/ NOVA SCOTIA SCHOOL SERIES. IIISTORT r !,■<'. OF BRITISH AMERICA. FOR THE USE OB^ SCHOOLS. BY JOHN B. CALKIN, PRINCIPAL OF THE I^ORMAL SCHOOL, TEirRO, N. S. ; AUTHOR OF "SCHOOL OEOUBAPIIY OK THK WORLD," "THE INTBODUCTOBY GEOOBAPHY," ETC. HALIFAX, N.S.: A.' & W. MACKINLAY. 1882. I i -* .li: . ii. ':.,.. i 1 1 ii 4 '"t.':-': " ,lu-i '■IVV. Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the 3'ear 1882, By A: & W. Mackinlay, lu the Office of the Minister of Agriculture, at Ottawa. '!■:■ V- ;'4 'li*^ CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. iNTROniTCTTON 1 The Dominion 1 Columbus 4 America discovered 5 The Northmen 5 TheCabots C Mexico and South America . 7 CHAPTER II. Discovery op the St. Lawrence and Canada .... 7 Cartier's first voyage 7 Cartier's second voyage 8 Cartier's third voyage 9 Sir H. Gilbert and Sir Walter RaleigU ....... 10 De la Roche 10 Chauvin and Pontgrave 11 De Chaste and Chaiuplain 11 Indian tribes ro . • ^ CHAPTER III. The First Chapter in the Bistort of Acadie . . . 12 De Monts 12 Port Royal 13 IV . CONTKNTS. PAOB The Order of the Good Time 16 JiimcHtown 13 Port Royal destroyed 16 Sir William Alexander 17 /....,;, .; .;., ,,.:„;,.,;," CHAPTER IV. ' Caxada unpeu Champlain . .... . . . . . . . 18 Foundinij: of Quebec 18 Indian wars 18 Site of Montreal selected 19 First niissiouaries in Canada 20 Ciiamplaln visits the Lake Countr}' 20 The Company of One Hundred Associates 21 David Kirke 22 Claude de la Tour 22 Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye 23 Champlain's death 23 CHAPTER V. FREyCII QCARRELS IX ACADIE 24 La Tour and Charnise 24 Le Borgne 25 Port Royal taken by the English 26 Sir Thomas Temple 27 The Treaty of Breda 27 CHAPTER VL I "RmAS OF THE Hundred Associates ........ 27 Kcligious zeal 28 Founding of Montreal ^ 29 Hostility of the Iroquois 29 Massacre of the Hurons 30 Hurons abandon their country 31 New England 32 Close of the rule of the Hundred Associate^ ..... 83 CONTKN'M. CHAITEH VII. KoYAL Government 8A New officers So The Iroquois punished Ho , Discovery of the Mississippi ;>(> Froutenac HI La Salle explores the Mississippi 37 Front enac leaves Canada 88 Trouble with the Iroquois .38 Kendiaronk ;]9 Massacre at I^a Chine 40 Frontenac returns 40 CHAPTER VIII. >'■ u- Wars between the English and French 41 Capture of Port Itoyal 42 Phipps fails to take Quebec 43 Wiuthrop's expedition • . . 43 Port Royal 44 Treaty of Rys wick 44 An Indian council 45 CHAPTER IX. War Resumed 4G Queen Anne's war 46 Colonel March's expedition 47 Final oipture of Port Royal 47 Tlie Acadians 48 Expedition against Quel>ec 49 Treaty of Utrecht 4» liivalry between the English and French 50 CHAPTER X. Beoiknino op EwGLisn Rule in Nova Scotia .... 51 Early Governors 51 VI CONTEXTS. rA«B How the laws were made 62 Tlie AciidiHiis 62 Luuiuburg 53 r^i: : ciiArTER xi. "War in Nova Scotia and Capb Buj!:iox 54 Ai)nn])(>lis liesioged 54 First Cjipture of IJouisburg 55 D'Anville's expedition 57 Kaineziiy 59 Massacre at Grand Pre 60 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Ul CHAPTER XII. Settle MKNT op Halifax . . ." . CI The Indians 63 Tiie Germans (>3 CHAPTER XIII. The Boundary War 64 Gcortie Wasliinjjton Co Fort New Brunswick lOo Prince Et?es for the lietter 128 Appeals to tlio Queen VJ^.I , Itefurm agitation in C'annel8 defeated at Toronto 141 Navy Island 142 The " patriots " defeated at Pmtoott 142 The end of tl^e rebeilion 143 Papineau and MtuiKenzie 143 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVI. PAOB BeSPONSIBLB GOTltRNMENT 144 Lord DurhRm's report 144 The union of Upper and Lower Canada 144 Lord Russell's despatches .*..... 145 The maritime provinces 146 Extreme measures in Nova Scotia 146 James W. Johnstone ,» .„ • 147 Sir Colin Campbell and Joseph Howe . 148 The Coalition Government 148 The Coalition Government broken up . 149 Lord Falkland retires 150 Canada 150 The Earl of Elgin . 151 Sir John Harvey in Nova Scotia . 162 Triumph of Reform principles iu 1848 152 CHAPTER XXVIL Settlement of Old Questions and Development of New Principles •. . . . 153 Rebellion losses 153 Parliament House at Montreal burned . . . . . . . . 164 Seat of Government removed from Montreal 155 Pr. Ryerson 155 Francis Hincks 156 Canals and railways 156 The Reciprocity Treaty 160 The Seigniorial Tenure Act 15(> The Clergy Reserves 167 An elective Legislative Council in Canada 157 Ottawa made the capital 157 Death of Prince Albert . . 158 Rebellion in the United States 158 Nova Scotian heroes 158 Change of Government in Nova Scotia 159 Settlement with the English mining company 150 The Atlantic cable 160 « CONTEXTS. xi PAQK Liberal Government IfiO Visit of the Prince of Wales 161 Discovery of gold in Nova Scotia 161 Conservative Government 161 Free schools in Nova Scotia 162 CHAFrER XXVIII. CoNTFEnERATlON ..*''. 164 DifBcnlties in Canada 164 The Cliarlottetown Convention . . .' '•^ ;" "^ . , . . 166 The Quehec scheme 167 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia adopt union principles . 168 The delegates in London 169 Tl1 The Canada Pacific Railwjiy 101 I.«ocnI afikirs in Nova Scotia li)2 Conclusion «... 1*J3 Chronology 105 Tub Census of 1881 19d HISTORY OF BRITISH AMERICA. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. 1. This book is designed to fumisli an outline of tlie history of British America. Written for use in ilie pub- lic schools of Nova Scotia, it treats with greater ful- ness of events connected with that province. The temi Jin'lish America is now but little used. Prior to 18G7 it was the general name of a number of separate prov- inces owning a common allegiance to the crown of (Jreat Britain. At the prcBent time, the territory de- noted by it, except the island of Newfoundland, forms* the Dominion of Canada. The Dominion of Canada. — 2. The Dominion of Can- ada stretclies from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. On the south it is boimded by the United States, from which it is in part separated by the groat North American Lakes; northward, it loses itself in the frozen islands of the Arctic Ocean. This vast temtorv, embracing nearJv three and a half millions of square niiles, is con)po8ed of several distinct parts held t<^ether by the central gov- ernment of the Dominion. On the east, washed by the Atlantic, are the Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island ; farther west, 1 2 " UlSTOKV OF BRITISH AMERICA. lying along the St. Lawrence and the Great LtU^es, are the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, formerly called Lower and Upper Vanadyl ; in the interior are the newly settled Province of Manitoba and the Great North-West Territory ; in the extreme west, on the Pacific slope, is the Province of British Columbia. 3. Canada is the home of over four millions of people engaged in the various pursuits of civilized life. The inhabitants are generally of British origin, and speak the English language ; but there are many whose forefathers came from France, and who speak the French language. In the Province of Quebec these constitute a large ma- jority of the people. The County of Lunenburg in Nova Scotia and several counties in Ontario are chiefly peopled by descendants of German settlers. Besides, there are many Indians of whose ancestry and origin we have no knowledge. These Indians are scattered through all the provinces ; but they are most numerous in the North- West Territoi7 and British Columbia, where they still outnumber the white people. 4. At the present time most of the inhabitants of the Dominion live in the older provinces, — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and On- tario. The population of Manitoba and the North-West Territory is, however, rapidly increasing through immi- gration from the eastern provinces, the British Islands, and various countries in Europe. The great Canada Pacific Railway, now under construction, besides open- ing up vast regions of boundless fertility for settle- ment, will form a direct and easy route of travel from ojoean to ocean. 