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Mapa, plataa, charta, ate. may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antlraiy includad in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand cornar, iaft to right and top to bottom, aa many framaa aa raqulrad. Tha following diagrama illuatrata tha mathod: Laa cartaa, planchaa, tablaaux, ate, pauvant Atra fSimia A daa taux da rAduction diff Aranta. Loraqua la documant aat trap grand pour Atrs raproduit an un aaul clichA, 11 aat fiimA A partir da i'angia aupAriaur gaucha, da gaucha A droita, at da haut an baa, an pranant la nombra d'imagaa nAcaaaaira. Laa diagrammaa auivanta illuatrant la mAthoda. 12 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ ■M^t ,: iJl %r f,5^4v,JLf V ^, I.'^'J.H • I #* !/:,■ ^ SU M M A R Y, Hiftoncal androlitical^ O F T H E Firft Planting, Progreflive Improvements, and Prefent State of the B r i t i s h Set- tlements in North-America. CONTAINING I. The HiAory of the Provinces and Colonies of New-Hamp- (hire* Rhode-Ifland, Connec- ticaty New -York, New-Jer- fies, Penfylvania, Maryland, and Virginia 2 their feveral original Settlenaents and gra- dual 1 mprovements; their Boun- daries, Produce and Manufac- tures, Trade and Navigation, Laws and Government. II. Their Natural Hiflory, Re- ligious SeAaries, Paper Current cies, and other Milcellanies. III. Several Mediciil Digreffions, with a curious Diflertation oa the Treatment of the Small- Pox, and Inoculation. By WILLIAM DOUGLASS, M.D. VOL. IL Historians, like fworn Evidences in Courts of Law, ought to declare the Whole Truth (fo far as comes to their Knowledge) and nothing but the T R u t h.. . BOSTON, New-England, Printed: |L0NDON,re-printed for R.Baldwin in Pater-noftcr>Row. M.DCCXV. Vi?.; » » 1 ' !■ I « '1 C J ■» » • O -^'^^m^^ . u /Itti T *# ^i?? p»«; . -f: **,^ .,V''"N-!M#'*»- ,'« » • • • ' '« « • t < « • « • •* •. ..• • * • > • • * • t « • « « t * < • • •• » , . • » • •• t • <-.i:i A- '■ /* n > ^WWBBttSIBKBfS^ tHE CONTENTS OfVot. II, TNtrodu^on J, Treaty with Abnaquie Indiiiif Nova-Scotia affairs continued Cape-Breton affairs continued «^ Paper currencies continued i ' ' i ^|afiachuretts-Bay hurt by Sh — - ftdminiftntion A plan of this fummary — — — i .i— Province of Ni w-Hampimiei Claims in proper^ and jurifdiAion A digreffion concerning colony leg^flaturei — A difpute between the governor and reprefentativet Britifli and French claimi in America ■■ Legiflature and courts of judicature — -i. Produce, trade and navigation ->— i* — Mtfcellanies " ' '■ — — A digreifion of America ^mber and naval ftom Colony of Rhode-Isl AND The fundry original fettlementi <-— — Government or jurifdidion n Paper currencies continued — — The number of people and valuation! Vol. U. A 3 7 - » 17 • ^ . iba 33 35>73 • 48 51 — 5» Boun- -— iwit'"i' liifc^.^. CONTENTS. ■ a I ■ *:■>:>,:' t I III* I BounJaiicf of thccoleiijr CouiH of judicature froduce/Cnide tiid ntrlgflttdn Pretenfioiu to « further extent ofjurifdi^on A cafe of miniilerial landa — Valuations continued Paper currfncici continued . Metalliclc orei — pi^reffion concerning religious fe^aries pieties for propagating religion - MiA^fllaniei — : — — ^ ' Colony of Odnnecticut The original voluntary aflb^iations —^ Boundaries — — — ■ Trade, and navigation > — The charter Legiflature and courts of jiidicaQure Rates and taxes — — Militia and number of people Produce, manufa£hires and trade Conne^cut college ' MountainI and rivers — Paper currencies continued iftftraft of fome of their -laws >. u .. i' . ^ digreflton of grain, traxing, &c, — ^ Cohcerning.the fiaturaThiftoiy QfNewr£ngland MHcdlaiita — — — f- -— ^ 90 ■2J 102 104 i©7 ibid, 108 102 »^8 ibij, 160 162 164. 166 177 'I* 180 183 190 192 '93 203 209 21^ Province of New-Yoric 220 T^ Engltth conqueft of Neiiir.Netherlands and confirmed %7 the Dutch to the ^nglifh -'i um. u 221 Boundaries ' ■ <■ • ' " -t-r— . — 224 Britifli ind French clainit in North- America continued 226 The five great inland lakes, the Nhw^Yoik Six nations of ■¥ff Indians ftiiflands and corporation iowns -^-<^ Their French and Indian mrars — SttccefRve governon of tiif {M-ovince Legiflature and fome peculiar laws ^ Paper currencies continiAd -i^^w Courts of judicature ' ; ^ Produce, manufa^ures, tf»At Mid navigation Me>untain8 and rivers — — Nficel|ania 235 » 236 240 246 250 250 257 ado 26 X Province ■J! J CONTINTS. IVovince of Niw-Jersey 8eycrt| tnuufen of propertir aikl jiunfdiftion -«— A tfjpiflinn conGcming Indian gruitt, and |pf oprictor ^« fUmio the ciplonies " ■ '■ pH^wtes in this jprovince concerning property which lUvt oocaiionedmucnconfurion — -— — — ^ Mountains and rivers ■ — — :- Iinhabitants and valuations ■» ■ » ^ ' Sucteffive governors • * ■ Lq^illature and fome municipal laws — — Courts of judicature ■■ — Produce, manufactures, trade and navigation — — Mifcellanies — — — Province of Pbnsylvania Orij^al grants KingCharles II. patent to Mr. Penn Mr. Penn*s charter of liberties and privileges, 1682 . fecond charter, 1683 — - — third charter, 1700 — — Ailbrtment of goods demanded hj. the Indians Boundaries Difpute between lord Baltimore and the Penns Rivers — > Concerning Indian affairs ■ ' Congrefs with the Indians jit Lancafter, 1744. City and port of Philadelphia -«e9 324 327 32« 330 33» 335 343 345 ibi 53 id. .355 356 360 361 363 ibid. Cur- CONTENTS. "«♦ ^ ; y I r . Currcnciet ' Courts^ legiflttive and executive Proprietors and deputy governors Produce and manufaaures — Mlfccflantefi ^ Medical digreffion continued — — Colony of VilOiNXA Original difcoveries and fettlements Boundaries — *— • JDigrcfiion concerning the fmall-poJt Managemient of the ImalNpox in eeneral Concerning inoculation of the fmall-pox Virginia fettlements ■' CuuiiCy courts ' '■ 377 38a ibi^ 39« 39a 403 410 414 4>S ^ I iijiiii iiiMtei — I II iiiiil rnfa ii .* M A Summary, Hiftorical and Political, of the firft Planting, progrcflivc Improve- ments, and prefcnt State of the Britifti Setdemcnts in North-America. VOL. II. Part I. A Supplement to the firft Volume; . And Introdudion to the fecond Volume. ^■^HE writer of this hiftoricaJ fummary, docs not affedt a ftudied elegancy. This is a plikin narrative of. inconteftible rafts delivered with * freedom, a colleftion or common-place of many years obfervation^s, dcfigned at firft only for the writer's private amufement or remembrancer; but at the defire of ibme friends it is publifhed for the benefit of the publick, and for the uie of future hiftorians, Deus nobis hasc otia fecit. As the writer is independent, being in no publick office, no ringleader of any party, or faction ; what he writes may be deemed impartial : If fafts related in truth offend any governor. Commo- dore, or other great officer, he wiii not renounce im- partiality and become fycophant. Vol. II. , ^ B As ■ 2 ASuMMARv, Historical an'dTotiTicAL, Bed As this rummary has been difcontinued many momhs from an * incident which may in courfe be mentioned by way of a digrelTional amufement ; I find myfelf in- clined to continue the hlftory of fundry affairs down to this time, April 1750. I. The naval affairs upon the continent coaft of Britifh North- America. Here j ends (a peace being concluded at Aix la Chapelle) our naval wars with France and Spain upon the coaft of North- America •, the peace of Aix la Chapelle was figned Odober 7th, 1 748, and proclaimed in Bolton, May 10, 1749. In autumn 1 747, Commodore Kn — les arrived in the harbour of Bofton with a fquadron of men of war from Louifbourg of Cape- Breton, ordered all our 4- men of war ilationed for the proteAion of the North- American trade, to join him ac Bodon to profecuce fome fecret expedition againd the French and Spaniards in the gulph of Mexico ; the redudlion of St. Jago de Cuba was the principal de- fign, and was not effeftuated ; but en paflant, he happened to furprizc the French fort of Port Louis of the ifland of Hifpaiiiola, and had the better in a fea engagement with a Spanifh fquadron off the Havannah of the ifland of Cuba-, thefe occurrences are not within the limits of our hiflory, which is confined to the Britiih conti- neftt fettlemcnts in North- America ; and the admiral Kn 's conduct in thefe expeditions, as it is faid, is now upon the carpet at home. Our coaft being thus left naked in May 1 748, about fourteen French and Spa« * The great man of the province for the time being, finding that the writer, though of his penon.il acquaintance, was not a iycophant, but wrote cranf action <> with a true and impartial freedom, endeavour> ed that his own manaeeAient might remain ohfcure, and not ftare higifelf and the publick in the fuce ; this he attempted in many forms, in diverting, irapeding, or raiher defeating this publick-fpirited la-^ boriou« undertaking. f The fea bickerings of Georgia and St. Auguftine arc left to the fcftioh of Georgia. 4 They were only frigate-, not fit for line of battle, or for bat- terine of land forts. '- ni(h Inthodvction to Vol. II. $ nl(h privitccrs wfcre roving from South-Carolina to New- York : They failed up Delaware bay and river fo high as New-Caftle, and with tl\eir armed boats to within five miles of Philadelphia : Philadelphia news- papers fay, ** foreign trade is now at a (tand, and the port as much " (hut up as if the river was frozen." In Chefaepeak bay of Virginia they went fo high as Repahanock river and carried oiffeveralftupi. In September 174S twoSpanilh privateers failed up Cape-Feai river of North-Carolina, landed Men, plundered Brunfwick, took polfefTion of fix veflels, but from fome cafual difaHers, they foon re- turned down the river. Here was a fine opportunity given to the French and Spaniards to plunder our conti- nent ports, or put them to high contributions j but the French and Spanifh pufilanimity favoured us. II. A treaty of peace with the H Abnaquie or eaftern Indians. ' Or, rather the formal fubmiflTion of thefe Indi- ans by their delegates to the government of New-England. Vol. I. p. 564, ended our account of the late French and Indian incurfions in New-England ; fihce that account, there have been only fome fmall damages done by a few fcattered Indian banditti. As this Indian treaty or fubmilTion to King George II. is very plain, eafy, and voided of fome antiquated wild fooleries which ufually accompany fuch affairs, we (hail infert it here by way of a fpecimen of Indian treaties'. H The St. John*s Indiana of Novft. Scotia, are of the Abnaqaie nation, bat were not in the conerefs, becaufe lately they feem chiefly to aflbciate with the Mikmake Indians of Nova-Scotia.— The Pigwaket tribe of Abnaquie are almoft extirifl, they did nut engage in this war, but retired and lived ainongft the Engliih, during the war, in the, county of Plymouth • fourteen of them, men, women and children, were prefent at this congrefs The Mafifafliick In- dians on the eaft fide or Dutch fide of Like Champlain or Corlaer, are in the Abnaquie diviHon, but never do' afibcisie with the Abnaquies. 1 hfffmall tribe of Scatacooks, on Houflfuck river, eaft fide of iiud- fon's griRt river, and the fcatter'd Mohcgins on.Hudfon's river, thougti Abnaquies, arc under the protedion of the Mohawks or Iro- quies great nations. '"'•"' B 2 ; There 4^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. There was firft a previous genera) meeting of the Iii- dian delegates from all the tribes in a general council, to pray the government of New-England for a treaty of peace. , Some time in June 1749, nine delegates from the feveral tribes of Indians came to Bofton to make propo^ fals for a peace i th.ey propofed the fage governor jDllm'^ mer*s treaty to a(5b upon, and that the congrefs fhould be at Falmouth in Cafco-Bay, about 100 miles eaftward from Bofton. The congrefs began at Falmouth, September 27, i749» between the commiflioners of Maflachufetts-Bay, viz. Thomas Hutchinfon, Ifrael Williams, . John Choatc, John Otis, Efqrs. And of New-Hamplhire, Theodore Atkinfon, Joha Downing, Efqrs. on the one part ; and the delegates of the eaftern Indians on the other part, viz. Eight from the tribe of Norridgowocks , Toxus, Soofephnia, Eneas, Naktoonos, Maga«7ombee, Nefaqumbuit^ Harrey, Pereez. " * Five from the tribe of * Penobfcot j Eg^r Emmet, Efparagoofaret, Maganumba, Neemoon. j^».mv«.v Niaumbouit, \ Six from the tribes of f Arrefaguntoocooks, and y Weweenocks ; Sawwaramet, Sauquifli, Auflaado, Wareedeon, Waaununga, Wawawnunka. • The Penofefcots j6cofely fald, that they could anfwer for their young men if they were not drunk. f Thefe by the French, arc called the miflion of St. Francois ^nd of Befancourt ; both lie upon the fouth fide of St. Laurence, or Canada rivert one 40 the other 30 leagues above Quebec ; their joining with the other tribes of the New England Indians in this fubmimon to King George II'. of CI reat- Britain, may well be ufed- as an argu- ment for New-England's reaching naturally and in the opinion of thefe Indians, tc tlie fouth lidc of Canada river. : All . ' Introduction to Vol. II. £ AH the ladiaa ckle^^ates were not arrived until October 1 5. The New-Hamplhire commifTioners returned homie -before the treaty was finilhed, and left a power with K eland Cotton, Efq-, to fign in their name. — The colony cf Connefticut, tho* dcfired by the government of Maf- fachufetts-Bay, did not fend any commiflTioners ',^ perhaps they< reckoned themfelves out of the queftion, being covered by the whole breadth of the province ofMaiTa- chuietts-Bay ; Nova Scotia was alfo invited. Roland Cotton, Efq; was clerk. Capt. Jofeph Bean was interpreter, both under oath. Toxus of Norridgowocks was reckoned the chief of thefe Indian tribes, and" their fpeaker ♦, he faid, " Ev^r fince governor Dummer 4- treated with us, all the Indians lik'd it well, and have reckoned it well ever fince." Mr. Hutchinfon, chairman of thexommiflionsrs from Mafla- chufetts-Bay, in his fpeech to the Indians, " You have always ipoke well of governor Dumnier*s treaty, and the Englilh have lik*d it well, and it lafted long j this we propoie to be a plan for a treaty. The Treaty is %s follows, ** We the Indians inhabiting within his Majefty's terri- tories of New-England, make fubmiflion to King George II. in as full and ample a manner as any of our predecef- ibrs have heretofore done. 1. We Indians in all times coming, will maintain a firm and conftant amity with all the || Englifli, and will never confederate to combine with any other nation to their prejudice. 2. That the Englifti fubjeds may peaceably and qui- etly enjoy their rights and lettlements ; refer ving to the Indians ajl lands not formerly conveyed to the Englilh, as alfo the privilege of liftiing, hunting and fowling as formerly. •I- That treaty was anno 1725. II The defignation Englilh is ufcd, as more fanoiliar to the Indians than that of Biit Hi. B 3. The I j5 a Summahy, Historical and Political, &c. 3. The trade to be under the direction of the Malft- chufctts government. ^. All concroverfies (ball be ifllied in the due courjie of juftice of Maflachufetts government courts. 5. If any of our Indians commit hoftilities againft the Engiifh, we fliall join the £ngli(h to bdng them to realon. 6. . If any tribe of Indians make war upon any of the now contraAing tribes, the Englifh (hall afTift and bring them to reafon. Moreover, it is agreed that there (hail be truck-houfes at Georges and at Richmond. The Indians defire a truck- houfe alfo at Saco river." , III. A (hort and general continuation of the * N6va- Scotia affairs, particularly as to the Chebu6ta fettlementr * See p. 39c, 317, ;66, vol. I. There was a government fchems of this nature iet on foot 1732 » it was too much Utopian, and there- fore impradticable : 1 mean the fettlement of the province of Georgia in the foathern parts of South«Carolina, a frontier againft the Spa- niards of Florida, in a dry, fandy, parched foil : the fcheme was pom- pous, viz. zo raife great quantities of rice, wine, cotton-wool, indigo, cochineal, filk, hemp, flax. Hitherto they have done nothing, though a great charge to the crown, in civil and military eftablifhment; from I733> (i733> the parliament granted 10,000 1. fterl. 1735, 86,oock iterl. &c.) to 1743 inclufive, the parliament grants for the civil efla- blifliment amounted to 12^, cool. AerL from 1743, to 1749, their civil and military grants were blended together) 1749* the parliament f ranted for their civil eftablifhment, 5»304l. fterl. tlieir military efta- lifliment has been very chargeable, the pay and vi£lualling of one regiment and feveral independent companies of regular troops, armed fchooners and rangers. The patent for er«£iing Georgia into a province or corporation, pafTed the feals 1^32. In Feb. 1 733-4> the whole number of perfons that had been fhipped to Georgia were 320 men, 113 women, 102 boys, 83 girls, in sdl 618 perfons, whereof one quarter were foreign- ers; fmce that time many people have been imported, but not long iince in that province were to be found only 602 perfons. July 1 748, in Mr, Whitefield's Bethefda, (12 miles from Savannah) were only 1 mafter, 2 women, 4 men-fervants labourers, and 18 children, whereof two paid for their board ( in his vagrancies this was his great cant- fund to bee money and other elFcdts from weak chriftians. Here I inadvertently anticipate what properly belongs to tlie feAibn of Georgia. The iNTBOOUCTlOir to VoL. II. 7. # The genera! of Canada fince.thc conclufion of the late peace, by letters to the rcfidcnt of Nova-Sfcotia and to the governor of New igland, claims the grearell part of Nova-Scotia or L*Accadic : the French Coureurs des Bois and their Indians, 1749, have made fome fmall ap- pearances to intimidate our new fettlers. i. A number of French and Indians came before our Wock-houfe at Minas without efFeft, they furprize and carry off about 18 (iragglgrs as captives. 2. In September, eight Indians as traders came aboard Donnel a trading floop in Chica- nedto bay, by furprize with their long knives they kill three of his. men,, while feveral Indians on ihore waited the event ; in this fcuffle, the Indians loft fevcn of their men. 3. Beginning of Oftober, a company of about 40 Indians, as was fuppofed, furprized eight of Oilman's timber-men near th^ law-mills, eaft fide of Chebufta bay; they killed four of Oilman's men, three efcaped to the flanker of the block-houfe, one man is miffing, fuppofed to be captivated to make difcoveries ; the Indians did not attempt the block-houfe : — Afterwards there was a more general rendezvous of Indians, but having no profpcft of any advantage, and the St. John's Indians differing with the Mikmaks, they broke up and went home. The chief fettlement will be the town of || Hallifax or Chebufta, laid out and fettled in a few months ; * for defence round it at proper diftances are five picquetted block-houfes containing barracks for Warburton's regi- ment. In our firft vol. p. 566, we juft entered upon the late projefted, but now vigoroufly profecuted f re-fettlement D So called from earl of Hallifax, the principal enccurager of this fettlement. • Idlencfs and intemperance, the bane of all our plantations, efpe- cially confidering the nature of the firft fettlers of this place, are more dangerous than any parcels of dcfpicable ftraggling Indiaa.t. 1 1 am forry to write, that from 1 710, to 1 749, being near the fpace ef forty years, the French have been filently allowed to keep poffef. fion in all refpefts of the province of Nova-Sco:ia, the fort of Anna- polli and its b^nliew excepted. B4 of 8 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. oFNova-Scotia, by the indefatigable governor Cornwallis : the firft parliamentary allowance or encouragement was 40,000 1. fterl. towards tranfporting to Nova-Scotia, and maintaining there, for a certain time after their arrival, fjch reduced officers and private men, lately difmiiled ti;om his majefty*s land and fea-fervice, ancf f others, as (hall be willhig to fettle faid colony. Col. Cornwallis with his Heet of one frigate of 20 guns, one man of war floop tranfports — with fettlers^ provifions and ftores, arrived in Chebufla bay end of June ; foon after arrived the French tranfports fwhojiad brought from France the troops that took pofleflion of Lpuiibourg) from Louis- bourg with the Britifh troops who had evacuated Louis- bourg, confiding of the two regiments of Fuller and War- burton, and a detachment of the train *, the regiment of late Fuller's, to recruit Warburton's, and to leave fomc fettlers, was reduced to 35 private men per company, half their former Complement, and fcnt home. In this bay of Chebuda, is built a uniform elegant tqwn called Hallifax, after the earl. of Hallifax, a great promoter of this fettlement. This harbour of Chebudta is a mod convenient place of arms for our American men of war, and a certain check upon tlie French of Louis- bourg : it is wpll fituateqi for making of dry cod-fifli, being about the middle of a long range of Cape-Sable coaft Hlhing banks, and may prove the beil cod-iilhery hitherto known. I heartily wifh fucccfs to the fe'ttle- ment, but we cannot expedt that it ihould anfwer fo well for hufbandry, that is for tillage and paflure, as our co« *f- A rifT-rafF of difmifTed foldiers snd fatlors habituated to idlenefs and vice, by their labour can never fettle a new colonv ; but two or three young vigorous regiments (fuch as Warburton^s) canton*d all over the country, paid and vi&uiiled from home for two or three years, (from New-England we can fupply them with wives, good breeders) and when thus habituated to the countrv, and to hufbandry, with pro* per encourag^ement of land, they may be difmifl'ed from their military iervice; and make lading good fettlements-T-No old men pad their labour, no women but fuch as arc of the ages of breeders, that is, none exceeding jq set. be admitted, excepting parents of numerous ^children, tofcivc as their guardians. • . , , , ' lonies Introduction to Vol. IJ. ^ lohies further fouth. Itonclude with the words of Bacon lord Vcrulatti, •* Settling plantations is like planting of «« timber, we muft wait patiently Jbmh^ears, before we «« reap any benefit. 4- , / -' '• tV. A Ihort recapitulation and conclufion of the Louis- bourg affair 5 the Cape-Breton iflands, fbr Tcafons of ftate, , are now rcftpred to the French dominions ; and after fomc political remarks, we ihall take our final leave of them. See vol. I. p. ^g5, &c. and p. 347, &c. The Frenth of Canada and Cape-Breton had more eariy intelligence of the French war raan we of New-En^and, it was pro- claimed in Bofton June 2, 1 744. Louifbourg of Cape- Breton furrendered to us, June 17, 1745. Autumn fol- lowing to garrifon Louifbourg, were Ihip'd off from Gi- braltar, Fuller's and Warburton's regiments of foot, and three companies of Frampton's regiment, with a large detachment from the train ; it was too late in the year before they arrived upon our winter coaft, and were obliged to winter in Virginia, a few of them put faito New- York ; they arrived at Louifbourg May 24, 1746, and relieved the New-England militia confiding of aoouc 4. In tlie late treaty of Aix la Chapelle, Odober 7, 1 748, there were many things in relation to trade, and to die claims and bounda- ries in the refpeftive plantations to be fettled with France and Spaia, which required a confiderable time to be adjufted, and therefore could not be inferted in the body of the treaty, but referred to a convention of comniiffioners : as the French court in their various negociations are noted for appointing men of merit- and real knowledge in the va- rious affairs with which they are intruded, doubtlefs our ininiftry will ufe gentlemen of pradlical knowledge in trade, and habituated to plan- tation affairs, men of a quick clear thought, and of a diftin£t clear elocution. In the prefent ftate of things, the well-being of the European mo- ther-countries depends much upon their plantations ; plantations make a country rich ; Holland is rich, not from its produce or manufaftures, but from its Eaft and Weft-India plantations, its trade and navigation. France never flourifhed fo much as in the adminiftration of cardinal Fleury, his principal attention was to their plantations and tradf ; the empire of Germany, Sweden, Sec. though they abound in labouring men, for want of plantations and trade, are very poor. 1500 li I «b A Summary, Historical and Political, &(;. 1500 men, who had kept garrifon Jrom the furrender of the place *, commodore Warren was at that time gover- nor} after him commodore Knowles was pro-tempore, governor; admiral Townfhend from the Weft-India, iilands with a frpall fquadron is ordered for the protedion. of Loiiifbourg, and fails for England in November 1746. Mr. Knowles in his time at a very great charge, repaired the town and fort, as if they were to remain to Great- Britain for ever. Commodore KnOwles in the autumn Z747» with a fmall fquadron came to Bolton, and pro- ceeded upon a fecrct expedition to the Sugar iilands, and Mr. Hobfon lieut. col. of Fuller's regiment is appointed governor of Lauiibourg. Peace drawing near, Shirley's and Peppcrell's regiments from a complement of 100 private men per company were i-educed to 70 men s the private men of the three companies of l^rampton's regi- ment, were incorporated by way of recruits with Fuller's and Warburton's regiments, and their commifllon officers, ierjeants, corporals, and drums fent home; Pepperell's' and Shirley's regiments in Louifbourg were entirely || dif- mil^d June 24, 17499 their arms and other accoutre- ments were detain'd by the government. The Britifli troops evacuated Louifbourg, July 12, I749> and were carried by the French tranfports to Chebu^a, and the French troops being about 600 men took poflefHon of the place. It is a fpreading pufilanimous opinion amongfl the lefs thinking people, that the great advantage of Louifbourg's falling into our hands was its ferving as a propitiatory free offering to France, and without reftoring it we fhouid have had no peace : but we ought to obferve, i. That both parties in the war were low in Calh and credit. 2. The French navy trade and navigation were fo re- duced* that they could not avoid dcfiring a peace; we had taken as many of their men of war as might have been fufficient to reduce the remainder ; we had taken great numbers of their South-Sea, Eaft and Weft-India, 9 They were put in pny, Sept. 1, i;45. Turkey, /"J Introdvction toVot. 11. tt Turkey, and other Shipt» ftnd what remained were obliged to continue in port, (in fear of our numerous privateera) iiaving no convofi Or men of war to protedb them. 2. The corruption which prevailed in Holland was like to be extirpated, and the Dutch became active. 4. The army of our auxiliary Ruffians were upon the march to join us, for Tome reafons of ftate they teem to have been retarded in thdr march. If Louifbourg had not fallen into our hands, Che reduced towns and fortt in Fhm- ders muft have been returned, that is, evacuated; it feems that in all modern negociations for a peace the ba- its is reftitution of allr land conquefts on both fides, ex> eepting where equivalents or antiquated claims fall in the way. The court of Great-Britain cannot cordially approve of this infinitely rafli New-England corporation adven- ture, though beyond all military or human probability fuccefsful ( it involved the nation, already deeply in deb^ in an additional fum of about 8co,ooo 1. Irerl. in the feveral articles of reithburfement-money, extraordinary, fuperfiuous repairs, tranfport fervice, ftores, carrifofi ofiicers, a large detachment from the train, and a nu- merous garrifon of regular troops : this place was una- voidably to be evacuated and re(iured to the French upon a peace, and as it happened, in a better condition, and without any reimburlement or equivalent, cui bono! I cannot perceive any real advantage acquired by the re- du6tion of Louifbourg. The fmall Britifh fquadron fta- tioned at Bofton, without any additional national charge, would have been an eifeffcual check upon the Louifbourg privateers*, commodore Warren from the Weft-India iflands was frnt for the proted^ion of the coaft of New- Englapd and Nova- Scotia in the fpfing 1745, and our trade in the northern parts of America could not have fuffered above 2 or 3 per ct difference of infurance, which is as nothing compared with the great charge of 800,000 1. fieri. ,.*:• .1 Ih I i 42 A SuMMAfty* HirroKiCAi aad Political, &c. fterl. before t|ie chtroe was fuUy known, I eftimaced it at 500,000 i. fieri. orTcTs. * I fum up die Lbuifbpiirg affair, i. It wu infinite^ fafli, a-priirace corporation adventure, without any or- ders or aflured aflitUnce of men of war firom home i thirty-fix hundred raw militia (ibme without proper arms) wkhouc any difcipiine, but at random, as if in a frolick, met together, no provifion of ck>athing or fliips : by this and fmall care of the fick, and want of diicipline, we loft about one half of our men by fcurreys and putrid flow fevers ; in a military way we loft only about 60 men killed and drowned, and about 1 16 pri- soners to the French in the ra(h foolifh attempt upon the ifland-battery : during the fiege, by good fortune, * If fhe Canada ocpedition whkh was recommended home by gOTCTnof ' ■ had proceeded and facceetded, after another great . addition to the national debt ; for reafons of ftate, without any cqoivalent or reimburfement, it muft have been evacuated and rellored to the Fr^ch 1 New-England was at confiderable charge towards this -Jntended ciq^edition in levy-money, viAualling, tranfport (ervice, ^ bedding, &c. ipr want of proper application* MaflachuTetts have re- - ' ceived no reimburfement of this : Rhode-Iiland, by a|>plication have 'received their reimbarfement. *-'' Another extra-provincial perquifite expedition was the fendingofF f 5Q0inen towards the reduAion of Crown-Point, a French fort, near ■ Lake Chanplain in the province of New- York; this involved our province in lome charge (never to be recovered) by fending prOvifions, ammunition and other (lores by water to Albany; an epidemical dif- temper in the county of Albany luckily prevented us ; if it had been reduced, it muft either have been kept by us at a very great charge ^ual to :he oppofition of all the force of Canada ; or we muft have demoliftied k, to be re-built by the French at one tenth of our charge in reducing of it. Anothef jprofefiton towards ruining our province was the charge of i : building a fort at the Carrying-place in the ftovemment of New* York, . between the falls of Hudfon's river and wood-Creek : this was at- , tended with the fame inconveniencies as the former. Sending oflFtroqw to affift the Six Indian nations of New- York-— All thefe idle propofals, were not refented by the government of . New- York, as, if that rich government Had been incapable or ne- glectful of felf-proteAion, but filently admitted of Sh——quixotifmsi our houfe of reprefentatives in their journal fay, the people of New- York were much abler to proted themfelves. ,j "^ ' we / /"l IiYTitbDircTxoir to V6l. IL ^3 we had coiAtjxit dry favounble weather : but June i8^ next day after we had pofiefTion of the town, the rains itt in, which certainly from our naen being ill cioached and ill lodg^ muft infallibly have broken up the Aege. We had a wretched train of artillery, or rather no ar- tillery (they were voted' by the affembly not worth the charge of bringing back to Bofton) in a Quixote manner' to dcmolilh a French American Dunkirk, m which were 1900 armed men, whereof 600 were regular troops, 115 good large cannon, 19 mortars, with ftores and proyiHons fbfficicnt for fix months. 2. The military fuccds was miraculous, but the cunning part of the pro> jedb was natural, and could not mils of fuccels. i^ A neceifary enormous multiplied emifiion of a depreciating paper currency, enabled the fraudulent debtors to pay their debts at about 10 s. in the pound difcount. a. VaJt perquilites to thjc manager, f Currencies. || The parliament of Great-Britain, be- fore the commencemdit of the late French war, had under f As writers and preachers forbear publithing •••••• which are fingnlar, rare or new, left theyr (hould prove of bad example ; I ihall only ftim op thefe perqoifites in this manner : In the fpace of four yean* vis. 1741 the introdudtory gratuities from the province, and from ***** of many thoufands of pounds, and the unprecedented per- quifites in the three expedition years of 174;, 1746 and 1 747, from a negative fortune, was amafled a large politive eftate, and the loofe corns built a countiy«hoafe at the charge of about fix thoufand pound fterling. The predeceflbr, an honeft genfleman of a good paternal eftate, after eleven years adminiftration, in a meiTage to the general aftembly, July 21, 1741, reprefents, that he had been obli- ged to break in upon his own eftate Tome thoufaiids of pounds, to fupport the charaAer of a king's governor j in faithfalnefs to his truft he refufed a certain retaining fee. II This accurfed affair of plantation paper-currencies, when in courfe it falls in my way, it proves a ftumbling*Uock, and occafi- ons a foit of deviati6n. In the appendix, I (haU give a fhort hifiory of all the plantation paper-currencies ; it may be a piece^of curiofity for times to come. Maflachufetts-Bay wa^ the leader, and exceeded all the colonies in this fraud; from their firft emiifion 1702 (I take no notice of Sir William Piiips's Canada bills, they were foon out of the 1^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. under their coniideration fome regulations concerning the plantation currencies; and now that war being ended, this third feflions of the tenth parliament of Great Britain have refumed the confideration thereof. Maflachufeta- tbe qneftion) to 1749, '^* ^'^ V^' of Mr. Sh our bilk of pnblick credit or ftate-notet fuifered adniiniilhition, difcount of 88 I > I > percent; in France in the worft of times when Mr. Law had the dire£Uonof the finances, the difcount upon their ftate-notes wm onty 65 per cent: Maflfachuiietu publick bills of credit 1749, were pcjo- rated to eleven for one fterling. * In the few years of Mr. bh n ladminiitration, this fraudulent currency from 1 27,000 1. old tenor, was multiplied to about two and « half millions^ and by this depreciating contrivance thefraudU' lent debtors paid only 10 s. in the pound, and every honeft man not in debt loft about one half of his perfonal eftate. The money- mak- ing aflemblies could not keep pace with hiqi in his paper emiffions 1 1747, the governor infifting upon further emiffions^ the aflembly reprefents, '* If we emit more bills, we apptehend it muft be followed by a great impair, if not utter lofs of the publick credit, which has already been greatly wounded »" and in their journal 1 746, p. 240, '< We have been the means of adually bringing diftrefs, if not utter ruin upon ourfelvei..— ^When any complaints were offered to the aflembly concerning depreciation, by contrivance, they were re- ferred to committees confifting of the moll notorious depreciatori. See Journal, Auguft 17, 1 744. • By way of amufement, I (hall adduce foine different managements of adminiftrations with refped to a fraudulent paper medium — 1703 by contrivance of Mr.W — r-'from New-England, Barbadoes emitted 8o,oQol. ai 4 per cent (common intereft was 10 per cent) upon land fecuri^, payable after fome years ; thofe land-bank-bills im- mediately teii 40 per cent, below filver } upon complaint home the court of England fent an inftruAion to governor Crow, to re-' move from the council and all places of trult, any who had been concerned in the lace paper credit; thus currency was fuppreffed, and their currency became and continues filver as before. — Governor Belcher of New-England, 1741, from integrity and faithfulnefs to the publick, when a wicked combination called Land-bank, became Kead-ftrong; he refufed their bribe or retaining fee, negatived their, fpeaker and 1 3 of their councellors, and fuperfeded many of their officers, civil and military.— Soon after this fcheme was dam*d by ad of parliament, governor Sh— — I fliall not fay in contempt, but perhaps in negled of this a£t, promoted their direflors and other chief managers to the higheft offices, of councellors, provincial agents, judges, jufticea, iheri3s,and militia officers preferable to others. ■ When Introduction to Vol. II. t5 Maflfachufetts-Bay, as they have at prefent rto province bills out upon loan for terms of years, have previ- oufly fettled their currency by aft of aflcmbly, ap- proved of by the K NO in council ; it is inticled. An act for drawing in the hills of credit of the feveral denomi- nations, which have at artf time been ijfuedby this govern- ment, and are ftill outfianding ; and for afcertiUning the rate of coined Jilver in this province for the future. By this aft it is provided that the treafurer fhall be im- powered to receive the ♦ reimburfement money to be exchanged after the 31ft of March 1750, at the rate of 45 s. old tenor for a piece of eight \ and one year more is allowed for exchanging faid bills— After 31ft of March 1750, all debts and contrafts fhall be payable in coined filvcr only, a piece of eight at 6 s. one ounce of filver at 6i. 8, t as alfo all executions with fuch addition accord- ing to the time of contrafting, as the laws of the pro^ When there wu an immediate publick emergency for raifing of money, borrowing of publidc bills, already emitted, from the poflef- fors, would not have increafed a paper currency, bat prevented depiv- ciationa } fome merchants and others offered to lend thefe bills at a fmall intereft, fome gentlemen faid, that they had better let them without intereft than that their perfonal eftatet from multiplied emiflions, Ihould depreciate at a much greater rate than after the vat lue of an accruing intereft : but this would have eiFe£iually defeated the fcheme of the depredators the fraudulent debtors, therefore the propofal or expedient was reje£led by the advice o f ■ ■ -■ l* or paper currencies, fee vol. I. p. 310, 314, 308, 493. * This reimburfement money arrived at Bofton Sept. 18, 1749, in a man of war frigate, confifting of 215 chefts, (3000 pieces of eight at a medium per cheft) of milled pieces of eight, and 100 cafks of coined copper. Connecticut, a government of ugacious huf- bandmen, feems to have a£ted more prudently than Maflachnfctts-Bay ; by their aflembly ad, 0€t. 1749, they allow three years (to prevent a fudden confufion) to cancel their bills gradually ; and in their reim- burfenfent money to fave the charges of commiflioqs, freight, infu« ranee, and other petty charges, they are to draw upon their receiv- ing agent, and thefe bills will readily purchafe iilver for a^urrencv. f Ihis is not in proportion, a milled piece of eight is 7: eighths of aif ounce, and at 6 s. per piece is 6st 10. one 3d of a penny better per oance. vince i6 A SuMMARv, HiSTOJ^iCAL and Political, &c; vince do or fhall require i the feveral a^s of afTcmbly whereby fome funds of taxe<, for cancelling province bills of credit, have been poftponed gradually to 1 960 are repealed, and the tax of 1749, toward cancelling thefc bills mail be three hundred thoufand pound old tenor. Penalty to thofe who receive or pay filver at any higher rate, fifty pound for every offence} and after 31ft of 3I ( pound tor every oixence » ana irom cnence to iviarcn 31 17549 ^ perfons entering into any town affairs, conAa- bles, reprefentatives, councilors, all officers civil and military, 4- plaintiffs in recovering of executions, tavern- keepers, and retailers of ftrong drink, Ihall make oath that they have not been concerned in receiving or paying away any fuch bills. As the exportation of flerlins coin from Great-Bri- tain is prohibited by adt of parliament, Spanifh pieces of eight are reckoned the plantation currency, and* are efteemed as fuch in the proclamation a6t fo called, for {>lantation currencies ; but although the Britifh or iter- ing; fpecies could not be a plantation currency, the Spa- nifh coin might have been reduced to their denominations at 4 s. 6 fterl. per piece of eight, and all the colonies reduced to the fame fterling denominations of Great- Britain, which would much facilitate the trade and buiinefs of the plantations amongfl themfelves, and with their mother-country: thus we fee in Portugal a mill-ree, though no fpecie or coin, but only a denomi- nation, is the bafis of their currencies ; and in the fame manner with the plantations a pound or crown (lerling, although no fpecie or coin in the colonies, might have been the general bafis of our denomination or currencies. 4 That is, all delinqaents are out-law'd ; a very fevere penalty : this l^a)^ introduce a habit of forl'wearing or perjury. ' I may iNTHODVctiON to Vol. II. >7 I mty be allowed to drop a tear, I mean fome expref- fion of grief, over the languilhing (bte of my altera pa- triae the provincf of Mimachufetts-Bay, formerly the glory of our plantations i but now reduced to extreme mifery and diftrefs, precipitately brought upoa us by the adminiftration of **** and a parrv of trauJulcnt debtors. Ac bis acceflion he was lucky to find a (landing irrefiflible party formed to his mind, and not empty-handed \ they cflfeSually depopuhtted the province by the lofs of many of our moft vigorous labouring young men, the only cle- pendance or life of a young plantation i they pecculated the country by ruinous unnecelTary expence ot money — Our prefent commander in chief in his firft fpeech to the aflembly, Nov. 23, 1 749, modeftly exprefles the late pec- culation and depopulation of the province} ** deliver ** this province from the evils and mifchiefs (particularly *^ the injuftice aud oppreflfions) arifmg from the uncertain ** and finking value of the paper-medium - the cultivation ** of our lands and manufadures are greatly impeded by •* the fcarcity of labourers." Mr. Sh — 's own aflem* blies fometimes complain. June 3, 1748, the council and reprefentatives m a Joint mefTage to the governor, enumerate the ** great lo(s of ialiabitants for husbandry ^ and other labour, and for the deience of our inland ** frontiers ; the vaft k)ad of debt already contradted, and. ** theunpandlelledgrowingcharges, infupportabledifficuU *^ ties 1" The houle of reprefentatives upon a certain oc* cafion complain, ** with publick taxea we are burthened •* almoft to ruin i** in their journals 1747, «* Should the « whole fum expended in the late expedition be reimburft ** us, we have (till a greater debt remaining, than ever lay upon any of his majefty's governments in the plan- •* tations." Mr. had no ^mpathy with the fuflfer- ng province, becaufe ♦ depreciations of currency, and ^ur unfufTerable taxes did not affedt him. Vol. II. C By * Depreciations^ by his fucceflive alTemblies were mtde inoi« than ' }od in advancing hu aJlAH^ances and other perqaifites : he is ex- ^ ' cmptcd l8 A SuMMAkY, H)sTOR,icAL and Political, &c. By the province being depopulated, labour is dear, and ail countries can afford to underfell us in produce and fnanufadlures, in cbnfequence our trade is loft : I fhali adduce a few inftances: i. When Mr. Belcher was fu- perfeded 1741, iti Bofton at one and the fame time were upon the flocks 40 top- fail vefleis >of about 7,000 tun» all upon contract : at Mr. Sh going home 1749, only about 2,000 tun on the ftocks^ whereof only 4 or 5 fhips upon contract, the other's upon the builders ac- count to wait for a marketj and to keep their apprentices to work, and to work up their old ftores of timber. 2. 1 741, in Marblehead, our chief fiffaing town, were about 160 fifhing fchooners of circiter 50 tun each : 1749 there were only about- 60 fifhing fchooners. 3. For many months lately there were not to be found in Bofton goods (nay not the coarfeft of goods, pitch, tar^ and turpentine) fufHcient to load a ipiddling ihip to Great-Britain •, but under the prefent adminiftration and management of affairs our tracfe and navigation feem to /evive. iempted from taxes by ad of a^etnbly. Whereas all perfbns of the province not in debt, have loft about one half of their perfohal fcftates by depreciations in this fhort adminiftration ; and the provincial poll tax of 2 s. 3 d. O. T ; this tax is equal to rich and poor* and befides poll tax, there are provincial rates upon cftates and faculties, excife, impoft, tunnage ; and beildes provincial taxes, there are country and town poll rate.s Sec. Mr. Belcher, by his wife and hotieft manage- ment, had brought all our publick debts or paper credit and curreney to be cancelled in one year 1741, being 127,000!. O. T. but Mr. and his party bein^ afraid of lufing hold of this accarfed fraudulent currency, they rciolved (the province was at that time in its greateft profperity) that 1 27,000 1. O. T. was an inconvenient fum to be cancelled in one year, and therefore divided it among three iiibfequent years ; by this neft egg in a few years they increafed the brood to two and a half millions ; and the g ■■ apon his call bome 1 749, for certain reaions which may be mentioned, (by the ad- vice of his trufty friends) contrived two years exceffive taxes of 360,000 and 300,000 O. T. to be colle£led in not much exceeding one year, when the country was^depopulated, pecculated, and much reduced in trade and buftnefs : this fudden and quiet reverfe change of fentiment in this party is unaccountable ; but quicquid id. eft timeo. perhaps they ^xpe£t confufion ; they have pradifed£Ihing in troubled water. • . *•■*■- *"■ 'wm 1 In • "t I > t ' m,-^ .jU^-i^ m, ' y*m. m„t,r IlCTRdDUCTlON tO VoL. II. 19 III the feveral sficTiONS or histories of the ieveral colonies^ iriay generally be found, but not in the fanio ftriA Di-der, the following particulars. 1. When the colony was firft difcovered and traded td by any European nation ; when firft colonized by the Englifli : and what revolutions have happened there troni time to time, in property and jurifdidion. 2. Its boundari^, ifwellafcertained, or if controverted in property or jurifdiftion. > 3. Wars with the French, Spaniards and Indians. ■$ 4. The numbers of whites or freemen, and flaves. 5. The laft valuation, that is, the number of polls and value of eftates, taken to adjuft the quotas of taxes for the feveral counties, diftrifts, towns and parifhes. 6. The militia upon the alarum-lift, and how incor* porated or regulated. • ^ i 7. Hbufe of reprefentatives, their nature and number : the qualifications of the eledors, and of the elected. t 8. Courts of judicature. 4 1. ^he nature of their juries, and how returned. i^ 2. The jurifdidlion of a juftice, and of a bench of jufti- ces, and of their general quarter fcflions. 3. Inferior or county courts of common pleas. 4. Superior, fupreme, or provincial courts for appeals. 5. Chancery or courts of equity, if in ufe. 6. Jufticiary courts of oyer and terminer. 7. Ordinary for probate of wills and granting admi- niftration. 8. Courts of vice-admiralty. 9. Jufticiary court of admiralty for crimes committed at lea. 9. The prefent taxes, viz. polls, rates, impoft, and cxcife. 10. Produce, manufaflures, trade and navigation. > 11. The number of entries and clearances of extra-^ provincial vefTels, diftinguifhed into (hips, fnows, bri- gantines, floops, and fchoonets. 12. The various ift^ries in religious wor/iiip. a^^^M C 2 In 20 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. In moft of the fcdtions there is a digreflional article, to prevent repetitions, concerning fome things which are in common to feveral colonies, but inferted in that fedtion or colony the moft noted for thofe things 5 thus I. in the fedlion for Maflachufetts (hould have been in- ferted the affair of paper currencies, as they did originate and were carried to the greateft difcount or fraud Siere : but as by a late z£t of aflfembly confiriped by the king in council, paper currencies are terminated in that province, we drop it. 2. As Pifcataqua, alias New-Hampfhire, has for many years been noted for royal mafting con- tracts, we chofe to infert in that section, fome things concerning mailing, lumber, and other timber for con- ftruflion or building, for joiners and for turners work ; and if that article does not fweil too much, we may infert fome other foreft trees and flowering fhrubs fit for boc- cages, parks and gardens. 3. As Rhode- IHand has been noted for fedtaries, from no religion to die moft enthuli- aftick, there is defigned fome account of our plantations or colony fedaries •, thoush at prefent Penfylvania ex- ceed them in that refpeS, wherd befides the Rhode- Ifland feCtaries, are to be found a fedt of free-thinkers who attend no publick worfhip, and are called keep-at- home proteftants ; publick popiih mafs-houfes ; and fome feflaries imported lately from Germany, fuch as Mora- vians called unitas fratrum or united brethren, who have had fome indulgences by a^ of parliament 1749. 4. Connedbicut, a colony of fagacious laborious hufband- men, firft in courfe naturally claims the digreflion con- cerning grain and grazing ; it is true New-ifork, Jerfies, and Penlylvania at prefent much exceed them in grain and manufadruring their wheat into flour. 5. Mary- land and Virginia tor tobacco, and maft for raifing fwine or pork. 6. The CarOlinas for rice, (kins, and hides. 7. Georgia as an inftance of an Utopian unprofitable colony. .:T9. render this hiflory as compleat as may at prefent be expected, I'have annexed fome maps of the feveral colonies, no^t borrowed from borrowing erroneous hackney . - map • Introduction to Vol. II. a» map publiflicrs, but originals compofed and lately printed ia ^hc fevcral countries : For inftance, with the feftion oF the colony of Connefticut, the laft of the four New- England colonies, I annex a * cor reft map of tlje domi- nions of Ncw-Eiigland, extended from 40 d. 30 m. to 44 d. 30 m. N. Lat : and from 68 d. 50 m. to 74 d. 50 m. W. Longitude from London. To the colony of Peniylvania is annexed a f map of New- York, the Jerfies and Penfylvania, publiQied 1749, by Mr. Evans in Pen- fylvania, much more accurate than any hitherto publiflied. To the colony of North-Carolina, is annexed a map of Nortlf-Carolina, |! and fome parts of South-Carolina prin- cipally with regard to the fea-coaft and lands adjoining; this large inland country is waftc or vacant, and conle- quently delineated at random by col. Edward Mofcly of North-Carolina. * This map is founded upon a chorographlcal plan, compofed Irdth' aflaal forveys of tlie lines or boundaries with the neighbouring colo- nies, and from the plans of the feveral townihips and diftriAs copied from the records lodged in the fecretaries omce and townfhips re- cords, with the writers perambulations : when this plan is printed, the auth6r as a benefafuon gives gratis, to every townlhip and di- drift, a coppei* plate copy ; as the writer of the fummary had im- partially narrated the management of a late g which could not bear the light; to check the credit of the author, thee en- deavoured (as fhall be accounted for) to divert, impede, or defeat this publick generous-fpirited amufemcni, but in vain. The writer in his journeys upon account of his chorography and other occafions (formerly ufed to fuch amufements in the gardens of Paris and Leyden) has en paflant, but with fome fatigue, made a colled ion of above eleven hundred indigenous plants, claflically defcribed and re-' fered to icons in Botanick writers which have the neareft feniblancft!,^ as the fpediick icons coald not conveniently be cut here ; this ts. an amufement proper for gentlemen of eftates and leifure, it as not quite . fo ridiculous as our modern viruiofo amufements of (hells, buttier flies. See. The medical or meclicinal part of botany is fmall, and foon be- ' comes familiar t0 people of the profeilion ; the fam^ may be faid of i the other branches of the materia medica from animals, minerals, ; and chemical preparations of thofe ; but to proceed further as a natu-, ralift, is only proper for gentlemen of fortune, leifure, and leifibabbers . as the Dutch exprefs it ; or otioforum hominum negdtia. t From 43 d. 30 m. to 38 d. 30 m. N. Lat. and from 73 d. 30 m. to 78 d. Wert long, from London. II From 33 d. to 36 d. 30 m N. Lat. C 3 SECT. a A Summary, HisTORicAt and Political, (d(. SECTION IX. i Concerning the Province of NEW-HAMPSHIRE, AS the four colonics of New-England were origi- nally fettled by the fame fort of people called ♦ Puritans ; their municipal laws, cuftoms, and ceco- nomy are nearly the fame, but more cfpecially in ])iIew*Hamplhirc, which was under the alHim^d jurif- didion of MaiTachufetts-Bay for many years $ therefore to fave repetitions, we refer feveral things to the feftion of Maflac^ufetts-Bay. The preient pofleflbrs have no other claim to their lands but poirelTion and fome uncertain Indian deeds. Upon Mr, Allen's petition to queen Anne, defiring to be pnt in pofleffion of the wafte lands, the aflembly of Ncw-Haroplhire pa0ie4 a^s for confirmation of their townihip grants and of their boundaries, without any living of the right of the general proprietor ; upon Mr. Allen the, proprietor's application, the qycen in council difalloweci and repealed thofe a^s. The crown alTuming the vacant lands, until the pro- prietors claiming in right of Mr. Mafon Ihall make for- mal proof, that Mr. B3?afon ever was inpofl*cfllonoCt;hefe lands } this appears by an adlion of ejedlment "brought by the claiming proprietor Mr. Allen againft Waldfon and Vaimhan j^ Allen, being caft in cofts, appealed home, but his appeal was difmilTed becaufe he had not brought ) \ c: • See vol. I. p. 367. til '.,, 4*1. '» ? tS' -i %i *•;•- \ ft I _(?■■. I t.. N .ii .jr v'j .f,i t over Of Nzw-Hampshire. «1 over p«)of of Mr. Mafon's having ever been in poflclfi- on, and was ordered to begin de novo. The collective t)ody of the people by their reprefcntativcs in aflcmbly, have no f pretenfion to the vacant or wafte lands, and cheiefore have no concern in granting of unoccupied Jands } all grants or charters of thefe lands, according to the governor's commiffion and inflruftions, are veiled in the governor and council, with this claufc or refervcji fi> far as in us lies ;^-this refer vation feems to favour the ckims under Mr. Mafon ; as is alfo a claufe in the royal new charter of Maffachufets-Bay 1691, «* No- thing therein contained (hall prejudice any right of Samuel Allen, Efq; claiming under John Mafon, Efq^ deceafed, of any part of the premifes." The jurifdidlion of this province is indifputably in the crown. In property there are many and various claimers,' 1*^ I. As it is faid that Mr. Mafon and his heirs and theif affigns never complied with the conditions of the grants in coniequence it reverts to the crown v and the crowd at preftnt is in pofTeOion not only of the, jurifdiCtion but property of lands hitherto not granted, a* Capt. John Tutton Mafon, heir in fucce^on, 4s he fays, to the origi- nal grantee capt. John Mafon, lately made a convey^! anceofhis right for a fmall confideration to 14. or i^ perfons of New-Hampfhire ; by their advertifements in the Bollon news-papers they feem to make a bubble of it. Bofton poft-boy Nov. 9, 1 749. " The prefent (Claimers under ^e late Samuel Allen df London^ will 6nd upon trial, they have no right to any of thefe lands ; that the faid claimers under John Tufton Mafon, will be able to make out the right to be in them, and are willing to +■ The .other three colooies of the dominions of New-England,, by their refpedUve toyal charters, have the property or difpofal of their vacant lands lodged in the rcprefentatires of the colle£liTe body o^ the people.' . ' *" Upon any judgnitnt in the provincial covfts of Ncw-Hampfliire, by an appefi} homcu alt th^fe claims may be -finely fetded by the king in council, and prevent all babblings of property in New-Hamp^ fliire. ■'b\^\iiC\ difpute r '•/;>' 24 A Summary, Historical and Political, &e. <* tended heir to the faid original patentee : This is there- ** fore to inlorm whom it may concern, that aWhough *' itihould appear that the faid Tufton Mafon is the lawful *' heir to th6 faid original patentee, (which is yet to be *' doubted) it evidently appears that John and Robert ** Tufton Mafon, undoubted heirs to the faid original pa- ** tentee, did by an abfolute deed of fale, dated Api^il ** 27, 1 69 1, in confideration of the fum of 2750 1. *' fterling, convey all their right and title to the faid ^* lands to Samuel Alien of London, afterwards gdvcrnor •* of New^Hampfhire aforefaid, which conveyance we ** doubt not will be made to appear legal and valid, the ** faid Samuel Allen's claim having been allowed and con- firmed by king William and queen Mary, as ap- pears by their charter to the government of the pro- *' vfnce of the Mafiachufetts-Bay ; and (hat Thomas Al- •' len, only fon and heir to the (aid Samuel Allen, did ^y '^deed of fate, dated Auguft 28, 1706, convey one ** half of faid lands to Sir Charles Hobby of BoilDn, New- ** England, Knight, under whom John Hobby late of ♦' Barbadoes, C( «c *j*i , U > '■.>' or New^Ham^shiiie. «5 ^ Barbadoei, but now refidiiig st Bofton, grandfon and ** heir at law to the faid Sir Charles Hobby, together <( with John Adams, of Bofton, have a lawful claim to « the faid half of faid lands ( and the heirs of the faid •^ Thomas Allen or their aflisns, have a right to the «< other half ( all which will loon be made to appear : ** And whereas the firft- mentioned claimers are granting ** fundry trafts of lands to people who apprehend their <* title to be good, it is thought proper to advife fuch *^ perfons to be cautious in fettling faid lands, till it ap« ; «( pears whofe the property is, which may probably be ** very fpeedily, when the wade lands may be granted; ** and alfo thofe perfons already poflefs'd of lands may *f be conBrm'd in their polTeflions on eafy terms. 4. The claim of Mr. Allen's heirs, if Mr. Mafon*s heirs fulBUed the conditions of the grant, feems to be the beft. It is true the Majbns and afTignees in favour of their claim, fay that thefe lands were entailed, and therefore could not legally be conveyed to Mr. Allen; but Mr. Allen's heirs (ay, that upon Mr. Allen's purcha- ling of Mr. Mafon's grant, he obtained a feigned or con> mon conveyance of thefe lands 1 the effedt of this fort of recovery is 10 difcontiniie and deftroy eftates tail, remainders and reverfions, and to bar and cut off the entails of them. 5. Wheelright and alTociates cljum to lands in New- Hampfhire by Indian deeds*, this was revived by Mr. Cool^ and others about 30 years flnce, but without effeft. See vol. I. p. 410. . *5/I u 6. Million purchafe, fo called. See vol. I. p. 419. This interferes with the late conveyance of the prcfent Mr. Mafon to fome New-Hampdiire gentlemen ; as thefe claims will never be of any confequence, it. is not worth while to difintingle them* This million purchafe claim was revived about 28 years finer, and lately by an ad- vertifement in the Bofton gazcs;te, June zi*. 1748, 7. Not many years. iGnce, when the affair or the pro- perty of their lands was to be tckm^ t^. the king in council; . 26 A SvMMAHYf Historical and Political, Stc. ccuneU i the |;ovcnior and council, ib far as in them taf , sranted to themlblves and friends, (in all about 60 per- loni of Ncv^'-Hampfliire,) a tnA of land called Kingf- wood, laying upon and near Winepefiakce lake or pond, containing almoft the whole of the wafte lands in Mr. Ma-^ ion's grant, and perhaps further than Mr. Mofon's grant extended. « '* * In the reign of Charles II. the king in coiindl at fundry tinaes appointed trials of the claims of the cokiny of Nfaf- fiKhufetts-Bay, and of Malbn's heirs concerning the ^if-^ vuted lands between Neumkeag and Merimack rivers, put without refult or iifue ; at length by charter of Wil- liam and Mary, 06lober 7, 1691, conform to the old charter of 162^, that tra£k of land was confirmed to the province ot Mai&chufetts-Bay abfolucely as to jurifT didion, but with areferve of col. Allen's claim under Mr. Maibn as to property. • The corporation, or company called the council of Plymouth or council of New-England (fee vol. I. p. 366, ^6.) made many grants of property, but could not de<> legate jurifdi^ion; therefore to fupply this defedb, fome of thefe grantees obtained additional royal charters with power of juriidi^ion } Mr. Mafon 1635, Sir Ferdinan- do Gorge 1639, obtained royal patents^ hete we mzy obferve, that although the jurifdidion of the lands from Neumkeag to Merimack river are included in Mr. Mafon's patent, this patent was poflerior to the Maf- fachufetts old royal charter, which .included that jurif- di<£bion. " . 4 »* v*itivA d • Originally the extent of this province from three miles north of Merimack river to Pifcataqua river was twenty miles fea line, and fixty miles inland ; by the determi- nation of the king in council 1739, the Tea line continues the fame, and wellward heading the province of Mafla- chufetts-Bay, it extends from Newichawanack river about 115 miles to New- York bounds ; northward towards Ca- nada it is indefinite, or rather not determined. Xh? U.'J. Of NE#-HAMPSHfRC; if The fueccflive changes in property and jurifdifbioiii^ are as follows. Mafon's firft grant, fee vol. I* p. 41 S. Towards the end of 1635 diescapt. Mafon, and by will leaves Ncw-Hampfhirc to John Tufton (to be called Mafon) and his heirs : John dying before he was of age, it came to his brother kobert Tufton Mafon an infant, who was not of age till 1650 : during his minority the fcrvants in New-Hamp(hire embezzle every thing, and the civil wars preventing any legal relief, the Maffa- chufetts people at the defire of the inhabitants of New- Hampihire, took all thofe lands into their own-difpofot and jurifdidlion. 1 66 1, Robert Tufton Mafon petitioned king Charles II. to be relieved as to his property of thefe lands 5 Sir Geofry Palmer, attorney general, made report, that thefe lands were the undoubted right of faid Robert Mafon, grandfon and heir of faid John Mafon, ThQ inhabitants of New-Hamplhire, and province of Main, in- capable of protedling themfelves againft the incurfions of the Canada French and their Indians, defired the protec- tion of the colony of Maflachufetts-Bay \ the aflembly of Maflachufetts alTumed the property of the vacant lands and jurifdi^ion of that country. The colony of Mafla- chufetts-Bay by their agent, that is attorney at home, purchafed the property of the province of Main, July 20, 1677, from the heirs or afligns of Gorge ; the pro- perty and jurifdidion was confirmed to the province of Maflracbufetts-flay by their new charter. ' 1675, Mr. Mafon ftill continuing his petition, the king refers them to the attorney and folicitor general ; they report his title good, and the king fends a mandatory letter || dated March lot i6y5'6 to the Maffachufetts- Bay colony : William Stoughton arid Peter Bulkley are fent over agents to anfwer Mafon's complaints; they H This letter is djrefted: To our trufty and well beloved the gover-, nor and magiftrates of our town of Bofton in New-Iing]and. N. B. in thofe times the colony of Maflachuretts-Bay (a hard word) was called the BoUon colony. as s8 A Summary, Historical ^d Political, ice. •ft attomqrs legally confticuted in the name of Maf- fachufetts colony difclaim thofe lands before the court of KingVBench. 1679, the proprietors and inhabitants of New-Hamp- fhire not capable of protefbing themfelves againft the Canada French and their Indians, defired of the crown to take them under their immediate protection •, accordingly the king commiflTioned * a preHdent with ten counci- lors for the government thereof, Sept. 18, 1679, and the lands granted there by the MalTachufetts colony, were directed to pay Mr. Mafon's heirs fix-pence in the pound quit-rent, as incomes at that time were valued by way of compofition } at the fame time a court of record is conftituted, to try and determine all caufes, referving an appeal home when the value is 50 1. fterl. and up- wards ; Robert Mafon may make our titles to the prefent poflfedbrs at fix-pence in the pound value of all rents of real eftates, as quit-rents, the unoccupied lands to re- main to faid Mafon. . 1682, May 9, King Charles II. appoints Edward Cranfield, Elq; lieutenant-governor. When the crown was endeavouring to reaflume all charters and (Stents, the patentees made another formal furrender of junldiC^ion to the crown ; and Cranfield 1684 was commifTioned gover- nor, but foon went to Barbadoes, and lieutenant-gover- nor Ufher had the adminiftration. Robert Mafon the patentee*s cafe was recommended by the crown; he came over to New-Hampfhirc, fome few of the pofleflbrs took leafes, but they generally refufed this propofal. Mr. Mafon brought writs of ejectment agadnl^ Mr. Waldron and about 30 others, he recovered '^•* For tlicliononr of thofe families wlio in thefc times were reck- oned principal original fettlers, we fhall tranfmit them by name, viz. John cfots, prefident, the ten councellors were Richard Martyn, William Vaaghan, and Thomas Daniel of Portfmouth ; John Gilman of Exeter, Chriftdpher Hufly of Hampton, and Richard Waldron of Dover, vdth power to chafe three others to conftitute the firft council ; the prefident and five other councellors to be a board. ^ judgment, '^ ■. »f Of New-Hampshire. 29 judgment, but was opoofed in the execution, and his life threatened. 1 684 Mr. Mafon brought a writ of ejeftmenc againft William Vaughan, Efq*, and recovered judgment *, Mr. Vaughan appealed to his majefty in council } this appeal was difmiifed and the former judgment confirm- ed, and co(|i given againft the appellant. Mr. Mafon de* fpairingof any accommodation with the people, and his life threatenea, returned to England, and foon after dies* leaving two fons John, and Robert Tufton Mafon. 1 69 1, April 27, John and Robert Tufton Mafon by their deed lawfully executed for the confideration of 2750, 1. fterl. did grant to Samuel Allen of London, £fq; all their f right to lands in New-England. 1692* t An abftraA of Mafon*s deed to Allen. 1691, April 27, John Tuhon Mafon and Robert Tufton Mafon, fons of Robert Tufton Ma- fon, fometime of theparifti of St. Martinis in the fields in the counqr of Middlefex, Efqi deceafed, fell to Samuel Allen of London^Mer- chant, in confideration of 2750 1. fterl. a portion of main land in New-England from the middle of Merimack river to proceed eaftward along the fea-coaft to Cape- Anne and round about the fame to Pifca- taqua harbour, and fo forwards up within the river of Newichawa- nock, and to the furtheft head of the f&id river, and fiiom thence north- weftward till 60 miles be finished from the firil entrance of Pifcataqua harbour ; and alfo from Neumkeaz through the river thereof up into the land weft 60 miles ; from which period tp crofs over land to the 60 miles end accounted from Pifcataqua through the Newichawa- nock river to the land north weftward ; and alfo all the fouth half of the ifles of Shoals, together with all other iflands and ifelets as wdl imbay*d as adjoining, laying, abutting upon or near the premiies within five leagucs"dillance, not otherways granted by fpecial name to any at any time before April 18, 1635, called bytbenaffleof Nivv- Hampshire. Alfo ten thoufand acres at the S. E. pare of the en- trance of Sagadahock, called by the name of Masomja. Alfo a por* tion of land in the province of Main, beginning at the entrance of Newichawanock river and fo upwards along the faid river, and to the furtheft head thereof, and to contain inl)readth through all the length aforefaid three, miles within the land from every part of faid river and half way over faid river. Alfo that part of th^ fea-coaft of New-England, on a great head land or cape north eaftward of a great river of the Mafachufetts, ftretching into the iea eaft- wards five leagues or thereabouts ii\ the lat. between 42 d. and 43 d. known by the name of Tabigranda or Cape-Anne, with the V north. 30 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. 1692, March i, Col. Samuel Alleii was commifliohed governor of Ncw-Hampfhire, and his comn^iflion wm Com three miles north of Merimack river to Pifcataqui^ river, &c. aortb, fouth and eaft (hores thereof; the back bounds towardi the inain land beginning at the head of the next great river to the fouth- ward of faid cape, and runnina into the main land weihvard, ahd up a river foppofed to be called Merimack, north we\ s notified to attend, but for certain reafons at that time bell known to himfelf, and a great indifpofition of body (as he faid) he proceeded no further than Newbury the defendants obtain'd cofts of fuit : Col. Allen appeals to the crown, but dies be- fore the appeal was profecuted, leaving one Ton and four daughters. His Ton Thomas fucceedshim in thefe claims, and was call in his writs of ejedment with cofts, a fpe- cial verdidb being refufed ; he appeal'd, and died before it could be heard, leaving two fons and one daughoer infants. To cut off the claim of Mr. Allen's heirs to wafte lands, fo far as in them lies, lately th^s government have made a grant of the wafte lands by the name of Kingswood to about 60 of their principal inhabitants pof- I ': V feflors. 