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FIRST PRIZE ESSAY. 
 
 AS A HOME FOK EMIGEANTS : 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 WITH THE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTING IMMIGRATION, 
 
 AND DEVELOPING THE RESOURCES OP THE PROVINCE. 
 
 
 BT 
 
 J. V. ELLIS. 
 
 
 SAINT JOHN, N. B. 
 
 PRINTED BY BARNES AND COMPANY, 
 
 PRINCK WILLIAM STREET. 
 1860. 
 

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 PREFACE. 
 
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 In December last, tbc President and Directors of the Saint John 
 Mechanics' Institute proposed two prizes of Fifteen Guineas and Ten 
 duineas, respectively, for the best Essays upon the subject : ' 
 
 " i\7l'w Brunswick as a Home /or Emigrants : with the best means 
 of promoting Immigration^ and developing the resources of the 
 Province^ 
 
 Tlje Es«av8 were to be delivered on or before the fii*st dav of 
 March last ; and no less than eighteen were sent in as competitors 
 for the prizes. 
 
 It was determined that a committee of three gentlemen, nno^n- 
 nected with the management of the Institute, should be appointed 
 to aet as examiners of these Es<ays, and judges of their merits. 
 William Wright, Esq,, L.L. D,, Advocate General, the Hob* John 
 W, W^«ldon, and the Rev. William flcovil, A. M., accepted the 
 B^^ard's invitation to act ps such Committee. On tlie 19th April 
 they submitted their reports, in whiih they speak in flattering termA 
 of all the Essays, and recommend that three of them, besides the 
 two to which they had awarded the prizes, should be published. 
 Th« following is the ]i!ssay which gained the first prize. 
 
 Being convinced of the necessity of diffusing as widely as pos- 
 sible the valuable information contained in these Essays, the Direc- 
 tora of the Institute communicated with the Provincial Government 
 upon the subject of their publication, and distribution throughout 
 the Provinces and in the United Kingdom. In the most liberal 
 manner, the Government assumed the cost of printing several 
 
PBEFAOE. 
 
 tboQsand copies of each of the five Essays, on the sole condition 
 that a certain number should be placed at the disposal^f the 
 Bxe«utive Council ; and they are now published under that 
 arrangement. 
 
 The President and Directors of the Institute beg to express 
 Uieir sincere thanks to the gentlemen who undertook so readily, 
 and discharged so faithfully, the laborious task of examining the 
 Essays, and their entire satisfaction with the course adopted by 
 the (jiovernment in aiding and encouraging the Institute's effort to 
 make our country and its resources more widely known and more 
 folly appreciated. 
 
 They sincerely trust that their endeavours to effect this desirable 
 object may not be unproductive of good results. 
 
 Saint Johfif June 1860. 
 
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 NEW BRUNSWICK, AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 
 
 
 f -" 6 
 
 .i; 
 
 The British Colonies in North America present a noble 
 example of the greatness that may be achieved by an indiu}- 
 trions and persevering people, when governed by wholesome 
 hiws, enjoying tree institutions, and protected by a powerful 
 and liberal parent state. Once a few scattered settlements, 
 in some instances so poor as to require aid from the home 
 government for their support, they have increased in number 
 and expanded in size, gaining strength and vigour with ad- 
 vancing years, until now they are little short ot a powerful 
 nation, in many of the elements which constitute national 
 greatness. 
 
 The progress of Canada alone has been marvellous. If her 
 history under France, commencing with her early settlement 
 and ending with the capture of Quebec, has given to her a 
 peouliar historic interest, it is entirely secondary to tlie in- 
 terest she has awakened by her advancement since she be- 
 came a British colony. Less than a nation when compared 
 with many of the older countries of Europe, she is in point 
 of enterprise, in wealth and industry, the second power in 
 America; while in the extent of her resources, in thegenius 
 of her people, and the freedom of her institutions, she stands 
 almost without a peer. Her sister colonies in America look 
 upon her without envy ; they are proud of her position, 
 they admire her genius — a community of interests exists be- 
 tw^een them and lier, and should bind each to the other in- 
 dissolubly. Their united future can only be unravelled by 
 time; it is now a mystery to themselves; but if their past 
 
 J)rogres8 affords any index to their position hereafter, and 
 inman advancement continues in the ratio of progression it 
 has exhibited in the last century, it is not too much to say 
 that ia the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, Nova So»* 
 
,, NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 tia, Newfonm1land,aij(l Piince Edward Island, are the germs 
 of ail empire greater tlian any now existinoj. 
 
 Canada, liowever, occupies so mncli attention that, in the 
 eye of the per»p]e of the United Kingdom particidarly, she 
 )ui8 completely over^shadowed the remaining British posses- 
 sions, and she has had an interest avvakened in her favour to 
 wliich she alone is not entitled ; for Canada, astonishing as 
 has been her progress, has not advanced comparatively, with 
 any greater strides than her neglected though equally pro- 
 gressive sister colonies. While she has been petted and 
 praised, so to speak, like the favorite child of an indulgent 
 HKither, they liave been left to carve out their own greatness 
 as best they could. Succe^8 in an eminent degree has been 
 the result of their labours, and this has given to them new 
 Jiope that the progress which they have made will gain for 
 them that share of attention which their position and re- 
 sources fairly entitle them to. 
 
 A portion of the following pages treats of the Province of 
 New l:)run8wick,now the second cv»lony of the British Crown 
 iii North America. A colony whose age is little over that 
 allotre 'ito man, but who^e advancement in that short period 
 ha^ been as rapid as that of any settlement in America, 
 I\' early a quarter of a milli(m of people have sprung into 
 existence, as it were, npon land that thi'ee quarters of a 
 century ago, was the covert of the wild beast or the hunting 
 ground of the savage. Before the onward march of ]M>pu- 
 lation forests have been felled and magniiicent tracts uf 
 Jand made applicable to the uses of man ; ships have been 
 built and sent to tiieir home upon the bosom of the ocean; 
 cities and towns have been erected and properly accumu- 
 lated, worth at this moment over tvve'ity nn'llions of pounds. 
 , At the commencenientof tlie vear 1783, New Brunswick 
 was a \viMerness ; the only settlements being a few on the 
 Kivcr Saint John and at the N«»rth Shore, but so small and 
 sparsely populated as to be hardly deserving of the name. In 
 the summer of that year a body of Loyalists from the United 
 States, numbering about 5,000 persons, settled at the .nouth 
 of the River Saint John. The Loyalists were poor in every- 
 . thing but their priiicifJes — and in this they resembled their 
 Puritan forefathers, the early settlers in New England ; they 
 sacrificed th<»ir goods, their positions, and all the endear- 
 ments naturally existing around the places where they had 
 
B. In 
 nited 
 louth 
 ivery- 
 tbeir 
 they 
 dear- 
 ^ had 
 
 
 IS A HOME FOB EMI0BANT8. % 
 
 spent many years of their lives, and left comfortable liomil8 
 in New England to settle in an unknown country, where 
 toil and privation awaited them. But no sacrifice was toe 
 great to be made when their principles were at stake, tm 
 was the case here, for with them loyalty to their King an4 
 fealty to the Mother Country, were above all other earthljT 
 considerations, stronger even than their affection for their 
 native land. These Loyalists were the founders of New 
 Brunswick as a Colony. Collectively they were so poor 
 that houses were built for them at the expense of that Go- 
 rernment under M'hose control they placed themstlvea. 
 What a contrast this between the New Brunswick of 1788 
 and that ot 1860. The evidences of material wealth are 
 now everywhere visible : they are to be seen in the culti- 
 vated valley, smiling with prosperity, in the busy factory 
 and the bustling City ; in the Uailroad and the steamboat; 
 and, above all, in the contentment and happiness that erery- 
 where prevails. i a ?h:. V. "v.^ , , • 
 
 <(ji Herein are described the country, its soil, climate ani 
 resources; the progress it has made, and its institutions! 
 and it will require little in the way of argument to prove 
 that New Brunswick holds out iuducemenrs, no where else 
 exceeded, to those who have their own fiartunes to make^ 
 whose capital is their labor, and in whom busy brains, 
 toiling liarjds aiid willing hearts, are the only pre-requisites 
 for success ; or to those who in addition lo these endowments 
 are already possessed of wealth and seek for channels ia 
 which to increase it. ,l 
 
 1 "f';! OF THE PHOVINOE GENERALLlJ 
 
 ■ 'A, 
 
 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia formerly constituted 
 one Province. In 1784 a separation took place, since when 
 New Brunswick has enjoyed a distinct Colonial existence* 
 The Geogra])hieal limits "of the Province are within the 
 degrees of 45^ and 48^" V 37^' North latitude, ar.d between 
 the parallels of 63° and 69® West longitude. iSituated be- 
 tween Canada and Nova Scotia, and separated from Prince 
 Edvvard Island by only a narrow strait, New Brunswick 
 may be said to bo the centre of the Colonial system of Engr 
 hmd on the Atlantic Coast of America. Canada lies to the 
 
jay: 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 .1.' 
 
 North, the State of Maine to ^he West, and Nova ^cotis 
 and Prince Edward Island to the East. The Province has 
 a sea coast ot considerahly over 4u0 miles; her shores are 
 Vashed by the Gult'ofSaint Lawrence and the Bay of Fun- 
 dy, and along this extensive coast line there are nnnierous 
 tine harbors and bays well adapted for the purposes of 
 coram srce. The area of New Brunswick is 27,620 square 
 miles — larger than Belgium and Holland united, nearly 
 twice the size of Switzerland, and larger than either Den- 
 mark or Greece. Her greatest lengSi is 210 miles, her 
 greatest breadth 180. Tiie natural features of the Province 
 are picturesque rather than bold and startling, in the sense 
 that the traveller who has visited the Alps or the Andes 
 understands these words, A range of mountains, the high- 
 est of which is 2170 feet, extend from the American iron- 
 lier near the Grand Falls of the Kiver Saint John, across 
 ihe Provmce to the Gulf of oaint Lawrence, skirting along 
 the coasts of Gloucester and Restigouche ; another range of 
 hills commences near Lake Cheputneticook and runs east to 
 the Saint John, and smaller ranges of hills cross the country 
 in various directions ; but, notwithstanding these, the gene- 
 ral character of the surface of the country is undulating, 
 inclininar to be level rather than mountain(>ns. The Coun- 
 ties boruwiing on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far south 
 as Kent are alternate hill and dale ; Kent is almost as level 
 as a Western Prairie. Along the Southern coast, for a 
 distance of twenty mile-* inland, the land is nearly level ; 
 behind this level strip is a range of hills developed in some 
 degree in the Connty of Kings. The valleys between these 
 hills are rich in agricultural wealth, and even to tiie tops of 
 the hills the forest trees are growing in luxuriant profusion. 
 The country on each side of the river Saint John is in keep- 
 ing with the other portions of the Province; for miles arc 
 tracts of level land, gradually swelling into hills, and then 
 for a long distance hill and dale alternate — the ff»rnier 
 rising at times to the dignity of a mountain, and the latter 
 'subsiding into a valley ; then the banks become abrupt and 
 steep, and again they are terrace like, sloping away with a 
 graceful incline from tlie water's edge. i «fr%' 
 
 New Brunswick is divided into fourteen Counties, all of 
 "which are accessible by water. In this respect nature has 
 bestowed her gifts with no niggard hand, tor the Counties 
 
AB A HOME FOB EMIOBANTS. 
 
 9 
 
 Scntis 
 ;e has 
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 lerous 
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 nearly 
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 for a 
 level ; 
 some 
 these 
 ops of 
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 keep- 
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 i then 
 r»rnier 
 latter 
 >t and 
 vith a 
 
 all of 
 *e has 
 anties 
 
 not bordering on the Gnlf of Saint Lawrence or the Bay of 
 Fiindy, fr nton the Uiver Saint John, while through their 
 interior run nnmerous smaller streams, feeders for the main 
 river, and navigable for various distances, t' us opening up 
 these Counties i« r the enjoyment of, or at least a participa- 
 tion in, the ocean trade of the Province. This is au advan- 
 tage not to be underrated, tor no nmtter in what County 
 the settler locates he finds himself within easy reach of 
 navigable water. ,; ^ . . 
 
 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE PROVINCE. 
 
 Between the years 1833 and 1844, Dr. Gesner, a gentle- 
 man ot much pcientific attainment, was emploved in exam- 
 ining and defining the Geological structure of the Province. 
 His survey w-as never completed, and up to this date the 
 Geology of JS'ew Brunswick, if not altogether unkn(>wm, is 
 not sufficiently kn<fwn to enable a correct statement to be 
 
 fiven of the wealth which lies concealed beneath the soil, 
 rom the examinations made by Dr. Gesner, he was led to 
 classify the different formations thus : — ■ 
 
 fii 
 
 '■< A 
 
 ■>'ii.m 
 
 Recent Alluviums, 
 Ancient Alluviums, 
 Tertinry Deposits, ? 
 Red Sandstoue, 
 
 Coal Measures, 
 Silurian, ) ''''^^' 
 
 Ca;Tibrian, and > Rock. 
 Unstratified, ) 
 
 The latter consisting chiefly of Granite, Syenite, Trap, and 
 Serpentine. 
 
 Dr. Gesner's classification was disputed by Dr. Robb, of 
 King's College, Fredericton, a gentleman long resident in 
 the Province, and a Geologist of no mean ability He 
 considered rhat the Red Sandstone should be placed after 
 the Coal Mea8ur?s, as it was an older formation ; and the 
 weight of geological authority seems to indicate the correct- 
 ness of his prisition. Even lir. Gesner finally admitted that 
 Dr. Rohb was right. The position to be assigned to the 
 Red Sandstone, it was at one time supposed, would indicate 
 the character of the Coal Measm'es, but recent examinations 
 seem to show that New Brunswick is rich in her deposits of 
 Coals no matter what may be the precise place to which the 
 Red Sandstone is entitled. 
 
 As this is not intended to be a scientific description, it 
 
r 
 
 10 
 
 'a H k KEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 ^.A 
 
 will cAnvcy to the mind of the ia:eneral reader a better idea 
 of theG3olo;5y of New Brunswick, to divide the Province 
 into three great Geological Divisions^, and to treat of each 
 divitiion separately, rather than to follow ihe system or plftn 
 of any preceding writer. Those divisions, then, are : — ,it 
 
 Tlie area occnpiea by the Carboniferons Rocks. ^^.^ 
 The area occupied by the Silurian Rocks, n^..^ ,,;t 
 
 . 1st. 
 2d. 
 3d. 
 
 The area occupied by all other formations, itljti^i^^m 
 
 1. Tlie Carboniferous system may be safely divided into 
 the Coal Measures and the Bed Smdtone, The (^oal 
 Moasures, alcme, are said to cover an area of over 7,000,000 
 acres— more than one-third of the wh lie Province. The 
 Carboniterous formsttion of New Brunswick extends along 
 the shore of tlie Gulf of Saint Lawrence from Baie Verte tQ 
 Bathurst, and '•caching inward as far as the liiver Saint 
 John, it occupies according to Dr. Gesner, "the whole of 
 the Counties oif Kent and Sunhury, the chief part of Queen's, 
 York, and North umberland, a p irt of the Contitv of Alhert, 
 and almost the entire area of Westmorland, The rocks of 
 the Carb niferous series are conglomerates, sandstones, 
 shales, limestone, chiy-irnnstone, cnal, and trap, similar to 
 those of the coal fields of Great Britain. Along the coast, 
 the strata are nearly horizontal; in the interior, and especi- 
 allv in the County of Westmorland, they are inclined at 
 angles of twenty degrees, and sometimes Forty degrees from 
 the horizon. The productive Coal Measures a|)pear to be 
 lioar the middle. portion of the series, although thin seams 
 of Coal appear in almost every part of the field " The 
 general character of the soil of the Coal Mmsures is light, 
 pale in color, easily worke<l, capaMe of being ploughed 
 early in Spring and late in Autumn, but requiring plenty 
 of manure. ()f the mineral wealth of these Coal Sleasures 
 it is itnpossible to speak fully, but Dr. Gesner entertained 
 an opinion that they would be very productive. In one of 
 his Report^s he said : — " The immense but unexplored 
 deposits of Coal in the Province are sufficient to supply 
 Canada and all the demands of the extensive coasts of the 
 Gulf; they are capable of sustaining manufactories, rail- 
 roads, and steam communication, to an extent scarcely to 
 be contemplated in the present day, and they will also 
 
AS A HOME FOB EMIQBANTS. 
 
 if 
 
 snpport a trade with other parts of the world." The cor* 
 rectiiesv<* of this opinion must be decided, by time. 
 
