without overcrowdinsj. I" I <...u>«4.aiiMKJ CHAPTER V. 'i-flni COxMMERCE. The commerce of Canada is being extended and developed with giant strides. It has passed the period of infancy, and attained a magiiitude wliich may perhaps at first view seem dis- proportioned to tlie youth of tho country ; for it is to be bornt- in mind, tliat in 1782, what now constitutes the fertile, wealthy and popuh)us Western Canada, with a population of over a million, was a wilderness. 'i'he merchants of Canada are energetic and enterprising. Th»'. Legislature of tho Province is patriotic and attentive to the com- juercial and industrial interests, and the maj^nificont channels of inland communication which Providence has bestowed upon the country, are taken advantage of to the fullest extent, and assisted by art, where nature has interposed obstructions. In the course ot this chapter it is designed to refer to the imports and exports v)l the Province, indicating the various sources and branches of tltf trade of Canada, and explaining the advantages which the Cana- dian route to tho great West of North A-merica, holds out to the emigrant in preference to other routes, by means of its river canal, and lake navigation, and the great system of railways now in progress. The total value of the imports into Canada in the year 185;i was £7,995,359 Is. Id. Of this amount, £4,622,280 3s. lOd. was imported from Britain, £158,164 19s. 7d. from the British North American Colonies, and £2,945,550 l7s. Od. from the United States, the residue from other sources. For the same year the ex- ports of the Province were £5,950,325 15s. 4d. currency, of which £2,860,351 19?. 4d. were exported to Great Britain, £2,681,303 15s. 8d. to the United States, £345,110 7s. lid. to the other CANADA. 67 North American Colonies, and £5,016 10.s. 11ritain, and £2,064,145 lis. 5d. from the Unitt-d States. In 1852 the exports wore £3,820,901 15s. 5s., and tlie imports £5,071,023 3s. lid., showing an immense advance in thf> commerce of 1853, over the previous year, amounting, takinu; lioth imports and exports together, to 57 per cent. In 1849 tli« i.ett revenue from Customs Duties was £412,737 3s. 9d. ; in 1852 it was £705,622 19s. 9d., but in 1853 it was £980,597 16s:. lOd. currency. The following statements will show the nature, variety and <'y- tont of the exports of the Province of Canada, and will afford some adequate conception of its position as a colony, and of its groat resources, while they may give some indication of the future of (he country. The total value of the exported produce of the mines of Canada was, in 1853, £27,339, of which copper ore furnished £23,020. The total export of the produce of the fisliorios was £85,000 13s. 8d. The produce of the forest, which was exported in 1853, is large, there having been exports from that source to the value of £2,355,255 2s. 2d., of which £1,682,125 12s. Id. found their way to Britain, and £652,534 5s. 4d. to the United States. Of ani- mals and their produce the export was £342,031 7s. Od. Vog<'- lable food constituted the second leading export, viz : £1,995,004 15s. 9d., of wdiich £1,219,861 14s. Od. was exported to the United States, £502,160 4s. 8d. to Britain, and £273,008 10s. 7d. to th« other British North American Colonies. The export of manu- factures was £35,106 9s. Od., to which is to be added, for ships built at Quebec during the year, say £620,187 10s. Od. currency ; !? <'l SBSK^m G8 CANADA. the total valuo of exports, from sea ports, being £3,200,710 2i. 11<1., and from inland ports, £'2,230,341 7.s. Od. From the sea ward ports there wore exported from Quebec £2,443,457 19 Montreal 740,050 8 Gasp6 32,007 19 11 New Carlisle 29,942 14 Amherst 14,597 1 Further, in the year 1853, there arrived at the Port of Quebe< 1351 vessels, with a tonnage of 570,738. Of this number 1222 were British, 51 United States, 87 were Norwegian, 27 Prussian, and the residue from other foreign countries, including 5 from Spain. In the same year 1400 vessels departed from this port, — the diftcrence between arrivals and departures being due chiefir to newly built vessels, and to vessels from Montreal, cleared from Quebec, but not reported inwards. In the same year 243 vessels arrived at the irdand port of Montreal, at the foot of the canal navigation. The movement of shipping on the inland waters, including coasting and the intercourse by these waters with the United Slates, was proportionably great, and appears greater by cont'^ast. In the year 1817 the two first Canadian steamers on Lak;^ Ontario were built. In 1818, I learn, there was only one steamer on Lake Erie, and forty sailing vessels above Niagara J"'alls. Now there aro hundreds. The inward tonnage of lake and river steamers in 1853 was 2,175,241 British and 1,102,239 American, in all 3,277,480. In the same year the tonnage inwards of sailing vessels was 544,509, the outward tonnage of steamers was 3,070,509. Of these 2,070,117 were British and 1,000,392 American, and of sailing vessels 571,814. The total IW mm CANADA. 69 inward nnd outward tonnage being '7,4'70,312. Tlioro were Luilf within the rrovince, in 1853, 130 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 57,722. llio following tables, taken from tlio rrovinoial returns for 1863, are interesting, as giving a ^iew of the leading articles of eon- iumption, and of surplus production, which contribute to the direct oooan trade vid the St. Lawrence. Summary statement of goods imported into Canada from sea, rid the St. Lawrence, showing the value of the principal artich's imported during the year 1853: ARTICLES. t'oals Coflfeo Cordage Fish Fruits Liquors. Manufactures — Cottons Furs (Hass Iron and Hardware . Leather. Linen Silk "Woollens Molasses Oil Paper Railroad Iron Rice Salt Sugar Spices Tea. . . ^ Tobacco llDenutnerated VAI.UK. Add goods in transitu from the United States Total value of Imports vid the St. LawreDce. . £ 25,333 2,112 47,a88 11,072 117,560 y25,343 30,561 29.253 853,043 23,380 111,343 236,389 939,736 30,125 58,825 44,366 816,654 19,769 1 1,240 172,705 13,840 14,615 4.107 489,660 4,555,074 261,991 4.817,065 6 1 17 14 9 17 16 11 6 10 4 8 12 6 15 2 19 14 19 7 17 8 17 16 2 d. 5 7 •) 6 9 6 9 9 2 7 4 6 10 1 2 3 10 a 1 11 1 9 9 9 4 \:i- , IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET (MT-3) k /. %ip i/.s V ^h 1.0 I.I IM 125 ■ 50 2.2 lit u IM I 2.0 Ji 11:25 i 1.4 mm Photographic Sciences Corporation \ ^ ,v STV ^ sr ^N ^.W %j^^^ o^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I 70 CANADA. Statement showing tlie value of the principal articles cxportcl iVojii Canada l»y sea, vld the St. Lawrence, during the year 1853 : AHTtCI.UH. VAI,1:e Amu'M, Pot and P.url 131,5()4 Gutter. ' 'upper Ori! I'll)!, ilricd and pickled, . . . Klinir I'ur.s Hud iSkiiiM J'ork. I'inihiT — Aisli JJirolt J)<'aU Elm Lath Oau Plank and Boards -7,081 8,4J() •'.1,4.8 5ito.»r.8 l(i,'.t02 31,104 a,'iii 6,162 429.208 .'-.7,022 11,329 75.408 3..-i()'.t AVliitc I'iiio li 027,072 8. 10 « 18 6 ir. 11 10 ifi o d. 2 1 (» f, (» o 5 2 5 71 8 Kcd Pin.' SpiU'«, Masts Hud lIautUpiki'3. tSuivtis Uboat IVaa Other articles Total Exports by soa vid St. Lawronoo. iso.lir) 21,117 l:t:{,767 218.886 37.274 070,044 14 15 11 8 2 13 12 14 3.208.000 19 11 3 1 6 7 RECAPITULATIOX. I'otal Importg ,1 4,554,074 • }(H)dfl in tniHsitu for LTiiitod States | 2<') 1 ,99 1 Export.^! 3,'.' 'i-i.OOo Value of ships biiilt at Quebec I 02n,lS7 Total value of Iinpor's and Exports ?)?(J St. Lawrence. . . I 8,700.213 B. 2 19 10 12 9 4 2 TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES'. The trade between the Canadas and the adjoining United States is very large, and will be immensely Ptimulated by the Reciprocity Tieaty, arranged and concluded at Washington in July, 1854, •iftor long and protracted negotiations, conducted by Mr. Cramp CANADA. 71 B. (1. 10 fi 2 18 1 5 (» If) fi 11 s 10 5 16 '2 2 5 17 8 14 11 16 11 S 3 2 1 13 6 12 14 7 B. d. 2 9 4 19 2 10 12 li ; ^li, the British Minister, and others, and urn-od on at the inataiire ! iiiofly of the Canadian Executive. The Earl of Elgin and Kin '•nrdinc, late Governor Ociicral of British North America, as i» ipo-ial representative of the British Government, eom^hided th<^ final details of the Treaty, wliich was higned at Washington «>ii t'io 5th day of June, 1854. The following table, extracted from a proposed Report of ihi^ M.'iitreal lioard of Trade, drawn up b} an cnurgctiu mciehunt, v»ill illustrate the growth of the trade : l;i 1849 the Exportsto the United States were. . $1,481,082 " Imports from '^ 1 850 " Exports to the " Imports from "1851 " Exports to the *' Imports from '• 1852 " Exports to the " Imports from ^iiile in 1863, as I learn from the oflicial returns, the Exports to the United States were £2,G81,30;j 15s. 8d., or '$10,720,455 And the Imports from do. were £2,945,500 17s. Od., or ?5ll,782,147 which fiiiures contrast siniiularlv with the statement for 184G. titd show a surprising extension of THE RECirROcrrv tkeaty trade. 1 he Reciprocity Treaty will increase this trade to an incalcui able extent. Flour, wheat, butter, and timber, were largely ex- ported in spite of the duty, but they will find their way acros.*-^ tlio 1ine« with great freedom wlien this check w removed, It will. i( (( t. 4,243,724 (( <( u 4,285,470 k( (( ti 5,943,821 u a n 4,956,471 (( ti u 7,929,14a (( ti u 4,589,969 «( a (• 0,717,960 CANADA. tJioroforo, be avoU to notice the ilistingiii^^hing features of this v.;n- important treaty, the parties to whieli were Great I'ritain and the llnitod Suites, but to giv* cfFeet to whieh tlie united action of i\m Legislatures of Britain, Canada, Xova Scotia, New Brunswick. aJid of I'rince Edward's Island, and of the Congress of the Uniiod States of America, were necessary, the parent Government th-'ii for the first time recognizing the Colonies as entitled to participate in the giving effect to a Treaty in which their interests were atiected. Then' remains now but the action of the r»ritish Li^gislature, t" give effect to this measure, conceived in a large and liberal spirit, and calculated to produce very great results in its operations, on the commercial relations of the countries interested.*' The Treaty, then, firstly opens up to the Americans the right to use the sea fisheries in the British waters, the salmon and river fisheries being excluded from its operation. Secondly, it provides that the following articles, the growth and produce of the British Colonies, or of the United States, shall b-; admitted into each country /ycc of duty : r: If Schedule, Grain, flour, breadstufts of all kinds. Animals of all kinds. Fresh, smoked and salted meats. Cotton, wool, seeds, and vegetables. Undried and dried fruits. Fish, products of fish, and of all other creatures living in it:''. water. ^ — _ 2^ * This has been given since this Easny wae •written, Rud the Trcaiy if DOW in force. R, '^'^^i CANADA. 73 Pouliry, eggs. Hides, furs, skins, or tails, undressed. Stone or marble in its crude stiite. Slate. Butter, cheese, tallow, lard, horns, manures, ores of metal of ;ill kinds, coal, pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes. Timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hewed, sawed, manu- factured, in whole or in part. Firewood, plants, shrubs, trees, felts, and wools, fish, oil, broom com, and bark, gypsum, ground or unground, hewn or Mixjught or unwrought burr or grindstones. Dye stuffs. FlaK, hen^p, and tow, unmanufjictured. Unmanufacture American citizens, while it accords to the British and Canadian people the right to navigate Lake Michigan. Such are the leading features of this great Treaty, the resuli« >and operation of which it is impossible fully to realize. INTERCOLONIAL TRADE. Another branch of trade, requiring special notice, is that be- tween Canada and tlie sister North American Colonies. It would be very desirable that free trade in its fullest extent should be es- tablished between them, as the more their interests are assimilated, and a congeniality of feeling created, the more advantageous will their intercourse prove to the whole of these important colonies, whose eventual union is beyond doubt desirable, and in fact is only ■* matter of time. The total value of the exports to these colo- 74 CANADA. nies from r.-mndu was, in 185.1, .£345,110 Ts. lid., of which tho artiilo of Hour iiiiK.untcd to tlio sum of £238,804 7a. Od. Tho vduo of llic imjtorts from these colonics in 1853 was£l58,lG4 19a. 7(1. The largo export of flour was owinpf to a sjH'ci«'s of rcci- jirocity cxistinjj between tlio variouR colonics, by virtue of certain laws of tlicir own Legislatures. In 1853 the value of the articles thus inii>ortc«l into Canada from the other Provinces, free of duty, was £97,017 10s. 4d. The increasing of tho trade relations be- tween the I'rovinces is most desirable, as tho coal and fish of tlio TiOwer Provinces can be profitably exchanged for Hour, wheat. Sic. From Halifax, also, largo quantities of sugar are shipped to Canatla. The writer has long entertained the firm conviction, that the trade between Canada and tlie Lower Provinces is destined to become a large and extensive one. Nova Scotia especially is po well situated for commanding tho trade of the West Indies, that the trade between Canada and Halifax, owing to tho peculiar geographical position of that port, cannot fail to bo much devcb opotl within a short period. The breadstuflfs and timber of Cana- da will there find a market for home consumption, and for export to the West Indies. The schooners and other craft of our lakes, instead of lying idle during a long winter, and thus locking up a large capital, may yet, descending tho St. Lawrence in tlie autumn, laden with breadstuffs, find a market for their cargoes in Cuba, liermuda and Jamaica, and ply during the winter months between the Lower Provinces and tho West Indian Islands, and finally return with a cargo of sugar in spring, to resume their place on tho Canadian lakes. It is true that tho necessity of being early on the lakes in si)ring, may interfere perhaps to prevent all our craft from engaging in this enterjmse ; but the owner of several vessels would find the detention of a portion of his fleet for a month in early CANADA. 