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j« THE ^ 
 
 SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 
 
 ITS CAUSES ^*' LESSONS. 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 B Y 
 
 REV. H. JEKILL, B. A. 
 
 'KectocofSt. /ISat)3*&, Montreal. 
 
 Delivered iyi St. Mary' s Church, Simday^ February 
 
 i8th, igoo. ' 
 
 Published by Request. 
 
 PRICE. 15C. 
 
I 
 
We have heard zvith our ears, O Cod, our fathers have 
 told us, ivhat work Thou didst in their days, in the 
 times of old. — Psalm xliv, i. 
 
 # it» 
 
 * ^ 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 In addressing yon this evening npon the South 
 African War, its causes and lessons, I shall endeavour to 
 give you as full and lucid information as possible in 
 dealing with a difficult subject in a very limited time. 
 
 I am prompted to address you on this subject be- 
 cause I believe that as citizens of the British Empire 
 and Christian people we should have clear and intelligent 
 views upon a matter of such wide-spread interest and 
 importance as this to wdiich the eyes of the world are 
 now turned, and affecting our countr}^ to the extent 
 which this South African war does. 
 
 We are all very patriotic, but there is such a thing 
 as blind patriotism. In religion w^e are counselled to 
 be "able to give a reason of the hope that is in us," and 
 as citizens we should be able to do the same with regard 
 to our country. 
 
 It is not sufficient for me as a British subject and 
 an intelligent man to assert with loyal fervour that Eng- 
 land is right in the present issue, and at the same time 
 
be unable to give a reason why she is ri<^ht. It is my 
 duty, so far as I can, to inform myself upon the subject; 
 to get as clear a conception of the whole position as I 
 can, then I am able to form an intelligent judgment as to 
 which is right and which is wrong, and I am a])le more- 
 over, to defend my judgment by a statement of the facts 
 of tlie case. This is clearly the duty of every Christian 
 citizen. It is a duty, however, which is greatly ne- 
 glected. 
 
 The right of franchise, for example, is a sacred 
 trust, a means whereby we can do a great deal of good or 
 a great deal of harm, and yet with what blindness that 
 sacred privilege and duty is discharged by many ! 
 There are many who never inquire into the merits of the 
 individual or society, but vote on a certain side because 
 their fathers perchance voted on that side, or because 
 influence is brought to bear upon them. There is 
 nothing of intelligence in such a vote, and there is little 
 intelligence in the patriotism of many good people who 
 are willing to make great sacrifices for their country. I 
 know that it is impossible for many to get information 
 on such matters, either through lack of time or inability 
 of access to the necessary literature. It is for this rea- 
 son that I address you on the subject of the war this 
 evening — that we may have an intelligent grasp of the 
 cause of the trouble and be able to justify or condemn 
 accordingly, for how can we exercise charitable judg- 
 ment unless we are informed ? 
 
 ^ 
 
Let us consider briefly, first, some of the causes of 
 the war and then pass on to ^lean a few of the many 
 lessons to be learned from it. 
 
 tfr ♦§? ♦Jt »J? fft 
 
 CAUSES OF THE WAR. 
 
 In i486 the Cape of Crood Hope was discovered by 
 a Portuguese navigator. Eittle attention, however, was 
 given to the matter until 1620, when two English offi- 
 cers in the service of the East India Company took pos- 
 session of the country in the name of England's king. 
 The Dutch then discovering, apparently for the first 
 time, the value of the country, seized it. It was gov- 
 erned by the Dutch East India Company, with a few 
 interruptions, until 1806, when it finally passed into 
 the hands of the British. The government of the 
 country, under the Dutch East India Company was 
 cruel and oppressive. So-called courts of justice must 
 always give judgments according to the \vill of the 
 company, and a farmer could be deprived of his land 
 at any time and receive no recognition for it. The most 
 trivial offences were punished by the most, cruel and 
 repulsive methods of punishment. In 1806, when 
 England got possession of the Cape, she at once set 
 about making much needed reform. Courts of justice, 
 free from corruption, were established; the terrible 
 methods of punishment formerly used were forever 
 abolished, and the people enjoyed justice, freedom and 
 
 ^ 
 
prosperity under the new regime. In 1834 Hnj^jland lib- 
 erated the slaves in tlie Cape, and although the British 
 Government — with generosity unknown by most na- 
 tions in this same regards — paid the Boers a large sum 
 of money as compensation for the slaves, yet this has 
 always been regarded l^y the Dutch as an unpardonal)le 
 offence on the part of Great Britain. The Boers regard 
 the Kaffir as a soulless creature, to be treated only as 
 an article of trade. 
 
