IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■ 50 "™^^ u^ m if 1^ 2.2 2.0 1.4 .8 1.6 150mm W «P /. ^> ^ . >> /. y /IPPLIED ^ IIVMGE . Inc .^= 1653 East Main street j^= I; Rochester, NY 14609 UbA ^^p:= Phone: 716/482-0300 .^='-;^= Fax: 716/288-5989 C 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved ^ A 9 ' ,.^ <> C^^ '"^S^ O^ ^ Q' ^r~~ mmW TO THK REPORT OF THE MINISTER OK mmmm FOR 1891 :^' 'H AMdCITIKF, (JTIUVA r- /r isiT' T?EPORl ON THE I'H.A.St kfUKN >^<£. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA Br THE STATISTICIAN OF THE DBPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRmTED BY ORDm OF PARLIAMENT .•J*, OTTAWA PRINTED BY 8. E. DAWSON, PRINTKR TO THK ^KKN^ MOST KXCEELENT MAJESTY fNo. 8a--1896J A^/.* on^.-„#- 1895 l-^ APPENDIX TO THE KEPORT OF THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTrRE FOR lS9i I^EPORT ON TIIK FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA By THE STATISTICIAN OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRINTED DY ORDER OF PARLIAMENT nil OTTAWA PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSON, PRINTER TO TKE C^UEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY [No. 8a— 1896.) ZV?c? gp cent?. ^^^ t Ist 2n( 3rd Ih the purp Ih. Son time for I hi work of ( Hon. A. : Statistical Ofpice, Department of Agkicultukk, 4j . Ottawa, December, 1894. S.H. At your request I have prepare.1 a report on the " Forest Wealth of Canada." It includes : 1st. The report proper. 2nd. A number of appendices as per annexed list. 3rd. Statistical tables as per annexed list -^^:^::':.:tx:t:x:ir-'-^^^ -e for I have done the best I could with the limited resources at command tiJCLTTZ\:T "°"'' '"''''. '"" °' ^"^^''^^ ' ^-« »^«- "-ble to obtain in for use. Late, on they may come in. If so they can form a supplementary report 1 have to record my indebtedness to Mr E T T..t». . u work of collecting the statistics I required ' "^°'" ^ '''"'''''^ '^' I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, GEORGE JOHNSON, Hon. A. R. Angers, Statistician. Minister of Agriculture, Oltawa. i'.l 212Z5 The imp Influenc Inclustrii Value of Yearly c Difficulti Ownersh: Data net Woodf'd ; Coinparis Conflitior Opinions Ontario C Conclusio Decrease Exports o Destructic ReproclucI Protection Federal at Export du United Stt Export of Wood pulf FOREST AVEALTIL OW CAXADA. The importance of the inooa. 1 '-Trees of Canada. " •' K ""~7T\v ^^T!"' '^'■""«'''' ^f'^'^'fi'' «'-'^vity. Ac. :; :; M ;;-Pu.p wood and wood'Sp.-^" ''• *^"-""^- JN —Match niakin;,'. ;; ;; O "-Ti.ul>er resourco-s of British Columbia- R. E. Oosnell .. .. A . ~T. °. * .""^^"'^ *■■■' i» United States. "' .. .. t7 „-J^'"n;'>"^» Parks and Forest Reserves. ■■I', STATISTICAL TABLES. Table 1— Table 2- Table 3- Table 4- Table 5- Table 6- €ensus of Wood Products, cou.prisiug : a) Forest Products, 1891 and 1881. (b) Comparative Statement of Forest Product-^ tn f. ,.. p • c Return of Saw Mi,,, in Canada l^y Pro^inJe: '" '^""""^• (e) " w"'f^ ^V'> "'r ^""'^•''^ '^y Provinces. ;*{ n .VVood-working Industries in Canada (f ) Comparatu-e Statement of Forest Prodult.„ Census, and Prices -Return of Forest Freight on Railways and Canals. -Forests in Europe, &c. • (a) European Forests, Area and Ownership. b) Forests in America, Asia, Africa and Australasia. c) Exports, Imports, Area in Forest. ^^'''^'asia. (d) Population and Area per head. (h\ oZrl ^'Tp* "''^ Woodland in Canada. (b) Quantity of Pme in Canada. (c) Areas Licensed by Provinces and Dominion. (a) Cullers' Returns. (b) Provincial Governments' Returns, showing reduction in size. ja) Great Britain, Imports Wood and Timber, Val„e. Quantities. s ' _ X r Vlll APPEN DICKS. Table 7- Table 8- Table 9 " 10 " 11 Table 12 Table 13- 14 15. 16 17 18 19 20 (a) Census Returns, Southorn Quebec, by Counties. (b) '• " " Pine, Hpruce, .to. (c) " " " Sq. Pine and Pine Loys. (d) Agency Returns, Southern Quebec. (a) P]xports of tlie Products of tiie Canadian Forests, by three year jieriods and by Countries. (h) Exports of Manufactures of Wood, (c) Imports " " ' — Imports and Exports by Canada by Countries. * — Exports by Canada to United States and Great Britain — Forest Products, Products of Factory and of Shipyard. Exports to Great Britain — White Pine Squared. (a) Exports of Logs to the United States. (b) United States Imports from Canada of Unmanufactured Wood. (c) Imports of Logs from United States. (d) Exports of Wood, not produce of Canada, from New Brunswick to United States. -Quantities and Values of Logs on which Export Duties were levied, 1868-91. — Amounts paid as Export Duties on Logs. —Prices of Forest Products shipped to United States, 1868-93. — Extract, Saginaw City Board of Trade Report. —Statement of Logs Exported from Georgian Bay to United States, 1892-93. — Consumption of Wood in Canada, value and quantity. — Shipments of Lumber from the River St. Lawrence to the River Plate, during the season of 1894. Fifty year's exports of timber and deals from Port of Quebec, 1845 to 1894. Addenda Page 295 Index Page 297 itain — Forest were levied, FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. .e^'h'oTclr "'* *'"'"" ' '»™-^-»»-> to .other .««„, „, ,,, ,„„,. mines which require wo^ forshonW n ^^ '""'^''^ ^-^^^ ^''^*'^*^'^«' ^able 2) ; the of wood, «nd inlr el 1^0^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^l L^Ttf '' ^'^^"^^^^^^ ^'^^«^ ^^^ without which freight rates on goods oarrTed ^V'k^^^^^ materials for the full cargo exports of hon.e production being products c-f the f '^t'.rT'^ one-quarter of the depends upon nature's supply of ta^nTn "Ifed 'n ZT \ l''^'''''''' '"'"■^*^^ ^""''"^ industries ; those varied indLtries w^^rZlnH . ' ^'^^ ^"'^^''" "'^^^^ implements, edged tools, &o and tL oral ^M ^ "^^^ "'°^' ^"'''^ ^« agricultural within ten years has sp ung ^p into an ,'t ""u "^"^'''^ "' P"^P "^^^ing. which invited 4tal and o^erTnei;;;:^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ -"on dollars of tlnoluding s dinifs and Hoiihin t™^i.= u , '■'""'er supply. (S«« Appendix A. to the mile the ties required nSe/5f77^0(^'''''A^"' ^""''^ ?"«« "' -''^il^vay in Canada At 3 oon .' CT--! — nir (1,'W'n years ^ ' I m DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The value of forest products consumed per capita may be estimated approximately. The value of our forest products, calculated from the census returns of 1891, was $80,071,- 415. For the fiscal year 1890-91 our imports of wood articles amounted to $3,132,516, while for the same period our exports were $27,207,547, leaving for consumption in Canada $55,996,384 or a value of $15.59 per head. With respect to the quantity used the census returns show an aggregate of 2,045,073,072 cubicfeet as the total cut of the year. AboutSO per cent of this is exported, leaving 1,431, 551, 150'cubic feet for the annual home con- sumption. This is equal to 2962 cubic feet per head of the population. B. E. Fernow,* chief of the Forestry Division of the United States Department of Agriculture, estimates that the per capita consumption of the United States is about 350 cubic feet annually. Whether we consider the capital invested, the labour employed, or the varied uses to which wood is put in enhancement of our comfort and convenience ; or whether we consider the permanent interests of the timber trade, of the settlers in our new country, of the public revenue and of the country generally, we are forced to regard the forest as a precious heirloom to be deeply revered, properly used and, through careful mainten- ance, to be handed down to posterity improved and enriched. Looked at from the most enlarged poinc of view the forests of Canada are her greatest heritage, because " the nations or states in which food, fuel, metal and timber may be produced at the highest relative rates of wages and at the lowest money-cost per unit of product will thereby be enabled to apply labour-saving machines to other branches of productive industry in the most effective manner."! The nation that would succeed in effecting thifi combination can do so only by maintaining its forests in their best pos- sible condition, since of the four factors described the timber is the most easily ex- hausted. The nation which succeeds in this four-fold combination, must be, in the long run, at the head of all nations. Difficulties in the Way. At the very outset of the inquiry great difficulties were encountered in the effort to secure trustworthy data. These difficulties were increased from the fact of the divided control and ownership. The ownership of Canadian forests is for the most part vested in the Provincial Governments, including the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and British Columbia, which grant licenses to the lumbermen. In the province of Manitoba and in the Territories and in the Railway Belt of British Columbia (40 miles wide by 500 miles long) the Dominion Government, filling the place of the Provincial Governments, owns the Crown lands and their forests. In Nova Scotia there is no system of timber licenses, the trees being sold with the land and not much timbered Crown lands remaining. This is also the case with Prince Edward Island. In the settled portions of the provinces the woodlands are in the hands of private owners, but contain comparatively little that can be classed as forest, though the census returns indicate that about one- third of the occupied land is in woodland and pasture, possibly leaving one-fourth for woodland. •Circular No, 10, U.S. Dept, of Agric. Div. of Forestry, t Atkinson in " Forum." February, 1894. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. S no. exceed 850.000,000, hue .he Wer «gur, i, p„b.b,y Jlt:;^!"""'^ ™""' The same statement may be made resnectin.r Cn^^rU v covert, .o. ,«e. »' L^LZVlit Ct kTn l'," 'f t b ""M" "' ""'°'' "" Data Needed. The data needed for a thorough examination of this subject are : 1st. A statement of the wooded arpn «f fi,» T^ • • i- . , , He.rr:::::°:rii::rc"u;t'.ir;""™""^'°'^-'-'- 1. What have we and what is it like as to size and varieties ? 2. How fast is it going ? 3. What means are used to replenish 1 4. How long will the supply last ? The Forest Area op Canada Lawrence with its string of lakes £rrp«f „r,^ mramichi the St. John and the St. S^n.,, the S. Mau^e; .he o;r::.:S „.;::"' '"" ""'"' «""' '*""'-• "■' t Letter to the Statistician. " ' ^^anadiau ForeBts." have^lt,''aCtte^S^;°t.^f .^'°(!^^^^^ and other, such casual statements as 8a — IJ hi t DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. I '■1: i! Along these rivers population found its way to the different localities, impelled by various motives, some to settle on the land, some to explore and hunt, some to cut timber. In 1642 Montreal was founded and a practical beginning made in settling the country. Ijut the 2,000 settlers then in the region could do little to denude the land of its forest except by means of fire, the most potent instrument of destruction. For 250 years the axe and the torch have been making inroads upon this vast forest. The census of 1891 shows that we have cut out from this forest area, say, 30 million acres of land for agricultural purposes. Possibly, in 20 million other acres work has been done to reduce this particular area to a low percentage of forest trees. The remainder is under forest. But a large portion of this remainder has been "deviled " by the lumberman seeking for merchantable timber. The careless torch has lighted fires like the Miramichi fire which swept with fierce energy over an area of more than 3 million acres, leaving blackened giant pines to be a reminder for more than half a centb y of the immense destruction there and then caused. Thus, there has been a thinning out of the forest trees all through the 260 million acres not used for farm and pasture. Vast areas have suffered from fires so severely that in many places the soil has been burned off to the very rock, and a century's disintegrating forces will have to act upon the rock l)efore there can be soil enough created for practical uses. Lakes and pools and streams innumerable take away a good sized slice from the 300 million acres. But allowing that one-half of the area is comparatively useless as forest area because of water and rock, we still have 150 million acres of forest area («ee Table la). Under this assumption we have 45 per cent of the Eastern provinces still under forest. Reference to « Statistics " Table 3, will show that Germany has 26 per cent of her area under forest and finds that forest area (somewhat over 34 million acres in extent) nearly sufficient to supply the wants of 50 million people, her net import of wood and forest products being but 43 cents per head, including woods and manufactures of wood not natural to the country ; that Austria-Hungary with over 41 million people to sup- ply and a forest area of 30 per cent of the whole area to provide the supply, is able to meet home demands and still to have a net export of over 31 million dollars ; that Russia with an area in Europe of 1,341,122,560 acres, of which 37 per cent is forest area, can supply herself and have 33 million dollars of products of the forest for export. Austria-Hungary with one acre of forest area per head of its population, manages to supply its own wants and to have a net export of 75 cents per head cx its population. Norway, with under 10 acres per head in forest area, supplies her own wants and has a net export of $4.10 per head. Sweden, with under 10 acres per head, supplies the wants of her own people and has a net export of $6.00 per head. The United States, with over 7 acres of forest area per head, supplies her own wants and has a net export of 13 cents per head. Canada, with over 163 acres per head, supplies her own wants and has a net export of $5.08 per head. ^ These figures indicate that in Eastern Cau^aa the proportion of forest area is suffi- cient for all the purposes which suggest forest conservation in connection with agriculture, water supply, and sanitary considerations. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. clothe,! with forest to pLrve to Jelf.^^T:'',"' » « ,"'■* 'hi. region i.,mtiZ,^y it, relation to .He e Jred ..ndritriitr tTet:'' "" '""'"" " """•"" ^» been ™r„Trrir;t:ire'j;:r" " '-"r " *-""■'«■•/-■« - h., .ho.ewh. deny the e^iftenceofarmoerfoLT. T "■: '"'"''"'" P"»' "P™ ment. of the p„ple „„<, „, their nethh T f" '" ^"""^» '» "'«" '■" "q»ire- the abundant .t„'eho„.e of err"" ""' °*" "'" "* '« """' ™Pplie. ftom But area i, one thing and ,.r^^,^ ^, ,, ^ ^„ „,^ . ^^^^^^ and colre T" '"" """'"'' '" ""»' "°''"'»" " ■"■- «"»• "« forp„T,»e, of trad. .ynch™iL:'rh''r:i^rtrfora:r;''" t"°- °™°' "■— "«.!«- St. wrerrs:;;T:r :i:— ^^^^^^ -: ^"^":- ■"- "<- - "■» asunder: ^ ''"^''*®'* *^® area into several sub-divisions Ist. The 2nd. The 3rd. The 4th. The 5th. The 6th. The 7th. The 8th. The 9th. The 10th. The SrSer'"'^ t" '" T <" lW»-.--nee, City of Quebec do St. Maurice Jq Bout de I'Isle do Valley of the Ottawa do Rideau River do Trent River do Georgian Bay do French and Pigeon Rivera Saguenay to Blanc Sablon do do do do do do do do do 8,000 21,000 9,600 87,761 2,350 6,200 12,800 48,000 65,000 do do do do do do do do do westorNep!;:'^:' *'" ""^-'^^^ ^^^ -^^ --^'-^^-^^ ^isHst any timber region Pine ?d"/s:;":tr:rc^r. ttt^^^ -• ; - - - -- ^:^r:^r::^ t^'X -:v~ =^'- ^^rs^ No. 4 possesses a good dealof fht aXldT"' "'' "'P'^' ^^"' '^'^^ ^^^ ^^^^-'i 5, he says, "is the principal ire of theiumb!? T^^'l ?"''''^^'' '^'^^ ^"™^ ^h; No the first raft left the .ou'th o the Ga i "^ *^^f ^f ^^ ^een so since 1806, when since that event (to 1865) "but Httr onnnn^' '''"*^ "^ '^" fi%-nine years of n^erchantable luLber.' i It ^os est T.^'^'T ^^^^ "''" '^^^ ^^^ -^-"^-^ best on the continent. It also ySZarlol " ""^ f "'' ^°'^ ^^ ^^'** ^^'^^'^ -^^ all varieties of maple." ^ '^''^ ' 'P'""'^"' ««^' ^^ite oak. elm, birch, and M ■', f If Kiil \ 6 DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTURE. No. G he describes as furnishing white pine, and No. 7 as posses. jf limited quan- tities of white and red pine, a.sh, oak, birch and tamiirack. Of No. 8, he says it supplies a choice quality of red and white pine, some oak, elm, maple and birch. Of No. 9, he says it furnishes a quantity of white pine of small size but good quality, and a large quantity of other timber, as birch, maple, oak, elm, spruce, tamarack, ash and white cedar. No. 10 he describes as furnishing a large quantity of timber available for ship- building, and a quantity of the best description of birch, maple, oak, a.sh and elm. The 11th subdivision he describes as producing the finer hardwoods, such as oak, elm, black walnut, all the varieties of maple, chestnut, hickory, sycamore, basswood and ash. In order not to burden too much the main body of this report I have placed in the appendix marked " C," extracts from Hon. Mr. Joly's report on our forests, made in 1877 ; Mr. James Little's statement in 1876 ; Mr. Stewart Thayne's evidence before a select standing committee of the Federal Parliament in 1878 ; Mr. A. T. Drummond'a views in 1879, and Mr. Marler's statement before the American Forestry Congress held in Montreal in 1882 ; also extracts from the Hon. J. K. Ward's lecture in Montreal in 1883. These all contain important information. In 1885, or twenty years after Mr. Skead had published his paper, the British Gov- ernment procured, through the Governor General the Earl of Lansdowne, reports on the forests of Canada, the object being to obtain information on the reported proximate exhaustion of the forests of the Dominion. The Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island said in reply, " there are no forests of any extent in the province of Prince Edward Island, where they have dis- appeared under the axes of the settler and the lumberman." The Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia forwarded two reports, one from Mr. James H. Austin and the other from Mr. W. A. Hendry. Mr. Austin said, " I find that in all probability all or nearly all the timber lands of this province will have been cut over for the fiist time by or perhaps before the expiration of six years from this date (July, 1884), but it does not follow that the supply will then be exhausted. It is found that by careful husbandry thuse trees which are too small for conversion into timber at the time of the first cutting, after fifteen or twenty years are of such size that a second cut nearly equal to the first can be obtained in many localities ; consequently, if it were not for forest fires those lands which are carefully looked after would never become denuded of their timber." Mr. Austin stated that " the supply of pine and spruce is rapidly becoming exhausted ; that there was a considerable quantity of hemlock timber, but that this was rapidly being destroyed for the bark ; that the heavy birch had been largely converted into ton timber and exported, and that fires had rendered barren large tracts of country once covered with a stately growth of pine, spruce, »fec." Mr. Hendry dwelt upon the fire scourge and stated that in 1784 two-thirds of the province was burnt over within a fortnight and that every year during 45 years of his recollection fires had done more or less destruction. But such is the reproductive power of the land that, in his opinion, " there is no reason to anticipate any sudden or even defined period for the extermination of our forests, but that they are gradually being exhausted is true and it is proper to look this fact in the face." On behalf of Ontario Mr. Phipps answered the inquiries sent by the British Govern- ment. He said that Ontario had 1,800 square miles known as timber limits : " There exist however, no data by which to form an exact idea of how long it would take at the present imited quan- 'S it 8UJ)J)li03 3f No. 9, he ility, and a sh and white ble for ship- d elm. The c, elm, black 1 ash. e placed in orest.s, made jnce before a Drummond's ry Congress in Montreal British Gov- iports on the 1 proximate there are no ay have dia- le from Mr. " I find that iVe been cut m this date It is found ;o timber at lat a second y, if it were iver become lid spruce is lock timber, ch had been barren large lirds of the j'ears of his ictive power ien or even lually being tish Govern- ' There exist i the present FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. \ rate [of consumption to exhaust the timber on these limits. Concerning the amount of t.ml.r ands possessed by the Government on which no license to cut has as yet been given, I would say that the timber limits .sold last year (1883) extended as farnorth as 15 mdes beyond Lake Nipissing. North of thi.s point Ld extending.els to S urgeo River and west to Michipicoten River is a tract of country which tlwe 1 relof" beheve from the reports of those who have travelled across it, contains about oq Ooo square miles of forest, possessing much valuable and merchantable timber.' Upon the general question Mr. Phipps said, "With regard to the duration of the data exist whereby to determine the amount of merchantable timber standing in the fores area. To obtain this would require surveys more extensive and costly tin any w nch have been yet attempted. A general idea can be given by observing that td:Z-:::^- '-'' ^" ^'^ ^— - ^-^^^ ^^ ealckted [obTaboul This estimate it will be observed is that made by Mr. Skead, who did not include tt: St^LaJ'^^'t/f *'^ '"'''' '^°'^ '''''' ''^^' *^« ^--^ -- - Quebec su ho Co uml T "' I "t "''' ^" ''"**"'' ^''' "^ ^"^^^ «"P-i°'-' -■• that of British Collwa °"' ' "* '•" """"'^ ^"*""^"^"^ '^'"^'^'^ «"*-- -d British Quebec. 40 J'^^^'^q^'ry •l^^f «t>ng the province of Quebec, was given to Mr. A. J. Russell (for 4. years Crown Tim .er Agent at Ottawa) to deal with. His report is full of informa- tion, as indeed would be naturally expected seeing that Mr. Russell was a singularly able man with exceptional opportunities. ^ Mr. Russell says that the territory in Quebec on the north side of the St. Lawrence contains a forest region of upwards of 177,800 square miles in area; that by far the greatest portion of this area being fit for nothing else must remain a limber forest for ever, increasing in value as timber becomes scarce elsewhere." re.in!"'''^ ".*" '^''f ' ^\^^'''^^ '^y^ •- " The first or gulf section of this vast forest region extending from the eastern boundary of the province westward to the 65th degree of longitude covers 32,000 square miles." "From the very little known of it owing to the interior wate.-s being unsurveyed, it seems as yet comparatively valueless as a timber yielding country. As the timber of this territory is generally small and far from abundant and the rivers are obstructed with high falls and rapids and as even the ruggeduess of the country will be an obstruction, lumbering operations on it will be expensive compared ^-ith the value of the timber when got out, but expensive river mprovements will be .uuch less necessary for the descent of saw-logs and railway ties than for square timber. Timber found is birch, fir and spruce." a norlh ??V7 ^r^*^"'-^ ^"'braced between the line of longitude 65 degrees west and Gulf andp" ' r r ''' ''Tf *'^ ""'''' Manicouagan, with a fLtage on the the mo.l 7 I ™" "^ "^°"* '^"^ ""'"'' ^""^ ^ ™-^""°> d^Pth, back from fbouTTs 46? ^^-^-g- ^ the height of land at it. «ource, of about 250 miles, is district ^ ^q-re miles in area. This region difi-ers from the previously described district in having its rivers generally surveyed or explored. It has timber of a good rifi m DEPARTMENT OF AORIOULTURE. V I quality in greater abundance especially in the southern part, including even scatterinc pme of value. * Of the two regions, embracing together an area of 80,600 square miles, Mr. Russell says : Ihe general inferiority and, in parts, absence of timber is due to the poverty and shallowness and, in parts, the entire absence of soil, where successive fires have burned off the thin covering of vegetable matter from the rocks, and not to the coldness of the climate, which is really most suitable for the growth of spruce and fairly so ror tamarack. From this vast region great quantities of wood can be taken out with profit for purposes for which such timber, though generally small, may be service- able as the timber of the more valuable forests becomes scarce and high in price." The third great portion of this northern forest region Mr. Russell describes as com- mencing at a north-westerly line from the mouth of the River Manicouagan and extend- ing westward to the eastern watershed of the River Gatineau, including the River Saguenay, the St. Maurice and the lower Ottav, a River territories. This, division contains an area of 81,128 square miles, and is distinctly different from Nos. 1 and 2. Lumbering operations have been successfully carried on for many years in various parts of it. In its forests pine of the best quality is, or, in some parts It may be said, has been more abundant, and these adjoin the rear of the older, or are associated with the advancing new, settlements of the province. In the eastern part of this great central division the rivers Portneuf, the Sault aux Cochons and the Escoumains have yielded proportionately much more good timber including some pine than the territory on the east side of the River Manicouagan, though in parts denuded by old forest fires; though originally well wooded the futur; supply trom tliem must be very small. ^ On the Betsiamites the timber is very small, and vast bruits are prevalent which Cannot yield timber of value till reproduced in the remote future. the total 81 128 square miles of area. Pine grows far north on the Saguenay owing to chmate admit ing. The settlements around Lake St. John have, however, created gfelt demands on the forest supply, and in the opinion of Mr. Russell, given in 1882, "must soon destroy what remains of the best timber forest of the Saguenay. However, from the general y mountainous character and extensive area from which the many large branches of the Saguenay draw their waters there will always be, with proper care, a ufficient supply of spruce and larch and other woods, after its pine is almost or altogether cut away, to sustain a considerable export trade in lumber." The character of the timber r^ ifiS^""^'''"''*'^"'^^*'" understood from the following statement :-In 1856 and 1857 there were cut neariy twice as many pine logs as spruce. In the following 20 years the proportion of spruce logs gradually increased and more rapidly during 1878 82 m which here were very nearly thirteen times as many spruce logs as pine taken out.' the annual cut of pxne logs during the period of 1878-82 having fallen irregularly tJ ab ut half what it was in the early years, indicating that the pine is becoming sca'ce^ while the spruce continues abundant in the Saguenay country. Prom 1856 to 1881 the nS 18 Z t " ''' '^""^'^^^ '•^'"'^* "«^« = ---^«g«' 1'164'«^4 oi pine and 3,432,185 of spruce ; of squar. timber, 343 pieces of white pine, 3,531 of i-od pine, and 4,095 of spruce and other k.nds of wood. i^ i«, .^nu Th In 1881 the pini during t was thrt WJiile, t 1891 as relatively pine logs supply is The province drained I the Crow] extensive Lawrence originally its middle Theq to 1881, in 5,453 piece of white pi fifteen year last ten yes pine sawlog logs was. 1 £ added emph maintain th creased in tl The fou including th Lower Ottav ing the valli valleys of th and du Liev areas being : growing zone in direct dista which, sweepi sects the du I and across th( adjoining. In this St 1856 to 1881, pieces; other w saw-logs, 383, 3, pieces were cul FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. . The average of these 26 years is 45 000 I. . ■ In 188,, the pine amounted to^3.4 ^^^^ J " '"' '^"' ''-''' P'^^ ^^ ^P-- the pme amounted to 34,0S)9 lo^s ^d H P'"'" *° ^*^''^' Pi««e«- In 1891 during the 26 years was 25 logs o pi t 7^::: 1 '"''''' '''-'■ ^^^ ^^^JZ was hree logs of pine to 97 of spruce' In 1891 f ° ;'","• I" '''' ^'^ P-Po^tion Wjde, therefore, there has been a great increle L 2'" '^ '' P"*^ '" '' «^ ^P"""-- 189 as compared with the 26 yeart' period tlTr P'^^P^''*'"^' "^ ^P-'uce to pLe in relatively larger proportion of pine logs cu ' Th «?""'; °' '''' "'^^ ^««^ «'-« a ^^;;i: =i;.^«^^ -- - -«^ - -^:^r ;::;:t::er:iS:rp:: extensive tract equal in fertility and elfmat' beh" ,*""*"^' *''''"^'' '^ ^^ - -eh Lawrence as the Saguenay terrLry ha ^ F t «. f "''' settlements on the St ongmally in the value of "ts timbeffosts o.^n' f .,"'"' ^"^^^^'^^^ *^^ «-g--^y - «;.ddle and lower course and on the trbra:iXre;: Sr^T"- °^ ^^ ^" 5,453 pieces up to 1864 ; no square nin.^T' '"'"*" P"^«' '^6,921 pieces, and red pine ofwhitepinesaw-log,4,;90,89rpSc7^^^^^^^^ fifteen years, the quantities were 2,110 527 nine r.^'' 'I^^'''^ ^'''''- ^^ ^he first Jast ten years, 2,080.368 pine and . 78 4 5Truo '^'^"' ''''''' ^P^^' -^ in the pme sawlogs was 114,371, and of spruce P 0.4 T^Z '"^ ''''' ^^e number of -ided emphasis to Mr. Russell's'rem k in 8 2 fw'.^^?'"'' *^^^^ *^« ^--^« has tamtam the same superior production of pine 's form'V " "''""^ "'^^'^ ^'ffi''"'* *« creased m the ten years over 66 per cent and ^ ^ °^''' "P"""^^'" P^^^^ having in- The fourth district of this centralTT" "'^'"'^ ^^^P-cent. ' including the vacant and was^e landT If t^^^^^^^^^^^ *'^ ^T" ^"'^^'^ *-"*-3^ - ^^ency. Lower Ottawa, from the boundary of the St M °" *^' ""'•^^^'-'^ ^"'^"t-ries of the -g the valley of the Rivi.re du'ltv^ iro^ZTTn' *" ^'^ "^^^-^e^ ^iv d vaUeys of the River Assomption, the Riverdu t 1 1 ^'*'"^^"- ^* ^-'^'•-- the and du Lievre, with other small r tributaries of thlo.; ^''''^ ''^"*'"' *^« ^^-^he areas be.ng 1 1,256 square miles. The r v " menH . T' ''' *°*^^ ^' *^« i^'^^ed growmg .one, excepting the Riviere du L Ce the "7^ u"*"''^ "^^'^''^ *^« P^^ m direct distance down from its source is in the nonl ? 'l'""''^ «^ "^'^'h, for forty miles which, sweeping over from Weymont ^^h tl^ ;?m ^ ^.^^"" "''' '^^^^^^ ^^on. sects the du Liivre at the head of Lake Mel """^ ^"'^ ''^^ Manouan, inter pieces; other woods, prinoipallvhirrh -- i-n , ' ^^^'^^^ Pieces; squared red pJ... 0^3 -.ogs,383.354,oroneof%rLetoi5ottet^^^^^^^^ pieces were cut in the first fifteen years, and l^'ir. .^ . n'^"''' "^^*^ P^'^^' ^^'^^^ c{ m the followm', <^n years to 1881. 10 DEPAHTMENT OF AOlilCULTUKE. inclusive. Of aquaro red pino, 809 pieces in the fifteen year period, p,nd 134 in the sue- ceeding ten year period. Of other scjuared timber, -12, 1 L'5 wore cut in tiie fifteen year, and 16,3;{4 in the ten year period. Of pine saw-logs, 3,374,890 in the fifteen, and •2,301,03') in the ten year period. This shows a decrtmse of about 10 per cent in the average annual cut of pine logs. In 1881, the cut of pine reported to the Crown Lands Department was 405,709 logs, and in 1891 it was 451,538. Of spruce saw-logs, 35,501 only were cut in. the fifteen years and 347,853 in the tea years, showing an increase in the ten year period approximating to ten times that of the fifteen year period. The cut in 1881 was 125,- 389, and in 1891 it was 249,077. It is noticeable that the total of pine saw-logs from the Lower Ottawa territory during the wliole perioi' is about one-fourth greater than that from the St. Maurice territory, though tlie latter has al)out double the area of the foinier. The Upper Ottawa territory of the province of Quebec extends from the eastern watershed of the River Gatineau up to the head of Lake Tomiscamingue and the line there established as the western boundary of the province, hnving an extreme breadth west- ward of 200 miles, and 200 miles in depth northward from the mouth to the source of the Gatineau. Its depth thence westward for nearly 200 miles is almost altogether unknown, and, till the position of the height of land dividing the Ottawa waters from those of the Hudson Bay is determined by survey throughout that distance, the area of the Upper Ottawa territory can only be imj)erfectly approximated at 29,523 square miles. Of the northern tributaries of the Upper Ottawa, the entire courses of the Kippewa, Dumoine, Black River and Coulonge and three-quarters of that of the Gatineau, lie within the pine-growing zone and embrace by far the best pine-growing forests in the province, in extent, in size and in quality of the timber. Mr. Russell points out that on a lot containing 197 acres, 17,383 pine saw-logs were proved to have been cut in four years, or about 88 logs to the acre. He refers to the prices obtained for timber berths as evidence that pina must at the date of his writing (1882) be abundant, and then goes on to say: "there are tracts, however, where hard- wood predominates, with pine interspersed, which is of the best quality from the rich- ness of the soil and not being crowded. But towards the northern limit of its growth where it is intermingled with poplar, birch and cypress, it diminishes in size and quality. The upper quarter of the course of the Gatineau lies within the broad zone of poplar, birch, cypress and tamarack country that extends towards the height of land. Mr. Russell supplies the following statistics : Total recorded product, Upper Ottawa Agency, from 18"26 to 1881. Provinces. Pieces. Square Pine. Other Woods. Pine Saw-logs Ontario Quebec Total 7,173,182 3,956,166 494,824 209,338 22,005,108 19,607,159 ll,ll^8,348 704,162 41,512,267 Put la. Pine Saw-logs FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. During fifty-six yenva im iiveriii?(. ..f 1 oo nnn • 741„100 pine saw-logs ha.s been cr'ff j ,1,' T" '^^ «'!""- P'- tin.her and of DurinK the fourteen yars, jH67-8Wlatte.. 1 ^?'7/'"'^""' t""'^"'- l«n-K (l..,th sides). ^"^'■»»»>"- '"■«pi"e--J„!;t«o!s;y:'::r„t:':;:r"''^''''' «™««^ ^^'•"'Ki'ig the statistics down to the cifHo of 1Hjnlw. 24,000 410 24,410 Feet. To this area an average of one million feet B.M. to the mile was applied 24,410,000,000 *Col. Dennis, late Deputy Minister of the Interior, estimated the timber in tlie disputed territory at 26,000,1 ^0(/>00 50,410,000,000 There is now subject to license in Ontario about 20,000 square miles which has been estimated to contain half a million feet to the mile, equalling. 10,000,000,000 Thiu \, V ■ totpl oji the territory estimated of 60,410,000,000 feet, exclusive of the terriivir- 'A , hir n no attem^/ nt an estimate has been made as above stated. •See Mr. Burgess's letter on this estimate, page 15, following. (G.J.) Upon " The < after consul great many and others the papers I warrant the applied to t expected W( destruction 1 to the mile, ered that all reasonable o ton Dennis, what he had data to that ; leaves out of reports warn because no si rant the forn "Since t timber cut on quarter of do which would believed that and the 10, 0( was much bel b.ra. estimate deducted aboi lb84, and the ment of Canac "Some es exploring, esti; tory since the character have The general s porated with tl House by the 1 " As to th or few years be definite estimat tiiose caused bj to express even HONEST W>,f,Tff Of CAJf ADA. ' ^ Vnlne. The bonua v«lue of fiO. (in 000,000 feH ,f, «i 50 ,v thousand, equiils The dues upon this at jgU thousaad ■■,■.■.■.■.; \',[[\\\ ^ IJ' fl oVT Add for duty on 10.000,000,000 feet, estimated .. "''^'^'^ I~d lands at*, a thousand ,,^,,,^^^^ ■Making a total of. . — 1136,025,000 TJpon this estimate the Assisf/mt Pr>,„. • • „ ^ '^^^ ""'''^'^'''"^C°'»»"H'""ner of Crown Lands remarks: Ineestimute was madfi in 1XX7 I *i after conBultati„n. The terH ^y n' ruf of Ti:/ "'^ "^ ^'T '^'T-tment of Crown Lands great many directions l,y surveyor fc'f ! '"''^ •'". '**^- '""' ''""' Penetrate, in a .u.d others who from tin.e to tSha st 1 1 ^'"'«: '""'T ^^P'^''^''''' "''"i-^' 4 orers the papers the localities in wl d. ev S '"""' "^ *'"' ^'<^P'"-tment ,uul through warrant the region estimated InVca^^^^^^^^^ ''"'^'- *« "^ «ufficie, . extentT applied to that area, s„ «.s to give a roul p«f7 T i""!"^'' '""' "^ ''e'^^onable a veruge wj expected would be there, subject of eoufse i, ' "^ the ,,uantity of pi„„ which i w « destruction by fire. The ^stinit^f^tupjrtl^ ;''";:'""''"?'' .'"'^ *"'^-'*'-* th-lu^h to the nnle which is about three tvenSt,tes [or''""* V"^ ""^' "»« "" ''O" feet ered that all the territory is timbered but h ^ "'"''• ^"^ '" ""* «f «'urs conaid- reasonable one. The estLat^of tl ^t^ed ^ Put upon it is thought Tea ton Dennis, late Deputy Minister of th . TnJ *'^"' "'">' '« t'"^t «iven by Mr. J. .s-ouch what he had seen and h'^ard^™, oti e w ^ had b '" T '^""f' ^'^^"^ ''^^ opin„ In on data to that applied to the older part o the n, ^*''^" trough portions of it, anal .rous leaves out of account 89,000 srua f mile no 1 '' ^I't '^'"^' '''^'''^ ^^^ ♦he p oHnce tnnber cut on territory unde^l cen'; rom l'?87 ^7«'ooP"^^'''^ *« ^'^^ department for believed that tl.is elrnlte^s'tnsXltlvtf "^''^^'^^^'^^^ felt b m., bufit'^fa and the 10,000,000,000 feet b m estimated ' T*"''* *'^« ^'''^"^^^ area wi 1 ..roducL was much below the 4uanti ^ u\:n 2 t is t ""•/''""'"'n^ '''^^'''' *° '-^'^^e "IsS? b.m. est mated by Col. Dennis as big on tr'df ' JT. *'" ^6,000,000,000 fcet deducted about 122,000,000 feet b m cut unrW !P ""^ *'''"*'^''>'' ^hero must be deftnile estimate as to parti.,„lar l"°K. ™,'. " """ '" I>o««ssion of data to warr.n' i '"""" ""»<' l>y SrowHi from year'to year wmH ^.''t* •.""""*' 'i^' ™"'"8 '"J iifeand to expros, even an opinion b,/o„d tElrJI^j'^™ » "°'*^""' '"'' """ ""P*"".'"' Pi I' i\ "v. 14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. In 1893 Mr. Edwards, M.P., (see Hansard 1893, page 3319) said: "There are those who believe that our pine lumber is very nearly exhausted and has been most largely exhausted at the instance of the lumberman. This, Mr. Speaker, is not at all the case. There is another source from which the forests of Canada have suflfered and far more extensively than from the lumberman's axe. I refer to forest fires and to fires which are brought about by the settlement of the country— not in every case by legiti- mate settlement, but very largely l>y illegitimate settlement. It is safe to say, and I am sure that every lumberman in this House will bear me out in the statement, that ten times the amount of forest wealth has been destroyed in Canada through that instru- mentality than has been cut by the lumbermen; and those who desire to protect our forests should devote themselves to advocating the care of our forests and discouraging in every way this illegitimate settlement. If this is done I will venture this statem'ent, that you may let our timber be cut even as it is being cut to-day and it will last this country for at least one hundred, perhaps two hundred years to come." This brings down the information to a late date, so far as the two central provinces are concerned. Respecting the province of British Columbia, it is difficult to procure information. The Dominion Government agent estimates the Douglas pine, cedar, spruce, Alaska pine, alder, maple, yew, and larch standing in the railway belt at 25,000,000,000, feet of a present value of $25,000,000. Information supplied by Mr. R. E. Gosnell, L to the timber resources of British Columbia will be found in appendix "O." Notes upon the Previous Excerpts. In addition to the remarks made ew passant a few further remarks upon these several estimates may be in place. Mr. Skead, in referring to the Ottawa valley, remarks that during fifty-nine years to 1865, " but little over 20,000 square miles had been denuded of merchantable timber." He also gave the area of the Ottawa valley region at 87,000 square miles. Mr. Russell says more recent surveys give the area at 60,080 square miles. Mr. Skead, from his practical acquaintance with the subject and from the means of information at his hand, would be likely to be accurate about the area cut over. It would thus appear that in 1865, one-third of the whole area of the Ottawa valley was denuded of its timber. Upon Mr. Joly's estimate, given in Appendix C, I have to present that honourable gentleman's views, as stated in a letter dated 6th November, 1893. He says :— "I am not in possession of any data by which to compare with an approach to ex- actitude the probable area of timber still left growing in the Province of Quebec with the Hon. Jas. Skead's estimate of 1865. The area may be nearly the same, as it could only have been reduced by the settlements made since then (which do not amount to much), but the proportion of valuable timber on these timber limits must be enormously reduced, and you can form an idea of the valuable first-class timber at present, as com- pared with 1865, by comparing the Cullers' Returns for these two periods." With respect to the estimate brought down to the Ontario Legislature, I have to say that on sending to the Department of the Interior for the file of correspondence con- taining Colonel Denni-o-'H ^.^timat^ in order to verify the statement attributed to Colonel Dennis, I received the following letter from the Deputy Minister :— Dea Colonel ] known ai by Colon draft wlii shorthanc letter coi preparing resources not exam When the serve<«-'»M «d («.) The s„pp„ to the English ^rhe, .he„ the hest white pine is „,„ired m m ■? 1 iJ3 16 DEPARTMENT OF AORIGULTURE. (a.) An analysis of the cullers' returns of the Port of Quebec and other St. Law- rence ports gives the following result : — Description. Waney white pine. Square white jjine Square red pine . . . Average cubic feet per piece. 1865. 1870, 80 66 69 56 55 39 1875. 57 57 37 1880. 1885. 1890, 61 55 39 57 52 38 58 44 39 1893. 58 44 39 (See Statistics, Table .'>, for details). These figures show that in 1865 the average piece of waney white pine was 38 per cent larger than in 1893 ; that the average piece of square white pine was 50 per cent larger in 1865 than in 1893, and that the square red pine was over 51 per cent larger. A decrease in size during 28 years of 27 per cent and 33 per cent respectively indicates that, if size and quality go together, as far back as 25 years ago we had lost the first-class merchantable pine from our forests. The figures also show a singular uniformity in size since 1870. (6.) Taking the provincial returns, * we find the following results : — Pike Saw-logs. Province. Average size, board measure. 1887. 1888. 110 135 1889. 1896. 1891. 1892. 1893. Ontario Quebec 122i 138 1064 137^ 103 139 96 141 94 164 98i 127J It will be seen that the province of Ontario shows a yearly decrease in contents of the saw-logs until 1893 when there was a slight increase. The province of Quebec shows 1st. A general increase in contents, (until 1893, when there was a sudden decrease), and 2nd. A generally larger log than the province of Ontario. I am assured that the figures " 164 " for 1892 are incorrect, and that the pine saw- logs of the Upper Ottawa district, which give the abnormally high measurement of 1892, did not in that year run higher than in former years. With respect to the second point, I am informed that in the province of Quebec, the scale used is Scribner's, while that used in Ontario was Doyle's, and that Scribner's gives fully 10 per cent more on an average. This would account to a considerable extent for the diiference between the two provinces as shown in 1887, but not for the divergence shown in subsequent years. 'Provincial Government returns in Crown Lands Reports. Witl the foUov Dea Govemm( nearly 19 the avera before 181 Can and squar An e H. M Mr. J both the C that there There Upper Ott discovered 1893 .seem (c.) T total expor $2,963,534 tons, value Takinj returns for 8a- er St. Law- !90. 1893. 58 58 44 44 39 39 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. yj With respect to the abnormally large contents o£ the Quebec logs in 1892, 1 addressed the following letter to the Agent at Hull, of the Quebec Crown Lands :_ Ottawa, January 3rd, 1894. Dear Sir —In the report of the Crown Lands, 1892, published by the Ouebpo nearrml;: TnTthat'tf ''^^^"^ T'''' -P-^^^from 'Z Upper OtLwa avtaged nearly 1 J9 teet, and that the square white pine averaged 86 feet. Jn the previous vear b^ LrS Tn'iTow !-'0 a ' ,7' '""^ ^^"*^" ^T ^^' «h--g that the av^age of^ g oerore lojz ran below l.,0, and for square was about 50 o o Can you give me any explanation of this great increase in size in 1892 both in loa, and square, as compared with the previous experience ? ' ^ An early reply will oblige. Yours truly, (Sgd.) George Johnson. H. McGrady, Esq., Quebec Crown Timber Agent, Hull, P.Q. Mr. McGrady referred the letter to the Crown Lands Department at Quebec and both the Crown Timber Agent and the Assistant Commissioner agreed in the conclusion tbat there was an error in the return of 1892. There is no doubt that there was an increase in the size of the pine logs in the Upper Ottawa Agency in 1892 and the meaning of it is that some fine pine had been discovered in the back part of the district and brought down. The very low figures for 1S9J .seem as doubtful as the very high figures for 1892. (c.) Taking the Trade and Navigation Returns of Canada we find that in 1865 the «9 Qfirrf^T *«;or""*"'' ^^ ^^^*' P'"^ *™b«^ ^-"^^^t^d to 606,300 tons, valued at ^^,963,534 or $4.90 per ton. In 1893 the quantity of the same exported was 105 579 tons, valued at $14 per ton. Taking 1865 as a standard and testing the output of square white pine by the returns for later years, we find the following :— f J Export to all Countries. White Pine Timber. Tons. Value. ^^^^ 606,300 $2,963,534 ^^"-^^ 282,250 2,737,194 ^^^^-^2 227,705 2,335,604 1^^3-8^ 219,379 2,771,776 ^^^^-^® 138,329 1,609,295 ^^^^-^^ 157,245 2,260,517 ^^^^ ; 12.%904 1,045,711 ^^^^ 105,789 1,481,155 8rt~2 18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Nearly 99 per cent of the whole going to Great Britain, as the following table shows ; — Tons. All countries, 1865 606,300 Great Britain, 1877-79, average 279,243 do do do do do do 1880-82 1883-85 1886-88 1889-91 do 220,731 do 216,210 do 137,894 do 158,265 1892 123,820 1893 105,579 Value. $2,963,534 2,715,914 2,304,937 2,752,456 1,604,621 2,239,090 1,644,031 1,479,255 Value per Ton. $ 4 90 9 72 10 43 . 12 73 11 64 14 32 13 27 14 00 There has been a decrease in the quantity exported of over 82 per cent while the decrease in total value has been but little over 50 per cent. It would appear that as a mercantile transaction the export of later years was as good as that of 1865, unless the cost of getting out the quantity in later years has been more than 32 per cent greater than that of 1865. On the main point, however, under consideration, viz., the decreased size and con- sequent decreased quality of the white pine, there can no doubt, since the chief reasons for the decreased demand in the United Kingdom is the deterioration in quality, Eng- land's requirements being as great as ever, but the proportion going from Canada being less and less, the percentage for the years 1885-93 being 9 20 per cent against 21-91 for the years 1872-77 for hewn, and 23 • 14 per cent for 1885-93 for sawn wood, against 27 • 54 per cent for 1872-77. (See Statistics, Tables 6a and 66.) "We come now to the other conclusions derived from the study of the statement of experts, as mentioned on page 15. At the Forestry Convention held in Montreal in 1882, Mr. Marler, said to be an authority on matters connected with our forests, gave a calculation showing that the census cut of 1871 required an aggregate of 22,271,384 trees. He gave fifty trees to the acre, and showed that 445,428 acres were denuded each year of their trees. Taking the same calculation, there were cut out of the forest area of the country in 1881 an aggregate of 30,578,922 trees and in 1891 an aggregate of 29,550,000 trees, requiring, respectively, 611,600 acres and 590,990 acres. In other words, taking these three returns as fairly averaging the cut of the intervening years, 16,480,000 acres (25,800 square miles) of forest area have been denuded during thirty years past to supply the demands, home and foreign, made upon our forests. This seems small compared with the whole area under forest. The basis of the calculation, fifty trees to the acre, giving, as it does, thirty feet all round for each tree, from which to procure light and air, and plant food from the soil, appears to be suflicient, since apple trees, requiring a large area in which to spread and secure sun- light for ripening their fruit, are each given 33 feet every direction in any well-planted orchard. Mr. Marler's calculation, btwed upon the cubic feet in a standard log, seems reasonable, and, if anything, to err through being too small, since the census returns of 1871 did not include fence poles, railway ties, telegraph poles, pulpwood, and hand-made shingles, all of which Mr. Marler passed over in his computation. Moreover, he allowed nothing for the destruction by fire and waste. These allowed for, it is evident that the it while the batement of FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. , jj a^a over which the destructive forces have had full play, is very much greater than the 25,800 square miles required under Mr. Marler's calculation the fotstTortelnXo^^^^^^^^^^ '''' '-''' '^ ^^'^ ^ ^^ ^ "•- V, ^'' -^"'y ""^"'■'^^ ^^^ ^'«^ th'^t "'Ore pine ti.,ber l-ns been destroyed by fire than Z^Z::T,:ZT''' ^" '' the lumbermen. Mr. Edwards sa/s ten it: fa : been destroyed by fire to every one cut down by the lumberman. If these statements are any way near the mark, then not less than 258,000 square miles of tl e tota 7*^0 :ir;::Z '''' "' '"^ ^^^*^^^ '--'^'^'^ °^ "^^"^*«'^' •^-^ ^- denuded of ^et But 258,000 square miles is close upon the total area of the forest, as given by Mr Skead, who 1 'aced it at 287,000 square miles. ^ ^ But, as before remarked, Mr. Skead did not include any area in the province of Ontario west of NeD'<»on Rivpr "Nrr... ^i;^ u • i j ^l piovince oi All • ..u.xL , ^"^"^ did he include the eastern Maritime Provinces processes which nature is constantly carrying on. or ^ne anorestmg south'^ftfelt^^''"'"''"!:'^'""'™^ '" '''' '' *he belt of forest area to the south of the St Lawrence m the province of Quebec, said : "Since twenty years thil great belt has been intersected by some dozen railways cutting up the land 1 ke a checke board and by this means we must look forward, that by anottr'ten years th s beltt m be entirely denuded of all kinds of timber." From a study of the map, it seems that this very region is the best perhaps in all Canada to investigate, for the purpose, 1st, of seeing how far Mr. Marlerl pronhecvV- bee^n^accomplished. 2nd, of ascertaining, to some exLt at least, thf rtp^d^cZ ;Tw'e: study'^oUhf W "^"^"^^r."*^."* *^f St. Lawrence, offers peculiar advantages for the study of the torest area. It is pierced by several rivers such as the Metapedia Matane Rimouski Madeleine, Trois Pistoles, du I.up. Chaudi^re, Quelle, du Sud S ' Francis Yamaska, Richelieu, Chateauguay, etc. It is well intersec ed by r Jl™ 7szr:^\^szz:^'''-'- -^ — ^ -iththegreltcen::: By dividing this region into three subdivisions, we may readilv P^nmJnn +v, which is goingon^ These three subdivisions are : Is^. TheTe;::' ^Tl ^ 3^^ of the counties of Bonaventure, Gasp.^, Rimouski, Temiscouata Kamouraska hiZT"! magny and Bellecha^e. 2nd. The St. Lawrence River counties above, and indudt Levi consisting of Levis, Lotbini^re, Nicolet, Yamaska, Richelieu, Ver herl ciSy L praine, Beauharnois and Huntingdon. 3rd. The southern and border co It^t con^tt" rIv r i. t"'' x; ^'^"'' '''• "y^«>"*he, Shefl^ord, Brome, Missisquoi, IbervilV Rouville. St. Jean. Napierville. Chateauguay, Dorchester, and Soulan^s and Vau! 8a-2J 20 DEPARTMEyrT OF AaRWULTURH. If The census returns for these counties show the following results : — Cut op Pine. For the whole region, 1891 10,509,289 cubic feet. do do do 1881 8,958,886 do do do do 1871 7,780,906 do The increase in 1881 over 1871 was over 15 per cent, and in 1891 over 1881 it was over 17 per cent. Further analysis shows that in the subdivisions the cut of pine was : — No. 1. 1891 5,727,354 cubic feet. 1881 1,272,573 do 1871 1,033,213 do No. 2. 1891 2,219,973 cubic feet. 1881 1,936,853 do 1871 3,387,459 do No. 3. 1891 2,561,962 cubic feet. 1881 5,749, .60 do 1871 3,360,234 do The details will be found in statistical table No. 7. These returns indicate : Ist. That during twenty years in the first division the cut has rapidly increased so that it was in 1891 more than five times that of 1871. 2nd. That in the second subdivision the cut of 1891 is somewhat more than that of 1881, but about a third less than that of 1871. 3rd. That in the third subdivision the cut of 1891 is less than half that of 1881, while that of 1881 was 70 per cent more than that of 1871, and that of 1891 was nearly a quarter less than that of 1871. In a general wav these figures show that the decrease in the cut of pine would be very considerable during twenty years if it were not for the results in the Lower St. Lawrence division.* But taking the two subdivisions above Levis we find that though the cut has decreased from 1871 to 1391 by about two million cubic feet, yet, that dur. ing the intermediate period, namely, in 1881, the cut was nearly one million more than in 1871. Allowing for errors tlie fact seems clearly established that in a region where the seigniorial grants were large in area and where the alienation of Crown lands has been extensive the growth of pine to a useful size has been considerable and has more than ofiset the destruction by fire. This appears to be the general experience. No doubt there was a time when the axe and the torch were- destroying the forest faster than it could be reproduced, but the * This conclusion is corroborated by the returns of the Crowii Timber agents for a series of years. From 18-5K-71 the yearly average number nf piets's of Kqtwro j>in« -.va= .H.fMm ; nf pinf Irtgs, 63,500; from 1872-81 It was square nine, 763, loffs 61,132 ; from 1882-91 ic was square pine, 153, logs 30,042. [These are only adduced in evidence of the trend of affairs. They are not to be added to the census returns to show the total cut, as that would be duplication.] 1881 it was to the census FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. ^ conclusion seemn irresistible that the forces of protection and reproduction are now practically almost as powerful as the forces of destruction. rine Hi '"nTf ^""*' ^^ """^''^ di-PPeared. The ripe trees have been taken away like npe fruit and for more than thirty years we have been depending more and more upon he :z\zti::omtir f \ ""-: ''- -'-- °^ ''''--'- «^ ^^^^^^^^ tnat trom ISbb to 1878 the number of p.ne logs returned by the Crown Timber airents of the province was 18 752,274 with an average of 137| feet b.m.. and frtl878to 1890 the number was 27,965,278 logs with an average of 138] feet b.m. That the quantity of useful pine in the country is constantly being replenished i. .een n the returns for very old counties. Thus the Yorks of Ontario in 1871 produced OoS cubic feet of w, . .^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^ ^^^ .^ p 000 hams m 1871 produced 161,000 cubic feet; in 1881, 67,000, and in 189 , 111,000 The oldest counties, those upon the lake shore, thus seem able to keep up a cLnstan "supply suggesting reproduction on a much larger scale than many have thought possible. '' The experience of woodsmen and other experts seems to point in the same direction. =n„fV,^''' J^^'ff'.'^l'-eady quoted in another connection, says in this regard • "On fh« the I'siSe^xh^SL^'of^ Z°;i'"T ^'r ^*f «"«°*« have beenmade concerning Ztl ofT""-" *'" ""^^ ^^ 'r'^ ■••"d«-*««'^''^*"-' by - Act passed in 1 883. and by another passed in 1889. has divided the province into twenty one fire districts -v thin Jh^T^^ commissioner has the power to employ the necessary number of men Cacti^ the pression of any forest fires. A .sum of $5,000 is annually se Tpa by tl e Gov^^^^^^^^^^ ^that purpose, and the licentiates who are also interesLi m the preservadon ofTh" timber are obliged to contribute a similar amount to cover the expense^ Lll 1888 prohibit the licentiates from cutting pine trees measuring less than 9 Zhl and trees of any other kind less than 9 inches on the stump. Laltly L an inceXe to or £ r" " /"'"'^ °' '""* *"" *'^ Legislature of Quebec in 1882 provTde^ for the bonusing o any one planting one acre with forest trees with a land o der hat ZtlT! .• ^\^^^P^*'\*° **>« '^tter, Hon. Mr. Joly in a recent letter intimates to be thoul t ' ^' "' '"" '^ ^""^^^'"^ ^^ ^« ^* *h« *-« th-ght it was Hk ly Tear Ly yefr ''""' ^^ '^''" ^" ^P^^'^^'^^^^ ^"^^--^ *^^- - *-« planting which increases Recently a large tract of land in the Saguenay region has been set anarfc bv ih. legislature for a park under the name of the Laurentidef Park. ^ ^ '^" ONTARIO. Various measures have h .en adopted by the Government of Ontario to protect the forest wealth of the province from destruction, especially by fire. In 1878 the "Fire Act "(chap. 23) was parsed. It empowers the Lieutenant s:rfi:::m%"r tis -^^^ , no nres m.-vj be lighted m or near the woods except for clearing land, cookine obtain- mg warmth, or for some industrial purpose, and then only with the preca;tions Sown- 4 M { 24 DEPARTMENT OF AaiilCULTUHE. I For cloanng land fires must be started, managed and cared f„r with every reasonable care ami precaut.on to prevent them spreatlinR to the forest. For tires for cooking, obtain- ing warmth, or for any industrial purpose, selection must bo made of a spot with the smallest .,uant.ty of inflannnablo matter, which must bo removed for a radius of ten feet • care must be taken to prevent the tire spreading, and to extinguish it Ix^fore leaving.' If a match, tobacco ash, gunw.ulding, Ac, is dropped, the tire from it must Ik, completely extmgu.shed before leaving the spot. Those in charge of lumbering, surveying, or other camp.ng part.es are to rea.l and explain the Act to those under them. Railway engines must have approved means of guar.iing against tires fron. their ashpans and smoke- stacks, and the engme-driver in charge n.ust se. to this. The pennlty is a tine up to nf^lOO ''■'' '"? r ""P"««""'«"' '" ^•^f'^"'^ "nd for railway companies a penalty of $100. Crown and agents, wood and forest agents, free grant agents, and bush rangers are specially charged to enforce the Act. In the same year fire district No. 1 was proclaimed under this Act. i.aving for Bay to the Ottawa R.ver at the southerly limit of the licensed forests ; for :t3 western boundary the Ottawa River and the dividing line between Ontario and QaeLec; for it northern boundary, that of the province ; and for its eastern boundary, -. «alte;s lin » sf Jos'eprillnd."' ^ *'" "''''" '"'' °^ ™'"^''" ^^' "'"•■ ^'•"''^ *^'"*'«- ""^tl^ °« 1 Th ^^n /.? '^''*™' ^''- ^ ""^ P'-°^l''i™«d to consist of all of Ontario west of No. 1. Thus a 1 of the provmce is included in these fire districts, and is subject to the Fire Act, except the old settled districts southward of the licensed timber limits. In the previous year, 1885, a new step of great importance had been taken, namely wherthlT' 1 T: ""^^T- '''"''' ^"^'^ ^^'^ '^PP''-*^^ ^- *•- protection oZl', vd ere the hcen,se holder would agree to pay half the expense. They were to be nomi nated by the hmit owners, subject to the veto of the department, and would be under fanZ'TrT: '•"'^'"'^ '^^ "^" '^ ''''' «^ *^^ ^-~' *-ber agents and rangers. Their duties were to inform settlers and others concerned as to the Fire Act and enforce Its observance, to suppress tires, engaging assistance when necessary for this purpose, and to inform both the department and the limit owner of the dama'^e don They were employed from the beginning of May to the end of September. year """inTssTtHrt P^P"^^*^ «^ *'"« ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^e seen by its growth from year to IZhd Tu^'T? ■' ™"^'''' ^""^ ''"P'^y^^ ^*^ ^ «°«* "f ""der $4,000, half cirof Iro'oO be 'd ""?• ^ '''' '''''' ''^'^ forty-five'fire rangers'at Jjoint Tjfh . ' .1^ -^""^ber of the lumbermen's forest rangers having authority given hem to enforce the Act. In 1887 there were tifty-five fire rangers and a 2 cost was $18,000, there being seventy rangers who fought dangerous fires. In 1889 there were seventy-five rangers, the expenditure being $15,000, and there being little fire. In 1890 there were eighty-three rangers at a cost of $17,000, with no fires. In 1891 there nZ hold r'TV"''" ''^ ''' ^'^^ °' *'"-^^-^^^^'^ ^"'"'^^-- -''^"d-g th^ '-ges imit ho de s. The season was dry and there were bad fires, but the rangers reported their extent, so that the lumbermen could cut the killed trees before thev w^r^ Iv^r.d and .be government could dispose of the burnt timber on the unlicensed Crown lands- Arb Minister plant tre( generatioi be destro In til sale, that the local it others onl An in eighteen i thirds of it of 1892, so managemei was the cas An Ac in 1885. I enacting cla restriction i round fires f their own oi be liable to extinguish fi edge of the > $50 to $200 constables ar the penalty f sioners. Lab crown land si A condil which will no end. The N. B tection of our notice. These highways, by careless or ace proflucing coui stringent laws pievention of ^ forcement of ti y reasonnble king, obtuin- i«t with the of ten feet ; Fore leaving. 3 completely ing, or other way engines and smoke- a line up to H a penalty , and bush iiaving for T Midland lis western Lee ; for its liters line " 3s, nortli of vest of No. to the Fire in, namely, 1 of limits, 3 be nomi- l be under .gents and 1 Fire Act, ry for this lage done. 31 year to ,000, half sat a joint authority id a joint the joint 889 there 2 fire. In 891 there he largest I reported bored and wn lands. ■ FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA ■ The cost was |20,000 In 189'' tl v ■ and Iumbern,en was *18,000. "" * '^"' "''*' ""'' *'"' J°'"* ^««t »' government ■ be destroyed. "^""'' *° "® fostered and not enemies to ■ In the sale of timber limits ;« luon . , I of l«n ao that it will not r^vlThTadrl TL"'°* """' ""' ""'" "' "'" '""i" »* I management. Only tl« pineT. ^M ""S " '"'"" * "•™'™' '■"■«" ""'l" *'» I waa tl,e o««, .-ith In the li° iZ,";!':;!',"""''™"' °""" '"" "»» '"*«. " I NEW BRUNSWICK. in 18^ i: ^=i:::r SI- :^:^r i^t^r i^r ^7 r ^— I round fires for cooking, &o. five in 'tZd oUen fT "'' ''' ' ''' ^"^^'"^ ^'^ ^« ^'l-^^l I their own or allowing them to spread to id !Tu '' P'""'""' ''^''^''^ ^''^ ^^ ^'^"ds not be liable to penalties; railty^: f^: :':;^^^^ — ^ negligence extinguish fires, and when passfng through wc^ «hl f T "" '" "'''^^^ ''' ^"^ edge of the wood ; the penalties are from fSot^Vooo a Tf ""', -'"^ustibles to the $50 to $200; Supervisors of roads coLir,! $200, and for radway companies from constables are in case of forestXes to order T" '*'""^^' "^"""^^ ^""-'""^ -^ the penalty for refusing being $T to it C "T "T '^^^ *'" ^^^^^^ °^ ^^^ ^^^' -ners, Labour Act LmmiL nerl tmberTerier'/f ""' '''', ''''''' ^«'"-^«- crown land surveyors are to enforce tLeTovLrortLAtr "'■'^" ^"^^ '^^"*^ A condition of the lumbering license is thnf « • -H Will „ot make a log at lea^ eightirf^L I^ Z TTl^ ^t^^li tectio^ofY; f^Z\^:fLy£Z7l:TV:: T- ^^'^ ■• -Thesubjectof the pro- Sr ^''r ^"-^^^ ^'•^-^ -re being fuS^penltfatedtpK^ continually forced upon our highways, by pioneers and settlerl and by spSrt wn f /^' T*' ^^ "'^"^ «^ '•-"'■«*«'. by careless or accidental firing of the forests is ^onHnJ,'^ ^T^^-''' ''"'^ <^^« "^^ f rom thi producmg countries, such f s SwederNoVlv Rusf ^ Z '^' '""'T''' ^'^ «*her wood- strmgentlawsandregul.,t,inn«areinforTf^'f? ^'^"'^ """^ °^ ^^^e United St^t^s prevention of waste in cutting, a"d We sums o? P''"'"'""" "^ '^"''^ «''««' ^^^ f^-^^the forcement of these laws and f?; the carKo^ofT;^'^''^^^^^ ^'^ *he en- «"ying out ot an efficient protective service. , Ail » CI I>EPAHTMEKT OF AORIOVLTURE. m " Our chief source of locol revenue is in our tinihor l/mdn and their deRtruotion wo'^ld neresaftrily entail direct taxation for a part of the orfiiiiary current exfx'nses of th. tountry, but with proper care and guanhanship these tinilier hinitn will continua to proijce for an indefinite period as larj,'e, if not a larjjer, revenue than now. " In view of these facts it would seem that this subject merits more consideration than it has received in the past and we could j^ather useful lessons from the experience of other countries. A mfnlorate expenditure for guardianshiji during the season when fires are most prevalent, would, I am satisfied, bo a great practical advantage. Hometliing should also l)e done to check the wantnu and careless destruction of voung and rapidly growing timber trees by woodsmen in carrying on lumber operations. " In both these latter respects we might learn much from the foresters of the neigiibouring state of Maine." The commission appointed to consider the administration of the Crown timber lands of Now Brunswick, in their report dated March 2nd, lt)92, mode the following recommendation : — "The practice largely prevailing in connection with the hemlock industry of per- mitting the operators to remove the bark only, leaving the remainder of the tree to rot when felled, is, we believe, a very pernicious one. Although this wood is not now valuable in some sections of the provinc e in comparison with spruce, pine and cedar, it is not unreasonable to anticipate that it will in the near future become so. Hemlock logs left in the wotnls are great feeders of forest files, and we are creditably informed that bark operations are a faithful source of such fires, which in some cases have destroyed valuable tracts of government timber. Another objectionable feature of this business is the great waste of young spruce trees, which are cut for bedding, or skid- dini; the hemlock, and also broken in felling it. These, if allowed to grow, would eventually make saw-logs. Very stringent regulations should b.> mtule to prevent bark operators from cutting or destroying spruce or other merchantable wood, and in cases where such wood is destroyed or used, each tree should be rated as a saw-log, and so paid for."* The commissioners also make the following recommendations :— " We recommend that surveys and explorations be made where most needed, by competent judges of timber upon land, so that the Government may know approxi- mately the quantity of lumber owned by the province, where it most needs cutting, and what, if any lands should be allowed to rest in order that the trees may mature." " We beg to express our conviction that positive injury has been done to the lum- bering interests of the province, to its reputation as a good agricultural country, as well as to the people directly concerned, by permitting settlers to locate on lands which were well timbered, but unfit for settlement or agricultural purposes. We hope this practice will in future be avoided, and the valuable timber areas of the province thus reserved for their legitimate purposes." NOVA SCOTIA. Chapter 65 of the Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia (Fifth Series, 1884) is similar to the Fire Act of New Brunswick. The penalties are from $20 to $400, and in the case of railway companies $100 for each oflFence. In addition to the penalties, persons start- ing fires on the lands of others, or allowing them to spread from their own are liable to double damages to the Crown or private persons affected. "The recommendations of the commission have had good effect. By the new form of license issued in 1893 the operator is proliibited from cutting spnice or pine for skidding, bedding, or other similar use, any trees so cut to be cnarged stumpage as merchantable logs. By another clause no spruce or pine may be cut ** Rvon for pilinij " under 18 feet lonsr and 10 inches diameter at small end, under penaltv 'M doublr, Btumpage and forfeiture of license. By a further clause the regulations against holding limits for specula- tive purposes without working them, are made more stringent. But th by their coi to the four forests is ve in British C the country products of It becoi been done, t The Pai the only waj duction. Ch. of shingle bo oak logs, $2 By chap abolished. In Acts, (both assent Act ire FOREST WKA .'. fH OF CAN A DA . MRrTIHir COLUMIIIA. The atrttutea of Uritwh Cdlnml.in iwdn ^ ■ lit," to protect iUf... eat. "'"""""'^"^ '«'J0, contam « short Act, the "Bush F; PRINCB EDWARD ISLAND. gering w^lr ''^" " ''"'"^ ^^^'"^ '»'-«• -«*-ti„g the oareleas u«e of fires end.u. !rown timber ■ '^"^' Fkdekal Autiioritibs and the Forest. Federal Government, for instance Z 7''"''\°^^'''« nouunion .«. appendix Q., The efficiency the river H her ir^r o 5lf 7 ^'^ "^'"'"''^ '^'^^ "^'"'^ ^° '--*'"» - the eflforts of the Department o M ■' pT"' '" ''"''^'' ^'*'' '^'^ ''«'•'' ^^^^ that by the adverse oondTt ot ^J , T^^^^^^ ^'f'" 7 ""''"■^^ """•« °"- '-'^ '^^-^•- of the forest. "'^ intensified year by year through the denudation -i^^rrr^Cltlirji;^^^^^ ^" -.uestio. because of beeauTeTif'^ItntelfeltZ: t ?^"'^'l '"^ ' ''^^ -*«-* - ^»>e ^l-tion redueed'in voIunC at estvo~it '. T T'r '''''''' ""^ ^"^^^ ^"^-- -« the river carrying away irZ us HeT „"'' ''" ^"""^^ "'" ^^ '-« "P«- watercourse, LSiencL'^Zi fu^; ^;:H':i,:tTlf -^^ ^" f^ ^••^" reduction of the depth on the sills («.. appendix *" '" '" ^ *^' by ^^IJ^T^^:::::^! ?. r f r*^°^^^^- '^ *^« ^-- '« --^ to the four eastern pro Lcerito Zi' p". k-*'' ""'^*''^- ^^^^ ••*^^^- -P--"y forests is vested in the ZZnfal Gove . " u"' ? '^'^ "' "''^^'' *^« -"*™1 «* the in British Columbia the t^ber on 7 r"S "'*'' '^' ^''''^P*'^" ^^ *^- -''--y belt the country in a single lalZ' 7" t"°' '^'^"'^ ^" ^^^"« *^*^ ^-^ -Po'ts of products of the forest """'""''*' *^' *''« *°*^> «-?-*« «f the country is the onl;^';;^:!:^,^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^e Srs, legislated in respect to the forest in duction' Ch'apter 44 Xdu^eV'^t Til:; T'''\ I?' \' ^'^^ °* -^-"^ - P- of shingle bolts and tave bolts sp^^^celoi/f '^' ^'"'^ °^ ^"*'^^ °" ^^P"'^ oak logs, $2 per M. feet b.m "^ ^ '"^ ^"' ''''' ^' ^'' "^^ ^««* ^.m., and on abolistr^'^^ ''' ^''' ^^ ''''' *^« ^"*- - -P-t« of stave bolts and oak logs were ^une, 1886), the duty on exported pine logs was increased to $2, 'r \ «ii ri If S8 DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTURE. and on shingle bolts, to $1.50, power being given to the overnor in Council to remove the duty altogether or to increase it on pine logs to $3 per M. feet, in case public exigencies required a change in either direction. During the fiscal years ended the 30th June, 1887 and 1888, the duty on exported pine logs remained at $2 per M. During the fiscal year ended 30th June, 1 889, the duty on exported pine logs was raised to $3, from the 13th November, 1888. During the fiscal year 1890, the duty was $2, and during the fiscal year 1891, it was $2, till the 13th October, 1890, when the export duty was abolished. It has not since been re- imposed. In the United States, the import duties were, in 1874 : 1. For timber hewn or sawed, or used on wharf building, or for spars 20 p.c. 2. Timber sided and squared 1 cent per cubic ft. 3. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, whitewood, sycamore and basswood $1.00 per M. b.m. 4. All other varieties of sawed lumber $2.00 per M. b.m. 5. Planed or finished lumber 50c. per M. for each side planed or finished, in addition to other rates. 6. Planed on one side, tongued and grooved (additional) $1.00 per M. 7. Planed on two sides, tongued and grooved (additional)- $1.50 per M. S. Logs and round timber (unmanufactured) and ship timber, free 9. Shingle bolts, stave bolts and heading bolts, free. 10. "Woods, poplar or others for the manufacture of paper, free. The Act of 1883 made no changes excepting that a duty of ten per cent was im- posed on pulp of wood. In 1890 the United States McKinley Tariff (so called) provided that timber, hewn and sawn, should pay an import duty of 10 per cent ; lumber sided or squared, J cent per cubic foot. Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 remained the same, except that white pine, which by the Act of 1893 had a duty of $2 per thousand, was admitted at $1. This Act contained a proviso as follows : " Provided that in case any foreign country shall impose an export duty upon pine, spruce, elm, or other logs or upon stave bolts, shingle wood, or heading blocks exported to the United States from such country, then the duty upon the sawn lumber shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force previous to the passage of this Act" of 1890. The effect of this proviso was, that when the United States tariff went into force 6th October, 1890, the Canadian Government repealed the export duty by proclamation dated 11th October 1890, and the United States import duty on white pine boards became $1 instead of remaining at the old duty of $2. The duty on spruce boards remained as before though the Canadian Government had taken off the export duty on spruce logs. Subsequently, the United States appraisers ruled that tiie Douglas pine of British Columbia was a spruce lumber qpd tiierefore subject to a duty of $2 instead of the duty of $1 as white pine. 672. Loffs, . *>73. Firew railway ties, si 674. Timb. 675. Tiinb( ^ 676. Sawet other lumber ol and all other cs 677. Pine( 678. Spruoi 670. Hubs blocks and atiol (J80. Laths. 681. Picket 682. Shingl . 683. StavSs in paragraphs si from any counti shall be subject 684. Woods satmwood, and i briar root or brii blocks suitable f partridge, hair v this Act, in the ; parasols, sunshac cut into suitable 303. Mechan ad valorem. ncil to remove in case public iy on exported ?9, the duty on ring the fiscal I, till the 13th lince been re- ).c. at per cubic ft. '0 per M. b.m. per M. b.m. per M. per M. cent was im- timber, hewn [uared, J cent at white pine, ^1. This Act 3ountry shall bolts, shingle then the duty e previous to snt into force proclamation e pine boards L Government tes appraisers qpd liierefore t FOREST WEiLTH OF CANADA sBH™ SH-ir--- ^^^■::^ Shingle bolts Stave bolts ^ 43,034 Oak logs 6,912 Spruce logs 8,565 Pine logs 185,734 206,666 Total.... $ 450,911 ™;s".» tiT- - «- .^. f ..»- s..„ «. ,„ ^ „^^ ^ ^^ ^^ _^^ ^^^ ^ DUTUBU-WOOD ,»D ManUIACTC,,, 01- Frkk— Woon. *^^£SSrS 'FrlS'S: Sv-Sf "Kss. o^f-.^ ,„.„ .m. a„.. <)77. Pine claiiboards. "'""ogany, rosewood, satmwood^ 078. Spruce clapboards. 679. Hubs for wheels liosts loo*- 1,1 1 "°^K:r- '""^'" •■- ortleltfr^- ''°'=^«' -^^>-'^«. ^n bloCs, heading, and .all li.e Ijfo ?u':''*''J^ ™^ palings. on2. Shingles. parasols, sunshatles^Lnrw^iu^^ ™''""'*'^'"''ed than cut into leLthH«,w!n'^*''''''"y Provided for in Puip. 30 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. To obtain this sum there were exported 30,769 cords of shingle and stave bolts, and 350,479 M. feet b.m. of saw-logs. Of the cords, 6,911 were stave bolts, and the remainder shingle bolts. Of the M. feet, 210,200 were spruce, 4,283 oak, and the remainder pine logs. The first point of inquiry is, whether this export duty acted in restraint of the business, and the second is whether it had any influence upon the price obtained. The Trade and Navigation Returns show the following exports of pine logs during recent years : — M. Feet. Duty. Year ended 30th June, 1884 974 $2 per M. feet. ' do do 1885 380 2 do do do 1886 2,869 2 do do do 1887 6,350 2 do do do 1888 468 2 do do do 1889 10,839 4J mos. 2, remainder $3. . do do 1890 32,144 2 do do 1891 36,699 ^ mos. 2, when repealed, do do 1892 73,963 No duty. do do 1893 127,084 do The above table shows that from 1884 to 1888 (both years included) the amount exported was only 200 M. feet more than the amount exported in the one year 1889, that in 1889 the export took a sudden jump; that in 1890, notwithstanding the export duty, the amount exported was nearly three times that of 1889 ; that in 1891 the repeal of the duty only caused an increase of 4,500 M. feet and that since the duty was repealed the export of the first full year without the '. '"'"^ '""'^^ ''""^^r for the year the United States, and, in addition 24 250 onoff u""^'^ ^''P'^''*"^ '"^ the log to cut was exported this year, makin" ?he t;;fi ' °^ ^f^^;"'- ^^ the previous season's 10,000,000 feet, b,m. cut on Dominion Ian^7/T ^- ^'^ "^"^s not include about exported m the log, to be sawn? the United s?T "'T^''^' ^^^ "* ^hich w^ that the export from Ontario to the United States will '; u ^' ^"^' *^^erefore, be see^ the estimates which have appeared from Hmfr . ""^ ^^ more than 50 per cent of jectures of some and the coSCed 0X0^0/^^™" '\t^' ^""^^^^ P'^^' asJhe con pams to ascertain the exact q^ntitLrXch w^r^'"''- ?.' department has taken every are believed to be accurate." ^'^ "^^"^ exported, and the figures here given do previous year's cut 210,682,802 feet b.m. "■<"»' »P»«i°»len Pine saw-logs . Elm do 125,837,000 feet b. m. Hemlock saw-logs 33,615,000 do Oak do 224,000 do Another do 1,347,000 do 4,054,000 do Total Ontario export fiscal year 1892-93 . 1^7"7":^ do IP It h* ft V cxuJi ~*a V-^''- f f li', 32 DEPARTMENT OF AORWULTURE. It thus appears that there is a difference between the amount of saw-logs exported from Ontario to the United States, as reported by the Crown Lands Department for the calendar year 1893, and the Trade and Navigation Returns of logs exported to all countries for the fiscal year 1892-93, of 79,855,802 feet b.m. This difference must arise from one of two causes : either the export of saw-logs must have increased greatly during the season of navigation of 1893 over that of 1892 ; or else the Customs officials failed to secure a full return of the saw-logs rafted to the United States. An exact comparison could be made if the Customs Department returned the amount of the export for the navigable season of 1893. A statement by the Department of Customs {see statistical table 17), with the names of exporters from the Georgian Bay, makes the export of logs 143,788,158 feet for the fiscal year 1893 ; it was 57,840,978 feet for 1892. This does not seem to agree with the Trade and Navigation Returns, which give an export of only 125,837,000 of pine for the whole of Ontario. The cut of saw-logs for 1893, according to the Ontario Crown Lands report, was as follows : — Pine saw-logs 718,215,271 feet b.m. Other do 8,095,124 do Total 726,310,395 do The proportion exported, being 210,682,802 feet b.m., is 29 per cent, with the possibility of a further proportion being exported later, as occurred in 1893. On the coast of Michigan there are centres of milling industry, chiefly situated in Saginaw Bay, which opens its mouth just across the lake from the Georgian Bay region, within convenient distance for rafting purposes. Men interested in the saw-mill industry in Saginaw City, Tawas, Bay City, and other places in this bay, purchased timber limits in the Georgian Bay region, and since 1890, cut and rafted the logs across Lake Huron to Saginaw Bay, thus adding one other source of supply to those they already possessed. It has been urged that they are compelled to obtain these logs or close their mills and that if Canada should put an export duty on these logs the results would be, 1st, to preserve our interests in the Georgian Bay region from depletion, and, 2nd, * to compel the lumbermen of Saginaw Bay to bring pressure upon the United States Government for the purpose of obtaining a tariff, on wood and products, more satisfactory to Canada. Nobody can object on public grounds to the Saginaw Bay lumbermen or anybody else purchasing limits and cutting logs provided the limitations as to the size of the log cut are such as to ensure the speedy reproduction of the forest. It is not fair to ask the present generation to forego their chance to make money out of the forest in order that coming generations may make the money. The present generation ought to be deter- mined to hand down the precious heritage of the forest, not o» \y in as good a condition as they found it, but improved in every respect. They ought also to have their fair share in the good to be derived from the presence of the forest. The two things can be greatlymwim^d"''"' ^^ ^*" ^^^ '^^^^ ''^ ^^^ """''^'* °^ events, the present United States tari£f 'oeing nds report, was bates tari£F oeing FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA 38 done and done simultaneously Vaf.,--.' proportion which th, Geojan B„, lop W a the tta?" '"" V""™"'^""'™* "» naw Bay tomberaieii. ga oear to the total supply required by the Sagi- au. tII' c,r4C"\3r,f»^',:fr '^t '» '«'= '^« «"^ «' ^-^i- follows,- '»^,1»4,159 feet of saw log,. These were supplied a., "rfrcr:ir^- ■■ -:^h3. ■• ■ „• 311,069,830 Total... 