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 <716) 482 -0300-PhofW 
 
 (716) 2Ba-59B9 - Foa 
 
House of Commons ISebates 
 
 FIRST SESSION-NINTH PARLIAMENT 
 
 SPKIX'H 
 
 HKNKl BOURASSA, M.P. 
 
 THE COKONATIOX OATH 
 
 OTTAWA, FRIDAY, MAKCII 1, 1901 
 
 Mr. IlKMtl BOITUAHSA (l-ubello). Mr. 
 Spciikfr, It Is not my intention to offer any 
 ii'ii;rtheufil roumrkx uiion tills sulijcct; but 
 tlie speecli, well luteutliincd. 1 am sin-e, tiiat 
 Ml' liave ll8tone4l to from the lion, niemiier 
 liir Lanark i.\lr. HaKKurti proves that this 
 Kubject has not rcc'plve<l from himself and 
 from the members of this House, the atten- 
 tion as to the facts that It should have re- 
 ceived after the notice that has been given 
 of it by the hon. member for Victoria. N.B. 
 (Mr. CostlKBU). In fact, I may safely say that 
 lip to the last few days, when It was known 
 iliioujrU the jiress tiiat this sulije<'t was to 
 . taken up by the parliament of Canada. 
 iiiiisl of the people who knew auytliluf? at 
 :ili about the subject thought that the por- 
 oiiatlou oath and the declaration tliat we 
 live objection to were one and the same 
 I'i ing. The hon. member for Lanark has 
 ii.ised his argument on a point which, I think, 
 iiom his point of view, from the point of 
 \icw of the majority of the British people 
 :!ii(l from the point of view of a large major- 
 ii.v of the citizens of the empire, Is a right 
 "lie. It is that the sovereign of England 
 -!i:)u!d be a Protestant. As far as that Is 
 > oncerned. there Is no Roman Catholic 
 ■iting In this House wlio is urging any 
 ■i fTf>ren<-p of opinion on the matter. Hart 
 ii i> hon. gentleman had time to study the 
 Ml)je<'t. he would see that there Is nothlns 
 I the Bill of Rights and that there is 
 -^ III t!ic present (ierlaration to force the 
 iirltlsh King to be a Protestant. No Roman 
 ■ ithollc or Greek schismatic could take thot 
 
 ; declaration ; but outside of these, • ny man 
 belonging to any faith or c reod which does 
 not believe In transubstuntlatlon or in 
 prayers to the saints and the Holy Virgin 
 could take it ; and, therefore, the object that 
 the hon. gentleman has In view, that of 
 guaranteeing to the people of England that 
 their King shall be a Protestont, is not at all 
 covered by this declaration. A Pagan or 
 a Buddlilst could take It; In fact, any man 
 but a Roman Catholic or a Greek schismatic 
 coulil take It. It Is not a declaration of 
 Protestantism: It Is simply an antl-CatholIc . 
 declaration ; and if to-day we are asking the 
 imrlianieiit of Cauada to urge the British 
 I parliament to repeal that declaration, it is 
 ; not because It is a l*rotestant declaration. 
 '■ No. Sir, we are not asking for anything to 
 be taken from the rights or iirlvileges that 
 ! belong to our Protestant fellow-citizens; we 
 i are uskiug that a useless, obsolete, anti- 
 Catholic dtH'laratlon should not be imposed 
 , upon the British King at a moment when 
 I his accession to the Throne should be syno- 
 i uonious with pence, liberty, freedom and 
 ; equal rights to all of his loyal subjects, who 
 ■ are read.v to uphold him In keeping this 
 empire np to the glorious state that It has 
 attained. The hon. gentleman has spoken 
 about the coronation oath which Is not at 
 ail affecte<l by this motion, and to whlch^ 
 we have no objection at all. He has stated^^ 
 that a Roman C'atliolic could take the cor- 
 onation oafli. No, Sir, he could not; be- 
 cause the rnng of England, by that oath. 
 is obliged to declare that he will uphold the 
 
'l'i-..|.Ht.Hil Hull!. N" It-'liliiii < Hlliolli- 
 winilil iiijUo (iiKli II iIf.-l)ir:illoii. Tlieroforc. 
 I tliihk till- ;iU!ininti'.- which i-vt-ry fi|lr- 
 lllllllll'.l rrolfslMMt wiiiilx to l)f U'lVCIl to liliii 
 