75 ^prin;4, while tlio rcinaiii«lor of it was actively engaged in (ho lake tnulo, amply conipensatetl hy (ho steady hicrative eniploynicnt during the long winter of those vessels which had engaged in the intercolonial trade. If such a trade can bo created, rendt^ring productive (hiring the whole year the larg»( amount of capital on- gaged in the lake transit trade, it cannot but prove beneficial to tlio country, and that apart from the many other in(;idental ad- vantages which will arise from it. lint whether this be foimd practicable or not, undoubteil the results of tlio coiniiKirco of Ciinape require to be relieved of their surplus population, and SA the pressure from overcrowding becomes more severe, tin; Statconif ultimately fused in tho mass of tho American pooplo. This exodus, stimulated from timo to time by accidental causes, and again depressed, has been proceeding for years ; but whether it be in larger or lessor volume, tho stream rolls on, and it becomes important to the emigrant that the best route should bo seloctcd, and its merits widely proclaimed. This, it is believed and conti- dently asserted, the Canadian passenger route can bo shown to be. It is not suflicicntly known that tho sailing distance between Quebec and Liverpool is, — if tho straits of Belle Tslo bo taken, some 400 miles, and if the southern route, 200 miles, — shorter than between Liverpool and New York. The distances are as follows : From Quebec to L'verpool, vid north of Ireland and Straits of Belle Isle 2680 mile?, « Quebec to Galway, « " 1800 " " New York to" " 2815 " " " " to Liverpool 8073 '• Tho use of maps on Mercator's projection, and indifferent ves- sels engaged in tho lumber trade, havo injured the Canadian r CANADA. 77 i roiito ; but with an incivasej mimlier of tho n'igular trading and jiiissfn^tT vessels, aiul the lines of Canadian steamers, this prejudice is being disiieHed, and justly so. As another advantag<^ of the Cana- dian route it is important to consichjr that a third of tho distance to (^ueboc is within the Gulf and Jiiver St. Lawrence, where a steamer will sail faster, being h-ss impeded there than by the heavy swells of the Atlantic. Farther, on arriving at (iuobcc the emi- i^rant is enabled to embark with his family and etfects on board .1 steamer, and with a transfer at Montreal and, in some instanccB, though not necessarily, at Kingston, pursue his way to Hamilton, where ho may take tho Great Western Railway to Detroit. While less subject to imposition, tho facilities by tho Canada route, for transit, are greater. Transport is speedier, and the cost is less than viii the States route. Emigrants to tlie Western States, proceeding via New York, have to make throe transhipments. If, by tho Erie Canal, they take about 18 days to roach Detroit, whcroius, by coming to Quebec, they have but one transhipment, and are taken up in steamers in six days, at much less expense, the passage across tho Atlantic being also cheaper. As regards the transport of flour, and other heavy articles, from tho West to the seaboard, it seems evident that the St. Law- rence canal and lake navigation affords such facilities as the Erie Canal cannot successfully compete with, more especially when the Ohamplain Canal shall have been constructed. Vessels can be laden at Oswego, and descend to Quebec, carrying 3300 barrels of flour, while the burden of the Firio Canal boats is about^^VOO barrels only, and the transit through this canal very tedious. OCEAN STEAMERS. An interesting feature in tho trade of Canada is the establish- ment of three lines of ocean steamers designed to trade between Montreal and Quebec and Liverpool in summer, and Portland 78 CANADA. (with which Montroftl is coTinoctod by tlio Clrnnil Trunk line of railway) and Liverpool in wintor. It may \w horo romarkt.-d that a 8iiin of £19,000 storliui; por anniiin has hc«n approprintod l»y Aot of the liOgislatiire, for Hoveii years, for the purpose of estab- lishing a lino of steam vessels between Canada and Liverpool in summer, and Portland and Liverpool in wifiter. One of these linen belongs to the " Canadian Steam Navigation ('ompany," a Dritisli Company which has now the Mail contract, and has l>een running vessels for a year past. 'I'ho second Company, the "Montreal Ocean Steamship Company," is a Canadian Company, its chief promoters being the Messrs. Rlmonstone, Allan it Company, who are already posses-sed of a goodly lino of sailing traders. It is probable that those two companies may amalgamate. The third is tho " Canada Ocean Steamship company," its principal place of business being in Montreal, but a largo portion of its stock being held in Upper Canada. Beyond doubt these linos, evincing much enterprize, will contribute very materially to tho develop- ment of tho trade of tho Province. fi I' r THE CANALS OF CANADA. Tho AVelland Canal, by which the Falls of Niagara are avoided, was commenced in an early period of tho liistory of Upper Canada, and forced upon the attention of tho public chiefly by tho energy and perseverance of tlio Honorable W. 11. Mcrritt. It is a very important work. Its locks arc 150 feet in length of chamber, by a width of 20^ feet, its dimensions being well suited for tlie class of vessels best adapted to the western lakes, and of wliich largo numl)ers pass through it, as well of Canadian as American crafts. This canal is 28 miles in length having about 30 cut-stono locks. It surmounts an elevation between lakes Ontario and Erie of 330 feet, while the elevation from tide-water to Lake Ontario, being over 200 feet, is overcome by CANADA. 79 (lio St. Lnwronco CnnaJH, tnwu in iiuiiiIkt, of variojis Im^thn from 12 mik'B to ono mile, (hut in the affgrrgiito only 41 miles of canal,) having Kxks '2U0 f(!«t in Ivn^h Uitweeu the ^atuH, and 4'» A'ct in width, with an oxcavatoasscngers ; and the tolls were £05,034 5s. 7d. On the St. Lawrence Canals the movement in the same year was 501,001 tons (with the same exclusion,) and the tolls £22,108 7s. Gd. In the year 1853 there passed through the "Welland Canal 2743 British sailing vessels and 917 steamers, and 2705 Foreign (American) sailing vessels and I I I 1 £>^>«i»-ii%g£' 80 CANADA. :i49 Rtcnmcrs. Tlironnjh tlio St. Lawrence CnnnlH tfioro passed in the Hninc year 5457 Mritish »ailiii|[r vomoIh and 2173 8t<>amor8, uml 124 foreii(n wiilin^ voh«o1» and Hfty-ono stoninorB. The total numbor of vet*»cl» of all olnHHOH passing tlirou;^h all the canals of Oanada in that year was 20,406 with a tonniigo of 2,138,054 tons. The gross receipt of tolls from the canals was in 1847 £50,131 IOh. 1(1., and the nett reccipta £41,132 58. Id., while in 1853 tliey were £95,814 5h. 2d. and £79,41)4 Hs. 7d. And, to tpecify inoro particnUrly, the gross rev('nu(j from the canal tolls, from each of the canals in 1853, was as follows: WcUand Canal £85,034 5 7 St. Lawrence Canals 24,001 5 1 Chambly Canal 2,126 10 Bnrlington l^»y Canal 5,625 10 9 St. Ann's Lock on the Ottawa 010 5 Less tolls refunded passing canal.' • • • • £07,707 2 1,892 17 7 I £»5,814 5 2 On the whole, it may safely be asserted that no country in tho world is possessed of more important and extensive canals, or a more magnificent system of inland navigation tlian is Canada. The canals of Canada now afford a largo revenue, and accom- modate a large trade, but they are yet destined to bo the media of communication for the vast numbers of vessels which tho direct ocean trade, the interprovincial trade, and the carrying trade of the Canadas and of the great "West will employ, when that trade, tm it must eventually do, shall seek its natural outlet through tho waters and valley of the St. Lawrence. I now proceed to treat of those other means of communication which, in a country like Canada, are peculiarly important : I mean its CANADA. 81 RAILWAY HVrtTKM. Ah tho navigiitioii of tliti St. L:i\f renew is iro-locku*l during the winter suikson, tlio ujcnnH oJ" Apcotly <-otnniuni);uti<>n with tho »«»- Ixmrii nnil witli tho viirioua parts of tho interior is i'siH-'cialiy important, nnd this boon tho groat chain of railways now in pro- ^r^css is dosignod to jitford. In Canada, thus far, thcro aro tliroo groat linos, suggostod by and acooinmodatod to strongly inarkod natural divisiojjs of tho Kjiuitry, to which the others will provo tributaries or tcedcrs. It is lioro worthy of remark that tho Canadian Legislature evinces » t't't'ling docldodly adverso to thecncouragoniont of competing linon, under a conviction that in a now and comparatively sjiarsely Hot- tlod country, like Canada, competition between railways cannot but bo injurious. Tho first of these great linos is the Grand Trunk Kailway, which it is proi>osod to run through (Janada from east to west, span- ning tho St. Lasvronco at Montreal by tho gigantic Victoria Hridgo, now in course of construction. Tho second is the Great Western lino, traversing one of the most fertile sections of Canada, and now in steady operation, and showing larjfo and increasinir returns of traffic. The third is tho Ottawa Valley line, composed of various links, and designed to extend, in tho m iantimo, from tho City of Mon- treal to Pembroke, and eventually to Lake Huron and tho Saidt Ste. Mario. Tho distance from Montreal to tho Georgian Hay being by the Ottawa about 400 miles agr»inst 1000 by tho St. Lawrence. With reference to this lino it may bo remarked that it is possible that tho time may come when this, tho most favor* able route, will be adopted for the construction of a railway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Tlio importance of such a line, as a in iii I ■'K I 82 CANADA. \\ .■M I i >^ nn'aiis of shoHi'iuii!^ tlio tnivol lo ('liiim ntul llin V.nM. Itidics, mi.l as i-oiitiilmlinir t,» tli»> (lovfloptncnt of Iho rosourccH of nn iiniiuMim; ooimtry, \s very _t;roal, .'uul riimiot bo ovor OHliiuatcJ. TIIK (}|UNI» TIH'NK KAIIAVW. 'rii<< (Jratnl Trunk Railway is ('inj( r(»pro8onl<'d at i(s board of inanacfomotit liy Directors named by the (n)vornnuMit. From what, lias boon itfttod it. will bo soon that it is a vory important work, travorsin;; AH it does tlio frontier of (^anada, and oxtondinpf from (Jno- boo to Wostorn (\anada, with a bianch to tho Atlantic poH of Portland, in Maino. Tho Grand Trunk Kailway will over como for (^anada tho disadvantag»»s of tho closing of navigation by winter ; while from its pocidiar ])osition, it will bo tapped at (N)nvenient intervals by lateral branches, developing tho int<'rior, and artbrding to tho main lino nuich traflh*. It is n largo and comprehensivo scheme, ono in keeping with tho future of this groat country. A useful and interesting feattire in its plan is the span- ning the St. Lawrence at Montreal by what will bo tho world- famed iron tubular Victoria l^ridgo, eclipsing, by its gigantii' diuicnsiolis, tho celebrated Monai Bridge. This bridge is intended to bo constructed on twenty-four piers, with spans for navigation, exclusive of tho two abutments, whence tho tubes are to spring, on ftither side. The centre span will be 330 foot wide, and each of tlio other twenty-four spans will bo 220 feet widt^. Tho abutments, from which tho tubes spring will bo each of thorn 242 feet long and 90 (o.ot wide, and from the north shore of tho St. Law- renco to the north abutment there will bo a solid embankment of 1200 foot in lonffth. The embankment loadiuii" from the south shore of the river will be COO feet, Tho length of tho bridge 5| i CANADA. 83 I" IK'S Jind IIIUll(<||H(> OVMKinl "(Mil, l.y as |)C(tii '•'ivcrsirijr in (Jiio- itic j)()r( ill over ^vlpalion ^PP<'<1 nt interior, r^o. and lis jnrrc.'lf 10 Rpjin- I world- ?iji:''in(i<' ilcMidcd ii^^'ttion, iniif, on each of nionfs, ^t long Law- lent of son til •ridgo from nltuiinonl to ahnlmcnt, iind IIh total l<'n;^t]i from river hank to rivor l»ank, will ho 10,284 f<'<'t, or jiImmiI fifty yardu Ir-fH flian two Knj^liHJi niilt'H. Tim clear diHtnncn hotwcnii tin- nndcr nurfiue of tlio centre tnl»n a»id the averapfo summer level of the river is to be (10 feet, and tlie lieij^ht will t to the niihs This gigantic strnctnn! is in proj^ress, and when in HticeeHH- fiil operation, will [)rove a Avorld'H wonder. It will add another to the existinj^ sotirces of attraction which now every snnuner ilraw throut^h the Oanadian inland waters injmensc! thronL(s of Ameriitan travelUfrs, many of whom return year nficr y(s'ir with unflaf(/x'"fC i"'<'rt<«'', ♦<> niake the tour from tlw; celehrated Falls of Niagara, across th..,luding the former Atlantic and St. Lawrcnco Railway of Maine, hut now known as the " I'ortland Section of the (Irand Trunk Railway." Tt is a linn of jteculiar importance to (^anada. It will receive a larg«! proportion of the traflic of a region extcMiding 801) miles in one dinsction from Portland to Lake Huron, and containing a population of nearlj Uiree millions in (Canada, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine. At r«)rtland it coimocts with the system of railways reaching eastward towards the Province of Now lirnnswick, as well as southward, hy lines already existing, to Poston and New York. From Richmond it runs eastward 100 miles to Quebec, and is in- toJided to be continu(id from Quebec to Tn^is Pistoles, IT;.'] miles more, giving access in summer to the former large shij>ping port, and may at some future day also afford a conimunication by rail to 84 CANADA. the Atlantic at Halifax, by Trois Pistoles and Mirimichi, through the Province of Now IJrunswick. At Montreal it connects by exist- ing lines with Boston and New York, as well as with Portland. Passing on along the frontier, and receiving many feeders, hereafter to be noticed, it readies Toronto, and thence traverses the heart of the rich western section of Western or Upper Canada, and must inevitably command a very large traffic. At its terminus at Port Sarnia it will debouch on Lake Huron at a point most fjivorably situated for the navigation extending through Lakes Huron and Michigan. At Port Sarnia tlie American roads in course of con- struction will place it in connection with Iowa, Minnesota and the " great West,' as it is termed, of the American Union. The length of the Grand Trunk Railway at present in operation is 392 miles. It consists of 292 miles from Portland, vi^ Rich- mond to Montreal, and 100 from the Richmond Junction to Point L-^vi opposite Quebec. The Richmond Station cannot fail ere long to become an important place for the interchange of traffic passenger as well as freight. The contractors are under engage- ment to have in operation a total of 295 miles in 1855, so that ere the year closes, the Grand Trunk Railway will probably consist of G87 miles of road in operation. In 1856, 168 miles further are expected to be opened. There will then be a continuous railway coimection, via Canada, between Quebec and Michigan and Maine and Michigan. Detroit will be distant from Portland 872 miles by this route, which is at least 50 miles less than by the way of New York, and as the whole line will be under one connected system of management, passengers or freight will necessarily b« carried cheaper and more expeditiously. THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. Next comes the Great Western Railway of Canada. This line carried through to successful operation by surprising local energy, energy, runs from Windsor, on the Canadian side of the Detroit way. ilhi CANADA. 