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A. koDONALD, ^r»1 ■^ FoBLISUED ;' '' BY THEIAUTHOR. - »s f 185 3. fev -., 'r . •',;* ., ;< ■ r v-s X ' fi , •• .^■■■■' ■ ^ % »r "'i 1 / ■ " I, AN ADDRESS TO TUB PEOPLE OF BRITISH AMERICA. Many years since, I had contemplated addressing the people of British America, through the medium of a few printed pages, upon subjects which I believed to be of vital ijiterest to their future pros- perity and the welfare of their country. This idea was suggested by contrasting the condition of the people here with that of our neigh- bors in the United States. That there is a clearly defined and marked difference, no candid mind can deny. And to the character and cause of that difference, I now propose to confine the remarks addressed to • My Countrymen : — It is the duty of every good citizen, whom circumstances has favored with information or knowledge of a useful and practical character, to impart its advantages to his fellow-men. The motives that would prompt its concealment ^en its publicity would lighten the burdens that weigh upon a single member of the toiling community would be illiberal, mercenary, and unworthy a manly character. ■^'^ Many of our people have told me that my little pamphlet would accomplish nothing that I desired, and, in the end, do no good — that the people at home were better off than those in the United States, and that a comfortable living was as easily obtained here as there : and by such talk had nearly discouraged me from under- taking the task. But the more I have thought upon the subject. INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE. the more thoroughly convinced have I become that they are entirely destitute of a correct knowledge of the state of things which exists at this moment in their own country, and that it was my duty to do all in my power, so far as I had opportunity, to enlighten them. I have travelled through' British America and the United States, and have observed with care the difference in the condition and prosperity of the two countries, and have now determined to set aside all those national prejudices which attaches too strongly to all of us, and talk of things as they are. I am a native -born citizen, and have suffered the hardships of life among you, and shall carefully avoid saying anything that may be construed into an unjust disparagement of my country. Yet any one who does not feel for the poor, " down-trodden and op- pressed" inhabitant, must have a "conscience seared as with a hot iron," and would properly merit their rebuke, if, having the power, he did nothing to alleviate their distresses. Some are '* born with silver spoons in their mouths," h\it many more with a hoe in their hands, and it is this latter class that naost needs our sympa- thies and our aid. Reader, cast oflf your prejudice when you read this little book, for the vt'riter will take no one-sided views, nor exhibit the selfish- ness of party spirit. Inquire among the inhabitants of his native place, arid you will learn, that in early life he was of the same mind and advocated the same sentiments as those here expressed. In the year 1850, when he lectured on agriculture, he found two-thirds of the people willing and ready to change their old system, if they knew how and where to find a better. It is very natural that those who are agreeably situated in the lucrative ofRces of government, should not desire a change in the preseht state of things. They do not feel the pangs of poverty which prevail among the people. They do not mingle with them in their avocations, nor sympathize with thenj^in their trials. Under the sanction of law they receive an abundance from the scanty and la- borious earnings of the industrious masses. Their interests are opposed to those of the people. They are allied to the past and the present, w^hile the changes of the age revolve toward the futvre, and are in favor of progress and the people — national and individual pro- gress. The holders of government offices are, therefore, unfit to lead the people of to-day. The people ?nust lead themselves. They entirely ch exists uty to do them, id States, ition and led to set rongly to 'dships of that may ry. Yet and op- s with a iving the re «• born a hoe in sympa- tle book, e selfish- is native ime mind • In the •thirds of I, if they ed in the e in the poverty I them in nder the ' and la- ests are and the wre, and 'ualprom unfit to They i* INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE. 5 must learn that government is made for the people, and not people for the government. They must learn that they are the govemmentt and that all government should emanate from them ; and when & change in its administration is required, that they, and they only, have the right to make such change as is most agreeablo to them- selves. I IXFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE IN PllOMOTINO CIVILIZATION. Do not fear, dear reader, that I am going to advocate the giving up of our national existence, and yield everything for a speedy an- nexation to the United States, — no such thing. Time will take care of that. My object is to turn your attention toward the sources of knowledge, without which prosperity cannot exist. Knowledge be- getS'ideas, and ideas arc the parents of active creation — exalting na- tions and leading mankind into unexplored fields of usefulness. Ideas build ships and spread their sails to the ready breeze. Ideas build steamers and put into them the vital energy that drives them swift- ly and safely across the trackless ocean. They build railroads and locomotives that bear the products of jthe earth, with the velocity of the wind, to the borders of the sea, where they find a market, and return to the farmer a quick compensation for his labor and toil ; they call the lightning from the clouds and make it the servant and messenger of man. They create the means by which all of these are to be brought iiito existence. Ideas arc, to a nation, what elec- tricity and steam are to the mechanical world,— they are indispens- able to progress a,nd prsoperity. Ideas are the servants of ('odin working out the destiny of man ; and that nation who has mo£iL of them, will, through His instrumentality, point out the path that leads to progress and civilization among nations. The American people are a nation of ideas, developed through the instrumentality of their educational system. Jhey rush along the path of knowledge, converting all obstacles into weapons of usefulness. They turn not back for power, nor look to the past for precedent. They gather from the way-side a propelling force, whose power increases as they penetrate the future. The germ of national liberty, which abides in every human breast, they early planted upon the American continent, and through the active influence of industrious ingenuity, know -edge, and indomjtable perseverance. i .turn 6 INFLUE.NCE OF KNOWLEDGE. they have siKccccletl in raising a mighty tree, whose vigorous and stately branches have already spread over the fairest part of the Western Hemisphere, and acquired a magnitude which cannot fail to be seen by all the nations of the earth. It stands before the setting sun, and its shadows, which are cast across the distant waters, fall like a pall upon the dying despotisms of the Old World. Under the hand of science its rapid growth cannot bo staid, and ero another generation has passed away, our own Provinces, and the other governments