793,184,159 It will be seen that this one bay whirl. Iw „ • , the state, but which takes all the exnorlTn. , . "fT ""''"^'^ ^" ^^^ '^^'"^^^^ of less than one-,uarter of its needed ::;S;^ZZ:L ''' "^'^^^^'^^ ^^^ ^«^"^-' «^*-- that is the contention of those who Xocl ^£7'" '. ''" '^^""^ "^^^"^^^d" ^e* order to preserye our forests fro. spee^/d^^^^^^^^^^^ °^ ^ -P-"* ^"ty on logs in neari;r;^S,rotr;^^^^^ were valued at the Georgian Bay region in 1892 ''^"' "^ '^' ^^P^''^^^ «^^-I«g« f™m -Jr;:^::^^ ^ :^ris::i:;^r r-d --^ - *« - - bedont:::r:M^ht:l^eTl^rra^ ^^^-H- ^^an . of $2 or $3 would no more prevent J^chilnsa 'f '' """"'^ ' ^'^ ^^P^* <^"ty than it did in 1889 and 1890, wh n the sud. !"" '""? ""^"^ *'" ^^^^ ^ ^'^^ ^^^-e prevention of this business the exjl dX ' ^u^ ''° ""' ^^^""^ ^ ^^^ by greatly increasing the export duty t^M? ^ ^' '^'''^- ^^ '* "^'^^ P«««iWe, lumbermen to tow tLr rafrals Thetk! tf ""P^fi'^ble for the Saginaw Bay for their supply. The pine groTng e^i n of ^'^7 '^^^ *' '"^" ^'^ «"'«^ ^"-*-' be searched more closely, and it must bfr! l '^:T'''''' ^^'"'^^ '-^^^^^d to would less that 207,000,000 ac'^s, oTe than onT Ilf tl ^ \'^'°"*'"'^ ^'^"^^ '^^ -* would be deprived of a maiet forTur t;" and ou m"" 7 f '"^ "'^'^'- '^^^^^^ ^« saw a single log more.* ^ "' manufacturers of lumber would not turn* ySouthi*'r5?if-" V ' -f "* m'''" ^'^^^^^ ^^P°^' duty impose.! -on,n.H ? Af .- ^."f. 34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The circumstances of the Georgian Bay region are so exceptional that they must be dealt with by themselves and by the only authority that can deal best with them — the Government of Ontario. It can deal with the question by adopting an enlightened policy which shall comprehend a vigorous assistance of the powers of reproduction by insisting upon no trees being felled under a fixed diameter, by strict attention to fires, and by enlarged plans of afibrestation based upon the study of the measures adopted by France and Germany. Possibly it may also be able to make part of the contract under which the standing timber is disposed of by the Crown, that logs shall be sawn on this side of the lake. Bufthis latter measure is of doubtful expediency. It seems a fair conclusion that the lumber trade is of such a character that export duties, imposed or repealed, have little, if any, effect upon prices, and, therefore, little effect by way of restraint of volume of trade. Some help might be given the Provincial Government by the Federal authorities in other ways. For instance, the towing of logs is a menace to shipping as much in a shallow lake like Lake Huron, as it is on the ocean, the danger of rafts breaking up being even greater on Lake Huron than on the high seas. It was recently stated in the London (Eng.) correspondence of the New York Times, that eflforts were being made to induce Canada to prohibit the export of rafts from the ocean coast, on the ground that ocean transport was endangered by the partly submerged logs floating about. The same danger exists in Lake Huron. Through that lake goes a large quantity of shipping The Suez Canal is considered one of the great world-commerce paths. The " Soo " Canal has a larger number of vessels going through it than the Suez; the figures for 1892 being, "Soo" 12,580, Suez, 3,559. Again, complaints have been made that the chafing of the logs while being towed knocks off the bark and the fibre next it, and that this refuse not only destroys the nets, but is rapidly depleting the whitefish and salmon-trout fisheries in Lake Huron. In the balancing of disadvantages it might be found more conducive to the pros- perity of Canada to forbid towing altogether. Wood Pulp and Pulp Wood. The manufacture of wood pulp and the export, not only of pulp, but of wood for making it, have attained large proportions, and the industry has become of great importance. First practised in Germany in 1846, it was adopted considerably later in Canada. The census of 1891 gives a product of 261,155 cords of pulpwood, which can not be compared with the cut in previous decades, as there was no record of pulpwood in the census returns of 1881 or 1871. There is comparatively little pulpwood cut on licensed Crown lands, a large proportion being obtained from private property, and some wood being probably used for this purpose which is not so classified. There has been a great increase in the number of pulp mills in the Dominion. They are not mentioned in the census of 1871, but the census returns of 1881 and 1891 show a rapid growth : — • No. Capital invested. f 92,000 2,900,907 Number employees. Wages. Raw material. i 9,400 469,845 Products. 1881 1891 6 24 68 1,026 f 15,720 292,099 « 63,000 1,057,810 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 35 wood for pulp was /oioOO.OOO ir^l^lf ^^^^^^^^^ \ ^-^^^ «^ says that in Norway, the export of woorl n.Z * o °"'''"^^'' "^P"'"^' ^^87, toas in 1880. and 90 781 tonsTn 1885 Of^^'^ T' r^^r'"''' *""' '" ^^^•^' *° 26,055 1891, says : « The p oducZ of wond ^ I ' '^" ^"^*^^ ^'''''' ^^°"-'- R«Port, is made chiefly from sp^u tZ ^f"" '""''^'•'^ ^'^''^ ''''^P''''^ "^ ^^^^^ y«-« I home, ye, in^l885:^lS tons ™^r;ordr^^^^^^ more than 52,000 tons." ' *''® ''"'P'"'*^ ^''a increased to 2890 Wood pulp, value. Pulpwood, value. 1891 ^ ^^'005 $168,180 1892 188,198 280,619 1893 'il9A5^ 335,303 386,092 455,893 forest?:;: t^r^c^n' tcZrvTr ^"'^^°^' ^^^^ ^ p-^-^ o«r the country to be Lnu/actured Such ' . ''^"'^^"^ *'^ "•^^ "-^«"^1 «"' of without much success CunitedStateTr"'"? ^u' '" '^^"^ *"«^ «>--^--' but "The forests have late ysu^'ed the W^ '°'' '" ''''' ^"^^ ^^ ^^^^J^ = exportation or for p«,p i::!^:LTj7olu:Zri "''' T/T '''''' '- prepared from small trees and cut very shLt to 111 .V """'f'^ ''""'"^" "°°*^' in great demand in foreign market!" ^ '''P'''* '^"^^ °" ^««d, is now otherwise thfwL ^aa/C c^lttrttltt^™' ^^^'^ '"^^ ^^ ^'^^^' ^ ' '^^'^'^ ^^^'^'^^^ P''^^ f^'-^sH and they grow over far greater GEO. JOHNSON, Statintician. t u > .^1 8a— 3i DEPARTMENT OF AOBICULTUHE. APPENDIX " A. " FOREST COMMISSION, STATE OF NEW YORK. {Telegram, 34th January, 189 Jf.) Albany, N. Y., 24th January, 1894. The new State Forest Commission to-day submitted a special report to the Legis- lature strongly favouring the issue of $3,000,000 in bonds to purchase lands for the State park within the Adirondack and Catskill forests. The commission says : " On the preservation of our forests depends the water supplyH)f our rivers and canals, the motive power of great manufacturing interests, the priceless benefits offered by our forest sanitariums, the many delightful places of refuge from the summer heat of cities, and the existence of our fish and game. But, above all, on their preservation depends that great factor in our political economy, o^ir future timber supply." The great forest of Northern New York covers an area of 3,583,502 acres. The Adirondack park or proposed reservaticn includes 2,807,760 acres, classified as follows : Primeval forest, 1,575,483 acres ; lumbered forest, 1,027,955 acres; denuded, 50,050 acres; burned, 13,430 acres; waste, r',r)26 acres; water, 57,104 acres; wild meadows, 495 acres ; improved, 64,717 acres. The difi'eren o in area — 781,043 acres — between the entire forest and that of the proposed reser^/ation represents scattered or isolated tracts of woodland which couM not be well included in the park lines. The State owns 731,459 acres in the Adirondack forest, of which 551,093 acres are situated within the limits of the reservation. By the sale of the outlying lands and timber rights, and reinvf-stment of the proceeds in the interior, it is expected that the State ownership within the park can soon be increased to 900,000 acres or more. It is n )t proposed to buy improved lands, hotel property, nor water fronts and high-priced property held for summer residents, nor is it proposed at this time to purchase lands owned by private clubs. The commission thinks that eventually the State should pur- chase 1,200,000 acres, of which 677,955 acres is lumbered forest and 522,045 acres primeval forest. It is recommended that the State acquire by purchase 100,000 acres in the Catskill region. The bill which the commission submits, authorizes the State Controller to issue $3,000,000 in bonds bearing interest at a rate not exceeding four per cent, one-twentieth of the bonds to be paid each year after issue. The bonds would be sold by the Controller as fast as needed at not less than par, and the proceeds would be devoted mainly to pur- chasing lands for the State park. American Forestry Association. {Telegram, March 7th, 1894.) Albany, N.Y., March 7th. The American Forestry Association met at Albany, N.Y. on Tuesday. Governor Flower, in the course of an address of welcome, said, among other things : — " Long before there were any forest commissions in the various states, the men of your association, acting from purely disinterested motives, held annual conventions in the large cities of the United States and Canada, and aroused thereby the attention of the people to the necessity of forest preservation. As a result of the early labours in this direction many of our states have now established forest commissions ; the Federal Government has become interested in the work, and throughout our entire land the celebration of an Arbor day is the occasion of implanting in the minds of thousands of school children the first principles of forestry. " It is eminently proper that the forest associations represented in this congrcKS meet in Albany, for it was in the Empire state that the ideas which those associations promulgated were first planted and first bore fruit. Of the 44 states of the Union, New York was the first to establish a department of forestry and provide liberal appropria- n the Catskill FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA ^ 91 tions needed for carrying on its work ^ , afnfo ^t \r v , assume control over L public landsan.i tn .1 1 T ^""'^ "^"^ *'«» the first to ageu,ent_one which win not onrynsure^?^^^^^^ ^^-^^^"^ «f '"«"- furnish a pe petual supply of lunK and a constant"'' """^ ''"* '"'" "* ''^« «'^'"« ^^-^^ " New York is so fortunate in ;? '^'^^"ft'^"* «'»"'-«e of revenue to the state. have unusually laiearearo' timbered wilH """^ ^^f T'"^*^' advantages, that we from destruction. In the Ad ronf I rtZ r ""'"f'' ''"V*''"^ ^'»- ^«" ^P'^red wooded area, and in theCafsk il re^n StSt^^ ^'T 'i^"*^ •^-'00.000 acL of cularly well supplied in resnect to Zil P, *!"*''*• ^^^ ^ork is also parti- for their supply ^uponthrvaat uLtllTT, T^J''^'^' ^'^'-'h depend very largely shielded froln the Lg perils of drothLZ" t ^/"^''^^ °* °"'- ^^''^'"'^ ^->^^^ the West. In 1885, slellTereVle^^^^^^ states of " Most of the lands in the Ad ton laX av^^^^^^ " Adirondack park, are now owned by private individuals or t«I 'u^^ P"'?''''^ °* * ^«'-'-'«t preserve pose of lumbering, but for the present at T?', ""^^ ''%'"'" *'^"'"' "°t f^"" ^he pur- has been thought^hat tllrLEgf might be Z^TtJl "^^f "'^ "^"^'^ ^P"''*- ^'^ object of forest preservation attained b^ an ^rJZT \ v ." ^^'^t« .P'-eserve, and the holders. If forest preservation rSisstoeisT.f!l ^'*T'" ',¥ ^'""^ '^"^ *he to be taxed many ni^iUions of dollars athertLI, f ' « ^''^I.P'T'" '""'^ ""'"^''''^'y ^^^'^ denudation. ^^''''"^ *''"" *° «"*^'" ^^'^ disastrous effect of forest protect our wttef supply andTherebv our ZTl '"'' '^T """• ^°'"^^*^ ''^all not only furnish summer homes aKanitarium, Z '*""•'"'*"'•': '^"d commercial interests, anS time yield a revenue Xch £ pav lecor?^ but that they .shall at the 'same beside. Our commission has alreadvThk v„ ^f maintenance and a handsome sum State upwards of #50,000 ThiTlUretC%T ^^^^^ "1^*^ ''^''^ ^'U ^i^'d the " This matter of selli ... timh^v ^^Z u .^ *'''*'"*' '^°'* °* *h« department, gained ground in som otSr th?t the'stir" ""t'ted, and the impression has twelve inches in diameter Ireplv if should he s.^.'Ti? .*'*' '""'"^ °^ **" ''''' ^^^'^ which, by the way.represent 60 Scent of h'" f t' "*""" *^^ '"^•"'^ ^^"^«' " All those who argue that cuttirforrS! ^°'^'\'^'' ^? «"* ""d^r the present law of our forests, I would fefer to the ! ^nl 7, ""\'- '"T'''*^"^ ^'^^ the preservation would also call aStion to thrfJcrfh . ..°P'x^*'"r^*^'^ ^^^^^^ I selling to^ay timber riZl thousands o ll T uT^ ""l^'' ^'''''' Commi'ssion is bermen in some cases three t^mes lanwT vl . ''^ '^T ^^^" *="* «^^'- by the lum- sprucetoreprod^eitsetn^^^^^^^^^^ tende/cy of the culture^of t^lfn^rSef 1^^ ^ ''^ ««"• ''^If'^^ ^'^^^'^ ^tary of Agri- voice. He demonstl'ed that hi faSr™ with th: P'"-*^""* ?,"' '"* ^^^ ^ ^^^ and spoke very interestinelv He Ttf rfh^ f i .u j^ f ?"^"''^ °* ^''''^^^ preservation, unce of the axLan and fflmnt^^ fte o^^^^^^^^ °^ '^^ f«-«* to the ignor: and the other who has starterres tLt W. i /^''r"™'"^^^^^ ^"^ ^"^'^ 'l-ees, the people should be taughtrrestrv as a ik ,n ''• f i,?f ^fl'*'" "^ ^^''^"^'^ t'^*'* the observance of Arbor daVrth7plains has Wn i' *^"r^' ^""^t^' ^' '^'^^ ^^i'J that *5« ^habitants of those di^trkts m^Xdtm'e'S^^^^^^ Zllu^"''''}' ^ T^^^ *^^* adopted this day « one in wh.Vh fr. il" • Ti. , ^" "ut five states have now who seeks to reproduce reestt benefrctoTto hi' '"*^' "'/T'' "^ '''''■ ' '^^' ^^^ the United States 466 000 000 acr«i "f - ^ ^ ' T^K-T"^ *^« 'P^^'^^''- There are in 000 acres. The consumotion of w^L f n '"^ '^"''' "^^'^^ '" ^"^'^'^ there are 426,000 - timber from 25^00 "cr^f a year '^ '"'' '^'^ P^^'P*'^^^ ^" the United States take's tS'e whitrp^inlf^th^grh^bellt^s: iSr'T !!--.-t Washington, said that the any more could be cutin thoseTr^s s" S^ 'S^hfe i'ioToO OOO^Tk '^^'^ ""^'r there are upward/SlS^i:^^^^^!:^^:^- /^ -ii^ t£r '^'^ ml 88 DEPARTMENT OF AdItlCULTURB. APPENDIX "R" \. A DIGEST OF REPORTS— ONTARIO. Provincial Surveyors' Reports, Crown Lands Report, 1885. Blezard Township, Nipissing District. N.W. Lake Nipissing. Well timberfd with spruce, tamarack, bird', balsam, poplar, cedar, maple, in order named. A few Bcattered pine through northerly part, inferior quality, mostly scrubby. " May be a million feet." Extensive brul«3. Lorain Township, Nipissing District. On LakeTemiscamingue. S.W. part, valua- ble white pine timber limit. S.E. and N.E. burnt, but still large amount of good red and white pine. N.W. part balsam, cedar, spruce, tamarack, wliite birch, poplar, etc. ()lrig Township, Nipis.sing District. Near Mattawan. Maple, birch, balsam, etc. The p>ine mostly cut. Bower Township, Nipissing District. Algonquin Park. N.E. corner partly burnt. N.W. corner stripped of pine ; the rest much large good pine with some hardwood. Clara Township, Nipissing District. Near Algonquin Park. Much brule, and long lumbered, little timber left. A few pine of poor quality in south three concessions. Cameron Township, Nipissing District. East of Algonquin Park. Brul^ 30 years old ; was good pine and a few patches left. Second growth dense. Pitch pine, poplar, white birch, etc. Trill Township, Nipissing District. SpRnish River. In W. and N.W. fine hard- wood bush. Concession 4, 5 and 6 considerable pine but much of it scrubby. S. part, birch, maple, spruce, bidsam, tamarack and scrubby pine. Considerable black birch, and birdseye maple. A scattering of good pine throughout the township. Levack Township, Nipissing District. Near Spanish River. Part pine and tama- rack ; (shown on his plan) the pine of good qualify, large, straight and sound. Part mixed timber, pine, spruce, tamarack, balsam, poplar, birch and maple. Part brule, small pitch pine and poplar. Cartier Township, Nipissing District. Spanish River. Pine scattered in brul^, and in green districts of centre and S.E. In N., especially N.W., large red and white pine numerous. Brule grown with pitch pine, poplar, birch and cherry. Freswick Township, Nipissing District. Algonquin Park. Pine never very much and now lumbered. E. and S. burnt ; the rest on high ground, maple, beech and birch, in swamps, tamarack, spruce and cedar. Cascaden Township, Algoma District. Vermillion River. Greater part brule, with usunl second growth. S.E. part green birch, poplar, spruce, balsam and maple. A few good pine but too scattered to be of much commercial value. Dowling Township, Algoma District. Vermillion River. Very little pine. Birch, poplar, balsam, spruce, tamarack, maple, cedar, ash and ironwood in order named. Con. 6 old brule grown with balsam, birch, poplar, hazel and alder. Baldwin Township, Algoma District. Spanish River. S. portion much burnt, pine lumbered and burnt ; much swamp. N. and W. some pine of good quality with maple and other hardwoods. Nairne Township, Algoma District. Spanish River. Brule with usual second growth, was a pine forest. Small Norway pine on flat in centre. Gould Township, Algoma District. Mississauga River A few scattered pine in hardvvood in greater part of township. Numerous small swamps with cedar, spruce, balsam and birch. North Algona Township, Renfrew County. Principally brul^. Pine cut or burnt, the little left being scattered and inferior. " Small patches of hardwood and small swamps with tamarack and cedar. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. jj O-rnlLT'*"'''; .««"^'-«"^,^'"»»tyv .Tl-e pine hunbered and burnt. O Connor Township, Thunder Bay District. Thickly timbered, the S three conces- sions jack pino and poplar, th.. north birch with occasional spruce, tamarack and Sr Much burnt land, with dense second growth. A few "ood-si/e.l ni p m, VV T . and W. part of N. boundary. " ^ ""' ^^ • *'""nd'"-.v (iillieH Township, Thunder Bay District. Burnt seventy years a-.,, secon.l L'rowtb poplar, birch, spruce, tamarack and jack pine. There are poplar, spruce and tamarack 10 to 12 inches diameter, and tall. The jack pine is up to 12 inches dilmete fit £«; ties, budding a..I ..me for lumber. Of white pine there lire a few of ni'lZte 'site o.i smalle^*''*"' '^°"^"''"^' ^''""'^''' ^'^^ ^'''''''- ^'^'"^ ''' ''^''^' b"* «'"ber (second growth) usual second a hundred years ago — scattered half, not burnt, chiefly birch, N.E. half, burnt, but still quite Provincial Surveyors' Report.s-Crown Lands Report, 1886. Head Township, Renfrew County. E. of Algonquin Park Pin« m«=fi„ * burnt some hardwood. Brule whh usual second jfrowth mostly cut or second ^o^w^h.'^''^' ''"^'"" '''^""*^- ^^ ""' ^'S°"1"'" ^-^^- ^''-% '-"l^' -ith Bi-oder Township, Nipissing District. Near Sudbury. Mostly burnt-small esli'ITid tt H "'t^'°''P'- - C'--r- 2 and 3.^ots (i aL 7 'and Co" cessions i and z, lot 12. Some spruce, tamarack, Ac. Deacon Township, Nipissing District. Algonquin Park. Half, a lanre amount of valuable pint with hardwood. Half, brule with second growth. ' ^ ""* ""^ Dili Township, Nipissing District. Near Sudbury. S.E., mixed timber with annA number of red and white pine. N. and W brule ^ stunted timber. Ermatinger Township, Algoma District. S.W maple, pine (red, white and pitch), spruce and balsam, a quantity of green pine standing. Grassette Town.ship, Algoma District. Mississauga River. Timber scrubby • S t^VToZn '/ft""' '^^7"^' '"""''f ^"' P'"! ■' ''"^" *'-*^ "^"-^ -P^e-l AT portion a tew good pines much scattered. l«r.. 1 T/^r^'^ Township, Algoma District. Mississauga River. Well timbered A m[fe wtt A°r ^'"' "" "''' T'^ °* ^"'^'^ ^^^b'°^ '^"d ^^«*^^^'-d three quarters of t mile west of this more scattered. Around south end of Lake Bernard and anuaiter of 'LmaracM^r^^r^r °^ ^ ''"'' ''''' ""^•^'^- ^^^^^^ ^ intervars^erc^da:! nunnHH!^'''\'^°''"'''i?' ^^^"""^^ ^^'*"^*- ^^^"^^^^^on River. Excellent pine in large quantities above medium size, straight and sound. Other timber, balsam, spruce birch Si S;:sl;rit: '• ^- '''' ""■ ^- ^^^'^^^•^ ^^^« '-^'' patches'of^s.';^;; Otter Township, Algoma District. Mississauga River. N W part brule with poplar, white birch, &c., and occasional clumps of gi^een hardwood. S. aiid's E pTrS ulled"fn 'l '■^r.*'"?^""' '"'P^'.' ^^^'^ ^^''^' ^^^-^ ^P--"'^- «»d P'-^- Th^ pinehasleen culled for board timber ; some is unsound but some fit for saw-logs River Ran e?«f If ''",^'"?'^^""'''^.i'-^"y.,^'^*^"°*^- ^^'^' P'« ^^^•'rve and White dilnV „? -1 A ."^ o""' ^/""^ Canadian Pacific Railway cro.ssing five times and never White LatTin^h ^H T^'' '"" ^"'■'^ '^ "^^^^' ^°'^ ^* 24 miles ran north 6 mifes to White Lake. Timber, balsam, spruce, tamarack, white birch, a few Norway pines and ...f ^r"!t i^^'Tr'^JP^ Thunder Bay District. Kaministiquia River. N W and part of north, brul^ with small second growth. The rest has large poplar, bi and i ^i r 40 nUl'AHTMEXr OF AriRlCUhTUHE. nodco.' ^'^^ °'''^''"°"'*' ^'''** Pi"«« to*' 'ew ami scattered to be worth more than panaing ..o ^'^''t,'''^:' Township, Thunder FUyDiHtrict. Kaministiquia Ilivor. Uumt 150 years Xwn 1. ' "" ^'":"' ''""I'' "P":"""' P"P''*''' J"^^"^ pin-, tamarack and balsam thickly ■^ Nn... •'" ^P'"'"' '""'"■'''''i ^".'' P"*'''^"" '*•■*' ''*'''^«- There is an occasional white pine [ ..Wn f w > r'",^ ^"'t" ''"' "'^"•■' ^"'Ser's exploration. Rainy lliver fertile C Lake of W(kkJs to Fort Francis, 60 miles by 15 miles ; the timl>er is chiefly poplar of largo sue, cedar large enough for telegraph-poles and shingle bolts, spruce Zarack and ba sam Some groves of pine, " but it cannot be calledl ,,i„e JouL."y '' ffera t corner ot Lake of the Wootls Between these waters ami the North Hay of Kainy Lake here .s a consu erable quantity of pine but not large, thick grov.s. N.^of U n/ L^ke to 49 eastward to Sand Island lliver, and on the Seine to Sturgeon Falls there is ^Ze o?/'''rb'""r''''""""^':°"*- l''-^ groves of red and w'hite pine near the Seme, other timber, jack j)ine, poplar and tamarack. PnoviNciAL Surveyors' Reports— Crown Lands Report, 1887. .. Thi h'"!'^^" T7"«hip Algoma District. Vermillion River. Swamp, rock and brule The timber is of very httle unportance, but in a small section of the eastern part of the township I found a few scattered pine of fair quality " ^ whJ. JS' Township Algoma District. Vermillion River. Well timbered throughout whi^ and red pine of medium size and fair quality. Small patches burnt in N E and JN. W. corners. ' """ baU "^""^^ Township Algoma District. Spanish River. Timber chiefly pine, spruce balsam cedar and birch. Considerable good marketable pine. South of Spanish E; rocky t^ber burnt, second growth poplar, birch and pine, with patches of ^oo3 pin^ Edgar Township, N.pissmg District. Petawawa River. N of Petawawa rockv and timber burnt except a limited portion towards the W. boundary Wh more level ,• hres left little green timber ; second growth poplar and birch ^ Anglin Township, Nipissing District. Near Algonquin Park. Fire destroyed all valuable imber except some patches; second growth p!>plar, cherry, ic. S of Lake ItPlllti intZhir ^'' ^°"^ ''''' '''^'- ''''''' ^'"'^ ''-' little'til^o? A ^.^'^'"te Township, Nipissing District. Petawawa River. S. and E. parts almost rlvr f T; P^ ! '""^^ and broken with small poplar, bircl!^ Tlder, willow, &c A patch of good land at junction of White Partridge River aid Lavielle Creek Wt sidi of river to south boundary, and extends half a mile hxck, green mixed buT pine nrch and balsam. Tamarack and spruce in swamps up to^l2 inches. Mostof the township was burnt twenty years ago. Garson Township, Nipissing District. N. W. of Lake Nipissing. Red and white thronaCr'! Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Timber throughout township small, chiefly spruce, tamarack, poplar, white wood cedar and balsam with some black birch, eln, and soft maple. No^th^erly' part burS' mTny years ago, and now very little merchantable timber ^ ^ part S%''t^ Township, Nipissmg District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Greater part of S.VV quarter, spruce and tamarack swamp. S.E. quarter chiefly spruce and Re^tofNTlk"''r"'^T"1- N-E- «o-u.., spruce, cedar and tamarack swamps xtttstf'a sStsTi^' ''' ■ ""^ "''"^"' ''^'' '"* "^* ^"^"^' '"' -'^"^'^- cin^:^: I^:::^'t.:?!lT%:^'^ ^^- Temiscamingue. Timber Very fe^-pi.;;.--F w.;o;;e; bi^J^'Vitr;;^! iSid :::^ '"''''' '^''^"^ *'^ °'^^'^- !, tamarack Spanish River. Greater portion well timbered FOREST WEALTH OF VANAhA. « ^on^tL'^:£^S^Zj'S^S:; nir' '^r'? Temis.amin«ue. 0..k1 cedar balsam. ** ' ^ '-'"""^ P°P''"^- white wood, tamarack, spruce and Hilliiird Township, Nipissinff District N ,.t T .1 -n ■ and part of W. portion a plateau withdenso i,row I 1 "";■«'...„„ i^^^e. H. W. part poplar, tamarack, spruce and cedaT | if C ."^o '"•«" *'"''";'' ^''i^" Pin«. birch, mercial value. W.'of lUanche lUvcr Icav iv t im ,'' l^ m 1''*""' «''"^"' "^ "" ^•"™- tanmrack, cedar, poplar and whit.'pi.J ^ ^ ''•^'' '•"■^'•' '"''' ^'''"'^'''« -^Pruce, spr. "'^m:;^:;;:!;;;;;,^ Cjf Stiar'In? ^^^'^----'«-- Tiud.ered with Casey Township, Nip.tTn^Siet 'n "^ Zk 't^ "''^'''^•' ""' '""' ^''''« «•'"«• and tamarack swamp. ** ^- '*^ ^"''^ remiscamingue. Mostly spruce PHOvmcAL St,BVKVOR«' Kepout.h-Chown Lanos Rkpoht, 1888. Heas Township, Algoma District, with good white pi no. iniie^^;Si^;::'s;ir^JS;ip '^t^r- f^^ •^^ «-^ p*- *»•- balsam, pitch pine and white birch ^ ^ ''"''"*' ""''• ''^^''"'"l K^owth spruce, niiieslS::rfS'N''£.^;::Se'ofLu^:;eriri''^ i^-^^- ,^^" ^-'^i-Hneis brul^ to 8th mile, chiefly pitch pine birraiduooirV'' ' i'' '"''" ^'"'' ^^'^ ''"«''• »''«" hrul«5 to 14th mile, then old bush to s/h ^ I'^T u' ' *^'*" '' "'''''' ^'^ bush, then cedar. The second brulcswel grown uJ ^iL^ '^'T' T'^ P^P'^' »-P'« '^nS E. of 3rd mile, W. of 4th mile in UTi 11 to"nd on large lake at 1st mile mile, N. of I4tl mile On b e lin/Zo ■ '"'*" ^*^ ''"'^ ^''' "'••'«'«' E- anth Z\on,T • ' f""* ^^^'^ ""'«**' '^ ^^w on 14th , Onaping Lake, a large quan 'V o ^ood nine W 'l T^'^ northward. Southward on -untry nearly all cmered w.i 1; fZ oisT^n ." V' -^ -"^"^ "* ^"'^Pi"« ^ake bunches distant from each other On P • ^r"' °"'*' P'"« '^^l ^'''-ugh in large ' ward, pine in large quanTt es a W t^e sh^r!,'"'."^ ^'^ r' '^"^ '**'^^« '"•'«««d to west Chamberlain Town^.inN Si, n-.^^^^ northward. small poplar, birch'Z. I'd of l"' C 1 ttlf t^mb "'S'""''*' T'"''"''- '^^^^ -^^h . ^ Kerns Township, Nipissin- Strict ^K^ timber of any value left. burnt with usual second gfowth but some ^^^^^^ T ""^. ^- P'^''^^ "' township ing, but much valuable thnber ikt ^ ^"'' "'' '^°''"^'' ''* '^'^^^^ ^^'^^ l»'nber^ ^nb^pllS^STt^rS^^^lTL^^ Temiscamingue. Well pery few pine and h.rdly any ha.dwood ^ ""' ^""^ ^''"^' S«od for lumber. -a/=5:s;t;!^.^S^i:SsS^tl;h S ^^^^^^^-r-^-- ^°p'-- -i"o- throughout. AgLgroveof pne^nrheVt ""^ ^"V'T^ '^''"'' '^"^ *^'"^'''»ek I ward from hill on the north boundary a larJ;r!;fT''- ^^^ i'^u"^' northward and east- l<:ountrv anH nnnpT,,-' --, °, T^'^y- * ^^"^g^ tract of pine could be seen in the uncnr-r—'' I ivr' I'pf^aitr-i vriy valuable. — i-ii....r,Cj.mt ^ 1 F 42 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTVRE. Hudson Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Timber second growth 75 years old, the most valuable being the cypress or pitch pine, 6 to 18 inches diameter, tall and thick. Some remains of the old forest. Blythe Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Timber generally good except on some low lands, where small spruce nnd tamarack. On uplands, pine, spruce, birch and maple, except 4,000 acres brul^. Good pine in greater part of township. Stewart Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Pine of good size and quality except brule in north. Little hardwood. Evanturel Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. No good timber ; small secontl growth. Some cedar swamps. Fitzgerald Township, Nipissing District. Next Algonquin Park. On eastern boundary 6,000 acres goud hardwood. In S. W. corner a block of white pine. The rest brul^ with usual st^cond growth. Thunder Bay and Rainy River District boundary. Base line N. W. angle of Strange Township to Agnes Lake, Hunter's Island. S. from this, meridian line between Thunder Bay and Rainy River District. Some good-sized pine near Waykwahbinonahm Lake, also near Bitchu Lake and on Hunter's Island. Indians said more good pine south of base line. Burnt land, second growth pitch pine, birch and poplar. On unburnt part pitch pine, birch and poplar of good size, fit for mining or fuel purposes. Some good groves of spruce and tamarack. Lakes west of Arrow Lake, Thunder Bay District. Fronc and including Rose Lake westerly to Gunflint Lake, well timbered with spruce, poplar, birch and balsam. Occasional red aid whit" pine in small belts or scattered, the redmore common thanthe white — useful but not enough to make the land valuable for it alone. Eastern part of Gunflint Lake, westerly and northerly bruW with p plar, birch and jack pine, as far as Island Portage or Granite River. From this a belt of spruce, poplar and birch, with some red pine 12 to 16 inches, to Seiganagah Lake and along its S. and E. shores. N. shore brule to twu miles from outlet ; S. E. part and some islands, considerab'e pine from 12 to 20 inches, mostly red. From two miles E. of outlet to Seiganagah Lake considerable red pine with spruce, poplar and birch. Again brule on Seiganagouse Lake S., S. E. and E. ; small second growth. About two mile< from E. end, spruce, poplar, birch and jack pine, with increasing proportion of red pine. W. of Angle Lake a belt of red pine. From Seiganag mse Lake westward only occasional brule with considerable red pine of good size, especially near Big Rock Lake. 210 miles were run. Provincial Surveyors' Reports, Crown Lands Report, 1889. Dack Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Half of town- ship brule with poplar, spruce, tamarack, balsam, willow and birch. In green bush i tamarack, spruce, balsam, balm of gilead and birch, with a few white pine from 6 to 24 | inches. Robillard Townsliip, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Timber, I spruce, balsam, tamarack, cedar, birch and pitch pine. Merchantable white pine in .southern portion and along Blanche River. A large tract of brule across the whole N. | portion. Savard Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Con. 1, 2 and I 3, balsam, spruce, tamarack, poplar, balm of gilead, all large. The rest brule, poplar j and birch on highlands and tamarack and spruce on lowlands. Henwoo 1 Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Timbeil chiefly spruce, tamarack, white birch, white wood and pine. Rocky ridges in south I with pitch pine of no commercial value. East, centre and north, scattered white, red| and pitch pine of good qualitv. Will be the centre of a limit of considerable value. Notman Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Timber, balsam,! spruce, tamarack, hemlock, cedar, birch, hard maple and pine. Pine scattered over tlieP whole township of good merchantable quality, Osborne Township, Nipissing District. ' N. of Lake Nipissing. Westerly side and! south-east corner green. Birch, balsam, tamarack, spruce, with a few scattered pinej FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. iS from 6 to 24 The rest bruM with small N. W. corner tamarack and spruce swamp, not large trees poplar and cherry. Hammell Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Considerable white pine round most of many lakes and scattered over township, the laLst and best in S E portion. Blocks of maple and birch almost exclusively. ^Flats of fptce tamfrack and 1 (^n^'^^"" Township, Nipissing District. Adjoins Algonquin Park. S W corner ^about thrifty growth of young pine, white and red springing up a Beauchamp Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue S E nart broken by creeks Balsam, birch, spruce, tamarack and cedar. LotsTand I' Con 2 and 3^a few pine. H. W part arge pitch pine flat. N. E. part brule, rocky Along west boundary, a mile or two miles to eastward a strip of very good pine land ^ Marquis Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamrngue Heavy growth o large poplar, spruce, tan.arack, birch and balsam, the poplar the k^gestleen^ White rZtX r « ' r "'''^ 'I *'^' ^^""^*y «* *^^^ ^'^'^^he River, only enough to bevauabe pS pfne: "™'' ''• P"'*"" "''^"^'^"» north-westeri;, also N. W. corner jsmaU wifV,^''^*'l^-'''"'^'^*',^'P;'''7S ^''*""*- N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Brule covered w^th scrub pine, poplar birch, balso,m and tamarack. A few smal cfdar swamns White pine throughout t^^e township, not of much commercial value. ^ Pacaud Township, Nipissing Township. N. of Lake Temiscamingue Brule All ;o%ttttyyaroir°"'^ ^^-^^^ balsam,spruce, pitch pine, taL^ack^th atd clumps of pine, chieily Norway. Some clumps of spruce, tamarack and cedar useful for Provincial Surveyors' Reports— Crown Lani.s Report, 1890. Shakespeare Township, Algoma District. Spanish River. Mostly covered with nin. '?""',™J'»»"«,'>ip, Nipisjing Di.lrict E. of Algonquin Park. S. W, i hi»h ■ white rs™'rS;u:idT,l%SE'"''' "-'" ""' "■""• "'"""^ «"""■■ ^ ^ i'--^^ Appelby Town.hip Nipissing District. W. „t ImU Nipissing. larger p.rt brule £rMr:i-SL';;f™";s -^ °*'- ^ "'■■ •--"'^ °' p'-- a.uffr;e n„rf ^•'''r '^r^^^l'P' Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. N ^ greater ZV'^^Tr^ r? ^^^r™''^' ^P''"°^' b'^l^'^'"' ««^^'-. Popla--. up to LHinches bu? most ™ne and"?;;:?' '"'' '' ^^^^^ ^''^ ''''''^' «™^* ' *' "l^' «P--' '-^--! p"S Charlton Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing Half old hrnl,: second growth poplar, birch and spruce, with maple in a few'pTS.' The re^fsp^ut; Pf i ' M\ a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. balsam, birch, tamarack, 4 little maple and white pine, small and scrubby, except in E. l)Ortion. Large pine on lots 1, 2 and 3, Con. 2, 3 and 4. Cleland Township, Nipissing District. Wahnapitae River. A large quantity of valuable pine still uncut in the township, also a heavy growth of spruce, birch, tamarack, poplar, balsam and pitch pine. Brul«$ across the N. W. corner and N. to iailw§iy. Garrow Township, Nipissing District. On Temiscamingue Road. Well timbered. On the highlands, balsam and pine, on the lowlands, spruce, tamarack and cedar. Con- siderable areas of red and white pine. Brul^ in N. W. corner. Small second growth poplar and birch. Gladman Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Thickly wooded throughout with hard and soft wood, only a small strip of brule three-quarters of a square mile in the N. W. corner. A few large pine at the north and east. Spruce and tamarack swamps across the township north-westerly. Good pine was seen north of the township. Hawley Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Red and white pine, balsam, spruce, tamarack and birch. Very large pine in N.W. corner, the re- mainder poor. Brule with second growth poplar, birch, tamarack, spruce and jack pine. Lockhart Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. No brul^. The higher portion, the central part of Con. 1, 2 and 3, chiefly maple, birch and balsam ; other parts spruce, tamarack, cedar, red and white pine, and pitch pine, a few ash, elra and ironwood. Lyman Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. Good pine, princi- pally white, scattered over the greater part of the township. Spruce, tamarack, balsam, cedar, poplar, white and black birch, and maple in order named. A third of the town- ship westerly brul^, second growth poplar, cherry and birch. Sharpe Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Temiscamingue. Timber, poplar, white birch, spruce, tamarack, balsam, pine, cedar, &c. A few scattering white and red pines. Two-thirds of the township bruy, 25 years old. Tamarack fit for piles and ties, spruce, poplar and birch of good size and a little cedar. Boundary between Rainy Lake and Thunder Bay Districts. Northward on bound- ary, 120 miles from Sewell's base line ; at 12th mile east 4 miles to Moss Township ; at 30th mile, west 12 miles to Magnetic Lake. Mostly brul«5, 7 to 70 years old, with small second growth birch, poplar, cherry, spruce, pitch pine, &c. Considerable tamarack, and pitch pine fit for ties, especially north of the C. P. R. along English River. A few groves of white pine, but none of any consequence north of the Seine River. More or less pine through the country south of, and around Crooked Pine Lake, and a considerable number of scattering trees in places south of Windigoostigwan Lake. Provincial Surveyors' Reports — Crown Lands Report, 1891. Porter Township, Algoina District. N. of Sault Ste. Marie branch. The whole township, (except brule, 1,000 acres), well timbered with pine, cedar, spruce, maple, birch, hemlock, &c. The pine of good quality, except on rocky lands in the N.W. part, where short and scrubby. Township outlines on C.P.R. from Pogamasing to Woman River, Algonia District. The greater part brule. Pine, to an extent worth mentioning, only near Ramsay Station and at Cat Lake, where a considerable quantity of fair size. Near Woman River, some rather small pine. Fell Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. S. E. part of N. W. corner brule. Timber mixed, only medium ; some good tamarack and spruce, considerable white birch and poplar ; the pine mostly small. Clancy Township, Nipissing District. Near Algonquin Park. Still a large quantity of white and red pine of commercial value, though long lumbered. The N. part swampy, the reafche.n.vily timhp.rttd with mixed wnnd, bl.ack birch, heeeh, ironwnnd, hemlock, m."..plf^, *tc, Bastedo Township, Nipissing District. N. of Lake Nipissing. A great deal of pine has been taken out and a large quantity still remains. A considerable quantity of good FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA, ^ EaTa';rtrSfi;S,J:trraS=r^^^^^^ " birch. balsa™a„d Gorham Township, Thunder CSh.T^I'T"'^ S"""**^- N. E. corner and other small scltered patches S'' '^T t'T" P^''^^^'^ °* ''^- spruce, cedar and tamarack ^ ^™''^'' '"»"' birch, poplar, balsam, tamarack, through a large portion of the town?h?n ^^^^"P^- ^'H' '™^" ^P''^^^ ^°d s^=^H:;t!r£^X- "-^p-^^-^^ii.=n^Sh:: .est ^^^^^ ^:^ atf £i--^- "^ ^p- --p«. *^« ThunSrboutr/rJ^r;^^^^^^^^^ . It *^« ^^^'^ -^^^ - *^e growth whiti birch, poplar, sTruce Ind oSl" r!^TX ^™''' 1*^ *''' ^^ ^^^^^^ ^l'^' ^^^"'^d but not abundant Prindpa nine aC.sr ^ome cedar, tamarack and spruce, Sturgeon Palls, fair size, chTeTyw^E a StleZ^ ^"^^ Lake to along second -^v^ third meridianllines. ' ^ ^ ^"^ ^^^ Atikokan, and ia places iHovmciAL SuRVEYous' Reports-Crowv Lands Report. 1892. Scadding Township, Nipissing District K W «f t „i xt- • • ^ where not burnt. Brule, with secmi,! JrowfiVK" u ^^^■^'P''''"^- Well timbered half the pine is mostly cut, but in the / Zf ^Z' n'"^- ^'fu ^^^ P^P''^''- ^^^ ^^^ S. large amount of valuable pine ' ^"P"*='^"y '"^ tbe E. portion, there is a well tSre';;-:!;^^;^^^^^^^ sp^Jbth^^'^ ^^T^-. ^^« -- '^^^^ poplar. The east half brul^; second Sowth^tro^fiftl "^P^"' ^"^K P'"^"' ^^^'^"^ ^"^ .^. pne. The greater part^of the .o^odT^^e^n lor^ofCSof 5^^^^^^^^^^^^^ baisa^:;=rxa2t^ss'%.^^ :^ ^^^^^ ^r ^"^- t^-^-, pm. abundance. i^amarack. ihe pine of fair quality is in considerable A little hmU, a ra.I part rfS S W Jf ' T", "''* '»'"'> »»<' ™g" "W ot good pi„e%f large si» ^SS ""f, ;,« £ r™ h '" "",?■"",■ "«''■ ^»"' U.. ».tem portion^a thick growth St siail Site pi„e ' ' ""'' """''''>'• '» I iii -.».—. 46 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. Dunlop Township, Algoma District. Spanish River. The whole well timbered with tamarack, spruce, birch, balsam, cedar and maple. The pine has been largely lum- bered, but some remaining in Con. 5 and 6. Gough Township, Algoma District. Spanish River. Timber little burnt, only a strip along th' louth boundary. White spruce, tamarack, cedar and hemlock- in large quantities goc: for ties, &c. The pine is partly cut, but a great deal remains of good quality. Spohn Township, Rainy River District. On the Lake of the Woods. Largely covered with spruce and tamarack swamps, also cedar. On the higher parts chiefly poplar, balm of gilead, spruce, birch and tamai auk. There was considerable pine, but it has been cut, what remains being hollow, stunted and punkey. Township Outlines, Algoma District. From Woman Riv^er to Windermere station. " The timber is that common to this whole northern country, viz. : spruce, tamarack, banksian pine, white birch, balsam, poplar, cedar, &c." Much brul(5, with second growth. Much good spruce, banksian pine and tamarack, fit for ties between Woman River and Chapleau. The surveyor says, " We saw not more than two scoie trees of red or white pine in the whole survey. Sturgeon Falls to Rainy Lake. Base Outlines. Rainy Lake District. Consider- able brule along the line run, and in the whole country in the vicinity of ^9° ; second growth white birch, poplar, spruce, tamarack and pitch pine from sev( .. to thirty years old. Considerable spruce, tamarack, cedar and poplar of good size. East of Rainy Lake, rocky and swampy. Along 49° to First Correction line, rocky. South of this, good level land timbered with poplar, spruce, cedar, tamarac, tfec. Lakes in Thunder Bay District. Exploratory survey. Some good pine to S. and E. of Northern Light Rock on Northern Light Lake, extending as far south as main shore north of Eagle Island ; the rest around the lake, brul^ with small second growth. On the islands, especially Eagle Island, good pine, enough with the mainland for a good limit. On the N.E. shore of Sandy Lake a little good pine, other timber small. North of this some good spruce and tamarack. On Waykwobionan Lake, at E. end and on islands, a small amount of pine ; at Sandy Creek good pine in small quantities, also at Shebandowan Lake and Green Water Lake. Round Kashabowie Lake the timber drowned and killed by a dam, and back from shore brul^ with small second growth. On islands in the lake a little good pine but not enough for a limit. Provincial Sorveyoes' Repobts— Crown Lands Reports, 1893. McCrossen Township, Rainy River District. On Lake of the Woods. The timber consists principally of tamarack, spruce, poplar and cedar; a few scattered red and white pine occur, but not in any quantity. Pratt Township, Rainy River District. Near Lake of the Woods. This township is mostly swamps. The timber is mostly tamarack and spruce in the swamps ; on the high lands, poplar, tamarack, spruce, birch, balsam, balm of gilead, and in the very wet swamp lands the timber is chiefly stunted tamarack and spruce. White pine, in small quanti- ties, is met with in some places, but not in sufficient quantities for a timber berth. Capreol Township, Nipissing District. On Wahnapitae Lake. The south half chiefly low and swampy. The timber is chiefly pine, spruce, tamarack, cedar, birch, hard maple and balsam. A large amount of good, fairly large pine was seen +' oughout the town- ship ; in the swamps, the spruce, tamarack and cedar is of a fair size and good, and also the birch and hard maple found on the ridges. The balance of the timber is small and scrubby. Crerar Township, Nipissing District. On Sturgeon River. Lumbering operations have been carried on in the township for many years, and what timber remains, with the exception of that on the tract of land between the Sturgeon River and the Tamaga- mingue River, is of little value. Davis Township, Nipissing District. Near Sturgeon River. Nearly all the township has been burned over in recent years. That part, however, in the north-east corner, ood, and also ■ is small and FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. township has been burnt over Of tl,P romnir,.io„ , ,, /^^'"■"y one halt of the off by the lumbermen, spruce balsam birrT' ""7 ^ ''" *^,' ?'"" ^'^^ ^een taken timbers, with an occas ionKaple oHhe Ser an , 'AT^'^f ^^'"^ *^'^ '•^"^"'"i"^ Loughrin Township, ^^^'iZ^^^tl^ti:^^^ , T spruce, birch and tamarack amoTg S in toTe' pTalr"'*^ '^^ ^^.^^^ ?"t: P^P'^' trees are found. *" ' °"^® P''^^^^' numerous dead white pine red pine of medium nize The south rrfii f' • t **" t^bered, with white and balsL, pitch pine and birch aTlme 1 l'T'■ll'''*^'' '7''^^^ ^'"'''^^ °f «Pru«e, trict has been extensive ylumSd over tr Z ^"*'^^»^'^ ^'^«'-- ^^early all this dis- able quantity of average and sStpTneS^ ^^1 ^'' '^^^ ''"'^'''' ^ «<^°«'der- eommercial Le, besidef an a C SaustTbln f ?/T '\' '^"""^''y' ^^^^^^^^ ^«^- basswood, mapi;, spruce tamamck Ic Tht ' ^T^'^^ ""^ °*^=r marketable woods, frequenti; coLed with Trnse ™th^f are large areas of bruhl or burnt land ..im, I., causing r^^gr^esf t^ouKL"^^^^^^^^^^^^ 2*:ftS«r;^!r ''-''' been t:;TXa'brLt^i^fef ^^^^^^^^^ STotship has The township is very heaSv t S^^^^' ^t 1^*'' P"''""" °* *^« P"^« ^as been cut. and shown on the t'mber man Kne /.^ t" ^^^^P'r,"^ *^^* P°^*^°" burnt over, '"^'to;^ '"^ b^^ fpop^^ -« *^« ^^'^«^' mere tTSref sSot'°"°?L'';^*t'' '^""l ^^"^^'^'^ Pacific^RXy, from Winder- viz., spruce whTtebthtamrracrnl/' *t',^ ^'^"'"^ *« ^^e whole^of this d,sSc , No;way and white pine ' S o^ exttt 0^7/ "f^' "^'"'^ P?'^^' '^'^^ — -onall^ townships Nos 46 and 47 ^L .u '^^ l"^^ ^'^'^ varieties met with was in and white pine. I undersCd Lm rn:?'"^ 'l ^^ " considerable extent of both r 3 that the qualify and qurt ty of th^ ti^h.^' "^ ^^1 "''P'"''''' '^^' f""'' ^^ *h« «»"ntry ^or ;ient/miles«S ^^r ^3^^ ^ ^ tth tS^^^^' ^ mhs^^the'^r Sp^^s^ct^^^^^^^ ^'"^ Nepigon River. The face of three- poplar prevailing. There is TsklrHni J '^l^^^ scrubby timber, with larch and boundaries, constting ^sp uce tmal h^r'' ^^l^V^^^f ^^e southern and western of ve^ fi„; 3pr..e 4^:''^yT:::^^:^^,:::i^!^ -- -.ions Iarge"prtrn:?trS;i^^y:^a"^^^^^^^^^^ ^-r^- ofa '^^sr-r^^n^' '^''f' ^''^ - oSl;7wi:r;nVrs::f ^^^ -' ''-' base line, eighteen miles eastTnd IhirV! -f ^*'''"' ^^^"'^dian Pacific Railway ; Large tra'cts^of the co^ have^e^finrarva'riS T' ""^^1 !"^u°' "^^"^^^'^ '^-«- I almost impenetSe ^ ^ ' '"''' P'*'^ P"'"' 'P'""^^' "'^^'^Y' &«., and is ofteJ V .■I' I 48 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE. ^-.JlfflUlIp REPiORTs OF Ontario Stipendiary M voistrates. BoRBON's Report on Basin of Hudson's Bay, 188u. Sessional Papers, Part IV No 2" "The territory is naturally divided into threetolerably well defin;d belts ol-Si^:' (Ont. N. of Height of Land.) averages S^o'LtorieTin'^iSh.f ' ""' """^ ""^^^'^^''^ '^^ '*« ^^^-" (»« ^^inks it 2nd. The intermediate belt or " steppes," remarkable for its rapids and falls. wherf^he'^^ste'lts '' n7tl,'°""*''^,'''*^"'^'"« ^r"" ''^^ ^°^«* °* J^'"««' ^ay southerly to wnere the steppes of th ^ second or mtermed ate belt begin " rWidth ^0 nr fin Jn at E. boundary to 200 on W. boundary, at St. Martin's Fafls ) By the Abbitibbi and Moose (Missinaibi or N Branch^ " T,„>v,».. tu i. through a chain of na™wSsr,LH^,,k,LT'j"'''-r'' '^"™ "" ■.ortn«.r,l the ire and .. oUrtS^wKhetfltk ; ,± ^'Z^^SufT^:^ i-r^iTSvi^tiVi'^tifcxrH"'^^^ 2^re^r„;i»!tt:rr^^^^ ttsr„tt^£1-s'rrt^^^^ I's'SwlSe'e, """".'^r'' '" ""• '» "»™ «t XSontVeVowth* iWn'd"?,' "'"''^ '* ^°"'.' ^'^°*°''y ^"^ °*her posts fn this terr tory ?or house buiW i T/ ^^^ P^^'Pf e«- It is toJerably abundant both on the banks of thpA hWHW »,i;:tT^'L"" "h°r • "r- ^' p"" wha.rrvr^rJiirHLh'rro-xt ;.o„w * j" , ^"P.""^ disappear between Fort George and this river The'T^'n,', rack IS found nearly as far north as the spruce, which is iLt seen on tTe co JtearThe" ^OlfESTlVEALTMOFCA^^ADA. , Part IV, No. 22. ed belts or zones. ' ." (He thinks it [s and falls. Bay southerly to Ith 50 or 60 miles sr. The character )ther trees taking ize of the timber 5 above the upper- s from the N.E. ge I observed oak ) I noticed white fie rock is gneiss, ■ich soil. A few anoe route leaves was Tiortnward irable change in 3utp,ble, I think, il o'ten changes b thi re are very : its tributaries, )w be seen, yet vere these in the lirch, which are their more rapid ich on this side o the growth of ough there may ine of Canada's tiameof "fir" is for house build- ■ the Abbitibbi There is some ar to be large ov and spruce are believe, amply am a judge, an ," Dr. Bell in his al timber alon;,' st fifty or sixty *vth than those ;he distribution 3 Long Portage the lower parts the white cedar h exists only as er. The tamu- coast near the 4? northern part of Richmond Gulf Tl i *^ north at a distance back from the ser" tTw,^'k"' ^T''"'' «'"'" *" «^tend much farther loiy. Ine tanifu-ack I saw nn +i.^ i "^'i-s Jif'Usf>, a ion;; way noi-th <.f M ii ^ iSiiiSSii Lvov's R.POKX, 1880. (Sessional Papers, Part IV., No 44 ) (Sessional Papers, 60 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. would give place to spruce, or to what is called in this country juniper, and tamarack ; and secondly these last would diminish in size until they were little more than mere shrubs, thinly scattered over the wide spreading surface. Nor were these trees healthy wher- ever the peat had attained to any considerable thickness. On the contrary they were not only stunted but scrubby and fre(iuently dead. The expeditions I made from Moose Factory, tii' i up the Jag-a-wa River^into the heart of the region lying between the Moose and Albany Rivers, and secondly up the Abbitibbi River to New Post, through the region lying on the eastern side of Moose River, as well as my explorations along the coast of James' Bay, are conclusive, I think, as to the va-.t extent of these peat mosses, if not their almost universal prevalence in the flat belt of the country bordering on the southern extremity of James' iiay." (Page vii, 2.) Mr. Borron, speaking of the land further south, " the belt remarkable for its rapids and falls," as being more adapted for cultivation, says ; — " I am inclined to think, however, that even in this belt there is no inconsiderable quantity of land overspread wilh swamps and peat mosses, more particularly on the east side of the Abbitibbi, in which direction I should not be surprised to find that the peat mosses extended almost unbroken from Hannah Bay on the coast to near Lake Abbitibbi." "I do not know of any part in the Dominion, or indeed in any part of the world where the peat mosses or bogs are nearly so extensive as they appear to be in this basin of the Hudson's Bay. I am strongly of the opinion that not less than ten thousand square miles of the territory belonging to Ontario on the north side of the Height of Land is overlaid by beds of peat the thickness or depth of which often exceeds six feet and will probably be found to be twenty feet or more in many places. Nor is this by any means all, for I have little doubt that there are immense areas also covered with peat on each side of the territory awa ded to us." (Page xi.) By Michipicoten River to Missinaibi River. Missinaibi River. — Mr. Borron does not mention pine except " a few red pine at Brunswick Lake." Spruce, tamarack, birch, poplar, ttc, often mentioned on banks. Jag-a wa River.— Country between Moose and Albany Rivers. On banks, poplar, aspen, spruce. On each side sphagnum peat spreading as far as seen from highest trees. Lower Moose River.— Same timbered banks with peat at back. Abbitibbi River. — Same timliered banks but before he went one quarter of a mile nothing but peat, as far as New Post. Rupert River, &c. — Same peat moss. Abbitibbi River above Long Portage. — Timber better but still peat at back. Lake Abbitibbi. — A few red pine near outlet. By Lake Temiscamingue and Montreal River to Lnl-e Tamagaming. Tamagaming Lake and River. — Good pine, white ad red, but much burnt. Back by Lake Nipissii ,', &c. Borron's Explorations of Hudson's Bay Basin, 1881. (Sessional Papers, No. 53, 1882.) Timber. — In his general report Mr. Borron says : — " In what has been called, the level claj' country, which embraces all of the first plain or plateau and most of the second, the forest is restricted in a great measure to the narrow belt of good soil reported as extending along the margins of the rivers and streams and to the banks of the lakes. The alluvial bottoms on the rivers, and islands both in the rivers and lakes, are generally well clothed with timber. This timber con- sists of spruce, aspen, poplar, tamarack and white birch chiefly. Of these the spruce is i the most valuable, being that which is fittest for sawing into boards and scantling and employed for these purposes by all the Hudson Bay Co.'s. posts on James Bay under the name of ' fir.' The largest trees are about seven feet in circumference, but in clearness or freedom from knots, &c., it compares unfavourably with our white or red pine. It is and always will be of great importance and v.alue to the inb..'ihit.inta of the territory, and although offering no inducements to the lumbermen at present, may yet take its place in the market when the country is opened up and other wood becomes scarce and Mr. Fav and up this t Narrows som river near Lf lake, spruce ; * I wa.-. infoi nlack birch treei a white pine tha 8a— 4- FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. e for its rapids firter of a mile burnt. Back , No. 53, 1882.) dear. SI constitul^s^rMfe^'J^ofTni^ also on that which red and white pine, and at xNew Flyin. Post I Zl Z ''"°" % ^:""«« ''"''"^^ty "^ both good spruce and tamarack. I measured sompli .? , P'"'' °* ^""^^ varieties, .is also as ollows, about three feet fron^Xe g^nd . WMt^^" '"'t ""'f ^°"'"' '^^^^ to be feet; spruce, .six feet and tamarack six flTt^n • . '''"^' ^'^^^^ ^^et ; red pine, seven from Flying Po.t to Matawaga„';:„g"e I saw"a"r "wMt ""• ^ ."^^ '">' -'-quent tr ^ ancient forest), two of which measured ten and eW. 'i'"! '''"' (■''"••viv'.rs of the ference. The amount of pine left by the fires in thi n iT '^^f lively in circum- was unable to ascertain, Init am hJuTZ m ! .. neighbourhood of Flyinrr Post T th,.n anywhere else that I Lrye tt^'r he" ''"T''^. '\^''^''' -'' 1-^1 fe bet eJ whatever it may be it bears a ve^ry small oTono.r ""'i*'' ^u^f '^'^ ^'^^8''' "^ ^>^^l But been, temporarily at least, destroyed "yfir^°^*^°" '"^ '^' ^^^'^'^ oi pine which have of the em;irn;e^?of tr:^;;,;-; ^Z'Z T''''' V^^ "-^*' ^^ -7. - view tremely valuable. The JrZt Z, Zu.f 11' I'T "'"*"" •"' P"^?^^' »"^-"- «- the diminutive ones found growing on the musZ'^ i ; n . " T^^l'^^ ^"'^'"^^ ^« ""^'"de the country ,s opened up. Tamarack of the siS^T . °.^f "^ '""'^ ^'^'"'^ whenever mon, and more rarely such as would makp.n. I .''^^^^ ^^'^^raph poles i« very com- of this kind rarely exceeded six Tet ircircimf:2;icr ^"" "'' '''''■ ^'^ '-»-' "e" birch, more or less of both of which am fn, *^^ ''•^''«Pt'on of the white cedar and white mdes of James; Bay, and both le o tl e fr atest'le': M'""' ? ^^"'^ ^° -'^hin aJfw the best possible materials whereof to luildTheJ ca^nps *i? "^*'^«« as affording them found very ge.ierally on poor sandy or rocky jrmund,!!' ^'If '' ^ '"''^'y °f P^^e icularly in the "Pper or southern portion ItTarelv «."''' i ' *''"*°'"y' '""''^ P^"-- rough bark, few branches, and those near the ton ft m"' ^ ^'''?', ''=^"' ^^^^ >" ^'-•••"bby and the wood s yellowish and used for nothin* t^/at tT ' %^°'^ ^'''' °^ '•^^•»«»« g"™. answers tolerably well when dry. I have 3 1 ' "'''''^' *"'^' ^*"' '''" and at others rough barked pine." "" my narrative sometimes pitch pine that the7eari,i2';;7eLVS'noro'Xfhe1o.^^^^^^^^ ^'^ ?°''°'^ ^^P''''^^^^ his opinion part of the belt of the plateau '' between fi ^ "* ''''° " ^>" ^'^•' *'^« ""-eater extending over and beyond ?t ' " '^' '""^ P"''^'^^^^ '^"^ the height of land, even of various trees and sphagnum peat be ind th "^fu^"', ^'•- ^•''''■"^ describes the belt white and red pine in clumps ^ *^"" ^'*^ ''«'' P'"« '" one spot. Near Flying goodlTer-S o^rsiS7n'e*'' ^^^'-'^^^--^-e; on Matagami (85 miles). Some ^^^^S'^ri^;^ timber on banks with peat India^s^J'LZi:-;^-^^^^^^^^^^^ •^^"^^'- P-* ^^^^^^- AtChepy Bive, an DoM,.ov ScHVKVOHs' R.pokxs-Dkp.uxmk.x o. I...„,o. Rkpoht 1885 and ^A^rM^::y''Zfr'^^^^^^ EngHsh Biver Narrows some fine pine ; the first vaTuabKmberhe^ri '°"'' 'P^'^ ' "^^^ '^* G'-^^J nvernear Lac Seul considerable good pine "ke'^^^^^^^ ^"^"- ^^n both sides of the lake,^pruce and tamarack. No wliite p'^'seL^lllhCL^^ :^^^^^^^^ ^' *^« 62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Dominion Suhveyors' Reports— Department of Interior Report, 1890. Mr. Ugilvie's exj)l()ration from the Ottawa River to Hudson's Bay. No pine beyond Abbitibbi ; timber scarce. , Reports of Geolooical Survey, 188(5. Vol. 2. Mr. Bell's exploraiion of Attawupislikat Uiver and Albany River — lamely Lako to James' Bay. Round Lake St. Josepli the timber f;reatly destroyed l)y forest fires from lUO years old to tlie present time ; second growth either aspens or white uireh with a few spruce, or wholly banksian pine. Part of the main shore and on eiany islands not burned there is good timber, viz., while ;nirl black .spruce, tamarack, tt.spen, white birch, banksian pine, poplar, balsam, white cedar, itc, in the order named. On Lake Lans- downe, where not burnt, some gootl spruce and tamarack. On Attawapishkat River, spruce, (ic, getting smaller towards the north. On Albany River, spruce, tamarack, banksian pine and cedar, some good but much burnl, with bogs away fr' in river banks. No white pine. Reports of Geological Survey, 1887-8. Vol. 3, II H. Mr. Ingall's report on Thunder Bay Mining district from 81° to 9r and back from the shore. "The whole region consists for the greater part of a great rocky area covered with bush mostly very dense, while extensive swampy areas are frequent. In places considerable stretches are covered with useful timber, such as maple and pine, but for the greater part the bush is useless except for local demands, such as would arise from mining operations." "The bush which covers the whole district consists mostly of poplar and birch in the lower lands with some intermixed pine, &c,, while balsam, spruce and tamarack preponderate in the swampy parts." Reports op Geological Survey, 1887-8. Vol. 3, I F. Exploration of Rainy Lake region. " It cannot be called a pine country though there is some in spots." Prevailing timber, spruce, cedar, tamarack, balsam and hard- woods. QUEBEC. Provincial Surveyors' Reports — Crown Lands Report, 1887. Radnor Township and Seigniory of Cap de la Madeleine, Champlain County. Little pine, but spruce, cedar, ifcc. Rivers Towachiche, aux Eaux Mortes, &c., Portneuf County. Little pine in two spots. Merchantable spruce, &c. Musquarro and Kegashka Rivers, Saguenay County. Timber not merchantable size. Lakes and rivers between Batiscan and Metabetchouan, Quebec County. Pine very scarce ; white and black spruce. Rivers Moise and Croche, Quebec County. Good spruce ; pine not mentioned. Rivers Upikauba, aux Ecorces, Ac, Chicoutimi County. Merchantable spruce. River Metabetchouan, Quebec County. Little merchantable timber ; no pine. Between Cedar Lake and Lake St. John, Chicoutimi County. A little spruce, no pine, much brule. Marlow Township, part near River Chaudifere, Beauce County. Pine removed ; some spruce remains. Risborough Township, Beauce County. Same as above. Baskatongue Township, Ottawa County. Little merchantable timber. Pope Township, Devil's Mountain, Ottawa County. No merchantable nine : some mixed wood. Dine : some FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. ^ Hiver du Dmhle, Montcaln. County. No pine ; good mixed wood. Provincial Suhvkvoh,.' Reports.-Chown Lands Rkport, 1888. Fabre Township, Pontiac County. Two thiiviv, l.„....f . ^- timbered. ,,i„o bein« cu!. ^^ ^^''^"''" '"^'^ •'"'''^t- Eastern half well also "ruce'"^""'^"' *"'"*'^"^^' ^^"'^-'^ ^-"^y- ^^^-^ pine cut, considerable left, white ;:;;;« cTt °" '^""■"'"f'^' ''*^"""*'"" ^-"^J'- ChieHy spruce ; some red pine ; younfpinf'"' Township, Chicoutimi County. Chieily spruce and tamarack; some Ferland Township Chicoutimi County. Spruce, birch and poplar Coler.i„e Tow™hip, Meg.„ti„ County. Spruce, b.l,™, l,i„l,, &, ^„Uj .„.I|. PnoviNciAL SoEVBvoiis' Repohis-Ciiow-, Ums Kepori, 1889. b.l.it'lS'pTj"™*''"''''''""'™' '^■"■"'y- S-"e ,„„ch.„table .pruca, placef ;;":d :;t''anSrXr ^ '" ''''""' ^'^^^^'^^^^ ^"^^^^ Some'fine pine in pineo;^?ptr"""'"P^P^'''^''^"'^"'^^°""^ Hemlock, cedar, hardwood. Little and h^lXoTle^" "^"^'"^^'P^' ^°'^*'^'^ ^^^^^ ^^ -* or bu^'r .Some spruce g^:;i'^''' J°^"!;!'P' Berthier County. Spruce, birch, cedar, &o. other tSer."'"' '^'"'"*^"^ "^"""^y- ^ ^^^^ ^"-^ity of merchantable pi.eand 64 DtrARTMENT OF AaiilGULTURE. Tourello Township, (}ft8p«5 County. A littlo merchantiible spruce, with balsam and birch. Littlo Mecatirm lUver, Labrador. Upper part, well timbered with fair spruce, bal- bam, tamarack and birch. Provincial Suhveyors' Reports— Crown Lands Rktoht, 1890. River and Luke Manouan iind River Poribonka, Saguonay County. No trees fit for lunilH-r on Manouan ; " black fir " on PerilKJnca. River Ooynish, Haguenay County. No merchantable timber. Cap Chat Township, Oaspt' County. Codar, tir and birch, nome of good size. Rivers St. Anne and Tourilli, Quebec County, (tood merchantable spruce, birch, balsam, &c. ; no pine. River St. Paul or Esquimaux, Labrador. On banks, small spruce, Hr, birch, tama- rack, for spars or fuel. Moss inland. Provincial Surveyors' Reports— Crown Lands Uicort, 1801. River Nabesipi, Saguenay County. Small spruce, balsam, A-c. No commercial value. Hivers aux Rochers and Moise, Saguenay County. Merchantable spruce, in small quantities in couli'es. Rivers Goyniah and Nabesipi. Saguenay County. No mwA fit for commerce. Melherbe Township, County Lake St. John. Good spruce, birch and fir. Only a few pine. River Casapscal, Matane County. No timber for lumbering, but small quantities of good spruce, cedar, balsam and birch. Hamilton River, Labrador. Tho upper part of the river and its tributaries wooded. Provincial Surveyors' Reports— Crown Lands Report, 1892. Crespiel Township, County of Lake St. John. Spruce, balsam and birch. " Rivers k la Perche, d'Epinetto Rouge and aux Rat Muaques cross the township, and it is on the sides of these rivers that we find the greatest (juantity of merchantable timber." A second report says there is also pine near the lakes. Chavigny Township, Portneuf County. Pine mostly cut, but a little left. Good spruce, maple, kc. Marmier Township, Portneuf County. Abundance of merchantable spruce and birch. Only a little pine. Alton Township, Portneuf County. Merchantable timber, spruce, hemlock, birch, beech and maple, the hardwood predominating. Spruce cut and destroyed, and hemlock cut for bark and left to rot. No good pine seen ; " not in its element." River aux Tonnerre, Saguenay County. No merchantable timber. River Magpie, Saguenay County. Eight miles from mouth good and large merchantable spruce. Provincial Surveyors' Reports— Crown Lands Report, 1893. " River Jupitngon, Saguenay County. Balsam and spruce are the only kinds of timber that one meets with ; the trees are about ten inches in diameter. Laure and Trudel Townships, in Quebec and Champlain Counties. The principal kinds of woods are fir, spruce, bouleau and birch. They exist in several places in large quantities, sufficient to be utilized as merchantablf timber. Mention is also made of a maple sugary on a mountain near the River Jeannotte, as a remarkable fact, on account of there being no maple in any other part of this district. River Chaioupe, Saguenay County. Raisam, spruce and bouleau, of moderate size, are the only woods that are found on the shores of this river. On the upper part, the wood, chiefly balsam and spruce, is small and only good for fuel. FOIiEST WEALTH OF CANADA. SB rfi k Co. Rivera ftux Pins and Adam. Saguemiy County. Th« firm of Pri,.,- UroH Kiwi letite Ci»Hcai...o i :d li^ / , nl on tho aslH.H of an old l.ruld, is snwUi and .i\\J^.l^ fZ^^l^^^^r ^""""^ the uZ.:;\,^:7l;;;;t/t'S":z:i.:?Trr "'"'"^- '''-- '^ --^ '^"'^ -^ - ...eas:i^ fZ.^:r i^:^;;^^rr^; J!::;^'^"' '^ «^^" '-' '' -'-" '« "'^'•"- river"' Frrn^'T"' '^T""''^ ^Y "•>'■ '^'""'^'^ "° merchantable timber alonu this Between tho Jtivor V,,li„ ,„,| Lake Moncoucl.e, Cliimutimi County ,nruce i, in On th« pT """'i ^°'l«'^P.f g'^". Lake Clair and des lies, tributaries of St. Maurice On the Consaps.gan tor 2;, mdes up, the timber, where the fire has „ot passe I coL sts of bouleau rock pme, fir and i>lack spruce of little value, except for he w.od' On It Odih, partly burnt, with groves of i,'reenwo'- ^ ^''^' P^'* '^ ^urnt, leaving oniy rocKs to view. Wood is, however, tound at certain places, but this wood is small consisting of sapin, bouleau and white spruce. "' s^HSS£r '"--»- ^'^ ^^^^ fK.l ^'/"'■^^^^log^'jng' .tributary of Vermillion River. On the Vermillion near discharge thebanksare elevated and rocky, covered with spruce, balsam, bouleau and youn- oSfe On Pebelognang the timber is chiefly bouleau, white spruce, red sprucfbLk spruce' P,-n vl 1 K- ^f"^?l^'^f e County. The tanges N.E. and S.W. of the River Du Pin bear maple, birch, bouleau, spruce, cedar nk fir: the h..t «p„-,eeaS finest Cedar iiuve been cut. Un the ranpp«"th of has already been cut down ^ advantageously worked ; the pine, however, As t^S "^JZJ^I^^^"^: '^ River Mistassibi, N. of Lake St. John, ever, between the PetitVp^rfbo t fZ M/rsslEi'f n^ -^ery rare; how- pine; if one may judge by the section whll M t b 'o ^ "^ ^'"^® ^'P'"'^'-'^ ^^nd some would be advanLUs enCughtrtll^rbe: trade " '''"" " "°" "°^'^'"="' ^^^ -«'- sn.aller extent of count.rlrtt"other%lt khl"""^"""' ^""'^^ "''■^"P^-» "^ --^ red pTJand'^S" ''"'"'^' ''""'"'' ^°""*^- ^^^^ - - ••^^>-dance of white pine. Geological Survey Reports, 1885. Vol. 1. Kiveffo^^^?^:^;^Kmf!;St!;fT "l" ^ ^^*^^'-^*- - ^--- forest fires. Second groitlf popla wl^^te Wrdf l^k " "'^^^"'^ ^P"'^^'' ^'^ On Lake Pipmuakin the shores and .;ii ' T-'? P''^'^ and spruce ; not large. birch. Portaged tc, jSnouarRiver i"^^^ ^f^ a fair growth of spruce and burnt. OnPeriboncaRrr larair/nr ^ '' '""'f 'P'^<^^ and birch, about half on foot, chiefly swamjy^^wli; iS^rcHp;^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Mistassini. On the higher eround -it tb« =.>7,fi ^""/'^'^^V ^> ^^^^ Temiscamie to the in the swamps, black spruce anc?itaekTnb-i'^'^"^^ '^''""' ^"^1" ""^ ^""'^ ' small spruce, birch, tamarack bankskn nin^ ^^n r' '^'^'^ksia.ipine ; on Rupert River, River ; the ^ame small tinS SelTw Sp tl J'^'^'l *° ^^'''''''' ^''''''^ "* ^^P^rt House. ■^^'°'^ ^^^^ Memiskow, the timber better to Rupert MANITOBA AND THE TERRITORIES. From the Geological Survey Reports, 1886. latituttrd^1o'to^f5M^^^^^^ country prairie and path- vooL fof WreTtern\"^f''°'' T''' ""'-• ^he the Beaver Hills, and the district^H-pLh ^ !u P*^' ' **»« '''•^•'oi forest small, viz., Saskatchewan and v^est of PiSc^^ ond C^^,r ''"r* ^™™ Edmonton, south of the half wooded area. The forSt a^ea is alon^tf ' f""' T '^''^ ^'"^'^ P'-^^-^^es in the Beaver Hills as an outlier On the h?;^^ the western edge of this district with the them marshes with small spruce aid S ^^^ "'^'^"' '^'^'' '^"^ ^'''^ P'"^' between Beren';tivT;,tSg*,°„Kd^^^^^^^^ and J. M. Macoun explored the Ac. Round Favourable Lake bet ertmber-b\>^^^'^^^ TT' ^'^"^'"'^'^ P"^«' ^^^'^r-ack, Sandy and Severn lakes, ^o;^^^:;^;^^:^;^::-^ Geological Survey Reports, 1887-8. i/«..2r;^^'S;t^::;;;S:rIS:r^ ^p™-- ^'^^ ^^-'-^ (7..,« Liard and the Upper YLkon WlS and! ' ^ '''^ ''^ '>' ^^""^^ ^* ^J'*' ^tikeen, the . per ukon. Whi< and black spruce and the banksian pine are widely Laka Wini nepegosis and ! poplar, &c. ds of timber the mouth of ine, however, ike St. John. ■yrare; how- ice and some ?, this region The timber od, with the e part of the The only silver birch, which is all ices it is the ying a much FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. white pine. >r Bersimis iruce. Bad ; not large, spruce and about half it of land, imie to the and birch ; pert River, 1 of Rupert to Rupert .nd 54° N. lies. The iniali, viz., ith of the hes in the with the !, between 67 coast north of 54° ^^^^ZsS and tr''"!* " ""^ ^^^ ^^^I^^-- Valley On the at the mouth of the Stikeir^ 1 Thl v Iow""^r"'t'' f "^'^^••- ^'^ -^ c^ iar tops white spruce are found throughout tlie {tl dist-fct ii't ' T'^^ "'^^*'^^- ^'-l^ -d fair to good, suited for construction On the SHt! t, ^''^^■^"«'ys and on the lowlands • good spruce and cottonwood. Around DeLeSe ^C '\^'''^ '''"'' '^'^ ""'"*'' »'-« httle ht for lumber. On Francis Lake the.? s sol *''V°""*''^ '^ ^^"^^^ but there is the Upper Liard and its tributaries the imbe' s mosS'v "^T'' "^'*^ '^'^'' ^^^'^- On Duck and Rid n^ Mount-i;nu n-u ", ^^ mostly small. between them and Lakef;rntrpTg;;iI .^Kphin ha '^"^ -f °""*'^'-^ ^'^ ^^^ -""try and the northern and eastern flanks ofthp.?.^ ''^'^^•'""'^^'''''^t on tiiesum.nits timber on the rivers and scattered groves '"°"'^'^^'"^^' There are belts of hardTood Geolocical Survey Reports, 1888-9 ";^^^p^^^::^^^S:^S' r'^ ^^^'-^^^ '^ ^^^^ -^^^n, says . about 25,000 square miles, is genSy fo std S''' T'^ °^ '^'' ^''°"' -» ^^^^^ everywhere characterized by an abun^ince nf inl '"^'"'y^^th spruce and poplar, and is Liard valley is wooded with smaKees whl ,n'' ^"^'^^ T""^'-' ^"^ marshes.'" The the Nelson River (its tributary) foriVj^^Jes^r.'' ^f^'' P^'^« and poplar. On forested, it is said the best grade of timber Tn .? ^^T* ^^'^"'^ ^^^ ""^"^fy is weH River are level plains with extensive f Je t of whi. ^''^'^'"'^"f ^'^"^y- ^a the Slave poplar. From Fort Providence to Lake B cho ^vh. "^7"'' ''''"'^'•^" ?'"«' ^^'^^^ and well wooded with white spruce and llnkstn pin'e o' M \T'r^'^'^' the country is River to the Black water River there are snn?i f ."•*'*; ^^^ackenzie River from Liard I .ver and Fort Good Hope the p^uce isCaller'1^^''''p'^'^"^r^ "^"^^egs. To Beir plam^ To Peel River there are groves of snruce f'T ^''''''' '' ^ "tree-covered Porcupine and Pasc.uia Hills \Tn % ^u ' '°'°'' °^ them large, of the wide plains or va\i:;?y1 rSn'^l^p"'^'"^ '""'^ ^°""'^^' -^^ ■ " Portions now thickly wooded with large'spru^ whicl^-fr?'?y"l.^^ ^'^'^-^"''^ ^^I°"nt'-ins ^ fires, will furnish Manitoba with an' Xiidlnr utrort'l "^^^^ '"^"''""^ '^ '''"''' Department cf Ixter.oe Surveys, 1877. ^{^f^^'^r^^t^a^;:^!^^ ^^^^ *^ -nti^ was well sup- thirdmilesouthoftheCanadianPaStic Lwav IT '°'°' ^'"''' ^^^^d timber till the Wood and ponds alternating continued for 07^' .^n '^^ 7^'"^ g'-«»nd with large poplar. eeventh base line groves of "timberTbound From fh" T^" '^ '^'''^ meridian at the there are 24 miles of hilly country heayHv ^it? ?^ Touchwood Hills to Carleton the Saskatchewan River From T'nS ^4^^''''^' afterwards little wood excent at reaching a heavy belt of spruceldp^nir^ ^"^^''t little hnberSnti south branches. ' Thence foS^Alt t TSr t^' 1 ^^^.b^^— the north" d to the Indian settlement 104 miles little timhl" 7^1 °^ '^°°^- ^™'» P'-ince Albert wooded ; thence to Big Hill, 60 mileTwitrsom^e pJp^lar gt^'^ ^°'-"^' '' -'-' -" Department op Interior Surveys, 1878. I ties, clt^nd^'threTx^tSto WoidTe'chlSn RiTer. ''*"'^''^" ^^^^^ «' ^^ ^^^-^ Department of Interior Surveys, 1881. , Lake Winnepe^osis Pmf \i , 58 DEPAIiTMENT OF AQRICUL'IURE. Department of Interior Surveys, 1882. Porcupine Mountain.-In Prof. Macoun's account of his survey of this district he says ; " Va uah e spruce and poplar forests are found around ever/ point of PorTupine Mountain." There are also other descriptions of timber. porcupine Department of Interior Surveys, 1886. Lake Winnipeg.— In Mr. Wilkin's excloratory survey around Lake WinninPtr 1,„ says It IS "not much of a lumbering district." He^found^some spruce ^^'^'^'P'^^' ''^ Department of Interior Surveys, 1892. Edmonton District-Mn Hubbell and other surveyors re-marking the corners tLh f'^.T"'''^^ '^ '^' Edmonton district, found n(uch of the country thLkh to be red w.th poplar mterspe.sed with spruce tit for building purposes, and some for tie manufacture of lumber. Good timber, principally spruce, |rew in mmyof tT^e town ft; ir""" *'" Saskatchewan and Sturgeon risers. 'al.d easterl^ Urn the C lakes. Surveyors on the other townships mention places where " a plen' iful supr^v of firewood and buddmg timber can be had;" "prairie with willow and pop la"^Tul " well wooded with spruce swamps :" " a considerable quantity of timber,'^&c. Prince Albert District.— In the Melfort, formerly Stony Creek District Mr OgUvie found willow and poplar, not fit for lumbering, kit fo? fe"c ng a e Jildt : vSded Town'sZ S ""^" '.r ""i i"i ^T"^ •"^"^'^"' *h« -uth half was heav" y wooded, rownship 43 ranges 16 and 17, had scattered bluffs of small scrubby spruce the largest area in one block being not more than 2-10 acres, with 6,000 feet ot^ umbe'' Eoor lumber t1 "'"'^ '" t'^V^^ ""T' ''' ''^"' "^'^'^ ^"" ^^ a 'quarter mllonso poor lumber There was said to be good timber in the townships to the north of those Nortrt tlZ\ k ™J. '""" T ""/'^ P^P''-^^ ^' ^'-'-'^d °f Melfort Creek S.rl °^„^;"«keg Lake there was a lot of good spruce timber, but a small area tZJL:^:f/^T'' 7 "^"r^'P ''• T^^ ''> '-^''"S*'- southern boundary aXt two miles ^vlde ot fine poplar with groves of spruce. In some of the oth. • townships there was poplar and scrubby pine. luwuMiips h..lTu^'T '''''iu''^''^'T'-T^^'' ^^S''^^*' '" his exp.oration found in the Atha- basca Va,lley from the mouth of the Pembina to Fort McMurray, much sprucraml some poplar that would make fair lumber. It would be smaller tha^n Xt Jed Tn th to theirih"'''' ^"' '^^ f "^ ^' ^'"^* "^ "^^ "^ *h« Territories. From Fort McMunay o the noA "' Jf 'Zf '"^'•f h'-^^table spruce, but the stream runs the wrong wa/, t!.i5V 7T'^*''Tt>'*''''""1^'"^'^*^- The timber above Athabasca Landin! and ^oild S''''l Q«' ^f ^^'''■' '°"^^' ^' '"^y'' ^^ ^""-^'^'^ to the Landing, whence tlXo Wn n I f 'S' '° ?'P' '' *? Edmonton. Much of the spruce fhe, . was bein.' tSl h^^h•■'1 ?"''" Lake and the Lower Peace River, he found nuch valuable timber, but this also is on Arctic waters, and so, too, with the timber on Great Slave Lake and the Mackenzie River. The timber in the valley of the Liard and the East th" star^cS ?r ^:r -f \^''^f ^"^^^ "P *" '""^ ^°'^'^ °^ *'- East branch and spruce be te?Hv.n I h ™'^'l V '^^- ''T ™' ^^'''' ^^^^^ '"^^^^^ '-^'"1 ^^'S^ ^^te^ts of spiuce bettei than he had seen before in the country. The cotton wood and balsam poplar were a so very large. At Fort Nelson was an extensive fiat c.vered with the" trees and with spruce. Between Sicanie Chief and Peace rivers, on his track across he found only iencing timber until nearing the Peace River, where there was larger spT^ ffvi'^'T ^''''^"''"' P'"*'-, ^\ '^^ ^'""'^ ^^^«'' '^^t-^*"^ the St. John a^nd SWy Sn U;e uoTandf Tt T' 'J"^T. '" *»- bottoms but only enough for a local deman.L Un the uplands, on both sides, the timber was only fit for fencing. On the road w rTush ' ?urnS"">?"""f '"' ?^ ^.^"f '^'^^^ ^"'^^' ^he country was cover 1 with bush, but not with much timber fit for lumber, and he supposed it to be a fair sample of the whole district. Around Lesser Slave Lake a lar'e quantity of lumber could be got. He quotes Count de SainsviUe assaying o usirr ^^ 'T''- *^^' I.'''-''' u"* '^' Mackenzie that there was no timbef o useful size near the coast. On the Cariboo Hill, there was small spruce extending 35 Red ranges 2i with thic clumps, a west corn the weste 7. Largf Township Edm 13, runs f in size fro and in soi is more of covered w there is al bluffs of pi generally' ( has a litth with thick former var with occas: with thick lumber or : poplar and of poplar a lying north few bluffs c Amonj 20, ranges In Townshi in the Red Saskat west to Hui timber and partly prair fair timber, operations. described as interspersed Touchw ships from ti Lake. Towi spersed with Prince ., tha forks of prairie land South-ec surveys of so Assiniboia R •scrub but wil Townshi 22, the availa on most sect e Winnipeg, he FOKKUT WEALTH OF CANADA. Department op Interior Surveys, 1893. with thick poplar and willow. Conskl^ fliiu 5.^.". %^"'^ P'^'"' °^ ^* ^« "-^''ed clumps, along the Red Deer River w ue le^^^^^^^^ '''^ *« be found in west corner of the to.vnships and PU^st as^u ifZ" ''^ 38 range 04, near the suuth- the western boundary of Tinvnshir^H, ^an^^S neTth !' ''*' f '^"'"''^ «^«^«* ^"^^ enters < . Large areas of good white Doplaru'e to 1 J V , '""* ' '^^"' '^"''"e'' of section Townships .-J? and 38 in .ange 23 """'^ ^''°"= *''« «^«t«" boundary of Edmonton District Alhpi-t.i Tk„ i 1 13, runs for nearly SUes twJ^drf'?-^r"''''^[^ °^ Townships 53 and 54. ran^e in si.e from 2 to [4 incl" in diamet MucS thl f'f' ^"P'?'; ^"'^ '''''^'^ ^^^-1 and ui some places it would yield fl builK l^f^ T^ H ""''* '"'"^'^•^ ^""^^ ^-^^'^^ IS more open, with bluffs of small pc.plai i J low T . ?'-« ^'''' "^ ^'^^^'"■^^'P ^^ covered with poplar, spruce and JllL an niv Z" f ^r^'r'P''^' "'"'"S'' ^^' ''^ '^'^''^kly there is also a consideivible amoun o^b J Li If r ''"'V-"^^-'^^ ^^"""^ P^^-P^^^^^ bluffs of poplar and willow scrub, the latter n.^^^^^^^^^ '« '""'"e open with generally open country with some snrill nonP 1 ''*'''f ^o^^'^^hip 56, range 12, i.s has a little more timber, prti ""uiy "^^^^^^^ ^'^'l ^^^"«^ '''^^- ^'^-nship 55 with thick willow scrub! 'T^wLhfp tTcoveTe;]^Slf;r'' ,^"^'"1 ^"^ ^''°-' former varying in size from 3 to 13 inches in dhZf ? P°?'."' '"'^ '^'"o^' ^^e with occasional poplar bluffs and v^llow sc 'b To V ^^^^^^^ open wlththickheavypopla,^sprucean^i ckDne^nffi 7, ? ^>\ ^''^^SO 20, is covered lumber or for building loJ. Townsh n 5fi "!' '"^^^'^.