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(From (in aiiciciif M.S. on })a}>(/ri(ti/uti)i(i u( Tlitbes.) EGYPT. At the earliest period to which civil history reaches back, Egypt was inhabited by a highly civilized agricultural people, under a settled monarchical government, divided into castes, the highest of which was composed of the priests, who were the ministers of religion based on a pantheistic worship of nature, and having or its sacred symbols not only images, but also living animals, md even plants. The priests were also in possession of all tlie iterature and science of the country, and all the employments based upon such knowledge. The other castes were, 2nd, the A EGYPl. soldiers; 3rd, the busbandmen ; 4th, the artificers and tradesmen ; and last, held in great contempt, the shepherds or hordsmen, poulterers, fishermen, and servants. Tlie Egyptians possessed a written language, which appears to have had affinities with both the great families of language — the Semitic and the Indo-Euro- pean ; ^nd the priestly caste, moreover, the exclusive knowledge of a sacred system of writing, the characters of which are known by the name oi hieroijlyjpliics^ in contradistinction to which the common characters are called enclwrial, (i.e., of the country.) They were acquainted with all the processes of manufacture which are es.sential to a highly-civilized community. They had made great advances in the fine arts, especially architecture and sculpture, (for in painting, their progress was impeded by a want of knowledge of perspective.) They were deterred from commer- cial enterprise by the policy of the priests, but they obtained foreign productions to a great extent chiefly through the Phoenicians, and at a later period they engaged in maritime expeditions. In science they do not seem to have advanced so far as some have thought ; but their religion led them to cultivate astronomy and its application to chronology, and the nature of their country made a knowledge of geometry indispensable, and their applica- tion of its principles to irchitecture is attested by their extant edifices. There can bo little doubt that the origin of this remarkable people, and of their early civilization, i? to be traced to the same Asiatic source as the early civilization of Assyria and India. The ancient history of Egypt may be divided into four great periods: — (1.) From the earliest times to its conquest by Cam - byses, during which it was ruled by a succession of native princes, into the difficulties of whose history this is not the place to inquire. The last of them, Psammenitus, was conquered and dethroned by Cambyses in B.C. 625, when Egypt became a province of the Persian empire. (2.) From the Persian conquest in B.C. 525, to the transference of their dominion to the Macedonians in B.C. 332. This period was one of almost constant struggles between the Egyptians and their conquerors until B.C. 340, when Nectanabis II., the last native ruler of Egypt, was defeated by Darius Ochus, It was during this period that the Greeks acquired a considerable knowledge of Egypt. (3.) During the dynasty of the Macedonian kings, from the accessioa of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, in B.C. 323, down to B.C. 30, when Egypt became a province of the Roman empire. When Alexander invaded Egypt in B.C. 332, the country t 4 THK MONUMENTS OF EGYPT. rudesmen ; herdsmen, possessed with both [ndo-Euro- knowledge are known which the ? country.) anufacture They had jcture and bja want Q commer- led foreign hoenicians, itions. In some have Qomy and r country ir appHca- eir extant n of this be traced SRyriaand four great t by Cam- re princes, to inquire, hroned by nee of the .c. 625, to ins in B.C. between S^ectanabis ius Ochus. nsiderable [acedonian n B.C. 323, le Roman 10 country ; "« submitted to him without a struggle; and, tyhilc he left it behind him to return to the conquest of Persia, he conferred upon it the greatest benefit that was in his power, by giving orders for the building of Alexandria. In the partition of the empire of Alex- ander, after his death in u.c. 323, Dgypt fell to the share of Ptolemy, the sou of Lagus, who assumed the title of king in B.C. 306, and founded the dynasty of the Ptolemies, und*^!' whom the country greatly flourished, and became thy chief seat of Greek learning. But soon