 Tlie Red Sandstone of the Carboniferons system is not 
 near so extensive as the Coal Measures, bnt it occurs in 
 Westmorland, King's, Queen's, Caileton, Gloucester, and 
 Albert, with occasional patches in Saint John and Charlotte 
 Counties, appearing generally in connection with th6 Coal 
 Measures. The Ued Sandstone consists of red conglomer- 
 ates, iine grained red sandstone, and red clay or marl ; the 
 latter often associated with gypsnm, and when so occurring 
 it is very valuable for agricultnral purposes. Sonje of the 
 sandstones of this formation, especially in the neighborhood 
 of beds of limestone are, themselves, rich in lime. Taken 
 altogether, the soil of the lied Sandstone is superior to that 
 of the coal Measures. |..:^.v %rv,!'Mrf»^>' ^-^'^ 'u^ --run^^mul 
 
 ', 2. Second only in extent to the Carboniferons is the 
 oilurian System, consisting principally of " red and dark 
 colored flags and slates, linjestones, ealcarous and argilla^ 
 ceous shales, sand8t(jnes, and conglomerates." The stones 
 of this formation occupv a large tract of country between 
 the Meductic Uapids and Madawaska on the River Saint 
 John. They occur on both sides of thie river ; and "they 
 also occupy a cinef part of the coast between Bathnrst and 
 iJalhousie, and both sides of the Kestigouche; tlie Saint 
 J(>hn pa-ises through this group to the distance of n})ward8 
 of one hundred miles, running obliquely across the strata. 
 The direction of this great system of rocks is from the South 
 West to the North East, and the strata in general are highly 
 inclined." The Silurian rocks oi' the Province are rich in 
 interest to the geologist from their fossils; and to the 
 farmer they are also full of interest as yielding the best soil 
 of any of the other rock formations of the colony. 
 
 These two great divisions cover an ar^a equal to more 
 tflF two tlards^tthe. entire Provfec^. ,t^«* // m.^ i\^.i^,\b 
 
 3. In the third division (<^hough this is an arrangement 
 totally at variance with Geological rules), may be classed 
 all other formations, consisting chiefly c»f the Cambrian and 
 UnstratiHed Rock, and the Tertiary Deposits and Alluvium. 
 y The primary rocks of granite, gneiss and mica slate form 
 abroad belt, extending across the Province, near its centrej^ 
 
li 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 It-' 
 it 
 
 in a North Easterlv direction. This belt enters the Pro- 
 vince from the United States, above Woodstock, and 
 inchuies in its breadth the ran^e of hills known as the 
 Tobiqne Mountains. It is 40 miles wide at its Western 
 extremity, but it gradually narrows as it proceeds North 
 East, until it finally disappears, before rfiaching the Bay 
 Ohalenr, near Bathnrst. Smaller belts of granite appears 
 at different places, as it occars, accord inj^ to Dr. Gesner, 
 beneath all the stratified deposits. A well developed "ridge 
 ot granite crosses the Chepntneticook River and Lakes, 
 intersects the Digdequash and Magaduavic Rivers, and 
 sends oflT a branch that finally reaches the Saint John at the 
 bead of tlie I^ong Reach." A belt of trappean and syenite 
 rock reaches from the Kennebeccasis along the northern 
 boundary of the County of Saint John to ITopevvell in 
 Albert. Its aveiasje width is ten mile-", and it is situated a 
 distance of about ten miles from the Bay of Fundy. A 
 tract of trap rook runs north-easterly from Chamcook, near 
 Saint Andrews, crosses the Saint John at the Long Reach, 
 and finally disappears in King's Counry, before the Coal 
 Measures. Trap occurs in various other places in the 
 Province, and it penetrates by many dykes and veins the 
 whole strata of the (Cambrian and Silurian systems. The 
 MftaniorphiG v chs succeed the trap; they consist of "gneiss, 
 micaceous, hornblende, talcose, chlorite and argillaceous 
 slates, with crystalline limestone, quartite, conglomerate, 
 grauwacke, and grauwacke slate, in which scarcely any 
 regular order of succession can be traced. A group of these 
 beds skirts the whole shore of the Bay of Fundy, from Salis- 
 bury Cove to Chamcook Bay, averaging about eight miles 
 in breadth." Clay slate, and grauwacke, is found in 
 Charlotte, Saint John County, and Northumberland. Many 
 of the Metamorphic rocks belong to the Cambrian system. 
 
 The soils made from the different rocks mentioned in this 
 division vary, some of them are very productive, others are 
 poor, according to the nature of the rock from which they 
 are made. -^'-'^'^- ^t\"Mv '■•-^- -^-^ ^'•-■■- • ■ -•;■ ■ ■^- -^- ■ 
 
 j The Tertiary Deposits are divided by Dr. Gesner into 
 two kinds — one containing fresh water shells, which he 
 terms the " Upper Tertiary," and the other the " Lower 
 Tertiary," containing marine shells. The tertiary deposits 
 are princiually be(k of sand, marly clay, and marl, of 
 
 .1 
 
AB A HOME FOB EMIORAKTS. 
 
 13 
 
 ^ various eliades of color, and diiFerent degrees of thickness. 
 Tliey occur along the coast both of the i>av of Fundy and 
 the Gulf ot Saint Lawrence. 
 
 There are also two kinds of Alluvium — the fresh water 
 and the marine. The former is caused by the deposit of 
 
 I matter carried along by the rivers ; it occurs largely on the 
 Iliver i^aint John and the Kestigouche, and, indeed, in a 
 greater or less degree on all the rivers in the Prcjvince. In 
 the Iliver Saint John there are large islands foimed by the 
 deposit of matter brought from its sources and tributaries, 
 and the fertility of these inlands is almost marvellous. 
 ^'''iho iriarine alluvhrnisy savs Mr. Perlev, "are carried 
 inward«^ by the rapid tides of the Bay of Fundy, and spread 
 along its estuaries, where, in the course of time, they 
 become grass-beariijg marshes, and being rescued from the 
 sea by embankments, finally .produce clover and wheat. 
 These 'dyked marshes,' as they arc termed, possess extra- 
 ordinary and enduring fertility, and ^ist expensively in the 
 Counties of Westmorland and Albert, near the head of the 
 Bay of Fundy, where the tides rise to the height of fifty 
 feet and upwards?' The marine alhiviums occur raiely in 
 the^Gulf of St.. Lawrence ; the only deposit of note, and i^ 
 is comparatively j^mall, is at the mouth of the Restigouche 
 Biver. One of the " dyked marshes," divided between 
 Nova ; Scotia >and:Kew Brunswick, contains over 250,000 
 
 
 acres. 
 
 >i i 
 
 I ; t ' 
 
 H ' T 
 
 'W, 
 
 ^f.. ■>. 
 
 '■"s n''' '^f ■ 
 
 ■' . i.r. H '.. -I ' ■ '■ 
 
 jpi 
 
 , OF THE RIVERS OF KEW BRUKSWICK. 
 
 ■ i «> 
 
 XQ 
 
 tern. 
 11 this 
 rs arc 
 thev 
 
 into 
 he 
 lower 
 
 The Rivers of New Brunswick are so numerons, thai it 
 would be impossible in the limits of a work like this, to 
 mention in detail eveji .a third, part x>f theiu. It can be 
 safely said, that, in. coi iparison to its size, no oti>er country 
 in the world has sacha great and useful water power. In- 
 deed, the whole face of the Province -is covered with rivers, 
 and no inconsiderable number of them are of a size and 
 volume equal to many of the best known rivers of Europe; 
 the scenery along their banks is raised to an eminent degree 
 of beauty by foaniing cascades and dashing falls, here s« 
 numerous as to excite little attention on account of their 
 picturesqaeness. These rivers teem with fish,^ and their 
 
14 
 
 .««i 
 
 NEW Brunswick; 
 
 m 
 
 Ir ; 
 
 m1I 
 1,'' 
 
 
 ...n 
 
 I II 
 
 banks are the resort of almost every species of game pecu- 
 liar to the country. But the beauty of tijeir scenery, or 
 their value to tiie sportsman, are nothing compared trl the 
 facilities they aff'ord in the settlement of the Province. 
 They open up the linest tracts of country to the farmer; they 
 enable the laborer to bring the products of the forest to an 
 easy market; they fertilize the soil, and exert a genial 
 inflnei.ce up-n the climate; and, in future years, as wealth 
 increases, factories and mills innumerable will spring up 
 ahuig rneir banks, giving em23loyment to thousands of 
 industrions people. ^y^^^' '•;■ j-^' •<r^^'':,.,,:.^;._..ri;rvr^;;,':^ ',. i . ' '. ' 
 The Uiver Saint John is' second iri Importance to the 
 Saint Lawrence. It is to Kew Brunswick what that Kiver 
 is to Canada — a great natural highway for commerce. The 
 Saint John has its rise m the Mejarmette Portage, in the 
 highlands between Canada and the State of Maine, and for 
 a considerable. distance is the boundary line between that 
 State and the sister PiKj»vince, and between Maine and New 
 Bi-unswick. Its entire length is 450 miles. From its 
 mouth, at the harbor of Saint Johrj, to a point above the 
 Grand Falls (where it commences as tlie bonndaiy line), it 
 runs for 2:^5 miles exclusively through British teriitory; iti 
 east bank only, for a distance of 75 miles further up towards 
 its source, is w'ithin the Province, — its west, for the same 
 distance, belongs to Maine ; 112 miles above this its course 
 is entirely through American territory; and a further 
 distance of 38 miles to its source, it is the dividing line 
 between Canada and Maine. Tlie basin of the Saint John 
 extends over an area of 17,000,000 acres, 9,000,000 of whicii 
 are within the Province, and comprise, lor the most part^ 
 some of the finest land on the continent. The Saint John 
 is navigable for vessels of about 100 tons to Frederrctbn, 80 
 miles from it mouth, and steamers, of light draft of water, 
 ply to Woodstock, 63 miles further up, and at some periods 
 of the year they ascend as far as the Grand Falls; •*' ' ^*'* *" 
 ,? Many of the rivers that enter the Saint John are navi- 
 gable for steamers for various distances — some of them tor 
 as many as thirty miles from tlieir confluence with the main 
 river. By smaller craft tJiey can be navigated almost to 
 their sources. It is impossible to enter into au}*^ details 
 respecting these rivers, however desirable it may be to do 
 SO) for the pur^iose of descdbing the fertile land^and mng- 
 
 I 
 
 
▲S A BOMB FOR SMIORANTS. 
 
 same 
 
 navi- 
 m tor 
 main 
 ost to 
 etaiif) 
 to do 
 mag- 
 
 nificent forests, opened up by the Saint John and its tribn* 
 taries to the trade of the world, because it ^ould occupjr 
 by far too much space to do so and mete out justice to 
 each one. 
 
 The scenery on the River Saint John in the summer 
 e'^ason, and in early autumn, is extolled by disinterested 
 travellers, as being superior to any river Fcenery in Korth 
 America, but this is disputed by those who have at the 
 same seasons explored the Restigouche. "p '^ '— ^'h'Jj 
 
 Hie number of travellers who pass up and down tlie St. 
 John annually is estimated at from 00,000 to 70,000. 'J^ .^ 
 
 Next in importance to the Saint John is the Restigouclie, 
 which empti s into the Bay Chaleur. Its entire length is 
 over 200 miles ; its basin is 4,000 square miles ; it is navi- 
 gable for vessels of a large size eighteen miles from the 
 Bead of the Bay Chaleur. Many of its tributaries are very 
 large, and its navigalde waters, and those of its tributaries^ 
 arecaleulAted to extend at least 400 niiles. 
 
 The Miramichi discharges itself into the Gulf of Saint 
 Lawrence. For a distance of 40 miles along its bank 
 it is navigable for vessels of 800 tons, and it might be so 
 improved as to open it up for ships of 1,000 tons; it divides 
 into two branches, each of which are navigable for a 
 distance of 100 miles. It has a large number of t ibutaries. 
 
 The Richibucto is navigable for ships fifteen miles, and 
 the tide flows inland twenty-six miles. It empties into the 
 Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 
 
 There are several other rivers emptying into the Gulf,— 
 as the Nepisiquit, Kouchibouguac, Buetouche, Shediac^ 
 Cocagne, Tabusintac — all of which are navigable ibr 
 various distances. But those named do not comprise 
 anything like the entire list. - /wY --v 
 
 Besides the Saint John, there are other rivers of less 
 importance discharging into the Bay of Fundy, as the Peti- 
 codiac, which is 100 miles long, and is navigable for nearly 
 50 miles the Saint Croix, Maguadavic, Musquash, Mem- 
 ramcook, etc. With the exception of the Saint John, 
 the rivere emptying into the Bay of Fundy, are not 
 near so large as those emptying into the Gulf oi' Saint 
 Lawrence. ^ %(m-/) i'/i .«^r 4J¥<tiii: 'r-t^.tinr'^ .t.|. '^-Ai^a^^m 
 -t In the interior of the country are several large lakesj 
 which are drained by the different rivers. One of the 
 
16 
 
 .^r^^KEW BSUNSWIOX, 
 
 largest of tlieso — Grand Lake — is 30 miles in length, and is 
 navigable from one end to the other, and for a consideralde 
 distance np one of its tributaries. There are other navi« 
 gable lakes, nearly equal in size to Grand Lake. ^ ^i^^ 
 
 
 OF THE UARBORS. id i^ft , p.n>7fttt 
 
 it 
 
 With such an extensive coast line as New Brunswick 
 possesses, she cannot be without several fine harbors. The 
 
 Principal of these on the Bay of Fundy are Saint John 
 larbor, Saint Andrews, Chi^neeto and Shepody Bays, 
 and Cumberland Basin. On the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 
 the mouths of the different rivers form go(»d harbors ; at the 
 head of the Bay Chaleurare one or two very fine harbors; 
 Miramichi Bay ia a fine sheet of water. There are several 
 otJier smaller harbors. 
 
 The capacity of these harbors vftri<;s; but some of them, 
 as Saint John, Restigouche, and Miramichi, are capable of 
 receiving ships of the largest tonnage. 3 f ;/ Wl 
 
 ' '' ' '■ iu vHuaf iK^'-J '1*/ :i}i^j' J '\ 
 
 OF THE CLIMATE. 
 
 Hi: vH >!/i..;^.:i;>i OF THE CLIMATE. :,:;..;•; i ^:v- rill 
 
 Nothing is less^ understood abroad than the characteristics 
 of the climate of this Brovince. The people of Oreat 
 Britain entertain an idea that this i»a country^ where one* 
 half of a man^s life is passed in a c<mtinual shiver, that it is 
 liere so cold as to>be destructive to health, so foggy as to 
 keep one continually wet, and generally so unpleatsant as 
 to allow only about»oneJialf the pleasure '.i.sually enjoyed in 
 other places. Tet, this is the reverse of the fact, and none 
 are more surprised tofind it so than Englishmen 'tliemselves, 
 who come here with • their minds made up to shiver with 
 the cold, as emigrants to the ^r west are supposed to do^with 
 the ague. Persons from the old country, who reside here 
 for several years, generally testify that their imagination of 
 the country was much colder than the country <itself. 
 
 The average range of the mercury in Fahrenheit's ther- 
 mometer is from 88° above to 18*^ below zero. At the 
 Grand Falls of the Uiver Saint John, at Woodstock, Frede- 
 rictoD, aud other places in the interior, it is sometimes lower 
 
AS A HOME FOB EiaORANTB. 
 
 M 
 
 and is 
 ierable 
 : iiavi- 
 
 nswick 
 . The 
 it John 
 Bays, 
 iTenco, 
 ; at the 
 arboRj ; 
 several 
 
 r them, 
 table of 
 
 eristics 
 <j^reat 
 e one- 
 at it is 
 as to 
 lant as 
 ►yed in 
 Id none 
 selves, 
 ir wi'lh 
 lo^with 
 le here 
 >tioD of 
 
 ■'s ther- 
 At the 
 Frede- 
 Is lower 
 
 ■.* 
 
 than 18° in winter, and in summer it is occasionally above 
 8S®, but cases of this nature are not common. 
 
 The whole number of days in the year during which the 
 mercury in the thermometer is below zero, rarely exceeds 
 twenty. The winter of 1859-60 produced but fifteen in. 
 the City of Saint Ji>hn, and on one of these days only, 
 and that at seven o'clock, a, m., was the mercury at 15'' be- 
 low ; at midday it was about 4*^. It rarely happens that 
 more than four days occur together when the mercury is 
 below zero at all. There are generally in the course of the 
 winter season three or four spells of cold weather, and these 
 occur over the whole breadth of America, ^rom the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific, at the same time or nearly :>. Towards the 
 close of December, the middle of January, and between the 
 6th and 2 Ist February, these cold spells occur: between 
 them are thaws, rains, and comparatively warm, sunny days, 
 during which the average range of the meicury is from 10^ 
 
 to 40*^. ^ ..' < -ii '-li^M.:-; -j/^ / 
 
 There is, of course, a difference of temperature in different 
 parts of the Province. The atmosphere which surrounds 
 those places near the sea is always more humid than that of 
 inland places ; and thus, in summer the coast is cooler than 
 the interior, while. from theeamecause. itiswarmerin winter. 
 
 In general the winters are pleasant ; and a few days of 
 extreme cold are nothing in comparison with the average 
 amount of fine weather. Dut the winter here is a necessity. 
 Providence seems to have designed every thing in its proper 
 season, for a great portion of the trade of the Province de- 
 pends upon its winters : it is during thi$ season that the 
 operations of the lumberman are carried on to the greatest 
 advantage, and what is termed an ** open winter," that is, 
 one in wliich there is an undue amount of rains and thaws, 
 has often a bad effect upon his labors. - 
 
 !Nor is it the lumberer alone that is benefitted. The frosts 
 of winter and the amount of pnow that falls have the effect 
 of adding to the general fertility of the soil ; and it has al- 
 waya been found iliat, after a winter in which there has not 
 been too great an alternation of heat and cold, the ground is 
 much more eabily worked than it is filter a mild winter. 
 