32 A Summary, Historical and Political, &(f. feiTors, that there might remain no wade lands its Mr* Mafon's grant. The lands lately adjudged by the king in council^ not to belong to the MafTachufetts-Bay grant, are now crown lands, but at prefent under the jurifdi6lion of the pro* vinceof New-Hampfhire; they lay north of Maflachuletts, and when the boundaries with Canada are fettled may prove a good diftindt inland province for produce. By an order of the king in council 1 744, it is diredted, that if the government of New-Hampfhire do not provide for fort Dummer, there will be a necefllty for returning that fort with a proper contiguous diftridb to the province of MalTachufetts-Bay : but fo it happened, that during the late French war^ the province of Maflachufetts-Bay by the contrivance of — for fake of perquidtes maintained that fort and many block-houfes within the diftridt of New-Hamplhire, without any confideration or allowance^ for want of proper application at home. As Mr. Malbn's grant lies indented in the province of MaiTachufetts-Bay, ( the old colony of MafTachufetts-Bay is wellward, and the province of Main by the new^ charter annexed to Maffechufetts-Bay is eaftward ) per- haps it would be for the intereft of Great-Britain and for the good of the inhabitants, to annex this fmall country to the neighbouring government by an additional char- ter. The property of the vacant lands of MafTachufetts- Bay being in the reprefentatives of the collective body of the people, and the property of the vacant lands in New-Hampfhire being in the crown, is no obftacie, fee- ing the vacant lands in Sagadahock or duke of York's former property, tho* annexed by charter to MafTachu- fetts, continue the property of the crown, that is, not to be afCgned by the government of MafTachufetts-Bay, without confent of the crown. New-Hampfhire is too di- minutive for a feparate government or province ; the numbers of their people and the value of their commerce are infignificant : in fa6b the governor of MafTachufetts- Bay for many years was alfo governor of . New- Hampfhire i Of New-Hampshire, 33 Hampshire with a diftindt commiflion, but about ten years fince the.alTcmbly of Ncw-Hampfliire enter a compiaint to the "king in council againft the joint governor of that time, in relation to the cafe ot fettling the boundaries be- tween the two provinces •, that he was partial in favour of his more profitable government of MaffacHufetts-Bay, by adjourning and proroguing the aflembly of New-Hamp- Ihire, when the cafe was in agitation 5 this complaint, by the king in council, was judged true and good, therefore a feparate governor for New-Hamplhire was commiffion- edanno 1740. In fuch diminutive governments, the go- vernor may domineer and aft in a more defpotick man- ner, than his fovereign can poflibly in Great-Britain j it is faid that a governor and fuch of the council as he thinks proper to confultwith, difpenfe with fuch provincial laws as are troublefome or (land in their way in procedures of their court of equity, fo called. Here is at prefent fubfifting a difpute (interrupting all publick bufinefs) between the governor in council, and the houfe of reprefentatives, concerning the governor's prerogative of negativing a fpeaker, and his qualifying fo many towns and diftrids as he Ihall think worthy to fend reprefentatives i and in this infignificant government it may be called lis de lana caprina, but in our confiderable colonies it is an aflfair of great confequencc, therefore I Ihall here infert afmall digreffion concerning thcfe prero- gatives and privileges. " H Great-Qrit^in, towards the end of the reign qf Charles 11. all charters and other privileges of the peo- ple werp defigned to be facrificed tp the prerogative^ there was a difpute between th^ prerogative and the pri- vilege of the commons concerning the court's negativing of t^ fpeaker ; but ever fince, this controverfy lies dor- mant*, \t is a tender point, ^ noli me tangere *, and planr ^tio^ governprs, who endeavour to revive the like in their dutfidl;^, by flijy procuring inftrudlions from the pourt at home in favour of fuch a negative, are perhaps no true friends to theii* colony, nor to the Bri^ifh confti- tution in general. 3. Notwiti^ftanding that, in the new charter 1691 of the province of Maflfachufetts-Bay, it is exprefly faid, that the goyerfipr ihall have a negative in all eledtions find a£l$ of govprn^nent ^ in theii" additional or expla- natory phar^r iz Geo. I. in the king's abfence granted by the guardians Of juftices of the kingdom, it is faid, that no provifion was made in faid charter, of the king py l^s governor, approving or difapproving the ele^on Of NlW-HA;«fP8HlRE. 39 of a fpeaker of the houfe of reprefentatives. In confe- quence of this new cHarter, not by any abfolute royal command, but by the voluntary confent and si6t of the reprefentatives themfelves, the commander in chief is allowed tp negative .the fpeaker. Thus perhaps an a£t of the general ftffembly of New-Hamp(hire or their tacit iubmiffion, might inveft their governor with the like power, but not to be alTumed in any other manner. 4. The exclufive right of electing their own fpeaker is in the houfe of commons or reprefentatives } the con- firmation by prefenting him to the king, or to his go- vernors, is a meer form in courfe : thus the lord mayor and fheriffs of London are prefented in the king's ex- chequer-court, but no negative pretended; and perhaps if the king in a progrefs mould happen to be in any cor- porated city or town at the time ot the election of their mayor and (heriffs, in compliment and form they would be prefented to the king. As to the governor's difpute with the houfe of repre- fentatives concerning his fummoning new members FROM UNPRIVILEGED PLACES OR DISTRICTS, WC make the following remarks. 1. The prefent governor of New-Hampfliire, without any prudential retenue or referve, impolitically dcpofmg fuch an arbitrary proceeding *, menaces them with ten more fuch reprefentatives, he means an indefinite arbi- trary number in his meffage, Feb. 15, 1748-9. 2. For many fcorcs of years, which is generally con- ftrued a prefcription } there have been no royal addition of members or parliament ; and at the union of the twa kingdoms of Scotland and England, to prevent multi- plying of members, the fmall royal corporated towns of Scotlanfd were claflTed, that is, four or five of them jointly to fend one member or reprefentative *, therefore as the royal appointing of new reprefentatives in Great-Britain h^s been difcontinued time out of mind, why Ihould the* P4 . • general 40 A Summary* Histohical and Political, &c. general conftitution be infringed upon in our colonies ? and from the caprice or private intereft of a governor, the aifembly members be f multiplied to an inconvenient and chargeable number ? excepting where the cultiva- tion of wildernefs lands may require new townfhips or diftrifls, and if inconveniently remote from a former iliire or county town, they require a new feparate county or fliire. 3 As an inftance or precedent of a royal regulation in the colonies •, in the charter of Maflachufetts-Eay it is cxprefly declared, " that the hqufe of reprefentatives " with the other branches of the legiflature^ fhould de- *• termine what numbers fhould be afterwards fcnt to " reprefent the counties, towns, and places ;" therefore the affair of reprefentation in the legiflature is not ab- iblutely in the governor and his devotees of the coun- cil. 4. In the neighbouring province of MafTachufetts-Bay by charter, each townlhip was qualified (by a late in- ftruflion, the newly granted townfbips are difqualified) to fend two reprefentatives, whereas they generally fend •f- In the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, from 1730 to 1741 (the reafoni ot inducements of this procedure, I fhall not account for) by erediog of new townihips and fplitting of old townfhips into many corporations, the members of the houfe of reprefentatives were likely to be incrieafed to an impolitical number; therefore in the following Mlminiftration, (fee vol. I. p. 490) the governor had an inftruc- tion, in grant jng new tpwnfhip^ to exclude them from fending repre*. fentativet : thisfeems inconfiften|; with the Britifh conftitution, where- by kll freeholders of 40 s. p^r ann. income and upwards, are qqalified to be reprefented in the legiflature and taxation ; in particular, free- holder! are not to be taxed but where their agent or reprefentative does Of may appear. A vote of the, reprefentatives to regulate their own houfe, is not a general tot of government. Governors have a .ionfiderable advantage over their affemblies ; when he fends them any impoHng meiTage of importance, but noi reafonable ; to prevent any reprefentation of its inconveniency or il- legality* he adjoorni or prorogues them. v*f '%■ pnc, Of New-Hampshire7 41 one, and at times exclufively the houfe of reprefenta- tives excufe fome towns from fending, and muldt other townfhips for not fending. In Great-Britain there are many borough towns or corporation' not privileged to fend members or reprefentatives to parliament ; but as there are county reprefentatives, as freeholders they are reprefented in their county : whereas in New-England there being no county reprefentatives, thefe unprivileged diftri^ls are not reprefented, which is an ^ infringement upon the Britifli conilitution. 5. All new townihips and diftrifts, who by a gover- nor's precept are required to fend reprefentatives, their qualifications ought to be confirmed by an ad of affem* bly, before they are allowed to fit, otherwife the gover- nor to ferve a turn may multiply the houfe of reprefenta- tives to any inconvenient number and unneceflary publick charge where the reprefentatives are upon wages ; toge- ther with the general damage of calling off from labour and bufinefs, many perfons invincibly ignorant of pub- lick afiairs. 6. The lafl: charter of the city of New- York in the king's province of New- York, was confirmed by aft of their provincial aflembly, 17^0; and by its laft claufe it is provided that, " this prelent aft Ihould be reputed, " as if it were a publick aft of aflembly relating to the *^ whole colony.** This is an inftance of corporations in the plantations being confirmed by aft of aflembly. * To obviate or reftify this, the counties by a£l of aflembly may be allowed county reprefentatives, or the i^ew lownfliips and fub- ^ivifions of old townfhips may be clafled and jointly fend one or more reprefentatives. As in the nature of things, nothing, no conftitu- tion is perfect ; where any incoriveniency from time to time appears, it ought to be reftified'. This introducing of county reprefentatives, or of claffical reprefentations of towns, is not confident with a late inftraaion from the court of Great Britain, that in granting of new townihips, a provifion be made that the number of reprefentatives be riot thereby increafed, or with a fufpending claufe, i e. It (hall not take place till co&iirmed from home. I fhall ,#- ^ ASuMMARYf Historical and Political, &c. I /hall here inlert feme obfervations concerning gene- ral aflemblies or houfes of reprefentatives which were omitted in the fedUon of MafTachufetcs-Bay. I . Conftituting townfhips with all corporation privileges, but exprefly excluding them from the privilege of fending reprefentatives, feems anti-constitutional; efpeci- aily confidering, that there are no county representations of freeholders in New-England. See vol. I. p. 459. 3. By adt of the aflembly of Maflachufetts-Bay 40 members are required to make a quorum in the houfe of fcprefentatives ; as this is not by charter, it may be recti- fied by n£t of aflembly. In the houfe of commons of Great-Britain confifting of 558 members or returns, 40 make a quorum} why fhould the houfe of reprefentatives of Maflachufettii-Bayywhich this year 1 750 confifts of only about 90 returns, have the fame number 40 for a quorum? As many towns are delinquent in fending reprefenta- tives, and fome members of the other towns negligent In their attendance^ it may femetimes be difficult to make a quorum of 40, and confequetltly publick bufinefs im- peded. 3. The old a£t, that a reprefentative mud be a refi- dent in the townfhip for which he is elected, may be falu- tary for fome time in a new country not much concerned in commerce and policy ; but a trading politick country, fuch as is Maffachufetts-Bay, for a country-man not ufed to trade or money to prefcribe in fuch affairs, is not natural. See vol. I. p. 506. 4. As in England, fheriffs of counties are excluded from being members of the houfe of commons, fo in the colonies the fame regulation may take place, becaufe a fherifF may be fuppofcd to be under the influence of the court or governor, his conftituents, and his perfonal pre- fence feems required in his bayliwick. * 5. That the councel^ rs and reprefentatives may ferve their country gratis : thus we fliall have generous mem- bers, not hirelings eafily to be corrupted. . This year 1750, the town of Bofton and fome country townfhips by Of Nbw-Hampshirb; ^ bv way of leacting examples have made an introdudBoo. Ancienclx in the parliament of England a knight of the (hire was allowed 4 s. and a citizen or burgefs 2 s. a day, by the refpcdfcive places for which they were chofen j at prefent they have no wages -, the houfe of lords, the kin^t hereditary council or iecond branch in the legiflature^ never had any pay. It is full time that our colonies fhould conform %o this example; feveral provinces have conformed, particularly inNew^England our neighbouring colony of Rhode-Uland ever fmce 1746. See vol. L p. 507. This will be a confiderable article of faving in the ordinary charges Qf government. A Digression concerning the national claims of Great- Britain and France relating to dilbuted countries on the continent of North-America and fome of the Caribee Weft-India idands. The crown lane's lately taken from the province of Maffachufetts-Bay, and the lands north of Mafon's grant, have lately pro tempore been annexed to the jurifdidtion of this fm^ll prqvince of New-Hamp(hire ; they extend f-om weft to eaft from New- York eaft line (which is 20 miles eaft of Hqdfpn's river) to the weft line of the province of Main about 1 1 5 miles ; north they ex- tend indefinitely tp a line dividing the American Britiih dominions from the dominions of France called New- France or Canada; this line is now upon the carpet in Paris, to be adjufted by Bricilh and French commifla- ries. * Mr. Bpllon, agent for M^lTachufetts-Bay, has an -f- inftrudion • Th?« line does not immediately affiecl the province of MalTacha- fetts-B?; , it afFefts h^pva-Scotia, Sagadahock, (the jurifdidion pro tempore bat not the property qf Sagadahock or duke of York's grant, ^s in the province of Mafiachuretts-Bay, as was alfo Nova-Scotia by the prefent charter) the late crown land of New-Hampihire. I^ew- York, &c. f That the curioas may have Tome notion of our colonies agen- cies at the court.of Great- Britain, I (hall here infert, by way of in- ftance, an abftra6l of the laft body of inttradions to agent Bollon vot- ed by the aiTembly, January 1 9« 1749-50. I. to '44 A SuMMAiy, Historical and Political, &c. inftruAion from their aflembly to reprefent the en- croachments which the French are makmg upon our fet- tlements in North- America. The late exorbitant French claims of extendins their boundaries in America, beyond all the limits which have hitherto been challenged or allowed, gave occafion to the following paragraphs. M. La Janqeriere governor general of Canada or New- France, by his inftru6tions from home, lately fent letters to the commandant of Nova-Scotia and to the governor of Maflachufetts-Bay, claiming a great part of Nova-Scotia, and from thence fo fr^r asQiienebec river in New- England. At this writing M. La Corne a French officer from Cana- da with a connderable 4- force, lies canton*d on the north- • fide 1 . To folicit the payment aud reimburfement of the charges of the late intcjided expedition againil Canada. 2. To folicit the payment for the provincial cloa.thinff, made uf^ of by ad. Knowles forhisut. Ended in. »3 3 Ships ] f Snows I 20 57 'S28 Brigs 7 Sloops 35 Schooners 19 50 A Summary, Historical and Political, &:c. In this province there is only one colleffcion or cuftom- houfe, ''ept at Portfmouch. By the quarterly accounts from December 25, '1747, to December 25, 1748, fo- reign voyages Cleared out. Ships Snows Brigs ';,t:( Sloops 121 • 73 . befides about 200 coafting (loops and fchooners,. which carry f lumber to Bolton, Salem, Rhode-lHand, &c. whereof about one half enter in with freight from thefc parts. Their produce is provifions, but fcarce fufficient for their own confumption ; mails, timber, deal-boards, joifts, ftaves, hf^'^ps, clap- boards, fhingles, and fome dry cod filh. Their manufactures are fhip-building i lately a good fifth rate man of war called the America was built there. Bar-iron, the noted iron-works on Lamper-eel river were only bloomeries of fwamp or bog ore i thefe works were foon difcontinued j they never made any coniiderable quantity of bar-iron, they wanted water in the drought of fummer and in hard frofls of winter, and their ore be- came fcarce. ,«,... . .* -f- By lumber is meant all forts of wooden traffick th^t is bulkv and of fmall value. In North- America, ranging timber, fpars, oak and pine plank, oak and pine boards^ ftaves, neading; and hoops, dap-boards. Ihingles and laths, arc called lumber. In the z& of par* liament 1722, giving further encouragement for the importation of naval {lores, lumber is fpecified, viz. deals of feveral forts, timber balks of feveral fizes, barrel -boards, clap-boards, pipe-boards, or piperholt, y/.\tts boards for fhoeniakers, boom and cant-fpnrs, bow* ftaves, capreyans, clap-holt, ebony -wood, headings for pipes, hog- (heads and barrels, hoops for coopers, oars, pipe and hogfliead ftaves, barrel ftaves, firkin flavef, trunnels, fpeckled-WOod, Iweet- wood, fmall fpars, oak plunk, and wainlcot. ♦-^ • ^ , .^. ' Their J.!.. Of NeW^HakIpshIrs. 51- Their excife upon ftrong liqtiors (pay amount to about ioool.».0. T. per annum i this with loool. O. T. from the intereft of Idan-moncy per annuift is the pre- fcnt falary of their governor. In Ne\^-Hamp(hire as.in Maflachufetts-Bay, there are two forts of Hcences for felling of ftrong drinks i. A licence to keep an op):n tavern. 2. A licence to retail liquors out of doors only. This liberty or licence is firft to be obtained of the ftleft men of the lownihip, afterwards to be con- firmed by the juflices of the county in their quarter fefTions. Mr^ Brown, miffionary at Portfmouth of New-Hattip- fhire, anno 1741* writes to the fociety for the propaga- tion of the gofpel in foreign parts, that there were in Ncw- Hampfhire about 50 to 60 families of the church of England, the reft were Independents ; that they had no quakers, baptifts, feparatifls, heathens, or infidels a- nlongfl them. Miscellanies. About 1623, Mr. David Thompfon attempted a fettlement at Pifcataqua now called New- Hampfhire, it foon vanifhed, and the very memory of ic is loft. \j- v , «/ :m New-Hampfhire printed law-book begins July 8, 169^. Ufher, Partridge, Vaughan and John Wentworth, Efq; were fucceflively lieiitenant governors ; the fucceffive go- vernors of MafTachufetts-Bay being governors in chief, until July 1741, when Bennin Wentworth, Efq-, watf appointed govetnor in chief of New-Hampfhire. . John Wentworth, Efqj was appointed lieutenant go- vernor lyiy \ he died Dec. 12, 1730. 1 73 1, in July, arrives col. Dunbar as lieut. governor ; he was alfo furveyor general of the woods in North- America, with four deputy furveyors, principally to pre- vent wafte of the mafting trees. Anno 1743, he relirf- Juilhed.thofe pofts, and Was by the directors of the Eaft- ndia company appointed governor of St. Helena ; there has been no lieut. governor appointed fince, and gover- nor Wentworth fucceede^ him as furveyor of the woods. E 4 . A Di. 52 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. A. Digression ♦ Concerning Timber, Wood, Lumber, and Naval Stores ; the growth, and manufadlure of North- America. This is a fubjed): fo copious as to require a peculiar volume, but the f character of Summary does not per- mit to expatiate upon this ufeful fubjed. The timber trees of North- America for |) conftrudbion of (hipping and framing of houfes may be reduced to two general kinds, pine and oak. The Pines may be fubdivided into the mailing, or white pine, the pitch pine or picea, and others of the pine kind ufed as lumber. I (hall not ufe any itiff ^ fcho- : ' «^ laftick f For this reafon I feldom mention their qaadropeds commonly called beads, their birds, their fifhes, their Terpentine kind, and theu* infeds : I avoid the ufelefs virtuofo part of natural hiftory concerning figured ftones, curious marcail;es, extraordinary petrefaAions and cryftalifations, fhells of all forts, '&c. Men of that fort of curiofity Biay confult peculiar authors, v. g. in botany, father Plumier a Mi- nime of Marfeiles, in his four voyages to America difcovered 900 new l^lants, efpecially in the capillary tribe ; in this K': of Nbw-Hampshire. 55 It the mills, for which they have fomc perquifites from timber-mciv A timber-man'S eftatc confifts in mills and oxens oxen are a more fteady draught than horfes 5 in f logging the fnow muft not exceed two feet deep. Spruce or true || firr grows ftreight and tapering, is very beautiful i is ufed as fpars i it is apt to caft or warp, and being f Mtfunderftandings with the Indians are a great hindrance in oar timber and lumber trade i therefore the Indians ought to be awed by four or live forts at proper diftances upon our inland frontiers, kept in a refpeAful condition by the appearance of fome military force ; and enticed by proper aflbrtments of goods, to exchange with their furrs, ikins, and reathers. ^ ' Q The commonly called Scots firr, is properly plnis follis bioia ex eadem theca. I fhall enumerate five abietes or firrs of the growth of New-Eng- land i this volume fwells too much, I can only mention thtfm. 1. Allies pedlinatis foliis Virginiana, conis parvis fubrotundis. Pluk. Hemlo(^. it is cut into deal boards, but much inferior to the white pine. Its bark is ufed by the tanners. 2. Abies tenuiore folio, fru&u deorfum in§cx6, minore, ligno exal- bado. The white fpruce firr of New-England All the abietes, efpe* cially the fpruce fo called, grow in fwamps or marfhes ; the extremity of a branch is well reprefented by T. I, R. H. fol. 354, and its con« or fruit in fol. 353. , 3. Dit. ligno rubente, red fpruce. 4. Dit. ligno obfcuriore, black fpruce. ;. Abies ten uioribus foliis abfque ordine difpofitis, fruAu deorfum inflexo, balfamifera Accadienfis. • The firr turpentine tree of Nova- Scotia, commonly called the balfam Gilead tree of Nova- Scotia. From the tumors or blifters in the bark, by incifion is gathered a thin fra- grant firr turpentine, which from its citron-like fragrancy, fuch as that of the Levant balfam, has been called balfam Gilead ; it is very hot. Some years fince, when balfam capivi was wanting here, I ufed it in gonorrhoeas ; but it increafed the ardor urinse and fome other fymp- toms to fuch a violent degree, I was obliged to drop it. The name of balfam Gilead ^ives a prejudice in its favour ; but from its great heat and attraflion m all recent wounds, bruifes, and other ulcers, it induces violent pains, inflammations and fluxions upon the part. It is a miftaken notion of many people, that all our medicinal bal- fams or liquid rofins are from various firr-trees ; I fhall here by- way of amufement rectify thofe errors, by enumerating and defcribing the medicinal natural balfams. I. Opobalfamum, balfamum verum, Gilead, Syriacum, Judaicum, e Mecha } is a liquid rofm fragrant as citron, of a fyru]) confiilence i E 4 from 5^ A Summary, Histohtcal tnd Political, &c. being too flexile is not fit for mafts or yardi of any confiderabie largenefs } its twigs with th$r leaves are boird with a beer or drink made with molafles, and is dteemed good in the fcurvy and the like foulneiles of the from t fmall tree or flirub with pinnated leaves ending in an impar ; on the top of the llalk are hexapelous whitifli flowers fuccecded by a roundifh ragged fruit ; this fruit is called carpobalfamum, and the wood is the xyloballamum of the apothecary ihops, but at prefent not in praAice. 2. The balfam Gilead or firr turpentine of Nova-Scotia, Newfound- land and Canada, is from the abies tenuiore folio, already defcribed. 3. Terebinthina communis, one of the enumerated naval (lores, is from the pinus fplus ternis ex eadem theca ; it is whiti(h, thick and opaque. 4. Straibure turoentine, from the abies mas Theophraiii. Picea major prima uve abies rubra C. B P Red firr. This turpentine is . clearer, paler, of thinner confiftence than Venice turpentine, of a pleafant lemon-peel fmell. 5. Venice turpentine is from the larix folio decidno conifeta. I. B. The larch tree ; this is browner and thicker than the Straiburg tur- pentine. The cedrus libani et Paleftinae praecelfa. £.ob. belongs to the larices. 6. Chio, and Cyprus turpentine, is not from the pine kind, but from the terabinthus vulgaris. C. B. P. The turpentine tree. It is a tree (hriib with pinnated leaves, endine in an impar ; the fruit is a longiih hard nut. This, though not of the pine kind, gives name to all the rofins of the pine kind. It is thicker and more tenacious than Venice turpentine, and of a pleafant fmell ; that from Chio is clear and almoft tranfparent, that from Cyprus is full of drofs and browner. 7. Ballam capivi. Balfamum Americannm. C. B. P. It comes to us from the Dutch plantations of Surinam. It is from a large tree with long rounding leaves ; its fruit is in (hort pods. This balfam is of a bitter hot or rough tafte, does not give that remarkable violet fmell to the urine, that turpentine occafions. By experience I have found it the moftdflFe£iual of all the natural balfams, in internal ulcerations, dy- fenteries, difeafes of the lungs, kidneys and bladder, in the fluor albus and gonorrhcea : it invifcates the acrimony and prevents the colli- quation of our juices. 8. Balfam of Peru from Spaniih Weft-Indies in earthen jars i it is of a reddifh dark colour, confiftence of a thick fyrup, fragrant, warm, aromatick tafte ; from a* middling tree with almond tree like leaves, and a fox-glove flower. This balfam is alfo a nervine medicine in- ternally' and externally iifed. 9. Balfam of To}iij 9om$s m fmall calabalhes from Tolu in the Spa- Of NBW-H;.MPSHIREi 57 the blood "ind other juices } it is much drank in the norchren parts of North-America, cfpecially in Nova- Scotia and Newfounoland. What is further to be faid of the pine kind, is referred to the paragraphs of lumber and naval-ftores.* The nifti Weft-Indies of » yellow brown colour friable by age, of a far- frant fmell and aromatick tafte : with this is made the fyrapus bal« amicus, ufed in the affcAions of the lungs. It is from the foliquae arbor five ceretia. I. B. with a pinnated leaf and foliquous fruit. There are feveral other natural balfams, but hitherto not intro- duced into the materia medica. ■ * Here once for all, I ftiall infert fome general annotations con- cerning vegetable prodifte. There is fuch a lufus naturae in the herbs, fhrubs, and trees be- tween the trppicks, or in hot countries, they are fcarce to be re- duced to tribes. ' Moft of the fine flowers in the gardens of Europe came from the Levant or Afia. The fultans and their miftrelTes or feraglio women, take pleafure in fine flowers and delicious fruits ; the bafliaws and other governors of the feveral provinces fupply them with the moft gay, fragrant, and elegant ; moft of the orchar4, efpecially the flone fruit, came from thence. Syflematick writers in any part of literature, are much inferior Co thoie who write only of fuch things as were difcovered or obferved in theh- own time and place. I fliall mention a few in the affair of plants. Cornuti Canadenfium plantarum hilloria, 4(0 Paris 1635, ^^ was a fmall-rate botanift. Hortus Maleharicus, containing elegant defcriptions and iconsof 47; Eaft- India plants, done by the*direc> tion and at the charge of Draakenilin governor of the Dutch Eaft- Indies, in folio, pubfifhed in twelve parts from anno 1678, to i ^93. Tournefort, CoroUarium rei herbariae, 410 Paris 1703, in 3 vol. con- taining 1356 new plants which he difcovered in his voyage or travels to the Levant, that is, the iflands of the Archipelago an^ the LeflTer Afia, at the charge of the king of France ; as a fupplement to his tn* ftitutiones rei herbariae, 410 Paris 1700, in 3 vol. whereof two volumes are compofed of elegant icons, the other v»l. contains a catalogue of 8846 plants. His Hiftoire des plantes, qui naifient aux environs de Paris, avec leur ufage dans la medicine, is a finifhed ufeful piece of 1037 plants, prinired at Paris in o£tavo 1698. As to time and place in general with regard to our mother- country, anno 1696— laft edition in 8vo. Mr. Ray a natiiralift in his Synopfis inethodicaftirpiumBritannicarum, has 1480 plants, -whereof 113 are trees and flirubs. With regard to the country near Bofton ia 58 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. The White Oak or Oak for Construction of Shipping inay be called Quercus iigno exalbido duriore cortice cinereo leviter hmoro. We have f great variety of oaks, is New-England, I arrived to the defcriptions of about eleven hun. drcd indigenous plants, but was interrupted by •••••••• • * * * PIukcnc» in his Phytographia and almageftum botaniciim voblilhedin folio, London 1691 to 16961 he mentions Benitter's cau- logne of Virginia plants not publiflied at that time. Sir Hans Sloane a noted liefbebber or virtuofo, his Catalogus plantarum infulao Jemaaca, tec. London 1696 i there are no defcriptions 1 the plants generally were not in his own knowledge, but an immethodical rap. fody of fynonima copied from fundry writeis concerning the Weft* Jnoja fettleroents. There are enumerations of many American plants with elegant proper coloured icons in Catefl>y*s natural hiAory of Carolina and tne Bahama Iflands. See Phil, tranfafl. vol. 36. p. 42$ ; vol. 57. p..»74» 447 i vol. 38. p. 315; vol. 39. p. iia, 251 j vol. 40. p. 343; vol. 44. p. 4)5' Catefby's eflays are in eleven fets. Father Plumier in his defcription of the American plants publiffied at Paris near 60 years fince, gives an account of more Weft'India or American plants than all the botaniils of that age ; he made four voyagef to North-ZTmerica, on purpofe, and oblerves, that it re- markably abounds with capillary plants. The two brothers Lignons in the French iflands, and Saracen in Canada, in quality of royal botanifts with falaries, have dcferved well. Dierville a French furgeon in Nova-Scotia fent fome curious plants firom Nova-Scotia or L'Accadie to Tournefort. In New-En- glandJutherto we have no botanick writer. Freooentlv I find fome difficulty to reftrain myfelf againft excur- fions. I fliall conclude this excurfion by obferving that in the fixteenth century, the moderns began to apply themfelves to the knowledge of plants in fome method ; before that time, plants were ranged ac- cording to their general appearances, or virtues, and in a very loofe manner; irf that century many good botanifts appeared } Gefner the father of all natural hiftory, born in Switzerland i $ 16, died of the plague 1 ^65, his botanick writings were moll of them loft and never pobiiihed ; Tournefort followed bis method of claffing the plants by their flower and feed. -{ Thefe botanick excurfions muft prove tedious to moft readers ; 1 fti.'tll therefore (lightly defcribe only a few of the oaks that are moll common in New-En>^land, partly by their claffical Latin names, and partly by their common Engliih appellations. . '■,(.' , I. The "S*.:, Of Nkw-Hampshiri. 09 oiks, but this is the only oak required by contrafl with the (hip-builders for conftru^ion. Black oak for tho botcom of velTels always under water anfwers well, and being very acid, as I am informed, is not fo KibjcA to the eating 1 . The white oak of the (hip builders, it a large tree, with afh- coloured bark of fmall and frequent crevicei, the leaves refemble thofe of a dwarf oak, robur iii. Clufii, or rather like that of T. [. R. H. tab. 349, on inch pedicles, the acorns fometimes, more than one from a common half inch pedicle from the finus of the leaves near the extremities of the furculi, paraboloid, exOs, one inch, tranf* verfe diameter three quarters of an inch, of a pleafanc tafte, the c • pulx are (hallow and verrucofe. 2. The red oak, while young all th^ bark is fmooth like the beech tree, when old the bark of the lower part of the tree becomes rough } it is a large fpreading tree with a large (hining leaf efculi di- vifura, that is, lacineated to (harp points, a large acorn but no plea- fant tafte, generally the wood is ot a reddi(h call and very porous ) this fpecies is fubdivided into many diftinA forts, viz. red, grey, blue, yellow, Sec. This oak being very fpungy is of (hort duration in ufe, it rives eafily into Ilaves for molafTes, bread, and dry ca(k. N. B. Quercusparva five phagus Graecorum, et efcolus Plinit, C. B. P. or the efculus of the ancients, is a (hrub oak with a deeply la- cineated leaf, its name is from the peculiar fweetnefs of its acorn j for this reafon in Maryland, Virginia and Carolina all acorns, beech nuts, walnuts, and other nuts of the foreft are called mail from ma- Aicare, and when plenty, it is faid to be a good maft year for feed- ing of Twine or makmg pork. 3. Black oak, perhaps fo called from its dark coloured bark, may be called quercus Americana magna, patula, cortice obfcuriore ri- mofo foliis majoribus efcdi divifura ; may be ufed as plank in the un- der water parts of a (hip ; it makes the bed charcoal. 4. Swamp oak is from ftrong moift land, (uch as white pine re- quires i it is of a middling fize, its leaf like that of ilex, (T. I. R. H. tab. 3;c.) but not fo rigid and fpinolous ; the acorns are oval, of a plealant tafte, in du(ky (cally cups. 5. Cheftnut oak, fo called from the inequalities or rimx of its bark, refembling the bark of cheftnut trees : it is of a fine grain, and by fome ufed in con(lru£tion. 6. Common black (hrub oak, grows ' from five to ten feet high, patulous, fmooth bark, deeply fmuated, fomewhat rigid leaf, acorns fmall from the body uf tlie trunk on (hort pedicles, bitter taile, and fcally cup. * ' 't. 7. A €o A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. eating or boring of the teredines or worms of the hot coun- tries ; fome think that black oak may be ufed as timber but not as plank. In Virginia and the Carolinas there is an oak calleiHive or ever-green oak, quercus latifolia per- petuo vire js, caudice contorto et vaide ramofo ; it is very hard ftubbed ihrub trunk, but of a crofs grain* fit for compafs timber, that is, for crooked riling timbers, ftand- ards, and knees ; but not for plank. Excepting this live oak, all oaks fouth of New-England are fort and fpungy, they rive well for ftaves, but in Ihip-building they foon rot. In Great-Britain and Ireland there is no other di- fiindtion of oaks but upland and mar(hoak ; their oak is quercus vulgaris brevioribus et longis pediculis, I. B. I. 70. the leaves refemble thofe of our (hrub white oak, the leaf has a fhort or no pedicle, unequally lacincated or rather deeply dented with four or five dentations each fide of the leaf, the acorn fome have fhorter fome longer pedicles. Great-Britain does not af- ford oak fufficient.foF their own ufe, they import much from the Baltick or eaft country. Pomerania (hips off the beft oak timber and plank ; Koningfberg in Ducal Pruffia Ihips off confiderably ; the bed eaft country oak y. A lefler black (hrub oak refembling the former, but of a diftin£t fort. 8. White (hrub oak, three or four feet high, vimineous, leaf dent- e4 like that of the fwamp oak, acorns (mall as a pea, fe(file in the iinusof the leavt^ and fcallv cup. 9. A le(rer white (hrub oak, refembling the former, but of a di- ItinA kind. N. B. Such wafte barren lands as in Great-Britain are called heaths, in New-England are called (hrub oak and huckleberry plains, from thefe (hrubs which are their only produce. In Great- Britain there are feveral fpecies of heaths, the moft common is the erica vulgaris humilis Temper virens (lore purpureo et albo. I. B. common heath ; in New-England are feveral (pecies of (hrub oak, the moft common is the large black (hrub oak, and feveral forts of the vitis idxa, or huckleberries, the moil common may go by the name of vitis idxa communis foliis fubrotundis non creoatis, frudlu nigro minus fucculento in fafciculis. V ^ . ■ . c- timbcr Of NcW-HAMPSHtRE; €z timber and plank, comes down the Oder to Stetin, and down the Viftula or Wcfer to Dantzick; this river of Wefer is navigable a long way up into Germany and Po- land, and is the chief, mart in Europe for importing of herrings and exporting of grain. The next oak in goodnefs, if to be ufed in (hip- building or conftrudtion, is fwamp oak fo called ; fee the annotations. The black oak, fome find that it may do for timbers ; not long fince a gentleman by way of experiment built a fhip, timber and plank of black oak, called the Black Oak Galley. • . • Live oak in the fouth parts of North- America h, ufed for conibruftion ; it is a fhort flubbed tree, hard wood.;u Mahogany wood of the Weft-Indies between the tro- picks is ufed in fhip-buildiog there ; it is durable, and in receiving fhot does not fblinter : for cabinet and joiners work it is excellent, much furpafllng the red cedar of Ca- rolina and Bermudas, which has a difagreeable perfume. , Cedar of Bermudas, fee vol. I. p. 148. It is excellent for floops, the worm does not feize it, it is light and pf quick growth, may be cut every twenty years, plank thin and narrow; crooked timber, beams, and mafts, are brought from the continent, for the floops. In Newfoundland they build fifhing and coafting vef- fcls of many forts of wood. From the cuprufTus ot Carolina they make canoes and periaugues that may carry fifty barrels ; it is of a good grain, but foft. It is of the cedar or berry-bearing kind of pine, grows tall, affords good boards and fh ingles. The American Pitch Pine, . This is the mother of the naval ftores of turpentine, tar, pitch, rofin, and oil o£ turpentine, and may be expreffcd by a fhort § defcriptioij- Pinus Americana communis, five picea, patula, cortice $ The name of a plant cxpreffihg a fliort defcription thereof, is of great ufe in botan/, bei^g the moft natural. fcabro •A' 6i A Summary^ Historical and Political, &Ci fcabro rimofo, foliit terrtis ex eadem theca, conis medio- cribus turbtnatis duris 'quafi fefllilibus vix deciduis. Ic grdwi on a dry Tandy foil. The leaves about three inches long, with a prominent longitudinal rib inftead of a ful- cusi T. I. R. H. tab. 255' ^g* A. well reprefents its amentaceous fldWers, and Hg. G. reprefents its frefh cones. In NeW-England there is another diHindt pitch pine^ called yellow pine •, it is taller, bark not fo rough and dark^ wood with a yellow caft, and not fo knotty, does not yield turpentine fo plentifully. In the Carolinas^i much pitch pine, harder than that of New-England, fo as to fink in water ; it is faw'd into boards for the Weft-India ifiands ; it is uled for mailing, being freighter than that of New-England. I. Turpentine of North-America is a liquid rofin, gathered by boxing the pitch pine trees in the lower part of their trunk. 2. White pine bcaeed aiibrds a turpentine brighter than that of the pi' ' pine, but not in plenty, and therefore neglefted jor no«, lollowedt 3. The abies or fpruce gives a very liquid turpentine by incifion of bladders or tubercules in the bark ; it is not gathered in quantities, therefore of no general naval ufe. 4. From the white cedar is gathered from the- bark in lumps or grains a folid dry rofm, being concreted exudations, and by fome is called olibanum or frankincenfe. 5. Pitch pine knots boird in water, gives a top by way of fcumi a. femiliquid rofin refembling Burgundy |>itch. New-England turpentine is of a honey confiftence, that of the Carolinas is lefs liquid, refembling tallow or flulh. New-England turpentine yields about three gal- Jons oil per ct. wt. that ot the Carolinas not exceeding two gallons. Turpentine refiduum in diilillation is abouc 7 I2ths, called rofin. The ftill not exceeding one half full of turpentine, left it fhould boil over. Our chemi- cal and pharmaco;^)OBa writers feem not to be pradical di- ftillcrs i Qyincey, much confultcd by young praftitioncrs, adviles Of Nbw-Hampshirb. 63 advifes to add water to the turpentine, whereas the more phlegm in the turpentine the more tedious and dangerous is the diltillation. In dif^ilHng, if the turpen* ^ tine boils up, a fprinkling of water m^kes it fparkie and fly, but a large quantity of water foon quells it. — The (tills in Bolton are. fmall ; three barrels of turpentine of 300 wt. each' may be wrought off in three hours. The principal care in diililling, is in the beginning, left the phlegm boiling over fhould blow up the ftill ; as the phlegm goes off the ftill fubfides, and the danger is over. At firft comes over more phlegm than oil ; the proportion of phlegm gradually diminilhes to the ceafing of the watery ebullition, and for a ftiort time oil only pafles, and more abundantly, but foon comes turbid, and if the Hre is not removed the reliduum or rpiin is fpoilt i after the oil is drawn oflfand the fire removed or ex- tinguiihed for an hour, the rolin is to run off from the ftiJl. Varniih is from one half rofin and one half oil of turpentine boiled up together, and is (old at the fame price with oil of turpentine. • f Tar is from light wood lb called, the knots of fal- len pitch pine •, every 14 years they reckon that the pine lands afford a fufficient crop for the tar kilns. In Carolinas the people are not fo much indulged as formerly in gathering of touchwood at random in the . proprietory lands, and the exports of tar and pitch, from the Carolinas is not fo much as formerly. The iargeft kiln of tar in Carolina in my knowledge was of 960 barrels ; this is too great a rilk, becaufe in blow* ing up, all is loft. Four hundred barrels is a good kiln, and the running of the fkft loo barrels is not much in-. ferior to that of Stockholm. Anno 1746, the difference in price between Swedes and American tar was 2 1 s. Sv/edes, and 1 6 s. New-England per barrel •, Swedes tar is cooler and better for cordage. By adt of parliament only the firft half of the running of a kiln is to be ufed as 64 A Summary, Historical and Pojlttical, Stc. as tar, the other half to be boiled into pitch, penalty forfeiture of the kilns ; this a£t is not put in execution. Green tar which has an additional premium, is made from green pitch pine trees ftript of the bark eight feet or thereabouts up from the root of each tree ; a flip of the bark of about four inches in breadth, hav- ing been left on one fide of each tree, and fuch trees ihall (land one^ year at the leaft before cut down for making of tar. No certificate bill fhall be n^ade out by any ofHcer of the cufloms for any tar, 8cc. imported from the plantations, nor any bill made out by the com- midioners of the navy, to entitle the importer of tar to any premium ; unlefs the certificate of the governor, lieutenant governor, colfedtor of the cuitoms, and naval officer, . or any two of them, to exprefs that it has appeared to them by the oath of the owner that fuch tar, &c. — ^Tar that leaves a yellowifh ftain is good ; a black f^mn is of a bad burning quality. Pitch is made by boiling three barrels of tar into two barrels : in South-Carolina this is done in coppers *, iti North-Carolina it is done in clayed ciflerns by fetting fire to the tar. At prefent fcarce any tar is made in New- England, and very little turpentine is gathered^- A barrel of tar fhould gauge 31 and a half gallons, a bar- rel of pitch fhould be two and a half ct. wt. neat. Tar fhould be free from water and drofs ; pitch free from all dirt and drofs ; turpentine free from water and chips, and flones. The horrt-beam trees, or carpinus dod, and' the but- ton-tree (fo called from its feeds growing in cluflers rc- fembling buttons,) or platanus occidentalis, becaufe of their crofs or confufed grain not- liable to rive or fplit, are ufed for windlaces, blocks, and turners-work. This fediop *'we\U "-'- -^uch, I fhall refer lumber and other woe. .5 tx, :le of natural hiftory in the appendix, and at prefent only mention the following obfervations. ' ^ Shingles Of New-Hjimpshire," 65 Shingles are made by cutting, fplitting and fliaving of certain woods into the form of a flate or flat tile for covering the roofs of houfes ; in New-England they arc made of white cedar, or cedrus tfxcelfior ligno exalbido non olente in udis proveniens -, this wood is eafily fplit and managed, but may be furrowed by the rain, there- fore fhingles from white pine are preferable ; thefe may continue good 20 or 30 years. In Carolina fhingles are made of pitch pine and Cyprus. In Jamaica they ufe bullet wood, which may laft 100 years. Clapboards for facing of houfes, and laths for plafler- ing, are made of the fame woods. Red cedar ; or cedrus folio cuprefli atro, medio ligno rubro duro ; this is of excellent ufe for pofts fixed in the earth, it will hold good for a century. The common cheftnut of North- America, or caftanea ampliflimo folio, fru6lu moliter echinato. T. I. R. H. the fruit is fmaller, and capfula not fo much echinated as in Europe. It ri /es well, and is moft durable in rails in fencing of lands. In North- America are many f varieties of walnuts/ The hunters of the woods fay that there arc almoft as great a variety of walnuts as apples ; their general diftindion is into black and white, from the colour of the wood. . t f Hickery or white Vtralnut. This is the moft common walnut of New-England, a middling tree, the central lamina or annuli with age, become dark hke black walnut ; the nuts are fmall, oval and fmooth, too hard to be cracked by the teeth. This is our beft fire wood. 2. Nuxjuglans virgimsrs nigra. H. L. B. Black walr.-t; the wood is of a dark brown, is much ufed in joiners and cabinet work. 3. Nux juglans frudtu teneco, fragili putamine. C. B. P. Shag- bark of New-England. It is not fo common as the hickery, and of a imaller habit, the bark exfoliates in coats (as the birch and button 'jce) the nat it eafily broke by the teeth. 4.. Nux juglans porcorum, the pig nut, a middling fpreading tree, exfoliating bark ; the putamen or ftiell of the fruit is not fo brittle as the fhag- bark, nor fo hard as the hickery, the nucleus is confide- nce and of a pleafant tafte. Vol. II. t Vitis ^d A Summary, HiSTawcAL and Political, &c. Vitis or grape vines in New- England, natives, arc five or fix diftind forts * that are in my knowledge. Cerafus, or cherries, natives of New-England, in my knowledge are four or five diilind || kinds. Our • I. Vitis Americana fylvei^ris, uvis nigris,^prpn* fylve0rj$mag?»l. tudine foliis magnis, vulpina difta Vireiraana. Pluk. The fox grape or wild vine with black grapes. It is the moft common cf aU our grapes, grows generally near ponds, not exct^eding 4 to 7 in a race- nms, ripen into grapes, not much fucculenc, and of' a difagreeable tobacco tafte. z. Dit. Uvis albidis, vulpina Virginiana dba. Piufc. White fox j^rapes differ from the former only in colour, and lafs frequent. 3. Vitis quir.'i[i:>efolia C^anadenfis fcandens. T. I. ! l; H Five-leafea ivy of Virginia, or Virginia creeper. It creeps and climbs to v. ^reat extent, leases of a brighc grv^en colour, makes agreeable arbours, veiy plenty in tiii v ood;; ; the racemi or cluilers are Jax, the grape or fruit is in form ir J biguefsof the uvx Corinthiacae or currants ufed in puddings. . '4. Vitis fylvei^ris Americana, platani folio, uva racemofa, aclnis rotundis parvis acidulis, nigro cxruleis. The fmall Anierican grape vine with large leaver and fmall black grapes, in lax cli^ilers. ;. Vitis Americana fylveftris, platani folio, uva recemofa, acinis rctundis )>arvis rubris; differs from the former only in the deep red colour of its erape. II I. CeraAis fylvefl:ris rubro fru£tu Americana. Common wild cherry. It is frequent in thi; woods, and flowers more early than the racemofx ; is an arborefcent frutex, in tafte flatter than cerafa iativa, or common red cherry. 2. Cerafus fylvellris Americana racemofa prxcocior frpAa majori nigro. The greater wild clufter cherry or birds cherry. A middling tree, the racemus of the flowers and fruit is from the extremities of the branches, not from the finus of the leaves as the padus. I. 6. The cherry is larger than the following, black, fucculent and fweet; its wood is ufed in joiniers and cabinet work. ^ 3. Cerafus Americana fylveftris racemofa, fruAu minore nigra dulci. The common bird cherry of New-England, a middling xszi, flowers and fruit in racemi, like the ribefla, and fomewhat lareer; in New-England it is ufed in place of the ofHcinal or cerafus fylv^ ftris frudlu nigro. I. B. the fmall birds affe£l it much. 4. Cerafus Americana fylveltrii> humilis fru£ltt nigricante non edali. The American dwarf crabbed birds cherry, does not exceed thei height of 7 or 8 feet ; it is not a padus, becaufe the racemi are no: from the fmus of the leaves, but from the extremities of the branche; or twigs ; this cherry is fmaller than the former, dark red, and of an acerb choaky taite. I have I '»■•. arc five » in my Our rbmag?v- fox gif*pe 1 uf all our . ill a race- ifagrecable White fox nucnt. Five-leafea ,s to t sreat ble arbours, K, the grape currants uied Of Nbw-Hampihiiib. 67 ;mofa, acinis nerican grape L\{lers. emofa, acinis the deep red :om»on wUd re early than \r than ccrafa faifto majori A middling extremities of padtts. I- 2* lent and fweeti minore nigro middling tr«, iewhat large; cerafus lylv?- pante non cdali. fot exceed the racemi are not i of the branches lark red, and ot] ■ I have I Our apple trees are all from Europe » ten to twelve buihelspr apples are required to make one barrel of cy- der, one barrel of cyder gives not exceeding four gallons of proof fpirit: beginning of Odober is the height of cvder making. ' SaiTaphras ex Florida ficulneo folio. C. B. P. is plenty is New-£ngland» and not fo ftrong a perfume as further iouth : it is an ingredient in the decoction of the woods fo called, and ufed in venereal and other pforick diforders. I omitted in the proper place to infert, that the right merchantable hoops are from the faplins of white oak and of hickory \ white oak is the bed. Staves for tight calk are from the white oak \ red oak ftaves are ufed for molafTes and dry cafk. One thoufand (laves make from 30 to 35 hoglheads of 100 gallons each. Some mifcellany obfervations relating to this Di- ORBSSION. In New-England ihip-building, a vefTel fitted to Tea, two thirds of the coft is a profit to the country ; the other third is iron, cordage, lail-cloth, and fmall ftores from Great-Britain. Timber if of too old growth, is dotted ; if too young, 'tis fappy : neither of them fit for conftrudion. There arc feveral good afts of the Britilh parliament, and of the legifiatures of the feveral colonies, concerning the feafons and times of falling of timber ^ as alfo con-< I have not room to mention the great varieties of wild rcfes, goofe* benies, currants, brambles, raip-berries, itc. All the apple treei in New-England are exoticks ; as I formerly- i hinted. La Hontan perhapi ii ro}ftaken in faying, that he did fee fe- veral European fruit treei natives upon the river Ilinois ; probably they are the relicks of ft former French fettlcment there. Thuya Theophrafti. C. B. F. Arbor vitc. CIus. Tree of life of I New-England, is by miftake called favine. Sabina is not well de- Ifcribed by botaniftt. Some with Boerhaave fay, it is bacciferoos, I fome with Ray call it conifer : the ambiguity may proceed from it* I bearing ieldom, and not till ytty old. Fa . cerning ^ A SuMMAiiy, Historical and Polii^ical, &c. cemins the proper feafons of killing thefe beafts that af- ford fSrr, ilcins, and hides: but little attended to, and perhaps never put in execution. Clearing a new country of wood, does not render the winters more moderate, but conduces to its being more healthful : the damp of wood lands produces intermit- ting, pleuritick, peripneumonic, dyfenterick, and putrid fevers. Where trees and other growth are large, it is a fign of good land. Cheftnut, walnut, and beech trees are fymp- toms of good land. Alder is good meadow ground. We have in the woods variety of beautiful flowering ihrubs i but few of them flower in winter, the moll va- luable qualiflcation for a flowering ihrub. For peculiar things of this kind, if we confult the moft celebrated didionaries we are led afliray; for inllance^ Bailey defcribes tar, ** A fort of grofs fatty liquor iflfuing ** from the trunks of old pine trees." In middling climates timber or wood is generally fpungy or light by alternate relaxations and bracings from heats and colds, confequently of no good ufe or duration; thus it is from New-England to Carolina : further north the timber is folid and heavy, fit for permanent conftruc- tion, v. g. in New-England, Nova-Scotia and Canada ; Hill turther north the timber is too fmall, flirubby and narrly j in the hot countries arc many fpecies of hard wood of flow growth, good for wainfcotting and other joiners work ; Summary does not allow me to enumerate them. Summer-built veflfels are of better ufe than thofe of any other fcalbn, The fire wood near Bofton is much exhaufled ; we are under a nccefiity of fetching it from the province of Main, and territory of Sagadahock. A wood floop with three hands makes about fifteen voyages per ann. from the eallward to Bofton, may carry about 30 cord fire wood cacli voyage. A cord of wood is eight feet length wife, per four feet height, of four feet flicks or logs. A kiln -. - ■ for forcl is gei 10 ca At oakn mediu yields Oui too fbc fplit ar iy fufl^c Tim above j knees a: the nori Our much fu new-buiJ carefully Thefl yards, tl noifeurs, of timbe where thi pleafure, in goods, T. W. u i'lcoe (hip f There! npon this oJ teredo, whi] «• The xyk Aips in hot] damage in t| ^is is not th timber trees] , '730, and ii aykes in Ho| ' iiard frofty Of New-Hampshire. 69 :af- and • the more rmit- lutrid ignof iymp- a. vcring )ft va- lemoft iftance^ iffuing merally sfrom ration i ir north anftruc- ^anada \ 3by and of hiird id other umerate of any we are of Main, ith three rotn the re "Wood bethwife, ■^ A kiln tor for charcoal or furnaces, bloomeries and refiners of iron, is generally of 20 cord wood, and generally may yield 10 cart-load of charcoal at 100 bufhels per load. At fmelting furnaces they obferve that young black oak makes the bed coal. One acre of wood land at a medium yields about 40 cord wood *, one cord of wood yields 40 to 50 bufhels charcoal. Our feafons are uncertain ; in open winter the fap riles too foon, and a fubfequent hard froft makes thq bark fplit and peel ofFi thus at times our fruit trees particular- ly fuffer. Timber under 12 inches is called ranging timber, above 12 inches it is called tun timber*, Handards and knees are called compafs timber ; the compafs timber to the northward is beft. Our trees, efpecially the oaks, while growing, arc much fubjedb to the f teredo or worm, therefore in all new-built fhips thefe worm-holes in the plank muft be carefully fpiked. The Ihips built in Bofton exceed all of other building yards, the many merchants and (hip-mafters, good con- noifeurs, tranfiently infpe(5b them, and every bad piece of timber or length of plank is cenfured. In Newbury where they are not much infpeded, the builders aft at pleafure, and as the contracts are generally to be paid in goods, they build accordingly ; thus a noted builder T. W. jocofely faid, that he had built for a cal- licoe (hip. The other country building places are ftill f There are varieties of teredines or wood eating infefls ; I (hall npon this occallon only mention two. i . An afcarides or maggot-like teredo, which preys upon the wooden wharfs in Bofton and elfewhere. 2. The xylophagus marinus major navibus infeftus, it is pernicious to ihips in hot countries, efpecially in their firft voyages ; lately it did damage in the harbour of Newport of the colony of Rhode-Ifland ; this is not the fame with the infeft which makes the worm- holes in our timber trees while a growing : neither is that which a few years fince, 1730, and increafed for 8 or 9 years, feized the piles or paalcn of the dykes in Holland, tbreatning an inundation, but were dellroyed by a hard frofty winter. F 3 worfe, ^o A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. worfe, particularly North River, where inftcad of what is reckoned fbip-timber, they ufe forcft-wood of any fort ; thefe vcflcls with repairs laft only two or three voyages, and are defigned as a bite upon (hip buyers at home. Timber ufcd green or with the fap up, is like fosnum madide repofitum, it foon tends to putrefaction : this fap may be extracted by macerating or foaking in fait water. In fhip-building, they ought to ufe only white oak for timber, plank and trunneis ; and thefe as much as may be without fap, 4- rot, or worm-holes. II Oak if long feafoned or dry*d, becomes vapid or dry-rotted, and does not lad ; we have lately had a no- torious inftance of this : cordfire wood to the N. E. of Bofton cut before our late war with the French and their Indians, during the war of a few years, could not be carried off; upon a peace it was fhipt to Bodon, it 4 The annuli ot annuolex inprements of trees begin from the cen- ter of their tranfverfe fe£tions o»heart of the tree ; and in the decline (trees like animals, for many years according to the nature and con- ftru£lion of individuals of their feveral fpecies increafe, then for fome years are at a ftate or Hand, and afterwards arc upon the decline; thus our iirft or ancient growth of timber is not good, our fecond growth perhaps may equal that of Great-Britain) the dottednefs, ce> riofity, or tabes begins naturally, progreifive from the center; this is mod remarkable in the fpungy timber of red oak. One may blow fpittle through a ftave of four ^et length ; its annuli, or circular la- mina:, in the tranfverfe fe£lions are noted, and after furvcying, if red oak, and fome other trees, are ufed for monument trees, by the number of the iurcrefcent laminx we compute the number of years from the furvey j therefore it is better to mark monument trees upon the bark, which does hot alter, than upon the wood fubftance where the marks arc yearly inveloped. II A wood fire is more pleafant to the fight and ftnell than that of pit coal, but its warming influence is not fo diifufive ; it fearches more, but is not fo fteady and lafting, its fmoke and vapour is more ofFenfive to the eyes, it difcolours and dry-rots paper prints more than pit-coal. We have lately in Charles-town adjoining to Bofton made an effay for difcovering of pit-coal ; if it fucceeds, by aft of aflem- bly wood ought to be prohibited for ufe in firing in and near Bofton ; otherways than in charcoal for the ufe of furnaces of bloomeries and refineries. .. - burnt Of New-Hampshiri. 71 burnt like (hibble, of no duration, leaving no coal, and the afhes not profitable to the foap-boiler. * Oak timber from thick wood lands is not good. Next to the ore, in all iron works, wood or char- coal is the moft eflcntial : here we may obferve, that iron works require only 3 men who may be called artificers, viz. a forgeman, a carpenter, and collier j the others are only common labourers. When the fun does not fhine, les hommes des bois, fwampeers or wildernefs men, didinguifh the courf'es or corners of winds by, i. Mofles growing moft plentifully on the north fide of old dotted trees. 2. Pines branching moft fouthward. 3. Trees reclining generally eaftward, theirs from the prevailing of the wefterly winds j Sir John Nerborough obferved the fame in South-America. This obfervation holds good all over America. 4. The rings in the tranfverfe fedtion of trees, which are moft compaft northward. There is no author who has wrote tolerably well con- cerning the natural hiftory of New-England, f When Sweden began to impofe upon Great-Britain in the exportation of their naval ftores, an a6t of parlia- * Oak timber called day oak, from places well cleared, is better than that from wood lands where there is not the benefit of the fun and free air ; our fecond growth of timber or pafture oak is almofl equal in quality to that of Great- Britain. In all oak timber there is an acid juice which corrodes iron (there- fore the French fpiking does not anfwer fo well as our trunneling of Ihip plank) and the timber itfelf; therefore it ought to be feafoned either by drying, or by (this is better) foaking in falt-water to extract thi$ corrolive ncid out. t Joflelyn frequently quoted, arrived at Boftbn 1663, and refidcd in New-England many years, publifhed a fmall book called eight years obicrvations, printed in London 1672, as a natural hiftory of the country; it abounds with grofs miftakes, v. g. " fome frogs when they *' fit upon their breech are a foot high, and fome as long as a child *• one year old. Barley frequently degenerates into oats." Here he was impofed upon, by fome oat and barley feed intermixed as fre- quently happens: "in New England, no woodcocks, no quails." N.B. they arc very plenty. • ,. _ F 4 ment 72 A Summary, Historical and Political, 5rf. ment was made allowing certain premiums upon the it; portation of certain naval (lores from Englilh America. 4- In rope-making by the addition of tar, the cordage acquires one fifth more in weight, the rope-makers great gains. — A rope.walk for merchants ufe need not exceed 200 fathom : becaufe 200 fathom yarn when twifted makes 120 fathom cable. In the mifcellany article of a fedioo, I fometimcs in- fert things which mould have been infcrted in their proper places but were forgot. Here Ihould have been inferted fomc fliort account of Dr. Berkley's tar-water ufed as a medicine 1 but as moft readers are not in the tafte of natural hiftory, I have already exceeded too much in that refped; ; and here (hall only obferve, that his diredions for making of it are : A gallon of cold water to a quart of tar workt thoroughly together with a fiat ftick for five or fix minutes, after three days the tar being thoroughly fubfidcd, decant the above, and bottle it for ufe •, at a medium one pint drank per diem at intervals upon an empty ftomach : it may be made weaker by a lefs proportion of tar or.lefs ftirring, according to the conftitution and ftomach of the patient. As Dr. Berkley favoured Bofton with fomc frr- mons agreeable to the people in New-England, his medicine ex verbo facerdotis is much ufed there, and I have had the opportunity of obferving the efifedls thereof, i. In ladies of a loft fine fair complexion, a .j. The premiums at prefent arc,' for m^fts, yards, and bow-fprits, per ton of 40 feet girt mcafure. Merchantable tar Green tar -' Pitch Turpentine 8 barrels dit. dit. dit. I 2 4 I I 10 There muft be a plantation certiftcatc that they are the growth or proiluce of our colonies : upon landing the pre-emption to be ottered to the commihioners of the navy: if 20 days after landing the commifhoners do not contradl for the fame, the owners m4y ditpofe of them at pleafure, and receive the. premium. ..;*^-''' ■"■ > ' "'' ■ long Of New-Hampshire. 71 long ufe of it gives their countenance a fallow, that is, a yellow greenifh cad. 2. As tar is a creature of the fire, and therefore cauiticlc, I obferve, it has a bad cffeA in all hedticks and hemorrhages, and infiammatory cafes. 3. In vapid diforders of the nervous fyftem it is of good ufe, if not ufed too long } if ufed too long, its e^e^ are more violent and dedrudtive to the conftitution, than the habitual drinivtng of rum or brandy. N. B. Of all thcfc I can produce fpccial vouchers. 4. This is no quack medicine, becaufe it is no no- drum, and publifhed by a benevolent clergyman without any defign of lucrative profit ; his friend in publifhing a confiderably large booK of many hundreds of cai'es ex- adliy in the form and univerfality of quack recommen- dations, is a difparagement. The prerogatives of provincial governors multiplying members or reprefentatives from new places to the gene- ral aiTembly ad libitum, is a matter of great confe- quence to our colonies : as this has been lately afTumed in the fmall government of New-Hampfhire, I cannot clofe this fedtion, without taking fome lurcher notice of the fame. There is a law of this province called the triennial act, by which the qualifications of members, and of thofe who may eledt them, is Hated •, the method of calling and governing the meetings of the eledtors is regulated, and the longell term an aficmbly may fubfift limited. June 4, 1748, the aflembly became diflblved in courfe by virtue of this law \ from which time to the :?d of Ja- nuary following there was no aflembly in being ; in this interval the governor received the inftrudlion, vol. II. p. 35. and bcfides the places mentioned in faid inftrudtion, the freeholders of Pelham and Methuen are ordered to unite and chufe one reprefentative for both places at a joint meeting heldat Pelham : this was a novel thing, to aflemble the eledlors of two or five towns in one body : in Scotland, where by the ad of the union ■ ■> ■ parliament ..-.. .^,.«_ 74 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. parliament (not by prerogitive) four or five towns were clafljd to fend one member or reprefentative, each town voted fcparately for a reprefentative, and thofe reprefen- tativcs by vote fent one of their own number as a mem- ber of parliament -, but in a different manner the free- holders of the towns of Dunftable, Merrimack, Hollei?, Monibn and Nottingham weft, are ordered to unite ir. one me' .ing to be held at Dunflable, mnd chufeone mem- ber for the whole as a confolidated body ; this was done, but no return made, as I am informed. After the late running of the line with Maflachufetts- Bay government, feveral parts of townfhips and other fettlements formerly in Maflachufetts-Bay fell within this province j as the aflembly were defirous that the polls and eflates of thefe annexations ihould contribute to the charge of government ; by a temporary a6l, they in- corporated them by the name of Diftridts, with the fame appellations as before, and the fragments from the Maffachufetts townfhips, viz. of Almfbury and Salisbury xvere made one diftridt : from Metheun and Dracut one diftrid, Haverhill one diflrid, &c : this ad was fre- quently renewed for fhort periods, only that they might contribute towards the charge of government j but atter repeated application of the inhabitants, they had the privilege of townfhips added, but flill temporary ; fome of thefe diflrifts were made townfhips by charter, thus Pracut was made a town by the name of Peiham : about feven months after calling the afTembly the laft diflrid sl6\ expired ; notwithflanding their legal exifl- ence expiring, Methuen, v. g. had a reprefentative in the ^flembly. i -it ,1. ' . ^ - .< By the triennial ad, the feled-men of each place fending reprefentatives, are to call the qualified voters within their precinds to m«et and proceed to a choice ; but there was no legal authority for the fcled-men of one town cr diftrid to call a joint meeting of the .eledors of two or five p'aces, and therefore was in propriety a tumultuous Of New-HampsiIire; 75 tumultuous aflembly : thus were two of the excluded members chof^. The governor was^ from home required to commu- nicate the lords juftices additional inHruAion of June 30, 1748, to the members of the general affembly con- cerning this affair -, which he never did in form ; they only obtained a tranfcript of it by the courtefy of a private hand as a favour; and the governor's friends infifted that they (hould Hrft admit thefe difputed mem- bers, and afterwards enter upon the merits of the cafe. I have no concern in the affair, and endeavour only im- partially to reprefent fads. N. B. By the royal charter to the colony of Rhr>.-1e- Idand, their aflembly is to determine what towns have power to fend reprefentatives to the aflembly. As this is a petty inconfiderable province or govern- ment, very irregular and fadious in their oeconomy,vand affording no precedents that may be of exemplary ufe to the other colonies ; I omit (to eafe the Summary) many articles which in the other colonies are deduced at length, as of good ufe and information. Perhaps if this go- vernment were annihilated, and annexed to the neigh- bouring province ; it might be of benefit, for their pro- tection in cafes of war with the neighbduring French and Indians, or infurredlions, and for good order, and to eafe their charges of government. .A> J M.J \:) f*^ iti SECT 76 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. SECTION X. Concerning the Colon Y of RHODE-ISLAND. I Shall not repeat what I have already mentioned in general, concerning the carliefl: European difcoveries and fcttlements in America.* This colony was not originally or immediately from England, it proceeded from the neighbouring colony of Maffachufetts-Bay ; and was at firft made up of the emi- grants and -f banifhed from thence, becaufe of diflenting from their generally received way of religious worlhip j thefe emigrants were puritans of puritans, and by de- grees refined fo much that all their religion was almoft vanilhed ; afterwards it became a receptacle of any people without regard to religion or focial worfliip : and their modes of civil government were very variable and defedlive. * ' ' ..... ) * See vol. I. p. 6^, Sec. For the firft Brlcifh difcoveries and fettlemrnts there, fee p. 109, Sec. and p. 203, &c. the firft fettling of New-England, p. 364, kc. f Thefe banifhments were under pretence of preferving the pub- lick peace, and preventing of feftary infeAion ; and as is natural to ail zealots and bigots, they fell into the fame error of rigidity, which they complained of upon tiieir emigration from the church of England. At a general f)'nod in Newtown near Bofton, which was called Auguft 50, 1637, eighty erroneouB opinions were prefented, debated, and condemned ; ;ind by the general allcnibly or legiflature of the colony, Octobc'i 2 following, Ibmc pcrfon* were baniflicd. There Of Rhode-Island. 77 ;he pub- tural to , which ngland, i Auguft ed, and colony, There There were fome incidcnts> which favoured the firft Englifh fettlements. i. A few years before the Englifh came to New-Plymouth, there prevailed fome malignant, contagious, very mortal diftempers amongfl: the Indians from Penobfcot to Narraganfet, which made room for a fafe fettlement. 