 N ,..ir|i;..|civ i.n.Ti'.l l.y the .•oroniitliin 
 niiih .•11.1. ■(.•-i I'V thi- liill of ltl;;htH of lilSf<. 
 ■111.. .!.., hirrilioii I" wliU h Wf ..U|.'i-t wiis not 
 ;l.\.l.il hv tho A.t III S.-nh'MOMit of HW'.'. t'.l- 
 till' iniriioH. , MS I'vi-ry <>»•• who Imx HtildU'd 
 Kiii;li-!i hi'^toi-y Uiiow-^. lo u'lv.' ii ■.'nnnint.-o 
 to thp l'r.)t«"<t.iiil p.oi)l.' nt 1nrc«- ; hut uliiiply 
 
 MS II ll-sllll l.r llVliaslii- r.'ll.lH Wlli.'h llM'l 
 
 I i-ii.iliii-' 1:ii:j1miii1 Mt IhMl limo. 'rh.- 
 
 only .il.Ji.cl ..r tills ili'i.|..iriilioii VMiK I'P I'ro- 
 
 V«-it till- I'r.'t.'lHll.l-, who WMH M ('Mtlioli.'. 
 
 from r.MUiU«-rir:;: t!;,. Tliroii- of Kii'-I.mm.I; ..i', 
 
 ir 1... hllll Sllr. h'll ill COIIilllCI-lll'/ IlK' 
 
 Thi-Mii.. irniii iisiciiillM..; it. H' hi' hii.l siir 
 .,!,.,! iti i-oiiMil.Tliii; til.' •I'hvoiii', h.' woiiM 
 
 of the ti'Kt oiilh ill!- (he froe I'ltH-Unl rrprc 
 
 H.llllltlVfK of Ihl' IM'Olllf. th.Mi. It WPIlt oil 
 
 .iholixlilnc thill siuiii- list oiith lor ihi- <i»'l 
 sorvaiitM of tho frown: iiihI to-tluy, wv nitk 
 tlint thiH tfxt oMih which In »>iit «" olmoh'l • 
 rWr of iliivs loim |>.i»l. Hli.iulil not l>o lin- 
 ,„,s..|| ni.iiii' th.' siiviT.'i'.-n »;• Unit fivf pin. 
 ,,1,. will I; is pr. ml t cmU ilsrl'- UvlflslL 
 
 Til." hon. lender of tlic op|>o«ltlon (Mr. Boi-- 
 .h'li llnllfiix) hiiK mail.' >in ar/nmont which 
 I c.innot iicoiit. II<- i«iil<« »!>"• "'^ •'"" 
 rri.'iwl from VI.-torlM. N.r... iMr. ("ostlu'nni 
 wMs la.-kliiv' in loiri.- Iiiiisiin'ch iis IliMt t n- 
 coiiclnKl.ui of till' resolution was no' r.-h- 
 
 li:ivi 
 froii 
 
 piiui y. 
 
 Kri.ii> 1 
 llic Ir II. 
 
 pVillli|ll« 
 
 III taki', 
 iii'.liiin i 
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 lii'in pn 
 
 iicrrptiliu' II:' 
 
 III 
 
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 'VVII 
 
 lliis ili'ilanitioii 
 Mill .ni'i'illli'.: to 
 
 I liclii'vc the con 
 
 h'tiiil. of loiTsi'. ami I 
 
 1 .-an airreo on the 
 
 jrentleniiin iMr. l!or 
 
 Mft.T all. this il.'tnll 
 
 Till' pri'MiiiMe of thi- 
 
 . •■vy 
 
 ;;:'lil'i':i 
 
 . Ill, IV I' 
 
 the ohii 
 
 . I - '.iipli 
 
 Iv 
 
 I ii;l 1 
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 cliiiii lie 
 ,.'!v ni'fi 
 :i!i.l 
 