^'y ^^'^S^ ^r the manufacture of poplar and much windfall. To^t^^f l- nTo^i " ^"^"T,^ ''''"^ ^^^.V ^P'-- -d of poplar and willow as well as some sor'uce Tn T ^"'l'^'^'' ? '"''''''^'^ ^i*'^ <=l"'nps ying north and west of BigstonecTeekTrethiilvr:^"P-l^^ '^"S" 25, the parts few bluffs of spruce. ^ '^ ^'^'^'^'^ ^^"O'Jed with poplar, willow and a In Townships 32 and 33, ranges 5 ancl 6 tliLe T. '"'' f"" V"^«^ ^'"^'^^ ^-^^ *" ^^ f«""d. in the Red Deer River bottom ' ^ '' *" «''°^ ^^'^^ ^^ ^irch and willow scrub west S^KS'LS^^t^XSn^S' r •; '^ ^-^"- H"'^ -^ f.m Kut Hill. timber and scrub. On lOtrELe' n^Ll^tS^^^^ "; ^^^^. — ^ -^h partly prairie and partly wooded sometimes S=. ? ll '^ ''''""^'^ ^^ described as fair timber, spruce poplar, &c. genem^^^^^^ 'J™*^ "J^ '^T ^'^'^ ^^'''"^'^""^^ ^^^^ operations. On 11th base line fronrRaLe"T!L ?*.*'"'?,' ^'^^ "«' ^^r lun>bering described as more hilly, and mo 4 wooded with f •''"'' •*°, ^^f^" ^^' *he country if interspersed. This lin"^; traver;^^p:si^Hm:""■ '""'"' '"* "^*^' -"^^ P--o ships fr.irtZr^'nS'o'te'ToricT"'-^^^^ ^ --^er of town- Lake. Townships 32 tr34,^Ltsnrrshow"r° *tr "^"'^ ^''^'^^^^ ^^ Fishing spersed with woodland, sometin^^esilb but o ten fair' ''f]\^ T'^l ^^^^''y' i'^^^'' , Prince Albert District, Saskatchewan 7**'" *'^'^"f ^j^ t"nber, chiefly poplar, tha forks of the Saskatchewan ami orw:;reiLnI^^ °^ '"™^' ^^^''^^^ips near south-east Saskatchewan and North-e.ist A»ciA • *^ V ,. surveys of some townships between Beav« an fSul^^^^^^ °r*"'^ '^"^ ^^'■^^'-■*i°'^ Assiniboia River, the coLtry was mSpraWe wl ' f"" -t'" ^^^"« '"^^ ^^e scrub but with «ome good spLe aiTpoK ^'^^^^^P^''^^ ^'^h woodlands mostly lown.ships ''1 and ''^ rinn-^ i^ " - . 22, the .v.il."ble «„b.Hr„rfo ..^dZ^JLth Jf7''' ""'""r-I" ^"""'"iP U: 60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. spnnklmg of tamarack and spruce, enough for all settlers' purposes The red willow which makes excellent firewood, is also abundant. Township 21 consists of sTretches of open land interspersed with bluffs or belts of timber. This s general rponkroften of SbTL Much'nT^^' r^ '"''' Y-'^ T"'' '^"^ tamrrack',TS 'Tlnu^^Ml lumbering. Much fallen timber resulting from fires is met with, which, with what is one tl!l!?d 7^U f"«l;>'"'^Jant. A large proportion of the timbei- which covers some one-tl ird o the surface of this district, is good sized poplar fit for building, wkh forlumberinr'" " ''''"'' "^' "' " "'^""* ^^ "^'''-*^^ ""' -'^^^biy 'placed BRITISH COLUMBIA. Department of Interior Surveys, 1885. bia ffl'^Sf."''-? ^'^l^.-Mr. Higginson, reporting on the railway belt in British Colum- bia, 40 miles wide and ^,00 miles long from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, es imated the timber at 3,000,000,000 feet b.m. Dou-^las pine spruce hem ock and cedar were all good, but the cedar often hollow. The thnC e^xS'ed^pr •> cipally in the valleys, along the lake and on the slopes, extending from the ireeks and rivers, the largest being nearest the coast on the north arm of Burrard Inlet the P^U Stave Lilloet and Harrison rivers and lakes. In the east the lar,est body of timber irl orxe place was on the eastward slope of the Selkirk Mountains along the Columbia River Department OF Interior Surveys, 1892. The Railway Belt. -Mr. Drewry reported that along the Illecillewaet and Incom- mapleax rivers there was considerable valuable timber, that on the former river beTg Sr ZT^,"H^ "T'Tf °^ ^-u' 'P™''^' ^'"^^"'^ ^"d -J-- '>'^ the IncommapJ^ax .^%TsltreSpri^e'Tp";r.s,:::; ^ Department of Interior Survey's, 1893. Kamloops and New Westminster Districts, Railway Belt.— The surveyed portion of Township 4 range 30, west of the 6th meridian is fiat and heavilTtfrnKd The mounuins to the le t of the Salmon River valley, are sparsely loo^ded and thickVy covered with grass ; the mountains to the right are heavily wooded and wIthTttle or no grass. The and surveyed in part of Townships 4 and 5, range 27, westof the 6th me^^ d.an, H heavi y timbered. Townships 3 and 4, range 5 west of he 7th meridian are wet and heavily timbered The land surveyed in Tow;ship 20, rLgeVwest o? the 6th meridian IS fairiy timbered with fir, cedar and spruce, which is now being utlized rom t?,: moutr7rr"r 'l I'^Zr'"'^' '? r^ ''' "•^""'^ '' --* «f 6th Lridian trom the mouth of Canoe Creek at Shuswap Lake, for two miles up the creek the land IS heavdy timbered with cedar, fir and tamarack of splendid quality and enormous s"e Reports of the Geological Survey, 1885, Vol. 1. Rocky Mountains, Southern.— Mr. Dawson surveying between 49° ^the Interna- tional Boundary) and 5 F 30' a district 50 miles wide and 200 miles lonTfound the commonest t.mb<;r to be block pine and Engelmann spruce wit^h DouS'sTin the M7st'c?e r" In'tJe V']''''' ",f "^^."^^ '^^^^^ P^^' '^'^^ T'P'-' -^ the same on Mist Creek. In the .Cootenay valley there were Douglas fir, .pru.^e, .e u^^pe. part of th^ t nd t^ t "^^^.^ Z IT o^^tf "f ^ coast. On the coast of British Columbia and Vancou ver Ish n a o . it \ ^ 7 '' mes and on the rocky and mountainous tracks the tinl.r " ',? , \tl 1 1" '°''' the level uuand regions and in the sheltered valleys were cLTm .n./ i « '' ' '" with an almost unlimitel amou.it of timber The Vou^A^ t 'l"''"''^'^'' 'f ^"^ trees, inner shores of Vancouver Islaml and hTp,!; , f '-•'"«••'« ^f was abundant on the extremity of the iskndoTttweso^^^^^ ^ °'^ *»>« northern the wholLrea there were ^^^^J^^:^!!^ ;Z:-^Z^^ 1''' scrub pine and yew. "-euai, menzies spruce, western Repokts of Geological Survey, 1886-7, Vol. 3, Part 2. Rocky Mountain Ranges. — Mr. Dawson rem .rf^J r,ffi,„ t? i at names he reported : " The forests of tbp Pnrcall t n • i , V, , ^^ 8^' ""'^*^'" various and tangled'and even less p S^tfy xpfo "d ha Jl "kx '""r ^ "'^"^'^^ "" ^'^"^^ Rocky Mountains." On theg.eat interiJr.l.Sn! itl f i .f^^ P°''*'°'^ ^^ the open country, but he said t5 the north wf if ' "'^' '" ■^''' '^""*'^'^''^' i^^'-^^""' ™»ch Repokts op the Geological Survey, 1888-9, Vol. IV. • openTn? p:ii;ke^tteto"^Jtt''te"r T " '^^-^/'^^ feet, the woods being .'^llas ma^y broarnl^^^fn'l' !*' e^ra LTt^dSu^ J-'^'' ^ country is generally wooded, and in the lower and more ielteivdvafltv, f^^l'^''*' *\« good timber. The Columbia valley as well as thH ones oHt ^ . •'''■° '" ™"°*' wooded with spruce, cedar, cottonw^ood, &c in the Kootenav *^f, r""]^'"^^^^- -ell is some good timber. ivootenay valley and on its slopes NEW BRUNSWICK. Reports of the Geological Survey, 1885 Vol I whitf :;t^ ^^: fii?'U!5i^std':Jnf r- ;:;%!;?' '^^ ^-^' ™ ^--^ and black spruce, &c. on' the hardwood rid^' Wrch mal ZHJ 1"""^ "^^*^ spruce. In the crystalline belt, hemlock, spruce whlSreSninp' ""''^ "^ ^'^ hardwood ridges w.re rare. Along the Ba^ oi^^l^ll Se ^^1^1";^^^""'^' Reports of the Geological Survey, 1886 Vol II red pine. The reirion drained iw the Fnrcr Re-H^ n 1 5 ' '^f^''^^"-' ^"'^^ some i! 62 DEPAIiTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. Par, ,.c Northumberland Victoria and Restigouche.-On the pre Cambrian area there is a chick growth of black spruce. Tlie white and red pine are exhausted. Repokts op GEOLOtiicAL SuRVEY, 1886-7, Vol. 3, Part II. Lake Temiscouata.-Mes8r.^. Bailey and McTnnes, in their af^ount, of their .survev ^y,- . V'*' '^}''\ o^ *h« ™"'"t'-y "-'^t "f Lake Temiscouata and mui '-, of ll.ofc west of it i ' still :n forest and is the -^-iat of in-portant lumberiog operations N.E. District —Mr Chalmers in his survey found ho.alock, bia k arvt white spruot , birch maple, beach, poplar, white iuid red pine, &c., un the ai!,'h grou..', and cedar, larch ash elm, J, c in the swamps. The country wa.s u.ach burnt hv the great Miramichi fire ot 182;), and there is a second growti> of poplar, ,v.., but there is red pine and black spruce on the sand and gravel, and white spruce r.i the dry river bar..k/ with a growth ef 12 to 15 inches since the fire. fc " >" * Reports of the Geolooicai, Survey, 188.-9, \'or,. lY. Southern porfcion.-Mr. Chalmers, in his survey, founr! t;,i. Charl -tte County, St o'ohns Couni-v ,a,d the pints of King's and Queen's couutie.: souih-xvfNt of tlie St' John Kiver, w .,> most.iy oo«.pied by the original forest, spruce, pine, hemlock, cedar,' A.C in tst. Joliiv,i <.ou>..;, hardly any forest, except the east part of St. Martin parish —black spruce, p,n,. ,ta and this extends into Albert County, as far as Shepody River In Jvmg s County, iu. ;-,.lJy tract south-east of the Intercolonia; Railway, there is nearly the same foi>.>,st oat :iKae maple. In King's and Westmorelanu counties, west of the Intercolonial, ..he,o.:, the sanu- timber, but thinned out. On the carboniferous area in Queens, Westmoreland, and Sudbury counties there is black spn^ce, hemlock and cedar. In the northern part of Queen's, King's and Sudbury counties ti.ue is the original forest growth, except where burnt. ° Commission on New Brunswick Crown Timber Lani>.s, 1892. Renous and Dungarvon Rivers.-" The timber covering a large tract of land on the upper waters of these rivers, is virgin timber, to a large extent, and it has reached an age in which it is not oniy gaining nothing, but deteriorating. It should, therefore, be cut and marketed. If that were done, it would relieve other tracts which are now over- cut, and give time for the young growth upon them to mature " _ Upper Restigouche.-" We have ascertained from the testimony before us that there IS an unsurveyed ract of 1,800,000 acres in the Up^er Restigouche district, which is believed to be well spruced and a fine cedar country." . " ' North Shore.— "The cedar supply of Maine is now very inadequate to the growin- th?N .h S' ^".fl «*ft«!,"^-'<«*- A« -e have in this province, and especfally "n the North Shore, the best cedar areas of the country, we believe that its value should be more fully recognized than it now is." NOVA SCOTIA. Reports of the Geologkial Survey, 1886, Vol. 2. Antigonish, Guysborough and Pictou Counties.-- On Isaac IS good hardwood between the upper part and Lawlor's Country Harbour and westward, with barren tracts of granite ton timber is shipped to England, chiefly from Guysboro' Ii of the greater portion, of the country are small and barely sur? lumber. Pine is exported v lare and in logs, as well as r ' . ta'v, Guysborough and F .x Counties.— Extensive firf' ,. along the shore, and in a , places, far inland. A larr-, ,-.,j, ship timber, is still found on the head waters of the nvers N»\ '"- Indian, Liscomb, Ecum Secum, Moses, Quoddy, Salmon an^' ■X.,. baring is rtill carried on extensively on Sheet Harbour, Mosos ui Harbour River, there lake and towards ' V large quantity of r, but the woods . . U.I local demand for nick, birch and maple. destroyed the forests :! iorest, affording good .arhoisr, TBaao Harkjur, et .1 L Harbour, and iioomb rivers. lum- FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 63 VI e County, St. forestt *''' "''*''''"*' *'''"° ^'' "'^"'^ ""'" '"*^"' *° '^°^ ^'^ ^^«^« of the extent of our He set forth the difKculty of an inquiry which had for its object to calculate the cmitents of growmg forests scattered over half a continent, from \he AtlaSc to the "Let us try and niake an inventory of the timber resources of the Dominion begmn.ng in the west. On the Pacittc shores of the Dominion, in BritLsh Colmnbia Z bountiful gifts o Providence are still stored up for us and the crests have been ca.Telv attacked by he luniberman From the Rocky Mountains to the province of OntS there are scattered here and there certain tracts of well timbered land, but tW are the exception. That timber wi 1 bo required for the local wants of the people w7arnow . fo"P'? ^?u^* ^A'T* o^^.^n'^da ^mr excellence, is spread over that vast territory watered by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay, and their tributrSJ over one hundred thousand square miles in extent.^ Before draw iTySir a ten- der f '• '''" mention our remaining timber limits that cannot compare wM?t either for size or resources. They are found in the Georgian Bay country • the Muskoka and Nipissing regions ; the Eastern Townships of Quebec and^soutrsh;re of the St Lawrence to the gulf; the region on the north shore of the St. Lawrence from the Saguenay to the Bersiamis, and perhaps .still lower down as far as mLS- and e country watered by the St. John, the Miramichi, the Restigouche, anftE tributar e These timber limits in many places are scattered and isoLated / theV have with ew exceptions (such as the Bersiamis at the east and some newly discovered pine Tracts a^ the west on Lake Superior) been worked for a long time and cannot be expected to supply much longer any considerable quantity^ of first quality pine but they still contain an immense quantity of spruce, principally in the elst, sufficient for a S SIlfaTfn "P'^ '* '"'f "^ ""'^^^ "^^ P'''^*^'^^*^^- I -•" -- return to the S eft Canadian forest, our great pme country with its wonderful network of streams and IS three great arteries, the Ottawa, the St. Maurice and the Saguenay. Does Tbedn to tl T:"^ ^^haastion ? Look at the map of that great re^gion and you w 11 sef how little of t IS now left untouched. On the Ontario side all the most accessible tributarie^ of the Ottawa-the Madawaska, the Bonnechere, the Mississippi, the Petewawa and other! have been worked fm- years. The lumbermen are now round the easte^etd ^ Lake Nipissing with the Matawan for an outlet that can only be reached by a land road • they are still much further north on the shores of the Montreal River ^ fr;f.„f • % .?"!?.? side they have nearly reached the head-waters of all the great he ?erde Teire "l 7V*^'/;T", ^'^"f' '^' ^^^'^^^ ^^ ^i^vre, the Gatineau. w th Zl qnn ^f":™^ ^'^'^ ^t« Kakibonka and the Lac des Rapides. They are now work Kfppewa" '' ^^ "^ *^' °"""'^' "' *^' ""^'- '•""^' ^-^ ^^^^ Temiscamingue and the river" ^f^^r^^l !^^'!'''- *^'^ T "' **"' "P ""' ^^'^^ Manouan on the western side of the river. Its great tributaries on the eastern side, the Bostonnais and the Riviere Croche talers'rTth'P""^ '^ '^' ^'''''^ ^''' '^ '^''^' ^^^^ P''^^ ' ^' '^ "--- ^^'^'^ht It the 3 waters ot those rivers. As for the Saguenay region it still contains a good deal of spruce, but there is onlv a hmited extent of pine still untouched, or nearly so, south of Lake St John between M DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. \'<\ I 1 139^> the Metabetchouan and the hen*l-waters of the RivR-re Croche, near Commissioner .s Lake and Hcucliettes Lake. There is a little pine l.ft north of Lake St. John and a certain qumitity on the ri^er Siiipsha and in the lower Sa^u.^nay on the Ste. Marguerite ami l-etit f5t. Jean, etc. As for the large rivers that flow into Lake St. Jean— the Chamouchou:., Mi.stassine atul Perihonca, the pine that wa.s on the lower part of these riveis has been nearly all cut and the iemaiml(3r of their course, from th.ir distant nort K'rn sources, is through an immense burnt up wilderness where the vegetable soil has been consumed by fire. *" " That huge tract of lumber country between the Ottawa and the St. Maurice that separated (or rather appeared to separate) the lumbermen working on thase two Hvers by what seemed an inexhaustible and endU'ss forest-that huge tract is tapped throuirh and through and the Ottawa lumberman has met the St. Maurice lumberman on tlie shores of Lake Manouan." Mr. Joly concludes his run through the great Canadian forest, with the following' statement : — ^ " Li a very short time since the beginning of the century we have overrun our torests picking out the finest pine, and we ha\e impoverished them to a serious extent and what makes it worse irapoveri hed the country too, for owing to the force of cir- cumstances, which we shall consider later, our timber export trade has not given Canada such a return as she had a right to expect. There still remains to us a great deal of spruce and second rate pine, which for generations to come will be in excess of our local wants if we are careful ; but the really fine pine requir.d to keep up our great timber export trade to its present stiindard is getting very scarce and inaccessible, and I fear that we must prepare for a sudden and considerable falling off." In 1876 Mr. James Little prepared a pamphlet on ^he timber supply question He considered that ''British Columbia had a good supply of a description of pine which ditters considerably from our white pine, with other commercial wood: but whether much or httle It is so far away that it would be mucii cheaper to freight supp'ies from the north of Europe than from that province. It may be utilized to some extent when there 1.S a railway to move it to the Saskatchewan Valley. Northeast of the Rocky Mountains there is some timber on the rivers of the wild north land which dischar-B into the ocean, but it is also too far away to be of any account to us here in the east"" Wext comes the province of Manitoba without any supply of timber exc-pt what httle may be found on the Canadian portion of the Red River, around the Lake of the Woods and other patches of but small account in a country almost all p.pirie " "Next comes the rocky barren district north of Lake Superior au 1 boundin<^ the province of Ottawa on its north-west extremity. This province, the province of Ontario was not long since a magnificent forest country, probably unsurpassed on the face of the globe in its wealth of timber, and especially that of the best description of white pine in which It abounded. That section drained by the streams which empty Lakes Huron St Olair and Erie was exceedingly rich in the commercial woods of pine, oak, walnut, ksh elm and white wood. They are now all but gone ; hardly any can now be seen west of the northern railway which runs from Toronto to Collingwood on Georgian Bay " The Muskoka country on Georgian Bay, which was only a few years ago opened up to settlement, is undergoing the same rapid process of denudation incident to all new timber settlements. The hardwood timber is being burnt up to make way for the plough and the pine is fast disappearing under the stroke of the axe for the insatiable saw-mill Ihat section with all the streams emptying into Georgian Bay up to Sault Ste. Marie, does not hold as much pine as is got out in a single season in Michigan alone. In fact It would be a wise measure, if it could be enforced, to compel the whole province west of the ^■ater-shed of the Ottawa to preserve the little timber now remaining for its own use. We now reach the valley of the Ottawa which is the only pine timber we have worth giving a moment's consideration to in discussing the question of supply, and yet from the information I have obtained on the subject from those whose lives have been mostly spent in the territory, I have every reason to conclude that at the rate of consumption going on a single decade will be sufiicient time to totally exhaust ■ its resources. *' FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 66 The valley of the St Lawrence from Montreal to the Gulf never had a «reat 1....C le, and that nvo,- has been underjroinj. a course of depletion for so many years that t.t.on with the hnvor grades of that product to a very considerable exten The supply of this tnnber th.s sule of Jiritish Colun.bia is confined chictly to the vallov of tff St Lawrence below Montreal, the Eastern Townships. Nova Scotia and x\ew 'Brun wick The Eastern Townships have been run over to a large extent for b,.th local consu nptim and foreign demand. T^^vcry stream in it has been ransacked for the saw-mills ne nterior on the river, and at Cjuebec, and there is not now much left conv^ lent to the Hoating streams, and especially in the 8t. Francis district, outside the lands heki in foe by private parties On the north shore of the St. Lawrence the spruce ^ exhausted for many miles bick and is now all held under license from the Gove n men of the province, as is also the whole region below Quebec, hardly a stream of which bt hort iSTin Tr "" •'' ""^ ^r" f ? '^Pr'^™"- this description of timber will be as short-lived in this province as the white pine. h-Mnl^""!^ ^Z^'" '" "'f" T^''\^ '■''P"' P''°«'''^''' "' ridding her soil of its wood encum- brance, and wi h regard to New Brunswick, which manufactures more spruce deals thin are shipped at Quebec of both pine and spruce, and appears determirfed to get rid of the ^h w; r^ '^'"^''' '^' '"""?'' '^ '^' P''^°^ "* *'''^^ P'-°^''"'^« hiforms us cornet y on n ne n ''h,p " ""^ ^"'''' '"PP^ "'^^ ^"^^^ ^'"^ '^t" ^"^11 Tdesjraph, the leading paper of the province gives us an idea of the state of matters there. It says that the increasing scarcity of the timber adjacent to the sea and the navigable rivers hi jMm a few years, become a subject of great moment to the inhabitants of the province Lnt.l recently, some of our people have been accustomed to look upon our pi, and spruce trees as an encumbrance to the land and unworthy the cost of protection! The pubhc, however, th.nk differently now, since they find that one-half of the best timbered 1 nds have been destroyed, while nine-tenths of the remainder have been worked on so much that they have been largely deprived of their most valuable soft woods.' Ana yet we hnd in the face of this condition of the timber resources of the province, after having stripped it of its immense amount of most valuable pine timber tSSy are : "St ""f '""{ "' "'''* " ''*' °* *''"'■ ^P'-"^« '-^ throwing it o^n the EngH h Skets irding i;\°.rft:t '''''"' "' '^•^^ '^ "^"^ ^^^ '' ""^^-^ *^^'^ ^* ^^-^^ -- ^« -»' ^ as.de'^"c5o''o?l''"'A-'?''* '''"' u ^^e London TimUr Trades Journal, mentions a sale of 300 acres of timber, grown by the Earl of Cawdor on the mountains of Scotland which brought £1 6,000 sterling, about .$80,000, and that after it had undergol repS thinnings, which reahzed large additional sums, and I will venture to say That there are not 300 acres of the timber which the lumbermen of New Brunswick are now recklessly throwing away, but what woukl be worth as much in five years time, if left untr ' 'j in hve years, neither pine timber, nor pine or .spruce deals, except it be - ;- o'' !n?l fnf IT T^' "^n't '' indispensable for many purposes to the people of Britain, Quebec ^^ *° ^""^ '•^'''''^' P"""'' ''"' ^^ shipped from the port of "In five years, lumber will be higher on this side of the Atlantic, with the above exception, than It IS now or will then be in Great Britain. "In five years, I look for lumber to be shipped from the Ottawa to supply Michicran and the P/ame States of the West, and in a dozen of years from now the JomneS woods o the United States and Canada, this side of the Pacific Slope, will have to a fy anished, and inste-^l „f running abroad to find markets on which to force and sacrifice sunr!^!'^f °^ r '"'■"*'' """''^ ^! running abroad to see where we can purchase supplies for our home consumption, and the shipping, which is now engaged in carrying away our timber and lumber '"ill he i-nni-Jr»fl t- fr-J-,u- r h^" "i t-.iiiying they can be found." ^ to frcij^^nt supplies to us ironi wherever 8a— 5 DEPMtTMEXT OF AOIUCULTURE. The Hel.ictHtfimJing Committee on Immigration and Colonization of the Federal l-arl.ament of Canada, m 1ST8, heard some evidenco on tlu- " Timber Interests " Mr Stewart Ihayi,,., in answer lu tlu" rn-estion put by A[r. Trow, Chairman-" Can you form an estnnate ot how long the ,,, , .-,„ .u,.,.Vv ..f timber is likely to last, supposing the present consmnpt,on, exportation ...1 vk.:-, .,„amue ] " said : 'I should not liketo cmnnit myself to a dehmte opinion up-.u such .. ..l,j, .t ; lat. Because I cannot find any data sudiciently reliable to guide me to a safe conclusion on ,«o important a matter. -Ind. Any calculation that would Ignore th.i .|ii tntity of young timber standing in the woods, but which may be- come available in the pine .oi-ests, is suuwn by the fact already referred to. t ' at st^^Z )Tr ^Vt^^'^'i ^'^' '^' '^^"••''^^ ""'"^'- '^f '««« banked upon the maU streams tributary to the St. Lawrence and Ottawa was over 5,250,000 annually." In 1882 the Am. • ican ¥oy>i.,,ey Congress w s held in tl',. city of Montreal. Mr. It. L. Marler, a high authority, read a paper on ' The Denudation of our Forests " He said: The province of Quebec is the principal territory [lom wlience the mercantile lumber is drawn. There are two largo Vlts of timber lands in the province one on t^.e south side of the St Lawrence ; the otn.r and the greater on the noS Se.' The hrst extends from Gaspe, on th '> ly de Ohaleur, which divides i, from K w JJrunswick, thence along the high lands oi. le mdary line until . strikes the head- water « the O.nnecticut Riy, ,;, thence alo th. .e of 'i5th degree north lltitud to the St. J.awre:.ce, by which it is bounded u. front. This belt consists of about 30,000 n ,.,h V"! °*i^V''*'''''^' from below the Saguenay to the Ottawa, and then- e 200 miles noithot the St. Lawrence, and consists of about 120,000 square miles "Until a few years back these great belts of timber land were reached only by streams running through them, and could only be deviustated by the lumbermen a few miles each side of these rivers, leaving large spaces untouched hv tbo woodmaQ's axe But since twenty years this great belt (the southern) has been intersected by some FOHEST WEALTfl OF CAXADA. 9f timber. ^ " ^^'"^" *^''* '^«"^ «''" '"' '""tirely .lonuflwl of all ki.ul. of river: ^I';i;:rI;ZK. ;:re';::,Ctn. '"•""«•' ^"^ ?'- f^-" - *»>« si.tcr belt. The but they arc ..f ^Jt n - S„ e " e^irr; ' T "'""' "'>^' "^' ^''« •^^- I--'— -• other belt this on!: is also bein;;'Si;:l;:;t^^^ ■"^•' ^'"^ '"^-■-- ^'>^' ^i- on 1 Jtl:"li:e;;;:;S"l's^S'^''' '^^"' '^ ''^^^""- ""•'--' "^ ^-treal by Mr. .i. K. Ward. that nit;r:;:^ liri^dS'in^^^^^ thereisnHu.ufac•turel.nnuall^ f i'n "^ ^''« '"'^'""'^•^ that an.l ti„.ber approxiu.^t n," " 2 GOO 000 Z"^^^^^^^^^^ ''"'•''>• ^'-"'-"■^- '"•"'"«• "Ontarb fu -she 4 moor "'' " '''? '^''"^'•""'■^ '^''""^ '^ ^•'l'-- =- each, P-luci^r^S;;^5;;;)J^Jit?^-:;-i,:j-'i^> J5^ ,.ine lo«. of 200 feet or 81,000 000 feet b.-nl ; dimen.sk. t 23 So^Sjl) i% f "' " "'V'"' /"' '''"« &n., equal to 5,000.000 feet makin.. i,. f . -^''^Y^'-'^^y ^ t«et b.ni. ; hardwoo.l. .vdar, the P...vincial Governmen 'fo ti L d s ^"^^^^^^^^ ^-iv^OO.OOO fe.t b.n,. pay.n. to ;S,000 square miles under license ^-^Ol.OOO, and ground rents §1G,000, with to ^S^otmZ^^^^^ P-clucin« 2,500.000 pine logs, eq.al white and red pine t n te 3 10 Ooi Ih^T.'"""' P^^^'''''^ 106.000,000 feet b.L ; wood,51,000c!;bicfeet o^.Gll2bo?eetbm^ '^ ;57,320.000 feet b.,n ; hard-' making 4,576,000 feet b.m. ; c £, ua to 4 500%Oof .;'' •'''''? P"'^'^' ''' '''''"^'^' 5,760,000 feet b.m. ; tamarack 1 7^000 fifl^M 'i! ' F"f '''''' 'P''"*^^ '"""^ timber uulto .-,000,000 feet, nw kfn. in '^549 976'L^ ? '^^ ''''^^^ ^^^' ^ <^""'^«^ • ;8,596 to the Province 049,976.000 feet, g.vuig a gross revenue of Tl '"in« a large extent of private lanfk% f hi • I u^'"^ "''"°'" exhausted. ^f-t there i- ,t fess than So%0 tooltt of lul^'''"'T; ^'^'"^ '] i« -re to estimate iuore than fourths of whi^h is exno Kp 1 1 uT "''\^''^^''^f P'oduoed, considerably of territory ... ,500 000 a^res 10 S ', t^u -""^ ^^"'^ ^"^ ^°'"« "««• Tl.eextent millions .till vac;nt ' vW To the n^^^^^^^^^ """^ •«'''^t«^'. l^'^ving 7i ground rent, &c. ' " ^ ^' P'*'''"'^" ^ '■^^^""^ of «152,000 tor timber dues, ;;Manitoba^and NorthCt^xTr^^lStV^dut^Lrr"^^^^^^^ ''^^^'^■ " xLe difff '' ^r. "' '^ 'l""^ "^ -'.010,476,000 feet." ' ' ^'''■ private la:.dTSaX7n"New^S^^^^^ ^%-^\"P ^>>- ^^' Products of includingalsotheoutputofscores it An / */ Eastern Township, oi (.Quebec, and oountry,\nown only fn 5h ir'ovn loeS es Of 'the Tf\ t"^ '''^^"T^ ^'^''^^^'^ ^^^ exported, realizing $24,000,000 ''''''"**^'- "* '^^e total there is about three-fifths there at^n^t^re%^^>„Sro7(^ueW^'ont^ '""^^"-' T^^*'"^"^ ^^ ---' «-. miles under lie^ ase beside, ablt 7 on ' ^"^'^'.^^^^^ New Brunswick 75,500 sr.iare three provinces an 1 Nova Sco ia 'the JT k"''"' ""°f ^^ P""^*« P'^'-"^^ '" these houeve^isnotallthotimrredrStof/frrmthirwUr^ ?^^ The older prov nces of the Dom.n;^, \. u *° "™^ o""" future supplies. which afte? deductinrthelerXo^^ 'trT "^^ ^^ "^ ^^out 360,000 square , .dies, 'uiles or 180,000,000 acres 0.?a .nil n T' '"''"' ^" ^'■"* °* -'^-OOO squar^ tor agricultural ^urno^rthu, '^^fn- iV^ •°P'''*'°'' comparatively of this is occupied there are vast quantitieTof timber t^lV:7 7"^° extei.Lol territory on which no doubt 68 DEI'AHTMByT OF AdltlCUl.TUHE. -{I BettlciMf'nt iiml will rotiiaiii for ajjes iim hu.slilaud, TIun huslilatirl in a sanitary point of viuw will lie useful ill attracting the rain.s, liolding hack tlie watt^r in il '^ natural Ijeds, so prevt-ntinj; nudden risfs and falls in tin- rivers, which often cauHe much daiiuif^e by over- Howin){ lands, as well as loss hy exctsNivo drought, so that many streams tliat once aft'ordcd good water powers are now useless as such. "Incoming hack to the ijuestion of the extent of timhered territury from which we are to dr/iw our future supi les of merchantable lumbi^r, you can hardly mvA't with two luml)ermen who will correspond in their opinions. It is extremel v problematical as tu the average ([uantity of lumber which a given area will yield. I have seen live, ten or even twenty thousand feet come oil' an acre, and have lieard of as much as fifty thousand ; but this 1 consider as very rare. It has lieen estimated that our timber t», at the prescjnt rate of production, a thirty seven years' supply. This in addition to a very large extent of territory not under license, would, it is rea.sonable to suppose, yield enough to make fifty y«»ars' supply, as stated in my paper read before the Forestry Congress, This calculation refers exclusively to pine, spruce and hardwoods, in which our country abounds, that heretofore liave been comparatively neglected, and will as pine grows scarce, become more used for finishing purjioses. As years pass by and the timber increasing in size, the territory cut over by the lumbermen, wiio in the past took nothing but the choicest, will be found to contain a large quantity of material that will be considered valuable. " As to providing against loss by forest fires, we may lea.sonably hope that they will be less fre(juent than in the past, and that the natural increase in size, will, as some argue, make up for the loss occasioned by them. It may seem strange that to produce the annual output of wood goods, supposing the average yield per acre is 1,5U0 feet, it re«iuires 1,700,000 acres to be gone over, or equal to an area sixteen times that of the Island of Montreal. " Before closing this part of the subject, I would refer to that portion of my paper referred to, in which I remarked that to the uninitiated travelling through the woods he would hardly know that the shantynien had been there, except for seeing an occasional stump, a few chips, or the top of a tree. This may require a little explanation. In my experience of nearly forty years' lumbering it has been ray fortune to work mostly in what is called a hardwood country, where the best }>ine is usually found in very scattered quantities. But where in a few ca es 1 have worked in what is known as a green country, wliere pine mostly prevails, it has generally proved so faulty that but a small proportion of the whole was considered merchantable, so that the country, to a casual observer, looking from a distance, appears to be covered with timber." rojiissr WKAI.TII OF CANADA. ? I APPENDIX '•D." FOREST PUESKHVATION. Rockland, Oxt., 14th February, 1894. The Honourable The Commissioner of Crown Lands, Quebec. Snt -I have had several interviews with the Assistant Commissioner relative t.. the preservation of the forests of the province of Quebec, and have also ma le two or .ree T lelStm T" '^" ;"'"■""" ^•^''-^:— '*■ - the sanu, subieot. but with! tue^' view with M. Tadu and he hrialiy r..quested me to address you, putting mv iil-as in writinj?, winch 1 shall now endeavour to do. ^ * *" ^ The preservation of the forests from the devastations of tire is alike most important Lw';Z"rii >" "'" 1 '"'' '"''^!''"' '">'' ''" J"^'--''"'''^ '""1 •--•«^"1 cutting ode imbe upon ti.e limits ,s also very imj.ortant to the province, if ..erhaps, not so fullv important to the operators of to-day. ' ^ ' ^ the foiitl' am! r"shair"l"' T ''""' "'^'I'^l ^T''''' l'""''*''^"' ^^'^^ '«' ^^e preservation of tie toiests, and Isha deal more particul.irly with the portion of the province with vh.chlammos tam.liar, v..„ that porti.m drained by the t.^butaries of^L Oulwa Zit H ?;i '"'*, '^"'V'' *''"'"''"^' *" *''^ ''^^'^J"*' T.akeTemiscami.«ue,a,d I take It, tha the conditions here ar. a fair sample of existing comiitions all over he province, before the advent of the settler an.l the lumberman this distric of eoltry hirtvorfo live wT^'^T'"' °'-,"""-^-'^ Perhaps more particularly for the past thuty or touj years, the lumberman s axe has been busily engaged in cuttin- down the pine trees and converting the.n into a,i article of . ommerce, ^-1^11 the result of yddn' to tf,e Ifovince a large annual revenue, furnishing an article for foreign export wh ch has contributed ]ar,e y towards paying for our foreign imports, and at tl.e same t me 1ms gven very hirge employment to labour, and furnishing k large home ma ket or oi'r rmers produce; with the result to the operators th^mselveMhat the great bulk of them have been unsuccessful, and either retired from the trade penniless or died poor uen. Comparatively few have been fairly successful, and a very limiternumber a^fte a long struggle tor many years, may be termed as having been really successful. Had no other factor appeared, T think it is .safe to say that the present rate of pro- duction might go on for many decades to come, and I think I might^ay fo. so^ne a Jes nentahty of nmioval or destruction than the lumberman's axe, the percentage of the depletion of the pine forests would even to-day be almost impe;ceptil le, and tL final exhaust on would be many years in the future, but how many it would be revy difficult liundred ye" rs ' ""' '' """''' '" ''"^' ^"^^ *^ ^^^^ ^'•°'" "^ ^-^-^ lo two couldTimltnTl'^'u '*•"'<'* ''"'^''""'^>*"-''^-^''^"* ^"'- °"« factor, the province but i'. S f " ^ rP°'i '*' P''"'"",* "^'^^PPy •^«'^*' ^^ '* ^°"1'^ h'^^*' nothing to fear, province Tth^'V^T ""' T' ".=t •" "[''''^ f''' T^^ "''''""•' destruction in the forests of the wSh T .i ? ' r "'!^ :• " ^'" ''"""?' ^*^'^ ^ '''y' ^'"^' '-^ ^he region of country with which I am de ,mg twenty tunes as much merchantable timVer has been destroyed by fire 70 DEPARTMEST OF AGRICULTURE. as has been cut and taken away by the lumbermen, to say nothing of the young and under- sized pine destroyed at the same time, for fire destroys indiscriminately, while the judicious lumberman preserves the young and growing pine for future use. Adding to the quan- tity already mentioiici the young pine, and the loss through fire is alarmingly increased. I will not undertake to say that this enormous loss could be wholly averted, but I can safely say that it could have been very largely averted. The sources of these unhappy bush fires are not very numerous, and by far the greatest source is illegitimate settlement and squatting upon the limits. It is quite safe to say, that the loss to the province from this source re^iches hundreds of millions of dollars. In a lesser degree, there is the danger from fishermen and hunt ing and camping parties, the clearing of lumber farms, from the lumbermen'T drives, and fiom lightning. The Indian may possibly be responsible for some tires, but they are few and far between I am sure. In my own experience I have never known a case, known or supposed to have origina- ted from this source. I know of two or three burnings that cannot be accounted for in any other way than from lightning, but these must be few, as rain almost always accompanies lightning, but in any case this is the lesser of all the dangers and one that caimot be very well guarded against. All the others, however, can be guarded against, and beginning with the first and most important danger, I hope you will pardon me for saying that no eflicient remedy hiis yet been applied. A few yeaVs ago a charge called " fire tax " was introduced, but I am perfectly candid in saying that I know of no results whatever, excepting the payment of the charge. I have never seen or heard of a fire ranger anywhere on any limits that we or any other lumbermen possess. And if you will allow me to ofier my suggestions for theremedv, they are as follows : In the first place I would allow no surveys or laying out of townships whatever in tmibered districts, and more especially wh^re such districts are unfitted ior settlement. In the next place I would allow no S(iuatting whatever on limits exceptini,' as approved jointly by the Commissioner of Crown Lands and the holders of limits, and only where such are required for stopping places for the actual necessities of the lumbermen. If this IS done, by far the greatest danger will be removed, but I will go further and would suggest the organization of brigades of fire rangers over the entire province ; the brigades to be greater or smaller according to the values to be guarded, and the possible dangers surrounding the several situations to be so guarded. The whole grand system of organization is one that would reciuire a good deal of consideration and arrangement of detail, and it would be difficult to enter into a discussion oi the whole subject thruu"-h corre.spondence. Whether you would appoint one general head for the whole province, and district heads under him, is a matter for your own consideration, and possibly you might think well of consulting the lumbermen on this point. But to come down to narrower limits, I will take for discussion the Gatineau district. The Gilmours %nd ourselves are the largest holders of limits on that river. Now it is a great question in my mind, whether there should be two organizations dealing with this district separately, or whether theie should be one organization dealing with the whole. There ,;i-p some groundsfor and against each scheme, and this isa matter that should be considered carefully, but on general principles I would divide the territory into districts with one chief ranker over each district with a sufiicient number of men under each to keep a close' "uard "on all settled districts contiguous to the limits, to guard all roads leading to and through the limits, and in fact, to guard in every way against the setting of fire, and to put out fires if unfortunately such occur. Of coui-se the organization would have to be empowered to call lidp when such is reepiired and is obtainable. I would suggest that the fire rangers be named bv the lumbermen and appointed by the Commis loner of Crown Lands, the Crown and the lumbermen each to contri- bute one-half the payment of their salaries. An important matter would be the appoint- ment of wise and judicious men, who would create a good feeling among the settlers and impress upon them the great and important truth, tlia*^, the preservation of the forests and the continuance of the lumber trade is their salvation from two sources, viz., in supply- ing them with both work and markets for their produce, and also in averting to as late adayaspossbiedirectt.-vxation, which must suielyeome when the revenue from the forests ceases altogether or is lessened very much. The nature of the season would FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. ^ could easily be regulated accord' gto'he nrssitfeT""" ^'' "^^°"' '^"^ *^"'^ -''^"-• wisd^^^^'^,:^^'s,;l::^Sosi ^^rij ^^^fr ? -^--^ -to the be done, a. I consider it asou ce ofTS buJ'cer^'Sv"'"^'^-^'''*''" ''"^•'^ '' ^'^""'^ "«' should be prohibited on the limits so fafT; iM ""'u^ "li" "'""»' «^«^Ptingl>y Indians, and far beLr if camping parSrd ht e'len^Tb ^ep";";! ^Z "'Z t^ , ''T'' men's farms, great losses have oeoiin-P 1 in .r.,^ • . • ^ °- ''*-^ *« lumber- same, but this^]a„ger I tlk °H^"ei I ^,^.^^^^^^^^ fe'""<^ ^y i" ^'J^'^'ing will provide against furthel 1 gt ' ?Sn'tt L mr^e "TLt'^^^^^^ 'r','"™") ^'"""■^'^'^•^° viz., lunbermen's drives, is a ' «"'^''^^^d vawdedcountrv, weapr-ointaSulSpHn I .'''''''' ' "'''^ ^'''"^' ^^"•""g'^ ^ and guard against the^itar n' 1 r^ H" iu "v tt"''" R '"'' "fl ^'"'^ '* ^^ ^" '^'^''^ operated upon, and see to it tJ.at fi.'es d io^sK t f "'' ^"'^ ^'''^^•n the ground being that of the cI 1 fcutUn. ofT^h^ ' "f^r'^'-'L^ '^""""^« ^^is letter, vi... include the matter of s wfnc. the v ul' Z "" u^ "'*^ ^'"'^ 'l*^^^^^"" ^ ^^'''^h dso to ditions in the z^egion o cou^ntry S wS r\: \ T °''"'' ,'""!'^'"- ^'^^^^ ^'^« '^"- sampleofthecondition.sal overlhepovii ar^h f' 7'^ T'''^'^ ^ '''^' '' ^' ^ portio,! of the thickly pine tLbe ed S ^nt v Wi h f '' ^T ''''^™^"^' '^'' ^'''^^ter the lumbermen have gone over the bahnc?^"nd 1 ^^^^^ f.^^^Pt^on of very narrow areas ber, and what is nowleft for the pro W .n^^ ^f"T P"''*'°" "* *J'« ^m- the remaining lar-e nine of .reno.-mv , .. ? "Pe mtrng lumbermen of to-day, is pine,andthe'othefwooL ud as Ir^ "''^° '''^ ^™^1' ^^'^''^^-S po.ssessing commercial viue to dTy l^^ra; r''^ \^''T''^' ^^'«- which if not remote future, if preserverfronl'e A A '"''"f-'"'' ^"-"^ ''^^'"'^ "^ *^>« "^"^ ^'^'7 and regulations sLu d te surL^to mfke it T"t fJ''^ ^""7 '' '^'"' *''« conditions met careful and econon'fcal wa ^t^^st^i. nnt if*/"' * " ^""^^^™en to cut in the account whatever, and ve and ^reserTe'th^^ ^ i"'' ^" ^"'■"''^' ^'^ ^^^ profitable pre.se.-e the life of our f^l^^^raKr: Unnt Sfst'l.y '""' ^"' "^ ^^■^•'^ ^^'^^ '^^"^ ^« l.avetS^:i';nml':;;:!']fi;:,::;;';r^;f l""--«'-^^^ ^^ --ts of tl. province 'ditions will .see the e d of L l^^Ser^ ',' "" T^' r ^'""'■'^ "'°'"^ "^ ^'^^'^^ <^"'^- value has been lost to the p.m- n e 'Ll ft ""'j'^ '-^H revenue from san.e. Untold comparatively.mal AtSe am; t 1 r''"'?^ ^^^"'■'•^^ ^'''^'^^^ remaining is value of what rema „s ^a. t ^ enl anc"; ILnr K '"'^ ^"'"'^"^ management the accomplish this the DepartT.>ent of Crow"'! and an.w'br^ f ■^'^^'■^' P™'«"ged> -«' to all party and political differences mis vanish -.nd *'^" "•"^'^""en n.ust join hands, those of patriotism towards the nrovSoe n i A "^l^"' ^^''l*""'^"^^ prevail than The position is alike a m^st .serLH^e fJrThe to SrS'the f * " ^""'^^t *'''^'^- many instances to-dav tbo V.nlt ^f fi • P'°\'"ce and the lumbermen. In very Piae^.nd ot/rwoocW iSimits^JlStr "' f''! 'T'"™"' '^ *'^^ J'-ngg-winJ I'ave to look for revenue fr,e™tmi/ largely to tins source the province will the young pine forest^buro al ,: -'eK^^^^f ^^^^^^^^^^ the preservation not only of for as the pine becomes oxhaustecC oX^cKirS Id b "^7 H ""P^;*::."-' are to-day, at the same time a large revenue extendTn.? "^ conditions be s..ed for the province if the neSsli^^^plSaro^ ,^ I iJoTt ^'^'""^ '"^ ^°"^' '''' to ii.^rSrir =;VSV'" t't ^"^' ^^^ *^^« ^^' "'-^ ^^ g-* wrong townships nSn>. b.vC SLment ,','='^" '""?">' f'"^ °"' °^ '™>-"^"' •^^-'^ i" «"-^'ved cost the standing timbrrForTr^^ta^ the purpose of securing at nominal which were ver/gre^tlv cut over t^^^^^ "•"'' •'''"' *"" *''*' "'"^^ ^^'-" '^"'^ '^^^ ^^ ''""t-S verj gieatly cut over before coming into our possession. In , uyin- we were A 72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. influenced in the price paid, in nearly every purchase, by the quantity of other timber apart from pine on the limits, but we iind that we are \ ursued both on tlie Xorth Nation River and the Gatineau by men who are robbing both the Crown and ourselves, by buy- ing up lots at nominal prices on which we have paid ground rent for years, doing us out of our just rights, and at the same time getting quantities of timber from the Crown for comparatively nothing. Fire, and this system are the great enemies of the province and the license holders, and they are two evils which in the best and truest interest of the province require immediate and most efficient remedy. Finally, let me say that I am sorry to ha\'e troubled you with this long letter. My only excuse is that I am thoroughly in earnest in this matter, and desire to^lay my views before you as fully as correspondence will permit. I have stated only what I know to be true. _ It makes my heart sore every time I go up the Gatineau River, to witness the devastation by lire in what was once a grand pine country, and also t . drive through the young forests of young pine growing vigorously, but at the same time, only growing, and awaiting similar destruction. I cannot think that any written or verbal statement can fully impress the importance of this matter upon you. Nothing would be so useful as to see the real conditions with your own eyes, and I v/ill make tiiis proposition. If you will come with me for a few days, and make a short tour of the Gatineau district, I will take you round comfortably, and I will give you a practical illustration of the truth of every word I have stated. Such a trip would be most useful to yourself, and of the greatest possible value to the province. Mr. Andrew Thompson of Quebec, I think, ■would consent to join us if you will make the trip. Again apologizing for this very long letter, I have the hofnour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, (Sgd.) W. C. EDWARDS. APPENDIX '-E." FISHERIES AND FOREST. Ottawa, 27th January, 1894. Geo. Johnson, Esq., Statistician, &c. Dear Sir,— Your letter to hand of the 11th instant, asking information on the question, "What inHuence has the denudation of the forest upon river fisheries r^ You draw my attention to a conversaticm we had of a passing character on this subject on which we both agreed, that the effect of the denudation of the forests produced injurious influence upon river fisheries. On this subject I am fully confii-med in my belief, after many years of observation and experience, that the cutting away of the forests is not only injurious, but also brings about the extermination of many descriptions of fish, especially those of the higher order, such as lielong to the salmon family. • "■ Many rivers and streams that were teeming with fish of the salmon and trout species when the country was in its prinu-val state, or at the time of the first settlement ot the country, have now oecome almost depleted of these better kinds, brought about oy the ellects of clearing off the forests and bringing the land under cultivation for cereal and tanning purposes generally. The causes for this loss of fish-life are many. The cutting down of the forests and openmg up of the country generally decreases the rainfall, which in a large measure becomes absorbed into the cleai'ed and arable lands, thus reducing the volume of water wmcn ongmaiiy fed the streams. Tiie cutting away of the forests also gives increased strength to the sun's rays upon this reduced flow of water, causing a much higher FORES'" WEALTH OF CANADA. 78 temperature to what it was when in the normal state; thus making the streams unsuitable, and unhealthy for the trout and other fish at first indi«enous%o them and these streams are now partially replaced with several species of the lower order 'such as catfish, sunhsh, perch, pike and others of a kindred nature, the better kinds ^f Ssh by this higher temperature of water having been driven from their natural habitat they cannot exist in it. ii.i.uiuii,, pmsuits, nevertheless actsin the reverse way withthefish cultural products ; the refuse and otherfoulmatter,frombarnyardsaudturnpikeroads,togetherwiththesewageanddrainSe and noxious matter fron. saw-mills and manufactories, all leading into these streams, make tliean as It were public drams instead of the channels of pure" liquid water which they were before this transition of the forests took place. All these injurious results combined produced from the cutting away of the forests, have in many cases and in many p2 ticular localities so changed the streams from their original standard ..s to make them quite unsuitable tor the habitation of the more valuable kinds of fish, and in many c is have brought about a total extermination of fisli-lifo, (fron. their once nume\'ous abodes) origmally provided by nature for man's food and comfort There are many other evil results in addition to those mentioned. All these with the so-called onward march of progress to supply the sordid wants of men irrJ^^^^ective of consequences tor he future have brought about this sad state of things, and raised a problem which will be found very difficult to solve. I am, yours respectfully, (Sgd.) SAM. wil:\iot, General Supf. F. C. APPENDIX "F." * LOWERING OF LAKE ONTARIO. T^ol "^^ "\*ocw ^J"^.'?'*P?i".'''*' ''^'-'^ ""^ '"^^^ Canadian Institute on Saturday evening, 10th February, 1894, by Mr. Kivas Tully, C.E.,on - The Fluctuations of Lake Ontario ''btW a continuation of a former paper read at the Canadian Institute on the 22nd March! lb- J, making a total period of forty years. As the survey of the great lakes has b^en omp^e ed by the United Sutes, Mr Tully was enabled to give accurate inform" ionts to the watershed water surface and levels of the lakes, which could only be considered approximate m the former paper, though procured from the best authorities. The great 1 00,^.!? /"'"•?. '"' '"• ^''' '" *•'" ''^''"■"8'' '"""^ ^"^ •^"«^^'f''^"« '» the last fifteen fears, a compaied with the previous twenty-five years, was ascribed to the destruction of the a e age snos fall ,s corroborated by the decrease of more than three inclns in the mean ti a eFh '';i ^"^'l Ontar,.,, for the last fifteen years. These decreases were substan t ated by the records of the Meteorological Observatory for the past fifty years which how a diminution of 2.602 inches, the figures being 3G-940 inches as the me^m of seven eeu years in lba8, and ;U;3;J,S inches mean of fifty years in 1891. These facts dSrve dimiZi";' 'T Tlr "* "'" f'"^" '^^'""'"'"t^' P'l-'ticularly the farming portion, as a S aiy^l's 4 """" '' ^'''^' "^ '''' '"•'"'^^"^' "^ ^'"^ .oil.-(Torolito K,.,pire, 74 DEPASTMBNT OF AOBlCVLTVItE. APPENDIX "G." UNITED STATES CONSUMPTION OF WOOD. (From Bullain J'o. 10, F<,r,,try Divuio,,, UniUd S(ale. D,,„rt,mn, of AgHculUm.) states, their timber at the age of 125 years would 1 e fom^r^f^T !^ ^"'*^*^ consumption. But we know that much of it is K;^tn.l.pTV? /"'''"''' timber and not eared for The United SWps nr/fl. i" ^^^cked, occupied witl, poor the area reproduces, probabl "dSlwl^'tltt^rAt^^^^^^^^^^^ T" ^'^^ tion grows. Were we to assmne that lOOno W K '' V^^ ^^^'y year the dispropor- sized saw-lnrr M,^.f ^t fU^ i.- v i ■ years, tiie time it takes to produce a good ties i;:^^th^^:::f ^J^^zJr:;!.::' 'i^Hhe^i^S'^irf t^'^ v^^f Swtar ^^-^-^'^--^^-^ ^^ «i.Ht,ancS;^;^2;-t;^:rt:;?f^ APPENDIX "H." EUROPEAN FORESTS. B. E. FERNOW, Division of Forestry. *See Statistical Table aa. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. ' 75 from the others, so that in succession they are readv to 1)p mf At .k .• some standard trees are left to seed and to shplffr L ,^* ^^"^ *™'' ""^ *^"'"g' their ph.ce in the rotation, any 8^™ b iig ftled bv^ ^'"'^ '^'"^ ""^^ plan thus briefly sketched is o^f cXse if So ^,SSS '^ "^'^^^^'^T' The general considered by the trained fore.st oflaceT InX" J kt ?,! ed " ''7"''' "•"!""' t'^ each year and cut a certain number of the m^ure tret in flCfr"^^^ '' 'Vf''' care not to injure the growinff timber »n,\ th..f 7 f ■ ,^ "^ ""'^ '^"'^•''' ^akuig the place of those cut" Some uch methor ^.^"1?^' Tl T"^'"^ '' P''^"^^'^ '^''^^^ «" division into compartme,rrsahredruulriv ^M^^^^ff' ^' ^P' -"en when the area of the country thus treaterascultlvr'dwn „-^^*7.t t^^"*^"^^'" per cent of the the dense ^pulatL of ^.^^J^ ::;^^'j;^Sf^^;:^^£ ^^ l;:riii^":'Sei i^S^,d rr ^r Tf -^ r-^^^'^" ''— replanting, especLolly on the .^u ce," "Jre^ on hln l^' *^"*horitie.s, nor without washed a^ay, or in places where P-otect^ ^LL 'S.« d^ ' ^: ''^'^^ ^^ '^ the forest being depleted for locT ."^"i ft exportSm ^^ n'Tl '" "' 1'"'^ P'^''^'^*''^^^' soastz^^^^srrn:e3ts::;£rF^ K^^^tSf- -- - --- ^--- h^^ ss^i^x ^t - PROPORTION OF CONIFEROUS FOREST, • COUNTKV. Coniferous. iJeciduous. Austria Huiifjary Belgimn , . , , Franco German Empire. . . Holland Italy ..'......'. lier cent, 72 22 33 33 67 40 31 lier cent. 28 78 (17 67 33 GO 69 GERMANY. i. 78 DEPARTMEXT OF AORICVLTUUE. \ . . " The fundamental rules for the management of State forest are these : first, to ke»D rig dly withm the bounds of conservative treatment; anil second, to attain, c. sistentlv with such treatment the greatest output of most useful products i'n the sho;te.s; tTme ^ v,-«w ?^ r^ ',*''''^ ^''""^' "' ^''^^ afiministration of its forests, to keep in L I /T"""," "™" 1 ^'>«.P^"P'«' ^"d that as well with respect to the lasting s^t faction of the demnnd for tm.ber and other forest produce, as to the numerous other purposes ..vh.ch the forest serves. It holds fast the\]uty to trea ti e Twmmen woodlands us a rust held for the nation as a whole, to the^ end that it may enjoy foJ the present the highest satisfaction of its needs for forest pr.Kiuce and the^ro eotion which he forest gives and for all future time, at ha t an e.ual share of equalCs ngs _ "J he forest is a trust handed down from former times, whose value ies not orflv in Its immed,ate production of wood, but also essentially in 'the benefits ag iculn Its immediate influence on climate, weather, protection in various wayt the con servafonof the soil, &o. The forest has significance not onlv for the present, nor fo iJs owner alone ; it has significance as well for the future and for the whole of the people '' Another authority says of Prussia :— pt^opie. " It has therefore ste .dily refused to deliver its forests to more or less speedy destruction by allowing them to pass into the hands of shorter live.l and less p ro vkS owners. Even m he tnnes of greatest financial difficultv, when Prussia was oveiTun and eZlird. ' ' ' *'" ''"'"'' *'^ ''"^ ""' "'"'^" '''' '^"^ "^^ -- "ever senously The organization of the Prussian Forest Service is as follows: It is under the Mini.stry o Agriculture, State Lands and Forests, having for its immediate iS he Oberland forstmeister or Chief of the Forest Service In the central oHice s le Bureau of Forest Surveys and Working Plans, which is charged with the f.^muL of ranges, each under the charge of an executive officer, their subdivision inL blocks and a fur her d.vKsion into compartments ; with the surveying an.l estimating of tt forest const uVtl^i of 'the^ ^''-''1 ^'^-'^ '^''' ""-^^ P^-P'^^l^ I- "*i'-«' ^ -"d t constiuction of the working plans revised at inter\als of five and ten years _Over each of the thirty five divisions there is a council to control the forest business insne^t f STf,' ' ?' .^berfoVstmeister and Forstmeister being membe^;. S inspect the (,80 Oberorsters, who are charged with the actual management. ^ The training of the forest officers is as follows; Aftergraduating from a gymnasium there is a year ot practical work under an Oberforster, then two years atafS schoo ' fol owed by a year of jurisprudence and political economy at a university The exam' .ation If successful, is followed by two years of travel and work. Five'^mo.iths St hi" mnnfl '!f" '" P'"«-'t'cal administration of a range under an Oberforster, four months in the preparation of working plans, and six month'^; in discharge of all tl e dutTe of an ordinary forest guard. Then follows the final examination, which having pasS fn.P«f "^°"i"'''*f *!5 '¥'*' "*?"' ""''^ ""^^'' *h"'' direction are the various grades of methT '"tT r^ '''7 T^f' ""'''''■ ^^ '■^"' l^— '•' i"'Provide^ni 'an!l w,:' eS rlpfnf ??-^"?*^ ^'"■'''* °''"^T ''"' '"^J*'"* *" ^'^^ intervention of the State, dangerous tX' Whet'tf P'-^^-'^-d, especially in the case of .hat are teamed '' protect'i him out °'''"*'' '" '""'^'"'"•'^ ^^ '"*^®'' *^^ese restrictions t.e State will buy Datr 1887, Connti-y. . Heiise, G. D. GUAND DUCIIY OF HkSSE. Per cent. 32 Forest lands, acres. 612,063 St-s==^ or Ci'ovvii, acres. 170,895 Cunummai, iSc. acivs. 234,599 IVivate, acres. 207,160 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. «. forest?"""' '"''""""'^'^^''^"""'^ forest staff, supervising private an well as public Private forests cannot be uprooted without li.inisterial approval High or regular forests are mh per cent, low and medium ^M-owth lU ner Coniferous forest, 3!) per cent.-U. S. Con. Hep., Vol. 25. 1888, page 1 ^ ^ *REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF STATE FORESTS. cent. Countries. Prussia Bavaria W'urtfmburg . Saxdiiy Baden City of Zurich (>,(X)0,000| 2,3lM),(K)0 470,000 41(;,0(K) 2.3.1, (KK) 2,700 Total Ex]K'iicli- turo. 8,000,000 3,150,0(M)| 1,025,(K)0| 1,(M0,000! 404,0001 14,fMH) Revenl'k. Or 8 14,000,000 r),,s,so,ooo| 2,ajo,owi 2,730,(RI0l 1,0!)0,0(KI; 20, (XXI I Net. E.XPENDinilK I'Kli AcitK. i" 4 2 r= ; jJ ' T 2. 2 1h I •. « i^g 0,(K)0,0OOl-,S3 2,7W),0(M)l-37 l,2;i,\0(MJ217i 1,7)0,500 a-.w 6,S(i,WM)l54! 12,000 5 00 |>. c. 58 m 45 37 40 f.4 0-4.S 04 O'K" ■().■) 22 1 14 |o.so 0-37, 0-!l2 l0-81' oas 12-10, i I 3*-l 0140 ,0-1 110 0'220 OlljO 15]0 101' 2 ISeS Oi)(i illO 2»3 411 2 fir and beech forests of the Vnsges, the pine forests of Corsica, the beech forests of the Lower Heine, the oak forests of Allier, md the mari- time pine forests of Gironde and tiie Landes, the latter being of recent creation to bind the shifting sands. The productive forests and woodlands of tl\« communes and public institutions are divided as follows : — Acres. I'tT 0. Coppice, coppice aarti.', coppice /(trs/e 672,222 14 • 7 Coppice under standards 2,429,.")8r> ."»3 • 2 Coppice in process of conversion 45, ."538 1 High forest 1,418,211 31 1 Total , 4, 565,3 58 100 The report remarks : " The proportion of the forests of the communes and public institutions subject to treatment as simple coppice (147 per cent) seems high enougli as compared with that )i :! .'■ per cent in the State forests. But one must not los'^ sight cf the fact, that when ii i;-: i-.. question of regulating the treatment of a connnunal forest the administration !- b'>',Kid to give great weight to local wants, and that in the cold mountain regiu/) ■; *a:! .^ (lansportation is very difficult a hardwood coppice placing within reach of the comrutii,!? i fuel of good (piality, may often render more service than a coniferous forest the produce of which, of little value as fuel, would not sell as timber for want of a market. "Coppice under standards occupies 53-2 per cent of the area of the forests of the communes and public institutions. It is the system preferred by the proprietors, who hesitate to invest a considerable capital in their forest domains and who yet wish to im- prove the yield by the production of a certain quantity of timber, principally oak. The temperate regions of plains and hills are particularly fitted for coppice under standards. These conditions are met with in the north-west of France where the. communal forest property is very extensive ; it is easy, therefore, to understand the important place occupied by the coppice under standards in the forests of the communes and public institutions. " The coppices in process of conversion into high forests occupy only one per cent of the total area of the forest of the communes and public institutions. There is noth- ing astonishing in this. The communes and public establishments generally wish to realize the whole of their forest revenues as soon as they are available ; their financial situation, the daily wants which burden them, make this a necessity. But they know that a coppice cannot be converted into high forest without augmenting considerablv the capital in timber left standing, which necessarily exacts, during a period more or less prolonged, an accumulation of savings in the shape of standing timber. These savings can only be made by a diminution of revenue. Nor are all the conversions in progress in the communal t'orests the result of an aim methodically pursued. A good number of them are the consequence of circumstances created neither Ity the adminis- tration nor the communes. Thus in the Pyrenees, the Alps and the central forest, certain coppices, which remained unworked for want of markets and became too old to push fresh shoots, have grown into high forests and later will be renewed by sowing. institutions FOIiEST WEAL Til OF CAXA DA . ' " Tli(^ high forests of the com cipally sicii. T munes treated The producti.Hi in quantity fur the year 1892 wan as folL.v , :_ From the State forests : 'V ockJ C,,rk 9«),i;}r),8C0 culjic feet, Tunbark;::;;: .„oill-^-I'^ Kesin Jl.LWoO do Total value .': %f ^ vV ' .^ '/ /j /^PPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc J^s . 1653 East Main Street ^^=r£ Rochester, NY 14609 USA ,j^=-^ Phone: 716/482-0300 -s^ Fax: 716/288-5989 © 1993. Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved '^o^'^^ ^yjs « 82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. As to the coppices under standards the production is nearly equal in the two classes. In the case of coppice in process of conversion the return is much larger in the State forests. The <,'roveR which the State has re.solved to convert into high forest have been chosen from the best of the forests, those from which they calculated to obtain choice timber. The high forests of the State have a product far exceeding that of the high forests of the communes and public institutions. Of the products of the forest under the control of the forest administration, 81 -.'i per cent are hardwood and 18-7 per cent coniferous wood. The timber is l';M per cent, (oak 704, other hardwood 2'1 and coniferous wood i:3-ti) ; poles and props 1-03 per cent and firewood 75-G i)er cent. (70-9 hardwood and 4-7 coniferous). AUSTRIA. " The paternal government of Austria prescribes the most stringent laws regarding the culture and preservation of the forests belonging to the iniperiai domain, to munici- palities or to private individuals. According to our ideas these restrictions are rather autocratic ; but they serve their purpose and the Austrian woodlands are renowned for the good and exemplary care taken in their preservation. The latest statistics place tlio productive land of the empire at 28,40(),532 hectares ; of these 9,227,001 hectares are forest lands, of which 1,3^1,433 are hard woods, G,o87,8r)3 pine woods and l,257,77:i brushwood. The forests cover about the fourth part of the empire and are of ,;]:6 forest within this area, those helongin.. to mMvate ne ' -""""nal and n.unicipal from their position they are necessary" for , . r ^ *""'"« "•''*'"'l"' '''^^^Pt ^^1 ''» I87G it was enacted that this foes Li ^^^^^ against climatic intluenies. In such as rights of way, gathering fire^oo, I &c hm.1 u'T !'"'"'''' ' '^'"'^ i^udes over it, be surveyed, and new woods pk Zl i^e,t i.'e uT! ' f"^''" "'' =/"'''''-' ^^'"^'^ '^''^^'d sanctioned. There have bee^. bought up S'o) fS?T"'.'"l ''" '".'•''°^" '•'^■"« francs; up to the end of 1891 the cadast^-- lion of ,-,";2; ' .''^•^'^"'K ««t'n.i; 720,9:58 executed and in the year 1891 700 (5?( 0(0 f ' '^, ''*''"*'"'*^'^ "^ ^"''e^t had bee.i granted to the free fc'rest di.s.ric ts! ^^.IrfsL Tso"? 'iT''^' «".''-"tions are also cantons forest ada.inistration is couiucZblTdiaLert/^ /"'■'■^*- '" '"'"'' ment, assisted by a chief forester bi.t- V, f * ""''^'' '' '"""'j^ r of the govern- people.-StatesnLvs Yeiu Bol'isit pl.fe'lOOc!' ' """"""'^ ^'"^"^ ^'''^'-•^'Ay *'- RUSSIA. depie^:::;^?i;/:^:a;^r^s::;f :t:;:s^^^ ^^^ -^^ ^™-> - ^^^ forests. It was not, however, till kyZ^slltlfZl',^^^^^^^^ established, and considering the vast field tTle cove di.' P^'"' ."'•«'^'"^'^^i"'^ w'» IS comparatively in its infancy in the Hussi an emni^r ' ' T°^ «"'Tnsing that forestry is not yet subject to its influence. On tfiesaffee .u^: -rn V'""'' '"'/'" ^"'''' "'^"^ whose duty it is to make plans for exploit ng 1 rs^ofthiSnt" «^^'' -""^^"'•^' the boundaries and made the necessa y subdivisio r Thl H ^ '"^redetermined lapse ot ten years, and they arc carried out .n?) -these plans are revised after a of local forest officers. Th^e great ;;,ets of' le „ tlf h^^ri ""' ''^'^^ '^^ '^ J^^''^"^ ^'^^ .lected even to this prelin.inaiy process of su vevi " If '.'•^?^' ""^r^';«''- "«* vet been sub- where the forests are more ac^-essible nd he7r nfuntV' '" " ""'"'.' P'"''^ °^ ^''« ^''"Pi'-^' that the forest staff have alreaclv d-lnlh^K^^^ restricted merely to conservation, for on the's enoes H.e f "" '""'"'' "'"" ""^^ '^^'^'^ planting has been undertaken ; the phmtatioL h^'^ i ' ^^ "''''"' I'™"''*''^' extensive while additions of about three q u^ mi e ° « Z''^, -""""ting to 1 .SO square uiile,s. work is also being done in bindi,.. shift," s nr ' ? .' "'"''' ^T' ^^""^^ successfu While the d-own forests ar^thu; S SI' car d of Jh ^"^' 7'" "•"" owners are not exempt from control In 18,SS I,,? ' !'! ^'"'•po'-ations and private lauds. By this law tlnv.ughou Eu Jpe.^^R,; ' r;^''^\P''^^^'^' ^«'- *''« P-'otection of forest woodlands" on the following gro n5 Ith^'i^er;;,;.^^^ '' •''"''"'"' " P^^'^^'-^^d formation of dry -uul tracts Tuid their enciWiniS alon' '' P/'eventives against the navigable rivers, canals and artificial res^rvoi r. .,? h^ -sea-shores or the banks of towns, villages, cultivated land road le th^t 'the 7 ^''T'\ ^'■'"" ■^""^' ^''''ft". nvers, canals and spring sources Jromltd^lkesn^/''"^^^^ '''" '^''^"'^^ "*' "avigable and passing of the fee ; "that g.w .^ o^^ ti f U'n \' kT^ "' "J,"T ''^ ^'^ »-'^ki'"« "P check land or rock slides, avalanche^ and s dde i "'sh s Vil ^^1""% "'7 ""''''' *^° the springs and sources of ri-.-ers and their tr.M,, 1 V;,' '^"^ ^^'^ ^''^s^s that protect be converted into arable land, an even el n TT' P'"'^"^''^'*'^' ^°^«^^-^ "'-^y "ot sancti ,n. The scheme of admStSn o £e7r T '' "^r"'''"^ ^^'*''""^ '^'^'^^'^^ torest committee, so that there C be constant "''' T"' ''" ?PP''°^'^^ ^y *''« '«'-"'-^l serious outlay is re.n.ired the own^^s LT f TT''^ *" ''^P'^^''^ *>'« «""ing. If e*.^., „L. ,.i„,, . .■.ir„T;;;-;rt.t-;r::°- -risers 84 DEPAirrMENT OF AdIUCULTUIiK. without good grounds bfing sliown ; wholesale cuttings th/it would exlmust t\w stock of tiiiiher and prevent the natural rovgrfiwtli am forhidden : tiic pasturage of cattle is pro- hil)ited in young forest. To facilitate tiicst! restrictions tlieowners have to suhniit plans for cutting to the forest committee for approval, and in case of infractif)n they have to replant tiie illegal clearings, ur if tliis is neglected the work is done by the committee at the owner's expense. In each government there is such a committ(iling ; yards, booms and masts, and pit jirojis. For 1881-5, tht> exports of unmanufaelured lumber averaged 825,864,000 annually. There were also manufactures of wood to an annual value of about i?4,500,000. The production of wood pulp has increased very rapidly of late years. It is made chiefly from spruce. The greater proportion of the wood pulp is consumed at home, yet, in 1885, 16,000 tons were exported, and in 188',), the export had increased to moi'e than 52,000 tons. " More than one (juarter of the entire wooden area of Sweden or 14,300,000 acres, belongs to the Crown. This is valued at $13,588,000, nearly !?1 an acre, and in 1888, yielded a net income of §335,000. These royal timber preserves are managed with scrupulous care. All Sweden is divided into forest districts, and these, in turn, into rpAiir. Each district is under the supcrvisifin of a chief forest inspector, and each revir is guarded by a forest ranger and a number of under-keepers. Only trees marked by them are permitted to be felled. The Crown forests ar(! managed, in fact, on the priii- ciple that the increase alone may be cut, and that the forest itself— the capital stock, so to speak — shall stand forever on all Crown lands unsuitable for cultivation. Further- more, the Government has entered upon an extensixe and practical system of planting forests upon des(jlate and uncultivated areas. These excellent oflicial measures have also had a marked effect upon the owners of the private forests, espe ially upon the larger proprietors, many of whom are now managing their timber lands as ])ermanent sources of income. It is my judgment, therefore, that the vast forests of Sweden will be preserved and maintained, substantially, as they stand to-day, and that Sweden's reatest source of inoonie — wil' g« kept up e})l out an indefinite future." — U.S. Cons. Tep. No. 125, 1891 — pages 227-8, rou'di- FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 86 NC)1{WAY. ^or^^^^;!!'"'''' ^""'"' '"' <^'"'^^'-'''^' ^i^- ^•'<= ^"""-in^ in^.rn.ation ,.n tli. f .rests of follows :-*"'■''''* '"'"■ ' '"'''"•"^' '^'^ l^''^-.3!):} M.aal. or 1,^0:5,210 Her,., ,livi,|,.,| as N\'iMi(l(.(l. rii|>ni(luctiv... 'I'citil '™. •;•••,• 7,748,1107 !»,,si).\7;i.s 17,044,705 JJistrictsandcomniuno.s. l,;GJ,;i4« ;34.",,,s40 2,107!os8 lotul ,.'? tli,,ii «a, nearly „ l,„|,„„.i.. Tlic ciiiiiiiltoc. »t«n-il tl,«t the vc-.rlv J, aroMly »,, !.,.„,„,„.. i„e„a,„ f,,v ..very j.a,, „„,! .h.M/„ve,.„„,en 1, .^ fn Iw • J'"'"' ""''": T ^"'' P?'"*-^'"'' ^" ^'''^- '>.^ ^''« ^->vernniont, l^ut sh.^.e t eu no f.i. the -steps were taken in the matter, public sentiment bein-^ i^.uch oimosed to th« ostrict.ons projected. The legislature tinally took the n.atter'iu la, , T yL 'id ^Ztoi Z^ '"T -ho ui-ge immediate adoption of measures for ^^^^JT^^l .1 luit o the forests which still form an important factor of the national w.-altli a u tte rnnc.pal resource of a large tract of the country. The forests have 2 y su iJ i't 1 ! of many young trees of small dimensions, cut 7!) 1()L'.HIS 1Ip4,770 l!W,(;.-.4 L'l'7,"t8S ?!;«,U44 -'47,(107 238,!ir>4 24-).!).'i(i Sawed tiiiilicr. Reg. toil. .S4n,;-)!I4 .S14,lMt> •i\'.\\m 17li,S!l,S L'4r),.".4.S 22S,!I,->1 2(i8,4H4 244,150 24;i,ll20 2*1,011 Hewn tiiiilicr. Hi'!,', ton. 134,h.72 101, (7!l !t7.84n 102,1. '14 lori.ias SO.Olli (io.ts.-, (iO.Kiii 5!l,441 Kound tiinlier. Keg. toll. 240,84ti 1! 17, 202 1 '.».-., 421 1 207,417 200,7;i!l 280,420 278, .ViO 3o;!,0O7 307,82() 242,(i(;() StiivcH Firewood! Totals HcK'. toll. Itej;. toii.H. Reg. tons. 20.8,-)4 2S,151 27,010 20,148 »i,i(;i 34,40,-. 34..-20 43,077 30,0(>0 33,028 42,r)Hri 31,121 35,332 20,400 2!l,570 31,102 30,750 40,100 30,200 42,405 032,051 K3o,508 737,014 700,.S.")8 805,-.'O0 8S1,001 ill8,80!) 045,1.50 0,30,231 800,387 The quantity of the exported timber wa.s smaller in 1885 than in any of tiio previous hve years, and was less l.y 49,OuO .egister to.is than the average exiiort.s for the years l,s,M ,So hut 40,000 regi.ster tons larger than the .juantity for tl.e years 187G-80 ^v licit o^er 480,000 register ton.s, after having reached 502,500 tons in 1882, the lar-est quantity exported .since 1873 and 1874, when it arose to 570,000 and 550,000 register tons respectively. Of ,,laned timber a somewliat larger average (juantity ^as exported during the last years than of sawed timber, while in 1877 the proportion wa.s one-third of planed to two-thirds of .sawed timber. The exports of hewn timber, i. e., beams ko have steadily declined, and amounted in 1885 to not much more tlian one-half the average exports of the years lS7fi-80, and to one-third of the average exports of 1871-75 t!.^J U '^''^''"i ""'-""■?.*''"'"'■ ""'• I"' P'""P^ ^^'^^ ^"'■■^''^'- t^'^^in the years immediately jirecedmg.— U. S. Con.s. Kep. V^ol. 22, 1887, pace 777 nr.A q7"s°i ?''"'• "iVJ-"'^ .'?"')' '""•' ^'■-"" ^'^"^^ *""" ''^ ^^^^ to 20,055 ton.s in 1880, and yo,/81 tons in 188o. — Ibzd, page 778. FORESTS OF BRITISH COLONIES AND DEPENDENCIES. India. .nn^S^n'^ '"^ ^"''''' '' "" comparatively modern institution. In former times no doubt conside.able areas were scrupulously protected in many parts of the countrv, but where- ever this was the case the forests were kept as game preserves for the pleasure of kin\f,.„ . t t a,„,,,.t u„u.,.™i,, „„„„,.„„, .,„„ ,,„ , :,,:v;:,„;";r;;.s,',;';;;'';;'''^;;;;: :,■ ■;■;:;: .t,.r. tn 'V'"^"*^'" "t .'-"r: 't rost...! with tl.o jrovernnient to sl.ow tlu- loa.l, ,uh1 tl„> first E^HHEiiJES of ri.'hl's w!tTi.f tf ""'"''I'' ?' *'■'' formation of government reserves und the .settlement o Mglits XMth.n tiiem ; also for the constitution of village forests. They contain forest n i:;";^^"^'::! "• ^'" '^'7^^?'-" "^ .overn„,ent forests a,;cl i^2t ^l^l^. S \ lee rJ 1 *'"' f" '"''''^'""' P''"^''^i«»« for the creation of protected forests Al th.eo Acts provide tor the control over forests not hel.mging to the State if sue con lece.ved from then- owners inju.iously affects the public welfare or safety The controlling staff numbers about 1 70 officers, of whon, 50 per ,.. /.t have received ecrCofSrsio^fT;;:^- "'^^"'■'^ ''^pp"'"^^'' "^ ^-^"--i bv h:. ivie ;' stc.etaiy of State. iVIost of these ofbcers were trained in France, and some in Germany. 88 DE/'A/nwrEXr or AaiaCULTUltE. with^.i^!nl,f"""fT''"^' ^^•'^««'^t'^''li«''<^'' i" K"^'l'"Hl nt Coopers Hill, „eur Win.lsor with a .ours,. „f thr..,. years, tlnve n.ontl.s of tl.o last jvar h.i h. snout a un oxcursio anml .' ., "■'•"'•»;>"- '" 'v^ulatioM uf «raxin.Mm.l the ^.eneral profotion of tl,.. forests The i-esultsare see.i in the follovviu;; statc.iieiit : 1H04 5 t.) isns !>'•• S^'lilick i.n.i.hesied fiv.i y, ars a-o, that in twenty-five yoa.-s the net suri.lns will Nkw South Wales. ix^;lz:^s ,:;£:!"'"•' - ™' •^"■°»» «>-"» -"- ""'•'-'■^ -« "Thei'e are 47 varieties of the Enrah/ptm in New South Wales * * Tim l,n.f New Soi 'WJeV T ]'• TT' '""f /' ^^^■^^■^^'•' '" ^'''^'toria a..d Ta.s,na,>ia than i.] Thei,''lmrs'"'" r'r"' ^'^^ *'''^"'T"' ^'"-'^^"^^ «^ the aeacir. i,. New South AVales " Then ark ,s used fo.; ta.ni.ng and the wood of some speeies for cal.inet mo P me ..ees of va.nous kw.ds e.xist, hut are scarce a.!d inaccessible. acres, ^ tl^TS i:?!. 1 .S'i.:'?;::'^!.^;!: ^*^' "^"'"'^ '^'""* '^'''^''' firazinrr nu.'Doses The cJI. f , '' '^'«' "^'^m'nf"' r'-"PP>'tV except fo.' iiiiiiiiliS or hJ'f^l'f^'*".*'"^ ^"'' 'T"''.^ *'"'^^'' ^'■"'" ^'"^l^-^ ^^'tlii" St'ite forests are sold by auction thetCrnr '" "P?* PT "* .£10(848.00) per block of 040 acres ne all fo^ Thei-e a.-e also licenses to cut timber from Crown lan.ls nt r.s /,*1 oo^ for ordmnr- tiuibor, and lUs. (..2.40) for cedar. Firewood may be freely cut for^usern^otlle "^ FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. an excursion ivoassistunts. of tli(.'fi)rcsts, ill tlio iiioic Siiriilus. Hupce.s. 13,iV;,-J57 L>o,7:i,r,ti .•il.',7."),l»-17 sui'iilus will in its forest ),000 sfjufxre t'.ast of the -li of wliich * Tlio best e gn)\\-s t . , Statr consisting of one inlec r 'MW, t ^l . ' . ^"1^'"'*'"^"^ <'* ^'i-'-S H- L',i.'ii.". Ilt,4(i4.K4.-) «.sj,0(;-, issi;. Hup. fei't. ■\'M(',x>\r> I l,i.'l(l,L':{7 i ."i.7l!-M7;i I 4,47!i,ri:is , 1 lM,.-.77 L'OM,44.i 23,r)«i,i7r) H14,70 4,-.':;^r;^c5:i5! i:,=^',- s?:.s^r Si's^u- Articles. Canada, ifnited States. iJnssed timber Koiigh timber ' '. Hoor.'^ Shocks and staves. Liitlis " !Shingle,s U.S. Cons. Kep. No. l.jo, 1893, Page 410. J* 8 S0,000 40,000 40,000 537,500 71,. 300 050 1,775 12,475 5,000 90 DEPAHTMEXT OF AalUCULTURE. Victoria. .Many ymrs a;;() iittciitioii was called tein^' diininislied ity clcarinus for settlement, hy onlinary home eonsuni|.tion and hy fires, hut innneiise numliers of sranditii; tre"s weie killed owini; to thi^ iir,ictict3 of stripiiiiiy: from them lar;,'e -heets of i)ark to cover, periiaps, a mere temporary hut. In 1S7() an .Vet was passed ealiod thi^ State Forest .Act, which provided, first, for the appointment of local forest hoards, winch were to line the can- of reserves and other Crown lands ; se- .,n,|ly, for the appointment of foresters l.y local forest hoards ; and thirdly, hy the iiroinulttarion hy the (iovernor in Coumil of re^'ulations prescrihinL; the duties of these hoards. In IS.S I this .\ct was superseded hy a new one, whi li deals with tlie formation of Stale forests and timher reserves and their nianai,'einent, and with the niana'.'ement and disposal of timher and other forest produce, not" included in the State forests and timher reserves. The forests j,'enerally are worked under the license system, n <;ulated l.\ tin- rules made under this Act. There are licences for lellinj;, spiiitin;,', clearin;; uiiderf,'rowtli, the erection of saw-mills, fi;ra/.inf,', tin; r 'ih.vmI of hark, iVc. The res'.dts of this measure were not ('(pial to thr anticijiations, the causes assi;;ned for this failure l.ein,i,' the had license system, th • ill-arranf,'ed classification of State forests, tnuher reserves and Crown lands, the ahsence of j)rofcssional foresters to direct operations, and the neglect to reserve the best natural forests. South Austhalia. " The planting of forest trees and the conservation of woods and forests very pro- perly receive a large amount o" attention in South Australia. Tue colony is heginning to feel the benefit of it, as a considerable (juantity of tind)er for railway sleeprrs 1ms be;n cut during this \ear, giving a revenue of £2, (500 in excess of expenditure, exclu.sivo of special votes. Since the organization of the department ten years ago, .£r)!},L4;5 has i.een received by it for timher sold, land rented for grazing, itc, and .£58,210 has been ex- pended as permanent improvem nts upon tlie forest reserves. From the conniiencement the total net profit made by the department has hem £827. The work is very progres- sive and every year sh.iws considerable adxance beyond the previous one. The revenue of tie pist year was .18,1 23, or £l,(iO() in excess of any former year. No less than 10."), 324 acres in various parts or the colony are forest reserves, and of this 6,085 acres arc inclosed for f)lanting. The present total value of the i)ernianent improvements effected by the depanment is estimated at £150,000 for an exjjrnditure of £58,200 .sj>read over ten years, and more than the who e of which has been repaid by the sales of timber rents for grazing, Ac."— U.S. Cons. Kep., Vol. 23, 1887, p. 741. ' Cape Colony. "In 1880 the t|uestioii of forest management was brought before the colonial parliament. It was pointed out that the persons in charge had received no special training for the work which had inconsequence suffered severely, and a salary for a trained forest officer was voted by parliament. The services of Count de Vasselot, of the French School Forest at Nancy was secured, and he proceeded early in 1881 to organize the present forest dei)artment. Count de Vasselot adopted the method of dividing the forests into blocks and sulxlividing them again into sections. Felling now proceeds regularly in biennial .sections, so that the regrowth in the first section cut may develop into mature trees by the time the working of the last section is finished, and there will thus be no occasion at any time to close the entire forest from fellings. The period for the revolution of fellings has been fixed for forty years."