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J ) J ) iiema.iik:s ON THE FAUNA OF THE QUEBEC GROUP OF ROCKS, AND THI PRIMORDIAL ZONE OF CANADA. Montreal, 31st Dec, 18G0. My dear Mr. Barrande, I am much itidebted to you for your letter of the Gth August, which was accompanied by a copy of your communication to Professor Bronn of Heidelberg, dated IGth July. Agreeably to your request, I took an early opportunity of letting Mr. Hall have a copy of your com- munication to Prof. Bronn, and he received it on the 11th or 12th Sep- tember. I am of course aware, from the correspondence you have had with my friend Mr. Billings and myself, how far you are acquainted with our disco- veries at Quebec. On two occasions, just previous to the receipt of your last letter to Mr. Billings (received the 8th November), I devoted the short time I could spare from other engagements connectec'. with the Geological Survey, to farther researches at Point Levi. I hfive satisfied myself, notwithstanding the conglomerate aspect of the bands of rock which contain our new fossils, that tlie fossils are of the age of the strata. Without entering at present on minute details of structure, I may say that the chief pnrt of the specimens, found up to this time, are from two parallel out-crops, which might be taken as representing two distinct layers. If they are such, they are comprehended in a tliickness of about 1 50 feet ; but the circumstances of the case, connected with the physical structure, make it probable that the one band is a repetition of the other through the influence of an anticlinal fold or a dislocation. Both out- crops dip to the south-eastv»-ard. From the more northern out-crop (which we shall call A^ ) we have ob- tained Ofthis 1, Lepta'Hu 1, CivnenUa 1, Linguhi 2, Discinal, AgnostttsS, Conocephditci, 1, Arionellus 4, Dihelocephnlus 6, Buthjurun 4. From tlie more soutlicrn out-crop (which we shall call A") we have Dictyontma 1, Orthis 2, Lejytivna 1, Strophomena 1, Camcrella 1, Cyrtodontn {?) 1, Mnrr.h'isonia 3, Plcurotomaria 7, Jlelicotoma 2, Sfropnrolhis 2, Capu- liis 2, Agnosias 1, Bathyurus 4, Cheiriirus 2, Amphion 2. From a third out-crop, which is still fiirther southward, and supposed to be another repetition of the same band (whicli we shall call A"), we have Orthis 1, Ccnnrrella 1, Asaphus {A. Illmioides) 1, Bathjurifi 1. Tracing A" or A^ round the extremity of a synclinal, and finding occasional indications of the fossils of A^ and A^, we arrive at a i>osition on the south side of the synclinal. We shall call the position P. Here the band A» or A^" ends, but a bed of sandstone a little above it is traceable over an anti- clinal to a junction with a conglomerate baud lower than A^ or A^, shewing that A^ or A* must merge into it. Call this A'. In this we have Asaj)hus (J.. Illctnoides) 1, Mcnoaphahis (J/, glohosus) 1. These two species occur in the same fragment of rock. Of all these fossils, 1 Orthis is common to A^, A' and A^ ; 1 Lipfama, 1 Cnmerella, 1 Lingula, 1 ^j.gnostus, and 1 Bathyurus, are common to A^ and A^ ; 1 Asaphus is common to A^ and A'. The dip at P is to the south-eastward, and therefore an inverted dip. North-west of this, and therefore above it, at such a distance as would give a thickness of between 200 or 300 feet, we have a band of shale with nodules of limestone, the nodules made up of ithcr n unded masses in u matrix holding fossils, many of them silieifiec. Fr mi a few of these compound nodules we have obtained Orthis 11, Lc2)ti nn 1 ; this band we shall call B'. A band like this occurs about half > mile or more to the south-westward. It may be a higlicr band, or it may be the same band, but we shall call itU". From this we obtain Crinoidan (columns) 3, Orthis 1, Camcrella 1, Nautilus 1, Orthoceras 1, LepenUtia 1, Trih- hites (2 genera undetermined) 2. In another position to the south-cast, on the south-east of the same anticlinal previously mentioned, we meet with a conglomerate band supposed to be the same as B^ ; but, in case it should be different, wo shall call it B^. Here wo have Orthis 3, Plvurotoinaria 2, Murchisimia 1, Ophileta 1, Ilelicotoiwi 1, Nautilus 1, Maclurea 1, Orthoceras 3 or 4, Cyrtocrras 1, Jiafhyun^ti 1, lllaiius 2, Asaplius 1. Of all these fossils. 1 Orthis and 1 Canuinila. arc coninion to B' and B^; the same Orthis and Camcrella with 1 Lcpta'ua are 3om- mon to B', A*, A* and A^. To the north of all these exposures, and on tho nortli-west side of a synclinal running parallel with the synclinal already mentioned, fossils have been obtained in a cliff of about 100 feet, composed of limestone coriilomeratc, thin bedded limestones and shales. Their equivalence is not yet quite certain, but the strata arc supposed to be not far removed ^ 1 ^ > r' ■t i * ^ V > f from A' and A^. Wo shall call this cliff A. The fossils from it are Tetradium 1, Orthis 1, Lingula 2, TrilohUes (genus undcscribcd) 1, with a groat collection of compound Graptolidve, described and being described by Mr. Hall under the genera GrajHolithus 25, RctioUtes 1, Reteograptus 2, PIii/lIograjHus 5, Dmdrogniptus 3, Thamnograptut 'A, Dicti/oncma, 3. I have given you these details of localities, because as the subject requires further investigation wo do not yet wish to commit ourselves entirely as to the equivalency of separate exposures. But there is no doubt that the whole is one group of strata deposited under one set of alternating circumstances. The whole fauna, as known up to the present time, is composed of — Articulata, 36 