 ; \ii'\.- I.il;eii by 
 
 IIS .1 iii.iltei- iif 
 
 lit view for him 
 
 . i^ iiuiiiinu: lo "lis 
 
 iMiiM'eil. II is iin 
 
 ii.,tl|i:li.i'i;illy. Ii' 
 
 upon this iinestion 
 
 the hon. u'entleiiiiin lo"l 
 
 ill the Pn.ii.l \\;'y I hill sh.iiilil he ImU.'Ii I'V 
 this Ili.li>.". l.e will s..e lliiil hi J oppositioi 
 Is still more fntile. As Ion;: m- the pai'lla- 
 Mi.'il •!- l':ii.!.Mil is there, the people ol 
 <!re.-t r.nl.iili :i!Hi tl'i' Iicopli" of llie .'iiipire 
 ,,,,;, I, ,,1 I;,.,,, liii|.-i-.l OH them .-i Kin-'. Ihi-y 
 XV iilil pot l'i;e to li,ne. \\ .' ;i!l respeel Hi" 
 
 <,,,.,,i-,,i; r till- eiiiie-e; Imt we know Hint 
 
 the Ki::'-' is tlicre only :is the elowniiii.' of 
 that inM^nitle.iil e.lilice that wi' call th.- Bri- 
 tish eonstltntlon ; anil that the safennanl 
 of (he r.rilish eoiisi ii iition is tl'.' fi'ee p.-ilihi- 
 )iii ill of <;i-.'.'il Hrilain w liei-e tiie iieii|il.' is 
 l-eM-.s.'iitei! hy nieii who .Mil look after i'.s 
 interests, .imi pr.'vcnt the accession of a 
 «iiiii'ss,ir to the Kim; win. inijrlit not i«e in 
 Miennlance with the views uf the majority 
 of the p.^oi>le of Cre.it Hrllain. The In- 
 tention of III.' hon, memliei- for VIetoiia. 
 N,H.. MS I iiiiil.'rstMiiil it, ami th.' intention 
 of tlie lion, L'eiitlem.-m (Mr. Kenihilli who 
 ^ecoml.'il the motion, the intention of th.' 
 Kt. Hon, Prime Minister lUt, Hon. Sir 
 Wilfrhl I.anrieri, ami tlii> Intention of Hip 
 hon. leader of the opposition I, Mr. Itoiden. 
 Ifalifaxl. are all the same after till; and w.' 
 s'li.iilil all he united upon tin- matter. We 
 come bore as the represpntntlves of n free 
 British commtinlty, proud to he llvliic under 
 British institutions. Wo have fouRlit even 
 as:ainst British authority to nequire rlflhtR 
 we tliou;rht we were entitled to. We are 
 proud to live under these InstitutlonB. and 
 we should he willing that the parlia- 
 ment of England should now sanetton that 
 niannitiient work of frecloin of thought, 
 freedom of law. free<lom of oonstltutioti 
 which has been carried on In Great Britain 
 from the beginning of this century. The 
 first Bt.'p In that direction was the alwlitlon 
 
 vaiit to thi> preamhh 
 Irary, It is only a 
 Mill glad to say tha 
 wliole W'th the linn 
 ileii, llalifaxi. But. 
 has Its iiuiiortMii.'e. 
 ri'selntion sMys : 
 