2. Several of the neighbouring Indian nations were inftigated to deftroy one another : thus the Narraganfcts alRfted the Englilh to deftroy the Pequods 1637 i Myantomy the great fachem of the Narraganfets was made prifoner by Uncas the fachem of the Mohegins, and was put to death 1643. In the Britifh ads of parliament, this colony is named Rhode- Ifland, Providence Plantations, and the Narra- ganfet Country or King's Province : originally thefe were diftinft aflfociations or plantations, but fince have been united, and by charter incorporated into one colony or jurifdiftion. I Ihall briefly mention the origin of thcfc feveral diftindt fettlements. Mr. Roger Williams came over from England to Salem 1630; hefucceeded Mr. Shelton minifter of Salem 1634, and becaufe of his antinomian, familiftical, brownift, and other fanatical dodtrines, though in other refpedls a good man, 1635 he was excommunicated and banifhed from Maflachufetts colony by their aflcmbly or legiflature ?.s a difturber of the peace of the church and common-wc:uch, and removed to Seaconck, now called Rehoboth, and pro- cured a grant of lands from Maflalbit fachem of the Pakanokat Indians ; the magiilrates of the colcnv of Ply- mouth, Seaconck being within their jurlfdidtion, obliged him to remove ; in the fpring following, with fome of his friends and adherents he fettled on the other fide of Pa- tuket, the boundary river at Moofachick, by Mr. Wil- liams called Providence, and the Narraganfet fachem made them feveral grants ot lands ; one of the grants is dated Nantiganfick the twenty-fourth of the firft month commonly called March, the fecond year of our planta- tion or planting at Moofachick or Providence j Mr. Wil- liams lived in Providence forty ytars j 1640 the twenty- ' ■ fcventj- 78 A Summary, Historical and Political, &C. fcventb day of the fifth month about forty perlbns 4- vo- lunurily fornned a fort of civil government. When for the eafe of the inhabitants, the colony, formerly all in one county as is at prefent the fmall province of New-Hamp« ihire, was divided into tiiree counties, the townlhip or plantation of Providence was divided into four townfhips. Providence, Smithfield, Scituate, and Gloccfter ; Provi- dence fends four reprefentatives to the general aliembly, the others fend two each. Duke of Hamilton's grant from the council or com- pany of Plymouth in April 1635, was from Providence or Narraganfet-Bay eatt, to Connecticut river weft, foutherly upon the fea, and northerly up inland fixty miles, or fo far north as to reach the MafTachufetts fouth line -, this takes in all the colony of Rhode-IQand, and the eaftern parts of the colony of Connedbicut ; the duke of Hamil- ton had a further grant of 10,000 acres eaft of Sagada- hock adjoining to lord Ware's grant ; that family have at fundry times effayed to revive their claim, but as they never fulfilled the conditions of the grant or fettling, they never profecuted the affair to efi^edt. There were feveral other vague grants, but as they are now obfolete, and claims not like to be revived, we Ihall not mention them. ^n the year 1637, the fynod at New-town in Mafla- chufetts-Bay having condemned the opinions of many feiStaries, and by. the fubfequent general court or aflcmbly perfons being ill ufed, thefe perfons with their friends 4- To perpetuate the memory of the firft confiderable fettlers and of their families, I fliall in the hiltory of our feveral colonies mention fome names. The firll twelve perfons who with Mr. Williams were concerned as proprietors of the Providence lands ; William Arnold, John Greene, John Throgmorton, Thomas James, William Harris, Thomas Olnay, Richard Waterman, Francis Wcllon, Ezekiel HoUi- man, Robert Cole, Stukely We!t-c.oat, and William Carpenter ; af- terwards were afibciated Chad. Browne, William {airfield, J. Warner, E. Angel, J. Wmdior, R. Scot, WmKeinoldj, Wm Wjckendcn, Gre- gory Dexter, &c. at Lngth they amounted to tlie number of »oo pro- prietors of Providence, being the value of t^Ciity u.ici, fquare. and Of Rhode-Island.^ 7f and adherents went to Aquatneck, now the iflandof RIkkJc- Ifland, and by deed, March 24, 1637-8, purchafed the ifland from the Indians •, 1 8 perfons || without a patent did voluntarily incorporate or affociate themfelves ; the eafterly end of the ifland with Seaconet was called Poeaf- fet ; this fettlement increafed faft, end was called Ifle of Rhodes or Rhode-Ifland; 1644 it was divided into twa townfhips, Newport its eafterly part, and Portfmouth its wefterly part ; lately Newport is fubdivided into New- port and Middletown. In the beginning the ceconomy or government was variable ; 1640 they agreed that the government Ihould be in a governor, deputy-governor and four afliftants, * they held their offices until the pa- tent of incorporation. , V. 1642-3, Jan. i2i Showamet was purchafed of the In- dians by eleven aflbciates, f and called Warwick in ho- nour to the family of the earl of Warwick, who had a grant (but never profecuted) of a large trad: of land in thefe parts ; they were by direftions from this minifter incorporated in the Province of Providence Planta- II Thefe 18 peifons were William Coddington, John Clark, Wil- liam Hutchinfon, John Coggefhal, William Apinwal, Samuel Wel- born, John Porter, John Seaford, Edward Hutchinfon, jun. Thomas Savage, William Dyree, William Freeborn, Philip Sherman, John Walker, Richard Corder, William Raulifton, Edward Hutchinfon, fen. Henry Bull. N. B. Some families returned to the Mailachufetts- Bay colony, the Hutchinfons, Dummers, Savages, Sec. * William Coddington, governor, W. Brenton, deputy governor, N. Eafton, J. Coggiftial, W. Hutchinfon and S. Porter. f Rendal Holden, John Wickes, Samuel Gorton, John Greene, Francis Wefton, Richard Waterman, John Warner, Richard Corder, Samfon Shelton, Robert Patten, and William Woodeal. N. B. Gorton w.is a preacher or exhorter, of many wild peculiar opinions in religion, diiferent from thofe of the other New-England fettaries, and uied a myiterious didleft ; his followers were called Gortonians ; he came to Rhode Ifland i.)38, was baniflied from thence 164.0 j he was of a good family in England, he difowncd the Puritans and oppofed the Qnakert ; he fettled at f*atuj£et, and kept a peculiar religious fociet/ for upwarif of kxty years, and i»ved to a great age ; but as this fedk is utterly extint. . we fl;all not revive the memory of it in the digrcf* iion OQcern.'i&g die Briuih plantation fc^arkii. tions. G Zq a Summary, Historical and Political, &c. tions. About this lime fomc people began a fettlemcnt at Patuxet river, 4- whereof at prefcnt part is in the townftiip of Providence, and part in the townfhip of Warwick. Warwick is lately fubdividcd into the town- fhip of Warwick, four reprefentatives, and country two reprefentativcs. 1643 Mr. R. Williams went to England as agent, and by the afliflance of Sir Henry Vane, obtained from the earl of Warwick, governor and admiral of all the Englifh plantations for the parliament, a fort of charter of incorporation of the fcveral fettlements by the name . of ** s:he incorporation of the Province Plantations in ** the Narraganfet-Bay in New-England; may fettle them- ^- felves into any form of government the majority of the *^ freemen (houid agree upon, fuitable to their eftate and " condition, and make fuitable laws, agreeable to the ** laws of England, fo far as the nature and conftitution *' of the place will admit, &c." dated 1643-4, March if. Tiieir firft general aflembly was not called until May 19, 1647 ; this aflembly eftablilhed a body of very good ' and wholfome laws, and erefted a form of government for the adminiflration of thefe laws, and for making further laws that may be found requifitc. Their legifla- ture, called a court of commilTioners, confifted of fix members from each of the four towns of Provi- dence, Newport, Portfmouth and Warwick -, but the fupreme power to be in a regular vote of all the |1 free- holders of the colony or incorporation, the freemens vote fuperleded or repealed the a6ts of the court of com- miflioners "and made them void.- A prefident and four affiftants yearly chofpi- w re judges of the court of trials, affifted by the lwo wardens or juftices of the i i 4. Meadows upon a liver has, in our northern plantations, always and every where been an inducement to begin a Itttlement; as being immediately furnifhed with food for their cattle in winter. II At prefent there remain in our plantations, only two populace or popular colonies, where the luprcme power or dtrnier rclort is lodge porated by ad of afTcmblv, and named James-Town. Some gentlemen of Rhode-Ifland and other parts of New-England made a confiderable purchafe of Peta- quamfecut (from the Indians) which with the adjacent lands were incorporated a townlhip by the name of King- fton 167 i: but fmce divided into three townlhips, South- Kinglton, North- Kingfton, and Exeter. Mifquamicut purchaied of the Indians, 1665, was conftituted a townihip 1 669, by the name of Wefterly ; this is lately divided into three townlhips, Wefterly, Charles-Town and Richmond j in Charles- Town is the Narraganfet Indian referve (Ninigret is fachem,) of two miles trom E. to W. and of about 6 miles from north to fouth ; which is generally farmed by the friends of the Indiun guardians appointed by the alfembly, upon long leafes and fma'I renti. ManiiTes or Bio.k Ifland, 1672, was conftituted the townlhip of New-.Shoreham. 1677, the townlhip of Greenwich was incorporated, and lately divided into the two townftiips of Greenwich, and Weft. Greenwich. By this time all the colony pr general lands were reduced to private property i fee a fubfcquent table, p. 89. When the court of England, in a bad adminiftration, were refolved to vacate charters of any nature, becaufe reftraints c»* obftacles to a defpotiek' power ; a writ of. Quo Warranto was iffucd out againft the colony 00;. 6, f Exemplary to the other colonies. 1685, Of Rhodb-Island. «s was of uiid all '>S5, 16F5, and delivered June 2, 1686, by Edward Ran- dolph^ Efqi The freemen of the colony by their ballots or written votes called proxies, by a majority ^ave in their opinion to the general ailembly, in conformity to which, the general aflembly, after the example of many corporations or charters in England, determined not to ftand fuit with his majcftv, but by an humble ad- drefs to the king, pray for the continuance of their privileges and liberties according to charter : the king promilcd them protedlion and tavour i they were put under the government of prefident Dudley, foon fuperfedcd by governor Andros. 168 12, SirEdmond Andros*s commiflion as gc New-England, was publilhed in Rhode-Ifland, the colony formed into one county. Upon the Orange revolution, by a general vote of the freemen in May 1689, it was concluded, that Sir Edmond Andros*s authority, by his confinement in: Bofton, was terminated or filenced, and therefore they reaffume their former government or charter j and as their charter never was vacated in a due courfe of law or judgment, the court of England allows them to con^ tinue in the pofleflion and ufe of it to this day. ■•''^ Each townftii'p is managed by a town council, con- fiding of the afliftants who refide in the town, the juftices of the town, and fix men freeholders chofen annually by the freemen of the town •, the major part of them is a quorum, with full power to manage the affairs and intereft of the town to which they refpcSively belong, to grant licences to publick houfes ; and are a probate office for proving wills and gr nting admini- (Iration, with appeal to governor and council as fupreme ordinary. - : .f?c« . • > f{ ?q.»i«*#3. On any urgent occafibn the governor, or in his at - fence, the deputy governor, may by warrant call a general aflembly. — The diredion of the militia is in the general aflembly of the colony ; but when the aflembly does, no^ fit, the governor and aflifl:^nts have tl^e power^ of the militia. G 3 At ^ SX ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ A ,V^^ 1.0 I.I no 21 125 2.2 I 1 1.25 1, U 1 ,.6 ^ 6" ► ^% V] ^> ^^ ^."'■^ '^ j> Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USSO (716) 873-4S03 ^v ^ m o r"^ ^ o^ 4^0 ''► t". tjS A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. *• At the tbwnfliip meetings in March annually, the freemen of the town bring in their written votes called proxies^ for a governor, a deputy governor, ten af- llilants, recorder^ treafurer, and attorney ^neral *, thefe "^tes are fealed up andfent to New^rt tor next May general election ; the governor has no negative in elecw tibns, has no negative in palTing of bills or refoJves, ohiytin the houfe or board of affiftants in cafe of an ^uivote, he has the cafting vote. All other officers civfl and military are appointed by a joint vote Of the board of afliftants^ and nou|e of repreientatives. The legiflature of Rhode-Ifland colony ftile themfelves, The governor and company of the Englifh colony of Rhode* midd and Providience Plantations in New-England in America ; the ena<5bing Ifcile is. Be it enadted by the ge- neral s^mbly of this colony, and \yf the autlioricy of the &me it'is enacted. • The aflembly adjourn thcmfdves for anytime.' The governor for the time being has the cuftody of the colony's charter,- ieal Srt, and appoints the naval officer; the governor's falary is 300 1. per ann. currency, and all hi& perquiHtes do not exceed looo l.-f" There are yearly two alfemblies or; eledions of reprefcntatives } f general officers iirft Wednefday ^> "HE t^'i. ■ ; ..v^ii .:>;.<.;,-, \K . c.i/_»»^;^ ■• • .■• or •LiJrrrbs ■^•■;;^;-, -,-•^5 hr,n ?'fr ' ■^•m\'-:r:! -.y. ' .+i .A| this wlriting'j 7^* > the deputy gewtnor has a falary of 30 1. carrency or O. T. per ann. the treafurer 200 1; afllftants and repra- fentative^ have no wages. II Fd^Aiirly the partits in eleftions and ptibl^ck tranfaftibni were upon fe£lary footihgs i" but for' forhe years paft the oppofite parties are, they .who ^^e agaiiT)^ multiplying a fallacious fradulent paper car- rei>cyr^^ they who iBQC^uragq it. for priy^tje iniquitous ends ; roajority of the prefent houfe of repfefentatives are of the paper money fide, notwithftamding of a growing depreciation: from April i, 1750, tp ^ •*■ - . c -■ . 1 _ • . ' Sept, 6^ HlWot-IsiAMB. ■'J''-'^' «7 oi Mtjr 175O1 w«fe chdfeti William Greene gbrernor, Robrn Hszttrd d0p« governor; affiftshts, Gtorge Wah^ ton, JenldMMi Nkholl, John Potter, John Bowcn, Ben^ jiminTudwf, Robitt Lawton, Ja:^e$ Arnold, Willian* Richmond, Dankt Coffgefhal, JeffryWatfonv Thomas W«r4 te^retiry, OtnierUpdike attorney general, and Thomas Rkbar dfon general trcafurer.* When the char- ter firft tesk place iw^^ there were only 18 reprefenta- tivc8, 6 from Newfoit, 4'from Providence, 4 from Portf-' mmih, and 4 from Wirwick-, at prefent, 1750, befides thefe, fhere are 2 from each conftituted townihip incor*< poraced from that tlffl«, and at prefent are 58 members^ .0 J l~< M»^t«b»r«fl$ pflf«f earfeti€V aV>ve 20 percent, that is, a piece of 8 i^ Bolteflfell* fof 4J5, O, f , (a IJhdde-raandit fell* for 56$. O. T ; by . iMn%, I minn, it if infr^anc(ize, and will coittlntte fuch until tlie] paptr m§fuy \§ graifAlly ftfltillillated, or. by Us (rnall quantity arrive at » left psr with filvw i 1 fiiall men,tipn a psilp^bid infbnce of tho %ooa sffmi ef f«^r fgttfj-iitiCy bcipg^gradoalIy annihilated (it. the: trftpf»(i9fl {§ tdO (y^it^ it may ocpaAon a Hagvajiion of bu0ne(s,- confufitm »n4 iiffAsrs^wm^h oti^tcairefalTyr ib be avoided,, as tending^ to (iilmn) by fmk'mg of out paper mediugi j within thefe laft fix mo0th§ (this if wtm fepftnibflf i75o]exch^ge wjttn London is. faUea. from #l«v@fi ftiid s bfti/, f(^ pi^e jterling, td mne 1^ a half, fbr^of^ fterliPKgoed bills ©f Will iiitlttrfed. J * Tits fftlit^lOHi pUfltitioii paper mon^y currenciea are a molt difagresftbii tepiftf, ind fall too often in my wiiy: Here Icanqot avQid QMmin%, fltiltb^ hiibitui^ pr^£iice qf this paper money ch«at»; has ha4 » b^~if}fl»«e£« liOfonly ujpon profligate private perfons, Jbat upon rhf ftdffllfliftf Atidfl «f ib||i« of ({or New- England gmremmeo^ : for inlUng?, m§ §t tht l«glilature, a figner of the Rhode-Ifl^ndJ colony biiif, wn§ fi§tlM| fltKtf coNviqrso.^f figning counlac$(Bi(} bills, Men are €h©f«fi \niO the Icgiilatare an4 executive p^urta of fh^ . governnisni, nof f§ftmf icifowledge, hoi?bur, andhonefty, bftta^: Iticklern for dtpre^iilfifli (for private ends) the.^ur^encx, by moiti-, plied 9mi^m§i this ynt, l^ro, the parties amongftthe efcQors of iOembly^ mm wife diftlijg^iQied by the names of paper money n)9l^r»/if}4 th# €§ninfyi tlie paper poney, makers have got a majority in thf i6W«r h§mt and propofe a new ^miifion of aoo,obol O. T' I it i§ probsbli tb« *hoafc or board o^ afliftants will not con- cur j it if not fer Witlf §( papcr-$:urreiicy, at prefent they have more^, than cv§ri M»Sk€hti(§Ui-fiUy, where the b\ilk of their bills were loflged, bft¥f ftflf fh«m back accompanied with thfc bills of New- Hamp/bire) tiifif d«Agf}|« by quantity to dcpreciute the value of G 4 ' their 8| A Summary,, HutjO^mal md Political, &c. As a uble is the moft conciie and diftinft fqrm of reprefentin^ ieveral numeral articles relating to a.colonyi I ihall tibre reprefent each townihip, their late numbm pf proxies or freemen voters, their reprefentatives in genei:al ailbmbly, their juftices, their companies of militia, pe^luftration (1748) of whites, negroes, and Inuians. tf eir b'lls i ana lanjs nortgagcd for pnUiek billi will be redeemed in tliofe minorited biHt. at Wvery inconfidehible real value. In the nei|h< bottrine province of Maflachnfetti-Bay the prindptl direAors and ug- ners orbdbiing or notorloas cheat bilU (in the aft of parliament, 1741, it is termed a mifchievoat undertakinK and pablick nufance) wcfe by votes concurred by gov Sh ■• y, made couucellors, figncn of ^iihlick bills of credit, judges, juftices, &c. this to an impartiid reader niuft^appe^ar the greatell difregard of a minifter (all governors are in a mitiifterial capacity) to a£ts of parliament. To prevent this ntifance, in all ads bf aifdmblies concel-ning |>a|er money currencies, there TBizy be a clau(e, that any perfon cdnViAed of making, figntng, orA uttering any fal^, fraudulent, or counterfeit bills, be rend^ed^ in- capable of any place of profit or truft in faid province or colony. in Maflachttfetts Bay province DecetMbei' i748,theaA for drawing iir their bills of Credit, exprefly declares, ** that the bills of the neigh- bouring provinces have pafled promifcuoufly with the bills of our pro- vince ; and the ihhabitaHits of Maflachttfetts- Bay province will thereby beliable to greater evils than they have as yet luflTered, if the bills of the nifeighbouring jgpveriunents Continue current within the province » thei'efore,&d** parctculstfly every perfon fo acepnnting (extra provincial UUs reckoned up to a perfon or otherwdys evading in negociation) reeenring, taking, or pacing the fame, (hall, forfeit the fu^m of fifty piborids new tenoi' fbr every foch oiFen^ev. There bas lately hap- peb^d appblick cOntrdveHy in the BoftOn weekly news papers for Sept. 17^'', conceriiiifg die word accounting: this ought to be ex- plained' by lUne fUb%uent aA of aflS^mbly ; as there i* Mfcqvery of a bHnci|siid miniaeer, negociating In Boftqn (in & i. ;r m he thoftght evadaHet in the law) fome bills of New-Hampi.u.e : as he was a principal zgtht in retraining the currency of bills of the neigh- boujftikK provinces, if Intereft had not prevailed ag^inll common pru? 4en&, he would have evaded the negociating ot tbefe bills ip an^ manner though evadable in law. ^ , I^. B. To annibjlate plantation pap'er currencies in a general renfe, is very laudable ; bu| fo do it fuddemy ot in the fpace of one year, when there is no' o^h^r ^edium or currency, puts a fop tp all trade and bu/inefs ;' thii' obflruAion may divert our commerce into fcm^ other hahnel 'r' we have a i^ptable ifUUnce of this in the (fbvii cp o MaiTachttfetts^jBay, '7$0> , . Townfliips. Of Rhodb-Island. t9 1748. 1749. ComwMuet TownflUpi. Proxies.Repref.Jaftices.Wh)tet.Negroe«.*Indiani.MUitU. Hvwfon FwndeBce poftTmoiith Warwick Wefterlejr •NewShoreham North Kingftpn Sooth iUtigfton Gr«eiiwich Junes Town • Smithfield Scituate Gloucefter Charles-Town Weil Grecnwioh Coventry Exeter Middletown Briftol Tiverton Little CompCon •Warren Cumberland * Richmond 961 *$ St «3 «3 ao ^1 17 .4 45 58 II 9 *S 12 24 80 M 102 107 t2 73 II 888 T 4 4 ■4 2 > 2. 2 2 2- '2 '2. 2 ^Z ' t z 2 . 2 2 2' 2 2 2 2 ?s 9 IS 6 o 7 I O; 5 4 4 3 4 4 5 4 5 .4 3 119 5335 3«77 807 «5»r 1701 260 ii665 1405* 956 . 284 400 1210 "94 769 1103 S86 84« 1004 6co 802 50c 2843(> no I "5l >34 ^176- 59 29 184 380 61 IIP 16 8 'I 16 63 , 7(1 99 6a 50 4 5 }077 68 5<> 5« 93 49 to 86 193 «7 s6 20. 6 « — 303 I 7 8 18 «3 99 86 . 3° I. '57 4 5 I 3 4 I 3 3 2 I 3 5 3 I 2 ■ 2" » I .1 " 2 t I I I •itr. ni Jac;4.£5a£:^;^ N. B. The numbers of whites, blacks, and Indians for the townlhips of New Shdreham or Blpck-Ifland, Smithfield, Warrdi, andHichmphd, arepnlxej^iitiates^ and not an aftual cenfus. ni 4 aq When the qualification of a freeman, as formerly, wat low, the proxies or voters never exceeded 1 300 : ar pre*, fent the qualification. is better or higher, ^;;iclIfland colony pretended to the fettlements of liverton, Little Compton, Dartmouth, Rochefter, Sandmch, and Cape-Cod townfhips, becauie Plymouth grant is not faid to be bounded upon the ocean : but as this claim was nqt brought before a late court of commilBoners appointed by patent from 6reat-> Britain to fettle the eaftern boundaries of Rhode-Ifland colony, it may be fuppofed dropt and filenced. Lately in Rhode-Ifland, they have imagined a claim of jurifdi^lion further north than their prefent line ; taking in part of Wrentham, Bellingham, Mendon, Uxbridge, and Douglafs ; they were encouraged to this by their late fuccefs in the eaftern claim ; but when they complained home concerning the en- croachments of Maffachufctts-Bay, upon their eaftern borders, they, made no complaint of northern encroachments ; which if any, might have been adjufted by the fame commiffion without further charge : and when commiflioners were appointed, December i8. 1749, by the general aflembly of Madachui'etts-Bay, to join with commiflioners from the jurifdidtion of Rhode Ifland, to run and renew the line agreed on and fettled by both governments, Jan. 19* 1710-11 ; the Rhode-Ifland commiflioners did not appear. t The Rhode- Iflandcrs conflrued it that nothing could be concluded without the concurrence of Nichols ; and becaufc Nichols happened not' -'-"'■'-' •'■^ to 93 A Summary, MiSTdkicAL and Political, fire. miilioners ^ave the Attleborotigh Gore to Plymouth co- lony, that IS, Patucket alias Blackllonc |) river to be the dividing linie between thefe. two colonies ; the king's pleafure concerning this determination was never (ignified^ as it i^as not confirmed at home, it continued many yeats indifpute, and at length, determined by commiiuoners 1741, and confirmed by the king in council 1746, in fav6ur of Rhode-Iflandi it is now called Cumoerland townlhip, in honour to his royal highnefs the duke of Cumberland, and is annexed to the county of Providence. . Rhode-Ifland eafterly line dividing it from the prefent province of Maflachuletts-Bay was fettled by commifli- oners* 1741. Maffachufetts government appealed home againft every part of the judgment as grievous and inju- rious ; but the judgment in whole was confirmed 1746, by the king in council. In autumn 1 746, the governr ment of Rhode-Ifland fentto the government of Mafla- chufetts-Bay, a copy of his majcfty's order in council, affirming the judgment of the court of commiflioners, for fettling the boundary line between the two govern* ments, and by a£fc of affembly appointed commiflioners to run (Dec. 2, 1746) this late adjudged line with com- miflioners from Maflachufetts-Bay > thcaffembly of Maf- fachufetts-Bay could not be informed of this appointed time until their next fitting, December 24 ; thus Khode- Ifland contrived to run this line ex parte. For a mi- nute defcription of this line, fee vol. I. p. 399. Fbr Rhode-Ifland northerly line dividing this colony from the province of Maifachufetts-Bay,fee voj. I, p> 415. r-' . ■'.'.' to be one of the t^fee*ttiat concurrfd in the determination of the At- tlelMlrougK GorH they alledged the determination was not perfe^, wherew Nichols was plainly intended to have only a cafting vote when two were againft two. \ This river w&>J^ caUe4 by the name of Mr Blaclcftone, who removed from <]!t(faA»:huretcs-Bay and lived in this Gore, upqn that river» many years.' • 'y^J>*'^ ' * The lettling of this line "cot! each ^vemment about 4,qqo 1, Q. T. The commiflioners had from ea.ch goveinment 6s. flfprl. per diem, with all charges in coniirg, at, and returning from the congr^fj, .^-4^w.. ' • Southerly Of Rhode-Iblanp. 91 Southerly the colony of Rhode-Ifland is bounded upon the Tea or Atlantick ocean. . Its wefterly line dividing it from the colony of Con- nefticut was fettled by commiflioners from both co- lonies September 27, 1728 ; was afcertained by a direft line extending weft from the rock at the uttermoft point of Warwick neck, 20 miles, to a confiderable heap of ftonei in a cedar fwamp, the S. W. corner of War-^ wick purchafe. From this monument the line with Conne^icut is detertnined by running firft N. 7 d. £. by compaft, 23 miles 10 rod to. a large heap of ftones in a valley being between : two marked pine trees in the fouth Ime of the province of MalTachufetts-Bay, and foc^ the firft 7 and a half miles were made monuments every half mile, and from thence northward to the Mafia- chufetts fouth line, were made monuments at the end of each mile: from the faid monument the S. W. corner! of Warwick w^ made a foutherly running of 15 miles and 9 rod S. 1 1 d. 20 m. W. to the mouth of Aftra^ wage river where it falls into Pakatuke river ; and from thence Pakatuke river is the boundary to the fea. ^ Signed Roger Woolcot, James Wadfworth Daniel Palmer Dt, f orth, > 3 For ConnedicuL ■ ft- William Wanton, j Benjamin Ellery, f William Jenkes. J For Rhode- Ifland. , ■tfrrnyi The colony of Rhode Ifland have been very little I concerned in the Bricifh North- America wars with the adjacent Indians, and their encoliragers to rapine the '^ French of Canadia ; from the Quaker principles of many of the inhabitants, and as not being immediately expofed to the ravages of the French and their Indians. In the expedition againft Port-Royal ip Nova- Scotia, an. 1 710^ v land in the abortive expeoition againft Canada, 171 1, . .;. ..-, ..^ .- they: -=i/ ^4 A Summary, Historical tnd Political, Src. they had fome forces: towards the feint or intended expedition againft Canada, in the fummer 1746, they fitted out 300 land men with a warlike floop of 100 feamen % they were ordered for Nova*Scotia, but in their voyage fuffered difafters, never proceeded, and after ibme time this expedition was countermanded. They have been noted for privateering againft the French and s. Spaniards in time of war. They have built a good fort upon Goat-Ifland, an iflai)d in the harbour of Newport. . ^ The numbers of their whites, flaves, and other lifts, may be feen in a foregoing table. Concerning their courts of judicature. • Formerly the colony of Rhode-Ifland made only onr ■J. county : not long flnce it was divided into 3 counties, ^g^ewport. Providence, and King's county *, lately they have conftituted a -fourth county called Briftol, compre- hending the late addition from the province of Maflfa- , chufetts J Cumberland is in the county of Providence. ^^: Newport county contains Rhode-IHand (the townfhips of Newport, Portfmouth, and Middletown,) Block-Ifland (the townlhip of Ne\y-Shorehatn) Cartonicut-Ifland (the townfhip of James-Town) Prudence-Ifland, and Patiencc- Ifland,with the lately adjudged parts of Tiverton and Lit- tle^Compton. Providence county comprehends the town- fhips of Providence, Smithficld, Scituate, Gloceiler, War- wick, Coventry, Greenwich, Welt-Green which, and Cum- berland. King's county includes South- Kingfton, North* Kingfton, Exeter, Wefterly, Charles Town, and Rich' mond. The legidature, called the general court or general! adembly, fits the firlt Wednefday in May annually at| Newport, and at Providence and South-Kingfton alter- nately the laft Wednefday of Oftober. The form of their judicial oath or afHrmation does I not invoke the judgments of the omnifcient GOD, who feesl &c. itcndcd S, they oif 100 in their \d after They ich and a good )Our of her lifts, Of Rhodi-Islahd.^ 9§ only opp counties, atcly they , compre- of Maifa- rovidencc. :own(hip8 ock-Ifland Hand (the \Patiencc- n and Lit- the town- :ftcr,War- andCum- an. North- and Rich- or general I innually at| cfton altcr- liatton docsl ;OD, whol feet in ftcret, but only upon the peril of the penalty of penury, t ■' JuRiBfl. The town council of each townihip take a lift of all perfons liable by Uw, and whom they fliAll judge able and well qualified to ferve on juries, and ivf the fame before a town meeting; called for that purpofei and the names of all fuch perfons written on feparace pieces of paper* (hall be put in a box to be delivered to the town clerk, to be by him kept under lock tod key. When the precept or notification for returning of ju- rors is ifluol, at a town meeting the. box ihau beun* locked, and the town clerk fhall draw out fo oianf tickets, as there are jurors required, to be returned at jurors \ fuch as in the judgment of the town meeting are unable to ferve at that time, their names (hall be k- nirned into the box and others drawn in their (lead » the names of the perfons returned to ferve, (hall be put in another box from time to time, until all the ticketa be drawn as aforefaid ; then they (hall be returned into the firib, to be drawn from time to time as afore(aid« The town council (hall once a year lay before a town meeting fuch other perfons as may from time to time become qualified, to be put in the box. If by reafoa of challenge or otherways there are not a fufficient num- ber of good and lawful men to make up the jury, the jury (hall be filled up by the (herifF or his deputy de talibUs circumftantibus. Justices op the peace. The general aiTembly in their May felTions, chufe for each town fo many ju(- tices of the peace as they may find requifite, to be com- mifiioned by the governor or the colony under the (bai of the colony \ their power extends all over the county. A juftice may join perfons in marriage, take the ac-. ^ f This does not feem to be a facred or folemn oath, and may be iUaftrated by the ftory of two profligate thieves ; one of them had Helen fomething, and told his friend of it : well, fays his friend, but did any body fee you ? No : then fays his friend, it is yours as much at if you had bought it with your money . :' knowkdgment " 96 A SuMMAHY} HisTOKicAL and J^oLiTicAL* Bee. « knowledgment of a deed or ocb^r inftrument, take dA" pofitions out of court, the adverfe party being; notified. Two or more juftices may hear, try, and adjudge kll manner of debts, trei^iaiies, and other anions, not ex- ceeding five pounds currency i titles of lands are ex- cepted, and uich other actions as are excepted by any particular law of the colony. Three or more iufticei of the peace may try all peribns fuipeAed of thievins to the value of ten pounds currency. Appeals in civS cafes are allowed to the inferior court of common pleas, and in criminal cafes to the court of the general ieflions of the peace : the judgment of which court, on all ap- peals from the juftices court, is final. Sessions or the piacz. In each county are held twice a year, a court of general feflions of the peace, five juftices of the county making a quorum, impowered CO hear and determine all manner of matters and things relating tor the confervation of the peace, the punifhment of ofiendcrs, and all pleas of the crown (capital crimes excepted) are therein cognizable. * Any perfon aggrieved at the ientence of this court, may appeal to tM next fuperior court of judicature, court of aflize and general goal delivery. Inferior courts of common pleas, are held twice a year in each county •, three juftices of the faid court are a quorum : they have cognizance of all civil adions arifing or happening within the county, and tryable at common law, of what nature, kind, or quality foever: but no adtion not exceeding five pounds currency, is brought into any of thefc courts, unlefs where any man's freehold is concerned, or by way of appeal from any juftices court. Liberty of appeal from thefe inferior, courts of common pleas, is allowed to the next fuperior court of judicature, &c. Superior court of judicature, courts of aflize and general goal delivery, are holden twice a year in each county ^ thre t judges ar^ a quorum : they have cognizance of all pleas, real, perfonai, or.mixt, ks alfo . .^--->. .... pleas v 8te. )tified. \%t^ fiot ex- ire ex- by any jufticci tiievins in civil 1 pleas, feflions all ap- re held e peace, powered d thing! lilhment A crimes sgrieved 1^ next i general or Rhodi4iland. )f aflizc year in icy have ks alfo pleas 9f pleas of the crown, and caufes criminal, and matters fclating to the confervation of the peace, puniOiment of offiinders, and generally of all other matters, as fully and amply to all intents and purpofes whatfoever, as the court of comnran pleas, king's bench, or exchequer in his majefty's kingdom of England have, or ought to have, and are impowered to give judgment therein, and to award execution thereon, and make fuch necef- fary rules of pra^ice, as the judges fhall from time to time fee needful } but no caufe, matter, or thing (writs of error, capital crimes, &c. excepted) are brought into this court by an original writ or procefs, but by appeals from the inferior courts of common pleas. Appbals to his majesty in council are allowed, where the matter or thing in controverfy is the value of three hundred pounds new tenor, unlefs from judgment obtain'd upon a bon^, which "has no other condition buc for the payment of a (um or fums of money. They ap- peal to the king in council not only on perlonal, but alTo in real anions. A COURT OF CHANCXRY or delegates not long iince was erected \ but on their iniquitous proceedings in dif- penfing with all laws, no man's property was fate i it wai therefore difcontinued. The ordinary for probate of wills, and granting adminiilration, is in the rel'pedlive town councils, with appeals to the court of governor and aiTiflants. The court of vice admiralty confifts of the fame individual officers or perfons that officiate in Maffiichu- fetts-Bay, or by deputations from them. The justiciary court of admiralty is much of the fame nature with that of MafTachufetcs-Bay, ^ich an addition of the governor and fome of the council of the neighbouring province of Maflachufetts-Bay. Their prefent taxes of all Iqnds are very inconfiderablc ; the intereft of their publick loans generally defrays all Vol. II, H charges 9^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. charges of government aqd other needfuls both of the colony and particular towns. • i; , Navigation. Newport of Hh(»de4!i(land is their prin- cipal trading town at prefent ; lies in 41 d. 35 m. N. lat. it is of eafy and fhort accefs, being near the ocean, but for that reaibn not fo well fituated for home confump^ tion^ Providence is about 30 miles farther up Narra- gVifet-^bay inland, therefore in a few years it muft be their principal place of trade. For the fafety and conveniency of failing into the harbour of Newport, in fummier 1749 was eredted a light-houfe in Beaver-tail at a pu^lick colony charge. L I G H T - H O U S E. The diameter at the bafe is 24 feet, and at the top 13 feet. The height from the ground to the top of the cort nice is 58 feet, round which is a gallery, and within thai ftands the lanthorn, which is about 1 1 feet high, and 8 feet diameter. The ground the light-houfe ftands on is about 12 feet above the furfaceof the fea at high water. The following are the bearings (by the compafs) of fe^ veral remarkable places from the light-houfe, viz. Point Judith Block-Ifland. N. W. point Ditto S. E. point Whale rock Brenton's reaf Seal rock S. point of Rhode-Ifland "Watch houfe on.Caftle-hill Brenton's point Fort on Goat-Ifland S. eaftermoft of the Dumplins N. E. b. E. Kettle bottom rock N. E. Anchoring place between ^ the town of Newport and f N. E. b. E. Coalter*s harbour 3 s. w. s. w. S. W. b. S. W. E. S. £. £. S. E. E. E. N. E. E. N. E. E. N. E. 3 ^^eg. S. S. S. S. E. E. S. E. N. N. E. 8 5 9 4 10 7 4 4 5 N. B. There bf flHODE-ISLAND;' ^ tt. d* THeire b a fmall funken rock lies oWdiie $, and ai^ the diftance of about 200 yards from the light-hoiife. The eiftrances and clearances of veflels in the colledion, of Newport for the laft year of the late French and Spa« nilh war *, and for the firft year of the prefent peace. From 25 March 1747, to 25 March 1748. Ships Snows Brigs Sloops Schooners Entrcdin 2 3 20 27 4 Total 55. Cleared out 4 5 33 71 5 118' From 25 March 1748, to 25 March x749' Entredin 2 2 30 37 ' 4 Total y^ Cleared out 8 n 49 9 83 roo. The veflels ufed here are generally brigantines znd floops. Their trade in time of war conlifts much in privateering; this laft war they had bad fuccefs; not much trade with Europe; much ufed to fmuggling of contraband and uncuftomed goods ; they export for the Weft-India iOands^ horfes, live ftock of feveral kinds. butter, cheele, lumber, and rum of their own diftilling : their trade feems to be upon the decline; they import!': or rather carry to Bofton, fugar, molafles, and other Weft-'l India idand produce, a few negroes from Guinea, and logwood from the bay of Honduras. Ever fince 1710, tneir moft beneficial bufinefs has been banking or negociating a bafe fraudulent paper money currency, which is (b contrived, that amongll themfelves it comes out at about 2 and half per cent, per ann> interefl: and lend it to the neighbouring colonies at 10 per cent, f I a moft barefaced cheat. The intereft of thefe publick iniquitous frauds, one quarter goes to the feveral town- Ihips to defray their charges, the other three quarters are • ••• 1 A 4 • > ,,' J ; ) 1 V } 6 >? « f J B o ) ) > A f ^*' .' » > 1 4 C f t I > .- i 3 » a c s a * 1 » 4 • 3 3 4 t) '. i. there f I (hall onty mention their etniflion 1 744, of a poblick paper ■money credit of 160^000 1. O. T. upon pretext (as the preamble jexpfeires it) of the prefent Spanifh war, and of an impending French Iwv ; but was (hared amongil themfelves by way of loan at 4 per ct. ■per ann. intereft, for the firft ten years, and after the expiration of thofe ■ten years, the principal to be paid off gradually in ten years more Iwithoat any intereft. H a lodged * .< t < < • /■ • • I • • # t t t t I # • ' * ' • I * S I t f \ * % t ; * t ^ « # • * i » % e i * m » • |oo A Summary, Historical and Political^ &c. lodged in the treafury to defray the government charges of the colony. Produce. Rhode-Ifland colony in general is a coun- try for pafture, not for grain ; by extending along the ihore of the ocean and a great bay, the air is foftened by a Tea vapour which fertilizeth the foil ; their winters are fofter and fhorter than up inland ; it is noted for dairies, hence the bed of cheefe made in any part of New-England, is called (abroad) Rhode-Ifland cheefe. • Anno 1687, ^^^^ ^y aft of affeqbly taxes were re- ceivable in produce of certain fpecies, Indian corn was valued at 1 8 d. per bufhel, butter 4d. per pound, fheeps wool at 8d. per pound; currency at that time, pieces of eight at a denomination of 33 3 quarters worfe than fterling. The moft confiderable farms arc in the Narraganfet country. Their higheft dairy of one farm, communibUs annis, milks about no cows, cuts about 20Q load of hay, makes about 13,000 wt. of cheefe, befides butter; and fells off confiderably in calves and fatted bullocks. A farmer from 73 milch cows in five months made about 10,000 wt. 01 cheefe; befides cheefe in a feafon, one cow yields one firkin of butter, 70 to 80 wt. In good land they reckon after the rate of two acres for a milch cow. In this colony there is no college or fchola illuflris ; lately fome gendemen, lovers and encouragers of the libe- ral arts and fciences, to promote literature in the colo- ny, have in Newport, the metropolis of the colony of Rhode-Ifland, lately founded a library. That this may be of exemplary ufe to our other provinces and colo- nies, I fhall give fome account of it. 1 747, Abraham Redwood, Efq; beflowed 500 1. fieri, in books, being volumes, 206 folio's, 128 quarto's, 712 odlavo's, and 251 duodecimo's ; feveral other perfons have beflowed fome valuable books ; a gentleman of noted liberality has promifed an experimental philofophy apparatus, and to ere6l a fpiral monument with an obfervatory. Some gentlemen Of Ahode-Island. lot gentlemtn ineorportCtsd by an am^ - colony charter have contributed, tna upon ground, ^-iven by Mr. Henry Coliini, merehint, tte^ed a regular building for a li- braiy, At thecb4r|eof about 8,000 1. currency O. T. The building for the library confifts of one large room where the booki are kept, 36 feet long, 26 feet broad, and 19 feet high, with two fmall offices adjoin^ ing. The prindpal or weft front is a pediment and portico of 4 eolumfli after the Dorick order -, the whole entabUture of whieh, runs quite round the building. The two offices are placed as wings, one on each fide the portico, audconnelled with the body of the building, fo as to form two half-pediments proceeding from the lower part of the entablatupe. Thefe two wings, be- fides the coflvenienciei they afford, have a very good effe^ in ex^ndiflg as well as abiding variety to this front. The eaft front confifts of a plain Dorick pediment fup- ported by a ruftick arcade of three arches, in the recelTes of which are placed three Venetian windows, after the Ionic order, The eutfidc of the whole building is of ruftick work, and ftands on a bafe about 5 feet high from the ground, and the entrance is by a flight of fteps the whole width of the portico. Their charter con- ilitutcs them a body politick, by the name of the com- pany of ths Redwood library, with power to chufe an- nually eight dire^ori, a treafurer, fecretary, and librarian ; to admit new members, make laws, &c. It is to be wi/hed that a tafte for learning and books with the better fort of people may prevail in all our colo- nies. In Philadelphia, fome years fince, a company of gentlemen, well-wifhers to letters, have conftituted a con- liderable library « of this we fhall give fome account in the fedtion of Penfy Ivania, In Charles-town of South-Caroli- na, is ktely formed a library company, April 21, 1750, they confittcd of 128 members j their firft general meet- ing was ad wednefday of July 1 750 •, they arc to have four g;eneral quarterly meetings yearly, whereof one is the gene- ral annual meeting for ekfbion of of&cers, viz. prefident, H 3 vice- )02 A Summary, Historical ao4 Political, &c. vicc-prefidcnt, treafurer, fecretary, librarian, coirre- i^ndent, and fteward. The contributions of the th days, an odtavo or duodecimo in- — weeks, a quarto in- — weeks, a folio in months; of this we fiiall give a further account in the fedtion of South-Carolina. Rhode-Illand government * pretend to an extent of jurifdidtion further north than is at prefent fettled, (this we hinted at p. 91. of vol. II.) and takes off from the jiitifdiftion of Maffachufctts-Bay, confiderable pargels of the townfhips of Wrentham, Bellingham, Mendon, Ux- btridge and Douglafs. Commiflioners were appointed by the general afi^mblies of the province and colony, as is ufual, to run their divifional line laft autumn x 749 ^ reipediyely they did not meet, and the Rhode- Iflsind commiflfioners run the line ex paite, Jonathan Rapdal, H 8d fterl. which is about 34 s. fieri per annum. ; * The provincial taxes and townfhip rates having lately in the province of Maflachufects-Bay, from the wrongheadra management of—— been fo opprefTiveiy great, that, i. Upon a difpute be- tween the province of MaiTachufetts-Bay and colony of Connefticut, lately broached concerning fome townihips of the province indented with the colony ; the Maflachufetts townihips of Woodftock, Somers, Enfield, and Siiffield, did in a voluntary manner withdraw from the jiifrifdidion of Maiiachufetts, and put themfelves under the jurirdi£ti«n of ConoeAicut ; and by force or menace prevent the civil officers of MalTachufetts from exercifing any authority and gathering of taxes. 2. The Ma/Tachufetts townihips adjoining to the northerly line of Rhpde-Ifland colony, allowed the Rhode-Ifland men (in «n a£lual trefpafs) to run a line, without any oppoiition ; chufing rather to be under the jurifdidlioh of Rhode-Ifland, where the publick or coldny tixes are very fmall, and fometimes nothing, and no parifh or miiii- fterial rares, a very Hunting or difcouraging article in the poor new fettlement : thefe difputes cannot be conipofed, but by applying to the court of Great Britain at a great charge. Here we may obferve, that ill devifed exorbitant taxes occafion dilcontent amongft the people, with a charge, and confuf^on to the governments. ^ Thoma^ n ■*-,f- .v> Of RnODE-ISLi^ND. 105 f homas Lapham, and Richard Steern, Efqs; + were ap- pointed in Auguft 1 749 commiiTioners to run the line ac- corditig to charter : the commiflioners with Henry H^r- ris, Elq; furveyori and two chairmen, by thcmfelves run a line to their own mind, and made report laft Tuefday of February ly^^S^* ^^^' gothofOftober 1.749, no com- miflioners from Maflachufetts-B^y appearing, we proceed- ed : " We II could find no ftake or momument of Wood- « ward and Safferey, but from the place defcribed in our «* cothmifllion, viz. we found a place where Charles river <* formtd a large crefcent foutherly, which place is kn6wn « by thc-name of Poppolatick pond, which we took to be •* the fouthermoft part of faid river ; from thence we mea- *» fured three miles on a plain in Wrentham, one quarter of *' a mile N. eafterly from the dwelling-houfe of Thoma^ •* Man, and about a quarter of a mile S. eafterly from the « houfe of Robert Blake, where we marked a pine-tree ** andereded a nionument of ftones, and found the fame »* to be in lat. 42 d. 8 m. north, which we deemed the ♦' N. E. bounds of the colony. From faid pine-tree wc " proceeded to run the northern boundary line in a weft '* courfe of 8 an^ half d. variation, and in this courfe " marked many trees, faid line pafling ovef the fouther- " moft part of Manchoag pond, * and did terminate ♦* about thirty rods eaftward of a fmall pond called Oraffy- " Pond at a black oak tree which we marked with a mo- ** nument of ftones about it, as the north weftern bounds ** of the colony, being about twenty-two miles from fore-'- " laid pine-tree to laid black oak.****-^^ %- ^ '^ W? ^t Mi# t la Rhode- lilandgovernmont are fqulres many, becaufe annually eledlive^ and once a fquire always a fquire ; not long ftnce, a faced* ous gentleman met upon the road a Rhode- Jfland jufticfe of his ac- quaintance, bare legs and feet, di-ivlng a team in very foul -weathel^ he fainted him in this manner : your i^rvant fquife — 1, agj. fur* prized to fee a gentleman of your noted frugality, to wear.hi& beft Aockings and ihoes in fuch dirty weather. II Perhaps, according to inftrudions they defignedly did not find this proper monument. vi .^i. , »ivCit# i't *» • In the northern parts of Douglafs. -.^^^ , H4 « ^ Some 104 A Summary, Historical and Political, Set. Some time afterwards a new commifTion UTuedfrom each of the governments to perambulate the northern boundary of Rh^e-Iiland colony, by the (lake fet up by Nathaniel Woodward and Solomon Satiferey, purfuant to the agrees ment of the province and colony, Jan. 19,. i7i(>>ii. There is a cafe concerning Tome ministerial lands in this colony of confiderable value, claimed by the church of England, and by the prelbyterians or congrega* tionalifts ; this cafe has been depending almoft 30 years in the colony courts of common law, called the courts below, and before the king in council, and hitherto not iifued : a particular account of the cafe may be agreeable to the devotees of both fides. , , Anno 1657, the chief fachems of the Narraganfet country fold to John Parker, Samuel Wilbore, Thomas Mumford, Samuel Wilfon of Rhode-Ifland, and John Hull, goldfmith of Boflon, Petaquamfcut^Hili for fixteen pound i next year the fachem ot Nienticut, fold for fif- teen pound fome lands north of the faid purchafe, to the fame purchafers. The whole purchafe was about fifteen miles long, and fix or feven miles wide ; afterwards they aflbtiated Brenton and Arnold, jointly they were called the feven purchafers. Another company, called Atherton's company, 1659-60, purchafed lands of the Indians north of the faid Pet'^Quamfcut purchafe j thefe two companies had feveral controverfies .concerning their boundaries j anno 1679, ^^^^ came to a final accommodation. Anno 1 668, the Petaquamfcut purchafers by deed gave 300 acres of their bed land, for an orthodox parfon to preach God's word to the inhabitants : from this pro- ceeds ihe difpute, who is the orthodox minifter ? By the Khode-Ifland charter all profefllons of chriftians feem to be deemed orthodox ; by one of the firft a6ts of their legiflature, 1663, all men profeffing chriftianity, and of competent eftates, and of civil converfation, and obedient to the civil magiftrate, though of diife- 1*011 judgment in religiou3 affairs, Roman catholicks pnly :¥ .!■■ \r\ Of Rhode-Island. 10$ only excepted, (hall be admitted freemen, and fhall have • liDeity to chufe and be chofen officers in the colony, bodi civil and military. The boundaries with the Atherton company being finally accommodated, the Petaquamfcut purchafers, 1693, made a final divifion amongft themfelves, and amon^rft other company grants (120 acres to a mill, &c.) con- firmed the grant of 16^9, of 300 acres to an orthodox miniftry, which were lurveyed and lotted. Thefe miniilerial lands not being claimed by any ortho- dox minifter, anno 1702, Mr. Henry Gardiner enters upon 20 acres of it, and James Bundy upon the remain- ing 280 acres. Moft of the grantees fcem to have been of the church of England, but many of them fell off to an enthufiaftick feft in Warwick, called -f Gortonians, now extindl-, per- haps at that time there were no Prefbyterians or congre- gational people in Rhode-Ifland, and at this time it js faid there are in South-Kingfton more people of the church of England than of the prefbyterians and con- gregationaliils. 1 702, Mr. Niles, not ordain'd in any manner, preached in faid diftrift for fonic time, but never had pofleffioa from Bundy of the 280 acres ; in 17 10, he left Kingfton, and fettled at Braintree of Maffachufetts-Bay, 1 7 19, George Mumford bought pf Bundy thepoflfef- fion of faid 280 acres. Several inhabitants of the Narraganfet country having • They were not origifially of fo catholick and chriftian fpirit In ^aflachulctts-Bay co]pny ; the MaiTachufetts firft I'ettlers left England, becauieofanoppreffive tell ad, notwithftanding (fuch is the nature of zealous, furiqus bigotry and enthufiafm) upon their firil fettling, 1631, in Maflkchufetts was made a telt ad, that no perfon could be free of the colony, who was net in full communion with fome of the^r churches in the independent congregational model. Here we fee that pricfts and bigots of all religions are naturally the fame ; the peo- ple of Ntw-England are become good chriftian catholicks. f From Mr. Gorton their lcader» this fedary is nowlodorex- tind i it did not fuxvive Mr. Gorton^ the father of the fed. petitioned io6 A Summary, Historicai. a^d Political, &e. V iK petitioned the bifhop of London, and the focietv for pro« noting the gofpd in foreign parts, for a mifliontrf) Mr. Mc. Sparren was appointed 1721, and Mr. Gardiner delivered his zo acres which he had in poflfefTion, to the church of England incumbent. Mr. Guy before Mc. Spar- ten's time had been appointed mifTionary, but foon left It; Mr. Mc. Sparren upon a writ of ejedtment 172^ agdinft Mumford for the 280 acres, grounded upon the confirmation 1679, and the laying out 1693, the ori- ginal grant of 1668 being fecreted, was caft in two tryals} he appealed to the king in council, but the fociety for propagating the gofpel refufing to meddle in the affair, the matter refted, and Mumford kept poflcflion. The prelbyterian incumbent minifter, Mr. Torrey, the firil incumbent of ordination, brought an adlion rerfus Gardiner for the 20 acres, but was caft •, and Mr. Mc. Sparren, the church of England incumbent, brought and recovered ejedment againft Robert Hazard tenant td Mr. Torrey. 1732, Mr. Torrey brought an adlion of fcje^mcnt againft Mumford ; both inferior and fuperior court gave it for Mumford ; but upon Torrey*s appeal to the king in council, thefe verdidts were difallowed, and poHenion ordered to the incumbent Mr. Torrey, 1734 — The mem- bers of St. Paurs church of England in Narraganfct, April 7, 1 735> addrefled the fociety for propagating the \ gofpel, &c. for their afliftance in advice and expcnce, but to no purpofe. 1735, by advice from England, Mr. Torrey conveyed the faid 280 acres which he recovered of Mumford, to Peter Coggfhal and five others in fee in truft for himfelf ^nd his fuccelTors in the prelbyterian miniftry : the faid truftees leafed the fame to Hazard for a few years. 1739, the original deed of the minifterial lapds in Petaquamfcut purchafe, which had been fecreted, coming to light, Dr. Mc. Sparren in behalf of himfelf and fuc- cefibrs in St. Paul's church of South-Kingfton, by the adv.ce of his lawyers, capt. Bull, col. Updike, and i, ,, ^ ■■■■■' %:-\::i^& EliODE-I»fi^P^ M edge Auchmuty, brings a new writ of ejeflment ugainft azard the occupant or tenant of the faid 280 acrei^ was caft in the courts of Rhode-IHand, but allowned an appeal to the king in council, which, for fonie rcafont has not been entered, nor petitioned for a hearing. For the information of the curious, of after-times, I ihall here infert the valuation or quota of each town- (hip towards a publick colony rate of ^000 1. new tenor. Anno 1747. Newport Providence Portfmouth Warwick Weftcriey N. Shorenam North Kingfton South Kingfton Eaft Greenwich James-town Smithfield Scituate 1. 825 550 276 239 270 83 325 450 125 100 274 132 Gloucefter Charles-town W. Greenwich Coventry Exeter Middletown Briftol Tiverton Little Compton Warren Cumberland Richmond* I. 118 7S Z 125 149 140 167 "5 The affair of currencies in general is left to the ap« pendix ; at prefent we fhall only hint, that in the colony . of Rhode-Ifland from the votes of their general aflem- bly, it appears," that in February 1 749-50, their publick bills of credit current were 525,3351. O. T. (whereof upon funds of taxes i35>335l. i the reft upon loan not to be finifhed until 1 764) which is fufRcient to carry on the trade and bufinefs of the colony even at their prefent depreciated value; and the prefent defign oi" emitting 200,000 1. O. T. more upon loan, is not as a further medium of trade, but a knavilh device of fraudulent debtors of the loan money, to pay off their ' loans at a very depreciated value*, the threatnings of Connedlicut gbvcrnment to prohibit the currency df.; r -^ " f . Rhode- N iti A Summary, Historical and Political* &c. Rhode-Ifland bills in cafe the Rhode-Iflanders emit moir, will be an advantage to the fraud } becaufe Rhode-Ifland will then have fuch a drug of their own and New-Hamp- ihire bills as to render them of little or no value, conie- quently a real debt or mortgage may be difcharged by a little or no value. In Attleborough Gore or Cumberland of this colony are great variety of iron-rock ores, but unprofitable ; here we (hall give a fhort account of the metallick ores and minerals hitherto difcovered in New-England ^ fee p. 540. vol. I. Mr. Baden, an ingenious miner and eflayer, not many years fince, was fcnt over to New-England from England by a company of gentlemen in que^of metal- lick ores and minerals; he found, i. Iron ore, (both rock and fwamp or bog ore) in plenty but not profii|- able. 2. Lead ore near MerimacK, and Souhegan rivers, but not plenty, and fo intermixed with rock and fpar, is not worth working. 3. Copper ore in Simfbury hills, in the colony of ConneAicut, near Connecticut river; three different companies ( Belcher and Cafwel, Mr. Bpwdoin and company, Goflfand company ; this laft was a bubble of Shodes) have wrought thefe mines with a confiderable lois, and for fome years have been negleded ; Mr. Bel- cher erected a fmelting furnace in Boilon for his copper ore, but to no purpofe. 4. Silver ore in Dracut near Merimack river ; a furnace was eredted in Bofton for fmelting this ore, but the ore proved a cheat of col. V — m*s, and all mifcarried. In Attleborough Gore fome copper ore intermuced with iron ore, which is a detriment to the iron ore, and of no profit as to copper. We have fome allum-date or (lone, but no fait fprings, no pyrites of vitriol ftone, fuch as is found on both fides of die river Thames along the Kentifh and Efiex fhores in England, no lapis calaminaris. VV'e have plenty of fevcral forts of earths, called boks or ' ' ~ okers, which can afib land, h\ Of Rhodi-Island; 109 oken, fuch as black lead in Brimfidd of MaflSichufetti- Bay near ConnedHcut river, rudle or red oker in manv places, and fome fmall quanuries of yellow oker, which is the only valuable oker. Our only metallick ore at prefent under improvement is that of iron, and may be reduced under the following heads, i. Furnaces for fmeltlng of rock ore into pigs % in Attleboroudi, now Cumberland, annexed lately to the jurifdidtion of Rhode-Ifland, were eredted at a conuderable charge three furnaces } the country was well wooded for coal, but the ore proved not good or profitable, and is negleded $ the^ were of fome fmall ufe' in the late war in cafting of imall cannon, bombs, and bullets. Here is a magnatick iron ore, which yields a red (hot iron, not good. 2. Smaller furnaces for fmelting of fwamp or b^ ore into hollow or caft ware, pots, kettles, &c« which we can afford cheaper than from England or Holland. 3. Bloomeries, which from bog or fwamp ore without a furnace heat, only by a forge hearth, re« duce it into a bloom or femiliquidated lump to be beat into bars ; commonly three tuns of this ore yields one tun of bar iron, much inferior to the bar manufac- tured by the refiners of pig iron imported from the New-York, Jerfies, Penfylvania and Maryland fur- naces. V Col. Dunbar, late furveyor general of the woods in America, anno 17319 reported to the board of trade and plantations, that in New-England were fix furnaces, meaning hollow ware furnaces, and nineteen forges, meaning bloomeries, for at that time we had no pig furnaces, no pig refineries. In New-England, we have two flitting mills for nail rods, one in Milton eight miles from Bof^on, and an- other in Middleborough about thirty miles from Bofton, which are more than we have occafion for. Our nailers can afford fpikes and large nails cheaper than from Eng- land, but fmall nails not fo cheap. RlLlCIOKf )ro A Summary, Historical and Political, Ice RBLiorOFT, or rather the Tarious reli^ons in the colony of Rhode-Ifland. The Re^. Mr. Cotton Mather in a folio hiftory of New-Ensland, which he calls Magnalia, ice, writes, that anno 1695, (book VII. chap. 3. p. 20.) ** Rhode' Ifland colony is a colluvies of antinomians, ** familifts, anabaptifts, antifabbatcrians, arminians, fo« ** cinians, quakers, ranters, and every thing but Ro- ** man catholicks, and true chridians -, bona terra, mala ** gens," he fhou]d have added fome brownifts, inde- pendents, and congregationalifts, but not formed into lodeties or congregations. In this colony are no townfhip or parifh rates for the fupport of ecclefiafticks of any denomination ; only the church of England miiTioIiaries, minifters, and fchool- mafters have falaries from England by the fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts ; and the congre- gationalift minifter in Weflerly, as a miflionary amongit the Narraganfet Indians, has an exhibition fronri an in- corporated fociety in Scotland, called a fociety fOr pro- pagating chriftian knowledge. In the addrefs of the feveral plantations, (ince united by charter into one colony called Rhode- Idand, to the fupreme authority in England 1659, they call themfelves a poor colony, " an out-caft people, formerly from our " mother nation in the bifhops days, and (ince from " the new Englilh over zealous colonies." The plantations of Rhode-Ifland were originally fettled by people privately whimfical in affairs of religion, an- tinomians, rigid brownifts, &c. their firft embodied fo« cieties of publick meeting were anabaptifts (the true en- thuiiafts were only tranfients or vagrants) and to this day feem to have the majority in the colony. In ge- neral they differ from the other two branches (prelbyte- rians and independents of the profefTions in England to* lerated by licence) folely in their admitting only of adults to baptifm, and that not by fprinkllng, but dip- ping or immerfion •, private perfons among themfelves differ in particular tenets, fuch as, it is unlawful to pray , . with Of Rhodk-Islamd. Ill with or for any praAkal unbelievers— -^Thtt human learning is no way neccflfary for a gofpel-preacher — — (liHerenccs as to grace and free-will, occ. — - Some have no particular place of meeting or worlhip : We (hall give a more particular account of th<^ fcdancs amongft the anabapti^s in the digreflional article of Britiih plantation fe^taries in religious worfhip. The Quakers, perfecuted in Mailachufetts-Bay, firft came to Rhode-Idand 1656, and feveral of the moft en- thuiiaftick amongll the anabaptifts joined with them; the congregational way did not take place until 1698 » Mr. Honyman the Brft fettled church of England mif- fionary, fixed in Newport of Rhode-Ifland 1706, he was the fcnior church of England milTionary, and died lately. The baptifls or anabaptifts of Providence, 1 654, di- vided into two fedts concerning the eflential necefTity of laying on of hands (ordination) as a qualification in a perfon to adminif^er baptifm : the laying on of hands at length generally obtained — There is a ftridt afibciation of the ordination baptifls by itinerant yearly meetings all over New-England once a year.— 1665, a baptilb church or congregation was formed in the new planta* tion of Wefterly, and generally embraced the feventh day or faturday fabbath, and are at prefent a large fociety, called fabbaterian baptills— 1671, from the labbaterian baptift church of Newport fome drew off, and formed a firft day fabbath church. 1720, in Newport was gathered a fociety in the con- gregational wayi 1728, another church of congrega- tionalifls proceeded from them -, their firil confiderable appearance, but without any place of publick worlhip^ was 1698. — There is a congregational fociety in Provi- dence, but do not thrive. — There is a congregational I meeting in South-^ingfton, which we have mentioned at length in the account of the minillerial lands of Peta- quamfcut. — There is a congregational church in Wefter- {ly, the minifter has an annual exhibition from the Scots , . fyckty 11} A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Ibcie^ (91 propagating of chriftian knowledge amongft the mnrj^ganfet Indian^ as his province ; the fund was partly the donation of the Rev. Dr. Williams of London. .—There is a congregationalift fociety in Shoreham called Block-Ifland. — And fome in townfhips lately taken from the province of Ma0achufetts-Bay, and annexed to the colony of Rhode-Kland. The church of England fociety for propagating the goipel in foreign parts, in this colony have four miflionary minifters at Newport, S. Kingfton, Providence, and Bri- ftol, and occafional worfhip at Warwick and Wcfterly, two fchool mafters with falaries, and lately in Newport a catechift or fchool-mafter, a donation of their late col- ledor of die cuftoms, Mr. Keys. Here is no prefbyterian congregation after the model of the church of Scotland, Holland, Geneva, and the French hugonots. Many quaker meetings all over the colony. Civil officers are chofen indifferently out of every re* ligio'js fociety ; fotne years fince Mr. Cranflon was con- tinued governor many years as an impartial good man; he did not aflbciate with any fe£t, and did not attend any publick meeting ; as the charter grants an univerfal li- berty of confcience, he was a keep-at^home proteftanc A fmall congregation of jews, who worfhip at a pri> vate houfc, where a clerk or fubordinate teacher regularly officiates at all cunftituted times. A Digression concerning the various fedaries in re- ligion, in the firitifh fettlements of North- America. With regard to religion, mankind may be diftin* guifh^ into three general fedts, i. infidels, 2. fcepticb, 3. the religious, properly fo called, coniifting of many peculiar modes or fchemes of praftical devotion. The religious are divided inC^ chriftans, &cc, there we write concerning chriftians only. The Of Khppi ^Island. "# The facred fcriptures, C2m0d Qur Bible, is the magnA chanaofall chriftmn focicties ^ this book or bible is a moft valuable collection of moral precepts, fometiipes delivered in plain Hteial fenteoces, but generally by way of myftery, fable, allegory, allufion, and the like, as was the manner of the eaftem fages and writers of thofe times. I am a catholick chriftian, no libertine, no enthufiaft, no bigot ; what I relate is purely hiftorical ; bifhop Tillotfoh writes, '' the zealots of all parties hav^ « got a fcurvy trick of lying for the truth." It is the general opinion of politicians, that a proper deference to a well regulated clergy is requifite in a com-» monweakh } notwithltanding, and not inconfiilent with this due deference, I may be allowed to make the fol- lowing remarks concerning the converfions or propaga- tion of chriftian knowledge among our American Indi- ans : I (hall premife the obfervations of fonie good men who were knowing in this matter, before the tniflionary focieties did take place. * Mr. Elliot minifter of Roxbury near Bofton, with much labour learnt the Natick dialed of the Indian languages. He publifhed an Indian grammar, pr^h6d in Indian to * At our firft arrival pinong the American Indians, we foand no places and timet of religious worfliip, only fome priefts called Pow- 9wers, a kind of knayiih canning conjurers, like thpfe in Lapland, who pretend to converfe with familiar ipirits. After fome yetlrs communication with the neighbouring Indians, thefe Indians of theqifclv^ cfta^iihed fome good and natural regula- tions; fttcl^as— If aa^ man be idle a week, or at moft a fortnieht, heihaU pay five ihillipgs.— Jf. an nnnurried man (hall lie wiu a young woman unmarried, he (hall pay twenty (hillings. «— Every young man* not a (ervant, fliall be compelled to fct up a . wigwam (a honfc or hutt) «nd plant for himfelf — If any yromaa (haU not have her hair tied up, but hang loofe, or be cut as men's hair, (he (hail pay five (hillingst — Whoever (hall commit fornication, if a man, (hall pay ao s. and if a woman, i o s. — None to beat their wives, penalty to s. The Pbwowers, who are the Indian ph^ftcians as well as priefts ; any perfon inclinable to the chriftian religion, when fick, and weak minded, are ufed as we chriftians of di(Ferent feds of re« ligion ufe one another, that is, damn them if the/ do not aflent to the f^jth of the prieft. ,. ^^ Vol. II. I * fcvcral ri4* A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ■ *^.) , feveral of nihfitf tribes, and tranllated' 1664 our bible atid feveral books of devotion into the faid Indian, lan- guage} he relates feveral pertinent natural queries of the Bdiahs relating to our religion. Whether Jesus Christ the inediiatot or interpreter, could underftand prayers in t;he Indian language r How men could be the image of God, fince images were forbidden in the fecond com- Hiandment ? If the-father be nought, and the child good, ^hy^ ihould God in the fecond commandment be of. fended with the child ? with many other intricate que* , flions concerning our accounts of the creation and the flood, particularly, how the Englifh came to diifer fo tiluch from the Indians in their knowledge of Goo and Jesus (^Thrist, fince they had all at firft but one father? Mr. Elliot was fo much approved of, that in relation to the Indians, in the adbs of the general afiembly, the afts run thus, " By the advice of the faid magiftrates and ** of Mr. EHioti" Mr. Elliot travelled into all parts of the MafTachufetts and Plymouth colonies, even fo far as Cape-Cod. Mr. Mayhew, a noted Englifh evangelifl:, -f* or itine- rant miilionary among the Indians, more efpecially with the. Indians of Martha Wineyard, Nantucket, and Eliza- beth idands} he learnt the Indian language, that he might be in a capacity of inftrufling the natives in the chriflian faith*, his father had a kind of patent from i home^ as proprietor and governor of thefe illands. All our miflionaries who have endeavoured the con* ^ ycrfipft of the Indians, have been guilty of a grand fun- ^.damental midake, which if not amended, will forever render their real converfion impradlicable. The clergy ^ ttiiffionarics began by inculcating the moft * abftrufe :-V ^-':^":^^:'^v ■■ ■ ^ ^ ■ ■ ■ ■ and - ' f In Kis voyage to England 1657, the vefliel foundered at fea, and X 'he was. loft. : * " Ai it is generally agreed amongft chriftians* tl^at reyelations, and ^inyfterles or miracles are cea^d«; relidon is .become a rational' affair, and ought to be taught in plain intelligible words. The bafis -.. ... ^ of andm; 6fallr#i fnm U inttodm pjaifes H invit»i A datum} S9H I wi Ghqst f the fame head; w\ ma/ be Ii ftrufe fmt ou^hr Ml Th« Ml hettben h of the leby opinion of Q!»eftioi AnAver. Qjiefttei Anfwee Th« oj into the IM ^ow ml Who I,] Whst h\ Good wj will and fn ing to OHf 1 the fr9$ uei ai^ions, tbi thegreargtf Their inl with the ml taries, be§;f people are Tiftent wifhi t(> be g004l Of Rhode-Island. "5 and myiUrious mkki of the chriftian religion. Mr. May- bbwin bil joUrrtilly writes, *^ That the Indians^ declared 5h-r <*rr.«i , i ■ • ' faith * The to the Indii true and ze fiaftick turn cerning the hand, [ wa prevent the year 1744. foDietimes he had thr< Is there an gofpel in fc \ Of Rhode-Island, m u h u i i-V I i 7 faith in any fcheme of practical religion ; thejlefs intricate, more comprehenfive, and cor>fequcntly notfubjc<^ to iplit into feiflaries : all enthufiailical or juggling fchemes of devotion arc a nufance •, the Wh ^id (an infignificant perfon, but a happy dramatick a6tor of enthuCafm) new-- lights, pretend to know one another at 6r(l fight as much as if they were of the order of free-mafons. ^^ ' In formK.r times, before hired miflfionaries from incor* porate focieties took place, the voluntier provincial miffionaries, viz. Mr. Elliot, Mr. Mayhew, &c. of New- England^ who believed what they taught, were of exem- plary good lifd, and fparedi ho fatigue,, were of great fervice in civilizing oar intermixed Indians, though their faith was not ftrong enough to carry tliem out among the tribes of our adjacent wildernefs Indians. We have fcarce any account to give of the late miffionaries from the three feveral focieties now fubfifting for propagating of chriftian knowledge amongft the wild Indians, or men of the woods, 9s the French call them. The Albany church of England miffionary, fomctimes vifits the ad- jacent tribe of Mohawk Indians of the Iroquois nation. The congregationalift miffionaries from the New-England fociety in London upon the New-England frontiers at Gorges, Richmond and Fort-Dum mer, aft only as chaplains to thefe fmall garrifons of ten or a dozen men each. Mr. * Brainerd, a late miffionary upon the frontiers of ,, : the * , ' >t! mil .rtai'tFi'nt * The rev. Mr. Brainerd, a miffionary from the Scot's fociety to the Indians upon the rivers of Delaware and Sefquahanna, was a true and zealous miffionary, giving allowances for his weak enthu- fiaftick turn of mind. In his printed book, Philadelphia 1 745, con- cerning the Indian converfions, " at a diftat^ce with my bible in my hand, I was refolved if poffible, to fpoil their fpirit of Pcrvowing, and prevent their receiving an anfwer from the infernal world." In the }>ear 1744* he rode about 4006 miles to and fro among the Indians, fometimes 6ve or fix weeks together, without feeing a white man ; he had three houfes of refidence at diftances in the Indian countries. Is there any miffionary from any of the focieties for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, that has reported the like ? , . 