upon this continent, will jiartake of the invigor- ating influence which it imparts to all who seek a shelter under its spreading branches. Til ofticj thxisj whit canil darol 11 have imiti and I • EDUCATION. One of the greatest, among the numerous wants of the people of the British American Provinces, is ediicafion — education in regard to their true situation, their rights as a people, and the immense national resources and advantages of the country which they occupy. To demand those rights from the Crown, and the removal of all obstructions from the legitimate growth of the country, is the duty of every citizen of the J'rovinces. Should we not feel dis- graced M'hen we see the flourishing States of Maine, Noav Hamp- shire, Vermont, New York, Ohio and Michigan, which lie along the boundary of British America, flourishing in trade and manufactures, and dotted all over with school-houses and colleges, while the Provinces themselves are kept under an iron and arbitrary rule which restrains them in their industrial pursuits, and keeps them in ignorance and degradation. . These things can be accounted for upon no principle save that of false government, and lack of spirit and energy in the people. Al- though the lack of energy is, in a great measure, the result of a long standi,ng and erroneous system of government, yet the people can, ' if they will, do much towards regenerating themselves and invigor- ating their country, by stern and persistent dcnmnds n^ion those in authority. The pride and glory of United States is their schools and semi- •naries of learning. It is the common and free school system that has given to that pertple the po>\ cr to progress thus rapidly, and not its superior local advantages. s INFLUENCE OF KNOVVLKDriE. vigorous nnd St pnrt of tho 'h cannot fail uls before the ' the distant Old AVorld. s^taid, nnd ero iices, and the the invigor- tcr under its ic peoi^le of t^n in regard he immense vhich thev tlic removal intry, is the ot feel dis- ew Ilamjo- e alon^' tho rjufacturcs, while the itrary rule Bcps them ivo that of >ple. Al- t of a lonff ?ople can, I iuvigor- 1 those in nd semi- tem that > and not A The money -which our people pfty a standing army and foreign officials, is spent in our ncigliboriiig States for educating tho people, thus preparing tlxcm for the active pursuits of life. It is a truth, of whicli tho States are satisfactory proof, that an educated people cannot be enslaved, because they ** know their rights, and knowing, darn maintain them." Then the great duty of i.ll British Americans in this respect, who have the prosperity and hapi)incss of the Provinces at heart, is to imitate their neighbors, and instead of supporting standing armies and pensioned otHcials, demand that their money shall bo expended for the education of their children, nnd that these children shall be those from -whom the governors and officers of the Provinces shall be chosen. Is it not a disgrace that the governors of our Provinces must be brought from among strangers on the other side of the At- lantic Ocean ? Is it true, that no man among our own people can be found capable of discharging the duties that pertain to the oflice of Governor? It is a slander -wluch ygur pride should repel. These things acconijilishcd, and half a century will not clajisc before we shall become flourisl\ing Provinces, equal to those of tho States immediately adjoining us. Let our ministers educate the people, in morals and religion, upon the principles -which Christ laid down. We do not want them to plunge themselves into political alfairs, but rather let them labor to evangelize and moralize the people, instead of filling their heads and minds with bigotry and superstition. In all ages, tyrants have made such laws and regulations for the government of the people as would keep them in igroranee, know- ing such steps to be necessary to retain them in servitude and slavish fear. .But -tyrants must yield to the innate sense of riyht, which still lives in the breasts of the masses. f ■ , USUHPA.TIOX OP UNIVERSAL RIGHTS AN» SUFFRAGE. '* The history of every nation proves the tendency to central- ization of power, and consequently to oppression. "This proceeds from an apathy on the part of the masses of the people, in investigating the nature of their natural and artificial rights. They surrender from time to time, and inch by inch, the rights and privileges which all, in common with their fellow-men, INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE. I I ■ ihould and would onjoy, but for the usurpation of • few, and sur< render by the many. In our own country, indeed, this tendcnf^y is gradually developing itself. " The term government— to which, with many, it has already be- <9me secon(| nature to lookwithfcclingsof almost superhuman de- votion, and awful reverence — is rapidly being perverted from its true signification, to the promotion of most unholy and damnable devices and purposes. Already in our own country, the sentiment that government is an identical, living, independent, formidable mon> ster of itself, is sanctioned and tolerated by too many, who, listlessly pass by the events of the day, as pass the breezes of the mountains through the forest trees. «• It is a very common remark made by many, who only expose their ignorance when they make it, that government will do this and government will do that. It would be little less absurd for the members*of a largo mercantile firm to say, my clerks will do so and so — and we are in doubt where or how our business will terminate* for it is all under the management of our clerks— thereby evincing an idiotic disregard of their own business, and trusting to the care and prudence of others to do that which they should know and manage themselves. " We will suppose, for the sake of illustration, that three thousand people, men and women, arc it''.:. A upon some portion of territory, over which they, as a body, have control and ownership, without any laws or rules — and without any system of procedure in the affairs which concern them as a state. " Now, Upon what principle could any five men usurp the power to manage and control the affairs of this community, independently of the wishes of all the others, except upon the principle that enters into the operations of the highway robber and pirate ? And yet how little different is this illustration from the Russian dominion and usurpation pver its millions of depressed and beggared inhabi- tants? Nor are any of the European countries in a much better condition than Russia. Even England, with all her vaunting mag- nanimity and philanthropy, presents a little more equitable aspect. Her North American Provinces wear the black impress of that odious system of usurpation and dominion, justified upon no prin- ciple but that upon which the Czar of Russia justifies his bloody COMMERCE. |w, and 8ur- tendency is ilrcady be- rhunian do> Irom its true |{(ble devices timcnt that idablc mon- 10, listlessly mountains expose their do this and mrd for the ill do so and 1 terminate I eby evincing g to the care i know and ree thousand of territory, hip, without idure in the -^ the power to pendently of e that enters ? And yet an dominion ared inhabi- tnuch better anting mag- table aspect, ress of that pon no prin- i his bloody I and execrable deeds of butchery towards those upon whose necks he holds his hod. *• Thuir people are depressed and worn out, their energies relaxed; and nearly exhausted. They