6. Some countries are very old ; they have been inhab- ited by civilized people many hundreds of years, and their INTRODUCTION. ■» history extends far back into the shadowy past, until wo find it hard to tell what is truth or what is fable in the mingled story. Even the oldest of the provinoea of the Dominion are comparatively new countries. Four hun- I dred years ago their 'history had not begun. There were [ then no cities, nor roads, nor civilized people in all the land. I Nearly the whole country was one unbr(>kcn forest. The inhabitants were savages, scattered thinly over the coun- try. How they came here, or who were their ancestors, nobody can tell. They had no written language. They I lived in rude, cone-shaped wigwams, formed of poles cov- ered with the bark of trees, or in low huts built of logs. j A few of them cultivated Indian corn in a rude sort of way ; but most of them lived by hunting and fishing. They were a roving people, remaining but a short time in one place ; and when they travelled they w^cnt on foot, or glided along the rivers and lakes in light bark canoes. The difi^erent tribes were often engaged in cruel wars with each other, their weapons being bows and arrows, clubs, and stone hatchets. Before battle they held a grand feast, followed by wild war-dances, during w^hich they filled the air with hideous shouts and yells. 6. In these early times our forefathers lived far away to the eastward, beyond the Atlantic Ocean, — most of them in the British Islands; but dome of them in France or Germany, or in some other country of Europe. They had never heard of such a land as America, and they had little idea of the extent of the vast ocean that lay to the west of Europe. People then had very strange notions respecting the earth ; even the most learned men knew very little of its form and size. Most persons thought the earth was flat, like a vast plain, bordered all around its edges by the ocean. JIISTOay OP liHITISH AMFR[(?A. Ilidia. — 7. Far away to tho east, in the South of Asia, is a wonderful land called India. This country was then, as now, noted for its rich and varied products. For cen- turies tho merchants of Southern and Western Europe had carried on trade with India, bringing its rich treasures overland by caravans to the eastern shores of the Mediter- ranean, and thence by water to their own country. Southwards. — 8. The great continent of Africa, stretch- ing far away to the south of Europe, was almost as nuich an unknown laud in these early times as America itself. Only the northern portion of it, lying next to the Medi- terranean, was visited by Kuropeaus. But towards the end of the fifteenth century Spanish and Portuguese navi- gators, striking out more boldly from the shores which bordered their country, sailed southerly along the west of Africa, going farther south j'ear after year, until at last they came to the extreme south of the continent. One result of these daring voyages into imknown waters wa« to incite to similar enterprises in other diixjctions. Westward. — 9. Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa in Italy, and one of the greatest men of his time, now startled the people of Western Europe by propos- ing to reach India by a westerly voyage across the At- lantic Ocean. By careful study he had arrived at the correct conclusion that tlie earth was spherical in form, though he erroneously under-estimated its size. Colum- bus was poor, and Jii« proposal seemed so absurd that he had much difficulty in obtaining the assistance necessary for his undertaking. Portugal, (Jeuoa, and Venice were all appealed to in vain. Finally, however, receiving aid from Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain, in the month of August, 1492, with high hopes, he began his voyage over the great unexplored western waters. He INTRODUCTION. H liad three ships, two of which were very small and with- out decks ; even the largest would in our day be thought small for such a voyage. The crews numbered one hun- dred and twenty. It was hard to find sailors willing to risk their lives in so perilous an enterprise, and criminals were taken from the public prisons to make up the num- ber. As the little fleet sailed out of the harbor of Palos, on the west of Portugal, the friends of those on board, standing on the shore, gave them a sad farewell, never expecting to see tliem again. America Discovered. — 10. After a long voyage, ren- dered more difficult by a mutinous crew, C'olumbus came to that group of islands now known as the Bahamas. He visited Cuba and other neighboring islands, and then re- turned to Spain without discovering the great continent which he had so nearly reached. Columbus supposed that the islands which ho had discovered wer-e outliers of the famous Indies on the south of Asia. They w^ere, in- deed, far enough from India ; but afterwards, when the error was discovered, they were called the West Indies. Columbus made several subsequent voyages across the Atlantic, and in 1497 he discovered the mainland of South America. The Northmen. — 11. America had indeed been visited by the North- men from Norway live liundred years before the celebrated voyajje of Cohnnbug. These people were noted sailors, and loved to rove over the Kea, of which, thron^h their skill and daring, they were for centuries the virtual rulers. At first they established a colony in Iceland; then some of them went to Greenland, from which they found their way to New- foundland and Labrador. For many years they continued to visit Amer- ica, coasting southerly as far as Massachusetts. To one of these countries which they visited, supposed to be Nova Scotia, they gave the name Markland or the Foi'est Country. From some cause, not very well known, the Northmen after a time ceased to visit America, and their discoveries and adventures were forgotten, or were remembered only in laJe and song. C HISTORY OP mUTISlI AMERICA. The Cabots. — 12. Tidings of the wonderful discovery made by Columbus soon set all Western Europe astir. Many adventurers crossed the Atlantic, eager to find treas- ures of gold in the New World, or bent on discovering a westerly passage to India. Among the early explorers who crossed the Atlantic were John Cabot and his son Sebastian. The elder Cabot was a native of Venice in Italy, but he had removed to Bristol in England, where he had become a prominent merchant. Under royal charter, granted by Henry VII., who was somewhat envious of the glory accru- ing to the King of Spain from the discovery of Columbus, the Cabots set sail on their first voyage in Ma}', 1497, in search of a westerly route to China and India. All lands that might be discovered were to belong to the English crown ; the Cabots were to have the sole right of trade with such countries, and they were to give one fifth of the profits to the King of England. At the end of three months the Cabots returned, having visited, not the sunny Indies of the East, but the stormy shores of Labrador and New- foundland. In the following year Sebastian Cabot made a second voyage to America. He came first to Labrador, and then, turning to the South, sailed along the coast nearly to Florida. The Cabots have the honor of discovering the mainland of North America ; and on the rights arising out of this discovery England afterwards based her claim to the country. 13. For over a century little progress was made in set- tling or exploring the vast country which the Cabots had claimed for the crown of England. The extensive fishing- grounds off the coast of Newfoundland and Cape Breton soon became noted ; and every year, at the return of spring, came thither crowds of fishing crafts from France, Eng- V DIHCOVEUY O^' THE ST. LAWUENCE AND CANADA. 