1 \ ' Enthufiafm 1 18 A Sui^MAiiy, Historical and Political, &c, the Jcrfies' iihd' rcnfylvania upon the exhibition of thp Scbt^ fi>cicty for propagating chriftian knowledge, fecmsi to have biech the only minifter who faithfully performed the fcrvice of an Indian miiTipnary. In all royal charters, and proprietary grapts of colonic^ in Britifh North-Arperica, one of the principal defigns 19 faid, to be the converfion of the Indians by good inuruc* tion and an exemplary good life : the milTionaries fron) the fociety do not in the leafl: attempt the converfion of the Indians, becaufe it requires travel, labour, and hard- Ihips : and the Britilh people in genera], inf^ead of chriftian virtues, teach them European vices ^ for inftc^nce, by in- trodtjcing the ufe of intoxicating liquors, for ptivat^ profit, they difpenfe more ftrong liquor than gofpej tp the In- dians i ^hd thus h^ve deftroy*d, and continue to deftroy perhaps more Indians, than formerly the Spaniards did, by their inhumane and execrable cruelties, under the name of converfions ; thi; Spaniards deftroyed only their bodies, we deftroy body and mind. Mr. May hew in his journals writes, that the Indians told him, that, ''they could not obferve the benefit of chriftianity, becaufe the Engiifii chriftians cheated them of their lapds, &c. and th^ ufe of books made them more cunning in cheating." In hi^ Indian itineraries, he "defired pfNinicroft, f^chem of the Narraganfet Indians, leave to preach to his people: {sfinicroft bid him go and make the Ertgiilh good firft, and Gnthunafm in the Roman Catholick mifnonaries is encouraged by tl;eir ;:hurch and ftates ; it prompts them ( fo|iie as merit, fppie as psnance) po endure all manner of hardfhips towards promoting, not only their rejligion. but alfo their trade and national intereft with the Indians. Religious ffiperftitions, by falling in with the weak and en- thufiadick natural prpp^nfities of mankind, are very powerful; but in time Qught tO \e re£ljfied, as reafon gets the better of thefe human p^rmities. As Arong reafpning is not accommodated to the bulk of mankind, credulity of rcyelafion is a more eafy pofleffion of the mind ; withput revelapon a man is quite at a lofs, from whence he came, fpr what purpofe he exifts, and where he is to go when he peafcs to live : there is u ftrong propenfity in human nature to religion; fome abandoned politicians make a wrong ufe of this, to promote dieir wicked defii'ns. ambitions, and intercfts. ^'■'^•' ' ■ ' ■ . chid chid Ml and lab( Mohog and wor ways of good wi form of ' Seeing of the In lation to in the r miinicatl London continent civilizing confidera 2, Our 1 them ferv thus a too In Penfyl Salt(bilrg| a gentlen tration, a am inforr ilemen, > ducing of ■f- This a late vagrj oratory, fo| like impoftc reproach tol II As to tl a name or vantage, avoid (with| ^'ons in a r..eddle wit! commiflaryl officious. Of Rhode-Islakd. 119 chid Mr. Mayhcw t for hindering him from hisbufinefs and labour •/* in another, place Mr. May hew v^irfifs^,*/ tl>e Mohog Indians told him, that they did b^licy^x^^^^jfdg and worfhip him, but asfeveral nations had ithdifd^tin^ ways of worfhip, they had theirs, whith they thought^ good way." The Indians were entirely wanting, in ;^y^|et form of religious devotional worihip. - , ^,j ./. , ^ L- ' ' Seeing the religion mifllonaries negledt the cohverfioa of the Indians, and take no further care than, with re- lation to their falaries or livings, and of bein^ Rationed in the moft opulent towns» which have no more copfir miinication with the favage Indians, than the jcityl^Qlf London has; the refpedive governments upon ijie continent of America ought to contrive fome method pf civilizing the Indians, which will be attended with niapy confiderablc advantages, i. Our own tranquility, 2, Our Indian fkin and fur trade. 3. By rendering them lerviceable to us in our agriculture and; navigation; thus a too great importatiort of ibreigners may be avoicjed. In Penfylvania has been a vaft importation of. Palatine^, SaltlbUrghers, and other foreigners. By a late letter, ftor]! a gentleman of Philadelphia, a man of veracity, pene- tration, and authority in the province of Penfylvania, I am informed ; (this I publifti with relation to thofe gen- tlemen, who feem inadvertently to infift upon. the. juitro- ducing of floods of foreigners among us :) ■ i^iai^r^^-i^^i^ •j- This faying of Ninicroft's was very applicable to Kfr.Wh— Id, a late vagrant d amatick enthufiall in North- America ; H— ly of the oratory, fo called in London, an ecclefiaftical mountebank; and fuch like impoftors, ought to be animadverted upon ; they are a fcandal ahd reproach to the chriilian religion. II As to the converfion of Indians they make it a fine-ciire, or only a name or free gift, and may be enjoyed any where to the fame ad- vantage. As an .hiftorian upon the place of obfervation, I could not avoid (without fufpicion of partiality) reprefenting thefe mifapplict- -ions in a true and proper light, being a publick afHiir; I do not jT.eddle with the perfonal chara£ler of any miilionary } if the bifliop's commiflary has any authority, it is his office and care ; I avoid being oificionst • . „ . , V . rii t'- -u'.. -^M^rw .^ M4 .■ -^- • ' ■■' That '•*■ n* -{^^''i b-j.ioi S20 A Summary, HiSTORitAt and Political, &c. ...:** That the Germans in all probability, allowing fop prG|;refs of time, will bepofleiTedof the chicfeft and moft valuable of our lands -, by thrir induftry and penurioui way of living, get rich where others ftarve : the Irifl) were fettled this fide of Sefquahanna river many years be- fore the Dutch (meaning the high Dutch or Germani) came among us, and wherever they had a good plantation, the Dutch £)ught it from them ; at prelent the Irilh fa. miiies arc but here and there on this fide of faid river •, they move to the weftward of the river } the Dutch follow them, and by offering high prices foe their lands, the Irilh quit, and go further ; the Dutch by their fuperior induftry and frugflity may out the Britifli people from the pro< vince." This province by importation of foreigners docs at prelent, in rencible Men, very near eiqual all the Eng. lifh or Britiih militia, in the Englifh or BritiQi conti- nent of America j in cafe ot a French or Dutch war, thefe Dutch or German foreigners by herding or fettling togc. ther, retaining and propagating the language and diSe- rences in religious worfnip \ upon a difcontentor difaffcc- tion (better we never had one foreign family fettled among us) may become not only a ufelefs, but a pernicious body. The miflionaries from the fociety in London for pro- pagating the gofpel, &c. call all diflenters, the fepara- tion : Mr. Kobart, f a late noted congregational writer, fays, this fociety and their miflionaries are epifcopal fe- paratifts ; both fides are notorioufly in the error. William George, D. D. dean of Lincoln, in his late fermon before the fociety for propagating the gofpel, &c. fays, " Cir- *' cumftances in worlhip, in their nature variable, arc ** left to be determined by the difcretion of thofe, whofc *' bufinefs it is to fee that .ill things be done decently and ♦* in order.** There • n^nhf ^\-'i'4.- •f Mr. Hobart (perhaps from part)N.prejudIce) a gcntlcm.'m of learning and application, has fallen into a very grofs miiUke, viz. 'i'hat thf church of England is a reparation in New-England. Before th($ Of Rhode-Island. ;>/.'.t'^ III There are in Great-Britain three incorporated pious focietiet * for propagating chriftian knowledge. I Ihall here give fome account of them, with relation to tht Britilh North- America fettlements. , ■ ■ " "" I. Anno 1659, the parliament of England encouraged the propagation of the gofpel among the Indians in New- England and parts adjacent *, and enabled a corporation* confiding of a prefident, treafurer, and 14 afllftantSt called, The prefident and fociety for propagating the gof- pel in New-England and parts adjacent \ that the com- nlifTioners for the united colonies of New-England foi^ the time being, fhall have power to difpofe of laid mo- nies of the corporation, fiy a collection in virtue of an adt of parliament, in all the parilhes of England, was collefled a confiderable fum, which purchafed a confide- rable land eftate. Upon the reftoration, their charter was deemed void, and col. BeddingBeld, a Roman catho- lick military officer, who had fold lands to this fociety, the union of the two kingdoms of Great-Britain 1 707, the ecclefiaf- tical conftitution of the Englifh American plantations, was (Roman catholicks excepted) a general toleration of- all chriOian profeflions without any preference. In the treaty for this union, it was nattt> fiilly agreed by the commiflioners, and afterwards confirmed in per- fitrtuity, by a^s of both parliaments ; viz. that the church of Eng- and was to be deemed the eftablifhcd church, with the eftablithed toleration, in all the formerly Englifli colonies, by this expreflion, '* and territories thereto (to England) belonging/' I cannot accotint for the reverend Mr. Hobart's lapfe into that fophiftical fchool-boy'v evafion, that the territories thereto belonging, is meant of the Jerfey iflandsonly, but not of the plantations ; the adl of uniformity, i558,< t Eliz. is out of the quel) ion, bechufe at that time we had no pUn- tationi, therefore I fhali not adduce it. In the Aridl a£l of ttnifbri^ity , 14 Carol. 11; there is no addition nf territories thereto belqngii^^ (the Jerfey iflands at that time belonged to England) all the charter and proprietary grants had a claufe of a general libci:ty ofconfcicnce (Roman catholicks excepted) in their colonies, to encou- rage Itttlcrs of all ieftaries ; becaufe an excluftve uniformity occa> fiuns much dillradion and confufion among the good chrillians of fe- veral denominations, and niigh^ havr been an obilruwlion ^9 the fettlements. '.-■•:' "'»■: - i^i- *•''- <>"• - • Sec vol. I. p. 231. ; .-.-v-.-.; , '■ .. ■ ^ za >^::v'm - ■ '-" wa? 122 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. was tdylfcd to feize them as being an illegal purcWe, and under viUue. The members of the fociety follicited K. Chatles II. for a new charter, which they obtained, doted February. 7, 14 Carol. II ; ordaining that for ever Jiereafter withia the kingdom of England, there Ihall be a fociety or company, for propagation of the gofpel in New- England and the parts adjacent in America : the ftrft no- minated members were of the higheft rank and ftations at court; their fucceflbrs to be chofen by the fociety, but never to exceed the number of 4^. In chancery they recovered Mr. Beddingfield*s land. Robert Boyle, Efq; was appointed the firft governor •, upon his dc- ccaie, Rx)bert Thompfon was eleded -, and upon his death Sir William Afliurft of London, alderman. The prefent ' governor is Sir Samuel Clark, baronet, who fucceeds his rather Sir Robert Clark, baronet. The whole revenue of the corporation is 500 1. to 600 1. (lerl. per ann. at prefent they exhibit fmall but well placed falaries to fc- veral mifTionaries Englifh and Indians; and appoint coramiflioners in New-England to manage this charity. There was a benefacflion of the good and honourable Robert Boyle, Efq ; of 90 1. fterl. per ann. to this cor- poration i another of Pr. Daniel Williams, a differing minifter of London -, he left to the corporation the re- verfion of a real eftate upwards of lool. fterl. per ann. which fell to them 1 746 i the claufe of his will concern- ing it IB^l , cc «( a (( «( ft ** I give to Mr. Jofeph Thompfon and the reft of the fociety for New-England, my eftate in Eftex, called, Tolftient, Becknam Mannor, or by an y other name, which I bought of Mrs. Hannah Fox, alias Bradley, with all the profits and advantages, belonging to me after the death 1 of the faid Fox, now Bradley, as long as the faid fociety or corporation fliall continue; upon condition, that I 60 1. per ann. ftiall be allowed between two well qua- lified perfons, as to piety and prudence, to be, nominated I iuccelTiveiy by my truftecs, to preach as itinerants inl the Of Rhode-Island. I2J (( the En^liih plantations in the Weft-Indies, ftnd for *^he <( good of what pagans and blacks lie neglected there, « And the remainder to be paid yearly to the college of <* Cambridge in New-England, or iuch as are ufually « employed to manage the blelTed work of converting the « poor Indians there $ to promote which, I defigrn this ** part of my gift. But if my truftees be hindered from' « nominating the faid itinerants, under pretence ot any «< ftatute in New-England, or elfewhere, I give the faid « 60 1. per ann. to the faid college in New-England, to en<> « courage and make them capable to get conftantly fome «^ learned profeflbr put pf Europe to reflde there, and (hall ** be of their own non)inatipn, in concurrence with l^e mi- » niftcr of the town of Boftpn, in the faid New-England. •* And if the aforefaid foriety or corporation fhall •* h'ippen to be diflblved, or be deprived of their prefent •< privilege ; my wi|| is, and I hereby give the faid man- " nor, with all the prpBts and advantages, to the faid " town of Bollon, with the minifters thereof, to benefit « the faid college, aS above, and to promote the convert « fion of the poor Indians." f II. The ftate of the fociety in Scotland for propagating chriftian knowledge. This fociety began 1700 ; by queen Anne*s letters patent 1 709 they were incorporated : by donations at prefent, 1750, they are enabled to main- tain 136 fchools, in which are educated above 7000 children of both fexes -, and from its firft eredlion to this time, it has been thp means of inftrufling about 50,000 children of both fexes. This fociety by a new patent, 1738, ^re allowed to inftruft their children in hufbandry and handicrafts.— By their Hrft patent chey were allowed to extend their care to places abroad, particularly to the Indians on the borders of New- York, New- Jerlies, and Penfylvania ; the New-England Ibciety were fuppofcd to have the miffionary charge of New-England. They have contributed to a college lately creded in the New- IJerfies. III. June 124 A SvMMART, Historical and Political, &c. • ^ m. Jupe i6f tyoif l^ing William incorporated a ibciety with perpetual fuaeflion, by the name of the iocicty fpr propagating the gofpel in foreisn parts, to be accountable annually to the lord high chancellor, lord chief jufticc of the king's bench, and lord chief juftice of the common pleas. Every year fome new members are admitted, to aflift the fociety with their good counfeU and fubfcriptions i the prefent members are about 230. The miflions with the refpedtive falaries at this time, are, 1. Newfoundland. 1. Trinity-Bay St. John's .50 50 School-mafter 10 Massachusetts-Bay. Bofton 70 Newbury 60 Marblehead ' 60 Salem 40 Braintrec 60 Scicuate 40 Hopkiiuon 60 • \ New-Hampshire, Fortffnopth and Kittery 75 Rhode-Island. Newport, and Catechift 80 Narraganfet& Warwick 100 60 10 .: 60 Providence School-mafler K.-Vf, t ".. Connecticut. Stratford!..; . CatechilV " — 7P JO School-mafter Fairfield New-London Groton fchool Newtowa Simfbury Norwalk Darby »5 50 60 5 50 20 20 New-England Itinerant 70 50 10 New-York. New-Cheftcr School-mafter New-Yorkfchool-mafter 15 Jamaica 5Q Hampftcad ^ 50 Catechift 10 School-mafter 10 NewrRochel 50 Rye ^ 50 School-mafter ' 15 Oyfter-Bay fchoolmafter xo Brook- haven Staten-Ifland fchool -matter New- Wind for Albany and Mohawk 50 NiW- Of Rhodb-Islani)^ ■i>fr.-', /\ t45 New Jersey. 1. Elizabeth town 50 Catechift 10 Atnboy 60 Burlington 60 Monmouth county 60 Salem 60 Shrewsbury fchool 20 Newark 50 Pensylvania. ' Ncw-caftle 70 Lewis 60 Apaquimini^k 60 Chcftcr 60 School- mafter 10 Oxford 60 Pcriquihame 60 Kent county 60 Itinerant-ot Pcnfylvania and Jcrfcy 50. North-Caroltiia. ]« Itinerant north diftrifk 50 fouth diftrkl 59 SouTH-CAROtir>rA«^^<^' St. Thomas St. Andrew's St. George's St. Paul^ St. Hellen's St. John's St. James ••1 y^r ••fioiliffn TWS 50 30 30 St. Bartholomew ^^-H^ 39 Prince Frederick * ^ '*< 30 Chrift's church -''^^ 30 Georgia. •''^'* Savannah 56 viii. Bahamas. ^^'^''3 Providence °^' ^ €0 Salaries to mifTionaries, catechifts, fchool-mafter^ and officers of the fociety, are an annual cxpence of about 3540 1. ftcrl. part of the fund for tnis, is yearly, I by benefactions, legacies, and entrances (at five guineas [each) of new members 1600 I. Yearly payments of fubfcribers 600 ?* Rents of lands, and dividends in the ftocks 317 t Ten pounds fterling i.i books are allowed to eacn mif- jfionary as a library ; and five pounds in devotional books and trads to be diilributed, fuch as bibles, common- I prayers, whole duty of man, &c. ^^ This fociety have the diredtion of two other fe- iparate charita;ble funds, i. The negroc fund, which lat prefent may amount to 3000 1. fieri, principal in old |S. S. annuities ; their yearly donations are very incon- fiderable. 126 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. liderable. There are two miffionaries as catechifts of negroes, pne at New- York 50 1. fterl. j>qr ann. another at Philacfclphia at 50 1. fterl. per ann. 2; The Bar. badoes eftate, which is appropriated to particular ufes mentioned in general Codrington*s will ; fuch as, a cate- chift to the negroes in the fociety's plantations in Barba- does, 70 1. fterl. Sundries for a college in Sarbadoes, call- ed Codrington's college, a fchool-mafter, an ufljcr, a pro- jfeflbr of philofbphy and mathematicks. Sec, ^irTowards the, new fettlement of Nova-Scotia, th^ - ibciety refolve to fend over fix miffionaries and fix fchool- anaftcrs, to prevent the new fettlers being perverted to popery, l^.the prefent, French popilh fettlers. Our new fettlers hav« not the Icaft communication with the French fettlers j and perhaps in the town of Halifax arid gar- rifon, there are no profefled papifts to be found j a parochial minifter, with the chaplains belonging to the troops, and the congregational minifter from. New- England for the ufe of the New-England emigra^tSj may be fufficient.rf "i^Tht fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts IS a very good, pious, and moft laudable defign *, but the execution thereof in Britifh North- America is much faulted* -J- 's:>f."»i'.) f"* - •! .-,5 •. , ' tr ; t-jr ItUilt pJ:i6«|f^ chfiitian cxhijbition, may reprefent : as it falls in the courTe jof thiaAjnerican hiilory^ -without being reckoned officious or prduiD- ing, J ingy be, allowed to make thefe remarks. — In ihoft, the dri. lixuag jUH^ciyiifttanizmg of theheathens which with us are the Abori- ginal American Indians, and the imported negroe (laves, feems natu-l^^'^^r/ary f( .tally to be tiveprincipal care of miifionarles ; the qttakersobferve,thitB'''*^'cty. is th good, fairies called livings, in a fort of fine-cure, is the principalBt"«s nations ( cv)ncem of the miffionaries} itinerancies and converfions'of tfclB]I*^T^**n enh, I'ght ejctiiigui. In the charl I. Ai that by meant, 1 roval chi enjoin th doftrine i thefe mi that this ^ in ftrong granter meant, th: diHenters prefent, tl (the Albai the leaft n( nfgleft, in kinton abc larly inftn chriftian re , The prai mifHon to ^ BO Indians, Dr. Lifle. I before the fo from a focieti "felvesin f of convert] " Bufinefs fej " tljeir anfier or congr«J«tiJ JO ov prefent) Ming their ca fflons preacheJ -heathers i« too laborious, and does not anfwer.thqir intention. ■•# ' -ii^ -^m" Jsi^» b'n(^ tf^t' iC ^>U-;. ^^4 :raii.'S-:(3qio3 tkAi,tD. ; ,.V^ I fident of the ( 'i:i!:.-j>{\ .-iuiw ,nii.;f:/. ^avivi -l^'lMr. Henry .A Of Rhode-Island. 127 I. Any indiflferent man could not avoid imagining, that by propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, was meant, the converfion of natives of fuch plaints ^ as the royal charters and proprietary grants of our plantations, enjoin the civilizing and converHon of the Indians by (lo(^rine and example. It is aftonifhing to heat- fome of thefe mifllonaries and their friends, indifcreetly afHrm, that this was no part of the defign, becaufe not expreHed in ftrong terms in their charter. King William, the granter of the charter, cannot be imagined to have meant, that the expulfion or elbowing out fober orthodox diflenters was the principal intention thereof, though at prcfent, their chief pradice 5 there is not one mifTionary (the Albany and Mohawk miffionary excepted) that takes the leaft notice of the Indians ; the fociety, fenfible of this ncgleft, in their lateft miflion, that of Mr. Price for Hop- kinton about 30 miles inland from Bollon, he is particu- larly inltrudbed, to endeavour the propagation of the chriftian religion among the neighbouring Indians. f'^ The practice of the prefent mifTionaries, is to obtain a miflion to our molt civilized and richeft towns where are 00 Indians, no want of an orthodox chriftian miniitry, Dr. Lifle, bilhop of St. Afaph, in his ferinvn February 19, 1747-i^V before the fociety, fpeaking of Romifli Portugal miffionaries in Afia, firom a fociety called de'propaganda fide, fays, " They fettle them* !' fdives in nations which are chriilians already, and under pretence *^ of -converting the infidels, which are amon? thextt ; their chief " fiafinefs' feems to be, the perverting of chrifluns themftlves from " their ancient faith, and to draw them over.'* N. B. No preffayteium ior congregationalift could have wrote in fironger terma, with regard VHHif prefent miffionaries.— As to the converfion of the lBdia[ns nojc ixuflg their care ; we find it not fo underftood in the excelknt fer- mons preached before the fociety from time to time ; in many of their 1 aoniverfary fermons, the preacher fays, that the direct iiM ofthje fociety, is the propagation of chrifUanity abroad, among the barb^* [rous nations prAmerica.-^ln fuch parts of the world, as have not I yet .been enlightened by the gofpel, or are in danger of havihg this [light extihguifhed. In the charter from the parliament of England t 6i;q, the fif& p^e- fideat of the corporation was judge Steel, and the firtt trcafurcr was Mr. Henry .Afhurft, which fhould have been mentioned before. 128 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. and no Roman catbolicks, the three principal intentions of their miflion : they feem abfurdly to value themfelves upon the diverfion (I do not fay perverfion) of the prefby. terians and congregationalifts. All men have a laudable veneration for the religion of their anceftors, and the prejudices of education are hardly to be overcome j why then fhould a perfon who peaceably follows the orthodox allowed or tolerated way of his forefathers, be over-perfuaded to relinquifh it, confidering that by an interceding wavering, the man may be overfet and fink into infidelity ? They feem to value themfelves more upon this, than upon the converfion of a heathen to our civil national intereft, and to chriftianity, or the reformation of a Roman catholick, as is much wanted in Maryland ; or preferving the Britifh extraft from running "into in- fidelity, as in North-Carolina. 2. In their charter it is faid, that in feveral of the colonies and faftorics beyond the feas, the provifion is very mean in fome, and in mony others none at all for the maintenance of orthodox minifters ; therefore the fo- ciety is eftablifhed for the management of fuch charities as Ihall be received for this ufe. So it is, their mifli* onaries are not ftationed in fuch poor out towns, but in the inoft opulent, bed civilized and chriftian towns of the provinces ; that is, in all the metropolis towns of the colonies, and other rich and flourifhing towns, well able to fupporr, and in fa<5l do fuppprt orthodox mi* nifters. In aliour colonics (Rhode Ifland excepted) there is a parochial provifion for an orthodox gofpel miniftry: Dr. Bray, a very zealous promoter of this fociety, writes, | that in the colonics of MafTachufetts and Conpeifticut, there was ho need at all of miffionaries. i In the latter years of queen Anne's adminiftration,! perhaps, the defign of this charity was perverted from the original defign of converting the heathens, preferving of religion among our out plantations, not able to main- ,tain a gofpel nViniftry, and preventing a popifii influence:! fober rejigu high church trodu^ioA c by the happ all hopes will ifiiwer diviHons gm regard for a\ hivc riQ prj miffiomry ( avoid rdatifl| iom concern hufincfSf can In the ebii gland i8 «©« " An ©rth« " religlen ©j mifliouarief c general cbsfii many di/feneei worthy memfe ^«»l0t§ Qf , common pe§pi§n wwkeftof ffijn, f^«'c»»»f , fhty , >ft»i$n<;ie£ til* »a1 ,Mm Of IIhode-Island« ^^!-^' 129 it yi^» converted to a (kfign of withdrawing the tolerated fober religiotii diHerKers to a conformity with the (theo) high chureh ^ * & manudu^tion to popery, and the in* trodu^lofl of a popifh pretender to the crown : but as by the happy fuGiteffwn of the prefent proteftant iun^ily, all hopes of this kind are vanifhed ; it is in vain and will aniwer n© end, for any party of men to tbment divifions imeng itJt/d chriftians I have a very great regard for ail good miniiters of the chriilian gofpei, and luvc no private or particular relentment againil any miflionary ( but as an impartial hiilorian, I could not avoid relating matters of fa£t lor the information of pet- ibns concerned, who by reafon of diftance and other bufinefs, cannot be ofherways informed. In the charter, the propagation of the church of En- gland is not tnentJOfled ^ the exprcffions are general.f « An orthodox clergy,— Propagation of the chriftian " religion or go^l in foreign parts." Therefore, the milTionarief ought to be men of moderation, that is, of general charity and benevolence, confidering alfo that many difl^ters have contributed to this charity, and are worthy members of the fociety. Fiery zealots || are % detriment to the defip of the fociety. ••♦ .■:-•■....- ■ r. * Whif$ tfl4 tOfUf or hlgh'Charch originally were only dlverfitles of ftntimcnts C9fletrfli|}| thf hierarchy or government of the church : «ft»rw(ir4l' by diftgniflf mmt they were uled to influence political af- fairs { t\i9f9fi(h md Jieoblfly inclined ranged themfelves with the tories or bigfakehttfcbllhf trtie proteftant fober moderate rcvolu^ioneri* jealooi of s f rtfleh indtMUiei, were called whigs t B§QiHif§ At thftt fifiii all orthodox proteftant ways of worfhip, vm equnlly t§Uf»u4. tn their abftrad pnbliflied i-eb. 1749-SO, f- 43* fmssning CoflfMUkM* (it is the fame in all the charter and proprietary griflf* of €§\Qniii) it is faid, •* That by charter there i» « general tolfffAtidfl of chHdidn* of all denominations, except papifts, without an sAtHiamHt §i any one fort.*' H 'Zealots pf sll dfflOffiinations, as it is obferved, if among the common p«^tf , tr« §f f h« tneaneft knowledge, that is, they are the I ^^^.^^ **' "**'*♦ *"*' *^* weaker fex or wom«n in general ; if among ftAiticm^, tb#y %f§ §f the deepeft wicked defigns. i cannot avoid I »lhnc,iag tbf MJ»iolttfiti«« in the laft years of queen Anne's reign. Voi. U K. they c f jo A SvMMAiiYi Historical arfd Political, &c. ^"By^|;i^6fl ftnoofitions upon the worthy and laudable ^iety, their charity and chriftian benevolence is egi«. f ioufly j[)ervcrtcd. I (hall mention a few inftances. i. Ffithie large! and riot w6ll civilized province of North* Carolina, that country being poor and unhealthful, mif. libnaries were not fond of being fent thither, though for ^ihahy years they had no goibel minifter of any denb- 'mination amongft them, stna did degenerate apace to> yrards heathemSn II ; when at the fame time thewdl Civilized arid chriftianized colonies of New-England were crbuded with niiiTionaries. Lately two miffionaries (no they pafl'^d an 2^61 for building fifty aidditional churches in London. }n all couittries where liberty of confdehce is amicably tolerated (that ' is without ah idle citrfing and damning, firom their pulpits, alltole. lated difibnters,) the eftaUifiied church will filently and gradually iWalloW'Up all fe£laries, the young people or riling generation will chufe to be in the fafhionable or eftablifhed way ; their elders, am- bitidns of pofts and honours, will conform jthis is a natural conveHioa to t^e church eftablifhed. Many miffionaries fettled among f^btr ^ orthodox diiTenters, by their immoderate indifcrcet zeal for their own . way, inftead of fmoothing by brotherly love, " by a diabolical ran- ^coi^r efirange them from the eftabliihed church : I gave one inllance of this, vol. [. p. 228, concerning a miffionary advancing the in. validity of all baptifmS adminiflredbyperfons not ewfcopally ordained, J Ihall here adduce another inftance, from a miffionary fome years f^oce, occaiionally prear' ing in the king's chapel of Bofton, faid, that jie wou/d rather chufe to err witn the church as it was zoo years ago (times tif high popery) than &c ; in a fubfequent ,fermon by the iq. .geniMKfe islnd>worthy Mr. Harris, king's chaplain, he was challiz'd. II Not many years fince, fomeloofe clergymen of the neighbouring province of Virginia, at times, in a frolick, made a tour in North- Carolina, and chriftened people of all ages at— ^ per head, and inade a^ profitable trip of it, as they expre/Ted. l-rMr^BJtH, lately appointed miffionary for the north diftri6l, writes, ^at attno 1749, he baptized 1282 perjbns. Mr. Moir of the foath diftridt, cannot give an exa£t account of all the perfons he hath bap- .tized inlidsjournies, for want of a perfon to count them (fee abftrafl for 1749, p- 48,) who have, bethinks, fometimes amounted tomoie than 1 00 perfons in one day. i hefe two miffionaries were, with foine <]ifficulty obtained by the* follicitation .of the prefent governor of ^ew- England, the moit crouded with thefe mifllonaries. {Maryland is our only continent colony, affedled w^h popery, and where the parochial miniiiers fecm not to attend their conyerfion or reformation ; thus the pa- piljks and difloyal are indulged or overlooked, and one would imagine that the principal defign has been to per vert the proteftant loyal dilTenters, confidering that the mifTionaries with the largell falaries are generally (lationed in the very loyal, the belt civilized and mofl opulent towns of the colonies, who are well able and in fad do fufficiently fupport a proteftant orthodox gofpel miniftry, Ifliall only initance the town of Bofton, the place of my refidence, the metropolis of ail the Britifh American co- lonjes } in Bofton are many congregations of fober good orthodox chriftian§offeveral denominations, particularly two congregations of the church of England; their rcdors very gjood men and well endowed by their re- fpedive congregations, belides a king's chaplain, fo called, with a falary of lool. fieri, per ann. fi'om Great-Britain ; a fuperb coftly church equal to many * cathedrals. ■a }^. • Extraa from the Bofton JiiJependent Advertlfer, No. 85. ^''*t* Laft Friday being the t ith day of Augaft I749t theN. B. corae'r ftone of the king^» chapel in this town, now re-fanilditig, was con* fecrated acd laid with gpreat ecclefiaftical pomp and folemnity, and It abont 1 i the proceilfion began from the province hoafe. -— ^ PiHl, ibex — l-»cy our jjo or with the rev. Mr. C— r at his right ^d, and the rev. Mr. Br— k— ell at his left hand preceded* then iki church wardens, and velfay, followed by about twenty^five Maple of the principal friends of the church ; when the procei&on came to the chorcl^-yard, his ex-!-l— ^y, fupported by two chaplains, ^c'fcended the trench where the fione which was dedicated to GOD I was laying at the north-eaft comer. On this ftone the go— —or knocked three or Isor times witlh a inafofi't trowel, ( juft the aumber &2 of 132 A SuMWARY, Historical and Political, &c. cathedral f is now a building by the church of B^gland men : .y^i?9 fiotwithftanding, this moft excellent and ]au« dable charity is mifapplied * by Rationing in Bofton a fu. perfliiqus miflionary at the charge of 70I. fterl. per ann. befides the allowance from his congregation. The biihop of St. David's in his fermon before the of raps archbiihop Laud gave to the door of St. Catharine's creed church at his memorable confeaation of it) fome devout expreffioos were then drupt by the chaplain. The goi^.— or then afcended the ladder with the two clergymen ; and t\m part of the ceremony being ended, his ex — 1 — cy' and the reft of the company in the fame manner they walked from the province-houfe, entered the king's chapel, where was a fermon very properly adapted to fuch an occafton, deli, vered by the rev. Mr. C — r from the zd chapter of Nehemiah and the 20th verfe, thofe words of the verfe, ** The God of heaven, he will profper us, therefore we his fcrvants, willarife and build" — The words that follow the text are— ' ** But you have no portion, nor right, nor memorial in Jerufalem." A hymn of praife concluded the folem- nity-r-The Latin infcription upon the corner done is as follows. ••■•'t»^>■.■?^,tsii:q•;•>»^ t' •'•• ■ - " * A^i 9*iMi^w^^ Quod felix fauftumq; fit If^if^ iii'i Ecdefise et reipublicae t) im-i s4i V Hunc lapidem DEO facrum, ♦f.^t*K| jivi , )i Regis capellx ^^ i .V>> Apud fioflonium Maflachufettenfium ^/ .4^^i. Iteilauratae atque aufbe fundamentum ,iujr*,«;ja. Pofuit, Gulielmus Shirley, ■'^' ■'^^' *jil> M'- Provinciae pnefeftus, ! 5 /j»Wi , Augttft I imo anno falutis 1 749. ^ ^:<^^ i;n _ Some Zoilus in contrail, has adduced a couplet from our Engliih poet Mr. Pope. , ,,; ■ „ . / Who builds a church to God, and not to famer "/ If , .1 Win never mark the marble with his name. ' ' " ' tV/ ^■H««:iftvvu 5 ..1.;. s«>^iD * Well may the fociety complain of their funds being infufficient. I do not fay, that fuch mifapplications may in part be the oq^afion, that laft year, the benefadlions and legacies amounted to no more than 731 1. fterl. whereas formerly theyamounted from 200c to 3000I. fterl. per ann. even in years when they had no royal briefs ; if the number of miijionaries are leifened, fee abftraft of 1 749, and properly ftationed, there will be no reafon for complaint ; I heartily wilh this good fociety may go on and profper, and not be impofed upon by their miffionaries ; it is not at prefent ricli chough to beftow fine cures. fociety '^&.L W :x {pciety in Feb. 1 749-50, in a few words cxprcfles the original defign of the fociety, " An opportunity li jpffc- fented both among the plain and finite Indilans, and among the unhappy negro flaves — an utter extinftion (meaning in North-Carolina) of chriHianity was no ab^_ furd or groundlels apprehenlion."f ' Connedicuti ^^x 1, f Confidering the flow advances which the proteftant rjcligion, and afpirit of induihy had made among the common people of Ireland, ana parochial minifters or clergy not anfwering > by charter Feb. 6« 173 1 , a fociety was incorporatedfor erefling proteftant working fchools infeveral parts of Ireland, the poplifti children to be kept apart from their popifli parents, and fublifted in viflpals and cloathing : not to be admitted under 6 xt. or above 10 act. From 1731 to 1748 have be6A admitted 885 children, whereof 509 have been apprenticed. In par- ibance of this charity, 1 749, the fchools already opened wer^ 30, in building 1 1 ; more projefted 3. The annual expence of maintaining near 900 children their prefent compliment, including falaries to mafters, miftreiTes, and other incident charges, is only 4435 1. fterl. which eifeftually refcues fo many of the rifing generation from beggary, and popery, our civil as well as religious locuft or caterpillar, confe- quently is an acceiTion to the proteftant intereft, and of wealth to the nation by their being fkilled, and habituated to labour. The annual benefadions towards the reading and working fchools of the two in- corporated focieties of Scotland and Ireland grow very faft; the prefent members of the Irifh fociety are about 900. The laft abftra£l (for 1 749) of the fociety for propagating the gofpel in foreign parts, hints, that tiiey muft be obliged to withdraw fome of their miflionarles, if their charity does not take a better turn ; the reafon is natural, the good effefts of the charity for working fchools is confpicious, that for miilionaries is not fo ; this will more and more difpofe people of a charitable fpirit, to vent their charities rather upon fchools than upon miffions. This fort of a fociety de propaganda fide, has at prefent upwards of 70 miflions (including catechiils and fchool -mailers} in North- America, and is of about ;o years growth ; if it produce any fruit it will be of the tardif kind, and perhaps not profitable j their accounts fent to the fociety generally mention only the numbers by ^hem baptized and admitted to the lord's fupper ; which if adminiilered by any orthodox minifter is equally valid in the opinion of the fober ahd moderate of th? church of England ; they do not enumerate the Indians by them converted, the Roman catholicks brought over to the proteftant religion, methodifts or enthufiafts reduced to a fobcr mind, md the like, as if thefe were not in the defiga of their miifion ; their chief cure or cute fcems to be a good eafy living, and the occafioning of divifions ahd ftrife among toleraied.d^enter^ (I ufethe expreftion ^.jS.^-, ■' K3 ' ' ■^'■■" '^tolerated 1^4 Su^-.»iARy, Historical and Political, Sec. 'doiincfticyt, a fmall colony, the moft prudent and indui^ri^us of all our colonies, in ivhich are no wafte lands rcit^iihing, fupplied with orthodox miniftcrs well qualiH^4 ^1^^ ^^^^ P^i^ > ^^^^ mifreprefentations of neighbouring miinonaries, are crouded with the greateft nunibers of mifTionaries in proportion to their extent \ dnd in the fociety's laft abdradt are accufed of a perse> CUTING SPIRIT, becaufe three or four mean perfons were prqiecuted according to law, for not paying their townmif rates, in which might have been included their proportion towards the fupporting of a gofpel mi- niliry as endowed by a legal town-meeting. So far is New-England at prefent from a perfecuting fpirit, that in the provinces of MaiTachufeits and Connedlicut, upon a reprefentation home of this nature, there were acts of alTembly made, " That all fuch profefled mem- " bers of the church of England, ftiall be entirely cxcufcd from paying any taxes towards the fettlements of any «c tolerated diHenters) becaufe by &&. of Union the church of England is beyond difpute the eftablilhed way ; in the publiftied opinion of (hit fociety, there is mosxclusive preference (as in mercantile affairi, there areexclafive and not exclufive charters) and the withdrawing of wild youth, from the orthodox tolerated way of their fore-fatheri , to a niore faftionable and lefs rigorous way, occafions divifioni and di(. affi^Aions in families. Upon the deceafe of a congregationalill in- cumbent, in a new choice, fome in their nature and humours do not concur, and in refentment, perhaps by the advice of a mifllonary, go "bver to the chorch of England. Ilhali hereby way of amufement, intimate, that if this fociety were to reUnquiih their prefent charter, and be favoured with a new thaxter, for propagating of chriilian knowledge, working fchooU, and other articles of induftfy : to each fchool there may be a mif. IGortary ca!techift, in church of England orders, of moderation, and qualified in their working as well as devotional bufmefs ; one or two acres for the fite of the fchool, lodgings, and other convenienciei « ipnd fome adjacent iinall farm hired at an eafy and long leafe, for the jtnprpvetnent of the boys in hufbandry, and for the proAt of the mfhool t' the children to be inftru£)ed in the principles of the chri- iliqin refomitd religion, reading, writing, arithmctick, husbandry, and manufa^ures or handicrafts. In Ireland, in fome fcbooh the maler has the profit of the land or farm cultivated by the boys, irt lieu of bis falary, aiid 40 s. per ann. for the fupporc ot each child. " miniftcr ■^■r» >itv<'Km» Of RHODXrIs|.AND. '^k.k vMirri. nc « miniftfr or building any meeting-houfe^" |^(if^t the taxes of perfons attending the church of Eh^)an4» be paid to their church of England minifter. By a^s 1728 ai)d 17299 anabaptifts and quakers are exempted from paying to the parifh or townlhip miniftry. I never lieard of any perfecuting fpirit in Connedicu* In this (hey are egregioufly afperfed *, it is true, that a few years lince they made fome adts againft fome frantick preachers and exhorters, called methodifts, intruding (without conient) into the pulpits of eftablifhed *minifiers. In Bofton of MaHachufetts, May 25, 1743, at an annual voluntary friendly convention of the congregadonal mi- fliiters of the province, they entered and afterwards print- ed their teftimony againft the methodifts, i . For their trrors in doctrine, antinomial and familj^ical. 2. Fol- lowing impulfes of a diftempered imagination, rather than the written wor^ of our bible. 3 . Allowing perfonS of no learning or difcretion to pray and teach in publick. 4, Intruding into the pulpits of fettled minifters, endea- vouring to withdraw the affedions of people from their good and orderly minifters. 5. Ordaining minifters at large without any parochial charge. 6. Endeavouring to excite in their weak hearers, ungoVerned paftlonsy extacies, and uofeemly behaviour, afling like Bacchantes. 7. By calling poor people (wbofe time is their only eftate) unleafonably from their bufmefs and labour, to a habit of idlenefs and vagrancy. I cannot fay, that thf miflfionaries were very ftrenuous againft tW^ irregu- larities, with much impropriety called Methodism, be- caufe they might find fome intereft in feparatipns amongft the diflenting orthodox people, divide et impera : I find in feveral accounts of fome miftionaries fent home from time to time to the fociety, (perhaps that they may have fome pretext of doing bufinefs) complaints of infidelity and methodifm prevailing in their diftrids, at the fam^ time here upon the fpot, we are not much fenfible of fheir reclaiming the one, or their oppofing the other by world or writing. , "": / ;" "^ "^'"^ *' ':{% "^'^^"* ^"i ' :\\i]i:i •' K 4 Imuft tjS A SuMMAur, Historical and Political, Uc, .""I mufl: again obfervc, that there was not any pretext for fending miflionaries into the province of MaiTachu. ifetts-Bay of New- England : they had a well regulated and well provided for orthodox clergy, as apjpears by the ^laws or ads of aflembly anno 1692, the firft year of the '"prefent new charter. The quarter feflions are to take care, that no town be deftitute of a minifter, that there be a fuitable provifion for a minifter, and that any per- fon to be ordained, (hall be recommended by three or more ordained minifters. The miirionaries from the • fociety dc propaganda fide of Rome, arc inftru6^ed to endeavour to convert the infidel and heretical parts of * the world ; our miflionaries cannot with any propriety or face, efteem the orthodox tolerated clergy of New- England, ashereticks; becaufe in the publimed opinion of the fociety, in our plantations ail orthodox clergy are upon the fame footing, that is, no preference as to the exercife or practical part of their devotions \ fee the fociety's abftra^ i.>* I. The fcheme propofed, vol. II. p. 134. was thtf converting of the prefent idle milTions into county working fchools, with a church of England miflionary catechift of moderation, qualiHed in the working as well as devotional articles : thus the charge of our prefent 70 milTionaries will maintain and * educate about one thoufand working children ; if the prefent miflions are continued, may the mimon^ries be under the infpedion and diredion of a corpmittee of fuch members of the fociety as teilde in America, or under a milTionary general, or under the fuperintendency of the fufFragan bilhop, when fuch is ap- pointed for BritiQi North-America ; that the miflions may be ambulatory, ^hat is, f removable to place* wh^^e |hey are molt wanted. i' :wvi\M^^' til y • mm 11. If \ folt • The projeft of initiating white and Indian children into this mode of the church of England by church of England working fchook, quo femel eft imbuta recens, would be more effcdual than the prefent iniffionary method ; the bringing over of adults is ntore difiicult, and when brought over they foon die, and their influence is lodj in the incorporated charitable iocicties of Scotland and Ireland* they only tegard the rifmg generation, where without any ftrained allegory it may be called the fowing of the feeds of phriliianity, loyalty, and indullry. The former too large charity endowment* to idle clergy miflions, to colleges, and to charity ichools, reauire to be qualihed and reformed ; th;it of working fchools hns lately been attended with great fucccfs and benefit to the countries; that is, leading and writing being acquired, the boys are fent to it», to hulbandry, and other laborious trades; the girls to fplnning and other fervices with fome peculiar reftii<^tions. S;r Richard Cox in a late piece concernir~ the linen manufadture, wriies, •• Nnmerous *' holy-days are the jane of all induiiry, and the ruin of every coun> "try where they are permitted: and indeed there ard too many »!• " lowed by law." Ji f This method has had a good effect in Scotland. In tJcotland the ^pe has two vicars apoflolical, one for the lowlands, and the other i» f |8 A SvMMAtLYf Historical and Political, Arc. ^JL If c|»|^re(fttC incumbent mifTionaries tre indulged iir^ their, iivingi or falaries for their own natural life; upon rheir (feoeafe the refpeftive miflfions may ceafe (at aiftifTiOA ift no inheritance, it is no hardfhip upon their favailics) .and be otntoned along our inland frontiers CO keep morality arid chriftianity among the poor new iettlers, tnd to convert the neighbouring Indians to ci> vUity and ibme of our orthodox profeiTiont of religion. * III, As this is formed with the defign of a very exten< five charity, the fupporting of learned and orthodox roinifters or teachers, without being conBned to the ipode of the church of England ; why may not this charity he extended to ^minillers of any orthodox per- Aiafion, who will declare themielves willing to ferve a miffion among the Indians, as alfo to the orthodox mi- lifters of the poor out towns ? At prefcnt, it is con- 6ned towards promoting of uniformity to the difcipline and worfbip of the church of England ; not among the l^athen who never heard of chriftianity, nor in poor out townfhips, but among the fober- minded, chriftian only educated, and loyally tolerated proteflant diilenters, in the molt opulent and bed civilized townfhips. A drift exclufive uniformity (a few lutherans excepted) is pradifed only in popifh fovereignties. ^'•IV. 'Though the members at prefent are about 230, any. feYcn^xnembers with the prefident or a vice-prefi- in the hig;hland5, with many inferior miflionaries ; anno 1 740, thefe p(^i(h mt^ionaries were twenty-five; anno 1747* they dwindled away to eleven ; the preibyterian Scots itinerant miflionaries are well Aib- fifte4 by many large benefadUons and fubfcriptions j the king allows rcbol. llerl. per ann. : * Our young mifHonanes may procure a perpetual alliance and commercial advantages with the Indians, which the Roman catliolick jClergy cannot do, becaufe they are forbid to marry , I mean, our miffionaries may intermarry with the daughters of the fachems, and ^her Confidcrable Indims, and their progeny will for ever be acer- uui cement between as In concluding this article of milTionaries, Imuftob^ ferve, that if what I have wrote is difagreeable to feme, it is not from any perfonal refentment ; fevcral of the miffionaries are my friendly acquaintances j but amicus ^ — amicus fed magis arriica Veritas. The original defign of this fociety, was moft humane and pious ; more than 1 2p,ooo bibles, common prayers, and other books of devotion ji, with an incredible quantity of pious fmall trafts, h^ve been difperled in foreign parts. They are Ipy charter allowed to purchafe real eftate to the value of 2000 1. fcl. per ann. and other eftate to any value : to meet orice a month to tranfadt bufinefs, or oftener if need be j but no aft to be valid, unlefs the majority »"">/.,>. ,'»'■'■ ' " '• " '^■*'^** if-'W *svw + CaaBofton, v. g. be fuld, hot able to fupport a'gofpel mmiflry? the intereft pf ^he money, which by eftimHtion the church of England How a buUdmjg'may c6.4, js fuificien? to niaintain half a dQzen ciiuwl^ ol EngUpd rcdors'afa coxrifoft'able'alWwance. '^ ** /' ..;i*.^, . ' '■■ ^ , -. of Of R«<6l>£4iLAKD. -'.TM^^Mirc it: ofifeven members (a quorum) with the prcfitot , or. a- vice-prefident concur. There is a drcumftanoe, ^hich iias not always been attended to by the fociety v appaint?^ ingof millionaries, faulted as to morality, Jsenevolenc^* and moderation, called high-flyers, younger iUters-of popery. • - » .! ' 1 ihall clafs the religion opinions which have appealed in our colonies under three general heads, the meerly fpeculative, the antiquated obfolete or out^ofrfafhion opir pions, and the profeiTions or fefiaries which a|. preien| iubfift and are likely to continue, ii i ■■:%'^jp*- >ik^,^ijif I. Speculative private opinions aresof no confequence in a ftate, until the opinionifts form themfelvjesinto ^parate large fociety meetings ; I ihall enumerate a few^ The Antinomians * alfert that the laws of Moies are : vacated^ ■■/ic'r^:: . ■■■■■■' —'^r • See vol. I.p. 444. "^^^^ ^ ''♦'^ •:■ • ^ ^- This eitor was become obfolete, and remained only witk a very few ifpotant or vicious people until lately broached here by the vagraut lij.W >ld, an infignificant perfon, of nogenerallearnitig, void of common prudence ; His journals are a rapfody of fcripture texts, and of his own cant expreflionsj in his cpiftle.to the inhabitants of Maiyland he writes, ** confidering what ufage your flaves commoidiy meet with, I wondered they did not put an end to their own lives blr {our$, rather than bear fuch ufage ;" thus in a mof^ execrable manner e might have promoted felo de fe among the flaves, and infurrec- dons againft their mafters ; the two great inconveniencies which our plantations are expofed to. I never could acccimc (perhaps it was only frantick, and not to be accounted) for his repeated vagrancies, prftrolling over England, Scotland, Ireland, and our American colo- nies : he was no popiih mifConary, becaufe being young, he laever had the opportunities of being abroad in popiib ieminaries or conven- tuals : he was no itinerant miffionary (for fome ihort time he had amiffion for Georgia) of i)ur fociety for propagating the gdipel in foreign parts ; becaufe when he effefluallv a£led one part towards an uniformity to the church of England, by occfffioninr feparations and animofities among the orthodox diflenters, at the fame time he found much fault with the prefent conftitution of the church of Eng- luid : he was no minifterial or court tool, as was the famous Sa- cheverel in the Jacobite part of ^ueen Anne*s reign, becaufe the go- verameni »t prefent have no bccafion for fuch : he did not travel as a naturalift or as an hiftorian for obfervaticn, by the perquifhes of preaching X42 A Summary^ Historical and Political, Sec, vacated^as being only temporary and local, duit is,national or municipal, therefore not obli^tory with chriftian oa- tiona ; that good vrorks do not tbrward, nor bad works Jbinder &iyation. M Ingeneraly people ought to entertain a laudable re- ligious charity towards one another, feeing they worihip t&£iaie:Goo, though in different modes : particulacly, to make veftiments and other fanciful ecclefiaftical deco* ncions a matter of controverfy, is very abfurd ^ tfuch indifierent trivial circumftances may be adapted to the tafte of the vulgar ; the Greek and Armenian churches in the Levant preierve die mode pf their religion by pageantries. The Jews had a fuperb magnificent t^m- sle, a numerous train of gaudy officers, very expenfive ucrifices. Simplicity and frugality in all affairs of life 13 at preient thought to be moll natural, and is generally pradtiled, even in religion thefe things have fuffered iiicceflive reformations \ the church of England is lieis expenfive than that of Rome, the three licenied diifenting worihips in England are lefs expenfive than the 4- church pnsacfalng to defray his charges ; becaufe he had no genias nor ap. plication for fac^ ftudies. Here we may obferve, what trivial'things may be great incentives to devotion, fuCh as vociferation (the ilrengtk of his arguments lay in his lungs,) a vehement frequent ufe of cant devoiioniil words, a dramatick genius peculiarly adapted to a£t the enthofiaft, proper veftiments or drefs and a£lion ; in difTentin? congre- gations he afFeded the church of England drefs, and PaulRubetis' preaching podure in the cartoons of Hampton -Court. He and his difopl^ feemed to be great promoters of impulfes, extacies, and waiUQimeis betweein the fexes. Hypocritical profefllons, vocifera- tions, a^a itinerancies, are devotional quackery. f La Voltaire in his letters, writes, that the difputes among the capucins, . concerning the mode of Ve fleeves and cowl, were more than any among the philofophers. . ^ It would be of «-eat benefit to our out fettlers if they could fall into fome fuch method, feeing Uie foqety for propagating, &c. take no care of them ; they are not able to build publicK places of wor- (hip, and fupport a gofpel miniftry, and when they endeavour it, the expence retards their fettlementi \ a great detriment to the ccio- nies in general. ........ s^.iwr^ .01 Of Riiodb4sla1io;-^ 4ammu8 M3 ef EngUndy m4 the quakcrs have reduced ic^gpai Id IK>expcilC0* . ■->■■ ' . ^qoxuu;a iO TMFAMfLffTfy II family or houfe of lovit^ wm:ldt the antib»pci(l tribe in Germany, and fufpcSxdMOuigjb more addi^d to carnal than to fpiritual Iqtc i dif^idd ill pleafurei and dalliances among themielTca law^i^ they were much tranfported with impulies and cchor frintick nottofii i they perfuaded themielves that thef were the onlv ele^ of God, and that all o^rs wcite lo- pbatei f ana that they might deceive any perfon vibo was pot of their community, magiilrates not excepted, catnen with an oath. They agreed with the antinomiais ia amy ertlclei. K^b^ The MtfOLATOM f AMs * are extinft. The GoitTOMfAtfS of Warwick in the colony of Rbode-Iflaod, were of fo fhort duration, they are not to be mentioned i fee the fedion of Rhode-Ifland. The rigid BuowniftTs f are relaxed into indepai<- >1J our colonies, have fiiSencd ibme reformation! and ««& at preient called congrega- ti(maUfts« . . PuitlTANf were for reforming the reformed rdigwi^ to greater ah/blute purity ^ that appellation is now <^ foleie, SesKSfti watted for new apoftles to reHore dirii^ ityj thcfe have quite difoppeared.. ^^_ ,,Ji^' ,f :;;;,;]f my ,1^ ' ;j'';r3f'^ "T-' i Tli9 fftlUr §f i%k ftmtiy, wa« Henry Nicols, born ^tMaafber inWeftpbsli*, «fi4 lifi4 refidcd fome time in Holland ; hefiUti^. peare4»t)9ttt ^f4§f mi pretended to be greater than Mofec or Christ i Ai Mm§ bi4 titught mankind to hope, Chrift to beliere;^ he nnghtlQV§, wbkh i§ the greateft ; and that he himfelf was not l&e John tm b»M, a fdri-f tttiner of Chrift, but Chrift was rather a type of hini, gn4 tbat th« kingdom of Ifrael was to be cftaUiftied im the time of bis ffiitiHtry i what he wrote was mean and incoherent full of v«i0 b§«ftif}| mi profane applications of the prophecies r^ king to Chrift, llis ©Wft perfon. • Se* Ummwy, vqI L f . 447. i' Sfs vel, I, u, 441, Remck- ■ 'L ■144 A Summary, HistoRiCAL and Political, Sec. RtMONSTRAMTS and Contra-remonstrants, * or predcftinarians and free-will men. The remonftrants arc alfo callc.' arminians. f It is not a doftrine of any nadonal church or Embodied communion; there are fome perfbns of this private opinion, among all the lectaries. Their diftinguifhing tenets, are, univerfal redemption an indemnity or adt of grace to all mankind, who by a good life accept thereof, being endued with a free will to a£t at liberty what is good or evil. Concerning the fedaries in our colonies which now fubiift, and are likely to continue.. I do not mean a church hiftory of North- America $ biihop Burnet well obferves, that ecclefiaftical hiftories, are only hiftorie^ of the vices of the biihops and oth^r clergy. Moft fedlaries in religion have been occafionedby vulgar people not capable of giving allowances for tife allegories, fables, and idioms of expreflion ufed in the Levant, ffom whence we had our fcriptural books } but taking them into a literal and vernacular ienie, whereas the prophets generally ufed lofty figurative expreflions. In our North- America colonies there arc none properly to be called feparatiils, Roman cathoiicks excepted (in Maryland, and by the proprietary charter (Jf Pcnfylvania, Roman cathoiicks are not excepted) but by the a£t of union (territories thereto belonging) the church of Eng. land is the eftablifhed church, though only nominal, in all our colonies and plantations. The denomination 4' • Seevoh I. p. 227. " i" So called from Arminms their leader, he was fome time pro- feiTor of divinity at Leyden in Holland : they were alfo called re- . monilranti, from their remonftrating, i6i8j againft fome articles of the fynod of Dort concerning predeftination, elefiion, reprobation, and the like ; thus the adherents to the princes of Germany, who protefted againft fome proceedings at the diet of Spire in Germany of i^Zc;, were called proteilants. •V'T .i; • ■• '^ir>» -* v» of whigs and t general church that of the chi ty) but hitheri [enters of manj ter'd upon by direftion of th< deans, archdcai tern officers : t diftion (the offi minai) no mon in Conncdicut, the claflical kii our colonies. I fhall not 1 church of Rom the prefby terian known. The papifls { , I Tory, original! {ier$,and whofavuu ind afterwards apj Whig was a ludicra meetings, whofe orl foar milk, and afteJ intereft in the relgnl in the reigns of klr • IJ Church govcrr hy preicrlption ; as ?re monarchy, arillcl in general alliances) fovereignties, are e( * Not many yel but finding only fol ' fuafion, they loon As the grants of I piibiick exercife of is l)crnicious to huif prefent happy conf lick worfhip, by ai umbrage' to the otl: I elantations ? Vol. 11, Of kHOD£-tsLAN04 H$ of whigs and torics 4- (Deo gratias) is loft : there: is nd general church government, || by the articles of union« that of the church of England is eftablifhed in perpetui^ ty; but hitherto in favour to the good confcientious diA [enters of many denominations, the colonies are not quar« ter'd upon by the regular ecclcfiaftick troops under ,th^ (jircftion of their proper officers, archbiftiops, bilhops* deans, archdeacons, prebends, canons, and other fubal-; tern officers : the church of England exercife no jurif^ diftion (the office of the bifhop's comminkries is only no- minal) no more than the county aftbciatiohs of minifters^ in Connedicut, or the voluntier prefbyters (in imitation of* the claffical kirk jurifdidions of Scotland) in feveial of our colonies, vuf .,:J^^fi^puf. I ihall not here delineate or defcribe the papiftjiCal church of Rome, the epifcopal church of England, and the preiby terian kirk of Scotland j they are generally well known. , The papifts are of no note or notice * excepting in , I Tory, originally was a hdme giveh to the wild Irifli popifli rob* krs, and who favoured the maiTacre of the proteflants in Ireland 1641^ ind afterwards applied to all enormous high-fliers of the church. W^hig was a ludicrons name, firft given to the country field devbtioit meetings, whofe ordinary drink was the whig or whey of coagulated foar milk, and afterwards applied to thofe who were againft the coui^ intereil in the reigns of Charles II. arid Jahics tl. and for the COiii^ m the reigns of king William and king George. ^ •''^- r-'f**^ *■ t''^^ - j( Church governments may be various, and all eqiaally alldwab!^ by preicription ; as in the civil governments of various nations thera ?re monarchy, arillocracy, democracy, andcompofitionsof thefejwhicli in general alliances, treaties of peace, arid other tranfa£lion,s among fovercignties, are equally admitted. * Not many years fince, in Bofton were fome popifli ettiiffaries ; • but findjrjg only fome poor wild Iriih carters and porters of the per- fuafion, they ioon relinquifhed their million and difappeared. As the grants of Maryland and Penfylvania do adtually tolerate thd publick exercife of the Roman catholick religion ; and as that religion is |)ernicious to human fociety in general, and tends to fubvert ou^ prefent happy conftitution ; why may it not be fupprefled as to pub* lick worship, by an z&. of ti)e Britilh parliament, without giving any umbrage' to the other good granu; and charters at home, and in th.4i I glantations ? - , . . . . ,;.,^, ,, Vol.il L " Penfyi- 146 A Svi..iiiAA are to be found among all reftaries. L 2 are X48 A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec, are fcveral calvinift churches in the provinces of New. York and Pcnfylvania. CoNGREGATiONALiSTS is the retigion mode of New- England, (fome church of England, anabapcifts, and queers excepted) the prefbyterians are only fpecuJative , becaufe by aft of union they can have no ecclcfiaftick claflical jurifdiftion in the colonies, and therefore are only congregational, but lefs rigid and narrow in admifTion of church members, and in difcipline. The New-England cortgregationals may be called independents t reformed as not exactly the lame with the independents one of the three licenfed diflfenting profeflions in England, but form- ed according to a platform (fo they call it) of their own fcheming j this platform was by a refolve of the general aflembly recommended to the churches, but never en- adted. At prefent, anno 1750, the general method of the New England congrcgationalifts .p is, when a gofpcl minifter is wanted, the devout elderly men of the pre- cinfl: invite fundry preachers to officiate, thefe are called candidates ; in the next ftep, the church members or communicants (all males even the pooreft, upon the pub- lick charity, and negroes) at an appointed meeting,, by a majority, vote for one of thefe candidates, and give him a formal call ; the following ftep, is a general meeting of the men of the congregation, who pay minifterial rates, and are qualified as town voters, to an. prove or difapprove of the above choice ; if any diffi- culty hacpens, a council of delegates from the neigh- bouring Laurches is called tor advice, but their opinion is only of advice, but not abfolutely obligatory ; this council when they attend the ordination, are called the f The name of independent is quite extin&in our American colonics. -I- ta the fecond feffion of a fynod appointed by the civil Ifgiflatore at b'ofton in May 1 680, a platform and confcflion of faith w.is agreed upon, much the fame with that of the independents in England, Octo- ber 1658, called the Savoy confeflion of faith. See vol. I. p. 438, &c. and other occafional hints. : *, - . . ordination Of RHQDE-IsLAIfp. H9 ordination council. Upon any occafional difference in a church, a like council of advice is called, but not obliga- tory, and iflfues in a vote of the church communicants or general congregation. The congregationalifts of Conne6ticut are regulated by a platform or confeflion of their own (fcarce differing from that of Malfachufetts-Bay) prefented to their gene* ral alTembly by the minifl'ers and other delegates Sept. 9, 1^67 } •the general aflembly or legidature ordained, that all churches || conforming thereto fhall be deemed efta- bliihed by law; but no fociety or church, who foberly diflent from faid united churches, fhall be hindered from their worfhip according to their confci^nces. >; There are feveral congregational churches who vary in fomc trifles •, inftance the rev. Mr. Colman, afterwards D. D. from one of the univerfities of Scotland, though frequently in mixed converfation he declared his diflent from the prefbyterian church government, . anno 1699, perhaps in humour and fingularity, fet up as a feparatift from the generally received congregational mode, and perhaps with a defign to allure fome inclined to the man- ner of the church of England, to contribute towards his church i \m fcparation was only in trifles, viz. ufing the Lord's prayer, reading of lefTons in the bible, the hat- band and rofe of the church of England clergy, a freer admiffion to the facraments of baptifm and the Lord's fupper i his fucceffor the rev. Samuel Cooper is ^ good man. 1722, there was a confiderable falling off or fecefTus from the congregational mode by Mr. Cutler, prefident of Yale college in Connedlicut, and fome of his former pupils } in confequence of their fqheme, they went to . ■ - ■ ■ ..■»■:■ I In many refpeils I admire the prudence and ceconomy of this government, but here I cannot avoid obierving a fceming inadver- Uncy, and afterwards not rediiied, becaufe by a£l of union May i, 1707, the church of England exclufive^y was the only church efta- blilhed by law in all our plantations ; this ad perhaps was the occa- Hon of Mr. Hobait's calling the church of England feparatifts. ■f-vLn ; 1-3 England, II * 15© A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. England, obtained epifcopal ordination, and the benefit of mi/Tionaries •, their godlinefs was great gain. Anabaptists. See vol. I. p. 445. Their eflential and diilinguifhing doctrine is with relation to baptifni} they baptize adults only, and that by immerfion or dipping. This formerly was a very wild fedtary, and therefore run into many fubdivifions fcarce to be enu- merated : I am well inlormed, that at prcfcnt in Penfyl- vania there are 16 or 17 different forts of anabaptifts Englilh and German. 1 Ihall inftance fome of iheir f«ib- divifions. 1 . Englifh, * a fober and generally good people; German anabaptifts, a turbulent people : the German anabaptifts have no meetings or puhlick places of wor- fhip in Philadelphia, but many in the country, and ge- nerally refufe the qualification oath •, one of their branch- ings are called mcnifts, they have no meeting in Phila- delphia, but are a numerous and wealthy people in the country, and follow farming ; their diftindtion is wear- ing long beards, and refufing government oaths. The dumplers are a fmall body of Germans, about 50 miles from Philadelphia, men and women profefling conti- nency, live in feparate apartments. The men wear a monkifti habit, without breeches like capuchins, but lighter cloth ; as to oaths they are the fame with the quakers and moravians •, though an illiterate people, they have a very decent chapel, and as craftfmen, they are very ingenious; upon a fine ftream they have a grift mill, a faw-mill, a paper mill, an oil mill, and a mill for pearl barley, all under one roof, which brings them in confiderable profit. There is one Englifti anabaptift meeting in Philadelphia, and fome in the country. 2. Firft day bapcifts, their weekly holy day is the Sunday, as in ufc with all other chriftians ; feventh day bap- tifts, on the leventh day or jewifli fabbath they meet for • Not long fince the vagrant Mr. W d occafioned a feparation in the Bodon anabaptitl church ; the feparatills are under the cure or care of a leather breeches maker,, thi.7 arc autimoralifts, and there- lore perniciou!) in loci.:>'. • luiblick Of Rhodk-Iiland. «5« publick worfhip, and abftain from common labour* [uc labour, icc» on the Sunday or Hrd day of the week i of thofe there is a congregation in Newport and in Wcftcrly of Rhodc-Ifland colony, and feveral in the country of Penfylvania. 3. The firft- day baptifts are fubdividcd into thofc who ufc fingirig f in their publick worfhip as the generality of chriftians do i and baptifts who do not admit of Hnging in puUick worship ; they alledge that there muft be a great deal of hypocrify in promifcu- ous finging, as it cannot be imagined that every one of the congregation is in the humour of Hnging at the fame tinie. Quakers, fee vol. I. p. 447. As they arc not under the confinement of creeds, contcfiions of faith, plat- forms, canons, articles, formulas, and the like, they cannot poffibly break loofe inio fe(5lary * fubdivifions i their principal dodtrines are to be inveftigated from their pradlice, ( it is to be wifh^d that it were fo in all profejfions of religion) their induftry, frugality, mutual benevolence or friendfliip. 