— U. S. Con.s. Rep. Vol 24 1887, p. 3G0. • - > . " ■^'? pu^i^ratc the method now used in the colony for the management and conser- vation of forests, a description of that used in the Knysua, the most extensive and valu- roHt'sr n-/:.i/.r// oFCAXA/Ki. gj '■'! ''••''•/••••••^'--..'M;:i.:n:;in;u:.;;i;;;^/'T;;;:'^^^ f'-^'^y The work .,t\mO. olli...MW,f tiM. hi.^lM-Vni^^^ '"' '""""■''^ •"' «"""''^- l.i'". M.. ,l..t..nnin...s th. l»m,Hari..sf '..pi' ,.'-' *'''''"'' .s .s„rv..y..,| l.y fur tl... funnatiu,, ui s,...ti„n. \ w mL- L ^^^'; '""' "','''''"" "P woikin- plaM.s :;;;:.:a;;i'^;::i.!::;.j.'!;;"-;^ .^ cxi-ct..,! to ntis.. at h..s, .(O.OO.) yuun^^ trees an.umllv." * H= * "'"' '.'rr'"" OTHER F01JE8TS. Japav. .natter of fo st f E ^^ol Ld^ '3"' "''""''" '^ r''''?'"« '--J'-" tl.e ■vcent civd war the (^n-ernnunu ,,f tl.e Mikado .lost myetrf sv^^^^^^^^^^ forests, us tar as thev l.ad l.eloni;e{ llii'iii, '•Tlif uwiicis of lands »n'.\ciNi.(l by running stiviinis. on tli<- li.inks <.t' wlii.'li llip trees havi- bfi'ii dfstroyi'd, an; (il)li«..(| by law to plant trrcs alony tli.' margins ot' said Htminis for tlio ('islanci' of not ii-ss ilian 10 nictivs on caih sid.' of tlic wlioh. cxt.'nt ut Hucli streams loniaincd in tlicir prupcrlifs, " I'nsons infiinKin^; on (lie alios »• provisions are liable to a line of not less tiian 8"'"i and Mot more than ^100."- l'. S. fons. I!ep. No. UK, ISDtj, p. fli;}, AndiATiM-: l!i;i>Liii,ic. "The tbnber of the country is all in the far interior «v alon;; the upper rivers, where exist in their prindtive eonclitioii thousands of leaj^nes of the most niannilieeni hardwoods to be f.aind anywhere in the world. Laws have been pas.sed by ih,. .\r;;eii tine C'on^iress tor llu'ir j)role(tion jii.'ainst a vast army of trespassers wlio niake their livinj,' by appropriitinx <" themselves all that they ean'rut and lioat .mt of the eoiintrv. The eusioni house returns for this reason, show but a small portion of the tiiniier whieli leaves the Miver Platte for forei,;,'n ports. The shipments reported to the customs house last year amounted to only !?:t;ii),Oi'0, a;,'aiirst s.'»ltl,.S |S i„ l,s,s |.' \\ s Cons ]{,.i, \'ol 2.% ISS7, p. .",11. • I •, ■ The value of the imports of " Imnber and woodeuwai'e " was niueh ;;ivater amount- ing' to sri,0Uli,8U."i, of whieh sl,Jl!J,(;i 1 was pine linnber.— 76/,/, page .'iii?. \'WSK/XV.I.K. "Fuslie and other woods eontinue to be shipped in lai-je c|iiantilies, and vessels fn.in Kurojie and the I'nited States ari> constantly emjiloyed in this trade. Durin;; the past year the Tniled States received from Maracaibo, fustic, cedar and boxwood of the re.spective values of !?;{7,734. 1'J, .•?f(,4S4.85 and 8^,N7«.85."_-U. H. Cons. Rei,., Vol •';) 18.S7, p. o\o. 1 , . - , SlAM. _ " Teak is the most valuable tind.er of the country. Tt is utilized in immense (|uau- tities llmnighout the east for house building. For ship building it is without an e(|ual ; it IS largely exported to China and Europe foi' that purjiose, and for resisting the rava''i's of the white ants and the effects of the weather it is unsurjiassed by any other wood. It grows in the northern part of Siam and IJurmah at an altitude "of T.^'OU to 1,,JUU feet above the sea, and reaches its greatest perfection in abuut 1 -10 years. Ten or fifteen years make a good sized tree that can bi' cut down, where (juality of wood is not an ol)ject. It is generally believed that the forests will become exhausted before uianv years, there being no law to jirevent the indiscriminate felling of timber, nor compui- sory planting of new trees. The teak district is from lUO to loO miles in width the forests being in charge of the governors of the provinces in which they are situated. Ihey ai'c gem rally leased f.a- ten years and it behooves the lessee to fell and remove the greatest numbei' of logs jiossible, he paying a I'oyalty to the governor of !^1.80 a lo^' " U. S. Con. Rep., Vol. 20, 1888, ]i. u53. "" FoiiHsr u/c.if.r/f or caxapa. 93 -I APIMONDIX "I.' TKKKS (»|.' CAXADA. ^^^^^^ .\^.n..n, (l..tuil,..| uoc.uu„t of our ti,nb,.r'troes i.'givea un.l.T tlu- l„.ul of each ONTARIO. Tlic fjroat tiiulifi- tn oas .s tlH. wl„u, or \\.ynu>utU ,.1,,.. (/' ,.v,v-A..s, which o.-.si.k.s^ htr^o hon.i "o;,sun . .. H .,npor<,..l m en.., „„.u,s ,,u,u„iti...s hy the l/nitod Kin..lo,n ami tl.o Tn t...l Sut M.,,i.ly,„j,; as .t doos «u luinvall,.! wood for the inside fi,.isiun,. of hous.s a," . h .. m posos L.ther u, dens, p Morins or .nin.ded with oth.r tr..es,"it porvados . m t v v .■■sot th.; Ottawa and Us t.i nUari,., the Trent I«iver and the strea.n.s r mn u !' in I. ..-Wn Bayand Lake luron, and in this ,Mvat pine district .nueh ti, ^ t .. m US hou.h iund>er,n. an.l forest tires l,ave dindnish!.! it seriously. Sou h o is l.stuc tiiere used also to he nn.ch pine, hut the settle.nent of this portion of the pro v.nee. has lettnothu.c, that coul.l he called pine forests, though nly se ttere t ees and even groves renwun, and still aflord a considerable sup,,lv for local use sti; census returns show. Northward the height of land forn.s the lilnit of the a ea ly Iwi ndl n ' ine forests, on y a. sn,all .,"antUy heing found heyond it at a few points Eas ward iH. wh.te pn>e ,s a scarce t,ee to the north of [.ake .Superior, hut stil^ thertSw d sag,un found scattered an.l in groves, but with nothing like the great tn^^^ orest, on the waters of Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woodsman,! their^affUen i -en^ex tending a short distance into the south-east corner of Manitoba ' ino red or Norway pine (/'. r>'s!uo.„), less valuable for lund.er, but in demand for Id ng t.n.ber an.l n.asts ami sp ,rs, occupies n.uch the san.e region as its n iep tl rn linr- V""'"'^'''^ "'^'^ '^' ''"'""'' '" '""^'' ■^'"'^l'-' quantity. Towa d the no>t„tMn hunt it becomes more numerous in .•( lation to the white pine, and this is still ;';:;;Vof thr:^?:;;:^"^ ''-'""' ''-''- ^'^ «^ ^"^ ^^^^^y^^-^ ^^^^^^"^ furthe!''^ "If"' P'':f """;' "\0"ta"0, the scrub or banksian pine (P. fmnk.iana), extends h er to the northwar, and eastward than the whit, or rell pine. Though s n.etimes txpo t, .„ d t o dy needs mention because reports of pine being seen s< n.etimes refer to exiltr; '"' " '•''""'' "'" "' "'"^'^'" '"''''' P"- -'-^-^ -'-'- they "e no! [n in the;:;mE::^d";:;,,^tvrV*^"T 1 '"""'- '"* ''^ p^'^^'^'*"^^ «* p-- . r""-' uistrKr,, c-ui.e, it tu be negh cted at present a.s a matter of commerce Its increasing use tor the manufacture of wood pulp, largely for export'hreatens 94 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. serious inroads upon this valuable tree. Hemlock is in the same danger from the use o Its hark for tanning extract ; this tree, as well as tamarack, cedar and balsam fir, are plentitul, and are used locally, but us yet are not much exporfed. The hardwo< ds are of great variety and abundance and are much used both ac home and abroad lor different purposes. Those of the greatest commercial importance are ; o,ik, ehn m.ple, beech, birc-h, butternut, hickory, Password, cherry, Ac. There ar^ still valuable hardwoud forests, tho gh much has been wasted by clearin- for arrricul ture and burniiiL'. *^ ° "o"^"'- L.xtendiiig into the soutli-west peninsula of Ontario, was a group of valuable trees which have become scarce and in some cases almost extinct, such as the black walnut' he tulip tr.e or whitewood, the p.ane tree or buttonwoad, the chestnut, some of the hickories, the coffee tree, Ac. , mr ui uie Frendl^iamer-- '^ '^ "'* "^ *^^ ^^^^^ ""^ ^^^ province with their botanical, English and ONTARIO. BOTANIC.VL N.\MK. Abies balsainea. Acer diuxycariiiim. do iiigniiii. do IViinsyhanicuui. do rulinini. do siiccliariimni. do s[iicatiim. AIiiuH incaii.'i. Asimiiia triloba. Ainelanchier Canadensis. Betula lenta. do bitea. do ijapyrifera. Cari)iuu.s Carol iniana. Carya alba, di^ auiara. do inicrocarpa. do iKjreina. do toiiientoHa. Castaiiea Americana. Celtis occidentalis. Cornns I'lorida. CratiEifiis coccinea. do crus-galli. do tonientosa. Fagus ferruginea, Praxinus Aiiieiicana. do i)ubescens. do aamlmcifolia. do quadrangulata. do viridis. Gyiunocladiis Canadensis, •luglans ciiierea. do nigra. •Tuniperiis virginiana. Larix Americana. Liriodendron tulipifera. Morns rubra. Negundo nceroidos. Nyssa nmltiflora. Ostrya Virginica. Picea allia. do nigra. Pinus BankHiana. do resinosa. * do rigida. do strobiis. Pirus Americana. do cnnmaria. * On Thousand Islands only. E.VCI.I.SH N.\5IK. Fhknch Xamk. Balsam fir. Hilver majile. Black mai)le. ^ .Striped maple. Red or soft maple. Sugar (jr rock maple. Mountain maple. Alder. Fap.aw. ■Tune berry. Black birch. Yellow birch. Canoe birch. Hornbeam. Shell-bark hickory. Bitter hickory. Small fruit hickory. Pignut hickory. White heart hickory. Chestnut. Sugar berry. Dogwood. White thorn. Cockspur thorn. Black thorn. Beech. White ash. Red ash. Black ash. Blue ash. Green ash. Coffee tree. Butternut. Black walnut. Red cedar. Tamarack or larch. Tulip tree. Mulberry. Ash-leaved maple, Tupcilo. Ir-inwood. White spruce. Black spruce. Banksian or scrub pine. Red or Norway pine. Pitch pine. White or Weymouth pine. Mountain ash. Wild crab tree. Sapin blanc. Parable blanche, do iioir. do ja-spe, do rouge. do il Sucre, do biitarde. Aune. Papayer. Alisier. Bouleau iioir. do elance. do a papier, ou h, canot. Charine. Noyer tend re. do dur. Petite noix. Noyer bruii. Noix blanche. Chataigiiier. Mafcocoulier. Cornouillier. Aubepine. do Epine noire. Metre. Frene blanc. do rouge, do noir. do bleu, do vert. Chicot. Noyer tendre. do noir. Cedre rouge. Fpinette rouge. Tulipier. iMftrier rouge. [Erable a Giguieres. |Tii()elos. ;Bois de fer. Petite ei)inette. (irosse epinette. Pin gris ou cypres. Pin rouge. Pin k ]K)ix. Pin blanc. Cormier. Pommier. Botanical Najie. Plat.iinis occidentalis. Poinilus balsaiiiifera. do grandidciitata. do iiionilifi'ia. do troiiiuloidt's. PrnniH Aiiicrioaiia. do Piniisyhanica. do spnjtina. (^iKTciis allia. do bicolor. coccinea. niacrocarpa. IialuHtria. Iirinoiilits. priiiiiH. rubra, tinttoria. Rims typhi iiii. Salix nijfra. Sassafras otticinalp. Tliiiya occidcntalis. Tilia AiiK'ricana. do pubescens. Tsiig.i Canadoiisis. Ulmus Aiiierioana. do fidva. do racemosa. do do do do do do do FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 95 English Xamr. I Plant! or buttonwood. IJalsain poplar. Largi'-toothcd poplar. Cottdrnvood. Aspen. Wild plum. Ked cherry. Hliick cherry. White oak. IMue oak. Scarlet oak. Purr (jak. Pin oak. Yellow chestnut oak. r'liestn\it oak. Ked uakor black oak. Yellow oak Sumach. Hlack willow. Sassafras. White cedar or arbor vitse. Uasswood. do i Heudock. W'liite elm. iKed or slippery elm. I Rock elui. FuK.vcH Xamk. Platane de Virginie. l!aun:ier. Pewplier. Liard. 'I'remlile. I'runellier. Cerisier rouge. do noir. Chene blanc. do bleu. ecarlette. a gros fruits. de marais. jaune. jaune. rouge. noir. do do do do do ! do do Sumac Saule Sa.ssati,. .. Cedru blanc. Pois blanc. do Pruche. Oruie blanc. do rouge. do des roche.'s. QUEBEC. P.fnn h ^T \S The Ottawa seems to lie the centre of the rich pine forests of Canada, and they are as productive on the left banic of the river and on it tri utarie on that .side as in the Ontario portion of the great valley The vallev of the St '{'f ,'".'*'' and Its tributaries has also valuable pine forests, but in' both tl let v'alL '%he 1 Z? r n niaT fln^r S ""^"^ ^"^''T "^ "'? r^' °* ^"-^ '"arketable size, tho'uVi i„ud 'ti 1 len auLS Up the Saguenay and around Lake ^^t John there wis a iinitpH r.n.,.,V;f * white pine, which liaa almost disappeared, and furthei east" d in nttC^^^^^^^^^ banksian pine is the only representative of the family. On the sou h skJe o the St Lawrence, though largely settled and almost wholly Jrivate propert some cat e.t d remnants o the old pine forests must still remain, and are being brouhtT market "s wil thtChir "" "*"^'^^- ^^ "^ ""''''' P^*^---' 'he red pfne is^U^'d wfrkS and mo,irZt^rr*' °^ Q"*^'"^Vr''' ''''° ^""^ ""'' ^'^'^ extensive, and are being more and moie exploited every year, adding a constantly growing proportion to the exno, ts v.uiey and south ot the ht. Lawrence is the most important timber tree There is nl«n a large and growing output of tamarack, hemlock and cedar, wli ch are abundant \Z t!^-r ^ "«*^1,'''f T'\ '""^'•^'^'^ '' b-»« -' and'wasL ?or it S ' ihe timbrr ' ''^''^'"^ '^'' ^"■'^' ""' '"'■^P^^' '^^'^^ ^"l^P'y - ''^'■g^ quantity of valuab e 96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. A list of the trees of the province is appended : — Q U E B ¥. C , Botanical Name. Abies balsainea. Acer (liisyeai'imm. d(J Pennsylvanicimi. do rubruni. do sactharimmi. do H|iicatuin. AliiiiH incaiia. Anielaneliiir Canadensis. Betnla lenta. do hitea. do papyrifera. do pupulifolia. Cari)inu» Caroliniann. Carya alba, do aiiiara. CeltiH occideiitalis. Crata'gus coccinea. Fi>gus ferruginea. Fraxinus Americana, do pubescens. do sanibucifolia. Jnglans cinerea. •Tnniperus Virginiana. Larix Americana. Ostrya N'irginica. Picea alba do nigra. Pinus Banksiana. do resinosa. do strobiis. Pirns Americana. Populus balaaniifera. do grandidentata. do monilifera. do trenmloides. Pruinis Americana, do Pennsylvanica. do serotina. Quercus alba. do macrocarpa. do rubra. Salix nigra. Thuya occidentali.'*. Tilia Americana. Tsuga Canadensis. Ulnius Americana. do fnlva. do raceniosa. Fhench Name. Halsanitii. Silver maple. Striped maple. Red or soft niajile. Sugar or rock maple. .\Ilanc. iCypres. IPm jamie ou rouge. Pommier. jBaumier. iLiard. (Tremble. ILiard. Cerisier. . fl" Pin d'Oregon. jOhene. Saule. do If. Grand cedre. Cedre jaune. Pruche. do DOMINION OF CANADA. The following is a list of the indigenous trees of Canada with their botanical and i^iiglish names and the provinces in which they are found. Some foreign trees are so thoroughly acclimatized and so widespread that ther might almost be included m the list. The most noteworthy of these exotic trees are : 102 w. DEPARTMEXT OF AGlilCULTURE. ACCLIMATIZKi) TRKKH. BoTANK'At. XamK. ENdLWH NamK. ^EsoiiluH liiii|Mi(raHtaiu'iv. PoimliiM alliii, (111 pyraiiiidaliH. Robinia psriulacacia. Salix alba. I Fhkxch Xamk. Xiirway spnicc Hi>r«(' chc.Hiiiit. W'liiti' jMiphir. lidliibanly |Hi|ilar fjfM'llSt tl'Ct't. White willow. Kpiiiettc (In Xorvi'tje. Marrdiinier. I'l'iipliiT arg('nt«'\ '111 (If liimbardie. Acacia. Haultt blano. and otlieivs might be adfied to the list. In thi,s c(,nnecti.>,, it may be noticed that the ash-leaved maple or box elder {Negundo acnrndc), of Manitoba and the Territories, is being la.'gely planted in the otl er Er;h:;;:':i.£""'""^ °^ ^""- -^ ^^« ^°-* trees of E^ste^rScanada-attSg The list of Canadian trees has been made as complete as possible, but probably there are additions ye to be made from British Columbia, and the ^habitat of vSus Ledes may be extended to other provinces than those named ^ rev J:;;ii";;i;;tirJ:w.e'r'i. '*"""■ ■" "■' °"'°«'»' "*""''■ '"«— ^ TREE.S OF CAXADA. Botanical Name. English Xamo. Abies amabilis ()o balsauiea do grandis do Hubalpina Acer circinatum do dasycarpiiin do nigrum do macropliylium. . . . do Pcnnhylvanicum. . do riibrum do saccliarimiin do spicatiim Alnus incana do rubra Amelanchier Canadensis, Arbutus Menzicsii Aeimina triloba Betula lenta do lutea do occidentalis Jo papyrifera do ixjpulifolia. Carpinus Caroliniana Carya alba . . do amara do microcarpa do ix)rcina do tomentosa Castanea Americana .... Celtis occidentalis. ..... Cornus Florida ] do X'utallii ,\ Oratregus coccinea do crus-galli do tonientosa Fagus ferruginea Fraxinus Americana do pul)e.scens do sambucifolia. . . do quandrangulata do viridia..,y White fir Balsam fir Western white fir Mountain balsam. Vilie maple .Silver maple Black maple Large-leaved maple.. . Striped maple Red or soft maple. . . . Sugar or nx^k maple. Mountain maple Alder Red alder June berry Distribution, British Coluinl)ia. All the provinces, e.\cei)t British Columbia. British Columbia. do and Territories. do Ontario and Quebec. Ontario. British Columbia. Ont., (^le.. New Brunswick, NovaScotia, P.E. Island, f " do do Ont., CJue., N Brunswick, N. S., P.E.I., Man. & Ter. Ontario and (^lebec. British Columbia. Ontario, iVi^'TV- ■ lOntario. Yellow bfrch ''o:^r H""" v"/, Brunswick^ Nova Scotia, P.E. Island. Western birh. •.•.•.•. " ' ' ' n iUV^' •;„^;,,P"""^^^"='^' ^.S-, P.E.I., & N.W. Ter. stern birch. . . Canoe birch Poplar-leaved birch. Hornbeam Shell liark hickory . . Bitter hickory British Columbi.a. All the provinces. Que., New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and P.E. Island. Ontario and Quebec, do do Ontario, do and Quebec. Small fruit hickory.. Pignut hickory „ White heart hickory i do Chestnut | (Jq Sugar berry '..'.'J do Oiigwotxi I (Jo Western dogwood i do White thorn | do Cockspur thorn ; do Bl.ack thorn ' do Whi'te asii °"'" *^"?- ^' i^^n^-'iok, Nova Scotia & P.E. Island. Red .ash ..'.■.■;:..■;.■;■■'■' "° 'i° ^o Black ash ... and Quebec. and Quebec. do do do do do B>"« axh iOnt-vrio. ^""'"^ '*'*'i I do Manitoba and Territories. do Botanici (iymnocladu .higlans ciiu do nigi ,7uni|ierus V Lari.\- Ameri do Lyallii do (iccidei Lirindendroii .Morus rulira Xpgnndo ace Nis.sa multiHc Ostrya Virgii I'icea allia . do Kngeln do nigra, , do Sitclieii I'inus albican do Banksii contortj flexilis. nionticf Murray lionileri resinosu rigida. , strobus . Pirns .-Vmericii do coronari lid rivulivri,' Platanus occid Pupulus augns no balsai do do do do do do do do do do do do Prumis do do do do grand monil trenui trielio Amerii emargi niollis lVnn,s; serotin P.-» "- " Cotton wood ,.vil tli( , Manitoba and Territories. i)ntnno. : Au'll^nnnLe!:'"""'''"^'^"^'^'^''""''*?'^- ^'^^^^^ >' British Columbia and Manitoba. All the provinces. British Columbia. (\ . /!" »- , "'"' ''"''"•itories. unt., (^up.. N Brunswick, Nova Scotia & Man. & Murrayana ponderosa resiiio.sa rigida strobus Pirns Americana do coronaria do rivuliiris Platanus ccinea IScarlet oak Oarryana [Western white oak niacrocarpa. . . . palustris.. prinoides prinus rubra. . tinotoria.. Rhus tyj)hina Sali.\ flavescens.. .. do lancifolia do hisiandra do nigra Sassafras officinale, raxusbrevifolia... Thuya excelsa do gigantea... ^ do occidentalis . I'ilia Americana. . . do pubescens .... Tsuga Canadensis . do Mertensiana. do Pattoniana. . Ulmu.s Americana. . do fulva do racemosa . . . Burr («ik . Pin oak Yellow chestnut oak. . . . Cliestnut oak ... Red ov black oali... . Yellow oak Sumach Willow [ Lance-leaved willow. . . do Black willow Sassafras Western Yew Yellow cypress or cedar . uiaiit cypress White cedar or arbor vita;. Bass wood .... Hemlock Western hemlock Alpine hemlock White elm Red or slippery elm.. .... Rock elm do British Columbia. Ontario "''" ^'' '^"'"•'*'''''='^> ^ova Scotia, Man. & Ter. do "■ do Ontario ^"''^*^''' ^"^ Bnmswick, and Nova Scotia. do ■ Que , N. B., N. S. and P.E.I. Manitoba and Territories. British Columbia, do f Ontario"*^" '^'' ^^''""'*"''<='^'' Nova Scotia, P.E.I. & Man. British Columbia. do do Out., Que., N. Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Man. Ontari.)"*''' ^''""■''"■''='^. N.S., P.E.I, and Man. Brikfel\5l:™""^'' """'"" '""''-^ * P-E- 1^'--^- do Ont., Que., N. Brunswick, N..«, t". E.I. Man and Ter Ontario and (Quebec. .^-i. ->ian. ana ler. do 4/« 104 DEPARTMEXT OF AaRICULTUliE. 4 APPENDIX "J." WOODS IN CANADA— STRENGTH, WEIGHT, Ac. Authoritative oxperiments to determine the strength, weight, tire, of our woods have not been made in Canada. Jlr. Sargent, in charge of the forestry branch of tlie United States census of 1880, caused investigations to be made by Mr. Sliarples of the woods of Xortli America (ex- cluding Me.xico), and the following tables are compiled from the data thus given for the species found in Canada. In most cases the specimens were taken from the butt end of the tree, free from saji or knots ; they may be regarded as representing the best wood that could be obtained from the tree. The value for construction was obtained by experiments made with the United States testing machine at Watertown arsenal. The specimens used for specific gravity determinations were made 100 millimeters long and about 35 millimeters square and were dried at 100° centigrade till they ceased to lose weight. The relative fuel values were obtained by deducting the percentage of ash from the specific gravity and were founded on the hypothesis that the real value of the combustible material in all woods is the same.* The specimens tested for the purpose of determining the strength of the wood pro- duced by the different trees were cut, with a few exceptions, before March, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned. Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centi- meters square, and long enough to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. Hydraulic pressure was applied by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius acting midway Ijetween the supports. The specimens tested by longitudinal compression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters) long. They were placed between the platforms of the machine and pressure was gradually applied till they failed. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure. The specimens tested under pressure applied perpendicularly to the fibres were 4 centimeters square and 16 centimeters long. They were placed upon the platform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4 centimeters square on its face, covering tlie entire width of the specimen, and one quarter of its length in the centre. In the following table the coefficient of elasticity is derived from the second deflection, the measurements being taken in millimeters and the weight in kilograms. The ultimate transverse strength is the force applied to the middle of the stick required to break a stick 4 centimeters square and one meter between the supports. In the compression tests the surface exposed to pressure was 4 centimeters square. To give the pressure on a square centimeter these results must be divided by 16. *The United States census reiwrt remarks : " In burning wood, however, various circumstances affect its value ; few fire-places are constructed to fully utilize the fuel value of resinous woods, and carbon escapes unconsumed in the form of smoke. Pine, therefore, which although capable of yielding more heat than oak or hick( ry, may in practice yield considerably less, the pine losing both carbon and hydrogen in the form of smoke, while liiokury or oak, burning with a suiokfless llauie, is praoticully entirely consumed. Thu a.-ii in a wood, being non-combustible, influences its fuel value in proportion to the amount. The state of dry- ness of the wood also has much influence upon its fuel value, though in a less degree than is generally supposed." woods have res were 4 form of the overing tlie FOREST WEALTH OF CAS'ADA. Woods op Canada. 106 H Table of Averages, Specific (Jravity, Fuel Valuo ,in,| Strengtli.-(Conipil<-rl from [' S Census Returns, 1880.) Bntanical Name. Abies amalulit do l>al»amea do (fruMdi'i do Bulialpiiia Acer circiimtiiin do diiH.vciirimin do nijfniiii do inaci(i|i|iylluiii do l'<'iiiiHylvanicmu .. . , do riihniin do saccliarinuiii do Hiiioatuiii Aliiiis incaiia do niliia Ainolanchier CaiiadeiiHis. . Arliiitus Meii/.iesii Asiniiiia trilolia Betiila lents do liitea do occidt'iitalis do papyrifera do iKjpulifdIia. Caipinus Cariiliniaiia Carya alba . . . . do aiiiara n do iiiicrocai'pa do porciiia do toiiieiitoBa Castanea Americana Celtin occidentalin Corims Florida do Xuttallii Cratajgiis coccinea do crusgalli do tomentosa Fagus ferniginea Fraxiims Americana do pul)e.scen.s do sambiicifolia do quadrangulata. . . do viridisf Gymnocladiis Canadensis. . Jiiglans cinerea do nigra •Tuniperus Virginiana '. Larix Americana b do Lyallii .'' do occidentalis Liriodendroa tulipifera Morns rubra Nepwndo aeeroides . .. cNissa multiflora Ostrya Virginica Picea alba English Name. > I 01 |.if X > ■£■__ ,1 -3 5 5 a White fir iH.'ilMaii] Hr Western white fir. . . Maintain hidnani. . . ^'ine maple .Silver do lilack do Large-leaved maple. .Striped <1(, , Soft or red do . Hinfar or rock do . .M(jiintiiin do . Hhick alder Hed do ihme bei ArliutUR !() Papaw Black birch I Vellow do I Western do iCaiioe do i Poplar-leaved birch „ Horiibeiini ()• ■Shell-ljark hickory |0 Bitter do " (}• Small fniit do Pjgnnt do '()■ NVhite heart do ()• Chestmit jO' Sugar berry ()■ Dogwood 0- Western dogwood |() ■ White thorn. , In- Cockspur do . ..... Black do Beach White ash Red do Black do Blue do Green do . . Coffee tree Butternut Black walnut Red cedar Tamarack O' Alountain larch Western larch Tulip tree Red mulberry Ash-leaved maple Tupelo Ironwood „ White spruce Iq 42 l«l ;w (12 ;!;■) OH ;« (ir (III »j ,vjr.2 (^Htlt! 4hh;j filfis' ti8-75l 47 it3 77 it.") 7(1 24 3!)(>1 75!(7 twJM 0<»12 .")!l-40, 57 43 72 ai 8311 7474 'Hi'JtC 81 ^tt 44!),') 72 08 80 i)8 74-44 ii'm ' 7.')it« 08 48 05 16 02-35 02-72; 74-50 70-71 C8-S8 40 -(56; 60-91. 49-11 62 16 I 74 -aV 42-20 58-56! 42-82 63-66 82-42 40-38i 1,260 819 9.W 762' 71Hj 1,110 1,027 780 ' ' '94.3 1,405 1,060 1,197 8;w 482 1,432 1,61 8i 924 1,3(M!| I'M 1,149 1,390 1,030 "i^oi-i: \,\m\ 856 685 821 1,031 (164 732 1,210 1,015 812 872 774 903 1,048 812 1,092 670 1,261 ' 'm')58 926 824 582 818 1,373 1,023 338 211 202 327 435 410 292 346, 490, 270 303 490 367 371 345 346 382, 329; 2.55 365i 316 384 '624 280 331 226 360 484 319 7,480 5,851 6,255' 4,H29 7..S49 7,7111 8,K03 6,100 ' 7U02 9,(M)7 346 483 387, 167; 619 5;« 344 454 .S32 4!M) 51 2i 470 '4661 ' 482i 2971 337 .386 423 \^nt^i?r.^^'l inicrocarpa is treated by Sargent as a variety of Carya alba, testa from that sijeoies, which see atove. 6,644 10,712 8,(i;t4 3,.S95 9,m)7 9,907 6.260 7,781 .5,.5l>4 7.969 10,107 8,3.57 9i232 9,485 C,106 6,739, 8,553! 10,603 6;884 7,117 7, .5.50 7,5.35 6,960 6,76(> 7,980 7,711 6,406 6,270 9,1781 6,7.50! 8,763 n,m 6,955 6,72l! 5, 1.51 1 7,497! 8,660^ 5,489; 1,029 1,202 810 1,015 3,205 2.899 4,149 2,597 ' '2;795 4,019 1,870 4,483 3,;i22 1,098 .3,(il5 2,681 2,459 2,083 2,073 3,405 4,344 3,878 ' 4",822 4,429 1,698 3,472 4,875 3,883 ' 3,368 3,844 3,145 2,745 3,272 3,106 3,322 3,521 2, .560 1,488 3,140 2,376 1,675 ' 2,395 1,296 2,805 1,781 3,131 3,696 1,117 and -was not distingruished in the In Br'itfsrC^Siiv itt'l^l'pirtifui.' '"'' ^'""" °' "'^ ^'°"''^™ ^^^^ Mountaina," was not tested. c. Nissa multiflora is included by Sargent in N. sylvatica, a species which embraces various fonns. m JIHttA a I ME.\ Of AGP f'.' t(^0g. Woons OK C'AWAf>A — C II f If it. TAiirin»ta. . do inonilifc! do trcmnloidcs. .. do trichocnrpa. . . . PnimiH Ainciicaiia . . . . d do iiiollit do PcmiHylvanica. . do Hcrotiiui . PHeiidotmiKa DoiiKlasii. QiieicuH alba do bicolor coocitiea (Jarryana macrocariMV. . . . IiahiHtri.s liriiioidns ])rinuH rubra tinctoria RhuH tvphina Salix Havcsct'nH do lancifolia do laniaiidra do nigra Sassafras utficiiialo .... TaxuH brevifolia eThuya excelsa do giKaiitea do occidentaliH .... Tilia Ainericana do imbescens Tsuga Canadensis do ifcrtenHiana do Pttttoniana Ulm\iH Americana do fulv.T, , do racemosa EngliNh Name. I ■A I icca Kiigcliiianni KnK<'lniann'nHpruoe , . ;034»ll •j" '"'Krii Klnt'k Hpnici' ()4r)H-l do Sitilii'iiHih Wi'Hti'rn w hit« Hpruce. . . '()-4aS7 Pniiis albicaiiliM, ,. White barU pine i0-41(l5 do lliuikHiana Uank»iaii or Hcnib pinu. , . :0.47(il coiitiirta .Si'ruli pine iOTjHl,') •''■lilis I{(Kky Moinitain pin< montifola Wl.ite m;iuiitain pine •Miirrayana IHlai k pine or oypresn IHiiiilenwa IVelldW jiine . . .' '''"iiiosa jKed or Norway pino . rigida jpitcli pine (r4:V)H ()-401Mi 0-4715 ((■4K.")4 (1-5151 do do do do do do do do .IO-704H' .jo-,s3ii; ,0 mill.' o-aciHo . , - 0-4IWJ Cottonwo(Hl 'o-;w;)!( AM|j<'n CottonwfKxI Wild plnni Western clierry Red cherry HIac'k cherry DonglnH Hr Wliite oak Blue oak Scarlet oak Western white oak Burr oak Pin oak Yelli'w chestnut oak Che.itii^t oak Red Of blauk oak Yellow oak Sumach Black willow Lance leaved willow. . . . Willow Block willow Sai-saf ras Vv'e.Mtcrn yew Yellow cypress (liant cypress or cedar White ced.ir or arlxir vitm. UaSHWIKKl Downy bai -'rid Hemlock ... Western henn Ali)ine heh.'oc' , White elm . Red or slipp, Rock elm. . -,h'. 4(i;iL' (»-H,s]4 0-7'J15 0-4rhlL' o-soii;* 0-.5H2-.> 0-5157 7470 0-7l!r,2 0-7405 745H 0-7458! 0-fi!)3Hi o-«t;(i,v 0-74!l!li 0-(l510| 0-7045 0-4357 0-4!)(>!li 0-45171 0-47r)(! 445l> 5042i 0-(i301i 47H2 . 3700 0-31(14 0-4525 0-4074 n- J23i»! 518f!i J';-.j •<»;>-.•«•,: I) li'l.V)' iO-7203 ;w-3H 45-71 42 'HO 41 54 47 -iV) 58-04 43 42 40-83 4ti im 48-41 51 30 ;w-47 70 11 r)('i',i2l ;«'8i| 3(ill 4(;it 38 53 40-11 37 (Id! 72 (»2 44-03 '58-i4 .51-53 74 -3! I 7(118 73 ill 74 24 74- 00 08-82 H(!-0!l 74 42 (J5-28 70 -IC .53- 01 45-73 50-38 (!3 78 47 (i(i 37-!Hi 31 53 45-00 40-47 42-20 51 (il 44 35 04-54 00-771 72 -2(; ^ -5&.= girl If'a-i i3s=~ 80H 1.100 iiiMi; B12| 1(42! 1,585 «7(l !l,50 771 887 1,1.32 581 851 642 "'8('i4 458 8,57! 003 004 814 1,117 827 8(il 852 1,283 071 00( 1,(!H5 811 02(1 1,123 1,125 1,255 1.13" 1,034 1,202 305 510 7C.1 l,02!l 1,034 .533 840 811 000 1,375 775 747 053 1 .000 24fi 318 277 241) 278, 423 2(>(l| 2(1(1 241 i .•107 1 .141 1 2(17 m '27i' 171| 2351 3081 328 i 280 284 3(10| 200, '3.54! 37(1; 38(1 .388! 450: 375' 4l!li 405! 528] 440 422, 4441 '388 200 267 4(10 .342 310 219 252! 230 307 388 307 3(14 371 455 4,271 (1,520 5,(153 5,211(1 (1,320 11,808 .5,501 5,340 5,328 0,0.37 i 7,274 5,087 0.210, 0,7011! i 7,2('»7 4,;W2 5,12(1 5.727 .5,051 ,5.285 1,608 a,3M8 .i! 1,(1(11 2.1170 2,;i!t!l 3,281 The 24 henvioHt woods in Canada are .w follows, in onler :- 10. tl. 12. i;t. H. r<. Id. 17. IS. lit. 211. 21. 2.').' 24, 1. C'ratii'KUHCdcc'iiiia. 2. '^iicrciiN iiriiiuiilcs. .'t. ( nryu ivlfm. 4. I'iruM riviiIiiriH, .^ ()Htrvn VirKiiiuiv. H. C'liryii toimiitiwn. 7. (Ill iHircina. K CiiniiiH Florida. .Viiu'laiu'liirrCaiiatlenHm, •^iii'i-ciiM liico!(ji'. ( ijitifKiiN toini'i\tc)iiv. Hi'tiila lctit:i Caiva aiiwiiii. l^iii'iiMt [iiinuM. C'orniii Niittallii. • iiUTcuM allia. do <>iirryanrt. do iniwTiicarpa. do ccHciiwa. Larix oc( idciitalin. Ci'ltiM owidcntidis, CiupiniiM Camliiiiana. I liiniM racciiioMa. riiiiniH Anioricann. White thoni. Yellow clicMtmit oak. Hliill bark liiikory. U'lwti'rii ( lali rt|i|ik'. rpimviHid. JVIiiti' Inart hickory. I'iKiiiif hitkory. I>oKWihhI, tJimc Iw-rrv, BlM.M.ak. Hlaik tliorii, Ulack liirih. Hittir hickory. Chi'.siiiit oak. WiStlTIl dotfWIKKl Whiti' oak. JN'ittirii wliito oak. liiiir oak. .Scarlit oak. Western larch. Hii^far berry. Horiibcain. HlK'k cllM, Wil.l plum. Tho 12 liylitest woods are as follows, in order of lightness :— H. '.I. 10. 11. 12. Thuya occidcntalis. I'icta Kn^;p|inamii. Abies subalpina. do (fraiidi.s. I'opuhm bnlMaiiiifera. '1 h'lya Ki^antea. ropiduM tricliocarpa. AbicH balsaniea. I'imiH Htrol)iiH. ropiihiH nionilifera. I'iiuis luonticola. I'opulu.s angustifolia. ^yhitl> cedar. KiiKelmaiwiH' Mpriico. Mountain balsam. \VeMtnrn white Hr. Halnaui iNiplar. (jiant cedar or cypress. Western C(;ttonwood. Balsam fir. White pine. Cottonwoo(l. White irf(juntain pine. jilack Cottonwood. The 24 woods with the greatest transverse strength are as follows H. 'J. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. V>. l(i. 17. l.S. lit. 2(1. 21. ;»•> 2,S.' 24. 1. Betula hitea. 2. ^iiercu.s prinoides. •*• !.arix occidentalis. ■ 'I'tula leiita. ••■ i'-yaalba. (;. Aoer sacchaiiniun. (• ^agus ferniginea. Carpinus Caroliniana. Ostrya Virginica. Amelancliier Canadensis. t-arya tonientosa. Carya aniara. Carya fx)rcina. Uuercus paluatris. laxus brevifolia. I 'Itnus racemosa. Betula papyrifera. •^lercus coccinea. do tinctoria. flo prinus. Acer dasycarpum. rornn^ Nuttallii. I inus contorta. Quercus rubra. V.llow birch. do chestnut oak. tV estern larch. Black birch. ^hell bark hickory. Sugar maple. Beech. Hornl«'ani. Ironwoocl. •lime berry. White he.irt hickory. Bitter hi(l,>.rv. Pignnt hickory. Pin oak. ^^ esteni yaw. Rock elm. Canoe birch. .Scarlet oak. Yellow oak. Chesnut oak. 'Silver m:!!)!;-. Western dogwood. Scrub pine. Red or black oak. 108 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTURE. The 24 woods with the greatest elasticity are as follows ; 1. Larix occidentalis. 2. Betula lutea. 3. Piiuia contorta. 4. Acer Haccharinum. 5. Betula lenta. 6. Carya alba. 7. T«uga Mertensiana. 8. Ustrya Virginica. 9. Betula (japyrifera. 10. Pseudotsuga Douglasii. 11. Salix flavescens. 12. Larix Americana. 13. Abieg amabilis. 14. Quercus priiuis. 15. Fagus ferruginea. 16. Ainelanchier Canadensis. 1 7. Carya tomentosa. 18. Carpinua Caroliniana. 19. (Quercus rubra. 20. Pinus re»inosa. 21. Quercus prinoides. 22. do jialustris. 23. Populus trichocarpa. 24. Acer dasycarpum. Western larch. Yellow birch. Scrub pine. Sugar maple. Black birch. Shell bark hickory. Western hemlock. Ironwood. Canoe birch. Douglas fir. Black willow. Tamarack. White fir. Chestnut oak. Beech. June berry. White heart hickory. Hornbeam. Red oak. Red pine. Yellow chestnut oak. Pin oak. \Vestern cottonwood. Silver maple. The 24 woods with the greatest resistance to longitudinal crushing are as follows ; 1. Larix occidentalis. 2. Amelanchier Canadensis. 3. Carya alba. 4. Acer saccharinum. 5. Betula lenta. 6. do lutea. 7. Carya tomentosa. 8. Ulnms racemosa. 9. Prunus Americana. 10. Carya jwrcina. 11. Quercus jirinoides. 12. Juglans nigra. 13. Pinus contorta. 14. Acer nigrum. 15. Larix Americana. 16 . Tsuga Mertenpiana. 17 . Prunus serotina. 18. Ostrya Viiginica. 19. Ulraus fulva. 20. Quercus prinus. 21. Cornus Floriifa. 22. Carya amara. 23. Pseudotsuga Douglasii. 24. Quercus alba. Western larch. June berry. Shell bark hickory. Sugar mai)le. Black birch. Yellow birch. White heart hickory. Rock elm. Wild jiluin. Pigmit hickory. Yellow chestnut oak. Black walnut. Scrub pine, black maple. Tamarack. Western hemlock. Black cherry. Ironwood. Red elm. Chestnut oak. Dogwood. Bitter hickory. Douglas fir. White oak. The 24 woods with the greatest resistance to indentation, to the depth of 1'27 millimeters, are as follows ; — 1 . Cornus Florida. 2. Carya ix)rcina. 3. Amelanchier Canadensis. 4. Carya tomentosa. 5. do alba. 6. Quercus prinoides. 7. Taxus brevifolia. 8. Acer nigrum. 9. do saccharinum. 10. Pirus coronaria. 11. Coniua Nuttallii. 12. Carya amara. 13. Quercus Garry ana. 14. CratiBgus tomentosa. 15. (Quercus macrocarpa. 16 Ustrya Virginica. 17 . Quercus prinus. 18. Betula lenta. Dogwuod. Pignut hickory. June berry. White lieart hickory. Shell bark hick iry. Yellow chestnut oak. Western yew. Black maple. Sugar maple. Crab apple. Western dogwood. Bitter hickory. Western white oak. Black thorn. Burr oak. Ironwood. Chestnut oak. Black birch. Picea Sitchensis Pinus monticola Pseudotsuga Doi Thuya excelsa. . The folic the same wqo( FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 109 19. Quercu8 bicolor. 20. Kraxinus viridis. 21. C'eltis oecideiitalia. 22. Carpinus Caroliniana. 23. Primus Americana. 24. Quercus alba. Blue oak. Ureen ash. Sugar berry. Hornb(?am. Wild plum. White oak. Comparison with United States Woods. ol"?* *^u ^^^^^^ °^ weight, strength, &c., of woods in the United States census returns of 1880, there are no Canadian specimens among the hardwoods tested, so that no com- parisons can be made between the woods in the two countries. As regards the coniferous trees, in the case of many species and among them the most important, tests of Canadian specimens have been given with those of the United States to malce up the averages. In the preceding tables, these combined averages have been given, but in the following table the averages have been calculated separately for the two countries, so as to allow of comparison. The following table gives the specific gravity of some of the principal coniferous woods of Canada and the United States, the averages for the two countries bein^' given separately : — ° Average Specific Gravity op Woods op Canada and United States, compared. Botanical name. English name. Canada, United States. No. of si)eci- mens. Specific gravity. - 5764 No. of sjteci- mens. Specific g avity. Atlantic Coast. Larix Americana Tamarack 4 3 3 2 2 4 5 5 1 1 4 J 0-6709 0-4038 Pioea alba White spruce 0-4060 2 0-4400 ' 3 do nigra Pinus Banksiana 0-4768 do resinosa Red pine White pine .. do cedar 0-4587 6 0-4794 do strobus 4944 Thuya occidentalis n-'A. IT.NriKi) Statks, No of specimens. ' Coetticient ., , of , ^""f elasticity, ' (i 10 2 30 Coetticient of elastieitv, i,:fj) 7i".i 1,207 071 1,111.-. 7tn oiii; 8!liJ !i:i7 sun 1,277 !l7.s On the Atlantic side tlie white spruce, banksian pine, white pine and hemlock were found to have more elasticity in Canada than in the United States ; the tamarack- black spruce, red pine and white cedar less elasticity in Canada. On the Pacific coast all four species tested were found to be more elastic in Canada. The following table gives the ultimate transverse strength in kilograms of the same woods as before for the two countries : Transverse Strength of Woods of Canada and United States compared. liotanical Name. English Name. Canada. ITnitki) ,Statk.s. No of si)eeimens Atlantic Coast Larix Americana Picea alba Picea nigra Pinus Banksiana Pinus resiiiosa Pinus strobus Thuya occidentalis. . . . Tsuga Canadensis. Pacific Coast. Pjcea Sitchensis Piinis montieola Pseudotsuga Douglasii. Thuya excelsa Tamarack White spruce. Black spruce. . Banksian pine Red pine White pine. White cedar. . Hemlock Western white spruce. White mountain pine. . Douglas tir Yellow cypress S li 4 2 8 8 10 Ultimate transverse strength. No of .specimens. 370 323 208 28(i 315 2()9 202 320 281 202 352 410 4 2 3 2 G 6 6 10 30 7 Ultimate transver.-( strengtii. 412 307 3()0 2(il 350 203 241 21)lt 27(1 244 381 321 It appears that on the Atlantic side the white spruce, banksian pine, white pine and hemlock had greater transverse strength in Canada than in the United States' while tamarack black spruce, red pine and white cedar had less transverse strength in Canada. On the Pacific coast the Douglas fir showed less transverse strength and Mie other three species more transverse strength in Canada. ES COM PA UK I), iiKi) Statks. f Coetticicii of I'lnHticity 4 i,.si;i 2 7L'!I t 1,1.'"7 (171 ; M'.r. ) I'M i 5!ii; ) 811(1 !l;i7 > s;{ii ) l,i.'77 !I7S and hemluik he taniai'eU'k, icific coast all s of the same OMPARED. iKi) Statk.s. FOREST WEALTH OF C AX AD A. The following table gives the ultimate resistance to lon-atudinal crushin grams, of the same woods as before for the two countries ._ """'''"^^ *='"''"» Rksistanck to LoNomm.vAL Chush.n,. ok Woods of Canada avd Lnited States compared. Ill g in kilo- Botaiiical Xanu;. Kiiglisli Xaiiio. Atlantic Coast. Larix Americana PiVea alba 1'icKi nigra [ I'iiiuH Uanksiana... . . . . I'iniis resinosa Pinus Htrobiis [ Thuya occidcntalis. ....', Tsugii Canadensis Pacific t'otisi. I'icca Sit ;hpii'is PinuH nionticola IViiilotsiiga I)miglanii. .'. Thuya excflwa Taniarac.'k . . . Wliitc spnice... Hlac'k siirucu. . . lianlvsian |)ino. Hfd pint' White |)iiie, . Whit.' iwlar ., Canai.. \c). of IJfsiHtancH to Iciiigitndi. I'MTKi) States. "•"■"""'"'• n;i*;n:;hi;;K>i-'^i'"-'H. j;;/;:"«'t'"" Xo. of I '''■"■Htaiice ruNliing. llenilotk. WpHtern wliitc Hpriice. Wliitf! mountain pine. . Douglas Hr Yellow cypress ,s (> i; 4 2 K 10 30 o T H.r,.3i 5.(i8S (i,2r)!t ti,!!")!) 7,(i(l(i 4,(135 5,(147 (>,123 H,].S(; 7,!tll5 (i H,(!53 4 5,]4() 3 7,040 2 5,0(i!» (i 7,143 i) 5,47(t (i 5,316 10 «,3(i7 7 5,(i55 2 4,<)(J3 i« H.703 (i 7,044 On the Atlantic side thTwhite spruce, banksian pine ai^r^^d^i^7^7(^WiI " found to otter more resistance to longitudinal crushing than those of tLunSt:;?''' the tamarack black spruce, white pine, white cedar and hemlock of C n„!i. ff m"'' resistance. On the Pacific coast the w'hite mountain p le Ind tL yeSw ctnf Tnff '1 .^^'t::^::^^!:^:^^:::^:^ ^-^ --^^-^^^ in kiio. _^ESI8TAN(^lNDEJr^ CaXADA AND UNITED STATES COMPARED. Botanical Name. Atlantic Coast. I/arix Americana . , . . Picea alba " Picea nigra , , ,[[ Pinus BanUsiana. . . . . . Pinus resinosa ." Pinus strolms .',[ Thuya occidentalis English Name. Canada. Xo. of ipecimens Tamarack White sjiruce.. Black spruce. . , Banksian pine . Red pine White pine , , . . White cedar . . . Tsuga Canadensis ;,■.■■ 'Hemlock Pacific Coast. Picea Sitchensis Pinus mnntirolit [''\ Pseudotsuga Douglasii '. '. '. '. 1 huya excelsa , Western white spruce.. While mountain pine.. Douglas tir Yellow cypress '. 8 (i C 4 2 8 10 10 Resistance to indentation, 1,41)7 1,(».5S 1,17!) l,5()il 1,5!I2 l,04(i !Hi 1,431 (> !t3(; 10 1,138 l,lii5 1,037 ^i? 1 l,r,50 •' ' 1,(H)0 112 DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTURE. ■1' On the Atlantic side it appears that the red pine and hemlock of Canada offer more resistance to indentation than those of the United States; the tamarack, white spruce, black spruce, banksian pine, white pine and white cedar of Canada offer less resistance. On the Pacific coast the western white spruce, white mountain pine and Douglas fir of Canada offer less resistance to indentation than those of the United States ; the yellow cypress of British Columbia offers more resistance to indentation than that of Alaska. To sum up the results of the.se tests : The tamarack, black spruce and white cedar of Canada were found to have less weight, less elasticity, less transverse strength, less resistance to longitudinal compression and less resistance to indentation than those of the United States ; the white spruce of Canada was found to have more weight, elasticity, transverse strength and resistance to longitudinal compression but less resistance to in- dentation ; the banksian pine more elasticity, transverse strength and resistance to longitudinal compression, but less weight and resistance to indentation ; the red pine more resistance to longitudinal compression and to indentation, but less weight, elasticity and transverse strength ; the white pine more elasticity and transverse strength, but less weight and resistance to longitudinal compression and to indentation; the hem- lock more weight, elasticity, transverse s'rength and resistance to longitudinal com- pression, but less resistance to indentation. Of the Pacific coast trees the western white spruce of Canada appeared by the tests to have more elasticity and transverse strength, but less weight and resistance to longitudinal compression and indentation than those of the United States ; the white mountain pine more weight, elasticity, transverse strength and resistance to longitudinal compression, but less resistance to indentation ; the Douglas fir more elasticity but less weight, transverse strength and resistance to longitudinal compression and indentation. The yellow ; cypress of British Columbia showed more weight, elasticity, transverse strength ar d resistance to longitudinal compression and indentation than those of Alaska. In tabular form the lesults of these tests were as follow ; the plus sign being used where the figure for the Canadian wood is higher, and the minus sign where it is lower than for woods of the same species of trees in the United States ; — "Woods op Canada and United States compared. Botanical Name. Atlantic Coast. Larix Americana Piceaalba Picea nigra. Pinua Banksiana Pinus resinosa Pinus strobuB Thuya occidentalis. . . . Tsuga Canadensis Pacific Coast. Picea Sitchensis. , . Pinus monticola Pseudotsuga Douglasii Thuya excelsa English Name. Tamarack White spruce. . Black spruce . . . Banksian pine, Red pine White pine. . . . White cedar. . . Hemlock Western white spruce.. White mountain pine . Douglas fir Yellow spruce Specific gravity. Elasticity. Ultimate transverse strength. Resistance to longitu- dinal com- pression. -r + -t- + -4- + + — — -.. + + + — + 4- ■f + + -r + + + + + + + + Resistance to in- dentation. -f + FOREST WEALTH OF CA^TADA. 113 Tanning Values. i':xr^":v» rjk ^'otsT r„r;:' fv""'T,,r! '°' ""■ ""t«' -■'"" ^^' Percentage op Tannin in Bark of Canadian Trees. Castaneii Americana . . Picoa nigra Picea Engelmanni do ... tio ...; ' I'seudotsuga Douglasii Qunrcus alba do do do do macrocarpa prinua ] prinoidfis (old tree), do (young tree). rubra tinctoria Tsuga Canadensis do Mertensiana . , (io do " do Pattoniana do do Chestnut iBlack spruce , Western white spruce. do do do do Douglas fir ^V'hite oak Burr oak.. Chestnut o.ak . . . .] Yellow chestnut oak.! do do Red or black oak Yellow oak Hemlock Western hemlock do do -A^lpine hemlock P.O. 625 7-20 20-56 17 01 12-60 13-79 5-99 4-59 6-25 4-33 10-33 4-56 6-90 13 11 14 42 15-87 13-79 It appears from these tests that the western white snruce tho Dni^= fl,. fk ;™w: o f '"' '-'^ f '?'f ^'"'°^'^' ^" BHtish ColunS trees ha? "a great peicentage of tanmng in their barks than the common hemlock. ^ 8a— 8 114 DEPAHTMEXT OF AOIlICULTUh'E. APPENDIX "K." CANADIAN WOODS AND THEIR ECONOMIC USES. Lecture dv the Hox. J. K. \Vaki>, in the Someuville Coukse. {Montreal Herald, March L'2, 1892.) In acceding to the reijuest to in-eparo a paper to be read on this occasion on the Forest Trees of Canada, their use and commercial value, I did so on condition that my remarks would be of a practical character rather than theoretical or technical. What 1 will have to say has been ac(|uired in the rough school of expei'ience and not in academic halls or at the feet of wise men. Having spent more than half a century in the work- shop, tiie forest, on lake and river and in the saw-mill, I am sure you will not think it out of place or presumptuous on my part to try to impart some of the knowledge I may have acquired in the way indicated, though it be ever so little. The trees indigenous to our country and climate are of two classes, the coniferous or evorgi'een and deciduous or those that shed their leaves annually. Of the lirst-named class is the common cedar, one of the most useful in our woods. It abounds in nearly every part of the wooded country, is largely used for fence rails, pickets, posts, sills for buildings, telegraph posts, railway ties, where the line is straight, it being considered too soft to resist tiie pressure on curves. It is very light and duralalc, has a pleasant aroma, said to be a protection against moths when used for drawers or chests. It also furnishes material for roof shingles for home use and expoi'tation, a large quantity of which tind their way into the United States from the Eastern Town- ships. Not the least important of the evergreens is the hemlock. It exists in great quantities in almost ever}' part of the province, and is usually found mixed with other woods ; it is the cheapest class of sawed lumber that we have, is strong and durable when not exposed to the weather, and is userl for rough work such as sheathing, roof boards for shingling on, holding nails better than almost any other wood, joists, studding, stable flooring, as it is said to be proof against rats gnawing through it on account of the prickly nature of the wood. But the great value of the tree when it is not too far from navigable water or rail is in its Imrk, which is almost invaluable for tanning purposes, and realizes from $4 to 87 a cord alongside railroad or barge. Trees that are taken for their bark are usually cut down and stript during the months of June and July, when it peels easily, but it is no pleasant task for those who have to do it, as the plague of black flies and mosquitoes prevailing at that time can only be appreciated by those who have had some experience in the bush at this particular season. The tree, after the bark is taken off, if not too far from river or mill, is made into saw-logs and sold to the lumbermen or taken to the mill and sawed on halves, the niillman taking half for his labour, the farmer selling the other portion or hauling it home for his own use. The extract of hemlock is used in medicine for its narcotic properties. The balsam or sapin of the French, is of little commercial value. When large enough it is made into lumber. It is usually found in poor soil mixed with white spruce. It makes a nice ornamental tree, is graceful in shape, nicely pointed at the top and of a very dark green colour. Our ordinary white spruce, one of the best known and most useful of the ever- greens, is found in great plenty from Nova Scotia to the Ottawa, including the St, Lawrence and their tributaries, but it is not often seen west of the former river till we reach Lake Superior and Northern Manitoba. The wood of this tree is largely used for building purposes, making excellent floors and joisting timber, as well as for doors, sashe?, mouldings and inside finishing when white pine is scarce. It also furnishes spars for sailing vessels, such at yards, masts, ikc, as it is both light and strong. FOREST WE A L TH OF CA XA DA . jjg I have seen a Nova Sc ak' ,u7wft ^ ,ut of he. f'"'"' *"' '"'""? '^"'^ ''•"•'^'''" ''^ ''^^■ it was put up after ei-'ht v -1' n^" with pait of her frame expased, as sound as the day cut down to supply the de„,anci whieJi is if^cr asL! ve 'y m/.i h \rueir /'tl'"'''*? "'^ i.s taken to the United States in its natural state w he,, i / ; f I '" '"•'*'^"'^1 the same average quality 12 to U cen s a ' 1 th^ 'fo n 1 '^^ -^ 1' "*'*'"'' *° ^"^ ^"'' it is exnortofl Wi,„f if i ■ ■ ! , ^* tor only a hunted quant ty. None of made^out of the root of the tree are valuable to export^" ^'""'"'^^'^ ^''^^^ •laairtitV tl„.t of any X „o»d if ,,;* rf ,n'T f ,'' '"':»»'?»'«'«» i» value and ground, without a IZTZ de c SbS™ ^^.1"^*°^ "'„tv t" ™ '"" f™" "■» »™ .. get a log, „. the be,t „, ti.nber with^LTS^s knotSfe* aTjiu'V" S 8a — 8^ " 116 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. m the heart, the remains of the dead branches that fell off in the tree's youth. My experience teaches me that white pine is of slow growth. The smallest tree that ought to be taken for saw-logs or timber should bo at least fourteen inches at the butt. This would take not le.ss than fifty years to produce, and such a tree as I before described, as much as one hundred and fifty. I have a white pine tree near my house that has not gained more than three inches in twenty years, although it is a good rich soil, pi^rhaps too rich. Large groves of pine are usually found on poor, light soil. I think conse- quently thiit the bulk of the pine found under such circumstances, is apt to be punky or defective for the want, so to speak, of nourishment. The best pine is usually found on stronger soil mixed with hardwood. It is unpleasant to contemplate the want of this valuable timber. Once gone it is gone forever, and cannot be reproduced in our or our children's time, as unlike mineral or other products of the soil, the quantity produced from these is only limited by the amount of labour employed in producing them. Per- haps, however, time will find a substitute in some artificial wood, or employ metal to take its place. Hardwoods, to which I will briefly refer presently, that were once almost discarded, except for burning, are coming largely into use in consequence of the improved woodworking machinery, that has been devised of late years, making the work of pre- paring and completing joiner work much more simple and easy than it was to do the same thing in pine (when I served my time over 50 years ago, and when flooring, mortising, tenoning, striking mouldings out of dry spruce with hard knots was done by hand). The facilities also for reaching hardwoods and getting them to market will help to make up for the loss of this favourite material, which I hope is yet a long way off. I might say before closing this part of my subjevct that the magnificent cedar of British Columbia will no doubt largely take the place of white pine for joiner work. The Douglas fir will be a valuable substitute for our coarser woods, when they become scarce and high in price, that is if the railroads moderate rates coming east so as to come into competition with each other. It will, however, I am afraid, be some time before either takes place. The last of the soft wood that I will refer to is the basswood, linden or bois hlnnc. It is usually found mixed with other woods, is a handsome tree growing tall and straight and often found from two to three feet in diameter, and sheds its leaves annually. It produces lumber that is much used by carriage-makers, furniture manufacturers and joiners for panels, &c. This wood, when green, readily absorbs water and if put into the river to drive with other logs, many soon find their way to the bottom and are lost. Those that reach their destination lose much of their value for fine work by reason of water stain, &c. The true w.iy to manufacture basswood is to draw it direct from the stump to the saw-mill when possible. The white wood produced under such circumstances is capable of a fine finish and when work is properly done, shell-lacked and oiled, is almost in appearance equal to satinwood. The common or red portion of the log is mostly used for packing cases. I am not aware of any quantity of it being exported, most of it being produced in small mills for home use. Of the deciduous or leaf-shedding trees, the first I will refer to is the beech, a handsome shade tree with smooth bark and bearing a small triangular nut, not of an unpleasant taste. The wood is used for various purposes, such as carpenters' planes, shoemakers' lasts, bobbins and shuttles for cotton and woollen factories, and largely for firewood, as it makes excellent fuel. Birch, of which there are several species, principal among them being the large or yellow birch, is much used for furniture, by wheelwrights, for stair building, for hand- rails and balusters, and in ship building, forming a portion of the frame, flooring and keelson, being durable when kept wet. It is also largely exported to Europe as square timber. It is a tree of considerable size, often reaching 20 to 30 inches in diameter. It is also a favourite firewood. The white birch or bouleau, has within a few years become of some value when found within easy reach, having been turned to account for the manufacture of spools and spool wood for thread-makera, the whit* part of the wood only being used. It is made into squares varying from one inch, in eighths, to say two inches, and three or four feet long. Many ship loads have been shipped to England and Scotland the past few years, principally from the lower St. Lawrence. The red or heart being useless to the FOREST WEALTH OF CAXADA. 117 rnIS .'*"''? as hrewood or left to rot. Tl.ere are vast quantities of this wood m the interior, too far rom navigation or rail to bo of any value. It is mostly found on poor soil, mixed with balsam, small spruce and cedar. It makes goo.! firewood when dry. The bark is useful to the Indian for the making of his cam' ; the vesS for retaining tho sap of the maple ; his drinking cup and the covr of hi^ wigwam Ihe yellow b.rch also provides him a coui^h remedy by boiling tlie sap down to asyrup ami astly, though not least, it furnishes the proverbial birch rod, which though almZ obsolete, sometimes does good service, even in these days of advanced ideas Vast quantities ot the dwarf or black birch have been used as witlies in rafting logs, some con- cerns using as many as thirty or forty thousand in a season, each of th^em representing a young tree, but little of this is done at present. «"""« The elm i.s much admired as a shade tree, and is of considerable importance. The Wh,?n' "?rV f''""^^"^'"^*°\'^ ...uch valued for planking the bo to ns and bilges of vessels and where then, is chafing on the guards. Common elm IS used tor barrel staves ; it is not thought much of as fuel. Oak IS one of the most valuable woods of commerce. The white and blue oaks of Ontario were famou.s for their great size and length, as well as strength and durability. In ship building ,t has no rival, except it be the live oak of Florida For wagon-mak- ing a„(l articles requ.rmg strength it is invaluable, and is much used in the better class ot furniture. The white oak found in Quebec is small and of little valu<, ; the red oak however, is of good si/e it makes excellent inside floors, and is much admired for house- hold furniure. It IS also valuable for hogshead staves ; it makes, when dry. a hot fire, and IS said to be good for burning out stoves. Black walnut is almost a thing of the past, although forty or fifty years ago in the country between Guelph, the St. Clair River ami Lake^Erie it was cut%lown. burnt or put to the commonest uses, such as fence-posts, rails, hog-pens, &c. The value of this wood has changed so much since that time that I once saw a log which cost three hundred dollars delivered in Troy, N.Y. "unuieu Of the maples there are many varieties, two only which we will refer to, wh. are commonly known as the soft and hard specie.s. The former is a rapid growing tree, found in low lands as well as on the hill-side, makes, when dry, a good firewood ; when f,vllv "ff l"'"ber IS used for doors, furniture, gunstocks, and lasts. It is compara- tively soft and easy to work. The hard, or commonly known as the sugar or rock map^e. IS one of the handsomest and most useful of our forest trees. It is emblematical of our nationality, IS found in almost every part of the country either as shade or orniunental or as a wood of commerce. As a shade tree it is hardly excelled by any otheiffor the beauty of its foliage or the symmetry of its proportions. Who is it that has not ad- mired the elegance and richness of the curly and birdseye maple, when worked into bed- room sets of furniture, and then the many uses it is put to, where strength and durability are required. By the millwright it is preferred to any other of our woods for boxes and bearings, for shafting when running in water, as well as cogs or teeth for gearing wheels. It IS also a favourite wood with the lumberman, as it supplies him with one of the best materials for axe-handles, handspikes and cant-hooks for river drivin- &c As a sugar producing tree it is of great importance, saving a good deal of money to the far- mer, as well as employment at a season when there is little else to do, and affordins amusement to the young in having a sugar bee and a good time generally. Though a slow grower it will always remain a favourite. » i o" a The hickory, a tree of many species, is highly esteemed as being perhaps the best heat producing wood in our country, being considered better for this purpose than even ^VZt T^ . '"u'T^" ™°'^ Pl"''*^^"^ ^" ^'^*''^"° ^''•■^" Q"^'^^'^- For toughness and strength It is not excelled by any of our forest trees, and consequently is largely used tor axe-handles, and agricultural implement makers use it where strength and1i4itness are required. ° ^ '"iicao Before closing I wish to call your attention to the desirability of doing what we can towards conserving our forest wealth. I think I .am s.af. in .aying that tl^l- yearly value ot forest products in Canada is not less than $40,000,000. Forests are also the regu- Utors of the flow of water, holding it back in the glades and swamps, and thus pre- venting often times what might otherwise be disastrous floods. 118 DEl-A/lTMEXT OF AdRWULTURE. APPENDIX "L." " THE BATTLE OF THE FORESTH." {By Prof. B. E. Fernoiv.) In nn article in the New Srience R<'v't,->r, f)ctol)er, 1894, Mr. Charles Barnard gives an account of papers read before the August meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, one of them being as follows : — The paper read at one of the evening sessions by Pi'of. B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Forestry Department at Washington, was profusely illustrated, and, while technical in its character, treated of subjects that are of vital importance to all the people. After an instructive and exhaustive history of the rise and progress of the vast forests that once covered the larger part of this country, and after showing the once enormous extent of our forest wealth, Professor Fernow took up the subject of man's interference in the great century-long battle that always goes on in all wooded lands between the weak and the vigorous trees, each striving for a foothold in the soil and a chance to enjoy sun and air. Forest growth begins on barren sands or bare rocks, by the starting of shrubs and small plants, that, dying, leave their remains' to form a humus or soil in which better and larger i)lants may grow. Trees create soil through their own decay and death, and by catching and holding water and drifting material of all kinds. A forest in active operation creates its own soil at the rate of one foot in five hundred years. The lumber- man can strip an acre of forest of its trees in a few days, and leave the soil that it corf' two thousand years to lay down, to be totally ruined and destroyed in a few months. The natural processes that instantly follow the cutting oft' or burning of a forest area, and the correct methods of controlling them and the proper means to be used in saving our forest wealth, form the science of forestry. A rapid and graphic study of this science made the most interesting and valuable part of Professor Fernow's paper. Rain falling on forest-covered land meets with an elastic surface. The leaves break up its|Jown-pour, and the trees ,ind the vegetable growth under them act precisely as a sponge, checking the on-rush of the water, holding it back, and allowing it to seep slowly away, without injury to the soil. Forests act as moisture holders, and keep the air damp by checking too rapid evaporation. Drying winds and the direct sunlight act more slowly in woods than on bare hillsides. Strip the land of its trees by axe or fire, and the rain strikes the .soil with full force, accumulates in swift rivulets, plows up the soil, and sweeps it away to lower levels. The process is simple ; the results are enor- mously destructive. Streams that in forests ran evenly throughout the greater part of the year, become capricious and uncertain, now raging in destructive floods and torrents now dwindling to mere rivulets, of no value to the miller or boatman. With incredible rapidity the costly soil of mountain slopes is swept away and lost, after the forests dis- appear. The soil gone, the rains sweep down loose rock and cover the once fertile val- leys with wastes of sand and gravel. The process begins everywhere the moment the trees are gone, and increases in destructiveness from year to year, leaving stony wastes on the mountains and a wilderness in the valleys. That we do not see more miles of ruined land and sterile mountain side ; that our country is not as much impoverished and desolate as Spain and parts of France, is simply because we have not gone far enough. The process has begun already, on a gigantic scale, in several of our states, and it is only a question of time when the states, combined or singly, must interfere and control the fai-mer, the miner, and lumberman, who are now so barbarously destroying the present and potential wealth of the country. Well may foreign writers, seeing our wasteful methods of tree cutting, and viewing our inexcusable forest fires, say that we are "a barbarous and uncivilized people." sides are i; FOHEST WEA LTH OF CANADA. ijg wasljecbyovery nun thedobriscovorinKtho f.r.n lands below. Th' f st te V to tt " ca'hT 'T '' ^'r'" ""*r'''- ''>■ '""^•"^' "^^'^ •'-"•^ "^ wick..;.!; ti : slopes to catch the water, and cunipel it t.. (low slowly in u mth-m of pools and tinv waterfalls. In these .sla..k waters, or catch basins, tho drift san.l gather a .tr.^littb lie roots bind and hold the new sod, and m a comparatively short time tho bar.en hill sides are ^^reen with infant forests. Where the slopes are steep, an tl ,1 , , i s been «rea masonry dams are used, and soil is carried up and ut behind liams to K.v:. a foo hold to the young trees. Such prepared hillside.s at' once Zn t. ac Is an the value of t- /i". } ^"^ 'T ^ f '"'''^ '^ '1"««^"^'' °*' ^^^^ «'«* "« "'^l^^"''. arvl the va ue ot the land, the water and the lumber crop. It pays some return at once the streams. In >.ew Jersey, where water is money, it would undoubtedly be nrofitable o reforest many s.,uare miles of now valueless mountain sides. There ' b. m mielti^o^ that in time it will repay to reforest barren mountain sides that are in m. mile rmch ot Wge citiass because of the value of tho water restrained and restored by to est to vth L Jtimately, the lumber crop would be added to tho water crop ^ " Irn UnZ '. '"""' '^■■'yr'' " 1»'"'^«'' ■•^'"l water famine, and see our v dley fa m lands ruined, and our rivers obstructe.l, aud our cities water-starved. Forest con trol means simply in ehgent supervision over the cutting of trees. Th; fa ner a ul forest land owner cla nus he has a right to do as he pleas'es with his own Su h riah contiic s ^vlth the rights of tho entire community, and the rights of posterity, -and ros- Ss ^n^SenS*'' V "'! '"'''! t'*^' ''^-•'"»'^^«'y. ^--t contl^ol is n^t th n eie uggest.on of science, forest control is a science itself. Just as in France the science ot reforestry is carried on as a function of government, so in (lormany forest control a proper and profitab e branch of the general government. Trained forester the po c^ : ctrh^X "d ''''''''' 'rt' ?-*-* .^'-, ^rees from fire, decide wha^ trees'shall c cut each ^eai, and how and when every single tree shall be felled. Poor and un- lesn-able species are culled out. and valuable commercial varieties saved and protected II of merchantable size. Bare hillsides and all cheap or comparatively valuel ss a^r cuf. t ma lands, are replanted and made to yield a timber crop where no other crop win''."ow In this country. State control of forests must come, and come soon ; and ^tl^ publTc to ester must soon stay the hand of the farmer and lumberman. The questio is oneof talimporance, involving many diverging and apparently conflicting interetr The o ' ht o, e tro"n of" "f "' •^'"".'^^^^ ""^' *" ^'■""«h'^ ''^ ->• «t^^te legislators to bear on this q. estion of our forests. Forest preservation does not mean shutting up the woods to useless decay and overgrowth. Intelligent forestry means simply controP prlerv- ationand protection first, and then the proper and business-like^ cuttin' of this the mSZri i I ™^ r« e^«7 year, and while the unintelligent wood-chopper is permit od to do as he wdl with what is not truly his own, ive are justly chartered with being " a barbarous people." -" Woodman, spare that tree," was once a Ln iment It IS now a command of scientific duty. senciment;. it read blw'.f 'f *" •''' l^^'" ^^ P^^^^^-^'' ^^^'^°^-' were a number of short papers o thelrerin a"'"'-'?-^"'''''^>''^ ^''^'^ ''' sessions during the week ot the American Association meetings. The eighteen papers submitted had all, with 120 DEPARTMENT OF iORWULTURB. one exception, immndiate connection witli the science of forestry. Tiie one exception was a (It'Hcriptivc illustrated ji^nor hy Horace C. Ilovey of Nowhuryporf, Mhhh., u|iuu the petrified fort'sts of Av'v • i. Tlii« paper while ent(»rtaining, as an account of a visit to these curious goolo^ic rt'iuains, had no direct l)earing on t'nrcstry an a scicMK^e, It^ most valualilo point in the interest of f^cology was th<^ wanton destruction of these curious and beautiful relics of ancient forest life hy persons who oidy soe in them mp much money to \h won from their ruin and extinction, and the sujff^estion that the law Hhould he invoked to protc^ct this roniarkahlo deposit before it be too late. The remaining papers were all written by experts in the science of forestry, and wore valuable as showing the present position of the science in tiiis country as far as it relates to tlu^ actual control oi cur woixlland wealth. Tlu! forests in idl our states lue now being made the subjeirt of careful study, Iwth by individuals, scientists and Forestry Commi.ssions under State and Federal control. In .some instances the nuitter is under the care of state geologists and state experiment stations. Tlio study of forest Wrvs and their prevention is also the subject of earnest study in several states, notably in New .Jersey, where a complete system of tii'e protection is under coysideration. 'i'lie consensus of opinion at the meetings seemed to be that we nmst copy the forestry laws of Germany, and establish regular paid forest tire departments and patrol. All the papers of this association, while almost wholly technical, seemed to bo worthy of the most earnest public attenti tlm ^orw..Klan section, was a/..' * hois or j^npl..,- ,nor/,rum,h. in this w,iy from pin., wood, and worked into cardl,.mnl and various niould.-d p/mHlin-s \-o It ha8 1.0..,, toun. 1 moreover, that in this w,ty th.. whol,. „f a pi,,., t,,... tru„k--lMa„;.l,..s, ne..dl..s, an.l all-can \h> conv..rt..d into ,,„,.er without waste. Saphn^s. which it would not p,iy to cut for h.-.-w..,,.], a,-e now pn.titahly w..rked up in this wav int., pastelK.anl. My th.. che,n,cal p,.oces,s..s tor nianufa.-t.nin^ woo.| pul,., a «.k'k1 clasi of pulp is na ioZVnZiZ (hscrmiination in favour of the manufactures of this country by the Canadian Go 4rn- ntri dutieT^iS^^d"' 7 *V"' ^O'' an export duty higher than the United St:s h Ko "Jf' "" ^,7"?'^" l""''"'"' f »J pulp, »s our lumbermen have always insisted thf l^; ld?;l/r* 7' '"'^ ;\''"V'r "^ t'^' '" ^'■^'''' *^« ^aw.milling industry he United States, so long as they had timber, and the Canadians think? now that the Michigan nnllmen must depend on Canadian timber for the future tin tit is but ust their own agreement should apply to protect the Canadian milhng' ^^Si str bu mindZI tlTl]^T '"/°™"'' P?P'f belieye, irrespective of protective or free trade piin pies, that the time has arrived when the conditions of our forests, especially those th i rffl 'P',"''"^''^P'""^^^' '•^''"'■''-^ "'"^* ^■^^'•^^"1 consideration to LytoL end as hUe n^lf T'r^ ^ °^'? ''"' ""r",'^ ••eMui.'ementsof such indispensable material ;.: "*: r\,^"^ spmce lumber ami pulp. Even now the aspect is' by no n,eans re- hrlnr.?; T ''''■i''"^*™^. ^he extra census bulletin of 18y0, relating to the savv-millin- industry o our great white pine producing states-Michigan, Wisconsin and Mime o"a -an insight into their condition at that time, when it would'appear th^t outsfde o thlt 124 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ownerl by tlie Fedei-aland State governments, the quantity of white pine barely reachod 50,000,000,000 feet, while the amount cut during the census year reached the enoriiums total of 10,070,000,000 feet, or over one-fifth as much, the remarks made on this point being : " The manufacturers' holdings of such timber are only sufficient to supply theiii for ai)out tlve years at the present rate of cutting. Th" (juantity in reserve is believi i| to be principally that standing on lands owned by the Federal and State governments. Since then, the three years' cutting of pine in Michigan has about gleaned the lower peninsula of this timber held by the millmon. The largest amount now held liy any one party is that of Mr. David Ward, of Detroit, which he is withholding from the market at present. And, while the Saginaw River is largely dependent on Canadi.in logs to stock its mills, the xMuskegon, the next largest producing river, is styled in a recent issue of the Cliicmjo Tlniherxtnn "A Worn-out Stream" — a sad picture to those who remember what the Muskegon River was in its earlier days; and Muskegon itself has dropped from one of the greatest lumber producing centres of the world to a posi- tion of unimportance. From over 750,000,000 feet of annual production only a few- years ago, it has fallen to about 100,000,000 feet at the present time, of poor averii-e quality— the mere clearings up of the great hauling operations of the past. And the same may be said of the great tributary of the Saginaw, the Tittabauassee, which, in 188l', turned out over ()00,OlJO,000 feet of logs. In fact, the lower peninsula of Michigan, which up to last j'ear gave the largest production of sawn pine lumber of any State of the Union, may be said to be now out of the field for the future as a pine lumber producer. There then remains, outside of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but tlie limited tracts of white pine still uncut in the Alleghany mountains south of Pennsyl- vania, which, like her sister states of New York and the New England States, has now- parted with the white pine of commercial importance, while AVisconsin and Minnesota are fast using up the limited quantity left here. So that, in so far as regards white pine, it would appear that the case is even now past repair. And whatever may be said about the white pine will apply with fully as great force to spruce, for this being a peculiarly northern wood, we must, whether we like it or not, depend on Canada for supplies of this timber, both for lumber and pulp. An examina- tion of the reports of Piofessor Sargent, respecting the amount of spruce remaining' uncut in ISSO, showing at that time barely a supply for ten years in the New England States, which would have been pretty well harvested by this time if the same quality and amount had been cut continuously since his report was made, and the ahunst mathematical accuracy of his estimate of the white pine of Michigan, when carefully considered, should cause us to regard his other estimates with confidence. His estimates of the white pine of Michigan were to include only trees of twelve inches in diameter, twenty feet from the ground, whereas, most of the timber cut for the past half dozen years has been from trees that were not to be taken into consideration, and which should have been allowed to grow to supply timber for the future, and not leave the state, as now, wholly gleaned of pine timber. Pine and spruce lumber and pulp should be admitted free. THE CUTTING OF TIMBER FOR PULPW^OOD. (Report of Commission on Forest Reservation.) The conditions which obtain in the area covered by the Adirondack Park of the state of New York, in so far as the forest itself is concerned, are analogous to those in the wooded parts of Ontario, and the following extracts from the report of the New York Forest Commission for 1891, relating to the wood pulp industry, the tendency to a natural regeneration of the forest under favourable circumstances, &c., are interesting in view of what is going on in our own province : — " Tl)e manufacture of paper from wood is a comparatively new industry in this country. Its rapid development and the consequent increase in the consumption of valuable forest products demands the attention of everyone interested in American FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 125 forestry. The introduction of wood pulp was regarded with satisfaction by students of the forestry question because they saw in its use a market for certain snmll-sized tiii.ber.the sale of wh.ch is necessary to an economic forestry management. The suc- cessful pecuniary results obtained in the management of European forests are due, argely, to he fact that there is a market for everything that is left after cuttinc. the large-si.ed timber ; and so the advent of the wood pulp industry encouraged our forestry proph3 to believe that operations in interlucation could now bo carried on as the sale of tlie thinnings would cover the expense. " But the consumption of timber by the pulp mills has increased so rapidly as to endanger instead of promote the welfare of our forests. In the last eight years the amount of timber used for this purpose has increased 500 per cent. In the year just passed, 1891, the timber cut for wood pulp in the great forest of Northern New York was equal to one-third the amount cut by the lumbermen. ' 1 f II ^V'/lf ^^Tu ^"^'■!^'^^*^^ consumption of this forest product that is so noticeable, but the tact that the entire amount consumed is taken from young trees. Only a .smal amount of pulp timber can be gathered from the limbs and tops left by lumberin.^ opera ions. Spruce and balsam furnish the main supply, and owing to their excurrent growth, only the tree trunks of these varieties are available " The pulp mills on the eastern side of the great forest use timber whose diameter runs from fourteen down to six inches. On the west side, the mills on the Black River use vyood with a diameter as _ low as three inches. It will thus be seen that the info- duct.on of wood pulp, while it might be a valuable factor in economic forestry under proper management and restrictions, now indicates a speedy extinction of the «,nif..rs. nnrl «n^,I f" ■^l""]^'' ^^T ^",''''"' ""'^ P"?''"' *° '^" ^^t'^'^^' °^ twenty-five per cent, and sp.uce for the ba ance ; but the proportion of poplar used is growing less each year The mills on the Black River use spruce, balsam, poplar, and some smalfsecond gr.nvth puie. Hemlock is used to some extent, when mixed with other kinds of wood. In making chemical fibre, however, the sulphite mills can use one-third hemlock. Tama- rack IS also used in small quantities, but it is a dark-coloured wood, and makes a dark although strong paper. No cedar is used, nor any hardwood. On the Hudson the pulp timber i. out in the same length as logs, and is floated down the streams with the log drives It IS cut thirteen feet long, and is sent to the mill with the bark on. The most of the pulp timber for the Black River mills comes from St. Lawrence and Lewis r,'! rf^'-lT '" 1 "n if" ^''"'', ^"f ^''"-'^''' measured, and sold by the cord, and 1 pped hen over the Carthage and Adirondack Railroad. A large pn,portion of the ulp timber cut in Lewis and St. Lawrence counties is peeled before it is taken from tlie forest, thereby obviating the use of barking machines at the mills. This supply of peeled timber is cut during the bark season, which lasts from 20th xAIay to 15th Au-ust betore or after which time the bark will not peel. '■"ousu, "In estimates of a general character, one cord of timber is said to make one ton tZr ? ?'.n7 ""^'^^^ t"\*''' f''*"'"'^ '■"'^"'*^ ^"^''^^^t^ th'it '^ cord of wood will p oduce only 1,800 pounds. In the chemical process, two cords of wood are consumed making a ton of dry pulp, or chemical fibre, as it is called. "Wood pulp, or cellulose, when first manufactured in this country, was u.sed for paper only, and to a comparatively small extent. But the industry has developed with surprising rapidity, and now almost the entire bulk of newspaper stock is made from wood. Other uses for it have been discovered, and these new adaptations are multiply- ing each year. Under the name of indurated fibre, it is used to a large extent in makmg tubs, pails, barrels, kitchen ware, coffins, carriage bodies, furniture and building m. erial. In this state there are pulp mills at Oswego and Lockport which manufacture vanous wares of indurated fibre, but these mills do not obtain their timber supply from the Adirondack forest. Wood pulp is also used to some extent in the manufacture of gunpowder. ^„„„'7™^- ?