85 River, opposite tlic city of that name, to the City of Hamilton, and thence to Niagara Falls, wlicre it connccta by a gigantic rail- way suspension bridge, thrown across the Niagara River about two miles below the falls, with the system of railways in the State of New York, which run from Lake Ontario towards the " tid<" water" of tlie Hudson River. The Great Western is in active operation, and is carrying very large numbers of passengers and much way and through freight. It passes chiefly through a fer- tile, populous and wealthy country, and cannot fail to prove a highly remunerative line. OTHER RAILWAYS. A railway leased by the Great Western Company, called the *' Hamilton and Toronto Railway," forty miles in length, will be opened early next year. At Toronto it will connect with the Grand Trunk line by a station common to both, as well as to the " Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway." This line runs for the first fifty miles duo north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, skirting for a few miles the southern shore of the lake, and "Georgian Bay" (the eastern extremity of Lake Huron,) to Collingwood Bay, the distance of which from Toronto is ninety- six miles. Sixty-four miles of this railway have been opened since the early part of 1853, and the whole ninety-six miles are now completed. Retracing our steps to the east, wo now speak of those lines, in addu.on to the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Rail- way, which run north and south, and which may be considered as feeders to the great arterial railway system that runs from east to west throughout nearly the entire extent of the Province, Nearest to Montreal, and having its terminus in that city is the Montreal and Bytown Railway. Bytown, now the City of Ottawa, is the Capital of the Ottawa territory, through which the river of the same name flows, having in its basin 80,000 S(^uare miles of •rrmm' im- 86 CANADA. 11^ i 'Iw \ n I: forest land, from which, as already fully stated, the chief markets of Europe are supplied with the finest timber in the world. The total length of this line will be 120 miles, of which thirteen miles in tbe centre are in operation, viz : between Carillon and Grenville, an important section, there being there an interruption otherwise than by canal of the navigation of the Ottawa. This line is the first link of the Ottawa line, and at Bytown it will connect with the line of the Bytown and Pembroke Railway which is to run from Bytown to Arnprior a distance of some thirty-five miles, through the County of Carleton, a wealthy and populous county. This line will command a large way traffic in supplies for the lumber trade from Bytown, and also an extensive passenger trade, the number of people employed in the lumber trade, constantly ascending and descending from and to Bytown being very great. Arnprior is situated at the mouth of the Madawaska River, and here the Brockville and Ottawa Railway, running from Brockville, where it intersects the Grand Trunk Railway, will strike tbe Ottawa, connecting with the Arnprior line. From Arnprior the Brockville and Ottawa Railway will run parallel with the Ottawa River to the rising village of Pem- broke, penetrating th« heart of the great Ottawa valley, — a country of which few are in a position to form a competent esti- mate, and for which this noble line of railway will be the high- way to Montreal and the ocean, while, when extended from Pem- broke, a distance of one hundred and eighty miles to Lake Hu- ron, as at no distant date it will undoubtedly be, it must prove one of the great channels of communication to Minnesota and the great West, and from thence downwards to the Atlantic by the St. Lawrence in summer, and in wmter vi^ the Victoria Bridge to Portland. CANADA. 87 At abotlf 25 miles west of Montreal the Grand Trunk Railway crosses the Ottawa, by a bridge which is undoubtedly the second work in importance in the entire length of that railway. Prescott, which will bo 112 miles west of Montreal, by railway distance, receives the " Bytown and Prescott Railway." It is 50 miles in length, and its course is due north and south. It io opened throughout its entire extent for traffic. The gauge of this railway differs from that of all the other railways of Canad.1, with the exception of the Montreal and Lachine Railway, which is but 9 miles long. The Provincial gauge is 5 feet 6 inches, whereas the Bytown and Prescott is only 4 feet 8^ inches. This rail- way connects with the railways leading to Boston, and the means of capitalists of that city have been largely invested in it. At Brock- rille, 13 miles west of Prescott, the Brockville and Ottawa Rail- way, already mentioned, falls into the Grand Trunk Railway. The next tributary of the Grand Trunk Railway is at Cobourg, a very flourishing town on Lake Ontario, exactly due north of Rochester. The spirit and energy of Cobourg, in building, with funds raised it may be said exclusively in the toAVn, (the population of which is about 5000) a railway of 28 miles in length, deserves every com- mendation. The Cobourg and Peterborough Railway (for so it is called) is already receiving an amount of traffic which its pro- moters could hardly have anticipated, and will be the means of developing the town and district with rapidity. Seven miles to the west is Port Hope, another very flourishing town on the banks of Lake Ontario, and the rival of Cobourg in interprise and industry. It is about to be connected with the "back country" by the "Port Hope and Lindsay Railway," the length of which is 36 miles. The works are in progress, but no immediate time is named for its opening. 88 CANADA. 1^ ': i Proceeding west, coming to Toronto, the largest city in Upper Canada, and destined to be one of the great centres of trade, we have tlie "Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway," already dcfs- cribed, while the most westerly lino in Canada open for traflic, having a north and south direction, is a railway built by Americiui influence, and partly by American capital, though chiefly by local funds, the " Buffalo, IJrantford and Goderich Railway," wliicli connects Buftalo and the State of New York with Lake Iluron at Goderich, by a line of 100 miles in length, and which saves, a*; compared with the water route by Lake Erie and the Rivers Dc>- troit and St. Clair, fully 400 miles. It also, by its connection witli the Great Western Railway at Paris, places Buffalo within eight hours of Detroit, which is less than half the time it requires to go between these two cities on Lake Erie. At Stratford, 90 mileR west of Toronto, this railway crosses the Grand Trunk line, and «t this point it will divide the traffic flowing from Lakes Huron and Superior, by sending that intended for the United States to Buffalo, and that for Canada and Portland over the Grand Trunk Railway. Eighty miles of this important line, from opposite Buf- falo to Paris, are in operation. By the close of the year 185^, as an authority, to which tlir writer acknowledges his indebtedness for much of the foregoing information, assumes, Canada may fairly calculate on having about 2000 miles of fully equipped railway, which will cost her about £18,000,000 sterling. If, profiting by British ex- perience, rash undertakings be avoided, and the construction of competing lines be hindered and avoided, the extension of the railway system will doubtless prove advantageous to the country at large, by developing its resources and accommodating and stimulating its industry. '■» »> CHAPTER VI. T'llE SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF CANADA. Those will be viewed under the following general licads, viz ;-~ 1st, Municipal Institutions, 2nd, The Municipal Loan Fund, ^created for the purpose of aiding, by Governmental control and support, undertakings which thougli to some extent sustained by private enterprise may yet be regarded as for the general im* provemont of the country. 3rd, The facilities afforded by the Legislature for working out certain Social Institutions, such as Mechanics' Institutes and Library Associations, and of organising Companies for the engagement in manufactures, and the con- struction of roads and harbours, (fee. 4th, The Postal System. 5th, The Legal and Judicial System. Cth, Tiie Bankitig System of Canada. And, lastly, the Press also may be viewed as a great Social Institution, widely pervading all classes of society, and ex* ercising a weiglity influence over the mind of Canada. I. THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEM, Tlie municipal system of Upper Canada is comprehensive and efficient. It is adapted, in a very high degree, to the wants of the country, is wrought out with fidelity, and is proving highly ser- Ticeable, by teaching the people the habit of self-government, and by familiarizing them, with the routine of business, localizing tlw; system of legislation, and training tip everywhere men for the various positions, in private and public life, to which industry, energy and ability may elevate them. A somewhat similar sys- tem prevails in Lower Canada, but as a Bill is now before Par- '^iament, supported by the Executive, to assimilate the features of the Lower Canadian system to those of Upper Canada, it will be unnecessary liere to dwell upon it. The Upper Canadian system 4« a comprehensive one, having been adapted and improved from rt 90 CANADA. \l m 'm 5 ■ I' i'ii >i time to time, as circumstances siiggosteJ necessary clianges. Originally, it embraced only the then districts, which were gov- erned locally by District Councils. Tested by actual experience, the system met approval, and the present system was introduced, and gives general satisfaction. Each county or union of counties (counties weak in popula- tion being clustered together, till they gain strength, and are then separated into distinct divisions) is presided over by a County Council. A county is composed of townships, whose internal affairs an* regulated by Township Councils, Nvhile-each county is governed, a» to its local matters, by a County Council', consisting of the Town Itoeves and Deputy Reeves of the several townships, villages and towns in each county. The Reeves aro the heads of the Town- ship Councils, each township being divided into rural wards, and its local aflfairs managed by a Council of five, elected by the free- holders of the wards. Every township having 100 resident free- holders is a corporate body electing a Reeve ; when possessed of 600 freeholdei's it has a right to name a Deputy Reeve, who, with its Reeve, or Municipal Ilead, is entitled to a seat in the County Council. The elections are held annually. Each town- ship Council has power to erect a Town Ilall; to purchase the necessary property for Common Schools, and to provide for their establishment and support; to establish pounds; to appoint fence viewers, overseers of highways ; to construct drains, water courses, and, under certain restrictions, highways ; to regulate inns ; to grant permission to companies to proceed with roads, and to take stock in them; to enforce the performance of statute labour; to borrow monies for township purposes, to raise by way of tax the monies required for such purposes, — with other powers defined and expressed by Statute. CANADA. 