came the period of decline. Wars with the adjacent kingdom of Syria, and the vices, weaknesses, and dis- sensions of the rcyal family, wore out the state, till in B.C. 81 the Romans were called upon to interfere in the disputes for the crown, and in B.C. 55 the dynasty of the Ptolemies came to bo entirely dependent on Roman protection, and, at last, after the battle of Actium, and the death of Cleopatra, who was the last of the Ptolemies, Egypt wa^ made a Roman province, B.C. 30. (4.) Egypt under the Romans, down to its conquest by the Arabs in A.f). G38. As a Roman province, Egypt was one of the most flourishing portions of the empire. The fertility of its soil, and its position between Europe, Arabia, and India, together with the possession of such a port as Alexandria, gave it the full benefit of the two great sources of wealth, agriculture and commerce. Learning continued to flourish at Alexandria, and a succession of teachers, such as Origen and Clement of Alexandria, conferred real lustre on the ecclesiastical annals of the country. When the Arabs made their great inroad upon the Eastern empire, the geo- graphical position of Egypt naturally caused it to fall an imme- diate victim to that attack, which its wealth and the peaceful character of its inhaFtants invited. It was conquered by Amrou, the lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, in a.d. 638. — Smith. I THE MONUMENTS OF EGYPT. The life and history of the ancient Egyptians arc known to us, not through native historians or poets, but through the works 'of the Greeks, through the Scriptures of the Old Testament, and more especially through the sculptured and architectural works of the people themselves ; for those works, having withstood the ravages of thousands of years, and the destructive hand of man, still remain, and bear witness to the greatness of tlie ancient Egyp- tians, to thoir skill, their arts, and their mode of life. No nation THE MONUMENTS OF KCYPT. ^1 has ever so fully poj^tmyed ?tsolf in all its pursuits, religious, «ocial, and military, as the Egyptians. But Egypt, with all its wonders, was comparatively little known until the end of the last century, when a new impulse was given to the study of its his- tory and its antiquities, by the expedition of Napoleon. The most ancient and most remarkable of these monuments are those at Thebes, in the upper -valley of the Nile. The city of Thebes, the most ancient capital of Egypt, was situated on both banks of the Nile, and its site is at present occupied by several villages, from which the ruins derive their names. Travellers are inex- haustible in their admiration of the gigantic masses of ruin, of UUinS OF TUB T£MPLB OF KARNAK. the temples, avenues of columns, obelisks, colossuses, and cata- combs, in which the district abounds. The temple palace of Karnak, like some others of those vast structures, probably con- sisted partly of temples, and partly of residences of the Egyptian kings. This stupendous ruin is connected with another in the village of Luxor, by an avenue of colossal sphinxes, no less than six thousand feet in length — the sphinxes standing at intervals of ten feet from one another, but most of them now covered with earth. The portico of the temple of Karnak, to which the avenue of sphinxes forms tlu* approach, is generally regarded as I TFIE MONUMENTS OF EGYPT. I the grandest specimen of Egyptian architecture. One hundred and thirty- four columns support the edifice. The twelve central ones are of gigantic dimensions, measuring thirty-four feet in circumference, and fifty-six in height, with capitals so large, that one hundred men can comfortably stand together on them. The walls of the apartments and chambers here, as in all the other temples and palaces, are decorated with statues and figures in relief, painted over with brilliant colors. All these monuments are of the greatest interest, not only because they display the state of the arts at a remote period, but because the sculptures and paintings represent historical occurrences connected with the founders of the monuments. The buildings on the western bank of the river, though not equal to those of Karnak and Luxor, are yet among the finest Egyptian monuments. We there meet with the palace and temple of Medmet-Habu, and a structure in the vicinity called the Memnonium. A plain not far from