 There U another thing with respect, to the winters which 
 should not be overlooked ; that is, the amount of enjoyment 
 they bring to a great portion of the people, in the way of 
 
T 
 
 
 m 
 
 W 
 
 :ff 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 HI 
 
 the Tisnal winter sports. Any person wlio lias spent a year 
 in Saint John must testify that there is more social pleasure, 
 more exhilarating sport and innocent atnutjenicnf, n»ore ge- 
 nial good fellowship cultivated at this season, than at^ny 
 •ther; and the same may be said of the whole Pn)vince. 
 
 The snmmersare warm, and have the effect of developing 
 vegetation at a rapid rate. In the interior of the Province 
 the heat is greater than on the sea coast, w^here (as already 
 stated) the temperature is reduced by the sea ; but in some 
 of the lovely valle3^s ot the interior, the calm blue sky, the 
 green and luxuriant vegetation, the indescribable balmy 
 quiet that prevails, reii ind one of the summers of Italy; 
 though, of course, the summer season is much shorter than 
 that of Southern Europe. 
 
 As the season advances towards the autumn months, the 
 summer still lingers, as if regretting to quit the scenes of 
 beauty it has created— and iTien is produced the ** Indian 
 summer," a season of rare and exquisite loveliness, that 
 nnitesthe warmth of summer with the mellowness of autumn. 
 
 The prevailing summer winds are the wefet, soulhw'est) 
 and south. 
 
 Another erroneous idea that obtains to a great extent in 
 England, is in respect to the fogs of New Brunswick. The 
 country is often described as *' foggy ;" yet the reverse of 
 this is the fact. That portion of the coast bordering upon the 
 Bay of Fundy is, it is true, visited by fogs ; but the extent 
 of country covered by them does not justify the ap}>lication 
 of the epithet to the whole Province. As well might Eng- 
 land be termed a " fog^v country,'' because of the almost 
 impenetrable fogs which sometimes envelope London. The 
 counties on the iC4ulf of Saint I.awTence and in the interior, 
 are entirely free from the unwelcome visitor ; and even that 
 portion of the Province bordering on the Bay of Fundy doee 
 not 8uff r so immensely as is imagined. ♦^^ 
 
 * The rain that falls throughout all the British Colonies in 
 America is more equally distributed than in corresponding 
 or more southern latitudes of Europe, while the number of 
 rainy days is smaller than in England. 
 
 The climate is more or less affected by the Arctic r^glotts, 
 from whence it is said the cold comes in waves, sweeping 
 over the whole continent. It is also affected by the Gulf 
 StreAm, which has a fiottening influence upon it. Its wor^ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 'it 
 
 ij 
 
AS A HOME FOB EMIGRANTS. 
 
 19 
 
 tyear 
 isure, 
 re ge- 
 
 ice. 
 opittg 
 ►vince 
 ready 
 some 
 y, the 
 ;)al!ny 
 Italy ; 
 r than 
 
 19, 
 
 the 
 ineB of 
 Indian 
 s, that 
 iitumn. 
 ihwest) 
 
 tent in 
 The 
 lerso of 
 on the 
 extent 
 lication 
 r Eng- 
 Imosfe 
 The 
 teriop, 
 n that 
 doee 
 
 lies in 
 mding 
 iber of 
 
 ^gions, 
 
 peping 
 
 Gulf 
 
 worst 
 
 featnrc is not the extreme heat or the extreme cold, bnt 
 rather the sudden changes to which it is subject, particularly 
 in winter. Js'o better proof of its geneial salubrity need, 
 however, be required than is shown by the healthiness of 
 the Province Epidemics are unknown, the proportion of 
 deaths is 1 to 100, while the extreme longevity of many of 
 the early settlers, and the largo yields • f the crops, aft'ord 
 proof positive that the climate is a good one, being largely 
 productive of health and exercising a beueticial influence 
 upon the coil. 
 
 OF THE SOIL AND ITS PRODUCTS. 
 
 Tlie general character of the soil of New Brunswick may 
 be inferred from the remarks made in the geological de- 
 sciiption of the country. 
 
 In a Province so extensive there must, of course, be many 
 different kinds of soil, varying? in their productive capabi- 
 lity. The richest lands are tlie "dykea marsh" of West- 
 morland, and the alluvium deposited along the banks or 
 forming islands in the rivers. The marsh lands of West- 
 morland have, for thehistseventy yearn, annually produced 
 hay withouthavinghad the soil renovated by manure. Along 
 the banks and through many of the rivers are deposits of 
 alluvium forming intervale of the finest description. The 
 Saint John and its larger tributaries are rich in formations of 
 this kind. Some fine lands also occur in the basins of the 
 river, as is the case between the Peticodiac and Kenne- 
 beccasis, (which latter is one of the most beautiful streams 
 uniting with the St. John). Here is situated ''Sussex Vale," 
 designated the garden of New Brunswick; yet there are 
 other equally beautiful sp(»ts throughout ihe Province. 
 
 Although the soils vary, and one kind of land may be 
 better suited for growing the valuable cereals than another, 
 yet everywhere, except on the barrens or in the swamps, 
 fair crops of these may be raised. But no matter where 
 the farmer settles down, if he is careful, industrious and 
 perseverino^, he will meet with an ample return for his 
 labour. If the district in which he resides does not produce 
 wheat as abundantly as he may wish, it \yill yield a good 
 crop of corn ; or failing this, buckwheat may be the most 
 remunerative; if neither of these, it will produce potatoes 
 or turnips, or vegetables of some kind in such quanti- 
 
3a 
 
 I9BW fiRUNSWIOK, 
 
 II 
 
 H'i' 
 
 ties a3 will leave 1n*m no cause for complaint. In many 
 placed cnips of all kiuda may be raised to great aJvao- 
 
 With reference to ngricultnre, there is one thing 
 tha% in justice to the soil of North Am<rica, or its cb- 
 mate, or both, should not fail to be mentioned. In no niat< 
 ter what part of the conn'ry a piece of land may be 
 situated, or how poor it may r>e, it is capable, by a little 
 labour judicionsfy disposed, of l>eing brought to a high 
 state of agricuhnral perfection. As an example, the State 
 of New IIam})shiro n>ay be cited, juLtly termed the 
 "Granite State," in con^jequenee of the predominance of 
 granite, which seems to cover its entire suiface. J I ere, 
 upon the solid rock, as it were, are farms that in appearance 
 and productiveness can compare admirably with thope of 
 more favoured climes. The "hanging gardens" of Eastern 
 romance are not more marvellous than those apparently 
 bare rocks teeming with vegetable life. This ])roductive 
 power, which the most barren soil in America seems to pos- 
 sess, may be due more to the skill of man than either of the 
 causes mentioned above. It is certain, h« 'wever, if it does not 
 really exist in the soil, it is capable ot being introduced 
 into it. * ^ 
 
 In a report upon the agricultural capabilities of the soil of 
 Kew BruuswicK, submitted to the Lieutenant Governor of 
 this ProN inco in 1851,. by Professor Johnston, that gentle- 
 hian« referring to certain compariKons he had made, said: — 
 **Onthe whole, therefore, I think the result of this compa- 
 rison of the actual productiveness of the soil of New Bruns- 
 wick with that of other parts of North America, ought to 
 be very satisfactory to the inhabitants of this Province, and 
 is deserving c»f their serious consideration. So far as my 
 knowledge of the intermediate country goes, I am induced 
 to believe that the agricultural capabilities of New York 
 are at least equal to those of any of the north-eastern States, 
 It New Brunswick exceeds New York'' (which by Profes- 
 sor Johnston's comparisons it did) ^^it ought also to exceed 
 all the States of New England. 
 
 "And if it will in this re^pect bear a favourable compa- 
 rison even with Ohio and with Upper Canada, it becomeR 
 doubtful how far, on the whole, tlie other Western Statee 
 are superior to it" 
 
AS ▲ HOMB FOR RMIGRANTB. 
 
 21 
 
 nany 
 Ivau- 
 
 tiling 
 9 cli- 
 niat* 
 y be 
 little 
 high 
 State 
 the 
 ce of 
 Here, 
 ranee 
 
 mQ of 
 
 ftfttem 
 rently 
 iictive 
 o pos- 
 of the 
 |^e8 not 
 duced 
 
 soil of 
 lor of 
 ntle- 
 (1:— 
 ^>inpa- 
 Iruns- 
 rht to 
 |e,and 
 IS my 
 Id need 
 York 
 States, 
 ^'ofes- 
 ixceed 
 
 nnpa- 
 >otneR 
 
 >tatee 
 
 One of tlie most interesting comparisons made, and refer- 
 red to above, is horo submitted :-r 
 
 f'„ 
 
 ▲VKRAQC PRODOOI PBB IMPRRIAL ACRB. 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 State of Km York. 
 
 ifm Brun»wiek. 
 
 . 'T'" 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 14 bushola. 
 
 19 buBhela. . 
 
 V 
 
 B»*«'»cy, ,,.^ 
 
 16 
 
 it 
 
 28 
 
 ;; \ 
 
 'f ' j ' ■ 
 
 Oats, - 
 
 26 
 
 41, 
 
 34 
 
 
 ^ :V : ,y 
 
 Kyo, 
 
 H 
 
 44 
 
 20| 
 
 •• t 
 
 :%t } (i' '- 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 1 
 
 a.Hf 
 
 
 ;' -J -' - '': 
 
 Indian Corn, 
 
 25 
 
 ** 
 
 41| 
 
 
 
 PotatocH, 
 
 90 
 
 44 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 Turpips, 
 
 88 
 
 44 
 
 460 
 
 
 vv vi'; ''^> 
 
 Hay, ^ 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 n 
 
 tons. 
 
 ^<' 
 
 "Tlie superior prod uctivencae of the soil of New l^runa- 
 wick," says Professor Joiinston, "as it is represented in the 
 second of the above cohiinns, is very striking 1'he irresist- 
 ible coM<Uusion to l>e drawn from it, appears to l)e, that 
 lo king to wliat the soils under existing circnms'^ances and 
 methods of cidture are said to produce, the Province of 
 i\ew Brunswick is greatly superior as a farming country to 
 the State of New York." 
 
 Tliegenoval average of the weights of the above crops in 
 Kew Jirunswick is : — ., 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 60 11-13 lbs., 
 
 Indian Corn, 
 
 50i lbs., 
 
 Barley, 
 
 50 ♦♦ 
 
 PotatocR, 
 
 63 '* 
 
 ()at.s, 
 
 88 " 
 
 Turnips, 
 
 06 " 
 
 Rye, 
 
 62i " 
 
 Carrots, 
 
 63 '» 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 48 8-11 " 
 
 
 
 /In commenting upon the above, the writer before refer- 
 red to, says: — 
 
 •'These average weights over a whole province, when the 
 land is new, a u manured only in rare intervals, indicate a 
 capacity in the soil and climate to produce grain lor human 
 food of a very superior quality ." 
 
 llie annexed table exhibits at once the comparative pro- 
 ductiveness of the places mentioned therein : 
 
 - ' i.i ! -< AVERAGE PROOUCB PBB INPIBIAI. ACIlB — IN BtTSHBLS. :''? 
 
 yf. t .1,^, % New York, hn; Vim, Canada Wat. Ifkp Bruntnoiek. 
 
 .:.^;«i Wheat, 14 ^,,.;5^^ UJ 12| f.;.,-. irM ^^^m 
 
 ■■::''^oat8, 
 
 j»«^ J Buckwheat, 
 
 16 
 26 
 14 
 
ff 
 
 n 
 
 I 
 
 ■•'i 
 * ■ 
 
 22 
 
 NEW BRUNfiWIGK, 
 
 ^.*. >• ,.«' 
 
 New York. , 
 
 Ohio. Canada West. Neu> Brunmiot 
 
 Rye, 
 
 Maize, 
 
 Potatoes, 
 
 Turnips, 
 
 Hay, 
 
 25 
 
 If tons. 
 
 16i , IH ' M -41? 3/;t 
 41f 21| 41 
 69 84 226 > 
 
 456 
 If tons. M If tons 
 
 Prof. Johnston snhmits, in his report, a comparison l)etwoen 
 this Provinc»e and the most favoured airneultnral localities in 
 the State of New York, and thus remarks upon it : — " In th6 
 capability of ^rowint? all the common crops on which man 
 and beast mainly depend, it would appear from a compari- 
 son of tlie a,bove numbers, that the whole Province of New 
 Brunswick, taken together, exceeds even the favoured Gen- 
 essee Valley, and the southern shores of Lake Ontario.'* 
 
 The last census of New Brunswick was taken in 1861, 
 and the crops of the Province are stated to be as follows : — 
 
 Tons of Hay, 
 
 225,0^3 
 
 Wheat, bushels, 
 
 200,033 
 
 Indian Corn, bushels, 
 
 62,325 
 
 Barley, '* 
 
 74,300 
 
 Buckwheat, " 
 
 — 689,004 
 
 Oats, " 
 
 1,411,164 
 
 Beans and Peas. " 
 
 42,603 
 
 Potatoes, " 
 
 2,792.394 
 
 Turnips, - '« 
 
 539,803 
 
 Other root crops, " 
 
 74,880 
 
 There was in that year 643,954: acres of land under culti- 
 vation, 18,601 persons were engaged in agriculture, and 
 there were owned in the Province 106,263 neat r^attle, 
 50,955 cows, 22,0±4 horses, 160,038 slieep, and 47,932 
 swine and the amount of butter manufactured was 
 3,050,939 pounds. 
 
 The amount of land cultivated in New Brunswn'ck does 
 not produce anything like asufliciency of food for the main- 
 tenance of the population ; this has not been because agri- 
 culture has not been remunerative, but because of the appa- 
 rently fi^reater inducements iield out to the mass of the 
 people by other branches of industry. But these iijduce- 
 ments have, in many cases, only proved apparent, for, 
 although agriculture nowhere makes men suddenly rich, 
 yet tliere are so few risks — its general returns are so fair — 
 that those engaged in it often grow rich much faster than 
 
 ,t 
 
AS A HOME FOB £MIQB\NT8. 
 
 m 
 
 fi^- 
 
 cnlti- 
 and 
 •attle, 
 :7,932 
 was 
 
 those who are engasjed in a more hrilllant but not so steady 
 ft profession as farming. The fanner in New Brunswick 
 has an excellent opportunity of doing well, for not only are 
 his yields of crop lurge, but every article he can produce 
 commands in the market a price that caiinot fail to satisfy 
 him. . '■>' '- -'•- . ■' t 
 
 To show the extent to which the agricultural products of 
 foreign countries is imported into New Brunswick, the f.l- 
 iowing statistics are extracted from the Customs returns for 
 1858. The quantity is the import of one year — the value 
 ia stated in sterling: — ; , ,,- . . . ^ 
 
 ^ . Butter and Gheose, 
 
 303,205 lbs., 
 
 value . 
 
 £10,402 
 
 Beans and Poas, 
 
 2,530 bushels, 
 
 t( 
 
 963 
 
 ^ ' Apples and Pears, 
 
 13,254 brls., 
 
 it 
 
 6,884 
 
 ■^ Plums and fresh fruits 
 ,', >f not tropical, 
 
 ' t 1,C57 packages, 
 
 it 
 
 824 
 
 ,, Flour, 
 
 226,649 brls, 
 
 it 
 
 214,842 
 
 " Rye Flour, 
 
 203 '' 
 
 tt 
 
 182 
 
 Buckwheat, 
 
 420 cwi, 
 
 (t 
 
 2:'.5 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 67,152 bushels. 
 
 it 
 
 17,173 
 
 Indian Corn, 
 
 55,576 " 
 
 it 
 
 8,307 
 
 Oats, 
 
 103,952 " 
 
 «t 
 
 8,837 
 
 Bailey, 
 
 12,540 " 
 
 14 
 
 2,401 
 
 Corn Meal, 
 
 21,518 brls., 
 
 t« 
 
 16,658 
 
 " "' Meal (oat and peas,) 
 
 1U5 '* 
 
 U 
 
 1,170 
 
 Potatoes, 
 
 9,600 bushels, 
 
 about 
 
 1,000 
 
 Turnips, 
 
 
 about 
 
 46 
 
 . , ., Cjirrots, 
 
 
 about 
 
 110 
 
 Onions, 
 
 1,419 brls., 
 aggregate value of 
 
 value 
 £ 
 
 650 
 
 1 
 
 ' i> . i Making an 
 
 290,793 
 
 Durino; the satne year the exports of these articles, tlie 
 produce of the Trovince, was : — r 
 
 Article. Quantily. 
 
 Butter, Cheese, and Lard, 16,516 lbs.. 
 
 Flour, 140 brls., 
 
 Grain, including oats and corn; 12,806 bushels, 
 
 "=::■' M-.; 
 
 m) 
 
 Value of imports, - 
 *' exports, - 
 
 Total, 
 
 Balance against Province, 
 
 £290,703 
 5,675 
 
 £285,118 
 
 Value. 
 
 £1,000 
 
 140 
 
 1,295 
 
 3,240 
 £5,676 
 
 'a 
 
 1 1% 
 
IIW 
 
 % 
 
 {! !;; .a 
 
 24 
 
 NSW BBUNSWIOK, 
 
 *' Nothinsf can moro clearly show the undeveloped state of 
 the agricultural resources of New Brniiswick than the forego- 
 ing statements. It may be objected that, the Province not 
 being a wheat growing country, the item for Flour shonld 
 not bo included ; but this objection is not entitled to mu^h 
 weiglit, for New Brunswick is capable of supporting its own 
 inhabitants, and any deficiency uiade by the importation of 
 Flour should be rej)aired by larger exports of those articles 
 of agriculture which can be produced so plentifully. 
 