 Tlia! a-i .1 Hik.Mi of the . ivil anii relUieiis llhor- 
 li.s 1.11. 1 of ih.- "i|uMllt.\ of rhshin «iiar;iale.'«l te 
 ill llrliish sul.j.'.n in the I'liiKi.lhin i-ont'-'.lora- 
 ■l,„i n «.ll as uii-l.T th" lliiiish i ..iisl iliil i .n, 
 he l!iiii'4i ■iover. ii;ii sh. uM mil tii- lallcil to 
 1,1,1 e ar.v .|.i!-.,iiilim oifenslvo Li th.' rellKlous 
 |...|i.,f i-f' ;iiiy riLj.."! of 111" Hrlllnh Crown, 
 S r Ih" pr,ri...se ol this resolutlmi is not to 
 ■isk for M sp.M-ial favour for Konian Catlio- 
 li,-., ih" priiieiple ot this resolution de 
 ,,h„.,.s in iMvi.nr ol" th.' v.'i-y basis oi out- 
 Ifr.tisli institutions, nam.ly. that tlier.' sha 
 )„. p,.,-ieet .-.pialily b.-iore tlie law lor all 
 PiitiieiMllti's ami for all r.'li'-Mons. I n<re- 
 fiire if the hon. -.-ntlenian iMr. Costigant 
 rnlhivv,"! the a.lv.e of the leader of the 
 oppositi.m. he wiMilil Kiniply "«i< ""'' •I'"' 
 part of the dcelaratlon which is olleiisive 
 to Uonian Catholii-s should be repiiiled. A>' 
 M iiiMtt.-r .)f fact. I agr.e with my hon. friend 
 .Ml- Kmni.'rsoiii who says that il you take 
 out that whi.h Is offensive yon taU.' out 
 1,,-arlv the whole of it. But this is not the 
 main' point. Sliotild we follow th.' advice 
 of the hon. leader of the opposition and ask 
 to amend that declaration by merely takiiig 
 lint what Is otTensive to i 'atliolics, we wimld 
 not fidlil the principle of this preamble : be 
 ...luse this prpiimble asks on broad lines that 
 the British King should be aeknowletlged by 
 ratholh's and rrotestnnts. by non-believers 
 ami believers, as their King. The King of 
 tireat Britain should not be forced. In this 
 new .enHiry, to make rny declaration of the 
 kind he Is now obllgin; to moke. 1 do not 
 say that the King of England should not 
 iijake any profession of his faith. The cor 
 onntion oath Is there for him to promise te 
 uphold the faith of the malority of his sub 
 iiH'ts : but he should not be bound to further 
 take this declaration at the opening of th. . 
 tirst parliament ; a declaration which I wlb 
 not sav Is Insulting onlv to his Romai. 
 Catholic 8Ubj.>cts : but offensive also to al 
 the true Protestant British subjects who 
 believe In the same equality and In th" 
 same acknowledgment of equal rights am! 
 freedom for all His Majesty's subjects. 
 
Now. .Mr. S|H>iiki>r, I iiliAll not ilvvote niiy 
 IliUf to llu' HiMtM'h of the lion, KoithMiiiiii 
 frciia WfMl Vork I Mr. Wnlhi.oi. 1 sh.ill 
 reply to timt oiK-ivli iiiirl to tliiit itoiitli'iiuiii 
 III tlic words tluit Ml-. (M.-iilst'Mc ii>:im1 to 
 wnrd II i-crliiiii iii>l«y mcniiiT of Ihc lloii-c 
 who niiposi'd hliii ulicii lie iimv'l llir 
 HPcoiid ri-niliir-' or llii> |)iK.ilp||IHi-» rt''iiuiv.il 
 Bill In IWH. .Mr. Cliidstoiio. pohitliii,' nt tln' 
 niHii. Miild : I mil not MiirprJNcil, lii>- 
 cailMO I li(l\.' .ilaMy^ |i'iii;;iii/.rd l|];it m'litlr 
 iiiiiii 'UK till- prop iMid pllliir ol' cv .TytliiiiL' 
 that di-Horvi- ' to li • overthrown nnd roinovcd.' 
 
 So I iii:iy di'si-ii:i;i- Ilir limi. ii.b".- f.ii- 
 
 Wont York (Mr. Wiillinci. lie Iiiih tli(>iiL;Ml 
 propt-r to ;;|m' us .1 ((iiii'Mi' on <-<iiiip:nMtiv • 
 r<'ll;.-|oiis. ( iiiiti'Mdictlna llio very «mi'.Is (.1 
 hln oiiciiln;: iciiiMrks wlirii lir siiid il: t \]\'^ 
 Ih not the plinc to diMrusn rcllu-loiis iii.ittiTs. 
 Willi 'lii'M' u-oi-ds. If, I uilli t!|i<" wiiiiK 
 Hilly iiltiTi'd hy llii' lion. Ki'iitlcni.i;: iMr. 
 