have been despoiled of their means to help themselves for so many generations, that the life blood of encr;jy and encouragement no longer flows in their veins. But is this the position of all coming unier the broad wing of the English nation } By no means. There is a class of salaried officials who live above board, and are free from the painful pangs of penury, starvation, and a living death. And yet, strange as it may seem, the masses of the people are imbued with the quiet belief that this state of things is perfectly in accordance with the decrees of the Almighty, and continue, from generation to generation, exercising a still stronger forbearance to inform themselves of their true and legitimate relations to man and to the world. •' There is one distinct point which every people should keep in view, viz. : that all who are in any way connected with the manage- ment of public affairs, are no more' than the servants and clerks of the mass of the people, and that the very moment they abuse the functions of their servitude or clerkships, that very moment they should be dismissed from their positions. " The very moment that those in authority abuse, or in any way betray the confidence reposed in them by the people, that instant they should be hurled with disgrace back to the retirement of private life. Nor is this all. The hewers of wood and drawers of water should keep themselves so well informed, that they will not require the aid of a proxy to point out any irregularity in their business, as members o-f a free and enlightened country." COMMERCE. * The British Provinces of North America are among the most extensive offshoots of a colonizing nation in the world. No coun- try of the Western continent is more blessed with all that a boun- tiful nature can bestow than these Provinces. They stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and bolting a continent with na- tural and ample wafter communication from one end to the other — thus possessing a fresh water coast of more commercial importance than any other on the globe. Every nc\tural advan age which ac- ^"S 10 con MERGE. crues to the Unil:ct-1 Americans who live vipon th<^, .iouth shore of th( 3Q0 qOO s lakes and the St. Lawrence, also accrues to the British American: ^\^[^ oreat upon the northern borders. • Ilecipr( The Provinces of New Brunr-wick and Nova Scotia are no i^j^j as t among the least favored. There is no country in the world sca^^^q Unit bountifully wooded and Avaterfd as New IJrunswick. Two-third; -. -wiiile all of its boundary is washed by the sea. Tlie country can every- , pj^^icy^ fo •Avhere ba penetrated by its streams. The St. John is navigable foi -^-^ the na steamers for one hundred miles, and bordered by a country fully forres uj) equal to that of the Hudson. The country abounds in the most J3ritain a abundant forests of the finest timber, while coal is to be found in -j^hc Vr abuu^lance. The scenery is rarely surpassed by any country on this ' Nosv Bru continent, ond the whole surface of the "Province is dotted with " Briton* beautiful lakes filled with tlie mo--t delicious lish. St. John Harbor •: Island I is one of the best on the Atlantic coast. Nova Scotia has half a*' letter to dozen of the fiiiest harbors in the world, and is situated in the midst of a fishing re;;ion unsurpassed on tlie whole globe. Many other advantages might be enumerated, going to show that nature has left nothing unprovided, which a lavish hand could be- stow upon a country. Notwithstanding these manifold resources of wealth and pros- perity, the short-sighted and contracted policy of the British Gov- ernment has kept the commerce of the Provinces far behind that of the neighboring States. While the trade of the States upon the lakes aaaounts to over $300,000,000 annually, that of the Provinces, ^vith equal advantages, in proportion, to population, reaches only about the sum of $40,000,000. By a Avise and judicious arrangement between the United States and the Provinces for commercial intercourse, the latter could at once reap an incalculable benefit by sharing equally in this immense business. There is no doubt, should th:; Government improve the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and wide n and deo])en the Welland and St» \t Lawrence canals, so i.s to aVow v.\«sel3 of a large class with their m cargoes to have ingress and egrco.-: to the ocean, and the free navi- gation to all vessels of those water>, it would result in building up a commercial city upon that line Mhich would, in the course of time, rival that of New Yorfc in importance as a mart of European trade. The valley of the groat lakes, embracing a territory of more than ' taut posi > ical squu less im])( . sources i increase , it prcscn Andrew: Brunswi ■ extent, the folic K compara a people as well serve tc such a V I^ betweer moans, ' almost i I It wil f contain am exc to but ! •lIic Pre COMMERCE, 11 t]i slioi e of tli( ■ish American: Si'otia are no . the world sc | Two-thircL .. try can every- , s navigable foi I country fulh lis in the mos' to be found in ountry on this ' is dotted AvitL ■ ; J'ohn Harbor '\ )tia has lialf s '^ ituatfd in the ' lobe. J to show that !and could be- 1th and pros- 3 British Gov- s behind that of ates upon the - the Provinces, ^ reaches only United States ttcr could at this immense he navigation land and St» iS with their le free navi- luilding up a ursc of time, •opean trade, f more than 4 300,000 square miles, would naturally supply themselves through this great channel or trunk communication. lleciprocity between the two countries is becoming more import- ant, .as the great lines of Railroads arc being constructed between the United States and Provinces. It is a matter of surpris3, that while all the rest of the world has ocen awake as to its commercial policy, foi' a quarter of a century, little or no change has been made In the narrow and contracted policy which the British Government forces upon her North American Provinces. This is as unwise for Britain as it is unjust to the people of her colonics. Tho Provinces of Canada East and Canada \Ve=t, the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which includes tho Island of Cape Briton ; tho Island colonics of Newfoundland, Prince Edward's Island, Labrador, and the wlde-s[)road region extending from the latter to tlie Pacific, including Vancouver's Island, the most impor- tant i)osition on the Pacitic coast, exceeds four millions of geograph- ical S![uarc miles. This immense »nd almost illimitable country is less important for its cco<;raphif al position, for the numerous re- sources it contains, tlian for its great capability of improvement; the increase of which its commerce is susceptible, and tho extensive field it presents for colonization. From the recent report of Israel T. Andrews, Consul of tho United States, for the Canadas and New Brunswick, which contains full and accurate tables of the extent, population, trade and commerce of our Provinces, I take the following statements, in order to show by similar tables, tho comparative growth of the New England States. The condition of a people can bo ascertained by its growth, trade, and commerce, as well as by any means that can be devised. Thcso tables will serve to load the people of 'the Provinces to inquire why there is such a vast difference, in a commercial and intellectual point of view, between the two countries, and I trust will lead them to institute moans, and commence a policy that will redeem us from our present almost inactive state. It Avill be seen that the exports of only six of tho border states, containing an area of only 104,800 square miles amount to i;^8j,238,- S33 annually, while the exports of all British America, (New Brit- ain excepted,) containing an area of 4-50,500 square miles, amount to but ,'^2 1, GG4, 721, thus showing a difference of four to one against tho Provinces; notwithstanding their superior advantages. k '^ \ 12 STATISTICS. EXTENT IN SQUARE MILES OF FROYINCES. Canada East, contains, Canada West, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Cape Bretonj^ Newfoundland, . . . . Iggregate 205,80(1J 150,00i46anada, 25,90i^rova Scot 18,80i ffew Brui fiOjOOilRewfounc ■ Prince Ed 450,50^ Total, EXTENT IN SQUARE MILES OF BORDER STATES. t Maine, 33,00i Jtnporis an New Hampshire, Verm®nt, 9,00 |Iaine, 10,00 Massachu Massachusetts, . 