• ^;J?,T^' «* the Forestry Bureau, at Washington, says in his last annual report :-' W hile the use ot timber has been superseded in ship building, the latest torpedo ram of the Austrian navy received a protective armour of cellulose, and our ONvn new vessels are to be similarly provided. While this armour is to render the effect ■M 126 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. of shots less disastrous by Stopping up leaks, on the other hand, bullets for rifle use aro n;ade from paper pulp. Of food products, sugar (glucose) and alcohol can be derived from it, and materials resembling leather, cloth, and silk have been successfully manu- factured from it. An entire hotel has been lately built in Hamburg, Germany, ni material of which pulp forms the basis, and it also forms the basis of a superior Hiiil' mortar, fire and water proof for covering and finishing walls. "The state of New York leads all other states in the manufacture of wood pulp, having seventy-five mills engaged in the industry, out of the 237 mills in tlic United States. Wisconsin comes next, with twenty-six mills; then comes Maine, with twenty-four ; and then New Hampshire and Vei'raont with eighteen each. Canada h.iv also a very large production of wood pulp from its thirty-three mills, besides supplyin;,' large quantities of timber to mills situated in the United .States. "Of the seventy-five mills in the state of New York, sixty-four mills draw their entire supply from the s^/eat forest of Northern New York, or what is known as the Adirondack woods." THE FINANCE MINISTER ON SAW-LOGS AND PULPWOOD. From " The Canadian Trade Revieiv." Since our last week's article on wood pulp, in which we made a strong protest against semlin;; ouv raw materials to the States, the Finance Minister has declared that thetjuestion wil require the gravest consideration of Parliament next session. The dutv of Canada is to make hay wliile the sun shines. The Americans must have our logs i/r close their mills, or l)i'y I'ur manufactured lumber and our pulpwood or close their papi r mills in New York and JSTev/ England. If we put an export duty on them they will still largi;ly go to the States, but we shall have a revenue out of them. The true, sensiljje cou:'?'i is to keep Uie logs at home, and let Americans buy the manufactured article, which th,.'y would be compelled to do, as their native supplies ai-e fast disappearing. SIR CH.\S. rUPPER, BART., ON WOOD PULP IN UNITED KINGDOM. {Circular, Department of Trade and Commerce, July 6th, 1893.) Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, July 6fch, 1893. I am directed by the Honourable the Minister of Trade and Commerce to call vour attention to information that has reached this department through the High Comiuis- bioner in London, having reference to the demand for, and importation of wood pulp into Great Britain, which would seem to indicate that with the resources at the com- mand of Canadian manufacturers of the article an extensive trade could be worked up with the consumers in that country. The information may be summarized as follows : — Most of the pulp imported into Great Britain is from Germany and Scandinavia. The best sulphite pulps are made in Germany, though large quantities are also made in Scandinavia and Austria, those from the latter country being very "ood. The products of the best known works in Germany bring high prices, samples from some of them are marked as being worth in Liverpool £11 5s., £12 5s., £12 lOs., £12 15s., £13 5s., £13 10s., and £16, less 2| per cent per ton. Samples of sulphite pulp from Norway r.re marked £12, £12 5s., £12 10s., and £13 5s.; of Scandinavian pulp, £12 5s., £12 10s., £13 5s. ; of Austrian, £12 IDs., and £13. 10s. These samples can be seen at this ofticeby any one interested in the trade. In Norway and Sweden different kinds of wood pulps are made, viz. : soda puip and mechanical pulp, these latter being quoted on the 14th June, 1893, at about 40s, to GOs. per ton. The different qualities of wood pulp are legion, and it seems there is not much difficulty in finding a market for all that is made. FOIiEST WEALTH OF CAXADA. 127 KINGDOM. 2 lOs., £12 It IS stated tlmt the consumption of wood pulj. in (in-nt Britain is at present ononnous and is increasing rapidly, n>oro having Len imported d Li? yea han ever betore. 'li>e use of ra«s has fallen oft; partly owi ,, to the vstrictfons tha States i;u,e <,uantiUes bein« ^.ip^ t.t^ fr^ ^.^^^^^^ fi^h^^' t.^^lJne ;oT.r Wtmlndr ^^^°" '^'' '^ ^"-^-' ''^ ^--% manufactured';-: ^ot :;a1 UthAE"^'"^ are quotations from the High Commissiener's letter bearing date June W. G. Pahmelke, V 4. i. n a- r-,, , r^ ^ep'ify Minuter. Extract from Sir Charles Tupper's letter :— I have been making some in.juiry as to the demand for wood pulp of various I have obtained some samples of German wood pulp, which I send you and I also " The best sulphite pulps are undoubtedly made in Germany. Lar^^e quantities are also made m Scandinavia and Austria, U,o,se from the latter JountJXX J o very good. In Norway and Sweden different kinds of wood pulps are tu ned o^ ' ; 1 IZl pulp and mechanical pulp, the latter being worth froni 40s. to 60s per ton ami 't is used in very common news and printings. We do not use the oualitie l^e "im les we sent you represent about the best qualities of sulphite pulps h. an unbleaX 1 e A\e use a large portion withou. being bleached in our work here and whe e t fs necessary to have b eached pulps, we find it very much more economical to bleach t ourselves than pay high prices for it in a bleached state economical to bleach it "The consumption of wood pulp in this country at present is enormous and is " Olh ; "'T"fr 'T''' T' *'^^ «-P'oy.uent of rag's is in conseque rJallL.^off 'Other materials have been affected by the use of wood nnUw c„ i ^"'""o ou. not to anything like the same extent as rag^'lg:" ^'i X' ZS' ^ ZT^!:^' ^ chased in this country and America durin| the past twelve months t .,1.; F owing to the restrictions imposed by the ilpreseStaSivrgoyer Z n ip^ 1 1^ mptu tion of rags from cholera-infected countries, and these restrictions vpt ,.«., • /™P°"'* and may continue to be enforced for an indefinL peHod ^ ^ '" *°'''' •; Ihe different qualities and brands of wood pulps are legion. We have not much experience here of the commoner kinds, but from what we umlprst.,n,f Til ! be not much difficulty in finding a market for a^ tS is macr^''*'"'^' '^'"'^ ''''''' *° In regard to Canada finding a ready market for their goods in England I am not in a position to know much about this question, but I have an onhii^n nwl.i .f and it is this: I feel confident that in\he nelu- future CanirZLLo': TtS formidable rival to Europe in the manufacture of wood pulps To mv m.TlM ^ nothing to prevent this being brought about. Canada po'ssSes the hrit e ntia in a!-' unlimited degree. After this, there is no reason why^hey should not aft" a ^'"-^ compete with their surplus production against Europe^on thiir own ground " Ihe United States already manufacture a large quantity but not nearly so much as ot:[c3ry. ^' P""'^* *'"^ ''' "^"^ -^^"^"^ --P^-^^^-s against Eur'^tTve^ in tliei; is not much JOHN DYKE, AGENT AT LIVERPOOL, ON CANADIAN WOOD PULP. (From Department of Trade and Commerce Report, 1893.) In previous reports I have alluded to the trade which might be done in wood puln The imports continue to increase, the figures being 156,609 tons in 189 1! 190,946 tons 128 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICVl,TURE. in 1892 and 215,o84 tons in 1893, the value of the latter quantity being given as £1,180,310. I am glad to state tliat the Canadian makers of wood pulp have made a good start during the past season in couniiencing this trade, and I have used every means in my power to assist tliem, and I hope in my next report to be able to say that they have acquired a considerable portion of the large sum of money which is annually paid to foreign countries for this commodity. WOOD PULP IN NORWAY AND SWEDEN. (From Department of Trade and Commerce Report, 1893.) There was reported a rise in 1892 on the average price of wood pulp to the extent of from 4s. 5d. to 8s. lid. per ton for dry pulp, the average price having been £3 18s. lid. per ton, f.o.b. More chemical and mechanical pulp was sold to Great Britain dur- ing this year than during the year previous. The number of pulp mills reported as working was 53. For dry sulphite the price per ton quoted has been, [first quality a little over £10, and about from £9 15s. to £10 for second quality. Dry unmixed sul- phate pulps are quoted at from £9 14s. to £10 for first quality, and £9 3s. to £9 9s. for second quality. It is stated that there were 1 1 mills producing sulphite, and 4 pro- ducing sulphate pulp. Including Swedish goods the quantity of cellulose was about 20,000 tons of dry, and 8,500 of wet. NEW BRUNSWICK CROWN LAND COMMISSIONERS ON PULPWOOD. {From New Brunsivick (Jro^on Land Report, 1892.) " We are fimdy of opinion that the present value of the timber upon the Crown lands is considerably in excess of the rate or price for stumpage now obtained there- for, and if it were husbanded, a rate of stumpage very much larger — perhaps double the present rate — would be realized within a few years. We base this opinion, first, upon the rapidly decreasing spruce areas of New York and the New England States, which with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and part of Quebec, are the only sections of Nortli America in which this wood grows to any large extent ; second, the immense growth of the wood pulp business, which now absorbs one-third of the spruce logs pro- cured in New York and the New England States, which last year amounted to 1,250,- 000,000 superficial feet, a portion of the supply for which must soon be sought in this province ; third, the probability of New Brunswick lumber being, in the near future, admitted into the United States free of duty ; fourth, the sure advance of values that must come with increased consumption, coupled with the diminished production in New York and New England on account of the scarcity of timber. " In this connection we cannot too strongly impress upon Your Honour the neces- sity of a strict enforcement of the law against the 3utting of undersized trees for pulp- wood, as well as for piling. The manufacturers of pulp inform us that they prefer the larger logs for their raw material, and it is, therefore, both short-sighted and wasteful to cut immature trees for that purpose. It has also come to our knowledge that government scalers take account of spruce under legal size, and fail to direct operator's attention to their violation of the law. To correct this abuse we advise that in all such cases double stumpage be charged."* PULP AND PULP MAKING. By J, H. Lepebvbe. (From Montreal Gazette, 10th November, 1894.) Mr, J. H. Lefebvre, C.E., yesterday afternoon read before the Chambre de Com- merce, an interesting paper on the pulp industry, a subject of great and growing * The recommendation of the commission had its effect. By the new form of license issued in 1S93 no spruce (or pine) tree may be cut, "even f'-r pilimj," under a length of 18 feet with ten inches diameter at small end, under penalty of double stumpage and forfeiture of license. importancf ])ulp makii material u> paper-niaki the denian( the creatio soon paper their goods Manufaetu which they cluunist ]\I nianufactui wood papei of the case. Mr. Lefebv printing pa pulp enters sixty or se\ 1860 at 15 cheap jourr ^ir. L( suitable wo The di black sprue valuable, or colour. Th same propei colour of til a good pulp wood is too low rate of value, and, in the busir Considi twenty-five of from 2,5C steam woulc manufacturo Clu'iip labou large numbe All the in Canada, I trees contair in tiiis line ( sought after us to the ext wood for pi importations The figures i stated, in 18 for 1894 are that year e; and quality, situated thar operating six England be Norway and 824.80 a ton, 8a— 8 / FOREST WEALTH OF C AX A DA. 129 importance to the country. Mr. Lofebvre hegnn l.y referring to the e.stabli.shment of pulp milking in Scanchnavia, to wliich most European countries now lo.A- for the raw material used in their paper mills. Mr. Lefehvre traced the leNolution in the art of paper-making on the continent to the time of the civil war in the United States, where the demand for news of the great conflict led not only to an enlargement of old hut to the creation of new papers. Other publications also increased in size and number and soon paper manufacturers found it impossible to meet the ever increasing demand for their goods. Hags, cotton waste and straw were neither sufficient iior cheap enoucrh Manufacturers f.r.st tried to utilize vegetable fib iS and grasses, especially espa. tern' which they treated by the soda process. This proces.s, perfected in (ierniany bv the chemist :\[itscherlich, was hnally adapted to wood, causing a radical change in the manufacture of paper, the cost of which was also considerably reduced In a word wood paper was invented. But it was still too costly in production to meet the needs ot the case. 1< urther research led to the discovery of ground or mechanical pulp, which Mr. Lefehvre characterized as one of the greatest discoveries of the age. Xearlv all the printing paper and a largo part of the writing paper is made of wood pulp Chemical pulp enters to the extent of thirty to forty per cent, ami ground or mechanical pulp to iKrh °r f 'rYpP'" f"^ "" ^'!° composition of paper. Newspaper, which was sold in 1800 at 15 to 16 cents a pound, now sells for three cents. By these discoveries, the cheap journal and the cheap book were made possible. Mr. Lefehvre said three things were necessary to the success of the pulp industry suitable wood, extensive water power and cheap labour. The different kinds of wood suitable for the manufacture of pulp are white and t)lack spruce, Canada balsam, poplar, aspen and pine. Spruce and balsam are the most valuable, on account of the special .[uality of their fibre, and also on account of their colour. These comparatively soft woods are easily ground. Poplar and aspen have the saine property, but they are faulty on account of knots and black veins, which spoil the colour of the paper. Pino is used only in the manufacture of chemical puli). It "ivea a good pulp but the process required to bleach it is rather expensive. Moreover^this wood IS too high priced to be used profitably in the manufacture of paper. With the low rate of the present market for paper, pulp manufacturers re.iuire wood of small value, and, hence, spruce and balsam are the most profitable, and, in fact, indispensable in the business. ' Considerable water powers are also required. To run a mill capable of producine tweuty-hve to thirty tons of ground pulp per twenty-four hours, takes a moflv,^ power of from 2,500 to 3,000 horse power. The generation of such motive power by means of steam would be a costly matter, and in practice, it is acknowledged that pulp can be manutacturedprofitablyintho.se places only where power can be .supplied by water Llieap labour is also an essential condition of success in this industry, which employs a lai'ge number of hands in comparison with the value of the output. All the elements indispensable tc -:.e success of pulp manufacture are to be found in Canada, besides particular additional advantages. Our immense forests of coniferous trees contain a practically inexhaustible supply of the different kinds of wood required m tins line ot manufacture. They are, noreover, of n, superior quality ami very much sought after by manufacturers of the United States, who, in the year 1893 bou'dit from us to the extent of 6454,253. The best proof of the excellent quality of the Canadian wood for pulp manufacturing purposes lies in the yearly increase of the American importations. Exportation to the United States was inaugurated some four years ago Ihe figures for 1890 are 857,197,8170,630 in 1891,8183,312 in 1892, and, as above stated in 1803, they reached the sum of 8454,253. The tables of Trade and Navigation tor 1894 are not yet published, but it is an acknowledged fact that the exportation of that year extended considerably beyond that of 1893. With regard to quartity and quality, Canada therefore ranks before our neighbour, and is equally, if not better situated than Norway and Sweden, who, up to this time, had monopolized this industry operating sixty-nine mills throughout the united countries. If the price obtained in England be taken as a criterion, Canadian wood produces better pulp than' that of Jorway and Sweden, for in 1893 Canadian pulp was sold in England at an average of 9^4.80 a ton, as against $20.77 for the Scandinavian product. 8a— 9 ISO DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTUHE. Mr. Lefobvre then detailed the ndvantages possessed by Quebec in the way of water power, wo(>d and labour, and then went on to show that tliough the United States duty practically closed the market to our pul[) manufacturers, Canada had frti; access to the markets of England, France ,'>.nd iiolgium. Great Britain imported 215,920 tons of wood pulp in 1893, and France 100,049 tons, forming a total nf 321,909 tons for those two countries. Belgium, Spain, Italy and other European countries imported at least 200,000 tons, so that the total import exceeds 500,000 tons yearly. And it increases constantly. The importations in England wore 121,5,'M tons m 1888, 150,009 tons in 1890, 190,940 tons in 1892, 215,920 tons in 1893, or an increase t)f 77 per cent over the inij)ortation of 1888. This increase may continue for a long time before any glut in the English market can occur. Thus in 1893, outside (jf the 215,920 tons of pulp already mentioned, England imported 20,750 tons of linen and cotton'rags, 185,450 tons of esparto and 30,358 tons of other materials and pulp of rags, or in ail 23(),558 tons, And yet this proved to be an inadequate supply, for the Blue Books show that during the same year (1893) there were imported in that country 140,044 tons of paper and pasteboard. The quantity of pulp necessary for this nuuiii- facture would have required eighteen mills, running with a motive power of from 2,500 to 3,000 horse power each, and to produce the quantity of pulp represented by tlic 230,558 tons of raw material imported to complete the supply of the paper mills of Great Britain it would require thirty other pulp manufactures ol the same capacity. There are at the present moment only two establishments of the kind n the Dominion of Canada which manufacture for exportation to England, one in thj province of Quebec, operated by Americans, and another in Nova Scotia. Thtr;^ is, therefore, room for scores of others without danger of glutting the English market. And then there would still remain the markets of the other European countries which can take yearly over 200,000 tons. Taking as a basis of calculation the figures given by the official returns of trade, pulp exported from Canada Kold in England in 1893 at an average price of $24.80 per ton. For the 15th September last, the World's Paper Trade Review quoted £5 to £5 10s., according to quality, or from §24.30 to $20.90 per ton. In those parts of the province of Quebec in close connection with seaports, it is possible to manufacture mechanical pulp or ground pulp and deliver it in England for $15 to $10 per ton, leaving a margin of from $8 to $10 to pay interest on capital invested and management expenses. A 2,500 horse power mill can easily turn out 25 tons of pulp per 24 hours, and therefore give a benefit of from $200 to $250 per day. Are there in the manufacturing industry other lines capable of showing similar results 1 Mr. Lefebvre dwelt at length on the advantages to colonization, commercial and transportation interests of the development of pulp making and exportation. He dwelt on the position of the United States towards Canada. The United States took large quantities of spruce logs or raw material, but in the last three years sold us paper and paper articles as follows : $648,043 in 1891, $714,474 in 1892, $730,433 in 1893. During the same period they purchased from us in pulp-wood, as shown by the figures already mentioned, to the extent of: $170,636 in 1891, $183,312 in 1892, $454,253 in 1893. The conclusion to be drawn from these figures is obvious. The Americans pur- chased their wood from us, manufacturing therefrom the paper, which is afterwards sold to us, they retaining all the benefits, profits and advantages adhering to such manufacture. The anomaly, said Mr. Lefebvre, is striking. To remedy it, he advocates the re- imposition of the differential rate of dues levied on spruce logs. Concluding, Mr. Lefebvre said : The province of Quebec with its magnificent forest trees, cheap timber, its unlimited water powers, cheap labour, numerous seaports and low rates of ocean freights, offers exceptional advantages in the manufacture of pulp for export purposes to Europe, and can advantageously compete with Scandinavia on the markets of the old countries. This is one of the soundest and most remunerative industries, worthy of the most favourable consideration of capitalists. FOIiKST . EALTH OF CANADA. 131 BY-PRODUCTS OF THE WOODS. (From Xew York Evening Post.) A fact generally overlooked by -vhose interested in the preservation of our forosts and woodlands IS that many of then.inor products of our trees er,ual in value tint of the umber and tunl,or and that in the a;r.,.egate they make as g-eat a denmnd upon the forests as he recogm.ed needs of the hnnber merchant. Until oomparaSy Scent y many of these by-products were not utilised, but were allowed to go to waste attertle timber and umlw were secured. The real wealth of the woods is just b.-dnn " to e realised and as the country becomes more thickly settled and tiniber n^] e alu b e money ' "'" ''' ^ ''' *'''''™ ""' "o^^"-ti"='«l '^t '^'i will be c'm verted into No country has been so prodigal as the United States in the use of wood for fuel and this has probably been the heaviest drain upon the woods in the past. In Em'o, "an countries the hrewood consists chiefly of inferior material, such as brush and sniuH fa ots but here we often use the best In nearly nine-tenths of the rural districts tie fa mint classes use wood a most entirely for fuel, taking only the largest limbs, and verJ of en e So' ^l ''f ;, ^-'t 1 •'"''" ^""''' ""* ^'^ t"le''ated for an inUant in mos o tl.e old countries, and the inhabitants would look upon it almost in the same li^dit as a jNew ^ork farnier would if his neighbour .should use good hay and straw for "cokb,^ his breakfast Even some of our factories, steamboats and railroads use valuable wo d as fuel, which greatly increases the consumption. While this wasteful use o woo s going on in sections of the country, considerable quantities of firewood are beTn " m- l^0nnn^™T T^' '^"\*° r""'^^ ^'^^'^^^ ^^°"'^ ^ y^^'- We also im,x,rt''otTr 800,000 worth of wood ashes for general use, after wastefully burning our firewood and throwing the ashes way with other garbage. uiewooa ana Another great drain upon our forests is the manufacture of the so-called "naval stores,' which include a 1 of the resinous product^ of the coniferous trees. The southern States furnish most of these products, and they practically have a monopoly of t^ewhole business Small quantities o naval stores are produced in Russia, France. Auria outpufof S'unft'ed St' 1^ ' Tl' *''^ '", T^ ^-^8-^-"^ --P-ed with the annual output ot tiie United States. The.se naval stores are not in as much demand since the age of iron and stee' boatbuilding has been ushered in, and this may be looked uPon as fortunate, considering the rapid decrease in the supplies. But the turpentine nUch o.ower.s; pitch tar and oil of tar are all used more or less in the artrmeSes'and as insecticides The demand for these products will consequently be pretty weTsustoined even though our business of building wooden vessels becomes a lost art ^"^^'^'"^^ Ihe manufacture of tan bark is one of the most important industries connected with the utilization of the forest products, and vast quantities of tht are arually demanded. In addition to our own supply we import nearly $250,000 worth T the hape of hemlock from Canada. In the pitch regions of our countr; a new industry is spr mging up which promises to increase vastly in the future. It is the simple utinSon e1trnot!r™T^"' ^']^" ""^ -^^^ ^'''' '"^' ''"^ ^^"'"P^ ^™"> "^^^'^ ^» '^'^^^us matter has been extracted. These have in many cases in the past been allowed to decay where thev happened to fal This " lightwood " or fat pine as it is called, is cutL into smaj bundles and ret^ailed as firewood in most of our eastern cities. A machine^is Wented for shaving up the logs and stumps into appropriate lengths. The pieces are then tied up in small bur dies and sent to the cities '4 sh'ips. It fs said that'at le ra e of one trmbrrorftotht""^^ ^'^ ^^^^'"^^^^^ asmuchprofltasthe trees soldi;:: of on?nnr ""* ^P':»^e/o'-«^ts for making paper pulp, from which is manufactured most he Zn r?P^?K *° P^^^'ir''' '! ^«" ^nown, and represents an industry that will thesnv.lr^.^*^!ifTP'^.,''* '''°'^- ^^''^^y S"-^^* ^"••^'^ds have been made upon the spruce forests, so that without systematic cultivation of them the raw material for this caeap paper will soon give out. In Germany, where the wood pulp is also made in arge quantities, the forester's art is understood better than in this couiftry, andThe cul tivatumof^spruce forests is carried on so carefully that the supply is alwkys kept equal 188 DEPARTMENT OF AQRWULTUIiE. to the demand. Instead of destroying the spruce forests there, they simply thin them out, takihf,' only the large, matured trees, while the young saplings are allowed to remain for future use. Till! hardwoods yield many byproducts as well as the soft kinds, and especially in producing the charcoal for our iron furnaces. We also mak(^ quantities of cedar oil, wood alcohol, or pyroligneous acid, and oil of sassafras. In the manufacture of paints^ soaps, varnishes, medicines, perfumes and disinfectants, all of these products of tlit' hardwoods are in demand. The forests of hardwoods are more limited in extent in this country than the soft woods, but they meet with sufficient injury tothi'eaten them witii entire extinction. There are considerable quantities of wood used for the manufacture of hoops, barrels, tubs and pails, and only the hard species of trees are available for this work. A curious fact is that most of the poles used by hop-growers to support their vines are imported from Canada, or at least by those "growers living along the great lakes. Many poles are used for the vineyards, but these so far have been "athered on home territory. " There are several other minor by-products tiiat are used, but they represent no great value yet, although their future has n(jt been determined. In the aggregate all thessp by-products of the forests are of greater value than the lumber and timber annually cut. QUEER USES OF PAPER AND PULP. (From iVe/y York Sun.) Nothing of recent years has giveh a greater incentive to the exerci.se of the forester's art than the discovery of the method of making paper out of wood pulp. Wood pulp to-day supplies 20,000 weekly and daily periodicals with paper, and each year the number increases from 10 to 20 per cent, making the demand upon the spruce forests so great as to threaten their extinction unless intelligent efforts are made to pre- serve them. ^ In Germany, where the manufacture of wood pulp is even greater than in this country, 'the forester's art is exercised so that the forests steadily keep up the supply. It is to imitate this method of using, but not abusing, the natural spruce forests hero that paper makers are trying to buy up the large areas of woodland covered by these trees. In the arts and trades new uses are found for paper every year, so that the demanl increases as fast as the production. The records at the Patent Oflico in Washin"ton show an astonishing number of uses to which paper is put, and applications are nuide for patents for other queer inventions that never see the light of day. Cigar boxes are made of paper and flavoured with cedar oil to give the impression that they are manufactured of cedar. Medals are pressed out of paper and then coated with a preparation to make them resemble either silver or bronze. Similarly cornices, panels, and friezes are moulded out of the paper pulp, and both interior and exterior architectural effects are obtained at a relatively low cost by this method. The manufacture of car wheels out of paper is an old story. It is probably the good results obtained with them that suggested the idea of coating ironclad men-of-war with paper. Inventors are now working on the proljlem of finding a preparation either of compressed paper or of compressed ramie that will form a bullet-proof coatinc for war vessels. The car wheels and steampipes made of paper admit of being moulded and formed to suit any purpose, and it is suggested that by using paper for coating' armour plate the surface could be formed like fish scales with tiny overlapping plate.' The surface could be made rough or smooth, and besides giving more strength to the steel armour the paper coating would protect the metal from conosion. Another queer use to which paper promises to be put is in the manufacture of tele- graph poles. The paper poles are hollow, and are made from paper pulp, and then coated with silicate of potash to preserve them. Electric conduits in successful use are made out of paper pulp, and also .steam and water pipes of gre.at strength and durability. Pa,per roofing material is so common that it is unnecessary to mention it, and also paper pails, basins and pans. FOKKST WEALTH OF CAXAJjA. 133 UiKlertakers are usinj; dwap collins pressed m.t of papor pulp When n„lisl>Pr1 -mc .sta„u.l sucl. colKas an- aln.ost as l.ands„„,o as tl.osJ o"^^ woocl Th ■ "J 1, S «M.M1» ,v„te,-. ,.,„l are li«l,t,,- tl„.„ w„„,le„ .„■ meUil l™.,«. ^ I, ,, Vi , APPENDIX "N." MATCH-MAKING. ('/^/•ow Monfri'al Gazette— 21x1 November, IS'.).',.) There is no country as well equipped for this business on a lar-e scale as is Canada oS'^l/hrr-'^'^'^^r'"""^'^*^'' l.y the Diamond m1 Com^^^^^^^ o Ikron s^andin. nit °"'' T'^"''^ ''''' *^'^ "''''''' ^' '"^'"^ '^t^^^^ '^"^ owning iSe racks of business statement showed a capital of S9 000 000 ?n vU^r, T , '"■ ^,*^^ i'y plentiful, It is out of the cypre.ss that the Hydah Indians build their great wai' c unoes, many of which have an eight-foot Learn, are si.xly ieel iong and can stem tiie iieaviest setw of the ' Thuya excelsa. FOREST WEALTH OF CASADA. ^g^ .wa„.,.y an.1 .lelta Lds, hut no p U ' t .^ .,;; SiJ^'r^ '""'''^""^ ''' 'V^^- enco almost o,,ual to tl.o I)ou«Imh »ir l„.t .1. .?„ot I.ro i,.. , ''"'V'7 '' ^•'^""'tT nmkos iH-autiful lun.!,.... for .|,..,rs, .hvs.sinl ot am I a, Jk I'l' i'-'"''""; '' and fruit hoxes, us well as lru-r..|s Tf vJni l i *^ ■ ^^ tor makiii- s.i i -'.'"';' \^"^') '« c^orun,,,,,, and up tl.., coast is tV.und i,, lar.^. llZlluul 1 f timber but an.swerinK about tl.o .sa,,,. purposes as o d s «,■ w V '* " •' "''*"' unt t he lattor is ..vliausto,! \Vl,,f . . //.• """"'"'^ "-,"' ^*''' ""t <'""i*' into use ii.nite.i. Balsa,.. M^;^!:'" S.> ^ s ,^1;,'^ ' b^;:, "a:::"? r ^-r-'y/'^;;-'''- ^-"^ valleys, but is ...........Mciallv of but liUl iuf \V' f h ^ "'"' I"!'";'!"'"'^ '" nvr put, would take between one hundred an 1 tif , , Tj ^ i " "" average out- I Timber Regulations. not exS,."! tZSle" Xr" bj\t 7T f "'"' 'r'f "'-^^ '^ "''^^"-^ ^^ '^ P^'-^ the payment^o an annual rent f o fo fnT "''"^ *^' •"''r^^' "^l' •^°'^"^' ^^^J*^*^' *« E;:;l t" «—'" -.-'"^^ 10 „;r . -'^sl; v^,;^r^S uru ob- -.i.rr/r:r„r^:,f;-tXrnio^^ 136 DEPARTMENT OF AQRWULTURE. cut timber on crown lands except for farming and mining purposes. Only one license at one time is obtainable, and is not transferable. A .special license for 1,000 acres for one year may be obtained by application in the Official Gazette, and the payment of §50 to the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Lumber Fleet, 1892. In all forty-six vessels, loaded principally in Burrard Inlet, the aggregate cargo being 40,420,091 feet for export, or an average cargo of 878,697 feet per vessel. Thu value of the year's export, as above, was §411,351, or an average of §8,943 pi>r vessel. The gross tonnage of lumber ships was 50,306 tons, or an a\'erage tonnage of 1,311 tons each. In addition to the regular export by vessels and the local consumption, British Columbia lumber and manufactures thereijf are finding a market in Eastern Canada for shingles, house and office finishings, car sills, spars and timbers for heavy construction work, and will ultimately find a market in many other parts of the world. Another industry gi'owing out of the forests of this country has already been treated upon, and that is paper-making. The woods for utilization in this way are Douglas fir, spruce, poplai', birch and tamarack, of which there is a plentiful supply. APPENDIX "P." FOREST RESERVES IN THE UNITED STATES. (By Robert Undertvood Johnson, in Revien> of Reviews, Dec, 1894.) It is related of General Sherman that when he was asked if he would like to be President he replied in the negative and gave as his reason that the presidency was not really a position of power. Many would differ with that opinion. What President Cleveland has just done, for instance, towards rescuing the country fi-om the spoils system is an exercise of power of the most far-reaching and beneficent sort. The Gen- eral himself lived to see Congress confer upon the executive in tlie McKinley bill, so novel and considerable a power in tiie direction of control over international counnerce as to awaken grave concern on other than partisan grounds and to lead to its repeal. A few days after Sherman's death, viz., on March 3rd, 1891— a substantial extension of the President's prerogative was made in the following provision : — " That the President of the United States may, from time to time, set apart and reserve in any state or territory having public land bearing forests, in any part of the public lands, wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of com- mercial value or not, as public reservations; and the President shall, by public procla- mation, declare the establishment of such reservation and the limits thereof." Under this Act — a happy thought of the present efficient assistant land commis- sioner, Hon. E. A. Bowers— the power of the President to be of service to his country is so great that many a not unambitious man would bo satisfied to possess it, with or without the Presidency. And as the action of the executive may at any time be re- viewed, and if desirable nullified by Congress, there is no danger herein of any peril to the public interests. On the contrary, the advantage to the public interests is enormous. President Harrison's exercise of his discretion under this law was intelligent and judicious. xVt the suggestion of secretary Noble, who was himself incited thereto by advocates of forest preservation, the President made a sei'ies of reserves, the value of which to the adjoining regions of lower altitude is simply incalculable. Passing over such as hiid chiefly tlie virtue of being reservations of great scenery from private encroachment, such as the in- comparable (i)-,and Caiion of the Colorado and the beautiful region including Mourit Rainier (Taconia and Seattle contending so hotly over the name of the new tract that it had to be called " Pacific Forest Reserve,") we come to those made chiefly for the con- FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. VSl servation of water supply— a series of five in Colorado and three in California Of these the greatest is the "Sierra Reserve," extendinjr for I'OO n.ilos northward, alon« the hi-di altitudes of the mountains to the southern boundary of the Yoseniite xVational Park This tract comprises over 4,000,000 acres and its imperial proportions are more evident when one realizes that it is nearly five times as large as Rhode Island, half as lar-e again as Connecticut, and two-thirds as large as New Jersev. And yet this territo.T including as It does magnificent forests of sequoias and the noble King's Riv.-r Canon which John Muir, the explorer, calls "the rival of Yosemitc," contains probal.lv n.jt a square mi 6 that ought not to be devoted to reservation purposes. Next to Miiir him- self, who knows the region by heart, and I think made the original suggestion of this reserve, there was no better authority on the subject than the late Senator Geor-^e Hearst I remember how emphatically he spoke to me in favour of such a reserve in 1890 in Washington. I had come to him to solicit his influence in favour of the plan of a Yosemite N atio/ial Park to surround, but not include the old grant of the valley ma.le to California in 18G4. Tins grant is bou.uled by a cofHn-sliaped line running one mile back from the run of the gorge, and thus does not include the magnificent scenery adjoin- ing and does not even give control over the headwaters of the great Yosemite falls Sitting about our camp fire on the upper Tuolumne, in June, 1889, Muir and I determined to revive a former scheme, which had fallen through, to make a lar-e reser- vation in this region, and it^was substantially Muir's plan that was formally adopted by Congress, on October 1st, 1890. The new park thus made is as large as the State of Rhode Island, mid twenty times as large as the State grant. When I mentioned the sub- ject to Senator H earst, he broke out ; " Reserve the Tuolumne ? Why, I'd favour reserv- ing the whole of the Sierra top from Shasta down. It includes very little agricultural land, the region has been pretty thoroughly prospected, and, of course, mining and other private nghts would not be interfered with." It may be imagined that in urging the Yosemite National Park scheme, I did not fail to make use of this pronounceraenf of the shrewd and far-sighted Californian. That public sentiment is rapidly coming up abreast of Senator Hearst's opinion, is proved by the favourable reception of the presidential proclamations establishing the reserves, which in all now comprise over 17,000,000 acres, in seventeen tracts, located in Arizona, California, Colorada, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and VVyoimng. This action was jiarticularly well received in California. It was to be expected that a few would cry out against the policy. Owners of sheep who desired to pasture their flocks upon the public domain, to the extraordinary injury of it ; hewers of Government timber, willing to fell a giant tree to obtain its seed for foreign sflle at .^8 a pound; fraudulent "settlers," who gave picnics to acquaintances for the purpose of taking up land which their guests were never again to see-thesefew barbarians were ot course indignant at the interference with their "vested rights," but disinterested people and the large population in the foothills who saw in the reservatioi: the perpetual source ot water supply for which every summer they had been calling upon Hercules, rejoiced with one voice at the salvation of the San Joa.,uin valley. Without irrigation that valley was merely a poor cattle pasture ; to-day the portions reclaimed by irrigation are among the most productive in the world. j o " »«.•« Nor has President Clevelaml been indifferent to the great advantage of this policy l)uring his administration but one large reserve has been made, yet it is in point of size the most considerable of all. It is situated in Oregon, on the i-idge of the Cascade range, and comprises some 4,500,000 acres, and will do for that State what the Sierra reserve has done for California. ,, . }\ '^ J'''"',*'y *°^^^ •^'^P^f' *'»'^* the President will see his way clear to establish a third in Northern California, which shall reach from Yosemite to Mt. Shasta and virtually connect the other two. Thus shall the great valleys of the Pacific slope be secure in a perpetuity of water supply and timber. The question naturally arises :— Why should not this policy be syatematicallv extended throughout the great west until the headwaters of every important riv«r withm national control is the seat of a forest reserve? As we have already seen, ttie President has the power, and thus far the voice of no intelligent person has been 138 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ^1 raised against the policy. Let us consider on what grounds of necessity such sweeping action may be urged. It is almost a superfluity of words to point to the well-recogni/ed perils involved in the destruction of forests. Humboldt said : " In felling trees growing on the sides and summits of mountains, men, under all climes, prepare for subsecjuent generations two calamities at once — a lack of fuel and a want of water." China, India, Cyprus, Syria, Nortii and .South Africa have been conspicuous sufferers from this folly. The decay of the political ascendency of Spain is attributed to the same cause, and the slopes of Andalusia, even now showing only a fuzzy growth of olives, are the scene of alternate Hoods and drought of great destructiveness. A similar story is told by the southern border lands of Austro-Hungarv, by large sections of Italy, and especially by the South of France, where, in the last thirty years, thirty-five millions of dollars have been spent to reforest hills which were devastated to pay for Napoleon's wars, though the work is but half completed. The fall in the depth of the rivers of Central Europe — from 17 to 55 inches in fifty years — bears witness to tlie fate in store for us unless there is a radical change for the better in our public policy. In our own country, the disappearance of the empire that once flourished in Arizona and New Mexico, and the annual overflow of the Mississippi, Ohio and Red rivers, are attributed to deforestation. That the peril is not overstated, may be seen in a volume which every American legislator ought to know by heart — George P. Marsh's treatise, " The Earth as Modified by Human Action." Forty years ago Mr. Marsh said : " A desolation like that which has over- whelmed many once beautiful and fertile regions of Europe, awaits an important part of the territory of the United States, unless prompt measures are taken to check the action of destructive causes already in operation." Let any one who has attempted to keep pace with the subject say how far this fails of true prophecy — the prophecy which Mr. Froude thought an essential test of science. Expert authorities have gone so far as to fix twenty-five years hence as the period of virtual exhaustion of the timber supply at the present rate of depletion. It is not merely the intemperance of the axe with which we must reckon. Eighteen centuries ago the r oet Horace warned his country- men against exposing forests to the havoc of sheep — a warning which has come down the ages almost unheeded. Last of all, in this country, in the trail of both lumbermen and shepherd, more destructive than the edge of the axe or the spade of the sheep's hoof, comes the confiagratioii. One did not need the object lesson of the recent forest fires in the North-west, to realize that the public domain is daily exposed to a similar danger. Ride along any railway in the North-west and you may read the story in a record of blackened stumps or overhanging smoke. Not a summer passes without news of raging fires upon Government lands. The only wonder is how they ever cease. And yet with all this constant ravaging of the forest, our easy-going people do not realize the critical situation of the great West. "Worst of all, the West itself does not realize it. Statutes are not often enacted by Congress until the need for them is formulated into something like a truism in the public mind. Therefore, it needs to be reiterated to tediousness that the mountain forest has a more vital service to render than even its important function of furnishing timber. It is a source of life and health to the regions below. Its relations to agriculture, commerce, climate and social life, are most intimate and fundamental. " It may be considered as e.stablished," says ]\Iarsh, " tliat forests tend to mitigate, at least, within their own precincts, extremes of temperature, humidity and drought." Speaking of the electrical influence of trees, he observes that hailstorms, which appear to be always accompanied by electrical disturbances, " are believed in all countries particularly exposed to that scourge, to have become more frequent and destructive in proportion as the forests have been cleared," and he cites that one joint stock insurance company in Northern Italy, during seven years (1854-61), paid 6,500,000 francs for damage by hail. The influence of trees as a protection against malaria and as shelter to ground to the leeward, is also considered wortii mention l)y Marsh, in whose judgment the climatic influence of their destruction has been of the largest importance, especially in Southern Europe. In one Higuillcant respect the cause of forest reservation has iiidirectly made progress in Congress — in the grant at the last session of 1 ,000,000 acres of arid land to each of a num- FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 139 ber of western states for irrigation and colonization. This act commits Congress logically to the conservation of the water supply, since otherwise one would be offering the thirsty but an empty cup In the light of such a pressing need, how ridiculous and yet how tragic was the action at the last session of certain repiesentutives from western states in obstruct- in SI ^., by par lamentary tactics, the moderate (even too moderate) measure of conservation known as the McRae Bill. This Hill, which is still on the calendar of the House of Kepre- sentatives, provides for the rest.'iction and regulation of the sale of timber on the forest preserves m such manner as to insure the object and perpetuity of the reservations, sale to the highest bidder being substituted for the present loose system of issuing timber per- mits and careful provision being made for the needs of the hoiu, fid" settler. Instead of hesitating for a moment over a measure so manifestly in the general interest of their con- stituents these representatives would better have united in petitioning the President to extend the reservation system in the states which they represent, and in obtaining much needed legislation to secure for the reserves, already made or to be made, the most ."tlicient am intelligent control, a system of control which shall produce an e.iual yield of lumber without destroying it* source. In the absence of such legislation these reserves will exist only in name. Ihe responsibility of Cong-ess, let it bo plainly said, is not longer to be concealed or evaded. » ^ o The McRae Rill admirable as it is, i^ '.kely to prove only a temporary expedient, the good features of which may hereafter be embodied in our permanent forest policv. What IS needed IS a broad, thorough and practical-because imaginative— measure, wh'ich shall legislate for posterity and once for all shall run with the best scientific opinion. I believe that this IS supplied by the scheme of Prof. Charles 8. Hargent, of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard L niversity, whose ce : eport on the subject of forests and whose " 8ilva of xNorth America have given hii. . : ....jue position as an expert. This is a comprehensive plan by which the control ot tlu ■ ■ ,3 is to be transferred to the War Department The army must defend them (does now theoretically defend them) against encroachment, as requisition is made by the Heeretaiy of the Interior. How much simpler that the military should have initial control. The evil of the dual system now is that the perman- ent interest of the reserves must always be sacrificed to the temporary exigencies of pub- lic order. A strike in Sacramento or a petty quarrel on an Indian re.servation would de- prive the \ osemite IS ational Park of the efficient military protection which it now enjoys. Ihe lellovvstone National Park is admirably managed by a military detail. These two parks furnish all the precedent for the plan that is needed. I believe the seventeen fo. est reservations are virtually without patrol. The chief reason for placing them also in the hands of the military is that only thus can we provide for their care and culture on scien- tihc principles. J or this West Point offers a well-established system and means of edu- cation. It IS not proposed that the military academy should be turned into a school of forestry, but that facilities .shouhl be provided for systematic instruction in the prim'iples ot the science, so that all graduates should know its elements, while certain others should be able intelligently to supervise the reservations incidental to their othei- duties, and to superintend practical work to be carried on by a body of men locally enlisted as a forest guard. "^ There is no alternative, except to let the forests remain the prey of destructive agencies, or else to establish a civil school with all its accompaniments of political mani- pulation, feurely the country is alrea,ly too tired of the .spoils system to wish more tue to go into that flame. The army is the only hope. Its traditions of thoroughness and integrity may be relied upon for a rigid control in the public interest. Attention would be chiefly needed in the summer, when it is customary to undertake expeditions and establish camps for the good of the troops. To know the elements of forestrv, what trees and that kind of trees to cut so as to yield an annual crop of timber without injur- ing the forest— this IS something to be taught and learned, and something as clearly within the province of the mihtary in time of peace as to build docks or biidges. What can be accomplished in the way of mere guard duty is to be seen in the Yosemite JNational Park, where an efficient troop of cavalry has put ji,n end to the depredations o siieep and lumbermen, so that in four years the tract has resumed its natural appearanc and conservative offices, while during the past summer, in defiance of law, 500,000 sliee 140 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTUltE. WmL'* were pastured on the adjoiniiis unprotected Sierra Reserve. And yet this might easily have been preventeil by a scpuul of soldiers, had such a detail been available. The delay of Congress in providing for the care of the reservations, however, does not relieve the President of responsibility for delay in creating others. Let the imagin- ation rest for a moment on the opportunity that Mr. Cleveland has. What a chance to serve the country and posterity. What unseen dangers njay be averted and what bless- ings conferred upon generations to come, ihe warnings of science are imperative. The authority of law is ample. By one stroke of the pen he can make a reservation, for instance, at the headwaters of the Missouri, which, without interfering with private rights, shall control for all time for the public the sources of that great" stream. The country would not fail to greet with favour a well-considered sch.eme for similar tracts in the entire west. Such action would be an honourable cliallenge to the patriotism and good sense of Congress, (lualities which are never found wanting in a crisis ; and the necessary legislation for the patrol and care of the reservations would be all the surer to follow by i-eason of the magnitude of the beneficent scheme. APPENDIX "Q." DOMINION PARKS AND FOREST RESERVES. In consequence of the discovery of the hot mineral springs near Banff station, an Order in Council was passed on November 25th, 1885, reserving a tract of land in that region. Subsequently, by Act of Parliament, in 1887 (chapter 32) the "Rocky Mountains Park," including this tract, was set apart as a permanent reserve for a public park, comprising 260 square miles, being 26 miles long and 10 wide. It includes a number of mountains with peaks extending to an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet. The Bow River flows diagonally through it, with an easterly course, nearly fifteen miles long, and is joined within the park by its tributaries, the Spray River, the Cascade River and sevend creeks. The Minnewanka or Devil's Lake, more than ten miles long, by an average width of half a mile, empties itself by the Devil's creek or Minnewanka River, into the Cascade River. There are also the Vermillion Lake and other smaller bodies of water connected with the Bow River. Near the northeast end of the park the Ghost River crosses it with an easterly course of about twelve miles, and its south branch is also \ artly within the reserve where it takes its rise. Thus the forests which cover a large portion of the area are well situated for preserving the flow of these im- portant headwaters. The preservation of these forests from fire is a remarkable feature in the history of this reservation. Mr. Geo. Stewart, D.L.S., the superintendent, in his yearly reports, repeatedly mentions the fact that forest fires outside the park have not spread within it, which he attributes to two reasons, the clearing away of dead trees, and the existence or fire breaks formed by the roads that have been opened to the dif- ferent points of interest. This is an indication of the means by which the danger of the destruction of our forests by fire may be minimized. There has also been con- siderable planting of forest trees. The hot springs, the beautiful scenery and the many objects of interest, attract great numbers of visitors, besides the many invalids seeking it as a sanitarium. In October, 1886, an Order in Council was passed, setting apart four additional mountain parks, or reservations, in the Rocky Mountains, as follows : — 1. A park at Mount Stephen, including the country surrounding the base of the mountain and adjacent picturesque jioints. 2. A reservation in the vicinity of the mountain known as Blount Sir Donald, taking in the loop of the railway and adjacent territory. 3. A sufficient area in the Eagle Pass to include Griffin and Three Valley Lakes, and adjoining points of interest. 4. The amphitheatre at the summit of the Selkirk Mountains. These reservations all contain extensive forests protecting the headwaters of important rivers. I FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 141 APPENDIX " R." SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTIOxN OF FOREST PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES. (By B. E. Firnow, U. S. Forestry Report for 1893.) Regarding the supply of forest materials, which may be drawn from the virm'n fore^s st,l in existence, we have no data. The difficulties of obtaining even thTcrude t appmnnations, except for certain species, as the white pine, the "onX. nine the wlewood, etc., are not only great in the lirst place, for many reasons" but a estOl further mcreased by the fact that the methods of using the supplies ZUe with thdr ^Z'%.:t,"T^''^% of transportation, and with 'other L'onon c ^fe ifme^^^^^^^ Thus the statistics of white pine and longleaf supplies, given by the^Tentli Census in 1880, were as approximately correct as could be exited adverse ^riticisms notwithstanding; but the lengthening out of the supplies esEcklV of the while pine, beyond the time when those figures foretold their m-ic^^lTlJh^r^- i oTr^prtt^'f e''T,' *r '-'''f'''' ^' ''- -'^^ tthrt:Kor rCn/?? to o< per cent-i. e., while during the census year in Wisconsin (VVausau) for instance theaorage log was, say, 200 feet per log or 18 inches in diameter in 1S3 it h,d dwindled down to 84 feet or n inches in diameter. While the cen^is statistic weti based on the then pract-'ce of taking nothing less then 10 inches iiSeter he lumbei ing IS now extended to logs as low as 5 or 6 inches in diameter "''"'"''"' *"" '""^b^^" No more striking statement of the decline in white pine supplies could be made than to cte the number of feet in logs which passed the nine lei in.^ 1' ;,, f£ o.jn. peninsula of Michigan in 1887, namely, o,?l7,104,985 ^^ !igat t 505; 34 6 6 f e J m 1893, a decrease of nearly SO per cent, chargeable no doubt in part to othei modes of ouSef^"' '-^ ----t'-'-s foreshadowing unmistakably the^racUcIl exhattion E.XTEN'T OP FOREST AREAS. While we can not then with any degree of even approximate accuracy speak of the amounts o standing and growing H.nber, we haxe somewhat better (althomTf.u from accurate) data of the forest areas, frcun which at least the capacity of woocf pro uctTon may be surmised. But here, too, absence of knowledge as to tL con it of of these areas n.akes a statement of the actual supplies possibl/on hand or gro'S^no ml.e .uer ^1?; fof t"he":^ "V "" '° '" '^^^^'^ ^'- timber areas which conta su^pS^s .: ri .• f T^ ^"'' "^'T''^ consumption, ln.t in the so-called second "rowth ve must distinguish the areas which promise new supplies of value and those brush lands which are not only not growing a new tiniber cro ,, but on the contrary prevenJhe growth of timber and will for generations to come bo mere waste lands ^ tV,« J appear astonishing to thofe who have not paid attention to the question of he settlement of this country to learn from the subjoined table that while of The tota country only 18 per cent is improved, the better developed eastern part (east of Co o rado) shows only 29 per cent improved, and even the long-settled Atla^tc coast wWch we are apt to consider fully occupied, still possesses G5 pe'r cent of u imp^ved land of hS\;::t ™f25'K""'"^J^^^^ P^'-^^"^^«« «^ wo'odLndt''the I ,'1 ' "f ,7 'l^''- ^^T '"'" '^ ^^ woodland enough to satisfy our needs for many decades if =tttcntion were but paid to its rational use and to the recuperation of thrS over areas ; but the condition of the wooded areas, which have been cuHed well 142 DEPARTMENT OF AORIGULTURE known to be so i)oor, as far as market supplies are concerned, that for generations to come they must beieft out of consideration.* Tiie following table, compiled from the most reliable sources of information attain- able and correcting any previous statements made by this division, is intended to five information as to approximate relation of improved land, forest and waste land : •Elsewhere in the same re|)ort Mr. Fernow says :— " In tlie \vell-nianaj?ed forestH of Prunsia (somo 35,000,000 acres), largely stocked on iirxir land the average total protluction of wood iwr acre for a long sr.ries of years has not teen more tiian 21 cuhicfeet but this inchides branch wood, brush and roots, which are not used in our country. Of this only 14 l>er cent, or hardly 3 cubic feet, represents material tit for tlie industrial uses; and we should add that in the United States firewood is also made from snch material. In the Government forests of Prussia (some 8 000 - 000), exemplary in their inanaKement, the production reaches nearly cubic feet. Tiie hiirhest wood pro- duction 111 (iennan forests is reported from Baden (over only 4,,330,000 acres of forest) with somewhat over no cubic feet of wood per acre jier year. Assuming also a larger pe cent of sizable timber, namely 20 per cent, we would here tiiifl the annual iiroduction (ler acre of such material as we are in the liabit of using at the rate of 10 cubic feet per acre. Comiietent writers on tlie subject, who believe that the Governuient reixjrts understated the annual growth, have calculated the same tn be as high as 55 cubic feet per acre (see reiwrt of Forestry Division, 18H6, j,. 1H4), of which they assume 27 iier cent to represent wood o\ er three inches in diameter; even tins larger figure would bring the product of sizable wood to less tliim 15 cubic feet per year. And I repeat what is well known, that in the United States we hardly use the -mailer sizes even for firewood. ' ' "To come now . more familiar measurements, we can figure out the possiliilities or probabilities in the following manner, leaning toward extravajjance rather tlian conservatism :— " Any luuiberman acijuainted with the various forest regions of the United States will admit that, leaving out the exceptional conditions on the Pacific coast, a cut of 20,fH)Ofeet b m. per acre from our virgin forest* would be an absurdly larger averag,- estimate ; this would represent, with excellent practice in the pre- paration of the material, say 2,000 cub'c feet of round forest grown timber, and since the trees cut to yield such material i a at least 150 years old— they are in rimlity mostly over 200 years-the annual production would appear under such conditions as 14 cubic feet per acre per annum, or about as much as the most ad- vantageous results afforded from well-managed German forests." Ohio . . . , Indiana Illinois . FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 143 IMPROVEI. an.l Forest Land in the United States. /iHEA. Total land surface. Pkr Cent. Improved Ini land in | proved farms, j luiid. Acres. United States |1,90(),8(M),000 Maine | i ii 1 1-) (t,m New Hampshire i 5 7«T«m Vermont. | ^'ij,'^' «J Rhode Island | '/jlu'XXX Connecticut \\\\\\\\ 3^ j \^'^^ Acres. 3S7,(il(i,(>00 New England States i 3i),7]0,000 30,376,000 New York Delaware Marjiand .'!."."."..' Middle Atlantic States Vii^nia Nofth Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia, 4, (>7 1,000 1,254,000 representing about .30.000,- 000 000 feet, B. M., or between 20 and 25 per cent of the total consumption-a pro- K°^irn'^. ""? ^J^""}^^ admitted to represent a rather extravagant average for the "mdlable part of the forest growth, indicating that if we assume the annual growth of such timber per acre at 10 cubic feet, at letist 400,000,000 acres of fullv stocked forest are necessary to furnish this part of our consumption. Add the con- sumption of firewood, which is largely made of sizable timber, and it is safe to say that three times that area is necessary to furnish the amount of present consumption by its annual growth. From this statement alone, which is highly favourable to those who claim suftcient and "inexhaustible " supplies, the inadequacy of our forest area to meet growing demands will appear. QUANTITY AND VALUE OF FOREST PRODUCTS. TheEleventh Census Statistics of lumber production, ably and conscientiously gathered by Mr. George A. Priest, agent of the census, have not yet been published Like all statistics of this kind, the figures given must be incomplete, always remaining somswhat short of the truth and requiring estimated additions. Nevertheless, thef furnish gratifying proof that the above estimates by the writer are within bounds By the courtesy of the Superintendent of the Census, the Hon. Carroll D Wright the writer is permitted to produce, in advance of the regular publication by the census' asummary statement, prepared in part by Mr. Priest and supplemented by canvass and estimates of this division, showing approximately the variety, quantity, and value of forest products used in the United States during the census year? Amount and value of forest products used during the census year 1890. Classes of products. I. Mill products : a Agricultural implement stock feet, B.M Bobbin and spool stock " Carriage and wagon stock " Furniture stock ....,.., " All other sawed lumber " Quantity. Lath . Total sawed lumber . T,- , ^ ■,■••;.• pieces r^ickets and i)alings " Shingles .........'. " Staves 1" Headings .'.■.■.' .■.;. '.'..'..'.V.'.'.'.'.'.'. sets Total lumber and cognate products, directly from logs II. Railroad construction : Tiesc pi, Round and hewn timber used for bridges and trestles Telegraph iKiles 30,000,000 49,000,000 60,000,000 94,000,000 27,G30,0(X),0()0 Estimated cubic contents of forest- grown mate- rial, b Cubic feet. 27,869,000,000 2,365,(MX),000 110,000,000 9,270,000,000 1,178.000,000 183,000,000 Total.... 8a— 10 80,000,000 4,(X)0,00(),000 200,000,000 300,000,000 175,000,000 Value. .§582,000 088,000 ^.-JOO.OOO 1,435,000 310,818,000 314,829,000 3,70<),924 750,0(>0 17,000,000 7,762,000 4,934,000 4,675,000,000 348,984,924 400,000,000 80,000,000 5,000,000 485,000,000 40,000,000 146 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ^.'TsiKimmA Amount and value of forest products used during the census year IHOO—Condndcd. ClfMites of ])roduota. III. Exported timber not includodinHubdivision Id Hewn timber, C,9<)0,00() cubic feet Logs and round tiniVier Rived Htave8, and stave Iwlts IV. Wood p\ilp : h 300,0(H> tons ground paper pulp 80,0(H) tons Hoda pulp 60,000 tons sulphite pulp fibre 50,000 tons pulp for other imrposcH V. Miscellaneous mill i)r(KluctB other than lumber manu- factured directly from logs or bolts c Total materials requiring bolt or log size. This last figiire of " miscellaneous products " is a very con8ideraV)le underestimate, based upon census re- turns and \\H' are entirely safe in rounding off the total of sizable timber used and its value to VI, Fuel / in the shajie of wood In the shajie of charcoal VII. Wood used for dyeing extracts and charcoal for gun- powder c Total amount and value of wood consumption . VIII. Naval stores c — Turpntine barrels Rosm " IX. c Wood alcohol gallons. Acetic acid in acetate of lime X. Tanning materials e — Hemlock bark cords . Oak bark " Hemlock bark for extract " Sumac leaves for tanning tons Sumac leaves for extract " Various not accounted for XI. Maple sugar jx)unds c Maple syrup gallons e Total value of forest by-products . Total value of all forest products Add 10 iier cent for omissions and underestimates 6. Total value (>,088 n,300,,S07 272,020,740 Indi:^'Z.^"IVrH^S,f ^ll^g^'-ip^-lif-f!' Atlantic States, Central group, Ohio, Mmnesota; Southern grou|t MarS Yi;g,^ a ' XoTth CaTolin.V ^^^"l^'^^"^'- Wisconsin Alabama, Mississ pp. Louisiana ArkansaM T»vnu. v.„;« "^'*roliim, .South Car(.|ina, (Jcorga, Florida cellaneous, all othm- States airdTerritoies'' ' l^^.hc group, California, Oregon, Washington -mis.' ts (reiiresent- iianufactured ed stave.'i and i of products ities used for Imports of Wood and Wood Products for home consumption hy United States. Free of duty Dutiable Totals 1891-92. 181)2-93. 7,442,040 14,304,100 1 S 8,865,408 17,163,589 l-'l,80fi,740. 20,028,997 8a— lOJ was if 148 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUUE. Exports of Wood nnd Wood Products in 1892-93 by Di»ttrictii. •DlMTKK^TH. Totalit. I. II. III. 8 IV. Riiw mntfrial !»,633,r)27 la,08r),6»3 II 10,234,0M 221,tl40 l.(J4(».'2(»2 i •JS,1.1II,32« 5r)8,;«)2 j 3IM),02() 7,181),031 2.0.'}().2'J2 \\:iKt,\wt TotalH 22,71!t,li{(» 10,46r),ltl)H •»2.3(I5.271 • Dintrict X(i. I. inclucIeHall of tlie Uiiitt' V .NrimntiiiiH. III. Iru'liM.'s U'll Htuti'H (III 1 the near Tlio poliiy ctendi'd by Lslmd under tates. Are». AcrcH, l,2Hll,04i) 1,1!W,OHO 311,0-10 4,()1»(!,(HM» lM17,(iH() 1H3-'(I 142, OSO 17!>,2fio (iHH,,-)20 5r>r),r)L'i> H5M,240 Unknown. l,Sol,r)2(» 4!l,ilL'<) 7:t7,2H0 is,r)tio 4,4I»2,W)0 17.6tt4,W)0 2,142,720 0«7,fiSO 1«1,2«0 2,6«« The present Krp.it need of providing' pr..tec-tion .vi.d suitiil.le iwlininistnition for tliese ivHervations is to l,e mot Uy the oimctiiu-nt of a law (II H. 119) whi.h whilo less c-omprehens.vH tluu. that conteinpUue.l in the fifty-H..cond ConK.ess (S. .•)2;J.-i), rontains .1.0 ..s,s.;nt.al t«,Uur..H tor a fir.t stop towards a inoro thorough orKani/ation. nnd .-..oom- n,H.,,lH itselt on a.Tount of ,ts .s.n.piicity. Having l.-en reported favourably bv tho Con.- inittee on Pub u- Lands an.l pl,.oe,l on the calendar, its early pa..a«.. which i; so n.-ceH- Hary to a ohncliu.K of the policy expressed in the pr.iclan.ation, is hoped for. This bill provi.les ,n the tirst place the use of the army f ?, Building timber in rough or sawn. Wood pavement. Staves. Wood pulp (cellulose). Tanning extracts. Furniture of common wood. Furniture, other than chairs, or solid wood, common. Flooring in pine or soft wood. , Wooden sea-going ships. iWm' STATISTICAL TABLES Wtiit('i)ii cubic fc Red jiine, inH, Hfiuarej culiic fet-t Kcil jiiiie, H(i, .c. ft.' <)al;, .s(| " Tuiiiariick, .stj. or siflwl .... " Birch and n:a- |ile, siclefl. . . " Kim " .. " Black walnut, silled " Otlier walnut, sided " Hicki)ry,sidcd " All other " " I'inc logs, 1 Census Spruce I Stand- and !■ ard, G,884,80S ,5i).".,87!) l,7f!."i,544 5t)2,728 1,1.'«,7!)0 2,(;8fi,72r) 38,042 3(l,7.S(i 31(>,!)77 Quebec. l,(i(>r),231 317.fiO!l (iH,8(>3 2,5!)r),08() !l.")!t,.Sl)4 l(i(i,781 7,(!!Mr 71,4771 4!t,7t<(>! New Bruns- wick. 414,727 Nova Scotia. 202,1138 2,80.5' 148,0,") 1,412' 2l),22(i r. K. Island 21)0,32(1 (i3(!,ll)1 43(1 5,010 ID.dOO 2,(;r)i 400 1,400 Mani- tolia. 070,478, 237,713 1,040 1,880 1,074 0,102 10(t 32,035 189,508 2051 0,334 British Col- uniliia. l!t,00( 33(),8IM) 0(.O Terri- tories. Total Canada. 2,410 O.llil 244 2,410 l,40(i,3!lf» • ... 1,805,080 16,333 13,205 3,005,134 3,500 7(K)| (i,,'j()n other 100 ft. loi^MV^i^i'o'^i-A'illiw ^'j-^.'i'''^^^""."-^ 338:503 323,1U; 74(.;ii05 10,2i»3,ia 2,:,(,0,2y8 ,>32,017 4(I2,(J21| 20,144 013 1,104;i50 logs... J R.M, Sjiars and masts Xo Staves M Lathwood . .cords. Tanbark .... " Firewood ... " Fence posts. .No. Kailway ties . . " Telegr'ph posts " Pulp wood, .cord.s. ' ;i-igle.s M 11, fi()O,000 10,757,148 4,010,!»01 4,7!«,477 4«i),310 4O,08.- 20,550 97,084 110,124 50,49SI 187,!H;5 22,830 44,028 8,0'.'(; 9,103 172..594! 11,4"1 9,598 148,8511 50,2(i8| IL',,574 2,318 788 1,011, 010 270,384 200 •) 71(1 1.040 ;),192,399; ,3,380.389 (!1(;,(»49 703,809 100.53"' '^~i'y)'> ii,528,980 l(),(;7(.),4:-;7 1,494,484 2,541.881 2,r'0 480 1 tm 'A'^i 1,8]3,(100 2 404,593 1,48,3,;«4 317,222 42,130, '47.3'o7'' T?.*';'l;1 J'^-•'^i ^'^^ ^"''" ' lo '30,5 008,0.53| 18,(;:;8 103 313 320 157,000 2,284,000 4,728 1,232 3,042,073 2,804,422 45,738 108,927 , 3,S0,4J5 03,488l21,.5(i(;.i;()4 88,1.38 15,090,,528 114,9.59 131,19li 11, .372 3,3,34 "4 010,,t74i 17.5,025 34,359: 88,207, 19,1091 ,548 .33,538,557 323,140 92,200 293,412 329,810 10,5.55,104 1,213,974 2M,3(«,2,55 940,090' 209,000 22,002' ,50 2(!7, 10,380 1,008 10,0.84,907 393,801 201,155 939,736 Forest Products of 1880-81.— (From Census Returns 1881.) White pine, square cubic feet 12,202,.57O Hedpine,sq..c. ft. 1,848,927 <>nk, s(| " 5,448,203 lamarack, sq. !• sided ..." l,.515,.30O Birch and ma- ple, aided. . . " 012,700 Flm " ... " 2,925,;«2 i.;lack walnut, sided " ,59,0,32 Other walnut, G82i399 sided . . , . " Hickory,si(letl " 4,840,402 130,702 054,721 31,9.54 59,587 3, 310 124,451 35,720 22,87(i 2,707,745 250,389 100,009 2,784„395 348,441 ' 549,.3,30 103,049 2,400 1,393 1,524 2,108 342 .... 180; 138,072 ll,270i 32,792 'J3,742| 2901 99,454 00,800 7,998 13 G.30' ,5,001 1,945,708 19,38i 18,010 19,320,2.55 11,. 500 2,002,552 5,072,894 23,9,50 4,053,575 2fl,0(X)l 127 4,414,795 ...I .3,191,908 J1ickory,sided " i .377,.S11 7,998 1 o.So' SOO Another " " 2(i,200,0,58|14,382,814 2,371,0(il 4,091,517! ' ■797,85il 022,05! ' 43(i 792 S'o^''lStand ' ' •"'''"'^1 "^^'^"^i ''""''"^ °'2«" I^'J^^S 7!;8;il9 and 'r ard, other I KJO ft. logs. .J B.M. 7,021,610 Spars and masts No Staves M Lathwood.. .cords. Tanbark " Firewood ... " 23,721 22,857 ,50,205 4.5,921 0,435,414 8,1,82, 434:,5,001,OC9 2,2,50,.593 104,248, 54,400 3,,585! 955; 31,881! 3,4.34 285.940' ,55.5.3.5' 8,703 13, 14'; 5,585 10,843 192,083 I9(i 1,1771 814j ()2". 240,033 2,483,024 10 279 900 148 (i,0.53i 1,.5.50! 880 54,800 5,158 .54,738 C .%ii;' ','"«' telegraph po,sts, pnlj) wood and shingles were not additional columns having been added in the census of 1891, for the ffrst time. 20,025,584 192,241 41,881 98,311 4(K),418 10,993,234 recorded in 1881, these 154 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . : TABLE Comparative Statement of Forest Products in Square Pine. 1 'ii 11 Walrmt. 4 r square or timber. 1 * ■ ii r = 25 1 i 5-2 o.-o White.* Red.* * « * Black. rOth.er « 1 si>ecieH. «■ # NEW BRUN8 1891 1881 1871 414,727 130,702 330,920 2,805 31,954 "0,139 1,412 200,320 3,310 250,389 7,360 360,825 036,161' 348,4411 827,345, 430 2,400 1,250 5,040 ' ' 120 883,079 2,371,061 2,192,608 NOVA 4 1891 1 5 '1881 6 11871 202,i».'W 124,451 238,638 148,0.55' a5,72() 22,020; 26,226, 22,876: 96,494! 19,600 106,(Xi9i 116,8161 670,478 549,330 518,727 1,040., 1.3931.. 200 ., 1,674; 13j 2,2651 9,192 630 240 2,206,675 4,091,517 3,088,003 ONTA 7 1801 8 1881 9 |1871 6,884,808 12,262,570 14,791,203 595,879 1,76,5,544' .562,728 1,133,790 1,848,927 5,448,263! 1,515,360 612 760 1,524,698 3,144,554 1,223,444| 92,290 2,686,725 2,925,382 1,777,905 38,042 30,736 59,032 682,399 117,589 72,214 316,977 4,811,878 377,811 2ii,2(M),058 157,975 10, ,594,943 QUE 10 il891i 1,665,231! 11 jl881i 4,840,462 12 118711 8,876,060 317,609 654,721 347,515 68,863 2,595,980 59,,587 2,707,745 53,635 3,994,878 959,304 2,784,395 500,995! 166,781 163,049 53,299 7,696 71,477 66,806 28,382 49,786 11,437,966 7,998 14,382,814 39,612 10,414,710 I TOTAL, FOUR 13 14 15 189l[ 9,167,704: 1881j 17,358.245 1871 1 24,236,8211 1,064,348 1,802,045 3,444,628 2,571,328 5,534,042, 4,585,563 1,954,372 3,302,043 5,695,963 2,265,943 2,854,976 45,738'l08,927'375,955 18,940,198 4,294,926 3,092,224 59,032 749,218 386|439 1,939,357 1,832,654 117,589 102,981 197,827 47,015,450 26,290,264 16 17 TOTAL, OTHER 1891 1881 23,540 1,968,010 342,051 1 31,224j 33,035 1.^8,852 220,606 68,012 242,340 119,869 9,446 99,744 5,001 10,500i 1,180: 2,166,006 1,911,608 BRITISH COLUMBIA 18 19 1891 1881 1,900 1,945,708 336,890 19,382 600 16,333 26,000, 6,300 740,905 43(i,792 ^ 50 uubic feet to 1 ton. 1 (b). Four Pro t WICK. 532,017 057,400 1,214,4851 S .SCOTIA. 402,021 497,785 477,187 RIO. 10,2r».3,l71 11, 14,94,5,670 7, 5,713,204 1, BEC. 1 2,560,298 10, 5,400,273 8, ,5,011,532: 3, PROVINCE 13,7,87,,507'31,* 21,501,128:23,( 12,416,4681 9,; PROVINCES 1,203,021 823,279 1,7 2,! CONTRIBUI 1,194,156 798,119 9 2,4 t '10 cubic I It. to piece. FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 165 1 (i). Four Provinces.-(Converted into tons from Census Returns, 1891, '81 and 71.) ■o ^ a ^ t-^ & »■ C o "" T. f t i i3 --^ 1 s S S > ,£ S 5 ^ 72 m hJ ■t- + e2 1^ WICK. 532,017 057,400 1,214,485 n H ^ '^ >i >• S li) "to rt K ^ <1 . tn i- *« 4,610,901 187,965 5,001,069 54,406 3,533,1.52 11,356 '•Ui 'yii S535 7il'?29' ''■"'■''"'^ -'•^^"''^^l 126.3-JO 11,372 747 2,490:28,228 545;679 ! ! ! l" ! ! ! ] i! ! ! "j ] ] ] j [ ] ' 34,359, 1 SCOTIA. 402,021 497,785 477,187 4,793,4771 22,836 2,2riO,,593! 8,703 897,5951 10,631 9,103 13,147 11,811 9,598 12,574 7(-3,80i,; 7,025,643; u,u8o 10,843i 637,084' 1 924 12,388 526,472 '.'.'.'. ' 951,666 407,770 3,334 188,237 4 . .. . ... 5 .... i 6 RIO. M 10,293,171 ll,660,6iH); 40,685 14,945,670 7,621,610 5,713,204 1,255,090 23,721 4,876 2i),5,50 22,857 20,964 97,684 50,265 15,095 M-'Hf 5'l"2,399jl9,586,940 14,410.998 4i),921 5,43.-),414i ! 30,854 4,519,320 .. .. j 2,208,180 114,959 610,374 HEC. 2,560,298!l0,757,148 .50,498 5,400,273! 8,182,434! 104,248 5,011,i)32j 3,028.7201 94,822 44,0281172,594148,851 3,585, 31,881 'L'Hi-.IMO l,184j 7,148! 91,051 ^•r^l!';'!!IL' '^-•""•3" 7,213,779 972,650 3,121,012 '.'.". .■.■'■.■.;;■" 131,199175,025 PROVINCES. 10 11 12 13,787,507131,831,216 21,,501,128:23,055,70(i 12,410, 4()8{ 9,314,557 301,984 91,307 291,347 191,078140,544 91,165 121,085 34,700, 25,057 l;23SS;itg'^''''''^-'«F'"2«.«5 3.714.940 102,521 8,713, 0,S3 '.'.'.'".'.'.'.']'.'.'.'''.'.'. PROVINCES. 260,864 908,025 IS 14 15 1,203,021 1,707,341 823,279 2,969,878 21,166 1,103 9531 2,005; 1,993 662,518 2,144 7,146; 2,179 500,079 21,382,419 4,998,270 223,070 291 31,311 CONTRIBUTION. 16 17 1,194,156 908,053 798,119 2,483,024 18,638 900 163 313 148 0,053 320 1,550 157,006 0,853,980 82,277 2,822,070; 220,020 207 10,386 18 19 ft. J piece.'" ''"' *" ' *°"- * 12« "'^"<= f-* '° '-• § 100 cubic feet to ton. 1: 3 c. f^.iece. " 10 c. 156 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE Summary of Sawmills in Canada.— SAWMILLS. 1891. S s w British Columbia Manitoba New IJrunswick Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island. (, fcl. 1 erritories. Total . 1881. British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Xova Scotia O.itario Prince I'dward Island. ()m'bec Trtritorie < 07 31 49(i 1,1 1,895 172 1,815 18 FIXED CAPITAL In Laud. 891,435 17,308 437,873 499,542 2,3,55,108 30,4.38 l,ajO,(.*;;-!| 10,575, In BuiUUngs. 437, :^n 67,.':'' 7:i\4-;i: 301,077 2,01,5,S83 41,390 l,028,98!i 39,425; In Machinery and Tools. Working Capital. 944 I M. 104,! .'' 1,120,(',H 780,738 5,403,534 97,402: 2,49,3,040 87,120 2,.399,142 312,025 2, .329, 545 809.597 15,,S7"'.m40 4." 003 ,5,4.3:', :7:' 38.'!, 150 i=,f(.*:i 0,105,0,0 233,425 73,077 12,015 0.3,400 724,242 13,8,58 0, .322, 003 65!»,805 !I3,200 409,510 99,637,522 Wages. S 45,139 (i(i,987 179,092 2,4.32,771 2,949,803 2,999,572 42,845 22,090 44,870 0,0(H) 10(i,0.39 744,,534 30.010 43,400 28,0,30 11,180 1,5,020 143,004 08, (too 30,280 4,2,50 10,800 122,014 970,112 292,099 103,325 22,840 2,309,207 12,025,895 010,350 998,015 84,250 28,127 5,0,50 25,(XM) 296,008 2,4(K) 1,522,007 253,803 40,300 204,205 30,080,281 Value of Product. 153,441 151,00,3 477,522 7,700,093 9,111,299 !),744,410 1,30,430 91,,S74 1.37,010 15,(H»(» 498,440 2,382,072 105,4IM» 145, ,500 72,50f) 37,800 59,800 434,953 293,809 99,902 10,100 29,,500 504,579 .5,211,592 1,057,810 001,513 .50,350 9,891,510 51,202,4.35 2,093,924 3,101,275 441,750 99,714 8,788 50,000 814,.339 13,(i00 *11,422,800 1,042,7.33 164,i)9,S 021,090 120,415,510 Article *The product in this instance is leather. In all the other cases the product remains wood. S'luare Timl White pine Red do Oak Tamarack . Birch a n maple.. . . Elm All other sr timl)er . . . Logs, pine. . do all othe Spars & mast Staves Latluvood , .1 Tanl)ark FirewoofI . . . Fence posts., Kwv. ties. . . Telegrap h |«)le.H I'idp wood..c Shingles .... Product; Snii.are Timbe White i)ine. . Red do . . Oak Tamarack, . . Birch a n d maple Elm ... All other sq, timber Logs, pine. . . .; do spruce & all other .Spars & masts. Staves Lath wood . .CO Tan bark . . . Firewood Fence ()osts.,ct Rwy, ties ] Te legraph IK)le3 Pulp wood., coi Shingles Quantities, Census log, (as i * For 1891, birch at -96.77 ; Navigation Ket t For 1891, 153,441 151,0(13 477,522 7,7()() 5!(,8no 434,053 21)3,H(>!) !i0,0(i2 10,100 2!1,5(.I0 504,570 5,211,502 1,057,810 (101,513 56,350 0,801,510 )1,2()2,4,35 2,003,024 3,101,275 441,750 !)i),714 8,788 50,000 814,3.30 13,(100 1,422,8(10 1,042,7.33 1(14,008 621,(J0(; FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. TABLE 1 (/; PnoDucTs OP THE F0KE8T (4 PKoviKCEs.)-From Census H 159 eturns 1891-'81-71. Articlb. Scmiire Tiiiil^r — Wliitu i)iiie. .toiiK Red do . . " Oak " Tuuiivrack ... " Birch a n cl maple " Klin " All other sq. tiiiil)er " Logs, pine Xo do all other. " Hparsit niaHts.pcH, Staves yi_ Lathwood . .cordH. Tniibark " Firewood ... " Fence posts.. cu. ft. Kwy. tie.s. . . " Telegrap h |K)le» '< Fulp woo8,!)0()| 4.5,319 57,100 380,4101 13,787,507 31,831,21(li ' 301,084! , 01,307 201,,S47 .327,8171 0,8!)2,(14(1 <1.3,707,34(ll 27,02(i,445j 3,714,040 2()0,8(i4 008,025 » I 2,420,208 200,038i 782,001; 482,3(K.)! 