species. MoUusca, 55 " Graptolida3 42 " Radiata, 4 " 137 Of this fauna not one species is found in the Anticosti gi'oup, where we have a gradual passage from the fauna of the Hudson River formation to that of the Clinton, and not one of any formation higher than the Chazy. Mr. Billings recognises one species, Madurea Atlantica (Billings) as belonging to the Chazy, and six species as belonging to the Calciferous. They are Lingula Mantelli (Billings), CamcrcUa undescribed, Eccul.i- omphalus undeiscribed, Helicotoma uniangulati (Hall), //. pcrstriata (Billings), and one reraarkab'e species of an undetermined genus, like a very convex Cyrtodonta, which occurs both at Mingan and Point Levi. All of the forms, particularly the trilobitcs, remind the observer of those figured by Mr. Dale Owen from the oldest fossiliferous rocks of the Mis- sissippi valley, while independent of the six species identical with Chazy and Calciferous forms, there are many others closely allied to those found in the latter formation in Canada. From the physical structure alone no person would suspect the break that must exist in the neighbourhood of Quebec, and without the evidence 0*' the fossils, every one would bo authorized to deny it. If there had been only one or two species of an ancient tyi^e, your own doctrine of colonics might have explained the matter, but this I presume would scarcely be applicable to so many identities in a ftuma of such an aspect. Since there must be a break, it will not be very difficult to point out its course and its character. The whole Quebec group, from the base of the magnesian conglomerates and their accompr.nying magnesian shales to the summit of the Sillcry sandstones, must have a thickness of perhaps some 5000 or 7000 feet. It appears to be a great develop- niont of strata about the horizon of the Chazy and Calciforous, and it it* brou^^ht to the surface by an overturn anticlinal fold with a crack and a ^^reat dislocation running along the summit, by which the Quebec group is brought to overlap tlie Hudson lliver formation. Some- times it may overlie the overturned Utica formation, and in Vermont points of the overturned Trenton appear occasionally to emerge from beneath the overlap. A scries of such dislocations traverses eastern North America from Alabama to Canada. They have been described by .Messieurs lloger.s, and by Mr. Saftbrd. The one in question comes upun the boundary of the Province not over a couple of miles from Lake Chaniplain. From this it proceeds in a gently curving line to (Quebec, keeping just north of the fortress ; thence it coasts the nortli side of the Island of Orleans, leaving a narrow margin on the i.sland for the Hudson lliver or Utica formation. From near the east end of the island it keeps under the waters of the St. Lawrence to within eighty miles of the extremity of Gasp(?. Here again it leaves a strip of the Hudson lliver or Utica formation on the coast. To the south-east of this line the Quebec group is arranged in long narrow parallel .«yneliiial forms with many overturn dips. These synclinal forms are separated from one another on the main anticlinals by dark grey and even blaek sli des and limestones. These have lieiotofore been taken by me for shales and limestonesofthe Hudson lliver formation,which they strongly resemble, but as they sepai'ate the synclinals of tlie Quebec group must now be considered older. I am not prepared to say tliat the Potsdam deposit in its typical form of a sandstone is anywhere largely developed above these shali.'S, where the shales are in greatest force. Neither am I prepared to assert its absence, as there are in some places masses of gninular ([uartzite, not far removed from the magnesian rocks of the (Quebec group, which re(juire t'arth t investigation ; but, from finding wind-mark and ripple- mark on closi'ly succeeding layers of the Potsdam sandstone where it rests immediately upon the Laurentiau series, we know that this arena- ceinis portion of the fcrmation must have been deposited immediately contiguous to the coast of the ancient Silurian sea, where part of it was even exposed at the ebb of tide. Out in deep water the deposit may have btH'U a black partially calcareous mud, such as would gi"e the shales and limestones which come from beneath the Quebec group. In Canada no fossils have yei been found in these shales, but the shales resemble those in which O^'Ht have been found in Georgia (Vermont). These shales appear to be interposed between eastward dipping rocks C(juivalent to the magnesian strata of tlie Quebec group, and they may be brought up by an overlapping anticlinal or dislocation. We are thus led to believe that these shales and limestones, which may be subordinate M>, anil with a lich the Some- 'ermont ^c I'roin ca from Rogers, iidiiry of From north of Orleans, or Utica iiuler the reniity of or Utica ig narrow nul forms tained at Quebec pretty clearly demonstrate that in this he is right. It i ' e same time satisfactory to find that the view which Mr. Billings c d to you in his letter of the 12th July, to the efiect that the Quebi tes appeared to him to be about the base of the second fauna, should so well accord with your opinions ; and that what we were last spring disposed to regard at Georgia as a colony in the second fauna, should so soon be proved, by the discoveries at Quebec, to be a constituent part of the primordial zone. I am, my dear Mr. Barrande, Very truly yours, W. E. LOGAN. Mr. JoAcniM Barrande, Rue MtJzi^re, No. 6, Paris.