 The emancipation of the slaves caused the Boers 
 to leave the Cape iii large numbers to settle in Natal, 
 the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. They were 
 distinctly informed, however, that they were still 
 British subjects. In 1854, at the request of its people, 
 England granted the Orange Free State independence. 
 In 1877 England annexed the Transvaal. The Re- 
 public was bankrupt ; it was on the verge of civil war. 
 Moreover, the Zulus, with an army of 40,000 trained 
 warriors, under a powerful chieftain, knowing of the 
 internal weakness of the Republic, were about to avenge 
 themselves upon the Boers for the many depredations, 
 which they had suffered at their hands. In addition to 
 this, a petition signed by a large number of the Dutch 
 voters, was presented to the English Government asking 
 for assistance. In consequence of this, England annex- 
 ed the Transvaal in 1877. The Zulus, being deprived 
 of vengeance upon the Boers, turned upon the British 
 and the Zulu war follow^ed, in which the Boers took no 
 
part, althoiijT^h England fought that war excUisively on 
 their behalf. When the war was over, to show the 
 dense ingratitude of the Boer character, the Boers, led 
 by Paul Kruger, then an employe of the British Gov- 
 ernment, at once undertook a rebellion against Kiigland. 
 The battles of lyaing's Nek, Majuba Hill and Ingogo 
 followed, and a little later the peace of 1881. 
 
 It is now generally admitted that the treaty made 
 by Mr. Gladstone in 1881 with the Boers was a mistake. 
 We must all admire the ability of that great statesman, 
 and the intention in making the agreement may have 
 been the very best, but it is nevertheless rightly char- 
 acterized by the grim term, " the Gladstone skeletoii." 
 It was not a permanent settlement of the trouble, but a 
 shifting of it to a time when the Boers, under their art- 
 ful President, would be better prepared for the conflict. 
 The result is that the Boer Republic has been fortified- — 
 largely from revenues derived from English capitalists 
 — and in the year 1900 it will cost England inconceiv- 
 ably more in men and money to finally settle the trouble 
 than it would have cost in 188 1. 
 
 Every condition of the treaty of 1881 has been 
 broken by the Boers. In that treaty it was agreed that 
 all white people would have equal rights in the Trans- 
 vaal, that no difference would be made with regard to 
 franchise. The qualification for franchise was to be 
 either that of property or one year's residence in the 
 country. How was this condition fulfilled? Immediately 
 
6 
 
 aftc* the aj^rcenieiit was made President Knij^er called 
 his Parliament and ehanj^ed the residence qualification 
 from one year to five. This ^vas done to exclude all 
 who had come in durinjj^ annexation. 
 
 In i(SS4 the Reptiblic was a);ain on the ver^e of 
 l)ankru])tcy — the Treasury was empty. The crafty 
 President turns once more in his extremity to Knp^land 
 and issues throuj^^h the London papers and other chan- 
 nels an invitation to Ivnglish capitalists and enterprising 
 men to come over to his Republic, telling them of the 
 wonderful advantages which the country offered to men 
 of money and enterprise, and assuring them that they 
 would enjoy equal rights with the Dutch. 
 
 Many accepted this invitation. Capitalists invested 
 their money there. The vast mineral resources of the 
 country were developed. Immense revenues flowed 
 into the public Treasurj^ and "Oom Paul" was jubi- 
 lant over the success of his scheme. 
 
 The Uitlanders now naturally looked for the enjoy- 
 ment of the privileges promised them, viz. : a voice in the 
 government of the country. This, however, was abso- 
 lutely refused, and the Parliament, under its false and 
 deceitful President, again changed the residence quali- 
 fication, making it fourteen years instead of five. At 
 the expiration of fourteen years the President had the 
 powder to veto any vote. 
 
 This, of course, was a great disappointment to men 
 having large financial interests in the country. The 
 
Government was ahsolulely in the hands of the Dntch, 
 and many of the hij^h ofiieials conld neitlier read nor 
 write. The unsatisfactory condition of the IHthniders 
 was intensified by the heavy taxes imposed on them, 
 the object of tlie Dutch being to get the entire revenue 
 of the country out of these foreigners and thus be re- 
 leased from any resjx)Tisibility in tlie matter of taxes 
 themselves. A large part of the revenue thus derived 
 was devoted to th^ arming of the country for that 
 struggle with Engki.id which President Kruger had 
 apparently deter, nned up''; i. Can we wonder, under 
 such circumstimce, a< the Jameson raid of 1895? The 
 Uitlandcrs were driven to desperation through the in- 
 justice and unreasona!;leness of the Boer Government. 
 