7,80 flhode Isl New York, Square Miles, « 46,00 Connecti( Kew Yor 104,80 ;l>ennsylv POPULATION IN 185l! . i Canadas, East and West, 1,842,26 \ New Brunswick, 193,00' ^. Nova Scotia {ind C ape Breton, 227,00 ^^-®' Newfoundland, 101,60 ,^^^^' Prince Edwards Island 62,67 ^^*^' 1850, Total, 2,476,54 ■■ ^The Tow IMPORTS AND "exports. :'Maine, Aggregate of Colonial Imports from Great Britain, United States, an 'j^^w xia o.'her countries, for the year 1851. ??f^ /^^ Great Britain. United States. Othercoun* '■^'^""^ * Canada, Nova Scotia, . $12,876,828 $8,936,236 2,133,035 1,390,967 $1,447,39 |<^onnect 2.003,64 P^ewYc New Brunswick, . . 2,292,390 1,654,175 954,9:5 Pennsy] Newfoundland, . . ' . 1,600,750 998,735 1,655,69 Z^' The I Prince Edwards Island, . 279,898 41,603 305,97 of $20(1 • more th Total, $18,878,706 $12,678,279 $6,101,40 STATISTICS. 13 ss. V.TES. Aggregate of Colonial Exports *■ Great Britain, United States, and other countrie for the year 185 1. Great Britain. United States. Other conn. $6,731,200 $1,939,280 $1,035,638 142,244 736,425 2,663,640 2,909,795 415.140 535,190 2,162,755 99,970 2,538,680 84,066 55,385 184.638 205,801 i 150,00i<6anada, . • 25,90i3roya Scotia, 18,80i yew Bruns-.vick, 50,00ii^ewfoundland, . Prince Edwards Island, 450,50> I Total, . ... . I . ..■ ^ • . 33 OOi XtnporisandExportaof six out of the thirty 'One States, for the year 1851 9,00 |Iaine, 10,00 l^assachusetts, 7,80 |lhode Island, 46,00 Connecticut, Kew York, 104,80 ^Pennsylvania, i ■it: 1,842,26 193,00 227,00 ^^2^» 101,60 ,^^^^» 62,67 IS^^' 1850, 2,476,54 J $11,568,825 $6,218,060 $6,877,836 States,^ Imports. Exports $190,260,840 $85,238,83 '' TONNAGE. Aggregate Tonnage of all the Provinces. 176,040 274,738 398,204 446,935 3,779,526 3,491,786 'he Tonnage in 1851, in seven of the thirty-one States, was as follows: aine ^ inward. Outward. lited States, an ^ew Hampshire, Massachusetts, . es. Othercou,,! ■>^^°<1®'«1»^^' * ' 36 $l,447,.30 ^Connecticut, |New York, . . ^Pennsylvania, . . The New England States have invested in manr.factures upwards of $200,000,000, and have in active operation, at the present time more than 20,000 establishments. 2.003,64 954,93 1,655,69 305,97 ■\> f9 $6,101,40 .V'-^ ■'*. 14 STATISTICS. f Population in 1853. aled auy^v Maine ' 649.000 ^tward fre New Hampshire, 352.000 ati"", from Vermont, 348.000 f^cturcs a: Massachusetts, . 1,103,000 lMnbe^ a"choose our representatives without the rancor of party strife, and orciblyhome I^lj a public spirit and known devotion to the interests of the remedy . :ws, or ought to that pertains tc he relics of that in the end, en- y merchant, bj obtaining thew honorable wayi poly, that must have bestowoc lildren, and th( happy home, h that some, nai ries of life, anc )r your station lave you to ex- d, Scotland anc under yoursel )rce you, by the edious process al that you are a . This crown: that dilemma lound interest erest in Parlia ' J to carry their icn only enric} )f the country they use thei fland to spcm*. grants to settit, our railroads d encouragin; re and all wh ! present stat lly knew wha tcr them froi: the storm, thousands have had to be contented with the ground for a bod, the vault of Heaven for a shelter, and the open fields for a habitation. Such is their welcome on landing, after a tedious sea Voyage, perhaps of sickness produced from an over-crowded ship» Is this the welcome to give British subjects in a British country ? I have jeen on the Quarantine ground, hundreds landing from ships arrived with passengers who died from ship-fever so rapidly that time enough was not allowed to give the bodies a proper burial*^ and lime had to be thrown over their shallow graves, in the following spring, in order to purify the tainted atmosphere around them. In the year 1851, on the shore of the lake, near Hamilton, Canada West, J saw hundreds of men, women and children, laying out, exposed to the weather during the wet nights, and the appearance that thoce poor people presented will never be effaced from my memory. In the United States, to which there is a Idrge emigration, amounting to probably three hundred thousand annually, the treatment received is very different. Should sickness obtain in the ship on her arrival in port, suitable places are always prepared for the sick, and the best medical skill in the country is employed to restore them to health again. Information as to where government land is to be had, the cheapest route to reach it, with every other necessary knowledge that a stranger can desire on arriving in a strange land — are there freely and- cheerfully given. If employment is required as laborers or mechanics, it is to be had by all, and good wages paid for it. If you desire to go e.ast, west, north, <^x south, there are the thou- sand and one steamers running to all parts of the Union ; packet- ships, railroads, and every mode of conveyance that can be desired^ at low rates. Now, if we ever are to be anything beyond serfs, it is high time that we should bo up and doing, like our neighbors, the Americans, If the government is faulty, correct it. Let us assert our rights like free men, and let all men know and feel that we are now to act and think for ourselves, and try if we cannot produce something like the prosperity of the United States. Once started on tTie proper track to prosperity, we shall taste the sweets and profits now enjoyed by those who manufacture for us. Suppose we consume, in manufactures of various kinds to the value of £10,000,000 yearly, the first cost of the raw material being 18 COMMliKCK 1 only £2,000,000, Avc lose £S,000',000 by not manufacturing and producing to that nniount for ourselves, besides the great ad- vantage to tho^e employed. Manufacturing, if carried on by intelli- gent minds will lead to extended knowledge in the art, and engage the ambition of the enterprising. Peruse the History of England, and you find them but a few years ago, comparatively engaged in war- ring one against another. The chase, the tournament, and the wine- cup filling up the measure of their days; but when government offered inducements for the advance of scientific knowledge in the discovery of unknown countrie'=', the enterprising individual hailed the boon as an opportunity to distinguish himself. If our govern- ment wish the country to prosper, it must imitate the example of other governments by creating such a scale of protective duties as '>vill enable us to contend successfully p gainst all the world in our m^jiufactures, and enlist the capital of our friends in England and Scotland. To the aid of the 13ritish