 Although it cannot be gainsaid that New Brunswick 
 offers every facility to the agriculturist, it must be confessed 
 that her resources in other respects, at least in lumbering 
 and ship-building, have been developed to a much greater 
 degree tiian in agriculture; but this is a state ^»f things not 
 likely to be of much longer duration. The number of 
 farmers is rapidly on the increase, and a determination 
 seems to have taken hold of every branch of society to leave 
 no efforts untried for the development of this most impoit- 
 ant— this greatest branch of industry. 
 
 In each County of the Province there is an Agricultural 
 Society — m some counties more — and there has lately been 
 established a Provincial Board of Agriculture, for the pur- 
 pose of \\atching and protecting the interests of the farmers 
 generally. The annual reports of these societies speak in 
 high teiuis of the increase that is takhig place in the num- 
 ber of farmers, the improvements made in the qualities of 
 crops, and the interest that is being manifested amongst the 
 farmers ; and there is every reason to h(»pe that hundreds and 
 thousands ot persons will be induced in a few years to enter 
 upon the valuable lands now lying waste, and improve them; 
 thereby enriching themselves and benefitting the country. 
 
 The farmers of New Brunswick are all, so to speak, in 
 good circumstances. Many of them are rich, and are now 
 enjoying the fruits of their labour ot* former years. The 
 m ijority of them are men who commenced life twenty or 
 tliirty years ago with literally nothing. They went into the 
 5?oods; the first clearing they made was of a few yards 
 whereon to build a hut; that done, their clearing has gone 
 on extending year after year, (the hut being replaced by a 
 commodious frame house), until now it counts a goodly 
 number of broad acres, whoso fertility enal)les their owner 
 to live in plenty, oblivious of the trials that sup- 
 
AS A HOMB FOB EMIOBAlTrB. 
 
 25 
 
 ate of 
 )rego- 
 ;e not 
 honld 
 mii^h 
 :8 0wn 
 :ion of 
 rticles 
 
 • 
 
 iswick 
 ifessed 
 i)ering 
 ;reater 
 gs not 
 jer of 
 nation 
 ) leave 
 inpoit- 
 
 iltnral 
 
 y been 
 
 e pur- 
 
 rrners 
 
 eak in 
 
 num- 
 
 ticK of 
 
 rst the 
 
 ds and 
 
 enter 
 
 them ; 
 
 nntry. 
 
 ak, in 
 
 now 
 
 The 
 
 ity or 
 
 to the 
 
 yards 
 
 j^one 
 
 by a 
 
 oodly 
 
 )wner 
 
 1 
 
 rounded his early life, and rejoicing in the prosperity Pro- 
 vidence iias bestoweil upon him throngh his own exertions. 
 These remarks npon the agricnitnre of New Bruiisw ick can- 
 not be belter closed than with the foHowing extiac f?om 
 some remaiks made by the most Rev. Dr. Connolh', Arch- 
 bishop of Halifax, while addressing a meeting in Saint 
 John. " lie had spent," he said, ** yeai-s in Italy, hud been 
 twice in France, he knew every county in Ireland, and had 
 seen most of England, and many other coiintiies, bnt h© 
 never saw any other country teeming with greater abun- 
 dance of everything necessary for the sustenance of man ; 
 no country more higldy endowed by Providence with 
 beauty and fertility than this appeared to him to be, when 
 on his visitation during the summer season, he travelled 
 through variniis districts, and saw on every side fields of 
 potat<>es, and corn, and vegetables, such as couM nowhere 
 be exceeded, and the people in a correspondhig degree 
 comfortable, happy and independent." 
 
 OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 Within the past few years, in particular localities, a great 
 impetus has been jriven to the development of the mineral 
 wealth of Kew Brunswick ; but even at the present time, 
 for want of sutiicient capital, and because ot the limited 
 knowledge that prevails regarding the geology of the Pro- 
 vince, thi3 great source of riches remains conjparatively 
 untouched. 
 
 It has been already stated that the carboniferous system 
 of rocks cover an area equal to more than one third of the 
 entire Province. In such an extensive formation ot this 
 nature, coal must abound ; but until within the last few 
 years very little of it was raised in New Brunswick ; and, 
 indeed, it was questioned by many whether it existed in 
 sufficient quantities to pay for its working. A seam had 
 been opened for several years at Grand i.ake, one of the 
 feeders of tiie Saint John River, and about nine hundred 
 tons of coal were taken from it in 1851 ; but this, of course, 
 was little better than nothing. 
 
 Within a few years the di>covery of a new species of coal, 
 or mineral substance resembling coal, in Albert C(»unty,ha8 
 directed much attention to that County, and one or two 
 
26 
 
 NEW BBUN8WIGK, 
 
 :',:';! 
 
 "i'l^l; 
 
 1^ ^:i: 
 
 I . f 
 
 iP'^ 
 
 
 other seamg of coal have been discovered. The coal of 
 Albert is principally bitiirninons and cannel, and is of a 
 superior description for the manufacture of coal oil, gas, 
 etc. In 1869, 15,000 tons of the first mentioned oal was 
 taken out, and it sold at the mine for $15, or i:3 sterling per 
 ton. During the past year a vein of pure cannel coal, ten 
 feet wide, has been discovered in the same County, 3nd pre- 
 parations are being made to work it on an extensive scale. 
 In the vicinity oil works have been erected for the manu- 
 facture of (»il. 
 
 The discoveries in Albert have been a source of much 
 gratification to the people of tiie Province, as evidencing 
 that abund mt supplies of coal do exist, and that the coal 
 measures are not so barren as some have supposed. Indeed, 
 it is likely that more critical examinations of other sections 
 of the country will prove that localities where coal is now 
 only supposed to exist in small quantit.es, are rich in their 
 deposits of this precious mineral. 
 
 The value of the coal exported in 1858 was £13,743 ; in 
 1859 the exports were nearl}' three times as valuable. 
 
 Iron. — frv)n ore abounds in New Brunswick.. It has been 
 found in considerable quantities near VV^oodstock (of the 
 lioematite species), and smelling works on an extensive scale 
 were at one time in operation there; very fine iron being 
 produced. The bed of iron found near Woodstock is in 
 three separate strata of respectively 28, 15 and 27 feet. 
 Iron ore has also been found in considerable quantities on 
 the Nerepis Road, some distance below Fredericton. Its 
 thickness is described as varying from 20 to 60 yards. C)ne 
 great reason why the iron oiP New Brunswick is not worked 
 more exteUvsively is accounted for by the fact that as yet coal 
 has not been found in the vicinity of the ore, and the cost 
 of its conveyance thither so increases the price of the smelted 
 iron as to prevent its finding a ready sale. This is an ob- 
 stacle, however, that time will overcome. 
 
 Gijpsum is found at several places in the Province. On 
 the Peticodiac River, where it exists in large quantities, 
 works are now in course of erection calculated to produce, 
 during the working season, 500 barrels per day. In 1858 
 the am mnt exported was 188,780 cwt., but in previous 
 years as mucli as 300,000 cwt. have been sent abroad. 
 There is no diminution in the amount raised, but there is 
 
AS A HOME FOS SaflOBANTS. 
 
 tl 
 
 loal of 
 
 is of a 
 il, gas, 
 al was 
 iiig per 
 »al, ten 
 nd pre- 
 5 scale, 
 nianu- 
 
 p ;n\icli 
 lencing 
 he coal 
 Indeed, 
 jections 
 is now 
 n their 
 
 m ; in 
 le. 
 
 as been 
 (of the 
 ve scale 
 
 being 
 i is in 
 27 feet, 
 ities on 
 )n. Its 
 One 
 worked 
 ^et coal 
 he cost 
 smelted 
 
 an ob- 
 
 e. On 
 
 vn titles, 
 rod nee, 
 
 n 185S 
 revions 
 
 broad, 
 [here is 
 
 greater demand for it forborne consumption, as it makes an 
 excellent manure. 
 
 Copper and lead are also found ; and it is believed that 
 the former exists in considerable quantities. ■..,•■ 
 
 Among the useful stones Limestot'te may be mentioned, 
 large quantities of which are burned annuall}". In 1858, 
 60,240 bushels of lime were exported ; the amount burned 
 the same .year w^as about 250,000 bushels. iSa7idstone8 of 
 various kinds are quarried. In Albert County large quan- 
 tities are raised and sent to the United States. Some of the 
 most liandsome stores and private residences in Kew York, 
 are built of freestone from New Brunswick. The Sandstone 
 is found in every shade of coh)ur from blue to grey. Other 
 valuable building stones are raised, such as Granite and 
 MarhU — the latter of fair quality. 
 
 Materials for paving and tiling abound. An excellent 
 description of \A\\q flagstone is found, and also roofing slaie 
 of good quality. 
 
 Grindstones are manufactured (and considerable numbers 
 exported) from the Granite and Syenite rocks. A vei*y fair 
 quality of grindstone is made frrun one kind of Savd^strme, 
 In 1843, 2,100 Grindstones were manufactured in the Pro- 
 vince. In 1851, tlie number was over 50,000. 
 
 Potter'' 8 Clay and Fire Clay are found abundantly. 
 Large quantities of bricks are ma^Ie, numbers of which are 
 sent to Nova Scotia. 
 
 Among ornamental stones may be mentioned — Agates^ 
 Jasper^ Amethyst^ Garnets^ and Chert, Pure Crystal are 
 also found. , ', 
 
 The various materials required in glass making are to be 
 found. Also refracting materials as Asbestos^ Plumbago^ 
 Soapstonc, and Islan die spar. ^v* • r 
 
 JVaptha of a superior quality is found. In 1 858 the export 
 of 3fanganese was 334 tons. It is found in considerable 
 quantities. 
 
 Iron /pyrites for the manufacture of Copperas ; Sulphate 
 of Barytes used in mixing White Lead, and the various 
 Ochres^ from some of which tire proof paint has been already 
 manufactured, are also found. 
 
 Salt of a superior description has been manufactured. 
 
 Annexed is a list of the various rocks and minerals nien- 
 tioned by Dr. Gesner, the greater portion of which are found 
 
w 
 
 98 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 extensively. Soma of these have been mentioned above, 
 but the list is here made complete: Granite', Sjetiite, Uoof- 
 in^ Slate, Porphyry, Mica Slate, Talcose Slate, Limestone, 
 Hydraulic Limestone, Marble, Alurn, Slate Coal, Graphite 
 or Plumbago, Ochres, Iron Ores, Man2:an«se Ores Galena 
 or Lead Ore, Grindst»ne, Freestone, Sulphnret ofi^opper, 
 Amothyst, A^^ato, Ja-^per, lIornstoiie,ThompsoMite, Stilbite, 
 ApopUylite. Iloriiblend'3, Peld^par, Chlorite, Garneta, Talc, 
 Asbeitds, Maj:jie';ite, (Carbonate ot* Lime, Sulphate of Ba- 
 rytes (rypsum. Potter's Clay, Pire Clay, Sulphate ot Iron, 
 Tourmaline, Turpentine, Inm Sand and Iserine. 
 
 The mineral sprinirs are saU^ sulphurous, carhurettedy 
 kydc gen, and ferruginous. 
 
 It is calculated that the produce of the mines and quarries 
 of New Brunswick in 1881 will be thlrtg-Jioe hundred per 
 cent greater than their produce in 1852. The increase be- 
 ing principally in coal and the various building and grind- 
 stones. 
 
 OF TDE FOREST. 
 
 Tlie principal article of export from 'New Brunswick is 
 the produce of her forests, in the manufacture oi' lumber 
 thousands of iier people are engaged, and a large amount 
 of capital is invented ; and to such an extent is this business 
 pros*^ciited, that it has been proved to a demon^^tration that 
 !New Brunswick can produce more lumber of certain kinds 
 than there is a demand for in the British market. 
 
 Sotne idea of the extent of this trade may be formed 
 from the subjoined statement of lumber — the growth, pro- 
 duce, and manufacture of t^iis Province— exported in 1858, 
 a year of great commeicial depression : — 
 
 Article. Quantity. 
 
 Boards, scantling, and plank, ) ^3^6,000 feet 
 
 exceeding nine leet long, ) ' ' 
 
 " not exceeding nine feet, 5,710,000 
 
 Clapboiirds, 309,000 
 Dealii, exceeding nine feet long, 198,718,000 
 
 *' not exceeding nine feet, 10,067,000 
 
 Ship knees, 188 
 
 , Laths, 25,714 m. 
 
 
 Valw. 
 
 eet. 
 
 £24,921 
 
 it 
 
 7,454 
 
 it 
 
 1,003 
 
 ti 
 
 877,944 
 
 it 
 
 14,561 
 
 tt 
 
 138 
 
 1. 
 
 5,618 
 
 4 
 
 Carried /onoard^ 
 
 £481,988 
 
AS A HOMB FOB EinOBANTS. 
 
 29 
 
 above, 
 3, Uoof- 
 lestone, 
 rraphite 
 Galena 
 [Jopper, 
 5 til bite, 
 te, Talc, 
 
 of Ba- 
 ot Iron, 
 
 mrettedy 
 
 ^navriea 
 red per 
 jase be- 
 l griud- 
 
 n. 
 
 jwick is 
 umber 
 amount 
 )U8ines8 
 »n that 
 n kinds 
 
 formed 
 
 rh, pro- 
 
 n 1868, 
 
 -^ 
 
 21 
 
 54 
 03 
 44 
 61 
 38 
 18 
 
 88 
 
 ;'1 
 
 ArtieU. 
 
 
 QuantUf, 
 
 Value. 
 
 Brought forward^ 
 
 £431,988 
 
 Lath wood, 
 
 
 1,045 cords 
 
 1,045 
 
 Pickets, 
 
 63,619,000 pes. 
 
 4,8»5 
 
 Box and hogshead shooks, 
 
 
 123,747 
 
 12,532 
 
 Door and window materisds, 
 
 
 100,000 feet 
 
 815 
 
 Staves, 
 
 
 60,480 
 
 114 
 
 Sleepers, 
 
 
 10,222 
 
 891 
 
 Shingles, 
 
 
 86,260 m. 
 
 11,319 
 
 Spars and masts, 
 
 
 61,452 
 
 2.066 
 
 Birch Timber, 
 
 
 13,732 tons. 
 
 15,0H4 ' 
 
 Spruce " 
 
 
 361 " 
 
 320 
 
 Pine 
 
 
 62,135 " 
 
 81,871 
 
 Total yalue. 
 
 
 £563,090 stg. 
 
 ,••*. 
 
 There are several small items not inclnded in the above 
 list; but an idea may be formed of the value of the timber 
 trade, when it is stated that the above £563.090 represent 
 more than half the value of the other exports of the Province 
 (for the same year) put together, excepting of course the 
 value of newly constructed ships. 
 
 In 1852, 223.676 tons of shipping were employed to con- 
 vey the lumber exported from the port of Saint Jf»hn and 
 out ports; in 18.'»6, 281,821 tons were employed; in 1858 
 (the year for which the figures are given above) 195,528 
 tons were employed ; in 1859, 275,012 tons — j^howing an 
 increase in the tonnage in the last year of 79,484. 
 
 The quality of the timber sent from New Brunswick is 
 of the linetit deecription, a fact to which even the lumber 
 manufacturei's of Camicia bear testimony ; for in answer to 
 a query put to them at a meeting held in Ottawa the past 
 year, they replied tor the information of the Commissioner 
 of Crown Lands in the following terms : — ^* Very little 
 wany timber has up to the present been manufactured in, 
 or exported from, this Province," beeanse '* the Saint John, 
 N. B. market appear-s up to this time to have fully supplied 
 the wants for choice timber in Britain ; and tiniber from 
 that (jnarter has always been more esteemed and mamtairir 
 ed higher priced than the best description shipped from 
 Quebec." 
 
 For many years to come, New Bi'unswick will continue 
 to export timber and lumber in considerable quantitis, her 
 capacity fur doing so being as yet almost uudimiuibhed. , 
 
A 
 
 m 
 
 ■i 
 
 90 
 
 ^ir> NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 Tlie principal exports are of spruce, pine, and bircli ; but 
 the Province produces hacmatack. fir, maple, cedur, l)utter- 
 nut, oak, ash, and a variety of other woods, all of which 
 are used in a greater or le.-jser degree in the manufacture of 
 articles for home consumption. 
 
 It may be well to mention also that in additioh to the 
 timber exported and specitied above, lar^Q quantities of 
 pine and spruce and other woods are used in the erection of 
 houses and the buiidintr of ships in the Province, which 
 should be taken into account when speaking of the produc- 
 tiveness of its forests. 
 
 OF THE FISriEPJES. 
 