 WlllllKIM llll I lIL'l'l'O. If tills «rri' Hilly :i 
 
 l|U(>^<tioll or rclluiiM ; !;• Ills «,.■,. ti,-t ■' 
 i|ilrstioii iilTcciiii;: tlic liulils .-f nil Hritis.i 
 ^illiji'cls : il" this wi'H' not :i i|,;, lion hu- -,1 
 upon tlic very spirit •■r Hrilisli ;, > i iinfi.M' . 
 wi" would liiivi' no Imsiiii'-s to liriiii.' it Ihtc. 
 I fully iiL'ri'c Willi tli. riuiit lion, lli • frimi' 
 .MiiiisiiT mid w :'i ilii' citluT lion, v'cnlii'nipii 
 who liiivi' spolioii in fnvonr of tiic i"s,ilii 
 lion wli.ii Ilicy siiid tlijit lis Brillsli siibj ■.■|s 
 «(• linvo 11 i-lulit to i-oiiccrn oiirsidvi's witli 
 rviTytliin^ Hint is In tin- i'ltci-ost of llic oin- 
 |i:ri' lit l:irui'. On .'i pri'Vioiis occMsioii. wiu'M 
 1 foiiiid niysci!' ol.li^cd to dilTci- from tln' 
 iilmost iiniinliiioiis opinion of this lloiisi' on 
 iu;iltci>- of liiiiM,'ri:il coiu'iTII. I clciirly sl.-iti'd 
 Hint fvory tliiio w li"ii 1 Im-Hono ilmt ;i hii-.'i' 
 portion, or miy portion of our fi-llow-citizcns 
 oj' thi> onipirc wcri' iitToctcil in fli"'i' rii.'lits, 
 i w;i» ill fiuour of votini: In tiiiv pnrliMiniMit 
 for nil oxprcssion of scntiiiicnt fh.nt ini.'ht 
 he fnvoiiriililo to tliiit rla.s.s of our follow 
 citizens. I!ut. I j.'o further : I siiy t'';it iis 
 ruiindiniis. :i« roprosenliitlves of the Ciinii- 
 ili.in people. :is meinliers of flip Cnniidiiin 
 l>:irllnmeiit. this Is ii matter of rtlreet inter- 
 '•st to ns. What is the ooiistltiitloii of our 
 'ountry ? The oonstitntion of our eouiitiy 
 i-< !in .\<-t of the British parliament. We 
 
 • -iiiiiot toiieli the sliirhtest portion of the 
 Hi-;tl»h Xortli Anierien .\rt without proeeed- 
 
 'iir nlone the same lines as the mover of 
 I Ills resolution has resorted to. Suppose we 
 wanted to amend the eonstltutlon of our 
 Senate, or the power of our exeeufive. or 
 ilie relations between the provliiees and the 
 I'deral jroverninent. the only proeeduro 
 V liieh we could follow- would ]»• to vote an 
 
 ■ Idress to the KIni: of Kimland iiskiiii: the 
 I rllanient of Crent Britain to .'iiiieiid our 
 
 • 'nstltution. .\rtlelp of the British Nortii 
 .^Mler|pa Act says : 
 
 Ttie exeoiitlvp Kovernmpnt and authority of 
 ■• "i over Canada is hereby declared to be con- 
 ' -oicd nnd vested In the Queen. 
 
 ■'■■ f. the King of England Is for us not only 
 t e King of Engliiiul, not only the head of 
 
 the Britlnll Knipire, Inn In' is llie so\.rcii.'<i 
 of )'aiiiidii. He foriiiM part of our exeeu- 
 ii\e systi III : he foriiM as iiukIi n pan of 
 oii;- c-oiistitiitloiial systi'iii an does this \ cry 
 
 House of foninions and the Sei:;,te. 
 fore, ill \oiiii« for this rcsoiiuioii | 
 vole ri-'iy llll seiit iiiieiitiil ^roiiiids. 1 
 ■ o|" only IIS II Itoiiiail rnliiolic; Init 
 .1^ otic of Hie repr^Henliitivos of tin 
 di.-iii people ill llll 
 .Xiiil I am ro|!o'.\iii- tli 
 wliii-ii il-o llrltisli .Voilli 
 oliiiues me to foliow. il 
 '■.ipMcity. 1 wislied tlie linp 
 lo iiiiiend our constitution i 
 
 Tliere- 
 do not 
 .'■ lot 
 I \ole 
 ( '.illM- 
 
 -|"c|. 'ri.crel'o|-e, lilldini; li 
 our i;o\,-niiiiciit. that tlie clii 
 :i ' ili\ c i> i oiii d liv 
 
 .1.1 sill., in- dotesls lilnis.l! , 
 '- iiich lie lias no power ami 
 ii-i'. !■ m. power lo nial>e on 
 
 - 'omiiion a declaration 
 'I ■ rest fcciin-,; of pi |,..r 
 
 Camidiaii piirl::>iiieiit. 
 cry p' .., - 1!,!!-.. 
 .\ni'rc.i .\, t 
 ill 11 .-.t :l!iie 
 !-|:il I ,irl;;iii|.-:.t 
 I a iv otii.'i ro- 
 ll r «• lii.j.l of 
 ■f of our (':i;.:i- 
 
 . I :>■. Wll.cll ! 
 
 iiy 11 liiw- o\er 
 i\ < r Wilicli we 
 
 I I ill' <ill> 0| ill . 
 
 ifloiisiM. Ill tlie 
 ' :;; o: sir C.i:;:. 
 an people. I siiy tliiil it Is oiii- duly to ads, 
 
 .-Mid lo asli !iow. that (he Brilish p.-ii-li:iiiieiit. 
 