 I wish to say, however, that the British Govern- 
 ment had nothing to do with the Tameson raid. It was 
 a movement which had its conception, was arranged 
 and carried to its disastrous issue, entirely amongst the 
 Uitlanders of Johannesberg and other parts of the 
 Transvaal, assisted by individual sympathizers, an in- 
 dependent flag being adopted to show that the move- 
 ment had no connection with any Govennnent. Can 
 we wonder, however, that England demanded of the 
 Boer Government that the conditions of the treaties of 
 1 88 1 and 1884 be complied with? Nay, rather is the 
 British Government not to blame for delay in the mat- 
 ter? Through desire for peace England has allowed 
 the Boer Government to violate its agreement and 
 
8 
 
 thereby handed her subjects over to a system of tyranny 
 and misrule. Stirely it was high time for her to awake 
 to her responsibility in the matter. England endeav- 
 oured to the very last to bring about a peaceful solution 
 of the difficulty. It was the Boers who took the first 
 aggressive step, breaking off negotiations and invading 
 British territory. The war was actually precipitated 
 on England, and it would appear that the British Gov- 
 ernment could not possibly avert it and retain its in- 
 tegrity. 
 
 It appears to have been the policy of President 
 Kruger and his Parliament to show their contempt for 
 England by breaking, /;/ toto, every treaty made with 
 her, and as far as possible to use her capital and her 
 suljjects for their own selfish ends. I^et us now consi- 
 der a few of the many lessons to be gleaned from the 
 
 war. 
 
 H? »!» »t? * ♦*» 
 
 \ 
 
 % 
 
 LESSONS OF THE WAR. 
 
 The first lesson suggested is .— 
 
 . ' The unity of the British Empire.' This is a valu- 
 able lesson wliich the war has taught us — a lesson which 
 all the diplomac}' in the world could not lia\'e brought 
 out. That which affects England affects every one of 
 her colonies. The pulse of ever}^ one of her subjects 
 throughout the vast Empire throbs in sympathy with 
 the Old Mother Countrv. At the first announcement 
 
 ' ? 
 

 -^^ 
 
 of the war from the remotest corner of ever}- colony the 
 best of the strength, vigor, youth and manhood stood 
 forth and offered to defend with their lives the cause of 
 the aged mother. What a grand sight ! What an in- 
 spiiiiig sight ! Think of the thrill which swept over 
 our fair Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from 
 the north to the south ! Instead of thousands, tens of 
 thou.sands of the flower of our land were ready to de- 
 fend old England with their strong arms and manly 
 lives. It is true that through some delay in the 
 Government, Canada instead of being first, was nearly 
 last on the list of the colonies to volunteer. It was not, 
 however, because her sons were unwilling or unready, 
 but because of the dilatoriness of the Canadian Govern • 
 nient. 
 
 It has been thought by many unacquainted with 
 the true attitude of Canadians towards the Mother Coun- 
 try that they are restless and ill at ease, desirous of 
 being released from allegiance to Great Britain. Surely 
 no stronger refutation of such an idea could be given 
 than the noble, loyal. action of Canada at the present 
 time. Surely no more convincing answer could be 
 given to those few amongst us who think that Cana- 
 dian people want independence. NO, we do not want 
 independence. We could never be as happy and as 
 prosperous under any other relationship as we are 
 now. Just think of the freedom which we enjoy ! 
 Where will you find a people so free, so happy, so 
 
lO 
 
 prosperous as we in Canada are ? Where will you find 
 a people so privileged ? Think of the protection which 
 we have ; the protection of England's army and navy 
 without contributiiig one cent toward its support ! Thhik 
 of what it costs to support that navy which has made 
 England mistress of the seas ; that navy to which Mr. 
 Chamberlain pointed on that memorable occasion — the 
 Diamond Jul)ilee of our nol^le Queen — saying to Sir 
 Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada, "It does 
 not mean a menace to an\^ nation, but it means that 
 England will protect her colonies." That is the privi- 
 lege which we Canadians enjoy. Why, what defences 
 we have in Canada have been largely given to us by 
 
 ^ England. Have not the defences at Halifax on the At- 
 lantic, and E-^quimault on the Pacific been erected and 
 paid for by the Mother Country ? Are not the gar- 
 risons at those points maintained from England's 
 ■treasury? We are told that England has spent $55,- 
 000,000 on the defences of Canada. We do not want 
 independence. We rejoice in the fact that we are a 
 part, an integral part, of the British Enipire. What 
 touches us touches the Mother Country, and vice versa. 
 