 The Fisheries of New Brunswick are exceedingly valu- 
 able, but they, like the mineral wealth, are comparatively 
 undeveloped. Indeed, owing to the attention given to lum- 
 bering, no othor branch of industry, except that of ship- 
 building, may be fairly said to be developed at all. With 
 the frontage which New Brunswick possesses upon the sea, 
 it is apparent that the facilities afforded for carrying on the 
 fishing business are very great; and though these facilities 
 have been neglected in the past, it is believed that the 
 apathy which existed concerning them is fast being dis- 
 pelled. The provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty extend to 
 the people of the United States a participatiim in the fish- 
 eries around the coast of British North America, and they 
 have not been slow to avail themselves of the wealth thus 
 opened up to them. Their success seems to have had a 
 good influence upon the Provincial fishermen, who, now 
 that they have an able^competitor, are determined at least 
 to enjoy a share of the treasures before neglected, and in a 
 few years, it is believed, the deep sea fishery w^ill be as ac- 
 tively prosecuted by Colonial as it is now by American 
 &hermen. 
 
 There are several fishing stations belonging to New 
 Brunswick upon the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Hay of 
 Fundy. "i he total value of the fish of everv kind taken 
 annually may be estimated at about £150,000 sterling, a 
 little more than one quarter of what it should be. i he 
 fish exported in 1S58 w'as valued at £50,564 stg., but the 
 actual value is considerably in excess of this sum, as many 
 
 T 
 
 
AS A HOME FOB EMIGRAKTB. 
 
 m 
 
 •cIj ; but 
 ', butter- 
 if which 
 Lctiire of 
 
 to the 
 
 titles of 
 
 ection of 
 
 ?, which 
 
 produc- 
 
 ;ly valu- 
 
 iratively 
 
 1 to Inm- 
 
 of ship- 
 
 . With 
 
 the sea, 
 
 gon the 
 
 facilities 
 
 that the 
 
 ling dis- 
 
 IX tend to 
 
 he lish- 
 
 nd they 
 
 rh time 
 
 had a 
 
 10, now 
 
 at least 
 
 nd in a 
 
 De as ac- 
 
 nerican 
 
 to New 
 Bay of 
 taken 
 rling, a 
 Jhe 
 )iit the 
 many 
 
 of the vessels engaged in fishing proceed direct from the 
 fishing grounds to tlie United States, and no account can be 
 kept of their cargoes or the vahie of them. 
 
 The pi incipal fish are the salmon, shad and gaspereaux 
 — the aiewive of commeice — codfish, pollock, hake, heiiing 
 and mackerel. The salmon fishery is very valuable ; as 
 many as 40,000 salmon have been taken in the course of a 
 single season at tl e mouth of the Saint John ; a large por- 
 tion of which are sent fresh to the United States and com- 
 mand remunerative prices. At the entrance to the Mira- 
 michi 400,000 lbs. of salmon are annually put up *' pre- 
 served" for export. The gaspereaux and shad fishery is 
 next to the salmon, and like it may be termed '*in-s'iore 
 fishing," as the fish enter the fresh water to spawn, 
 and are taken in weirs along the shores of the bays 
 and rivers, and in drifting nets a short distance from land, 
 in almost fabulous quantities. 
 
 Fishing for codfish, hake, and the other mentioned fieh 
 (except herring, which is also taken along the shore*), may 
 be termed '""deep sea fishing." It requires more capi- 
 tal and more labour than the other ; but it can be made 
 very productive. "In-shore fishing" is vigorously prose- 
 cuted ; but few are engaged in the other branch. 
 
 Shell fish of various kinds, such as oysters, lobsters, etc., 
 abound ; while the rivers are stocked with fish of the usual 
 fresh water varieties. In addition to the fish named many 
 other kinds are taken, some valuable as food, and others 
 only tor the manufacture of oil. 
 
 ilr. Perley, the Fishery Commissioner of New Bruns- 
 wick, has said, in one of his reports to the Provincial Le- 
 gislature : — ''There is probably no part of. the world where 
 such extensive and valuable fisheries are to be found, as 
 within the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nature has bountifully 
 provided within its waters the utmost abundance of those 
 fish which are of the greatest importance to man, as aflTord- 
 ing not only nutritious and wholesome food, but also the 
 means of profitable employment. • ■' 
 
 "Thcvse fisheries may be prosecuted as well in the open 
 waters of the Gulf as within every bay, harbor, creek, cove 
 and inlet in connection with it. ' '• -^ 
 
 rery 
 
 * Mackerel i» taken along the sbore — ^but it may ftlso be prf^^utie^ 
 ry proiitably at sea. '*'«'*-j''_t* i.',v,;.i*.v*. ,f:^ .•..j^^ s/t.^- .i.'. •%'»» u^/i^* 
 
TT 
 
 82 
 
 NEW BBU1V8WIGK, 
 
 " The ini'Tiense products wliich Tnipr^it bo obtained by a 
 vigorous prosecution of the fisheries for herring, cod and 
 mactveroK would not only furnish a fruitful source of profit 
 to a a railway, but they would afford such an amount of 
 remunerative employment to all the productive classes, as 
 almost to defy calculation. They would enable tjie Pro- 
 vince to open up and prosecute a successful trade with 
 several foroigri countries, with which at present the mer- 
 chants of New Brunswick have no connection whatever. 
 
 ■f 
 
 '0'A 
 
 OF MANUFxiCTURES AND SHIPBUILDING. 
 
 Aside from the ships built and the lumber sawed New 
 Brunswick can hardly be called a manufacturing country; 
 yet it would be unjust not to say that there are many ar- 
 ticles required for home consumption which she produces 
 in consicferable quantity. The census of 1851 gives the fol- 
 lowing as the number of factories and manufacturing estab- 
 lishments in operation in that year : — 261 grist mills, 684 
 saw mills, 125 tarmeries, 52 weaving establishment-*, 8 
 breweries, 11 foundries, 5,576 hand looms, and 94 unena- 
 merated factories. 
 
 As the water power of the Province is very great, it is 
 evident thai as tlie population increases along the brinks of 
 the rivers, and the resources bec(»me develojjod, manufac- 
 tories will spring up ; and the demand for many articles 
 now imported will be answered at home. 
 
 As an example of the rapidity with which the Province 
 advances, it may be mentioned here that when Railway 
 works were commenced a few years ago, there was not an 
 establishment capable of producing other than the simplest 
 works in connecti >n with such an undertaking. Now, 
 however, locom >tives are built in St. John, equal in every 
 respect to those imported ; and cars in nowise inferior to 
 any manufactured abroad have also been made. 
 
 There are in the Province, potteries, oil factories, paper 
 mills, cotton mills, factories for the manufacture of chairs, 
 buckets, and other wooden ware, nail factories, planing riiills, 
 fioap a!i<i candle factories, plaster mills, brick yards, and 
 other works of different kinds in addition to those named as 
 taken from the census. Large quantities of maple sugar 
 
 $ 
 
 I 
 
AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 
 
 9$ 
 
 td by a 
 :«)(] and 
 ►f profit 
 oimt of 
 ,s8e8, as 
 le Pro- 
 le with 
 lie mer- 
 tever. 
 
 NG. 
 
 ed New 
 ountry; 
 lanv ar- 
 irodnces 
 } the fol- 
 » estab- 
 Us, 684 
 leiifc*, 8 
 unenu- 
 
 at, it is 
 iuika of 
 viinfac- 
 articles 
 
 •ovince 
 tail way 
 not an 
 mplest 
 Now, 
 every 
 jrior to 
 
 paper 
 chairs, 
 g mills, 
 is, and 
 medas 
 
 sugar 
 
 are also manufactured annually — the amount being about 
 500,000 lbs. 
 
 Ships are, liowever, the great article of manufacture. In 
 1848, there were built 8() ships of 22,793 tons ; in 1853, 
 122 ships of Vl,428 tons were built; in 1854, 135 ships of 
 99,426 tons ; in 1857, 148 ships of 71,989 tons ; and in 1858 
 76 ships of 26,263 tons; in 1859 as near as can be ascer- 
 tained, the tonnage of ships built was 40,000. The average 
 value of these ships is about £7 stg. per ton. 
 
 Within the last year or two, there has been a decline in 
 *^he number and tonnage of ships built in New Brunswick 
 when compared with tnose of a few ye^rs preceding; but 
 this is owing to the depression of the shipping interests 
 throughout the world, and not to any falling olF in the capa- 
 city of the Province to manufacture ships. Whenever this 
 business again revives New Brunswick will be able to pj<>- 
 duce as many ships as a market can be found for in Europ*). 
 
 As far as the character of New Brunswick ships is con- 
 cerned, that is a matter of history at the present iiinv ; 
 they are equal in beauty, in durability and in speed, to any 
 wooden ships now manufactured ; they obtain the highest 
 classification at Lloyds ; and even at the most depressed 
 commercial seasons, they have obtained the best prices in 
 the English market. 
 
 The amount of capital employed in shipbuilding is very 
 large; and in busy seasons, when numbers of ships aiy 
 being built, mechanics engaged in this branch of industry, 
 receive a high rate of wages; and the general business of 
 the Province is sensibly affected thereby. 
 
 Saint John is the. principal shipbuilding .place; but ves- 
 sels are constructed on the main river and sonje of its tri- 
 butaries, and at various places along the Bay of Fundyand 
 the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. 
 
 In comparison to her size and population. New Bruns- 
 wick is the largest shipbuilding country in the world. In 
 1849 she built one tpn of shipping to «very five of her 
 inhabitants ; in the same year, according to Andrew's Ee- 
 port to Congress, 256,579 tons were built in the United 
 States, being about one ton toovery 79 of the free inhabit- 
 ants. In 1854 New Brunswick built one ton to every two 
 of her inhabitants, while in 1852 the proportion in the 
 United States was one ten to every sixty-five of the free 
 
11 
 
 .11 
 
 ., „. 
 
 84 
 
 NEW BKUNSWICK, 
 
 Inhabitants. In the State of Maine the proportion was 
 a])out one ton to every five of the inhabitants. 
 
 In 1854, 99,426 tons of shipping were built in New Bruns- 
 wick ; in 1852'*' the United States, with a population one 
 hundred times greater, built only 351,494 tons. In 1852 
 only two States of the LTnion exceeded New Brunswi^Jcin the 
 number of tons built — viz : Maine, 110,047 tons ; New 
 York, 72,013 tons : in New Brunswick 58,399 tons were 
 built. In 1854 New Brunswick built 27,000 tons more than 
 New York in 1852. In 1853 the average tonnage of all the 
 vessels built in New Brunswick was 585 ; the only State in 
 the Union whose average tonnage exceeded this was New 
 Hampshire, where, in 1852, it was 679 ; but in that year 
 the whole number of ships built in New Hampshire was 
 only 14, with a total tonna^^e of 9,515. Tlie average ton- 
 nage of the ships built in the United States in 1850 was 
 200 ; in 1852 it was 243 ; in Ne\v Brunswick in 1850 it was 
 354 ; in 1852, 495. 
 
 The above figures clearly demonstrate the shipbuilding 
 capabilities of New Brunswick. In this branch ot industry 
 she is far ahead of her sister colonies, and can compare 
 favourably with the mother country. 
 
 T 
 
 m 
 
 OF THE TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 The commerce of New Brunswick has increased rapidly 
 since 1784, until now, in proportion to her population, her 
 imports and exports are equal to those o i* any of the great 
 commercial nations of the globe; thus cemonstrating at the 
 same time the vastness of her resources and the wealth of 
 her people. 
 
 In 1820 the imports were valued at £643,581 stg., and 
 the exports at £457,855 stg. ; in 1850 the imports were 
 £815,531, and the exports £658,018; in 1855 the imports 
 were £2,068,773, and the exports £1,104,215 ; in 1856 the 
 imports were £1,521,178, and the exports £1,073,351; in 
 1857 the imports were £1,418,943, and the exports 
 £917,775 ; and in 1858 the imports were about £1,170,000, 
 
 iK 
 
 The last year for which I have returns. 
 
AS A UOMK FOK EMI'.i RANTS. 
 
 35 
 
 I was 
 
 Jruns- 
 
 II one 
 1852 
 
 in the 
 New 
 were 
 e than 
 all the 
 tate in 
 \ New 
 t year 
 re was 
 ;e ton- 
 ►0 was 
 ) it was 
 
 nilding 
 idustry 
 ►mpare 
 
 •apidly 
 
 fn, her 
 
 great 
 
 at the 
 
 ilth of 
 
 and tlic exports :£S1 0,780. Tliose uf lSr»0 exceed those of 
 1858 by nearly one quarter. 
 
 The ditferencc against the Province hotwecn the imports 
 and exports is accounted for (to say nothing of the value of 
 the ships sold in the English market) by the fact that the 
 value of the ex])orl8 given above is nnly tlie estimated value \\ 
 
 at the time of exportation ; the real value at the nuiiket in 
 \s*hich the}' are sold is much greater. Thus in 1857 tlie 
 whole exports of the Province are set down at £917,775; 
 but the English blue book for t!ie sair 3 year shows that the 
 imports into Great Britain alone were £1,102,111 stg. The 
 increase on the exports to other countries in addition to this 
 wonld more than make up the ditFerence. 
 
 The years 1853 and 1854 were years of unparalleled 
 prosperity, during which the trade of the Province increased 
 with astonishing rapidity ; in later years there ha3 been a 
 decline wdien compared with these; but taking 1848 and 
 1857 as two extremes it will be found tliat in nine veai's the 
 trade of the Province has nearlj^ doubled. In 1848 the 
 total value of exports and imports was £1,208,607 ; in 
 1857 the total was £-i,330,718, neither of which include 
 the value of ships built. 
 
 llie imports of Canada in 1853 were £7,095,350 cur- 
 rency, an average of about £3 14s. to each individual in 
 the Province. In the same year the impoi-ts of the United 
 States were about £2 7s. per head. The value of the im- 
 ports of New Brunswick were £2,050,320 currency. As- 
 suming the population in that year to have been 200,000, 
 we find the imports to have been over £10 per head for 
 every man, woman and child in the Province — a sum so 
 enormous as to seem almost incredible were it not borne 
 out hy figures. 
 
 In the isame year th exports of Canada were set down at 
 £2 15s. per head; of the United States £2 7s. 2d.; while 
 those of New Brunswick were £0 8s. 8d. per head. These 
 figures are in currency, and the value of ships built is 
 included in the exports. The year 1853 is chosen, because 
 in that year Canada attained her greatest prosperity — and 
 thus a fair opportunity of comparing her trade relatively 
 with that of New Brunswick is afforded. 
 
 In 1854 the imports into New^ Brunswick were £2,068,773 
 8tg., and supposing the population in that year to have been 
 
Wf 
 
 80 
 
 jnCW BBUNSWIGK 
 
 1 
 
 HI ■I 
 
 206,000, the average value of the imports per head was £10 
 sterling. In the same year tlie exports were £1,104,215; 
 tliere were 00,420 tons of sliipping built, "s/hich valued at 
 £7 stg. ])er ton would make the whole exports £1,810,197, 
 or nearly £9 stg, for each individual in the Province. In 
 the past year tjjo exports averaged about £5 slg. j^er head. 
 The Provincial Secretary estimates that New Brunswick 
 imports to tl]e valuo of £5 12s. per head ; and Great Britain 
 to the value of £5. 
 
 The English Blue Book for 1857 gives the imports from 
 Canada for that year as being of the value of £2,603,034; 
 f nose of New Brunswick (as already stated) were valued at 
 £1,102,111 ; thus showing that in that year Canada, with a 
 population eleven times greater than New Brunswick, sent 
 to the United Kingdom goods valued at oidy a little moro 
 than twice the value of those sant from New Brunswick. 
 
 In the year 1824 there arrived at the different ports in 
 New Brunswick 914 vessels, with a tonnage of 219,567 
 tons; in 1840 there arrived 2,910 vessels, with a tonnage of 
 365,597; in 1856, 3,222 vessels, with a tonnage of 645,756 ; 
 and in 1858, 3,146 vessels, of 573,473 tons. 
 
 In 1824, 898 vessels, of 227,720 tons, cleared ; in 1840, 
 2,952 vessels, of 408,966 tons ; in 1856, 3,375 vessels, of 
 704,149 tons; in 1858, 3,^15 < vessels, with a tonnage of 
 597,167. The tonnage of 1857 gave employment to about 
 25,000 seamen. 
 
 The amount of tonnage entered inwards at the United 
 States in 1851 was about 4,993,440, or about one ton to 
 every four of tlie free inhabitants. In the same year the 
 tonnage entered inwards in New Brunswick was 489,150, 
 or about two and a half tons to every inhabitant. 
 
 In 1850, 882,116 tons of shipping entered inwards at the 
 ocean ports of Canada. In New Brunswick the same year 
 the amount was 436,622, or a little less than one half that 
 of Canada. 
 
 Facts like these show most plainly the trading capabilities 
 of the Province. 
 
 In like manner, the tonnage and number of vessels 
 owned in New Brunswick is proportionately greater 
 
 than tlie num^^er and 
 
 tonnage 
 
 owned in the United 
 
 States. In 1848 the Province owned 763 vessels, 
 of 113,825 tons; in 1850, 807 ve^els, of 121,996 tons; 
 
 
 ^Sk 
 
 .1 
 
AS A HOME FOIi IL\nGIlANl^. 
 