37(1, 041 1 7(i2,2.S5j 0,r)74,.500 11,581,00(1 10,00.8,720 25(1,0X0: 418,724 1,4.5(1,7.35 1,47.5,170 21,2(10,180 2, 12.3, .-.78 1,803,703 31.5,770 782,5!)2', 1,!)08,1]2 , Value, i Value jwr Custonm r.-turns 347,1(15 51,428 11o,7iK) '.n,712 H(!,OOo' (!l,845j 0(15,0(K) ^L.wi.iai 2.'i,O.-|,-,,T0O 101,078 40,.544 01, Kir. .308,230 10,4 .380,525.3,001,881! 52,0.50; 42(1,810' . . 11 3, 4.58' 1,004,420 . . !I3,070. 558,420 . 8,S,.30()! 0O4,7(li» gles M.j 939,730 2,83(>,.325, 2,130,982 .333,882 783,465 1,973,866 |60c do |50c do 85cp. jic.lOOc p.i,c. ... t See foot note. 5 00 4 50 2 15 lOc 20c 8,5c 3 00 2 10 5 00 4 50 2 08 0.r^!t:!^ '-^V^^ll^l:^^)-:^^ ^^^^ = ^0 cubic feet, 1 ton of logs. Navigation Re'turns.''' ^'' '"""''^ =^^ "-'■''' ^•^"*-"^-- ^rch at «7.07. Kstin/at^lakenTom'frade'll t For 1891, 280 M. at S42. 91.980 M. at 84.60 ; for 1881. 1.000 M. at «42. 40,881 M. at 87.34 per M |i' /'■ \hl t; )»-?■ 160 DErARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. TABLE 1 (/). Products op tub Fobestb op Canada, 1891. (From Census Returns, 1891.) Ai'ticlc. Square tiiiibfr— White pint' toiiH, Red do " Oak " 'raniurack " Hiicli mid maple " Klin " All other »({iiare timber. . . " LoL'M — Pine No. S|iriu'e and all other " Masts and Hpars i)ch. .Staves ^I. Latliwood cords. Tanliark " Fence poles No. Railway ties. . . " Telegraph poles " Firewofxl cords. Pulp wood " Shingles M. Quantity. 184, 63,840 1,'X)3,15G 22,324,407 2(i,0;-,5,584 i"2,241 41,881 98,311 400,418 3,9(n,881 420,810 1,954,420 558,420 (104,769 773,740 12,218,440 18,,52''.258 13,01. ,,!t2 173,017 300,128 491,555 1,801,881 810.25 I wr ton. .?8.20 do '«17.27. 00. ,th mai.ie at 813.10 ; 4 Jth birch at !5i2,12. 812,18. 10,993,234 I 22,865,926 I ■.ogr of luo ft. do do 83c. (<■: 90c. 1 1,(X>0 at 842, 40,881 at 87.34 per M. 8.5.00 per cord. •84.50 do 82. 'tS. " ProiMrtion estimated froiis T. and N. Returns. loca/souS'"" """"''*^ ^'°'" ^- ^"^ ^"- ^^*"™« f"-- 1-'^" ^' •' ^°' 'h« remainder, price obtained from 1876 1877.... 1878 .... 1879 IS81., ..., l^-Sl. .. 1H82 1H,S3 1884 1885 ... 188fl ... 1887 .... 1888 1889,... !H!)o 1^91 1892 - . . . 1893 8, 1891.) iinil l;. iiiarkn. rch ati?8.17. t .?4.60. ■et for 1 ton of ^a8ure. obtained from , 1881.) )irch at ■<*'•". >er M. Gubio feet for Jtained from FOREST WEALTH OP CANADA. J TAIJLE 1 (/.) CoMPAnATivE Value of Products of the Fore.st for the four Provinces, I891.'81-71. (From CenHU« and Trade and Navigation Returns.) Articlen. Wliite pine Rid do Oak Tiiinarack liiroh and mai>le Klw All (jtiier Htjuare timber. Logs— pine All other SparH and masts St.lVt'H LathiVoiKl Tiinl)nrk firewood 1801. Total of above articles for the Dominion I'ercentage of four Provinces !!!!!! PiTcentagi' of otlicr Provinces .. .].. Increase of four provinces in 1881 over 187i. ." D ■ rease in 1891 compar< I with 1881 ...'.',.'.'... . ainion decrease, 18S. 1,58 I.OIS.IX (0,137 l,94(i.;)86,627 2,3o:i. 108,858 2,301,741,757 o .^.14 050 AKn Tons. 723,18,3 833,713 986,1 1 ;!» I,i97,'972 1,183,354 2,aT0,519 2,.302,38l' 2,548,807 2,301,351 2,587..503 3,178,!H30 3,191,«06 3,417, 44« Tons. Tons. 113,436 145,106 200,000 297,500 2(J7,000 211,500 76,800 1D--.370 82,070 181,.350 265^896' "560,152' 490,297 498,285 540,821 052,636 1,078,379 806,614 946,176 1,064,812 _*Some other saw logs are included in the columns "Lumber of all kinds." 8a — 11 162 DEPARTMENT OF AORWULTURB, ■ FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA, 163 9 S s "a CO — — « M rftf if i.-'io ff so so k- V li tt m ■ Q IM 5} '4 ■Xi-llrt « I S 5f •# 5 fe S S 53 S'S"S'fc§"8"§8"§ S [f t» a ^^ 8a— 11} 5 o 9 5: ■*'uf a 8 I? If i.1 ^ a. O J3 .a ^a ^ c ■c g a H »3 m Sri: g* s n s f4| f-^^> j I 164 DEPARTMENT OF AORIGULTURE. Eh a B u V a « a .« S P P4 to 00 c p t-s tJO c -a 01 u « o m i to a) -a Ph «8 e O c o o til e a 0)^ MO ^ :S :i ??fe §13 •So O ■ -^ f-t o to • l^ -^ rl ii 5" ■ 55 S • X OS t- o" CO ^H f ■ff ci 4C o I'' « ^H CO ir ds'drs" " '-^ sa S Tt '•' S b -f 'S 5? o S M oc ic --C « IS S-. M K K ■:i : :S ■■ :S? S -^ O -i " c ■ B 3'P g ^ ■r- 1) e(:Spi; ^ 8 S S^ * = """ rt w »^ .m ^ " * S-^;s £ ^ Oi c ? !JiX!/ia:i^i-i a a t c8 ft Q 01 3 fl O) > 0) P3 (3 c8 O O, Oi P5 a o 00 C 60 -a a u o o CO O 3 I PM c8 C3 O ci o fa fa 3 .g| S S| :g^fe|§ S :Sg=^S5 ^"" Mirf C5 • rH C 00 -MS - s« eo" ^ s '•S of s a O 3 CO o> o -^ X irs a . T-* CO C^ (M 1 li j= 5 s" s <3 tl > 36 ^. tit, ^ ''^ CI P5 <) Eh 3 '■5 d 1 I o 3 |1h (3 fa fa ^f^SSw3l(3 ccmmcqHH -irstjin I go Sg! '"'few O 3 OJ 2 C !HH d s a > a c3 O a, S p 1^ ^ s 0) g a Q a o i-s 1 bn ct w "5 ^ 0) m u S <) Ph >» 2 ^ fe a C! .A O o U H FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 2 ^ ^ CD ^. « ■-H « M 5 ^ c-5 -jj S -r is liH S c? _ MS. to ^ X l- t- TOjf x' '5, :§:!?•: :S 2S 1-' t--c<;^i.*«5ia)5., jjS >-IH S .2 2 .■1 •v ■ : 5^ g c3 : ■ H -O « > ^ 5 ^ S* ^ « > 2 sv. a) tc^ -2.S J 5i 5 S5:='H..3 S coMcctcHH s c3 IB P5 d o g g 05 00 b cS o 2 f^ u a I d O d o "f i?! !■- ?C n tr «— ' iC i-l X Tl iC ri -Si § ■3;= 165 S > o ^ ' M t- »0 GO -CO ■ ■ 5^ •rflM • m * Tj- c ij I-. ■* 1.-5 TT 13 ^ :33 • ^ S 00 V a; : ! ; J3 §>; : o "S rt : -a : a -z^ ^ ■ > ,.9 5 T. =■ ¥ ^ PQC r-vrM ^'rj^ rt5^ i-t HiDH! NMtfitOMHH 166 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. JS S; !S S 5 1?"" * •-< -I -i< 5S I 3 s {? "^ s a 2 a'""" « sTcT m" s 8 ■M H 2 O d o Eei FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 167 t 00 i-H 00 ?3 & S u ca 0) S c8 a a o u 00 00 c c -5 d eS 0) 5 CO o s e3 o a o 3 .'fetsSS r-* S mn^m •c:» ■ m m t- oc C5 ■«■ r-i c. I- IS S 56 -^ in s ■ ?3 M' 168 DEPARTMENT OF AORICJLTVRE pa 1 i? ■ W lO "f ^ S ta r-- > -*■ ■ .-^ -- — Pi I •^ « 5;'^ fsiij:. r^S." S iif il|lfriBi ea 3 _s .'' -^ 3 c^ ~ * -■ ■— - '^ -■ 170 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. *5 a S U s a I 4A b s, V PS g b T 00 "^i 00 00 ^ I-H K tj >-s tn a CI "5 s g I H i 5 u S I ■3 a 6 a o H 5 ^ S :^8SS mm a e2 ^3 2?fS«'- tfS |1 MO a M T3 :0 I I ^ a ' oT op ^ a o H ^ ??3 t-oo ^ ass ■ l^ 1-1 « t~ S 00 t ?S§§; « ■ 1C5 O rH a "S e • rrt <9 3 ii ■13 : c I 8 e 13 a t 5? Ph a £ 00 00 a a to .3 ■73 C >> u 03 i o I Ph I 6 a o < M 1 8 8 1 01 u S I I a 3 so a (3 a. a I C5 00 00 fl s .3 a eg CO s . £ s oo 11 1^ 03 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 171 S iH a § : ^ g » a ■v. 1.'^ [^J »2 f-i I a a to 2" I :i .■ill?5 il :3 • g • £, • : ^ ^ X QQ •^ * s i • c J^--!* i-l^i- S"5~JS M ^fl*" — 172 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. "8 I a Pa %r ~ >> ?„ ^, _ O.J; 3 C8 S 5 siS'S,'' 2 a S o a PS a I T 1 (5 s I I ■I I d o FOREST WEALTII OF CAXADA. ITS 174 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURR t a I '^",*. ^ 5i,ec-3c :^© io> «? i o"^ o '-^^ l«^ ^ 176 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUHE. s o d <1 u o & S O "-A a c 3 s § I 1 I I 1 III s g s- >.| S 3U; . •- -^ o • •r ^ -r icTi.T-rT C-. « 10 i»5 ?l :S .1- XlOlfl . 2 ?^i o • p 53 1^ 1^ i^ X • 5 cc i^ cc "t o^ ■ ■n' « X S" *;£'' l2 ■ 'if i5" s" C- -f 't' . t-M i-< il; I- 1.-5 §1.1 ■ '^ ■■r tc.2-2 « g o a S I :w IS. ;2 »3 tc.2-2 fl S g H 9 rt J S 3 S-2 !« c- IT! . C . t3 « oooo eoetje-seeeee'^^e o B e>8^ B fe :? ^ •3 a 'C bo 2SJs x 55 55 t— t I— " l-H s^, tri-c ■-: fii Date. ('. 18il2.. /, 18K8.. 't. 1887.. ,, 1887.. f. 1887.. '.!• 188'J.. II- 1889.. ^ k. 1882.. I It. h. c. (I. f. Schli, .'/. U. S. h. i. Heini a vi ? tM C-. ~ n A;^ ■Shi rt s ?< 3 c fi "^ < - > Wo 1 1 ■-■■4i >> .a 1 FOREST WEALTH OF CAXADA. TABLE 3 f/>;.— FOREST STATISTICS Forests in America, Asia, Africa and Australisia 177 Date. ]8i»4. 18!)4. 1893. ',.<-. 1893. 1892. 18S8. 1887. 1887. 1887. 1889. Countries. 1889. 1882. Canada Unitfd States. . Britisli Guiana. India Turkey in Asia ■laijan Altfiers Cape Colony .... Xew South Wales. Victoria Per Cent Forest Total ^''"" Forest. „ °'' trown Acre.'j. 37 Oti 799,230,720 23 -29] 450,(KIO,(MH» 18 00; 5,7f)0,0OO 2r>oo 30'2J 5-. 00 io-oo uo,(m,(m South Australia. . , New Zealand 29 (51 17,500,000 28,700,000 5,8,S,S,100 224,000 19,2,30,000 -),40b,(JOO 1,355,442 70,(JOO,000 70,000,0(X) 5,058,(j(iO 20,000, WK) 1(!5,324 10,000,000 75,040 /■33,000,000 acres re.served State I (per|ietual). I i.),i ./(),00(» do (.o\ eminent, not under I' orest Department. State, (!(i4,710 ,icres ; tiinU'r re- sources, 090, 732, ure.s. Docs not niehide other forests. 10 'dm^ I'^^^l'^ling 0,(i85 acr..s encIo..ed for 10,(JOO,000 planting. Doe.s not include otiier lorests. "• H-J": •!.. J. Qiietch, l.\)testry Congress, Worlds Fair. h. hchhcks Manual of Forestry 18S4. c. Statesman's Year Book, 1893. 'J. U. S. Consular Reports— " Forestry in Knrone " f- do Re|)ort. Vol. 24. ' /. Schhck-Proceedings R. Colon. Instit., Vol. xxi. 1889-90 ,'/. U. S. Consular Reoorts, Vol. 23. 'f- „ . '.'" „ <'o Conmiercial Xo. 2.5. (. Hemrich Seniler, 1888. S a 8a— 12 178 DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 3 {c). Wood and Products of the Forest Imported and Exported by tl.o Countries named with the Area in Forest. Aiistiiii-Huiigarv ilo liflKimii do C'aiia(MK)o H!m,!»10 .SIW,!I70 (>, 123,700 !»,UO,i)(M) !l,8,53,200 12,328,400 37,802,000 30,422,000 (>,!K)2,-01 1881 18111 1881 181)1 1881 18!)1 1881 181)1 .,o;«,ooo I8,(;oo,oool 28,71.';,700' 545,831- (i95,2.')!)^ 5,8!)h,0(K) 4,273,000 4!),(i5,H,0(M) (>o,,s,s7,o()t) 2,20(),4(H) 2,o!)3,200 l.'<.03.3,000 1!»,4()3,0(H) 211,387,000 251,257,000 l(»!),f;0O,(MM) 137,t>(H),01M) 18,2.^2,000 23,.")l!2,(KM) 3.'i.SL'(l,(»00 2i.. 483, 000 2,400,48U 1,730,110 0,.5H4,i/O0! 11, 7.52, 000 2,'rHi,4IM) 2,51)3,200' 4,80,^010 5,2li5,lHK) 40,7I)7,7IMI 4N,402,<;00' 25, 0.84, .'^OO .32.448,.8(,0; 7,440,r)(H) 0,.500,(IOO, (i,4l)4,(MK)i 5,084,740! 20,073,270 30,071,500 l,liOit.S0O 1,104,400 18,000,000 28,715,70(J 2,058,100 3,33K,i)ll,, 7,377,000 2,030,000 2,200,000 4,428,000 31,010.000 4-i,0!K),liiM) 1,10.5,000 4,72.5,(K)0 3.82(i,0iK) 7,072,O(HI 14,.50(i,30t> 10,70<),0i)(i 11,0.52,000 10,888,200 1,423,8(M)!^ 301.,><00I-J 1,711,000!- 3,453,.S40j ^ 0,100 100- 8,207, 100 ~ 322,(;5oi : l,275,7.">oi -- 738,420 i 1.538,(!(J3 acres, ';:y untries named. \|«irt.s Per ctii' iif or — ilMirts. An-a ill I'd rest. i^ p. c. ),;i(in,(«K) 30 ,.'>1H,0IHI 30 l,")S4,(MI0 17 ,7")L',(K)0 17 ,43ii,(>(Mt .SS ,,")7.'"),(K«) 3,s ,!Mill,()IMl it ,371,0*) Ti ,(i74,!IO,0(MI i ,4!I4,I)IM( 14 OK4.7 .1 14 L'(lt),r)40 25 L'1.<,!IIM) 25 L't>.').400 U) 144,4(K) 15 40,3,700, 3,S 324,.S4o! 3.S loo, KM) 13 207, 100 13 (uO.llOO 40 704.750 40 .S71.L'00 20 874,200 20 OH4„S()2 4 (l.j5,27o 4 1I,S4.I)00 »>", (.27,000 25 1 25 1 25 Acres, ForcNt area per liead. i>f,^ aere.s. Yni of an acre. A'lT rt'ij 1 II u tt.l liiU iS fJlT 1 f >3 .icrep. FO/.'Eur WEALTH OF CANADA. TABLE 4 (a). *Area of Forests and Woodlands of Canada. 179 Pro vinces. Oiitariii t^ueliee New Briiiiswicl: Xina Seotia , /,[ I'riiiee Kdward Island]! Mimitolia British Coliiiiiliia. . The Territories. ... Total, Canada Total .\rea. Hq. miles. 21l),ii50 227,.')(H) 2H,1)H) 20,5,50 2,000 (i4,()()(i 3S2,,S()0 2,371,4S1 " Fi irest and \V(K)dland. Sq. miles. 102,118 110,521 14,7li(i fi,4))4 7!)7 25,(i2(i 2iS5,554 (iy(i,!)52 tniRht he c<„i,pil,.,| l,v the provineial ation IS jmhlislied hy Province of On-^^ario— Wooded Area. Settled (■oiinties, south of tinib-r limits J-anils under timber licenses I'rom limits to height of land, ' e.xst ' of ihunder ]5ay Total south of height of land, east of Dinnder Bay Thunder Bay and Rainy Lake districts,. south of height of land Country north of height of land' '.'.'..'.'.'. Total, Province of vlntiirio 2S,8lJ8 20,,S50 12,356 0.3,310 .|" ™:"p--''~ '"»» "-'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^«^^:;;^^^ .•sonnated at 80 per cent. ' ''"'' " ''' '"^ ^ I'^^' "'^'''t f">- ''"rnt land, &c. ProportionTpi^e hud u..„i,« -«,. .to. , ,„,„„.„, ..»H,'5U»i7''s'ifrftorc';,r''"''''"' ==i«"™>.".i ..i». 180 DEI'AIITMEXT OF AUIilCULTURE. TAISLE 4 {„).-~ Continued. Province of Quebec — Wooded Area. Dmcription. Lands (friintcd Lands liccnsi'd Vacant Crown lands. Total, (2iielK?c, Total Ar-a. Kori'st and Woodland. S(i. miles, Sq. miles. ;«,5(;,S r.o.nit i4;i,,sis 227,r)()0 11, mil 4;,fio3 ll(i,."i21 rcrcentagf, WiKxlland. 38 !»J !•-)■ 40- r)i22 PiiMt Land. Sq. mills. 5,4(18 (_»tlllT Woods. Sq. mile- n,3!)i L'l.(l(« 31,4ti8 ! «,j,0,-)3 /,„«-/« ,-/nni per cent ;()n gr.anted lands from census. Pine lands cannot be estimated as tlieiv are no provincial data and the pme trees are scattered tlirt)iigli the forest. ' Nova Scotia— Wooded Area. Not grante- 1' rest ijf lici'iisfd >.v thi' Doininioii wiiodlaiid, prii- rtmeiit, i^ikIhc. TAI'.LP: 4 {ay-Conrhnhl. Province of Aranitoha— Wooded Area. Muni to) K Total Alfa. sq. miles. ittercd through *The Territories— Wooded A rea. Alljerla .Assiniboia Saskatchewan Atliaba.sca Unorganized TerritorieH. Total Territories., 105,35.') 88,5.34 10l,0it2 103,300 l,!»73,20O 2,371,481 ♦Details of Unorganized Territories. Keewatin North-west Territories ..'..'.".',." Kast of Keewatin, south of Hudson iJiiv Kast of Hudson Hay Islands in Arctic Ocean and Hudsoii iiay Total Unorganized Territories. 207,O')() 104,300 352,iii)0 30 per cent ; on 182 DEl'ARTMENT OF AURWULTUllE. TABLE 4 (I,). Ai'PKoxiMATE Estimate of tl.e Quantity of Pino in Canada, KorfWiu, acar.-fiiI,.stiiimteKiv^H:W,H(WH,|uar.. niil^M ,,f ,,in,. 1,,„,1. » • ■„ '''■'■"*-^'- ''''''^:'^:,:::iz^^'T^''^ -^^^ >""- '-^ ■'•■"'• '^^^ ' ' A.Hu,.iin,' ti,;. '"•^"■••"•^•■«<«> 2,20O,(K)0,0()0 T..tal pi,u. fn„n Atlantic to H..cky M„„„tai„ "^zTsa^K^Tiioir proloMKthat |,..rio.l. ^ ^"" """" ''" '""«■'" «>«'"" t'"" """"al growth co,>l.l .mt Kivatly FOREST WEALTH OF CAXADA. 183 FiLt 15. M. 1!»,-J04,0(K),0(M) l">,7;<4,(»00,fKK» 2,2()0,(KK),0(K) 37,;j;i8,(HHt,(M«l ilil ''xlmiiNt the iild licit Kl'«'»t.ly '"'il", wliicli ill •PIMICC. TllCIl' ml liiMiiidiiry to 111 till- luirrt'iis, ■<«h1 in making' TABLE i (<■). Pkovincial am. Dominion Licknsks: Auka ok Limiih, Quamtiies Cut, am. Reckipth. Tl... ami of limits in Ontario is urul.T.state.l i,. the i.rovincial .vturns. This ur.„..,irs I 1 /7 *''^\''^'""f^"'e'«l'lf»iuei-rtn.ent th'a't .'U.UUO si,ua-.Mniles .t- tuutr 0„eli«e*"'%'V '''"'1''' i'"'"^' r P''.'P»''ti"nately .smaller understaten.ent in the case of yuehec A Crown LamK pul.hcat.on ^'.ves the area un.ler license at ",0.000 sc.uare miles In Bntish ColumbiaManitolia aiul the Territories, in addition to the tin be ■ 1 ts permits are grunted by which cutting takes place on land not included i.^l.e I'S In Nova Scotia and Prince Kdward Island tnero are no leases ,.f limits the lumber- ing being done on purchased land. These provinces publish no returns in Onta^iHrnl oLb^'^'T;'" r""'""'' "-^-'''•t'"'^ the board measure contents, difier n Untai... and Qut-bec. The discrepancy varies with different sized logs, but averages tully ten per cent additional by the Quebec scale <.>e.af,.s clue Jl wiX ''tthe^ll-''"''.? '",^,"*'"''" ^■'"\»«* be given separately, as they are in- is spruce. ^ ''"'*' '""""""^ " ""'* '*''■««' '^"^' »"•>• ''' «""^'l P'oportion niiiniSt''"") "' '""''!"''^ ''"'"'''■•' '''^'' " "^'^^'' '"«'' " •" *•'« Quebec returns. This whole amount is large and a great proportion is spruce. dven senanltik'""'!'.' '"' ^"'l' '^"^'/P''"'^^^ ^^^^--'"g^ '^'^ ''etunied t..gether, and cannot be guen sepa.ately. li.e number of logs is not stated, but only the ineasurem.-nt. In the returns from British Columbia, Manitoba and the Territories, there is no discrimination between the kinds of saw-logs, all being given together, and by n lea ui^ ment only without the number of logs. In Manitoba and the Te ritories they" re chiefly spruce; m British Columbia chiefly Douglas fir, with considerable s^ru^ and The province of British Columbia gives no returns for 1887 v.A\ .■ u ■■"".' ^'"f "■'^'«" tiniber in the Ontario returns is chiefly pine (much of it \ s shown by the returns for 1892 and 1893, where the pine i^ giv • separately boar.;ni"::i:ttriSr^;^ "°^"^ """^" " ^^^^'^ ^^ '^-^^ ^-^ foi-l. ...Cfandlj <=;n ?''k''' ^•^'""'^'f . Manitoba and the Territories do not report any square or dimen- ni troth;r .al^f f'r'" 'r' ?'' ^""^ \"^P°^*"' ^'•°'" BStishC^luiibia, and some nnri L Parts of Canada. A part may be cut by permit on unleased lands, and a part measured with the saw-logs and so returned. A hirge part of the forest produce of British Columbia is from the railway belt 40 miles wide by 500 miles long, belonging to the Dominion. ^ ' the i;.r k'^^'P** •■*^*"';"^'^ ]'y i''^; Pn-vlnce of Ontario for 1892 included only a part of the large bonus from the s^ale of that year, more than a million dollars remaining unpaid and swelling the receipts for 1893. •^"""0 unpaiu, locat,^n''nr^)'''!f''1"^*^'T'"^*''^, P'"° '"^ ^•'*'^"° '"^'"^ Q"^'-^«'= by districts, show the Z T L * *'™n^'- }'' Q"*'^'^^ ^* '^*" be seen that the bulk of the pine comes ^Z^i^:::-^'' '^^ '^- ''^^'''^ '^'^^ ^^^ -•^ -^er district from^yhich th: showl'rlil^ Tll-'^^ '^2 ^'''!!'^ *^^ T?^^ dimensions of saw-logs and stjuare timber shows a great fal ing off in the size of the pine logs in Ontario, while in Quebec the returns show an increase till 1893, when there was a considerable fall The size of spruce has dimimshed in Onttirio and increased in Quebec. Tn making comparisons the t^ZlTLltir'') "o' ;" ?"'T° '^"^ Q-bec, giving, as alre^uly i^SntToned ^ gieatei board measure for Quebec by about ten per cent, should be kept in mind. .'! 184 JtEl'AHTMENT OF AORWUUUItE. Apf)i>n(I<>(i are the following tables :_ Area of U,nit», cut of Lumber, dr., and S.cnpt,. Ontario— Provincial lands.. tlo Imliau lands six years. do Total 'o Qucl)pc— Provincial lands . j Indian lands . ^° . | . T M ? f? M ?. '4 ?( ,' in f^E i'/-,i!i:'.-5 I -f s * 1 «jiu **■?< S f o ^ iS ■*■ r f I - s ^■^; cu 6 "H ^ , T.^ -' :,tn - rT! *" '" vvi- -*■ I * M • z'is i ^ •^ .^ = .^ i -2 I .■; .i !^ 3: siun -''•-' y = -5 - -r f . 5 ~; f. - X X ■V N Ir 2 ji ; w ^j ?? ?-, f ir:' rT ' ^ m f S 7 ?J '--5x5- -• ■— ji 1- _ B3 > 'f' . ^« pq w 15 S ?) S ?i j; 5 ?i ' ^ iS !^ i 3 2 2 i' '""- P3 > K Sifsig 06 X X '■« .-■ iJ! >!S *; iP. T -^ '"f ^ li : ^i/:'c; r -:r i fs i| ^ 5 ?»'- 4A7;?,,-rV7 f-- (.•! »• — •- •- .' hi - ■£ -z t. ■?. ''•fp^.'ili % ■■£ iTiK z-r ;:; • • J ^^z.nn\^ X r; -c 2,1 — ft 5 S VT 5; = -.tZS s-^. ;?1 ?!„' ^'; i-! •3?ir ic, ;3 !f 5 2'i5?-' I 3 I S; ?^ I*' w' : 5i~ = •5^ -.' i i= B - e2s ii3 {.T ^ ^' C-f C4" r-T ^^VtS !!^ !■/ I i" "-lit 3.?:^. n ^.i ^l~ ^' ;h • 'T i ^?; ~1S S.5 ■K«~ H ^0 riH £ ■r^ 7-r l-H i-!.-:U^S2 h S -3 5 x't-T-.-rf ;Sl§ =5 ^ iiif s . S " ?5 3 N »i iS c 2 X X X X X 2 m DEI'.iltTMEST OF MIHICULTURE. ij -^ ^ J 5 3 '2 O ^ S 3 O a 13 ■Jl c 1^ >..st = c< V T) ?i Vi U: tl y, »*■ 1 ,. 1^ 35 £ X S s rr i i; " £ « S « t* 3 K fl h* ■J 5i»i"*y ;» 4 g J;^ £3 'S 3 "5 «3 S ?> t TC 'i M ?i ii 1* X 13 S S ^ £.' * ^ -r I fri K S5?JXSV Z' 15' I-' . ifX-Zfllr K S 3 I Jl 5 12 jx » s! -' *' *■• S3 si" \j i^ 1 xZKxSdSB X '^' '■» r-( ^H r-l ti ft ,-1 fH •8 I ■I it a o X g.E 5"i 3 s * ' <- •111 t -i-B= h" 1 3 o U ^ s 3 a O 1 1 i .8 .a s e 9 o S rs a ce eS <1 3i < /V/^A'.ST WEALTH OF CANADA. % i a a i "0 J 11 I __ i S5?Sti'5 13 s. 5 S '<" / U K I .•= t t^tMi 'i V,. ^ S S S * S « .* ! L: sS U' S3 i; ', oXri « f in r. i ,r "^ is ^3 J:2 c 6 c 6 6 I- ~ - .■■; ri r: ?■ »i rf i'l h iif 3' U- i5 i^-i'n^sf^ 5 tj-!2»«5.5J I M- -T ^* 5 ?* *• * ■'• If - -.'^■^'^^^.-5■ s ^ ffQ ?) "r at x ° k1| 1 liil :i j5 r; c^ I— I . ,r; s' " ?s" a' .vf SI *" s'" ' g 5 =? £.' 2? pS ; Z X X 5: X i'4 II m 188 DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. "8 S <3 c ■■3 e 4) ci Q S p u M U O ■«! o "J S5 13 . 2« „• I- 55 « CO N •* -r " !;'-■« 50 i^i ■-■ r- ,y, ^ !'• 5 »^ (M -1" 00 of S^fl-^(^fo'JfI:■' 1-| c-1 rH f-( cc N -r H E So; U o.ii c cS . o X =-. I- — :i §S 3 2 M p X I -r ^o w t; r: 1-t •»»" ;5 •-< r-i 5f -t 5 » ^ - S I - 05 r- ,-1 — X I CT « jC S S «^ — - I 5 N ^ 55 3 i-l tft i-. 2b eo'cTrfi-Ti-'r-'' -J- < s 0; CO M Csl 1^ CJ O J^ • c. 1 o a s ? -^ irf w • s 5 3 X ^ CO T-i . O 15 CO C* ? -O C. p- o t- ; ",co o: * m .' IN i-TtC lo S <3 K 05 c fc-J S ?c rf s^ '^ CO c. 50xp5^ift i^c5 iH ■tj criO'0"''o'y''p'"o" ^ 1-1 iH rl « « CO fe Si S X Qi-JCO Tf 15 co__x__c5iMos3 3 CO CO « S o -f ft 1-1 IH rH IN N ■* « xxc to" : : : : : »;SP ; i : : : i ss :xooxx » FOREST WE ALT] I OF CANADA. 189 ^ i » 5 S ir 5 v' {' .- -r -X X X S i;; w 1^ 00 '.i Hiss' -'"'"-*" a n O t;^t^ 1^ C "M ■ij ^H o t'-^ fi i* X jc M S s o "^ " TS = ^, ?J £ '^ 2.' -: ■;■ M -r t-"r ?: I- c 5 rfn'-fic k- ■ C-1 VI -X ~ : M i-c r: r» ^ 1^ ?t r-. C .^ m -^ lO c^ ^ I.. i-J CC I- X'i 5i 22 i5 n ic ??5 ^gS rHfl S I a : -^ so its — -^ w- . n ?c cc 1--X ?i3 . — qc t:7 — »», X « i: T. p2 -r X 3; 25 !■ t- c5 -.e S .5- CO M -r M in -^ II n- Or «l-:i 1.": cs z o« i: Oi-l- — 'T 00 -f • , ^ ec I- X S j: s'la'a' I— I ^ u '^ sic M .'3 "O l^ I - CO CO ^^ i-H fcr 5t ^ 2 " 53 c^ isS^ H-rtJl o ■/ t-l.?=?L^L^!c'3 rt i. *i.^i?^?.5;J £= JJ Iff,-!-..- 'X'J- X ^is^itgi z-?.3?.i?io-S?3" = = 2 S 2 5 ;iggs«$i "^^ «-22'«'"i2 :i -^ i5?£Kl:^l= M -*.J -' r-. r. -r -o -r Ti a 5 r ,.„-512J?to-SS? o=^ t-( ,-1 ,-H .— _l^ _l_ ^a H-.i: =.3 5 i-5 x ^ E-( g :» Si s to =>' £ ./ 'T i-J r- -f »^^l -.r -M '^' ^ rw — 1^ -r ri '^•f — X v; I. Tn-^ o:. c. I* 5i ?i ,-i ."^ '^ t* "f o T I c I , -r -1" -ri- :s -r -f -5 %■ -i< ic f 1 c< ?S -c ?i r^'^c^KS^Ss c5 X • -t i?; t- .- o X o X o'l;;" O »^ ^ C CO O tC CO " s5 5 '~' X M (M — Ci 1, N ^ cf c4" CO crT c^ Tj^ o . O w 01 O »n l-H i-H 1 ^ 9-, CO i S -.o ^ M oi X o -r jM- c; 1.-5 X iSi'RfS-'feS . — f-H i-i ^ rH i-t p.4 1— I x?? i Ol ■ in p o CO rH" • •.£ M 5 c: w r^OJOOO r- XCO x CO ^ 01 S o aj t^ X -1* o ^ S "<"''areo'co''od'5C''"t OJX Sco fcf SS S 2 s? 23 CO isss? I t: 60 8 "3 i 1 p; a 190 DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE. ^ Eh d .2 '3 a a a) a ■e Q C eS 03 e 9 w a S s p a O a s o S < d c! is g s I 2 c la J8 S c 2 U: 5 S? fcf ^ ^ 'T -^ * -r i_ ?5'" ■ JJ 5 '2 '~ 5^ ^ — _6 ^ iS te t S ® «■' iH ^ lO O C? -^ 1" • ^ S t- ~ "^ i~ -< £ c-r iS in rf rT =' — " ^ o C-. » c: ?5 ?i _o 2 S *J S "n « -- " X 0^ "T I - *f« c. ic c . 2 f? -S J! ■- "5 f- S S <5 ^ "'• 'S N »o -t 1^ r; o 1-- ^ O =55 o ^i-H w iS -r « o -^ §£) !C fq TO X in 10" Qj cc Oi ;c^ffc ;c in i» e-^i«o * o t- ff^i 55 3E n £r 2£ ■* '^ ^ 5; — 5! " " -i'-i'-— M X • l- .-I l>. X — -^^ -"r T -^ f-i *x = 1-1 J) . tH (N J.) : t-- b- 1>. i» t~ t» t>. o 5 L*S5ooxaox e 3 « o ■E 01 a a, Q 3 o o C! 3 O a a e8 d o H OS H Q n o H "Si t;, -. -, ■'v'v'^.'* '- I ?< ■ •2" '-f'* c i-Tjs I x" S -.2 c : fa ^ M-^ a, s = 5: tT s IS 05 ./ £1 ^ */l C r:* 1" ^-< 1 CO ix 1- r.r. -r r. TIN w ^ T 1 X -< • - — . ~: ;; - ,^,?;i-!^,5|:?-x?i l;'i ' 5. ^ ;? S ? ^ S O « O MOI-O t^ t^ .— . ^ f -r 1^ .■/, X J5 -r X ri M X . • c c c :^ ? :im c<; CO 'T -J S X I- t-. 1-1 I- IS 52 ^' ^ ^ «■' i~ I-' ~: ira 3: - 1" t- M o 1-1 -r ej 23 '^ ? I- =s i~ ift ■* i» iS 1- 't- if . «C N t>^'n< M 10 t- g ISCCrHi-l'TjritfrH •05 *f X CO Ct . of (^i■^^lCc^ . iS Jit ci c: a: S P r""^"d" *"'■''" HH O t-» C'- (^ ^1 i-< 1— I ,01 X 05 O & -i O ^ g rjScoitiSxcox g 0^0 C^l^— (N 1-1 c^ • ofoi" N n" of oq"{N t- X OS Q r-< M eO 95 XCCSoJOiOl O606XX xoox • 60 JS a o > c 'W a a c« cq O o O n oi -J IS O 73 -C lig d'" f^ 1^' >%~' I-H s^-* ?o 1— ( i-H of itM- «c iCi-T ts 11 |i •s* 1 1, ; in 1- Vt 5 i-« f 1 M to *A .- * i-fi X 5?5 ■♦m'" •t" 1-4 J ■* ?;' s'lO" ^IN lOcf • be • ■■« a 'T3 I a S CS a. § •?■ "e 3 -^ 4 ^ ^ 1 fl 1 > ^ o C) ■^ w u hJ M s p b CL, c! 3 O S a cS 2i n s o O FOREST WEALTH OF CAXADA. 105 (S =c Ti -r — r-r C rt i S •/: S .5 = 2 .5-5 >.'« « n It ri ^' ii! :^ I SJ r-^ 'S r^ 1Z -^ ' ' y" Lr -> Tl ft •* ^ 3 .^ i~ fl if Ti 3 ?? S I 3 Ti •• y. 1 i b I - - - ■SI?3S,-5,1? ») if it "'('.I* J< 8a— I3J i if : 5 S3 S & o O CS OC 00^ QO X 00 00 ■"■■ -MrMf. 2 c; «© ill I X 5 ?■? ?5 -32 s r^' •'? ■£;: ?r2^- ^ • in — ^1-' — ." '— 71 j^- r-l Tl ?^ -r 71 o SI " 2 c- I ■■a .^-^ :;1Vt!: •_t;-c -i-S *) • ■ "T 'M 1- if^ ^ o I •" J :c<:Tri,x 3-3 3 I i O > " IM iH i-H »H 1-H f-( 196 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ^ FOliEST WEALTH OF CANADA. 197 • => X f) « o ■Sgg ; ■ -f f -I- ?4 ri ?i . s J 00 o <^ tX3 ^ CO 108 JtEI'A/fTMENT OF AlWICULTVRE. pa 5 o •c S c O s I !& u GO •c s s III 1 ^ ^^^ t 1 v^i 2" 3 s? . zm ^ r-t 1 m i £ ''' ?r «f i S -' o- ^ mi ^ if ^ ? g £ 5* s M S 2 I ^ "■« air.-' • cc ;c .--I e rf.-a 6 k > a- rf r-ii £ -' ~f i £ sSs •E .a Q a s o H I. « .2 H .2 FOItEST WEALTH OF CAXADA. m 1 ^ a d) « .2 -< B o- *ib-l ■H 5=S"- 1 J©'-r ■ -r £"" PH i ft -r -< I H ^ CC f 1-^ ■IS."* Iff 55 ^ X S WrH s X •r i; N X 53 (In'-' P3 55 a; I;- IN OS V i;? 2£ 3! ?2 £ P5 j: J: ;fi I ii ^ c2 I . ^ ?c .= Tf U? •$ f« C^ s S vt -2 Jf * -rftf !tJ MScr:?|g Iii3 iR* ■ .xiSUK M w CO n* S »r -1 . Ji3« X :?x^ « . I- « s V) rrq :»" S 3.5 K 2 3 ? "■:' £ X c I - ta 5 Z 2 /. 1 • :'4?. ,5!s ca ^ ij ,^* irl cc ■■s 1 J 200 UMl'AIITMBXT OF AdHWULTVRK. TABLK From ChUht'd 8TA1KMKNI of Timb.M. iic, M.wumI at tht- Ports ot l»M0»«l(' 11 12 13 14 IB Hi 17 1 Wliitf piiiH, . . !i HhI |iiiii< 3 Spnice 4A»h Hiiln, cpf Kilcttil (I MllHM\V(MMi . . 7 Ht'ecli HHircli IsjUiitti'iiuit . . ., lt» Mlltt.JllW(HI(] . , 1 Clicrrv JChcMtiiiit. t f''ittli!|W(«xl . . , Kim > Hfiiil(K.'k 1 Ff ickory -.' .Miiple.' IH.Mi.wl lit'Oak .'.' li()jSv(aiiuir«» .... 31 rlitiimrack J2 Walnut 2i Wliitewooil. . . . "•'.m// Tunh;. | Pi^^e.. Tew, ¥) ft. Fi«o«».. Ton.. 40 ft »i,i77 2!) mt.uai u "s 'io "is 25 ;«■) 2' 10 4 13 245 '."ni 8-34 !l-27 151 137 m Hqmin Timlin; . 1 White piiif. .. 2 Ri'd piiif SSprucf AhIi ' Halm of gileaci Balsam.. Ha!i do timber 20()ak 21 1 Tamarack . 22:Wahmf 23 Whitewood .. . 3(12,285 121, .^iHS 135 3,234 4 1,847 18 32 02; 7, •• ••„, i 3I ' '429, 2,730< %. l,75(t' 1,384 44,!I14 14 541 17^ l,333'26i 2.107 07; 3!»1 .T)l. 1 ooi. 1,271 . '14' 72 (Mi! 71 23. I.4;t(! 24| 5-21>i.' " "i'27j: '4!'»3',T0i 5,012 04 . ;« 20 405, 'l,44l'(H(:' 2,750- 12, 2!»,24( 00 ' " '484 2 2 l(i3 1 10 l.fiOO 10 01,820-17 44,800 01,058 02 31,5iM) 52 7.600 418 ■WO 12 15 -.31 0,950 28 72-38 3(1- ()6 25,lfi8 07 4,611 2-,- 012 16 38.3' 37 305 12 70, 195 -.30 14,719-36 34 11 100 35 9 410 .38 23,018 54 ■ 43 40,235 .3,822 1.013J " "m'' 3;j,o.3i; 11,925; 10 77i 399,901 -37 68,845-14 39 24 8,123-29 '8-18 435-22 28 02 9,981-09 39 08 '32-2,3 43,886-32 4,012 03 1,574 081 '165-12 50, 455 -21 7,688-29 14-21 mi5 154.420 100,889 24(i 26,845 5 531,355 755,762 -30! 482,849| 595.457 07 1.261 88! 8,495, 107 7.903' 25 56,81 5i 8.6511 4.0081 2 763 450 ' 59.722 17. 962 i 93I 95! 208.926 11 1 94.(i06 19 244-05 21,689 10 2-37 44,670 .37 99 '25 ' 460 '05 1 :« 1-39 108'i('l M5 23-13 ' '39 1,180 3i 11-03 46,55()-lti 50,;i85 69,731-26 23,678 23,15902 1 3,395 1,188-02 78-25 3,924 02 .')6-.32 7,5!»9-23i 25-14! (10,107 07; 7.619-21' 4..326-25 1-ir 586-28 301 10 81..'>2(5-i8 9.198-30 75-14 144 25 13 4 27.8.-)9 2 10. .328 (i61 302 119 2.158 15 448.8511 502,22909 34 16 01 318 13,067 -ai 3-39 11,705-05 911-21 327 12 .36 06 "■.'•^•li '.6,9%loi 2,278 1.35,936 1,303 09 17,683 346 149,366-07 TABLK 'mill Ciill^'t the Ports ol tH80. »». T(iiw,40ft. 4'«,li70 37 !»» 2.-I " •ioo'oo 03 1 ;w I 3(1 108 Kl M5 2;i 13 "3!'l it) 1,180 31 1103 •i(i,r)5*ii(i "i 98 '5,609-2i 67 )77 17,424-07 222,809 02 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 3 (a).— Confhived. Montreal, Lachine, Sorel aiul Three Rivers. — Continued. 203 1885. 1890. 1891. 1 1892. 1893. Pieces. 4,257 si Tons,40 ft 3,787 -3a "58-04 Pieces. 12,712 Tons, 40 ft ! 7,(i44-ll J Pieces. 4,791 Tons,40ft 3,336 12 Pieces. 2,06^ Tons, 40 ft. ' Pieces. 1,379 19; 99- Tons, 40 ft. 638-2*' 1 2 3 4 5 - '1 468 5 1,230 "374 -Oi 2 .39 641 05 3i626 "21378 -14 2i432 8;447 '■i;497'66 'si 754 '23 1 i;;". ..;;. 1- 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1,238 2,9.52 57i-15 2,229-05 3,443 19,175 142 liato " 1^949-32 4,816 "imik '2,635 4,702 ii466-i7" 5',86o " "siosfio 10,231 7,664-32 11,972 17 20,485 3,910 11,489-13 2,779-36 6,797 3,72600 3,899 563 3,a56-24 5(>8-02 125-27 3,138 16 331 i 218-08 5,708 4,705 12 1 2 3 |........ 657 689-14 920-28 5,896 4,537-22 1,173 "783-33:!;!;!;.'; 4 5 ! 30 33-36 6 7 8 9 10 330 109 -.32 132-12 1,432 j . 159 1,046 15 1,504 1 2,385 1,553 19 5,(i08 4, 856 04 9,806 7,675-38 1,002,01. 8,123 6,292-21 3,587,805 214,959-30 35,000 2,f)05-08 6,850 39218 17,900 I97'i4 "isiooo 1,025-21 1,63! -io 1 i,fl23,"26i 58,444-24 75.348 4.0.55 -.30 3,546 3,920 7i366 2 3 'ib'liKS '4,792-i3' i " '418-09, 4 5 6 1 8 9 19,878 91102 95,077: 4,244-22 10 11 12 3 L4 5 16 L7 H '6771981 i6",448'04 :: :■'::. ;::::::: . . ; .;;.;■ ] 1 1,400,620 35,280 16 2,151-23 337,232-14 .. . 1 ] 40,000 1 9 6,849,180 110,348 6,060-38 21,616 l,238-27i 35,900 2,056-31 ■1^1 204 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. TABLE Wmknt of Timber, &c., Pleasured at the Ports of Quebec, Description. ^mraaivlMaaU. 1 Masts, whitppine 2 do not speci- fied 3 Spars, red ])in('.. 4 do spruce . . . 5 do tamarack fi do not sjieci- tied Staves Jc Ixiths. j 1 Staves, standard 2 do West India 3 do barrel . . : 4 Latliwoodfcords), 1865. Piecei 1,039 f)3 3 365 8,227 1870. Tons, 40 ft. Pieces. Tons, 40 ft. 7,013 101 108 -26! 6-36!. I 375 11 . 17,ii,54-23!" 56 331 4 •37800 496 20 8-08 1875. 1880. Pieces. 163 Tons, 40 ft. 1,100 10 Pieces. Tons, 40 ft. 23 34 20 391 882-28 1,934 i,42r 3 3,609 16,588-29' 1,266 12,2230« 3,485 22 12 7, 11,548 00 1,26,31 426 852 00 •'89 1,952 10 10, 855 00 1,479 29,88308 563 57-09 3 4,141-161 1,113 fi83 l,.3.-)0 Ifi 706 l,384~l6 12,683 Hi 147 4,832-25 127 2412.. 3,560 00 1,261-06 1,091-14 340-30 1 Waney timber. . Square timber. . Flatted timber. . Round timlier . , Lumber*. . . Spars and masts Staves and laths 17,656 531,355 26,4021 25,563! 4,2"3,8C5i 8,227 6,971 33,329 755,762 22,242 7,668 271,4.33 17,654 40,382 ■07 -30 -27 •36 -25 23 -09 46,984 482,849 29,613 3,534 5,566,934 391 6,021 61,820 17 44,809 595, 457 07 448,851 25,069 06 14,8!)9 1,229-00 .5,986 363,031-22 9,992,095 882-28 589 44,836-33: 3,1.58 6,135,326j 1,092,326-3310,610,387 See Act, Cap. 18, 1889. -Measurements not co„,pulso;:;rS;;i;;;;;i;;;: 61,958-02 502, 229 09 12,508-36 8, ,588 08 565, am 17 1,952-10 21, 100 08 1,173,63610 REC APITU 31,590l 46,556-16 135,9361149,366-07 3,294! 2,636-14 177 156-27 4,064,077j222,8O9-O2 706i 1,384-36 2,693-10 381 4,236,161 425,002-34 Province of Ontario-From Provhmal Returns. tablp: Average contents of Saw-logs and Square Years. Saw-logs. Pine. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893, Feet, B.M. 1224 110 106J 103 96 94 98i Other. Feet, B.M. Square TrMBEK. White Pine. Cubic feet. Red Pine. Cubic feet. 40 37S 36? 39 41 1 Other. Cubic feet. 37i 33i 39| 42i 37J 37 1887.., 1888 . 1889... 1890... 1891 . , . 1892 .. 1893 . TABLE Jrfcs of Quebec, 1880. Tons, -10 ft. 23 34 20 683 l,a-)0 ir, "06 l,384l(i 147 127i iin 381 1,261 (Ki 1,091 14 ' '340-30 2,693- 10 EC APITU ,5!»ol 46,556 16 ,9361149,366-07 ,294! 2,636-14 177 156-27 l,077[222,809-02 706 1,384-36 381 ! 2,693 10 .161 425,602-34 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 5 {a)~Concladed. Montreal, Lachine, Sorel and Three mvevs-Conduded. 205 1886. Pieces. !Ton8,40ft. 1890. Pieces. Tons, 40 ft. 1891. 33i I 49 -20 Pieces. Tons, 40 ft. 1892. Pieces. Tons, 40 ft. Pieces 1893. Tons, 40 ft. 18-00 1800; 33 116 279 58 200 653 995 05 2,393 02 493-27 640 00 4,521-34 60 125 9 49 20 86 ^ 514-28 18 1,070-06 si 13 11 187 1,598-05 26 L A T I O N 154-39' 60 01, 86, 221 00 124 14 124-14 23 31 30 0!J 54 00 ll 16j 3' 4-28 1 134-10 2 25 37 3 201 165-01 53,425 64,244-32 68,826 l.S5,444 100,424 18 149,315 10,231 7.664 •.'52 19,175 .5,0:)8 4,850-04 1,4,S2 6,849,180 337,232-14 110,348 . 9 18 00 33 653 4,521 34 187 _ 7,054,5;^) 678,962-14 3!.4,316 . 95,723 160,308 11,972 1,040- 6,060- 49- 1,598- 276,759- ■20l ■27| ■171 • 15: !»3,4.')0 134,20217 153,083 167, 805 08 20,485 n,48!)13 !',800 7,075-381 20 05 22 26 22100 276,856 321,453-36 48,9!H) 64,583 4.702 1,504 21,616 8() 141,488 60,515-33 71,513-34 2,779-36 1,002 01 1,238-27 124 14 5400 137,228^ TABLE and Square 5 (6). Timber showing reduction in size. Province of Quebec-Fr<»n Provincial Return,. Other Cubic feet. 2^ 87 4S 87 Years. 1887.. 1888 . 1889.. 1890.. 1891 . , 1892 . 1893 . S.\\v-u)f;.s. Square Tlmber. Red Pine. | other. 206 O c C r3 CM O O S o « e a S S H i I DEPARTMENT OF AGRWULTVRE. R I- ?? ? , I to' 1-1 c5 o i5 36 |» S? •o 9- s I i » o' « in fc ?? in St" g l-H " fc I I cc -n- ^ § S g s' I I" I ?5 i> S5 I I- in X a 3: is lO ^ 23 rl 'X' '"* t^ S" 3 a: i n- ffC tH O S J5 S 53" cS 03 C^ cc o Si 1.-5 ^ 5 n, « H fci o e >• Si s 02 m 8 CO § in '2* i e>i 00 in" -j i t" I »■- SJ 'M ^ 8 8 S * 5 I i c; tC (m" -:S I- o" cT OT 5 it f » a o" 1—1 I- i5 fi ^ 3 S •r o C5 l- i-H 38 a H e t3 M g (» s C3 00 3 K M 73 FOHEST WEALTH OF CANADA. TABLE 6 (b)~{Vrom United Kingdom Trade Returns.) 207 QU..NT.TIKS Of Wood Of all kincls imported by United Kingdom from all Countries and amount and percentage from Canada. Year. "''^"■••^"' ! Sawn. From all Countri™. From Canada. 1 Canada. From all Countries. From Canada. Canada. 1872 1873 1874 1S75 50 ciil). ft. loads. 1,782,033 2,071,390 2,147,394 1,087,9.39 2,158,2t)5 2,079,013 50 cub. ft. loads. 443,484 305,875 47(>,375 330,807 470,.54'J 485,720 P.r- centage. 24 87 17 00 19-46 19-90 21 SO 23 36 50 ovib. ft. load.s. 3,083,349 3,415,723 3,805,247 3.297,830 4,102,018 4,572,748 50 cub. ft. loads. 788,288 954,35(i 1,076,188 9,53,228 1,107.347 l,25(i;212 Per- centage. 25 -.57 27-94 28 28 1870 1877 .■.'.' 28-90 26-99 27-47 lotal Average 1885 188(i 1887 1888 12,227,204 2,037,877 2,578,870 429,812 2i-9i 22,277,515 3,712,919 6,ia5,619 l,022,(i03 ""27 •54 1,9.35,8.54 1,582,702 1,718,400 1,989,851 2,.392,223 2,278,171 2,2.50,392 2,409,139 2,120,888 250,280 101,733 105,240 191,374 228,005 180,000 1.51,828 194,054 1.30,304 13-24 10-21 9-62 9 02 9 -.53 7-90 0-75 7-88 6-41 4,235,.508 3,785,78(i 3,797,747 4,357,(Hi4 5,319,,S20 4,77H,076 4,379,000 .5,090,798 4,701,717 99!l,775 ! (5.3, 440 872,406 930,523 1,235,258 1,185,.5;)!» 891,0)»4 1,204,838 1,115,074 23-60 25-85 22-97 1889 1890 1 1891 i 21-36 23-22 24-81 1892 1 1893 '..'.'..'..'.'.'.'."} Total i Average 23-49 2307 23-43 18,743,746 2,082,038 l,(iG5.544 185,060 8-89 40,150,5,082 4,500,631 9, .388, ,577 1,043,175 . 23-18 208 DEPARTMEyT OF AilRWVLTVHE. TABLE Census Returns—Southern SyUARK PlNK- NCMIIKH OK C I- 11 1 (J Kkkt. White. I Red. 1 Bagot 11891 , Jo 11881 Beauce ISftl lio ... .. ... ,1881; Hcauliariioj.s 1891 tlo ... !1881 Belleehasse 1891 „ <1<> 1881 5 Bonaventure ... 1891 (Jo . 1881 Broiiie . . 1891 <'o 1881 Chamhiy 1S91 „, flo .'|1881 (jliateaugiiay 1891 ^ do 11881 9Com|)t(>n ;i891 L do !18«1 lODorcheNter ;1891 I do ... |l881 11 Druminond and! Arth.-.baska '1891 do . |iS81 12Ga.s])e 1891 , „do .11881 1.3 Huntingdon 1891 ^, do 1881 14 Iberville 1891 I do .' 1881 15|Kamouraska il891 do ;1881 21,210 10,860 7,448 480 7,020 928 2,380 38,884 21 22,167 17,765 32,762 5,,53G 600 4,812 90 2,608 40,032 7,305 16,225 1,171 4,208 4,200 338, iisoo Cubic feet of •Sou "re Oak. 1,300 Cubic Feet of Square or Sided Tamar- ack, 6,8/0 300 268 .342 3( 15 .500 1,3001 l!),150i 7^060' . 3001 2;606 . 48 . 0,425 . 5151. 4,122 8,501 2,910 10,924 149, 9;» 22,711 42,231 10,511 650 925 2,163 19,713 3,260 19,089 39,310 82,965 6,606 57,8i)« !»9,411 31,411 5,891 70,707 101,524 2,500 2,598 16 17 18 20 Laprairie 11891 do Levis . . . do L'Islet . . . . do . .. 19 Lotbiniere. do Megan tic . 21 1881 1891 18811 1891 1881 1891 1K81 1891 1881 180! 4,046i 5,615 41,738' 14,040 J^! 2,480 36 1,752 1,500, 2,872 12,139; 15,197 Missisquoi 1891 ,, do 1881 22 Montrna?ny 1891 do 1881 23 Napierville 1891 „J.,. do .■188I 24picolet 1891 I do .1881 25 Richelieu Il891 „ „.do .'I8HI 26 Richmond & Wolfel8!)] 2,087 6,123 3,570 2,849 2,000 I ' 'I68 1,321, ' 9251 ' 3,0:j0i 8,435| 1,050 10,190 400 30 400 83 4,523 200 "45 2,500 5,767 716 30 165 1.482 19,la5 23,546 19,519 9,773 do 27 Rimouski .... do ..... 28Rouville do 29 St. Hvacinthe . . I do 30 St. .lean I do ' 11881 1891 1881 1891 188] 1891 1S,S1 11891 1 1881 24,332 16,028! 1,.549 9,317 22,755 fi, 622 1,679 884 107 932 57,790, 27,184i 42,828 34.100! 12,5641 3,300| 4,61 9I 960' 200 3,060 75 20 1,142) 3,2150 7,100 4,900 Iflo' 120, 600' 1,659 803 66 790 \,ms 1,.')00 315 1,162 41 1 I 5,400! 1,180 3,100! '505! 20I 51,084 32,414 240 4,038 3(i,369 4,545 8,619 1,547 19,716 40,327 30,492 401,184 60,249 27,316 149,826 142,692 15,565,1 19,578 6,727 60,002 6,305; 33,197 87,596 138,4.55, 5,200, 32,756 Cubijc Feet of all other Scjuare or •Sided Timber, 843,461 150,238 483,702 577,207 20,708 27,496 ll(i,139 62,229 124,622 106,376 3.5,727 150,238 9,046 25.409 1,804,760 90,824 178,794 1,216,095 192,494 187,841 221,844 59.3,968 2^1,382 201,644 23,271 45,125 32,567 189,994 22,450 70,888 .54,8,S4 18,525 56,176 10.5,104 11,405 9,600 198,133 110,5(il 214,694 117,239 , 106,437 10 ; 290,127 56,247 106,385 80,.327 75,027 2i»2,988 363,213 ■50,590 14,576 190,1.55 1,088,205 5.53,254 037,675 187,461 192,020 .'>n,,3i8 479,414 15,202 108,805 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 20» TABLE turns — Southern KET her 38. '00 i30( )0« lis'' I5« . 00 Cubic Ffft of Hick- ory. I Cubic I Kt»et ' of all other S(|uare or •Silled Tiinl)er. 200 22(i 7,510 240 2001 20 100 44 23'J 160 843,40] 150,23« 483,702 ")77,2()7 20,708 27,400 llo,13!( 02, 22!) 124,022 100,376 3,5,727 150,238 9,040 25.40!) 1,804,7(30 00,824 178,704 1,216,09-) 102,4i)4 187,841 90 800 30 25 95, 40 410 750 800 1,500; 32,449' 240 180 '460 221,844 59,3, !»68 2<1,.S82 201,044 2.3,271 45,125 32,507 189,!)i)4 22,450 70,888 .54,884 18,525 30,176 105,104 11,405 9,000 198,133 110,501 214,094 117,239 I 106,437 290,127 56,247 100,385 80,327 75,027 292,988 363,213 .50,590 14,576 190,1.55 1,088,205 5,53,254 037,675 187,401 192,020 .50, .".l 8 479,414 15,202 108,805 7 (a). Quebec, by Counties. Xuwiber of Ctiisus Stand- ard Pine Logs. 11,340 4,050 15,978 97,309 2,571 178 1,245 ■580 35,;«4 0,490 913 4,050 2,07.". 14,228 7,200 20,005 12,205 03,847 3,0.34 2,480 10.5,385 172,501 7,024 30,511 4,405 2,091 610 6,35 57,293 45,144 3.504 439 5,411 28, .53: 0,010 1,859 5,080 2,110 3.220, 10,707 1,515 3,(J08 1,013 3,004 .5,333 103,827 120,025 115,285 2,201 3,000 20,051 14,0!)1 10,810 2,521 31,737 2,770 30,80: 22,142 1,284 503 210 DEPAIlTMEXT OF AomcULTVRE. ■1 TABLE Census Returns-Southern Counties. 31 Shefford , . ! do 32 Hherbrooke do . 33 SouliingeH . do 34 StariMtead. . do . . . 35 Teniisooimta do 3G Va\idieuil . do 37 Vorcheres . do 38 Yaniaska . i do . . . . ■ , (1891 1881 18i)l| 188] 18!)1 1881 ! i8!»r i8Hr .11801 . 11881, .|I8itll . 18811 . 18!)] . 1881 . 18i»l 1881 |S(JUA1IK Pl.NK- Nr.MHKH OK Cliiiu Fkkt. Whitf. Red. 27,270 2,2)10, Cubic Feet of Hqu re Oak. 1,0001 800 Cubic Keet "f Square i or Sided I 'J'aniar- 1 ack. ' ! 0,75!) 20,150 320 S14| 29,865 is!, 3401 4401 3,9()9! . 15,(i.-)0) 15.5,491 22,6.55| 34,471 (i8,875| 9,160 130 1,790 2001 34 200 56 1,800 5,000111,379 2781 3,410 350 . 5,370 1 1,3,52! 30,9,53| 32,005i 24,553| 6,263| 25,4161 \,\m 0,5301 120,2iKt! 40,277 288,495 113,357 Cubic Feet of Square or Silled Birch and Maple. I 123,950i 7,5,5Sided Timber. 279,375 1,097,(VJO 2.S,275 7,073 4,063 42,410 70,2,57 134,76(i 223,973 128,260 89,833 43,(i40 138,.-)64 54,979 32.495 57,901 !•■■ TABLE rns— Southern jCuhic Kcet (if iHi.k Diy. cio 1 Cubic Feet . of all other H<|iiare or Sided Tiiiilw. 27!»,37.j im,m 23,271-) 7,073 4,0(13 42,410 70,257 134,7fi(i 223,1173 128, 2(M) «i»,8,S3 43,040 13H,r>(i4 54,!I7JI 32.41)5 o7,U01 FOREST WEALTH OF C AX A DA. 7 (a) — ConcJudfd. Quebec, by Counties. 211 Number of Census •Stand- (ird Pine LogH. 4,42H, 7iW 300 H61 28,731 .388 G,(!;« 5u8,7(i() 51,0()0 1,375 2,(il3 3,12( 12,()50 85,0304 32 i 177 33 I 2,094 34 ' «i277j35 (i30 30 ' 8.58 37 2^624 38 8a— 14 J M 212 DEPAItTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 7 (h). Census Beturns-Southern Quebec-Pine, Spruce, Ac. Coimtied. Square Pine. Pine L<,g». 1891. 1881. ] I8!)i l.''^ Dirhion. Bonaventure (tiinim'' ' RiniDMski Twiii.icuiiata . , . . KiuiKiiirasku. . h'luh't lii'Ilecliiis.st" . Mcjiilinagny 2m/ Division. Levis L'itl)iiiitTe. . Nicolet Yamaska . . . , Richnlit.ii. . . . VerchiTeH . . Cliaiiililv . . . . Lapiaiiie. . . . lipanlmrnois. Hmitiiigdon.. 2,(W(I 10,74(1 107 640| 2inooI ] 028, 1,050 3,570l 508 1,740 34,821' 22,755 l(K),40l' 22,(!«7 12,277 8,520 . 14, 38,884 1,171 2,074 474 15( 45 2,870; 1,404 0,317 71,245 !t,(i82 22,0.33 10,005 0,523 "iso 3rd Dinsimi. Megantio Bt'aiicc [ Dnimmond and Artliabaska Kic-lmiond and Wolfe. . Uoinpton ' " Sherbrooke '.....'"' Staiistcad. . . Bagot .....".[ ' ' St. Hyai.inthe ....'.." olieflford ' " ' Brome . . . Misiiisquoi Ihnville ",,,[ Rouville St. .lean .'.'..;..' ;." ^^^aI)ierv■illp ' " ' " Cliateaiiguay . Dorclie«ter ■'■'."...' i^oiilanges ' Vaudreuil 7,780 40,080 1,7.54 7,000 2,5,41,s 47,728 28,270 485 7,573 0,0()1 01,040 15,804 20,83: 51,012 00 514 3,000 925 480 13,730 004 5,112 W 1,5,0,50' 34,200 2,2iK); 8,0.S5: 55,7781 34,284 f),570 10,028 5.530 5,208 30,025 15,850 3.5,384 7,024 10,810 .5.58,7001 57,203 0,010 1,245 1,013 5.411 5,080' 120,0^5! 8,5,(W0 2,2013 3,12(i 2,075 3,504i 2,571 4,405i 0,49(5 36,511 2,521 51,0()i» 4.5,144 1,8,50 .'■)80 3,994 28,537 2,119 115,^5 3(j,311 3,000 12,0.50 14,228 439 178 2,991 141,015 (i.3,405 404,421 i 1,22(!,926 109,7(i0| 15(i„W,)l 99,0871 242,251 1 Oi5,9.33 94,.321l 214,830 85,010 89,453 1.50,040 103,290 157,483 I 45,.5(i4 70,734 552,111! 50,045 9,159: 21,110 8,3.50 2,322 4,2.38 34,905 ]5»,02{) 287,247 01(;,05(; 233,78(1 22,450 11,420 12.3,314 05,(!00 207,25(» 211,528 -'.tWl ,401 154,937 72,41;; '>,83i; 04,7 'O 10!l,7fO 79.714 4.3, (!03 380,400 12,404 14,914 43,225 28,2.S(» 071i .3,(;wi 38,9 vV 70,838 26<),182 331,(i(K) 322,(123 12.5,111 285,707 39,1,8!) 87,2!)5' 74, .502 37,974 3,220 16,978 10,5,385 20,9511 12,205 798 3881 4,0591 39,,S(J5 4, 428 1 913,' 1,515 OKi 31,737' 1,284 5,333 7,206 3,934 8011 1,375 10,767 97,309 172,561! 14,091 ! 9.3,847 300 0,634 1.5,978 22,142 52,19, 4,059 3,008 (i35 2.770 593 103,827 26,995i 2,486| 28,731 2,613 198, 402 2()0,761 478, ()89 784, (i93 1,057,132 34,6;« 3i»8,458' 2.39,873! !M),13(i! 225,529, 213,313 24,5(W| 1,9451 40,884 6,51 1 3,5,1971 35,302 144,024 4,398 20,782, 109,234 397,315 931.141 481,745 324,002 107,902 3(i0,05l| 200,701! i;^3,019| 438,820 2,39,873 91,29()i ll,.52ll 35,048 4.7!?oi 48,233! 41,193! 78,9291 0(i,481 l(i,316 116,102 14.3, 47(» 7(i,s,2I7 172,673 43,126 108,182 78,:s]2 43,9,53 28,042 49,515 2,33,871' .507,018 297,342 492,838 310,041' 23,020 119,507! 870,905! 149,8(>8: 417,744 88,118 103,(t00 39,872 250,(>H4 25,9()3 111, (WW 1 ,lWo,675 242,295 6,810 127,265 157,854 636,440 803.011 l,14S,(i(>l l,.'if)4,4(i2 7.119 2.52,361 302,132 771,591 1,115,882 181, .383 290,041 253, (i50 2,33,137 144,.5(;o 110,760 97,.5.53 204,521 80,171 61,370 FOREfiT WEALTH OF CAXADA. 213 f)tlipr S 13,871 7,018 7,342 2,8;i8 (»,041 3,(!20 !),ri(;7 r),!)f;o :),8()K r,744 <,118 t,(IO(i ',872 »,«84 >,i«)3 ,(M>3 5,675 ,2!)5 ,810 ,2()5 157,834 03(1, 44(i «03,i)ll 1,148,6(11 1,«»4,4(!2 7.11!t 2,-)2,.S(il 302,132 771,r)!)l 1,115,882 181, .383 20!»,(i41 2,')3,(ir)0 2.3.3,137 144,r)(;() 11(),7()() i»7,r),-)3 204,521 80,171 (il,37() TABLE 7 (c). Cbksus Ueturns-Houthern Quobec-S.,uare Pine and Pine Logs Counties. BoiiftN tstiture .... Gnspe ' [ Riinouski | 'IViiii.tcoiiata KiiiiioiiniHkii L'I«lct ]]] Uelltichasse [ Montiiiagny ..'.',. 2m/ Division, Levis LotUinii're.. . . Nicolet Yamaska . . RiclielitMi., , . Verciu-reH .. . . Cliambly Laprairie Ueauhariu)iH. Huntingdon. 3rfl Division. Meg.intic Bcauce ] ' ' ' I)nnuinonrl and Artliabaska. Richmond and Wolfe Coniiiton ][ [ Slierhrooke. . . . . [' Stanste.id ........ IJagot '.'..'.'..'.".,, St. Hyacinthe shefford ;'.;;. Bronie ....... MisBisnuoi . . . Iberville ' . . . . , Rouville >St. .lean _ ' Nai.ierville 8fi 16,740 107 640 Vm !»28 i,or>o 3,.')70 otW 1,74!) 34,821 22,7i» 160,41)1 22,667 12,277l 8,u20| 14 7,78() 40,080 1,754 7,600 7 25,418 47,728 28,270i 485 7,573 0,061 61,040 1.5,804 20,832 51,012 !K) 514 3,!H)0 38,884 1,171 2,074 474 4n 2,87!) 1,404 !»,317 74,245 !),682 22,!):« 10,065 0,523 180 !)25 480 13,730 !K)4 5,112 15 15,050 34,200 2,290 8,oa5 55,778 34,284 .5, ,579 10,028 5,,53(i 5,208 39,0251 15,8.50; 1871. 119.792 3,813 r)0: 12,954 21,11) 80 !).3,!)62 3,520 34,;tO) 271,30) 1.5,042 13,443 14,46)1 29,r)i-)2 28,324 4,102 !)68 5,290| 18,497 1 252! 24,522 2,(K)0 8,500i l.'ifll) 0,490 18,571 575 32,345| 24,944 200 6,990 3,250 306 ()8,8,3! 34,043 No. of Pine Locrs. 18!)!. .35,384 7,024 19,810 5.")8,7)iO 57,2!»3 0,61)1 1,245 1,013 5,41 1 5,))8U 120,025 85,039 2,201 3,126 2,675 3, ,504 2, .571 4,4))5 3,226 1.5,978 105,385 2)i,951 12,2I» 798 388 4,0,59 39,805 4,428! 913 l,515i 010 31,737 1,284 .5, .333 7,266 3,!)34 801 1,375 1881. 1871 0.49)i 3)i,5| 1 2,521 51,0)10 4,5,144 1,859 58)1 3,!»!)4 28,.5.3' 2,119 11.5,285 3)i,311 3,oooi 12,)),50i 14,228' 439; 178' 2,!)!)1 ]0,7)i7 <.n,;m> 172..50] 14,0i)l !»3,847 3)H) )i.);.34 1.5,978 22,142 52,]!)5 4,)J59 3,008 63;- 2,776 ,593 103,827 26,995 2,480 28,731 2,613 11,857 20,4)i)i 3,9)i)> 6,N))2 I)>,))*"» 29,377 15,351 919 101,822 13,1.54 131,)i04 72,.58!) 3,)135 3,480 i,);)H) )>)i)l ll,)i42 0,734 9,492 r))),830 2))8,913 10,253 !),100 302 11,5))6 12,271 3,272 9,014 3,751 5,021 1,048 3,531 734 !),86(i 3,685 1,.534 8,.3<12 8,741 214 i^tU'Airnit:xT of auhicvltube. AvALYsiH (if Table 7 (c). Conntit'H, Pine Pine, Pine \»t Di I'ltion, Sf|imre pine. ... l'iir< lofTi Sfiimid pine . Pine I(i><» ...i. Srtl Diviniim. Square pine l^inf logH '"' ■■•■••■••■•••-■-::•• "no'M .Si «' ^'^'^^ >>"" H!<,1(1j I 105, 117 '■intl Liviiion. Pine. 1<< Diniion, ind Divmon. ^tl Divmon, <-■'"''• ft. ; 2fl7.4;)2 • •• >ia of^^S '!??•'>•-'•'' 235.24(1 I 2,0:-.^ , ,^„ .,.,^ culv ft. ! ;it,;,r,KS ^"- I 2(iK,llH 2r)«,(12<) o,|j< B», cub. ft. 1,<>33,213 i>,;27,3fi4 1,272,573 I ->'-ft.| 2,219,073; ,.036,Hr.3l 3,3«7,45i) '"''•^'•| 2.M1.062| 6,74!M«0i 3,30«,234 cub. ft. I 10.5«,.28« 8.958.8^6 I 7.780,906 fc '• I WI. >*<^ 1 li^N,252 "f3 ; 105,117 Z2H BOH,(,.>;j '?» 2(W,651 ■16 372,402 3 1,033,213 A'0/?J57' WEALTH OF OAXADA. TAIILK 7 (d). TiMHKR AgencieB Mouth of St. Uwrenoe, Que. 215 Ym. 1881 1882 1H83 \xn\ ISHfl IHWI 1HH7 ■ IHMH 1HS!» IWH) i«oi .','.■ Ten yearn Average,. PineLogH, Hpriic«K . . 45 Knees and futtocks! .!!!'" 4<) I Lath wood . . . Brls. Cords M, ft. Cords 2,705 Pes, Cord* 2,163 82,540! 4,53 103,1461 20.0431 91 12,692,13 4,6.56 2(),735 2!)0,0!)2 4,314 317,227 30,641 11.703! 44| Average E.xport.s koh 1880-82. Quantity. 10,287 u5| 782 293i Valii 121 761 481 78J 48,435 214,5!)0l 9,037i 5,910i 1!),389| 10,6061 4421 . .H 3,6!)4i 38 28,1101 ""■"3.51 6,955! 31,902i l!),fl08i 371 46,440 220,731 1 22,85(i; 4,460i 289,404 ioo 21,915 1,003 1,220 144 0,111 2,397 432 11,490 0,610,508 244,810 23,943 243,403 72,059 108,094 48,01(i 11,024 11,838 34 6 36!6!')7 12 80,302 215,864 243,084 4,878 827,007 2,304,03: 21.% 4,38 8(),057 7(i2, 101,,570 1,070 155,923 17,203 1.3,112 11,74,5,053 14,30() 17,709 449,724 7,406 323,462 1883-8.5, (Quantity, Value, 6,560 760 32 78!) 391 174 1.3,100 224,450 10,000 5,9,S2 1.8,438 7,431 .381 7.33 3!40(1 583 1 44^342 4!845 199,781 22,320 88 25.'! 588 3,008 8,019 32,745 10,018 530 44,767 210,210 22,102 .5,285 1,132 6,543 0,8,54,271 287,224 33,347 220,040 51,779 134,0,88 5!),563 10,9.37 1.5,140 1,440 2 "6.3,ii5 2i793 110,198 244,373 251,175 0,480 896,224 2,752,456 177,546 91,462 "21,573 170,480 22,2*i3 171 2,481 71,440 66!) 150,182 21,064 83 ]2,52S,8!)8 31,0(5 10,570 350,230 8,655 3,52,843 104.017 18,977 01 —(From Trade fc ill three-year AOK KXPOIITM K( 1883-85. ntity. fi,5CG 700 32 78!) 391 Value. 199,781 22,326 88 588 3,008 174 ^,100 1,450 ),(i!)!) 5,iW2 <,438 ■,431 38 » 733 i40(! 683 1 ,342 sih 01!) 745 01, S 530 7(i7 210 102 .'8i 1,132 0,,543 0,8.54,271 287,224 3.3„347 22!»,94i) 51,779 134,0,S8 .5i),503 ](),!).37 1.5,149 1,440 2 03,145 " " 2;7'J5 110,198 244,373 251,175 6,480 890,224 2,75?,45(i 177,540 91,402 ' 2ii573 12,528,898 31,045 10,570 359,230 8,055 352,843 164,017 18,977 91 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. and Navigation Returns.) periods, 1877-1891, inclusive, tocrether with Exports for tlie years 1892 and 189.3. 217 219, 477 i 10,172 3,439 13,573 5,325i lOl! 2,359 046 8,019 6,502,002 202,701 17,210 177,319 36,883 30,8(i4 3,3,133 103,0,S5: 10,577, 20,782; 75.402 i i»5i706: 11,1!I8 5,455 24,992 13,209 lOli 2!),97(i 1.37,894. 12,.311i 3,288 07,002 177,352 168,085 1,701 574,.314 1,604,021 103,575 86,740 1,127 275! 62,738j 1791 154,026 2,50,613' 10,244 2,8!K), 17,972 6,041; 51 i 11,3!)3 " 162; ibii24 3»J,735 0,055 24,071 16,0!)8 ,587 31,8,35 150,26." 10,008 3,875 ,5,089 7,.517,355 278,332 19,020 206,850 43,048 6,78(i ()0,043 159,523 .3,592 5,55() 32426 20^281 78,378 198,378 215,813 7,848 008,(20 2,23!),090 98,270 09,795 13,723 2,274 211,209 11,542 1,088' 17,1!)2 4,7iil 17 7,330 '3i24i "■37 03.31739 .3,446 29,354 10.148 304 22,940 123,820 7,131 3,901 16,736 53 10,185,565 35,8431 0,528 234,723 2,058 320,912 11.5,239 10,773 160 287 37,859 1,172 146,128 27,146' 7971 12,051,724 31,.322 7,601 j 169,700 10,459 311,902 110,616 23,830 1,033 7,918 0,110,23' 281,018 5,820 109,3;i2 33,072 1,005 34,800 82,1,34 1,905| * 7i53(i 'ii56!): ' " 42^784 42,940 235,241 219,.569 4,1031 472,792 1,644,031 02,041 54,805 30,146 3,412 9,645,319 470 43,856 2,067 179,103 16,204 23(i,965 11,8!)5 5,028 27,127: 6,211: 2 59! ., I "7i22(r 44ii!')7i; 5, .509 25,97(i 15,40.S 2,53 27,052 105,579 7,827 9!)8 2,781 7,.308,12(i 28!),6!)7 32,524 281,244 43,198 108 39,867 270,772 757 2,247 3.ii')34' 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ;23 24 25 20 27 40.164 11,!)17 217,552 30,503 370,152 83,141 . 14,113 432 41,872 228 181,398^ 64,126 |28 207,78!) !29 207,457 130 3,240 579,636 1,479,255 75.042 22,027 13,461 '36 2,647 '37 11,105,482 38 31 I32 ;.33 34 35 55,651 11,203 £05,495 3,77!) 354,392 39 40 41 42 43 22,007 2,590 113,763 44 13,984 |45 6,491 146 (^v 218 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIGULTURE. TABLE 8 («)-(From Trade and Average of Total Exports of the Products of Articles, AvKHAoB Exports for thr 1877-79. 9 10 1] 12 13 ]■» 15 16 1 18 19 20 21 22 23 M. M. ft. 24 25 2(i 27 2H 29 30 31 32 33 34 Uniltd SUitcs-Gaxv. I Logs — Hemlock vr ti. Oak ^'•.." Elm .".".'.'.!;;.';'■ » •S[>ruee " Pine ."......' " Tamarack " All other. . . >> Lumber — Battens p^.^ Deals '. .. .JStflii Deal ends " ' i< Laths, &c . . Boards, &c. . , . Scantlings, Ac ... Staves, standard ...\.. M. I do other and headings "' AH otlier Masts and spars. .... .\ p'c'g Posts, cedar, tamarack and other. Shingles 'jyj Shingle bolts i,','." Cords, Sleepers p^. Stave bolts ■ Cord's. Snooks i^T^ Timber, square — ^.«h;- Tons, Birch >■ Elm !.'!.;.'.'■ " Oak ' X Maple " Pine, white. ..........'. " do red . •• • . ^^ All other ....," " Pulpwood ...... Other wood ] Quantity. Value. l.Ofio 826 1880-82. 18&3-85. Quantity. 3,513 223 9 10,854 47 3,149 19 140,588 336,374 11,594 216 2,593 '15; 114 51,967 381 996,237 13,824 4.104 7,703 " " 12; 454 1,212 .521 54,245 211 80,448 227 134,940 3,l(i2,347 91.241 9,995 14,772 2.5,709 11,950 Value. I C,)uantity. Value. 4,425 3,788 .5! 449 2,009 133 23,581 9,385 33 199,469 003,197 14,8,52 3011 16,173! 13,093 49,61;) 19,179 16,683 1,24' 101,319 4,257 l,727i 18,181 25,255 100,023 90,998 »'")3 1,134 182„397 2,396,535 28,032 76593: 14,747 .. 43 92 950 262 740 6,4841 5,413 333 5,332 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Totals 49 44 494 1,462) 356 5,359 475 3,011: 270,511 696 210,099 6,198,325 121,289 3,281 72,94(! 42,975 23,994 203,982 3,747 342,009 114,922 2!»,289 199 430 1,826 9,767| 2,5491 19,477 2,176 10,432 8,080 1,406 5 30,322 2 17,373 42 233,279 582,355 8, ,531 2()6 52,950 18,264 92,674 705( 1,394,638 51,242 15,965 154 75 122 527 64 2, ,544 1 29 1,470 Lahrador. Lumber — Deals Boards, dfec Scantlings .". Staves, other & h.adiiim M Staves, all other Shmgles ' M Timber, square, elm '. .'.'.! ". Toiis 37,3(i7 9,708 48 147,513 4 521,12(> 704 34.5,340 7,265,2,54 64,329 1,851 256,476 l.%,171 16,075 233,863 2,816 32,5,197 147,177 6,576 1,301 655 373 4,614 660 13,388 242 8,763 128,808 10,605,893 Std.H, M. ft. Totals * Includes r.3,957 of Piles and Pile Lumber From Trade and the Products of Exports for thr 1883-85. antity. Value. 4,26 18,181 1,V2 (• 25,255 8,08( > 37,3(')7 1,40( 9,708 i 48 •JO,»2'2 147,513 2 4 17,373 521,120 42 704 33,271) 34,5,340 S2,3o5 7,205,2,54 8,;)31 (i4,329 2ti6 1,8,51 )2,ybO 256,470 136,171 8,264 10,075 2,074 233,8(i3 70o 2,81(! ■1,«38 32,5, 1!I7 1,242 147.177 5,905 6,576 154 1,301 (6 055 122 373 527 4,014 t)4 (iOO ,M4 13,388 2!» 242 .470 8,703 128,808 • • 10,605,893 39 57 8 102 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Returns. )— Continued. the Canadian Forest in three-year periods-Con^inwerf. 219 20,215 233 280, am 551,995 15,161 no 59,384 14,093 125,790 285 1,913,197 49,700 1,097,012 2,190 737,510 ,5,005 407,511 0,581,426 124,113 1,657 254,8!)9 400,616 9,228 2(i5,988 1,695 370,488 118,955 130,991 22,782 36 328,640| 6,56,486' 12,8721 6 73,995 20,662 220,640' 206: 1,89,5,167! 46,801 i 1,916,380 052,495 070 453,514 7,448,923 104,575i 480 331,073 326,630 12,433 37,324 1,774 3,58,097 122,002 226,160 21,1.35 22 309,448: 640,448j 11,064! 85,262 8,343 333,693 l,467i356 33,2f)2 774,841 590,,H83 207 442,469 7,359,,S56l 87,881 14 . . 754 ... . 99 65 314 ... . 1,299 1,1611 162 249 .... 2,150: 931 75,944 ... 193,040... 417,888, 251,754 4, .544 105,772 . 095,506 3 259,384 91,7841 100,250! 193 1,542 4,ii9 l.S.S,312 15,5,441 3,57,573: 747,719! 11,445 10 700 403,203 239 1,404,672 37,,507 234,290 505,958 8„571,525 101,786 141 563,318 360,207 1,241 70,485 827,816 1,772 212,890 103,365 65,258 87 192 i,'oo6 12,632,643 1,010 1,728 7,27i 371,981 •134,839 14,841,455 » 9 10 ill 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 .36 37 . 38 .39 40 41 42 V Jl 220 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 8 («)— (From Trade and Average of Total Exports of the Products of 8 10 Ahticles. AvEBAQK Exports for 1877- 79. Quantity. Ncu'fonndhiml. Ashes, pot and pearl BiIh. lanner's '.lark Corrts Basswood, butternut and hickory m. ft.i J,""''W7od Cords Hoj), hoo]), telegraph and other ixjies Knee.s and f uttocks . .....' PcV Lojfs — Ht^mlock M. ft. Oak << Spruce \ \ " All other " Lumber— i Battens pgj, 1^'''S'« •■_ ...Std.H.' JJeal ends . . " i Lath?, ^c Board,-;, kc . . Scftjitlings . . . Staves, iitandard M. M. ft. staves, other & headings, /lloti.er Hid .spars M. 1 12i 13 14 15 16 I'l 18 IM 20.Mi':-ts ''I Oars. 2;'IShin(fles 2C|Htave bolts £4 Shook« Timber, square — 20 Birch ... 20 Klin ;; 27 Maple eal ends •< Laths, (fee M Boards, &e . ' . ! M. ft. Staves, standard M. do other & headings. "' , All other . Timber, square— AMh 461 Bircli.. 40|Puli)ttood. . Tulla, Value. 22; 5 ...i 43 305; 26 123: 1941 'sis' 8,480: 0,58, 7o! 929 '985 21 7,061 317 138l 2' i 43 4 179i 230' 216 10 8 188 1 2 1880-82. 244 12 189 35 Quantity. 17 452 8 56 Value. 6481 59 18 4,294 1,190 57,278 5,660 1,654 13,726 728: 2.772 121 12,102 1,112 751 ! 24! 133 343 71 996' 46 386 104,493 5,284 202 111 6,581 271 101 07 23 4! 115 5 1,059 4,5;^5 361 1,112 986 "137 4,871 105 1 1 4' 183; 18; 18 14,408 4 28 221 19 40 63 1883-85. Quantity. 404! 1,736' 50o' 67! 26 540 6 14 Value 26 11 177 807 4 878 2,638 97 28 135 30 25 2,5291 116 , 1,309; 37,734 3,323 1,802 6,137: 2,372 1,336 6,973 128 "'78ii 8,736' 326! 101 198 452 7,026 5,086 ' i,i58 83,754 3,002 1,952 2,843 2,798 3,028 10,541 201 633 12 18 98 1,011 387 56 3,373 215!. 1,080 153 5 11 68 8 210 2,700 633 708 90 73,581 ' . 90 872, 6,193 427 13 210 331 91 988 401 1,488 122,908 407 647: 711 595 39 64 4 3 1,161 2,049 86 27 17 1 208 10 From Trade and ' the Products of RAGE Exports for 1883-85. lantitj . Valuu. 9 2 54 G 878 2,038 1 8 07 4 28 " "80 7 i35 4 30 ] ' 128 h',m 781 8,73(1 32(] 101 198 " ' 452 1,158 83,754 3,002 1,052 2,843 2,798 3,028 7,02G 10,541 1,080 C33 153 5 708 90 11 fi8 8 210 2,700 210 331 91 98H 401 1,488 122,908 — 1 13j 407 3fl 64 4 3 1,1G1 2,049 8G 27 1 208 10 FOREST WEALTH OF CAXADA. Navigation Returns) — Continued. the Canadian Forest in three-year periods—Contimted. 221 THE PeKIOIKS ok «)-91. EXPOKT.S FOli YeAHH 188G-88. 18< 1892. 1893. Quantity. Value. j Quantity. Value. Quantity, Value. Quantity. \'aluf. » E 139 •? 1 2 3 4 2a 679 14 1 1 21 1 331 4 63 2 50 21 e 362 10 2,033 117 131 1,342 i> 2 18 1 40 7 8 <) 20 4 1G5 2 314 2,894 10 11 40 623 1,305 "".,472 2,G69 2,177 2,705 1,194 1,780 "3 iMh 2,701 98 3 189 110 'i;918 29,661 990 12 2,538 3 508 "io 448 105 12 578 3,314 280 104 2G2 t,(i!)2 1,802 19,742 61 582 .396 ]8,(;(i7 722 367 40 569 194,941 8,878 1,600 1,136 27,613 754 14 15 16 17 18 118 496 5,068 3,999 884 342 20 '228 50 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1,398 2,278 2,035 36i369 64 17 4 5 3 21 3,022 5 243 470 3,859 6,1:6 10,042 5 757 30 13 179 13 12 207 1,787 270 253 90 214 51 67 4,200 518 1,550 680 12 4 14 18 189 468 3 196 2,925 187 69 321 172 2,208 2,570 13 205 1 8 1 6 134 1 18 0.5 ,520 105 364 '■'■"■' 24 32 33 .00,334 45,826! ., 34,131 255,455 Si 16 489 16 510 .■!0 991 14 451 35 36 ^7 42 1,947 85 3,770 1 i 38 ?9 10 il 12 ii 1G9 10 306 786 11,790 .'.'.'.'. .'.'.'.'.'.'.I 33 i 13 14 15 5 lb 222 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 8 (a)-(From Trade and ^ERA,^ of Total Exports of the Product, of Abticles. I -^f'.'/iMHi— Concluded. Timber, square— 1 Elm m„„„ % Oak ; .::; •••■ ^°i« 3| Aliiiile ' II 41 Pine, white] ..'. <. 5| do red. ... n (> All utlier. .1 ■^'p-"?" •■..■.■'.■.■.■.'m. ft. •81 Total Lumber- Deals Deal ends . 15oard.>i, he... Scantlinffs .... Staves, other & headings M. Total 29 Total 3,2 33 34 30 30 37 38 39|Kneesand futtocks.. 10 1 "l 12 13 14 15 Ashes, (wt and pearl Bris. l(>Ba88wood. butternut and I hickory .... M ft- 17iKnee.s and futtocks.! ; ; " Ws [Lumber— ' ' ' W Deals Sm H 1!»! Deal ends... ^*'';P- 20! Laths, &c. 21 Boards, &e. 22! Scantlings.,.';.; 23| Staves, standard. 24! All other Timber, square— 25) Ash 2tii Oak., .. 271 Pine, white, 38| do red 30 Ashes, pot and pearl A\ Basswood, butternut hickory Lumber- Deals Deal ends Boards, Ac '..WW m. ft Battens .. Scantlings ! .!.;;!;; " Staves, Ktandarci lU All other • 'Vom Tiade and the Products of HACK P:xp>ht FOK . I lantity. j Value. 2o0 'ir)3 145 9 92 13 4,455 1^385 9,788 4,403 138 731 93 5,385 345 8 8,345 14G 135 141 19 2,749 1,626 79 12,945 64 309 266 372 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Returns)— CoH^mwerf. the Canadian Forest in three-year periods-CommHe^^. 8M DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 8 («);_(Froin Trade ftnrl AVEHAGK of Total Exports of the Products of Ahticles fytT)/M()|,y_Conolu(l(.(l. Timber, nquare — AHh........ Elm Oak Alaple Pine, white. . All (ither. . . , LogM Other wood ]5! Kii 391 20 33 34 France. 10 Ashes, ]K)t and i)earl Bris lljBasswood, butternut and ]2iLogM, hemlock ......... " jLuiiiber — 13, Deals. std. H, 14! IMil ends u Laths, &0 " ]yf Boards, &c .' " .' .' .' m f\ Scantlings u ' Staves, standard IVI. do other and headings "' Another. 21 Masts and spai's. . . ivV 22^Shingles.... . ^f 23,'jj.''''r''s • p,.;, Innber, square— 24 1 Ash 25 Birch 21) Elm 27 Maple. 28 Oak.. 2)t Pine, white 30 do red 31 All other .... " 32 Other wood Total Basswoodf butternut and hickory .... M.it 35 Ho]) hoop, telegraph aiid other pole.s.. Lumber — 36 Battens . . . 37 Deals 3S Deal ends. 39 Laths, &c. 40 Boards, &c. 41 Scantlings.. 42 Stavt'i-, standard M 4.S Masts and spars ." Pcs. 44IOars p 4oiShingles ...... ....'.'..'.'.,', m! 6,041 2(17 57(; l.loOi 243i * Pulp wood. roin Trade and he Products of KiK E.XI'OHTN K(,|{ 1883-85. ntity. n ?6 Value. 122 272 1,H2() 15!) ,280 317 1 281 210 1 5,043 !2t •10 23i 318,013 8,3i)J 10 2,20H 1,400 407 551 073 2,140 3,lir) 315 342,004 6U 121,587 3,485 36 0,213 2,270 1C8 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Returns)— Conifirtwerf. the Canadian Forests in three-year periods— oo/i^mwrf. 8a— 15 226 DEPARTMENT OF AOBICULTURE. TABLE 8 («).~From Trade and AvERAf.E of Total Exports of the Products of Ahticlks. 1877-70. */ioi'n— Conchulefl. Timber, sqiiaro— 1 Ash 2 Birch 3| Klni 41 Manle 5 Oak I) i'ino, white 7 " red 8 All other Ton«, Quantity. Value. 1880-82. AVKRAOE Exi-OIITM TOU 1883-H5. Quantity. Value. 112 0; Total Portugal. Lumber — 10 Deals std, H, 11 Deal ends " 12 Laths, &c ;;;; m. 13 lioards, &c M. ft. 14| .Scantlings , ,\[ '" ' Iftj Staves, standard .......'. M, Kii " other, and head- ings '• 17' All other " 18 Masts and snars. . . . ' Pea lit .Shingles. ... : .;■ M. Timljer, square— 20. Ash Tons 21 Birch " • 22 Elm .. 23 Maple " 24 O.ik '.'.'..'.'.[" " 2,') Pine, wliite ". " 21) " red.... " 27 Another " 28 Other wood .'. " «3 142 1,120 M 1,030 37,713 612 23 11 309 20 63 34 ]5i 25| i; 31 10,381 471 52 4,702 122 20,322 061 33 5,007 " 102 63 30 124 208 407 2 1,083| 110 "78 21 U 16 40 20 Total Oibraltar. Lumber — 3? I^ea]«-- Std. H, 31 Deal ends " 32 Boards, &c ... ...M. ft. 33 Staves, other, and head- ings . . M 34| Laths, &c '.'.'.'.'.[ "' 35, Masts and spars Pes. 36 Staves, standard [ M.' __ [Timber, square — 37i Birch Tons 381 Elm :: "• 30j Oak .'.'.■.'.'.■.■ " 40: Pine, white " 41| " red [ " 42' Total 82 7\ 427 173 70 53,51!)' 2141 I7I 25 4 76| 3 6 2 l! 2,775 72 80 567j "155^ 198 261 16 12 1(K) 24 430 1 3 56 735 25, 142. 11 5,103i 818 6 194 508 Quantity 36 33 Value. 0; 64,445: ~ 281 840 28,051 870 3,738 ' 24i26('; 1,871 ids 67 12 17 135,606 1,305 571 42,173 1,523 187j 2,500 35 "'l3i235 17! 1,658 230 352 100 401 115j 21 200 60; 3,604 . 100, 212'. 1(58' . 418 63,711 7,2.')0 405 236 8 25 61,602 6,760 220 173\ 316, 033 41 0,126 , 6,089 ■0111 Trade and ;he Products of \0E Exi-ohtn koh 1HS3.86. litity. Vtth.e. ' ' 'so ' 33 8 28i 84(1 1' 12 4| 17 135,5!I6 1,30-) ' '1871 42,173 1.523 2i566 35; 13,235 17j 1,568 w, 2i 115 200 0!) 418 25 61,662 236 8 6,76!l 220 6,089 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Nttv igation B.ei\\rm)— Continued. the Canadian Forest in tliiee-year ^miKh-Contluwrl. THK Pkhiodm oK 227 8a— 15^ 228 DEPAHTMENT OF AUtUCULTURE. T A M r.E 8 (rt)_(From Trade and AVBRACJK of Totiil Exports of the Products of AVKKAIIKOK KXfOIITM hOII AHTICLK8, Madeim, iLiimlxT — l' DealH 2| LatliH, &e 3' lioaidK. itf, . 4' Sciuitliii^fH \ fi MiiHtH and siiarM. Ji Nhi.iKleH. . . . ! 7 TiinlKT, all (itluT. . Stfl. H, .. M. . . M. ft. fcH, M. Ton Total. French Went IiuUcs. Httl. H, O'Hop, hoop, tflegrapli an other |H)leH Lunibor — 10 UvaU 11 Deal endH 12, Boards, &c '."".'. jf fj 13 Masts and spars ' *Pc8 l-*<)ars p • i.-) shhiffUvs ■•;•;■ ^i"- Hi Sleopers .... " ' p,," 1( ohooks -y l^iOther wood , . ] IS) 20 21 22! 23i 24! 25* 2ti' Total Spaniah West Indies. Hop, hoop, telegraph and otiier i)()les Lumber— {^•'i''"-; Std. H Lidths, itc yi Boards, &c ! . . M. ft Scantlings .. . . . " Staves, standaifl ...'.'.,.. yj Staves, other & headinifs. " "' .VII other 2H, -Masts and spars PcV 2!) Shingles ' tit" 30iShook8 ; *^- 31:Sprucelogs 32 Other wooti M. ft. 33 34 Total Britiah Weat Indies. Firewoofl ... Cords. Hop, hoop, telegraph and t>0 other poles 36 Knees and futtocks.. ..". Pes jLogb— 37; Hemlock M ft «>o Spruce " om Troflo and le Products of or Kxi'OHTH roll 1N83-85. itity. Value. m 47 « 17,360 OOH 13 467 10, ,125 31 088 8 11,444 M.M.f-t-X-E 5 )71 3 67 03,414 67 4 25 80 64 730 22,3«1 20 80,789 143 13 39 FOUESr WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigution Moiwrm)- -Continued. the Cimadian Fore«t in three-year Y^rmh—Conlnuod. TIIK I'KHIOIlN OK 229 i\ 230 DEPARTMEN'i OF AGRICULTURE. TABLES («)-(From Trade and _AVEUAGE of Total Exports of the Products of BHthh Wot /nrftV«-Concluded. Lumber — 1! Heals,... 2 Deal ends Laths, &c ". -^i Boards, &o yi tf Hcantlings ',[ "" .. Staves, standard jn '^t^ves, other & headings! "' , All other... ji;|Mastsa„dspars;;:;;:;:;:-pe«: 11 IShingles ..■;.■ •••• Yr i2|Shooks ..;;;;; ^^ 13 Birch 14 16 16 All other.. Other wood. . T^tal Canary Islmuls. 27 28 2{» 30 31 32i 33 34 351 3(ii 37! 38| All other Lumber — Battens Deals De.ll ends. . . Laths, \;e . . ..'..■.." Boards, &c. .. .. \ Hcantlings.. Staves, standard .... yi Staves, other & headi'nm ' "' . All other * mluf"*"" ""'^ ^I'ars ■■■■'.'.'.' Pes 40Sleei)erN, . „ 4l!shinVle.-... - 42ishooL...;.:' iLumber— 171 Laths, itc IH Board.s, &o..'. li'j Scantlings 20 Alasts and spars ^1 Hoi>, hoop, telegraph an other iKjles 22 Total St. Pierre, 23!A8hes, ppt, iHjarl and other -:4 1" irewood. . p V 25,Hop hoop, teiegrapi,' and J other poles ^ttjKnees and futtocks.. . . ' Pca' ' H»!nilock ... \r f4. Oak '^^-f*- 82 105 4,726 \i,\-m 46 381 144 1,024 208 1,548 25 337 42 18 1,502 2,328 >m Trade a nd s Products of E Exports ton 1883-80. ity. Value. 37 2 311 015 118 43 31 r>22 232 181 850 30 (i07 211,479 1,122 974 2i»2 748 l,3t)2 5G0 30,391 2,407 193 251,277 569 221 790 19 23 949 71 127 8 5(ifr 106 14,093 381 1,024 1,548 2& 1,062 18 2,328 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation 'R^tMrns)— Continued. the Canadian Forest in three-year periods— Co«(!mMerf, 231 THE Periods ok 1886-88. Quantit}'. 520 14,127 17 14 3 ' ' 369 ' 7i34i Value. 1889-91. P-.\i'0HTs KOH Years Quantity. I Value. 656 146,914 183 182 30 558 825 218 16,122 220 5 282 1892. 1893. Quantity. Value. 14,044 4,594 573 168,713 2,145 13260 «i: 3421 172,498 2,307 117 1,014 960 1,72: ' 26i75;) 11,816 106 13,039 214 2 277 Quantity. I Value. 780 5,556 372i 218,092 108 110,246 1,393 4li 1,154 8 2,1.36 8;9.57 26,446 141 150,819 102 ' ' 229 14,242 269 82: 631 8i396 2,435 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 12,021 11 30,342 12 415 139,756 1,773 688 139 6,093 2,666 13 1,260 13 : 14 i 75 15 I 198,330 16 14 343 49 "'i5 "195 2,077 184 230 79 106' 391 35 46 85 271 1,409 3,280 132 327 ' ' ' 446 ""282 18,924 1,628 1,919 797 74 . 1,314 46: 29 5 598 i,7o; 2 142 204 63 1,604 3681 1,871 2,671 KiO 115 735 16,877 29 1,202 1,559 98 .17 ,18 19 j20 21 24 100 27 607 55 50 85 13 108 1,754 2,390 17| 2,300 260 375 16,9!t6 484 342 2,605 24 188 31 20 24 72 118 45 1,243 33 .321 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 86 12,398 34 311 135 2,370 '36 631 ,37 09 138 293 ,39 279 40 352 41 42 I DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUIiE. TABLES («)-(From Trade and ^AGK^of Total Exports of the Products of AvKiiAGE Exports fob Articlbs. St. P/(7-;'c— Concluded. ... Tons, Timber, square— Bircli ... . IClm Oak ■; Pine, white do red . . . All other 7| Other wot)d 8 Total !) 10 11 12 IS Danish Wnt Indies. Lumber- Laths, &o JJ |^*"*H ■..Std.H. rioards M ft Stantlings " ''' 'a All other ..,[ 14 Masts and Hi)arM ....'. p„„' 1 J, Shingles.... "■■ ^t lO'Shooks ^^• ijShooks Total St. Domingo and Hayti. |Lumber— 18; Boards, &c. . vr f* lOJ Scantlings..... '^V'" 20 Masts and spars ' ?„„ ■iliOars.. . D • SSlShingles....: vf 23|Other wood. . . . ' '^^• 2.1! 25 Total South America. • Ashes I Lumber— 26 Deals.... 27 Deal ends...' 28 Laths, &o 20| Boards, &o .' 30: Scantlings 31{ StavM, other 'and head I mgs 32: Masts and spars .'.'.'.' Ai Shooks "" „, '^''"i''er, square— oi Oak. ST) 3G . . . Tons. All other. . , Total.. .. 264,527 Details of the countries which formed South America up to 1882 are given separately after that year. rom Trade and he Product8 of \GE Exports for 1883-85. ntity. Value. 40 19(5 40 733 t 92 3; 69 33 -■■ ■(- 24,060 1 lOfi 57 "s 61 262 22 175 28 1,327 617 31 12 169 2,184 3,383 265 25 "3i2 3,983 that year. FOREST WHALTH OF CANADA. Navigation n^tnrm) -Contini.ed. the Canadian Forest in thr iree-year periods— Co«^i««^rf. 233 234 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. #: TABLE 8 (a)-(From Trade and Average of Total Exports of the Products of I 8 !» 101 12' 19 20 21 22 23 241 25 26 27 30 31 22 33 34 35 J Lumber — Deals Deal ends. . .. Boards, &c Laths, itc Scantling All other . . . , 13! Masts and spars 14;0ars 15!Shingles 16 Shocks Timber, sqnare- 17 Pino, white, 18 Argoitinc RepuhUc. Lumber — Deals Deal ends . . . . Laths, &c . . . Boards, &o. . Scantlings, Ac [ All other Masts and spars Shocks Uruguay, 28 Hop hoop, telegrai.h and other I ix)Ies [Lumber — 2"! P*'''-'"-- Std. H. Laths, &c T^j; Boards, &c ''.'."" ' "jyj' jj Scantlings, &o. '" All other ...... Miista and spars . . , . . . Pc'g' ' ^ Shingles. ' ' ' ' t^j ' 3(i)Shooks . , 2^J 37 Timber, square, all other. . . ^ . ." . rom Trade and he Products of OE Exports for 1883-85. itity.l Value. 2 4 3,174 41,63G 17 lij 48 m 41,754 311 13, 880 521 5 7,387 52 38 17 11 104 397 64 15 208 22,002 294 7 109 550 20i 329 11 318,170 247 1,050 .50,171 2,200 5 1,234 379,088 25 i04,879 3,502 54,229 7,90(5 77 171,033 FOBEST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation UetxxmH)~ConHnned. '^^J^^^^^^^^^;^v...ye,r periods^Oontinued, THE PkRIODS ok 1886-88. <^lantity. i Value. Q uantity, Value. ' Quantity. Value. | Q, uantity. Valu •S I 0,814 128 21 348 301 80, 1211 84 «,2<.nl.. 5„'?60! ' '8031 " 3,3(i5i 947 3131 13,848 336,453 siriso 35,723 11,774 178,970 2,175 1,395 478 " 389 9,9141 1,0161 77,043 ' ' 256 128 78,027 9,7821 124 . 4,.305J 72 1,327 7801 10,3901 . 25,9371... 0,478 111,531 17,489 294,044.. 175 ., 11,878( 408,1.32 ..r 14,295 8701 47! 134,181 i,'i85 539 , 135,!t05 11,052 ' '912 408 'biiiis 40 11,1911 2i,m 142 31,200| ■ -ojH 12 138 -■■■■• 35,830 I 410| 1,375 48 117,199 2 3 1,017 I 4 ; 5 118,210 ' 6 11,730 ': 7 8 12,890 9 243 10 11 0,280 :I2 13 ■... 14 15 10 •I Sl.l.V) 17 18 10 5,578, 1,383; 124 53,304 15,003 29,;«1 6,590! 2,678 100,55o| 152 13,247 2,097 14,00(J 19 20 1,194 21 133,.n02 22 27,210 23 194,802 |24 26 1,151 a57,919 26 27 543 ...'.".■.■.' I 43,152, iisj JJ274 13 107 882 565 28 95,700' 8,503; 14,200 "08 |2i) 749 130 9,189 31 4,457 7,002 1,300 32 .S3 34 !35 36 37 23,297 38 236 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Akticles. TABLE 8 (a)._(From Trade and Average of the Total Exports of tl.e Produce of 1877-79. Peru. Lumber — Deals BoardH, &c . . Scantliiiffs.. . Latlis, ifec. . . All other. . Total . . StH. H. . M. ft. '.'. M. Quantity. British Guiana. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 r Hop hoop, telegraph and other, poles Lumber — i {^'^''1«- •, Std. H Scantlings ........] •> Staves, standard ........ M. other, and head- ings .. , All other.. , 15 Logs, spruce. . . ! ." ' ! .' . . 'm.' jft.' ijj, Mas^ts and spars Pc, 1( Oars p,,'' 18 Shingles K"?' 20 Other wood " ,' 2,328 ""il lOi 1G9 ■ioi 21 Total , 23| 241 25| 2(5! 27 28 29, Std. H. .'.M. ft. Australia, Lumber — 221 Latlw, &c Deals '_ Deal fcnd.i . . . '. Boards, &c .' Scantlings ,', Staves, standard . . ] ' Jii. other, and head- ings 9:» 1,291,381 4,802,104 ' 2tii;474 31,089 7,005,820 10,8^5,735 1,483,311 5,110,381 121 370,090 21,819 From Trade and the Products of RAOK IIxpOliTM KOH 1883-83. antity Value. 1,282 32 1,133 it7 2t» ,l| 77 50 40,()28 3(i,17(! (il7 13,!Mi2 29(i 533 7,3(i5 318 59,i)(Mi 39,811 PORTS of the 7,(!05,820 10,8a5.7aj 1,483,311 5, 110, 381 121 376,090 21,819 FOIWST WEALTH OF CANADA, Navigation Keturns)_6V;/i/i„ ,/,<.(;. the Canadian Forest in threo-year periods-Con'-•'<"">' M. ft. *"'fW('[. ft \ 31,200 a')3,129 53,078 240,150 13,0.')2 15,-),44!» 447,25.-) 24,3.-)2 1,390 5,373 20j Masts and spars. .. TVu ' r>ari Prs. 28 Shingles jj 21t Shingle Ixjlts ' .' .'Corck ' .10 '"(leepers p^, i 31 Stave bolts .■.■.'.'.■.. Cords, j 32 Shook.s I ^ iTiniber, square- SSI Ash 'Vim^ ' 34 Birch ^""'■ 36 Ehn ■ .< I 30 Oak .■.!;..■.'.'! " 37 Maple . .. . " ' 38| Pine, white. ..'...'..'.'..' " 3i)| do red ... <• 40! Another.. . .■"; .. ( irj^°?'"' ''"''^■■' taniarack, '&c! , I 42 PulpwiKid "I 43 Other wood ! 22,414 824 8C,!)57' 381 l,004,212i 13,824 0,049 31,015 18,0571 05,803 297 282,250 38,218 5,475 44 45 Average of Total Exports. *Foreign produce. 10,938 7,104,123 290,042 184,851 4,450,2(»1 179,497 277,. 552 144,70: 50,80; 40,297 1,305 101,585 953 210,934 28,032 120,485 59,284 21 3, .357 210,700 1,008,749 2,702 2,737,194 273,019 05,000 71,083 19,172,557 49,011 254,234 10,104 208,074 704,8,59 27,975 1,0,50 18,094 578,131 45,709 1,391 117,997 1,134 2,448,314 70,597i 7,202 .32,230 20,390 50,721 399 227,705 20,449 7,055| 11,5841 7,737,472' 20.5.408 242,403! 7,330,048 214,0511 140,l..2 132,041! 50,424 . 41,284| 8281 245,4,58! 3.747 384,0311 114,»34i "4,419 . S2,.S14 218.233 247,222 876,084 5,223 2,3.3.5,004 210,812j 98, ,522 10,179 271,3071 11,583| 245,900 l>83,5.58 18,200i 918! 54,30() 24,427 422 n7,8;jd 705 1,448,374 51,242 8,783, 33,185l 19,2541 45,832 594 219,.379 22,442 7,001 157,0821 22,779,730!" 25,2!)6 37,375 9,708 48 148,068 7,158 8,394,801 ;«3,949 402,030 8.491,021 137,00- 1.52,987 ;«],759 152,303 44,239 954 281,507 2,810 391,049 147,177 37,059 111,022 247,193 252, (iuC) 911,409 7,140 2,771,770 181,257 101,901 152,334 25,439,270 8'<.510j 1,048,740 ' Included in above totals, f Including piles and pile timber, valued at .?6.3,957. rom Trade and he Products of l i 11)4,342 4,4, i > 20,057 47J 1 3,098 4,29C 18,448 1,732 '25.2im <,«»! 37,375 ,4(M! 9,708 48 >,499 148,058 ,1"!' 7,158 ,307 8,3!)4,8(;i ,r.S3 ;«3,i)49 ,!K)0 402,030 ,558 8,491, ()21 ,200 137,007 918] 152,987 300 331,759 152,303 427 44,239 422 954 m; 281,567 VOb 2,810 3,4 391,049 242 147,177 37,059 783, 111,022 185; 247,193 -'">4| 252,0o(! '<32 911,409 j94 7,140 H79 2,771,770 142 181,257 101 101,901 1521334 .. 25,439,270 ..{ 1,048,740 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Return,s)_(7oHrfMeferf. the Canadian Forest in fchree.yearperiods--C'.m/«*rf. Ml 114,030 I 6 14,05fi I 7 0,491 8 9 89,703 204,393 11,128 288,701 029,032 23,184 032 01,997 ""191519 137! 5(33 285 1,9;M,979 49,700 5,490 25,130 13,444 .30,385 105 138,32t» 12,507 3,049 10,209 7,9a"),42: 280,599 440,879 7,433,189 190,02,021 21,095 279 87,210 23i685 24'X0,517 98,S04 74,440 3r„120 89,{i(kS 190,444 12,1.32 244,088 12,051 318,1,53 740,780! 17,501 103| 93,088 iiiios 347;807 1,407;830 33,292 7,918 7,034,033 2!)O,708 •174,717 8,353,055 138,478 2, .305 400,.540 390,249 12,088 " 719,548 3 201,0,JO 91,784 1^9,399 205.407 12,1!H) 307,427 878,H(iO 22,21(3 842 1,805 "417; iio 241 1,411,901 37,507 27,490 219,(Hh5 21, ((87 12.3,2.54 1,057,345 09; 307' 25,874,783 1,373,410 3,511 2i),303 10,213 23,298 304 123,994 7,131 .5,123 43,93: 235,27; 219,762 480.210 1,103 1,645,711 62,041 60,240 10,5.772 219,458 168,941 23,033,075 1,351,931 5,511 20,098 1.5,504 27,102 344 105,789 8,044 2,078, 3,0!I5 8,180,002 2!I5,478 008,;i.i0 t',904,491 191,127 .5,387 609,077 i«C,303 7,'.m ' 'iiV.>,471 1,780 215,150 i 103,305 ' 13(),252 10 11 '12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 124 125 i20 127 28 |2?> j30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 64,126 212,090 208,011 580,745 4,319 „. 1,481,1,55 38 78,1.30 139 36.248 ,40 70,4K5 |4] 380,092 42 f 137,786 43 44 ' 27,632,791 1,272,881 45 I- 71 i ft Sa— 16 242 DEPAPTMEXT OP AaRIOULTUliE. -if - i? TABLE 8 (/>)._(Fioin Tmle Av.,uoK of Total Export by Ca.uula of Manufacture, of WoolinHH . . B MHtchfM luid niatcli h| .lints, MoiildiiiifH, triiniiiiiiKs, &o. . 7 railH, tiibH, clmriis, Ac 8 St o()l W(H>d and cikwIs . . ," ' 9W,„k1|,m1|) 10 Other articles AVKHAUK or TOTAI EXPORTS 1877-7!t, Quantity, Tons. No. 11 Total. United States, 12 Charcoal 13,8hii« ..'..'..'.]'.'. 14 Barrels, empty . ... 15|Furnitiiro, hoimehold. . .' [ 1« pooiH, sashfiH and blinds . ' 17'Mutoht"H and niatcli Hplinta 18 MiHildinps, triainiinffM, &o. . 1(1 PailN, tiiFiH, churnH, itc. 20 SixKil wcxKJ and sixjoIh . , . " 21 Wood pulp. ... 22 Other articles Tons No. 23 24 Total. Neii'foumUaml. Ships 2,') Barrels, empty. . . . . , . , . ' 2(i Fiirnilnre, household . . . . '. 27ir)oor8, saches and blinds ,' 28 Matches and niatcli splints 2!«') 36,888 927 208;34i 377 10,250 812 07,P34 12,809 00,891 181,884 1,201 14,143 24,9as i!049';." 256 . 873i 106,020 8,130 141,790 270,098 23,720 ' ' 462 113 220 41,S,529 4,073 134,221 2,062 1,417 190,702 481 20,016 .. 444 46,254 12,989: 138| 4| 263 2,8321 I 15,963 9,417 33,702 7,855 963 6,042 14,860 . a32,525 17,363 479 342 115 ni6i3 148 29,912 5,217 357 8,250 13,824 »ind Ni 1877-9 KOB TH« Quantit 3,( 3,; 40 17,!K) 442 3,881 181 8rt— 1 [Fi-oin Tnule r the perioclH OTAL KXPORTH i»w-8n. ty. tie Value. 9 160,274 ii.iim 027 ' m,m 413,529 4,073 134,221 2,062 1,417 100, 702 ai2,525 17,363 479 342 6,217 367 8,250 13,824 FOREST Hrju^LTU OF CANADA. '""' Navigation Returns.) '^;^^^^^^^^^2^«^30 33 14,450 34 2,073 35 im 36 2,270 37 180 138 SH 40 41 2,803 22,37,= 42 244 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. I ■ ''fi TABLE 8 (6),— (From Trade and Average of Total Export of Manufactures of Wood, 1877-91, Articles, . ™ « run 'i'M AVEHAGB OF ToTAL ExPOHTS ■ 1877-79. Spanish Went Indies. 1 Ships 2 Furniture, houseliold. . . 3 Other articles .Tons. Total Danish West Indies. 5'Ships Tons 6 ]< urniture, household 71 Pails, tubs, churns, &c 8 Otlier articles Quantity, 299 Value. 1880-82. Quantity. 7,267 "i-ifi 9 Total Freneh West Indies. lOiShipB Tons. 11 Other articles 12 13 Total Dutch West Indies. Ships Tons 7,413 25 il Value. 162 36 13 615 1883-85. Quantity, 628j, 1,167 "22 1,189' 58l British East Indies. 14 Ships .... 15 Furniture.. Tons, 16 17 18 19 Total . Norway and Sweden. 3,96; 3,967 Ships Other articles. , Tons 20 21 22 Total , 1,068 Denmark. Ships Other articles. Toi 228 Total St. Pierre. 23|«hip8 Tons. 24! Barrels, empty IvV 25|Funnture, household '., 26iDoors, sashes and blinds 160 23,921 23,921 2,945 4 2,949 ,S26 1,667 1,885 4,920 1,667 37,963 37,963 4,373 4,920; 3,862 "i23 111 4,373 2,725 7 116 6,617 148 247 Value. (1,S 9lill 1,032 48 48 i.am AM, 87,01)1 87,001 1,000 1,000 8.15-3 ""io -(From Trade and jf Wood, 1877-91, B OK Total Exports 1883-85. Quantity. Value. $ (W !)ti!l 1,032 48 48 ;w lie 4,05fi 4,or)(! 5,G17 87,091 87,001 148 ■' 1 1,000 1,000 247 8.15-3 10 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA^ Navigation Returns)_CowJ 0,477 6,477 60 2,050 1,067,... 3,107 f!?!!' Total Chili. 2»lShiP« Tons., 3. 94; 1,175! iTm'TT" 4,208 4,208 16!623 4351 16,023 2,700 n —(From Trade and i of Wood, 1877-91, AGB OF Total Exports 1883-85. Quantity. Value. •1 . 8 1... :;:i: 640 «,8r3 808 15,733 53 6,749 i,m 24,115 21. C85 aui 1 . i , . 1 4,208 4,208 16,023 436 16,023 2,700 FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Returns)--Co«-M.viuA,,iele8of Wood,andM«nufac- Articles. 1877-7!). AvgBAOK OK Total 1880-82. Quantity. I Value. Quantity, Orent Britain. Barrel, e.^ntai„ing ..troleum or it, product, "" linseed oil te-nituitallkindr''"'""'''^'-'"'--''.^ |Mouldintf,s, plain „,„i „i,'^p^ Wooden ware, pails, tuts and clnjrnV A^ VVfHKl nianufaotures, n.e s ' Lumber and timber, n.e g Lund*V— ■ , Cherry. cheHtnut. mahogany, walnut, whitewo«l. &c. V\tc\\ |)ine African teak R«dwoo(l White ash ..'..'.." Snanish cedar , PknkH andlxMirdV. plJfp ::::id'"""'| """>'«''"factuVed timber ! . ! .' ! : ; j ; ; ; : ; ; ; Veneers ,', M. a, 20 Total 21 22 23 United States. No. ■^vn andl M. '"'^'r"^"'"^r„S"or^""'^--- giFurnitu^^iikindr''"''"''"^- ••■■•■•■•::::::::: wl H,'.i "* '*"^' '"^>'^^<-» of any material ''[""'riro'i^l^^*'""- «'-' P-tB"of\vheelsrou«h-) S^i fc.'''"''''"'^/ '"'"«• '■^'•""is,' tubs Ac 30 Wood manufactures, n.e.s ' 31 Lumber and timb-.,,n.e.8. 32)Veneersofwood .... *5j W(K)d pulp ,J; hSle's'.'^'^; "''^"' '""-'«' f- the manufacture of- tool LuK-''°""'^""'"^""f-turecltimbVr^^ .•.; .; 37| Boxwood.. ... Mai;;^^:!'""'' ^"'"'"«'' '^^^^^^y and wliitewood Oak I'itcli pine .....'.'[ Redwood _ , Rosewood Spani.sh cedar. ...". ■ • • ftycimiore .... " | Amaranth and' cocoboral " .'.'.'. Walnut. . . ... " ,„|„Afh, white, .v. ■.■.'. v. " ]".'" aK^fijXb£fe^;:r;^^^^^^ :: i- ■■ * Included in boxw«>dr '' ' " ■""■ ""^ ^- f'-'' ^ • • ' ■ t Whitewood 1,807 . M. ft. Value. 0,110 9,291 i7i!)8!»' 