 - The Enipire is a unit and herein lies her strength. An- 
 cient Rome was almost a world-wide empire, but she 
 had no intrinsic strength. Consequentl}^ she soon fell 
 to pieces. Spain, once mistress of the .seas, was at 
 variance within herself. She had no unity, consequent- 
 ly she became an eas}^ pi'ey to her enemies, and little 
 by little she fell, until to-day she is almost a nation of 
 
 1 
 
 I- 
 
 ''^ 
 
r I 
 
 I 
 
 ^^ 
 
 the past. France to-day is broken up into factions bit- 
 terly antagonistic to each other, and thus she is bring- 
 ing about her own destruction. 
 
 How we should rejoice in the unity of our great 
 Empire. It is this that makes her great. She is all 
 one — Etigland, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, New Zea- 
 land, Canada, India — throughout the length and 
 breadth of her vast possessions she is all one. This, 
 then, is one of the most important lessons wdiicli the 
 war has taught us — the Federation of the Empire. 
 
 * • 
 
 Ht Ht Ht' •!» H^ 
 
 It is said by the enemies of England that this war 
 has proved that the British Army has degenerated, that 
 it has lost its traditional invincible character. Not so, 
 that character has been nobly maintained. Mistakes may 
 have been made. Eike the Isiaelites of old before Ai the 
 strength of the enemy w^as underestimated. Their tac- 
 tics were underestimated. The natural advantages which 
 the country afforded the enemy and their familiarity 
 with the same were not sufficiently weighed, nor were 
 the preparations made by the enemy taken as fully into 
 account as they should have been. In this regard the 
 British Government may be to blame. 
 
 Perhaps some of the Generals blundered in their 
 tactics, we do not know all the circumstances, therefore 
 w^e cannot judge. But tiie character and reputation of 
 the British Army with all its noble traditions have been 
 
12 
 
 gloriously vindicated. Our Officers and men have 
 
 fought and died like heroes. Shoulder to shoulder 
 
 they fought, side by side they fell, ever mindful of the 
 
 reputation which they must sustain, and counting duty 
 
 before life itself. Only a private soldier, known by a 
 
 certain regimental number in life, but a very hero in 
 
 death. 
 
 lyike the Romans of old they could say, ''Dulce et 
 
 decorum est pro patria mori,'' — it is a sweet and delight- 
 ful thing to die for one's country. ;) 
 
 "For how can man die better, " 
 
 Than facing fearful odds; z* . 
 
 For the ashes of his fathers, 
 And the temples of his Gods." - ■ 
 
 But what of the nation itself ? Has England lost 
 her old-time fortitude? Ah, no ! When one after an- 
 other the tidings of reverses came, although inwardly 
 stricken with sorrow because of the loss of so many of 
 her brave sons, and because of the many desolate homes 
 within her borders, yet outwardly she was calm and 
 patient ; no sign of impatience or fault-finding or of re- 
 laxing purpose. England in adversity proved herself a 
 grander, a greater nation than England in prosperity. 
 Surely this is the best test of a nation's moral strength. 
 
 TT TP >>? flP 't' *t* 
 
 Another important lesson which the war has 
 brought out is the religious fervour which permeates 
 the British Empire. , 
 
 - 
 
 »^, 
 
I,^ 
 
 -^> 
 
 'i 
 
 The evidences which we have in Canada are char- 
 acteristic of the whole Empire. 
 
 The hurry and excitement which prevail do not 
 deter the people in their allegiance to their God. Nay, 
 it proves on the contrary, our confident dependence 
 upon the strong arm of the Almighty. Let me illus- 
 trate. I was in the city of Toronto when the first con- 
 tingent left for South Africa. Special services were 
 held in many of the churches previous to their depart- 
 ure, and on the day after they left a special mid-day 
 service was held in St. James Cathedral, which was 
 filled to the utmost of its capacity with busy business 
 men and others, met to invoke the blessing of God on 
 British arms, and to ask Him to follow with His love 
 and care Canada's brave sons. Throughout tli2 length 
 and breadth of Canada; yes, of the whole Empire, the 
 voice of prayer and supplication is heard, in all our 
 churches, at many a family altar, in the solitude of the 
 private chamber, that voice is heard, and " the God of 
 our Fathers" invoked to be with those brave, noble 
 men at the front and to be our very present help in time 
 of trouble. 
 