 
 8 £10 
 ,215; 
 3d at 
 ),197, 
 !. In 
 bead. 
 Bwick 
 ritain 
 
 from 
 J,034 ; 
 Lied at 
 svitli a 
 V, sent 
 
 morij 
 ick. 
 >rts in 
 L9,567 
 age of 
 6,756; 
 
 1840, 
 
 els, of 
 
 age of 
 
 about 
 
 Tnited 
 ton to 
 tbe 
 19,150, 
 
 at the 
 |e year 
 If tbat 
 
 Ibilitiee 
 
 Ivessels 
 
 rreater 
 
 fnited 
 
 ressels, 
 
 tons; 
 
 O " ■» 
 
 0«-» i 
 
 ^K- 
 
 i 
 
 •n 1855, 506 vessels, of 110,451 tons; in 1857, 
 vessels, of 160,508 tons; and inlS58,812 vessels, of 139,095 
 tons, being a little over one ton to every two of the inhabit- 
 ants. In 1852 the entire tonnasje owned in tiie LTnited 
 States was 4,138,439, or about one ton to every lour and a 
 half of the inhabitants of that countrv. 
 
 OF THE POPULATION. 
 
 The population of New Brunswick in 1783, after the 
 Loyalists landed, is estimated to have been 11,457. In 1S24 
 it had increased to 74,170, just 57.7 per cent. In the ten 
 following years it had increased to 110,457. In 1840 the 
 population was 154,000; in 1851,193,800; the census of 
 1861 will bring it up to 240,000. In twenty years after its . 
 settlement the population increased more than one hundred 
 per cent. In the past twenty years tiie rate of irjcrease has 
 been 46.48. The increase of the population of the United 
 Kingdom between 1841 and 1851 was at tlie rate of 13.20 
 per cent. In New Brunswick it was 23.24 per cent. 
 
 The pop-ilation of the United States in 1800 was 5,305,925. 
 In 1850, it was 20,250,000, an increase of nearly 400 per 
 cent in 50 years. In 57 j'ears, between 1783 and 1840 the 
 population of New Brunswick increased elevin hundred per 
 cent. 
 
 Assuming tlie census of 1861 to give the number of in- 
 habitants as 240,000, it wdll be found that in 78 years thci 
 population has increased twenty one hundred per cent. In 
 1824 the population was 74,176, in 1840 it was 154,000, 
 more than doubling in sixteen years. 
 
 In thirteen years, from 1838 to 1851 the popidation of 
 Nova Scotia increased from 199,028 to 276,117. Li 17 
 years from 1834 to 1851 the population of New Brunswick 
 liad increased from 119,457 to 193,800 — an increase much 
 larger proportionately than that of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Between 1841 tmd 1851 the population of New Bruns- 
 wick increased 23.24 per cent., exceeding the incroiise in 
 the State of Maine during the same period 7.29 per cent. ; 
 that of New Hampshire by 11.79 per cent; and that of 
 Vermont by 16.07 per cent; and it has exceeded their 
 aggregate and average ratio by about 10.86. In the same 
 period the increase in Massachusetts was 11.10 greater than 
 
NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 in New Brunswick. But taking the four adjoining States? 
 together, their increase is exceeded by that of New Bruns- 
 wick b}^ about 2 per cent. 
 
 Since 178e3 tlie population of the Province has doubled 
 every 17 years. 
 
 OF THE VALUE OF PKOPERTi;. 
 
 It i?i almost impossible to arrive at any correct idea of the 
 property ow^ned in New Brunswick ; it Is probably over 
 £25,000,000. The Secretary of the Province estimates 
 that each individual inhabitant, if the wealth were equally 
 distributed, would own real and personal property to the 
 extent of §140. Tliis appears to be large, but it is probably 
 wMthin the mark. In 1851 the wealth of the United States 
 if equally distributed, would give about $350 to every free 
 inhabitant. Onlv two States of the Union exceeded in wealth 
 (per head) in 1851, the supposed wealth of New Brunswick 
 at the present. These w ere the States of Massachusetts and 
 Rhode Island; in the former of which the average is $511, 
 and in the latter §510. It is about equalled by Louisiana, 
 South Carolina and Connecticut. All the other States are 
 considerably under §400 per head. The wealth of Great 
 Britain per head exceeds that of New^ Brunswick, but in 
 this Provhice it is more equally divided. 
 
 i 
 
 OF THE REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 
 
 The Ordinary Revenue in 1781 was :e712; in 1789 it 
 was£DC;2; in 1808 it w^as £3,731; in 1814, £25,878; in 
 1824 it was £44,620— these sums are exclusive of certain 
 fees collected by the Imperial Government. In 1834 the 
 Revenue had increased to £90,375 ; in 1S40 it was 
 £110,047; in 1845 it was £126,656; in 1850, £104,933; 
 in 1854, £203,054; in 1856, £147,248; in 1857, £167,063; 
 in 1850, it was £168,726, with £24,634 additional as a Rail- 
 way impost. 
 
 The tariif of the Province is so arranged that no more 
 taxes are levied than is necessary for the purposes of car- 
 rying on the Government and supporting or aiding such 
 institutions of the country, as are chargeable to the 
 
AS A HOME FOE EMIGRANTS. 
 
 89 
 
 5 States? 
 ' Br una- 
 
 doubled 
 
 3a of the 
 
 :)lv over 
 
 stimates^ 
 
 equally 
 
 to tlie 
 rob ably 
 d States 
 ery free 
 a wealth 
 unswjck 
 setts and 
 is $511, 
 piiisiana, 
 ates are 
 3f Great 
 
 but in 
 
 IRE. 
 
 1789 it 
 ,878 ; in 
 ' certain 
 834 the 
 
 it was 
 ()4:,933 ; 
 G7,06S ; 
 
 a Hail- 
 
 10 more 
 of car- 
 
 ig siicb 
 to the 
 
 IT 
 
 revenue. It is stated by the Provincial Secretary that the 
 taxes in New Brunswick — direct and indirect— are about 
 17s. 6d. per head ; in the United States o2s. per head ; and 
 in England 60s. 
 
 The indirect taxes are about lis. per head. Tlie revenue 
 is not wholly derived from the duty imposed on exports and 
 imports. 
 
 A lai'ge portion of the revenue is returned again directly 
 to the people in education grants, road grants, and grants 
 of various kinds for opening up the resources of the 
 Province. 
 
 The funded debt of New Brunswick, on the 31st of 
 October, 1858, was £706,800 currencv, and the floating 
 debt £157,564, making the total of indebtedness £864,364. 
 The assets up to the same period were £737,657. 
 
 By far tlie larger portion of this debt has been incurred 
 in the construction of a Hallway across the Province, froir 
 which it is believed New Brunswick will derive incalcu 
 lable benefits. 
 
 OF THE RAILWAYS. 
 
 The Province is now engaged in the construction of a 
 Railway from Saint John to Shediac, to connect the waters 
 of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with those of the Bay of 
 Fundy. This road it is intended shall ultimately connect 
 with the railway systems of the United States and Canada. 
 About 62 miles of it are now completed, and it is believed 
 \\\2 >i the summer of the present year, the portions nov^ 
 undur contract between Saint John and Shediac (including 
 the 62 miles) will be opened, making a route of 114 miles. 
 The portion of the road now opened has paid its working 
 expenses, and left a handsome surplus beside. Of course 
 this w^ork is undertaken upon borrowed capital, but the 
 resources of the Province are so great as to shut out any fear 
 fhrit the liabihty incurred will ever become a heavy burthen 
 1 ,)'m the people. 
 
 Ihe annual expenditure on account of the railway is over 
 £200,000 sterling per annum, and the number of people 
 employed in constructing the road, the wages paid to them, 
 and the stimulus it has given to the mechanical, industrial 
 
40 
 
 NEW BEUNSWICK, 
 
 and agricultural interests of the Province, has already 
 proved of great advantage to New Brunswick. 
 
 When the section of the road from St. John to Shediac 
 is completed, it is believed that measures will he taken to 
 push the line either to the Canadian or American frontier, 
 or perhaps to both. 
 
 A Company is also engaged in building a I^ilv/ay from 
 Saint Andrews to Woodstock — which is now nearly com- 
 pleted; and latterly the same Company have contracted 
 with parties for the finishing of this road to the Canada 
 boundary line, where it is intended to unite with the 
 " Grand Trunk" of that Colony. 
 
 From this it will be seen that for several years New 
 Brunswick will aiford employment to labourers and mechan- 
 ics without number, and the construction of works of such 
 magnitude will attract hither large numbers of persons of 
 those occupations. 
 
 OF THE ROADS. 
 
 t: ■ 
 
 ■fii- '-- 
 
 In addition to the means of internal communication 
 afforded by the rivers and the railways now in construc- 
 tion. Great Roads intersect the country in various directions 
 — and the streams are all bridged by Government, so that 
 the traveller can ride from one end of New Brunswick to 
 the other without interruption ; he will meet no turnpikes* 
 to stop his progress and prey upon his purse ; the roads 
 are free to every man who chooses to make use of them. 
 There are sixty lines of Great Roads in the Province, the 
 length of which is 2200 miles. 
 
 The bye roads are very numerous. In fact, in some por- 
 tions of the Province every settler has a bye road for his 
 sole use and benefit. The Legislature yearly allows a cer- 
 tain sum to each County for the bye road service. 
 
 In 1859 there was expended on account of the Great 
 Roads £1T,800; and on account of the bye roads, 
 £14,000. 
 
 * The only toll bridge is the " Suspension Bridge" over the Sfeint 
 John River, near the City. 
 
AS A H6ME for emigrants. 
 
 41 
 
 ilreadj 
 
 hediac 
 iken to 
 rontier, 
 
 Y from 
 
 Y coni- 
 tracted 
 Canada 
 ith the 
 
 rs New 
 fieclian- 
 of such 
 rsons of 
 
 OF THE POST OFFICE. 
 
 The postal arrangements are efficient. The Post .Office 
 Department is under the control of the Post Master Gene- 
 ral, who is, by virtue of his office, a member of the Colonial 
 Government. An uniform rate of 3d. currency is charged 
 upon all letters for transmission through the Province or 
 sister colonies. J^ewspapers are free of postage. A slight 
 charge is made for pamphlets and magazmes. 
 
 In 1852 there were 30 post offices and 105 way offices ; 
 the total length of mail routes in that year was 2,160 miles ; 
 the number of miles travelled was 474,4:71. In 1858 there 
 were 39 post offices, and 241 way offices; the length of the 
 mail routes was ?>fi06 miles; and the number of miles tra- 
 velled (in thirteen months) 571,236. 
 
 This increase of mail routes is very satisfactory evidence 
 of the onward progress of the settlement of the Province. 
 
 lication 
 ^nstruc- 
 •ections 
 so that 
 vick to 
 vpikes* 
 roads 
 them, 
 ce, the 
 
 le por- 
 
 Ifor his 
 
 a cer- 
 
 Great 
 roads, 
 
 le Sfejnt 
 
 OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 The Province contains 17,677,360 acres, one half of 
 which, at the very least, remains yet to be disposed of. 
 Land is very cheap, and there is no obstacle in the way of 
 a man becoming a freeholder almost as soon as he arrives 
 in New Brunswick. There are two modes of purchase of 
 the Government Lands — either by cash purchase, or by 
 obtaining it under the " Labor Act." 
 
 When land is obtained under the Labor Act the party 
 purchasing it actually pays nothing, though he gives a 
 nominal price of 3s. per acre. But this price is paid in 
 labor on the roads — such roads being for the settler's own 
 benefit. After complying with certain regulations, and 
 performing a part of his stipulations, he receives a title to 
 his land. No land is sold under the Labor Act unless that 
 intended for actual settlement. 
 
 Land purchased by cr^h is put up at auction at a certain 
 place in each County, upon tlie application of the party 
 wishing to purchase. The upset price is three shillings per 
 acre. There is rarely any competition, and it is generally 
 sold at that rate. If the purchase money is paid immedi- 
 
w 
 
 42 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 
 
 I, t 
 
 ately, a discount of 20 per cent, is allowed ; but if- the 
 buyer chooses he need pay only one-fourth the purchase 
 money down, and the remainder in three yearly instal- 
 menjts. 
 
 A large quantity of land is owned by the New Bruns- 
 wick and Nova Scotia Land Company, respecting which 
 they latelj^ made the following announcement : — 
 
 "The Court of Directors of the New Brunswick and 
 Nova Scotia Land Company have resolved, until further 
 notice, to sell lands situated on lines of road within the tract 
 belonging to the Company, in lots of 100 acres to 300 acres 
 eacli, suited to the convenience of purchaser:^, at five shil- 
 lings currency per acre, dividing the purchase money into 
 instalments spread over six years, as follows — viz : Deposit 
 on signing agreement to purchase, Is. per acre ; second 
 year, no instalment required. Is. do. ; third year, Is. do. ; 
 fourth year. Is. do. ; fifth year, Is. do. ; sixth year. Is. do. ; 
 without addition of interest if instalments are regularly 
 paid." 
 
 Land owned by private individuals is often offered for 
 sale, and, of course, commands a higher price, according to 
 its quality. 
 
 There is an Emigration officer at Saint John, whose duty 
 it is to give immigrants all information necessary respecting 
 the country, its soil, the vacant lands, the best localities for 
 settlement ; and his services should never fail to be invoked 
 by parties coming to the Province, and intending to reside 
 here. 
 
 The number of cleared acres of land is probably not 
 over a million. ' *. 
 
 = -. c- 
 
 , Jt^T^ * 
 
 OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The liberality with which New Brunswick provides for 
 the education of her people is excellent evidence of her 
 enlightened spirit. Every effort has been made to place 
 the blessings of education within reach of the humblest 
 individual ; nor have these been unavailing, for the Com- 
 mon School system, though not yet perfect, is rapidly be- 
 
AS A UOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 
 
 43 
 
 lit if' the 
 purchase 
 •ly instal- 
 
 iV Eruris- 
 ig which 
 
 m(ik. and 
 il further 
 the tract 
 300 acres 
 five shil- 
 onej into 
 : Deposit 
 ; second 
 r, Is. do. ; 
 r, Is. do. ; 
 regularly 
 
 fered for 
 ordiug to 
 
 lose duty I 
 
 especting | 
 
 dities for | 
 
 i invoked 1 
 
 to reside * 
 
 ably not 
 
 coming so, and even as it now stands, it is a credit to the 
 people and reflects honor en British institutions. It cannot 
 be said that " chill penury" here represses the noble rage 
 of any who desire to learn ; neither need the '* geuial cur- 
 rent" of the soLil in the poorest child be frozen for want of 
 knowledge. 
 
 The Province annually spends large sums for education ; 
 but it could not make a better investment of its money, for 
 the generation now grovving up will hereafter repay an 
 hundred fold all that it now receives. 
 
 In the year 1852 there were 688 Parish Scliools in New 
 Brunswick, and the number of children attending them 
 was 18,591. In 1858 the schools had increased to 762, and 
 the scholars to 24,138. In the latter year £25,000 was 
 allowed by the Province for Educational purposes ; in 1859 
 this sum was increased by about £5,000. 
 
 Besides these Parish Schools there are Superior Schools, 
 where the youth receivesan education to fit him for College ; 
 and the several religious denominations have educational 
 establishments of an excellent order for the training of 
 youth, where the higher branches of learning are taught. 
 
 At the session of the Legislature held in 1858, an Act 
 passed erecting King's College, Fredericton, into an Uni 
 -versity for the whole Province. This Act has just taken 
 effect, and the University, when fully organized, will give 
 a great impetus to education, as it is proposed by a judicious 
 system of free scholarships to open the University to the 
 ambitious lads at school in each County of the Province. 
 
 A Training and Model School is also in operation for the 
 education of Teachers. 
 
 OF PvELIGION. 
 
 vides for 
 36 of her 
 to place 
 humblest 
 lie Com- 
 pidly be- 
 
 Like the mother country, there is perfect freedom of con- 
 science in j^ew Brunswick. Every man is at liberty to 
 w^orship God in whatever way he may see fit to do so. The 
 oflices of trust in the Province are open to every one, with- 
 out reference to his particular form of belief. 
 
 In 1851 there were 423 places of worship in IN'ew Bruns- 
 w^ick ; and the clergymen were divided as follows : 1 bishop 
 and 59 clei-gymen of the Established Church of England ; 
 
 fcA^drt' --''WW*-* - ^"-t^k*^^ "M»*'- ^Sm»«>^' ■ 
 
f 
 
 44 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, 
 
 ^t<^' 
 
 i 
 
 'iii 
 
 III 
 
 il >. 
 
 Ill iii 
 
 m|| 
 
 one bishop and 25 priests of the Iloman Catholic Church ; 
 8 clergymen of the Established Church of Scotland ; 13 of 
 the Presbytery of New Brunswick; 3 of tlie Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church of Ireland ; 1 of the Presbyterian 
 Church of Nova Scotia ; 33 Wesleyan Methodist Ministers ; 
 72 Baptist Ministers ; 4 Congregational Ministers. 
 
 The number of churches and clergymen has increased 
 25 per cent, within the past ten years. 
 
 OF CIVIL GOYERNMENT. 
 
 By a Law of the Provincial Legislature each County in 
 the Province may become incorporated, elect a Municipal 
 Council, and raise money by taxation or otherwise, sue and 
 be sued, and transact any general business appertaining to 
 a Corporation, enact local regulations for the government of 
 the County, and devise means for its improvement and for 
 the developing of its resources. 
 
 The Council is made up of two Councillors from each Parish 
 in the County ; these Councillors choose a Warden to pre- 
 side over them. Every male inhabitant, residing in the 
 County, who is liable to taxation, is capable of voting at the 
 election for Councillors. Candidates for the office must be 
 possessed of real estate worth £150 above encumbrances. 
 