91 The County Council, composed of tho Reeves and Deputy lleeves, is presided over by a Warden elected annually. They are charc^cd with the keeping up of the Court House, Gaol, and Shire-Ilnll, — raising the necessary funds by rate on the county. All roads and bridges between diflcrent townships are under the exclusive control of the County Council. They have power to purchase property for county purposes, to erect Court Houses, Gaols, Houses of Correction, Houses of Industry, and other buildings; to purchase necessary property for Cramniar School purposes, to make such provision in their aid as they deem necessary ; to provide permanently for the support of such pupils in attendance at the University as may compete from the Gram- mar Schools for exhibitions therein ; to settle the remuneration of all county officers; to regulate ferries; to construct and repair roads, lying within two or more townships ; to regulate driving over bridges; to grant monies by loan or otherwise in aid of county works; to take stock in Road Companies; to raise money by tax fo (bounty works, rovido by nssessnient on all the rateable property within their boundst per cent, interest, and 2 per cent, per annum to bo ajiplied towards a sinking fund, dcsijrned to extinguish, at the expiration of the term of the Debentures, tlio municipal debt. Protected by so many safeguards, the fund is based on a sound principle, protecting the interests of tho bond-holders, and aiding legitimate luulertakings, with the sanction and control of tho Provincial Executive. III. THE I'RACTICAL LEGISLATION OF CANADA. As a whole the Legislation of Canada is believed to bo of a very comprehensive, practical character, and well fitted to aid in developing to tho fullest extent the resources of this growing coun- try. Acts of the Legislature permit the incorporation of companioa for the formation and construction of highways, plank and gravel roads, harbours, bridges, piers and wharves, felides and dams, by any number of persons not less than five, on subscribing for such an amount of stock in such companies as may bo prescribed. Free- holders, on opposing the construction of a road, may have the ques- tion referred to the decision of the Municipal Council. These Acts are beneficial in their operation, and the inhabitants of Upper Canada are freely taking advantage of them, and opening up com- munications in all directions. The number of plank and macada- mised roads thus constructed is now very large. Acts of the Legislature also authorize the formation of companies for raining, manufacturing and meclianical purposes, defining and restricting their rights, limiting under certain pro- visions the liability of stockholders, and affording protection to the public. A very useful measure is the Act which authorizes the formation of partyorships, with limited liability, composed of ~sm- 04 CANADA. gcncnil and spocial partners, tlio ouo contril)Utin{]f nmiioy nn«i HcrviccR, and risking all their subslanco, tho others risking only a fixed Riiin, and precluded from active part in tho concern, or ostensible connection with it. This Act aflord duo fmiilities for the legitimate extension of business, and tho safe employmeiit of capital, whil*! it <'fli(;iently protects tho public by its carefully digested provisions. In a similar manner, Medianics' Institutes and Library Associations can be formed Into (piasi-corporations, and most of them aro encouraged by the grant of £.30 per annum each from tlie public exchecjuer. Tho formation of Town and Township Libraries, to which the public may have access, is also provided for. Tho security of titles is provided for in both Upper and Lower Canada, by carefully framed systems of registration enforced by privileges, accorded in certain cases, to priority of registration. The public security is provided for by police regulations, by the maintenance of Gaols and of the Provincial Penitentiary, the latter being a largo and commodious structure, in which the con- victs aro kept at hard labour, at various trades, which they there may acquire. CHARITABLE AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS. Amongst Institutions having in- view tho amelioration of tho social condition of tlie people, in various phases, may be mentioned tho Toronto General Hospital, the Montreal Gen- eral Hospital, tho Kingston General Hospital, tho IIotel-Dieu Hospital, Montreal, the Marine Hospital, Quebec, for tho recep- tion of sailors and immigrants, the IIotel-Dieu of Quebec, the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, Toronto, of which, the building is de- signed to accommodate 250 patients, and tho Beauport Lunatic Asylum near Quebec. For both Upper and Lower Canada General Agricultural Associations are established, and hold annual Agri- CANADA. 95 cultural and TixUistrial Fairs or Kxliibitlonc In tlu pointios hIko local Bocit'ties aro oHtal>lislu'y the line of Canadian Ocean Steamers has been organized, the postal rate being 6d. sterling. The rate per the Cunard Steamers is lOd. currency. I*ostage stamps are issued of various denominations. A letter registration system has long been in operation, and it is still maintained and extended, but to it has boen added the money order system, found so effective in Britain. The total expenditure of the department in 1852 for mail service was £41,315 14s. 8d. currency. The last two years have witnessed a continwous extension of the postal system^ the correspondence steadily increasing, but the year 1852 has in the foregoing remarks been selected for the purpose of exhibiting the immediate and spontaneous eifects of cheap postage, upon its introduction under the auspices of the first Canadian Postmaster. Creneral, the Hon. Jame.^ Mariisv V. THE LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM. UPPER CANADA* St.' if The legal and judicial systems of the twO'Canadas are dissimi- lar. In Upper Canada the Court of lowest jurisdiction is the Division Court, having jurisdiction to £25, and presided over by the County Judge, his decision being final, and th-e Sessions of the Court being held in the various divisions of the county or counties^ which arc set apart by the Judge to meot local convenience. The County Court comes next, with a jurisdiction up to £100, anpOfil from (lio docisionH of tlio, Superior (\)Mri, nnd by ils .liidn'os, (lio (^imiiial Law is !ulminiRt«'roilify, tlic svslorn of jiislii'o will 1)(^ mon? docHMilralizcd in TiOWiT (\*niad!i llian it \\nn liidicrlo boon, tlio policy linvinopular advuntago. VI. HANK I NO SVeTKM. Certain llarks woro at an oarly period chartered, with powern extended iheir operations with the growth of tho country. Others have «iiu'0 boeti chartered, and tho busincsR of banking has been so prudently managoil that thero never yet has Ikhmi a stopjtage of a ('anadian Hank. In IH/M) another system was introduced the tVee banking system, tho creation of banking capital, and tho issuing of a circulating medium, secured by the dej)osit of I'ro- vincial wH'urilies with tho lieceivor CJeneral of tho rroviiue. (niARTKUKn llANKH. The capital of the Hanks not being sntliciontly large to accom- modate the wants of this growing counlry, tho liCgislature has just saiu'lioned an increase of ca[»ital, which doubtless will provt> benelicial. The st()ckliol(iers in these instilulions are liable to the debts of the r>ank in double the amount of their shares. 'Y\\v\v ••iiv in Canada I'ight of these l^anks, viz: — • 1st. The l>aiik of ^btntreal, incorporated, having agencies throughout Wivstein ;uul Ivistern Canada. Tho capital is i! 1,000,000 currency, with power, conferred by a recent statute, ^■m CANADA. 00 ((> incroMsc, tlic, c'lpitHl l>y Ji furllio.r H\ini of .Cr>()(),()()() currency. Tliis Hank . to increase its Stock to .€1,000,000 currency. Hooks have heen opened, and as I lie former shareholders were authori/ed to suhscrihe at par, and tlu! payment was disLrihuted hy instalments, it is ^lnd('r^;lood that it is now heiniL!; taken up chiefly Ml the I I'ovince T! lis institution is a iso n ounshinu^, payin;; a dividend of 7 per cent, iier annum, and liavinu' a rest or fund of ClOO.OOO to meet casualtii The Directors have announced that they will be enabled to pay 8 per cent, during tlu; present year. •tth. The (lore IJaidc, Hamilton, incorporated, capital £80,000 currency. I'his l?ank has several agencies, and though not so m !00 CANADA. oxtonsivo an iiislitulioii ms the olliors iilready naiiKiil, is yet con- «lu('teil satisfactorily, and dividos (5 jxt c(Mit. por annum. Atli. The City Bank, Montreal, incorporated, capilal .CMDO.Ooo currency. Avitli jiowcr to increase the same within five years hy .i'()0,()0(> or to ,L'45(>,000 cur:-«Miey. This liank ]»ays a divi- dend of |)cr cent, per annum. It has just clared a honiis from reserve prolits of £l 5s. per share! of .Cl8 ir)s. currency. 0th. I>a lUmcjue du iN'uple, incorjiorated, carries on its oj)ora- tions at Montn'al, capilal .€'2()0,()0(>. It is cliielly iinder the manaijfoment of th.e French Canadian j)(>rtion of tln^ comnnniity. The principle on which it is establishet^l is dill'erent from that of (he other institutions. 7th. The (inehec liank, the head ollice beinj^ at Quebec, wa.s oriirinrtUy incorporated under a royal chartor, with a ca])ital of £75,000, s\ibse(juently increased by an Act of tho Lower Canada Parliament, and ajj^ain increased by an Act of the .session of 1854, makinj; a total capital of £250,000. The latter increaso being under the same restriction as the other aujrmentaliions of capital. All the forejxoinir Hanks issue Bank notes of denominations vary- mg fron> 5s. to £25. 8th. Bank of British North America. Tho head olHce.of this Bank is in Loihlon, England. It carries on its opera'.ions in (/anada, and the other British North American Colonies. Its capital is £1,000,000 sterling. Tt divides (5 per cent. ]H)r annum. This Bank was restricted to tho issue of £l notes, but in 1850 the chartered Banks were authori/AHl to dei)Osit Provincial secu- rities with the Keceivcr (Jeneral, and obtain registered notes from the Inspector General, to the amount so deposltiul, and of this nuthori/.ation the British Bank availed itself, and has issued such notes of smaller denominations. Its Stock is held chietiv i» Etiirland. !V; J ^.ai CANADA. lUN'RH rNDKH TIIK KUKKDOM OF TltR IIAMUNCJ ACVI". 101 TliiH Act, passed in IRoO, was «I<'si^n(!f IVuikiiijjf, but has not l)ccii i^^'iicrally taken advan- t.'l/^O (»f. l'>ankn may 1»<\ Otniicd by any indiviihial or co-|»artiicrsliip on ciitcrin<; into an ni^rccinont lor that pnr|)()H(^, and rcujistcrini^ the. same, whcicnpon tlie parlies tlieret** become a jiody corp(»rnle, Tlio shareholders are liabh; in donble the amoniil of th(;ir shnres. No inilividnal or l>ankinlr.>"A->xt' 102 CANADA. I Lastly I notice THE TRESS OF CANADA, Which, in cfTicienoy, general information and character, is quite equal and in fact in many cases superior to the l*rovin('ial press of Britain, while its benefits are much more generally diffused. The wide ramifications of the press, and the extensive circulation of news by the medium of the newspaper, conduce materially to the spread of general information. In every ordinarily sized town of Ui)i)er Canada, and in all the cities of Lower Canada, the press is represented and is liberally sustained. The city sheets especially contain a large amount of reading and editorial matter, reports of debates in Parliament,commerclal and general information, and are conducted with ability and energy, excercising an impoilant in- fluence, and making their weight, as the "Fourth Estate," felt by the community. The growth of the press has been steady and rapid. The fol- lowing history of the early struggles of the Canadian press is interesting. It is extracted from a lecture delivered at Quebec in 1844, by the late Hon. A. W. Cochran : "The first newspaper established in Canada was the Quebec Gazette, still existing. The founder of it, Mr. Brown, brouglit his press from rhiladelphia in 1763. By lii& heirs, it was sold to Mr. S. Neilson, who left the establishment, by his will, to his brother, the late Hon. John Neilson long the experienced and able editor of the paper. There were in 1703 not more than twenty newspapers ])ublished in the breadth and length of the then American Colonies, and the Quebec Gazette is the oldest in the British North American Provinces. For nearly thirty years it remained without a com- petitor, but about 1788 it was followed by a rival, the Quebec Gazette, printed by one Stretchly, and subsequently by the Quebec Herald : both of these papers had but a brief existence. About CANAivA. 