104 820 •10,3(iu 191 608 128 ii 329 70 1,328 14 158 28,098 lOS 52,631 3 '•,486 31,413 3i46.3' '32!»;729 3^.020 .M34 14,20(i 127,7.38 IfW 128,906 99 10,858 2H,2ih 20,878 51.3,258 302,206 ■••■ 418,612 41 I 2,057 40 1,590 3,434 122 4,517 49,961 69,439 "330 4.149 3i7ilO |n8!»;275 included. 33 136 "'l23 4,2.55 I 5,415 I 8" 249 4,622 " 24'| Value. 0,2»1 820 ■10,3ti5 191 128 32» 1,328 14 105 52,631 FOREST WEA L TH OF CAN A DA. Navigfttion Returns). iMPtJRTS TOB THR PkRIOIW ok lH8.'l-«5. 4 '"^^ 186,84!) !38 22,n(»( 39 l!)5,7;il u8,0!ll «,2()8 IWl 11,710 1,366 277 i 110,412 8,713 14,4L>7 49 2,7311 60 '4. 866 ItEPARTAfexr OF AaitlCULTVltE. TABLE 8 (c)._(Fmm Trade and AVEBAC.K .,f Total Import, hy Canada of certain Artiol<)(j, Unittd Statei. -Concluded. Liiinlmr — I Hickory HiHjkeit, rough turned >: >)tavHfl 3 Firewood. .........,".,.', •« W.KxJof the i^Minimon und d/igweitid treoH: ol Total France. OlFumitMre, all kinds < Woodunware • ■ • • • 8, Manufactures of worxl, N.K S " .•iLunibcrand timW. ' ' " II* .MouldiiiffH 1 1 1 Ven wm of wood ....,'.""" 12 13 Total. Oemutny, ,, fumituro, all kinda 14|.>Iouldiii(f» ir>| WiMxien ware J'';^''""'factiir».H of wood ,' N E 8 17, Veneers of wwkI... . 18 Wood pulp ; ;;;; 19 Total 2n 21 22 23 Belgium, Furniture, all kindb.... MouIdiuffH ■ Manufactures of woodj N. E S Total . 24 25 2(i 27 28 29 China. Furniture African teak,'&c Woodenware Manufactures of wood, N' E S " Ijunibtrand timl)er, N.E.s!. ".'.' 1877-70. *iuftntity. cordH. Total. Japan. 30 Furniture 31 VVoodenware 32 Manufactures of" wood,' N . E . S . ! ! Total. AVBRAOK OK ToTAt 18M)-8a. Value. ( "«• <^mntity. 8,826 10,511 l»,030 l,807,.m Value. 122 68H 2i(J40 3,228 17 .... 1,172 43 43 . . M. ft. 129 342 471 319 319i! 307 1,743,100 fl4B 230 8,37K 9,154 2S0 "126 14,223 14,(>08 52 '■lis 470 61 "2 450 15 518 26 "48 74 (From Trade and Janodii of certain AVKHAriK Of ToTAt ltM«)-«2. /iwntity. Vivlm.. 9 iiBJ aor 1.743,100 m 23(» 8,87.S D.154 26!) I'Jti 14,223 .. . J .... 1 14,(»S 62 4i8 470 61 2 450 15 518 26 48 74 FOHEST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation Returns.) article, of Wood and Manufacture. kc-Continned. m rMtS>KT8 rOB TIIK PebioIW OK 1883-86. 76 .•H73 Valu 1803. Quantity. Value. 3,667 2,603,673 67,100 ' i4;6i6 61 64,027 6,366 2.000,715 20,680 3 451 4 1.944 HT 1,407 "236 27,207 28,934 . . 1,676 21 " isjoii 15,608 i,am\ 3 ; .'.'■' «,I»24 . . Ill .... 2,117... 116 4,732 2,528 3,385 27 "172' ___• 11,176 6,112 •I 7 8 9 10 11 12 3,018 "is 8,349 10 "iii 544 100 . . 1,152 :; 121 282 1,796 11,880 23 240 3,010l 7.635: .. . 111... ..;; 16,998 292 3 ■ ■ ■ 1,209 ■■ 1,494 299 ""682. l,182l 'i;237 3 2,422 719 ""964 1,683 881 1 80^17" 3,182 9,029 3,098 53 1,429 11.270 286 "" 816 601 1,062 "'63i|. 9,578 """882 27,458 |19 13 14 15 16 17 18 126 20 21 160 22 291 23 fi24 24 31 505 25 26 714 27 28 1,843 3,346 " i;76U| 6414 29 OT 2,946 20 |31 568 32 3,534 33 4i 258 , %i DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TABLE 8 {c)-{TveAe and _^!!«^^i^^TotalIraports by Canada of certain 19 20 21 22 23 24 18; Manufactures of wood, N.E.S Logs and round unmanufactured timber! ." '. '. Manufactures of ',vo«d, N.E.S I'Ogs and round unmanufactured tirrlljtT' ' Spanish ceoar 2CFun)ituro 27|Manufacture8 of wooid, N.E.s'. '. iHiWoodenware •f;* Lumber and timber, N.E,S JO African teak, &c ,' 31 Logs and round unmanufactured timber! ,' .' .' 32 »a««i.**^^'^^v] (c)— (Trade and nada of certain LVKRAGE OK Total 1880-82. [Juautity, Value. 41 27 68 200 251 451 .1 1 13 1 20 4,039 :_iLLi 4,074 195 —i-L 195 ""l 4 28 88 120 6 28 93 7 134 FOBEST WEALTH OF CANADA. Na ligation ^Bturn^)— Continued. ^i:ticle8_o^Wood^^ndMan .kc.-Continued. :■■■ .J .-i ~ ....'.'.'.'.I 12 1 33 169 205 8a— 17* 26 4 27 28 199 29 30 31 _ 203 32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. in TABLE 8 (c) -(From Trade and Average of Total Imports by Canada of certain Articles. Total. St. Pierre. 4!Furniture 5 Manufactures of wood,' 'n!e S 6 Sliingles rjLumber and tiinter.'N.E S " ' 8 Logs and round unmanufactured timber .' .'.'.'. Total. Norway and Stoeden. lOjBarrels containing linseed oil llic StaveT^ Slakes, rouffh turned. Firewood ....". Planks and boards. Amaranth and cocoboral Wood of the persimmon aAddogw^' irees.';.' of tool 7,134 1271896 123 ' 31796 4,238 47 307 2,206,366 ' Included in boxwood, e.xcept oherr,, chestnut, &c., fron> ii (xreat Britain. I m Trade and ida of certain RAOE ov Total 1880-82. intity. Value. ]23 4,238 .S,790 189,275 ""ir t;22,914 122 307 . . . . 2,206,366 FOBUST WEALTH OF CANADA. Navigation neturns)~Concluded. articles of Wood and Manufactures, &o.-Concluded. 265 11,710 1,366 110,412 8,757 3,533 48,155 4,297 _, 14,427 11 64,027 12 , . . . 1Q 5,356 20,6isb' 277 451 2,084,225 14 15 16 17 I *"* DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURB. TABLE 9.— Canada— Wood. Exports and Imports by Canada, by Countries-Produce and not Produce '" *™ Canadian Trade and 'Navigation Returns.) — (As given COUNTRIKS. Oreat Britain . United States. Nexofoundland. . St. Pierre. British West Indies. Danish West Indies. Sp(mish West Indies. Ykah. 1877-79 1880-82 1S.S3.85 1880-88 1889-91 1802 1893 1877-70 1880-82 1883-8,') 188C-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 188e-8« 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 E.XPOBTS. Total Product. 12,092,139 11,745,053 12,582,898 10,185,505 12,051,724 9,045,319 11,105,482 4,710,314 9,090,202 10,00.5,893 10,700,080 12,149,704 12,032,043 14,841,455 104,493 72,581 122,!)08 50,334 45,820 34,131 255,4.55 16,710 23,087 24,060 28,352 24,477 21,050 10,811 339,955 .302,889 251,277 108,713 218,092 i.50,819 198,330 2,597 2,959 2,184 1,999 4,812 4,587 1,959 198,072 ia5,354 80,759 04,484 110,926 188,520 186,766 i Manufactures. 94,204 453,996 413,,529 271,400 309,189 581,512 005,213 181,884 270,098 332,525 '138,318 553,706 681,005 792,901 46,254 33,702 29,912 33,740 30,084 16,425 72,930 5,345 3,962 8,803 20,998 14,070 27,048 15,278 15,963 14,860 13,824 7,923 20,319 7,254 22,375 36 1,189 48 802 149 60 7,413 028 1,032 4,158 3,947 30S 7,274 Impohts. 28,098 52,f)31 8.5,123 59,041 O0,8a5 91,972 85,499 1,307,376 1,743,100 2,588,437 2,039,297 2,503,073 2,006,715 1,944,715 1,945 134 205 .572 283 142 203 37 90 124 8 »)3 4,074 22» 131 673 1,326 2,248 7.S6 120 18 18 20 ;e. — (As given Imports. 9 28,098 52, (Ol K5,123 5!),041 (10,83.5 91,972 85,499 1,307,3:6 1,743,100 2,588,437 2,039,297 2,003,073 2,000,716 1,944,715 1,945 134 205 572 283 142 203 37 G 90 124 8 353 4,074 229 131 673 1,326 2,248 735 120 13 13 "20' FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. TABLE 9.-C^nada~\Vood-Continued. 267 "-""^:xsi£^^-s^::znss5'-<-^- COCNTRIBS. French Wett Indies. St. Domingo and Hayti . Chili. Brazil . Argentine Hepublic. Uriigmy. Peru. 'Possibly included in " Other Countries." Ykaii. 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 18«(i-88 1889-iU 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1K83-85 1886-88 1889.91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 18-'3-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1.886-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 1880-88 1889-91 1892 1893 1877-79 1880-82 1883-85 188,200,078 0,iJ82,588 7,711,044 9,580,420 9,717,.S85 9,003,912 9,734,887 8,725,306 5,042,570 0,748,882 8,977,842 7,.S58,801 8,494,879 8,878,085 6,402,588 7,(W1,913 7,396,702 0,571,121 7,298,801 10,112,301 8, 488, ,576 7,300,0()9 8,840,154 From the shi|)yard. « 789,.S30 1,003,080 602,480 629,082 332,262 757,350 796,075 789,450 1,483.285 1,111,840 l,Of/0,045 3it9,23(> 310,980 205,900 315,186 245,902 144,620 78,300 99,008 35,1.34 105,393 57,220 22,6(16' ' 92,500 115,033 ^^'^^^X'°^^^^^^^ the factory in-c,-;:^;^,, squarmpr. From the shipyard include., all ships new or oldTold ^^""'' '•"" ''""^ °^ '^""'»» Produce of Canada— (From Canadian Trade and Navigation Retu rns.) Year. 1808. 1869. 1870- 1871. 1872. 1873. . 1874. 1875. . 1870. . 1877. . 1878. . 1879. . 1880. . 1881.. 1882. . 1883. 1884. 1885.. 1880. . 1887. . 1888. . , 1889. . , 1890. . . 1891. . . 1892. . . 1893. . , Total E.tiwrts to United States. Wood Exports to United St. ATES. From the forest. 7,875,379 7,54.?,774 8,907,590 9,208,493 9,325,008 12,688,527 9,70(i,804 6,485,990 4,902,704 5,593,254 4,632,688 4,382,557 6,771,2f)9 8,609,093 10,460,739 10,182,787 10,180,9.35 9,728,032 8,904,902 9,740,757 10,742,904 11,469,035 10,734,212 ' ,390,000 l:i,0.50,96(! 14,558,085 1,303,034 1,147,104 1,232,643 1,405,739 1,343,013 2,400,093 1.897,310 1,294,098 981,709 1,052,548 1,070,992 983,192 1,488,974 1,740,838 2,312,572 2,084,713 1,854,281 1,428,409 1,502,792 1,332,092 2,155,539 2,020,117 1,956.883 2,304,035 2,627,312 3 094,593 From the factory. 6,672,.345 6,396,670 7,7.34,947 7,802,754 7,981,995 10,287,834 7,809,494 6,191,898 3,958,905 4,536,710 3,549,696 3,396,615 5,260,625 6,849,425 8,147,207 8,085,954 8, .326 '54 8,299,523 7,459,820 8,408,205 8,580,305 9,4a3,418 8,776,629 10,086,768 9,416,654 11,463, 192 I^rom the shipyard. 22,150 4,000 0,000 2,750 21,700 12,830 6,900 12,120 100 2, .360 400 7,000 16,600 700 6,267 8,000 ^U 'S-' I!anada. — (From Jnjted Kinodom. From the sliipyard. 8 ' 7S(»,330 1,<103,0«0 fW:i,480 52!I,(W2 332,202 757,350 7!»«,075 789,450 1,483.285 1,111,846 l,Of/0,«45 3!>9,23(J 310,080 205,900 315,186 245,!K)2 144,020 78,300 ,259 1881 144,253 1 1883. 330,07!* ' 1883. 182,841 1884 210,825 ( 1885... 249,745 1 1880 108,443 1 1887 167,;«6 1888 104,050 1889... . 122,784 1890. 149,065 1891 173,479 1892. ... 138,736 1893 118,454 97,446 j " — -■ . - Value. Value pe: I>er ton. -'.317,474 2,.')8I,287 -',707,4;W 3,20.5,417 4,078,129 3,«37,40(i 2,051,724 3,400,8i)O 2,itOK,641 4,211,752 2,700,961 1,077,478 1,17.5,751 3,500,041 2,1.53,839 2,837,159 ?. 100,812 '.■■.■i4,523 1,748,055 1,32.'5,24(; 1,480,771 2,005,457 2,650,847 1,952,083 l,572,i;« 1,367,071 ••? Cti;. 5 0!) 24 7 92 9 82 9 87 10 80 10 !M) 10 21 10 28 10 30 !» 47 8 .54 8 15 10 62 11 80 13 45 12 06 n 80 10 45 12 73 12 06 13 50 15 30 14 07 13 27 14 03 i'rom the shipyard. 22,150 4,000 6,000 2,750 21,700 12,830 6,000 12,120 100 2,.T50 400 7,000 15,500 700 5,257 8,000 8a— 18 274 DEPARTMENT OF AOHICULTURE. TABLE 12. ExpoiiTs A\n Imports op Logs. ih. ^tt^fif. '■''^'"■'^K '^''''/"' enormous increase in the exports of Canadian logs to tne united states in the twe ve years from 1882 to 180'1 In i«so *u^„ „™ i. i x 46.450.000 feet B.M.. .^274,083 vilue ; in'?8Jft;*?98!o2i.oJS feet' SS.,lDo7 OoS • 1 1}^ ^"1*^ °^ *'"" '""^ase was in pine logs from 1,313,000 feet B.M .««16 001 value r^nlllv ' *" -^f -'^OO feet B.M., .^1.056,355 value in 1893. The ^ of increase ' rapidly accelerating; a division into three periods of four years shows the following Four-year iMTiods. Feet B.M. Average ft. \f^l 4,335,000 $ 37.943 1.083,750 S 9.483 ]llli i2'''^6,000 171.856 5,131,-500 42 964 1890-3 269,868,000 2,282.802 67.467.000 570,700 Thus the yearly average of about one million feet in the first four years grew to ■uTtmideT''' "^''*' "^ '''"'^ ^ "^^'''^ sixty-seven and a half million in the period By far die greater portion, practically the whole, of these pine logs were from the province ot Ontario. r o In spruce and hemlock, mostly from the province of Quebec, there was also a con- siderable increase, making with that in pine logs, almost the whole of the total increase of logs exported to the United States, (we Table 12a.) The Urited States returns of " unmanufactured wood " imported from Canada are given tor coi.iparison. They include much besides sawlogs. (See Table IH ) The imports of logs from the United States were far smaller than the exports to Uiat country As is shown in Table 12c. the imports reported by our Customs Depart- ment are much less than the exports reported by the United States, which gave only their Sef Ji'eislhe're *^"" '""•■" "'^^"^^ '°»" '"P°^*^^ ^^'■""gh ^'^ ^^''^ These imported logs are not pine except in the case of those floated down from the tributaries m the United States of the Rainy River, to the mills at Rat Portage, kc. Ihis IS the result of natural position. In the evidence before the Committee on Im- migration, Ac, m 1878-79, Mr Hugh Sutherland said of this timber; "It must go out by our route as the water goes" (Jour. vol. XII., page 169), and Mr. Dawson. M.P.Tsaid • ^It must go that way as there is no other way of getting it out." (Jour. vol. XIII., page The abnormal amount of United States' exports of logs to us in 1883 may be partly due to the facts mentioned in the report of Mr. E. F. Stephenson, Crown Timber Agent Winnipeg, who says: "There has existed an unusual depression in the lumber trade ot Minnesota from wnich cause a very large quantity of building material has been torced into Canada to hnd a market here at whatever prices could be obtained for it " (Dept. of Interior Report, page 25, I.) In this and other instances there is an apparent discrepancy between the Canadian and United States returns ; though the fiscal year in both countries ends with June transportation may easily begin in one year in one country and end the next year in the other country. *' Some logs are brought fro-n the United States into Canada which are not reported as logs in the returns of exports and imports of either country ; they are the logs (chiefly spruce) cut in the State of Maine, on the tributaries of the St. Croix and St. John rivers floated freely by treaty into New Brunswick and there manufactured. The products of inadian logs to )y amounted to «., 81,507,000 , $16,001 value D of increase is the following FOREST WEA LTH OF CAH J n 4 lable (ffl.) Exports of logs to UnifPrJ Sfof (*.) United Statef i,„port" f'^^*^^*"^' T""*'*'^^ '^"^ value. (.-.) Imports of log tS Sed's'jf r " "T' »"'»-n"factured." States to Canada. " ^ "'t«^' S^tes, and export of logs from United States retuSofsSU^s.^^^^ Brunswick-products of Maine logs and United ),483 2,964 ),700 years grew to 1 in the period were from the 'as also a con- total increase m Canada are 26.) he exports to stoms Depart - ave only their I the United own from the ; Portage, &c. uittee on Im- mustgo out 1, M.P., said : . XIII., page 1883, may be -own Timber n the lumber rial has been ained for it." ihe Canadian with June, t year in the not reported logs (chiefly John rivers, 3 products of 8a— 18J 276 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUllE. 1882 1883 1884 1885 188(i 1887 188H 1880 18iH) 18i»l 1892 18!)3 Totals . Douglas fir. 1,313,000 i,i;(>(;,(KK) '.»74,(K)0 382, 0(H) 2,8(«»,()O0 0,350,000 408,000 10,83!),000! 32,144,000 30,(i!«(,000 7.3,!Ki3,000 127,002,(JOO: 10,001 2« 313,281 (>51,.540 l,05I 145 03 4,»15,omi 1,H'.'0,(I(K) 2,22."),tHK) 1,137, (XX) l,I!)4 i,r.7;t,2i7 l,li(KI,4-)(i 2,(ii.'. 80,845 57,087 64,304 17,4(M io,;«o 13,12)t it,41« 10,022 50,724 ((0,012 3(5 1,193 Total. 1,9H0,02I» l,iH»H,5!l4 1,(>54,0<>2 1,120,(»70 1,41(1,541 l,t>17,H(M) 2,(«!t,!l47 2,158,343 1,057,750 2,357,(181 2,10!),7(i7 3,0,53,70!) 23,3(59,353 TABLE 12 (t). Impokts of Logs from United States. Years. •ImixjrtB from United States- Logs and round unmanufactured Timl)er, N.E.S. Value. 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 Totals . 691,547 (558,40(5 692,958 604,403 493,19(5 335,179 279,872 358,797 256,100 859,578 231,591 274,811 f United States Exixjrts of Domestic Mer- chandise to Canada — Logs and other Timber (round). 5,730,438 173,749 l,0a5,703 213,806 442,957 101,498 165,449 161,829 348,8.S9 325,320 557,403 *)6,509 342,079 4,225,141 UnitiXte^:^""'"" '"''^^ '""^ ^'^^■^'*''-' R«'--' they include in.ports from other countries vid t From United States Commerce and Navigation Returns ; limited to produce of United States forests. .^: hkI. Total. 1,!»H0,0L>!) l,!H»3,r.!U l,liM,(M)2 1,120,(170 i,4i(;,r>4i l,til7,HH1 2,H)!»,7fi7 3,OM,70!l 23,3«y,353 FOREST \rEALTJl OF CANADA. TAiJLE 12 (rf). 279 Exponrs from New Brunswifk to Vu\i.,A «i* * Yean. Jx2K>rtH^fromN,.w Jlrtinnwick (not Canud iuti). TT.«i. J o. . 'o Other 18H2. 1H«3. 1884. 1885. lS«ti, 18»7. 18MH.. 18«1». . 1800.. 18!»1. 1«!»2. . 1893. . Totals. •9 7(12, 44!t i,2.'«i,r.;<2 I,270,!»7I» l,20!l,r>.S8 i,ni4,»i7 (Mil, 441) 1,:i'w UniiiMwiclc "f (inMliic,. from •Main,. Ixijfs, &c. !M«1,(I(W 1127,101 l.l.Vl.lOO 1,I77,8!)1> l,.'»2iM0.-i I,:t.t4.03l 1, 1(14,8(1.-) I,4(>2,.')25 .•at, 703 1,747,!H»0 1,4."> IilIgH, M^ K(. \'„1,„.. ,\f. |.'t. Valu... With piiii'l(i(fH 2,751 (i.HlL' (i,!'!)8 4,774 .'WO 2,8(i9 ti„V)0 408 10,830 .32,144' 3(i,((0!)! +r,o.37 +102,9."HI (lo,(l2(l' 28,703' 3;),(105l 21,7!i2' ti,l(i5' 1.8*57 1.801 (;73 1,071 13,771 20.270 10,001 18,812 8,012 2,:m 24,4,52 49,242 .3,875 94,28: 2(il,(i2(i 313,281 tiDl,640 •No. of i.iccc!', 17,9,S5 in 1892. 'I'otrtl N'liliic. •78, .524 r>.3,0!l2 1 "17,252 I44,M91 10.3,195 107,(!l»3 0.5,814 ;«),()(« 17,413 15,402 11,170 15,m;j« .35,-J45 39,24(> 44,3.35 ')2,3.55 42,(i(12 .54,(IM0 107,404 141,425 l<»4,(Mi3 2.3,3,0.5(1 423,713 471,910 + .Sprxce and pine togetlitT. *»108 duty collected in Decenilier, 1890, charged rn8. ) levied, 1«08-01. an >KH. Valtlr. tl(i,(;i't;i L'H,7(i;)! i>.m, I. Sill (i7« 1.7(| l(i,(Xll H,(»12 L',;«» .'f,87ri M,2H7 )1,540 'rotal N'uliii'. *7H,:,24 i">7,L'r)2 I4I,H!I1 1 0.1,1 1 ir, io7,(ii»;i •'">.HM I7,4i:t n,i7fi i.'>,m:w .•tr.,24:. a!t,2»(i 44.;i;r> 42,t;ti2 r)4,(W(» Iit7,4ii4 141,42,") nt4,(Hi;j 2;«,o:hi 423,713 471,1110 aer, 18!K), charged t'OllEST WEALTH OF CAXAhA. TAIiLK II. A..O..V . „.l„ „ K.,„„ ,„„ ,, , ,., ,^,^^^^ ^ ^. ^^^^_^ iww... IHdit. . . IW). . 1H71... 1N72. . . l^'.'J .. 1«74... 1H7.".,. lH7(i .. 1N77.. 1N7H. 1H7II . 1HM().. 1H«1 lfW2 . 1NH3,. 1HH4.. IHMo . *IM8ti. \xx:.... IHHH... tl«M!». JIHIH). i«ni... I lHfl2.... 1803... t4,.")M| 11,0N 734 1,037 ri34 i>t;.'i l,7")4 2,34.-, 1,4.51 2,i;.vi 1,!W2 131 (W7 1 ;. 722 1 -n*! t 272 7r)5 121 720 1!>S 1 ^\ itll jIl'lIM !(!({«' 2,7.M •>.«12 (I.IHW 4,7117 4.(112 2,.s;w 2.!i''!l 3,7-111 4,1 M3 <>,li.'f7, 4,,3;<2 r),!'H|, (i.2.Vi (i,82(i li,l(;,s 17,iW) 17, ■>;*,") 2f),7l(i 20,3041 2(;,(W2 .3,«r)i s 4,2!i(i 23,41 1 13.204 ."i,(l(i.'f 4, Hid 3,s:i2 1,423 42(i t.V. Km; 1(17 2,07(! 2,(i40 1,31.'? 2,H(W !t73 ;wi 2, Mil! I 13,107 !I3(> 21,812 (l(i.S(i,S I- -lu- '*"'>■ Hi>.tiiii|K)».Ml III |wi«. nsfoll.ms: .t(l,(l(l(),N[i|ln.c ||,, 1 14,.5(i.-. 7,242 Kv|H,it iliitv .111 >t,iv.„ iinil nuk I.ikm ; 4,.(K iv|„.a,.,l, ,.|,„|,. x.. Alt. Is7.-i: H„. j.IJM «.'iit..<| t., Sth A|.iil, 1,S7.V 4,' 272' H,14()i H,810' !»,7.')(V 8,51.-)! ?,,7?!;j]''^''i'i»'"^ ')"lt»,Hpriic<. and pine l.)g«,«l. 3j,3!l7 Shingl.. Iiolts, .Sl.no, i.iii,. l„i,- .<«2. -Iiii2 di, ,||, 42,2W|'i„,. !„>:„, .?«. AVrnute. !U,(ii4 (1(1 2. '14,803 do 2. d„ 1(J8I feet m case piil,l,(; exigencies re(,uired a change. ^ '""*"th<'i- "r to inerea.s,. it .,n pine logs to .S3 per hf. t Durini? the fiMr-nl va- ,.«J..J o<,.i T duty on exiKjrted pine logs ,vas raised to .«3 from . ,, . , " ' required a change, the /3tV,"ffi.tS8r^ ''""^^ ^"' •^"'"'' !««"■ "" 30th:i!S^,S«-:i l^'^,^-'^^ ^«^;|OJh .W, ,8^ tiie duty wa. .2, and during the finciU year ended not Hince (December. 18U4) been reimjCd ' '"' "" ''"'"'" ''"'J' ^'"' ^'togetiier abolinhkl and hw § Not separated. „]!&.». 282 DEPARTMEXT OF AGIilCVLTURE. '■ .1 ■ I TABLE Shipments of Forest Products to United 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 23 24 25 26 27 Staves, standard " other and headiiiKs. ! Masts and si)ars Piles and pile timber. .,« ix'^^'T^'^^'^' t'"iiaraek, &o. '. ■io iShingles 29 IShingle Mts. Sleepers and railway ties Stave lx)lts. Shooks, box other. . . Timber, square- Ash Birch Elm ... . .'.'[. Mapl e . . Oak : : ' ■ Pine, red ' ' white Other Hemlock . . . Tamarack . . , Walnut «. Laths are included with "lathwood " in 1868 and 1869 h. Eln. legs are apparently included in c. lo 1884 all deals are classed together. I^lTi^ '''*""» and^pickets were not included with laths. all other logs ""till 1888. I„ 1868 no logs ar^ specified, but c Till 1«7'-, ^ " " ■"."•' "■'° """" '""' '"c'uded with laths. ?* i TABLE ■oducts to United 1875. 1870. J1877. ■ : I 3 961 3 78 i;i2yr, lo oi - 5 2'4i » i 07 t i) oc 1 08 i 00 10 CO 246 72 5 04 ••••■I 1 41 4 62 9 •IS 12 40l 04 •» 33 4 371 4 16 4 34 4 10 3 72 '"'3 06r2"62 2r 124 10 00 24 50 38 33 1 03 14 (k 05 1 0« y 03^ f 10 6i > 2 76 i 80 1 10 04 7 83 45 85 4 04 1 02 13 'M n 32 1 7fl 68 03 16 22 61 2 01 3 48 22 4 04 2 24 2 83 20 2 90 2 02 2 40 18 2 00 41 5 06 7 60 7 10 1 50 8 88 10 00 1 81 8 08 3 48 5 33 638 7 04 J 00 4 71 4 52 5 56 5 2. 1 08 ! 08 ..•::.: ...2 are specifii d, but ith "planks and [Jieces " till 1875, FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. 283 States^m Canada._Priees (by Trade Ileturns). 1878. 3 39 7 19 i 6i 6 '24 1879, 1880. 1881 1882. 1883. 1884. 3 46] 3 01 10 92j 8 74 i 93 'i'92 82 I i 72 4 07l 8 63! 35 9 02 6 lA 3 40' 3 56i 3 10 13 4 rA) 7 0(1 3 73[ 3 52 1 2 o: 4 74 4 711 4 94 8 13, 6 28 13 65 2'i4 '2'09|'2'36 6 'so IMj 94 1 00 . . . 5 2(i 13 08 223 6 80 4 00 2 45 2 8;-. 2 67 3 49 4 77 3 2213 Oil;; SO 14 70 9 00 7 171... 2 16; 2 111 2 13 01 81 ' 2 05' 96 5 Oil 5 10 3 781 4 1. 18 0(i IS 57 8 701 8 14 6 74| 6 02 2 07j 6'88i 5 66 6 11' 4 44! 4 24 18 47, 8 811 19 53 8 54 5 5(i 4 66! I ^' 5 64 7 05 52 25 "1 11 (■ 7 87! 8 16 (i 02 4 91^ 16 57 10 00 1 95 "o'64 2 51 6 51 4 43 15 61 8 32 5 84 5 (iS: 6 88 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 8 !» 10 11 12 13 14 07t22 71 , 65j26 7026 162385, ■ I !2o ir... I 36i 1 26| 1 34i 1 04 11 30:11 12 11 . 10 00 11 4 76 (■Mi 61 8 05! 7 2 111 2 10 ■ • . |10 361 20| 18 1 2 60 2 53' 07 081 6 14 26 32 13 00 14 65 7 27 85 82 4 57i <>0 2 12 2 27; lOi 2 68, 11 35 51 68 \ ,'15 ' 16 27 30 17 18 1 21 19 11 40 20 7 83 21 4 90 54 . . . . |io 75I 8 OOi 1 50 13 Ool.... . . 145 00 10 46|18 75 12 451 ... 7 50|11 60 7 28| 6 86' 2 08 o'is 2 76 11 2 97 9 52 4 42 8 54 14 IC "1 63 2 05 7 36 15 2 75 17. 11 61 37 00 7 2: 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 there is a general item, '•sawlogs," averaging 84.37. boards"; from 1880 to 1899 " ■ ■ t •< '''''^'^'''''''^^^^y'^i-ftJuLoZTmtr''l^t'^::i with "scantling"; i„ 1893 "„l.n lanks and boards, " 284 DEPARTMENT OF AClttlCULTUliE. ,p.:fj TABLE 16.— Logs Rafted to Michigan. Saginaw City Board of Tradk Report, 1892. Rafted by Lake. show the (juantities rafted fn 1892 :- following figures /'/•o;h Georgian Bay. For Emery Lumber Co s^ nno nnr. " Saginaw Lumber and Salt Co. . o?nnS oon " Spanish River Lumber Co.... 2o'Son " Sage d' Emerv ;|i2,000,000 " T \v wl ^V i. 12,000,000 J. W . Howry & Sons oo nnn Xoo " Sibley ABearinger oo'SoonnS " Wm. Peter.. ?n'?22'^^^ " xMerrillARing. ^2'^^^'^*^^ '■ MooreLumber Co ■.;.•; :.•:.••.,• j^S^OO " Eddy Bros. A- Co J'n^^'^^^ Miscellaneous.. 4,000,000 6,000,000 Total, 1892. ,„, ^„„ "IT .< ' loqT 184,500,000 ^^ 80,000^0 i?Vo»i Z7;jjuer Lake Points. For S. G M Gatps " skxeBros 20,000,000 « Fisher* Hurst.:::::::::; iS'nSS " C.K.Eddy^Son :: S'nnn " «'^-p-*- :::::::::::::.:: ^'^ZZ ^°'^' _63^0,000 rest cam*^t??hlVairw'tve^''%r^^^^^ *« Tawasl^ and the Saginaw river mills wfll receive immense ilft trrt^"'^ '" ''! '"^"^^y- "'^'^ to come. """cuBo Buppiies ot Jogs trom this source for many years > 1 1 a] 285 nducted for many e invention of the ing on the river, ht to the Saginaw ■'s rafts on Lake ;y on logs, exacted Jross Lake Huron feet were brought as figures given 3er Michigan and following figures Feet. )00,000 )00,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 00,000 00,000 00,000 00,000 00,000 30,000 30,000 )0,000 )0,000 )0,000 10,000 10,000 0,000 mills, and the ts infancy, and for many years FOHEST W • r,TH OF CAXADA. TABLE 17.— (V. 'm Department of Customs.) Statement showing number of logs, and quantity in feet, of Pine exported from Georgian isay district during the fiscal vears IKflQ nnrl i«oq ** during the fiscal years 1892 and 1893. Date. July do do do do . do Aug. do do do •Tuly Aug. July do Aug. do do 1891. 16 . i) 13 . 24.. 24. 24 , (i . 14. 1!). 13 3., n , 28 24. 2t . 2(1 1892. June 8 . do May do do June do 2 9 21 23 3 8, 10 23 27 28. 22. 21 13. 22 7 25. 2. 1 13 25 1891. June 16. do 29. do do do do do May June do do do do do do do 1892. July 30 Aug. do do July do Aug. Oct. Aug. do July do do Aug. July do do .Shippers. No. of LogH. Feet. Geo. Avis Hdwey & Sons do do do do do do do do J. &P. Charlton.. . do Nugent & Co R. Raid Adams ife Witre W. D. Kremlin ...: : Micliigan Pipe Co . . Saginaw Lumber Co . Island Cedar Co Geo. Avis Emery Lumber Co. . do do I do do do do Moore Lumber Co Saginaw Lumber Co. . Howey & Sons do do E. D. Wall Saginaw L. & S. Co.. Sibley & Bearinger . . Turner & Fisher do do Jos. Turner, do Total for 1891-92. H. , A. Emery. 2 1 do 22 1 do 23 Skeadft Allan 17 2 2. 25. 16 19. 14 25. 27 , 13 16.. 4 . 9 . Vy. D Hitchcock . . iGeo. Avis ' do Pentleyft Reid.... Emery Lumber Co. do Moore Lumber Co. . do do do H. R. Hoffeld Howey & Sons do '■{ MA 2W DEPA RTMENT OF A OlilCULTUBB. TABLE ] 7._(From Departmeno of Customs.)-Ccnrf«rfK July do Aug, do do Sept. do July Aug. do do do do do July do Aug. do Sent. July Sent. Oct. July do Aug. Sept. Oct. Sept. July Aug. 1893, June 6. May June May do do June do do 11.. 28 . 1.. 15.. 1.. 16 . 3.. 20.. 1.. 15.. 17.. 19... 2... 17 .. 30... 8... 3 .. 18... 8 .. 28... 19... 22... 8... 21 .. C... 7.... 12. . . . 10. . , . 16.... 24.... J. T, IJ. G. Howey & Sons do do do .'.'..'. v. Charlton iSa.xe Howey & Sons. ..... .jHollestcr, ,)ewell & Co do ! do ,1', John Dunn w, H. jostin ..; ;;;■; E. D. Johnston .... Howey k Sous Saginaw L. & S. I do do do Sibley & Bearinger do do Turner* Fisher., do do do W. Burrell. . . Hall ■■ Nelson & Co do Co 19.. 7.. 27.. 19.. 24.. 6.. 8.. 13... Blind River Lumber Co Chew Bros ... do A. T. Bliss Eddy, Bros. & Co do do do Ed. Hall. do 'o ^.^i'^SA* "^^y L-.ml«r Co.- . : do do do do do do do May June do do do May June 27. do 38. May do June do do 9 2 15 19 10 15 26. 26. 6. 28. 10. 20. 30 2.. 26.. 23.. 15.. 15.. Alb. Pack . Turner* Fisher., do do Rarburn Lumber Co . Howey & Sons... do • J. P. Charlton. . '" r5,000 127,000 800.000 80,000 4,000,000 2,500,0(X) 1,800,000 2,500,000 3,700,000 4,260,000 2,700,000 3,000,000 2,85(),,330 2,811,040 2,!)09,570 2,730,400 1,0(X),000 1,728.000 1,750,000 1,700,000 700,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 2,750,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 a 1,687,500 2,500,000 3,000,000 a 2,250.000 2,000,000 a 1,800,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 150,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 3,500,000 25,000 2,000,000 2,000,500 099,500 2,061,760 2,000,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 4,200,000 282,000 Square timber Ia«6, masts and sparsl staves ■ • Railroad ties and fence' ^ies .' . ' ' ' 1 elograph {(oles Shingles'' ""'' Pu'P^V'wd'and haTk... FOREST WEALTH OF CANADA. TABLE 18. Consumption op Wood in Canada. Census, 1891 -Product of the Pore.t. 287 8&-),89(i tons. 48,&-)2,22r) PCS. !»2,2(!0 M. 39,018, ni2 pea. 303.861 " 43,291,800 cubic ft. '107,101,875 791,] 28 117,144.486 3,282,175 Total . "•^i&,541 cords. l,4.i-4;5.n;m JAJ,tH,^l. 9,397,WiO 2,045,073,072 Product, 1890-91.. ^et export, 1890-91. Value of Product and of amount consumed. Balance left for consumption 880,071,415 24,075,031 Quantity consumed. 70 P.C. of 2,045.073,072 cubic feet, total product. m-2 '^nsumptioninyear. £-JK) z p^r capita. S!55,99(J,384 or ^1 1..5!> per capita, 70p.c. of product.' 143,788,158 given, each log i- 288 DEPARTMENT OF AORICVLTUBE. TABLE 19. Shipments of Lumber from the River Ht. Lawrence to the P.V P> . . • Season of l894.-(Supplied b/th^^ po^t ti ^Oo'^^'*''' '"""« '""^ Date. Fhom Montkkal. Vessel. Sept. 21. Pir Loaded by. Bqt. Argentina Oct. Nov. 29. . Bk. Runnyuipcle, <5. .1 " Louis 15.. " H. RCann 10.. " Strathniuir. . 27.. |Bqt.C. W.Janes. 31 . . Si). .Albania 31.. SS. Doris 8.. " Turret Bay. 14. . " Turret .4ge . Kt. (128, 89() .558,830 820,514 1,192,9,58 1,024,012 071, 405 l,Kio,753 1,289,053 1,630,434 1,585,315 Shepard & Morse Lumber Co. Exi)oitLuin.Co.,Ltd. 10,467,230 Fro^othbb Ports o.vtheSt. Lawrence. Date. ■Tilly 6. 10. 12. •A.ug. 25 " 2i». Sept. 17. 2fi. 27., 29. Oct. 20.. 29.. *Ve8HeI. Bk. Ariemore (jtiovanni Onhilia Allegro M... , Krienihild.... China (Jotha Jas.L.Harway Magdala Silenzio Leviathan ... Spruce. Ft. 850,000 050,000 1,040,000 48.3,000 «(H),000 574,000 636,000 77.5,000 905,000 (504,000 810,000 7,827,000 ' The other port, are Three River.. Quebec, Ber.i.is. Chicouti.i, the latter generally the ^,. Total Shipments from the St. ^Lawrence. Pine Spruce. . , 10,467,230 feet. 7,827,000 " 18,294,230 " Previous Shipments. loqo Ft. im\ 17,625,507 lagf 19,141,826 1890 2,428,625 iSoQ 7,6(iO,669 1888 35,313,573 Jm? 18,089,710 1886 34,036,076 1885 20,088,204 1884. 1883. 1882... 31, .344,643 36,938,548 18,768,652 24,419,827 1881 ,„Ft- 1880 16,147,941 1879 10,420,080 1878... 12,476,150 1877. 10,855,246 1876.. 8,787,928 1875.. 3,437,000 1874.. 10,123,000 1873.. 10,262,293 1872. 36,037,919 1871.. 28,234,968 1870.. 15,005,935 25,145,183 Foil EST WEALTH OF CAXAIM. ^late, during the THE St. Lawrence. ... , . Spnice. Ft. •e 850,000 I aoo.ooo 1,040,000 VI..., 483,000 d.... 600,000 574,000 ... . 636,000 irway 775,000 905,000 . . . . 504,000 n... 810,000 7,827,000 ly the largest. 289 TABLE 20. F»TV YkARs' K.XPOHT.S OK T,,,„KH .VN,. Dk.u.S, kv 1845 TO 1894. FKOM T.,K Pour OK QuKHEC, chmmution prHctic,Uly eoinci.ies ; tirTl f: r;.r^ waney whit, aud red pine the which IS nearly all .shi,,p»tario am gu .hei hardwood timber, some of winch i li;,,^''S';T* '"' "'T*^ '''^ '''''' ^^'■^'' tI»o s,,uare shipped from Quebec, comes tVo,„ t|,e E.l 41 ''' T'' '"""'' "'''P*'^'''^"^- the'oak! the decrease chiefly indicates a loss f business , T'' ^" 'T'^'^'' ^° ''«'^1« '^"d staves being .shipped from other ports. T , I , . *' • *'!? P"''* "* ^<*"«bec, largo ,,uan tS n^markable as the falling cfff in the . fn tt Tl^i '? fr'''"^ f ^''"^"■•■' ^-'^ '^■- is as A. Schwartz, the Swedish Consul atChe t, ^'"l^^'^'f 'f *''- compilation of .Mr. W hrm of J Bell Forsyth .. Co., wl o t ^l^'r^^l^^''^^''^^'' '"« in.lebtedne.ss to the included in a special number of <■ Ti, £ f ,, "' 1 '''7'^ "."''^^ authority. The table is January, Wj'j, which gives to its «■ o ^Voodwork.ng Machinery," London in .ndustries connected t^rewit^ ^J ^i:::^'ti:^^S^i:::^^^^'^^ '^ '^^^^^ feet. Ft . 16,147,941 .. 10,420,080 .. 12,476,150 . 10,855,246 • • 8,787,928 . 3,437,000 .. 10,123,000 .. 16,262,293 • 36,037,919 .. 28,234,968 .. 15,005,935 .. 25,145,183 ■^ 8a— 19 TH ;ii ii': Vkah. Wllitl' I'ilK.. 1845. lS4fi. 1«47. 1N4H. 1H4!). 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854.. 185.5.. 18i5(;.. 18,57.. lHr>K.. 185!t. . 18(10. . 18(11 . . 18(>:>.. I8(i;i.. ]8()4.. 18(>5.. lH(i(i.. 18(i7.. 18(I.S.. 18(!!) . 1870.. 1871.. 1872 . 1873. . 1874.. 1875.. 187() . 1877.. 1878.. Wit. . 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 188(i.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889. . 1890.. 1891.. 1892... 1893. . . 1894... ::M^ Ciil.. ft. 15,828,880 14,3!I2,220 9,(>2(>,(;40 10,709,(180 11,021,920 l.S,040,520 1.5,941, (KX) 15,(;!)5,920 17,.'i99,4K0 19,(;i2,.'VJ0 10,843,220 ]3,9!)2,!I2(» 19,24(;,480 l.S,38H,3«0 14,822,240 18,252,000 19,44/,!I20 1.5,49;t,(»80 23,147,520 20,032,520 ]9,(KI7,,SSO 15,541, .S20 14,77.S,880 15.278,720 14,()73,2(M» 14, 141, 9 JO ]4,(i7.3.0()(» 1.5,514,0,80 10,.580,240 14,51.3,920 10,0!)9,0(M) ]3,883,(;(M) H,897,8(K) 8,149,120 .5,.S0O,44O l],.552,.5(iO 9,101,180 7,912,l(iO 10,427,000 6,047,080 0,758,240 4,524,700 .5,127,080 0,020,W»0 6,872,900 5,498,380 4,71.5,120 5,300,440 4,092,280 3,468,600 DEPA RTMEXT OF A GRICULTUHE. FiPTYYears' Exports of Timber and Deals, Ac, from AvKH.MiK FaIH I'hK'K AT Clohk ok (Ska.so.n. >S(juarL Ciil). ft. .1. (1. 3 to 3 " Wi alley. Oul.. ft. d. d. 4 " 4 " (; " 3.\ " 0" " i\h " Ol " 5" " 4 " 4 " 4. -. 5,? " 5| " 3I 5* 8.? 7 10 9A "I 'A 9 9 10" 9.\ 10" 10.^ 10 J, 5.1 " 12 " 12 -I 8J 'i 7 10.\ 13' 15 18 18 19 18 cts. 16 10 13 12 10 !) 14 20 20 18 15 15 14 10 22 ft.s. 27 .30 27 25 25 30 3(i 40 40 38 38 38 ;« 38 42 20 " 44 18 " .35 " .35 " 35 " 35 " 42 10 14 14 10 19 18 17 10 cts. 24 28 29 26 22 2(i 32 37 35 31 32 33 31 31 37 38 32 ' 28 ' 30 ' 30 ' 36 ' 21 ' 21 ' 21 .\ • 20" cts. 32 32 34 32 27 31 39 42 40 3(! 37 39 38 38 44 45 40 37 40 43 45 1 WW"" 1 1 8 to n 9 " 11 10 " 13 10 " 13 No H •cord ... 13 to 10 14 " 10 14 " 10 14 " 10 H.d I'iiu.. I A VlTllJfl! Fair Prict- i at iCloHeof SeaHoii I Cub. ft. .5,182„320 .5,200,040 4,400,520 4,.3()5,440 4,O7O,0(tl 3, .58(1,840 3,482,200 2,502.840 2,31,5,100 2,089,080 2,305,280 2,403,246 2,444,940 2, 119, 720 ;,7.3;},50O 2, .502, 880 2,85,5,240 2,491,120 4,049,(iOO 3,999,440 3,910,500 3,199,900 2,(>O4,90O 2,292,440 1,785,500 2,207,100 l,.577,70O 1,!»41,100 987,840 1,41,3,280 1,519,240 1,83],3<)0 1,901,300 1,249,840 813,80(» l,4a3,200 922,000 1,024,080 1,048,960 614,280 044,1(50 405,,520 40.5,720 405,300 397,680 355, .520 249,350 379,080 312, (i40 146,120 Cub. ft. d. ,1. 4.i il 8" 7 8 14 9 9 7 8 9 8 8 t 8 7 8 8 8.^ 8" 12 15 Ct.'<. l(i 13 13 13 13 12 16 13 13 12 12 12 14 16 20 18 16 14 14 14 14 to 9.1, " 8" " 8 " KU " 9' " 9 " 15 ' 12 ' 13 ' 10 ' 10 ' 12 ' 12 ' 13 ' 11 ' 10 ' 13 ' 15 ' 11 ' 12 ' 10 12 ' 11 12} 13 18 21 cts. 25 20 18 23 22 20 27 24 24 22 22 24 35 27 35 35 30 30 30 30 30 Oak. Cub. ft. 1,. 397, 440 1,742,080 1,804,080 879,040 1,128.320 1,110,240 ],124,2(H) l,0.'i0,480 I,0(i8,320 1,;«5,920 940,708 l,0(i2,300 1,. 507,0.30 1,011,580 1,O0(i,280 l,48.5,4tH) 1,725,100 1,4()3,080 2,08i5,280 2,403„5(iO 2,099,800 1,897,480 1,793,880 2,358,480 2,048,000 3,232,700 2,950,.3(i0 2,952,040 3,085,160 3,433,280 2,208,040 3,243,,520 3,(i32,200 1,007,360 1,681,000 2,310,840 1,88,3,.300 1,957,320 2,1.32,880 1,212,520 1,. 520, 400 1,051,3()0 1,012,100 1,178,920 1,538,080 1,119,160 897,280 1,127,580 1,013,160 937,840 ■ •1* Deals, itc, from !^5::il5!!::!^l^to 1894 (inclusive). 891 TIMIJKR Oak. Cub. ft. 1,. SOT, 440 1,742,010 l,HO4,0H0 H7!»,040 1,lL'X„'ia» 1,110,240 1,124,200 1,030,480 1,OOH,H20 1,33.5,020 i»40,708 l,(«i2,3()0 ],.'507,0.S0 1,011,580 l,O0(i,280 1,48.5,400 l,72r),l(K) l,4(i3,080 2,OS;->,280 2, 403, .500 2,()!ti),800 1,807,480 1,7113,880 2,358,480 2,048,000 3,232,700 2,!t50,.S(;o 2,052,040 3,085,100 3,4a3,280 2,208,040 3,243,,520 3,032,200 1,007,300 1,081,000 2,310,840 1,88.3,.300 1,957,320 2,132,880 1,212,520 1, ,520, 400 1,051,300 1,012,100 1,178,020 1,538,080 1,]1!>,1C0 8117,280 1,127,680 1,013,160 937,840 YK.\it. 1845. 1840. 1347. 1848. 1840. 1850. , 1851 . . 18.52. . 18.53.. 1854.. 1855. 18.50.. 18.57. . 1858.., 1859... 18(iO. . . 1801... 1802. . . 1803... 1804.. 1805.. 18(i0.. 1807. . . , 1808... 1800... 1870. . . . 1871.... 1872. 1873.... 1874.. 1875. . 1870. . 1877.. 1878.. 1879 . 1880. . . 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884 . . 1885... 1880. . . 1887... 1888.... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892. . 1893... 1894 . Avcruge I J'air I'ricc ' at Clone of Simdii. Cul). ft. Ehi Cub. ft. Avcnigc Fair I'ricc at Clc me of .Season, A«li. 14 to (JO 14 " 00 12 13 14 12 20 20 15 15 18 10 13 14 15 14 24 18 10 19 ' 18 ' 18 ' 18 ' 19 ' 19 ' " 14 " 14 " 10 " 15 " 24 " 27 " 10 " 18 ' 20 ' 19 ' 10 ' 17 ' 18 ■ 15 ' 30 2'' i"? 20 00 20 20 23 23.1 30' 30 OtH, 34 34 31 S2 28 32 43 43 42 40 40 40 38 42 43 43 42 ' 43 • 45 ' 45 ' 45 ' cts. " 42 " 42 " 43 " 40 ' 30 ' 42 ' 52 ' 50 ' 52 • 49 I 49 48 47 49 52 52 49 47 51 51 51 1.42.S,I)20 l,79.'),.'t20 1,591. .520 1.171,700 1,4i;t,(;(M) 1,520,040 1,42,S,8,><0 89;(,MH0 1.520,000 1.403,()IM» 1.028,7.50 1.45J.O.SO 1.319,;)80 "8.5,8^0 1.0.50,700 1,021, .500 1.2i;9„S20 1,0!)9,2(»0 2,128,840 1,957,900 I, -'17,240 I,3;<2„'«i0 I, -'29, 400 l,.'5-'4,200 l,-'70,20O ],-'97,700 I,-'19„500 1,001,400 1,002,080 1,171,280 019,800 947,300 1,013,2(H» 559,700 544,040 1,041,800 797,100 778,300 739,920 078,000 884,100 407,120 40.5,040 .504,080 791,800 530.200 057,800 037,800 421,840 528,880 ft. 207,080 188.9(iO 91.040 59,080 fl«,«(K) 47,280 102,720 80,440 82,2(K» 10*), KM) 40,140 102,730 138,010 I 9.5, .500 170,ltiO 88,440 90,.50O I 99,840 300, 7(W I 121,WH) I 114,800 1-58,0(J() I 140, .320 I 141,920 185,080 200,720 • 2r9,(»40 ; 205,080 I 245,280 ' 3(;5,500 248,080 ;W 1,480 300,040 139,880 172,480 293,620 355,080 297,040 340,.320 300,080 202,480 174,3(iO ; 1!»1,840 ! 217,720 33.5„300 15,280 ! 130,320 I 177,880 i 108,840 I 134,920 I Average Fair I'rice Clo.te of .SeftHon. Cub. ft. <1- ' 282 Ybar. IHt."). I«t(l. IH47. I84S. IH4!t. 18r>0. 18.M. 1851'.. 180*. . 185t. , 185i). . i8r)(i, . 1857. . 18i58. , 1869. . 1800. . 1861.. 1862. . 186:i, . 18(54.. 1805.. mio.. 18(i7. . 1868. . , 186(1. , , 187(1. 1871.. 1872. . . 1873. . . 1874. . . 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878. . . 187i». . . 1880... 1881... 1882. . . 1883... 1884. . . , 1885. . . . 1886. . . . 1887. . . . 1888. , . . 1880.... 1800. . . 1801. . . . 1802. . . . 1803. . . . 1804. . . . DEPA RTMBNT OF A (IRICUL TUIIE. Vntx Years' Exports of Timber and Deals, A-c, from TIM HER. HT.VNKM. liircli. Avci'iifff Fair I'licr lit CliiHcof ScaMDii 'raiimrftck. AvcruK*' I'air I'rici' at CloHc (if Mfasoii 183,;)(;o 147,880 \m,:m 02,.'i()(l 134.120 180,2(10 122,800 04,300 101,700 51,100 118,770 16l,8,-)(> 175,rkSO 131,02.1 272,200 402,100 2,55,.320 10.), 480 4.30,720 358,280 .374,680 402,(JOO 381,, 560 409,000 502,720 .341, KiO 2i)2,080 390,760 737,880 740,700 2.S8,3(J0 406,800 507,.320 202,700 10(i,480 55S,840 273,8,80 213,080 233,040 241,120 457,1()0 236. (>80 102,080 105,700 470,280 403,740 148,320 345,840 121,480 189,920 ■Vll Kiiuli*, AviTn;fc Fair I'rict at CloHciif .Sca.Miiii 18 18 22 23 22 22 20 20 21 21 20 20 20 20 21 ..::::::;■••■ i cU. Ct.H. 24 to 00 15 " 22 18 " 19 10 18 " 18 " HI 10 10 24 20 24 24 21 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 771,489 ,372,.-)20 6 tft 7\ 124,400 3 ii T) 140,4(Mi (i 't 3(i,0OO 8 (t 9 12,080 t (( 8 51,440 1\ '* 8 0,000 ir» 11 78,7(i(» 5 ti 12 37, (HK) .*) »» 12 72,(»10 5 i( II 16.3,740 r> tt 12 ;w,24o 4 <* (iO.KiO 4 '* .58,240 ;") ** 9 150,240 \ ii 13 : 87,300 5 (t 10 72,280 (4 12 7(t,720 1 It 10 24,440 (i ii 10 17,800 7 14 10 6.200 s 44 15 2,480 12 44 18 1 1,9'iO 600 2,900 2,040 1,040 ct.><, 15 15 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 15 15 17 15 15 15 15 ets. 20 17 16 10 12 12 14 14 15 13 15 15 15 18 20 18 20 20 19 10 10 5,181 3,440 2,"i,2(i7,422 4,050,238 5,170,441 4,(il8,944 5,6,32,474 .5,341,320 .3,(i92,99(i 4,202,219 5,,S23.203 3,870,187 .3,148,(i88 3,9.33,072 2,442,046 2,376,737 2,271,(J60 l,.3()i5,510 1,189,490 1,307,842 1,075,992 704,472 861,945 728,300 479,700 ii sols, &0,, from FO/{ESr WEALTH OF CAXAUA. i>i:al.s. 803 AvK.a.KKu„|'„„K.V,,',.OMK„KS..,s.,N. * -',OHi,:.'(i(i 2,7M.L'i;5 -',-l(<0, Ill's L',2HL>,3!I0 I'.L'O-.OHIi i,iiM,r>.s4 l,3ll>,3!ll -',4L'."),;«)!) •.',(ioj,(;r,ti l,Ht>7,llil -',70!I,77l' 4,ri!ll,(KMI 4,4;W,(i(l2 •4,054,014 4,()tiH,,sr>() •l,iiL'7,H17 .'1,4!»3,L'!)!) 5,L'07,I5H ;t,(;,H(i.o()o 4,H,SK.;t4H 4,77H,822 3,t;i,'<,L',S4 4,r>3L>,()l!) 4,544,(i(i(> .5,I!ll„S0(i 4,l(i(i,8,'i4 r),2(!7,422 •1,650,238 5,170,441 4,()1H,!)44 o,li32,474 .5,;<41,32!t .3,(iil2,i)!Mi 4,202,219 5,,S23.2(!3 3,S7<>,1.H7 3, 1 4H,(iH8 3,!t:«.072 2,442,!I4(> 2„37(l,737 2,271,00!) l,.3ti,5,510 l,l«l»,4!)0 1,307,H42 l,075,i)l,n45 728,300 479,700 Vkah. I _. l«t (Quality. ; Micl.igu,,. 1H45. 1S40, 1H4-. 1«48. 1«4» 1H50, , 1851.. 1862 , 18.53 1854 1855. . 18.-)(;, 1857. 1859.. 18(K).. 1801.. 18(i2 1803. 18(i4. . 1805... 181)0.. 180?.. 1808.. 1809... 1870... 1871... 1872. . 1873... 1874... 1875... 187(i... 1877..., 1878... 1879.. 1880. . 1881 . . 1882.. 1883... 1884.... 1885.... 1880... 1887... 1888.. 1889. . 1890... 1891 . . 18!t2 . 1893. 1894. I'' Std. M. Floati-d, i' Pt. .Std. lOi it 9 10 11 13 Ifj 12 12 13i rd 15' 15 14* 14" ' Uih ' M • IS.r ' 18; . 10.! ' 18' ' 18 " 20 " 20 " 24 " 27 " to 11 ' 9,^ ' 9.1; ' n" ' m ' 00 m' 00 14.\ 14" 00 00 15 15 17 00 10.\ 00" 17 \Hh m 21" 21 00 00 im 95 90 95 iW 90 108 108 108 108 115 120 112 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 " 92 " loo " 100 " 98 " 94 " 100 " 112 " 112 " 112 " 110 " 118 " 125 " 120 " 120 " 120 " 120 " 120 " 120 " 123 " 123 " 123 100 to 120 98 " 104 94 " 100 104 '• 110 000 " 120 000 " 120 000 " 120 125 " 127 130 " 140 135 " 140 120 " 1.30 120 " 1.30 120 " 1.30 125 " 135 125 " 130 120 ' 130 I't. .Std. f 9 8 8 9 11 NO record N to mh 13 " 00 10 " (M) 10 "II 12 " 13 12 " |;t 9.^ 8.< XI 00 00 13 14 13 13 1,3^ 13.1 14.t 15" w 17 18.1, v.a 23" 2i;h ' 14 ' 15 ' 13.1 m' 14 lo 15.\ 00" 17.1 17.1; 19" 22 00 (H) -No record. 90 to 00 90 88 84 8S 92 92 98 104 ' 94 ' 90 ' 00 ■ (K) 90 (04 104 100 Sjirucc. *<^|.■. Std. .527,2,Vl ."180,807 .389,014 301,881 018,881 3,,V)0 l,5(i7,049 2,(100,714 1,715,2.38 2,04(i,050 2,978,237 2,88i).ot;i 2,8,52,500 3,200,1.30 3,Oi(7,52!l 2,7.87.309 2,729,o;« 2.03(;,4(i5 2,47.3,529 2,31,8,8.35 2.3!I9,489 2,448, 1 -,0 3,584,408 .3,97.5,570 2,280,(J4!( 3,029,783 3,540,0(K) 3,4«2,,S0O .\v».rjit?(' Vmr I'rire lit Clew of SnvMou, * 72 Que. Std. = lPtg. Std. I't. .Std. to o.i; 8 9 h 8 i. 7.^ ■ 7J • 8" ' 8.\ ' 8' ' 8 ' 8 9 m, 7.', I o J^ 7 9 8A 0" 7A 8" 1 38 34 32 32 32 34 40 40 .39 30 38 42 39 40 42 42 40 40 40 ' 40 ' 40 ' " " 30 ' 30 ' .33 ' ' 30 ' 44 ' 44 40 38 40 44 42 43 45 45 42 42 43 43 43 V on,.;'ZitrrvrSeTo1lT' "^^""''''"^ "'^'•° J"-^P--'' various ,ul.litional itemn Sv.VLr. Lo(is FiioM Trek Tops. The Lieutr^nant-Governor ia r,,,,,,,.;! *• .1 foIIowm« ord, , - •■""""'' *'"• tho province of Quebec ha.s issued the th. fact of leavmy this s.r.all ,,art of tm' ^ h ^ 7" '"■'' f"""* ^" t'"' •"'''. ^"d (l«9.J-!*4), and „ne thousand ,.i<,i,t h,„ ,1 i thousand ei^dn hinulrnl and nirietv f„„P QvKuv.c TninER Resolrcks province. >m experts on the subject of the Charcoal for Iron Smeuixg. papoHy5LTrV^^t:[.;';:^lnf4-iat^n of the province of C.nebee . ou-o..sts.' The writer pointed ut Sat as eh Z"!'' ''' 'f '"•'"« °" ^''« utilirtion 'o to th..s province for the smelting of ii ore fh "'? *''" ""'^ '^""^■■'" ^"el "atura be governed by the product of the fo is Tf t "T'^'""' I"'"'luet of the mine must see a supply ahead, any attem,. to est! 1 'lish '71^" ''• "?' P''"'"^'« ^''^^^P el>'trcJd and thing hke an extensive seal, woul.l mean fl^lur. C '"''"'*'? '" *'''^ P'-^^ince on a^y should be g.ven as to honour tbreTts ^oS "u, .^""^"'l^f'^'-V-ery care and thought these forests and utilize them to the b,> be conserved and utilized. To preserve national and provincial care and necess. v'^' ^^r ^°!' '^' '^'^"»*''>' should biK a purpose, over which the (^^;rr ine t roul7; ''' '^'Tl?'' 'h""'^ ^^ ^^^ aside fo^ this l^ quantities of unmerch.ntal le woo " ^^ ull control. He referred t the lumber d.stacts of the province, and no in ed off *^/""^^'- "'^'-chants in the various tureshouldset-^^t^— -fj^^--ma^^ cu. and preserve it for the building up of ^^^ZjSr'^SZ:^:^:^:^ 293 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. ■■\ ^tzz:;T::7^:'Z ^:f"fr- '^^ ^'^'^'•'"" '^^ ^-^' --^ -^m give them the AVest. ^n TeirtL po ted "ut ^ "" importanceof conserving hefrZel aid ind^^^^^^^^^^ ""'^ '?» ^^o realised the the peopJe the scientific manretunf^tico^^^^ T-^"^''^ ^7 *-<^hi"g and must always be. if successful iZtZl'T' charcoal and iron industry was for t)ns reason it wa especS d ese -vl! ^ ' . ™T ''''^ ^^'^'P^*'''^ '^«™« '"^"«t'-V. ^nd farmers should he UughlTnd et blTto us? f"" h'"^'P"^^ ""'^ encouragement: Our everything useful that''the hml lad ti -he JW ' °"'L^"^ *''^'' "'^*'°'^'*' ^^'^^^ . and burning which might be n.aJri^^^;i4^S ™ ^^J^^^^^S^' ^^^^^^^ Wood Pulp, United States Duties, &c. «nde;xs"ra;pe";Ta:^:;l^to ru^jfTFr'" '^^^^^^ ^-^«-« -^^ 1^^*-^ ^r Several hearinc-.s wt4 liven Hpnw. V",'*'*? '^*^'^' ^^•^"^'■'^^ J^«'^rd of Appraisers Treasury Depa;:len .u in. a'ai " IV c! if S ''"^^''""^^'i ^^^^ - ^ecisioif to the Pulp Company, fixing the ""alu^So of tL^vn 1 ,'''"' .n *■"''""'' °^ the Laurentides f 13.44 a long ton of 2,240 pounds ^^'^ ''^ ''^ """*^ ^ ^'""^'•^d pounds or wood'Ju,;:^uLlt aU^r;:^;;-^^^^^^ I894, described a new use for General at Frankfort renorts th-?f n!. ^ ^ '^°°'^ '"°'''''= for floors. The Consul- wrapping buttor anVZT J^;\l'gZr^^^^^^ parchment paper, used for manufactured from cellulose o. wood fibre TK ^ P^'oof covering, &o., is being «.anufacture of artificial silk fromT^Stlo^ for SLhT^pln^tSg SS' ^^^ Forest Reservations in the United States. ForeS^SSS^USS^d ^'S^^f ?/"'^'"n "^^^^ ^^-^^^-"- «*^te purchase of 120.000 acres of land in o'ltr fbnt .^' "''' ^°' "'' ^PP^-^Pnation for the and very much can be ooked W f om n L •* ""f^ ''T^' " P^^Hc forest reservation has a forest reservatbn of 3 000 oJo "i^s Td^^:^^ " f''- ''^' ^''''' °^ ^'^ ^ork of Pennsylvania, through ti^jS, v CoCfs ^ P"'"' ''' '"T'''''^ '^' '''^- ^he State forest parks that will inthe future vin^a^^ 1 '.'"''f: T "'." "''^y '"^ '^ ''^'^ ^^^'^^ runs their volume in the^ 2" onf Tir.e^f^^^^ r\^''' *° "^« "^^''^ ^"^d costly enough in the last Xen tears t^eS^^ ^'■''"^'" *'^':' ^'^^" ^«"«"« «"d outlined by the commission." ^ ''' '^ *^°''" reservations of the character E.XPORTS FROM PoRT OF QUEBEC. ivould give them ) wheat fields of ago realized the ools for teaching on industry was ne industry, and iragement.' Our ' nation's profit rotting, wasting ation. IS at Detroit for i of Appraisers, decision to the ;he Laurentides 3red pounds or 1 a new use for •s. The Consul- paper, used for ;, &c., is being described the ? formed. sylvania State riation for the 3st reservation of New York ;e. The State ; start towards he rivers and m serious and the character t fifty years, INDEX, A. ^'t!'j}'}>! river, timber, &c., on. . PARE. Acwh w'''""^'?'"'*°-' '"-"""d. ■.;;:■.■; 48tor.i Acac a bark for tanning.... 48 tn \n Acaeia, cabinet wofKl ■ ai Acacia, great variety in Australia .' . 88 Acreage of forest needed fo, tin.ber cons'.nnpVion 88 A ,, ■ „ . t" supply railwav.s 18, fiS, 74, 1-12, 145 A:l:ri^r,fe'-^->*-'- •^::::: ■::■•;■■ •:.:;•;:.•■::■;;.: ^'^"••''■S Addenda ' ''j Adirondivck forest and park ; ••".'.'.".■.■.■. 20-) Wli Afojfnak fore.st re.serve, Ala.ska. . ! ' ' '. ! 3«, 37, 124,' 125 Africa, expo.ts of forest products to 1^8 ., , ■ """".'factures of wood to 238-9 ^^ forest areas in o5<) j ,, "nports and e.vports of wood with Canada " 1 77 A^r-'u""''' 'J"''*'"' **-••• '"-ound " ::'..'....;::. :;:":: lU Agriculture, fore.st and dejart. of. ^ Alibnm., „?^''- ^?'«>'''"'''l""-t to Minister of. 27 AUImnia, area of forest, &c., in . . . . 63 lumber, sawn in 140 A ,aska, forest reserve in . . li? Abanyriver, timber, &c.,on': ■.;;.■... ■ ! .' . ! .' us A berni Valley, timl)er in 40, 50, 51 (i(i Albert County N.B.. ti„,ber, &c. n , ' 1.S4 Alberta, area of woodland in 01 ^; northern, timber, &c., in. .' 181 ^^ percentage <,f woodland in. . . . " , 5(1, 58 ,^ Kocky Mountain timber in 181 nputhern, timber, &e., in 18r ^ timber, &c., in rl AldeHnVnnnY'"'^"', ''"•*'"^. f'"-^^' i'Voprietot.' V.-. : .' 58, 50 Aiaer in Canada and iirovinces 82 ^^ localititis where growing ,,•• H W), 07, 101, 102 Akeri. aren"^/'' ''">''"' *<=•' "^ ^^""'1 '^( ■'■'■■'■ ■'■ H, 34, 40, 41, 43, 45, 4(1, 48, 101, 135 .fiigei la, area ot torest in iq.-j Algomi ?Zl%-''-''^ for Canadian woods' in : ' .' , ; •.■.'.■..■: 177 "" d" r^i^'tl!!,'!^ t'oundary, timber, &c., on ,.■;•; 150 ii„ 'V'™*' *'"'"e''. &(-•., in... 41 AlfeX'nvTf'''- ''^^^■"•^'"■l^ ti>"l«^r, &c.,' in.'.'.V. 38 to 41, 43 to 47 A legliaiiy Mountains, p ne on •■)« A ps, reatforestati.,n of iS? Alton, township, timber, AcVin.' ' .' .' ' 78!'<) America, forest areas, in. . 54 American Associ^^^^^^^ '■'■'■ 177 . forestry Congress Hf^ ASS,Srr''"'''''''^'-^'''"^'""''"'- ••'■■■■ •' :.::::.:.■•::: •,.;. "• '"■ ^"' •^"' i'*'- j^ Anglin Township, timber, &c.','in '.■.'.' 42 Annual growth of wood . . 40 Anse llemeuse river timber, &c.,' on ' .' . 47 142 AntigoHLsh county, timber, .itc , in ' U Appelbytownship, timber &c. in 62 Apvend'..x;;A.;;--NewYorkfo'rerts:;:::::; :;.• « « o- ~"|;^''""''*' "f Surveyors, &e. . 36-7 »n.. vvfn'''in'?"f^'''''^ts'"«i. &e ; 38 to 62 •'V" T,-',^- •^'""^'■''s on fwest preservation (i3to68 «v,~J'*'"^'''«'sa»'l forest (JO to 72 " .Jr.-jfZ^TJ"^^"^''^''^^^'"- '■""■' " 'ii-S " •' w '. i,""**" '^tatPs consumption of wood 73 <- r ■,,""„,"""°I-'*'?"8"''"<-herfor«t.;. ... 74 ..V'^{^*^'*^ of panada ;; • 74 to 02 " K-' . ~r' 1- "^ Canada, strength, weight, &o ''^ to 103 «.. -Canadian woods and their economic uses 104 to 113 114 to 117 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1 1 rlH Appendix ;; L ''-The battle of the forests . PAn United States. . 134-5-6 " tI' „"i/°'"',"""> l,««ks and forest reserves 136- 7-8 .. ^S, ~^"'''Yi*"^''^""''''"l't''>n of forest products in trs HO Arbutus, loc^'iti^s^S X'f„r '^'^'"'-'"^ ^•'""^-" ^->« • .■.■..■.■.:.■:. »» ^ }^ Arb^'r day '""*"'' '!'''^"'' *'^- "' """'l' °^'- •••• ^' ^ .■.■.'.'..■.. i.'.: l :: i] ! ■ ■'^^^' ^03, 105 Arctic ocean, forest approaclips the ■■"'■■'.'..'.'..'.'.'" ^m Arctic waters, timber, &c., on m Area, Mr..Toly'8rerx)rtonforest.., ' .' ' ' r^ of limits • „„ ;i? I of pine estimated 183 to I'r .. of woodlands in America, Asiai Africa and Australasia ■•■'•• 17!» to 180 <■ „ t^nnada and provinces W 1 ', ,; 1V7 .< „ J'-iiroi^ean countries ' ^ 'o 15, 63 to 68, 179, 180, 181 „ tnitaiio.... i7f; i7u •• l( TT-i»r. -I/O, 1<0 •< .. L'nitefl States 3,12,13,179 •• .. I*r head in Austria-Hungary . ! 3,74,143,144,177,178 <■ „ ..' Canada 4,178 Norway ;'; ; 4,178 f weden 4, 178 Argentine Republic, e^^rts of ^^1^ S^ts' from Canada io' ''■'■■■'■■■■■ -■■^■■■■■■■. ^ "i^ :: px>rtsa.r^Sts^^-t^-Canadato;;:;-::;.:;;-;-^ |34.5 Ari..na, area of foresl^X^r"'^'"^^--'-^'^-. ::::;:■ .:::::. ^ ii! :! i' ' i ^^ consequences of deforestatioAYn.' 234-5 forests reserves in. ' ' ' " 100 Arkansas, area of forests, &c., in ' lis lumber sawed in . . . " ' ' \Ta Armstrongtownship,timber, &c.', in.'.' .■;■;.';: m Arthaba,.ca county, timber, &c.. in 41 ArrowLake, timber, &c., round... '.: 12,13,19 208 " ' Tx '»rted1,T -rf ^'^^ '=*'• I-»rence ,«rts. .'.■ , •*, 19, 2^ __ exijorted to Liiited States, prices of 200 to 203 ,. , , , various countries 28'' 3 ., leaved maple, localities where growing'.:: 216 to 241 " trees looplif, "'T'^"'' ''"^'>'"' *«•' "f «'o"'l ••'■'. H 100, 102-3 ., ""^s, focalities where growing . j •■ • 105 .. "/ Canada and provinces . . . : '^' *>' 38, 39, 43, 44, 61, 64, 71, 74 100 Ashes ex.KirVj^''!*^ '' ■'''''^'"^' *^''' °f ^^°od of :::..." : 94, 96 to lOO; 102- Ashland forest reserve::: '•'•'■•'..'.'.";.'.'.'..::::, ^''''"?,i« Asia, forest areas, &c., in. i",« Asjien trees, jocalities where growing, .'. :.:::: 177 „ '" Canada and provinces... .'. 48 to 61, 135 Assiniboia ,» Ih"^ '; ''■'■'«!'*', *'=• ' "f ^^'"od of '..'.'■ .' 95 to 101, 103 Assimboia, iiorth-ea.stem, timber, &c., in 106 percentage of woodland in 59 river, timber, &c., on igl wooded area in . . . rq Assomption river, timber, &c., on " isi Athabasca landing • »-^-, "" .. 181 'I l'.Preentage of wo to 180 177 to 68, 179, 180, 181 • ■ • 176, 178 .... 3,12,13,179 143, 144, 177, 178 4, 178 4,178 4, 178 4, 178 4, 178 . • 234-5 248-9 92 93 234-5 138 148 144 147 41 ...12, 13, 19, 208 42 . . . . 200 to 203 282 3 . . . 216 to 241 . 94, 100, 102-3 105 1, 64, 71, 74, 100 )4, 96 to 100, 102- 105, 109 ... 214 to 211 108 148 177 . . . 48 to 51, 135 .95 to 101, 103 106 59 181 69 181 9 58 181 56,58 58 181 46 51 6,22 177 . 75, 88, 89, 90 236-7 246-47 85 88, 89, 90, 177 269 89 260-1 133 176 Austria coniferous forests in " exports of forest, products by. " f„ 'I A >*''?™'l'"?'l'?o United kingdom by ^^ forest administration in '^ " cultivation in. revenue and e.xpenditure in forests of Emiwror of imi)erial family of. imiKjrts and exports of wood witiiCanada large pritte Ks 1^'' ""' '"''""f'«='"-' "f '-°oil by' Canada', irom. match-making in private owner restricted iti . ft-Hu match-making in private owner res Austria-Hungary, area and ownerslliiw of forests 'in' ' ' con.sefiuence,s of deforestation in . ., ., ,, exiMjrts of wood by >. ., , " " I>erhead by. ,. ,, tcprest area per head in home supply of W(mx1, &c., in „ „ >nil)ortsof wood, &c., by A „o>„„ u I'ercentage of forest in Average number of trees to acre yield of timber jier acre 12, 13, 18, 68, 299 P.VtiE. 75, (J2 I 126-7 82 74,82 82 82 82 270 258-» 82 133 75, 82 176 138 • 4, 178 4 4, 178 4 178 4, 17(!, 178 13, 18 74, 142, 145 B. 1! '> ,,• carriage factories BoCi; river, timber, &c., on Badi-n, annual crop of wood iii ..... .' 1^' area of stat(! forests in . . " I)roiiortion of forest owned by state "^^'f^n"" and exiKinditure of state forests Bagot county, timber, &c. , in '*' l.ailey &McInnis, surveys in New BruMw-ick Tj ij .'^^J0''> o" French forests.. Badwm township, timber, &c., in Balm of Gilead, culled and measured at St.' 'Lawrence po'rts ' T>„, „ , '■■Jfs. localities where growing Balsam, culled and measured at St. Lawrence ports economic uses of . . . , "^ " trees, localities where growing Balsams, in Canada and provinces u rrr. '^''^finPfth, Weight. &c ■. Banff Park Bark, Sf , Tanbark. RarlY'*' ^^^- ?*!?'r °? "^""'^ "f the Forests.". . Barrels, .^■M'orted by Canada to various countries .'.'.' .' ' ' .imported by Canada from " Barren land Barron township, timber, '&c.,' in Base lines, timber, &c., on Baskatongue township, timber, *c.! in Basket making Basin of Hudson's Bay Basswood culled and measured at' St! 'Lawrence ports ^^ economic uses of ' exported to United States, prices of '.'!.' " ' ' " ,, . various countries ^^ in Canada and province..) ^^ trees, localities where growitig n . . ^ ^veight, strength, &c. of ... Bastedo township, timber, &c. in Bastien creek, timber, &c. on Batiscin River, timber, &c, on '.'.'. . .'. T, ,,' " Little, timber, itc. on .. Battt>ns exp<)rted to United States, prices of ' T, x^, ri ,' . , various countries Battle Creek, timber, kc. on... '' Lake, timber, &c., round of the Forests . . . . Battlement Mesa forest' reserve, Colorado Baude, lac a, timber, Ac, (m Bavaria, area of state forest of ...']. .' pmiwjrtion of forost .ownp,V by' state ' " Bav Citv ^Mf k"" "'"^ ^''Ifnditure of state forests'.'.'. . ' '.:.;. Bay L^ity, Michigan, saw-logs for des Chaleurs 158 58 142 77 85 77 19 61 78 38 200-1 41,42,44,46 200-1 38 to 49, 5i'to'5'5','6i, 94','96,'97, 99. 114, 135 94, 96 to 102 105, 107 27, 140 6,45, 118,119, 120 • 242 to 2i}3 254 to 263 58 43 ■ 39, 41, 44 to 47. 55 52 1.58 47, 50, 181 200 to 203 116 282-3 216 to 241 95 to 100, 103 47, 49, 71, 94, 99, 116 106 44 55 9, 52 53 282-3 216 to 241 ■ . ■■ 60 56 118 to 120 148 66 77 86 77 32 06 ,t. W» - i ff V- 300 DEPARTMENT OF AOIilCULTUIlE. 15ay Lake, tin.lx^r, &c., round . . of l-iindv. . Beacliy Lake, tiniber,&c ' 'round ""''S;!:f^''''"!f^''^-^;.- .:::.:::::■. Beauce connty, timber, &c„ in " Bea„chanip township, timber, &o'.' i„ J^v^5K;-''^'''""'^-.*-;i- ;■;.•.•.•.■•.•;.•.•,■.■ ■ Beaver Hill, timber,'*c.; at trees in Canada and provinces trees, localities wliere growiiiff . wood, strength Hviglit &c of Belgmmf area and ownersl^p of for'e«t« in coniferous forests in .. ex,K,rts of forest prcKlucts' from' Canada' to :' forest area per 1,™!'"'''-^ "^^ "■"'^' f""" Canada to! . . :: i"!?: 71:^^ y^^^o^^. ^,:: ': wo,Kl'puIpby ""'''"■™"f'«^t„re»'of„'oocl match making in PAGE. m 01 58 57 ••,• 5a 1!», 208, 212, 213 43 19.208,212,213 ' 60 56, 59 200 116 ^8> 43, 44, 54, 61, 80, 81, !»4 105-7-8 <1 . ".iwij.; ui RplI T> t'''''^?'""K« "f foreskin . Bell, Dr. i.xploratioii Albany river by Canada from!!! Rpll-iv. **".^'^'»i»te and timber. . I =S^^^^^^^^^^^ .:::;.;,: w.. .fSlSr, i'SZ' ■''°"'""' <>"""' ;■.::■:::::: \ Benson, timber on Mount Berens river, timber, &c.. on Bernard Lake, timber, &c., round Bers,m,«river, timber, &c. on Berthier county, timl^r, &a?"„ Be sianiites nver, timbe'r, &c. on Big T' IS, river, timber, .to., on Bi? Hill, timber, *c. it Big Rock Lake, timber, &c.', round |aneSS,S:i^^r^'''p;tin,ber,'&e.,'i„:::.:::. ■Birch, culled and nieasnrerl ^^ «; f " cut of . . "'^''^"'^ecl at St. Lawrence ports ;; cut in Southern Quebec' ^^ economic use of ., «MX'rt» to United 'states; 'prices of " =;^ J various countries ... .. sided, census return of product, 'quanii'tV of :; f rength, „..,ight, &c., of ' ^"^"^ "^- '■ .. ^T"' .'"^;!jlit><'« where growi'ng." ' ' 's "c ' 7 'o ' 1 n " 1 1 ' 66 Rwfnl T , '" ?''*""'J'' 'i-'fl A.vinces ■■■■^' *"''''■>' 10. 11, 38 B stoho L.ake, timber. &c., round BlaokV;''''^'' 'T^''' ;^c.,'round .'.'.'.■ ■. ^^:^A::^tz:;:tJ''T ^^ '-^-^ o^-v •.•.■ ■ v.;. • Blainetownship, timljer,&e h B ake township, timber,'*c' 'in Blanc Sablon and Sapuenav •• Blanche nver Ontarfo, timber, 'Ac.'.'on. T>, , , Quebec, tniilier, Ac on " ' ' :: -ported to s^-^sSsT'"^'^ Bo.at building '''"■'°"*' '=°"""'if'« '.'. .'.' . ' ;. " knees carried'on'canals " •• ■• Bohemia, coniferous forests in Boisclerc townshi,., timber, ctc^'i^l Bolgers exploration ' Bonavcntuie county, timber, "fto.; i„ 176 220 to 223 2,-)0-l 178 268 !) 178 256 7 130 133 176, 178 51, 52, 66 48 * ■ * ' 53 19,55,208,212,213 198 48, 49, 50 . 49, 50 '. 47 134 . . . 56 39 . . 56, 63 53 8, 53, .')(i 58 ; 57 .... 42 45 . ,59 • ■ • 200 to 203 . . .. 67 208, 210 116-7 282-3 216 to 241 153-4-5 .' 159, 16'), 161 to56,59;6i;62,67,!W:'95;il6;J??;Sl^ " ■ 94, 9(i to 102 .... • ■ • 57 . . 42 .. 134 .. 10 l.W-4-5 ,.'.'.'. 57 43 53 . ,■ , 5 fi, 41, 42, 43 .' 53 . 38 42 202 .'^ 282^3 216 to 241 158 162 to 175 76 63 42 t- ■ ■ • • • 4v •11,19,53,54,208,212,213 1!». 208, 212, 213 ■ .. .. 43 ■•■■10,208,212,213 60 5C, 59 200 lie ■ . ... . 94, m to 102 4-1, 04, (il, 80, 81, 94 105-7-8 17« 75 • . .. 220 to 223 250-1 178 ■ ■• ■ 2(i8 !» 178 256 7 130 133 170,178 • • • 51, 52, 66 48 .... 53 9, 55, 208, 212, 213 198 48, 49, 50 49, 50 • •■ 47 134 • •.• 56 39 5(), 63 53 8, 53, 56 58 57 42 45 59 . . 200 to 203 67 208, 210 116-7 282-3 216 to 241 153-4-5 159, 16'), ici ■ • • 105, 107, 108 16, 117, 135, 136 ■ 94, 96 to 102 57 42 134 10 153-4-5 57 43 53 6 '■>, 41, 42, 43 53 38 42 202 S 282-3 216 to 241 158 162 to 175 76 02 42 . 208, 212, 213 mOEX. 301 Bonnechere rivei, timl)er, Ac, on PAOB. Boom timber cut on limits.. ,.o Booth township timlxT, &c., in. .■'.'.'.■; 186,' 186, 189 to 19S Bosnia, area and ownership of forests o .. ' '"•' '° ^'2 Bostonnaisnver, timbor.&c, o„.. il^ Botanical names of trees of Canada.. '.'. 53 55 63 pf^^tZ::^-^--^^^-^-- ■;•■;:;;;::::.:•::•:::::.::;;.;:;:; %ri Bouleau, locality where gi-owinir '" ,-l riviere an .. . . " e, k? Bout de I'Isle district, timber, Ac.,' in " ■.■.'.■'.' '54 Bow river, timter, Ac, on . • Bowentownbhip, timber, &c., in.'.; .' '.'.'. inl Bo,\ factories . . '.IV ^^:nsZ'"iiX^T^''^:^'^^ '■ "■•■•"•■ 15S Bras (lu .NortI, river bt. Anne, timber, &c., on 254 to 26" Bra.,1, e.x,Hj_rts of forests products from Can™ a to sS Brethonrtownshi;:;ZS'^;r,t;--'f-»Canadato;:. ;::;::■ ;::;:;.;;:;; ; . ; ■• •■ 234-5 Brimner station, timber, Ac, near. ' .' " .n British colonies, forestry in . Vi British Columbia, central plateau of ,' .' ! ! ...'.' -5 ,', chief trees of .' jji Department of Interior surveys.'. J''9P"ses, area, cut in.. .'....". 59. TO ex'ti'^ts'of'foresis products from '. r}^' ^^' ''^' '^' ' ^^' "»''l""' 1«3.' 134.'i35; 179, 181, }«2 fire act. .. " '" various countries'.: ! l] i ^ l].. [[i;;; ; ^^ ,1 rorest area of •>- « ,'; Prcjlucts by census... .'..' 179,181 t , ' cut on limits ... 153 to 155 ,, torests of 195-(i-7 ,, '' . "f ™l»ay 'Wt of. . . . ; ; .:il6, 134,>6 f.eological (survey, reiH)rt8 of. . H 59, 60 im,K)rt8 of timber by \ew South Wales,' fix)m 6'J 1 Indian land licenses, area, cut, &c . 89 ,, list of trees of, . . jO^ logs e.xported to United Stat'es,' from 101 _, lumlwr fleet of 2"6 i, ow-nership of forests in. !... 13(5 .. Ptrcentage of woodland in. 297 „ provincial licenses, area, cut, '&c 179, 181 quantity and duration of timber of! 195 ., receipts from limits of. I35 saw-iniiis in.. :':.:".:: 195-6-7 „ shingle mills in 15tj 7 _^ timber resources of .. . .' .' .. j/jfi.r T!..iH„l, 1? » T V *"'^' '""'I'W licenses in. . . ' .' .' 134 .-)-6 B.itish East Indies, ex,»rts, manufactures of wood from' Canada to 19." ,, imijorts and exports between Canada and 244 5 British Guiana, area of forests in '''' '"'"^'"'='' ""^ -Manufactures of wood fro'm Canada " .' . " " .,# !} exports, n anufactures of wood fro'iu Canada to "' 177 in„v.re. ' V""'"'""^' of fore.,t from Can.ada to. . 244-5 in,,«rts and exports o wood between Canada and 236-7 British Honduras, exp^lri^^SSr "111 ^::;i^t'""'' "' ^"^ "^ '"'^^^^ f-"' '■■'■■■■ "<>!"? British rej^esenuiti^^r ^:i:^ ':^Z{i. l!:^^^'^ "^^^^ -^ ^ ' : ' ' ' ! ' ! ' ! ! . ' . ! ! ! ' =^^1 British^VVest Jnd.es, exports of forests t-rochicts^fr^m 'Canada to ^i 176 ■ „, , "f "lanufactures of wood from Canada to 228 to 231 imports and exports of wood with Can.ada 242 3 Br^der township, timber, &c. , i," '"'°''""'' ^"'' ""^""factures of wood by Canada fr^m 258*^ Bronie county, timl)er, &c., in 00 Bronson township, timber, etc., in. ...'"■■:■ ".■;;:;. ■i9,' 208, 212, 213 rZoV"'"'' 't'^"'^*"'!'^'"' *<=-' ■••"nrt ■'.■.'. • • • • • ■«• 38 to'47,' '62,'53, ,54, 56 68 BrycetowiLxhip, timlier, &e., in.... fin Bucke township, timber, &c., in " 2^ Huilduig timher, lower tariff in France '. ." !? Bu gai-ni, area and ownership of forests of. .' .' 150 Bull Run tiniberland reserve, Oregon i-r r.^'.T"'/ ^u^- '""?• "" "•-"^'-'u^ eHti,;,'ate'nf pine ■ ■ : : : ['J CurriiiKton Bay canal, forest products carried on 15 Burrard Inlet, timber, round .. . "■^"^n "" IBS to l-r Butternut culled and measured at St:Lawre„co' ports ■'■■'■ r^m 200-1 302 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Butternut exported to United States, prices of „ '" various countries ffrowing •• \\ in Canada and provinces .'. j^ in Onturio weiglit, strenifth. &e nf By-products of tlie Wood-. ' ' 0. Cabinet and furniture making " wofids California al.andpn^Forest Commissioner ^^ areaof forest, &c., in .. " ^^ forest reserves in lumber sawed in . Cameron towii^liip, timber, &c.' in Campbell river, timl*r. .tc, on township, timbT, Ac, in Canada a land of forests "^ area of Wfx)dland in ,, capital invested in wood industries in „ census returns of forest products in , ^^ consiitniition of wood in. " " ," ''J' railways in ......[,' " ' ' duration of forests in . . . exotic trees in :: exports and imports of forest produce' bv, balance [\ ex|)ort« of forest products by ..!... . ^*''*'^ various countries'. . '. '. ', '. '. . " .. „ ,'.' perheiulby :: ex,K.t of lo,s t. the UnitedVS'^r"'""' ^^^ •■■•■•■■■••■•■.•••.■.'.'.': " „, ^P''"f''"-'tsl'ycen.sus returns...' great forests of . 3 to 6,7; '8,14,' 15,' 18, greatest heritage of . . . habitat of trees of. . , [\ honie.sui)plyof woo'd','&'c'.,'in • " """"'^blfe'^^^^^'^^^hJ.ariouscountries;:;; '■ " " ,J( \ '>"utn Wales of forest products from :' liat of ti^^lT^"""^""^ -" "-"f-'"-o^^^U' various countries ownership of forests in :; '"""' ••^'^ "^^^iJllii^'r '^ "^ woodsupphed by ::::::;.,:•:.•••:■■:-: : ^^ saw and shingle mills in :; «^?tfcc!^:^i^5'^«^^^ :: S:iy"i;Stt^^/--"' ••■■•■•:..::::::;.;:;;;,••.. treaty with France.. .. *'"«e8 0f--li8ts by provinces.'.. "" wood industries in... ""^ •' ""iSr K^e ^ -^ Uniu^d'States for strength; -^o- ■■'■■■ :: Pacific Kailway^rnX'ou'tlinest'"''''""^ °^ "^'^^ On^ado^'.'.'.'.-.-. . . .V ' Cana.IsSS^P^:;?^:-S^-0;^-^^ Canoe creek, timSX' 'on "^""'^ °^ ""^ ^^'^^ CanadI .'.'.".' Cap Chat township, timber, &c.','oi'i'.; .'.'.'.'.'.'."" r.,J^n , ^lafieleme .Seigniory, timber &c ' in S*P« C" ?ny see South Africa. ' '^^^ '" . . ten") f ^.?'-*' "^'' ^-^uth Africa. Capital employed m production of pine lumber II „ I'ulp making II „ saw mills •< „ shingle mills ..,,'.] [ . . . . ' ' "vood induatries ' by 34 PAGE. 282 3 21G to 241 94 •H96, 97, 98, 103 103 200-1 04 95, 103 lOG 131 158 88, 135 Uv>, 150 144 148 147 38 134 53 15, 03 to (!8, 177 to 182 115, 153 to 158 2,18, 153-4-5 287 1.19,64,07,74 l!'>'2i,"2b,37,63\?72 101-2 178 204 to 271 1 4 210 to 241 27 to 34 242 to 253 272 273 4, 178 153 to 161 03-4 2 93 to 103 4 264 to 271 8!) 254 to 263 102-3 2 ■ •••,-„ 207 •••■ 1(6,178 to 181 • •• ■ 156-7 273 104 to 112 •% 51,' 123, 12c, 128 150 03 to 103 1, 69, 158 109 to 112 ■ • • 73, 109 to 112 44, 46, 47 121, 126 230-1 269 60 66 63 115, 158 1, 34, 158 150-7-8 156-7-8 1, 158 PACK. 282-3 216 to 241 94 ••H96, 97,98,103 106 200-1 94 93, 103 100 181 158 88, 135 14il, 150 144 148 147 88 134 68 j)3 >3 to OS, 177 to 182 • • • 115, 153 to 158 •■ 2, 18, 153-4-5 287 • ■ 1. 19, 64, 67, 74 2 2A7 21, 23, 37, 63 to 72 101-2 • ■■■ 178 • • • 264 to 271 1 • •• 4 216 to 241 27 to 34 • •• 242 to 253 272 273 4, 178 153 to 161 63-4 2 93 to 103 4 • ■ 264 to 271 89 • 254 to 263 102-3 2 207 liO, 178 to 181 ■ • m;~7 273 104 to 112 >1. 123, 126, 128 150 93 to 103 1, 69, 158 109 to 112 "a, 109 to 112 44, 46, 47 121,120 230-1 • ^ 269 ^ 60 115, 158 1, 34, 158 156-7-8 156-7-8 1, 158 INDEX. ' 903 Capreol township, timber. &o., in. . . ,. ,oe ^li^:tZ^'^!^^-^^^'^^'^^-:^-:r::::::^ > Sf '""'«'«xiia"fiH.&c., near'::.;; :'::,'. 61:2 Oarlton House, woenters and joiners '"'•-''" 67 Cartier township, timlx)r,&c.V in '■.'.'.'. J5 Carnage factories 168 Carving and gilding 46 Casapsoalriver, timW, A'c'on.': .".'■.".' JJf Cascade Range, continued by Coast Range,' heavy foresi '.''■'■.":.: ^S o„ . , ,fo«'9t reserve, Oregon "vj roresc 04 Cascaden township, timW, ,fec., in ,?1 Caseaijediocnver, Petite, tin. W,&c.'"o;- ^^ Casey townsn.j,, timl)er, &e., in ' '^f CatLake.tnnber, &c., round.... ^ Catsliill forest 41 gS^fe5«K.S;:!rlSp- ■■ ■■■ ^ ■■■....■; ■ v.: v.- v v.: ^ ,■.-; ■■^■■■^ .U ^'^■•'■SSar"''"''"'-!-™™!-.*:.^: ■„ ■■ :■ '"'-i ;: «£;:fe',s-'''»»' ■■■ ■ ■■■^' V' .^^^ ■■ ■ ■■ :v.-^ ■■■^•■-■■i«M»?5|s „ r^?' '" '2'™'''' "'ifi provinces';. '. ! " ' ro " u-hiff ''"'^'^''' >'■'''«'"• *=■• "f wood .'.'.'. .' . 94, % 101 i; ^ ^vhite, economic uses of •'^- '", lUi, 193 ,, ' cutof _■" .,■; lOo i. .'! ;"<','^".'irf''">ii(l provinces". ', ..'.'.''.'.'!"" Hi :: :: ^XVs^r&..^, '■}■■"■■■- ^'^'^^:^^^:^iu;,,:^J',^^^,i Cedars of B. C localities where growing ^'""'^'* "^"^ '"' '"'''^ State's conipa^'^Hl' '.'.'.'.: " ^'^^' ^"^^^ jj};! J" ]]2 .. «tre„gth, weights, &c., of wo<;d'of.".',' V ,:;: • U, 56, 59, 60, 61. 100 Jot lof Cellulose, see wood pulp " Canada and U.' 's, compared.' ^"''' ^°"' ^^'> »<> '12 Census returns, cut of 1871 ■'"'^ '" 112 •' !I P!"f' ■'*9"'h' o'f St.' Lawrenc- is .< „f , I>'n«' *c., in Nova Scotia.. 20,208to215 .. of fore.st products, quantities ..:...; ■'^"f'toJlj >i II ,, values . , 2,18 l.">'i t-n ir.i :: :; o^SS"''*^- ^-">ern Quebec.'.-.. .,'.■,■.;:;::;•;•;.•;;;;; 15^1,^ ;: of saw .^ndshin^ie mills. : ..■".'..'.'.'."■ ^^'^ ^" ^}^, of wood industries IV - u „ of woodland and pasture.. '.' ' i^a „ ; , •'. to'-^lSef'^:':^.'-----^^^^^^^ J? Central American States, e.,K.rts of manufactures of wo^ld t^;: ! ! ■•::::: '"'^^ Cnvennes, reatf,)restation of the '''''""■' "^ "'°"^ ''■'^' ^'""ada' .■.■.' 248-9 Chaleurs, Baie de.s, timber near '.'.'.'. ^70 Chalmers reports, New Brunswick'and' (J,m)J„ '.** Chaloupe river, timber, &c. o,',.^'' """* ^^'"'^"' : , /'« Chamberkin township, timber, &c., in ^K^, Chambly canal forest product carried on. ! .' \'? county, 11 jer &c in in '*■'■ Chamouchoua river timKu^ i,„ .' ■ 1"3 to 175 ChamplaincouTtK:^r^t''" •■•■.■.'.■.'..■... 1"> 208, 212, 213 Chapleau, timber, &c., near..... -o * -^ Charooal burning u2 to o5 : S^l^'i^S"^^-"'-"--— ies;:::;::::.-^ ::;''■•••••■■•■•■ ,,,, i^ Charnff ^'""^'l"^ °.f United States'. '.'.'.',■ ■;..'.'.'.':.' %^n^ 253 Charlton township, timber, &a, in ^j? Chateauguay county, timber, &c., in 5J Chaudiereriv^l^'i^nlt?'^^*-'- ■■••••••■••••■■•.■.••.•...'.•.■:..'.■.'.'. ' ■ • 1". 208, 212, 2| &f^,fZ^ili*^-'^™^r.*<^;i".v. .':;:.. . .'.'.'.'.:;:;.;::::;: ■■••■•■■■■ i^J' Chemainus river, timber, &c.',' on .' "' ,^t Chemical wood pulp ' 158 Chepy river, timber," &'e.;'on ■■..'.'.' , J^'* Cherry trees in Canada and pro'vinces".: .'.".'.':.' '^0 } imported by Canada from various countries. 200-1 254 to 268 8M DEPARTMENT OF AdRICULTVRE. Cherry wckkI, strongtli, weight, &c . . CheHntit oull..;;i-t8 of for,.Ht|.ro,hicts from Canada to ,, . "' ""^n"'™''ii''<''< of wcHid from Canada to ;; 'miKirt. and ex,Hnt« <.f w,«,d with Canada' " . " n,atch,.st, ""'. ''''"'"'•'" '""' ■'"'""f'^'-'tureB of woocl by Canada from Cigar 1k)x factories Clair lake, tinilHT, &c., round. Uancy towuHliip, tinilier, Ac, in Uara townnhip, timlwT, Ac, in C amU' river, timlxT, Ac, on Clear lake, thnber, (.tc, round . Clelland township, timber, Ac, in t/oiwt Kange of Kockie.s, heax'y timber on Lotfee tree in Ontario ' where growing. CoffiJlnd cS^fitlkJ^f '• *'^-' '^'""'^i "f- - • ■ - 8ofcZ!.fi'nm?r,n;nr 1^ •^--'i'^>-omVari;n;s countries:.-: •.•::.:.■; Cclumlia, United States of, exports of inanufactures of woodfromCanada Colorado abandons the ForesrrTcommiiloT"': ".'."""' ""'' ''''^'' to area of forest, Ac, forest reserves in. . . Columbia Range, dense forest. . " , river, timber, Ac, (m : '. ■ Commission on Forest Reservation Commissioners' lake, timber, Ac, round Coinpton count,y. timlier, Ac, in Cimiox river, timlier, Ac, on. Coniferous forests in Krance :: : :: I,' " pi'MKntion in Europe : Conmee to«^^;lr;^.ni::^'Ac:'iL''"'"^^' ^'^'^ -"l^redfor strength: ic.:. Connecticut, area of forest, Ac'., in " river, tinilier near Con.sapsagon river, timber, Ac, on Consumption of wiH.d by railways „ in Canada „ ,'.' in United States...", „ , 1»'>' head in Canada. . cooiierages " ^'"itod States. .;!. ! .;:.::::;;:::.;:::•• Cooiier's Hill Forestry School....' ' Coppice Cork trees \ Costa Rica, cutting of trees restricted in ^^ forest protection in «-c ^^ t'ee planting enforced in. . Cottonwood culled and measured at St. Law localities where growing. ... Cottonwoods in Canada and provinces . strength, weight, Ac, of. . . . Couloiige rivor, timber, Ac, on Counties, timber, Ac, in— ence ports. Alliert ^^"ffi Antigonish ..J Arthabaska ;': io, 208, iJlL' n?i \ g'*^"' 1!> 208 212; il3 ' B'"*"|='' ■ •. 19, 52, 208 212 213 i ^T'r""" li', 208 212 213 i Sier..-..:.-.: •.•:,•"'• ''•^«' ^^2' 2^?' Bonaventuro PAOB, 106 8 200 1 254 to 2()3 113 94, 102 o, !»4 1(»5 3!) 124 62, f)3, 55 2.34-5 24« 7 J3g 230 to 239 250-1 269 2.50-7 133 158 56 44 38 63 41 44 61 94, 103 94 105 158 254 to 263 64 246-7 270. 160 144 148: 61 61 120, 124 64 19, 208, 212, 213 134 78 to 82 75 • 109 to 112 39 143 66 .•)4-5 1, 19, 67, 74 •■•• 287 37, 74, 141 to 150 • ■ • • 2, 287 2, 145 158 7.5, 88 79 to 82 176 91-2 92 92 200 1 •■ . ...56, .58, 01, 135 95 to 98, 100, 101, 10.3 106-7-8 10, 22' 19, 53. 54,208,212, 213 I Durham Brome Chambly. . , Cliamplain. . Charlotte. . , Chateaugnay. . Chicoutimi . . , Comjiton Dorci c«ter. PAOK. 19, 208, 212, 213 -.19,208,212,213 52 to 55. 61 ■ . 19, 208, 212, 213 ■ 52,53,55 .19, 20s. ''I' «<3 • 19, 208: 212, 213 - 21 INDEX. PAIiK. ■ • •• lOfi-8 200-1 254 to 2(« 113 94, 102 • ■ • o, !)4 •■■ • 105 3!» 124 • • ■ ■ 52, m, 55 2.34-5 240- 7 jg^ 23(i to 239 • . 2501 2()9 25(i 7 133 • • 158 • • ■ • 55 44 • • 38 53 41 44 (il 94, 103 94 • • 105 158 . . 254 to 21)3 04 240 7 • • 270- 150 144 148: fil (il 120, 124 (!4 19, 208, 212, 213 134 78 to 82 109 to 112 39 143 66 34-5 • 1. 19, 67, 74 287 . 74, 141 to 150 2,287 2, 145 158 75, 88 79 to 82 176 91-2 92 92 200 1 56, 58, 01, 135 . 100, 101, 103 106-7-8 10, 22 PARK. 208, 212, 213 208, 212, 213 ....52 to 53 61 !08, 212, 213 -.52, 53, ,55 08 212. "JS 08,' 212, 213 21 Counties, timber, ftc, in- Dniniiiiond 13 19, 208, 212, 213 ■ ■ ■ , • 54. 208, 212, 213 ••.19, i).3, 208,212. 213 ■ ■ ■ 19, 208, 212, 213 ",'52 39, 208, 212, 213 ..19,208,212,213 19,208, 212,213 fil • .52, .'Vl 62 52, ,53, 56 52 to ,55 QiwVx'C Queen's, N.li'.i Renfrew .. KeNtigouche ... Richelieu Kichinond. Rinionski Rouville , i^agiienay . .'.' .St. Hyaeinthe . . ■St. .lohn's, \,B. ft .fohn'M, (2ue.. Sliefford . . . . . .Sherbrooke. .... .Staimtead . . . ' ] , Soulange Sudbury . , ' Temiscouata. . , . . Vaudreuil V'ercheres Victoria, N.B,!..' VVestmoreland Wolfe ■ Yaniaska ... York, Ont '.■.' Country Harbour, titnt)er, round Cowinhan river, timber, &c., on. Crab apples ,n Canmla and the provinces Cracow UUntZtr^:^''' *-• "^ -""ofV.- ." J;^raig township, timber, &c.' in Crerar township, timber, &c., in t^resmel township, timber, &c., in Croche river, timber, &c., on . . . Crooked Pine Lake, timber at Ljrop of w(X)d alone felled. L-rown Lands, ownership of . '. Cu on p^""'"t'''T ^'- Lawrence ixirts t-ut on Crown Lands, Quebec ' ' limits .'.' ^"**"'' and other i)rovinceB'. Cut per acre ...'...' Cypress or cypre, see scrub pine'. Cypress, British Columbia yellow rvn„,„ '"^'' °"' '" U"''ed States .■ . .■ Cyprus, consequences of deforestation in'. '. '. '..'.■.." Dack township, tiniter, &o., in. . . Dallastownship, timber, &c,, in. Danish West Indies, e.Nports of forest pr-iducts to! ! « , , manufactures of wood to nnports and ex,x5rts between Canad.a, and Darby river, timber, &c., on ' '"^""'' ""^^ manufactures' of 'woo'd 'by Data needed . . Dauphin Lake, timber; Ac.'," round •'.'.■.■.'.■.'.'. Davis township, timber, &c., in Dawson, Mr. ^. J. on pine of Northwest 'Ontario " A/r. r- 1 °". Rajny river, saw-logs . .. Mr. Geological Survey, on Rocky Mountain' Ranges Deacon township, timber, &c. . in°" ''"'™''' ^'^^'^"'^ ■'■'■■'■'::.::.■:::. Deals culled and ineasured at St. Lawrence Iwrts „ exported to United States, prices of ' ' r, T- . . various countries ' IJease Lake, timber, &c., round DechtSne Lake, timber, &c. , round ijecrease in size of jiine. Delaware, area of forest, &'c.; 'in '.'." K™l''PI^'-''nee i" North-west'Ontario Uenmark, area and owneraliip of forests in fm^ f* °^ manufactures of wood from Can^k'to imports and exix)rt8 of forest products g^, 20 wood with Canada. ; ; '.V'.'.'..'.'.".'^^]] MB PAott. 52, 5;},. 14 61,02 ■ • • 38, m 61 19, 208,212, 213 ■■•V,'; -'"«. 212,213 19, ,W, 208, 212 "13 19,208,212.213 , .52 to 55 19, 208, 212, 213 if*. '2<'«'. 212,213 19, 210, 212, 213 1!'. 210, 212, 213 19, 210,212, 213 19 (;o 19, 210, 212, 213 1". 210, 212, 213 1!'. 210, 212, 213 61 go 19, 208, 212 213 19,210, 212, 2)3 21 62 1,34 HlOl, 10,S, 135 10(i-7 8 134 43 46 52, ,53, 55, O'j, 04 44 •• • 7 183 to 197 i8, 68, 74, 142 60, 134 147 188 43 52-3 2.ffi 3 244-5 266-7 258-9 .55 3 56 48 15 274 60-1 60 39 202-3 282-3 216 to 241 ••• 56 •iS-ie, 18,' 141, 183,204-5 113 49 176 244-5 178 ••• 270. Canada from . m DEPARTMENT OF AORIVULTURE. l)enniark, uercentage of forest in DeniiiH, Col. .T. H., estimate of i)ine wrongly* ascribed 'to, JJonudation cif foreMts ._ IJopartment of Interior •urveya, Manitoba. '.......".' Ontario. PAOI. ; • • . . 178 6, «', 11, 14,i8Vi9,"Wto06, os.'ias 57-8-9 61 Bfl, 60 65 T»„ •, T 1 .• , . Britibh Columbia .'., Ue8il«H Lake, tnnbcr, 4o., round., teiS,n'i;^[uaiity of pine ^ui^ '' '' '• ''' '''' '^' ''' «' «2. 64, 09 to'72. H lls/ 126; 133. 134, 13? Detroit convention. Mr. Hkead'H paper at 15, 18, (i4 I)evir8 Lake, timber. Ac. round .. .. ' 6 Devil H Mountain. tinil«^r. Ac, round 140 Diiible, riviere dii. timlier, Ac, on ... . '• 52 Dickson townshipH, timl)er, Ac, in 52 Dltticulties of in(iuiry 41 Dill township, timber. Ac., in, . 2 Dimension timber, cui of ""..","."...". " ^^ _. . ". " on limits .' .„. H7 Dimmutum of rainfall 186, 186, 188 Direct ta.xation after loss of forests . '.' '. 73 Dobie township, timber, Ac, ill ■• 70 Dogwood, in Canada and provinces . . 45 growing 04.101,102 " strength, vi-eight, Ac, of '. . .'. .V.'. ,„, , -IS DolWu township, timb«T. Ac, in 105,107,108 Dominion parks and forest reserves . . 53 I' surveyors' reports, British Col'umbiiv ■.',■.'. -„^*8 !! " Manitobaand Territories.... '.■.,.'.'.■.■.■. m r2' S2 -^ Ontario o/,oa, osi Doors exiMirted from Canada to various countries . .'. „,„ '*! imported by New South Wales from Canada and tf. S 242 to 253 Dorchester county, timber, Ac, in ;„• 89 Dorion township, timber, Ac, in 19, 108, 112, 113 Dorval lake, timlxir, Ac. round. . ". 45 Douglas fir, economic uses of 56 '^ "great size of .'..'..'.'.....'. 115 II II r"°iV" '" ™minerce as " Oregon Pine ".' .'.'.".'.■.".■ ,„. J3f •' " Sexpo;L'd"tU^natates "' ""' ''• ''' ''' ''' '^'^' ^^'^i^ l^S .'^0 \U " luniber called "spruce "by United States.'.'.'. 276 no data to estimate quantity of . 28 ^.trength, weight, Ac, of wood of. . . .' '.'.'.'.'. ' '. . Vna ,„„ , J?2 „ „ strength, Ac Canada and United States compared'.". . ... ' Ino ^ IJ? tannin in bark of . . . ^ 109 to 112 Dowling township, timber, Ac, in 113 Doyle's scale 38 Driimmond county, timber, Ac, in 16,183 1^ I'l^ M'- A. T., on preservation of our fore'sts'..;::.: 19,208,212 213 Duck Mountain, timber, Ac, round 6, 66 Dumoine river, timber, Ac, on . 56 Dunes, pine forests plan ted on... . 10 I)ungarvon river, timber, Ac, on •■ 77 to 80 Dunlop township, timber, Ac, in.. 62 Du|)in lake, timber, Ac, round 45 Duration of forests 'q"fi'7"o' "i.; 'ii' Vo'VA ■«;••„•„•-• • • 55 Durham county, timber, Ac, in.'. .'.'.'. ' ' ' ' ' ^^' ^^' ^^' ^^' ^' ^''< ^^ '° 72, 135, 182 Butch East Indies, imixjrts by Canada of Wood 'f'^m 21 ^^ West Indies, eximrts of manufactures of wood tij 258-9 TV,,.- • , imiKirts and exports of wood with Canad-v 244-6 Duties paid on ox|)ort of logs, Ac . . .. o- : ' Vn "VA.; . 270 Dyewoods, produced by United States 2/ to 32, 123, 126, 270, 280 Dymond, Mr. A. H., erroneous pine e.itimates.. '.".".' ."■■.' 146 .. . " preparer pamphlet on north-west Ontario.'. Jf township, timber, Ac, in. 15 40 E Kagle Island, pine on East Branch, Liard River, timber on . . 46 Eastern Canada, sufficient proportion of foi^est in ** Provinces, forest area in . . . 4 " Townships of Quebec ■■■■i 4,19 Eau Doree river, timber, Ac, on '.'. "*'> °°> ^> 67, 114 Kaux Mortes river, timlier, Ac, on. .... ". • ■ • 52 Kcorces, riv. aux, timber. Ac, on .....!!! 85 Eeum Secum river, timber, Ac, on. .'!. 62 Edgar township, timber, Ac, in 82 40 INDBX. FAOB. 178 *. ... 12 to 16 9, 64 to 06, 93, 138 57-8-9 61 60, 60 • .. 66 , 120, 133, 134, 137 15, 18, 64 5 140 62 69 41 2 89 «7 . • . . 185, 186, 188 73 70 45 94, 101, 102 ... . 48 . . . 105, 107, 108 53 . ... 149 . . . 59, 60 57, 68, 59 51 242 to 253 ... 89 19,' 108, 112, 113 45 56 116 134 130, 134 5, 1&», IV9 to 183 276 28 182 106, 108 to 112 . . 109 to 112 113 38 16, 183 19, 208, 212, 213 6, 66 56 10 77 to 80 62 45 55 i3 to 72, 135, 182 21 258-9 244-6 270 23, 126, 276, 280 146 16 15 40 46 58 4 4 19 I, 65, 66, 67, 114 52 65 52 62 40 aoT Kdmonton tliHtrict, timJier, 4c., in PAOB. H-dwardH, Mr, W. C, M.P., letter on" K.^Ht i.ViBMCition «07-8 „ ,, on foroHt Hri.8 69 Uj 72 V™,.. » . i » . "11 tinilwr Hiipiily .. 14,10 Kgpt, irn|«rt« of mxHlen KO.HI l,y Canada from 14 I'l »• .» ,„*"",'. '"'I'<""'^"fwootl with Canada aOf)-l L atiticity of Canadian wtxKJg. . . ^""aua ^ t WknvjTvallev, timU-rin ■■.■..■■'.* 104-6-8-10-12 ilm culled an<( m.,a»ure H. 14. 63, 64, 66, 93, 138 141 - |;xi)erts reports on forest area of Canada '77 Ijxport duties on logs, Ac 63to68 Exports and imports of forest products'by'^ario'us oo'u'ntrie;,' 'balance of 27 to 32, 123, 126, 276, 280-1 " „f * * J ^°^' Canada and United States ^\ 178 ^_ ot forest products, average of 274 to 281, 284 to 287 „ ,',' by Austria .'.','. 240-1 <. „ by British Columbia 1,4 „ „ by Canada , 136 HcoiiNuini)tionof'wo2, l!t3,' ]<)!» . " to I'nited HtateN, priceg of 21(> to 241 imiijirted by Canada ;. 2H2 3 Fi.h,,' "'/■•'"'Pe ,';.•.;; 254to263 H iKheries and forcHtH 78 80 FWiiuK Lake, timber, Ac.,' round'.' .'.'