Government in building our railroads and other public works we are justly entitled. We are British subjects— our* forefathers fought the battles of their country ; we, thoir children, have been starved irom the land of our nativity, for want of space or land whereon to fix and abode. Here we have a l)rnad domain, let us therefore guard its rights with jealous care, and watchfully resist every encroachment made to circumscribe our immunities. The mines of our country have been leased to pay for a profligate premium. Are we to sit mute under such acts and not raise our voices and hands, if need be, to maintain the liberties of our home, and push our country forward to the proud position which nature intended she should hold on the Continent. What is the object of government if it is not to secure the people their rights of liberty and property ? In Massachusetts, a State which outstretches all the records of history, in progress and wealth, whose people are tlie most intelligent and happy in the world, they early laid down in their charter of government, certain principles, which should govern every nation that wishes its people to prosper as well as its rulers. Those principles are some of them as follows : " The end of the institution, maintenance, and administration of government, is to secure the existence of the body politic, to pro- tect it, and to furnish the individuals who compose it with the power of cnj( ying in safety and tranquility, their natural rights and Wessings the peoi! Burcs ne( In pui own gov the liriti the crov that whi sympat public u the rcac the mat If th( ment, t legislate I But t care, b;] young settled many i the bui manufi thousa tot a 1 Scotia to fin iron a iibunc wealt merci of mi and to Ei porti the 1 our buy shi^ strc f COMMERCE 19 taring and great, ad- by intelli- engage tiie igland, and erl in war- the wine- Jovernment |t^ge in tho ual hailed ur govern - xample of J duties as )rlcl in our gland and ilding our We are r country ; r nativity, 3 we have ilous care, scribe our to pay for s and not berties of position le peojjle a State I wealth, *ld, they inciples, prosper bllows : ation of to pro- ith the fits and Wcssings of life, and whenever these great objects are not obtained, tho people have a right to alter the government, and to take mea- sures necessary for their safety, prosperity, and happiness." In pursuance of these principles, the American States elect their own governors, deputy-governors, councillors, and judges, while in tho British Provinces, all these offices are filled by the authority of the crown, which is three thousand miles away, and the result is, that while the States have public men from among the people who sympathize with, and have an interest for them, the Provinces have public men who were born in luxury, and who arc above and beyond the reach and sympathy of the masses of the people. This is one of the matters which needs to be remedied. If the Provinces are kept under the laws of the British Parlia" ment, then they have a right and ought to be represented in the legislative body, whose laws and decrees they are obliged to obey, But the great draw-back to our country is the want of a fostering care, by the home government, for our trade and commerce, and our young and struggling manufactures. We have never had any settled and permanent governmental policy, which has resulted, in many instances, in the almost entire prostration and bankruptcy of the business men of the country. New England with her 20,000 manufacturing establishments, gives employment to hundreds of thousands of laborers, of both sexes, and has not half the advantages for a manufacturing country, that either New Brunswick or Nova Scotia possess. And I have only to refer the reader to the map to find tke rivers, and to the geology of the country to find the iron and coal to be inexhaustible. With these two deposits in such abundance, no country can bo reckoned as anything uut wealthy. All that is necessary, is for government to give us a com- luercial policy, which will create a demand for our slumbering stores of mineral wealth, and enable us to build factories upon our beautiful and never-failing streams. The cotton of our neighbors is carried to England, manufactured, and brought here, and the cost of trans- porting it twice across the Atlantic, the expense of manufacturing the fabric, the profitlof the trade, all have to be paid by the poor of our own people, who find, with difficulty, employment enough to buy their bread. Our forests abound in timber with which to build ships ; we have iron for steamers, and coal to fill them ; and have streams to turn million of spindles ; and thousands of poor men and U 20 COMMERCE. women who arc destitute of the necessaries of life for the want of prolitable employment in maniifacturing our own fabrics and ar- ticles. In view of this, how unwise and unjust to continue such a short-sighted policy. A nation can never be truly independent that does not produce its own bread-stuffs and manufactures, and no nation can be wealthy, prosperous, and happy, that is not independent. Agriculture and manufactures are the independence of the States of the American Union, and in its vast and limitless commerce lies its wealth and importance as a nation. The lesiion, which is to be learned from the universal experience of the world, is, that the soil must bo tilled. This can never be- come a thoroughly agricultural and growing country, until the great staple shall be changed from lumber to all the various growths of the soil, and its industry applied to mechanics and manufac-. tures, and the development of our mineral resources. It is a great mistake to suppose that our country will lose by a system of complete reciprocity with the United States. During the administration of President Polk, the question was agitated in the American Congress, and was received with favor, but the home government let the opportunity for reciprocal trade pass without availing themselves of it. The inland trade with the great west, should our rivers be opened to American vessels, would create the greatest inland thoroughfare the world ever beheld. The imperial states of the Union, lying along the southern border of the lakes and the St. Lawrence, and the possessions of Great Britain^on the north, reaching to the Polar Ocean, are all to bo supplied with foreign productions, and are to send away in return, their own. From lake Superior to the Atlantic is a water channel, sufficient to float the largest vessels and steamers ; once open, this, so to speak, interna- tional highway, would, as all great thoroughfares do, build up towns and cities of maritime importance upon its border, and give employ- ment to thousands of our sons. Our mines, our quarries, our forests, our wheat fields, would afford outward freight to an unlimited ex- tent. The fine harbors of Nova Scotia and th# mouth of the St. Lawrence, would become, as nature intended them, thS starting and landing points of European lines of steamers and packets, and the resting places and the warehouses of an immense inland traffic. _ 4 The to mail strictvoj fault dl States.! trade U their \i manufq Free t)\ trade \\ to the glance the St The wheat and eg The and V coffee, en-wa Th€ Itv betw€ tions andv terco the I tercc absol of C( Tl byt Stal was trat an) ] lov ] COMMERCE. 