103 1778 the old Montreal Gazette was established by one Mosplet, antl was published in French ; but beinjj soon discontinued, was assumed about 1704 by Louis Roy, from the Quebec Gazette otli(;e, and after his death two newspapers under that name wero published at the same time by one Edwards, and by a Mr. Brown, who came also from the Quebec oflice ; and the paper conducted by him being transferred to others, still sub- sists under the same title. About 1794 a newspaper was pub- lisiied at Quebec in French and English, under the title of the Times or Le Temps, but enjoyed only a limited circulation and short existence; and probably no numbers of it are now extant except a few in the library of the Literary and Historical Society. The Quebec Mercury commenced its career in 1804, and the (Janadien followed it in 1806, but was stopped by the seizure of the press by Government in 1810. Thirty years ago the only newspapers in the two Canadas were the Quebec Ga/ette and Mercury, the Montreal Gazette and Ilerald, the Canadien Cou- rant, at Montreal, (established about 1808,) and the Upper Canada Gazette, commenced at York about 1800. At the present moment (1844) four English and five French newspapers (some of the latter of recent origin, and small circulation,) are published and chiefly supported in Quebec. In Montreal there are five English and three French newspapers, and one English at Sher- broolce, while in Upper Canada Toronto sends forth seven, King- ston five, and upwards of thirty others are published in difterent thrivino- towns and settlements, from Cornwall on the St. Lawrence and Bytown on the Ottawa, to Sandwich, Of these, all are in the English language, excepting one in Guelic and one in German. Nor are these papers in either Province confined to political topics : most of them contain useful selections and general infor- mation in various branches of literature and science ; and it is II I \i 104 CANADA. •pleasing to observe that as far as is known all of llicm sustaJTi k tone favourable to public morality." From another source I loam that tlie newspapers published '\n Lower Canada in the vcar 1830 Avere nineteen. "Of these, fiv« ^vere French and fourteen English. Th« population of Lower Canada was then 571,930, being 30,000 inhabitants to one newspaper. Tiic papers published in Upper Canada in 1830 were thirty-one. The population of Upper Canav creatine: facilitios for toadiinnf the art of instruction as an art, and cxhibitin^j; the system in actual and cfliciont operation. Frojn the dispersion of qnalified and trained teachers throuijhout the country great good will tlow. Tho huihlings of the Normal S( hool are an ornament to the City of Toronto, where they arc situated. The grounds comprise seven and adialf acres. The cost of the land and builditigs was £25,000. Of the grounds two acres are devoted to a botanical garden, three to agricultural experiments, and tho remainder to tlw buildings, and a g}-mnasium, it being tho design that the lee turos on vegetable physiology and agricultural chemistry may be practically illustrated. Semi-annual sessions of the Normal School arc held, commd;^'- ing on the tiftcenth day of May and November in each year, and lasting five months. Male students aro required to be eighteen years of age, and females sixteen. They aro required to produce certificates of good moral character, and to sign a declaration of the intention to devote themselves to the profession of school teaching. Candidates are admitted free of tuition charges. The coursp"of instruction extends over two sessions, and teachers in training during that session, and tliose who obtain a first class certificate receive rive shillings weekly. Tliey aro required to attend onco a week religious instruction, communicated by clergymen of the religious persuasions to which they respectively belong. The number in attendance is 120. The Model Schools are male and female. The admission fee to them is xeiy low, CANADA. 107 riio minibcr of jMipils is 400. Tho reciprocal bcnofilrt thcao kin- dred iiislitiitions confer on each other are very ^leat, and tlicy are (itting appciidaircs of the grand system of puhlic, instruction now- being so faithfully establi.sb«'d and worked out in Canada West. Certificates of (lualilication of three grades arc awarded by tho Ciiief Superintendent to teachers wlio iiave emanated from Normal School»«, and their vaUu! is well attested by the preference evinced for the holders of first class certiticales, by tho Trustees of school sections. There arc, thirdly, TlIK GitAMMAK HCIIOOLH. The Grammar Svihools — sixty-four in number — were formerly called tho District Schools, and were established some twenty years ago by tho then Legislature of Upper Canada, with a prudent forethought ami an anxious desire to erect in every dis- trict or aggregation of counties an institution in which the higher branches of education should bo brought homo to the doors of all. "Each Grammar School is intended to fuUil tho double oflice of a high English school and an elementary classical and mathematical school, — a school into which pupils will bo admitted from tho higher classes of tho common ichools, and receive su(;h an education as will lit them for mercantilo and manufacturing pursuits and the higher emj)loy- uienta of mechanical and agricultural industry, as well as make them intelligent and useful citizens; — a school also forming a con- necting link between the common school and University College in which youth may be thoroughly trained in tho elementary classics, mathematics and physical siences, for admission to the University, and entrance upon professional studies." I 108 CANADA. W^St In ftd'litlon to foos tlic teAcliorft ronoivo an nnniml p^.int of .£100 cull. Tlicy nro now roquirod to bo pfnvlu.'itoH of sonio Uni- voraity. Authority lias boon latterly rjivon for tho nnialLi^aniation of tlio Gramniar Schools and Common Schools intoono Academy, and in a few of tho towns tho fusion has taken place, and hand- somo structures have been erected for tho accomodation of the pupils, aii furnished to them by tho Chief Superintendent of Schools from year to year. The Township Council imposes assessments for tho erection of school houses, or for any other school purposes, desired by the in- habitants of school sections through their Trustees. Tiie Inhabi- ■i 110 CANADA. 'i/ijPl tants of each school section decide as to the manner in which they will support their school, according to the estimates and en- gagements made hy the Trustees, whether by voluntary subscrip- tion, or by a monthly rate bill of not more than one shilling and three-pence per child on parents sending to the schools, or by rates on the property of all according to its assessed value, and opening the school to the children of all without exception. The latter mode is likely to supersede both the others, but its existence and operation in connection with each school depend upon the annual decision of the inhabitants of each school section, at a public meeting called for that purpose. The duties of teachers are prescribed by law, and their rights are efiectually protected. No teacher is entitled to any part of the school fund, who does not conduct his school according to law, and who has not a legal certificate of qualification from a county board of public instruction, nor is any school section en- titled to receive any aid from the school fund, in which a school is not kept open six months during each year, by a teacher thus recognized as to both moral character and attainments. The law also requires a public quarterly examination to be held in each school. The inspection of the schools is made by local Superintendents, who are appointed by the County Councils, and who may be ap- pointed for each county, or one for one or more townships, at the pleasure of each County Council. Each local Superintendent is entitled to at least one pound (four dollars) per annum for each school under his charge. He is required to visit each school, at least twice a year, and to deliver a public lecture on education in each school section onco a year, besides apportioning the school mone)s to the several school sections within his jurisdiction, givmg cheques on the order of Trustees to qualified teachers. CANADA. Ill upon the county treasurer or aub- treasurer, aiding in the examina- tion of teachers, deciding various questions of dispute and reference, corresponding on school matters, and reporting annually to the Chief Superintendent according to the forms prepared and furnish- ed by him. Besides the local Superintendents, all Clergymen recognized by law. Judges, Members of the Legislature, Magistrates, Members of County Councils, and Aldennen, are school visitors, to visit all the schools as far as practicable, within their respective chargcB. Their visits are voluntary ; they are desired " especially to attend the quarterly examination of schools, and at the time of such visits to examine the progress of the pupils, and the date and management of the schools, and give such advice to teachers and pupils, and any others present, as they may think adviseable in accordance with the regulations and instructions which shall be provided in regard to school visitors according to law." The law also authorises the holding of general meetings of school visitors, in any municipality, on the appointment of any two visitors, "to devise such means as they may deem expedient for the eflScient visitation of the schools, and to i)romote the establish- ment of libraries, and the diffusion of useful knowledge." There is a Board of Public Instruction in each county, consist- ing of local Superintendents, and the Trustees of the Grammar Schools in such county. These County Boards consist largely of the clergy of different religious persuasions, associated with some of the most intelligent laymen in each county, so that the coun- try has the best guarantee that its circumstances will admit for the moral character and intellectual qualifications of teachers. The teachers are examined and arranged into three classes, ac- cording to a programme of examination, prepared and proscribed by the Council of Public Instruction for Upper Canada. 'M 112 CANADA. The Municipal Council of each cou' ty is responsible for rarsin|»^ at least an equal sum for salaries of teachers in the several town- 'sliips within its jurisdiction, with that, which is annually appor- tioned to them out of the Parliamentary appropriation, by the Chief Superintendent of Schools. The County Councils also appoint the local Treasurers of the school fund, and the local Superintendents of schools, and provide for their salaries. Special provision is also made for the security of the school fund, against the diversion of any part of it, and for the prompt payment of it to teachers at the times specified by law. Both the County and Township Councils have authority to raise any sums they think proper forpu blic school libraries, under regulations prescribed according to law, A Parliamentary appropriation has been made for the establishment of school libraries, to be expended on the same conditions, with the appropriation for the support of schools. The law also provides a system adapted to the circumstances of cities, towns and incorporated villages. In each city and town there is one Board of Trustees, for the management of all the schools in such city and town, two Trustees elected for each ward, and holding office for two years, one retiring annually. In each incorporated village and town divided into wards there is a Board of six Trustees elected, two retirir>g from office and two elected each year. These Boards of Trustees, thus constituted, appoint the local Superintendent, and determine upon the num- ber and kinds of schools, the employment of teachers, and all the expenses necessary for the schools in each city, town or incorpor- ated village ; and the Municipal Council is required in each case to raise the sum or sums estimated by the Board of Trustees, for alt their school purposes, and in the manner that they shall desire. There is also, the same provision for the establishment of libraries in each city, town and village, as exists in respect to their establishment in each township and county. ;* Hi CANADA. 113 At the bead of the whole system we have a Council of Public Instruction and a Chief Superintendent of Schools, both appointed by the Crown. The Council has the entire management of the Provincial Normal and Model Schools, recommends the text books for the schools, and books for the school libraries, and makes the regtilations for the organization, government and discipline of Common Schools, the examination and classification of teachers, and the establishment and care of school libraries throughout Upper Canada. The Chief Superintendent, who is, ex-officio, member of the Council of Public Instruction, and provides accommodation for its meetings, apportions the school fund to the several municipalities throughout Upper Canada, prepares the general school regula- tions, and submits them, as well as the text library books, to the consideration of the Council; prepares the forms of reports and proceedings under the Act, and gives instructions for conducting them, as well as for holding teachers institutes ; decides questions of dispute submitted to him ; takes the general superintendence of the Normal Schools; provides facilities Tr procuring texi and library books ; and provides and recommends plans of school houses; prepares annual reports; corresponds with local school authorities throughout Upper Canada, and employs all means in his power for the promotion of education and the diffusion of useful knowledge. lie is responsible for his official conduct, and for all monies that pass through his department. Such is an epitome of the system of public elementary instruc- tion in Upper Canada. The foundation may be considered as fairly laid, and something has been done towards roaring the superstructure. There has been an annual increase in the statis- tical returns of each branch of the Common School system since its establishment. The system is to a great extent voluntary ' A ■1 114 CANADA. Each municipality exercises its discretion, as to whether it will or will not accept the Parliamentary appropriation upon the con- ditions specified, and each school section does the same in regard to the terms on which aid is offered in support of its school. The general regulations and oversight are such as merely to secure a fulfilment in each locality, of conditions which are required by the Legislature, the collective wisdom and voice of the country, and to maintain a standard of teaching that will prevent funds provided for the promotion of knowledge, from being prostituted upon ignorance and vice. The working of the Common School system is a great social development, and fraught with results, which can be more easily conceived than described." A year has elapsed since the penning of the foregoing extract by its writer, and the annual report of 1853 evinces the continued success and advantages of the system. The aggregate sum raised for all educational purposes in West- ern Canada was in 1853 the noble sum of £199,6*74 Is. 5d., being an increase on any preceding year of £23,598 2s. 5d. The ag- gregate sum raised for the erection and repairs of school houses was £80,730 lis. lOd. The number of pupils in attendance was in the aggregate 194,'736, the increase during the year being 15,149. A recent feature of ihe system is the establishment of school libraries selected by the Superintendent, and the issue of school maps. When the report issued 90,000 volumes of gene- ral information had thus been circulated. Local efforts for raising funds are supplemented to the extent of 75 per cent. The number of schools was, in 1853, 3127, and of these 1052 were free. 2117 lectures were delivered during the year, in schools, on suljects connected with the system. In closing this important chapter, the collegiate institutions which are independent of public aid, are deserving of notice. — CANADA. 