it bears the name of the " Region of the Colossuscs," from the number of colossal statues with which it is covered, partly stand- ing upright, partly overturned, and partly broken to pieces. The two largest of them are fifty-six feet high, one of these being the celebrated statue of Memnon, which was believed in ancient times to give forth a shrill sound every morning at sunrise. Not far from these colossal figures, remnants of a Ijuilding are seen, which had sufiered mucli from the destructive hand of man, and is generally believed to be the tomb of Osymandias, mentioned by Diodorus. Most of the tombs, however, are under ground, and the necropolis of Thebes, extending from Medmet-Habu for a distance of about five miles in the Libyan hills, is scarcely less remarkable than the temples and palaces of the city itself. The many subterranean chambers and passages form a real labyrinth. The wails of these chambers are likewise covered with figures in relief, and fresco paintings, in many of which the colors are still as fresh as if they were of yesterday. They represent the judg- ment of the dead, their history and occupations, and are therefore of great interest to the inquirer into the social and domestic cus- itoms of the ancient Egyptians. These chambers, moreover, are full of a great variety of utensils and ornaments, and rolls of papyrus, recording things connected with ihc history of those buried, or rather preserved as mummies, in the catacombs. The inhabitants of the village of Gurma, at the entrance of the necro- polis, have for many years carried on a lucrative; traffic in the articles found in the necropolis Among the treasures thence ir G """"'' "^ ^" ''"VP,,,,, ,„„,,„, could do fh.-. ^^P^*^'^ of Kcryr.? c,'^ T'. ^^ ^^»" aucient! these ':* ■ "2:/^'"''''^ "-'^Wki^l'-^t':'™" f."P"' would ext^,.^ 1 »" amount of skill S„i\ . execution of "•at theT.!LlV'° "r"'" '^ period :fo;' ftt '*"<' j'"e'' "o ono '^'leu afc i>« hin^Ur. X ^ '^'^^ ^wO u,c • nuri « :^ "^"st nave been Aro«8 TO ^„ ^^ - And time had no besr^ "" ''? «'<"J'. Those teninlp« r...i "egun to overthrow B«^ With th; stt. dtrtti"? T"'— J'-haps thou wort at ' "^ ™"« '^ »""- ' By oath to tS? the Sv«"''""'/'"''''thpugh'con.uptlo;'^^/ot%^'''™"'"- The .m^orta, sp^irit inlLZitZy'^Z^f' —Horace Smith. ui^ IHE ALBERT J^TANZA. the "Sources of the S ' ' Tn ^'^'' J ^^^ «*nVen fo reach discovery. ™*"- "'-t. -ver «;„,„ „.„„„.„„_ '.^ j;-^^]';»f DISCOVERY OF THE ALUERl n'yANZA. -j I had hoped, and prayed, and striven through all kinds of IdifBculties — in sickness, starvation, and fatigue — to reach that Ihidden source ; and when it had appeared impcissible, we had (both determined to die upon the road, rather than return defeated. IWas it possible that it was so near, and that to-morrow we could say, " The work is accomplished " ? March 14th. — The sun had not I'isen when I was spurring my [ox after the guide, who, having been promised a double handful of beads on arrival at the lake, had caught the enthusiasm of the moment. The day broke beautifully clear, and having crossed a deep valley between the hills, we toiled ap the opposite slope. I hurried to the summit. The glory of our prize burst suddenly upon [me ! There, like a sea of quicksilver, lay, far beneath, the grand expanse of water — a boundless sea-horizon on the south and south- west — glittering in the noonday sun ; and on the west, at fifty or sixty miles' distance, the blue mountains rose from the bosom of the lake to a height of about seven thousand feet above its level. It is impossible to describe the triumph of that moment. Here was the reward for all our labor— for the years of tenacity with which we had toiled through Africa. England had won the sources of the Nile ! Long before 1 reached this spot, I had arranged to give three cheers with all our men, in English style, in honor of the discovery ; but now that I looked down upon the great inland sea, lying nestled in the very heart of Africa, and thought how vainly mankind had sought these sources throughout so many ages, and reflected that I had been the' humble instru- ment permitted to unravel this portion of the great mystery, when so many greater than I had failed, I felt too serious to vent my feelings in vain cheers for victory, and I sincerely thanked God for ly|vin.g guided and supported us through all the dangers to the goo