 '.( iiiiii is Hie proper antliorii.* 
 
 Miiiinid amend Hie .Vol 
 
 ;ilM>!i-li Hal drcl.ir.illoii. \i li, 
 
 of lliis 'I'-w I ciilii-.\ , i:i I h. 
 
 of Hie 1- 'i-ii o i:.h\..|r,l \l! 
 
 year wiieii we have iii.i||;-iiim1 
 
 I'alliolii-s as 
 
 I 'amidiaii 
 
 I'HI 
 
 lo 
 nil 
 
 lil- 
 
 t- 
 
 do 
 
 ;il .iiid 
 
 ■•I'llllU 
 
 I y. .11 
 , iMs 
 
 well as TroiE'siaiits. l-'ieii.-i- 
 well as I-:n','lisli ('an.-idiiiiis, 
 •iie doplor.ilile loss of tlial iiolile and ki.iid- 
 heartcd wonum who for .sixty-four yo.irs 
 rei;.;iiiil so u'lorioiisly ovir Canada as well 
 as thi' empire at lar.'o ; I say thai we :iie 
 simply doiiij; our duly to the people of Can 
 iida and to the KIiik of KiU'Liiid In askiiitr 
 that the parliament of lireal Britain, wlileli 
 has the sole legislative eoiilrol in he mat- 
 ter, should free for ever our future klii.rs 
 from inakinj,' this diKlaratloii, .md thus en- 
 able the sovereijrn to be considered not only 
 as the kliiK of a certain portion of his sub- 
 jpf'ts. bill .IS the klnir of all his subie<'ts 
 in tills vast empire. 
 
 As the I'rliiie .Minister said this after- 
 noon. If thai derliiratloii is not to li.' iiImiI- 
 Ished. certainly the Koman I'atholie siib- 
 .jpets of Mis .Majesty will not be re dis- 
 loyal to him. But I ask all lair ininded men 
 of this House: l»o ymi tliliik the loyalty 
 of the Boinan Catholie Cainidinns as 
 well as the Uoniaii Calholie British, 
 that loyalty which has proved Itself 
 not only on the biittletleld, but In 
 every way In which a man can irive to 
 his nation and his sovereign the best of his 
 efforts and abilities— do you think that loy- 
 alty which has been so staiineh and .so fu.'iy 
 aeknowledged by everybody, wlileh ennnot 
 now be under the suspicion whiph dynastic 
 feuds and rivalries of former times" might 
 east upon It— do you think that loyalty 
 should be rewarded by a declaration 
 so otTenslve that. If It attacked any of the 
 Protestant creeds of this Dominion, I mv- 
 
Hfli wi>ul<l li<> proiitl to itand with thoM 
 wim would deronnil It* repeal, and nRk tbnt 
 tlit> I'rotoHtaiit KH-tlun of the people ibould 
 be put u|>on tlin Kaine footliiK n* th)< reet, 
 8lr, let UR all b<> e<|iiul In (^annda, lt>t ua 
 all l>e equal tii Urent Britain ; auil let ua 
 vote unBiilniouKly, If |>oaHlble, for a reeo- 
 lutlon asklUK. not that the K'hk of BuKland 
 ahould lone any of hia privllegea, not that 
 
 the Proteatant aectlou of tbU coantiy I 
 nhouid loae any of ita right*, but that tkal 
 King of England Hhould !>« more and morel 
 rt>«|H><tiN| and lovetl liy all hi* faithful Mb- 1 
 JeolN : and ll will \m- ii great work which we I 
 ulinll have iterfornied— a work which will be| 
 well received on the other aide of the AtlanT 
 tic by all tlie men wlio wImIi fu. tim real] 
 welfare of the empire at large. 
 
 • . 
 
 V.