115 The oldest of these is THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEEn's COLLEGE, SITUATED AT KINGSTON. This institution, holding a Royal Charter, was originated by members of the Church of Scotland, and endowed by private liberality. It comprises Faculties of Arts and Medicine, and a Divinity Hall, and also a school. It has a staff of four Professors. Recently, a purchase has been made of a large and commodious building, for its accommodation. It is calculated from its situation to be of much benefit to Central Canada. Though under the management of a Board of Trustees, named by the Scottish Church in Canada, there are no tests, and it is con- ducted on a liberal basis, affording a sound substantial education. TRINITY COLLEGB Is conducted at Toronto, under the auspices of the Episcopal Church, and also holds a Royal Charter. It was established when University College became a public institution. Handsome build- ings have been erected, and a large sum raised for its endowment. It embraces Faculties of Arts, Medicine, Law and Divinity, and is conducted with much vigour. VICTORIA COLLEGE Is an institution of the Wesleyan Methodist denomination, es- tablished at Cobourg, on Lake Ontario. Large and commodious buildings have been erected, and it has been for some years in effective operation. With it has lately been affiliated the Toronto School of Medicine. I J THE COLLEGE OF REGTOPOLIS Is situated at Kingston, and is maintained and carried on under the superintendence of the Roman Catholic Bishop of that city. 116 CANADA. V'^^jl MEDICAL INPTITUTIONS. A Medical Board for Canada West is organized by Act of Par liament, and meets quarterly in Toronto for the examination of candidates. The Toronto College of Medicine already mentioned, holds a session of six months annually. The course embraces the various branches of medical education. Schools of medicine in connec- tion with the University of Toronto and with Trinity College, Toronto, and Queen's College, Kingston, are in operation, aflbrd- ing opportunity for obtaining a sound medical education. On the whole, Canada has every reason to be proud of her Educational Institutions, and their bearing on her future is veiy important, inasmuch as, no doubt, they must tend to I'r advance- ment and progress in general enlightment. lier system is a noble one, — inferior to none pursued in older countries ; it is supe- rior to that of many. LOWEK CANADIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. Regarding the Lower Canadian system, as being in a transition state, I notice it briefly. It is not yet, from a variety of causes so far, as efficient as the Upper Canadian, but to which it may be ad- vantageously assi'ailated. Teachers are licensed by Boards of Trustees, Protestant and Catholic. The great majority of the people in the rural i^arishcs, with the exception of the Eastern Townships, arc attached to the Catholic faith, hence separate schools arc erected by the Protestants wherever their numbers enable atihle with tho Colonial relation. In fact, the Canadas enjoy llio largest measure of political lihorty possessed by any country or people. The public ofllccs, and the seats in the Legislature, are practically open to all. The people, by their representatives in l'arliamet\ti regulate all matters of I'rovineial interest, and by their municipal system they regulate their municipal matters, while they possess and exercise the power of rejecting at the polls those who have forfeited their confidence. Tho inhabitants of Canada aro bound to Britain by the ties of common interest, common origin, and tilial attachment. Owning a grateful allegiance to their Sovereign, they aro proud to share tho heritage of Britain's ancestral glories, while t!iey are not slow in evincing their sympathy with her strug- gles, as the munificent grant of £20,000 sterling, gracefully ap- propriated by the Legislature to the Patriotic Fund, and to tho widows and orphans of the soldiers of her ally, F'rance, proudly shews. The policy of Britain is a wise one. She is building up, on the broad foundations of sound political liberty, freedom of thought and conscience, a colony which will one day, (though the connection will never be rudely severed,) attain the position of a nation, and peopled by inhabitants knit to Britain by the strongest ties of blood, and identity of feeling, will strengthen her hands nnd support her position by the reflex influence of sound, national and constitutional sentiment. The future of Canada is a brilliant one : a great problem is being wrought out in her history ; and, on review of her immense 124 CANADA. J if ' resources, and on a glance at her hardy, self-reliant population, the mind is irresistably urged to the conclusion that her destiny is a grand one, and that, on this American continent, she may yet be destined to play no insignificant part among the role of peoples. CHAPTER IX. GENERAL STATISTICS. In this chapter it is designed to throw together such facts and figures, illustrative of the progress of Canada, as have not neces- sarily been interspersed through other portions of this Essay, in treating of the various subjects it embraces. The result of this compendium will, no doubt, be the dispelling of an error which is thus alluded to, in the words of a Report of the Board of Regis- tration and Statistics of the Province of Canada : " It is believed that a very general feeling prevails, not only in the mother coun- try, but even in Canada, that her growth and prosperity are not commensurate with that of the United States ; and, without any inclination to conceal or deny the rapid progress of our neigh- bours, it may be well, by a few facts compiled from statistical returns, to prove how erroneous such an impression is, the growth of Upper Canada, taking it from the year 1800, having been nearly thrice that of the United States.''^ POPULATION. The total population of Canada, according to the Census of 185 1 was 1,842,265. "According to the 'World's Progress,' a work published in New York in 1851,'' says the Report before quoted, "the free population of the United States was, in 1800, 5,305,925 ; in 1850 it was 20,250,000 ; (in 1810 it was 7,239,814 :) thus in 50 yearj. CANADA. 125 its increase was not quite 400 per cent, whilst that of Upper Canada was upwards of 1100 per cent, for the forty years from 1811 to 1851. The steady increase of the population of Western Canada is apparent from a comparison with that of other countries, as insti- tuted in the same Report, of the statistics and of the facts contained in which free use is hereafter made. The United States Census of 1850, as diminished by allowance for the population of territorial accessions since the previous Cen- sus, was in 1850 23,091,488 1840 17,067,453 Increase in 10 years 6,022,035, or 3527 per cent. Great Britain, Census of 1851 21,121,967 Do do 1841 18,658,372 Increase in 10 years, 2,463,595, or 13-20 p^^r cent. Upper Canada, Census of 1 85 1 952,004 Do do 1841 465,357 Increase in 10 years 486,647, or 104-58 per cent. Lower Canada has not increased with the same rapidity, owing to Upper Canada having hitherto received the greater proportion of the emigration from Britain and Europe, still her progress has been steady. In 1827 the total population of Canada East was 423,378. In 1831 it was 511,920. In 1844 it was 690,782. In 1851 it was 890,026, having been doubled in twenty-four years. And the increase in the 13 years between 1831 and 1844 was 13-94 per cent. Again, take a comparison between Canada West, or Upper Canada, and three States of the American Union, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois : in 1830, according to the United States Census, these 126 CANADA. N .1 Mk States contained 1,126,851 ; in 1850 they contained 3,505,000, a little over 320 per cent, in twenty years, while Upper Canada, in the like period of 20 years, increased over 375 per cent. In 1830 the population of Canada West was 210,437. In 1849 it contained 791,000. The tide of emigration in the States is flowing westward to Iowa, Wisconsin, and the banks of the Missouri, while in Canada it is also tending to the western section of Upper Canada and peopling the fine arable lands there inviting cultivation. The Counties of Haron, Perth and Bruce increased from 6600 in 1841, to 37,850 in 1851, upwards of 571 per cent, in ten years. The Gore and Wellington Districts increased 1900 per cent, in thirty-three years up to 1850. The Western District increased over 700 per cent., the London District 550 per cent, the County of Niagara 380 per cent., while in eight years tht? County of Oxford doubled its population. Some portions of the rural parts of Lower Canada are also rapidly advancing. The County of Megantic which has attracted an Irish emigration, in seven years, from 1844 to 1851, increased from 6449 to 13,836, or at the rate of 115,40 per cent. The County Quebec in seven years advanced from 12,800 in 1844 to 19,074 in 1851, or 50 per cent. The County of Ottawa in the same period has increased from 12,434 to 22,903, or 84*42 per cent. The County of Drum- mond, from 9,354 to 16,562, or 77-28 per cent. And the County of Sherbrooke, in which the British American Land Company have large possessions, and which a railway traverses, from 13,486 to 20,014, or 49'47 per cent. Doubtless for the future the emigration to Lower Canada will be larger, as the Seignorial Tenure will no longer deter those desirous of settling. Before proceeding to notice the rise in population of some of the leading towns this will be an appro- V-M ik CANADA. 127 prlate place to mtroduce, as connected with the general increase of the population, the statistics of emigration to the Province for €ome years back. EMIGRATION. There arrived at Quebec the following number of emigrants, in the years specified, viz : In tl"> yjars Natives of England and Walei. Iretand 1847. 28725 50360 3628 1848. 6034 16562 3086 842 1395 27939 1849. 8980 23126 (8.50. 1851. 9387 9877 17»7«22:W1 1852. 1853. 9276 9585 15983 14417 6477 4746 1184 496 7256 7456 390761.36699 1854. 18178 16175 Scotland. " B. N. A. Colonies 4984 2879: 7042 968 701| 1106 436 849 870 5446 876 " The Continent, 7437 90150 11687 38404^32292 41176 53183 It will be noticed that the emigration attained its maximum in 1847, the period of the Irish exodus, and during the past year, it again reached its h.gh-t, point since the yeir 1847. This is owing in part to accld • . ■ luses, the large influx of English and Scotch emigrants being doubtless attributable to the importation of skilled workmen for the great system of railways in progress, while the large arrival of continental emigrants is owing to a pre- ference for the Canadian route as the safest, cheapest and best route to the Western States. This emigration will no doubt increase, and while some settle in the County of Waterloo and elsewhere in Western Canada, where German colonies are planted* the majority will wend their way through the Canadian waters to Iowa and the Western States. The manaofement of this trade is of no slight importance to Canada, as in 1851 upwards of 300,000 emigrants arrived in New York, and the current of this dnigra- tion tends westward, the avenues open to it being cither the Erie Canal with its tedious lockages, or the American railway chain with its many breaks and transfers, or on the other hand, and immeasurably superior, the noble navigation of the St. Lawrence» i 128 CANADA. ■■'ik^ and tho short Canadian Great "Western Railway across the westen* peninsula of Canada. Of the emigration of tho past year to Canada^ 1786 steerage and 429 cabin passengers arrived hj the Canadian line of steamers, — tlie commencement of agreat trade. It is believed that the three Canadian lines of steamers will divert to the shorter and more expeditious Canadian route a large portion of the emigration to America. Of the continental emigrants 11,060 were natives of Germiiny, 5811 Norwegians, 910 Swedes, and 2.31 natives- of Holland. The excellency of the routes as regards salu- brity is demonstrated by the fact that though cholera was prevalent during the summer season of 1854, the deaths on the passage of the total emigration to Canada was but 0.92 per cent. In Quarantine, 0.08 d©' And tlie total on emigrants embarked.. 1.00 do The^ navigation of the Canadian waters being now fi-ee, an imv- mense tide of emigration may be expected to- pass^ through the St.. Lawrence and the Canadian lakes on its way to the great West. RISE OF TOWNS. Dundas in six years increased from 170O to 3^517. Brantford^ during the year 1850 a 1851, rose from 3200 to 4000, oi* 25 per cent. Belleville, in the same i>eriod, increased from 3500 to 4569 ;. and London from 5124 to 1035, while it l>as now attained, a popula- tion of lO^OOO, and been established as- a city. Gait increased ia- five years 1000 to 2248 ; and Guelph in seven years, from 700 to- 1860. Woodstock has increased in 1850-51, from 1200 to 2112 ; and Ingersoll in four years has increased from- 500 to 1190. Kingston in 10 years increased from &,292 to 1 1,585. Toronto in " " " " 14,249 to 30,775. This latter city, in 1793, was, it is stated, occupied by a single Avigvvam, and in 1797 contained only 12 families. In 1794 the site was selected for a town.. iiliiji CANADA. 