7 land, Spain, and Portugal. But in the autumn they sailed away again, leaving the Indians undisturbed in their forest home. . v- \r 14. It i« said that in 1518 a Frenchman, iiameil Baron de Lery, visited Sable Island, (»ff liie sontlieast of Nova Scotia. A few wild cattle, found many years after on tiie island, were supposed to have sprung from titock left by De I^ery. In Urli Verrazani, sent out by the King of France, sailed along the coast from (,'arolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, naming the country New France, and claiming it in behalf of his sovereign. Mexico and South America. — 15. The Spaniards were more active in exploring and taking possession of the countries in the South. The avaricious Cortes marched into Mexico with his cruel soldiers, plundered the rich cap- ital of the Aztecs, and with base cruelty and treachery seized their old king, Montezuma. Then, farther south, into the great land which we now call South America, went another Spaniard, Pizarro, conquering and pillaging Peru, the rich empire of the Incas. There is the story also of Balboa, who, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, fell on his knees with humble thanksgiving as he first beheld the Pacific Ocean from the mountain heights ; and then, hast- ening forward, plunged into the waters and took posses- sion of the great ocean in the name of his sovereign. CHAPTER II. DISCOVERY OP THES ST. LAWRENCE AND CANADA. Cartier's First Voyage. — 16. Francis I., of France, thought that the New World was not intended for Spain alone, and he resolved to secure a portion for himself. Accordingly he sent Jacques Carticr, a noted navigator of O ' . : HKSTOHy OK iJHIil.SII AMKUICA. St. Malo, on a vo^'age of diHcovcry. Curtier visited New- foundland, sailed through the Strait of Jielle Isle, entered Bay Chalcnr, and landed on the Peninsula of Oaspd^. Here he erected a high wooden cross, bearing thojfeur de lis, and an inscription showing that he claimed the country for the King of Franco. Some Indians, whom he took home with him, told him of a large river, not fair distant, which flowed for hundreds of miles through a vast forest country. i Cartier*8 Second Voyage. — 17. In the following year Cartier came again and sailed up the river St. Lawrence, which the Indians had described. Where the city of Que- bec now stands he found the Indian village of Stadacona. The old chief Donacona, who belonged to a tribe called Algonquins, gave him a kindly greeting, and welcomed him to his home. In the river near this place is a beau- tiful island, now called Orleans, to which (Jartier gave the name Isle Bacchus, on account of the abundance of wild grapes which it produced. 18. Sailing up the river to the island on which Mon- treal now stands, Cartier found a lai*ger Indian village, called Hochelaga, which belonged to the Hurons. These Indians also treaitcd Cartier kindly, regarding him as a superior being, who could heal the sick by a touo!i of his hand. 19. Hearch of some passage to China and India. 10 ' lllSrnUT Ol' MIIITISII A.MKKH A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and 24. Among tlio aariy Sir Walter Raleigh. KngliHh visiturs tu Amer- ica was Sir Humphrey (Jlillicrt, wlio, in the year 1583, took foiTnal poBsessiou of Newfoundland in the uamo of his sovereign, Queen Elizabeth. A half-brother of his. Sir Walter Raleigh, also took possession of a large tract of country, which he ntuned Virginia, in honor of the Queen. Sir Walter is said to have been the first to introduce tobacco and the potato into England, both of which are native plants of America. It is told of Sir Walter, that, on one occasion, his servant saw him smok- ing, and, thinking he was on fire, dashed a pitcher of water over him. De la Boohe. 1598, A. D. —26. Another fruidcs-s efFort to found a colony in Aniovica was made by the MarquiH de la Koche. The King of France made this nobleman Viceroy of Canada, Acadie, and the adjoining territory, giving him the sole right to carry on the fur-trade within the bouud» of his dominion. As it was difficult to find volunteers for the enterprise, the Marquis was allowed to take convicts from the public prisons of France to make up the required number of colonists. While jn search of a suitable place for a settlement, he left forty convicts on Sable Islan4- Shortly after, encountering a violent storm, he was driven back to the coast of France. He returned home, where, through the influence of rivals, his commission was cancelled, and he himself was thrown into prison. For seven long years, while De la Roche lay in prison, the wretched men on Sable Island strove with cold and hunger and disease, and with one another, until only twelve survived. Then the King, learning how they had been left, sent Chetodel, De la Roche's pilot, to bring home those that might be found alive. On their return they were brought into the presence of the Kiitg, who was so touched by their wretched appearance and the story of their sufferings that he par- doned their past offences, and bestowed on each a gift of fifty crowns. 26. The fur-trade with the Indians of Canada was a source of great wealth to the merchants of the sea-port towns of France, especially those of Dieppe, Hochelle, Rouen, and St. Malo. In exchange for their furs, which DlHCOVKllY OF THE 8T. LAWIIKNCE AND CANADA. 11 bnmglit a high price in tlio Kuropoan markets, the traders gave the Indians such things as knives, hatchets, cloth, and brandy. The fur-traders were not satisfied with hav- ing the traffic free and open to all, but a company or even a single person would obtain from the King a charter secur- ing to the holder sole right to trade with the Indians within a specified territory. Those who obtained charters usually came un*ler obligations to establish a certain number of colonists in their territory. These obligations they very generally disregarded. Tlieir chief aim was not the pros- perity of the ot)lony, but pecuniary gjiin from the fur- traffic. Charters were obtained through influence at court, but were often cancelled by the counter infiu- once of a rival. Chauvin and Pontgrav^. 1599, A. D. — 27. The next adventurers after De la Uoche were Chauvin of llouon and Pontgravo of St. Malo. They promised to establish five hundred colonists in Canada. Their principal trad- ing-post was Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay. They derived largo profits from the fur-trade ; but, as regards tlie colonists, tliey brought out only sixteen, and these they sadly neglected. De Chaste and Champlain. 1603, A. D. —28. De Chaste of Dieppe succeeded Chauvin, and a new company was formed to carry on the fur-trade. But the principal man that we have to speak of now is Sanniel Champlain, who was sent out in company with Pontgrave to explore the country. Champlain, a man of courteous bearing and noble character, was an officer in the French navy. As we shall see farther on, he did more to promote the settlement of Canada than all the adventurers who pre- ceded him. In fact, he is properly said to be the founder of the French dominion in Canada. In his first voyage 12 , HISTORY OF mUTISH AMEIUCA. ho ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the La Chine Kapids, so called by him because he thought he was on the route to China. Stadacona and Hochclaga were now deserted. At Cap Rouge the ruins of an old fort alone testified of Cartier's attempt to found a colony. Indian Tribes. — 29. The Indians of Canada and the neighboring territory belonged to three principal divisions or nations, — the Algon- quins, the Ilnrons, and the Iroquois. Ii^ch of these included various tribes. The Algonquins occupied the country north of the St. I^w- rencc, from near its mouth to the St. Maurice Kiver. The Micmacs of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick belonged to the Algon({uin family. The ilurons inhabited the country west of that held by the Algonarre governor in his stead. Troubles with the Iroquois. — 96. Soon after the re- call of Frontenac the wars with the Iroquois began again. These hostilities were encouraged by the English, espe- cially by the governor of the lately acquired colony of New York, who sou":ht to draw awav the fur-trade from the St. Lawrence to the Hudson. The King of France instructed the Governor of Canada to send him any strong men whom he might capture from the Iroquois to work on tho royal galleys. But Governor La Barre ' IIUYAL OOVIiUNMliNT. 