 The Municipal system is not compulsory on the inhabit- 
 ants of a County, and therefore is not general ; only some 
 of the Counties having embraced it. Those who are friend- 
 ly to the system claim that its adoption by all the Counties 
 would prove of much general beneiit. 
 
 The Government of the Province is a miniature of that 
 of the mother country. The Legislature is composed of 
 three branches : the Governor who represents the Monarch ; 
 the Legislative Council, consisting of twenty-one members, 
 appointed for life, is the Colonial House of Lords ; and the 
 House of Assembly of forty one members, represents the 
 British House of Commons. The members composing the 
 latter are elected by the people, every male inhabitant 
 " assessed in real estate to the amount of £25, or personal 
 property, or personal and real together, amounting to £100, 
 or £100 annual income," is entitled to vote, so that the suf- 
 frage is nearly universal. 
 
 I 
 
 i-i 
 

 i 
 
 AS A HOME FOR EMIGEAKT8. 
 
 45 
 
 Church ; 
 d ; 13 of 
 reformed 
 bytei'ian 
 Ministers ; 
 
 ncreased 
 
 nmty in 
 Ainicipal 
 , sue and 
 ining to 
 iment of 
 and for 
 
 1 1 Parish 
 to pre- 
 ^ in the 
 ig at the 
 tnust be 
 •an COS. 
 inhabit- 
 ilv some 
 e friend- 
 Jounties 
 
 of that 
 osed of 
 onarch ; 
 embers, 
 and the 
 jnts the 
 sing the 
 labitant 
 )ersonal 
 io<£100, 
 the enf- 
 
 The Executive Council consists of nine members, who 
 I are the advisers of the Governor. When the acts of this 
 Council fail to receive the sanction of a majority of the 
 House of Assembly, it is, according to the theory of Govern- 
 jment here as well as in England, supposed to have lost the 
 confidence of the people, and its members are forced to 
 retire. Most of the principal offices of State are held by 
 members of the Executive Council ; and when they are 
 f appointed to these offices the approval of their constituents 
 must be received before they can remain in them. 
 
 As in England, the Legislative Council has no power to 
 emanate money votes — such privilege belonging solely to 
 the popular branch of the Legislature. 
 
 In all matters relating to its own affairs the Province 
 governs itself. The royal prerogative is rarely used in 
 opposition to the will of the people expressed through the 
 Legislature. 
 
 The system of government is plain, effective, and satisfac- 
 tory. It is well adapted to the requirements of the people, 
 and the present position of the Province is to be attributed 
 in a great degree to its mode of government. 
 
 GENEKAL REMARKS. 
 
 lliere are many matters connected with the Province 
 which should have been mentioned in the foregoing, as for 
 example, its Judiciary, its Press, its Banking Institutions, 
 the number and increase of settlements; but space does not 
 permit. It may be briefly stated, however, that in the 
 City of Saint John there are three banking institutions, 
 all of them in a healthy and efficient condition. There is 
 also a bank at Moncton in Westmorland County, at Saint 
 Stephens in Charlotte County, and one at Fredericton. 
 
 The Judicial system is simple, and answers the require- 
 ments of the Province most admirably. 
 
 The incorporated cities are Fredericton, Saint John and 
 Moncton. The population of Saint John is about 40,000. 
 Fredericton is the residence of the Governor. The number 
 of settlements is large, and the number of their inhabitants 
 varies from 6,000 downwards. 
 
J 'I 
 
 I HI. 
 
 46 
 
 NEW UKUNSWICK, 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 I 
 
 ^Jir 
 
 i 
 
 IN! 
 
 There remains in New Brnnswiek over 15,000^00 acres 
 of land to be cleared ; there are many trees to be felled, 
 much lumber to be sawed, many ships to be built, nume- 
 rous mines to be explored, many lish to be caught, and 
 people are required to do the work. What a prospect is 
 here afforded to those whose hardest toil among the over- 
 crowded populations of Europe during a long existence, is 
 only sulficient to enable them to live from day to day, with 
 no prospect of advancement for themselves, or hope that 
 their children can do better after them. Here twenty years 
 of labor as a farmer will secure to the industrious man a 
 home. They need not be twenty yeare of pinching pover- 
 ty, uncheered by any of the pleasures of life. They will 
 afford much time for the enjoyment of innocent amuse- 
 ment, for the pursuit of literature, for the cultivation of the 
 arts or the investigation of science ; they will allow time 
 for the performance of citizen duty to the State. Whatever 
 may be the particular hobby of the man, he can by the 
 exercise of a moderate economy, while building up a for- 
 tune, allow himself a sufficiency of means to enjoy it. In 
 those twenty j^ears he can educate his children, and educate 
 them well, too, litting his sons either to be good farmers, 
 mechanics or professional men, agreeably to their own pre- 
 conceived tastes. 
 
 The poor man who comes here, is sure of success, if he 
 be persevering and industrious. Instances are not wanting 
 of boys who left the mother country, and arriving here 
 almost penniless, have, by economy, application and indus- 
 try, attained considerable wealth, and been deemed worthy 
 by their fellow citizens of some of the firet positions in the 
 Province. 
 
 It is not only to the poor man, however, that New Bruns- 
 wick offers great inducements. As a rule it may be laid 
 down that tlie man who commences life in any country with 
 no capital but his labour, is not in a position to grow rich 
 so fast as he who has a few hundred pounds to start with. 
 If the former can secure to himself a competency in twenty 
 years, the latter must in the same period reap a handsome 
 
 ■^: 
 
A8 A HOME FOR EAnGRAJTTS. 
 
 4T 
 
 ) acres 
 felled, 
 iiiime- 
 it. and 
 pect is 
 5 over- 
 nce, is 
 with 
 e that 
 
 V years 
 man a 
 pover- 
 ty will 
 anmse- 
 
 of the 
 
 V time 
 latever 
 bv the 
 
 a for- 
 it. In 
 ducate 
 irmers, 
 vn pre- 
 
 , if he 
 anting 
 ^ here 
 mdiis- 
 ivorthj 
 in the 
 
 Bruns- 
 )e laid 
 y with 
 
 V rich 
 with. 
 
 wenty 
 dsonie 
 
 
 return on the capital he invests, in addition to the profits 
 on liis labour. 
 
 There are in England especially, many men of good birth 
 land excellent social standing, whose income is so small as 
 to keep them in that country in a state almost bordering on 
 penury. Without a profession of any kind, they live on 
 from year to year, a burtlien to themselves and their friends ; 
 the younger branches of some noble family, their only 
 inheritance a share of its pride, their only hope a depend- 
 ence upon patronage — their lives must be miserable. Men 
 so situated, should seek a home in this Province. Hero 
 their money would be really serviceable — it would bring 
 them ten times the amount of comfort they could procure 
 from it in England. They could become useful to the State ; 
 and they could look forward with some degree of hope to 
 the future welfare of their children. In England the class 
 of persons referred to are nonentities : if they could be in- 
 duced to come to this country they would soon learn to do 
 the share of work allotted to them, for their own happiness 
 and the good of their fellow men. 
 
 Again, there are in the United Kingdom many farmers 
 in fair circumstances, but who, from the pressure around 
 them, are not able to advance. If not becoming poorer 
 they are not getting richer; all their exertions for advance- 
 ment are unavailing ; and tliey are saddened, depressed, 
 disheartened. For such as these, New Brunswick offers 
 every inducement for settlement. 
 
 But there is no limit to the people that must be benefitted 
 by seeking a home in New Brunswick, where it is certain 
 that by industry the poor man may become rich, and the 
 rich man richer. Under the constitution of the Province 
 every man enjoys the same privilege as his neighbour ; 
 wealth is of no avail against talent ; and industry and 
 integrity are the sure passports to success. The Province 
 offers to every one the inducement of a comfortable home ; 
 all who seek employment may find it ; and to those espe- 
 cially who till the soil, or who desire to do so, she affords 
 opportunities and advantages equal, if not superior, to those 
 otiered by any other portion of America. 
 
 A colony of Great Britain, New Brunswick is endowed 
 with the liberal institutions and enlightened sentiments of 
 that country ; she has a free press, a free government, and 
 
 H 
 
 
I 
 
 48 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK, A8 A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 
 
 a prosperous and contented people. Iler progress since her 
 settlement in 1784 has been remarkable ; lier present posi- 
 tion is enviable, her future bright and invitinff. The 
 policy pursued toward her ana her sister g^lonies is 
 ample evidence that the Statesmen of England have not 
 shut their eyes to the power that is hero growing up. The 
 Colonies are learning self-dependence and self-government ; 
 lessons that their future history will prove they have not 
 been acquiring in vain. 
 
 i 
 
 ,-^^s> 
 
Pj^RT II. 
 
 TIIE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTING IMMIGRATION, 
 
 ' DEVELOPING TIIE RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCE. 
 
 / ' 
 
 rrar:^ 
 
 Every Ncw-Brnnswicker, whether native born, or a citizen 
 by adoption, contemplates with pride the pro<5res9 this Pi'O- 
 vince has made in material wealth during tlie past seventy 
 years, lie points with a pardonable degree of patriotic en- 
 thusiasm to the rivers covered with sailing .Mid steam ships, 
 
 the railroads, to the means of internal communication, to 
 ...u advancement of education, and the progress of religion, 
 as evidences that she is not retrogressing. He can show 
 that she enjoys many of the advantages of civilization, 
 which older countries boast of; he is ready to repel any 
 insinuation against the enlightenment of his fellow-colonists ; 
 he can convince any opponent that the spot wherein his lot 
 is cast is one of the most favoured on the face of the globe ; 
 and yet, notwithstanding all this, he is dissatisfied. Great 
 as has been the progress, and extensive as has been the work 
 performed, his expectations haye not been realized ; the re- 
 Bources of the country have not been developed fast enough, 
 emigrants have not poured in as rapidiy as he would wish, 
 and therefore he feels disheartened; and thouoh he may 
 admit that relativ^ely New Brunswick has advanced as 
 rapidly as either Canada or the United States, this will not 
 sutfice to comfort him. Two opposite feelings seem to have 
 taken possession of him — one of joy, at the good tliat has 
 been accomplished ; the other of sorrow, tiiat more has not 
 been done. 
 
 Hence it is that schemes for the development of our 
 resources are a fertile topic of discussion, both in the Legis- 
 
50 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PKOMOTING IMMIGKATION. 
 
 i 
 
 
 m' 
 
 hd 
 
 i 
 
 w'^:- 
 
 
 latiire and among the people; and though no one of the 
 schemes suggested up to the present seems to have been in 
 any way superior to the others, we find that with com- 
 mendable pertinacity the subject is still being pursued. It 
 may yet produce some excellent results. ' 
 
 The principal, and perhaps the only, cause of trouble is 
 that some of the resources of New Brunswick have been 
 developed too fast, and others too slow. Too many of the 
 inhabitants have gone lumbering, and too few have gone 
 farming and fishing; and the object to be attained now is, 
 t> increase the numberoffarmers without drawing too largely 
 from the industrial occupations; and the question briefly is, 
 how is this to be done ? Successive Governments have 
 tried new plans, with this object in view, but they do not 
 seem to have been attended with very satisfactory results ; 
 and, then, those who invented these plans have been blamed 
 for their incompetency. 
 
 It is true that in times past many emigrants came to New 
 Brunswick ; but it is also true that the larger portion did 
 not remain ; and the cause of this was in the character of 
 the emigrants themselves. 
 
 About nine-tenths of the male emigrants were men with- 
 out resources of any kind ; their only dependence was what 
 they could earn by their daily labour. They were attracted 
 to America by the, to them, fabulous reports of the wages 
 working men received. They were not prepared to become 
 farmers j they were not capable of becoming lumberers; 
 shipbuilding was not their vocation ; so that it was not at all 
 unlikely that the majority of them should seek for employ- 
 ment elsewhere than in New Brunswick. 
 
 Some, however, did try this Province; they could not ob- 
 tain that employm^ent they sought for, and consequently 
 they set their faces against us, and left for the United States 
 and Canada, where, m the factories, in the public works, 
 and in a thousand other ways, they might obtain a liveli- 
 hood. Their exodus from New Brunswick is not to be won- 
 dered at ; it was not because the climate was ungenial, the 
 soil barren, or the shores inhospitable. It was solely because 
 these men had to earn at once a pittance to enable them to 
 live. They could not go into the forest, fell the tre j^ and 
 till the land, because while doing so they must starve. 
 Tkere were no public works at which they could obtain 
 
¥ 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PEOMOTING IMMIGRATION. 
 
 51 
 
 of the 
 oen in 
 I corn- 
 id. It 
 
 ible is 
 J been 
 of the 
 3 gone 
 low is, 
 argely 
 
 efly is, 
 5 have 
 do not 
 esnlts ; 
 )lained 
 
 oNew 
 )n did 
 3ter of 
 
 1 with- 
 is what 
 tracted 
 wages 
 )ecome 
 )erer8 ; 
 >t at all 
 mploy- 
 
 not ob- 
 [iiently 
 1 States 
 works, 
 
 liveli- 
 e won- 
 al, the 
 ecause 
 lem to 
 
 j^ and 
 starve, 
 obtain 
 
 employment ; in fact there were no immediate means of 
 earning a livelihood at all. 
 
 A change has now taken place. The time of a heavy 
 emigration has passed away. The late wars in Europe have 
 had no inconsiderable effect in thinning the male population 
 of those countries engaged in them, while these same wars 
 have caused an increased demand for agricultural produce, 
 and consequently an increased demand for labour. Agri- 
 culture has become much more remunerative than it was 
 before ; and the same reason does not, therefore, exist now 
 for emisjration that existed ten years before. 
 
 In addition to this, it will be remembered that three- 
 fourths of tb.e emigrants who formerly found their way into 
 the Un^'ted Stares and Canada from the United Kini^dom 
 were natives of Ireland, and one cause for this great emi- 
 gration from that island was the dissatisfaction exieting 
 against English rule afid the English Government. Of late 
 years, however, the policy of the Government of England 
 towards the people of Ireland has materially char/ged, and 
 this, with the return of good harvests aiid th6 advantage of 
 remunerative markets, has had the effect not only of staying 
 almost wholly the emigration from Ireland, but of actually 
 inducing natives who were abroad to return. 
 
 Besides this, Australia and New Zealand now offer induce- 
 in euts to emigrants that fifteen years ago were unknown ; 
 and thus we find that while the number of emigrants, from 
 the United Kingdom at least, has actually decreased, the 
 Helds for emigration have been increased. 
 
 It is plain, then, that for many years to come the emigra- 
 tion from the mother country to America will not be Sf» 
 great as it has been in times past ; and the best devised 
 emigration scheme is not likely to effect an overwhelming 
 rush of people to New Brunswick. Means may be taken, 
 however, to induce hither a number of emigrants; though 
 I do not believe that one particular scheme is more likely to 
 effect this than another. The announcement that «:old was 
 being discovered in large quantities in an accessible part of 
 the Province would do more in the way of attracting emi- 
 gration than any scheme ever invented, though it were even 
 a part of that sclieme that every emigrant should receive a 
 free gift of twenty acres of cleared land in the best locality 
 on the river Saint John. In. case of the gold discovery 
 
52 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PKOMOTINO rMMIGRATION, 
 
 n- 
 
 people would rush here by thousands ; the gift of cleared 
 land would hardly induce them to come in hundreds. 
 
 The agricultural settlement of New Brunswick will be 
 greatly advanced by the public works now in cour^ of con- 
 struction. These give employment to large numbers of 
 people in the very localities where farming is being carried 
 on to the best advantage ; and the example thus set 
 forth of the comfort and happiness enjoyed by the farmers 
 cannot fail to have a salutary eftect. Earning pretty fair 
 wages on these works, men who are careful can save suffi- 
 cient to give them a start upon a farm ; accustomed to hard 
 labour, the clearing of the forest is a work of comparative 
 ease to them; and nerved by the example everywhere 
 before their eyes, they are not likely to be daunted by com- 
 mon obstacles. Much good will result in this way; and I 
 am credibly informed that during the year just closed, a 
 number of persons engaged in railway construction, and 
 who came to this Province for that purpose, have taken out 
 land under the Labour Act, and are likely to become excel- 
 lent farmers. 
 
 Now this simple fact has a sisjnificance that should not 
 be lost upon us. It should teach us that instead of spend- 
 ing a great deal of money to induce people to come here 
 from abroad (that is, poor people), and become farmers, wo 
 should work upon the material we have at home. Wo 
 should use every endeavour to induce labouring men, un- 
 employed mechanics, and broken-down shop-keepers, to 
 turn their attention to agriculture, as affording them a better 
 and surer means of livelihood than any other. By convert- 
 ing these classes of people into farmers, we are injuring no 
 other department of industry ; for were we even to take 
 away so many labourers and mechanics from their manual 
 and mechanical employments, as to create a scarcity of 
 labor for a time, such scarcity would be of short duration, 
 for other labourers, and other mechanics, living elsewhere, 
 learning of the scarcity, would soon come hiiher and fill 
 the vacancies. Thus a substantial gain would result, as the 
 permanent population would be increased without affecting 
 materially the floating population. 
 
 The great object of any emigration scheme should be not 
 go much to bring emigrants into the Province as to increase 
 the number of agriculturists. It is quite likely that, at the 
 
 
 1; 
 
 ■it 
 
 pi 
 
 la 
 
1^ 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTING IMMIGRATION. 
 