129 In 1801 the population of the city was 336 " 1830 " " " " 2,860 " 1845 " " " " 19,706 " 1851 " " '• =' 30,775 and is now much greater. The assessetl value of the rateable- property in Twonto was, in 1851, £3,116)400. Hamilton was laid out in 1815. It contained in 1830 only 2,846 inhabitants. " " 1846 " 6,832 " " " 1851 14,112 " All the foregoing towns are in Western Canada. Montreal, in Lower Canada, contained, in 1816, 16,000 inhab- itants; in 1851, 57,715, and it is believed now to contain 70,000 inhabitants. It is rising steadily and surely, as the following state- mente, compiled from the Annual Re^iorts of the City Treasurer, shew: — In 18&1 the market revenue was £0704' 12s. 3d.; the duty on business for 1850, was £5849 4s. Od. ; the assessment and personal taxes for the fiscal year ending on the 31st January, 1851, were £14,447 19s. Id. For the year 1854, the following is tht* statements of the same features, exhibiting a steady advance : duty on business, £9311 10s. 6d. ; market revenue, £8137 6s. 7d. ; assessment and personal taxes, £20,232 10s. Od., th» rate of assessment being Is. Od. in the pound on the rental. Quebec, in 1816, according to Talbot, contained 14,880 inhab- itants ; in 1851 it contained 42,062. Bytown, in Upper Canada, in 1830 contained 150 houses; it is now the City of Ottawa, with 10,000 inhabitants. Nor are these isolated instances: Paris, Woodstock, Gait, Guelph, Cobourg, Peterboro', Stratford, Port Hope, St. Catherines, Perth, Brockville> are among the many rising towns which are rapidly augmenting their population in Western Canada ;, while in Lower Cauadsi,, '■^ ^hl 130 CANADA. P i^ Sherbrooke, St. Hyacmtho, and Three Rivers, may be nientiorieU d. 4i 4 5 2 4 7 8 4 11 I,;520,fi09 1,704,350 834,068 1. d. 8 9 64 Expenditure. 31 3t January, 1854. interest on public deV)t Civil C4ovornment Administration of Justice I'rovincial Penitentiary , l/t\)08laturo Education .V|?riculturc Hospitals and Charities Provincial Geological Survey Militia. , LiRht Houses Emijp'stion Pensions Indian Annuities Census., Sinking Fund Miscellaneous Blpenses of collection, including £26,138 7s. for repairs to public works £ I s, 227,383 15 36,1031 80,134 7,000 60,237 101,335 13,811 27,309 1,486 2,083 17,377 75: 11,6*3 7,765 2,826 73,0IM) 58,954 125.96415 8 To balance at credit of the Consolidated Fund., 869,871 834,668 1,704,-350 3 li 12 8 10 6} It will be noticed that £75,000 was, during the year, paid into the Sinking Fund, a fund providently constituted for defraying tho public debt, as it may mature, the fund being invested in British secmritiesr The sum so previously invested in reduced 3 per cent. 13G CANADA. nnnuitlcs was £454,434 sterling. During tij« fiftcal yc.iT £220,005 of fitorliiij,' per cent., ntici £204,573 12s. Od. of por cent, (lobentures were rwlceini'd by tlio Province. I'UDLIO DKnT. The direct liability of the Province of Canada is £5,371,.'}15 6b. 8d. currency, to which is to bo a(Klcd the collateral liability, as, for instance, the public guarantee lent, and to be lent, to rail ways, £2,100,040. The total debt, including the direct debt, tlin collateral debt, and debts, as the Municipal Loan Fund, to whicli the Province is only by implication responsible, as being payable out of a Special Fund, is estimated, by a Committee of the Ilousr of Assembly, at £9,850,506 9s. 6d., the total interest on which is £544,1»'!35 4s, 4d. per annum. And this indebtedness, it is to be borne in mind, is chiefly incurred for public improvements and works of general utility, contributing directly to the advancement of the Province, and the increase of its productive capabilitioj' The sanction of the Legislature is required to any expenditure of the public monies. CHAPTER X. CLIMATE. This Treatise would be incomplete without some reference to this important topic, with regard to which there is much miscon- ception. In the words of a writer on the subject : " Notwithstand- ing the ei\joyment of a soil eminently fertile, and of a climate distinguished by remarkable salubrity, notwithstanding a decided superiority for agricultural pui poses over the State of New York, the northern part of Ohio and Illinois, the States of Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, the " Far West," and the whole of New England ' lllk CANADA. 137 in a word, over tho wheat growing Stiitos pencriilly, yot the im- ]iro8Kion uTuloubtodly iircvails among niuUitiKh's, who are desirous of emigrating from Great Britain and Irehmd, that the climate of Western (,'anada is distingniHhcd by tho charact^'ristics of intense ;iii(l ahnoat unendurable winter cold, together with a hot and tli-eting summer, which scarcely affords the agriculturist time to st'curo his harvest. The European emigrant, who is still (loterrod from seeking a home in Western Canada, by traditionary details of the severity of the climate of the remote eastern part of the United Provinces, is ignorant of tho fact tlint in preferring any part of the United States, to wliioh allusion hivs been made, he is actually selecting for liimself a climate of greater winter cold and summer lieat, and not only more unhealthy, but also far more hazardous to the agriculturist than that which ho obtains in the Canadian peninsula." CANADA WEST. From the peculiar position of the Province among the great lakes, whose in^ience in ameliorating the winters is very great, it presents adaptation to the purposes of agriculture which are not surpassed in any other portion of North America. " The most important points, in which the climate of Western Canada differs from that of the United States, and of those portions of Canada itself which lie north of the forty-first parallel of lati- tude," says the same writer already quoted, and of whose labours in this chapter use is made in giving an idea of the climate of Western Canada " may be briefly enumerated as follow :" * 1st. In mildness, as exhibited by comparatively high v iiler and low summer temperatures, and in the absence of great extremes of heat. * " A comparative view of the climate of Western Canada," by Henry Youle Hinde, Esq., Toronto. I S H 138 CANADA. ')■»>'• 2nd. In adaptation to the growth of certain cereals and fora.j'i crops. 3rd. In the uniformity of the distribution of grain over the agri- cultural months. 4th. In the humidity of the atmosphere, which although con- siderably less than that of a truly maritime climate, is greater than that of localities situated at a distance from the lakes. 5th. In comparative immunity from spring frosts and summer droughts. 6th. In a very favorable distribution of clear and cloudy days, for the purposes of agriculture, and in the distribution of rain over »uany days. 7th. In its salubrity. The points in which the climate of Western Canada differs favorably from that of Great Britain and Ireland are : 1 . In its high summer mean of temperature. 2. In its comparative dryness. 3. In the serenity of the sky. Yet, in spite of these advantages, impressions to the contrary have been but too prevalent, and confounding Eastern with Western Canada, (the climate of the former being, though very salubrious, iimch more severe,) all Canada is often represented as a Siberia, and that too a representation of a country whose production of wheat is annually increasing at the average rate of two millions of bushels. Subjoined, is a table of the mean maximum and mean minimum temperatures, together with the range of the different months of the year, as observed at Toronto, in Her Majesty's Observatory, being the mean of 11 years, viz: from 1840 to 1850 both inclu- sive. CANADA. 139 fii Mean, Maximum. Minimuio. KanK*. o '/ o '/ o " o " Jfttmary 24 67 46 33 4 41 49 74 February 24 14 46 35 4 S7 50 72 March 30 83 53 31 7 59 46 92 April 4217 7144 17 96 53 48 May 5184 76 76 28 82 47 94 June 6142 76 44 85 72 40 72 July 6654 8811 4406 44 06 August 65 76 83 98 45 02 38 95 September 57 11 80 19 32 07 48 12 OctobLT 44 50 66 10 22 17 44 30 November 36 57 57 03 1)5 33 43 60 December 27 18 45 25 3 62 46 27 Annual mean 44*> 39'. From these figures we glean, says Mr. Hiiide, the following facte : 1st. The hottest month in the year is July, the coldest Febru- ary. 2nd. There are four months in the year, during which the average temperature is less than the freezing point of water. Those months are, January, February, March and December. These constitute the winter months. .Srd. There are three months, April, October and November, during which, the temperature is above the freezing point of water, and below the mean temperature of the year. 4th. There are five months in the year, during which the mean temperature is above the annual mean. These arc May, June, July, August and Soptember. These months, with October, con- stitute the agricultural or growing months of Western Canada. MILDNESS OF THE CLIMATE OF THE CANADIAN PENINSULA. The following table, sliewing the difference between the mean summer and mean winter temperatures of various localities, is worthy of attention, as illustrating the mildness of the climate of Western Canada, when compared with the excessive climates of the Western States : U ■' i 1 'Ji hi 140 CANADA. Difference between the summer and tvinter means of tem2)er(iture. Latitude. O " '/ 43 89 Toronto, 39 oo 41 30 Muscatine, Iowa, 45 oo 41 28 Fort Armstrong, Illinois, 49 05 43 OS Fort Crawford, Wisconsin, 50 89 41 45 Council Bluffs, Missouri, 51 34 44 63 Fort Snelling, Minnesota, 56 60 If; ; »l AS CONTRASTED WITH GREAT nHITAIN^ In nearly every part of England and Ireland, the mean annual temperature varies from two to five degrees higher tlian at Toronto. The mean summer temperature is four or five degrees lower than at the last mentioned place. Hence Indian corn will rarely ripen, or nielons, squashes, or pumpkins grow to any size in the open air in the British Isles, though these vegetables attain remarkable dimensions in Western Canada. Peaches, plums, and grapes also ripen freely in the open air, and the first mentioned fruit, in the Niagara District, are grown in orchards. The mean summer tem- perature of 5*7° 2'', appears to bo the minimum requisite for the cultivation of wheat. The mean summer temperature at Toronto is 64" 51", and if the mean of the whole Province were taken, it would probably be found to be 06°. The mean maximum sum- mer temperature at Toronto is 85° 26". Table of the mean summer temperature at various localities in Europe compared with Toronto : Degrees. Toronto, mean summer heat, 64 . 61 Berlin, (Europe,) " " 63 . 2 Cherbourg, " " 61.9 Penzance, " " 61.8 Greenwich, " " 60.88 Cheltenham. " 60.04 ffvMf; If-S ^' CANADA. Dogrees. Toronto, mean temperature of the hottest months, 66 . 54 141 Paris, " « 11 II 60.02 Frankfort on the Main, II II II 66.00 Berlin, " II II « 64. 4 London, " " II II « 64. 1 Cherbourg, " « « ti 63. 2 LOWER CANADA. The climate of the Province, and of that portion of Upper Canada which lies to the north of the 44th parallel of latitude, is more severe than in the favoured region of Canada above alluded lo, lying south of that parallel. The prevailing winter wind in the Canadas is the north-west. In Peninsular Canada, as it may be styled, it sweeps over unfrozen lakes of vast extent and depth. In the other portions of Canada it traverses forest regions, and a frozen tract of country extending far towards the poles. Hence the production of greater winter cold and summer heat in the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, than south of the 44tli parallel. Still, the climate of Lower Canada is eminently salubrious, and the thermometer is but a very imperfect guide to the enquirer ac- customed to its ranges in the damp, humid atmosphere of sea boimd countries. The atmosphere in winter is dry, clear and bracing, and consequently consumption is less prevalent than in Britain, or even the United States. The depth of snow is usually from eighteen inches to two feet, and its coming is looked for with eager- ness, supplying as it does to the wayfarer and the agriculturist a natural railroad, which in a new country, where roads are at first imperfectly constructed, is of great benefit. Snow usually disajt- pears finally in Lower Canada about the middle of April, and aji- pears about the beginning of December. In Western Canada, north of the 44th parallel of latitude, snow usually disappears three weeks sooner than in Lower Canada, while south of that t. m-T 142 CANADA. W\ -I ])aralle], there is rarely sufficient snow to permit of over two or three days sleighing in winter. As the great lumber ren-ion lit> north of the parallel, the snow is of great service in enablinff tin; trees after being felled to be drawn out to the streams, down which they are in spring to be floated. The snow also acts use- i ully on the soil, being a natural fertiliser, and hence Lower Can- ada, while before the visit of the Hessian fly scourge, now di^- appearinr';, it produced wheat largely, is especially adapted to tli« growth of root crops. The heat of the climate has also been much exaggerated. I liere give, for the various months, the monthly means of tempera- at Montreal and Greenwich : Montreal. Greenwich. January 18.58 Sl.ld February 16.08 37.06 March 28.96 42.20 April 41.04 47.10 May 56.12 63-64 June 68.97 60.03 July 71.36 61.43 August 71.04 61.19 September 68.50 66.99 October 44.53 49.33 November 32.36 44.67 December 18.50 39.97 The mean temperature of the month of July at Montreal during four years was 71.36, while at Greenwich the mean of seven years was 61.43. The mean highest temperature at Montreal in July was 97.70, at Toronto 88.28, at Greenwich 85.37. The mean lowest temperature at Montreal in July was 63.25, at Toronto 42.86, and at Greenwich 45.80. .., - -i CANADA. 143 The prevailing wincis of Canafla are stated by a writer on Cana 410) 590 874 Stg. 5s. OS. 8s. 12s. lis. 16s. 24s. 32s, Cy.^ 6s. 3d. 7s. 6d. 10s. Od. 15s. Od. 17s. 6d. 20s. Od. 30s. Od. 40s. Od. Stg. lis. lis. 20s. 288. 