39 fuilofl to tiiko any prisoners ; indeed, ho was compelled to make a dls^nicoful peace with the enemy. The next Gov- ernor, Dononville, in order to carry out the King's wishes, did a very shamefid thing. Under pretence of wishing to niake a treatv he invited Indian delegates to meet him at Fort Frontenac ; ho then treacherously seized the chiefs who had visited him for this friendly purpose, to tho number of about fifty, and sent them to France in irons. Djnonville provoked thj Iroquois still moro by invading tho territory of the Senecas. These insults brought the enraged Irotpiois into Canada in such numbers that tho (iovernor was glad to secure paaco by promising to bring back their chiefs whom ho had sent to France. Kondiaronk kills the Peace. — 06. The Hurons, and other tribes who had been allies of tho French, were much displeased at this treaty of peace with tho Iro- quois. Kondiaronk, the chief of tho Hurons, who on account of his cunning was called " tho rat," set himself to break up the treaty, or, as ho expressed it, to ' kill tho I)eace." Ho waylaid the Iroquois delegates and took them prisoners. When they assured him that they were messengers of peace to the French, he replied that the French had sent him to seize them, professing great indignation at this treachery. To show his own dis- approval of the act he set them all at liberty except one, whom he kept, as he alleged, on account of one of his men whom they had killed in trying to escape capture. Ho now hastened away to a distant French fort, and handed over his prisoner as a spy whom ho had seized. The officer had not heard of the peace which had lately been concluded, and he proceeded to put the Iroquois to death. The prisoner protested that ho was not a spy, but had come on an errand of peace, appealing to Kondiaronk 40 . HISTORY OP BUITISII AMERICA. , to confirm his statement. Bnt the wily " rat " shook his head and said that he knew nothing of it; the fear of death had turned the fellow's brain. Then he set free an old Iroquois whom he had held as a prisoner, and sent him to tell his people of the baseness of the French in killing their chief. Massacre of La Chine. 1689, A. D. — 97. In vain did Denonville assure the enraged Iroquois that he had noth- ing to do in this ill treatment of their delegates. Bent on revenge, swiftly and silently they came upon the un- suspecting Fren(;h. At midnight twelve hundred Indian warriors landed at La Chine, the upper part of Montreal Island, and stationing themselves around the dwellings of tl e sleeping inhabitants, at a given signal began with torch and tomahawk the fearful carnage. As the terrified people rushed from their burning dwellings, they were hurled back into the flames, hacked in pieces, or seized and reserved for more cruel tortures in the land of the Iroquois. It is said that twelve hundred of the French lost their lives in this massacre. 98. For over two nioiiriis tlie Iroquois continued their reign of terror. The Governor gave orders to his nmn not to risk a battle with the ravages, but as best they could to protect themselves. Only within the forts of Quebec, Throe Rivers, and Montreal was there safety. Tor lack of men to defend it, Fort Frontenae was blown up and abandoned. As winter approached, the Iroquois departed. Frontenac Returns. — 99. Deep gloom rested on the country, and the people looked anxiously for help. "With great satisfaction, therefore, they received intelligence that the King had again made Frontenac Governor of Canada. The irritable temper and haughty manners of the old soldier were now forgotten ; only his successful wars against the Iroquois were remembered. WAKS OF THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH. 41 : i , \ ^ .. CHAPTER VIII. ,, WARS BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH. 100. The French and English colonists in America were never on friendly terms. Their rivalry in the fur-trade led to intrigues and counter intrigues with the Indians, and soon developed into open hostility. From this time onward for about seventy yeai*s there is little to describe save a succession of strifes, massacres, and petty wars, ending in the grand struggle which gave the English un- disputed and permanent possession of the continent. ^ 101. Frontenac, now seventy years of age, was yet full of vigor ; and at once he set about repairing the ruined , fortunes of Canada. Not without reason he saw that the English, not the Iroquois, were the chief obstacles to the tranquillity cf the country. His first efforts, however, were directed towards conciliating the Indians. He had brought back their chiefs, the victims of Denonville's perfidy, whom he sent home bearing pleasant memories of his kindness. And now he thought himself ready to take measures against the English ; but not having enough forces for open warfare, he resorted to the method of sudden irruptions and midnight surprises. 102. In midwinter three bands of French and Indians, after many days' toilsome march through the forests, came stealthily by night upon the border settlements of New York, New Hampshire, and Maine. They burned the houses and barns, killed and scalped the inhabitants, or — what was often worse — they dragged them into cap- 42 ., HISTOHY OF BRITISH AMERICA. tivit}'. S'"' ^* dy, in New York, and S.ilmon Falls, in New riampsiiii were among the places thus attacked. 103. These massacres aroused the indi<^nation of the English colonists. They asked England to help them drive the French from America ; but King William was engaged in European wnrs which required all the foDcs at his command. Then the colonists decided to fight their own battles. Massachusetts and New York took the lead. Two expeditions were fitted out, — a naval force againsff Port lloyal and Quebec, under Sir William . Phipps, a colonist of humble birth, who by his indus- try and courage had gained for himself position and name ; and a land force against Montreal under General W^inthrop. Capture of Port Royal. 1690, A. D. ~ 104. Sailing from Boston with a fleet of eight small vessels, bearing about eight hundred men, Phipps entered Annapolis Basin early in May. Menneval, the Governor of Acadie, had but eighty men in the fort ; his ramparts were broken down, his cannon were not mounted, and his stores were low. Resistance would have been folly. But by putting on a bold air Menneval adroitly concealed his weakness, and gained honorable terms of surrender. 105. Phipps agreed to send the garrison to Quebec, and allow the inhabitants of Port Royal to hold their property. But when he entered the fort and saw its weak condition, lie was greatly annoyed ; and, fearing that he would be blamed by the authorities at home for dealing so mildly with the enemy, he was glad of a plausible excuse for violating his promise. A few disorderly soldiers robbed some stores which had been given up to the English. Upon this Phipps charged Menneval with not fulfilling his part v>f the bargain, sent him and his garrison to Boi- WARS OF THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH. 43 ton as prisoners of war, and allowed the English soldiers to plunder the town. . n < Phipps Fails to Take ftuebec. — 108. In the month of Ootober Phipps appjarod before Qaobec with a force of two thousand mon and thirty-five vessels, large and small. Tlic officer whom he sont with a flag of truce was led blindfold into the city to prevent his carrying back any report of its condition. When brought into the presence of the council, he laid his watch upon the table and in the name of King William demanded the surrender of the town witliin an hour. Filled with rage, the old Connt Frontenac replied : " I will not keep you waiting so long. I acknowledge no king of England but James II. ; William Prince of Orange is a usurper. Go, tell your General that I will answer him by the mouth of my cannon." Phipps then opened fire on the town, but his guns were too small to have much effect. On the other hand, the guns of the fort, from their elevation, seriously damaged the English ships. A land force tried in vain to get in rear of the town, and were driven in confusion to their boats, leaving their guns behind them on the shore. Deeply chagrined, Phipps hastily sailed away to Boston, bearing the first tidinu'S of his defeat. • . There was now great rejoicing in Quebec, and in mem- ory of the deliverance of the city the King of France had a medal struck with the inscription : Francia in Novo Orbe Vidrlx, Kebec Liherata, A. D. MDCXC. Winthrop's Expedition. — 107. In the mean time Gen- eral Winthrop's expedition against Montreal had resulted in complete failure. Proceeding from Albany on the Hud- son, ho went as far as Lake George. Here small-pox broke out among his men, and his Indian allies failed to bring promised aid. Discouraged by these and other troubles, he returned to Albanv. 