4- The external part of a quakcr's f The quakers, and not finging bapti (Is, are defervcdiy faulted, becaufe finging of pfalms incites and heightens devotion. • Anno 1642 or 1644, in time of the civil wars in Enpi-md, George Fox of Leicefterlhire, xt 2?, fet upfor are'igionary exho f- er or teacher ; he exclaimed againft the eftablifhed clergy, fonie of Cromwell's foldiers became his profelytesand would not fight, in courfe the prifons were crouded. In K. Charles II. adminiftracion tliey were frequently prefented for refufing to pay tythes, and for hot tnking government oaths. Robert Barclay of Scotland wrote an Apology for the quakers 167;, and dedicated it to the king, which abated that pcr- fecution. William Penn, fon of vice-admiral Penn, became a quaiccr, St. 22, and with Fox went upon a mifCon Into foreign countries, but from Holland th :y foon returned home ; this Penn was proprie- tary and governor of Penfylvania j he wrote two /olio volumes in favour of the quakers. Benjamin Holmes lately wrote in favour of quakerifm ; his book was firft publifliedin Amfterdam 1723. ^ I know of no differences among them. Only fome are mofc de- mure, fome lefs demure or precife in the antiquated habit and mode of fpccch, that is, more jovial and debonnaire. L 4 Not 1^2 A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec, quaker's religion confifts only in trivial matters, the antiquated modes of fpccch, thee, thou, thy, &C' and an antiquated drefs of a plain coat without plaits, or buttons on the pockets and flccvcs, beaver like hats with horizontal brims as is generally wore by the church of England clergy : the pufillanimous dodrine of not de- fending themfelves by force againft an invading enemy is very abfurd: Pro Patria is not only a law of nations, but of nature. ' They fay that a regular clergy with be- nefices are hirelings, and, like mercenary troops, do duty only for fake of their pay, and not to be fo much depended upon as the militia or voluntary confcicntious pxhorter*. ** •''•'*'" ' Qiiakprs hold all fwearing and paying ty thes unlawful ; they do not find fault with the various forms of civil government, but give obedience to any ellablifhcd government ; all who have the gift of the light within them, men or women, are fufficiently ordained to preach the gofpel without any commifTion from a church, or afliftance from human learning -, all praying and preach- ing premeditated or e^ctempore without the fpirit, are fuperftitious will-worfhip and idolatry ; they ufc neither baptifm nor the Lord's fupper. Unjuftly they are faid not to regard the fcriptures, whereas in their exhortations, writings, and defences of their orthodoxy, no fedt ufe fcripture phrafes and quo- ^tions t more than they do. Their affirmation inflead ../■■... of J'T'i Not only in the neighbourhood, but b) annoM or periodical itine- rancies of their fpeaicers or exhorters, and alio of their moil noted inen. f f fhall here give a few inftances of their eilablidung fome of their tenets by fcripture. i . They feem to be generally arminian, James ii. 20. *' Hqt wilt thou know O vain man f that faith without worksis ''dead." A£lsx. 3a. '* God is no refpefter of perfons, he that feaJs " God aT)5i of an oath, is not to be faulted, becaule it is equally bind- ing, and faififying is fubjed^ed to the fanne penalty as perjury ; government oaths are become To common, they have almod loft their folemnity. They ufe the fame fubterfuge with our more illiterate teachers and cxhorters, i Corinth, i. 26. &c. '* Not many wife after «» the flefh, noc many mighty, not many noble are called 1 >« but God hath chofen the fooUHi things of the world, to »< confound the wife," &c. Their filcnt waiting upon the Lord in their publick places of devotion^ is faulted by jnany, but they fay, at that time, they have a divine teacher in their own heart. They believe a refurredtion of the juft and unjuft, and that God will give a reward to every man according to his works, whether they be good or evil ; ^ut as to the nature and manner of the refur- redtio.i they are filent, they only fay, that it is not fafe becaufe in fuch a belief there is no need to take care of falvation or good morals $ this is execrably pernicious, and voids uU do^trinei* religious or moral. 2. All mankind have an innate divine light, which if attended to, directs them into a good and holy life, and averts them from fin and paflions ; " this is the light, (John 1. 9.) "which lighteth every man that cometh into the world." 3. Water bap- tifm is not eflential to chrilUanlty, it muil be of the fpirit, A6ls xi. 16. " John indeed bnpti/.ed with water, but ye (hall be baptized with the " holy gholl i" as Chrilt was born under the law, he fulfilled the law, and was circumcifed : " in Chrilt JefuA, neither circumciHon nor " uncircumiion availeth any thing, but a new creature :** as they have charity for thofe who ule water baptifm confcientioufly, and who ufe bread and wine, fo they ought to have charity for us if we difufe them, becaufe we believe they are ceafed in point of obligation. 4. In an- Aver to i Tim. ii. i z. *' But fufFcr not a woman to teach, nor to ufurp " authority over the man, but to be in filence ;" they adduce the apoftle Paul, Rom. xvi. who advifes to help thefe women which la- boured with him in the gofpel : in our bible we are told of many women that did prophefy, Adh ii. 18. ** And on my fervants, and on " my handmaidens, I will pour out in thefe days of my fpirit, and ^' they fliall prophefy." 5. As to their not bearing of arms. Mat. v. 44. " Love your enemies, blefs them that curfc you, do good to " them that hate you." 6. Their refufing of government oaths, James V. 12. ** But above all things my brethren, fwear not, neither by " heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath, but let " your yea be yea, and your nay nay, left you fall into condemnation," ,.., - ..K. . ■ . . to I 54 A SuMMARY^j HlSTOKlG/^h 9^ POLITICAL, &C. to ;be too inquifkive, how the dead fhall be railed, and with what bodies, i Corinth, xv. 44. " There is a na- ** twral body, and there is a fpirituaJ body ;'* the apoftle Paul faith, ** Flelh and blood cannot inherit the king. •* doHi of God, a^iifher doth corruption inherit incorrup. ^VtiPO." f Moravians. Some haye tranfported themfelves to Penfylvania. In a late aft of the Britifli parliament, J 749, in favour of their affirmation infteatl of an oath, they are called an ancient proteftant epifcopal church j they call themfelves unitas fratrum or united brethren, as the quakers with very good propriety call themfelves iriends. -.-^i-ir::^- ^J.,.,,^!.•^* The moravians publifh no creed or confefllon of faith, and can becharaderifed only from their manners and preaching in a whining canting enthufiaftical (train; in church government they are epifcopal, but refufe taking of oaths as do the menenifts in Holland, and the Englifli quakers i they refufe carrying of arms, but wil- Jingiy contribute towards the pecuniary charge of a war, which quakers refufe ; they- ufe inftrumental mu- (ick in their worfhip; in Philadelphia they have a cha- pel with^a fmall organ, and in the ( ountry at Bethlehenj their grand fcttlement about 50 or 60 miles from Phila- fielphia, at their folemn feftivals, befides the organ they ufe violins, hautbois, and French horns •, they pofiefs 7000 or 8000 acre^ of land, and make confiderable fet- tlen:€nts; they are very zealous towards converting the Indians, fome Indians have joined their fociety and live with them j they fend miirionaries abroad almoft every whfir, even to Greenland, or Davis's ftraits -, beginning of June, 1749, there arrived in Philadelphia three na- tives of Greenland, two young men and a young woman converted in their own country by moravian mifiiona- fits ', they came in a fliip belonging to the fociety which havi c;in ied thither two years fince a ready framed church f f 7 iici'e hi^h ktiiudcs i-roduce nvo timl cr or other wood. to Of Rhode-Island. ^55 to be eredlcd there -, thefe Greenlanders f in this (hip had vifited the brethren infeverai parts of Europe, in England, Holland, and Germany, and returned from Philadelphia \^ the fame (hip to Greenland. The moravians have a mifllon at Barbice in Surinam, and two Indian converts from thence, with the Greenland converts, and iomc converts oi the Delaware Indians, met at Bethlehem. I. The morayians * have among them in Penfylvanit fome men of letters j Mr. Spenenbergh was a profeflbr of fome fcience in Germany at Hall ; but they chiefly con- fift of handicrafts', by which they carry on their improve- ments cheap. They encourage marriage amongft their young people ; but to marry by cafting of lots to pre- ferve an equality among themfqjves, which they afFedb very much, is not natural. By late aft of parliament they are indulged with an affirmation inllead of an oath in thefe words, " I A. B. do declare in the prefence of «f Almighty God, the witnefs of the truth I fay i" but if convifted of wilful and falfe affirming, Ihall incur the fame pains and penalties as are enafled by law againfl: wilful and corrupt perjury -, but Ihall not by their affir- mation, be qualified to give evidence in criminal cafes (quakers affirmation is good both in criminal and civil cafes) and not to ferve in juries. After the general defcription of our plantation feda- ries, thefe in each colony Ihould have been enumerated ? but by anticipation they are generally to be found, i. Thofe of the tour colonies of New-England arc at full '■'■f'-tTi f Here we may tranfiently obferve, that at this cafual congrefs of Indians from lat. 5, lat. 40, and lat, 65, their hair, eyes and com- plexions were the fame j only the further north the complexions were afmall matter paler : but their languages were entirely diftinf ; The Greenland or Davis's Straits converts were clad in feal ikins, hair on, but in general were a nafty fort of chrilUans. * So called from Moravia, a country adjacent to Bohemia ; they feem to be a fprout from the old ftock of the Huffites ; ihe HulTit^', I difciples of Hufs and Jerome of Bohemia, followed the tenets of the Waldenfes who appeared about 1310, and ol WickiiiTe an Englifn loUard middle of J4th century. •. .. . length. 1^6 A SuMMAur, Historical and Political, &c length. 2. In the province of New-York, befidcs the church of England, there are the nrjode of the kirk of Scotland, Dutch calvinifts, and Tome lutherans of the eonfefllon of Auglburgh in Suabia ot Germany. 3. In the Jcrfies there are the church of England ihiflions, the Scots prcfbyterians and quakers rule the roaft. 4. Befides the church of England miflioinarics in the country of Fenfylvania, there is one Englifli church in Philadelphia, a very large congregation. In Philadelphia (and many in the country) there are two prefbyterian meetings, one called new light of Whitefield*s inftitution, the other ac- cording to the Scots prefbyterian mode ; and befides at a great diftance in the country there is a congregation of cameronrans or covenanters, who renew the folemn league often, and deny all fubmiflion to magiftrates from the fovereign to the conftable, becaufe at the revolu- tion the king by law alTumed to be head of the church, and contrary to their covenant, i"^ England eflablilhed prelacy inftead of prefbytery. 1 ^ quakers have two large meetings in Philadelphia, and a meeting almoft in every townfhip of the three firfl fettled counties; in the other three counties they do not prevail ; but every where prefcrve power by their two irrefiftible maxims of riches and unity -, they have the fecret of kcreping their young people up to thefe, and let them think and talk otherwife as they pleafe. 5. In Maryland there are feveral parifhes according to the way of the church of England, and the moft beneficial of any in our plantations, becaule as the number of taxables or con- gregation increafes, being taxed at fo much tobacco per head, the value of their livings grows : whereas in Virginia the parfons are fixed ac a certain falary of 16,000 wt. of tobacco per ann. without any regard 10 the increafe of the congregation : in Maryland are ten or a dozen publick Roman catholick chapels, many prcf- byterians, and fome quakers. 6. In Virginia there are no dilTenters from the church of England, a few qua- kers excepted, their clergy are not noted for their piety and Oi RllOt>t4si.AN2>. H7 sad monWty or CMmplary life, and require mlflionary reformer mere thin the congregationalifts of New Eng* land( it if fdid that many of them are a fcandal to the profeffion ©f the church of England. 7. In Noiirh-Ca- rolina fcifce any rc'ligion > there are two itiiflionaries and afewqu»ker8, Ifi South-Carolina there are church of England fliifllenftflfS, and the progeny of fomc Sects prdbyceridnSi ^ In Georgia oe nihilo nihil. A few Mifcellany Obfcrvations. r~\ jse^ ■,y ./'^t All ebaritks, exefpting to poor orphans, other impo- tent poor, m%\ chiklfen of indigent parents, are chari- ties ill appllgd i charities towards converting people tFom one mode of riligion to another, where both are con&lb- tnt with foekty, are not laudable. By a general naturalization, foreigners may be im- ported to all our colonies •, but to be intermixed with the Bfitiih feftlers, their publick worlhip of any deno- mination, and feli^llng to be in Engliih ; * thus in a few years, they will mi ditfer from the Britifh only in family names. In Kew-En|tand the congregatlonalifts at firft a6ted with too much feverity, which occafioned fome inha- bitants of Byfton to petition K. Charles II. • anno 1679, tor a church of England, modeftly called the king's chapel, (thus it U with afnbaffadors chapels, ) fignifying not an eftubiiflied, but tolerated or privileged place of wor- lhip. The elmneurs ceincerning the perfecutions of diflenters [from thf e©ngft'§attonal way were very ill founded •, for inftance, lyz^f fhe afleflbrs of Tiverton and Dartmouth were by a proper warrant from the province treafurer committed w jail for not aflcffing the townfhip towards common rates, .. * A Im prdpefil la Pttntylv&nia, of ereaing German fchools was SECT. 1^8 A Summary, Historical and Political, Stc, ■^0t0-.' SECTION XL Concerning the Colony of CONNECTICUT! THIS is the laft of the four colonics formerly called, The dominions of New-England. It is a plantation of induftrious fagacious hufbandmcn, notwithftanding that fome of the meaner fort are villains, corruptio op- timi peflima, efpecially in not paying their juft debts to the inhabitants or dealers of the neighbouring colonies J in all their eledions of governor, councellors, reprefenta- tives, judges, and other publick officers, by cuftom, they generally prefer the moft worthy. Their eaftern town- fhips have been tainted by the adjacent paper-money. | making colonies of Maflachufetts-Bay and Rhode-IflandJ and followed that fraud inftead of going into the better cur- 1 rency of their weftern adjoining province of New- York the Connedicut adminiftration are at prefent fenfible ofl this error, and have reduced all their publick fees and! fines to proclamation money. — I could not avoid this preamble, by way of eulogy upon the prefent admini- ftration in their exemplary jurifdidlion. They have fub- fifted as a government about ninety years, and froml oeconomical experience, have formed a body of lawsl lately revifed and publilhed anno 1 750, in a fmall foliol of 258 pages, of C " equitable, plain and! concife laws for plantations, mmv-i tO extant. I This colony at prefent is by royal charter, a coali-l tion of two diftin(5t voluntary focieties, formed froml articlHl articles by ful Hartford Und I tas from an en fofflc townfhips they went welt- called Springfie Wethersfield, & diufetts jurifdid iftion, by fubl Iter the model ol Iflotlegal jurifdi was 1636; 163' of Mr. Eaton, J\ ' dians, and begai upon Long-Iflan and continued 01 i land until the rei ' with the faid coli ! porated fnto the' John Winthrc [ Maflachufetts-Br I Brook, arrived wards chofen go reftoration of k Itained a royal I Haven colonies j years governor c * The united coF JWaflkchufetts-Bay, | During the confj America were neglel tjohn Winthorpj Aprils. •676, at.f Maffachufetts, who| He was much gi^ veral of his recipes fome of his pieces! tranfaftions of the 1 VanHelmont, andl <5f C(»IMtCTICUT. «59 articles by fubfcription of many planters, then called jjartford and New-Haven colonics. That of Hartiord 0i from an emigration of fome difeontented rigids Of fofflc townlhips adjoining to Bofton (fee vol. I. p. 444.) they went well fouthwardly, and planted the lands now called Springfield, Suffield, Enfield, Windfor, Hartford, Wethersfield, &c. fome of thefe were within the Mafla- chufetts jurifdidlion : thofe who were without the jurif- diftion, by fubfcription of articles formed thcmfelves af- ter the model of Maflfachufetts-Bay into a voluntary but not legal jurifdidion ; their firft eledion of magillrates was 1636 i 1 637 people from England* under the diredion of Mr. Eaton, Mr. Davenport, &c. purchafed of the In- dians, and began another diftindfc voluntary jurifdidion upon Long-Iiland found called the colony of New-Haven, and continued one of the * united colonies of New-Eng- land until the reftoration of king Charles If. and was then with the faid colony of Hartford by royal charter incor- porated fnto the prefent colony of Connecticut. John Winthrop, fon of John Winthrop, governor of Maifachufetts-Bay, as agent from the lords Say and Brook, arrived at fort Saybrook 1635, and was after- wards chofen governor of Hartford colony. Upon the reftoration of king Charles II. he went home and ob- tained a royal charter incorporating Hartford and New- Haven colonies into one united colony ; he was fourteen years governor of this united colony, -f* • The united colonies of New-England from 1643 to 1663, ^^^^ Maflachufetts-Bay, Plymouth, Hartford, and New-Haven. During the confufions or civil war in England, the colonies in I America were neglefted, ai\d afled at pleafure. f John Winthorp, formerly govern'^'* of Connefticut, died in Bofton, April 5, 1676, act. 73, eldeil fon of Mr. Winthrop, governor of I Maflachufetts, who died March z6, 164.9. He was much given to experimental philofophy and medicine ; fe- I veral of his recipes are ftill ufed by that family in charity to the poor ; fome of his pieces are to be found amongft the firft philol'ophical tranfaftions of the London royal fociety ; he was a great admirer of. I Van Helmont, and dealt much in, antimonials. y V • . • .• Xhe i6o A Summary, Historical and PoLitiCAt, &c. The firft volontaire governor of Hartford colony waj Edward Hopkins, born in England 1600, a Turky mer- chant of London ; he returned to England, was in feve. ral offices there, and died in London 1657. Alternately with him Mr. Hains was chofen governor. After them George Willis, Thomas Wells, and J6hn Webfter were chofen governors. Mr. Eaton, an eaft country merchant of I ondc^n, one of the patentees of Mallachufetts colony, with a parcel ot planters 1637 fettled at New-Hiiven ; alter being for many fucceffive years governor, he died 16 ^jy, to him fucceetled Francis Newman, he continued three or four years governor and died. Mr. Leet, a lawyer, fuccceded and cOiitJMued governor until Hartford and New-Haven were by royal cii^rter united into one colony, and was their deputy governor under Mr. Winthrop while he lived, and after Mr. Winthrop's • death continued ten years governor till his own deith. .* . , f ; i We iliould have mentioned that Robert, earl t)f War- wick, haying obtained. a grant 1630 from the council of Plymouth, procured a patent from king Charles I. of lands in New-England from Narraganfet river, as the fea coafl runs towards Virginia forty leagues, and eaft and weft from fea to fea or to MafTachufetts fouth line ; this was made over to William vifcount Say and Seal, Robert lord Brook, and company 5 they built a fort at •the mouth of Connefticut river, and called it Say-Brook ; bt3t finding no profit to accrue, they fold it to the fet- tlers 1644. -.: ^■■; , .,-> ..■ ,../. ^.)i;/, •■ .i-.-r-f, _■ , The prelcnt boundaries of Conneflicut colony are its north -f line upon MalTachufetts-Bay province of about 72 miles, fettled 1713 •, its * eallerly line upon the co- lony of Rhodc-Idand of about 45 miles, fettled 1728 ; its foutherly line is upon Long-lfland found, being a fea •f- See vol, I. p. 416, by miftake it was fald to have been confirmed by the king in council.. ; .« •See vol. U. p. 93. ' ^ '. ' ' • • . line ^'-^ Of Connecticut. i6t line of about 90 miles in a direA W. foutherly courie from the mouth of Pakatuke river to the mouth of Byram river-, its wcfterly line as finally fettled with New-York, and by a deed of furrender from the colony oi Conncfticut to the king May 14, 1731, is as follows. This weft line 'was regulated thus, beginning at io miles eait from Courtland*s point II of Hudfon*s ri- ycri N. 1 2d ^om. E. 52 and half miles to a conti- nuation of the Maflfachufetts and Connedlicutdivifiohal line inN. lat. 42d. 2 m. * From the abovefaid projection • from Courtland's point run S. 24d. 30m. eaft, 7 and i quarter miles, then W. S. W. 13 miles 64 rod, then S.S. E. eight miles to the mouth of Byram river. Alih parallel with the firft two lines at the diftance cf one mile three quarters of a mile and twenty rod eaftward is the prefent boundary between Connedlicut and New- York, and the land comprehended by thefe parallel lines is called the Oblong granted by Connedlicut to New- York as an equivalent for fome lands upon the Sound, fettled by, but not originally belonging to Connedi- cut i this was confirmed by the king in council. The Oblong contains about 69,000 acres, whereof 50,000 acres is in difpute, • the property being claimed by Eyles and company, alfo by Hanly and company ; f it remains a place of refuge for the mifcreants from New-England and New- York. The partition line between New- York andConnedticut as eftablilhed December i, 1664, runs from the mouth of Memoroncok river (a little weft trom Byram river; N.N. I W. and was the ancient eafterly bounds of New- York 11 Nov. 23, 1683, the line was run nearly the fame as litis now fettled. I Courtltnd^s point is computed to be 40 miles as the river juns [from the city of New-York, • This N. W. corner of Connefticut colony is ao and 3 qr. miles I from Hudfon's river about 9 miles above Kingfton, t mile below the Imouth of Efopas river, and aboitf 50 miles below Albfiny. + See New- York fciUtJtt; ..'^^ Vol. 11. M Duke 102 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c, Duke of I)amilton*s grant took in part of the prefent , colony of Connedlicut, this grant was from Narraganfet- Bay to Gonnedticut river, and back into the country un- til it met with Maflachufetts fouth line •, but as thij waspever piitchafed of the native. Indians, and never fettled, it may be deemed as obfolete j there have been fome attempts to revive this claimj but never profccuted. The Indians almoft extind ; they have a unall refcrvc /upon the eaft fide of C inedicut river at Piftol point in Weathersficld j a very fmall parcel of Nianticks about 5 or 6 miles weft from New- London •, there is an Indian referve of — acres upon New- London river in the , northern parts of that townlhip called Mohegins. In Connedticut are eight convenient lhi{)ping ports for {mall craft, but all mafters enter and clear at the port of New-London, a good harbour 5 miles within land, and! deep water, here they build large (hips, but their tim- 1 ber is fpungy, and not durable, it fplits or rives well into ftaves; fmall veflels are built at Saybrook, KillingfJ worth, New-Haven or Wallingsford river, &c. In the Sound the tide flows 6 to 8 feet, the deep water is upon the Long-ifland fide. Foreign veflels entered and cleared in the port of New. London from the 25th of March 1748 to the 25th of March 1749, fearce any regiftered more than 80 tuns,! and generally are Weft-India traders. Entered inwards. Brigantines Sloops Schgoners 4 l::j 3 4 37 Cleared outwards. Brigantines Sloops Schooners 20 37 5 62 ^ Here, ias in air other Britifli colonies, the coUedor ,and other cuftom-houfe officers, arc by warrant from vthe commiflloners of the cuftoms in confequcnce of an order from the trcafury ; the-commiflfioners of the trca* fury direct all officers of the revenue. In .-» »£. In Cor the rcprei alfo the I lands rem Indian refe In the r of Conned (heir chart Ma/Tachufe rifdii^ion, fumed the! fubfilh to t This coJ two diftind was two of t OldMaflacl the quota oi Hartford an colony of ^^ As to the French and Idians in thi I Maflachufet) I fedlion conc[ [prior to th 1S9 i their I * Our co!ol jnent and pro! lina excepting! Virginw, excd to lord Fairfi N'ewfoundlanc thcproprietaril vernment andf MCtkutt and . Iting, but the] fi'ialiachufettsi tq/tain body . I faitl not di^'cft Of Connecticut. 163 In Connecticut the government is in the hands of the fcprcfcntative of the freemen or people, * as was alfo the property ; but at prefent no colony or general lands remain (fo it is in Rhode-Ifland) excepting fomc Indian referves. In the reigns of Charles II. and James II. the colony of Connefticut (as alfo of Rhode-Ifland) in the cafe of (heir charter, did not ftand a law fuit at home, as did MalTachufetts-Bay, but tacitly dropt their charter or ju- rifdiftion, and upon the happy revolution tacitly reaf- fumed their jurifdiClion, which was deemed good, and jijbfifts to this day. This colony (before a charter granted them, by the two diftindl appellations of Hartford and New-Haven) was two of the four alfociated colonies of New-England; Old Maflachufetts and Old Plymouth were the other two; the quota of charges of the two Connecticut colonies of Hartford and New-Haven was equal to that of the old colony of Maflfachufetts-Bay. As to their wars or rather bickerings with the Canada French and their Indians, as alfo with our intermixed In- dians in their infurreClions, they were in common with Maflachufetts- Bay colony and province; we refer to the fedtion concerning Maflachufetts-Bay. "What happened prior to the Connecticut royal charter, lee vol. I. p. 189 ; their Ihare in the reducing of Port-Royal, now * Our colonies are* of various natures, i. In fome the govern- ment and property are in the crown ; South-Carolina, North Caro- I lina excepting the property of the earl of Granvile's one eighth (hare ; Virginw, excepting the property of the north neck which belongs to lord Fairfax ; New- York, New-Hampfliire, Nova-Scotia ; and Newfounrlland. 2. in fome, both government and property are in the proprietaries, Maryland, and Penfylvania. 3. In fome, the go- vernment and property is in the reprefentatives of the people, Con- jnecticit and Rhode-Ifland. 4. In others, the government is in the king, but the property is in the reprefentatives of the people, as in iVlalJifchuretts-Bay. ;. Government in the king, and property in a cytain body of proprietors, as in New-Jcrf:cs. 6. Georgia may be I faid not di^'cfted. , . M 2 Annapolis, 164 A SuMivARy, HISTORICAL and Political, &c. Annapolis, 1710, fee vol. I. p. 308 ; their Iharc in the fham expedition 1711 (the nation was at that time and by management, frequently the dupe of the mi* niftry) againft Canada, fee vol. I. p. 312 j their quota in that unaccountably rafti, but by divine providence ex- traordinary fuccefsful, expedition againft LouiA)ourg of Cape-Breton, fee vol. I. p. 350 ; the affair of the pro- je(fted but abortive expedition 1 746 againft Canada, fee vol. I. p. 315. • Abftraft of the Conncfticut charter. iC ".Connediicut colony was incorporated, April 23, 1662, by charter of K. Charles II. from the humble ** petition of 1 9 gentlemen principal proprietors in faid *•• colony, partly by purchafe for valuable confiderations, ** and partly gained by a conqueft •, and living remote ** from other Englilh plantations •, thefe gendemen's " names are — John Winthrop, Henry Clart:e, Nathan " Gold, Henry Wclcott, John Ogden, John Clarke, " John Mafon, Matthew Allyn, Richard Treat, John •* Talcott, Thomas Welles, Anthony Hawkins, Samud " Willis, John Tappii^;;, Richard Lord, Daniel Clarke, ** Obadiah Brown, John Deming, Matthew Chamfield, " -with all others who ftiall be made free of the company, ** are incorporated by the name of the governor and " company of the English colony of Connecticut " IN New-England in America, with perpetual fuc- ** ceffion, to purchafe land and chatties, and them to " leafe or alien as corporations in England may do, widi •* a common feal *, and there ihall be eleded out of the *' freemen orfe governor, one deputy governor, and ** twelve aflillants, viz, the firft governor John Win- *' throp, firft; deputy governor John Mafon, the firft *' twelve afTiflants Samuel Willis, Matthew Allyn, Na- " than Gold, Henry Clarke, Richard Treat, John Ogden, *' John I'apping, John Talcott, Thomas Welles, Henry ** WoJcott, Richard Lord, and Daniel Clarke ; tht go- '* vertior may at any time call an allembly j to have two " annual Of Connecticut. i6i annual aflemblies, viz. fecond Thurfday in OfVober, and fecond Thurfday of May, ^o confift of the aflif- tants and deputies, not exceeding two from one place, chofen by the freemen of each place to be a general ^f- fembly, whereof the governor and deputy governor, and fix of the afliilants at lead to be feven •, this gene-' ral affembly may change the times of their meeting and eledlions, to admit freemen, and conllitute fuch offi- cers as they (liould think fit *, and once every year on the fecond Thurfday of May, the governor, deputy governor, afTiilants, and other officers, fhail be in laid general court newly chofen tor the year enfuing, and to take their relpedlive corporal oaths for the due per- formance of their offices before two affiftants •, the firft nominated governor to take his oath before a mafter in chancery. The inhabitants to have a power to import inhabitants and .goods into the colony, paying the ufual duties. All our t^fubjedts inhabitants burn there, or at fea, coming to or going from thence, to be deem- ed natural-born fubjeds. The general aflembly to ere£t judicatories, and to make reafonable laws, not contrary to the laws of England, and to fettle forms of magiilracy and magiflrates, and to impofe lawful fines and other penalties -, and in general, that our faid peo- ple may be fo religioufly, peaceably, and civilly go* verned ; as their good life and orderly converfation, may win and invite the natives of the country to the knowledge and obedience of the only true God and faviour of mankind ; this with '* the adventurers free profefTion," is the only and principal end of this plan- tation. A power maitial to raile forces for their own defence to kill or otherways dedroy by all fitting ways any who attempt the detriment of the coldny, and upon occafionto uffelaw martial -, and upon juft caufcs to invade and deftroy the natives or other enemies of faid colony. Liberty is referved to all his majefty's fubjeds to iiih, to build wharfs and flages upop wallc . i m M 3 lands i66 Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ** lands — This colony is bounded caft by thcNarraganfet •• river, commonly called Narraganfct-Bay, where the <( faid river t'alletli into the Tea ; and on the north by the *• Une of the MafTachufetts plantation, and on the fouth ** by the fea ; and from the faid Narraganfet-Bay on the " caft: to the South-Sea on the weft part. To be holden •* in free and common foccage as of our inannor of Eaft- *• Greenwich, paying only the fifth part of all the ore of •* gold and filver that may be difcovered there. •• By writofprivy-feal, Howard" • Their prefent enadting ftile is, " Be it enafted by the ** governor, council and reprefentatives, in general court ** aflembled, arid by the authority of the fame." >* The prefent counties and towns are, Hartford county. * Norfolk iff ivji ' Hartford Windfor Weathersfield Middletown Farmington Symft)ury Haddam ---^^^f ^>'. Eaft-Haddam " '*- Colchefter Hebron Glaffenbury Bolton Willington • Stafford Toland Litchfield * Harwinton « Hartland * Winchefter » New- Hartford « Torrington Mii' ♦ Bark-Hampfted « Colebrcok « Gofhen JW * Cornwall * Canaan * Kent ♦^■^' •• New- Haven county. Milford Guilford Brentford Wallingtord Darby Waterbury ^■' New-Milford Durham ' * Sharon •''■' * Salifbury ?^w-LoNDON county. New- London Norwich -^'^' Saybrook • ^ • Stonington ' Killingworth :-^ • Lyme =, ^** ;:.,■• ,/j Groton Preilon Fair- Of CONM ICTICVT. i«7 Fairfield county. Lebanon liirhcltl Plainficld '> Stratford Canterbury # >Iorwalk Mansfield Stanford • Coventry ^ Greenwich Pomfret *9 Woodbury ♦ Morthlake Danbury •^ (V, ; Killingley New-Town w Afhford .<% Ridgeficld • k Volentown ^ • New-Fairfiefd * Union ' • ■ ■* Windham county. Being in all about a hun- Windham .'^Z-ilih^^i. dred reprefentativcs. Every townfhip fends two reprcfentatives excepting thofe marked * which are new or poor townlhips, pay no colony rates, and confequently lend no reprefentatiyes to the general aflembly or legiflature : Haddam and Ead Haddam fend only one repicfentative each. The freemen of each town Ihall in September mecC to chufe reprcfentatives for the general aflembly, and twenty perfons in nomination for the next May general cleftion. In April the twelve afliftants to be chofen by the freemen of each town out of the twenty nominatea perfons, to be fent fealed up to the general aflembly, with the votes for the governor, deputy governor, le- cretary and treafu^er i as alfo votes tor the reprefenta- tivcs for the May aflembly called proxies, returned by the conftable of each town. The afliftants and the reprcfentatives are paid out of the colony treafury. Annually two general courts, the. firft at Hartford, called the court of eleftion, fecond Thurfday in May, where the freemen fliall eledl a governor, deputy go- vernor, twelve afliftants, treafurer and fecretary, the fecond at New-Haven fecond Thurfday in Odober : in the general court fliall confift the power of making laws, granting levies, difpofing of colony lands, ere6l- ing of judxatories and oflicers, granting releafe in cri- M 4 minal 1 68 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. mtnal or capital cafes, diflblving and proroguing of themfclves. The governor, deputy governor, or fe, cretary may call a general court upon emergencies. No member of the general court during its feffions, to be arretted, except for treafon or felonyt Every town may fend one or two deputies. Previous to all other bufinefs, the houfe of reprefentatives or deputies arc to chufe a fpeaker and clerk. They are the only judges concerning » leir own eleftion. Every day*s abfence, fine I OS. to be paid to the colony tre^urer. In an cquivote the governor in the upper houie, and fpcakcr in the lower, houfe, (hall have a caftii g vote. Courts of judicature. All cafes exceeding the value of 40s. fhall be deter- mined by a jury of twelve men in common law. Annually in January at a town- meeting there fliall be chofcn jury-men to ferve in the feveral courts, qua- lification 50s. at leaft freehold rated in the general lift • the names of the jury-men fo chofen Ihall be put in a box with a lock, and when any number of jury-men are fu.nmoned to ferve at any court, the town confta« ble fhall at random draw fo many out of the box, as is required from that town 5 any juror fo drawn, but not appearing at the court, penalty los. and deficiencies in juries to be filled de talibus circumftantibus. The number of jury-men to be annually chofen in each town. In Hartford county. Hartford Wethersfield Windfor Farmington Middletown Symfbury Glafienbury Hebron 132 New-Haven county. 20 New-Haven 20 Milford ' 20 Wallingford 20 Brentford 20 Guilford 12 Durham 10 Darky 10 Waterbury '%:■ 20 12 15 10 12 6 6 6 ; • 87 New- Of CONKBCTICUt. New-London county. I^ew-London 15 Norwich 15 Prefton 15 Stonington 15 Groton 15 Lyme 15 Saybrook 15 Killingworth 15 120 Fairfield county. Fairfield Stratford '1 Norwalk t ..' Stanford - i? Danbury i^.» 20 20 20 12 12 New-Town Ridgefield Greenwich 169 12 6 10 lis Windham county. Windham Lebanon >• , < Coventry Plainfield / .. Canterbury , 1, Pomfret ;. : Volentown . :, , Aflifbrd ':■,:' Mansfield .> ..: ' ' 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 108 N. B. I cannot account, why Hadham and Eaft-Had- dam, Colcliefter, Bolton, Willington,Toland, and Litch- field in the county of Hartford; New-Milford, and Dur- , ham in the county of New-Haven 5 Woodbury in the county of Fairfield; and Killingley in the county;^ Windham, who fend reprelentatives to the general j^^|^, oraffembly, do not lend jurors to the courts below. ^ "T^'. All judges and juftices are appointed by the general I aflembly, and commiiTioned by the governor with the province feal •, the governor, deputy governor, and af- |liftants, are juftices ex officiol .r- • As to the courts, where though the cafe may be of jconfiderable value, no jury is required ; there is 1. The court of prubates. 2. Court of vice-admiralty are the fame officers as for I New-York. .v. ^-r.-?^ ;l/> 3. Jufticiary court of admiralty 5 fome of the judges [are from New- York. - . - ^;. . <. . There 1-tf A Summary, HrsafORtCAtahd'FoLiTicAL, fire. There fliall be a itiperiot court of judicature, ambu- Itttory from county to countyr^ji this court to confift of one chief judge and four other judges (whereof three a quorum) and fhail have cognizance of all pleas of the (d-own that relate to life, limb, or banifhment; of divorce; of all pleas, real, perfonal, ormixt; the fame to try: by^ a-jury or otherways, proceed to judgment, and award execution. This court to be held in each county twice annually. The chief judge, or in his abfence any three of the judges, may call afpecial court upon ex- traordinary occafions. Any opc judge may open and ac^ourn the court, and where no judge prefents, the ftieriff may adjourn the court to next day. The judges to appoint and fwear their own clerk. An inferior court of judicature to be held in each county twice a year, by a judge with two or more jufti€es of the quorum commiflioned for that purpofe -, to determine by a jury or otherways all civil caules, real, perfonal, or mixt, as alfo all criminal matters, not ex- tending to life, limb, banilhment, or divorce. Have power to Itvy a county tax. , j-^; j ^, A fpeciai county court may be called upori any ex- traordinary occafion, and may adjourn themfclves to any dlftant time, to appoint and fwear their own clerks and county treafurer. Every chief judge or prefident, or moderator in any civil court, Ihall have a cailmg vote. A court of probate confifting of one judge and a clerk by him to be appointed, to be held in each of the following diflrifts, called the diftridof Hartford, New- haven, New-London, Fairfield, Windham, Plainfield, Guilford, Woodbury, Stanford, Eaft-Hadham, Litch- field, Danbury, and Norwich. In difficult cafes may call in two or three jullices of the quorum. Any perl'on aggrieved may appeal and review to the next foperior court of the county. The judges of probates to enquire after all efcheats, and give notice to the colony treafurer, who is to make fale by publick vendue of all efcheats for the bencfitl nir.- I of Of Connecticut^ »7' of the coleny ( but if afterward any juft title of an heir appear, it Ml upon reafonable terms be reftored. Ejfecutof§ after two months probate, negleding to rcgifter an inventory of the deceafcd's eftate, fhall forfeit 5I, per m©nth# Executors refufing to accept, admini- ftr«lon ihali be granted to the next of kin, or principal crditars* Executors neglefting to prove a will after JO davs, Ihall forfeit 5I. per month. Adminiftration upon mtettati eftates, to the widow or next of kin, at the difere tion of the judge of probates. The diftribution of inttiftate eftates to be, one third of the perfonal eftate to the widow for ever, and her dower of one third of the real eftate for life, the remainder to be equally di- vided among the children, but the eldefh fon to have a double fhsre j ancl if all daughters, they fhall inherit as eopartfigfij the divifion of the eftate to be by three fufRcient freeholders upon oath appointed by the judge of probates, I'he portion of any child dying before of age or married, fhall be divided among the furvivors. No reprefentatjves to be admitted among collaterals after brothers and hfters children. Where no legal rc- prefentatives, fhe widow Ihall be allowed one moiety of the peifyftal eftate for ever, and one third of real eftate for life. All faie§ of lands made by adminiftrators fhall be void» Marriages, No perfon to be married unlefs pub- liihed in fbme congregation, or publickly pofted up eight days before fuch carriage. No perfon to join people in marriage, beiides a juftice in the county or an ordained minitter of the parifh where the parties dwell. Any juftice or minifter marrying perfons without publieation, and certificate of the confent of the parents or guardians, penalty 20I. Any man en- deavouring to (jbtain the afix:6tions of a maid, without liberty of coort-fhlp from the parents or guardians, for the firft oftenee ^1. &rc.'— Degrees of kindred forbid- den marriage, arc according to the levidcal la.w, and fuch marriages are declared to be null and void, and to i ' fit 172 A Summary, Historical and Polit!cal, &c. fit upon the gallows with a rope about their neck, and (h-ipes not exceeding forty, and to wear the letter I on their arnri or back. If any perfons within faid degrees do marry or cohabit, or peribns cohabiting after divorce-, {jenalty as adultery ; excepting cafes of abfence, as the aw directs, where the fupcrior court may grant liberty to marry again. A man found abed with another man's wife, both to be whipt not exceeding 30 It-ripes. Men or women wearing contrary apparels, fine not exceeding five pound. The age of confent for marriage is to the man 14 set. to the woman 1 2 ast. No perfon unmarried ihall keep houfe of himfelf, without confent of the town, penalty 2cs. per week. Contradls of perfons under parents, guardians, or matters, are not valid. The feied- men, and overfeers of the poor, with the aflent of the nextjuftices, nay bind out poor idle children, boys to 21 set. girls to iS ast. The dower for widows where no jointure was made before marriage, is one third of the perfonal eftate with- out limitation, and one third of the income of the real eftate for life, but to keep it in good repair. « All perfons of right underitanding set. 21 or up- wards, though excommunicated •, by deed or will if 1 7 act. and upwards, may difpofe of perfonal eftate. The age for chufing of guardians Ihall be 14 ast. for males, and 1 2 aet. for females. Where parents or mafters neglefl children under their care, the feled-men may bind them out, boys to 21 st. girls to 18 £Et. Ideots, impotent and diftradted, fhall be under the diredtion of the county courts, to be provided for by the following degrees of kindred •, father or mother, grand-father or grand- mother, children or grand-chil- dren, if able. The eftates of fcich (if any) by a proper order may be Ibid for their maintenance. Where no fufncient relations or eftate does appear, they (hall be fup- Of Connecticut. 173 fupported at the charge of the town where they live. The felc6t-men are to appoint them guardians. Idle peribns and drunkards, by warrant to be brought before a juftice ; the goods of fuch perfons fhall be un- der the management of the fele6t-men, who may fell all or part (not real, without an order of the general afTembly) of their ellates, and on deficiency, difpofe of their perlbn to fervice for a certain time, to pay their juft debts. May appeal from the fele<5t-men to the county court. All fuch perfons are difabled trom making of contradts. In this colony is no particular court of chancery ; in fome cafes the general court ad as a court of chancery or equity. ^ . Judiciary courts of oyer and terminer, called affizes and general goal delivery, is the fame with the fuperioi: court. The court of vice- admiralty, the fame judge and other officers of that court, which ferve for the pro- vince of New- York, ferve alfo for the colony of Con- nedicut. The judiciary court of admiralty for trial of crimes committed at fea confifts oC judges, fome from the colony of Connedlicut, and fome from the province of New- York, purfuant to the inftruAions from home. A juftice may determine in any cafe not exceeding 4oSi if land is not concerned ; if the judges find that the jury have not attended to the evidence, they may caufe them to return to a fecond and third confideration, but no more. The judges to determine in cafes of law, where the jury brings in a non liquet or fpecial verdifl, viz. " if the law be fo in fuch a point, then we find for the plaintiff, but if the law be otherways, then we find for the de-' fendant." May appeal from a juftice to the county court, and from thence may review to the next county court, or appeal to the next fuperior court ; from the review to the fecond co'jnty court, may appeal to the next fuperior court, but without any review in the fuperior court i A 174 A Summary, Historical and Politic ai., fire. court } but if from the firft county court he appeal to the fuperior court, he is admitted to review in the next fuperior court. In a debt upon bond, bill, or note, for a value not exceeding 40s. no appeal to be allowed, and if not exceeding lol. no appeal is allowed from a couaty court. No appeals are allowed to the king in council Some have gone home by way of complaint 'ut a conuderable charge, but no relief, excepting in the cafe of John Winthrop, Efq; who procured a declaration of the king in council, " That their law concerning dividing land inheritance of an inteftate was contrary to the law of I otvland, and void :" but in fubfequent cafes this cole have no regard to the declaration. Ihc general aflembly hear writs of error againft prf)C2c lings of the fuperior court j and in Ibme inftances iisj;t la a court of chancery. . t VV here any other court exceeds their jurifdidbion, the judges of the fuperior court may grant a prohibition with the fame power, as the king's bench in England, Sheriffs to be appointed by the governor and council called affiftants, giving fecurity *, in cafe of riots or great oppofitions in his office, may raife the militia of the county, and to be under his command. Each county appoints one king's attorney. In cafes of account, the court may appoint three auditors. ; ' .^t^ • In cafes of abatement of a writ, the plaintiff upon his paying to the defendant his cofts to that time, may amend the defedt and proceed. No writ fhall abate for a circumfVantial miflake. In all aftions before a vjfVice, fix days warning is re- quired ; before a county cv fuperior court, twelve days. Any defendant upon default, paying down to the ad- verfe party cofts, may be admitted to the tryal. All titles of lands to be tried in the county where tlie| land lies. ■. No perfon to be kept in prifon, where fufRcient eftate | ■ • " does Of COMMECTICUT- '75 does appear ; where no eftate appears, the debtor fhall fatisfy the debt by lervice. ^ Fees. For attending the general court, per diem, to anafliftant 6s. to a repiefentative 4s. and jd. per mile, travelHiig outj chief juftice of fuperior court 1 2s; af- liftant judges 9 s •, county courts chief judge 7 s -, jufticcs of the quorum 55-, licence to a tavern keeper 35; ac- knowledging any inftrument 6d ; to the fecretary for the colony feal is •, to the general aflbmbly for every petition 1 1 : attornies tees, fuperior court 8 s •, interior ^; or county court 4s ; goalers fees, commitment and dif- ' charge 2Si for dieting each prifotterper week 2Si to a county furveyor of lands and for his horfe, befides ex- pences, 4 s. per diem. N. B. Thefe fees feem to be in bills of the emiflion equal to three and half old ten. of New-England common currency. "J fji Publick houfes of entertainment for each town to be nominated in January annually by the magiftratcs, feled-men, conftables and grand jury-men, be approved of by the next county court, and licenfed by them : the houfe-keeper not to futfer fons not of age, or fer- vants, to fit tipling, fine 6s ; ftrangers and foreigners excepted : none to keep company in publick haufes evening next following the Lord's day, or days of fail ; any perfon found in a tavern (fome exceptions) the night before and the night after the Lord's day, or after nine o'clock in any other night, fine 3s ; by a fpecial warrant, houfes may be broke open in fearching after perfons in taverns -, inhabitants not to fit in a tavern drinking above one hour at a time, excepting upon extraordinary occafions, fine 6 s -, tavern hunters to be polled up at the tavern doors with a prohibition of entertaining them upon penalty of 31-, no tavern- keeper to bring an adiion for drink, fold after two days •, none but licenfed houfes to fell ftrong liquor in quantities exceeding one quart of wine or fpirits, or one gallon of any other liquor, fine 3I. firft offence, 61. fecond offence, and fo doubled every offence -, if not able i^y- 176 A SuMMARy9 HtSTORicAt atid Political, $ic. able to pay, to be whipt not lefs than 10, and not ex. ceeding 15 ftripes every offence. In Conriefticut (and all over New-England every con. ftituted townlhip is a corporation ;) the qualification for a voter or freeman is 21 aet. and upwards, with a freehold rated in the common lift at ^os. or perfonal eftate rated at 40 1. belides his poll or pcrlon. Townlhip meetings or af]emblies may make prudential laws or or- ders, penalty of tranTgreifion not to exceed ao s. Town, ihip officers to be chofen aiinually in December, viz. feleft-men not exceeding feven, lifters (aflclTors) not exceeding nine, &c. all eledtions to be by a major part of the qualified voters. Town clerks to regjftcr mar- riages, births, and burials. , No perfbn to be admitted an inhabitant of a town, but by confent of the feledb-men ; no ftranger to refide exceeding — days without liberty from the fele^b-men, and the entertainer finable. A ftranger continuing after being warned out, fine 10 s. per week, or whipt not exceeding ten ibripes. One year's refidence qualifies a perfon for an inhabitant. A ftranger entertained abon tour days, the entertainer fhall be at the charge if taken fick. Vagrants to be ordered from conftable to con- ftable back to the place they came from } if they return, ihali be toties quoties whipt not exceeding ten ftripes. Annually firft Monday of March the proprietorfhipt not conftituted into townfhips, are to meet and chufe a moderator, clerk, treafurer, and a committee to ma* nage aftairs in the intervals of their general meetings. By a major vote computed by interell they are to be chofen, and may levy taxes as may be needed. Suffi* cient partition fences to be five foot if rails or wooden fences, ftone fence four feet high ; or hedges, brookj, ditches, creeks, rivers, in the judgment of the fcnce- viewerji, equivalent thereto. No perfon to feed his cat- tie in his neighbour's land, as if common field, without leave, from loth April to lOth O^lobcT. :i. ' Taxes Taxes confift in the articles of rates, impoft, and ex- riff jllates comprehend the poll-tax. Every perfon an- nually* at or before September lo, to give in a lift of hts polls and rateable cftate : thofe lifts to be returned to the e^ral court in Odober : perfons to be four-folded who Vf out part of their eftate, or who give in no eftate » thf lifters may relieve people overcharged, may appeal loijuftice and to the lelea-men of the town. £very tiali^perfon from fixteen to feventy set. to be fet in the iitaOS 1. . (governor, deputy governor, afliftants, mi- iiiilert of the fiofpel, preudent and tutors df the colle- ^ate f<;hPo], ftudents there, fchool-mafters and infirm perfons tre excufed) every ox at 4 1 ; each ftecr, cow, or m(t of three years and upwards at j 1 ; fteer or heifer o^two years at 40 s ; each Iteer or heifer of one year 20 s. Each horfe or mare of three years old and upwards at 3 1. of two years old 40 s. of one year old 20 s. Every fwine one year old and upwards 20 s. Each dwelling- lioufe with adjpining land«2o s. per acre ; plow and mow- |ing land in fome counties 15 s. in others 10 s. in others ;s. 6d. per acre ; boggy mowing meadow land 5 s. per acff i all upland pafture or mowing 8 s. per acre. Pe- culiars to be affeffcd by the nearcft town. Veflels at 15 s, I per tun. The prefident of Yale college, and all minifters of the gofpel, their eftutes iA the towns where they live are exempted. All allowed attornies at the law, ^ol. their faculty •, and others higher in proportion to their bufinefs. AH traders, &c. to be rated for their faculties I at the difcrction of the lifters. Rates. In our American colonies, in aflefling of I rates, real eftate is generally valued at feven years in- come, which is favourable. In Great- Britain lands arc fold at twenty to thirty years purchale. In Conne(ibcut i d. rare, produces 4000 1. tp 5000 1. jcurrcncy. I ^ Impost. There is a high duty upon the exportation lof all timber and lumber to the neighbouring govern- VoL. li. ^ - , .. , .^-. • . .,,,. ^ ments ' < 178 A Summary, H](^torical and Political, ficc. merits of MaflachufcttSj New- York, Rhode-IQand, and New-Hampihire ; this is dcfigned in lieu of a prohihi. tion, that after Ibme years the colony may not be deftj. tute of thofe materials. The impou upon rum is per gallon I d. if imported dircftly from the Weft Indies or fugar idands, and 2 d. from all other pares y a drawback is allowed upon its exportation.' V'' 4^^ '^ - All foreign trading veffels not owned in the colony it clearing, to pay powder mon^y to the 'naval -officer. The governor with advice of the' council, upon oc- cafion, by proclamation may for a time prohibit the I exportation of grain and other provifions ; delinquents forfeit thefe goods by an order obtained from a fpecial county^ court. uu.-y,^^: ExciiE 3d. per gallon on all wine and diftilled liJ ^quors } this is applied to defray county charges. Tht county courts to appoint receivers of the excife, fees 2 s. in the pound. Receivers mdy agree with the publick| houfes by the year. The s.6^ regulaiing maritime affairs extend from! p. 147 to p. i!^2^ hi twenty-feven fedtions in their law! book i docs not coataio any thing peculiar. By the a£l for forming and regulating the milida. The I governor to be captain general, the deputy governor lieutenant general : the military companies of the feveral townfhips to be formed into 13 regiments of foot, and to each regiment of foot, one troop of horfe of 64 'men, officers included. The field officers of each regiment, colonel, lieutenant colohel, and major, to be appointed! Ijy the general aliembly, and commiffioned by the go- vernor. Once in four years to be called together fori regimental exercife. All male perfons from 16 to 50 tet. t€>^ attend military mufters, excepting Indians and negroes, fecretary, juftices, church officers, mefhbers ofl the collegiate fchool,- allowed phyficians and furgeonsj reprcfetitatives, fckool-matters, attornies at law, a miller > ' • to Of CoHMsertcuT. i7'9 (0 each grift mill, ferry men, condanc bfrdfrn^n, con- Ihnt mariners, ilienifs, conltables, and impotent perfoni. iJ militia lifted foldiers to he provided, bcfidet hit ac« coutrcments, with one pound of good powder, four pound of bullets, and twelve flints. In each company of ^4 foldiers befides officers, there lliall be a capt. a lieuc. ind four ferjeants *, where 3^ foldiers, there ihall be a jitut. enfign, and two ferjeants ; where but 24 foldiers there (hall be two ferjeants. The companies to be trtin* td four times a year, every foldicr tor not appearance iopay 3 s. The arms and ammunition of all perfons in the go- wrnment to be viewed on the firft Monday of May an- nually. Each trooping horfe freed from rutcs anci im irqffes. Diforders on training days, may be punilhcd )y laying neck and heel, riding the wooden hor(e. Of 15 s. The tines to be applied (or colours,' drum- mers, halberts, • banners, trumpets, trumpeters, and other charges of the company. The colony to pro- Tide' a magazine of powder and (hot, and the feleft- men of each town to provide military ftores for their towns. ' ■^!' ^V' "-■-'' • ■ , . The felefb men may appoint watches and wards in their feveral towns. . -nn^ Any perfons may form themfclves into artillery cdm- panies fo called, for promoting of military exerci(cs. Deferters from the king's Icrvice lea or land, fine 20 L and half a year's imprifonment. The training militia of this colony may confift of about 15,000 men. 1740., at a great ftruggle in the elfe^ion of a governor, there were s^ut 4000 freemen ;voters. 4* . ,. ■. ■r^?.i:^-y' 'm^r^ . ', f^M %*''*'■'*{■ >>r.'i'^ ^^>- m-^ I I In the houfe - as Mallachufetts-Bay. At times by the pruacnC ■■ N 2 a*LniiidirACioa ^^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) « : 1.0 1.1 |j£|Z8 |2.5 |50 *^~ H^H 2.2 u Hi -1^ lb I 1.8 !-25 III 1.4 1.6 < 6" ► V ^;> '■>> «» Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M5S0 (716) 873-4503 ■<^^<^ '^ -■ S3 ^U^ f3o A Summary, Historical anid Political, Sec. No imprcflis of pcrfons or cattle, but by warrant, -with a reafonable allowance for fervice, and for damages if any happen. , ; ' ^- ' ■ ■■ ■■-■■'■ • : ' - *' ■. ■ ': > <7heir produce, manufactures, trade and navigation. A. i , ' ■ , ■' ~ • ■ ■ ConnefHcut ufcs fcarce*any foreign trade \ -I ately they fend (omt fniall craft to th& Weft-India iflands} thevi vent their produce in the neighbouring continent colo- nies, viz. wheat, Indian corn, beaver, -pork, butter, horfes, and flax. For fome years they have been en- deavouring to raife hemp and flax; flax mayfucceedj but hemp Teems to require a ftronger Ibii and warmer climate, it thrives better further fouth, as in Pe^^yly^ nia; that from the northern parts, does not drds fo| adminiftration of the jarifdiAion of ConnefUcut colony* their taxal were only 4000 1. to cooo 1. currency per ann. whereas the poUil and rates of the Maflachufetts-Bay, were at the fame time p^ ann.! about 400,000 carrency. , I 1742, by the valuation on MaiTachufetts-Bay were 41,000 whttel males taxable for polls » allowing for concealments they may be e^l mated at 56,000 rendbles ; which multiplied by 4 according toDr.l Halley's rules, makes 200,000, men, women, and children ; fuid| in Connedicut about loo.ooo people. In general the nearcR e mate that can be made of the people in New-England, is MafTachufetts-Bay 200,000 Connecticut ' foo,eoo Rhode-Ifland r itii^^ 30,000 New^Hampfliire 24,000 to 354,000 -mn Ope fourth part of thefe are 90,00 fencible men, one fifth Is 70,ooo| fencible marching men, fulHcient to fw&Uow up the French of CaJ nada, itnd Cape- Breton iflands at a few meals or encounters. In political ballances, the number of inhabitants is a grand arddeJ In Great- Britain and Ireland are about 10 millons of people, in Franctl about double that number^ in Spain about five millions, abcordinetol the duke de Riperd&'s ellimate, in the feven United provinces cJlciil Holland, about three millions ; but the produce of trade called iiiO'| ney, fomctimes implies the inferiority of fencible men, thus thegj neral ballance of trade being in favour of Holland, it Becomes tlKJ center of exchange for all Europe, • ' '" kindly,! '■*. «Of Connecticut. i8i bindlf, nor whiten fo wclK The Ruffia hemp exported t'looi the northern pares of Archahgei, Narva, Revel, and j(iga, is brought down from the fbuthern parts of Rudia. Woo], hemp, flax, and iron, are the general materials of all our manufadures. The railing and manufadturing ofhempt flax, or any other herba into cordage, cauras, and other linen, is a general and great advantage withoue mv detriment to our mother country ; it may be fome Jijadvantage to our traders to Ruflia, Germany,, and Holltind i but private lucration ought to give way to a publick good. The linen bufmels employs variety of people, pulling the flax, waterinj^ of it, breaking, fwing- liDg, hackling, fpinning, weaving, &c. Some years finec, the government i Connedicut. tftabliflied a corporation for commerce, called the New- London fociety *, but in the fraudulent humour of thefe liines, contrary to the defign of their inftitutjon, they loon began to manufadure printed fociety notes to be impofed as a currency : the government in their wonted pdcnce declared it a nufancej thefe .bills were for- bk) a^ currency, and called in at the charge of the fo- In all countries the inhabitants may be veduced ixM three clafles, i. Villinage or coatters. 2. Yeomanry oc farmers who improve their own freeholds ; and 3. Gen- try who live by the rents of their eftates farmed to [others j the fecond.fort is generally our cafe.^ Irilh potatoes or folanum efculentum tuberofum,C.B.P. jis much planted in New-England, thrives well, and is of ;ood ufe J varieties here, are the rough coat, red coat, flat (hite, anij long white : my tafte prefers the rough coat. ♦ There is copper ore in Simibyry hills, about a dozen miles I , * I learned from Mr. Baden, as was hinted b^ore, an ingenious mi- ^(r and eflayer fcnt from i.ondon a few years fince by a company of tntlemen, to explore New-England for inetallick ores and minerals ; le found, I . Bog and rock iron ore plenty, but not profitable. y Some lead ore, but fo intermixed with rock and ipar, as net to N 3 . ., turn iS^S A SaMMAiiy,Hi8T0RrcAfi tod Political, &c. inileswcft of Cortnefticut river t it has been wrought but'dfd not turn to nccounc ; at prefcnt it lies dormant. I For thcie wl^cat and Indian corn-, fee elfe«?hcre, i$| alfo for their merchantable fait pork. • Shipbuilding and ftaves are their chief luniber expon.l i* Wool not fufficierit for tfce houfe confumption ofl the colony. A' very confidcrablc produce in the colony of Conncfti J eut is a feminsry of learning, or fchola illuRris, called J collegistc college, and when profeifors in feveral fcibncesl tuni to^any ileconnt. i . Irf SitnfWy near Conneflicut river, theKl were three diiferent companies wrought for copper ore i Mr. Bejcherj and C»(we\\, they aire erudled a linelting houfe in Bofton, thofe] turned to no account, and the affair dropt. 2. Some aiTociated Aierl chants of Kofton, got a leafe of fome adjacent copper mine lands J they carried it on with vigour, and fent quantities of their ore to| England, the (Onipany found the fcheme turn to no advantage, aod demted. 3. A conipany of bites, rented fome adjoining lands ; thev pretended to find iome flioades, a good fymptom for Veins; thev |>ut fome of thefe pretended rich fhoades aboard of a fmall floopi this floop perhaps by contrivance funk in Connedicut river; tb owners did not And it advlfeable to weigh the ore, left the fallacy c the (hoades might be difcovered. Schaylers rich copper mines inthel Jerfies are not much wrought, the owners keep them depofited as oljl |Old Thert are fome fymptoms of copper ore in Attleborough, but! Aot explored. In Attloborougli there is a magnatick iron ore, itf ^elds a red ihot iron, not good, (fee vol. I. p. 540.) In AttleJ borough Gore is fome copper ore, but fo intermixed with the iron'iodq ore, as to render both unprofitable. Mr. Baden found fome aRom flate ot ftone ; but no vitriol ftonei pyrites, fuch as is found both ftdes of river Thames in England,! along the Kentiih and E/Tex Ihores ; no fait fprings ; we have rudleJ which ierves to mark (hcep, and may ferve ^s a ground colour fori priming, as Spanifh brown, and black leru rimneld, thefe are no metalhck ores, but boles or terras ; of ok ihere are none of any{ value, fome yellow oker. In New- England, they do not fer^e bar iron fufHcient for theirl home confumption, by bloomeries and refineries; they import froni Eocl.indi New- York, JerHes, Pcnfylvania, and Maryland, I t England is always jealous of our exporting (heeps wool to foreignl maiket,. but it may be depended upon, that our New-England woof is not futhcient for horns confumption; and we import many woollens| from Great Britii in. Some years fince, but not^t prefeat, fomewai ihi; ped froai Nai)tuck(;t co i'xauce, very fmall (quantities. . <••' arei n -JTtT Of CoNNEQWqi/y. ^v- ^*dt ic endowed, it will be called ap nmverfity \ this plant jivi^rous and thriving, under the cultivation of the pre- (cotprefident, the worthy reverend Mr. Clap. joine account, Q^Conne<5licut college, called Yale college , in >I4W-Havcn*, ■ • -^^ ' \ - ■ -' i • I • '■ ' Anno 1636, the gent?ral alfcTObly of Maflachufetts- j Jay (fee vol. I. p. 54^.; granted fomc money toward^ efcfting a collepe or (Jojiegiate Ibhqol in Cambridge nean jlodon} the people of ConnetSlicut. contributed fome fmalJi matter j and after fome years, becaufe of the dift^nCQ pxi charge, their minifters and fome in civil authority, [prcfcntcd, 1 70 1 4 a memorial to the general aflembly, (hiiiring. that a Collegiate fchool might be ereded and en- ^wed, and propofed 10 minifbers of 40 set. and up-> wards, as truftees for ordering the fame ; furvivors to lii^pply vacancies, feven to be a quoru;n: accordingly, jclwrter ♦for this purpofe was granted Odobqr lyoi* 1(0 appoint officers, make laws, but not repugnant to I (he laws of the civil government, to give degrees, poflefs lands not exceeding the yearly value of 500 K and oth<»r eftate, and to receive yearly out of the pub- j Ikk treafury, 100 1. currency f; Jaybrook was refolved upon as a proper place, and the truftees chofe Mr, Pierfon minifter o^Killingworth for re(5tor, 4- and until a place could be fitted up in Seabrook, thefcholars wera to meet at the rcdor*s houfe in Killingworth, where they continued till the redor's death, 1707. Mr. Hemming- way, fince minifter of E^fthaven, was the firft fcholar and folus about half a year. Several of the truftees gave books out of their own libraries to begin a library for the college -, Mr. Lynde of Saybrook gave a houlc and land ; m^jor James Fitch of Norwich gave land in * This charter was drawn up by Mr. fecretary Addington of Maf- fachufe«s-B?y. f Equal.at the time to about 70 1. fterl. ' ' ■j-*The rcdor and 10 truftees conftitutcd the corcoration. Kil. f8^4 A Summary, Hrt¥bRiCAL and Political, &c. Killingley, Which were afrerwards, 1730, converted' into 628 acres in Salifbury. There was a general comri- bution throughout the colony.* V'^^V^ '^^' tJpon reflor Pierfon's death, Mr. Andrews of Milford was cholen pro tempore until they could procure a rcfi- dent rector, and the fenior clafs was removed to Milford the others to Saybrook under the care of two tutors^ they boarded at private houfes, and went to fchool at their tutors chambers under the infpedkion of Mr. Buck- ingham of Seabrook, one of the truftces, and continued in this ftate about feven years ; in this fpace of time fun- dry donations of valuable books were made to the library, particularly by Sir John Davie of Groton upon his reco- very of the family honours and eftate in England. The greatefl donation of books was from the generofity and procurement of Jeremiah Dummer, Elq; agent in Lon- don, ann. 1 714, he fent over above 800 volumes of va- luable books, whereof about 120 volumes at his otn coft, and the reft by procurements from Sir Ifaac Newton, Sir Richard 'Black more. Sir Richard Steel, Dr. Burnet Dr. Woodward, Dr. Halley, Dr. Bentley, Dr. Kennet, Dr. Calamy, Dr. Edwards, Mr. Henry, Mr. Whifton, &c. governor Yale of the Eaft-India company, fent 300 vo- lumes : but a great part of this valuable library was lod in a tumult upon the removal of thie^iibrary Irom Sea- brook. There were divifions concerning a fixed fituation for the college, and in the mean while, 171 8, it was agreed that the fkudents might go where they faw caufe to be inftruded : the greater part went to Wethersfield under the inftruftion of Mr. Elifha ^^'ii!iams, afterwards redtor, fome remained jxt Seabrook under the tuition of Mr. Hart and Mr. Ruflei. 1716, the majority of the truftees voted a coftvenlent college and redor's houfe to be creded in New-Havtn, which was effccled accordingly, but with much pppofi- tion and coiiiufion Irom the northern ami eallern pans of /v? r » 1 « . W -CoKHECTicuT. i V a amv ,.s 185 ^ the cblony ; * the truftecs notwith(bndlng held tlieir ficft commencement at New-Haven in September 1717. The forefiud Elihu Yale, Efq; an Eaft-India merchant, fiom his correfpondence with Mr. Saltonftal gavernor ofConne^cut, beftowed in the whole, 100 1. fterl. in three hundred volumes of books, and about 400 1. fieri in efieds, and by: will defigned 5ook.fteri, more, ^t this was never accomplifhed*, x^i8 Mr, Dummer jcntmorebooks value 30 li} and Jahaleal Brenton, £iq; dfifewport, Rhode-IOand, gave 5b 1. ilerf. The college building was raifed October g, 1717, 1 70 feet long,. 2i feet wide, and three (lories high ; coft about 1030 1. fterl. contained above 50 ftudies, belides the hall, library, and kitchen. . September 12, 171H, there was a fplendid commencement, and the truftees ^ave it the name of Yale college, and fent a letter of thanks to Mr. Yale for his generofity to the colony, and letters of thanks to Mr. Dummer, and general Nicholfon, for their donations of books. In December following, upon removing of the books from Saybrook, there happened a tumult, about 250 of the moll valuable books, and fundry papers of importance, were conveyed away by unknown hands, and never could be recovered. . < 1719, the truftees chofe Mr. Cutler, minifter of Stratford, to be a refident redor, and for his accommo- dation a reftcr's houfe was built 1722, cod by fubfcrip- tion, 35 i. by impoll upon rum, 115I. and fome part out of Mr. Yale's donations by fale of lands 120I. and by a gcheral contribution 55 1. .1722, at the commencement he declared himfelf to be of the church of England, and defigned for epifcopal or- ders, which by going to England he obtained with a D.D. at prcfegt he is a miffionary in Bofton, The college con- ■'*'.■ * The affair was referred to the general aflembly 171 7, the upper and lower houfe differed, and .the reference dropt. N. B. lail year there were fcholars refiding at New-Haven 13 ; at Weihciifield 14, at Saybrook only 4. -^ t ; • • . tinued 1 86 A Summary, HiSTOnieAi. (nd Political, kc. tiaued without areiidcnt redbor four years, felie fonfiii^ Mr. Andrews performed this, office at their eominencQ* . ments. jyiSf the general aflembly give tot thfejQollege ^ additional explanatory charter, -jr viz. that a truft^ might refign at pl^fure, that feven truftees fiiould be ^ quorum and to ad by a majority, that a minifter o( go XL might be choiien a truftee, and chat the reAor ihould be a truftee ex ofHcio. .« Mr. Daniel Turner of London fent theno. a colledtiion of valuable books, 28 volumes in phyfick and furgcry } tke college conferred upon him a diploma of M. D. 1725, September 29, the truftees chofe Mr. EliOia Williams minifter of Newington pariih in Wethersfieldis rector, and upon giving his confent to the. confeflionof faith and rules of church difcipllne agreed upon by the churches of the colony of Connedticut, he was inftalled redor by the truftees ; he reformed the college veiy much, and advanced ufeful and polite literature. In October, 1732, the general aflfembly granted to the college 1500 acres of land, being 300 acres in each of the new towns of Norfolk, Canaan, Gofhen, Cornwal, snd Kent : which after fome years may be valuable. 1 732, the rev. Dr. George Berkley dean of Derry, (late) bi(hop of Cloyne in Ireland, came over to found an epifcopal college in the continent of North- America, or the Britilh Weft-India idands ; he redded fome time at Newport of Rhode- Ifland, and purchafed a country feat with about 96 acres of land. For certain reafons, he gave over his defign of ere&ing an epifcopal college, ^nd returned to England *, although there was fomething peculiar in his manner, he was a- gentleman of general learning, and of a generous difpoBtion to propagate the fame among mankind •, he was a good judge of the world, and of all our colonies and feminaries of learn- ''*■■ f It is faid to be drawn up by governor Saltonllal. At the firit founding of this college, it was ordered, that where no fpccial provifion was made by the truftees, the laws of Harvard col- lege in the province of Maflachufetts-£ay fliould be their rule. ingi •.!/.->; r^')'' Of COMNICTICUT. 