 Then think of that soul-inspiring sight just before 
 the embarkation of the first Canadian contingent at 
 Quebec, when nearly one half of the entire number 
 knelt in the old Cathedral a t Quebec and there 
 received the Consecrated Elements, in obedience to 
 their Divine Lord, thereby perpetuating the memory of 
 
msBBSsgasBm 
 
 H 
 
 His death and passion until He comes: Surely that 
 service was accepted, and those young men went out 
 from that Sacred Edifice not only wearing the uniform 
 of their Sovereign the Queen of England, but clothed 
 with the whole armour of God, and possessed of that 
 knowledge of perfect security which only the immediate ' 
 presence of God can bestow. 
 
 It has been said that the Church of England em- 
 phasises loyalty on the part of her people to the state. 
 
 She undoubtedly does, and I am thankful because ■ 
 of it. 
 
 It has been poinded out that of the looo men who 
 composed the ist Canadian Contingent about 750, or 
 three-fourths of the whole were Church of England. 
 Well done! We are told that in a certain town in the 
 North West, the Organist in one of our Churches and 
 every male member in the Choir volunteered for the 
 Strathcona Horse, and were accepted. Well done ! 
 The Church of England does teach loyalty to the State 
 in every worthy cause. But the Church of England 
 knows a higher loyalty than this worthy and laudable 
 though it be. Above all she teaches loyalty to the King 
 of Kings and Eord of I^ords, He wdio rules the Armies 
 of Heaven and the inhabitants of the earth, who is at 
 the same time in His Essential Character, the "Prince 
 of Peace." 
 
 The Church constantly reminds us of 7a/iat God did 
 for our Fathers — "O God, w^e have heard with our ears, 
 
 ^> 
 
 ^'■i 
 
 
^ 
 
 r 
 
 ^^ 
 
 15 
 
 and our Fathers have declared unto us the noble works 
 which Thou didst in their days, in the old time before 
 them." We are ever taught to reflect upon God's goodness 
 and power in dealing with our forefathers, who trusted in 
 Him, and when we are thus reminded, we testify that 
 we are still implicitly trusting in the same source — " O 
 lyord, arise, help us and deliver us, for Thy Name's 
 Sake." O lyord, arise, help us and deliver us, for thine 
 honour." -^ 
 
 Our Church teaches allegiance to the flag of the 
 British Empire, but above all, she teaches allegiance to 
 the blood stained banner of the Cross, and unfurling it 
 she summons her people to follow their master and 
 King to Eternal Victory. 
 
 Some time ago, a gentleman — not of the Church of 
 England — said to me, that he thought the service of the 
 Church grand and inspiring, but he could not under- 
 stand why we prayed so fervently for peace when there 
 was no sign of war. 
 
 I replied, that believing as we do in God as the Su- 
 preme Ruler of the Nations of the world, Omnicient 
 and Omnipotent, the One who hears and answers praj-er, 
 might we not regard the peace which the British Em- 
 pire had so long enjoyed as a direct answer to our 
 prayers. 
 
 May God hear our prayers now, and send peace. 
 
 ^m^ ^m^ ^M^ ^^A ^Mm f^0 •!• 
 
 TfT IT ~ ~ ~ •#> T|T 
 
 I^astly, what will the result of this war be ? We 
 
i6 
 
 believe that England has a righteous cause, and that 
 consequently victory will crown her efforts — that the 
 Transvaal Republic, which has been a detriment to true 
 prosperity, a stain on the map of Africa, will be wiped 
 out forever, and when the Union Jack, the emblem of 
 liberty, floats over Pretoria, then South Africa will 
 ranidlv become what the Creator intended it to be — a 
 delightful and prosperous land. We may be well assur- 
 ed that the British Government will not revisit upon 
 the Boers the hardship and oppression under which the 
 Uitlanders have struggled for the past eighteen years, 
 but British freedom and fair play will be given to all, 
 whatever their nationality may be. The Boers will 
 have a voice in the government of the country, but only 
 as British ; ubjects. But above all, and over all, in that 
 vast country, will float the banner of the Cross, which 
 ever accompanies the flag of the British Empire. 
 
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