44 . : llISTonY OF BRITISH AMEUICA. . /. Port Eoyal after the Capture. —108. Tlie fort at Port Koyal, being left by Phipps without a garrison, was soon re-occupied by the French. But ViHebon, the new French governor, thinking that this place was too much exposed to attack from English cruisers, made his headquarters at the mouth of toe Nashwaak, on the river St. John. Here in his forest retreat, guarded by a pack of savage dogs, he gathered around hiin bands of Indians whom he en- couraged in acts of outrage against the English. Bap- tiste, a noted pirate, who preyed on the connnerce of New England, also found refuge for himself and sale for his plunder in Villebon's fort. 109. As a protection ajfainst the Frcncli and Indians, the New Eng- land colonies had built a strong stone fort at lVnmf|nid, called Fort Wil- liam Henry. After a .^hort siege the Frencli, under IVlberville, took this fort and levelled its walls to the ground. They alt;o destroyed every exposed settlement in New England and cruelly murdered the iiUiabl- tants. Frontenac having failed to gain the friendship of the Iroquois, as he had hoped, invaded their country and burned their villages and corn. HO. On their part, also, the English colonists did the French all the harm they could. A fitting instrument for this work of revenge was found in old Ben Church, who had many years before gained renown in the wars against the Indians. AVith his fleet of whale-boats, well manned by sturdy New England fishermen. Church sallied forth like a messenger of death, laying waste every Aca- dian settlement on the coast from Passamaquoddy Bay to Cumberland Basin. Treaty of Eyswick. 1697, A. D. — HI. But now, after eight years of cruel slaughter and wanton destruction of property, France and England, grown weary of fighting, arranged terms of peace. It having been agreed that all places captured by either nation during the war should tVAIlS 01' THE ENGLISH AND THE FRENCH. io be restored to the original owner, Nova Suotia was ceded to France. The war thus brought to a cloae is sometimei* called "King William's War." - ' Frontenac died in the year after the peace, in the seven- ty-uighth year of his age, respected by both friends and foos. He was greatly admired by his soldiers for his courage, decision, and nol)lc bearing. He made himself very agreeable also to the Indian chiefs by his affability towards them, by attending their feasts, and by joining in their war-songs and dances. An Indian Council 1701, A. D. — 112. By skilful man- agement the French gained the good-will of nearly all the Indian tribes. Even the Iroquois, althougii they would Jiot light against the English, in great measure laid aside their hostility towards the French. De Callieres, who suc- ceeded Frontenac, gathered at jMontreal a grand council of Indian chiefs. There were present twelve hundred Indian warriors of various tribes in their paint and feathers ; the Governor and his council were there, and a large assembly of the leading colonists. Long speeches were made by Indian orators ; presents were given ; the pipe of peace was smoked, the Governor taking the lead ; and then followed feasting and hilarity. The council lasted several days ; a treaty was made, and all the tribes agreed to restore the captives whom they had taken in war. Old Kondiaronk, "the rat," was present; but in the middle of his speech he took suddenly ill, and died before the council closed. _ ; Instead of signing their names to the treaty, the chiefs drew the sym- bols of their respective tribes, — the Senocas, a spider ; the Cayugas, a calumet; the Oneidas, a forked stick; the Mohawks, a bear; and the Ilurons, a beaver. 4G HISTORY OF 15KIT18H AMERICA. .'■■■>-l:;' 'w:- ...:jri,-^it .•»-,■•; .- ;(,' '-ry'-i-.-' '■■:..,■'■. '_.;,.,„ ■■-- - ■-■'•;•:> .'V '; /■. ';,'-)UTi/i r>'V^'f^''; .^-^ '''^ '■'.''iv ' . ^'■■'i^tf'i "■"■; ^VI'■ . ■■ '.r ^ ',■■■■ v^ ti' CHAPTER IX. ''"^ WAR RESUMED. ' ' .: w ' Qneen Anne's War Begins. — 113. The peace made by the Treaty of Ryswick was only a breathing spell. France and England were soon at war again, and^ as usual at such times, their colonies in America were involved in the quar- 1*61. The French harassed the English colonists by raids, rather than attacked them in open war. Some terrible massacres were perpetrated in the frontier settlements of New England, and persons could leave their homes only at the ])eril of their lives. Laborers on their way to the fields, travellers on the highway, women carrying water from the spring, and children gathering berries or flowers on the edge of the woods, were shot down by Indians lurk- ing behind rocks and bushes. ' . -, 114. We may well shudder at the harbarities revealed by the history of these border incursions. In midwinter over three hundred French and Indians marched two hundred miles to the frontier settlements of Massa- chusetts. They burned the town of Deerfield, killed about fifty of the inhabitants, and carried oft" over a hundred into Canada. Among the captives were Mrs. Williams, the wife of the village clergyman, and her live children. Faltering by the way, the mother was struck dead by a tomahawk. Many j-ears after, as the wife of an Indian chief, one of her daughters visited her relatives at Deerfield. No entreaties could induce her to remain with them. After a few days she returned to her wigwam. Haverhill, in New Hampshire, was the scene of a tragedy similar to that of Deerfield. 115. Acadie has an important place in the records of the period. Port Royal was again the French headquar- ters of the country, and its fort had been strengthened bv earthworks and ditches. La Have, on the Atlantic coast, was the rendezvous of a band of sea-rovers who did much damage to the commerce of New England. So bold were they, that they sometimes even dashed into Boston Harbor and captiu'cd vessels lying there. But injury and outrage were not the deeds of the French ahme. Colonel (Church was sent to take revenge on the Acadians. At Beaubassin, a French settlement at the head of Cumber- land Basin, and at Minas, he killed the cattle, cut down the dikes, and burned the houses and barns. The terri- fied inhabitants fled to the woods. Colonel March's Expedition. 1707, A. D. — 116. The Government of Massachusetts sent a fleet under Colonel March to take Port Royal. The citizens of Boston were so certain of victory that they prepared for a grand cele- bration. But the expedition failed wholly, and March, ashamed to return to Boston, sailed into Casco Bay. He was ordered to renew the attack on Port Royal, but re- fused. Another officer was sent in his place, with no better success. Final Capture of Port Royal. 1710, A. D. — 117. The people of New England were not easily discouraged. They had decided that the French must be conquered, and failure only nerved them to renewed and greater effort. They applied to Great Britain for aid. After much delay several war-ships and transports were sent over ; and Queen Anne gave money from her private purse to equip four New England regiments*. The chief aim was to take Que- bec ; but when the equipment was ready the season was too far advanced for going up the St. Lawrence ; so, leav- ing Canada until spring, the fleet sailed for Port Royal. 