 68 
 
 leared 
 
 • 
 
 irill be 
 ^f con- 
 >er8 of 
 jarried 
 us set 
 irmers 
 fcy fair 
 I suffi- 
 o hard 
 irative 
 where 
 y com- 
 and I 
 ^sed, a 
 1, and 
 en out 
 ! excel- 
 
 Id not 
 spend- 
 3 here 
 jrs, we 
 
 We 
 n, un- 
 rs, to 
 better 
 •nvert- 
 ng no 
 
 take 
 lanual 
 itj of 
 ation, 
 vhere, 
 nd fill 
 as the 
 ecting 
 
 be not 
 crease 
 at the 
 
 present moment, there are in Kew Brunswick a^ many join- 
 ers, ship carpente^^Sj and men of such professions, as em- 
 ployment can be found for. There are certainly enough 
 lawyers and medical men; but there are not enough farm- 
 ers; £300,000 sterling worth of food v/as imported last year 
 to supply the wants of the Province. AVliat we require is 
 a sutHciericy of producers to enable us to change this 
 £300,000 to the other side of the ledger. This cannot be 
 done by inviting lawyers or ship carpenters, joiners or 
 medical men to make their homes hero. It is not at all 
 probable that we can invite enough farmers from abroad to 
 come and live here for this purpose ; but by a well-directed 
 and vigorous system wo can induce hundreds now living in 
 comparative idleness, in the larger settlements and in the 
 cities, instead of being consumers to become producers. The 
 details of such a plan are not pertinent to this work. I believe, 
 iiow^ev^er, that it is possible, and would be worth a trial. 
 
 The resources of Kew Brunswick are. her forests, her 
 mines, her fisheries and her farms. Her great manufacture 
 is shipbuilding. She derives from her forests more than 
 half a million pounds worth of goods over and above what 
 is required for home consumption ; from her fisheries £50,000 
 worth; from her mines the same ; but fr m her farms 
 nothing. Hence, then, the necessity of straining every 
 nerve, of making untiring exertions to .^nder agriculture 
 as productive to the whole Province as it xS now to firmers 
 themselves. 
 
 I do not wish to be imderstood as opposing enngration 
 from Europe, *or from any other place, but as simply showing 
 the necessity that exists to have the right sort of cmigruits 
 brought to the Province at seasonable times. For instance, 
 I do not believe that if three hundred tailors were to come 
 here altogether, they WTjuld be received with a very warm 
 welcome, for their services are not required in the deveh j'- 
 ment of the country ; but let three hundred men of any trade 
 come and signify their intention of taking land and making 
 fiarn)8, and they wnll be met with, open arms, and al 1 the newspa- 
 pers in the Province will express the public delight thereat. 
 
 But, as already stated, one great object will be attained, if 
 we can succeed in the attempt to make some of our own 
 mechanics and labourers take hold of tho soil and till it ; 
 for their places will be readily filled by others. Experience 
 
fmm 
 
 54 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTINO IMMIGRATION. 
 
 Las proved tliat when there was plenty of work for our mecha- 
 nics to <'o, there were continued accessions to their ranks te 
 enable them to do it ; but experience has also proved that 
 while there is plenty of work for our farmers to do tjiere ara 
 few farmers to do it. The reason is obvious. 
 
 If we find it possible, then, to " locate" some of our own 
 population, we can with better grace direct our attention to 
 Europe ; but in doing so, we must keep in mind the leading 
 idea that we want emigrants likely to become tillers of the 
 soil, with a proportionate number only of other professions 
 or trades ; or more correctly, we want as many men of 
 means as can be induced to come, whose capital will aid in 
 developing our resources, and give employment to the idle ; 
 and we want also men who immediately, or in a year or two, 
 will settle here permanently as farmers. How can these be 
 induced to come ? Or is there any probability that they 
 can be induced to come at all ? In respect to the first class 
 of persons they are not likely to emigrate in any consider- 
 able force. Capital in Europe has so many outlets ; there 
 artf so many fields in which it can be employed to advan- 
 tage, that it would be folly to expect any extraordinary 
 amount to find its way into New Brunswick. Nevertheless, 
 I am of opinion, that were some little pains taken to spread 
 accurate information respecting the Province and its re- 
 sources, and above all its mineral and manufacturing wealth; 
 were its position, and commercial and social advantages 
 dearly pointed out in the best and most explicit manner, a 
 large share of English capital, at least, which now finds 
 its way into Russia, Sweden, and other portions of Europe, 
 would, in course of time, be invested here. 
 
 Canada was materially benefitted by the large contri- 
 butions she sent to the Great Exhibition in London, in 
 1851, and to that of Paris a few years after. Every article 
 of manufacture, of trade, of her mineral, farming and fish- 
 ing resources were represented; and these varied contribu- 
 tions, exhibitingat a glance the great producing capabilities 
 ©f the Province, attracted toward her an amount of atten- 
 tion she never before enjoyed ; the eyes of all England were 
 at once opened to the extent of her riches, and she has 
 since felt the benefit of the exertions she made to be properly 
 represented on those occasions. In like manner, New 
 Brunswick should embrace ov«ry opportunity to show that 
 
 Ml 
 
^ 
 
 TUB BEST MEANS 07 PBOMOTINa IMMIOBATIOIT. 
 
 55 
 
 mecha- 
 'anks te 
 red that 
 ere are 
 
 ur own 
 ition to 
 leading 
 3 of the 
 fessions 
 men of 
 I aid in 
 lie idle ; 
 or two, 
 liese be 
 at they 
 rst class 
 )nsider- 
 ; there 
 advan- 
 rdinary 
 theless, 
 spread 
 its re- 
 .vealth; 
 intages 
 mer, a 
 w finds 
 Curope, 
 
 contri- 
 lon, in 
 article 
 id fish- 
 ntribu- 
 bilities 
 at ten- 
 d were 
 lie has 
 •operly 
 New 
 w that 
 
 she is not as has been represented, and as to this day believed 
 by seven-eighths of the people of Great Britain, a cold, in- 
 hospitable and barren clime. Conld we prove by actual 
 demonstration, as well as by statements in books, that we are 
 in every respect, except size and population, the equal of 
 Canada, we would astonish the English people ; yet in doing 
 so we would be ou\y proving what is actually the case. 
 
 With reference to the second class. The northern conn- 
 tries of Europe — Sweden, Norway and Denmark — and a 
 portion of the German States, might be levied upon to con- 
 tribute a large number of emigrants for our advantage. The 
 people likely to emigrate from these places are of that class 
 most apt to become good farmers ; and knowing this, the 
 Government should turn their attention to the subject; they 
 should, by agents or otherwise, spread before these peoplor 
 the fullest and m^st accurate information respecting the 
 Province, in all its departments ; they should urge upon 
 them the many advantages that are here offered to the indus- 
 trious and the persevering man ; they should, in short, use 
 every honourable argument to impress upon their minds the 
 superiority of New Brunswick. They should make fair 
 provision to bring them hither by means of packet ships 
 sent annually to the principal seaports, and when they 
 arrived heie ifacilitate in every way their settlement. By a 
 similar mode of procedure, many emigrants of the required 
 class might be persuaded to come from the United Kingdom. 
 
 The Government should have agents at some of tho 
 principal ports of Great Britain, to superintend the embark- 
 ation of, and in fact to procure, emlgi-ants of whatever sort 
 might be most wanted. Were there such agents, (as the 
 Australian Government have), many emigrants who arrive 
 in the seaport towns, with no definite idea of where they 
 are going, farther than that they are bound to x\merica, 
 would, with little or.no trouble, be persuaded to make New 
 Brunswick their destination, instead of New York, or Bos- 
 ton, or Quebec. If there were agents of this kind in the 
 three great shipping ports of the United Kingdom, the 
 Government might once a year at the very least, send a 
 vessel to these ports, and it would return freighted with 
 human beings. 
 
 Another thing that might be found to work to advantage 
 is the founding of Emigrant Aid Societies iu the principal 
 
 1 1 
 I 
 
56 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTING IMMIGRATION. 
 
 I 
 
 places in our own Province. The '^biect of these societies 
 is explained by their name. By the payment of a small 
 sum annually, the members of each society are in a position 
 to import every year eight or ten, or perhaps moreij persons, 
 , for whom they immediately find employment — and give a 
 
 * fair start on the road to prosperity. Were these " Emigrant 
 
 I Aid Societies" properly conducted, they would prove of 
 
 f immense benefit ; and they might receive assistance from 
 
 Government in a limited extent to help them in their labor. 
 It has been thought by many that were some other sys- 
 tem of disposing ot the Crown Lands adopted, than is prac- 
 tised now, the settlement of the country might proceed more 
 rapidly. One of the systems suggested is to have the lands 
 laid olf in farms of a specified number of acres each ; and 
 then to give away every alternate lot to any person who 
 would improve it. The Province itself, it is contended, 
 would be no loser by this scheme, as the alternate lots re- 
 served for its benefit would become so much more valuable 
 by having a settler on either side of them. The plan is 
 ingenious ; but the difficulty seems to be, that even were a 
 clear title given of the land immediately on its being taken 
 possession of, no more settlements would be made than are 
 made at the present time, for even now land is so cheap as 
 to be within the reach of even the poorest man — that is, 
 under the Labour Act. In fact, the price of land is no 
 object to the settler. 
 
 One of the best plans, however, that Government could 
 adopt in reference to the public lands is to " locate" the 
 emigration. Instead of naving five hundred emigrants 
 coming into the Province, and all settling down in localities 
 fifty miles apart, they should be compelled to take land in 
 such positions that they would be all near each other. A 
 survey of the land in each County should be made, a certain 
 portion of it laid off in Townships, with a set number of 
 farms to each Township, and roads run through it at right 
 angles, as Provincial Great Koads ; make the settlers take 
 any of the unoccupied farms in the Township that he may 
 desire, giving him to understand that no bye road money 
 will be granted him. Pie will then be cautious not to 
 build his house at too great a distance from the main road, 
 and thus will he be brought nearer to a market, while he 
 will be BO situated as not to be very far away from his neigh- 
 
 b 
 b 
 
TT 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OP PKOMOTINO DIMIOKATIOir. 
 
 5T 
 
 bonr ; and the competition between them will likely prove 
 beneficial to both. 
 
 Land thus surveyed might be advantageously advertised 
 in tlie newspapers of the Province ; and in some foreign 
 prints. 
 
 There are in every County of the Province large quanti- 
 ties of land held bv individuals, of which no use is made. 
 This land, alienated from the Crown, is '' locked up," so to 
 speak ; its owners making no efforts to improve it. Iii 
 Counties where Municipal Councils exist there is a tax upon 
 this sort of property for municipal purposes ; but in thd 
 other Counties it is not taxed at all. The attention of Go- 
 vernment should be directed to this matter, and legis- 
 lation should be had for the purpose of making land 
 held in this way productive in some degree to the Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 In respect more immediately to the development of the 
 Provincial resources, it must be granted that a'^riculture is 
 deserving of more consideration at tiie hands of ihe Go- 
 vernment tlian any other branch of industry, and hence a 
 liberal policy should be pursued towards it. A sum of 
 money should be annually appropriated for the dissemina- 
 tion of facts connected with the capability and productive- 
 ness of the soil, the best kinds of manure, the most prolific 
 crops ; the influence of the climate upon vegetation, and 
 also for the encouragement of practical agriculture. A 
 noble spirit of emulation should be fostered among the 
 farmers of each County, and then between different Coun- 
 ties themselves. By this course agriculture would be 
 elevated to a much greater dignity than it now enjoys ; the 
 farmei*s, as they increased in knowledge, would increase in 
 skill, and would wrest from the soil larger crops. The 
 Board of Agriculture should ever have ready accurate sta- 
 tistical information respecting the Province ; they should 
 annually publish a report describing as near as possible the 
 character of the land under cultivation ; the locality and 
 comparative worth of cleared but uncultivated land ; its 
 market value ; the most eligible wild land for settlement 
 upon ; the supposed value of the previous year's crops ; of 
 what articles it was principally composed, and their relative 
 productiveness, and such other information on agriculture 
 as they might be able to obtain. The circulation of such a 
 
 V. 
 
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58 
 
 THE BEST MEANS OF PROMOTING IMMIGBATION. 
 
 
 work both here and abroad would have a powerful influonco 
 in the settlement of tlie Province. 
 
 To sum up the foregoing : Government should spare no 
 pains to induce actual settlers to locate upon the ^ild lands, 
 and after getting them there should exercise a judicious 
 watch over their interests ; and in the end it will be found 
 that the more productive we are able to make and show 
 the soil of New Brunswick to be, the more people will be 
 anxious to earn their livelihood from it. 
 
 Another thing absolutely necessary for the furtherance 
 of the developing process is a thorough, complete, and accu- 
 rate geological survey of the Province. A survey that will 
 not only indicate the true extent of the coal formation, or 
 where limestone, iron, or plaster abound in the greatest 
 quantities, but one which, in addition to these, will tell us 
 the nature of every foot of soil, with the view of showing 
 its present productiveness and how it may be improved. 
 To say nothing of this, however, the recent discoveries in 
 Albert County have awakened a fresh interest in the geology 
 of the whole Province ; and as the time has arrived when 
 ignorance should no longer exist regarding our resources, 
 the publication of reliable information upon economic 
 geology will have the effect of attracting towards us much 
 foreign capital. 
 
 The attention of the people should be directed by Go- 
 vernment to the value of the deep sea fisheries. By a little 
 judicious liberality many persons might be induced to enter 
 upon the prosecution of this branch of industry ; and it 
 might be much more extensively carried on, as it is capable 
 of almost unlimited expansion. The whole sea coast of 
 British America is open to our fisliermen ; they have an 
 excellent market, and the chances of success are greatly in 
 theiv favor. 
 
 Shipbuilding and lumbering are resources or branches of 
 industry that require no aid in developing. They have 
 already reached the highest point, and clearly prove that 
 they depend altogether' on the home market. It may be. 
 however, that in a few years Government will be called 
 upon to aid the lumbering interest by increasing the faci- 
 lities of getting lumber to market, for every year greater 
 trouble is experienced in hauling logs from the woods and 
 . bringing them to the streams, owing to the fact that thr 
 
THE BEST MEANS OF PBOMOTINO IMMIGRATION. 
 
 59 
 
 lumbermen are, year after year, getting further away from 
 navigable waters. 
 
 Another very important consideration as regards the de- 
 velopment of our resources, is the subject of the tariff; and 
 how far protective duties ought to be levied for the encou- 
 ragement of our own mechanics. There are some who will 
 maintain that in a young country, a protective duty is abso- 
 lutely necessary, while others with equal vehemence entirely 
 oppose it, and characterize it as generally productive of great 
 evils. My own opinion is, that there are conditions of a 
 country when a protective tariff — that is, one that will pro- 
 tect the native workman against the foreign manufacturer — 
 may be of much service; but this is a question more 
 properly belonging to the statesmen of the Province, and 
 one upon which public opinion must have great influence. 
 
 As already stated, no particular plan of emigration is 
 likely to result in the introduction of a large number of 
 emigrants at once ; but by the pursuing of a correct general 
 policy, keeping always in view the actual settlement of the 
 Province, much land will be cleared, and many of the in- 
 habitants who are now almost useless, can be induced to 
 become farmers. By facilitating the emigrant's means of 
 getting here an increased number may come ; and by 
 spreading correct information regarding ourselves and our 
 Province we are likely to receive a fair share of all the 
 favors falling to the Colonies in this way. 
 
 The people themselves have a duty to perform as well as 
 the Government. Every man in the community has a cer- 
 tain amount of influence which he should use for the welfare 
 of his native or adopted country. If he have friends abroad 
 who are inclined to change their residences, and are waver- 
 ing between two opinions, he should immediately set before 
 their eyes the advantages of making a settlement in New 
 Brunswick. In fact, he should feel that " developing the 
 resources of the country" was a duty incumbent upon all, 
 and that collectively and individually every citizen should 
 bear a part ; if at liome, by zealously entering upon the 
 furtherance of any scheme likely to benefit her ; if abroad, 
 by sustaining her good name, by extending information re- 
 specting her, and by inducing others to try their fortunes 
 upon her shores. 
 
 The Press of Canada and of the United States are conti- 
 
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 THE BEST ME/LNS OF PBOMOTmG IMMIGRATION. 
 
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 nually landing the merits of their respective countries ; their 
 extent, resources, comnrierce and progress, are themes upon 
 which they love to dwell. They are ever ready to note the 
 least circumstance that will teud to enlighten the world 
 upon the advancement these countries are making. If such 
 a course were more generally adopted by the P;'ess of New 
 Brunswick — and if the information it undertook to dissemi- 
 nate were reliable — the Province would soon bo sensibly 
 aftected by it. . s 
 
 On reviewing the whole subject of this Essay, I am of 
 opinion that New Brunswick has much to rejoice at, and 
 nothing to mourn over, in respect to her progress ; and if 
 in the future she advances proportionately to her increase 
 in the past, the people of the Province will twenty years 
 hence occupy a proud position, and New Brunswick will 
 possess that weight and influence among the United Colo- 
 nies to which her wealth, resources and intelligence entitle 
 her. 
 
 Tliat it may be so, is the best wish of the Author, ,. 
 
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