21 want of and ur- ic sucli a produce wealthy, turo and nicrican ilth and perience ever bc- ntil the growths lanufac-. >se by a ■ ing the in the c home vithout it west, ate the npcrial B lakes on the breign n lake lat the terna- towns iploy- rests, d ex- w St. rting I and iland I t The trade between our country and the United States, amounting to many millions of dollars annually, even under present re- strictions, might be increased to an unlimited extent. But the fault does not wholly lie against the government of the United States. The United States have ever stood ready to reciprocate trade in such articles and productions as are Colonial, but to open their ports to all articles from the Provinces would be the ruin of manufacturing interests, which it has been their policy to build up. Free trade, then, with Carmda, would be no more nor less than free trade with Great Britain and all her Provinces, Avho would export to the United States by the way and' through the Colonial ports. A glance at the class of articles now exchanged between Canada and the States, will show what is Avanted. The principal exports from this i'rovince to the States are, flour, wheat, lumber, cattle, and horses, oats, barley, rye, wool, butter, and eggs, amounting to .fl, 500,000 annually. The Principal imports from that; country are tea, tobacco, cotton, and woolen manufactures, sugar, leather, and its manufactures, coffee, salt, India-rubber goods, hides, machinery, fruits, and wood- en-ware, amounting to $6,000,000 annually. , These lists only contain such articles as now pay duties. It will at once be seen that it is for the interest of the commerce between this country and the States to exchange their own produc- tions free. Nature never intended two countries lying contiguous and in need of each others' productions, anything but the freest in- tercourse possible. Any man who has a map at hand can see that the Provinces are but an extension of New England, and that an in- tercourse of their respective products will be beneficial, if not absolutely essential to the prosperity of both countries. The spirit of commerce is opposed to any restriction, and it must be removed. There is no reason to doubt that, should restrictions be removed by the British Government upon the productions of the United States, the latter would remove the duty upon our productions, as was proposed by President Polk's administration in 1846, and the trade between the two countries would more than equal that between any tp'o of the United States. In 1816, the tonnage inward from the United States was as fol- lows :— British, 18,378 tons; American, 75,807 tons: total, 94,185 tons. n / Y 22 COMMKUCK. \ III The average of the years 1820. 1821, and 1822, was : llritish, 10,- 464 tons ; American, ()f),029 tons : total, 70, 55).'} tons. The tonnage inward from the United States in 1831 was : British, 41,3()7 to:i8 ; American, I(),r)f)7 t^ns : total, 17,934 tons. The docrcnse of tonnage in this year was owing entirely tc com- mercial restrictions, embarrassing to trade, and injurious to both parties. The falling off in tonnage between 181G and 1831 was no less than 36,251 tons, or more than one-third of the whole inward tonnage. The absurd and injurious restrictions having been removed, trade and navigation between the colonies and the UnitOd States at once revived; and in 1840, the inward tonnage from the United States was as follows: British, 401',G76 t(ms ; American, 357,073 tons: total, 758,749 tons. In the short period of ni ne years, owing to enlarged freedom ol trade, the tonnage between the United States and the colonies in- creased more than thirtecn-fold ! Following up this increase, the tonnage inward from the United States in 1850 was : British, 972,327 tons ; American, 994,808 tons ; total, 1,9(57,006 tons. Mr. Keefer, in his Prize Essay upon the Canals of Canada, says : ••A wise and liberal policy was adopted with regard to our exports previous to 1822. The products of either bank of the St. Lawrence were indifferently exported to the sister colonies, as if of Canadian origin ; and those markets received not only our own, but a large share of American breadstuffs and provisions. Our timber was not only admitted freely into the British markets, but excessive and al- most prohibitory duties were imposed upon importations of this article from the Baltic, for the purpose of fostering Canadian trade *:ud British shipping. The British market was closed, by prohib- ition, against our wneat till 1814, which was then only admitted when the price in England rose to about two dollars pe bushel— a privilege in a great nugatory; but the West I-ulioF^ <..\ ' lower provinces gave a sufficient demand so long as tiio free export of American produce was permitted by this route. As early as 1793, our ex^^orts of flour and wheat by the St. Lawrence wera«as high as lOO.COr barrels, and rose in 1802 to 230,000 barrels, ^he Berlin and Milan ciediQs, 8;«d English orders in council thereon, of 1807; Presideit Jelfo son embargo of 1808, with increased duties levied ) COMMKUCI:. •j:j Writish, 10,- Ivns : IJritish, trcly tc com- fious to both 1831 was no khole inwurU oved, trade atcs at once Jnited States * 57,073 tons: d freedom ol colonies iix- \ n the United 94,808 tons ; an ad a, says : ) our exports ^ ?t. Lawrence of Canadian but a largo iber was not isive and al- ions of this tadian trade , by prohib- ly admitted f r buahel—a »»n ' lower ;e export of \ ly as 1793, I ^8 high as Berlin and , of 1807 ; ities levied upon Baltic timbor, gave an impul-^i to the trade of the St. Tl" 1810. In 1822 the L'anada Trade Acts of the imperial parliauiciit, by imposing a duty upon American agricultural produce entering the British American colonics and the West Indies, destroy (♦f Canadian ^ew York 'gh the St. ' n Secretary- tic seaports 'as, within e> as to de- of the age, commerce, enormous d and the extended le world ood; nor )od, save America, colonies, xtended iially to inques- i tionably give them a commanding posijtion in all future commercial developments. •'The extent of seacoast and abunclancc of excellent harbors in these colonies, is most remarkable. " Commencing at the river St. Croix, the boundary of the United States, there is much coast, and many fine ship harbors, within the Bay of Fundy and the islands it encloses. Next comes the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, with its numerous indentations ; then the sea- shores of Cape Breton, and its beautiful and extensive interior coast surrounding that large arm of the sea known as the Bras D'Or, or *• arm of gold ;" next, the eastern or Gulf coast of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, the J3ay of Chaleur, the shores of the whole colony of Prince Edward island— of the Magdalen islands and Anticosti, and all the Labrador coast from Mt. Joly to Davis's straits; in the aggregate, about 3,500 miles of coast-line, every- where teeming with fish, in greater abundance and excellence than in any other part of the world. *• To this great extent gf seacoast, admirably provided with large and excellent harbors, must be added the coast of Newfoundland, more than 1,000 miles in extent, whose harbors and fisheries have been known and constantly frequented for more than three cen- turies. " There cannot^ perhaps, be found elsewhere the same extent of country possessing in a greaterf or even an equal degree, all the requisites for constructing a mercantile marine, nor the like extent of seacoast so profusely furnished with the finest and most capacious harbors, as the colonics of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. "The island colonies of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, lying contiguous to New. Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with similar characteristics in almost every particular, are rapidly becom- ing convinced of the value of their material interests in connexion with the necessity for a more liberal commercial intercourse witli the United States. "To enconrage the intercourse thus springing into existence and attaining great value from the natural course of trade, and the rela- tive position of the parties with reference to certain natural pro- ducts of each, would seem to be the bounden duty of the govern- ments of these respective countries, " The first object of every commercial system should Ic to create .j^. 26 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. and uphold a great commercial marine. Mr. Huskisson laid it down as a principle, that ,' the only true and durable foundation of a largo commercial marine is to be laid in the means of affording it beneficial employment. Without such employment — without, in shoi>t, extensive commerce, and great capital to sustain and invigorat^e that commerce, no laws merely protective will avail. Strict navigation laws have not always created a marine. Does not naval and commercial superiority depend on the habits, pur- suits, inclinations, associations, and force of character, rather than on any code of laws whatever ?' " In spite of the prohibitions and restrictions which yet exist, and serve to prevent the rapid increase of commercial intercourse between the United States and the lower colonies, yet that inter- course has already attained great value and importance from a very small beginning." In brief, and to conclude. To render the prosperity of the Prov- inces permanent and secure. 1st, we want a national system of free schools ; 2d, the commerce must be made free, and the inland waters opened to foreign shipping ; 3d, the agriculture and manu- factures must be protected and encouraged ; 4th, our mineral resources should be opened to the application of the industry of the country. Such is our right, fend the government that refuses justice to its people, deserves no respect or countenance. There is a point where patience and forbearance cease to be virtues, and we have arrived at that point in our history, when longer to forbear asserting our rights is treason to ourselves and unfaithfulness to posterity. PROGRESS IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. No country is better adapted to ship building than is our own — and nowhere can they be built with the same economy. Accessi- ble forests, filled with the very first quality of timber — ample har- bors, lumerous and deep-watered inlets, upon which vessels may be launched with convenience and safety, are all spread out before us, inviting the wealth and industry of the country into the field of enterprise and profit. Yet our inland streams meander to the* ocean a| bors arc! the nobl ■wild wij and mo] Thus arl the lauj home, year, ol chu-setj I I NAVAL AKCIIITECTUIIK. •27 fsson laid it foundation of affording ^t— without, [sustain and >viU avail. Iiino. Does habits, pur- [rather than yet exist, intercourse that intcr- Vom a very the Prov- item of free 'the inland ind manu- ir mineral ndustry of tat refuses There is ■tues, and to forbear ■ulness to I ir own — Accessi- plo har- els may t before he field ■ to thft ocean strangers to a vessel largijr than a skiff or canoo — our har- bors are unimproved — the advantages which our waters prcseut for the noble occupation of naval architecture, are overlooked, and the wild winds whistle drearily through the forests, where the merry and more welcome notes of the axe and the anvil should be heard. Thus are our mechanics driven, unwillingly, to seek employment in the land of strangers. In contrast with this lack of enterprisic at home, I append a table showing the product, for little over one year, of four ship yards, in East Boston, in the State of Massa- chusetts. In 'he yard of Mii. Paul Curtis, loMch has been in operation a lit- tle more than one ysar, the following ships icere built ;- Golden Fleece, Queen of the Sea, Golden West, Kadiant, ........ Cleopatra, . Reporter. ........ Two ships, not yet named, ^ $75,000 8) ,000 85,000 * 80,000 90,000 90,000 160,000 $665,000 In the yard of Mr. Donald McTCay, //'om June 1, 1852, to Jane 1, 1853, the following : — Sovereign of the Seas, Westward Ho, Bald Eagle, . Empress of the Sea, Star of Empire, Chariot of Fame, . Great Republic, One ship, not named, Tonnage. Value. 2,400 $150,000 1,700 95,000 1,800 95,000 2,200 125.000 2,000 120,000 2,000 120,000 4,500 300,000 1,800 90,000 18,1C0 "$1,095,000 <*d. 28 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. In the yard ofR. E. Jacksox, /rowi Juno 1, 1852, to August 1, 1853, as follows : — Winged Arrow, Queen of Clippers, Diamond of the Deep, . Total tonnage, . TonnaBC. 1,700 2,300 2,100 6,100 Valued at $427,000 I/i tits yard of Samui^l Hall, from Juno 1, IS52, to June 1, ISo^ as follows : — Bark Mermaid, Ship K. B. Forbes, " Iloogly, «' John Gilpin, . *« •Flying Childcrs, . »' Mystery, " Wizard, «* Araphitrite, . Total tonnage, Tonnage. 500^ 7-50 1,100 1,000 1,000 1,200 1,G00 1,700 9,150 Valued at $650,000 The four yards above-named, arc but examples of a line of ship- yards extending along the entire coast of the United States, and have produced, in a single year, twenty-six of the most magnificent ships that float the ocean — surpassing, in speed and elegance, a point which none but American enterprise has ever reached. These ships register about 44,000 tons burthen, and are valued at nearly $3,000,000. The men employed in these yards receive an average compensation of $2,25 per day. These examples are enough to show what a liberai system of government has to do in developing the natural ingenuity of man. There, the mind of the mechanic is not hampered ; it expatiates in the broad field of enterprise, and is daily invigorated by the encouragement and rewards which it re- ceives. Why is it that oie hundred and seventy thousand of our citizens have left us, and arc to-day employed in the workshops and fact( where f the burd Why debating, your mi^ demand worse, an qui c lily. British that lettei upon the received fi are debarr British Co Office. O man or clr he is acqui jjtrator pros sit away u above com tury ago, celebrated was goveri As vast 2 )f its rulei tend upon I'ill rise al 5 true in ni nlightenec vild horse August 1, Valued at $427,000 BRITISEI PATENT OFFICE. 