118. It was in September that Nicolson, with thirty-five yesaels and three thousand five hundred men, entered 48 HISTORY OF BRITISH AMRRIOA. Aiuiapolig Basin. Subercase, the French Governor at Port Royal, was not wanting in bravery ; but with his broken-down fortifications, small garrison, and scanty stores, he could do little against snch a force. Besides, his men had so lost hope that they were ready to desert at the first opportunity. The Acadians of the neighbor- hood added the weight of their entreaties, and, trembling for their property and homes, besought him to surrender. 119. Subercase held out long enough to save himself from the charge of cowardice, and his men from being treated as prisoners of war. But when the English can- nonade began in earnest, he thought it prudent to yield. Thus Port Royal, which had so offen changed owners, passed finally into the possession of Great Britain. In honor of Queen Anne its name was changed to Annapolis Royal. Colonel Vetch, with a garrison of four hundred and fifty men, was placed in charge of the fort. ' ■ 120. Nicolson engaged to send the French garrison to France, and also any of the inhabitants of Port Royal who wished to go. The Acadians within three miles of the fort were allowv^d to remain on their lands two years, on condition of taking the oath of allegiance to Great Britain. ^,. -:.-::v.v.-..-,^-- -..^, ... V^^' ;^•■■- ■"■-'■-;'■---■ V"-'V- The Acadians. — 121. The Acadians were reluctant to submit to British authority, and refused to take the oath of allegiance. Vaudreuil, the Governor of Canada, sent the Baron St. Castine to Nova Scotia to keep alive this spirit of opposition, and to secure the fidelity of the Indi- ans. Colonel Vetch tried in vain to hire the Acadians to bring timber for repairing the fort. The Indians, more openly hostile, attacked a company of seventy men whom he had sent up the Annapolis River, killing thirty and taking the rest prisoner. Relying on aid from Canada, WAll UESUMEI). 4D four or five hiuulrcd Acadijins invested the fort. But Vaudruuil needed all his forces to protect himself, and could do little more for the Acadians than to make them uneasy by exciting hopes never to be realized. Expedition against Quebec. 1711, A. D. — 122. The English colonies now desired the home government to complete the work so well begun, by taking Canada from the French. General Nicolsou visited England to urge ^ this measure ; Colonel Schuyler of Albany also went on the same errand, taking with him five Iroquois chiefs, whom he presented at the court of Queen Anne. A power- ful expedition was prepared. Veteran soldiers, who had won for England great victories on the battle-fields of Eu- rope, and a well-equipped fleet were sent against Quebec. It proved an ill-fated expedition. About midsummer the fleet left Boston, under the command of Sir Hovenden Walker, who was both incompetent and obstinate. Though warned by his pilot, the Admiral sailed too close to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, and during a very dark night eight of his ships were cast away on the Egg Islands, and eight hundred of his men were drowned. A council of war decided to abandon the undertaking, and Walker sailed for England without getting sight of the enemy. • '--^■■-■' '■''. "'■"■'-" ■' -"'■ ' ^ '' ■ ' ■ --'■" 123. In the mean time General Nicolsou, setting out from Albany with a large force of militia and Indians, pro- ceeded as far as Lake George. At this point, hearing of the disaster which had befallen the fleet, he turned back. Treaty of Utrecht. 1713, A. D.— 124. Peace was finally concluded between Great Britain and France by a treaty signed at a small town in Holland called Utrecht. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay Territory were ceded to Great Britain. Canada, Cape Breton, St. 4 Sfi HISTORY OK IJllITISll AML'KICA. John's Island, an ,• " CHAPTER X. BEGINNING OF ENGLISH llULtJ IN NOVA SCOTIA. Nova Scotia. — 128. Tn Nova Scotia matters were not iif a very satisfactory contlition. Indeed for nearly half a century, owing to prevailing conflict and nncertainty, tho country made little progress. The French Acadians still occupied their lands, but they refused to become British subjects. The Indians, who liad been taught to look upon the English as enemies, were openly hostile, committing many acts of outrage and murder. Moreover the French asserted that they had ceded only the Peninsula of Nova Scotia to Great Britain, and that the country now forming New Brunswick still belonged to them. 129. Previous to the founding of Halifax, Annapolis was the capital of Nova Scotia and the only English settlement except Canso. The first Governor was Colo- nel Nicolson, who commanded at the taking of Port Koyal. At the end of three years he was succeeded by Colonel Phillips, who for thirty-two years drew his salary as governor, although for the last twenty-seven years of this period he resided in England, and never once visited the country of which he w^as nominally governor. Colonel Armstrong, the president of the council, acted as lieuten- ant-governor for seventeen years, when, in a fit of insanity, he killed himself with his sword. He was succeeded by Paul Mascarene, a French Protestant, whose family had been driven from France by religious persecution, who re- mained in office until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis. < 62 . HISTORY ov imniHii America. e I " - How the Laws were made. — 130. There was no TIouHo of AsHcmhly in these early times. The (Jovornor chose twelve of the leading citizens of Annapolis Koyal'aM a Council to act with him in making the laws and in gov- erning the eoimtry. The (Jovernor and Council also acted as a court of justice to try offenders. Some of their modes of punishment, though then not unusual in other coun- tries, would seem curious enough at the present time. It is related, that, for the offence of slandering her neiglibftr, one Jean Picot was sentenced to be "ducked" at high- water ; but through the intercession of the person she had defamed, she was let off with asking pardon at tlio church door on Stinday morning. . The Acadians. — 131. At this time there were six or seven thousand Acadians in Nova Scotia. Their chief settlements were in the most fertile parts of the country along the Annapolis River, — at Canard, Grand Pre, Piziquid, Cobecpiid, and Beaubassin. Here they culti- vated the rich marshes which they had reclaimed from the sea by strong dikes. For the most part they neg- lected the wooded uplands. Their wealth consisted largely in cattle, horses, sheep, and swine. . .; r- 132. The English had agreed that the Acadians living within three miles of the fort at Port Royal should be allowed to remain on their lands for two years. At the end of this time all the Acadians could have been expelled as foreigners, but Queen Anne directed Governor Nicolson to treat them in all respects as British subjects. If they had been left to themselves, it is probable that kind treat- ment would soon hava led them to submit to their new sovereign, as the French of Canada did fifty years later. But the French governors of Quebec encouraged them in disaffection and disobedience. DEOINNIXO OF ENGLISH RULE IN NOVA SCOTIA. 63 133. So tlic Acndiaiia refused to take the oath of alle- giance. They naid that iu caHO of war between France and Cjlrcat Britain tiiey would join neither side, — they would be neutrals. Many of them, no doubt, honestly and faithfully kept tiieir pledge of neutrality ; others encour- aged the Indians to annoy the English, or secretly did so them solves. Louisburg. 1620, A. D. — 134. And now there arose a new force, which for a time exercised a powerful influ- ence on affairs in Nova Scotia. The French still held the laland of Cape Breton, which was at this time called Isle Royal. Shortly after the Treaty of Utrecht, on a fine harbor, previously called English Harbor, they built a town, which, in honor of Louis of France, they named Louisburg. To this place came many of the French col- onists of Newfoundland, as that island had now fallen to the English. Some of the Acadians, also, removed from Nova Scotia to Louisburg ; but most of them did not care to leave their fertile marshes and by hard toil make for themselves a new home among the forests. 