4fe>l4«*a A 187 {iig \ (the cptfcoi)!! college of Williamfburg In VlrgUiU IK)C axcepMcl,) h« gtve the preference to the college of ConneAicuc, a laudiblc colony ; he gave his farm in Hhode-Kland to thli college, the income to be premiums iforti time to time for the belt Greek and Latin fchoUri in the judfj^ment of the prefidcnt and fenior epilcopal mifTiontry of the colony ) this has been fome incite- ment to excel in the claflicks. He gave them a fine colleAk>n of books of neaf looo volumes, whereof 260 were folio's, 400 1. fVerl. value. Thefe donations were made Partly out of the dean's owneftate, but principally out of^thc monies put into his hands for founding the ipilcopal coHcjge* ReoorWilliamf, tfy reafon of indifporitiom,Odober 3 1, m^t reHgned, returned to his own eftate in WethersBeld, ind was employed in a civil and military capacity. The reverend, learned, worthy, and mathematically ingeni* ouiMr. Thomtf Clap» minifter of Windham, fucceeded i ind in April 1740, gave his afTent to ehe Seabrook ar- ticles 1 70S, of faito and difcipline; he had been 14 years mmifler of Windham, he was inftallcd redlor: his jirft eflfay was to form a new body of laws, and to place the books of the library in a proper diftinft order, to be ^tii facility come at i this catalogue is printed. 1742, the general alTembly augmented the annual grant to the cdlege, whereby they were enabled to fup- port three tutors and a redor, (formerly one tutor carried on two claflbs) the prefident requires confiderable encou- ragement, as he i»' obliged to perform the office of prefi- denr, profeflbr of divinity, profellor of mathematicks, and of^a tutor in ordinary. 1 74^t Anthony Nougier of Fairfield, by will left to the college 27 1« iterl. to be put to incq^eft. The anemoly was petitioned by the truftees, for a new and more perfe^ charter, whereby the college was to be incorporated by the name of the prefident and fellows (not truftees) of Yale college in New- Haven. This was ai^proved of by the name of an a^ for the more i88 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. more full an4compleat cftablifliment of Yale college, ice. dated May 9, 1745, it is ordained, i. That f Thomas Clap, Samuel Whitman, Jared Eliot, Ebenezer Wil. Jiams, Jonathan Marih, Samuel Cooke, Samuel Whit, tlefey, Joieph Noyes, Anthony Stoddard, Benjamin Lord and Daniel Wadfworth, are a body corporate and politick by the name of the prefident and fellows of Yale col. lege in New- Haven, with fuccelTion. 2. All foimer donations to this collegiate ^fchool, though in various cxpreflions, are confirmed and veiled in the faid prefident and fellows, with fuccelTion. 3. That the forefaid prefi. dent and fellows (hall continue during life, or until they refign, or are difplaced. 4. There fhall be a general meeting of the prefident and fellomrs annuallv fecond Wednelday of September, the major vote of the mem- bers prefcnt fhall be definitive ; in cafe of an equivote, the prefident fhall have a calling vote. 5. The prefident and fellows, lix at lead, concurring, may remove and appoint in their room a prefident and fellows, a clerk^ a treafurer, tutors, profclTors, llewaH, and other neceflary fervants. 6. That the prefident, fellows, tutors, profef. lors, and all other officers, before they enter upon the ex- ecution of their office, fhall publickly take the oaths, and fubfcribe the declaration appointed, i Georgii I. j. The corporation may appoint from time to time regula- tions not repugnant to the laws of England or of the co- lony, but may be difallowed by the general allembly. 8. The corporation may confer degrees as in other col- leges. 9. All eftatcs belonging to the college, (if real, not exceeding the value of 500 1. fieri, per ann.) all members and refident officers of the college, tutors and ftudcnts, are exempted from rates, military fervice, ■f This Is an ingenious gentleman, mathematically learned; at this time, 1 75 o,conrrivingfomecompendiums and other Jmpro\^ements in allronomical calculations. Many of the ftudents (ftadents in college Qboat 80) are expert in agronomical calculations, from the folid good tuition and in.virui^ion of ths worthy Mr. Clap, a credit to the co- io»y- ♦J working Of COMKECTICUT. WV^vE / 1^9 working upon the high ways, &c. lo. A grant of loo I. prodamacion money annually during the pleafure of the aicmbly. iy^$f Philip Livingdon, Efq; of the king's council of New- York,' as he had four fons educated in this col- lege, gave 200 1. currency, to begin a foundation for e profelTor of divinity, to be called Livlngftonian profeflfor of divinity. ty4.6f Mr. Samuel Lambert of New-London, merchant or dealer, left fome lands to the college, but from fome iotricacies in his affairs, they turned to no great account, excepting about loo acres in Wallingford, and 62 acres in iNew-Haven. There were a great many fmaller donations from time to time, which in a fummary are not to be enu- merated, and for the fame reafons I am obliged to omit the lifts, from the foundation to this time, of the fuc- cefTive rectors or prefidents, truftees, treafurers and tutors. 1748, upon a motion of the preddent, the general alTembly ordered a new college to be built at a publick colony charge, 100 feet long, and 40 feet wide, 8 rooms on a floor, 3 ftories high, befides garrets and cellars. The regulations as to the degrees of batchelors and mailers are the fame as in Harvard college of the pro- vince of Maflachufetts-Bay, fee vol. II. p. 546. :. This college at New-Haven thrives muchj in Sept. 1749, there commenced 11 maftersand 23 batchelors; at Cambridge in Mal]&chufetts-Bay, July 1 749, there commenced only 9 mafters and 22 batchelors, though a college of much longer ftanding, and in a large govern- ment: at that time it was obferved by many, that every thing in the province of MafTachufetts-Bay was upon the decline, attributed to the late bad civil admini^ ftration, ; r w ,5. 1 1 ^4'i .y Mountaias tpo A SuMMARV«HiST6kicAt and PoLrrieAL, &c Mountains and Riven. »,.. li Connecticut is generally brolcen land, -that is, hills and dales, but well watered. Simfbury or the coppec mine hills are their higheft lands^ but not fertile, as it is faid of all metallick ore hills. The noted rivefs and runs of water in Conncfticut arc, I. Thofc which fall into Thames river or New-JLon- ' don long creek. 2. Connecticut river with its branches. 3. Houfatonick river with its branches, which at Strat- ford fails into Long-Ifland found. Paukatuke river which divides Rhode-Ifland colony from Connecticut cok)ny,and Byram river which divides Connecticut colony from the province of New- York, are of no confideration. 4 Upon the Longlfland found is a range of townfhips. • 1. Thames river is a long navigable creek of about 14 miles, the head of it is in Norwich ; this is the barcadier for the eafterly parts of ConneCiicut, and in time may be the principal trading place of the colony ^ at prefent the townfhip of Norwich pays the higheft tax of any townfhip in the colony, and confilts of five or fix pariflies. From Connecticut river to the caftern boundary of the colony, is an extraordinary wiell watered country, confifting of two principal rivers and their branchings, which fall into the bottom of this creek in Norwich, chefe two rivers are Satucket and higher Wilcm- antick, and Quenebaug. Quenebaug rifes in Brimfield, pafies through Sturbridgc, and Dudley in the province of Mafiachufetts-Bay, thence in the colony of Connecticut it divides Pomfret from Killingley, Canterbury from Plain- iield, and in Norwich falls into Sakatuke river which dif- charges into Thames river or crcfck : this river from Brim- field of Maffachufetts-Bay, in its courfe in Thompfon parifh of Killingley of Connecticut receives French river fram ' Leiccfter and Oxford, and further in Killingley receives five mile river, whereof Honeycomb Brook comes from Dou- ^afs,and Muddy Brook from Woodftock,r.cxt Nathomy :,isjr. .y.' . t brook Of CoNNICTICUTt '^ 191 ()ioolc from Pomfret, Moufafhop river from Valington, gouland's brook in Canterbury, and many ocher runs of ftter too minute to be mentioned : Quenebaug river fiills iotoSatucket river a few miles before it difcharges into the ^ creek. Satucket river where it originates in Brimfieki jjcalied Wiliemantick river, and in Stafford of Connedti- (oc receives feveral fmall runs of water, it divides Toland lioin Willington, and Coventry from Mansfield i in Wind- liiin (where it is caUed Windham river) it receives in its fcftern fide Scagungiunog river and Hope river, on its feftern fide it receives Manchoag river which had re- ceived Fenton river, and higher had received in Afiiford Bigelow river. Still river and Bungea river from Union ind Woodftock i in Norwich it received Quenebaug river, II above. 2. Conne6bicut river with its branches and townfliips upon the river, its branches are enumerated, vol. I. p. 459, &(. in man's life fhall be taken away, no man's honour or good name fhall lieftained, no man's perfon ihall be arrefted, reftrained/ biniihed, difmembcredj or otherwife puni(hed ; no man jliall be deprived of his wife and children ; no man's gfiods or eftate fhall be taken away from him, nor any nysindamaged under the colour of law, or countenance (jfauthority ; unlefs it be by virtue or equity of fome nptcfs law of the colony warranting the fame, eibiblifhed by the general court, and fufiiciently publifhed. In cafe of defeat of fuch laws in any particular cafe, by Ibme clear and plain rule warranted by the word of God. All his majelty's fubjcfts within this colony, whether Idiey be inhabitants or not, fhall enjoy the fame juftice and hwi that is general for the colony, in all cafes proper for civil authority, and courts of judicature in the fame; [and that without partiality or delay. That no man's perfon fhall be retrained or imprifoned I V748 of Maflachdetts-Bay ftfr drawing in their publick bills of credit* was in a too violent and hafiy manner. 2. 7'he colony of Rhode- Inland this fpring, 1751, have emitted ieo,oool. currency with a hteater intereft and to be cancelled after ten years; this is a fbep [towards reformation. Connedicut continues honed. New-Hamp(hire always inclinable I to a depreciating fraudulent paper currency, from a difierence be- Itwecn their governor and houfe of .reprefentatives, formerly men« jnoned vol. IL p. 34, have had no legirtative capacity for fome time; land confeqiiently incapable of augmenting their paper currency, much jtothc detriment of their governor, who by conlenting to fuch emif- liion"!, might have obtained an addition to his falarv. ' Vol. H . O by. i94 -A. Summary, Historical and Political, &c. by any authority whatfoever, before the law hath fen- tenced him thereunto; if he can and will give or put in fufHcient fecurity, bail or mainprize for his appearance and good behaviour in the mean time, unlefs it be for capital crimes, contempt in open court, or in fuch cafes where fome exprefs law doth allow or order the fame. No perfon, except in his own cafe, other than a qua; lified attorney, is allowed to plead at the bar : in cafes not exceeding 5 1. one attorney only is allowed : in lai^er j caies, two attornies and no more. Each town fhall have a peculiar brand for their horfes j on the near or left fhoulder. All cafks fhall be of the London aflize, viz. buts, 126 1 gallons, puncheons, 84 gallons, hogfheads, 6^ gallons, tierces, 42 gallons, barrels 3 1 and half gallons. Miller^s allowance for grinding per bufhel, three quarts I Indian corn, two quarts other grain, one quart malt. ,v. Every town to have a fealer of weights and meafures. In Connedlicut, as generally among the congregation- i alifts of New-England, according to the jewilh manner, they begin and end the Lord's day at the fetting of the | fun. • - Here are about 150 eftablilhed miniflers called prefby. I terians, congregationaiifls, and confociated ; beiides con- fcientious diflenters, faid not to be eftablilhed but tole- rated. In fome townfhips are many parifhes or precinfts.1 In all our colonies voluntary aflbciations (moll of which may afterwards be confirmed or incorporated by f provincial or colony charters) towards academies and! libraries, ought to be encouraged. The civilizing and chriftianizingofthe Indians was one | great and profefled condition in all our royal grants. I do not endeavour a flrid: pedantick narration ; but though in a common place manner, I fhall obferve| fome method. i Common intereft is 6 per cent per ann. letting of| cattle and maritime affairs excepted. Inl s jpf Connecticut, 'm In all our plantations, colonies, and provinces ; they jbound vvith civil ahci military 'f\es of judges, fquires, colpncfs, majors, arid captain:? gratifications tor bcingj lof ig<>y'out-cry after twenty days. In want of goods, and upon the creditor's refuting lands, the debtor's body may be feized. May levy execution up- on real eftate valued by appraifers. All executions are returnable in flxty days, qr to the next court. Debtors committed to jail, fwearing that they have not eilate to the value of five pounds, |hall be fubfifted by the creditors at a certain rate. . Debtors and felons to be kept feparate. The county flierifFs to have the cu- flody of the jails. As to abfent or abfconding debtors, if no eftate is to be found, the debtor's agent. Of ufual place of abode, may be ferved with a writ •, if no debtor nor agent ap- pr, the writ may be continued to next court, and if need be to one court further, and then judgment to be rendered for the plaintiff, and execution granted upon the debtor's eifeds wherever found : perfons conceal- f Theaflembly 1722, confirmed a purchafe made fix or fevcn [years fince from the Mohagan Indians upon the Mohagan hills^ part kf their referved lands, to governor Saltonftal, major Livingfton, iDennie, Rogers, and firadihaw ; this was c^nftituted the north parifii lof New-London. O3 ing ) ' ipS A Summary, Historical ^nd Political, &c, ing the goods of abfconding ot abfent debtors, arc liable to fatisfy the debt fued for. No writ of error Ihall be brought for the revcrfal of I any ju«jgment after the fpace 6f three years, and no re- view upon a writ of ertfer. The eftaces of deceafed infolveht debtors to be diftri. I buted in equal proportions to the creditors-, debts to the government, ficknefs, and general charges being firft paid; faving to the widow (if any) her ho'iifhold goods and dower during her life, and upon her. death to be diftributed an:iong the creditors. A certain time allowed for receiving claims, the commiflioners to be ap. pointed by the judge of probates : creditors not bringing in their claims during that certain time allowed, arc for| ever excluded. No aftion to be brought for bill^jAond, or note, but) within the fpace of feventeen years, "^o adlion of tref- pafs or defamation (fine for defamation not to exceed ten pounds) but within three years. Any debtor in a debt not exceeding 20 1. ipay confefsl judgraerit before a fingle juftice. Criminal affairs. The governor, deputy governor, or three afliftants, may reprieve a condemned malefadorto| ii«xt general court or aflfembly. The capital crimes are confpiracy againfl the colony,! rape, beftiality, fodomy, falfe-witnefs in cafes of life and] death, wilfully firing houfes, disfiguring, or difmember- ing the private parts, and wilful murder, blafphemy.j Peifm, firft offence incapacity of any employment, fe- cond offence outlawed. ■ All complaints and p/efentments, to be made within! one year after the offence is committed, excepting inl capital crimes i difmembering is banifhqient, and theft| exceeding ten (hillings. All fines impofed by the general court or afTemblyJ gnd by the fuperior court, belong to the colony trea{ fyry i impofed by the county court, belong to thcj cpuntyl Of Connecticut. '99 county trcafurjr; impofcd by an affiftant or jufticc, be- longing to the townfhip treafurics. Tavern offences, fee the paragraph of cxcife. ' A bill of divorce and liberty to marry again, may be granted by the fuperior courts. In cafes of adultery, liudulent contract, wilful defertion for three years, or fcvcn years abfence not heard of. Single pcrfons committing fornication to be fined 33 s. or whipped, not exceeding ten (tripes -, anti-nuptial forni- cation only half penalty. Every perfon playing at dice, cards, or tables, fine 20 s. Forgery. Three days publick pillory, double dama- ges to the injured party, and incapable of being an evi^ Jcnce in law. The form of their oath is, You fwear by the the name of the ever-living God. All kind of delinquents to pay the charge of prefen- tation, guilty or not guilty. Perjury 20 1. fine, and fix months imprifonment ; if unable to pay his fine, ihall fit in the pillory with both ears nailed, and ipcapable of giving evidence. Lord's day, penalties ; neglefting of the publick worfhip, working or playing on the Lord's day, 10 s. rude behaviour, difturbing the publick worfhip, 40 s. travelling, 20 s. going abroad excepting to publick wor- fhip, 5 s. lio vefTels to fail excepting upon extraordinary occaJfions, 30 s. and feveral other particulars ; refuting to pay fhall be publickly whipped. Theft, to forfeit threefold, and a difcretionary fine, not exceeding 40 s, and it the value amount to 20 s. and upwards, fhall alfo be whipped not exceeding ten flripes ; if the offender cannot pay, the perfon may be fold for a certain term of years fervice : penalty for receiving or concealing flolen goods, is the fame ; buying goods of flavcs, penalty is treble value, fervice or whipping. O 4 Riots, I ^00 A Summary, Historical an4 Political, Sec. Rioti. * Three or more perTons aiTembled tcgeth^, to do an unlawful 2& ; if they obftrud the proclamft. tion in reading, or do not dilberfe after proclamation made by a proper officer, fhall be puniihed by fine not exceeding lo 1. for each perfon, and imprifonment not exceeding fix moi^thi, or by wl^ippjng not exceeding 401 ftripes : if any rioter is killed or ^urt by ai^y perfon of t|iepo(|e, fuch perfoi> |s indemnified. The profecution muft be within twelve months. Thp iherifif, if need be, may raife the militia in his aid. ManOa^ghter (without premeditated malice) but wil- ful ; penalty, forfeiture of goods, burnt in the hand witl^ letter M, whipped, and difabled from being evidence in luafcivious carriage may be puniihed at difcretion t>y * About ihirt^ yean fince, there was z riot aft made in New Hampflure. In the pro^nce of MafTachofetts^Bay, the violent, hafty, and nih ananner of calling in all their publick credit bills in the ipace of one year ))y aft of (^embly, i^'hich had bepn gradually emitted in the conrfe of fifty years, was found imprafticable, and was like to have f reduced a general tumult : this occafioned the making of a riot t6i, ebruary 14, i7$o-i» to be in force for three years, viz. where any perfons to the numbor of twelve, armed with clubs, or other wea. pons^ or any number of perfqns confiftins of men, armed or not armed, (hall be unlawfully riotoufly aflemblea ; any juilice of peace, field officer, or captain of the militia, (herifF, under (heriff, or con- flable^ ihall make proclamation to difperfe ; if they do not difperfe within in hour, every fuch officer with affiftance, may carry them before a juftice, and if in refifting any pprfon is hurt, or killed, the oMcers krid affiftants are indemnined : perfons not difperfing in the fpace of one hour, (hall forfeit to the king all his lands and chatteh, or fuch part thereof at the difcretion of the juftice |br the ufe of the province, and be whipped thirty-nine ftripes, ohe year's imprifon- pent» and receive the (ame nqmber of ftripes once every three months (during his imprifonment. Demoliftiing houfes the fame puniihmentor penalty. This aft to be read every general feftions of the peace, ^nd anniyprfary meeting qf each town; no profecution after twelve months ; the judges may abate the whole or any part of the whip* In the colony of Rhode-Ifland, there are no riot efts, becaufe, as generally fuppofed, they are inconfillent with their 9onftitution. ■ ti^i. Of CONNBCTICUT. Hot t|ie oounCy court i by finet houfe of corredioiit or cor- ' poni puni(bmeiit« BurslAry or robbery ijpenalty is branding, can cut off, and wnipping ; third offence it death. Counteneiting or altering pub)ick bills of credit of d|b or of the neighbouring colonies » penalty, cutting off ^ branding, and work-houfe for life, eftates for- (eittd, and to be debarred of all trade. Any fociety preAiming to emit biHi of credit to be ufed in trade, to be puniflied as in cafe of counterfeiting i tl^ ^tter^ to forteit double the fame. Criminal perfons making their efcape froq^ the autho** rity of other provincial governments to t}iis goveni'- inent, may be remanded back to the place of petpetra* tion. The colony a^i relating to the religious obfervation the Hrft day of the week, Sunday, fabbath-day or lord'i-day, perhaps are too puritanical ( they feem to droop gradualiy* 1 ihall not revive them. Anv perfon of the age of difcretion (which is 14 set.) publiming a lie to the prejudice ot the common-wealth, pr damage of private perfons, to be fined, ilocks,| or whipping. Apprentjcei and fesvants act. 15 or upwards, abfcond- ing from their mailer's fervice, (hall lefve three times ' pftheir abfencc. Servants or apprentices flying from the cruelty of their mailers, may be protefleu by a ma* gidrsce and difcharged from their fervice. A woman delivered of a child, afterwards found dead, if /he cannot prove, at leail by one witnefs, that fuch child was born dead, the mother ihaii be accounted guilty of murder. Any (lave or Indian ilriking a white man, penalty whipping, not exceeding thirty itripes. ii'enalty for perfons who refill, or abufe any king's pfficcr, one not exceeding 10 1. Curfing or fwcaring •, penalty 6s. or the ftocks. Every houiholucr 102 A Summary, HrsTORidAt tnd Political, &c. Jiouftoldcr to have atlcaft one bible, orthodox catcchifm and other book$ of practical godlinefs. * ' A houfe of corredlion to be eftablifhed in each county I two thirds of their earnings towards their fupport, and one third for other charges. Penalty for felling ftrong liquor to an Indian lo s. per I pint V drunkennefs and idlenefs are the general vices of ndians. An Indian convidted of drunkennefs, penalty 5 s. or 10 lafhes. All the Indians in a townfliip fluiil be muttered once a year, and the requifite laws read to them. All Englifh families taking Indian children into | their families, fhall teach them to read Englifh, and in- ftruft them in the principles of the chrilfian religion j for every three months negledl, a difcretionary fine not | exceeding 30 s. The laws relating to the obfervation of fabbath day I and regulation of publick worfhip are fevere; and too many to be infcrted here j thefe arc under the infpedtion of the grand jury, ty thing men, and conftablcs. Private lotteries, and wagers to vend goods, forfeiture | is the value of the goods. Parifh churches of the eftablilhed religions (prefbytc- 1 rians, congregational ifts, and confociated riiiniftcrs) are under the diredion of the county courts i tolerated dif- 1 fenters from thofe profeflions are left at large. Any Indian, molatto, or ncgroc travelling without a | paft, may be fcized as a runaway. Schools are well regulated, and have a colony allow- 1 ance. Every ecciefiaftical fociety of 70 families or up- wards, fhall have a fchobl for the inftrudion of children I %o read and write, A grammar fchool to every header county town. One college or fcbola illuftris in the! colony. TJiere are fevcre penalties for cutting down of trees, pr firing ot woods and lands i the accufed, where there is| no proof, mull exculpate himfcif by oath. r ' - ■ ADi- )^ Of Connecticut. A Digression, koj Concerning North- America grain and grazing^ with a few occaiianal rrnnarks relating to natural hiftory^ efpecially as to the feafons, winds, and weather, in a loofe mifcellany common place manner. Connedticut is a good country as to climate and foil ( ind is valuable tor grain and pafture. Any country is liappy, where the meaner inhabitants are plentifully and fholfomely fed ; warmly and decently cloathed : thus it is in Connecticut. Upon the firll arrival of Europeans in America, the lodians bread kind were only the mays or Indian corn of the cerealia or grain, and the phafeolus or kidney beans called Indian or French beans of the legumina or pulfe kind. • Befides they eat earth-nuts of feveral kinds, ber- ries of many kinds, and variety of mail, -j- too nume- rous to be enumerated and defcribed jn a fummary. As alfo their hunting oi fundry kinds of quadrupeds or beafts, moofe, deer, &c. their fowling, efpecially of birds, webfooted •, their catching of river, pond, and fea fi(h, tfpecially of the teflaceoust As the frum'entum Indicum. or Indian corn, was theip principal fubfiftence, though not fpontaneous, but cuitjf vated, I cannot avoid giving fome particular dcfcripf tion and account of it ; hitherto it has not been minutely defcrib'd. It has with much impropriety been called frumentum Saracenicum ; properly, frumentum Saracenir cum (from the Saracens country in Barbary) is buck-whe^t, find at prefent is cultivated by the Dutch in the govern- * The Indians upon the (hore, ufed the pifum inHJ|itiniuin fponta- neum perenne humile repens -, beach pcafe ; flowerb tm. of May ; it re- fembles that of marifon. H. Ox. 2. 43. t Mails, from mafticare, are feveral forts of forell-nuts, chefnut,, Wajnut, l^azl^-nuf, and the like. ment * • C04 ^ Summary, Hiitorical and Political, ice, mentof New-York for hafty pudding, and as provender for horfes. Its mod profitable culture is in light Tandy land, with a fmall intermixture of loom, it requires fand heat, fuch as is that of pitch pine or huckle-bcrrv lands. Though a hungry grain, it requires much and repeated labour. It is firft plowed, then crofs plowed, next harrowed all fmooth, then furrowed and crofs furrowed; at proper diftances cf about four feet at the interfedHons in hollows are dropt Bve or fix feed grains (a peck fows or plants one acre) and by the hoe covered with earth the end of April and beginning of May ; foon after its firft ap. pearance, it is plowed two furrows lengthways between each row of grain, and by the hoe the weeds are Brought towards the grain } this is called the firft weeding ; after fome time it is crofs plowed two furrows between each planted row, and by the hoe the earth and weeds are brought to the corn, this is called half -hilling; next it is plowed lengthways, as before, two furrows, and by the hoe the earth is brought to the roots, and forms a hill to prevent the winds eradicating of it *, fometimes it is hoed a fourth time: in midddle of Auguft the grain becomes mellow fit for reading, a fort of delicacy in the fugar-iflands, called mutton : it emits its coma, plume, or blooms, end of June ; then they cut off the top of the (lalks, that the grain may receive the more nou- rifhment. 4- ^ ^^^ fummer makes it run too much into ilalks and leaves, which ftarves the cars. End of Sep- tember and beginning of 06bober the ears are hand ga- thered, the tops are very agreeable to cattle for fodder. 4' Here the farina fecundans of vegetables feems to be evinced : fhis plume or ^ower, if cut off before its maturity, the mays bears no ear or grain. In New-England where the grain is of various colours (white, yellow, feds of feveral (hades, blues of feveral (hades, marbled, and mixtures of thefe in the fame ears) the grains planted of various colours, and in the neighbourhood receive alterations in their colours or fhades by the various impregnations : this is ob- imable alfp in other vegetables, beets, carrots, &c. . » ■ -• V •».'^-4 J, JIC Of CoNNECTICUt,' 105 fhe cars have 8, id» 12, 14 rows of grain, the more ^fs, the better 'a the grain i fome fay there has been iS ^), but none under 8 rows. Indian corn does not weigh fo heavy as New-£ng1and fheati their Indian corn at a medium is in weight 15 lb. their wheat $$ lb. per bu(hel. T/ie Virginia In- ^ corn is white and flat, yielding a better or whiter meal i the New-England corn is of a pale yellow, fmaller liut thicker, and anfwers better in fatning of beeves, lioffs, and other (lock ; Virginia com is planted at greater di&nces, being of greater growth, and is all white s in New-England and Canada it is generally of a pale yel- low, does not bear fo many ears as that ot Virginia, it it of a leffer habit and quicker growth. The Indian com of New-England at a medium produces 25 bufhels per icre, and ripens in a fliorter time ; || (this a providence in nature, becaufe their hot feafons are fliorter) the Vir- ginia feed in New-England does not ripen into grain, si requiring a longer growth than the New-England fea- ibns do allow. The Weft-India or fugar iflands have per ann. two crops of Indian corn planted May and Sep- tember : in our continent we have only one crop planted in May. Capt. Hill of Douglafs by way of experiment planted Indian corn, middle of June, it was ripe middle of Auguft in a hot feafon. End of April they begin to plow; Indian corn harveft is beginning of 0£tober} when it begins to be in the ear, raip or drizle occafions afmut. The phafeolus; which we call Indian beans or French beans, becaufe the French from the Canada In- dians were the firft in propagating them. * It is the pha- feolus • !".• y Thus in Lapland and the northern parts of Sweden, barley from fowing ripens two weeks fooner than at Stockholm ; and in New- England, Indian com ripens in a fewer days from planting or fowing than in Virginia. • When £nglifli peafe (pifum majus flore fruflu albo. C. B. P.) fell at three, thsfe Indian beans fell in proportion at two ; they are more 2o6 A Summary, Historical artli Political, &c. feolus Indicus frudhi tumidiore minorc nivcas et vcrficolof. Morifbn, tab. 4. fedt. 2. They are generally white, and there is an indefinite number of fiqiplc colours and varie- gations, or markings. In New-England (fome parts of Connefticut excepted) die genera] fubfiftence of the poorer people (which contri- butes much towards their endemial pforick diforders) is ialt pork and Indian beans, with bread of Indian corn mealy and pottage of this meal with milk for breakfaft and fupper. For the varieties of phafeolus called Indian beans, ca- lavances and bonavift, lee vol, 1. p. 122, and thefedtions further fouth. Connedicut wheat is full of cockle f. 20 bi^fliels per acre is a good crop. It is faid, in Canada they fow no winter grain. New-England wheat is fubjedl to blaftj fbrne think that it proceeds from the farina fecundans pf adjacent barberry bufhes. 4- Our beft wheat is from Virginia and Maryland, next beft is from Penfylvania, $§ lb. to 6p lb. per bulhel, and cafts whiter than the Englifli wheat,; the further north the flour cafts the darker j Nova-Scotia wh^at cafts al- moft as dark at rye. Some years fince in a fcarcity of wheat in New-England, fome was imported from Eng- land i from the long weft ward paflages it^became mufty, caft dark, and did not anfwer. In New-England the allowance to a baker of fhip- xnore colicky than peafe : the tribe of the phafeolus is very large; fome years fince, Peter Ccelart in Holland cultivated above lOo di- ftinft fpecies. The cow itch, as we pronounce it, is the cow-hege of ' Zurainthe Eaft-Indies: phafeolus filiquis hirfutis, pilis pungentibus. f Lychnis fegetum major. C. B. P. 4. Bafberis latiiiimo folio Canadenfis. H. R. P. it is plenty all over North- America, it is of a larger habit than that of Europe, is 10 to 12 feet high ; it is uftd as h(uii>ei>, but fpreads too much into fuckers. There is a law in (.'onneilicut, p. 13. for dellroying thefe bufhes, they are thought " to be vtry hurtful by occafioning, or at lealt increafing the blalHng of Englifli grain." , bifaiit Cf CONNEqTlC0T. ioy bifcuit is 3 buflicls and quarter wheat for 112 lb. wt. of bifcuit, bcfides per ct. wt. for baking. Herrings ♦ have formerly been taken notice of. ? In New-England fome oxen of 1 8 ct. wt. and ^K)g^ of 25 fcore^ have been killed ; Connecticut fait pork is the beil of America ; they finiih the fatning of their jiogs with Indian meal. In New-England their barley is a hungry lean gjtaiog ind affords no good malt liquor; molo&s is the prin- cipal ingredient in all their buvrage. Their barley of four rows called French barley is not fo good as that of two rows called Englijfh barley. Their pa(s are lean, chaffy, and of a dark colour. In New-England they fow their winter grain 3d jnd 4th weeks of Auguft. In New-England, after gathering in their conimon gmin, flax, &c. the firft natural appearance of indif genous plants is panicui^i non criltatum fpica multiplici* ambrofia, and virga aurea annua Virginiana Zanoni. Nea§ Bofton an^. othergr^at towns, fome field plants which accidentally have bpen imported from Europe, fpread much, and are a gxe^i nufance in |)^ffures, fuch as ra- nunculus pratenfis repensr hirfutos, C. B. ?• Butter cups, bellis major. I. B. the greafer wild white daify, dens leonis. Ger. dandelyoni &Ci at prefent they hav^ fpread inland from Bolion, about go miles. Great-Britain and New-England, though differing a- bout lod. in lat. feem to be of the fame temperature : New-England is fomewhat colder in winter and warmer in fummer, from the vaft land continent N. W. of ir, • Upon the coaft of Great-Britain, the herring fifhery beginsr a little before midfummer ; they emerge or make their firll appearance off Crane-head in Brafla-Sound N. Lat. 6i and half d. from thence gradually proceed fouth to Dogger-Bank, where that fummer iiihery ends: the winter hihery begins off Yarmouth, and continues about 70 days, they proceed touthward, and are caught in plenty about the I Thames mouth until the latter end of January. ■ . 4. ■■■-•■, •--■ „,. ^ -.-:.;..- which 2o8 A Summary, MksTORiCAL and Political, Bet, "which receives and communicates continually (therefore ■with intenfenefs,) by the lambent air thefe different tempef'atures of the feafons. N. W. is our general or natural wind. i. After dorms or perturbations of our ambient air from any point of the compafs, being ex- pended, the wind fettles N. W. 2. All our fpring and lummer fea breezes, return to the N. W. 3. In middle of February 173 1-2, called the cold Tuefday (the moft intenfe infupportable cold I ever felt) the wind was at K. W. It is not eafily accounted for, that in different countries though the temperature of the air be nearly the fame, the natural growth of plants differs much, v. g. the bellis minor or lefler wild daify, a native of Great- Britain, abound there from 50 d. to 60 d. of lat. but will not grow in North- America. All of the cucurbita- ceous kind, pompions, &c. (Mr. H — y an ecclefiaftical mountebank, in his farces called oratory, calls the New- England people pompionites) by cultivation without the force of hot beds grow well, but in Great-Britain re- quires force. In a new country there may be a tax upon improved lands, as a fund for premiums to encourage the clearing -and planting of wildernefs lands for the firft year; the fecond and third year kre the next profitable for produce, and requires no bounty, and afterwards, efpecially in New- England, it ought to be fmoothed and lay for paflurage. In New-England, two acres cow-pen land may raifc about a tun of hemp, but is foon exhaulled. Locufts, called grafhoppers, and a fpecies of caterpillars, fome years are very noxious to our pafturts ; in the fum- mer 1749, a fmall locult, with a drought deflroyed oui: herbage ; they generally prevail June and July. Lands in New-England which yield at a medium 20 ct. wt. of hay are the bcft, if 40 ct. wt. the hay is rank and four ; fome frefh meadows, if mowed more than once, yield greater quantities. In mowing lands an uniformity of grals ought to be attended to- and en* deavoured, becaufe fome gralTes ripen foon, and are upon ■ • I , the Of CoNNBCTICUt. ^9 ^decline before otherl attain a perfefbion for mowing. End of June and beginning of July the height of up- land orEnglifh hay harveft is overj third and fourth weeks of Auguft they mow their falt-meadow hay. Salt'hay is from fait or fpringtide marfhes j freih hay is (be natural growth of inland marfhes ; Englilh or up- land hay, is the herbage imported from Europe, f New- Ei^land crops or produce are very uncertain, for inftance of bay, in the fpring ly^o^t fold for4l. New-England currency, in the fpring 1751, It fells for 15 s. per ct, wt. 1 wo acres, if good, is a cowland. Cyder is a confiderable produce for confumption and exportation -, when diftilled, it does not yield above one twelfth fpirit j end of Auguft they begin to make a mean fort of cyder from the windfalls. Turneps fowed in any latitude thrive, even inpavis*s- I Straits or Weft -Greenland y our beft New-England tur- I neps are from new lands N . E. from Bofton. Some remarks relating to the natural hiftory of New* [ England. ..,,.>;/:, ,^ -, ;v,4... . -. : .^:p, ^.'4^: :■-., , ■ , ^r-., > :- ^... : The feafons from year to year are better determined Ibyfome palfenger birds and fifli, than by the bloflbm- ing of trees, and flowering of fome inferior vegetables % for inftance, fwallows conftarttly arrive from the fouth- ward in the fecond week of April with a latitude of only two or three days ; peaches fometimes bloffom be- ginning of April, in fome years not till beginning of May, a latitude of 30 days. Anno 1735, iaft day of December, i ft and zd of January, fell about io inches of light fnow, wind N. W. northerly, followed by a I very hard froft, and peaches did not begin to bloilbm f In hot countries they make np hay ; it dries too quick, dry roti land turns to duft. Jn feme parts of North -Am erica, the winters zrt Itoo long and cold, and in other parts too hot for grab's, confequently Ian afford no quantity of proyender for cattle, and will never be beef Itountries. * Vol. II. " P ■ ■ • till I 2 to Summary, HfiTokTCAi' and Political, &c. till May 7. Anno 1719, tte tiegffming of winter was very fevere 1 pekchn did not Hloflbm the (piing ibUow- 1 Ing^ End of autumn and beginning of winter, if dry, foi. lows a mild winter ^ but if falling weather, rain, ori fnow rfreezing inland is abafis for fhow to lodge and "chill the winds from N. to W.) produces hard freezing in our plantations, which arc to leeward. 1 73 1-2, Feb. 14 and J 5, tindura facra froze, the coldeft weather I ever felt, aftRr a flight of hail and fnow, the wind from S. came fuddenly to the N. W. " 1732, April 5, wind N. E. northerly falls about 14 inches fnow, foon dif- folved, affreatltorm atfea; 1751, April 6, all day a 'heavy fle^y fnow, biit foon diflblved. Travelling in Conncfkicut from Penlylvania, 1716 June 26, finger cold, roads froze, ice thick as a crown-piece, Indian corn beginning to bloom is hurt. * Mackarel f fee in fecond week of May, lean, and feem to eat muddy. Some are caught all fummer j there| "is a fecond fetting in for autumn, fat and delicious eat- ing; they are a N. lat. Bfh, and are not to be found fouthl of New-England ; beginning of July for a fhort timel they difappear or will not take the bait. I Herrings (a bad kind) fet in middle of May, tlieyl feem to be whimfical or variable as to their ground. . Frogs feem to be dormant, as are fnakes in the winter or very cold feafon; we have three fpecies of frogs, raJ * The northerly and N. E. fnows, as being from the fea, are fofteij and milder, than thofe from the north wefterly land' continent. Great! fnowi lodged in the woods weftward, covered from the di(rolvis;| inflaence of the fun, by their chill retard our fprings ; it is a vulgarl error, that the fnnws lodged upon the ice of our weftern great lakes ii| the occafion ; from the obfervations of a curious gentleman, an office belonging to the four independent companies Rationed in theprovincel of New- York, who commanded the garrifon at Ofwego upon the iakef Ontario about three years, I find that the great lakes are never frozenj over, andconfequentl/ cannot lodge Inow. t Hook m»ckarcl for a market are preferable to thofc caoghtl feini which briiife one another, *; 6fX: Carolina. Oats, barley and rice, are ripe middle of July. No herrings (alcwives, the (ame fpecies) appear fouth pf Grcat-Qritain, and none Ibuth of New-England, which makes 9 difference of 10 d. in iat. but not in tempe. rature 5 therefore the temperature muft be neatly the fame, though differing in latitude -, this isalfu obi'crvable |n falmon. * We have natural pacers of horfes, which at a cow run, (a gait which they acquire by pafturing, when colts, with the cows) will pace three miles in feven minutes. 1 7 19, p6tober 14, hard froft as if mid -winter, robins ^ifappear. This winter I walked round Bofton PeninfiiU at a quick pace upon the icr^ without all the wharfs, in pne hour feven minutes. • End of February arrive wild geefe, brants and teal. Our intenfe hot days arc with 'the wind from S. to "W. S. Wi fromN. toE. N. E. is our moft chilly weather. The dry winds are from W. to N. N. W. all other winds carry more or lefs damp, this is manileft in the drying of fait cod-fifli. Our dry winds with con- tinuance are from the continent N. N. W. to W. S. W, pur falling weather, is from the ocean, wind N. N. E. to E. S. E. the other winds are variable and partake of both. From middle of OAober to middle of April re- quires chamber fires. Long winters are bad for neat cattle, becaufe without fufficiency of grafs or hay, fub- fifting only by grain, they lofe their cud. Our feafons as to temper of the weather mlay be reckoned, winter from the winter folftice to the Ipring equinox, fpring from faid equinox to fummer folftice, fimimer from faid folftice to autumn equinox, and autumn from thence to winter folftice. End of Augult the fymptoms of approaching winter- begin to appear, we call it the fall (autumn) of the year, ^be leaves 'of maple turn red, the leaves of birch turn yellow. The alnus or alder holds its leaf, ind the ver »*.■*- . -■ ... . ^ dure Of CoiririeTicur; u$. Lreof ki lof the longeft, it is a conifer; the betulo, L' ft conifer, lofef its leaf foon. Son)e afters are die Itteftofourwilderneft flowers. We have fcarce any fintrr flowering (hrubs. Auguft fometimes is a very liot month » I7i9» Augufl: 15, To hot that fome men tpd cattle die iit travellinathe road (the fucceeding'winter I was very cold and long) fome boys faint away at fchool, I llrong wind S. W, Ibuthcrly, dulky morning. In fome vttty levere winters, fuch as 1732, lumps of I ice fettle upon the oyfter banks, and Icill the oyllers. When tides fct in higher than ufual for the feafon and time of the moon, it is a fign of eafterly winds at fea^ I )od vcflcis from Europe have Ihort pafTages. Early v^utieri are generally fevere and long. The New-England earthquake of November 5, 1732, I ID lindulatorv motion was felt the fame day and hour it Muntrcitl in Canada, but more violent •, this was not I lb violent as that of 1727, Odober29, 10 and half in tbe night, a vibrating motion was felt at B^rbadocs the I proceeding day. In hot countries, the birds have gay plumage, and I ling but little ( their flowers have beautiful mixtures of cpluurs, but little or no fragrancy. In hot countries no I good wines, extreme heats or colds do not agree with winei. Where there is a hollow fea, land is at a great diftance : certitin kinds of filh and fowl are fymptoms of land, I'he quality of lands in New-England is known by the produce », in the beft lands are cheftnuts and walnuts, uu is beech and white oak, lower is iirr, then pitch pines, then whortles or huckle-berry plains, laftly, fome marfliy (hrubi, low and imperfed, being the loweit de- gree of fuflrutex vegetation. We have a few winter birds of paflage, which arrive in autumn when tlie fummer pafTenger birds depart, and go off in the fpring when the fummcr paflage birds re- turn, V, g, the fnow bird or pafler nivalis. Some paflTen- P 4 gcrs I I at 6 A SirMMARY^ HlSTOmCAL ancUPoLITlCAL, &c. gers remain only a few days^ Tome a few weeks, others ior feme months. In New-England are fomc pretty little quadrupedcs, putorius Amcricanus ftriatus, the pol cat or fkunk! Sciuri or fauirrels of feveral kinds, the black, rhe grey fox fquirrcl, the ferret fquirrel, &c. I leem to forget that a place is referved in the appendix for fomc things relat- ing to natural hiftory. f Goofebcrries, rafpberries, and llrawberries arc fpon- taneous in all our North- America fettlements. The clearing and cultivating otwildcrnefs lands, is a very laborious and tedious affair. Between the tropicks, winds are generally eafterly, called trade winds ; from the tropicks to the high kti- tudes, they are variable, but mollly wcfterly, being ?a eddy oi the trade winds : in the north high latitudes tU winds ftre froze N. K. to N. W. ii .::; n.: The f My fummary defigo does not allow of botanick excurfions. I Ihall only obferve, i. that in the country near Bofton, I have collefled And defcribed about eleven hundred indigenous f pecies of { ap- pear iii I>Jew- England end of February and beginning of March, but not in large numbers, becaufe they travel more inland for the benefit of lad autumn berries of fe- veral forts in the wildernefs*, they return in their pafiage " fouthward, in larger quantities, end of Auguft; and fome years fmce have been fold at 4d. currency per dozen i m all phxnomena of nature where there is a reciprocation of caufes I and effedls ; the intcnienei's of ihe effe&s are fome time after the ef- ficient cauies have paffed their height; the ofcillation of the ocean in tides, the tides are not the higheil until the third or fourth tide after new and full moon; in fummer the hotted time of the day is about 2 or 3 hours P. M. and in winter the coldelt time of the day is generally about the fame hours ; our cold weather is pro- irafted into the fpring fcafon of the year, and occafions fliort fprings j our warm weather is protrafled alfo, and occaftons long autumn I weather. they 1^1 ASuMMARTt KMTOS,I04I* «nd POLITICAL, fire. they at that feafon ktcp towards the plantations for the benefit of their harveu. They are of great advantage in their feafons towards vi^iialling our plantations }tHe country people feed fome of thcrii (they are catchcd alive in nets or (hares) for fome time with Indian corn, and brought to market, and are good delicate eating ; ea- rning ieed or its oil, are found by experience the beft Jure to induce, the pigeons to their nets. The fpring flights 1 75 1 were very large, like thunder ihower clouda, but foon over. Cqckows, as above, come in 4th week of March, and beginning of April; black-birds arrive from the fouthward about the fame time with the fwaliows, 2d week of April. Mackarei. Sec above. Brants arrive middle of February, very lean and of Ihort continuance, they return in autumn fat, and in October proceed fouthward. Catefby, a late alTiduous naturalift, enumerates 1 1 3 diftind fpecics of birds from 30 to 45 d. N. lat. in North -America, and obferves, that animals, particularl/ birds, diminiih in nuhiber of fpecies as we rile the de- grees of northern latitudes. He obfervcd about 1 8 forts of ferpents *, whereof only 4 are of the viper kind, and of thefe the rattle-fnake, viper caudifona Americana, is the moll pernicious. A frofty winter produces a dry fummer •, a mild winter produces a wet fummer. Rains and fogs are more common on the Ihore and in foundings than in deep water at Tea. In Canada the winds are more uniform and intenfdy cold than in New- England, becaufe the bleak damp eafterly winds from the ocean do not reach ih far ; the Canada fprings are fometimes more early than the fprings in New-England i in Canada the fnows fall early bttore the frofts enter the ground deep, therefore fo foon as the fnows diflblve, the fun fooner enters the ground, than in a frozen foil. Fords Of C0!fl?tCTK3UT» «»f Forcfts cover and retain the fnow long in the ipring, ffldoccafiun late (prints by their chill i when cleared, we lliall have better Icalbns. In a mifcellany or loofe article, I may be allowed to infcrt any thing for information or amufement, if not too foreign to the propoled lubjeft. i. Our Indians fornneriy accounted by fingle wampum, by ftrin^^s of wampum, and by belts of wainpum ; in the fame man* i,u as the Knglilh account by th^ denominations of pence, (hillings, and pounds. 2. An Incfian preacher, oavement or naturally in the introduction to his fermon, laid, " Brethren, little I know, and little I fhall lay •,*• (hough generally die lefs a preacher knows, the more ffdious are his fermons. And intheold manner of jingle, faid, God does not require of us to part with our fons, as he did of Abraham of old, but to part with our fins. ]. Clergy, though by fome faid to be of human infticu- tion, ace defigned as of good ufe to perfuade people into dvility and good manners, and feem to be eilential to fo- cicty i but their bad examples of immorality and pafli- onate condemning of all who do not follow their not ef- [ential mode or whims, renders them more hurtful than bciieficial to fociety. ■ r. . .^ . «« I - «*■ i*' :,/ •',*y '1 1 1 ,< SECT. ' M t20 A Summary, HtsToiticAL and Political, &c. ,it;, SECTION XII. {> - ■ Concerning the Province of v'^.V A i-»*( N E W - Y O R K TO deduce this colony and any other of the Britifh colonies in America, ab origine, as it were, with their progreflive improvements and viciflitudes, fee vol. I. fed. 2. article 3. giving fome account of the difco- veries and firft fettlements in America from Europe :— and left. 4. general remarks concerning the Britifh colo- nies in America, — and particularly p. 204. concerning New-Netherlands, comprehending the prefent Britifh provinces of New- York, New-Jerfies, and fome part of i^enfylvania. In a fummary, references are more proper and confonant, than recapitulations. As New-Jerfies, and part of Penfylvania,were formerly with New- York called the Dutch colony of New-Ne- therlands, or Nova-Belgia ; I cannot here avoid by anti- cipation mentioning fome things concerning them. in thole times all the country from Maryland to New- England was called Nova-Belgia, or New-Netherlands. Kin?^ James I. by letters patent April 10, 1606, in one patent incorporated two diltinft companies or colo- nies. I. The firft colony to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, Richard Hackluit prebend at Weft- minfter, and Edward Maria Wingfield, Efq; adventu- rers of the city of London with their affociatesj from ^d. to Of New- York. 221 JO 41 d. of northern latitude, including all the lands within jn hundred miles dircftly over-againft the fea coaft, and back into the main land one hundred miles from the jea coaft, and each plantation or fettlement to extend lOO miles along the fea coaft. 2. The fecond colony to Thomas Hanham, Raleigh Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, Efqrs. of the town of Plymouth, with their aflbciates j liberty to begin their firft plantation and feat, at any place upon the coaft of Virginia, where they (hould think fit, between the degrees of 38 and 45 of northern latitude i with the like liberties and bounds as the firft colony ; provided they did feat within a hun- dred miles of them. What relates to Virginia is referred to the feftion of Virginia. Anno 16 10, my lord Delaware was fent go- vernor to Virginia by the South Virginia company j tail- ing in with the land about two degrees to the northward ofthe capes of Virginia, difcovered a fine large bay, in compliment to his lordftiip, called Delaware-Bay. The Swedes and Finns fcem to have been the firft oc- cupiers of fome parts of that large country, afterwards called by the Dutch, New«Netherlands 5 they made I fettlements both fides of Delaware river, and began Icve- I ral towns and forts, Elfenburgh, Cafimier, now called New-Caftle, &c. The Dutch traded thither and foon be- I came more powerful and rich than the Swedes j the Swedes and Finns followed huft)andry only, and being in conftant tears from their neighbouring numerous Indians, I put themfelves under protedion ofthe Dutch 1655, and John Kizeing the Swe^'ilh governor, made a formal fur- rcn;ier of that country to Peter Stuivefant governor for the dates of Holland. Whereupon all that tradt of land in North- America from the latitude of about ^Sd, to the latitude of about 4 id. in Connedicut, was called New-Netherlands by all people, except the Englilh, who I ftill claimed it as part of New-England ; in fad, governor Argol of Virginia had feveral bickerings with the Dutch, particularly 161 8 in the bay of Delaware, and with others cliewhere. "•■n m . ■■ 'M . 4la A Summary, Hj&torical and Political, &c. elfewherc, in the affair of the Englifh exclufive trade and property in thofe parts ; but in the fccne of the dole- fill civil wars in England under various forms of ad* miniftrations, finding intricate labour enough at honiCj negleded the American plantations ; and their neigh- bouring European fettlements at full eafe were much in- creafed to our prejudice. The progeny of the banditti Swedes, who firft fettled Delaware river, ftill live in a feparate manner, they have at times preachers and books of devotion from Swedes, but do not hold their lands of the Penns -, becaufe the royal grant to Fenn - exempts lands tlien fettled by any chriftians -, but they are as to jurifdidtion under the government of Penfylva-I nia. New-York and New-Jerfies at firll were traded to, and fome fettlement made there, by the Englifli and! . Dutch : the Dutch placed a governor there, of which I the court of England complained to the Hates of Hol- land; the ftates difowned it, and faid, tliat it was only a i private undertaking of an Amfterdam Welt- India com- . pany, and K. James I. commiflloned Edward Langdon as governor, and called the country New- Albion ; the Dutch fubmittcd to the Englifh government: during thej civil troubles in England in the adminifl rations of K. Charles I. and of the republican party, the Dutch again I edabliihed a government there, till it was reduced by England 1 664. When this redudion was upon the anvil, K. Charles II. made a previous grant of that country, called by the Dutch, Mew-Netherlands, March 12, 1663-4, of property and government to his brother the duke of York. Duke of York, June 24, 1664, made a | grant of that portion now called New-Jeriey, (fo called, m compliment to Sir George Carteret a Jerfey-man) jointly I to lord Berkley of Straton, and to Sir George Carteret| vice chamberlain, and of the privy council -, a further ac- count of this belongs to the fedion of New- Jerfies. K. Charles II. anno 1664, fitted out anexpedirion fori the rcdudion or recovery of Ncw-Nethcrlands, Ih cM\ by] Of ^EW-YORK. -223 by the Dutch, confifting of a Iquidron of (hips com- manded by Sir Robert Carr, and fome land forces aboard underi^he command of col. Richard Nicols. Upon their arrival at New- Amllerdam, fiiice called New- York, thft Dutch alter fome fliew of refiftance, but much terrified, upon the offers of protection for their pcrfons and pro- perties, and liberty to remove with all their efF€<5b, if they faw fit,fubmitted to the EngUfh; articles were drawh upjfigned and exchanged in September 1 6645 the Englifh pofleifed of New-Amlterdam, called it New York : in a Ihort time thereafter, the Englilh fquadron entered De- laware bay and river, and all the fettlements there, followed the example of the Dutch capital New-Amfter- dam, and poffeffion of all New-Netherlands was taken (brand in the name of the duke of York, to whom K. Charles his brother had previoufly given it by a royal patent -, and all manner of jurifdidion, as well civil as military, was exercifed throughout the whole country, excepting in the Jerfies, which the duke of York had dil- pofed of to Berkley and Carteret, by the fole appoint- ment of the duke and his deputies. By the third article of the peace of Breda figned July 21, 1667, between England and the United Provinces, the Englifh were to remain in pofTefTion of that whole country, in exchange for the country of Surinam, which the Dutch had taken from the Englilh. K. Charles in the beginning of 1672, having declared war againft the United Provinces, the Dutch lent a fquadron of fhips to New- York, which they foon reduced with the refl of the country ; but by a peace concluded at Wellminfter, February 9, 1673-4, in the fixth article it was again re- ftored to England in general terms, " that whatfoevcr countries, illands, towns, ports, caftles, or forts have or Ihall be taken on both fides, fince the time that the late unhappy war broke out, cither in Europe or elfe- where, fhall be reftored to the former lord and propri- etor, in the fame condition they fhall be in when the peace itfelf fhall be proclaimed ^ after which time there fhall -^ i 224 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. (hall be no fpoil nor plunder of the inhabitants, nor cle> moHtion of fortifications, nor carrying away of guns powder, or other military (lores which belonged to any caftle or fort at the time when it was taken." This tradl of land, as it had been taken and polTeft by a foreign power, though afterward delivered or fur- rendered back by treaty, to obviate or remove all difputcs concerning the validity of former grants, K. Charles was I advifed to mal;e a new grant of that country to his bro- ther the duke of York by letters patent, bearing date, June 29, 1674. Let us now proceed more particularly to the province of New- York, thcfubjedtof thisfeftion. Anno 1664, K. Charles II. appointed commiffioners to fetde the boundaries of the feveral colonies : * from mifinformatJon they fettled the line between New- York and Conncfticut by a N. N. W. line, as is mentioned in our vol. II. p. 161 ; they were made to believe thatdijs N. N. W. line would leave 20 miles to New- York on the eaft fide of Hudlbn's river j whereas it loon croffed Hudfon's river, and left many of the Dutch fettlements upon Hudfcn's river, to the colonies of Maflachufetts- Bay, and Cjnnedicut, but thele colonies never took pofeflion thereof. This line is upon record in New- York and Conncdicut. The partition line of New-York with Connedicut was run February 24, 1684, by commiffioners of both colo- nics, and figned at the town of Milford in Connedicut by col. Thomas Dongan governor of New- York, and by Robert Treat, Efq-, governor of Connecticut, and confirm- ed by king William in council, March 28, 1700-, but as this line was not well marked, diftinguifhed, or afcer- tained, efpecially as to the equivalent lands ; not long fince, by both parties, it was finally run, well marked out, • We formerly mentioned, tlielr fettling of the boundaries between the coioniei of Maifachuftftt^-Bay and Rhode llliind. and y Of New-York. 225 and afcertained, and confirmed by the king in council, as is related in our vol. II, p. 161. in the feiStion of Con- I nefticut. , As to the e'aftern boundary of the province of New- York-, New- York hint at claiming fo far eaft as Connedli- cut river, becaufe i. By ancient Dutch maps publifhed be- fore the Englifli royal grants of the colonies of Maflachu- fetts-Bay and Connedicut, the Dutch had adtually a fort at the mouth of Connefticut river, as appears by re- cords, i" 2. That part of New-Netherlands in thr duke of York's grant, is defcribed, " and alfo all that ifland or "iflands, commonly called by the feveral name or names «of Mattowacks or Long- Ifland, fituate, laying, and " being towards the weft of Cape-Cod and the narrow « Highganfets, abutting upon the main land between the « two rivers, there called and known by the feveral names « of Connecticut and Hudfon's rivers, and all the lands « from the weft fide of Connedicut river to the eaft fide "of Delaware-Bay." 3. This ifland, now called Long- Wand, remains with the province of New- York, by a mutual tacit confent of both colonies. In anfwer to thefe allegations it is obvious, i. That the line lately fettled between New- York and Connedlicut, and confirm- ed or ratified by the king in council, is at twenty miles I eaft of Hudfon's river, and cuts off all their claims of this nature upon Connecticut. 2. By the like parity of rea- I fon, and precedent, the New- York claim to that part of Maffachufetts-Bay, which lies weft of Connecticut river, L cut off; moreover, the Dutch never traded or fettled fo high upon Connecticut river. 3. Therefore in equity. New- York is bounded Jiorth of Connecticut N. W. corner, by a line parallel to and at twenty miles diftant eaft of t The children bf William Brown, Efq; of Salem in New-Eng- lland, are great-grand -children of a grand-daughter of mynheer Pro- voll, at that time governor of this fort. Vol. II. CL Hudfon's 1-1 hit ■4 . 226 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Hudfon's river, to over-againft the great crook ♦, elbow or great falls of Hudfon's river, and thence in a due north line to the fouth boundary line of the French Ca- nada country ; || this line with other difputable claims I * Great crooks of boundary rivers not well difcovered and de- fcribed at the times of granting and bounding colonies, are now con- ilrued as a termination of fuch lines ; thus it was lately by detertni. -nation of the king in council with refpe£t to the line between the j provinces of Maflachufetts-Bay and New-Hampfhire at Pantucket falls of Merrimack river, fee vol. I. p. 423. II The various difputes between the courts of Great-Britain and France (I muft once and again beg pardon for meddling in (late af 1 fairs, or arcana imperii, by chance they fall in my way, and in fome manner I fcramble over them) concerning the national properties and jurifdidions of fome difputable countries in America, which perhaps might have been fettled in the late definitive (fo called) treaty of Aix la Chapelle, more expeditioufly and with better effeft, confidering 1. That by meer dint of good fortune, providence feemed to be of our fide, and gave us pofTefTion of Louifbourg at the mouth or entrance of St. Laurence or Canada great river, the French Dunkirk of North /.merica. 2. By our natural fuperiority at fea, we had entirely obJ firudled the French plantation American trade, which might have in- duced or forced the French to make us fome favourable conceflions ; than by tedious and generally inefFeftive fubfequent treaties by com- miffaries, which frequently terminate only in a neutrality till next ge- neral rupture, or in fome mutual conceflions by way of equivalents detrimental to that fide who may have lately received the law ; thus for inftance, if the court of Great-Britain at this junfture (hould quit daim, the neut'-al iflands in the Weft-Indies to the French, as an equivalent for fome concelTions to be made in Nova-Scotia by the court of France to the Britifti. Atprefent, 1751, the French with a confiderable military force, make a ftand on the north fide of Chiconefto bay and river in about 4S d. ?5 m. 1 he parallel of 4; d. is the northern extent of king! James I. grant 1006 to the North-Virginia company ; this is perhaps the foundation of the French claim. If the partition line with France or Canada is to be fettled at 4; d. north lat. continued, it will fallinl with St. Laurence or Ontario river, a little above Montreal ; includi ing the grcateft part of Champlain or Corlaers lake with the formerly j X^utch country adjoining. If the fouth limits of Canada are thusl fettled, New-York weft line will begin at this termination, and pafsj along Ontario river to Ontario lake, along Ontario lake, and its com- municaring run of water to lake Erie, till it meets with Penfylvani3| north line. '^' ; v , . •: p.i.. Of New- York. ai^ is new in agitation at Paris by Britifli and French com- miflaries. Unlefs there be fome general, but definitive article^ of agreement, fee vol. I. p. 13, with the French, con- cerning boundaries, we ought to have a continued refi- dence of commiflaries at Paris or elfewhere *, if the pre- fent commiflaries are fo happy as to fettle the. boundary lines, between Canada on the French fide, and Nova- Scotia, New-England, and New- York on the Britifh fide, there will ftill remain further lines to be fettled, of which I can give fome inftances, which may occafion great contention, the fymptoms whereof appear already ; but as thefe things at prefent are in embrio, I fhall touch upon them only by way of annotational amufement. * . -. , The • There is a trafb of valuable land weft foutherly from Penfylva- nla: Penfylvania in the grant extends 5 d. W. from Delaware ri- ver, and takes a confidcrable (hare of lake Erie, and within whicli bounds fince {he late peace the 1 rench have eredled a fortification with a view of claiming that country, as formerly they built a fort at Crown-point, to fix a claim to the country of lake Champlain. Our Indian traders inform us, that below lake Erie, upon the river Ohio, called by the French La Belle Riviere, and the great river Oua- bache, which jointly fall into the grand river of Milhffippi, are the mod valuable lands in all America, and extend 500 to 600 miles in a level rich foil. Luckily for us, the French, laft war, not being capable of fupplying the Indians of thofe rivers with goods fuffi- cient, thefe Indians dealt with our traders, and a number of them came to Philadelphia to treat with the Englifli ; hitherto they have faith- fully obferved their new alliance : thefe Indians are called the Twich- ctwhees, a large nation, much fuperior in numbers to all our Six nations, and independent of them. This gave the government of Canada much uneafinefs, that fo confiderable a body of i ndians with their territory, trade, and inlet into the Miffiffippi, fliould be Ippt from them ; accordingly the governor of Canada in the autu.mn 1750, wrote to the governors of New- York and Penfylvania, acquainting them, that our Indian traders had incroachcd fo far on their terri- toiies by trading with thsir Indians; that if they did not dcfift, he Ihould be obliged to apprehend them, wherever they fliould be found within thefe bounds ; accordingly in the fpring 17;!, fome French parties wjth their Indians, feized threj of our traders, and confined them in Montreal or Quebeck : the Twichetwhecs, our late allies, re- fented this, and immediately rcndczvouzed to the number of 500 ro 2 600, ■ ^M .A2ft A Summary, Historical and Political^ &c. , The north and fouth boundaries in North-America dominions belonging or claimed by different fovereignties and of feparate colonies under the fame fovcreign, are beft determined by parellels of latitude which may be fuppofed invariable i thus the boundary of Hudfon*sBay company by the treaty of Utrecht is well fixed at 49 d. N. Jat. i perhaps that of Canada with Nova-Scotia, New- England and New- York, may be fettled at 45 d J in New- England that of Maflachufetts-Bay with New-Hampfhirc, by the king in council is fixed at a parellel of about 42 d. 50 m ; Maflachufetts-Bay with Rhode-Ifland and Con- necticut is in 42d. 2 m; New- York with Penfylvania is in 42 d. compleated, or the beginning of the 43d. which is 20 miles north of New- York ftation point with the Jerfies; Virginia with the Carolinas as fettled, ly^g^ is in about 36 d. 40 m. Some colonies are only bound- ed by rivers, the river Powtomack bounds Virginia from Maryland, the river Savannah divides South-Caro- lina from Georgia. ^ 600, and fcoured the woods till they found three French traders, and delivered them up to the government of Penfylvania. Here the matter reds, and waits for an accomodation betwixt our governor and the French governor, as to exchange of prifoners ; and as to the main point of the queftion, in fiich cafes the French never cede till drubb'd into it by a war, and confirmed by a fubfequent peace. However, it is probable that in a few years our fettlements, if well attended to, will be carried thither, if with the protection of the Indians of that na- tion, they are countenanced by our governments. With this view the governor of Penfylvania is labouring with the affembly to have fome place offtrength, fecurity, or retreat for our Indian traders, under the name of a trading or truck-houfe ; the Indians have given their confent to this fcheme, which they never granted to the French; it will be a difficult matter to perfuade a quaker aflembly into any thing, where a military ftrength or fecurity is implied. We may obferve, that fome part of thefe Indian lands W. fonth- erly of Penfylvania, to the quantity of 600,000 acres, have a year or two ago, been granted by the crown to a company of gentle- men in Virginia, free of quit-rent for 21 years; in trie prayer of" their petition, they propofe the fettling and cultivating the fame, aj well a5 to carry on trade with the Indians. The whole of this affair is now reprefentcd at home to the miaiftry, by the governor of Penfylvania. , . ^■i'" Of New- York. 229 In all afffliri the French aft the huckfters, at firft fnake ^re«c demands, but afterwards gradually recede. Ic is faiJ, that as the French are now in poil^IFipn of Crown-Point fort and rettlement near la^' Champlain in. about 44 d. N, lat. their firft demand of boundaries was a parallel of 44 d. lat. which cuts off from us part of New- York and New-Hampihire, almoft the whole of the province of Main, all the good country upon Quene- beck river, all Sagadahock or the late property of duke of York, almoft the whole of Nova-Scotia, including A- napolis-Royal in 44 d. 40 m. and Chebudo in 44d. 10 m. and Canfo t the French court are fince faid to have ceded, and propofed to make a ceflion of one degree of latitude ^ that is, their bounding parallel of latitude (ball be ^5 d, as tfie grant of K. James I. anno x6o6, to the North 'Virginia company extended no further; and moreover, that the French governor Champlain had taken podefllon of the gulph and river of St. Laurence be- ibre this, and before the Dutch occupied the New- York fettlement. This parallel of 45 d. in favour of the French includes all the Canfo iflands with the northern parts of the bay of Fundy : and the good country upon St, John*! river > leaving to Great-Britain the peninfula ot Nova-Scotia, Crown- Point, and the greateft part of th9 country upon lake Champlain or the Dutch Corlaers lakej f the ceflion of Nova-Scotia to Great-Britain by the treaty of Utrecht, was underftood by the nation or people of Great-Britain to be according to the extent of the French commiflion fo far as Cape-Rofiers, to Mr. Subercafle their laft governor of L* Accadie ; but by a parallel of 45 d. in the meridian of Cape-Rofiers in lat. of5od, 20fli, we give up ^d. 30m. of latitude; in the meridian of Qucbeck in lat. 46 d. 55 m. we give up about id. 55m* of latitude ; in the meridian of Mont- t ThJe CmUer wai a principal man amongft the Dutch (cttlern, an4 tlMi> lake w«« c^WrA by his name ; the French call it lake Champ. Jain, and It gencfftlly has obtained that nanjc ; Champlain was the lirrt gQvernof d' Cwiada. 