34s. 363. 50s. 80s. Cy. 138. 9d. Prescott Brockville 178. 6d. Kingston 25s. Od. Cobourg Port Hope 35s. Od. Bond Head Darlington 42s. 6d. Whitby Toronto 45s. Od. Hamilton Detroit $14 Chicago $30 Passengers by this line tranship at Kingston to the Lake Steamers, aud at Toronto for Buffalo. **r )K i'^ 146 APPENDIX. Daily by the American Line Steamer, at 1 o'clock, A. M. i'r i' I 1 From Montnml to — OKdonslmrg CafMi Vincent iSacket's Harbour.. Ohwc^o llo. 17h. i'mI. 2.')S. 0(1. ,SOh. Oil. ;V2m. ♦kl. 37x. tul. 4-2s. *U). 47s. tut. Steamers for ontreal. . 288. 9(1. . 288. 9d. B8TEUN RaIL- ve Hamilton igan Central t Class Train. r- Cy,, Od, is. 3d. (( 8d. 4s. Od. Od. 6s. 3d. Od. 8s. Oil. Od. 13s, 3fl. Od. 17s. 6d. H Od. 25s. Od. Od, 66s. Od. ake Michigan, ication to Mr. eceivc correct APPENDIX. 147 Ottawa Riveb ans Rideau Canal. — From Montreal to Bytown and placet CD the Uidoau Canal, by steam every evening, by Robertson, Jonen Ik Co.'s Lino. Distances. D(!ck Passengers, From Montreal to— Carillon, Miles, 64 66 73 12» Stg, 2m. 3s. 8s. 4s. 6a. Cy. 28. *'kI. Orenvillo, :{i*. itd. L'OriKinal 38. Od. Bytown, 6«<. edi Iso vis' t, IT) miles ; Port Dalho .on.— Passaj Oakville, usie on th ge, 3s, 9d. 26 miles; 3 entrance M* (; iw )hio, Peniisvl- Stoamers leave Kingston daily for the Bay of Quiiite aTid the River Trent, calliiiic at Picton, Adolphustowu, Belleville, and other landing places in tlic Ba^. ¥ I 148 APPENDIX. TO NEW BRUNSWICK. The beat and most expcHlitiou.-! route is by the St. Lawrence and Atkntic Kailrond, from Montreal t-41 Portland — thence by Steamer, wliich leaves j for St. John's, N. B., every Monday and Wednesday eveninjj at 8 o'clock. Route. Btg. Cy. From Qu('h. nd Atlantic vliich k'HVca I at 8 t)'clock. Cy, • 3s. !>(l. 3IN. (kl. -<2(ls. Od. 5;j8. IKl. d Hamilton. ns. Cy. 10s. Cy. ;e(l half-priw, f by Railroad, •gt'iL illing, 18. 3d. i Ihief Agent. APPENDIX. 149 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL HUHSTANCES SENT FROM CANADA TO THE PARIS EXHHIITION, IN THE ORDEH IN WHICH THEY ARE EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS. 1 . Metala and their orra. .Magnetic Iron, from Mamiora, Madoc, Sliorbruoke, Crosby, Hull, Leeds and Portage du Fort. ISpecular Iron, from McNab, Wallace and Lake Nipissiug. |l}og Iron, from Houghton, Vaudreuil, Nicolas, Machiche, Pointe du Lac, St. Pierre, Cap do la Madeleine and Saint Valier. iTitanifcrous Iron, from Sutton and Promo. Umenite, from Pay St. Paul and Saint Urbuin. I Blende, from Lake Superior. daleu.i, from Lake Superior, Gaspi', Ramsay and Lanfdowno. Copper Ore, from Lake Superior, Lake Huron and Itivcnicss. Native Copper, from Lake Superior. Auro- Argentiferous and Argentiferous Pyrites, from the Eastern Townshipji. I Xickel, from Lakes Hnron, Superior and Daillcbout. Silver, Native, from Lake Superior. I Gold, Native, from Rivore du Loup, Fief St. Charles, Aubert de I'lsle, Etche- min. River Chaudi^re, River Famine, and other neigiibouring places. I Platinum, from Fief St. Charles. Iridosmine, from Fief St. Charles. Auriferous Pyrites, from La Beaucc. Argentiferous Pyrites, from La Beauce. Arsenical Pyrites, from La Beauce, 2. Minerals requiring chemical operations to fit them for use. Uran Ochre, from Madoc Chromic Iron, from Bolton and Ham. Cobalt, from Lake Superior. Wad, or Earthy Manganese, from Quebec. Iron Pyrites, from Lanoraie, Dautraye, and the Eastern Townships, Molybdenite, from Lake Superior and Soraerville. Dolomite, from Dalhousie, Blythfield, Sutton, Brome, Shipton, St. Sylvcstre and Point Levy. Magnesite, from Sutton and Bolton. 3. Mineral Paints. Iron Ochre, from Ste. Anne near Quebec, Cap de la Madeleine, Shipton, and Pointe du Lac and Bimouski. Barytes, from Burgess and Lansdowne. Phosphate of Iro'j, from Vaudreuil. ! ■-« ■\ ^' . 1 1 50 APPENDIX. • 4, Materialt npplieable to the FiM ArtM, Litliograpbic Stono, from Marmora. f>. MitteriaU applienble to JewfUery, Ai?.at('«, from Liik« Su[)t!ii()r and the North Shore. li;il)rii(lorit«i, fnun Ori'iiville. .JllHp^'r, from Luke Hiiiou. Uil>boue«l Chert, fmin Lake Stiperlor, IVrthite, from HiithuPHt. Kuby, from Bui'gt'»s. 6. Rffraeiory Materialt. Soupstoiie (compnct talc,) from Bolton and Potton. Micii, from Greiivilhj. )'himba|[jn, from Orenvillo and Burgess. White Hafj(l«torio, from St. Maurice. Anbciituii, from Diilhoueiu uud Kamouraska 7. Mineral Manuret. I'liosphnte of Lime, from Perth. Gypsum, from Brantford and Oneida. Shell Marl, from Ottawa, Sheffield, Montreal and I^tanatesd. 8. Grinding and Polishing Materialt. Whctrttones, from Miidoc, Eastern Townships. Canadian Tripoli, from fiaval. 9. Materials employed in the eonstruction of buildingt, slates, from the Ea'^tern TownshipB. White Granite, Hereford, Barnston, St. Joseph and Nicolet Pseudo-granite, from Nicolet and Lorette. Sandstone, from Ramsay, Pembroke and St. Maurice. Calcareous Sandstone, from Lauzon and Chaudi^re. Ijiraestonc, from Marmora, McNab, The Chats, Gloucester, Montreal, Packenham and Caughnawaga. Trap, from St. Ilochs. Marble, from Oxford, Lake Brompton, Dudswell, Saint Armand, Saint Lin' McNab and Packenham. Hydraulic Limestone, from Thorold, Quebec, Oneida, Nepeanand Brantford. Building Bricks, from divers places. 10. CombuttibU Materialt, Peat, from Longueuil and Sheffield. A.iun(U U inilcbtod t« ita cxpcripnced goulugiiit, Mr. Lo t. 152 APPENDIX* 8. Fraxin€(c. ■White Ash. (Fraxinus Americana. Liun.) Black Ash. (Fraxinus Sambucit'olia. Lambert.) Hock Ash. (Fraxinus Pubescens. Walter.) Rim Aeh. (Fraxinus Juglandifolia. Lambert.) 9. Lanracew. SassBiVns. (Sassafras Officinale. Von Esonbeck. ) 10. lllmaceoe. White Kim. (Ulmns Americana. Linn.) Red or Slippery Kim, (Ulmns Fulva. Michaux.) Rock Elm. (Ulmus Racemosa. Thomas.) Gray Elm. ( " " ) 11. Juglandaceci. Butternut. (Juglans Cinerea. Linn.) Black Walnut. (Juglans Nigra, Linn.) Soft Wahmt. Shell Bark Hickory. (CaryaAlba. Nuttal.) Smooth Bark Hickory. ( " Tormcntosa. Nuttal.) Pignut. ( " Glabra Torney.) Bitternut. ( " Amara. Nuttal.) 12. Cupulifereas. White Oak. ( Quercus Alba. Linn.) Swamp White Oak. ( " Bicolor. Willd.) Red Oak. ( " Rubra. Linn.) Black Oak. ( " Nigra. Linn ) Chesnut. (Castanea Vosca. Linn.) White Beech. (Fagus Ferruginea. Alton.) Blue Boech, Horu-Boam. (Carpinu3 Americana. Michaux.) Iron Wood. (Ostrya Virgiuica. Willd.) 13. BettdacecE. Paper or Canoe Bir:li. (Betula Papyracea. Alton.) ( ( Yellow Birch. Cherry Birch. Black Birch. ( Alder. (Alnus Incana. " Excelsa. Alton.) " Lenta. Linn.) " Nigra. Linn.) Willd.) 14. Salicaceoe, Black Willow. (Salix Nigra, Marshall.) Aspen Poplar. (Populus Tremuloidcs. Michaux.) Large-toothed Aspen. ( " Grandidentata. Michaux, Balm of Gilead. ( " Balsamifera, Linn.j Cotton-wood, N(>cklace Poplar (Populus Monilifera. Alton.) \ APPENDIX. 1 5. Plantanacece. 153 Button-wood, American Sycamore. (Plantanus Occidentalis. Linn.) 16. Coni/erecB. I Pitch Pine, (Pinus Rigida. Miller.) Red Pine. ( " Resinosa. Aiton.) Yellow Pine. ( " Mitis. Michaux.) White or Weymouth Pine. (Pinus Strobua. Linn.) Balsam Fir. (Abies Balsamea. Marshall.) (Hemlock Spruce. ( " Canadensis. Michaux ) [White Spruce. ( " alba. Michaux.) j Black Spruce. ( " nigra. Poiret.) I.Vmerican Larch, Tamarack, (Larix Americana. Michaux.) Iwhite Cedar. (Thuya occidcutalis. Linn.) |pved Cedar, ?avin. (Junipcrus Virginiana. Linn.) These woods are found in abundance in all our forests, with Tcry few Itxeeptions: they are, with respect to the soil proper to each, subject to the lame conditions as in other countries. The only remark of a general nature phich we may here make is, that the families ofjuglandacea and cupuliferem lire more parti ularly the produce of the western section of tlie Province, Iwhile those of the coniferea and accracem are more particularly that of tlit* lEasterii section. fe h^ I I9 1 1.1 m/iin\f!VB. / 1/ y ■m ? 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I'-UIIS KXIIiniTIOX OFFICE, Quebec, &rd May, iwa. Tlio Executive Oommitteo of tlio Paris Kxhibitinn submit herewith the decision of the Jud.si's iippoiiit<'(l to (Iccidc upmi tlii» iiu-rits of f Ik; Kssays on Gamula and iU resources, for whicli prizes worc oll'iircd by tlic Coinmitteo. UEroilT OF THE JUDIJES: Tlio Committoo to whom the Kxocutivo CommittiM^ on Hio Paris Kxhibition rofernKl the soloction of tlin Prizo Essays on C;inada submit tlio foilowiua; lli'port : Tlu! Committee liav(! rcccivcMl from tht- Secretary nineteen Kssays, ('ii,'hteen of which have boon carefnliy considered, but the nineteenth is so ilieirihly written thai it has been quito impossil)lo to deoiplior it, witJiout an amount of time and painH, wliich the several jMembers nf the Committee, liavo ijoon unable to irive. Of thft eij^hteeu Essays tho Committee have scioctod tlu-ite, with tlio following mottoes : " Labor omnia vineit," — " J 'ai vu cc que j(> raconte,"— and " Virtutc ot labore. dum siiiro, sijoro."— as those which in their jiidjitnent are entitled to prizes, but they have been unable to decide upon tho order in which tlioy sliall stand, as they arc equally divided in opinion upon their classillcation, and they, tlKirefuro, report them to kul Executive Committoo simply as prize- wort Iiy, consideriii!^ it lietter not to make particular reference to their notes, as to the positi(ju which each Essay should occupy an tho prize list. In addition to these tliroo Essays, tho Committee recommend those with the followins mottoes: "Suam quisque pellem portat,"— " Reddit ubi Cererem tcllus inarata quotannis," — and " It is with nations as with nature, she knows no pause in progress or development, and attiiclies her curse to all inaction,"— to tlie favorable consideration of tho Executivo Committee, either as deserving to be published at the ISiblic expense, or as entitling their authors to some gratuity to assist in their publi- cation, as the Executive Committee shall deem best, with tlio cf)USont and at the «I>tion of the authors themselves. The Committee have been most favorably impressed by several of the remaining Essays, and while they have not considered it necessary to make any further clossifl- oation, they cannot avoid congratulating thu Country that the opportunity has been afforded to so many able writcjrs cf displajniig the capabilities of this noble Province. In conclusion, tho Committee regret that their various avocations, since they were named na Judges, hav(>, kept them so constantly engaged, tliat tlusy have not been able to give so close an attention to all these Essays as they should have desired, but they have given them the most carefid consideration the time allotted would permit, and although there is not one, even of those reported without several errors of detail or 'description, they have risen from their perusal with much gratification, arising as 160 DECISION OF JUDGES. k well from tlio ^roat amount of correct statistical iiifonnation that liafl been brougtu to>?ether, as from the afirreeuble and readable shajie in which much of it lias Imicu prepartul for the imblic eye. (Signed,) J. HILLYAttI) CAMEROX, 1). n. STKVKN80\, IIOHKIIT (MIRISTIK, H. I'AUKNT, L. H. IIOLTON, A N. MimiM. Qu,;bcc, 2iird April, ISM. The E.\ecutiv(i Comiiiittce hjul detennined that in case the mfi,|orit.v of the Judji^ sliould be unable to a^^rce aa to the clas.silleation of the Essays for the Prizes, it would be mlvisable to retiuest His Excellency the Governor (teneral to make the award, and accordingly on receiving the abovi^ l^'port, they bepged llis Excellency to undortakw the task, which His Excelhmcy was Kood enoufrli to consent to. The following is the d(K'ision of His Iilxcellency :— The Governor Genenil haviiii^ carefully perused and considered the Essays placed in his liandii by the Judges assigns the first jilaeo to that one bearing the motto " Labor omnia viiiclt." Tlic other two, though very dill'erent in chanicter, ho has great difhenKy in placing. The French I^ssay (.I'ai vu ce quo je raconte) is more readable, and in some respecta preferable to the English one " Virtuto ct labore, dum sjiiro, «poro." On the other hand, the English is more systeni;itic and concise, and for purposes of referonee conv(>ys more information, and if it is impossible to treat them as equal, whi(!h llis Excellency would willingly do, it scunns proper to assign the second priao to the latter of tlic two, and the third to the French. (Signed,) EDMUND HEAD. 1st Ma^', 1856 The Executive Committee have, therefore, to announce that the First Prize is awarded to John Sheridan Ilogan, Esquire, autJior of the Essay with the mottn " Labor omnia vineit," (*)— the second prize to Alexander Slorris, Es(i., of Montreal, with the motto " Virtuto et labore, dum spiro, 8pero,"~and the third prize to J. C Tach6, Esquire, M. P. P., author of the Essay with the motto " J'ai vu ce que Jti raconte." In accordance with the recommendation of the Judges, tlio Executive Committee have awarded three (!xtra prizes of X'25 each to the authors of the Essays bearing the mottoes " Suam quisque pellera portat,"— " Rcddit ubl Cerorem tellus inaraln quotannis/'— and " It is with nations as with nature, she knows no pause in progress and developm(!nt, and attaches her curse to all inaction." The authors of these Es-says are Hector L. Langovin, Esq., of the City of Quebec ; E. EiUings, Esq., of the City of Ottawa, and William Ilutton, Esq., Secretary IJoard of Statistics, Quebec. The authors of the other Essay's may obtain them on application to the ABsistont Secretary of the Committee, 1. 11. Eckart, Esq., Quebec. i FRANCIS HINCKS, Chairman, Executive Committee.i (•) Mr. Hogan's card, in addition to his name, contained the following mcmoran* dum : — " He takes the opj)ortunity of stating that the valuable Statistics upon Agri- culture and Commerce in the accompanying Essay were derived from Evelyn' Campbell, Esquire, of the Statistics Olilco. { ich of it lias b