135. Louisburg was built on a tongue of land stretching down between the harbor and Gabaru3 Bay. It was protected on the land side by stone- walls thirty feet high, on the top of which were parapets or towers. Out- side the wall Avas a deep moat or ditch eighty feet wide. Seaward, the town was guarded by a fortitied rocky islet called Battery Island. On the opposite side of the harbor, to the northeast, about a mile distant, was a fort called Grand Battery. On the east, across the harbor, was Light-House Point. -^^ 136. Louisburg was a very strong town, so strong that it reminded people of Dunkirk, in France; hence it was called the Dunkirk of America. This place became the chief American naval station of France and the head- quarters of her fishermen who thronged the coasts. The influence of Louisburg on affairs in Nova Scotia was not 54 HISTORY OF BRITISH AMERICA. favorable to the English. The Acadians, feeling that they had powerful friends so near, became bolder in their oppo- sition to the government at Annapolis ; and the Indians were encouraged in their hostility, finding at Louisburg ready sale for their plunder and captives. Here, too, in time of war, privateers were fitted out to prey on British commerce. 137. Governor Phillips tried to gain the good-will of the Indians. He invited their cliiefs to Annapolis, feasted them, and gave them presents. They accepted his gifts, but withheld their friendship. Shortly after, they attacked Canso, the chief English fishing-station in the province, killing three of the inhabitants and plundering a large amount of prop- erty. What they could not carry away thej' burned. They also seized several fishing-vessels in tht Bay of Tuiidy and on other parts of the coast. CHAPTER XI. WAR IN NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 138. And now we are on the eve of another war between Great Britain and France. In Europe the nations dis- puted as to who should rule over Austria. The colonies in America probably cared very little about this matter ; but the old jealousy and hatred between the English and French needed but slight occasion to bring about open hostility. Annapolis Besieged. 1744, A. D. — 139. When news of the war reached America, Du Quesnel, the Governor of Louisburg, sent Du Vivier with a strong force against Nova Scotia. Du Vivier first destroyed the settlement of Canso, and sent the garrison to Louisburg. He then WAll IN NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 55 sailed up to the head of Bay Verte, and marched overland to Annapolis, where he was joined by about three hundred Indians who had for some weeks been hovering around the place. As the fort was weak and the garrison small, (Jovernor Mascarene could not have withstood a vigorous siege.' Du Vivier, though artful, was timid. His method of attack consisted of little more than paltry skirmishing and stealthy attempts to enter the fort by night. Then he tried to frighten Mascarene into a surrender by giv- ing out that a naval force was coming from Louisburg. Finally he marched off to Minas. Louisburg Captured. 1745, A. D. — 140. The war spirit was now awakened in New England. With haste and secrecy a bold plan was formed by Governor Shirley of Massachusetts to take Louisburg from the French. Four thousand volunteers, untaught in the art of war, but full of enterprise and daring, were got ready. The com- mand was given to William Pepperell, a colonel in the militia. Early in April the fleet arrived at Canso. Gab- arus Bay was yet full of ice, and Pepperell had to wait. But he lost nothing by the delay ; for while at Canso he was joined by Commodore Warren with several British men-of-war. 141. At the end of three weeks the fleet entered Gaba- rus Bay on the west of Louisburg. Hero the New England volunteers gave proof of their courage. The landing was most difficult. The surf dashed wildly against the rocky shore ; the ascent from the water was steep and rugged, while the French stoutly disputed every inch of ground. Boldly the Massachusetts men faced the foe, and fought their way to an important position behind the town. Under cover of the night they dragged their cannon on sledges across marshes too miry for wheeled vehicles, 5G IIKSTOUY 01 BllinSlI AMEUIOA. carrying their ammunition and a supply of provisions on their backs. Commodore Warren drew up his ships in the harbor, and opened fire on the town. The inhabitants outside the walls fled to the fortress for safety. And now the siege began in good earnest. 142. Colonel Vaughan led four hunJixd men through the woods aroimd the head of the harbor to Grand Bat- tery. Here he set fire to some store-houses, containing LOUISBUBO. pitch, tar, and rum. The next morning he saw that the French flag had been removed from the battery, and that no smoke came from the chimneys. He gave an Indian a bottle of brandy to crawl through an embrasure and open the fortress gates. The enemy had fled. One of Vaughan's men climbed the flag-staff, holding in his teeth a red coat, which he nailed to the top for a flag. The guns, which had been spiked, were soon put in order and turned with good effect against the town, about a mile distant. 143. When first summoned to surrender. Governor Duchambon returned a defiant answer. But as the siego WAR IN NOVA. SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 57 went on, he became less confident. A war-ship from France, bringing recruits and supplies, fell a prey to the English ; the guns on Battery Island were silenced ; and the walls of the town v;ere now yielding in wide breaches to shot and shell. Moreover the soldiers of the garrison, not receiving their full pay, were in ill humor. To add to his difficulties, the citizens, whose dwellings were riddled with shot, petitioned the Governor to surrender. The siege had lasted seven weeks, when Duchambon hung out the white flag. Next day terms were agreed on. The French garrison marched out with coloi*s flying, and Pcpperell at the head of his men took possession of the fort. 144. The French soldiers and such of the citizens as desired it, about four thousand in all,^were sent to France on condition that for twelve months they would not bear arms against Great Britain. For several days the French flag was kept flying at Louisburg, and three French mer- chant-ships, which with their cargoes were valued at £0,000, sailed into the harbor and were captured by tho English. 145. The news of the fall of Louisburg caused great joy in Boston and in London. Colonel Pepperell was rewarded with the honor of knighthood, and Warren was raised to the rank of admiral. 146. The brave New Enj?land men had driven tlie Frejich out of Louisburg'; but tiiere remained a foe before which manj' of them fell. Among tho supplies wiiich came into their liands was a large quantity of rum. Every day scores of drunken men staggered througii the streets. U!il)ridlod appetite was followtnl by deadly fever, and before spring twelve hundred of Pepperell's men tilled graves in the conquered soil. D'Anville's Expedition. 1746, A. D. — 147. Tlie loss of LouisbiU'g filled the French with rage. They resolved 58 , IHiSTORY OF BRITISH AMERICA. not only to recover possession of Louisbiirg and Nova Scotia, but also to inflict severe chastisement on Boston and other seaport towns of New England. Accordingly a powerful fleet was fitted out at Rochelle, which was placed under the command of Due D'Anville. It was the grandest force that had ever crossed the Atlantic. With dismay the citizens of Boston heard of the preparations whicli had been made to invade their land and lay their homes in ruins. By fasting and prayer they sought the interposition of Heaven in their behalf. The threatened scourge was averted. Never was expedition more fruit- less or ill-fated than that of D'Anville. Not a single victory did it gain ; it did not even meet the foe it came to destroy. Disaster followed disaster, until there were left only scattered fragments of the once proud fleet. 