29 unc 1, 18o4 Valued at $650,000 line of ship tcs, and have lificcnt ships nee, a point hed. These ed at nearly e an average ough to show veloping the chanic is not jrise, and is ■which it re- iisand of our and factories of the United States, where industry and thrift every- where prevails, while our own Provinces lag and languish under the burdens of our Colonial system. "VVhy spend the best of your lives in thinking and talking, debating, considering, and reconsidering, before you can make up your mijids how and when to act? Now is the time for you to demand a change — procrastination but makes your condition worse, and your country demands that what you do should be dona quick 1 1/. Bkitish Patent Office. — The British government has decided that letters patent will not be granted by them for the colonics, oven upon the payment of extra fees. This is the information we have received from our agents in London. By this decision, inventors are debarred from obtaining protection for their inventions in the British Colonies. This is a recent decision of the British Patent Office. Of the mental calibre and administrative quaUties of any man or class of men, no one can form a competent opinion, unless he is acquainted with the business over which such an adminis- ^trator presides. Many (too many) suppose that govcrnrnent officers sit away up in the clouds ; that they have qualities of mind far above common men. This is not so : it is true now as it was a cen- tury ago, when Oxensiicrn told his son to go to a convention of celebrated diplomatists '• and see with how little wisdom the world was governed." — Extract. TO YOUNG MEN. As vast and important to a country as is the governmental policy f its rulers, still, the condition of a peopiC does not wnoUy de- end upon their governors. A people who are true to themselves, ill rise above any circumstances, accidents, and conditions. Ihis true in material, mental, and moral aspects. A truly cultivated, rkshops f '^hgktened, and industrious people cannot be slaves. Like the ild horse of the prairies, which scorns the bridle of the hunter, a / / 30 TO VOUiNMi MKN. trulj' enlightened nation will huil the yoke of oppression in the face of the tyrant. In eoncluding tliis address, I cannot forbear oU'ering a few re- flections for the Young Mkn ov British AMiaucA. Action, progress, and reform, are now the order of the day among all civilized nations. In the i^rcat march of the human race, he is a recreant man who tarries by the way-side, to check the onward course of the moving colunm. By an^cternal law of things, nations can never stand still, but must either go forward or backward. Their forward or backward movements, sometimes depend upon a very few individuals. One master spirit will move a whole nation. Oliver Cromwell set the age in Avhich he lived an hundred years in advance, and the magic eloquence of Patrick Henry, in denuncia- tion of the wrongs of his country, set a nation on fire with heroic enthusiasm. Remember, young men, that you are to be the mex of the next generation. You are much to the race and to posterity. It de- i^ends upon your lives, your actions, your industry, your indepen- dence, whether the country shall be better for your having lived in it. " Men were not created to live in wigwams nor in sties ; but to rise up and lie down in dwellings of comfort and elegance." Men were not made for alms-houses and the gallows ; but for compe- tence, and freedom, and virtue ; not for vanity and follies, but for dignity and honor. Nakedness, famine, and pestilence are not in- exorable laws of nature. Nakedness is as often the result of idleness as misgovernment, and cholera is but the retribution for uncleanli- ne§s and intemperance. Industry, love of justice, manly indepen- dence, and strict temperance, are among the virtues which young men should cherish and cultivate. Industry is wealth, and know- ledge is power. And as these are represented in the individuals of society, so will be the aggregate. A nation of letters and ind\istry is both powerful and wealthy, and with* a love for equality and jus- tice, snd conformity to the nioral laws of the Great Governor of the Uiverse, will be happy and contented. If you cannot get a better government than the present one, take hold and reform the one you have. Never cease to demand the f^uU rights of British subjects from the home government. Show to the Queen that you know your rights, and that you are determined to rest ! you V cessfi Her j faires ■"'tyled and hi The flay. . "Thou brothei thousai press th earth, t] and fulf As aure is opene The e( nioral CO f ance are L History! f Industrie of colone 1 the hard] I stones. f the iiockj the bettc brotherly! , of the lot i Every Hhe shJ ? last my dl I ciety, woJ generatioj 'i tality. ^ golden he wasted ar thing fori TO YOUNG MEN. 81 in the few 10- i f among ?, he is a onward j 1, nations ackward. S» a upon a le nation. (3 years in denuncia- ith heroic f the next ty. It de- ^r indcpen- ng lived in ;ies ; bnt to ^ce." Men for compe- es, but for are not in- of idleness nncleanli- [ly indcpen- |hich young and know- dividuals of .d industry |ity and jus- tt Governor 1 i f i r kt one, take \ land the fjiU J Show to the letermined to . rest satisfied with nothing short of a positive grant of them, and you wilL get them. The history of the American assertion and suc- cessful maintenance of their liberties is yet fresh in the memory of Her Majesty and Her House of Lords, and rather than lose "the fairest jewel of her crown " — as the American colonics have been styled, — she will yield all that you demand in the name of justice and humanity. The heart of humanity is beating with the hopes of a brighter day. All the high instincts of our nature foretells its approach. — "Thoughts of freedom, duty, benevolence, equality, and human brotherhood, agitate the nations," and neither England with her thousand iron war-steamers, nor the Czar with his Cossacks can re- press them. " Were these thoughts imprisoned in the centre of the earth, they would burst its granite folds, speed onward in their career and fulfil their destiny. They are imbued with a deathless vigor." As Bure as the river runs to the sea, they must prevail. Here, then is opened, my young friends, a noble career for ambition. The conditidn of any country, depends much upon the social and moral condition of its young men. Honesty, industry, and temper- ance are cardinal virtues for the young of any climo or country. History is filled with names worthy of emulation. The apron of an industrious mechanic is more honorable than the brightest trappings of colonels and captains ; and the drops of sweat upon the brow of the hardy lumbor-man, are a fairer coronet than the most precious stones. I would sooner wear the laurels of George Fox, tending the flocks upon the hills of Nottingham, and dreaming schemes for the betterment of the race, which resulted in founding a state of brotherly love, which now contains two millions of souls, than those of the longest line of kings that ever lived. Every young man has a duty to perform, a work to accomplish. — If he shrinks from the responsibility, and says, "aye, this evil will last my day," and puts it from him for the follies and crimes of so- ciety, woe ! to his memory when the historian goes up and down the generation, toughing this and that head with the torch of immor- tality. He has not done his v/ork. His life has been spent, and its golden hours, crowded thick with stern responsibilities, have been wasted and lost. No young man is so lowly but he can do some- thing for himself, and thereby help on the •• good time coming," i i ''1' -. A* '■ V> 32 TO YOUNG MEN. -when the enfranchised millions of the world shall know, nor slave, nor tyrant forever. You can set an example for the coming members of society, an example which shall teach them the advan- tage of perseverance and honor, and when the hurried footsteps of the next generation are heard in their steady tread, the shout borne across the ages, shall be •• Equality among Men ! Libeuty and Self- Government ! ! , ■ ,.- •- f *<-. ^ 1^ ' • ■ ■ •• !■? '1 . V.':-r^%^ *:■''■- ■J\ *.■!;. , .1.; •V V.v a;-.-! VMi. »:. . t ' «.*>J ■i- I I i «■ 'Vii^ \ ^^^-\. \ n ■ 'iti.-: ■-/)?; -^ :-ii:^ :,W:'i . 1 1» -I ,/«•■■ I •*» ■!-•;**{." A .^:x4'fii ''/':-'' ■0^'