.. ' • . • 27, 3(i, 72 » f itzjferald towiiHbip, tiinlxr, &c., in. 57, 5i) 42 60 162 to 175 150 143 147 3C-7 73 69 74 3 to 16, 63 to 68, 170 to 181 Flatliead Valley, tiniU-r, &c., ,„. ^ loats carried on canals ' ' Flooring for France on lower tariff i> lorida, area of forest, Ac, in lumber Hawed in . "" Pl,';^'"'.^"''- r^,''""; ^"^^' "" '^'o^v York forestn: I luctuationa of Lake Ontario Joothilluof Rocky Mountains. .' J; orest area of Canada. '* r.. ill.:. ..,,.:..„ :_ 1.1 ■ * ' • cultivation in Kuro|)t) . . Sat' northern.of Canada.".*.' "' ^' ^*' ^^'^^''^<^>^i'^h^i H'oO to'72, '74','ii8,'i20; iaS-?i37*8 products, average e.xports since 1877 . 56, 57, 93 ^^ carried by canals . . . . 240-1 ,. " railways.... 162 to 175 census returns of . . . • 161 ^^ comparison of, in census years 2, 18, 153 to 161, 208 to 215 consumption iier head of . . '" 154-5 estimated in 1883 1, 2, 145, 287 •■ ''''^'''^^^^i^^^^:'^^^^^ states: ■::::;:::;:;;;: ^i imijorts and exi^orts between Canada and various 282-3 <• •< ", ^y Canada from various countries „ southern Quebec. "".,weB. „ " value of . " ,-.= " .■ y'"^'''^•=™^"'nption■in'Canadaof;..' reservationsin Canada " " , in United States...'.'. system of Europe Forestry commission in United States. ^^ congress, American convention .... ;; Division, U. S. Deimrt. of Ag^iculwre'. '.". education in " Eurojiean " in Indian " in Japan .'."!!.!: " scientific Forests and fisheries "..'.' '..".'.'.'.'. and water supplv . . 11 * . . ' *^v , ... -lustrian by United States .. . ''""'"'•"•■'' 266 to 271 147-8 254 to 263 208 to 215 117 287 .-..23,25,27,140 136 to 140, 148, 296 74-6 120 6,66 18 2, 3, 141 to 150 120 74 to 86 86-7-8 91 74 to 92, 120 • ■ • • 27, 36, 72-3 1. 36, 73, ilr, lis, 137, 1.38 74,82, 176,178 PAO«. IftI), 1(10 aw), 211 ■ - •'■>» ■ 3> HI to ISO 2, Hft 37 77 .. HI to IW ... iiMtoiao 74 48 a. 54, 56, 01, 80 147 .. !t4, !H! t<)l(« 105, 1(»7 2.') to 27 140 10, 133, 134, 137 4, fl, 01 24, 70 70 . . 102 to 175 101 153 4 5 . . 160, Um, 101 'MK 211 », 192, l 42 60 162 to 175 160 14» 147 36-7 73 m» 74 68, 17!» to 181 74 to 86 , iaS-4, 137-8 56, 57, 93 240-1 162 to 175 101 51, 208 to 215 154-5 1, 2, 145, 287 67 272 282-3 266 to 271 147-8 254 to 263 208 to 216 117 287 i, 26, 27, 140 140, 148, 296 74-6 120 6, 66 18 3, 141 to 150 120 74 to 86 86-7-8 91 4 to 92, 120 27, 36, 72-3 IS, 137, 1.% 82, 17(^ 178 309 For«'Ht, oriflition of Caniuiiiin paob ^^ H", »;itlih,mvyr.iii,fuli: ■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...' ir, i.^, • Icniiilation of, ii.', l.'O " '.l<>rHlhy„|„.„p..,'.". 1,27.36 117 MM 'm' 52 nH3,.||,i„icul ,'tf,''tH of -'. -JO, ll<. 118. U7, l.W .. '"iiM.cii.al, i„ Kur..|«,. • ■ *■'' *" '•♦ ' ^_ Noiw.'ginii 1 " '''fe('&,iyr'^''»»"'''^"«'"'i-ia ::.v .:.. .■..:.;.■;:;,. ••■••••■ '"»^m m, ,i; , ,. Columbia NOto'H -i •• K;-. ••■•.:::.■..:.:•.•.•.;•..•.•.•..•.:.• ••«''««.<».'«.i«4to,3«r i^!;!;? :: Manitoi.aan.1 the Territorien. . .;. '^^^ :::':. '::::::. . ' ' \[' {i? •' fciit":""^ ■■•■••.•.•.•.•••■.•.••;..•.■;;.•.••••. ''^^•^^i-^'^:\p:m :: wr:;;'?!^^''"'- ■toi2.52to5o,,i3u.«.i:,ii;;]^ I' ""iierHliip of Canadian .,'. -a, Ix'tritK^d . . <'" II l"ivatc, in Kiiro|».. , ',". , * reproduction of . , . W ,-7 r- :: t'""""' V, •. ■■. . . :::. 6, 19 to i^; 3.% S7, mVt n " HwiHH.. ■'. .'.'.' „, ,. 170 ;: tTnitHd States ■.■.■.■.■.•,•. ! ! ' ] ! ! ! ' ' : 74 8^.' -r' US Forf ?. 1 ^'^''' '*■■ '^'"■^ '■•""' V^' "i'' 120, 130, l.r; l.i^ 141 ^, ir,n 'T F^^fef^ft: *S^.?- ■• .■.•.•;.•.•. .•.•.•.■.•;;. ;:.:■;;; ;^^ ^^- 1«. ««• ^i'-, 8i,^i^^ 1| . ^''-'"'??v "'"'"''•. *c.,'m.ar..'.". .■.■:;:;.::; S .. Mc'\Iurray,timlK.r, &c., near.. 2? .. Nelson, timW, &c., near ?I FoJp^!-^;::g.*f;.-^^^ •■••■:::•:::: •::::.:::::: :;.;•: :::;•:•• ' " ■ ^^^i Fra„ceSa'^„^;»^i;;^ M^ ^ Export duty::;;:.'.;.:;;;; •:■••: •:.•;. .- ■ . ;.; • i ; ■■■ ,^ i ,, comfero.is forests of .... 78 17R i?2 .. consequences of deforestalionin.'. '. '"7579808? •• d^I^^^M-"''-' — ^^^ •■■■ ■•••• SSa .: '^='PO.>:t« of forest products from Canada to '■.::;:::: U8 " firew,xKl i„'"''""f'«='"'-e8 of wood from Canada to .'.'.• .•.;.■.■.•. . .;. 224-5 ;; forest lulministraVion'in ■.■;. '■"■'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.['. •o'^l ;; cultivation in.. '^'^2 : " oiS^'" ■■'■•••■•■•^•::: ::::::•:: ;:;::::. ••:74,77to8i,i|| ;; per head in :'.:::.:'..: '■'■'.'.'.:::.'.: II .. Productsm ^l „ , schools in ^'? ^^ forestation in ■ °J " fur"^°'';'°'""'""^«>*-;'"---'v.\:.;-. :;.•.;.. ..;:■•.•.;;•;.; ' ■• :■■'■■■■: 79,1^9 :: imports and exppris of forest'products; balance." ■••'•■■•.■■.■.•..■.•..•.•;.• 79^ ^7 « . , wood pulp into.. . '70 ^, '"crease of forest area in ,42 Indian and Cape Colony forestry oflfioe.^ trained' in; 7^ 75,87,90 Si 310 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURB. J Frai France, maritime pine, on dunes , . match making in mountain plantations in ! r>ercentage of fores tin.... ' ' ' private forest owner restrittol in I)roix)rtion of forest owned by State protectum of forests protective forests maintained resm, produced in sartage scientific foreHtry in . ! ! tanbark, produced in treaty between Canada and wood produced in . yield of wood, &c., pitr acre. • acisLake.tnnber, &c., round.. ^raser river, timber, &c., on irazer township, timber, &c., in i) rench and Pigeon rivers district,' timber' in department of agriculture on forests.'. _^ forestry refjort _^ namesof trees of Canada.".'.. .. "\?' ^■^■' *""ber, &c., on. Ont., " " . " que., " .. ^^ township, timber, &c., in. .. „ tffaty with Canada .. West Indies, e.xix.rte of forest p'rod'ucts from Canada' to Fuel, value of Canadian woods "''*""f'^""'«« "f ""od from Canada to' ! " . ' ' ! Fn'l^ J""^' I'f"^.'":? of United 'States'. ■.'.', '.". *undy. Bay of, timber on. J uretage. • . . . Furniture, ex,K,rts'by'Ca'nada to" various 'countries.'.'. .....■..':: ^^ Jor 11 ranee, on lower tariff . " JS^^iS"''.'™".:"!""^ T^!!:^-- '■■ ■■■ ■•■"•■•;';';: G Gagnon township, timber, *c., in. trarrow " n ' Garson " n ' ' ','..'' Gaspe county, timber, &c., in •••■ . ,^. peninsula, timber, &c., in l^aultier township, timber, &o„ in. General (,rant national jiark. Oregon.' Geological Survey Reports, British Columbia ^*™5,te8 of woodlands based' om « „ iNew Brunswick.. .< „ Nova Scotia ,] II ,, Ontario. " Georgia, area of forest, &c., 'f^"'*°"«« "^"^ Manitoba: i .' i." .'i ."i i.' .'i .'i :::...••. ; Gulf of, timber on islands in.'. '. _ lumber sawed in. . Georgian Bay district, timber of'.'.'.'.'.'. /-,„ ex|xirt of pine logs from Germany, an example.. .. .. ][ annual growth of wotjd i'li area and ownership of forests ^^ coniferous forests in ^^ control of forests in exports of forest products from 'Cankda to "^'"»"f'«','"'-es of wood from Canada to :: forest admSS Tn ^.'""'^ ^'"^'^°"> ^^"^ ^^^^^ States'by ! ! ! ! ; . ,. ,'1 area per head in ,, ,^ cultivation in ,, schools in home supply of wood, &c., in ■" ■ .. imiK.rt8 and exports of wood between 'Canada and " " „f( . , forest products, balance :: , " C[(rl;CC"^'"''""''"'"'-''^°''-«^'^yCa"adaf'rom; Indian forestry officers trained in inateii making in " ' •■■....,.. PAQR. m 133 ■• 78, 7!t, ll» 176, 178 75, 77 85 85 77, 79, 119- 81 79, 80 77 81 16» 81 81 6» m 5 77 to 82, 17& 77 to 82 94 to 101 134 & 66 3» 150 228-9 244-5 104-5-6 14ft 61,98 79,80 242 to 253 160 254 to 263 158 63 44 40 .11,19,53,208,212,213 11, 66 53 148 60, 61 179 61, 62 62 51, 52 56, 57 148 134 147 5, 63, 64, 93 31 to 34, 284-5-6 120 74, 142 176 76 119 • • • 222 to 225 248-» 126-7 75 to 77 178 74 to 77 76 * 268 178 256-7 4 75,87 133 FAOB. 80 133 •• 78, 7!>, ll» 176, 178 75, 77 85 85 77, 79, ll^ 81 79,80 77 81 160 81 81 6ft 134 38 5 77 to 82, 17ft 77 to 82 94 to 101 134 5 55 39 150 228-9 244-5 104-5-6 146 61,98 79, 80 242 to 253 160 254 to 263 158 6» 44 40 208, 212, 213 11,06 53 148 60,61 179 61,62 62 51, 52 56,57 143 134 147 5, 63, 64, 93 J 34, 284- 5 -ft 120 74, 142 176 75 119 222 to 225 248-9 126-7 75 to 77 178 74 to 77 75 4 268 178 266-7 4 75,87 13S INDEX. Germany, percentape of forest in. . . . ^^ private forest owners restricted ^^ protection ol forests. . ^^ pulp making in '. ' • • ■ " sri?"Hl,.T «'JP«'»diture of state forests in ! ! ' ' . scientmo forestry in. tthost river in Banff Park triant cedar of British Columbia trees of Australia .. . . tiibbons township, timW, Ac, in Gibraltar, ex|x)rts of forest products ■fromCanada to GilHes townXrirr ^iif ^«'" ^^'"' ^^^^^ " • • ' • Gladman townshij), timber, &c., in! liold range, timber on . Gorman town»hin, timlier, &c;,' in.' ." GS\i^s&,hi,°Sj?^j^!r:'^°'-'^i«timWr;so^ iiould " " Goynish river, timber, Ac, on. trrand Canyon forest reserve, Arizona t»ranite rivtr, timber, &o., on Grassette township, timter, &c'. ' in Grassy Narrows, pine at. . . Great Britain, se« United Kingdom, Ureece, area and ownership of forests in exports of manufactures of wood from rnno.!™' i:.' ' cZ i.M\X"''^''^.«''»^"«"^^voodwithC?nS'a °- ' Greenhill Portage, timber near ^auaaa ... ... Green water lake, timber, &c. , round Grenville, timber near. . Griffin lake, timber, &c., round . Growth of pine ' ' wood Guejph, black walnut gone from liear.". Guiguestownship, timber, &c., in.... f'!'ifl- : 1- i^^^^rence, timber, north of. liiinflint lake, timber, &c., round Guthrie township Guysbc^oughHarbou^t^^inb^ 6, 20, 21, 22; 66, 68 to 7 311 pa(;e. 4,176 76 85 34, 131 77 75 to 77 140 134 88 47 226-7 2(i» S» 44 60 45 14, 134-5-6 46 38 53-4 148 42 39 61 178 252-3 271 4» 40 60 140 1,141 4,142 117 52-3 7 42 43 62 62 Hackmatack, see tamarack. Halifax county, timUT, &c., in Hamilton river, timber, &c., on Haminell township, timber, &c., in Hannah Bay, peat moss at Hard pine lumber cut in United States'. ! ' Haidwood cuHed and measured at St. Lawrence ' ports ' " cut on limits . . . ' " H»r^„n '"I?'^'"cutinUnited'State8..' .'..'.. Hardy Bay, timber, &c., near .. Harley township, timber, &c., in. Harris township, timber, &c., in Harrison river, timber, &c., on Hnrwick Island, timber, &c., on Hawley township, timber, &c , in Hayti exports of forest products from' Canada' to IT 11 ,-.. '""■""f'^ctures of wood from Canaiifttn ' Hazel, localities where growing i.'Anaaa to . Hazell's annual Head township, timber, '&o H!Lll?^f'i*'':,' Pr'^uced in United SUtes .'.■.'.■ Height of land, Ontario „ 1 ',' , , Que'ieo . . . ' '.!,'.",!!!'. Hemlock bark, product of United States " cut of ""'' """^"''«' ** St- La wrenoe'iJ^rts .'.'.. " out on limits ........ ' ' economic use of ;; exjx.rted to United States,' 'prices of! ^^ in Canada and provinces logs exported to United States .' ." .' .' ' .' .' .' .' ,' .' . .' ' ' .' 62 54 43 50 147 200 to 20a i85;'l'8'6,'i89,190, 192, 19S 147 60 31 40 41 60 134 44 232-a 252-3 38, 46 176 39 145 47 to 51 10, 50 140 200 to 20.' 67 ia5-6-7, 192-3 4 114 282-^ 95'to99, 101, 103 276-7 ,i;i 312 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. Hemlock logn exi)ortfd. . . , paqe ;; I'JiultT cut in Uniteci States • ^i ., "''•ength.weight, &c., of w,K.d of.;, ■.;■■; ■.■.:; lir ;' tannin in bark of. " ^*'"'''* ""^ United States comim,vd. ^^'m^° Jif Hendrv Mr w"a t'"'"''^ '"^'''1? ^"^ ^' ■ '• •' •' .' 1 . . .' ! ! ! ''• 2«. 5-». !'•!. i>5, li-tl 131 fc=f;i,XrJx-;'<'-^^---'--:^:-:^^ ••■■•• 'J UeHse, area in forest ^^^ " coniferous forests in i-i ^_ forest staff in '■ L\. high forest in .. . . ^l [^' I>ercentage forest.,..' '..'.' ii imvate forest owners restricted ."..'." 7(! Ti„, ^!* i'^'' '="""»""al- and pri vat.- f(irests in' 77 Hewn tnnber, product of United St it s 7? H.ekory c„ led a..d n.easured at St awrence ■ ■ ■ •' i ' . .' .' ! lIc .. cut in southern (Quebec oaAi economic uses of ■■ oo« ".i n .. ?'o'-ted to various countries. , .■.■.'.■;■ "*' ^7 imported by Canada,,,, 21fi tr. 941 .. {"Canada and provinces. •.•.;•,•,'.■. '... 254 o2(i3 .. l^cal'ties where growing. .. !)4 % 1» „.". :JS^rs^;rir^-'"^-'- ^^^ H&irJi^lS: ^S? ™^i^^^y-^>elf •■.■ - .;■.•;;.•;;.•,; • ■ ■ ■ ■ • • ■ ■ -V.: .' V V.' lo, A^1. Hinoks townships, timber, &c: in '..■. ff Holland, areaanrf ownership of forests of:; ;;'; 62 3 coniferous forests in i-o .. exiK,rts of forest products f^om Canada to, ' ".'. 75 :: i.niK,rtsoff:^:;f;S^^fir'^f-" Canadato;;;;;;-;;.. ;;;;.:;;;. .;;;;■■• 222-3 ;■ Warea"^>=r^^=-^^^'^^^^^':"^^ ^ Hoonu ''PT'^'^ge of forest in,;;;'; ;;;.■;,;' ^ Hoops carried on canal 1-,. |i" .. '^>'i''v;ted to various «,untriVs.;;'.'.;'.',;v;;.;. '•'■:.:■: xUzm Hop polls carried on canSs.."^!';""^''^"' •■■'••■•■•••••■;;■■••.•.;;,;;;■;;';" 21«<^241 _^ e.\|x)rted to various countries,; , , 162 to 175 Horace on injury to foJ^r^!K':''--'f^-'^^^^ ;.. ;.- ' ,";.;.;;; =^1« ^f^l Hornbeam in Canada and prbvinces,;; ; 13! H «!:«■.. :• ,' "" I^etrihed forest. . , 109 Howe Sound, timber, near .,.. Jx^ Hub and spoke factories.. |SY HufcBarb^r'"':'^ "^ Canada'from various countries; :;;;:.:.;;.:::;'.;;;; | ■•••' " 254 to r IZS*^" '^°°^'aiid around; .;;;;;;.;; ••"■'•'•'.'; : ; : ; \l 50° f^ TTnrJ.^ * wooded area around ist Hudson township, timber, &c., in la} Humboldtoncoi^equeneesofdeforestati^^^^^ ;;;;;; 'fa -J. ^^- **• 1., timber., near ' "■ i«u Hungary area and ownershipoffoiests in; '■'.':. m w . , conift-rous forests in . 17,. Hunter's Island, timW, Ac, on 'Ir Huntingdon county, timber, &c. in 40 iq Huron £ake, tinilx-r on afHuent; o";;;' .' ;;' ; ;;;i9,'208, 212. 213 „ tows of logs crossiiiB (U oq Hyman township, timber, &c.,„u::;.; ::::;:;;. ;;;;'; 32|*'284 ' 40 I Iberville county, timber, &c., in Idaho, area of forest, &c., in,,, 19 108 T19 lis fe;,'/;;''de8. timber, &c., 'round .,;;; V^' "^' JJf I icillewaet river, timber, Ac, on ^ mnoi8,areaoffore8t, An., in ^ lumber sawed in . . . ,i5 • ■ x9o 147 I'AOK, 31 147 • ...106, 108 to 112 .. • 109 to 112 ...... 113 !», 71, !»3toi)7, 114 54, !)4, !)5, 114, 131 . r*, 5!), (10, 134-5 (i, 21, 22 42 176 . ... 41 77 . . .. 75 ... , I 7fi .... 77 76 146 200-1 208, 210 117 216 to 241 ... 254 to 2ta • . . !»4, !)(i, 102 6, !)4, 117 153-4-5 . . 105, 107, 108 59 41 • . 52-3 176 75 222-3 260-1 178 262 3 268 178 176, 178 162 to 175 216 to 241 282-3 . 162 to 175 . 216 to 241 282-3 138 . 94, 96, 102 . J05, 107-8-9 102 120 134 158 . 254 to 263 . 47, 50, 181 181 181 42 138 69 176 75 42, 49 208, 212. 213 64, 93 32 3, 284 40 108, 112, 113 144 55 60 143 147 INDEX. Im,x>rt. and exports of forest ,. relucts between Canada and various countries " of forest products by Ca...x,la InZlZT '^"""'■''"l' '"fiance [ *,. hit' ""Pl'liwi by Canada..'..' T„ „ , . «c,, by Germany incommapleax river, timber, &c., on India, area of forest in .',' ^;"ni^ec^uence8 of deforestaVioii' in ^^ depletion of forests in ^^ education in forestry in ^^ exports of forest products by ^^ forest administration in ... ^^ " legislation in '. " reserves in " forestry in ... staff in.'.'.'. .'.'.'.'. '.' ^1 percentage of forest area in ^^ protected forests in. .. ^_ protection against fore-st fires in ^^ reproduotion of forests in Indian f^^P"«'i">d :|>enditure of forests ' in '"';• t^'^aiJfc^Z " — -'1 1'-d on-;e,.rts of ; ! ! ! ! ! ! „ lands, area of limits, cut, and receipts reserves, exp(.rt of jiine logs from . " river, N. S. timber, &c., on. Indiana, area of forests, &c., in lumber sawed in . . . Indiistriesdepending on forests Influence of forests on climate, &c " .. .. ^^^'''latp "f woodlands based on ■.' " << „ Manitoba and Territories. . invalid carriage factories iron smelting with charcoal. IronwoodcuRrf and measured at St.' 'Lawrence rxirt's.; << jn Canada and provinces... _^ localities where gi'owing laaar. TT^.f ^"^•''' '"V'^H^' *•=- "f Wood (.'f' ! .' .' Isaac Harbour river, timber, &c., on.. Isbester, Mr. Jas. on pine of Northwest 'On'ta'rJo Island portage river, timber, &c., on Italy, area and ownership of forests of coniferous forests in consequences of deforestation in e.xports of forest productsfro.n Canada 'to Various 'counirie's forest areaTer'hS"^ °'. ""'" '^""^ ^^^^^ '° vaHourcoiintri'es. •.'.'."." . " cultivation in . . . imports and exixirts of wood'betw'een Canada and ^^ of forests products by " of wo^'d pulp". . . . '^'"^ '"anufaciures of wood' by Canada, from ! ! ! ] ! ] iwrcentage of forest area. private forest owners restricted protection of forests in. 313 PAOB. 2(!4 to 271 178 2r)4 to 263 254 to 263 206 7 207 1 60 177 138 87 87-8 178 87 87 87 7-8 87 178 87 75, 86 Jagawa river, timber, 4c., on.. James' Bay, timber near ' " .level country around. •Japan, area in forest J. exports of manufactures of Wood from 'Canada to' ' to ijhina from ... forest Hchno! in forestry in imports and exmrts of 'wood with Canada trom North America into '.', ' '" 88 88 179 .188,191,194,197 • 31 62 143 . 147 1. 69, 1,56 to 1.58 1, 27, 36 • .. 52 163 to 170 61-2 • . . 59, 00 179 57-8-9 51 ■ ■ • 60, 99 144 158 295 6 200-1 94, 96 to 99, 103 . . .38, .SO, 44, 45 105, 107-8 62 15 42 176 75 138 222-3 . • 250-1 178 74 268 178 258-9 130 178 76 86 49,50 51 47, 49, 51 91, 177 250-1 91 91 91 271 OL 314 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. IS: •^'*P*"' ™P°r** °f f°'"''»* products and manufactures of wood by Canada, from " Mayr, Dr., chief of forest 'school'..,'.".' plantations in ' " " protection of forests in semler, Heinrich, on forests of . . . . ! ] ire Jardina Jean de"*: PAOE, 256-r 183 91 91 91 91 Lerre river, timlier, &c., on Jeannotte river, timber, Ac, on Jocko river, timber, &c., on .'..... Johnson, R. U., on United States forest reserves Joists, e.xiwrted to the United States, prices of. . Joly, Hon. Mr., re|x>rt on forests Joseph lake, timber, &c., round Juneberry, in Canada and provinces. 75 03 54 39 136-7-8 282-3 0, 14, 19, 23, 63, 64 49 . strength, weight, &c.,of'wi)i)do'f '.'.:■;;. ^^'^^'.^V\^^'\^I Junii)er, localities where growing . . 1"^> 1"' > 1^8 Jupitagon river, timber, &c., on ...............,".'. ^^ 04 Kakibonka lake, timber, &c., round Kaministiquia river, timber, &c., near. . . Kamloops districts, timber, &c., in . Kamouraska county, timber, &c., in Kancas, area of forest, &c., in Kashabowie lake, timber, &c., round,. ! Ken,vatir,, j-.^rcentage of woodland .... . . " wcxxied area Kegashka river, timber, &c., on Kencgami township, timber, &c., in. . Kentucky. ar=u of forest, &c., in lumber sawed in Kerns township, timber, &c,, in ..... Kiainaka township, timber, &c., in . K;ng's county, N. B. timber, &c., in.". .' . Kippawa river, timbtr, &c., on Knees cut on liinits K, 19, oxriorted fo United States, prices of. _, , , , '' vavious countries Kni»;ht's Ir.ct, B.C., timber, &c., an, . . . Koctenii distr't. timber, &c., in .. valley, timber, &o., in , .' 189, 63 39,40 60 208, 212, 213 144 46 181 181 52 53 144 147 41 52 61-2 10,63 190, 192, 193 282-3 216 to 241 13 61 60-61 Labour employed in wood industries LiBbrador, extx)rt of forest products to ."' ,1 . '' manufactures of wood to. timber, &c.. in Lao Seul, timber, &c., round Lake Huron, rafting logs on , '■ of the Woods, forest extendiiig'to 32 to 34, 284 ■ St. John County, timber, &c., in .'.".'.v.'. v. .? LakesinTimnderBaydistricts. timber, &c., round. 5* Lakes, timber, &c., round— 48 156-7-8 218-9 2467 53, 54 51 Al ' -i.'! I • PAGE. '^'^'^'t'l^bi 48 49 50 Agnes '40 Angle,... ^ Arrow. . , Battle ,. Baude, fi Bay geachy .■■■■■'■'■'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.V'.'. 58 Bernard 39 Bjg liock .".. '.'..'.'...,.[ 42 Bistcho ••••• Bitchu 42 Bouchette ....,...!...'!!.' 64 Brunswick ^^ Canoe ' ' ' an Cat Sy Cedar ".:v. :.:;.::. ;;;::;;•.;;;;; tt Chiblu Clair. 39 55 PAGE. 41 Clear . Commissioners' gi Crooked pine 44 Dauphin Dease Dechene ... . Desiles Devil's Dorval . . . Equerre, de 1' Erie Favorable gu Greenwater " ' 45 Griffin -lAn Gunflint,,,. 4" Huron 56 56 ... 55 ... 55 . 140 ... 55 ... 55 . 64, 117 56 lies, des 32, 33, 64, 93 55 INDEX. 31& PAOE. .. . 256-7 18» 91 91 91 91 75 G3 54 39 136-7-8 282-3 14, 19, 23, 63, 64 49 )4, 96, 97, 98, 102 . . . 105, 107, 108 135 54 63 39, 40 60 19, 208, 212, 213 144 46 ■ . ]81 181 52 53 144 147 41 52 61-2 10, 63 39, 190, 192, 193 282 3 . . 216 to 241 13 61 60-61 156-7-8 218-9 246 7 53, 54 51 32 to 34, 284 3 64 46 PAOK. 41 64 44 56 56 55 55 140 55 55 64, 117 56 57, 59 56 46 140 42 32, 33, 64, 93 56 Lakes, timber, &o., round— Continued. PAOE. 49 63 46 Joseph Kakibonka . Kashnbowie ^^ Landsdowne ei Lavielle °^ Lawler's, Lonel; 41 63 51 44 .53, 56, 63, 64 9 56 48 140 48 Magnetic ,[' Manouan , Meganangoos Meraiskow Mijizowaga Minnewanka Missinabi Mistassini Ag Monoouohe 55 Muskeg gg N!^ISLight;,v./-.-';'''^'*'*°^^-^-«i Onaping ' " " ' ., Ontario ^q piB^o"-,-: ■.■::::■:::;::.:;.;;;;; 56 I'lpmuakin gu Pogamasin ., ^"!>i ::::::. ;:::::;57,l9 S^'IX-v 40,44,46,49,93 Kapides, des go Rose jq St. Clair '■■■.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 04 itijc^^A::::::;:::;::;::::':'''^^-^^'^^! Sandy, Manitoba 55 " Ontario ao Seiganaga Seiganagoose . Seul ... Severn Shay Sheoandowan Sleigh Steep Rock . . SuiHirior Tamagaming Tamiscainingue. 10, 23, 38,' 40 to 44, 48,' m, 63. 6f Temiscouata r.i Three Valh.y '. ' .' jVi Thunder Bay district ..'.'.'. J6 42 42 51 56 .'55 46 55 45 93 50 69 61 Vermillion 140 Wannappitae ai\ 47 Waterhen ■.•.■.•,■.■. *"' ^^ Waykwahbinonahn '. 42 4(5 Wekanmekonke ... 're White • ;.; §^ Windigoostigwan 44 Winnii)eg.., '.'...56,57 Wmnipegosis gg 57 Woods, of the 3, 40, 46, 49, 64. 93, 95 77 to 80 51 6 19, 208. 212, 218 100, 101, 103 im, 107, 108, 109 158 158 204-5 89 145 282-3 . . . 216 to 241 15.V4-5 159. KiO-l Landes, pine forests planted on Lansdowne lake, timber, &,c., round .'.'....'.'...".'. ". Lord, report on forests through, Lapraine county, timber., &o., in Larch, see also tamarack and hackmatack. localities where growing " western in Canada "nd provinces..'...,' ' 'i^^^?X?"' "^ T '1 J " ,«'""<''?gt'i. ^>eight, &c,, of wood'of.' ...'. Liast and peg factories Lath mills ' ' ' ■ Laths, culled and measured at St. Lawrence ixirts _^ imported by New South Wales from Canada product of, m United States ... Lathwood and laths exported to United States,' prices oi '.'.'."".'.'.'. ,, " various countries _^ census returns of product of, quantity ". ,, . ^' , " value " cut m Southern Quebec . Laure township, timber, &c., in 209,211 Laurentides Park 54 Lavack township, timber, &c., in 23 Lavielle creek, timber, (fee, on . ... 88 " lake, timber, &&, round ....'.'.'. ' ^ Lawlers lake, timber, &c., round *! L Economiste Fran9aise ... 62 Lefebvre, Mr. ,T. N., lecture on 'the pulp industry VI Levis county, timber, &c.. in.. ^28 Liard river, timber, &c., on " ' . 19, 208, 212, 213 Licenses to cut timber 5(i -7- 8 Lichtenstein, Prince Johanni "large private forests. ^' ^?S LiAvre, nvi^re du, timber, &c., on. 82 Lilloet river, timber, &c., on ." 9, 22, 63 Limit of trees in north-west Ontario. ...... ^ Limits, area of and cut on 48 Lisconib river, timber, &c., on,...'. 183 to 197 Lislet county, timber, &c., in ^^ Little, Jas,, on supply ef timber and forest area! 19, 208, 212 213 Lockhart township, timber, Ac, in. ... 0,0,04,05 Locust tree, acclimatised in Canada 4* Logs, exerts and^p^^^i^a^ United St^^^^ I' " " pnces of .,'.",',',' 276-7 '' other than pine, census returns of quaiitity " ' ' , rn**?" ? " " valur l.')3-4-5 " pine, see Pine-logs, Iu9-150, 161 " product of United States , Lombardy poplar, acclimatised in Canada! .....'..'.".'..'."..'.'.',', \^ • Kab * 316 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTURE. I i t i i; Lonely lake, timber, &c., round. Long portatfo, timber, he, near. ...'.". Sault rapids, timber near. . . lioon river, timber, &c., on . . ' Lnram township, timber, Ac, iri ' ' Lotbiniere comity, timber, &c., in." Loiijfhrm township, timber, &c., in tiomsiana, area of timbt^r, &c, in ....'.''.!. .' lumber sawed in. Loup,_ riviere du, timber, &o., on. L.()we s e.'iploratiuu of Hudson Bay region '.'.'.'.'.."" T /w^ " Lake Mistassini. . .. , ' Aiowei' t)ttawa territorv. St. iiawrence Lowering of Lake Ontario Lumber culled and measured at St.' Lawrence i^rts cut m Ontario, pine ", " Quebi'c, pine '.....'..'.....' PAGE. 51 60 69 • ■ 56 ■ • • * 38 ■ 19,208,212,213 47 143 147 19 56 56 9, 10 20 73 202-.1 67 67 67 147 ,, ,, , spruce I'nited States ... cut on limits i,y exi)orted to United StateL,' prices of'. 194 to 1is countries 282-3 fleetof British Columbia. . 216 to 241 imijorted by Canada from various countries 1*' sawed in United States . . 254 to 263 145 288 162 to 175 161 153-4-5 159, 160, ifii 08 to 72 40 39 44 49 ;| shiiiped froin St. Lawrence to River Plate! ' ^^ *c-, earned by canals " . " railways ........,' &c., census returns of product, quantity. . '. Lumbering " ^"'"'' Lumsden township, timber, &c.," iii 2, ijs' tii i-iybster " " ■■' Lyman " 'i Lyon's reports on north-west Ontarh M Mackenzie basin " delto ...........'..'.'. " river Maclennan township, timber,' &c.', in Macpun, Mr -I. M., exploration Lake Winni'i^eg to' Hudson Bay ,_ Prof. John, exploration round Lake Winnipegosis" •I ,. , ,. , °^ Porcupine mountains „ ,, list of trees • ■Kg ri 11, , "" l^ouglas fir Mct/onnell s exploration Yukon and Mackenzie' basins McCrossen township, timber, &c., in, ''^'"' Mctrill township, timber, &c., in. McLaren township, timber, &o., in Madawaska river, timber, &c., on Madeira, exijorts of fore.st produce from Canada to"" imports and exports of wood with Canada'.'. Madeleine river, thnfe 'ic^'^on '*' ^""^ ■"''""futures of 'wood by'Canada: .' .' .' .'.•.■.;.':;...■,•:: ; Magnetic lake, timber, &o,, on '" Magpie river, timber, &c., on Mahogany imported by Canada from'vari'ouB countries Maine, area woodlands, &c., in countries cedar supply... (i a 1 .*'.' lire law in •' forestr^"in^'""^ ^^"' through 'New 'Brunswick ".'."'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'."..':.";;.'. Malherbe township, 't'imber,"&c.','iii" ••• Manicouagan river, timber, &c., on Manitoba and Territories, bepartment'of 'fnterior' surveys 'of ., „ „ forest products of ....".'." ,Geological'Surv'b'y reports 'of 56 to 59, 63, ,. , „ list of trees of ^^ area of woodlands in ^^ crown lands of, cut on. pre by ( cut on limits. 56-7 58, 182 56 to 58, 99 45 66 67 67 102 134 56-7 46 02 45 63 228-9 269 260-1 19 44 64 254 to 263 143 62 149 274,279 £6 54 7,8 57-8-9 67 64, 179, 181 56-7 100 179, 181 194 238-9 153-4-6 194 PAGE. 61 60 69 56 38 19, 208, 212, 213 47 143 147 19 56 56 9, 10 20 73 202-3 07 07 67 147 194 to 1!)7 282-3 216 to 241 im ■ . 254 to 203 145 288 162 to 175 161 153 4-5 . 159, 160, 161 2, 03, 08 to 72 40 39 44 49 66-7 58, 182 .... 56 to 58, 99 45 56 57 67 102 134 56-7 46 62 45 03 228-9 269 260-1 19 44 54 . . . 254 to 263 143 62 149 274, 279 26 54 7, 8 57-8-9 67 63, 64, 179, 181 56-7 100 179, 181 194 238-9 153-4-5 194 INDEX. Manitoba, trood supply of timlx-r in.. II ownership of forests in ...'....' '' Ontario trees in southeaKt corner of percentaife of woodland in . receipts from timber limits in ' saw and shingle mills in . . Southesvst, trees of " variety of trees in \f.„'i'f, . ■^'f'"'^'?^"^''' "ft?n without inerchan'table'timber.' Manitou river, timber, &c., on. . Manouan lake, timber, &c., round " river, timber, &c., on .,..' .' Manual of forestry. Prof. Hchlich Manufactures of^wood, e.xports to various ■countries of HT , , , , . ^imiwrts by Oiumda of. . . Maple, ash-leaved, m Canada and provinces culled and nieasured at St. Lawrence ports cut m Southern Quebec " economic uses of II exixjrts^to Unitcid States,' pViees of '. "". ,, . " various countries of. in Canada and provinces localities in which Krowing. . 5 6 11 14 ss ti.'i'r ' ki\' Wo V ; ' i^:' II sided, census^returns of pr^luctof; quantity ^' ^l ^^:.^^' ^^1 " strength, &c., of wood of., ^" "" " sugar and syrup, prwiuct of United' States Maps of surveyors, showing timber. Maria town:;hip, timber, ifec, in Marine and Fisheries, forests and department of Maritime provmces, forests of „ „ P'ne, e.stimated quantity of.... j^ scattered pine in. . . . Marler Mr (^"t „.f,'' "'"''; ^/T '^"•"?"^i'=i'. Nova Scotiaand Prince K Mar er, Mr. It L. statement of denudation of forests. Marlow township, timber, &c., in Marmier township, timber, &c., in Marquis township, timber, &c., in Marter township, timber, &c., in. Martin river, timber,. &c., on. . . Maryland, area of forest, &c., in .....'..." ' lumber sawed in Massachusetts, areaof forest, &c., in Master township, lumber, &c., in . . Matagame river, timber, &c., on . . Matane county, timber, &c., in . . " river, timber, &c., on Matawagamingue, pine trees near. . Matehmakkg ''.""'' ^T'^"^ ^'""^ ^'''""^'' '^° ''"'^'^ ■countries', '. '. l ! . [ Mattawan river, timber^ &c., on Mayr, Dr. author of " The forestsof 'Nortli' America '' . .inchar.reof .Japan forest school. Mecatina river, little, timber, &c., on Mechanical effects of forests Megantic county, timber, &c., ■•' Meganangoos Lake, timber, &c., round Memiskow lake, timber, &c., round " ' •' Meridian lines, timber, &c., on Metabetchouan river Metai^edia river ... , • • Meteorological ob8ervatory,'dimi;iished' rainfall Michigan areaof forest, &c., in imports of logs from Georgian Bay to lumber sawed in pine diminishing in , , , , '; " in , ".. Michipicoten river, timber, &c., on Miiizowaga lake, timber, &c., on . Milford creek, timber, &c., on. .. . ,-,„!' district, timber, &c., in '!!!' ! Milheu, riv. du, timber, &c., on. , , Mingan river, timber, &o., on .'.". Minnesota, area of forest, &c., in " lumber sawed in " pine in !!!!!!!]! " surveys on Rainy River! Minnewanka lake in Banff park. . . 317 P\0E. 57 2 (13, 99 179, IHl » 194 156-7 93. 99 99,100 181 53 53, 66, 63, 64 9, .fiS, (■>(! 3i), 176,177 242 to 253 ■ 2,",4 to 2(53 94. lOO, 103 201) to 203 208, 210 117 28.>-3 216 to 241 ••■■■■ 94, !Ki to 102 61, 62, 07. 94, 95, 99. 101. 117. 135 153-4-5 159, 160, 161 105, 107, 108 146 38,47 39 27 93 182 179 dward Isliind. 93 52 54 43 41 56 143 147 143 45 51 54 19 iiO-l 242 to 253 la'l, 158 38, 63 91 91 53 ....19'.'53,'l08, 112, 113 9 56 39, 41, 47 5L, 63 19 73 143 31 to 34, 284 to 286 147 123, 124, 141 ■ 33, 37, 64, 12.3, 124 7, 48, 50 48 57 58 53 54, 63 143 147 33, 123 49 140 iU DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Miramichi fire _ PAOl. iu- •" .. /r*"'' ."">**■•. Acioii *.'.■.'.,".■.' ■ • 4,6,61 MisHinabi lake, timber, &c., round 3 63 w. . . "ver, timber, 4c., on '48 MiHsisquoi county, timber, *c., in. .. 48 to 51 MiHsisHauga river, timber, Ac, on. . . . 19, 208, 212. 213 MiBsiBsippi, area of forest, Ac, in 38-rted from Canada to' various countVi;;: :.{:::. „,, , 44 MnnnKi; T% ij "y from " 242 to 253 Mount Sir Donald reservation 254 to 263 Stephen Park 140 Mountain ash in Canada and provinces 140 M„iK^ • ,,^f*l''y in which growing .'.■.■■.■.■ 94, 96 to 100, 103 Mulberry m Ontario " 49 Murray Canal, forest produce carried on. ' 94, 103 .. ^'ri;- ;-L--v ■•.■.■.■■.■ lestom •Ki, 1 ,'*K?" t'.moer, Ac., round ' 51,57 Muskoka district, timber, Ac, in 58 Musquarro river, timber, Ac, on. . . 63-4 52 N. Nabesipi river, timber, Ac, on. . . Nairne township, timber, Ac, in 63 Nanaimoriver, timl>er., Ac, on 38 Nancy, forest school at I34 Napiervillecounty, timber, Ac, in.';;;.'; 77,90 N^!^i?P°'''i*°/T'^°°^t'^'" Norway to Port ■.■.■.■;.' • 1«, 108, 112, 113 Naval stores m United States 85 Nebraska, area of forest, Ac, in. . " " 131 Nelsonriver, Hudson Bay, timber,' Ac'.; on 144 . '"biitary of Liard, timber, Ac, on 67 Nepi^onnver, timber, Ac, on...... ' "'- °" sf Nets injured by bark from sawlogs. '. .'. 5, 10, 47 Nevada, area of forest, Ac, in . 34 New Brunswick, area of woodland, ko.',' in '.'.'.".'. 144 ^^ chief trees of 179, IdO ^^ commission on crown lands report ' ! 96 •< '='?wn and Indian licenses, area, cut, Ac 26,62 „ ,. lands "censes, area, cut, Ac. 192 „ report 193 ,^ exports of forest products to various coun't'ries 25-6 „ „ pine from 238-9 „ fire act ' 96 ^^ forest products by census. .. . ■• 25 „ , ", cut on limits 153-4-6 ,j forests of 192-3 4 ,, Geological Survey reports of. .*.'.'.'.'. 7, 61, 62, 65, 179, 180 j^ granted crown lands, woodod ar^a "l-S ^^ iianlwoods of 180 Indian lands licenses, area, 'oiit. Aft." 96 194 PAOE, 4, 6, 61 3, 63 48 48 to 51 ..19,208,212,213 38-9 143 63 J38 . . 144 147 60 K 56 66, 64 • . • 52,54 56 144 62 39 53 .19, 208, 212, 213 65 50, 63 48, 49 48 to 51 60 .. • 63 39 37 6C 44 ... 242 to 253 ... 254 to 263 140 140 >4, 96 to 100, 103 49 94, 103 . . . 163 to 175 61, 57 58 . . 63-4 62 69 38 134 77, 90 9, 108, 112, 113 85 131 144 67 57 6, 10, 47 34 144 179, loO 96 26, 62 192 193 25-6 238-9 96 25 J53-4-5 192-3 4 52, 65, 179, 180 61-2 180 96 194 INDEX. New Brunswick, licensed crown lands, wooded area of list of trees of !I loKS P.xi),jrtwl to Unite<'factures of wood from Canada to imports and exports of wood between Canada and New Hampshirerra VfU:st:&"'^^"''^ '".''""f-^'"'-- "^ ^^ ^-"" ■ '■ .- „ , forest protection in £Jew Harbour river, timber, &c., on New Jersey, area of forests, &c., in ......,'.' ..^ " , forest protection in JNew Mexico, forest area, &c.. in ".".'.".'" " forest reserve in J8t area, per head .' forests declining in , '' home supply of w(kh1 in, " n.T"A" "^ '';?'- ^'y.^*'^ «»"*•' Waies, from' '. .'. ■ ' ' ' ^^ percentage of forest in .. „,,,,".. " <'wned by State in ■.■".■■.■.■. _^ prcKluctionof wooil pulpby, protection from tire ni . . . royal commission on forests in spruce acclimatised in Canada '.■.■.■,'. >otman townslup, timber, itc, in Nova Scotia, area of woodlands in census returns of cut of timter'in. ,, ^ chief trees of ,^ I' crown lands of, wooded area " " fire act** "^ ^""'^ '"■"'''"^*^ '° various countries.'.'.V.'.V. .' '' ' ' forest proflucts of ......,.'"'. '_ ,. I. , '' '' bycensiis .."'■'•'■■ forest" of • i' !.' f't'ological survey, re|>orts of .. .. granted lands of, wooded area. growtli of timber in ... . ,, hardwoods of ^, " ownership of forests in ' ' • ,, hst of trees of . . ., ;; logs e.Mx)rted to the United States' from '. .. ,. percentage of forest in. . ^^ _^ rapid destruction of forests in report by J. H. Austin and W. a". Heiidrv on' fore«V«' of .. , reix,rt on forests through Lieut. -Governor^ ^ saw and shmgle mills in spruce in xt'Itt.,',' . white pine in .'.'.'..'.'.' .' Nut Hills, timber, &c., at ' ' ' FAOB. )y Canada, from 244-5 260-1 133 17«. 178 • • • 85, 176, 17S 4, 178 4 1, 4, 85, m, 178 35, a5 • . 86, 126 to 129 4, 178 85 4 • • • 178 85 35, 85 25 85 102 42 ]7(), 180 22, 153-4-5 97 180 238-9 26 67 •••••• 153-4-5 3, 6, 7, 21, 22, (J2, 65 62 180 21-2 97 2 98 276 7 17!), 180 65, 100 6 6 05, 93; '97, '98,' 114, lis"^ 93, 97, 180 59 1;J t 1] i 4 Oak bark produced by Unitetl States culled and measured at St. Lawrenc'e ports' ' economic use of h"'io exix)rted to United States,' prices of! '.'.".. '" to various countries. imi)orted by Canada from various countries.' ' ' ' logs exijort duty on """«.•! " duties paid on. .. , exjxjrted " " to United States..' .'. on which export duties were levied square, census returns of product of, quantity.' .' " . cut in Southern Quebec. . * "** trees in Canada and provinces localities in which growing strength, weight, &o., of wood of.'. tannin m bark of . . . Oars culled and measured at St. Lawrence' ports " O Connor township, timber, &c., in. Odelle river, timber, &c., on Ogilvy, Mr., exploration in Prince 'Albert district.'." ,, on Peace river norted to irnited States': ^^ iiiwerin^ of Lake " \f ;.'• }' ^"r !*'"""""»'> on 'forests of. '. « ^r • , '"*• '^'"'« <"i forests of .. ^,";;!"'f lieight of land, woodtVl area ^ortli-we.st exploration ,, " timber... " ' ownership of forests in .'. peat moss in , II P'^ninsula of, . . . . . , .'.'I "^ (X'rcentage of woodlaiiH in • • • ^^ pine cut on limits ', ,, • ■ ," . '>.V --'-i area. ;;::::: timber supply n.Z "'^ded area'estim'ated in'detail. Oregon, area of fore.sts, &c., in.... ••■ 1^ lumber sawed in ^^ forest reserves in . ,. pine (see also Douglas fir)'.'. Osbonie township, timber, &c., in, Ottawa canals, forest products carried on county II limits pine cut on ^^ Ontario, agency ... .. Quebec agencies, Upper and Lower: Valley, timber, &c., in . . . •<, 8, 9, 12, 22, Ouelle nyer, tirr.ber, &c., on. . . . Ownershii) of forests in Oyster river, timber, &c., iri .31 .5, «, 321 r.vuK. 38 41 25 12, 17!l 179 If!- 7, 204 5 93 4 185 13 4 5 183 to 188 183 186 7 13 12 to 15 51 2;w 9 !- 274 to 277 23 4 _ 24 7,i2;'l3,'38to52,'63to66,"ir9 , 07 153-4-5 180-7 8 25 51-2 94 47 to 51 63 4 67 , 188 183, IM, IH- 94 6 276-7 73 m 64 179 47 to 52 46 to 52 2 • • • 49 to 53 •">, 64, 66, 04 , 179 183 to 188 198 I2to l.\ 17!) 23 to 25 12 to 15 3S to 47 12 to].-,, i,s2 I85tolS8 67 •■ • 156 7 16, ]K3 179 156-7 47 to 51 • •'.'■, 12,' 49,' 179, 185 to 8 7 179 144 147 148 100, 1,S4 ,. 42 163 to 175 52-3 48, 51, i56,63,'64,'66:'69,i')3. 95 8a— 21 198-9 198 199 114.115 S, 14, 66 19 2 134 DEI'ARTMENT OF AOKICULTUHE. 'ii ii P Pacftiul towimliij., tiiiilipr, Ac, i„. PAOI. Fftci«i; (oant, liiiu„l 8tiittw, arnv of fiireNt oii.' .' 43 liiri'Mt rcMcrvti \^^ Packiiitf iiiw fnctorit'M .'..'.' 13(i J'uil imd full fiiftiirieH . 15H Pail«, tul.» an.l churnH. .m^ fr.m. Camula tovari-.uH countripH:;;;, .,,„ , '?« p,,. . , , ,, ."'iJ«"'t'<' ''.V Cmiac a from vuii.iiH u<)iiiifri.« -MO to L'M PttliiiK .•xi-.rt.Ml to ir„it,.,( atatfH, priuH of u)m.trH.« y^^ ^^^ ,^^.^ I'apaw III Ontario jjK^ _■{ " Mtrciiifth, WfiKht, &a,' oif wixxi of! ! ! ! H i(lL' i^iipcr iim.i,. troll, w(kx1 |ml|,. See wood imli.. 106 i ark, .\it,'(iii(niiii ' ;; '!""[>■ '■■'.'■'.'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'. 2fi, 3S to 45 Kajflf \y.\m 27, Hi) JjaiirciitKlcH 140 " Hotkv iMoiiiitaiiiK W ij) " Mount Sir Donald a7, HO '' " Sto|ilicii Ho Silkirk .Mountains 1(0 Fark.H iii United .Suite« 140 j'ark.s, HI., also foivHt riHtTve.s. 13 to T)! l.'liflotfnanjrrivt.r, tiiiibfi, Ac, on... 49 1 wor rivfr foir.-it rfnerv.., \ew Mexico. . 65 lleH river, tiniln-r, Ac, on 148 1 enihina river, timber, Ac, on. , ,57 ieniii.siila of Ontario ' r,,vj I'eniiN.ylv.mia, area of forest, Ac', \l\. .'.'.'. "..'.'.".'.'. 5, (it, Cti, i)4 ^^ foreHt oonirni,s.sion 14,3 foriwt proi ction in . '..". 2)Mi i'ercentagp of woodlaml m Austria- Mnnsary'. '.'.'.'.','.',.■.'.'. H!» ,, \\ Canada and iirovinces .. 4, 17t;, 17H ,, ^^ (Jeriiiaiiy ' '" 177 to 181 1, .., , . " , various countries -1. 17tl, 178 1 eribonka river, timber, Ac, on . . . 170 to 178 1 eiu, e.x|)ort.s of forest product.s to.. 5.3, 55, .OO, 64 1 otawawa river, timlier, Ac, on 23« 7 Petite CiLscapediao river, timber, Ac.', on 40, 41, 47, 03 '^i""^"„"y';i'. timber, Ac, on 54 i^lnplw, Mr. K. W ., ivport on Ontario forest. 9 l^iano action factory ... (i 21 Pic rcaerve, timber, Ac, near. '. 168 1 ickets and paling: product in United States 89 1 ictou county, timber, Ac, in ... . 146 Picture flame niakinjf 82 Pigeon and French river districts 168 1 igeon Lake, timber, Ac, round 6 u-i". '''^'^'/''''''iT, &c, on '...'... 66 ^ikes Creek forest reserve, Colorado.. 43 i'^ile timber cut on limits 14g '; ." e.\i>6rted to United States,' prices of 186 to 187 I in, riv. du, timber, Ac, (m 282 3 1 iiic, average dimensions of 55 ;; culled and nieasured at St. Uwrence'i'wts 16-7, 204 5 ^^ cut in Southern (Quebec, comparison by census decades 200 to 203 << .1 , 1- •, ,^ . provincial returns since 1881 212 3-4 on limits, Ontario and (Quebec by districts 215 decrease m size of li)8-<) " deterioration in quality of'.'.'.'. 15, 10, 18, 141, 183, 204-.') diminution of 15,18,64 ^^ economic uses of 6, 8 to 11, 15, 63-4 erroneous estimate 181 ••■■ 4, 170, 178 170 to 178 53, 55, I'lO, 04 280 7 ■40,41,47,03 54 9 (i, 21 158 3!) 145 02 168 5 50 ■ • 43 148 1H5 to 187 ■ . 282 3 55 ■•• 10-7,204 5 • . . 200 to 203 212 3-4 215 li)8-i) , 141, 183, 204-5 • • ■ 15, 18, 04 8 to 11, 15,03-4 115 12 to 15 182 182 18 182 182 2? to 32 282-3 76 Pin !»•, (frowth tif . loffH, ihitH'M piiifi on exiiort. •■xiHirtilutii'Moi, I'xported to I'liitrdistii'teH' '"< ri'iiHcl cxixirt of, on whicl piiccH of ■".-•0.21,22,00.08 323 I'AiiK. to 71, 111 2N1 2711, L'.H() 1 iicli t'K\mtt (liitieii wore pHi'd'.' ■Soutlicrn (^neiiefi •3^3 4, 271, I>s.l',:;2Hi 30 to 33 280 30, 2H2 3 lon^flcdf liiMiIxT, .•Htiiimtc(i '(.'lit 'of inantinir |,iii„ „„ m„|,| ||jj|;, .Nonliof liriKht of laiul J:"'i,!;;:iiti; I !n't;!.;::;;;;:ii;"--'«'' 'f Canada „. .„ ,. ' "" :"■";': '".1^: >« *" ^7, 03,' 04i .io,'«o to 7i; i.^; ',,5 to ,^!;; rl^ 07 80 4M to 52 HIlW-logH. ;; ;; conHnH retuni«'of'i,rod;,'ot;qii„„tity :: ", cutonliniitH.... " '■*'""' .. WTul) jack. Mitch, Ac... '. wcond Krovvtii . . . ^^ Noutli of .St. l^awrence .. Hqimn., C0J..U8 return of product, quantity :: :' m on limits " '■"'""•••■ ■' cut. Ill Southern , "'hit» timber, &c., in . 46 01 69 to 72 282-3 57 5.S-9 824 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1 Prince Edward Island, area of woodland in .' y,'(^ exportH of forest products to various countries ' ' " " tireact '.'.'.'.'.'.','.'.'. " " forest products by census , ,' \ " " forests depleted ...'.....'....'..'.'.. " " Lieut. -Governor's statement .. . ", " list of trees of... '.'.'..'..'.'.".". " " ownershi]) of forest in '.'.'...... " " Iiercentage of woodland in ..........".'.'.. " " saw and shingle mills in Private lands, ci t on ," " ' Products of forest, factory and shipyard exported to Un'ited Kingdom aiid United States ' ' " ' Prophecies of exhausted supply of timber . , ■ . r\GK, 180 238- i» 153 99 2 17fl, 180 15C-7 67 272 G4-5 .2, 63' to 08, 170 to 181 Proixirtion of woodlands Protection of f,^ests^ ■•••••■• -^^ '• ^' ::: :^:::::: : 1 ::::: 1 :23-to 271 09 tcr^^fr^'ii^ J^i Provinces own forests ' -^ "-i "■i •-" ^-, j-k , iiw Provincial returns iV'ic mo* iivr surveyors' rei^rts, Ontario ;; ^'''^^' ^**1*" ^*I " Quebec 3*^ '" ■•' Prussia, area of state forests in " coniferous forests in " forest administration in " " othcers in " forestry education in " private owners restricted " pro]K)rtion of forest owned by str.te " revenue and e.\|)enditure of s'tate forests in " would not sell forests " yearly crop of wood in Puget Sound lumberman . ^ Pulp mills in Canada i qo \rt Pulp wood ........ '.■.■.■.■.■.'.' 34 to 35, 51,' 85,' 120' tii 123, 12g' 128 census return of proiluct of, quantity. ... , , , , ^v i.. l^.^, i.u, l^o u ti (( ' vn.ln J.>o-4-0 cut in Southern Quebec ^.'.'.W J'^;'' ]}'^ " " (),j hmits - ' exported to various countries .'.'.■.■.'.'.'.■.■,■.'.'.'.■.■.■.'.'.'.' .';.'. ^^^' ^\}^h l^ Pump and windmill factories " :*{ Purdom township, timber, &e. , in "47 Pursell range, in Kockies, timber on ..'...'....... fi Pyrenees, reafforestation of „„ ^ 'i J o to oU 52 to oO 77 75 •5-6 76 76 76 86 77 76 142 Q. Qualicum Rivers, Big and Little, timber, &c , on , „ . Quantity of timber per acre 10 ii 'iu ro -i 1 m i ■- Quebec, area of forests and woodlands of .' "' ^'^' ^^'*'^' '*'}:f'}t° " of pine land in '.'.■.'.■.'.'.'.'"" '' }'-.: ,0" under license . average size of pine chief trees in .'..'.. county, timber, &c., in crown land and Indian licenses, area, out and receipts " department re|iortf(, e.^tiinates based on " licen.ses, area, cut and receipts crown lands statement of licensed areas ' ' wooded area cut of ])iiie and spruce compared " on crown lands districts affording pine exports of forest products to various countries ex])orts from Port of fire act , ' forest district of city of " i)r(Klucts " " by census ..'..'.'. 1 .-.q 1 r " cut on limits lao. ,,7? " " of Southern .■.'.'.■.'.'.'.■ 208 to i^ ^ " reser\ation -J08 to J1.5 (jeological Survey reports on . . .' granted land, wo ..... 77 _75 75-6 76 76 76 85 77 76 142 144 130, 158 .20 to 12,S, 126, 128 1.53-4-5 150, 160 200, 211 .185,187, 180,100 . . 210 to 241 1.58 47 61 . . . . 78 to 80 134 18, 68, 74, 142, 145 7, 179, 180 170, 180 12, 180, 183 10,204-5 95 52. 54 189 180 100 183 180 8 to 10 ..8 to 11, 180, 190 183 238-0 ...289 to 203, 296 23 .... Ty 07 153-4-5 .... 189 to 191 .... 208 to 215 23 56 180 95 191 \m 12, 180 90 276-7 Queliec, mai> deHcriljed ^■'*''''- " Mining Asswiation 12 " order as to small logs . 295 " ownerHhip of fnrasts in 2!)5 11 percentage of forest in . . . '. 2 " pine almost wholly from Ottawa valley 179, 180 ^^ ," cut on limits by districts. ... 1*^3 ^^ pine, estimated quantity in ' l''^ " lands estimated area 182 ' Iiorts 180 " preservation of forests in l'> " protection of forests in 2.3, 69 to 72 " province, forests of. ■ 23, 60 to 72 ' ". south of St. Lawrence. ". ' *" ^'^°-,!P 5"' ^'^'^'^ provincial surveyors rejwrts ^1> !•'' ^08 to 215 '' receipts from liiiiits 52 to 5(i revenue from forest. . .'. 1*^0 to 101 saw mills in , scale to mesisure sawlogs. . , " shingle mills in " shipments of deals from ..... " spruce in '' Southeastern, Chalmers' report timber resources examined. . r. " „,"'C'0("ai"ls estimated in detail t^ieen Charlotte Island, timber on (^leen's county, N.B., timlier, &c., in (iueer uses of paiier and i)ulp Quetch, Hon. .T. .1. on forest of British' Guiana! l^lllllake, timber, &c., round. Quoddy river, timlier, &c., on. Quotsina Sound, timber, &c., en G.- 67 1.56-7 16, 183 1.56-7 65 128 61 205 180 134 61-2 132 177 57, 59 02 (iO R. Eadnor township, timber, &c., in. Rafting logs across Lake Huron 52 " pins cut on limits . .S2 to 3 1, 284 Railway belt, B.C. forests in '.'..','.'.'.'.'. l'*--3 I' [I II ""'iiership of fore.}ts in ..!....,. 14,59,60 ,i " " .niiiintity and value of timber in...'.' , , .„ ^H consumption of wood . . l-*. •>". *>0 ties " " ■ ■ 1, 19, 67, 74 " " carried on canals '• 1"' "'' " " census returns of product, quantitv, 102 to 175 " „" " " value... ■' b.34-5 culled and measured at St. Lawrence prortes, aux i'.corces, aux. . Ecum Secuni.'.'.." Elk English ....'" Englishman's.. ... ' Epinette rouge, .. .. Escoiimains ......'. Esquimatx ' Etamaniion. Eraser Erench (creek) B.C Ont .... r, ,. Que tTatineaii Ghost Ooynish . . ' ' (Treat Whale. ..'.." Hamilton ' Harrison Illicillewaet . .... Inconimapleax Indian, N.S,. Isaac Harbour. Island Portage Jagawa •Jean de Terre . . . •Teannotte Jocko Jonglerie Jupitagon Kaministiqua. Kegaska Kippewa Liard Li^vre, du . Lilloet ' Liscomb Loon ... P.VfiE. 4" to ,51 to2i,'.m'37.Cfi,Mto71 n 25, 27, 140 ld() to 1,S8 147 to 106, 108, 10<», 111 112 •l<»4tolOG, 108, 1111112 61 i,V •„, "' •*! to 63 67, 6<), 183 to 197 77 143 19,208,212,213 10 19.208,212,213 48 1«3 to 175 5 K(l •■••1!», 53, 208, 212, 213 19 52 288 PMiE. 52 52 62 60 44, .51 134 54 53 8 53-4 55 134 134 1>U I Loup, du Mackenzie Madawaska ... Madeleine Magpie . . ' . Manicouagan. Manitou Manouan .... Martin ', '. ' Matagami | ' Matane Matawan MfcCatina, Little. o 5, 8 to'io,' 21-2, 63, 70 140 53-4 48 54 60 00 60 6? 62 42 -49,50 63 54 3!) 54 54 39,40 52 63 56-7-8 9, 22, (J3 60 62 56 19 56 to 58, 99 63 19 54 7,8 53 9,53,66 56. 51 19 38,03 53 lA^DEX. PAOE. 47 to 51 2, 'aii, 37, 6(i, OH to 71 23, 2fl, 27. 140 ■■•... 130 to 1.38, 147 )C, 108, 10!», 111 na t" lOG, 108, 111, 112 61 •••••■. 11, (il to 63 •••67, 60, 183 to 107 77 •••• 143 ••1!>, 208,212, 213 10 ••■19,208,212,213 48 163 to 175 5 !'. '-'S, 208, 212, 213 19 52 288 PAGE. 52 52 62 60 44,51 134 54 53 8 5.S-4 65 134 134 3 • • 55 ' 10, 21-2, 63, 70 140 53-4 48 54 60 60 60 6? 62 42 49,50 63 54 3!l 54 54 39,40 ^2 63 50-7-8 9,22,63 60 62 56 19 •56 to 58, 99 63 19 54 7,8 53 9,53,56 5ft 51 19 38, 03 53 Rivers, timber, &c., on— Continncd. MetaV>echou.in '^^-A Metapedia ;„ Milieu, du i^ ^Jingan 54 i|o Miiinewanka lin MichiiKicotin . . '""ja -n M.ran.ichi ''^^'-^ Missinaibi '' 48 to ^l MisHissauga '18 ^<1 MissisMippi, Ont. ' |.q Mistasibbi ',][/[ '-'^ Mistassine r^ ,'?',' Moise ^^<>. -ts, 45 to 45 Bats ...5.3,55 ■ 40, 41, 47 S. tributaries of .....'....'... 49 Red Musques, aux . Th'f .64, 54 54 138 Renous ".."..'.'.'.'. ,4 i Rpstigouche 'iV flV * I-o I Richelieu 11, 61 to W | Rideau '■'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ? i Robillard township, timber, &c., in Kochers, ri v. au.x Rocky Mountain Parks. ...'.'.'.'. . . . .V.'.'.'.V. Ranges. .'. . . ^ " v.aiieys of:::: ;:;:;■.' r> , ^, , . 'States, area of forest, &c., in Rocky Mountams, foothills of :...:,!': II forest northeast of southern : ' : : : .f, , , " to Ontario Kose lake, timber, &c., round Rosebery Lord, reports as to foreign' iforests Kosewood imported by Can.-ula Rosni, j,roduct of ITnited States. We rT'TT' '-'^■•''""' '""^ "f incoi'Vect';,timate of' Kouge, nv., timber, fic, on Roumania, area and ownership of forests im ft )rest area per heatl RinKMwki '•^'•'■;- Hocheis, aux i, Rupert .„'-••* Sackville ''"-;,'!' fcZ 3:^«,-2i;-63,'64;'6.i,95 St. Clair. .■.■.■.■.■.'.■■.■.■.■.■.■.■.'.•;::::::;:; :;;;;; "Tu : ' '19 58 *!4 ll:l!^20,54,63,'66,'95,lii'l]5 inne. lair Francis ■lean de Terre " Petite.. •Tolm. N. M . Lawrence . 3, 7, Marguerite .40, 6; 54 40 .-16 7 8 .. ^4\'|"'"^ •>.•'. «. ", -'1, 54, 5.-,, (i3, G4, 95 ^"'^■'■"•■^-■-■■■^^^•■.'•'.■■.■:/.;;;;.6ofm a -"^ • ** tu» oamarangne Sand Island Saskatchewan .... !-ault aux Coclioiis Seine Severn Sheet Harbour ShejMidy Shipshaw Slave ■ Sinokey Spanish Spray Stave .... stikeen : : : : : : Sturgeon, Man Otjt Sud, du Tala.yarde 44, 45, 4V M 62 61 53, ()4 57-8 ■ 58 38,40,41, 43, 45 to 47 1-10 60 ■ ■ • 56 57 7,46,47 19 Tamiigamingue .:::::::::::::::.: 46 50 TeniLscaniie., ' '" Tom (creek). Tonnerre, au Tourelli... .„ Towachiche '.'.'.V.'. ''., Trent - ;[^ Trois Pistoles . . ' , j; Truite, .'i la.. ' IJ^pikcauba Valin ' ' Vermillion, Out iL' 'on Veuve '^::.:::::::. ^ Wanapitae 1j Weymontateuch . . i. White.. . Winnii)eg, Woman . . Yamaska Yukon . . . 56 .55 54 .■>3, 55 . 52 .55 40 9 39 . 51 .44, 46 . 19 . iJ6 piue . 42 54 27, 140 60 60, 61 144 59 64 60 63 42 74 254 to 263 148 13 63 176, 178 178 i DEPARTMEST OF AOIUCULTURB. Roumanm, forest cultivation in " liercentage of forest area. ....'. \" Rupert Kiver, timber, &c., o'n KupertH' House, timber, &c., near. ... Kussell, Mr. A. J. on Ontario forests,. . .■.■.','.'.■.■.'. , f " . t^uebec, forest Air. LiiKlsay on pine of North- , area and ownersliij) of forests of area of forest cattle excluded from forests in. , depletion of forests in e.xjxirts of forest products by! .......". f„r,. f .^."""'"fn'-'t'ires of Vood'fro'ni' 'Canatla to! rorest cuJtivation " societies forestry education . '. Russia ;^t Ontario. PAOE. 74 17H 202 to n .19,208,212,213 50, 50 48 (iO 7, 14, 21 15 176, 178 ■ ■ . 37, 17ti, 178 84 orL'anisation home sui)plv of W(K)d in nni)orts and exitorts of forest ii W(K)d with Canada iroducts, balance Northern forests imsurveyed. plantations on the .stepi)eH percentage of forest in '.'.'." preserved forests in , . . . pri\ate forests, owners restricted protective fo"est in protection from tire. . . . of forests . . sanda fixed by forests ,'.'.','.' s Sackville river, timber, &c., on baguenay county, ti-nber, &c., in" " ' ,^ n\er, timl)er, &c., on .... territory ," to Blanc Saiilon baginaw Bay, saw logs for .' ' ,' Michigan " Board of Trade, rei'.ort on logs from oli'tar'io Sa;,,..vni '7:J''^''"?,«i^v logs from Ontario. . . . Sauls^ ille, C"rts river Hhipraents of lumber to River PJate fron'i ■..■;■ „. ,. south shore of bt. Marguerite river, timber, &c., on'.'.'.'. St. Martin s i alls, timber, &c., near St. Maurice ai.strict, pine cut on limitsof ■.','": " ,;. ..• H"''"<-'Av "f pine estimated ' „ river, timU'r, &c., on... a. T, , . **''"nto''.V, timber, &c., in...' St. Paul river, timlier, &c., on Sr r>tt! " '"'"'''''. ^"''.''^* products carried o,.. ! bt. 1 leiie, exjiorts ot forests products from Canada' to .3. 7, 11, ...3,8, I a 1,4 2.'50, 251 83, 84 84 84 83 4 178 271 83 83 4, 178 83-4 83-4 83-4 25 83-4 83 21 • 52 to 55 3, 8, 21, (J3, «4, 06, !)o 5,8,9,23 ■ • 5 32, 33 124 284 284 58 52, 53, 55 64 117 231 to 2^3 65 19,208,212,213 19, 208, 212, 213 gg ■ 8,9,52,55,03, 95 64 61 58 3, 61, 63 58 (» 51 163 to 175 7, 63, 65 ( 3 to 67 inrVX---''''200, 205, 288 19, 54, 65, 99, 114, 115, 116 .... 288 03, 65, 66, 07, 95 63, 64 48 61 199 . . jgo 9, 21, 54, 55, 03, 04, 05, 95 5, 9, 10 53. 54 163 to 175 230 to 233 FAOB. 74 178 202 to 5 19, 208, 212, 213 50, 56 48 m 7, 14, 21 15 170,178 • . . 37, 17ii, 178 84 75 1,4 250, 251 83, 84 84 84 •• 83 4 178 271 83 83 4, 178 83-4 83-4 83-4 25 83-4 83 21 52 to 55 I, 03, 04, 06, !)5 5, 8, 9, 23 32, 33 124 284 284 58 52, 53, 55 64 117 231 tt) 233 05 , 208, 212, 213 , 208, 212, 213 58 62, 55, 03, 95 04 01 58 3, 61, 63 58 05 51 103 to 175 7, 03, 05 ( 3 to 07 200, 205, 288 114, 115, 116 288 B5, 06, 07, 95 53,64 48 61 199 180 !3, 04, 05, 95 5, 9, 10 53. ra 103 to 175 230 to 233 INDEX. y 329 St. Pierre, P^P^^^s of ". „ ^j^ t„ „f ^^^^ ^^^^^ " " o fore t . JllT""*' "■'"■"'''.' <^'""'"'''' ""^1 •••:.' 244 to 247 Salmon river, X.S., tiXr^ ^00',' '""' "'"""f-''^'"'- "f w,.xl l.y Canada from 5!i!;T valley, B.C., timber, Ac, ' in '.'.' ■.'.'.■ .' " ' ,:., Samarangnenver timber, &c., on " CO nl San Bern.a.clino, forest reserve Oaliforn a ' -a San ()^ br,e thnber lani '',}. " '' i>"t-. timlier, .tc, on, '. m Sargent, Prof., estimate of spr'nce i,. iK80 ..■..■.' 4fl ^_ 0,1 lirotection of fo/est reserves 1™ fartage '■'^•"" '" '--'t-' ^'^^'es census, strength; n^^ight; AcVof woods- ,„, '^l- Sanh, ,|oor and blind factories: .W '"•* ^i-l^L S±t;fc;.rltSr';;r^ ^•°'" Ca;;adati; varions countries;.-. ..•;.■■.■. •■••■• ,, ' ^ ;; district, timi;,.r, ^e.Vin '■'■'■'::::.:: "S^ IH'icentage of woodland. . . '. 50 lu south east ''•'• "7 river, timber, &c., on. ! ! '.' rl . «'<)oded area of , . r,i' - Sassafras m Ontario Y"' sanun "'•'«',"8*''' }*f >f?ht &c.; of wood' of '■'■'■'■'■'■''■'■'.'.:.:.. 95.10^ Sault-a..vcochons river, tin.l,er, &c., on . , 10« ^^ Ste. Mane Branch, C. l>. R.. „ a ^. ",. fli»t''ict, little pine in ' A Savart townshij., timber, *c., ii, f^ Sawed lumber in United States H Sawlogs, carried by railways. ,p " through canals. . . '. .'.'■' {,;? .. census return of i.roduct of, quantity . ■■■■.■■.■.■.■.■.•.',•.■.■.'.■.■.•.•;.■. 102 to 1 75 :: cnM and measured at St. Wm^ v;,,^, '■'•■••••■ ! 1 ! ! ! 1 ! ! ; ; ! ; ; ' ,59^ ^■:^^ :: ""* ^limits; ;:::::::;:: '■:'■■:■■■::::::::::::::::::. ::::■■ ''^: % -?f ex]K)rted ' i - •') i'^* i i " reciuction in'.si^e'. ■.:'.■.'.■. ■■■...■.■.' .'27 to 34,' 123 to]2e,'2 4 V277 'oiff Sawmills in British Columbia,....: I.m'V aw'.^ Canarla ■■ Jo- i".'t Saxe Coteurg, large j.rivnte forests of' Pi.'inceof .'.'.■.'.■.'.'.'.'.'' f-if 7 k Sa.vony, area of state forests in '"'"ceot ]o0-7-8 ^^ coniferous forests in '" 2^ |caddinJ^=,r^;;^'^'£™^S^^ 75 &;!St:^S&-^^^^^ ■■ ,1 Scantling, exj^^rts to iVnifed States', 'pri'ceV of .'.'.■.■.•,■.■ ! ! 1 ! ! 120 to ifo a„i 1 • 1 T> .. , , various countries 9H') q Schlich, Prof., Manual of forestry. . . ;.•. . 2I6 to I4? .. ; on forests of India.... 1713 . < . . °» wood pui p ;•■••■ ' "j4 |teS.rsi ^.:t "■■'-*^ ^orests.'.'.'.'.^v.v.'.;;.-.; ■.•,■;.■;: : ;::;;:;:::: i Scot and, sale from plantations in.'.'.' .';.■."■ Jo Scottish Arlx)ricultural Hocietv . Transactions 6? Scribners sea e for measuring' logs "'''"'""' f^ Second growth pine *. . '" " timber '.'.'. .'.'.'.'.' 11 f,i Seiganagah lake, timber, &c., round.' 38 to '48 51 5^ uV Seiganagouse lake, timber, &c., on " to 4», oi, 03, 141 Semeriver,t.mber, Ac, on... , V. j^ Selkirk Mountain Park 40 44 If " Mountains,.. ' 'Al " Range of Rockies,'.'.' .'.'.'.'.' '■^ Semler, Heinrich, on .Japan forests .'.'.'"■' ,n Sequoia National Park 01 1-- seve;„iakera,?'y::t!^^"f-'tia„ds.;::;;;:::;::.;::;:::::;;;:;;:;^ 70-^2 Severn river, timber, &c., on....'. ';.':;::.';';'• .':.■.•;:." ^^ 66 330 DEPARTMENT OF AORICULTUBE. ■X' .Mi aewell'H Base line, timber, &c., on. Slial1 .Shields, Mr. Jolin, on pine of Northwewt Ontario 19, 210, 212, 2i3 ShniRle l)oJtH, exiHirt dutien on 15 ;; " " paid on. ■■.■.'. ■.■.'..■. 27to30 •',', "" which e.\i)ort duties were paid 281 " nidls ' 280 Shngles and bolts cut on limits ■•,„ 106-7-8 ;; " " exrxirted to various countries '*'' ^^'^' '**'*' ^^< 1"-' '" 19« carried on canals 21(1 to 241 II census returns of product, quantity. ,,....... l(i2_to 175 ,, , . ,, , value cut in .Soutliern Quebec " exjiorted to United States, prices ' oif ex])orts of Ship Imilding Ships exported from Canada'to various countries Shipsiiw river, timber, &c., on. . Shook facto-' 's Shooks ex|x ted to various countries " imported liy New South Wales ifroni Caliad'a Show case making ' Shusway lake, timlwr, &c., round ..'..". Siani, depletion of forests in " teak forests of Sicam „ Chief river, timber, &c., on. ! Sierra fnresst reserve Silurian dejiosits, New iirunswick' timber,'&c., on ' ' ' ' hiiia, Baron Von, large j.rivate foiv.sts 153-4-5 159, IGO 209, 211 282-3 114 158 242 to 253 53, (!4 158 210 to 241 89 16S 60 92 58 137,140,148 01 ' ' • * 82 ,B.vwloKsands.p,aretin,U:i:wiurmhicd;i;:\"""^^^^^^^ ■■•••■•■■ ? ^ to 205 Hkead Hon. .la.s., on fore.Kt area and .fupplv ^"■*'''' Slave Lake, Great, timber, &c., round . . o, 6, 7, 14, 19 c-i "d- ^.'^'i'^r, timber, &c., round '.'.'. '.'. 2o Slave River, timber, dtc, on 58 Sleejiers, See. Railway ties. 57-8 S'eigh Lake, timber,' &.C., round. . . . Sma , Mr. H. B. " Caiiailiaii Forests " 56 bmall logs from tree tops.. 3' Smoky River, timlier, &c., on. 295 Soulaiige County, timber, &c., on 58 South Africa, consetiuences of forest destruction .'.■.'.'..'.,' ^^' 2W. 212, 213 ,, ' exports of wood from Norway to ^^ ' ,, ^ forest administration in '. *' " area in. .. . • 90,91 " " staffin 91,177 fore.stry in 90-1 " " plantations in...;.; 75,90,91 restoration of forests in ", " scientific forestry in bouth America, exports and iniports of wood witli; ; ;;;;;; .',' "f f«''''«t products from Canada to ; ; ; " ' » „ ^ , o; manufactures of wood from Canada to matches for Ssouth Australia, area of forest in „ II forest administration in ;.;;.. " con.servatioii in ji reserves ,, " i)iantations in ;.;;;;;;; a ..un ','• revenue and expenditure of i'orestV in.. South Carolina, area of forest, &c., in „ ", , " lumber sawed in South Dakota, area of forest, itc, in 1*7 South riatte Forest Reserve, Colorado ^** Soutli Sliore of St. Lawrence. . . 148 Southern pine ; ; ; ; 11, 19 to 03 Southern t^ueliec, forest products d{. '.'. Spam, area and owiershij) of forests in II r„!ippq,5ence3 of deforestation in ; ! ; ^^ denudation of forests of exixjrts of iorest products from Caiiada to, )1 90 90-1 209 232-3 240-7 133 177 90 90 90 90 90 143 33 208 to 215 170-17.S 138 118 224 to 227 44 43 44 51 4(i (i2 19, 210, 212, 213 19, 210, 212, 2i (il 13 15 27 to 30 281 280 150-7-H >, 190, 192 to \m ■ . . 21(i to 241 . . . 1(12 to 175 153-4-5 159, IGO 209, 211 282-3 114 158 ... 242 to 253 53, (i4 158 . . 210 to 241 89 15S 60 92 92 58 ...137, 140, 148 (il 82 . . . ? j to 205 204-5 5,0, , 14, 19 58 58 57-8 55 3 295 58 19, 210, 212, 213 138 85 90, 91 91, 177 90-1 76, 90, 91 91 90 90-1 209 232-3 240-7 133 177 90 90 90 90 90 143 147 144 148 . . 11, 19 to 03 33 208 to 215 170-17.1 138 118 . 224 to 227 331 S,«i„, ox,K,rts ,.f n,anufactMr..s of wood f,..,„, Canada to '•■*"" :: i"u.rt;^texxt■''^"""^^^^^ ''!^;^ :: , " woo'• W Canada from/;;;;;. ■; '■« ., fomst area, J*.. h,,ad i,,^ ; ' 262^ «. „, • ;!«''''-T"t"Ke fo>-f.-*t area in, . , . ' ' ' " ]^ bl.an,«h cedar, nu,K)rte •> S|*cific -ravity, «ee Weight .,„• .' .m? Sphagnum, see Peat nioss ""' *" "^l Spiimnig wlieel, making Split ix.stH ami rails carried oncanais .'.'.'. ir,a Six)hn township, timber &c. in ino . {2? Siwol factories 102 to l,o "or bobbin W(K.d culVmViniits • • ■■■.'.'.'. '.'. ,-Il '"'"^ ^:&""' ''^"""«' f-»' Canoila to' various .mntries: V. ' ' ' ''''>' ^'W'- '^ Spray river in Banff Park '.'.'. ■^- H\'M Spruce, culled and ineastirefriif vif t '""' *, 1 . /. ***'"• uit.isuieo at ht. Ijuwrenee 'm,-,^ • ijn " ^:::!J;^i^z:^^'-'^''--^^^^^^ ^^--i .; Engelmann-s, localities where growing i i i ! ! ! ! ! u\% :: -.-tstounl?^;F;5;rSc;;^;,r::---'--''--'''-'-'-------..-.- ,, , , various countries ou., o „ for wood pulp •■• .),,...,,? .. included witf, "other logs " inOntarii^and Quebec provincial r.; '■■'■'■'■'■'■'■'■'■ !W, H u\ !! ;; «'iii|>.ared by'ceil.sus decades 209, 21], 212, 215 on limits Provincial returns .since 1881 ■.■.■'.;.■.'.' -''. ^''i ;: ;; export duties on;. :;:,:;.■.•.•;;;;;;■• • '• ■ •'.■.■:;;;;;::;.v.v.67, i88 to m 11 ,, , , paid on '>7-S-0 ,, MIKirted to United States.. "gl :: >-..- ^it iatlt:r- ^-^'^■::--::::-- ■-:::■■::::. :::::;;;:::;••• ^^ '- iJ " ^ht «"tti"™t data to estimate ar.;; or'miaiUitv ■•'■•• i 147 :: SJ^t/rii^^it^:--- - '^'-'^"^ ::::::::::::;;;;:::::;;;:: ^^«- 1 " i;;XJ^'"''^''f'''^='^''------- ■•::::::;::;;;:;::;;:: :;;:i86;i9o,i!)2,m trees, '«=«'itieswheregrowii,g;,;;;;;;; 5 t^o' j^; Wg ^g-- ^ • • • i i^ ,i3, ,,4, K , 08, 69, 71, 93 05 <)« 07 'to wicle extent of forests of.. 101 114 115 nV ■Tft Spriices in Canada and Provinces ' ' ,^^9 „ strength, weight, &c., of wo/id ' of .' .' .' .' .' ; ; ; .'.'.' .'SM,' 9.J to 10] , 103 Square pine, average cut in (Juebec" *^''""''''' '""' ^^''-^'^ Stetescompared ,■:.■.■.•.■.•,• Jl]^ l" ]]^ Square timber, * -k1 .neLu.4 at ist.' Lawrence ports.:: ■■■■■■- t %\\ « ^]r " '7P"Fit'rn l,)ue))ec ' 200 to '^OS on limits 208 210 " ,.,K-f .renuction insize 185, 186, 189 to l')3 Sta„stea:^t^;^Sn-\:;>i-, &c., V 176 to IT** (a) Kiiroi>faii KmeHt, aii-a and owntTHliiiw .'.'.'.'..'.'.'. 17O (1)) KdimtH in Anit-rica, AHia, Africa and AuHtralaHia. I!., Tal)le 4 Table C, Table 7, (c) Kxports, ini|ii)rtH, area in foreMt. (d) I'oimlation and area per head, ■ 178 , . . __ 1 yfl ,a) Area iif forest and woodland in Canada 179 t^ lyj (b) (Quantity of pine in Canada '. jj^2 T 1 1 K I'^l o""'.''.^" 'i'-'V;""''' ''>' |ir<'vinceH and Dominion .■.'.■:.'.'.■.■.',■.■ .' 1^3 to 11)9 lable 0. (a) CuUi'rK l{etiirn« 200 to 205 (b) Provincial (JovernnientH' K.turnM, nhowing rednction in Hize. ! . . ! 204-6 (a) dreat Britain, inii)f)rtH \viH)d and timl)er. value ' '. 2OC ',' , " " i|uantitit'rt 207 (a) Cenn\i« returns, Houthem Quebec, bv couhties 20H to 211 J'"' ", "^ I'ine, Spruce, &c 212 S', , .. " Hfiuare pine and pine lo«H 213-4 (d) Agency " " " 215 Table 8. (a) Kxports of the profluctH of Canadian forests by countrieH .." 210 to 241 (b) KxiKHtH of niainifactmvH of wocmI ' oj.) t, , om (c) lniiH)rt« " ; 254 to ''(i3 Table 0. lniiH)rtH and exiKirtK by Canada, by countries '>'^; ^,^, -"t'i Table 10. Exiwrts by Canada to United States and (Jreat Britain— ,,r(Kiucts of foreHt, factory and shipyard 272 Table 11. p;xport to (ireat Britain, wliite pine stiuared. . '^tq Table 12. (a) "KxiKirt of logs to the' l?nited' State's (b) United States iniijorts from Canaila of unmamifactiirt'd \vo()ort duties were levied lal)ie 14. AmoiuitK paid as export duties on logs Table 15. Prices of fore.st products shipped to Ihiited States. lable 1(>. Kxtract, Sagiiuiw City Board of Trade UejNirt ... T^' 1 1 ' \l' ^,t"'t*''"™'.'>f '<>)?« exported from (Jeorgian Bay to United States '. 1 a hie 18. Consumiition of wood in Canada, value and ((uantity rr , ■ ' \!.'- ^,l"l"i>ents of lumber from River St. Lawrence to River Plate lable 20. Kx|X)rts of tnnber, deals, &c., from t" " ^, , , years, with prices btave bolts cut on limits " " duties iiai(l on " exiKjrt duty on on which export duties weie i)aid . " rnills " river, timljer, &c., on Staves, carried on canals " census return of j.roduct, (piantity il " " value culled and measured at Si. Lawrence jwrts . " cut hi Southern (Quebec '^ exported to United States, i)rices of . various coinitries 276-7 278 278 279 280 281 282-3 284 285-6 287 ,^ , 288 1 the Port of Quebec for the last 50 289 to 293 Wi, 187 281 27, 29, 30 280 158 00 162 to 175 153-4-5 159, 160, 161 204-5 209,211 282-3 imiwrted by Canada . oi? !" Hp J imiK)rts by New S.nith Wales from Caiiada.' .■..'.■.■.' w!04 to JM for France on lower tariflf " produce of United States Steep Rock Lake, timber, &c., on Steplienson, Mr. E. F., on lumber from Minnesota btejipes of Xorth Ontario " plantation on Russian Stewart, Mr. (Jeo., rejiorts on Banff Park .... " township, timber, itc, in Stikeen river, timl)er, &c., on Stony Creek district, timber, &c., in. ..... .. . Strange township, timber, &c., in Stratton township, timber, &c., in Street car works " township, timber, &c., in , Strength of Canadian woods 150 145-6 46 274 48 83 140 42 56 58 42 47 158 45 coniferous woods compared with United States. '. . . ......... .'.'. . . ' ". 109 to 112 '■■.'■'. 40,45,46 7, 46, 47 57 Sturgeon falls, timlier, &c., near river, Out., timber, &c., (m .' o ,"• ... ", ^'."''tl' West Territories, timber, &c., on hud, riviere du, timber, &c., on Sudbury, timber near " county, timber, &c., in. , . . '.' .'. '.'. Sugarberry in Canada and provinces ', "•" ^ strength, weight &c., of wood of ....'.' .'.' 105 107 109 Sumac m Canada and provinces 95 nc' inq " leaves for tanning, produce of United States ■ ..'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'..'.'.'..'.'.'.". .'.'.'.'.'.'.'. '^■'' *'"' {^^ 94, f!(>, 19 39 62 102 -*i PAOK. . 176 to 178 17« 177 178 178 . 179 to 181 182 .' las to i!»a 200 to 205 204-5 206 207 208 to 211 212 213-4 216 . 2HJ to 241 . 24L' to 253 254 to 2(53 2U(i to 271 f 272 273 270-7 278 278 I 279 280 281 282-3 284 285-(i 287 288 ) . 28!) to 293 183, 187 281 27, 29, 30 280 158 (50 162 to 175 153-4-5 ; 159, KJO, 161 .' 204-5 209, 211 282-3 210 to 241 254 to 263 89 150 145-6 46 274 48 83 140 42 56 58 42 47 158 45 104 to 112 109 to 112 40, 45, 46 7, 46, 47 57 19 30 62 94, 9(5, 102 105, 107, 109 95, 96, 103 146 INDEX. Sujierior, country iiortli of Lake " lake . . ..'........'.'.'','','..,', 7 4« Supply of tiinlHT in Cftniula ...................!!!. '>■♦''< SurvpyorH' and explores' ri'purt.s , , . , '.".'..'.'.....,'. Sutherland, Mr. Hugh, on iiiiiHirtM of United StateH, Rainy River logs .. ." ."'.....'.'..'. " pine of nortli-west Ontario Sweden and Norway, depletinn of forestH of . " e.\|K)rtH of forest pnxlucts by " " prevention of forest fires in " " w(HHlpulpof Sweden, area and ownersliiii of forentH of ....,...., '.'.'....'..'.'.. " " of foreMt.>i, of ....'.' !....! " cropH of tinilier, tecti(in of forests, in '.,.....,. " protective forests, in \\\\ Sycamore, culled and measin-ed at St. Ijawrence Forts. ................... " im|H)rted by Canada . . " in Ontarif) penniusida Syria, consequences of deforestation, in 82, 52, (13, 64 63, (54, 66, 93 3 3« to (52 274 15 75 1 25 12() to 129 17(i. 178 84, 17(!, 178 84 1, 84, 178 4 35, H4 84 4,178 85 4 178 89 178 84 84 5, »i, 120-7-8 L>5 176, 178 83, 17(5, 178 82,83 82, S3 82, 83 178 74, 82, 83 83 178 271 2(50-1 178 75,82,83 85 82, 83 2(X)-l 254 to 2(53 6 138 47 52 53 50 45, 50 T. Tables, see Statistical tables Tache station, timber, kc, near ' Tallion township, timber, &c., in . ...... .^1 '.'.'...'..'.'. Talayarde river, timber, f f. 1 J-r; census returns of product of, quantity i?iq-i'^ ti ft (( I ■••• _l( tiy 'J jj value 159 ir») i,.i cut on limits. ■..;.■ .186, ' 187,' 189, lOo! 1921 ]J7",'; }^h Stewiirt, evidenceof . 1 iin Pnnciiial Meridian, timbei lliiHtle townshiji, timber, &c Thorn trees in Canadi " streii Thousand Islands, Three Valley Lake ec, in. , on . . . er, itc, on Ill Ua and provinces strength, weiffbt, itc. of WfXKl'of.'. pitch piiie, on Tl,.,..j W — VV, '^.''"'"■'•. *'••> round.'.'.'.'.' Thunder Bay and Kaniy Kiver districts, Ixiundarvof' „. , , fllstrict, timber, &c., in. . . ' ' linilwr and other wckkI free through canals ^^ beyond Ontario height of laud. ^^ milH.rts from Canada by New South 'Wal'es ' ' ' licenses and hunts «"ir,... limits, sales of '' !» Jin^'""' '^"y- '""^ ^'"""y -^"ke districts [ ! .' ! . . j'cr dcrt^ ,. S^l'i'"'**. carried on canals . Tonncrre riv '^-T't. ?^ ^*"'"" "" '^•=°*'='h I'lantations .' .' ,' .' ." ' ' ionncirt, in an., tinilier, &c., on. . 1 oronto, limit of timlier Totten township, timber, &c.',' in Touchwood Hill, timber, &c., on lourelle township, timber, Ac, in. Tourilh river, timlier, &c., on. . . . lowachiche river, timUu-. &c., on lowing logs across Lake Huron lownship outlines on C. P. K Townshijis, timlier, &c., in— •2, 7, 12, 13, '14, 23 to Algona, X. Out ^'^^T{- Alton, Que fi Anglin, Ont ^.^ Appleby, Out T^ Armstrong, Ont . 1? Baldwin, Ont .' \\ Barron, Out vS Baskatongue, Que. . . .'.'.'. Jn Bastedo, Ont.. V':' 44 P.AfJB. 14(J , 181 194 153 104 90 2 179, 181 194 ]5«, 171 99, 181 63 60 143 147 G, 06 57 45 94, 96, 102 105, 107, 108 94 140 ■ • ■ • • 42, 44 39, 40, 42 to 47, 52 1G2, 168-9 48 to 51 ^<^ 2fi, 07 to 72, 135, 183 to 197 23 52 74, 142 183 135 162 to 175 66 64 64 43 67, 59 53 53 52 32 to 34 44, 40, 47 Beauchamp, Ont. Bigelow, Ont Blaine, Ont. . . Blake, (^le Blezard, Out.. Blj.-the, Out....;.' Boisclerc, Que. . . Booth, Ont Bower, Ont PAOB. 43 45 . 43 53 . 38 42 52 47 38 INDEX PAOK. 146 H 05, 114, 131 158 118 160 160 2'', to 21) 8« 32, 2,S4 153-4-5 1".!), 1(!() ', 1!'2, \m, 104 21 (i to 241 145 5(i 48, 50, (I3„ (iO 44 '. 210, 212, 213 i;i 144 147 47 100 (i3, 9!) 170, 181 194 153 194 99 2 179, 181 194 15«, 171 99, 181 53 CO 143 147 6, 6(i 57 45 94, 96, 102 105, 107, 108 94 140 42,44 42 to 47, 52 1C2, 168-9 48 to 51 89 , 183 to 197 23 52 74, 142 183 135 162 to 175 66 64 64 43 57,59 6S 68 .'52 32 to 34 44, 40, 47 PAGE. ... 43 ■ •• 45 ... 43 ... 53 ... 3.S . .. 42 ... 52 . . . 47 ... 38 Townshiiw, tinilier, *c., m~Continued. 885 PAciK. m 41 43 41 53 Hrt'tliimr, Out ,,, Hi-xirT, ()„t ;;•■;■ ; i'J I'iDiiiiiii, Out liiycc, Out '..'.'... Hiickc, Ont ,' , , Clllll|ilicll, (^iii.. , ("up ciiiit, (,>iic ;.;.' fi Capifol, (>„t '" CuHciulcM, Out oj CWv, Out '7 Carpciitiir, Out . . li Carticr, Out JJ Cliiiiiil)ciliiiii, Out IV Cliiirltoii, Out . ji Ohavigiiy, (^m Clancy, Out. . . Clara, ( )ut ... Cli'laiKl, Out. . Coleiaiiif, (^iie , Conincc, Out. . CraiK, Out ,,, Cicrar, Ont ' ' ;„ Cit'Hpicl. (Jiie Dack, Ont. , I)alla,s, <^iiH. . I>avi8, Ont. . . Deacon, Ont. , Dickson, Ont Dill, Ont Dohif, Ont. . . Dollicaii, l,|iic. Dorion, Ont. . Dowliiif,', Out. Dunlop, Ont. . Dynionfl, Ont . . ,,, KdKHi-. 'Ont *; Knnatingcr, Ont.. . V. Evantui-fl, Ont l''abrc, (l\w .... Kalconhridge, Ont "' i Fell, Ont..'..... \ I'Viland, Que.... .t FitzgM-aUl, Out ■ % Foster, Out ~ French, Out o({ Freswick, Ont o^ (iagnou, Que ?q (Jarrow, Ont 44 (iarsou. Out t,, (iaultier, (ine... ?', UiblKjn, Out W, '^ 2, 53 41! 39 41 39 45 53 45 38 45 40 40 39 42 52-3 45 44 47 39 ;: V ' - 4i (xorhani Ont ,- (JouL'ii, Ont ;;? Gould, Out ^'' (!ra,s,-iette, Out of! GuiKuen, Que ...'.■.■.■.■ 1 rJi Cuthne, Out ''".i Hanimell, Ont .. ,0 Harlev, Out.... 1^ Harns, Out 7" Hawlev, Ont.. .. *. Head, Ont '.'.'.'.'.''^ ^ '' '^ '',',['," " 39 .'.'." 42 Henwood, Out He»«, Out ., HiUiani, Ont.. ]} Hiucks, Q,,e v.;:;::::::::' m, Hudson, Ont 62-3 42 Trabuco Canyon Fore-st Re.ser^e, California, irade and Navigation returns Transverse strength of Canftdian woods Iraverses carried on canals " cutouliniits Tree tot)s, small logs from . Trent River District, timl>er. in Hynian, Out •''*'"'• Ingram, Out '. f Keiiogaine, (^UK ;,' Kerii.^, Out '*•' Kiamika, (^ue. i' l.aiiic, (^iie ''2 I..ev»lk, Out . ^ r..ockliiirt, Ont.... .'. *J l.oiiiiu, Out ,'.'."■'■ ^ Lougliriii, Out _ l-iim.sdiii, ( Jut . , ..^I hylwter. Out ■•'',,' Lyman, Out ■ *• .\faclennan, Out \z McCros,. -Mark.K, Out.. ™ •MarloH-, (^iic . f^ .Mariniei, (^ue '.,','. '^\ .Marter, Out '. f? Ma,ster, Ont *\ MalherU", tjue ''•"' .Miiutci-ief, Out....'!];;' 5f Montgoinciy. ( )nt .........' o' .' 53 39 * 44 liK 43 4(i 53 42 39 ;<« 42 39 43 -Mdleiui, (^ue. . . . Moiguu, Ont \lorter. Out. '^ Pratt, Ont •*•* I'urdom, Out ■*!) Radnor, (,»ue i" Ri.>ue 47 Thi.stle, Ont ^ Totteu, Ont. 46 Tourelle, Que 43 Trill, Out.. 53 Tnidel,(^iie..'.; ■.■..;;; 38 Venion, Out . 54 Waie, Out 45 White, Ont 45 40 i; 30. 31, 2ii;'to '273. 276 t.-. osj loitolOTi'lK, ii2 162 t.. 176 18u, 187 295 5.93 336 4 •-it in ^ DErAltTMENT. OF AOIIICULTUHE. TrHiit Viillf-y Catiftl, forBHt jircKhtctii carried, . I rill t(iH riHliip, timlHT, kv., in Troia I'iNti.li'M river, tiinlii'r, &c., on .'.. . '^ '■ ' tiiwiiHliii), tinil«T, Ac, in , , . . r, Ac, on Tni'ici tiiwiiHiiij), I Triiitc, rivfr h l;i, tinil Tulip tree in ( )ntari() lociility « lii'ri' ffrowintf T ii" M "'''•■"«'''• «i'iKl>f . Ar., of w(K)d, of, ',!.'.,,'!!! '. I iilly, .Mr, KiniM, " Kliict iiorm of Lak*- OntHrio." ^1 ii|K'l(i in Ontariip Tii|p|K.r, Sir CliiirlcH, Hart, on piili uckJ in rni'tMi kil'iiHoni 1 iirkey, ini|i()rtH umi »fX|)ortH ui w,i.kI witli ('iiinulii. ',','.','. .' ". "f '•''■''''' l'"''V \'« South WalcH from ' .' " of forcNt pWMluctH liy " * " " " ""niiifiw-'turnH of wo(H^ by Canada from ..' of niatclit'.-i by ^ \\ II of wliitf pine from ('anada by. . . . . ........' ,, "^ of Wood and timlit'r since 1870 , . ...,...., ,, ,, " with Caniwla's Hhare " pulp match makiiiK in II percentage of forent area in ■■'.'■.'.'....'..'..'..'.... II pHKluctH of forcHt factory and ship yard exiiorted to! ..'. sfpiare white piiio exported to States and f lanadi., streMRtli *c„ of conifenms'woixl' compared! ,.■',■ mo fn 119 annual -i-owtli cif wood in . , . _ ,',',?," ]\i area of fore.st in '•*: ,'■•-; '■''' woodlands .'...'.■.■.'.' „ -1- - . ','m census returns, area of forest, &c. . . . ' 7.', '^ ]*}. " onfuel .■.'.■.'.■.'.'.■ \m'!- " , " Htrength and weight of woods W initTi'iT consular reixirts 77 u.i' iiV u- 'u,'.' ol, ,„,,_, . consumption of wo(,d a year ^'' ^^' ^' ^' **''• ^< ^^J'J\' VI " per heiui.. ■...'.: :;■..;,■ ^'''i'Vfi wts of forest pmducts from Canada to "oil.^r' 170, 1-8 «5 2lti-7 242-3 IS 17H 2ii0-7 H!» 178 254-5 1.33 (13 20(1 2(17 126 to 1.30 133 178 272 3 exiKJvts manufactures of wooil from Canada to wood, ite., per head and wood products forest area per head in " tires 111 ....'. " products, (|uaiitities and values " re.serves in forestry commissions in l(i-7 242-3 4 147 4, 178 74 145-6 136 to 140, 148, 29(> 120, 149, 2!i(i " divisionof Department of Agriculture. .'.'.'.'. .'.' " '2' 3 74 'rf tu 1J1 i" V^ home supply of wood, &c., in A J. 74, 7<, 84, 141 to loO imports and exports of forest products, ))aiance. ........'.' \'-i , . , " , , ^V;'*''' ^f^-' •t'tween Canada and'. ...'.'.'.!.!! o,!;? by New South \V ales of timber from d L. nited States by Canada 070 forest iiroducts and manufactures of w.mkI by Canada from . .' 054 t„ »Kl piilpwii.iit from tlieforetiUiii'.. ".'.'.'" rcjfiiliitioiiH f(.i frircMtrt ill 1 tfrowtli wcMiil ill PA<1K. 142 t( pnitii tjiiif fi.rfMt.t . MUiu^ly and coiiNuinjitiim ,,f ^,r,.Ht priMliict» i tariff on furcnt priKiuctH timU'r |MT acre ....!!!] II " NiitficiiMit witli cure trihntaricH of Haiiiy River wikkI iiidiiKtrien .', UnorKaniml territoricM, |i.icciitaKe of wiHKri'ami', ..'.'.."," .. ., , " WIN Hied area UpikaniKa river, timU-r, Ac, ou Upjier ( Ittawa territory '.'. Unigiiay, exixirtH of foVest pr 1^7, 137 Weight of Canadian woods 42, 46 Wakanmekonka lake, timber, &c., round 104 to 107, 109, 112 Welland canal, forest products carried on 55 Western Canada, iieniusula of ',\\\\ 103 to 175 Ontario limits, pine cuts on West Indies, exports of forest products from Canadi'toV. \ ooq . io§ ;,nn^.t manufactures of wood from Canada to.'.V.'.'.V.'.V. sip t^ ^ imports and e.xiiorts of wood between Canada and . . ^^^ *S.?*J Westmoreland county?Umbet':S"i„' '*"'' '"'^""f''«'»«« °f -'^ by Canada from.- i ; : i : : : ; ; ; ^^ West Virginia, area of forests, &c.,' in '.'.'.'. • " lunil)er sawed in ' Weymontateuch river, timber, &c., on White cedar, see cedar, white " lake, timber, he, on " Patridge river, timber, &c., on pme, see pine, white " river, timber, &o., on ' township, timber, &c., in Whitewood, culled and measured at St. Lawrence jwrts ITT-,, • . ioca.ities wherejf rowing. . . • • - - - - Wilkins exploration round Lake Winnir^K 40, 41, 42, 46, 64, 141 Willows m Canada and provinces. . 57 " localities where growing ''S to 101, 103 «7., " strength, weight, &c., of' w^'of '." 40 to 43, 47, 48, 57 Wilmot, Mr. Samuel, on " Fisheries and Forest" Windigoostigwam lake, timber, &c., on Windermere Station, C.P.R., timber, Aci near'." Winnipeg lake, timber, &c., round. . . " river, timber, &c., on ' Wmneiiegosis lake, timber, &c., round Wisconsin, area of forest, &c., in .' II forestry association in.. ... ......', lumber sawed in 62 144 147 9 39 40 39 40 200-1 106, 108 72-3 44 46-7 56-7 51 56-7 143 150 147 pme m ^^, „, " " smaller in. .'.'. 33, 123-4, 141 Wolfe county, timber, &c., in 141 Woman river timber, &c., on 19| 210, 212, 213 Wood alcohol ijroduct in United' States oi.'.'. 44, 46 for fuel, value of 146 " imports and eximrts of between 'Canada and' various countries ^Y^^ :■ ir^;nS&:^^^^.!^s;?i^^-'"-^'-— ^^^ il^iS pulp and inilp wo(xl, . ;,/;.•„■ 150 ;; " artificial silk from. .■.'.'.'.■.■.■. ^'^' ^ *° ^6, 93-4, 115, 120 to 133 " Canada's product of . 296 " chemical 35,122,126 ;; " consumption of timber 'for'.'.'. oVk q^ ^l°n*o° V^.'JP *° ^29, 146 ;; " duties in United States on ^'^^ ^-^> ^3-4, 122 to 125, 131-2 ;; exix>rts from Canada to various countries! .'.'.". ^' 1^2-5 296 ^^ exports from Canada of 142 to 153 ,. .'! J''"™ Ci'iiada more valuable than Sca'ndi'navi'an ^' '^^^' ^*'^' JS for mosaic floors . . 129 " inii)orted by Canada 296 " industry..,. 254 to 263 ;; ;; in united Kingdom'pric'ek' 'of.'. ^^' ^21 to 126, 129 lecture by Mr. Lefebvre on 126 to 128 " manufacture of... 129,130 " mechanical... 34, 84, 120 to 122, 158 " mills in Canada... v.!!!; 120 to 122, 125 to 129, 146 " " paper made from 34, 158 " parchment paper from 121-2, 127, 130 to 132 " " prtKluct of United States.".'.'. 296 " production of . . . . 122, 126, 146 " " asesfor... . 34-5, 120 to 126, 158 " " United States' pr^'uce"".' ^25 6, 1323, 136 -..r ^ . " . ^°°<^« "«ed for making. ...:;;: i^' kVoV • .' A; ■ J22, 126, 146 Wood turning * 35, 51, 84, 121, 125, 129, 131 Wood working industries,','.'. 158 Wooded banks of river in north Ontario 34, 166 to 158 Wooden ships' for France on lower tariff 49, 50 160 INDEX. FAOE. 148 147 10, 54, 04, 95, 114 137 59 ... 1, 117, 137 42, 46 to 107, 109, 112 55 ... I(i3 to 175 6 198 228 to 233 . . . 242 to 246 206-7 258-9 62 144 147 9 40 40 200-1 , 42, 40, 64, 141 57 .95 to 101, 103 ;o 43, 47, 48, 67 106, 108 72-3 44 46-7 66-7 61 56-7 143 150 147 33, 123-4, 141 141 I, 210, 212, 213 44, 46 140 104-5-6 . 264 to 271 . 264 to 263 150 .15, 120 to 133 296 . 35, 122, 126 25 to 129, 146 I to 125, 131-2 29, 122-3, 296 142 to 153 . 122, 142, 153 129 296 254 to 203 21 to 126, 129 126 to 128 129, 130 20 to 122, 158 25 to 129, 146 34, 158 n, 130 to 132 296 122, 126, 146 JO to 126, 158 6, 132 3,136 122, 126, 146 126, 129, 131 158 A, 156 to 168 49, 60 150 Wood w=. j^-.:jxs t^^'iti^^- -^- -"'H- Woods, elasticity of for pulp making ' fviel value of " ^i^^ "^ the, timber,' &c.', 'round;.'. :: -SZ^^t£;;iJlfgf^ -"Pared'forstrength;'weigh,'&c:; ;• Bpecifi; gravity T'"^""*' """^'"^ ^^y''''''- ■■■••■'.■.'.•.•.'.•.'.•.'.•.■.•.•,•.• " Btrength, weigiit, &c., of w X trinsverse, strength! of... wurtemburg, area of state forests, in.' coniferi>U8 forests, in . Wyoming, ar.S'^^'J^J^^'ls^e^n;;':!"'^ °''«''''<^^°-«'«; ^- forest reserves, in Y. Yamaska county, timber, &c., in YeUowstone National Park Yew'in British Columbia. . Timterland'ReserVe; 'Wyoming.' "^ localities wliere growing vi^w*'?'?*''' f ''■«n?th, &c., of woixi' of ; .' : ;. y leld of forest products per acre York county, Ont., timber, &c., on '.' Yosemite National Park Yukon basin " river 3S9 PAGE. 264 to 263 17!) .....104 to 106, 108, 110, 112 •36, 51, 84, 121, 125, 129, 13] 104 to 106 3,40,46, 49, 93 109 to 112 104 to 106, 108 to 112 ■ •..104 to 106, 108, 111, 112 104 to 107, 109, 112 • 104 to 113 104 to 107, 110, 112 77 75 77 144 148 19 19 139, 148-9 148 101,103 1-1, GO, 101, :; 03, 135 .i2;'l3','i8;(i8;'74, 77, 81,^35 21 137, 139, 148 56 56 Zones of Northern Ontario Zurich, area of .state forests, of revenue and expenditure of 'state forest's; of' z. 47 77 77