148. Two of D'Anville's ships were taken by the Eng- lish while yet on the coast of France ; some were cast away on Sable Island ; others were driven by storms far off their course, and never reached the place for which they sailed. After a three months* voyage D'Anville ar- rived at Chebucto Harbor with a helpless remnant of the great force with which he had left France. Disease had broken out during the long voyage, carrying off many of his men ; others were ill and dying. Such misfortune weighed heavily on his spirits, and he died suddenly, some say of poison. 149. D'Estournelle, the next in command, arrived on the day of D'Anville's death. Disheartened, he urged the abandonment of the undertaking and immediate re- turn to France ; but his advice was overruled by the other officers. Then he fell ill, and in the delirium of fever killed himself with his sword. La Jonqui^re, who had recently been appointed Governor of Canada and was WAR IN NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 09 then on his way to Quebec, was now chief officer. He thought they might at least take Annapolis, and about the middle of October the fleet set sail. But off Cape Sable, where many a vessel has since been cast away, a violent storm came on, which destroyed several ships and compelled the rest to turn homeward. Three years after, when Governor Cornwall is landed at Chebucto, the whitened skeletons of French soldiers were found lying beside rusty muskets 1 eneath the brushwood. 150. The year after D'Anville's expedition anothei stronj; fleet left France for the retaking of Loulsburg ; but while yet on the coast of Knrope it was intercepted by an English fleet and completely broken up. Among tlie prisoners taken was Jonquiere, the Governor of Canada. Another Enemy. — 151. A body of French soldiers, under De Raraezay, was sent from Quebec to Nova Scotia to aid D'Anville's fleet. liamczay landed at Chignecto, and then marched through the country by way of Minas to Annapolis. Having waited in vain for the fleet, he made a feeble attempt to take the fort, and afterwards returned to winter quarters at Chignecto. Help from Boston. — 152. The presence of the enemy in the country made Governor Mascarene uneasy, and he applied to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts for assist- ance. Five hundred men under Colonel Noble were im- mediately sent from Boston. Their orders were to sail up the Bay of Fundy and post themselves at Grand Prd, for the purpose of keeping the Acadian s in check, and of driving Ramezay back if he should return. Before they reached Nova Scotia winter set in, and on account of the ice they were unable to enter Minas Basin. So they landed on the shore, far down the Bay of Fundy, and, with two weeks' provisions on their backs, set out for Grand Pre. After several days' tramp through the for- 60 HISTORY OF BRITISH AMERICA. ests, over the North Mountain, and through the Corn- wallis Valley, they arrived at Grand Pre about Christmas. Here, for want of proper quarters, they were scattered a few in a place in private houses through the settlement. The Massacre. 1747, A. D. — 153. Ramezay heard, probably through the Acadians, of Noble's amval. He resolved to take him by surprise. Soon over six hundred French and Indians, fitted out with snow-shoes and hand- sleds, were on the move for Grand Pr(5. Coulon de Villiers was their leader. It was a tedious and painful march of one hundred and fifty miles through the forest in the depth of winter. On the 23d of January Coulon set out, and at the end of seventeen days he arrived at Windsor. Next day, in the midst of a driving snow-storm, he went forward totho Gaspereaux River. Here, within two or three miles of Grand Pre, he halted until after midnight. 154. Cotilon divided his men into two companies, for the purpose of attacking, at the snme time, the different houses in which the English were lodged. Then, led by Acadian guides, the French went forward to their cruel and cowardly work. Under cover of the night and the falling snow, they crept stealthily upon their victims. Killing the sentinels, they rushed into the houses where the English were sleeping, all unconscious of danger. Some were slain in their beds ; others, and among them Colonel Noble, fell fighting in their night-clothes. At daybreak the French were masters of the place, and the carnage ceased. On the morrow the Massachusetts men buried their dead, about eighty in number, in one grave, raising over it a simple mound of earch. Then, with six days' provisions on their backs, they marched off sadly for Annapolis, leaving behind seventy of their comrades as prisoners of war. SETTLEMENT OF HALIFAX. 61 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1748, A. D. — 165. For a time Great Britain and France ceased fighting and tried to settle their disputes by a treaty signed at Aix-la-Chapelle. The only portion of this treaty bearing on our history wjis the restoration of Cape Breton to France, in exchange for jdaccs in other parts of the world, which tlie French had taken from Great Britain. The people of Massachusetts were not pleased at this, and to jmcify them the British Government refunded the money they had spent in taking Louisburg. CHAPTER XIL SETTLEMENT OF HALIFAX. A New Scene at Ghebucto. 1749, A. D. — 156. Three years have passed away since D'Auville's shattered fleet hiy moored in Chebucto Harbor, and his soldiers, who iiad escaped tlie perils of the sea, lay dying on its shores. And now ships are again arriving from beyond the eastern waters, and joyously the strangers whom they have borne hither are taking possession of the land. These are not French soldiers, sent to conquer with gn« and swords ; luit English people, — men, women, and chddren, — come to make for themselves a home in this forest country. 167. No wonder the French had hoped to get Nova Scotia back again ; for Great Britain had not seemed to prize it much, and as yet few of her people had come to the country. But now the Government resolved to send out colonists, and offered free grants of land, a year's pro- C2 ^ HISTORY OP BRITISH AMERICA. visions, farming-tools, and other gifts, to all who would go to Nova Scotia. The Lords of Trade and Plantations, who had charge of colonial affairs, gave orders to found a new capital on the shores of Chebucto Harbor. At this place the new Governor, Colonel Edward Cornwallis, ar- rived in the "Sphinx" on the 21st of June, 1749; and he was soon followed by transports bearing over two thou- sand five hundred colonists. The hill-side on the west of the harbor was chosen as the site of the new city, which was named in honor of the Earl of Halifax, the President of the Lords of Trade and Plantations. Making a Home. — 158. Through the summer and autumn Halifax presented a l)usy scene. When the colo- nists landed, the whole coast aroiuid the harbor was clothed with forest, down to the water's edge. The men were soon at work, chopping down the trees, erecting rude dwell- ings, and preparing for the coming winter. Tliey hud no saw-mills for making lumber. A few frame-liouses were built of materials brought from Boston ; but most of the dwellings were rude shanties, formed of upright poles stuck in the ground and roofed over with the bark of trees. The openings between the poles were filled with moss to keep out the cold winds. On the summit of the hill, now called Citadel Hill, a square fort was built. The original town lay directly between Citadel Hill and the harbor, which were connected by two palisades or walls constructed of trunks of trees as a defence against the Indians. 169. Governor Cornwallis chose a council to act with him in governing the country. Of this first council Paul Mascarene, who had so long been lieutenant-governor at Annapolis, was a member. As the Governor was not sure of the loyalty of the Acadians, he called on them SETTLLMKNT OF HALIFAX. 03 to take the oath of allegiance. This they refused to do, chiimiug the right to occupy the country as neutrals. The Indians. — 160. The Indians w(i« very nnfriendly, and kept the colony in constant terror. They were ever Inrking in the woods on the borders of the settlements, ready to kill and scalp, or to carry off those who came within their reach. Knj^lish captives were often taken to Louisburg and sold t