230 A Summary, HisTORicAt, and Political, &c. real, a very fmall matter. Thus the French explain the loofe treaty of Utrecht, to our very great difadvantagc, as if they gave the law, and were fupreme judges there- of i O tempera ! The north boundary of the province of New-York, may be, the fouth line of Canada when fettled j pro- bably it will begin at a point in a meridian twenty miifs eaft of the crook or great falls of Hudfon*s river, and running weft will crofs lake Champlain, and terminate in Cataraqui river. Its W. line runs up Cataraqyi river, and lake called generally lake Ontario, and terminates on lake Erie in north lat. 42 d. complete. From Ofwego upon lake Ontario may be reckoned the width of the government of New-York, 120 miles, viz. due W. from the lake 200 miles to Albany on Hudfon*s river, and from Al- bany 20 miles due W. to the weft line of Maflachufetts- Bay province. The fouthern line of the province of New- York is in feveral directions or flexures, i. From lake Er,e along the north or h^ad line of Penfylvania in lat. 42. to De- laware rivci. 2. Thence 20 miles down faid river to the north divifional point of New- York and New- Jerfies on faid river in lat. 41 d. 40 m. 3. Thence in a ftrcight line E. 42 d. S. to 41 d. lat. on Hudfon's river. 4. Thence 12 miles down Hudfon's river to north end of the ifland of New- York, then down faid Hudfon's river on the W, fide of New- York ifland to Sandy-point, the en- trance of New-York road and harbour about 30 miles. 5. Thence along the fouthern fhore of Long-Ifland, round the E. end of Long-Ifland, including Fiflier's iflund and Gardner's ifland, which lie near the entrance of New-London harbour in Ihames river ot Conncdi- cut colony ; then along the northern Ihore oi Long- Ifland found to over-agai. It the mouth of Byram river, ■where the wctlern divifional line between New- York and Connecticut begins. " The caftcrn line is from the mouth of Byram river, - .- slong '■- -if Of New- York. 231 along the Oblong as defcribed in the fe^lion of Connedli- Lt, vol. II. p. 161, to the N. W. corner of Conncdicut Llony or S. W. corner of the province of Maflachufetts- Uay, about 80 miles: thence in a parallel with Hudfon^s Ljver at 20 miles diftance £. from Hudfon's river, jjongthe weftern line of MalTachufetts-Bay, about 47 lies to the N. W. corner of MafTachufetts-Bay, which is the S. W. corner of lands lately annexed, or crown lands put under the jurifdidtion of the province of I Kew-Hampfhire pro tempore i thence in a like parallel fioin Hudion's river, about 40 miles upon the weftern line of New Hampihire, to the latitudes of the great falls I or crook of Hudfon's river j thence in a due meridian line on the weft line of the crown lands, -f" at prefent in the jurifdiftion of New-Hamplhirc, to the fouth boun- dary line of Canada, when by much protradled and finally perhaps difadvantageous negociations it fhall be deter- mined. The reader may obferve, that I have neither inclination nor intereft to be of any fide, other than fo- licitous for a national concern. We may obferve, that as the dividing line between New- York and New-Jerfies in duke of York's grant of 1664 to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, is from the N. lati- tude of 41 d. on Hudfon*s river, to the lat/of 41 d. 40m. on the northermoft branch of Delaware river ; fo that the fixing of the two latitudes, and running of the line between them, was all that was required for the fettling f In a kte final fettlement of the north boundary of the province ofMaiTachufetts-Bay ; if the adminiftration at home, for the intereft of our mother country and its plantations, had been advifed by gen- tlemen intelligent in the affair ; the lands north of that line, being crown lands, night have been annexed tc the province of MaiTa- chufets-Bay, though not in property, yet in jurifdidtion, as are the lands of Sagadahock ; the infignificant impotent fmall province of New-Hampfhire can never be capable of cultivating and defending it againll the Canada French and their Indians; fo large a tra£t of wil- dernefs lands as this, is, leaving a val country uncultivated, or to the . ufe and improvement of the French. 0,4 of 232 A Summary, Histokical and Political, jcc. of thai line: accordingly 171 9, by adl of the general aflcmblies of both provinces, commiffioners and fur. veyors were appointed -, after many obfervations, the latitude of 41 d. 40 m. on the northermoft branch of Delaware river was fettled, and executed by indentures under hands and feals -, and to commemorate the fame, thefe indentures were recorded at Perth- Amboy in Ncw- Jerfey, lib. D. No. 2. p. 280, &c. and in New- York in a book of entries beginning Auguft 1739, p. 168, &c, then a (Ireight line was run by the faid commidiontrs and furveyors to Hudfon's river, and the furveyors made many obfervations there, of the meridian altitudes of the fun and proper ftars, to difcover the proper lati- tude on Hudfon's river*, but the commifTioners never met afterwards to fix that point ; therefore it remains undetermined to this day, though frequently demanded by the Eaft-Jerfies. The deed of the equivalent lands, (fee vol. II. p. 161) called the Oblong from Connedicut to New- York in the king's name, was not fealed or delivered until May 14, the grant of the greateft part of thefe lands to Sir Jofeph Eyles and company was next day after, be- ing the 15th of May, and not put upon record till fome time thereafter. The controyerfy between Eyies and company, and Hauly and company, concerning the pro- perty of thefe lands, is ftill fubfiiling ; the contraded nature of a fummary does not allow us to infert it at large ; only we obferve, * that Sir Jofeph Eyles and com- pany, March 10, 1730-1, prefentcd a petition to the king in council for this land, by the name of " a certain " tradt of land in your majefty's province of New- York *' in America, &c." computed at 62,000 acres; on the fame day it was referred to a committee of the privy council, and 24th of that month, they refer it to the lords commiflioners of trade and plantations j the * This I ipfe t in fo minute a manner, by way of information, how plantation afF:;irs are mamngcJ at the icvcrul boMrds in Great- Biitain, v7- . . . . ."lords t)f New-York. «53 jords of trade made their report to the lords of the (ommittce, *' We think it for his majcfty*s fervice tb grant to them, their heirs and afllgns, the lands they petition for," &c. and on the 30th March 1731, the lords of the committee make their report to the king in council, *^ apprehending that all reafonable encou- ragement ought to be given for the fettling of lands in your majedy's plantations, do agree with the opinion of the faid lords commilTioners for trade, &c. and that ;t may be advifable for your majefty to grant to the petitioners the faid lands in the manner above propofed." April 8, 1731, the king in council approves of the report of the lords of the committee, and orders a grant accordingly, by ordering the lords commifli- oners of his majefty*s treafury to prepare a warrant for pafling it, and on the 4th of May 1731, the lords commifiioners of the treafury direfted the warrant tor the grant to the attorney and folicitor general ; the grant itfelf, under the ^reat feal of Great- Britain, is dated May 15, 1731; alter reciting the words of the petition, " are gracioufly plcafed to gratify the peti- tioners of their requeft: know ye," &c.-f-— About the fame time the governor and council of New- York granted, by virtue of their royal inftrudion for granting of province lands, to Hauly and company the fame lands; which of tliefc grants fliall take place, is not as yet de- cided i it is certain, that the deed of thefe equivalent lands, from Connefticut to his majefty was not fcaled and Iddiverd until May 14, 1 731, yet at the diftance of 1000 leagues was granted next day to Eyles, dec. The extent of the province government or jurifdidion I of New- York is as follows ; from N. to S. that is, from. iSandy-Hook in lat. 4od. 30 m. to the fuppofcd Canada line in the parallel of 45d. lat. are 313 Englifh miles i « I There feems to be fome impofition in the petition of Sir Jofeph I Eyles and company, repreienting thcle lands, ai productive of" pitch, |br, other naval ilores, inines> and furrs. the ig4 A Summary, Historic ak and Political, &c, the extent from W. to E. is various, i. From the E. foutherly termination of the boundary line between the Jerfies and New-York in lat. 41 d. Ujpon Hudfon's river to Byram river^ where the colony of Connedicut begins, are 10 miles, a. From the W. northerly ter- itiination of the faid boundaiy line between Terfey and New- York on the north branch of Delaware river in lat. 41 d. 4m. to Connedlicut W. line, including the Oblong,, are 82 miles, whereof about 60 miles from Delaware river to Hudfon's river, and 22 miles from Hudfon's river to the prefentConnefticut W. line, Oblong included. 3. From 41 d. 40 m. on Delaware river. New- York runs 20 miles higher on Delaware river to the parallel of 42 d. lat. which by Penfylvania royal grant divides New- York from the province of Penfylvania ; upon this parallel New- York is fuppofed to extend weft to lake Erie; and from! thence along lake Erie, and along the communicating great run ot water f from lake Erie to lake Ontario or Cataraqui, and along lake Cataraqui and its difcharge Cataraqui river to the aforefaid Canada fuppofed line with the Britifli colonies i we Ihall inftance the breadth of New- York province from Ofwego j U as being a me. dium f In this ran of water or communicating river, are the noted great Niagara falls frequently mentioned, and a French pafs to keep up the communication between Canada and Mifilifippi, called fort I Penonville. II Ofwtgo, formerly mentioned, is a fort and Indian trading place in times of peace, with a garrifon of 25 loldier- from the four in- dependent regular companies, to prevent any diforders in trade; this ^ being in the feafon a kind of Indian fair : laft French war the garrifon confided of 200 men of regular troops and militia, and the French did not find it convenient to moleft them. Our traders with the Indians I fit out from Aloany, and pay a certain duty upon what they vend and 1 •buy at Ofwego ; their rout is: from Albany to Scheneftady town or corporation upon Mowhawks river. i() miles land carriage; thence up Moliawks river, in this river is only one fhort carrying place at a fall in that river ; from Mowhawks river a carrying place of 3 to 5 miles according to the feaions, here are convenient Dutch iand carriages to be hired, to a river which fails into the Onei^es lake; then from this lake down Onondaguts river to Ofwego trading Of New- York, «35 m in this line. Ofwego fort and trading place with nations of Indians upon the lake Ontario, Cata- Jqui or Ofwego in lat. 43 d. 33 m. lies weft northerly Albany about 200 mile^, and 20 miles from Albany jjthc weft line of the province of Maflachufetts-Bay, in iiiall about 220 miles. Montreal lies N. by E. of Albany ovc 200 miles. Bcfides, the main land country of New- York, there are ^e iCands belonging tp it. i. Long-Idand, called by Ijlle Indians Matowacks, and by the Dutch, NalTau, it lies |ii length from £. to W. about 120 miles, and at a me- |||ice upon lake Ontario, there is a ihort fall'in Onondagues river. Ijuiaoftthe whole of the eaft fide of the Ontario lake lies in the Onon- jii^s coantry. From Ofwego fort to Niagara falls or French fort |])ononTille arc about 1 60 m^les, and from Ofwego fort 60 miles to I^Frontanac, alfo called Cataraqui fort, where the lake vents by ICataraqui river, which with the Outawae river makes St Laurence jiiver called the great river of Canada ; this fort Frontanac is about jico miles down that rocky river to Montreal.' By coiijedure of the French Coureurs des bois in round numbers, lie circumferences of the five great lakes or inland fcas of North- jkerica, are, Ontario 200 leagues, Erie, 200 leagues, Hurons 300 pgues, Mihagan 300 leagues, and the upper lake 500 leagues. As I do not write this, as a rigidly connected piece, I mention Ijereral things as they occur, but without any confiderable deviation. |i, The Mohawk nation of our allied New- York Indian* live on the jiopth fide of a branch of Hudfon^s river called Mohawks river, but iKton the north fide thereof, as is reprefented in the French maps. It. The Oneides nation lie about lOQ miic: W. from Albany* near llhehcad of the Mohaw'cs river. 3. 1 he Onondagues lie about 130 I weft from Albany. 4. The fufcaroras, an adventitious or fixth liation (in former times they were called the Five nations) live partly with the Oneides, and partly with the Onondagues. 5. The Cayugas labout 160 miles weft f:om Albany. 6. The Seriecas who live upon Iflie frontiers of Penlylvania are about 140 miles weft from Albany. jAFrence noted writcrM. de Lifle calls thefe Five nations by the uame of Iroquois. Formerly the French . had popifti miffionaries with the Oneides, lOnonJagues, and Cayugas, and endeavoured to keep them in their liiuerelh There is fcarce any beaver in the country of the Five nations; jtkrelore their hunting at a great diltance from home, occafions fre- l^uent jarrings with other Indian nations; this trains them up by pdice, to be better w^raors than the other Indian- nations. dium 236 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ^» {.. /■ ■/ dium IS about 10 miles broad ; its eaft (hore is a fand flat, as is all the E. fhore of North- America from Cape' Cod of New-England in N. lat. 42 d. 10 m. to Cape-Flc rida in about 25 d. N. lat. Upon this (hore of Long-Iflam are very few inlets, and thefe very fhallow ; its nori fide is good water, being a found between it and th( main land of Cpnnedticut ; the wideft part of this neai New-Haven of Connedicut does not exceed 8 leagues, Two thirds of this iQand is a barren fandy foil. Thi caftern parts were fettled from New-England, and re tain their cuftoms •, the weftcrn parts were fettled by thi Dutch, where many families to this day underftaiK no other language but the 6utch. It is divided inti 3 counties. Queen's county. King's county, and SufFol county, and pays confiderably above one fourth of thi taxes or charges of the government of the province, Hell-Gate, where is the confluence or meeting of theE, and VV. tide in Long-Ifland found, is about 1 2 milei from the city of New- York. 2. Staten-Ifland at its E, end, has a ferry of three miles to the W. end of Long Ifland i at its W. end is a ferry of one mile to Perth- Am boy of Eaft-Jerfies, it is divided from Eaft- Jerfies by creek ; is in length about 1 2 miles, and about fix mile! * broad, makes one county, called Richmond, which pay fcarce one in one and twenty of the provincial tax it is all in one parifh, but feveral congregations, viz. ai Englilh, Dutch, and French congregation ; the inhabitant: are moftly Englifh j only one confiderable village, callei Cuckold 's-town. 3. Nantucket, Martha's vineyard am Elizabeth iflands were formerly under the jurifdidionol New- York, j but upon the revolution they were annexei by the new charter of Maflachuletts-^^ay, to thejuri: t:on of Maffachuiptts-Bay j not many years fincc, fomeol the freeholders of thefe illands when occaiionally in New York» were arreted for the arrears of the general quit rents of thefe iflands. 4. Manhatans, the Indian name, New-Amfterdam theDutch name, or Ncw-York.theEng lifh nair.c, may b? called an ifland, tho'Jgh it has a com *..;., municatioi Of New-Yorl; 237 giunication with the main land, by King's bridge, the ihole iiland being about fourteen miles long, but very narrow, is all in the^jurirdidlion of the city of New- York ; it lies on the mouth of Hudfon*s river. In the province of New- York are four incorporated towns, who hold courts within themfelves, fend, rcprc- jiotatives to the general aflembly or legiflature, with jiaidry exclufive privileges, i. The city of New- York ind its territory, formerly eftablilhed by col. Dongan, jtuds four rcprefentatives. 2. The city of Albany pro- ^ly had their charter alfo from col. Dongan, and is nearly the fame with that of New-York, fends two repre- jentatives. 3. The borough of Well-Chefter j and 4, The townfllip of Scheneftady ; it feems thefe two corporations lad their charters before the revolution, and each of them fcnd one reprefentative to the general aflembly. As a fpecimen of town corporation charters, in the plantations, I ihall infert an extract of the charter of the city of New- York ; txs the fulled and the moft exclu^ five of any of the» it begins by mentioning or recitr ing feveral grants oi privileges which they have enjoyed iy patents and charters. " Whereas the city of New- « York is an ancient city, and the citizens anciently a "body politick with fundry rights, privileges, &c. as well |«by prefcription as by charters, letters patent, grants and " confirmations, not only of divers governors and com- I" manders in chief in the faid province, but alfo of feve- ral governors, direftors, generals, and commanders in I" chief of the Nether Dutch nation, whilft the fame was or has been under their power and fubjeftion. That Tho- I" mas Dongan, Efq; lieutenant governor of New- York, 'under king James II. Auguft 27, 1686, by a charter ' confirmed all their former grants not repugnant to the * laws of England and province of New- York, with fomc ' additions, grantingtothem all the unappropriated landsto low-water mark in Manhatan*s ifland, under the yearly ' quit-rent of one beaver fkin, or the value thereof ; their 'jurifdidion to extend all over the idand, &c.** That his charter Was PCnfirmed by a fubfequent charter from lord 23^ A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. lord Cornbury governor, April lo, 1708, with fomg ad'^itions panting to them the ferries, dec. That; for»ie queftioned the yaUdity of their former chartersj becaufe they were in the governor's name only, and nod in the name of their kings and queens, they petition governor Montgomery for a new charter, confirming all their fornler privileges, with fome additions j granting to them four hundred feet below Jow-water mark im Hudfon's river, dec. Governor Montgomery's charter by which ttiey nov hold, is dated January 15, 1730, and afterwards con^ Brmed or corroborated by an aft of the provincial affem] bly or legiflature of New-York, and declared to be publick aft, relating to the whole colony. The Tub nance of this charter is as follows. ^ ■ " They are incorporated by the name of the mayor, i\\ •* dermen and commonality of the city of New-York.- •* The city to be divided into feven wards, viz. weft-wardJ ** fouth-ward, duck-ward, eaft-ward, north-ward, Mont{ •* comcry-ward, and the out-ward divided into the Bowry •• divifion and'Harlem divifion. — The corporation to coni •' fift of one mayor, one recorder, and feven aldermen,! " feven afliftants, one IherifF, one coroner, one com{ " mon clerk, one chamberlain or treafurer, one high conJ •• ftable, fixt«cn afleflbrs, feven collectors, fixteen conJ ** ftables, and one marfhal. The mayor with confent oi ** the governor, may appoint one of the aldermen his deJ " puty. The governor yearly to appoint the mayor, fhej *• riff, and coroner, and the freeholders and freemen inl •* their refi)cftive wards to chufe the other officers, exJ •* ccpting the chambf riain, who is to be appointed in counj •* cil by the mayor, four or more aldermen, and fourorl ** more afliftants. The mayor to appoint the high con- " ftable i all officers to take the proper oaths, artd to con-l *' tinue in office till others have been chofen in theirl " rooms i when any officer dies, the ward is to chufe ap.| ** other V upon refufal to ferve in office, the.commool " council may impofe a fine not exceeding 151. forthfl ♦* ufe of the corporation* The mayor or recorder, andl . " fowl Of New.Yor«; «39 « four or more aldermen, with four or more afliftants, to « be a common council to make by-laws, to regulate t^e « freemen, to leafe lands and tenements, &c. but to do * nothing inconfiftent with the laws of Great-Britain or «« of this province ; fuch laws and orders not to continue « in force exceeding 1 2 months, unlefs confirmed by the « governor and council. May punifh by disfranchifing, or » fines for the ufe of the corporation. The common coun- «cil (hall decide in all controverted elections of officers. « The common council may be called hy the mayor, or «in his abfence by the recorder 5 fine of a member for « nonattcndance not exceeding 20 s. for the ufe of the « corporation. The corporation may eftablilh as many « ferries as they may fee fit, and let the fame. To hold a « market at five or more different places every day of the <«weck, excepting Sunday; to fix the affize of bread, « wine, &c. The mayor with four or more aldermen l«may make freemen, fees not to exceed 51.; none but « freemen (hall retail goods or exercife any trade, penalty «5l.j no aliens to be made free. To commit commofi I « vagabonds, ereftwork-houlcs, goals, and alms- houies. « The fnayor to appoint the clerk of the market, and "water bailiff; to licence carmen, porters, cryers, fca- « vengers and the like ; to give licence to taverns and " retailers of ftrong drink for one year, not exceeding '* 30 s. per licence ; felling without licence 5 1. current I " money toties quoties. The mayor, deputy mayor, re- " corder, and aldermen for the time being, to be juftices " of the peace. The mayor, deputy mayor, and re- « corder, or any one of them, with three or more of the I " aldermen, flull hold quarter feffions, not to fit exceed- " ing four days. Mayor, recorder, and aldermen, to be I "named in all commifTions of oyer and terminer, and goal delivery. The mayor, deputy mayor, recorder, I " or any one of them, with three or more of the aldermen, ** Ihall and may hold every Tuefday a court of record, to " try all civil caufcs real, perfonal, or mixt, within the " city and county. May adjourn the mayor's court to any " time not exceeding a 8 days. The corporation to have a (( common 24© A Summary, Historical and Political, B:c. ** common clerk, who fliall be alfo clerk of the court of •' record, and feffions of the peace, to be appointedL '•' (juring his good behaviour, by the governor j eight atj ^ tornies in the beginning, but as they drop, only fix J .«> be allowed, during their good behaviour, for the mayor?] , «' court; the mayor's court to have the direftion ani ,^ tognixancc of the attornies, who upon a vacancy ihalll ^'recommend one to the governor for his approbationj '^* The mayor, recorder, or any alderman, may with or with- ' *■* oi^t a jury determine in cafes not exceeding 40 s. valuj . ^ No freeman inhabitant fliall be obliged to ferve in any *^ office cut of the city. A grant and confirmation to all| ^^ the inhabitants of their hereditaments, &c. paying tli *? quit-rent refcrved by their grants. The corporatic /**may purchafcand hold hereditanients, &c. fo as the] f* clear yearly value exceed, not 3000 1. fterl. and tbcl ** fame to difpofe of at pleafure. To pay a quit-rent off " 30 s. proclamation money per ann. befides the beaverl ^^*ikin, and 5 s. current money in former charters re-l •' quired. No adion to be allowed againft the corporation! *^ for any matters or caufe whatfoever prior to ihis charJ -•• ter. A pardon of all profecutions, forfeitures, &c.| •* prior to this charter. This grant or the inrolment thcre-| " of (record) fliall be valid in law, notwithftanding imperfedions, the imperfe(5tions may in time coming be| redtified at the charge of the corporation." «c C( hAs I am now to relate the French and Indian wartl which concern the Britifli province of New- York, with! their other Indian affairs ; as alfo fome account of thel fucceflions of governors and governments in the colonyl of New- York; inftcad of fummary references, as wc| propofed, for the eafe of the reader I fliall ufe a con- neded and fluent fliort recapitulation, which will pointl out fundry of our claims in North-America. s?^ a French and Indian wars, with other Indian affairs. Sebaflian Cabot, a fubjed of England, employed by K. Henry Vli, to dilcover a N. W. palfage to China, ann.| ;■■ = ' ■ "I 149M ^ , .. .- Qf N&w-YoRK. 241' ,4^5, touched at all the confiderable inlets on the caftern coaft of North- America from Cape- Florida in N. lat. jsd. to N. lat. 6y apd half d. and took a nominal pof* felTion of the vwhole for the crown of England (fee vol. I. p. 273) but .making no fettlements, he made no titla ' by occupancy, , or purchafe from the Indians. I Sir Walter Rakigh, a native of England, anno 1 584, with people fettlers, landed at Roanoak in the prefenc korth- Carolina, fettled and took poficflion for queea Elizabeth, and called all the North- America coaft by the Lame of Virginia, * in honour to the virgin queen Elir Lbeth. After iundry fmall adventures to Virginia in general, April 10, i6o6,two companies were incorporated Lin one letter patent by K. James I. called the South and North- Virginia companies. The South- Virginia com- pany began a fettlement in Chefapeak-Bay 1607 ; the North-Virginia company carried on (but in feparate ad- ventures) Ibme fmall trade in filh and furr, but made no fettlement with continuance till 1620 f when they began tofettle Plymouth in New-England; being late in thefea- fon, the weather obliged the defigned fettlers to put up with the firft land or harbours, accordingly they landed inPlymouth-Bay ofMaflachufetts, and have continued I there ever fmce. . Capt. Henry Hudfon 4- in fome Dutch Company's fer- * Some pedantick criticks, in imitation of Tome annotators upon itli Greek and Roman claiTicks, imagine that he meant a young vir* Igiocountry, never before occupied by the Europeans* t The defigned fettlers had made a fort of contradl with the coun- Icilof Plymouth or North- Virginia company, for a territory upon iHudfon's river : this evinces that in thefe times, the Dutch or any lother European nation by prior difcovery, occupancy, piefcription, jor any other claim, had no equitable right to that country. I This Hudfon was a great cnthufiallick projcftor of N. E. and IN. W. paffages, and gave name to Hudion's- day, and Hudfon's ri- Iver of New York ; he perilhed in one of his paflage adventures, bc- jing never heard of more. It is faid by the French, that Canada was firft fettled by the French Jiinder Champlain their f.rft governor \6o^, being five years before |Hudfon toolc poHeifion of I>iew- Netherlands for the Dutch. Vol. IL K vife. -■I 242 SuMXfARV, HisTORTCAL and Political, &c, 'It ■ I vice, but aiY En^ifhmin, antio r6o8, came to the mouth of HudfoiiHt' riVer (as it is fmce called) Hiough in the ii. mits of bbih (aid corporations or companies, and withoutl lidehcefrbm the king of England, purchafed (as it isfaid)! ortheindlani that certain territory, and difpofed of hJ rights to the Dutch Weft-India company, or rather tol fome nierchants of Amfterdam •, and the Dutch madel fome impcrfcdt irregular fettlemcnts there. Sir Samucll Argoi govci'nor for the South- Virginia company 16181 drove the Dutch from their ufurpsd fettlement : howJ ever, the Dutch obtained 1620 of that pacificlc cafyl prince K. James I. leave to make a fmall fettlement there I ' for Wooding and watering of their Brazil fleets, and '1623 the Dutch made a regulcr colony of it, and their commander in chief was called direftor general of NcwJ Netherlands. Carr, fea commander, and Nichols land commander I arrived before New-Amfterdam, fince called New- York I with an armed force Auguft 20, 1664, and fummoned the Dutch governor to furrender; accordingly 27th toll lowing, articles were agreed upon j New-Nctherlands'waJ furrendered to England, and col. Richard Nichols wa appointed lieut. governor by the duke of York, who had obtained a previous grant thereof from his brother KJ Charles II. New-Netherlands was confirmed to England by the treaty of Breda 1667 : but as England, March i;,! 1671-2 proclaimed war againft the Dutch, the DutcJ eaiily reconquered it from the Englifh 1673, col. Love] lace governor ; but afterwards by the treaty of London 1673-4 the Dutch made an abfolute celTion thereof to Hftgland -, jind in conlequence thereof as New- NctherJ '^ands hnd'bcen conquered fince the fir fl: grant, toprcvcna difficulties in titles, K. Charles IL made a fecond graurJ June 29, 1674, to his brother the duke *of York, with th right of government to him, his heirs and affigns. ihall not anticipate what matters of this grant belong 1 the feclions of the Jerfies and Penfylvania. Govcrnoil Andros by letters of October 31, 1674, acquaints thJ ffMoour\ng governori, that he had receired po0efli9n* I of Ncw-lTorkt Ike. No ad of government , appear 9 upvn record from July 19, 1673, to November^, 1674 ^ liih. tere publiflied the fccond royal letters patent to tiie dukt I ot Vorkof Ncw-Yorkand the Jerfies; dated June 29, 1 674. The Dutch interlopers at their firlt arrival in thi^ (ountry 16089 entered into alliance with the Five Na- jiiPM called by the French Iroquois; it continued wirhout jawruptlont and remains to this day a firm, alliance with the EnjKlilh |) who fucceeded the Dutch in the Eurg- I pein iurifdiction of thefe countries. f ^,r, ^,^j;. j I Ihefe five tribes of Indians are called nations, though I properly all of one nation ; they are diftinguifhed by tne names of Mohawks, Oneides, Onondagues, Cayugas, and I Senccai* In the North-Carolina war with the I'ufcaro- m Indians 1711, many of thefe Tufparoras were obliged to Dy their country, and fettled with the Onondagues and Ciyugas, and ate now called the Sixth nation. The fe- verii fmall villattes of Sefquahanna and Delaware riyer Indians, are unoer the protedion of the Senecas ; the Se- necu are by far the largell of the Six nations, and lie upon tiie frontiers of Penfylvania. Several of the renegadoes of the Five nations have fettled above Montreal, and are I died Cohunagos or praying Indians. Why do we not fend military officers amongft the In- dian! to Inftrudt them in the European arts of war. The French with good fucccfs follow this pradicc. Some fay (hat the oflkers of the four independent companies of fufilicrft * in New- York live like military monks in idle- ncft and luxury. r -^^l*.,^ . n ;// Th^ French ufe an argument with the Indians' to be of tijeir Hde, vi%. that they do not covet their lands, as the Englilhdo. y..i,?-t, ili'^^ I Thf rffiuUf fflfly cxcufe m/ frecuent inadvertent ijnpro^ety of writing in (ifli#« m9t the anion, Eiiglilh inllead of Britilh j it it the trnmon (pefch «^pr«flion, but very jiiipioper. * Fuftlt^fi ifv k) CAllttd., beeaufft they are fappofed to be nfnied with tight nafi|l«rt>«(iUcdfttfees. . R 2 During 244 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. During K. William's war, the inhabitants of Canada lived in continual fears of thefe Five Indian nations, their {ted time and barveft were much ncglcdlcd. Canada i$ a tyrannical government and barren foil. • Their lands fcarve produce fuflkient for the fuftenance of the inha- bitants. We may oblervc, that amongft the abovefaid Six In- dian nations or tribes, the Onondagues reiemble that canton, where the deputies of the fcveral Swifs cantons meet upon affairs of great concern. The Onondagues Oneides, and Cayugas,have frequently been in the French intereft, by the management of the French miffionary priefts. Our m^flionary priefts, inftead of this laborious but vaftly uleful publick duty, are indulged in a fori of fine cures, in our mod opulent and well provided fct- tlements ; they labour only in confounding the fober and induftrious well meaning prelbyterians, congregati- onalifts, &c. to the great detriment of the publick good ; a' new regulation amongft our miffionarics is much wanted. ■ 1^65, Sept. Courfal arrived governor of Canada*, next fpring with 28 companies of regular troops, and all the marching pofle of Canada that could be fpared, marched perhaps 250 leagues into the country of the Five nati- ons ; they ditl little or no execution; and 1667 a peace was concluded between the French and their Indians, and the province of New- York with their Five nations of Indians : this peace continued till 1683. 1 684, De la Barre governor of Canada, with all the poffe ot Canada, marched and rendezvouzed at Cataraqui fort, t while at the fame time he was only amufing , tlic '' ' t It is now called fort Ftoptenac, being built by court de Frontenac fnvettio^ of Canada, on Catar^iqui lake, near the mouth of Cataraqui river, which runs to Montreal, and with the Ouatawaes river forms the great river of Canada called the riv«r of St. Laurence. M de la Salle upon Catar.iqtii Jake built a bark of 60 tuns, bat the' neighbouring Indians in jealoafy ibon burnt her. for Of New- York. ^45 the government of New- York, with fome trifling com- plaints againft t!ie Five Indian Nations, to lull them afleep. 1684, in July, lord Howard of Effingham,- governor of Virginia, and col. Dongan lieut. governor of New-York, had an interview with the Five Indian nations at New- York. 1685, m irquis de Nonville, who fucceedcd the gover- nor general de la Barrc, with 1 500 men, regular troops, Canada militia, and Indians, rendezvouzcd at fort Fror\,? tenac or Cataraqui, defigned againil the Five Indian na- tions } they did no execution. 1687, governor general Nonville with 150D French and Indians infulted the Seneca nation. In return for this the Five Iroquois nations. to the number of 1200 men, July 26, 1688, invaded the ifland of Montreal; the governor general with his court, were there at that time i they ravaged the country, killed many people;^ aiid carried off captives ; the Mohawks loft only three men ; the French abandoned their fort upon Cafaraqui lalce, and left 26 barrels of gun-powder. In February 1689-90, the French, confifting of 500 Coureurs des bois (in New- England they are called Swam- piers,) with as many Indians or fava^es, made incurfions upon the province of New- York -, they burnt Cprlacr*s village called Scheneflady, and murdered 62 perfons. In the memory of man the Mohawks never received fuch a blow as in the winter 1692-3 •, col. Fletcher with J300 volunteers marched to Albany, and the P>ench with their Indians returned home, 1696, the French with a large force made an incur- Ifion upon the New- York Indians, with a defign to deftroy the fettlements of Albany and Scheneiftady, but werers" pulfed by governor Fletcher. During queen Anne's war, the Five Indian nations For the Indian nations where the Englifh and French have parti- Icular concerns, fee vol. I. p. 179 For the Iroquois or ix nations of Mohawic Indians, fee vol. I. p. 1185 i they mny confift of about i ^00 marchiug men. . . ^>\j^ , R 3 had ■-*: 14^ A SuMMARV, Historical and Political, 8fc, had a neutrality with the Canada French and their Indi- ans.andby this means the province of New- York carried! on a continued advantageous trade with Canada.. New-York had no concern in the New-England Indi^ war 1722 to 1725. The French had lately ereded a fort at Crown-Point near the lake Champlain upon the frontiers of New-York governmenti during the late French war from 1 744 to| 1 747 inclufive, Crown- Point was the rendezvouz of the Canada French and their Indians, confequently their onfeisl were moftiy upon the province of New- York and the! ' N. W. corner of the province of Maflachufetts-Bay J 1745 from Crown-Point they deftroyed Saratoga fettle-l ment, about 30 miles above' Albany. The New-York frontier p'aces where militia were polled, are ScheneftadyJ Albany, and Kiuderhoek. Anno 1745, 1746, and 1747J the French and their Indians, above Albany, killed and| captivated above 320 of our pc;ople. *::»: Toward that chargeable amufement, called the in- tended fxpedition againft Canada of 1746, New-Yorkl province contributed 1 5 companies of 100 men per com- pany •, the 61. New- York currency in levy money, andl viftualling for 16 or 17 months, was aeon fiderable load. i " The four independent regular companies of 100 mcnl ^ach, ftationed at New- York many years, are an advan.| tage to the country ; they draw froin Great-Britain, about 7,5001. ftcrl. per ann. •' SiiCceflloh of governors in the province of New^York. I >il (hall not enumerate the commanders in chief, dur- Irid; the poflefllon and jurifdidion of the Dutch, they were iliied vjarioufly, viz. directors, generals, governors, &c. The prefent flile of the Britifh gcvernor, is, " Captain ** general, and governor in chiet in and over the province '* or colony of J>few- York, and territories the'-eon de- *' pending, and vice admiral of the fame." Before the revolution, rhe commanders in chief had only, the title| of lieutenant governor under the duke of York, mt*n^ he Of NlW-YoRK. 247 1^ was principal governor by patent. Upon K. James ]I. abdication, the property and government of the colony of New- York, and the territory of Sagadahock in New- gngland, reverted to the crown. The firft Englilh governor was col. Richard Nichols, Ijys commiifion bore diRe April 2, 1664, he was com* 1 pander pf the land forces in the reduflion of Ncw-Nc- erlands,' and one of the commifTioners for fettling the l^undaries of our colonies in North- America. He con- Lued governor to 1683, and was fucceeded by .. Sir Edmond Andros, • he was governor only^ for a I jliort time, and was removed to the government of Ncw- knglandj the feveral charter colonirs of New-England having from the iniquity of the times, either by a courfe inlaw had their charters taken from them, or tacitly dfopt} he arrived in Bofton in December 1686 with Ijeut. governor Nicholibn and two independent com- paoies of foldiers. See vol. I. p. 4t3> In April 1689, by a revolution in New-England, in conlequence of the general revolution ait home, he was difqualified and- went home \ excepting his bigotry f to popery and the arbitrary power of his prince, he was a good moral man. He was appointed governor of Virginia 16^1 \ he died I in London 1 7 Hi ^ ^ W^ ^^^ ^gvV5/i ni {;n!;t;'l«fc family, therefore they generally removed to Pcriiylvaftbii where they had better encouragemerit. ; 1 1 foy\ - tfol. Hunter had been appointed lieut. governor of >Vfrgini«li but was taken by tlj^ French in his voyage thither. From New- York he went for England 1 7 1 9. t Upon K. George II. acceffion, he was continued governor of New- York and the Jerfies. Upon account of his health, he obtained the government of Jamaica, he arrived in Jamaica, Fe- bruary 1727-8; by this advice of his phyficians M cer» tainly obtained a reprieve of his life for fome years. ^ * ' Col. Hunter was fucceeded in the government ' of NcwrYork by William Burnet, Efqj a worthy fon»of\fch« cekbrated bilhop Burnet*, || he arrived in autumn 17^1 W Upon the acceffion of K. George II. col. Montgomery,' a favourite, was aCppointed governor of New- York, sitnd Mr. Burnet was removed ito the government of Mafla- chufetts-Bay commonly called New-England, where he died Sept. 7, 1729. Governor Montgomery arrived in New-York, April 28, 172 8, and died there July^i,-i73i. f His wife, lady Hy.dicd AuguIT ijiS*^ i$ecM, i, p.. 480. In tsa A Summary, Historical |nd Political, fife. . In January 173 1-2, col. Colby was Jjppointod govcr. nor of NewrYork jjnd the Jerlies: after a few years he died' in New-Yorfc* ^ Auguft 1736, George Clarke, Eiq^ lieut. governor of New* York fucceeded in the adminiftration, and conti- BU9d fome years. . . George Clinton, Efqi * uncle to the earl of Lincoln, irtis appointed governor of New- York in May 1741, he did not arrive in his government until September 21, 1 743 i he continues governor ^t this prefent writings July 1751, v; . ./lO-f'' - - Concerning the legiflature and laws of New- York. : It is a fundamental in the Britifh conftitution both at home and abroad, in all the plantations, to make no laws, Bor to raife any money without the confent of the people. The legiflature of the colony of New- York confifts of IKhree negatives. r I. The governor or commandenip chief for the time bfting. .nnHiC .. ■f. 2. The council J their complement is twelve in num- ber, appointed by the king; when by death or other circumftances they fall Ihort of a certain number, thq governor may pro tempore fill them up to that number. 3. The 27 reprefentatives of the people eleded by, themiclvcs -, they are all county reprefentatives, ex- cepting the reprefentatives of four towns, and of three great mannors, viz. For the county of New- York county and city 4 Albany city Wcft-Ghefter borough Schenedtady town Manner of Ranflaer t }_,ivingfton if- Courtland Richmond 2 King's '-'^t ^ Queen's ■ 'M-p^ Suflfblk 4>fu^i^.i- a Weft-Cheftcr 2 Orange, tr ^ Ulfter a Albany 2 • The hqn. George Clinton Efq; is at prefent admiral of the white. in V * 2 I I I I I Of Nsw-YbRK, «5J In each of our colonies there are feme fundarriental conftitutions which may be reckoned as invariable^ r« In the charter governments, their charters are their di- jfftion. 2. In the proprietary governments of Maryland, Jerfies, f and Penfylvania, there are the proprietors ori- ginal conceflions to the people, not to be varied, but under certain reftri£tions *, for inftancej in Penfylvania, jio article in the law of Mr. Penn*s conceflions can be altered without the confent of fix in feven of the af- fembly men or reprefcntatives. 3. In the royal or crown governments, the governor's commilBon with the inftrudtions, are the magna charta of the colony during that commiflion ; moreover, fome of the 4iflem- blies in king's government at their firft congrefs or formation, make fundamental laws for themielves; I (hall, for inftance, adduce that of New- York. Amongft our colonies we havp very confiderablc variations in their conftitutions. In Penfylvania there are only two nega- dves Ih the legiQature, the council having no negative, in Virginia no bill can originate with the council. In jbmc colonies the governor and council are the fuprenit court of judicature ; in pdiers they arp no court of ju- dicature. ''■.-'v})t»vWvrjjsvt^ff5J The New- York printed law-book begms April 16^1 with a magiia charta or fundamental conilitution, viz^ That the kings of England only, are invefted with th^ jfight to rule this colony j and that none can exercife any authority over this province, but by his immediate au- thority under his broad iieal of the realm of England^. That the fppreme legjflative power and authority (under the king) ihall be in the governor, council, and repre> fentatives pf the people in general afieniblyi the exercifc and adminiftration of the government fhall be in the governor and council, with the confent of at leaft five of die council •, to govern according to the laws pf the f Jerfies ever fince 1702 is become a king's government, but thejr ftill obfervk the concellions of the proprietors called their law of con> ctllioiis. ,' '*;';. v'' ;■ ' ■ province, 2$2 A Summary, Historical and Political, fire. brdV-ihcCj'offii defeft of them, by the laws of England. upon the death or abfcnce of a governor, the firft in honriinatioft of the council to prefide. That every year there be held an affembly, and every freeholder of 40s. per ann, and freeman of a corporation, (hall have a vote in chufing reprefcntatives ; here the rcprefentatives are enumerated, and as many more as his majefly (hail think fit to eftablifh. That the rcprefentatives durino their feflions, may adjourn themfelves and purge thei'r own houfe •, no member going, coming, and during the fcffions, to be arretted or fued, except for felony and treafdn. Their laws to continue in force till dif- allowcd by his majefty, or till they expire. That every man (hall be judged by his peers, and all tryals (hall be by the vcrdia ot 1 2 men of the neighbourhood i that in'^n capital and other criminal cafes there be a grand inquelt to prcfcnt the offender, and afterwards 12 men to try the offender. That in all c4fes bail by fufficient furecies be allowed, unlefs in cafe of treafon, and of ftich felonies as are reftrained from bail by the laws of 'England. That no tax or impolition be laid but by the general afTembly. That no freeman, tavern-keepers ex- cepted, be compelled to entertain any foldier or. mariner, unlefs in times of aAual war with tlie province.— That all lands in this province be accounted as freehold and ln« heritance in free and common foccage, according to the tenure of Eaft-Greenwich in England. That all wills atteftcd by three or more witnefTes, and regiftered with the office df the county in a fet time, be a fuiRcient con- veyance for lands, &c. That any chriftian religion not diiturbinff the peace of the province, be freely allowed of, the Roman catholick excepted, f ;The ena^ing ftiic is, ** 5y the governor, council, and general aflfembly of ** the province of New- York." ^ V Afummarv '•annot enumerate many of their municipal ■" f In Pcnfylvania and m«./*aiiu, by the royal patents, by the pro. prlctort conceflions, and by the rubfequeiit provincial laW&, Roman Ciitholicki) are not excepted. » r "'" .'*4-,^M- laws. >i,:.lJ.- Of NEW-Y0RK.i,Vw.UV;^ 253 lews. The juftices of each county IhaU yearly fummon all the freeholders in January to chufe two church, wart dens and 10 veftry men to aflefs, and theminiftcf td be called, chofen and appointed by the yrardena and vcftjcyv Elections for reprefentatives to be in the fheriflfs court, of the county or city, qualification tor a. voter 40s. at I Jeaft freehold per annum improved land, no perfon to be chofen but who refides in the place. Ads. i i'Oo there was no a6b to prevent all vexatious fuits or actions jgainii thofe who at the happy revolution in England, did here begin fuch another revolution *, they appointed opt. Jacob Leyfler their commander in chief till his majefty K. William's pleafure fhould be known ; and did feize the perfons and goods of leveral difaffedled people. In each county or town, at the fefTions of the peace, the juftices of the^peace, or at leaft five of them, whereof two of the quorum, ftiall appoint the rate for their county, as alfo a treafurer and coUedlor. All mea from 16 to 60 aet. to be lifted in fome company. of militia i each foot-man to have a cartouch box and fix charges, the horfe 12 charges*, at their habitation to keep one pound powder, three pound bullets each footi and two pound powder, and fix pound bullets, each I'^orie. .■ . .. ^..^,^j».^- ?V3irtir In the province of New- York, to obtain a good title to vacant lands, firft there muft be produced ,an Indian deed, which muft be approved of by the governor and council; by warrant it is furveyed by the provincial fur^ veyor, and patented by the governor and council: the I fees are very high. , rvq^ The quit-rents for lands lately taken up are 2s. pro-, clamation money per jco acres. Two thirds of ••he government pay fmall or no quit-trents, efpecially for old grants, the larger grants on Hudfon's river called man- nors-, their quit-rents are only a pepper-corn, buck-lkin, |or the like, when demanded. The valuations of the feveral counties may he taken from ki; *^ ti^ ;iSrl. 1 0,000 1. 5,000 6,000 2,400 3,000 1,600 4,000 2,000 2,000 4,000 254 A SurAMARVj HtST6iti6Ai ind Political^ &c. from the quotas nHct^wtd each of them, in proportion to their refpedive taxes, when paper money was emitted upon loan I for inftance ly^S^ they emitted 40,000!. currency upon loan, whereot. m- To New- York city and county t3f- Albany city and county ^ fij? a: Queen's county tiii." King's county u»ilj Suffolk county ^^t.. Richmond county ■mn^ Ulfter county > toci Orange county ' 'mm Dutchefs county 4;4c^ Weft-Chefter 40,0001, As to tht if piper ciirrencies they are referred with other things c! that nature to the appendix. At pre- fcnt I ihali only obfeivc, that towards the charge of an intended expedition againfl Canada 1 709, they emitted 13,0001. publick bills of credit at 8 s. currency per oz. filver, bearing intereft ; in the after emilTions, no in- tereii: was allowed, the contrivers of this fraudulent! paper money currency, perceived that a reaionable in- tereft would prevent "its depreciation, and obftruft the | advantages which they propofed from its depreciation. | They plaufibly and fallacioully alledged, that the allow- ing ot intereft, occafioned their being hoarded up as I common bonds bearing interelt, and did not ferve as a Jc Q This was the cafe in the enormous multiplied emilHons of paper credit ormoney, asit wati called, in a neighbouring province ; as the I governor happened himfelf to be of the debtor fide of the que^on,! and for valuable confiderarions, as it is faid, inftead of borrowing the! money already emitted, from the merchants at a reafona^le intereft,! which they generoufly offered, and which would have prevented farth<;r| depreciating emiflions ; he chofe rather, though with the confequencsj of involving the country in confofion and ruin, in frijVonr of the land j bank (an affumed name) anfl other fraudulent debtors, to deprcciatej the debts by vail multiplied cmiffiorus bearing no intereft. . comnwi Of Niw^YoRit. "■■*?Sk,- H$ common currency. In anfwer to chis^ the anti-depre< ciators may obferve, i. That any confiderate good man wilV allow, that money not payable or cancellable till after fome years, if only upon note bearing no incereft, is not fo valuable as the fame fum of money upon bond bearing intereft, payable after the fame number of years; thai: is, thefe bills upon note only, in the nature of thiijf s muft admit a depreciation or difcount, and ftill agnM'er difcount if thefe notes ftrctch too much their credit : this is the genuine mercantile nature of our de* predating plantation paper currency. 2. In the begin* ning they were not emitted as a tender in law, or com- ,iion ( urrency ; but as government bondi or debentures bearing intereft as are the transferable ftocks of 4)ublick debts in Great-Britain, which by reafon of the intereft allowed, do increafe to a valuable premium upon a transfer, and cannot depreciate as the plantation pul^ick notes of credit have done. ->rf?c' As the plantations are at a vaft diftance from parlia- mentary enquiry, fome of our colonies have from time to time been loaded with amuling feint expeditions, the original and continuing caufes of the plantation frau- dulent paper credit called paper currency -, the fraudi^- lent debtors finding their advantage in depreciations, contrived fundry methods of further paper credit emif- lions : thus in Maifachufetts-Bay in the courle of fome years in the adminiftration of governor Sh , one fhilling was depreciated to the value of one penny fterl. New- York did reftrain itfelf from running much into a multiplied depreciating paper currency, fo that their exchange with London never did exceed 190I. New- York currency for lool. fterl. N. B. When I any where mention exchange, I mean private pundual biUs of exchange; government bills admit of a dilatory payment, and are bought cheaper ; for inftance, upon the Cuba or Spanifh Weft-India expedition, government bills were fold in Nev/-York and Eaft-Jerfey at 140 to 150; in Weft-Jerfey and Penfylyania at 130 10135; • ". 1 when 2^S A Summary, HistoRiCAL aftd Political, &c. when at theTfttne time private punctual bills were foldac 190 in the ^rft, and at 1 80 in the other places. , The nhiilUia of the province of New- York, are nesrir upon the fame regulation with the militia of New. England; befides there are four regular independent companies of fufiliers, 100 private men to a company ; their pay, cloathing, and accoutrements from Great* Britain, amount yearly to upwards of 7800I. fterl, they are under ' e immediate direction of the commander in chief for the time, and are a confiderable perquifite : they are principally ftationed at the city of New -York, Al- bany, and Ofwego ; New- York was fo called from the duke of York's Englilh title, and Albany (formerly Orange Fort, by the Dutch) by his Scots title j the ba(> tery at New-York is called Fort George. Befides the 5 or 6 nations of Iroquois or Mohawk In* dianS) there are feveral fmall parcels of Indians,' uuon the upper parts of Hudfon*s river, called River Indiani fir Mohegins ; this was the Indian name of the great rirer, now called Hudfon's river. At fundry times in the city of New- York there have been negro confpiracies, more than in the other coio. nies; this I cannot account for; April 1712, a negro conipiracy kills many white men, and fets the town on fire. i* Courts of judicature are much the fame as in New. England, f The judges of the fuperior or fuprcm« court are appointed by the king in council, and fom&' times pro tempore by the governor •, they are called firll, fecond, &rc. judges: the ftrft judge is called chief jul^ tice, and feems to have a confiderable authority or in- fluence above the other judges. The prefent chief jus- tice is James Delancy Efqvofa regular liberal education, + This rummary if not check'd, is like to become too bqlky, thcrs- 1 fore I fliall avoid repetition of things wh:ch .bear a femblancc w thinge'already laid. * ' ' and lg6 *Ai Of Niw-Yoitx. ttSf ifld good cftftte ; he was appointed by governor Cofb>y» ijii* in place of Lewis Morris Efqt who fMcceedcd on eminent lawyer Roger Mompeffbn, i&fav chief juftice of Kew-Vork and the Jerfies, who furrendere'd that of the JerTiei 1^09. Here it a court of chancery, a court not known in KeW'England, the governor is chancellor. In many of I our colonies it renders the courts below of lefs autho- ritjr \ M it 11 very chargeable, and may be arbitrary, the (Ittncellor ought to be a cii(tin<5b perfon from the gover- nor (ai are the intendants of the French colonies) and up- on milUemeanor, liable to the governor's infpe^ion by ftffwnfion, or the like. The general aflembly is no court of judicature, but the/ examine into the erroneous proceedings ot the court! of judicature, and grant re-hearings. ■ '■[ Concerning New- York produce, manufadbures, trade, and navigation. ^^ >»*< Wheat and flour are the molt conHderable articles of k\r produce and manufadures \ fee their exports of proviuoni, in the claufes of cuilom-houfe entries and i\annce§. Skinf and furrs are a good article, but not fo large as formerly. The article of iron in pigs and bars is a growing Mr. Schuyler's cooper ore ii from a mine in Jerfies, but I exported from New- York, therefore it is mentioned in this man, In the beginning ot ics difcovery it feemed to be very rich : it appears that it was formerly wrought by the Dutch, becauie in new working of it, were found bsmtners, wedges, &c. it fold in Britloi the ore at 40 1. M per tun. The cartage to Hudfon's river is ihort, and their Artt agreement with the miner, was to allow him one third of the ore for raifmg and laying. if sbeve ground; it was done up in quarter barrels, |wlipr?of fix made a tun. The richnefs of this copper V©fc. U, ^ mine 258 A Summary, Historical and Poi itical, &c. n]ine imdc^Cq nm(;h noife in the world, thic a few years fincc, to engroii this ore for the benefit ot Great-Britain it was by a^V.9^ P^^^i^i^^^i^C enumerated ; but lately it has not been Wrought and exported, as appears by the quarterly accounts of the cullom-houfe of New- York • I cannot account for this. By a late ad of parliament, fait may be imported di- rcdJy from any parts of Europe to New York. In queen Anne's reign there were three government packet boats, which alternately lailed monthly between England and New- York, to tarry fourteen days at New- York, for the plantations or colonics benefit of trade, and for the government difpatches ; thefe have been laid afidc many years. Govjernpr Burnet (his head was well turned) obtained an a(ft of aflembly 1727, afterwards confirmed by the king in council, prohibiting all trade with Canada, that th? French might not be fupplied with goods (in one year 90c pieces of llrouds have been carried from Al- bany to Montreal) fuitable for promoting a French civil as well as trading intereft with the Indians, and that the Indians may be induced to go a trading to Ofwego, •{- a late wcil projeded and weJl executed Knglilh mart for Ijjdian trade ; governor Burnet always and efiedually minded the bulinefs of his deflination. The Indian tr.a<^e is now in. the hands of many; before governor Burnet's cintc it was engrofled by a few, and the Indians are become more dependent upon the Englilh than formerly. From Albany ro Ofwego, is a much eafier conveyance, than from Montreal, 200 miles up a rapid Aony river to fort Fronteiiac on lake Ontario, called alfo Ofwego. In the province of New-York there is one colledion ^;. cultom-lioulc diftrid, kept in the port of New- ., -f- The cairiage or cornmunication between Albany and Ofwego is P> commodious, that at a time in relieving the garrifon of Ofwego, 40 people c.ime in one birch canoe, 4;; feet in length, 7 feetin breadth, from Ofwego to SehcneiUtiy 183 miles, carrying places included. ,?«i«*4;:jo!/! •' Ya> -, Of NEW-York.'-^^•'^''^•: «59 York i the twelve months accounts from September 29, 1749, to Scptf-mber 29, 1750, ttands thusi"'* •'• Cleared outwards. • ' Ships " ''-^■- '^^•^' Entered inwards. Sliips Snows Brigantines vSJOops Schooners iirBwi 23 22 45 131 II ri^ Snows. ■' ^'^i vn^8^ Brigantines ^^^ '^ 58 Sloops ■'^■•*i Schooners 550 286 '*^H' Here are included all vcffels both on foreign 'oyagei?, and on coafling voyages of the neighbouring colonics ; whereas in the colleftions of New-England the foreign voyages are only to be underllood ; for inftance, Bofton cullom-houfe from Chriftmas 1747 to Chrillmas 1748, foreign veffcls cleared out 540, entered in 430 • the fifhing and coafting vefifels of the adjoining colonies of MafTachufetts-Bay, New-Hamp(hire, Connedicut, and Rhode-Ifland, amounted to about as many, and are not included. Mui.i 4.*^ X""^' N.*B. No copper ore was exported in thefc twelve months. Entered in from Oreat- Britain and Ireland 1 6 veflels ; dcared out for Great-Britain and Ireland 21 veflels ; deared out for Holland 5 veflels. Cleared out 6731 tun provifions, chiefly flour; be- fides grain eftimatcd or fliippcd by number of bufliels, and not by tuns. •*" -^^^'^ Imported about 800 pipes Madeira wines, whereof re- exported 226 pipes. The Madeira wines fliipped to New-York are reckoned better than what are ftiipped i.) any other of our colonics, therefore fome are rc-fliippedl to the other colonies. Cleared out, tar 2008 barrels, pitch 156, turpentine 20, which were imported to New- York from the Caro- linas. The colony of New- York does not produce na- val {lores fufflcient for their own uic. ,'^. . ^-' S 2 Mountains. 26o A Summary, HistoHical and Political, &c. ~ Mountains, rivers, and Tome mifcellanic:. t nHH .V/ vU no / ' 1. , The mo(l cOnHderablc High lands arc the Catkill mouri- taJDs welt of Hudfon*s river, and about 90 niilcs N. from New-York. What I mentioned vol. I. p. 454, 455, by way .of annotation* concerning the runs of water trom the Catkill mountains, en pailent «, now in its proper place requires to be corrected, and ought to be underflood as follows. On the eaft and fouth eaft, fides of Catkill mountains, feveral ilreams run, and fall into Hudfon's river below Albany •, on their N. W. fide proceeds Scho- xic river, and falls into Mohawks river, a branch of i Judfon's river, at fort Hunter about 30 miles above Albany •, and this Schorie river in its courfe comes with- in three or four miles of the main branch of Delaware river j from the S. W. fide flows a confiderable branch of Delaware river. Conajoharie river falls into the Mo- hawks river about lo miles above fort Hunter, and comes very near to a branch of Safquahanna river i this branch of Safquahanna is fo large, that at 18 miles from the Mo- hawks river, the Indians go down in canoes to all the Indian fetilemcnts upon Safquahanna river. From this fituation ot thefe rivers, no runs of water from the Cat- kill mountains can fall into lake Ontario, into river Ohio, or into the Safquahanna river. Excepting Long Ifland and Staten-Ifland, the main lanti lea line, from Byram river to New- York ifland, is very fliorc. . • ^ " ;; The only confiderable river in this province is Hudfon's river v from the elbow where is the great carrying place toWood-Crcek towards Canada,to Sandyhookat itsmouth» are near 200 miies ; the tide way reaches upwards of 1 50 miles to Cohoes at the mouth of Mohawks river, about fix or iQvtn miles above Albany church, its courfe is about S. 12 d. W; the tides, that is, the floods and ebbs, are about 1 2 hours later at Albany than at New- York V a little above the high lands at about 50 miles above the city of New- York, the water of the river be- -u •.- •,l J^.U. t . # ■ I ^ i> .» comes Of New- York. ' 261 comes frc(h \ at about 100 miles comes on the W. fide Efopus or Soapcr*s river ; the S. line of the province of Maflfachufetts-Bay continued 20 miles, (Irikes Hudfon's river a little below the mouth ot Efopus river", this Efo- pus river is noted for the manufadturcs of iron pigs and bars, flour, malt liquor, &c. a little further on the E. fide of the great river, is the camp or Palatine town in the mannor of Livingfton about 40 miles below Albany ; at 125 miles on the E. fide falls in Kindcrhock river after receiving Claverhock river •, the great Randaers manno^, or Ranflacr Wy^, reaches along the great river, and 20 miles each fide of the river from Kindcrhock mannor to Mohawks river; in this mannor is the city of Albany, and many peculiar tra6ts of land ; at 1 50 miles as the river runs is the city of Albany j at 157 miles on the W. fide is Cohoes, or the mouth of Mohawks river ; at 162 miles is Houfuck river's mouth, where live a fmall tribe of Indians called Scatacooks •, this Houfuck river is on the E. fide of the great river, and comes from the north weft parts of Malfachufetts, and the S. W. farts of New- HampQiire •, the north line of Maflachufetts-Bay province continued 20 miles, falls in with Hudfon*s river a little below Cohoes ; at 200 miles from New-York is the el- bow or flexure of this great river at the great falls. From tliefe great falls the route to Montreal in Canada is 10 to 15 miles land carriage to Wood-Creek, then along the Verdronken drowned or overflowed lands to Crown-point a French fort and pafs near lakeChamplain, then along this lake to Chamblais river, and a little above Chamblais, (j another French tort and pafs upon Chamblais river, crofs la Prairie to Montreal. There is another route up Hud- II As we formerly hinted, from fort Chamblais down the river of that name are 1 7 leagues to cape Sorel upon the great river of Cana- ca ; this fort Sorel is 1 5 leagues below Montreal, and 3 5 leagues above Quebec the capital of Canada, the ordinary refidcnce of the French governor genera! of CanaJa. Quebec, from the accurate obfervations of des Hayes, is 7c d. W. from London. Botton, the metropolis of" Britilh America, by the good obfervations of Mr. Robie, is 71 d, 50 m. lY; from London. S ^ ibn*s 262 A Su\fMARy, Historical and Political, &c. fon*s river above the elbow falls, to a carrying place to lake Sacraixient, and thence to the fouth end of lake Cham- plain.^ The city of New-York froni governor Burnet*s obfer^ vations, lies in 40 d. 50 m. N. lat. 4 h. 58 m. W. long, from London. Jtlere the variation 1723 was 7 d, 20 m. W._ decrcaimg. j^^ji ■;p;^,:'^.,s.>^, ...x,> ,; .--v^jViV'^tfiVwiu, .'»*.■ Upon the accellion of a new governor, the general af-» fenibly of New- York generally lettle the falaries and other ordinary articles in fupport of the government, for Hveor more years. For their fedlaries in religion, fee the Rhode-Illand fcc- tary, vol. II. p. 156. • As I find that the defigned appendix or fupplement may prove out of proportion too large, with refpett to the prin- cipal hiftory, I fhall in each fubfequent le(5tion annex by way of mifcellanies fome matters which might have beeri referred to the appendix. Thefe mifcellanies are of the nature of digreflions, and like change of diet, may relieve a palled ftomach or appetite in reading. Good iron is diftinguifhed by its ringing amongfl: other bars. The bell iron bars break fibrous and bearcied -, if they break glafly and fhining, the iron is brittle, and not good, i ■ . - .i The inconvenicncies of fmall governments or provinces, fuch as is that of New-Hampfnire in New-England, is that perhaps they are below the notice of the miniltry and boards in Great-Britain i their governors and other officers are of little confideration, have little or nothing to lofe, and therel'ore ad iinpune. The plantation legiflaturcs are fo far circumfcribed, that they can make no laws inconfiilent with the laws 01 Great- Britain. - - If the French be allowed to become mafters of rhc river of St. Laurence, of the great inland lakes, and ot the great river Mifiiffippi ; they are in confequcnre ma- jfers of all the inland trade of North-America , an inac- d:ble prejudicgtp the, Britirn nation, ...... > , - . .,. f •'- • i:4'.^tyr7i-r Of K EW-YORK.H „Y>lAUMtj2 JzS^ The back of Long-Ifland was the firft place of ^th'e Engti^ whale fifhery, fmall whales afFed Batsi and at {his time whalers make voyages upon the flats of Virginia 2nd Carolinas. ^■■'^'' K>f-.wjVl io '/li-^^id I' It is faid that the common laws of England extend to the plantations ; that th^ ftatute laws made fince the plantations had a being, do not include them unlefs they^ jrc particularly mentioned in the aft of parliament. In all our colony aflemblies of reprefentatives, therff ought to be a limited fmall quorum of members to meet, adjourn, and to fend for abfent members, and a much larger quorum to proceed upon bufmefs : this regulation may alio take place with relation to the judges of the Icveral executive courts of law. . ; u ,^': iivm onn i ?Ji To obviate any prejudices which a reader may enter- tidn againft this hiftorical fummary, compofed with much labour, merely for a publick good ; the writer thinks it convenient at times to explain himfelf in ge- neral. I. He has endeavoured a laconick ftile, which by many is reckoned harih, and not fluent or fonorous •, the good judges, the mathematicians and merchants, ufe ufe it as the ftrongeft, the mofl: concife and exprefllve. 2. The writer is of no party, and fubje6ted to no de- pendence ; he is neither whig nor tory, a temporary courtier nor anti-courtier : a tory is for rendering that branch of the prefent legiflature called king or monarch, [fole and independent, with a pafflve obedience and non- refiftance -, a republican is for lowering or annihilating the prerogatives of a king, and for an unlimited extenfion of the privileges of the people in their reprefentatives; but a genuine whig is for maintaining the ballance of power I among the feveral orders or negatives of the legifla- iturei 1 profefs myfelf of this politia, as it is no faction ; all the others are factious. 3. Religion, as it was in all times, and in all countries, defigned for the benefit offociety, it naturally is fubordinate to the civil go- vernment; and a refident, whether native or adventi- |tious, ought occafionally to conform to the eftablifiied S 4 manner ' Hh 19 1 Iffi "1 Mil f • w 19111 i^H l\ f IH ij IhI • 1 m n ^ »| ii it ii Hi ^H I^M 1 H ii ^jEKlim 2^4 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. manner of the fedarics tolerated by the laws of the coun- try, though not rafhly to renounce that form of worlhip which was parental or educational, which generally tends to libertinifm and liccntioufnefs in religion. 4. As in my courfe of the colonies I continue to increafe my diftanoes, it is not to be expected that I can be fo par- ticular and copious," but Ihall endeavour ftridly to invefti- gate the truth, though the further from my place ot refidence my view be^comes more" contraded and lefs diftinft. In the Britifli plantations or colonies all grants oF lands made by the governor and council, are declared to be good in law, againft his majefty and fucceffbrs. As the king ?>.nd his miniftry in Great-Britain, though tttcy do not chufe the parliament, yet have a very great iDtiuence in the choice j io it is with refpedt to the oq. ' vernofs and afibmbly men in our colonies. 1 ^ The reprefentatives from the feveral counties and t(;wnniips are not their peculiar or feparate agents, bir their quota in their provincial feprefentation j hence it is that they are not under the cognizance of their county or town, but under that of the general af- fembly. The North- America trade confifts in fi(h, naval flores, other timber and lumber, Ikins, furrs, tobacco, and rice ; I do not mention copper ore thougii enumerated, becaufe at prefcnt it is not wrought or exported. .. t The publick taxes in our provinces, are the province and county rates*, and the townlhip or parochial rates for the minifters of the gofpel, called pallors, priefts, reftors, and other denominauons, as alfo for the fchool, poor, highways, and lundry other fmail articles. liy a'il of parliament, 1731, there may be imported from tl-e Britilh plantations into Ireland in Briiifh Ihip- ping, all forts of plantation goods pxceppng thofp goods commonly cailed enumerateu commodities, viz. liigar, tobacco, cotton wool, incii^i;o, ginger, fptxkle wood Of Jamaica wood, tultick or other dying woods, rice, ■^X^^T^iif^B Of New- York; ^ ^-auum'^VI- '^6^ fice, moloffes, beaver-lkins and other furrs, , copper ore, pitch, tar, turpentine, mafts, yards, and, bowiprits. The fugar ad: (as it is called) of parliament. 17^3, and lince continued, is concerning foreign plantation produce or manufadure, imported into the Britifli plantations, viz. rum, duty 9 d. fieri, per gallon, moloflcs or fyrups 6d. fugars and paneeles 5 s. per ct. wt. d bfn:. iiiiio. • In North- America, hunting, fifhing and fowling, witlv fpndry berries and earth-nuts are the principal iood or fiibfillence of the Indians i the more civilized, cultivate Indian corn and kidney beans, called Indian beans, 'i'he bread grain in Europe, is generally wheat, rye, oats, and barley for baking and malting. . The * wool in our northern plantations is of as good a Itaple, but coarfer than the Englifh wool ; the further fouih in our colonies, the wool becomes coarfer, even to a lana caprina, as in our fugar iflands -, therefore the plantations are not capable of rivalling England in fine woollens. In our northern colonies after the middle of Sept. fcarce any fpecies of fpontaneous plants make a feafonable ap- pearance ■, confequently botanick fimpiing is then over. In our new wildernels colonies, the timber and other foreft wood of the firft clearing is generally doted, be- caufe ancient or old •, the following growths are good and found. , , .. , . n : In the price of grain and other provifions there is a fort * There are certain ports only, allowed in Great-Britain and Ireland, for the exportation and importation of wool and » >ollens. No cloths, excepting of the manufafture of Great"- Britain, can be imported into any of his majelty's dominions. The woollens from Great- Britain exported annually are computed at about three millions fterlingj but being free of duty,, they for lome fellifh ends are not entered exaftly, therefore the value cannot te accurately afcertained. The woollens of Great-Britain are abox'e one third of the univerfal j expou. At a medium, wool manufadlured is doable the value of the wool itfcif, and dcduiling all_ciiar^cs, one third of the neat profit ;;oi;? to chc bind lord. vj ■■<:?[' ) ti t66 A Summary, Historical and Political, 2rc. of natural ilandard, whereby the hufbandman may have a livjiig fiofit, and the labourers in mapufafhire, &c. may moi have provifions fo cheap, that the earnings of a £bw days work will afford fome days of idlenefs >, in tbif refpefl our produce and manufadtures have fome kind of a natural dependence. 'iiitf-r ■\i ^. SECT. i^ .t!4i^ J- ..-, ^v. ' Of New-Jersbv". ^MAfn'-it' diJf i 7ii « SECTION xrtl^lfl;:^ Concerning the P R o v i n c e of New-Jer(ey or Nova-Caefarea. ITTE have in the fcdlion of New- York * given fome yV general account of the firft fettlement of New* Netherlands or Nova-Belgia, which comprehended the prefcnt New- York, New-Jerfey, and the three lower [counties of Penfylvania upon Delaware river. Upon a defign formed by the court of England to re- |ke New-Netherlands, -f K. Charles II. made a previous ant of the property and government of the fame to his other the duke of York, March 12, 1663-4-, it was lot reduced by fettled articles until September 1664, an4 nfirmed to England by the treaty of Breda, 1667. The duke of York by commiflion April 2, 1664, ap-- inted Richard Nichols, Efqi deputy governor of all New- ^'etherlands, but did not enter upon his government till ug. 27, 1664, which'was pofterior to the duke of York's ignment, June 24, 1664, of the property and govern- ent of New- Jerfcy to lord Berkley and Sir Geo. Carteret. The duke ot York, June 24, 1 664, made a joint grant of at part oF New-Netherlands (now cailed New-Jerfey) || * P. 220, &:c. If Stuyvei'and was at that time Dutch governor of New-Netherlands, pcomaiitrion from the States General was dated July 26, 1646. I !|Th: grant was cailed ^iew jerfcy, from the name of the ifiandof ri'ey m th«c/i«inncl of England, the country of Sir George Carteret ■if the fc'ft iililgncti. It is lomt times calL'd iNova-Cafarca. CQ 258 A Summary, Historical and PonticAt, &c. to lora Berkley of Stratton, and Sir George Carteret i the appointed Pliilip Carteret, Efq; their lieut. governor j entered upon his government in Aug. 1665, where hero mained only fix months, and returned to England, am back again to his government of the Jcrfies. This grai of the duke of York, was from the Noorde Rivicr, noi called Hudfon's river, to the Zu^ de Rivier, now callci Delaware river; and up Hudfon's river to 41 d. N. lai and up Delaware river to 41 d. 20 m •, and from thefetwi ftations headed by a ftrait line acrofs. I By the intrigues of France, England was perfuaded proclaim war againft the Dutch, March 17, 1671-2, a a Dutch expedition reconquered New-Netherlands froi the Englifti July 30, 1673, col Lovelace was at th; time governor i by the treaty of London, February i^ 1673-4, New-Netherlands was reftored by the Dutch ti the crown of England, and Sir Edmond Andros apf oint cd governor. r . -: As New-Netherlands had been conquered, that is, aliew ated from England, fince the crown of England's formi grant to the duke of York ; to obviate any difficulties the validity of that grant, king Charles II. made anc grant of property and government to his brother theduki of York, June 29, .1674, which was publifhed Nov. following. No ad of government in the Jerfies is ti be found upon record from July 19, i^y^^ to Noveml 1674. .J A-.-i 1/ ' t.,i •,., Duke of York by leafe and releafe, July 28 and 29, 1674, conveyed to Sir George Carteret the eaftern di vifion of New- Jerfies, divided from the weftern divifioi of the Jcrfiv by :i. ftrait line from the S. E. point ol Little-Egg harbour in B^rnegate creek, being aboui middle betvv.tn Sandy-Hoc^ and Cape-May, toakil or crctk a little below Rencokus-Kill on Delaware river, and thence (about ^5 miles) (trait courfe along De); nvcT up to 41 d. 40 m. N. lat. the north divifion; point or fcation of the divifional line between New-Yorl and the Icrues. N, B. The firft efiort of the rioteri of New-Jersev. 3169 fetting up Indian purchafes againft the title pf the own was 1672, to evade paying quit-rents which nmenccd March 25, 1670 ; they threw off the go^^ern- Iptnt of the proprietors, and the people chofe a governor Ijjfthcmfelves •, governor Carteret and Jiis Tecretary went |jpr England to complain, but the Dutch conquell hap- jing foon after, governor Carteret did not return till I'jvember 1674, with new conceffions, being the third tel of conceflions, and from that time all remained Itiet, and the rules of property were well obfcrved itil Sir Edmond Andros broke through all thefe rules $ {ufurped the government of all New-Jerfey 1680, and Tied governor Carteret prifoner from Elizabeth-town [uNew-York ; upon complaints to the duke of York, ||(with refentment fecalled Sir Edmond Andros, and the perty and government of the Jerfey proprietors was [ieftablilhed 1683, and continued till fome months be- ithe revolution 1688, when K. James broke through [lie rules of property, and alfo feized the government of few- Jerfey and of the neighbouring provinces,' and put em under the command of Sir Edmond Andros ; upon revolution the proprietors re-affumed the right of pvernment. f Upon the revolution the proprietors appointed John Totham, Efq-, their lieutenant governor, and afterwards i Dudley, * but the people fcrupled to obey themi the proprietors appointed col. Andrew Hamilton, ifho continued governor fome years ; but by fome de- [jgning men the people received a notion that col. amilton, as a Scots man, could not be governor of an tnglilh colony ; they difmiffed him, and conftituted Je- tniiah BaflTe governor 1697, but as Balfe had never been pproved of by the king, the proprietors in a fliort t For fake of connexion I continue this thread, and leave fome Intervening matters to be afterwards related. * Col. Dudley was afterwards deputy governor of the Ifle of Wight, ImemluT of parliament of England, and governor of the provinciis IfMaifachufetts-Bay and New-Hampfhire in Nev/-England. t... 47© A SuMT^ARY, HisTORXCAt and Political, &c. time difmiflcd him, and rcinftated col. Hamilton, but he never was confirmed by the crown, and col. Htmil- ton wa& fupcrfcdcd by Mr. Bafle a fecond time, and Ball was finally fnperfedcd by Andrew Bowne, Efq-, the )a(| governor for the proprietors. The people of the Jerfies continued for fome years d mutinous, that the proprietors for their own cafe, by thcirl agents. Sir Thomas Lane for Wetl-Jerfey, and MrJ William Dockwra for Eafl-Jisrfey, in the name of the proJ prietors, found it expedient by a proper inftrument, April 17, 1702, in concert, to furrender the government to th? crown, referving to themfelves all their other rights, and, they jointly with the crown formed fome fundam«nt«j articles by way of a magna charta. Lord Cornburv] governor of New- York, was by queen Anne conltitutd the firft crown governor of the united Jerfies. ♦ Lord Berkley, fome years after his grant from duU of York 1664, afligned his right to William Penn, tfoj Gawen Laurie of London, merchant, Nicholas Lucas,ani| Edward Byllyng •, fhortly after this, thefe afllgnees agrt upon a partition with Sir George Carteret, and Sir GeorgJ obtained of duke of York, July 1674, a confirmation ^ this partition grant, as is above related — July r, 1676J Sir George Carteret gave to the aflignees of lord BerkJe a quit-claim of the Weft- Jerfies, as thefe adignees gave 1 Sir George a like quit-claim of the Eaft - Jerfies ^ lU partition was confirmed by an ad: of the general aflcmbl)^ of the Jerfies, 1719. > Sir George Carteret made over the Eaft- Jerfies to certa'd trufiees December 5, 1678, to be fold by them alter hij| death. After Sir George's death, the truftees afllgnd the Eaft- Jerfies to 12 proprietors, February 2, 168 1-2. | William Penn, Thomas WiJcojc Robert Weft, Ambrofe Riggs, Thomas Rudyard, John I lay ward. *^^ Samuel Groom, ••■* '''''■ Thomas Hart, Richard Mew, .14'- Hugh Hartfliorn, Clemens Piumftecf, 'I'homas Cooper. Of NlW-JlRIBY. 271 1 0tf M inftrutncnt amongft themfelvci, they declared that l}ii {Htrchafe was equal, and no advantage Ihould Ix U|(en of furvivorlhip. Thefe firft proprietori by 12 fe - Mfite deeds, feparately conveyed one half of their intereft 10 12 other pcrfons feparately s to certalil n alter bii alTjgned s. rn, Iftecl, Robert Barclay, Edward Byllyng, Robert Turner, Jamei Brien, Arent Soumans, William Gibfoii, ) ^ j-.i I ')'h Gawen Laurie^ Thomas Barker, Thomas Warner, James Earl of Perth* Robert Gordon, 'o^-^viq John Drummond, iitt fimple. The aukc of York, March 14, 1 68 2, by pOA or grant confirmed the Eaft-Jerfies to thofe 24 Cprietors in property and government j and July 17 fol- iog the famous Robert Barclay f the quaker, was iffim upon, and under him pro tempore Mr. Laurie fifh t council. Mr. Barclay continued governor until He was fuccedeed by lord Neal Campbell of the Argjfl family \ about this time came over the quaker (6 jolkd, George Keith. ♦ mm^s) From the duke of York's firft grant of all the Jcrfies lord Berkley of Stratton, and to Sir George Carteret ight and baronet, vice chamberlain of his majefty*s Iholt), and one of his majefty's mod; honourable ivy council, jointly ; Philip Carteret, Efq*, was govcr- y of their joint concern, that is, for all the Jerfies until 671, when the people, efpecially of Elizabeth-town, •pn CO mutiny upon account of the demand of quit- fitt, which according to the concefTions took place 4fch 25, 1670. Thefe mutineers aflumed the go- I '' ^ In kiflg Cliarles II. reign there was a kind of ptn-fecatlon of tlie t'MrfmroritittU in religion, and Robert Barclay head of all the quakeri l()f^lt<6rit;iini U'itn his family removed to the Jeriics ; from this kfi^iUlioft tUt jerfies is fettled chiefly with c^unken, anabaptifts, ' ikntyfi Keith was a noted quaker, he came over to the Jerfies, itf,}»< JthW)l, and was land (uryeyor general ; he returned to Eng^ ''tfi» fl,(<1 for his conveniency, accepted of a church of England be- pfcff, ftftd wrote againll the quaker*. 2 vernment. 272 : A Summary, Historical ind Political, &c. vcrnmcnr, and cohftituted James Carteret, a diflblute fon of Sir George Carteret, their governor-, and governor Philip Carteret was obliged to go to the court of Eng. land with complaints againft the mutineers •, col. Love- lace at this time was governor of New- Vork ; the Dutch conqucft intervening, he did not return. unui 1674, when upon a peace the Dutch refigned to the crown of Enointed Philip Carteret, Efq; his lieut. go- vernor for the Eaft-Jerfey, in which ftation he continued to the time of his death, November i68a j he received fome iLifults from Sir Edmond Andros. From 1674, Sir Edmond Andros was governor of .the Weft- Jerfies for the] dpke of York, who had twilled the government out ofl the hands of lord Berkley's affignee?, and upon proper| reprefentations the duke of York quitted the govern- ment of Weft- Jerfies to the afllgnees of lord Berkley,! antl they appointed Edward Byllyng, one of the afligncesj or proprietors, governor i68o, having obtained a newl grant of the Well-Jerfey ; at the fame time the dukel made a new grant or confirmation of Eaft-Jerfey to the! grandfon of Sir George Carteret. In the Weft- Jerfies tol Mr. Byllyng, 1690, fucceeded H doctor Daniel Cox of the! II The affairs of this colony have always been in a confufed ftatej which occafious an unavoidable confuiioa in the hillory thereof. college! college of phyHcians in London, he having. purchakd ihc grcatcft part of the property of ^'ert-jcrlcy»- was gotrernor thereof; but as his profefliona) buftnela did nut allow him to leave London, he appointed a ('rpuc\, gg<- vernor, and at length fold his incerefl to Sir '1 hoinKs Lane and others for 9000 1. fterl. a great price at chat time. H ' ' The original 24 (hares of Eaft- Jerfey by fales of fmall parts of the (hares and fucce(non of children, became very much fubdividcdj for inftance, fome proprietors had only one fortieth part, of a forty-eighth part, t a twenty- fourth (hare j tjie Weft- Jerfey was in the fan^j ond'tion ; this occafioned much confuHon in manager le* ^ong(t thefe general proprietors, particularly in appointing of governors; therefore the proprietors in good prudence refigned the government to the crown, referving all their other rights as we formerly mentioned ; the pro- prietary government continued until Auguft 14, 1703, when lord Cornbury publi(hed his commiOion from the crown as governor of all the Jerfies ; thus the £a(t and Wcft-Jerfics, which had been feparate governments from J674 to 1 703, became united in one government or ju- rifdidlion, and continued under the fame governor with the province of New- York, until 1736, when the govern- ment of New- York devolved upon lieutenant governor Clarke ; as he had no command in the Jerdes, the go- vernment of the Jerfies devolved upon the prefident of tiic I council, and ever fince the command in chief has beea in a diilindt perfon from that of New- York. -' • ?n'"« Upon the proprietors furrendering of the government I to the crown, they obtained of the crc-^n a fet ot per- petual inftrudions to all fubfequent governors by way of conccflions, or magna charta, for the proprietors and people, particularly in favour of the proprietors, i. Not to confent to any tax upon unprofitable or vacant lands. 2. None but the general proprietors to purchale any I lands of the Indians. 3. To take care that all lands^ pur^p- Ichafed, be improved by the poiTclTors. i>\. :' Vol. II. T ,^h^ '1 I ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ A^ 1.0 I.I U^llS |2.5 ■so *^~ H^H 1^ 1^ 1 2.2 Sufi ™^ t ^ 12.0 im L25 III 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SS0 (716) 873-4503 a74 ^ Summary, Historical and Political, &c. After the Dutch peace there was (upoi ceafiitt of l h^-land bounties) i68<, a council of proprietors ap. pointed for the Eaft-Jeriies ; they ordered a dividend of I 10,000 acres to be taken up at pleafure, to each of the 14 prOprietorihips of the Eaft- Jerfies } there was a fecond diirifion of 5000 acres to each of the 24 propriecorlhips Feb. 21, 1698 ; and a divifion of 2500 acres, Dec. 2* 1702. To enforce the afiair of a council of proprietors' there pafled an a& of general afiembly, March 25! 1725, that a certain number of the general proprietors] or their proxies, having the value of eight whole fhares in themlelves, ihall be a council of the proprietors of tiie eaftern divifion, to divide lands, examine claims, &c. and to have two ftated yearly meetings at Perth- Amboy about the times of the fittings of the fupreme court of judicature. 1737, the council of proprietors advcr- tifod, that after 1739 there Ihould be a further divi- dend of 2000 acres per ann. to each of the 24 proprietor* ibips, until all vacant lands fhall be divided. In the firft conceffions, February 10, 1664-5, the proprietors Berkley and Carteret promife to all adven- turers and fettlers who fhoq]d plant there, fundry privi- leges, particularly of head- lands for each head of fettlers r this promife was only defigned to be of four years con tinuance, but from time to time was extended to Ja nuary 13, 1685-6, and. then ceaied i the general pro- prietors then began to make dividends amongft them- felves as above. The head-lands were to (cttlers in any place exceeding ten miles from the fea, eighty acres per head, and to thofe who fettle nearer, fixty acres. In the beginning, the general lots were laid out, noi lefs than 2100 acres, and none more than 21,000 acres; whereof one feventh to be referved to the general pro- prietors, the remainder to perfons who ihould come andj plant the fame. In tiding up of lands either by purchafe, and agree- ment with the general proprietaries as at prefent, or '-■U># " , formerly! Of N«w-JiR8Ey, «75 formerly by wny of liead-liwidst the governor and ma* jority pf the CQuml gave » warrant to the furveyor go* oenu or hi$ deputies, to fqrvey and lay out the fame % pcxt the furveyor is to certify the furvey, ypon which the governor and c:QMncili make a grant in the form fol- lowing, " The lords proprietors of Nova-Caefarca, or « Newrjerley» do herefeiy grant to A. B. of — in tht "province aforefwd, a plantation containing acrss » Engl^lh meafures to hitn or her, to his or her heirs or *» gffign* for isver i yielding and paying yearly unto the " (aialord proprietors, ^heir heirs or afligns, every 25th « day of March, according to the Engliih account, one « half- penny, lawful oney of England, for every one "of faid acres i to be hplden as of the mannor of Eaft- " (jrcenwjch in free and common foccagc, the firft pay- " ment of quif-rents to begin the 25th Given under "the feal of the province, the— day of in the year " of our l^rd-^-T— figncd by the governor and a majo- " rity of the council. J^. 9. One half part of the " mines of gold and filver are referved ; and if in three ** years, the conditions ftipulated are not fulfilled, the " grant to be void." We may obferve, that there are three forts of pro- prietors in the Jerfies. i. The general proprietors. 2. Purchafers under the general proprietors. 3. Claimers under patents fpr head-lands fron) the general proprietoi^ on quit-rent. A Digression concerning Indian deeds, and proprietor$ quit-rents in the plantations. In our plantations the cafe of perlbns holding lands by Indian deeds only, without the approbation of the crown, or of the refpedive legiflatures who may b$ deemed to have the exclufive prerogatives of granting the right of pre-emption to fubjedts *, as alfo the affair of paying quit-rents to the crown, or to general pro- prietors grantees of the crown, as a matter of (:onfiderabl9 T 2 concern. «^:^ 2^6 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. concern, feems to require a digreffion article : sA the co- lony of New- Jerfies is the moft noted for thefe difoutes, * we fhall here give the incidents of claims by Indian deeds only, in Elizabeth townfhip. In both Jerfies feveral pofieffions and claims of land are founded upon Indian deeds only ; the Indian Eliza- beth-town grant is the moft noted, and has beeti the moft vexatious, formerly containing upwards of 400,000 acres of the moft valuable lands in New-Jerfey, bounded by Raritan river, Amboy-Sound, Arthur Cul-Bay, and PaiTaick river ; Daniel Pierce, and aifociates, purchafed one half of thefe lands for 80 1. fterl. and laid, out the town (hips of Woodbridge and Pifcataway, for which they foon after obtained fufficient patents from .the rightful proprietors under the crown, at one half-penny per ann. quit-rent, and peaceably enjoy the fame to this day. The firft Indian grant of thefe lands was to Auguftin Herman, a Dutchman, in 1651 ; upon the Dutch fur- render to the crown <3f England, he relinquilhed thefe lands, and therefore they efcheated to that crown as de- relifts, and confequently could not be conveyed again by the Indians to any perfon or community. Notwithftanding of this, fix perfons with their affo- ciates, September 26, 1664, petitioned governor Nichols for liberty to purchafe of the Indians, and fettle certain • Where the peace and tranquility of a country or colony cannot be maintained by the r'"' ?wer, which it feems to have happened at fundry times in the Je .' a military force is abfolutely requifite, Some young reginrient, initead of being in courfe difbanded in Great- Britain or Ireland, niay be fent to the feditious colony, they will foon quell the rioters, and when the fpirit of mutiny is drove out, the re- giment may be difbanded in the colony ; they will contribute towards peopling the colony ; and moreover, as being ufed to a regular and proper Aibmiffion to authority, by their example, they will teach the lame to the people of the colony. Thus the regiment of Carignan fbme }iears fince was fent over from France to Canada, and difbanded there ; thus in the time of the government of lord Colpepper, a re- giment was fent from England to Virginia, to quell th'e riots under Bacon, and afterwards diiTolved there. Of Nbw-Jiribv. '^n tracts of land upon Arthur Cul-Bayi which he granted September 30, 1664; accordinely thefe aflfociates made a purchafe from the Indians, Oaober'28 following, in thenameof John Bailey, Daniel Denton, LukeWatfon, ofLong-Ifland, hufbandmen, and their alTociates, of a tradl of land bounded as above : the confideration was, paying to the Indians 20 fathomi of trading cloth, two made coats, 2 guns, 2 hatchets, 10 ban of lead, 20 hand- fills of gun-powder ; and after one year's expiration, the lemainder of the purchafe was 400 fathoms of white wampum (value 20 1. fieri.) or 200 fathoms of black wampum : in confequence of this, governor Nichols granted to thefe affociates a patent for faid lands, with a liberty to purchafe further of the Indians (b far as Snake- Hill, dated December 2, 1664. That the reader may have fome conception of the dif- pute concerning the property and quit-rents of thefe lands, between the proprietors who hold of the crown, and of the people who hold by fuppofed Indian purchafes, which has occafioned much difturbance in this govern- . ment ; we (hall make the following obfervations. , I. Nichols, lieutenant governor of New-Jerfey for the duke of York, being informed of the duke's affignment to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, fufpedling that he would foon be fuperfeded by a lieutenant governor of ^ their own appointment, and perhaps for other confide- rations, September 30, 1664, gave licence to certain per-; Tons (as is above related) to purchafe lands of the Indians, which they did Odober 25 I and 3d of December fol- lowing, Nichols gave them a patent for the fame, fub- Ijeded to certain quit-rents. This patent, though pofterior to the aforefaid affignment, was conform to his inftruc-' |tions, and before any proper notice received of that alTignment, f and therefore in equity alledged to be good, T 3 efpecially f The difpute concerning the equivalent landi called the Oblong, [ made over by the colony of Connefticut to the province ©f New- York, between aiTociates who had a gcant of them from the king in coun- cil. I'll 278 A Summary, HisfdMifcAt luiA Political, &c. erpecially conJidcring, 2. Thut Philip Carteret, Efq; lieu- tenant governor for the affi^nees, did foort after his enter- ing »poti the government of the Jerfles, (he entered Au- guft 1665,) as it is faid, under hand and feal gai^e litence to a tompany of fundry perfons to purchafe of the In- dians within his .government >^hat quj^ntity or lands they fliotild think convenient *, and accordingly, as the Eliza- beth men fay, their anceftors with Jkdvice ahd fconftnt of faid governor, made fundry purchafes of the Indians. 3. Governor Carteret for his own ufe purchafed feme of thefe Indian grant rights, particularly that of Bailey, May 21, 1666 5 only four fimilies were fettled at Eliza- beth-town (afterwards fo called) before governor Carteret's arrival •, Carteret died governor of the Eaft- Jerfey, Nov. 1682 i during his government the provincial general aflembliies, the council, the fupefior or fupreme courts of judicature, and general offices of the government were kept at Eliiabeth-town, which Was fo called by the name of Elizabeth, wife of Sir George Carteret j it was the firft Englifh fettlement, and the moil ancient town of the province. • >• o- ; - ». ■ Moreover, the proprietors who hold by Indian grants, fay, as ^ precedent, although the courts at law in the Jerfies, May 14, 1695,. gave judgment of ejeftmcntin favour of James FuUerton, who held under the general proprietors, againft Jeffrey Jones, who held by the Indian grants ; Jones upon his appeal t6 the king in council, the judgment was reverted and fct afide February 25, 1696 : the general proprietors fay, that the judg- ment was reverfed only becaufc of fome errors in the proceedings A petition or Complaint of Elizabeth-town Indian grant proprietors, was read before the, king in council, July 19, 1744, reprefcnting the hardfhips they fuftained from the general proprietors, i. That gene- dl, and afToclates who had. conform to inilruflions, a grant of them from the governor and council of New York, is of this nature, but hitherto not determined. See vol. II. p. 232. rally Of Niw-Jbrsev. V9 fi^ly the council and judges are interefted in the general pfoprietors fide of ihe queftion, and are therefore become judges in their own capfe, 2. By aft of aflembly they liave procured part of the county of Somerfet, who gc moftly of the general proprietors fide, to be 9n- oexed to the county of Eflfex, where the lands of the Indian grant proprietors generally lay, for the I lake of having juues m their interell. 3. For a liit- peony damage, we are fometimes brought in for two or tlute hundred pounds proclamation money co&s i and tetre daily threatened with great pretended damages and licavycofts: therefore they pray, that the king would tike them under his immediate prqteftion, and either (jeterminc the afFai'* in your majel^y's moft honourable privy council, or appoint difmterefted commilTioners out joffome of the neighbouring colonies, and by a jury from thence alfo to be taken, to hear and finally decide in I laid cafe ; or that your majefty would be gracioufly safed to appoint commiflfioners, to hear, enquire into, d determine faid controverfy i or grant fuch relief as I to your majefty may feem meet. This was Referred to the commictee of council for plantation affairs, i^uguft 21, 1744, this committee refer the petition to the lords commiffioners for trade and plantations, to report to the committee, 'what they conceive proper for his m*- Ijeftyto do therein. The board of trade and plantati- 'ons report to the faid committee of privy council, &c. ■ &c. &c. The charader of a fummary obliges us to flop ; I and only further to obferve, that this affair hitherto is notifTued. In anfwer, the general proprietors reprefent to the board of trade and plantations, i . That they humbly [ conceive, the complaint is not fent from the whole body, or from ^y confiderable number of inhabitants there, but from a few faflious and mutinous people impotent [of any government. 2. The rioters pretend a fole I right in the Indians, but no right in the king and his grantees, with a defign to deprive the proprietors of their 4. T 4 right* i I tto A Summary, HiiTomeAL and Political, tee. right to the foil and quit-rent, and with a defign to ftrip his majefty of his royal right to that and the other plantations, and to render them independent of the crown*' ' Complaints dated April 13, 1745, were filed in chan* eery oi' the Jerfies, againll the Elizabeth proprietori cal« led Clinker right men, confiftingof 124 lolio pages | and 'was followed by a long bill from the council ot proprietors of the Eaftern divifion of the New«Jerfey met in Perth Amboy March 25, 1 746, in behalf of them, felves, and the reft of the general proprietori of the Eaftern divifion of New-Jerfey, whom they reprefent In tliefe initruments they feem to alledge, 1. That as the In iians had granted thefe lands to Herman 1651, they could not grant them to Bailey, Sec, as is above faid, 2. Confidenng the long pofleffion of the Eliz'^beth men, and the great charge and labour in clearing thefe pof* feilions, governor Nichols's patents upon Indian deeds are in equity deemed good ; this does not excufe the pof- felibrs from paying quit- rents and other acknowledg* ment conform to the grants; and that in fad^ March 1 1, 1674-5, the Elizabeth men offered to pay to the lord propricitor 20 1. fterl. per ann. quit-rent for eight miles fquare, this offer was refufed by the governor and council infifting upon the half penny fterl. per acre per ann. 3. The riotous proceedings of the Elizabeth men and others claiming by Indian deeds, viz. goals broke open, people forceably turned out of the ponfeirion of their lands, this they call clubing them out, and the officers of the government publickly infulted and beat} fome of the rioters have come fifty miles and upwards to join in a riot, ¥4 if^'^ - uu m i:w The late riots in the Jerfies are between the propri- etors- who hold by a town right, and thofe who liold by patertts.from the general proprietors. The general proprietors fay, that the only good title in the province is under the crown ; and all pretences ffom Indian purcfeafes only arc void, The Of Nzw-JiEtBy. aSt Irbe boundaries of New-Jerfey, rivers, and fome diftaa- ces of noted places. It is bounded cafterly by the province of New-Yoik 1(00)41 d. N. lat. on Hudfon's river to Sandyhook, about L miles ( from Sandyhook £. foutherly upon the ocean L leajgues to Cape-May, at the entrance of Delaware Iftft from Cape'rMay it is bounded welterly on Penfylva L along the various turnings of Delaware river to 41 d. Lm. north lat. which if in a ftreight line, would be libout 200 miles ( the N. eafterly line of New-Jerfey Ifith New- York was determined by the duke of York in m grant of New-Jerfey to Berkley and Carteret, to be Ifiom a point in the main branch of Delaware river in Ibt. 41 d. 40 m. to a point in Hudfon's river in lat. 41 d. Idie point on Delaware river is fully agreed upon jiid afcertained by both governments, the other on IHudfon's river is not fo fully agreed upon ; the line from point to point may be about 80 miles long, £. Iifld. S. *t(iJ . . >^| noiiBl: kif\j woiid **• • 1 Anno 1676, by agreenient between the four afllgnees I of lord Berkley on the one fide, and Sir George Carteret on the other fide, (perhaps this is the realbn of the name quinquipartlte line) New-Jerfey was divided in o two provinces, called the Eaft and Weft-Jerfey, and con- ' firmed by the duke of York 1680, and 1682 ^ and by laftof aflembly 1719; this line as run by Ivir Lau- rence, November 1744, was in length 150 miies 20 chains, N. ^d. 19 m. W. from Little-Egg harboijr ity [the ocean, to 41 d. 40 m. N. lat. •, the S. point of this was fettled 1676, the north point of the line [was fettled 1719, but the line itfelf was never run till J 744, and that only by the proprietors of the Eaft- Jerfey Ifxpartej in this line fome errors have be?n cifcovercci and require to be redlified ; as there is a confiderablc dif- ference in the variations of the compafs, at the north I and fouth terminations of this divifional line, this divi^ fional 2^2 A Summary, Historical ind Political, Stc. iionil line cannot be ftreighti the firft falli in Ddg. ware river in Trent town are oppofite to the 47th mile of this divifional line. . In order to difcover the main branch mentioned in the grants, and the largenefs of fome other branches of I Delaware and Sefquahanna rivers, there was lately a fur. yty line run nearly due weft from Minifinck iOand on Delaware river about 12 miles above the divifional Jine{ croflTing the N. E. branch of "Delaware river, to Sef. quahanna river were 85 miles, and where it fell in with Seiquabanna, that river was about 30 chains (4 rod to I a chain) wide, and near this there was a branch which' fell into the principal river of Sefquahanna about 300 feet wide, and in the fork was an Indian village called | Soiochka ; the weft branch of Delaware river was only 25 fccc wide, the N. £. branch where the ftation point! of the divifion line between New- York and Jcrfty jg fixed at 41 d. 40 m. lat. is above 500 feet wide, the fork Co called, of Delaware river is about j^o miles upon a ftreight line below tjhis ftation point ; at this ftation point anno 1 744 the variation of the compafs was W. 6^. 35 m. anno 1719 it was obferved to be about 8d. as is before mentioned ; the ftation point at Egg-Harbour 1744 was 5d. 25 m. Mr. Serjeant Hook fome time fmce made a purchafe of 3750 acres upon Delaware river in the Weft-Jerfcy, and gave one tenth of it as a ^lebe to the church. fU^'is •* 'MJIt%rr f- ' The principal rivers in the province of New Jerfey are the Noorde Rivicr or Hudfon's river, which we have already delineated in the feftion of New- York, and Zuide Rivier or Delaware river, which we fliall defcribc in the fe<^ion ot Penfylvania ; only we ftiall obferve, that in the Jerfey fide of this river are feveral fliort creeks, thefe of Cohanfy, and of Salem 20 miles higher^ make one diftridt of cuftom-houfe -, at Bridlington 20 miles above Philadelphia is another cuftom diftridt: thefe two cuftom-houfe diftrids, their quarterly entries and infi/;.i clearances Of Ntw-JiniiY. a«3 inces of vefftli, are generally nil, aind fcarce deferve I name of preventive creeks. The nnain branch of iware river comes from Ci^t-kill mountains, a few weft of the fountains of Scoharie river a branch [Mohawks river. Rarican river falls into Sandyhook at Amboy point, the tide flows i2 miles up to iinfwick I at the mouth of this river is the only con- erable (^a port and cuftom-houfe of New-Jerfey i !t ii the citv of Perth-Amboy, it is the capital of the Dvipce of New-Jerfey, and here are kept the provincisd cords I here is a good deep water harbour and pro- bfing country} but notwithftanding, it has only the Ifpearance of a mean village •, the name is a compound U Perth the honorary title of the late Drummond earl |if Perth, and Amboy its Indian name. The fca line of New-Jerfey is Arthur Cul-Bay and hinboy-Sound between Staten-Ifland and the main about Ito miles S. thefe receive the rivulets of Hackinfack Paf- lliick, BoundF«creek, and Raway, from Amboy point to pdyhook (Smdyhook is in the Eafte-Jerfey) 12 mil'es IE. from Sandyhook to Cape- May 120 miles S. wefterly, liat double landy fliore, having feme inlets practicable jonly by fmall craft. There are feveral chains or ridges of hills in this pro- |7ince, but of no coniideration. Perth-Ambov is the provincial town of Eaft-Jerfcy, iBridlington in the province town of Weft-Jerfey, diftance JO Miles, where the general aflembly of all the Jerfies fits alternately, and where the diftinci provincial judi- atories or fupreme courts fit refpedtively. Bridlington, commonly called Burlington, is a pleafant village. Eliza-r beth-tOwn is the moft ancient corporation and confide-f rable town of the province. Bmnfwick in Eaft Jerfcy is nearly the center of Eaft and Weft- Jerfies ; here is lately eftablimed a college * for the inftruftion of youth, by * Formerly hy xniftake, I wrote, that this college was by royal Idurter. ^ «r«- -; >•'• i>.u ' :^^i. j ■■^. -.-i \^^--^' a char- 2^4 A Summary, Historical and Political, Uc, z charter from governor Belcher, Odlober 22, 1 746, with power to confer all degrees as in the univerfuies of £ng. land : the prefent trullees are generally prefbyterians a majority of feven or more truftees to have the ma- nagement ^ each fcholar to pay 4 1. per ann. at 8 s. per oz. f}\vcr \ Mr Jonathan Dickenfon was their firft pre. (ident, Mr. Burr is their prefent prefident % in this college October 5, 1749, commenced 7 batchelors of| arts. - The road as in prefent ufe, from New- York city to] I^hiladelphia, is, from New- York to Elizabeth-town n miles, thence to Brunfwick 22 miles, thence to Trent town ferry 30 miles, thence to Briftol oppofite to Bridlington 1 5 miles, thence to Philadelphia 20 miles, being in all from the city of New- York to Philadelphia I 104 miles. From Cape-May to Salem are about 60 miles, thence | to Bridlington 50 miles, thence to Trent town falls 15 miles. Thefe are the firft falls of Delaware river, and the tide flows fo high, below thefe falls when the tide is down and no land floodings in the river, the river is fOrdable. In the province of the Jerfies are five corporations with courts i whereof three are in Eaft- Jerfey, the city of Perth- Amboy, the city of New Brunfwick, and the borough of E|izabeth-town 5 and two in the Weft- Jerfey, the city of Bridlington, alias Burlington, and the borough of Trent town i or thefe only two, Perth- Amboy and Buriing- ton, fend reprefentatives to the general affembly. ■> S-^'*? There is not much to be faid concerning their wars with the Indians and Canada French } the Five nations of Iroquois which we call Mohawks, have always been in our intereft •, they, efpecially the large tribe of Senecas, cover the provinces of New- Jerfey, Pcnfylvania, Mary- land, and Virginia. Ever fince the firft fettling of this province, the publick has never been put to. one penny .charge for keeping the Indians in peace. The iham '. -liido i. Canada *-/ Of Niw-Jirwy; i8^ _ p finida expeditions of 1709, and 171 1, led this province f^ all the other Britifh provinces to the northward of it, ^to a pernicious jpaper currency, called publick bills of fliditj their firft paper currency was emitted 1709 of w)ol. to be cancelled by taxes the fame year, and 171 1 ley emitted 5000 1. to be cancelled by taxes 171 2 and tjig, and afterwards many emiiHons for charges of Svernment f and loans amongft themfelves, but never 1 run fuch depreciating lengths, as has been done in j(ew-£ngland. See the article of plantation currencies D the appendix. At prefent the Weft-Jerfey money or currency is in laloc equal to that of the adjoining province of renfyl- Inniaj the Eaft-Jcrfey currency is the fame with the ad- t province of New- York ; their refpedlive dealings, ing almoft folely with the rcfpcdtive adjoining provin- !«!. Penfylvania paper currency was at firft emitted at iie value of proclamation money ; which is 6 s. currency Iqual in value to a heavy Spanifh piece of eight •, but tprtfent a mild piece or Spanifh dollar paflfes for 7 s. 6d. currency, a heavy piftole 27 s. a guinea 34 s. and moi- (lores 44 s. New-iork paper currency was at firft emit- ted at 8s. peroz. filver: at prefent a dollar or mild piece of eight being 7 8ths of one oz. filver, is 8s. cur- Rnc/, piftoles 28 s. if not under 4d« 6 grains wt. iuincas35s. moidorcs45S. :^ . - -, . 1 ^ -■•■•■;' 1 , . - » [■ r • r Their various fcftaries, not in religion, but in reli- igious modes of worftiip, may be found in a general larticle of the fedlion of Rhode-Ifland ; we Ihall only obferve that this colony was firft fettled by preftjyteri* ns, anabaptifts, and quakers, who to this time ftill prevail ; notwithftanding of the great charge of mifli- [onaries from the fociety for propagating the gofpel, f The forces raifed there towards the late Cuba or Spanifh We^i^ Mia expedition, and afterwards of j companies of too n^en each, owards a feint expedition againft Canada 1746, was a confiderable iiarge to them in lev^'ing and vi£lualling. who 296 A Summary, Historjcal vd Political, Sec, who by miftake feem to embarrafs the chriftian tt\ gion in general, more than to cultivate it. Why ihQ^ religious, pious, and fober chriftians, induftrious, fr, *gal, and orderly common-wealths men, be thus difturix and perplexed, in their legally tolerated way, differir from the miflionary eftabli^ed church, not in doGtmi but in fome anceftorial mnocent modes of worihipl while at the fame time the heathen Indians, the pn^ cipal objedt of their milHons, as may well be imagine neither civilized nor christianized, are wholly negle^ed 1 them ? Inhabitants of the Jerfies, men, women, and childreij are reckoned at about 50,000, whereof 10,000 may reckoned a training militia. The valuation of the feveral counties, that is, tl proportions in every thoufand pound tax, a few y« lince, ftood thus. East-Jersies. Somerfet Monmouth Middlefex Eflex Bergen 39^- 169 10 115 82 West-Jersi«s, Cape-May Salem Gloucefter Burlington Hunterdon 31 1. 144 86 ns 10 74 541 10 458 10 The two new out counties of Morris, and Trent, m hitherto not reduced to any regulations. Succeffion of governors in the province of New-Jerfey. The affair of governors is above intermixed with m hiftory of the various changes of the property and juj rifdiftion ; we fhall now recapitulate what relates to go vernment and governors in a connected and concifl manner. The duke of York had a grant of the property anij government of New-Netherlands from his brother Charle il. March 12, 1663-4. Duke of York by commiflionj April Of N£W-j£RSBrJ 287 April 2, 1664, appointed Richard Nichols, Efq; hislkut. governor or deputy of the whole New-Netherlands, but did not enter upon his government until Augu^ 27, (664. Upon the duke of York's aflignment, June 24, 1664, of that part called the Jerfies to lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, they appointed Philip Carteret their governor ; after (ix months reiidence he went to Eng- land, and foon returned to his government; but 1672, a turbulent people, to evade paying quit-rents, alledge that they did not hold of th& proprietors Berkley and Carteret, but by Indian grants ; they relinquifhed gover- nor Carteret, and chofe a governor of their own ; gover- nor Carteret went home with complaints, and did not re- turn till November 1674, a Dutch jurifdidion uponare- conqucft intervening from July 1673, to November 1674; Berkley and Carteret had a divifional feparate grant from the duke of York 1674, and Sir George Carteret fent over Philip Carteret, governor of Eaft- Jerfies j duke of York kept the jurifdidion of Weft-Jerfey in his own hands by deputies. Nichols and Andros were governors of New- York and Weft- Jerfey for the duke of York. Becaufe of fomc differences between governor Andros of New- York and governor Carteret of Eaft- Jerfey, An- dros ufurped the government of Eaft- Jerfey 1680, and fent from New- York to Elizabeth -town fome foldiers, they ufed governor Carteret rudely, they broke open his hoiife, carried him from his naked bed on board of the (loop to New- York, where he was kept prifoner the greateft part of the year: governor Andros favoured the Indian grant proprietors, with a defign to foment divifions and confufion, divide et impera: upon com- plaints fent home to the duke of York, Andros was dif- milTed from that government with a ihew of refent- ment, and the duke of York gave new deeds to the proprietors of the Eaft and Weft- Jerfies, with exprefs grants of thefe powers, which Sir Edmond Andros pre- tended were wanting, the better to juftify -his tbrmer condufti «c 28S A Summary, HiifontCAL and PoLiticAL, ^c. conduct; by virtue of theft new grants dat^d 1680^ the, TOoprietors were next year rc-cftablilhcd in the Ncwl Jcrucs 5 Philip Carteret died governor of Eaft-tjerfe*] November 1682 j to prevent irregular purchafes of th« Indians, the aflembly of Eaft- Jerfey, 1683, paffedanu., forbidding the taking of any Indian deeds but in thti name of the lords proprietors, upon the pain of bel ing profecuted as feditious perfons, and as breakers oj ** the king's peace, and df the publick peace and fafetv •* of the province ;** the fame ad, but fomething more fevere, was paffed in Weft-Jerfey. In the Weft-Jerfey, upon the duke of York's quittir the government to the affignees of lord Berkley, i68^ one of the allignees or proprietors was by them apJ pointed governor, and to him, 1690, fuceeeded DrJ Daniel Cox, who had purchafed the greateft part of thd ,Weft-Jerfey. In the Eaft-Jerfey upon the duke of York's new de to the proprietors, Robert Barclay, a noted quaker wri-| ter, was made governor ; fomecimes he officiated by deputy, 1684 Gawen Laurie was his deputy, and con"! tinued till 1685; foon after this, king James aifumed the government, but upon the revolution, the proprietors! were rcftored to their former rights, and appointe John Totham, Efq; for their governor, who was fuc^ ceeded by col. Dudley; but the people fcrupled to obey them, and the proprietors appointed col. Hamilton foi| governor. After feme time the people allcdged, that as Scotsman he could not be governor of an Englilh colonyJ and a party of the proprietors appointed Mr. Baffe go] vernor ; foon after, another party of the proprietors dio again appoint col. Hamilton, Auguft 14, 1699, and noil long after,^ feme of the proprietors appointed Mr. Baffa again ; thefe appointments were not confimied by th^ king, J^r. Bowne fuperfeded them i thefe times in thd I £a(t-l Of New- Jersey. Ijaft^Jicrfics w^ ^ caHi^dithe revolutions^ f and was go- vernor wheii ; proprietors of both Jerfics, becaufe of biflenfions amoagft themfelves in appointing governors, Udfrom the Comufiohs occafioncd by the Indian grants linen, found it advifable to jreiign the government, but I JO other of their rights, tp tiic crown, 1702. Thus both Jefd^ were united in one jurifdidion, aficf l^for their governor the fame peribn who was go- femor of the province of New-York 5 fee the feftioii of. |{fc^-York, vol. II. p. 249, viz. lord pornbury, col^ Hiintcr, ♦* William Burnet, Efqi col. Montgomery, and U Colby. Upon Colby's deathj Heiit. governor Clarke, 1736^,' [iicceededin the command of New- York, but not in Itlatof thcjerfies^ which in courfe fell int6 the hands of, ibe prefident of the council of the Jerli9is*, ever lince,; ibc .^©vernors of New- York ; and of the Jerfies have |bcen,in diftindt perfons. . 1 . t'i^ij Ltwi^ Morris, Efq; formerly chief juftice of thepfb-. Tincc -of New -York, wasjthe firft diftin^ governor of |(he Jeri0es >, he died May 14, 1746 j tohimfucceeded. Jonathan Belcher, Efq; formerly governor of the prp- Ivinces of Maflachufetts-Bay and New-^amplhire, jJTee I vol. L p. 481, was non^ated by the king for governor [of the Jerfies, and arrived there foon after : he continues Igovemor at this prefent writing, Auguft I7j5i. His t During the revolutions in the altern&te adminiftrations of Ha* Iniltonand BafTe from 1698 to the refignation of the government to Itlie crown, there were in the province continued confufions, mutual Ibreakingof goals^ refcuing of pfiloners, beating atid abufing of civil piRcers i fometimes the chief command was in the council ; the refignation of thofe governments to the crown by Sir 1 horn as Lane J knight and alderman of London, agent for Weft-Jerfey, and of Wil- lliam DoCkWray, the famous projeflor of the ui':ful, and to the publick [revenue of Great-firitain beneficial, penny poll ofRce, agent for Eait* Ijirfey. I * Governor Hunter was allowed by the general aflembly of the l]erllei, during his adminillrationi 500I. per ann. currency, and lOoK- jiot contiugencies, ;• Vol. II. U .;._: . , ^* fit% ^ ~k^: igo A Summary, Historical and Political, Ice. firft meeting with the provincial ailembly was Auguft, 22, 1746. The legiflature, and feme municipal laws of New- Jerfey. Their legiflatore conflfts of three negatives; the en- acting ftile is, " Be it enadlcd by his excellency the go- 1 VCrnor, council, and general aflcmbly." The three negatives are, i. The governor, ftilcd gp. vernor in cluef, vice admiral, and canccllor of the pro vince of New- Jerfey. -t •^' 2. The council nominated by the king, their compIeJ ment is twelve, as it generally is in all our colonies, liiej governor and council are a court of error and chancery. 3. The houfe of reprefentatives in this province, they I ixe particularly called the aflembly; though in propriety I the governor, council, and houfe of reprefentatives of] the people, met in a legidative capacity, are the general aflembly of a province or colony.* This houfe of re J prefentatives or aflembly confifts of 24 jnembers, where-! of 20 are reprefentatives of counties, the other 4 fix)(n the cities, fo called, of Perth- Amboy and Burlington, viz. ^. 4>, InEAST-jERSEV. From die county of Bergen 2 Eflex 2 Middlefex 2 Somerfet 2 Monmouth 2 From the city of Perth-Amb. 2 ' 12 In West- Jersey. From the county of Hunterdon Burlington Gloucefter Salem Cape-May From the city of Burlington 2 2 2 2 2 '■jv?*!!';!:,?' ; !j V 12 * I cannot account for Aich improprieties in our colonies ; thasm .yirffinia, the houfe of reprefentatives, is very improperly called the] houfe of burgeffes, becaufe Virginia is represented by counties rnl the province of North-Carolina adjoining to Virginia, they are guilty of the fame impropriety. f The The nei I county, hit All the a I die royal ai] Thehoul It have thi lnjftration oi The mag Ijiovince ot ofconceflio tyal inftrud] [per 100 aci The func cant lands and coujicil Of Nsw-jBiiiir. 291 The new counties of Morrii cqunty, and Trent county, hitherto do not fend reprefentACivei. All the a£k% of the aflTembly of N?w- Jorfey muft have Hie royal afient. The houfe of reprefentatives is no court of judicature, but have the privilege of enquiring into the male admi^ oiftration of the courts of junice. The magna charta of fundamental conftltutlon of the province ot Ncw-Jerfey, confifts of three fubfcqucnt fets (f concefiions from the proprietors, and of the perpe- tual inftruAions for all fucceflTive crown governors as igreed upon 1702 at the proprietors refignation of the government to the crown. Thefe are reckoned of a liigher nature, than the a^s of their af&mblies, and are ttrmed by the aifembly, the laws of conceflions. The firft concefTions were 1664, from lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, joint proprietors of Ncw-Jerfey by jffignmcnt from the duke ot York. The fecond con- ttffions 1672 were from the faid proprietors jointly i the third conceflions were only for the Eaft Jerfey by Sir George Carteret 1674, upon the duke of York's grant* iflgrhim a divifional grant} thefe were only additional and explanatory of the firft conceflions. The bounty lands to the firft fettlers called head-lands, being fo many acres per head of fettUrs at one half pny fterl. per ann. per acre quit-rent The auit-rents of thejerfies began March 35, 1670 \ the whole arrears of quit-rents from the beginning to '747, did not exceed 15000I. The bounty by the firft conce01ons was only for heads imported in tlie firft tour years, but by fubfequent conceflTions, it was continued tQ January 13, 1685. In other patents to purchafers the quit- rents were various as per agreei^ent, v. g. in Newark there are fome patents at fix pence fterl.per ann. per 100 acres. % The fundamental law of conceflions is, that all va* cant lands are to be purchafed only by the governor and council in the name of th« proprietors } and aU U 2 claims 292 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. claims to lands otherways than by 'warrant of furvcy, by the furvey of a dated flirveyor,' and patent from the governor and council are deemed void. There have been only two remarkable times of purchafe from the Indians. 1 664 under governor Nichols, prior to the adts of con- ceffionsi and 1672 under governor Carteret, but fubfe- quent and contrary to the firft conceflions. Several trafts of land have from time to time been purchafed of the Indians by the general proprietors. By a6t of aflcmbly 1683, no perfon to contradt for, or accept of deeds of lands from the Indians, but in the name of the pro- prietors. In the revolution times, as they were called, in New- Jerfey from 1698 to 1703, all rules of property were flighted, many riots and much diforder enfued, and by remonftrances to king William all eftablilhed rules of property were endeavoured to be everted, and Indian purchafes eftablilhed, but in vain. Upon the refigna- tion of the government to the crown, and by an adi; of aflembly 1703, declaring all pretences by Indian purchafes only, to be penal, (penalty 40 s. per acre) cri- minal, and void •, and by an a6t 1713, a penalty is im- pofed of 20 s. for every tree cut by any perfon upon lands which are not his own property, order was re- ftored to the great improvement of New-Jerfey, and which was enjoyed till 1 745, when Indian purchafes were fet up again. Several actions of ejedment being brought by the council of general proprietors againft the tenants, fo called, in poireflion of the Elizabeth rights, as holding only by a groundlefs right of title by Indian deeds ; anno 1746 the- Elizabeth men petition the general aflembly, that a way may be made for their relief in the province, or that they may have liberty of application to the head and fountain of juftice. Upon this enfued a fuit in their provincial chancery, as before related. ;•'■ ^^0^" ■ -rr- i&Tir:j;ru j.vj^-^^T Some articles in the conceflions were, that the general 'aflembly Ihall raife. and pay the governor's falary and - ., ^..* ^ ^ _ ail Of New- Jersey. 293 ,^ charges of government ; and that the quit-rents (hall be paid to the proprietors free of all charges, no quic- i^cs to be applied for that purpofe. To prevent interfering claims and fraudulent fales, there are only two deputy furveyors in a county, under a general furveyor of the province, and all furveys are to be recorded as approved of by the furveyor general. Titles of land are to be tried only in the fupreme court of judipature. .1 Courts of judicature. • ^ The feveral courts of judicature are nearly of the fame conftitution with the courts in the colonies already related. There is a fupreme court (in New-England they are called fpperior courts) for the Eaft- Jerfey divifion I held at the city of Amboy two terms yearly, the third Tuefday in March, and fecond Tuefday in Auguft, each of thefe with only eight days continuance. The fupreme court for the Weft -Jerfey divifion is held at Burlington firft Tuefday in November, and fecond Tuefday in May, [linder the fame regulations. There are in each county once a year, a court for tryal lofcaufes brought to iflue in the fupreme court i thofe for Weft^ Jerfey are in the fpring, thofe for Eaft- Jerfey I are in the end of autumn, In each county there are courts of quarter feflions, land county courts for holding pleas i in New-England I they are called inferior courts for common pleas. Produce, manufadtures, trade, gnd navigation of New- Jerfey. New- Jerfey is a good corn country : it railes more wheat Ithan any one of our colonies ; but their wheat and flour lis moftiy Ihipped off from New- York and Penfylvania ; Itliey raife fome hemp and flax. , , ., - 1 . U 3 Th< 294 A SuMM AHY, Historical and Political, See* They haw not wrought their copper ore mine for tottJi time. They manufafhire Tome iron ore into pin and bin. In the province of New-Jerfey there are tnrce cuftomj houfe diftridts, whereof two are in Weft- Jerfcy on Dc. laware rivers Salem (this, includes Cohanzey) about ' miles below Newcaftle, and Burlington about ao nii]« above Philadelphia -, thefe, as we have already obferved] are of no confideration, fcarce deferving the name oi preventive creeks i the third is in Eaft-Jcrfey at Perth^ i\mboy. The 12 months accounts of entries and clears ances at the port of Perth- Amboy, from June 24,1750] to June 24, 1 75 1 9 ftandthus, , Entered inwards. Cleared outwards. Ships 2 Ships z .; Snows "2 * Snows Brigantines 7 Brigantines Sloops x8 Sloops 13 Schooners 10 Schooners 10 I Shallops Shallops 41 $B both foreign and coafting voyages included. I (hall only mention fbme of the moft coniiderable articles of theii exports and imports in that time. Exported. Flour 6424 bar. Bread 168,500 wt. Beef and pork 3 1 4 barrels Grain i7»94' b"^* Hemp 14,000 wt. Some firkins butter, fome hams, beer, flax-feed, , bar-iron, fome lumber. Imported. 39,670 gal. 3 1,600 gal. 2,089 c^' ^\ 1 43 7 bar. Rum Mobiles Sugar Pitch, tar, and turpent Wines 123 pipes Salt 12,759 bulb. Some mifcellanies on various fubjcds. The copper ore of the Jcrfics is very good, but thj mine has not been wroug.ht for fome years» the diij -"' ^^ •'^' , cm Of Niw-Jersbv. ^95 ^tyti) draining reauires afire engine. The copper giinei in Simibury hills in New-England, about 90 miles ^, £. from the copper mine in New-Jerfey, have been neffkdted for fome years, becaufe they not only dip too (|Uick, and therefore are not eafily drained, but alio the ofc is of a hard nature not eafily fluxed, it is too much intermixed with fpar, the veins or loads very uncertain ind uneaual, and frequently only flioads or fragments. In Brttifh North- America, hitherto po difcovery has been made of tin ores, nor of lapis calaminaris, very little lead ore, and that not good. All over North- America is much iron ore, lx>th rock tod bog ore. Three tun of bog or fwanip ore gives ibout one tun caft iron ware, which can oe afforded cheaper than that which is imported from England or Holland.- The bars of b(^ ore have too much fcoriae ordrofs, and are much inferior to the bars refined from the pigs of rock ore. In the American rivers there are many cataradts, pre- cipices, pitches, or falls*, generally from the river pafling over a ledge or ridge of rocks; that of Niagara, for- merly mentioned, between lake Ontario and lake Erie, iithe molt noted. There are fome cataradts or great falls, not from a precipice of rocks, but from a very narrow paTs in a tide river*, that near the mouth of St. John's fiver on the N. W. fide of the bay of Fundy in Nova- Scotia is the moft noted *, in this cafe, from the narrow- ids of the pafs, the water not confined below falls off fader than the water confined above, the water above is not only what the tide of flood brought in, but alfo the riter water darned up. , iv ^ The higher up a tide river, the duration of flood jslefs, and that of ebb is more*, for inftance, in the great r^ver of Canada, or river of St. Laurence, anno 1748, a flag of truce was fent for exchange of pri- foners from Bofton in New- England to Quebec in Ca- nada *, in this great river by order of the general go- ytffiX)tof Canada they were ilopt at Lifle des Bafques, (5 U4 leagues *i ::-n 1^6 Summary, Historical and Political, Sec, leagues below Tadoufack, and 35 lefagues below Quebec) where was good anchorage f in 10 fathom water, the tide flowed 5 hours and ebbed 7 hours. < Amongft the many hardlhips which the firft fettlers of new raw colonies and plantations fuffer, one of the moft confiderable is, their fitting down in wildernefs fbreft, or wood lands ^ where by the exhalations from the trees, there is a continual damp, which does not con* I tinucdly difperie, but hovers about, and may be faid in 1 foiTte refpedt to Magnate and putrity, and confequently produce in thefe human bodies many kinds of putrid diforders, fuCh as putrid lingring fevers, putrid dy- fenteries, all forts offcoibutick complaints, and the like diflempcratures. The damp or vapour from wood lands, is much more confiderable than from the fame lands when cleared of trees and ihrubs. It is notorious ii^ thcfe countries, that many ftreams of water which in the be- ginning came from wood lands, and carrjed grift mills artd faw mills j when thefe lands were cleared of wood, their flreams vanifhed and became dry, the mills ceafed, and in fome parts the cattle could not be conveniently watered. In the philofophical tranfadions of the royal focicty in London, we find many oblervations and ex- periments made relating to this fubjcdt i for inflance, two veflels containing each a certain equal quantity of water, in one of thefe veflels were fet fome living plants, after a certain fpace of time, the veffel containing water with plants did evaporate much more of the water, than the] jfefTel of water only. n iu.l f The French by their reprefentations of the difiicalt and. danger- ous navigation of this river, endeavour to intimidate all other na- 1 tions from attempting the riv^r; bi|t now we And that it is fafelyj praAicable. V.J ,7 . '':;; l.,,i. .-- realbn, and not repugnant to the laws of England, referving to us, 8cc, a power to hear and determine upon appeals. In all matters the laws of England to take place, wherfc no pofitive law of the province appears. A duplicate of all laws made in (aid province mall in five years be tranfmitted to the privy council ; and if within fix months, being there itceived, they be deemed inconfiitent with the preroga- tive or laws of England, they (hall be void. A licence for our fubjefts to tranfport themfelves and families unto tbe faid country A liberty to divide the country into towns, hundreds, and counties, to incorporate towns into boroughs and cities, to conftitute fairs and markets. A liberty ot trade with all our other dominions, pay- ing the cuftomary duties. A power to conllitu«:e fea ports and keys, but to admit of fuch officers as (hall from time to time be appointed by the commiflioners of our cuftoms. The proprietors may receive fuch impo- fitions upon goods as the aflembly fhall enafb. The pro- prietors to appoint an agent or attorney to refide near the court in London to anfwer for the default of the proprietors, and where damages are alcertained by any of our courts, if thefe damages are not made good within the fpace of one year, the crown may refume the government until fuch damages and penalties are latif- Hed, but without any detriment to the particular owners or adventurers in the province. To maintain no corre- fpondence with our enemies. A power to purfue ene- mies and robbers even to death. May transfer property. To ereft manners, that may hold courts baron. That the crown fhall make no taxation or impofition in laid province without confent of the proprietary, or ftffembly, or by adt of parliament in England. Any inhabitants, to the number of twenty, may by writ- ing 4 300 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ing apply to the bifhop of London for a preacher or preachers." .,, ., ,, . , . ,. , . ■.<■ An abftrad of Mr. Penn's charter of hberties and privileges to the people, 25th day of the fecond month vulgarly called April, 1682. " The government Ihallbe in a provincial general aflembly compofed of the go. vernor and reprefentatives of the freemen, to make laws, raife taxes, conftitute courts and officers, &c. The freemen of the province fhall meet on the twentieth day of the twelfth month 1682, to eleft 72 perfonsfor a council, whereof 24 fiiali fall off yearly, and another 24 be elefted in their room, that many perfons may- have experience in government; in matters of confe- quence two thirds to be a quorum, and the confent of I two thirds of fuch quorum is requifite ; in affairs of | leffer moment 24 members fhall be a quorum, and a majority of thefe Ihall determine : the governor or his deputy to prefide and have a treble vote. This coun- cil is to prepare and deliberate upon bills to be pafled into laws by the general affenibly, to eredl courts of juftice with their officers, to judge criminals, to have the executive power ; Ihall model towns, ports, markets, publick buildings, and highways •, to infpedt the ma- nagement of the provincial trealury, to order all publick fchools : this council to be divided into four diftinct committees for diftind branches of bufinefs. The freemen fhall yearly chufe reprefentatives not exceeding 200, to meet 2 2d day of the fecond month (1683 for the firll time) and to continue eight days, may appoint committees to confer with committees of the council concerning amendments of bills, • and the ninth day fhall give their affirmative or negative to the bills pre- lented \ two thirds to be a quorum in paffmg of laws and choice of officers ; the enabling ftile to be, " By the governor, with the affent and approbation of the free- men in provincial council and general affembly." The lirll year the general aiTenbly may confiil of all the freemen Of Pinsylvania; SO't 1 jreemen of the provinccj and afterwards of 200 to be chofen annually, which as the country increafes may be tnlarged, fo as never to exceed 500, at the difcretion of- I the legiflature. The provincial council fliall on the jjth day of the firft month yearly, prefent to the gover-; I nor or his deputy a double number for provincial officers; I the freemen in the county courts fliall prefent a I double number to ferve for IherifFs, juftices of the peace, jnd coroners for the year next enfuing •, out ot each picfentnient, the third day following, the governor or lis deputy "ihall commiffionate one ; but Mr. Perin to appoint the firfl: officers to continue ad vitam aut culpam.; The general afTembly may be called upon by the go- hernor and provincial council to meet at any time. When the governor fhall be under the age of 21, and JO guardians appointed by the father, the provincial council (hall appoint guardians not exceeding three, flith the power of a governor. No article in this charter to be altered without the confent of the governor and fix parts of feven of the freemen in provincial council and Igencc^aflembly." ,,-j!; ; . . ,; ,,,.., ,. „. , :• , . ^,,^ Befides thefe, there were feme other fundamental laws kreed upon in England. Every refident who pays fcot and lot to the government, fhall be deemed a freeman capable of ele6ting and of being eledled. The provincial Icouncil and general aflfembly to be fole judges in the [eledions of their refpeftive members. 24 men for 9 grand jury of inqueft, and 12 for a petty jury, to be re- I turned by the fheriff. AH perfons wrongfully impri- foned or profecuted at law, fhall have double damages againfi: the informer or profecutor. Seven years poflef- fion fhall give an unqueftionable right, excepting in cafes oflunaticks, infants, married women, and perfons be- yond the feas. A publick regifler eftabhfhed. Th^ [charter granted by William Penn to the inhabitants is Iconfirmed. All who acknowledge one almighty GOD, llliall not be molefled in their religious perfiiafions in mat; tcrs t 302 A Summary, Historical and Political, Bcc, t.ers of faith and worihip, and fhali not be compelled to maintain or frequent any religious minidry. Every firft day of the week fhall be a day of refl. None of thofe articles (hall be altered without confent of the governor or his deputy, and fix parts in feven of the freemen met in provincial council and general aflembly. This was figned and fealed by the governor and freemen or venturers in London 5th day of the third month called I May, 1682. • s V* . > There were certain conditions agreed upon by the pro- prietor, and the adventurers and purchafers, July nj •]68i ', for inflrance, convenient roads and highways be laid out before the dividend of acres to the purchafers; land fhall be laid out to the purchaiers and adventurers by lot. Every thoufand acres (hall fetde one family. AH dealings with the Indians (hall be in publick market. All differences between the plarkters and native Indians fhall be ended by fix planters and fix natives* Laws,re< lating to immorality (hall be the fame as in England. In clearing of land, one acre of trees (hall be left forgery five acres, to preferve oak and mulberries for (hipping and filk. None to leave the province, without publication thereof in the market-place three weeks before. By a new charter from the proprietary (econd day of the fecond month 1683, there are fome alterations made) in his firft charter, principally as to the numbers of[ the provincial council ^and aflembly i that is, the pro- vincial council (hall confift of 1 8 perfons, whereof 3! from each of the fix counties ; the alTembiy to confiftj of 36, that is, fix from each county •, as the country in- creales, the provincial council may be increafed to any| number not exceeding 72 ; and the aflembly may increafed to any number not exceeding 200 -, the other articles are much the fame as in the firft charter : tliel cnading (tile to be, ** By the governor, with the appro.| batioiJ Of Pensvltania, 303 his was I or ad* liation of the freemen in provincial council and aflembly jjct.i" and the general aflembly fhall be called, •* The meeting, fefiions and proceedings of the general a(S:m- governor Hilly of the province of Penfylvania, and the territories thereunto belonging." Nothing in this charter to be al- tered, but by confent of the governor and fix 7ths of the piovincial council and aifembly. This charter of 1683, as inconvenient, was furren- [iercd to Mr. Penn in the third month of 1 700 by fix 7tha (fthe freemen of the province and territories, and a new I (barter granted ; as this is now their Handing charter, leihall be more particular. The preamble runs thus, «Whereas K. Charles II. granted to William Penn the jfoperty and government of the province of Penfylva- |iia,March4, 1680 *, and the duke of York granted to i Penn the property and government of a traft of Ijiodnow called the territories of Penfylvania, Auguft J4, 1683 : and whereas the faid William Penn for the ocouragement of the fettlers, did, anno 1683, grant and confirm to the freemen by an inftrument entitled, The frame of the government, &c. which charter or frame being found, in fome parts of it, not fo fuitable to the prtfent circumftances of the inhabitants, was delivered yp as above; and at the requeft of the aflembly ano- r was granted by tHfe proprietary Mr. Penn, in purfu- lince of the rights and powers granted him by the crown, [confirming to all the inhabitants their former liberties i privileges, fo far as in him lieth. i. No perfons Iwho believe in one almighty GOD, and live peaceably lunder the civil government, fhall be molelled in their religious perfuafions, nor compelled to frequent or main- Itain any religious worfhip contrary to their mind. That lill perfons who protefs to believe in Jesus Christ, arc [capable of ferving the government in any capacity ; Ithey folemnly promifing, when required, allegiance to Ithe crown, and fidelity to the proprietor and governor. 12. That annually upon the firft day of Odober for ever, there 3nd day of ;ions madel umbers of 5, the pro- whereof 3I f to confiftl country in- afed to any] >ly may the othe^ larter : the| the apprO' batiotil 364 A Summary,' HisTOklCAL andl Political, tec. there fliall an aflembly be chofen, to fit the fourteenth day of the fame month, viz. four perfons out of ?ach county, or a greater number, as the governor and affem bly may from time to time agree, with all the powers and privileges of an aflembly as is ufual in any of the king's plantations ip America -, two thirds of the whole number that ought to meet (hall be a quorum ^ to fiti upon their own adjournments. 3. The freemen at their meeting for eleding reprefentatives to chufe Iheriffs and coroners; the juftices in the refpedtive counties to no- minate clerks of the peace. 4. The laws of the govern- ment fhall be in this itile, " By the governor, with the| confent and approbation of the freemen in general af- fembly met." 5. No perfon to be licenfed by the gover-| nor to keep an ordinary or tavern but fuch as are re- commended by the juftices of the county. 6. Noalte-I ration to be made in this charter without the conlfent ofl the governor and fix parts of feven of the aflembly met.] Signed William Penn at Philadelphia in Penfylvania,| Otl:ober28, 1701, and thetwenty-firit year of my ^ vernment." Notwithftanding any thing formerly alledg-| ing, the province and territories to join together in le* giflation, Mr. Penn hereby declares, that if at any timel hereafter within three years, their refpedtive afiembliesl Ihall not agree to join in legiflation, and fliall fignityl the fame to me; in fuch cafe tife inhabitants of cachl of the three counties of the province fliall not have icfsl than eight reprel'entatives, and the town of Philadel-I phia when incorporated, fliall have two reprefentativesJ The inhabitants of each county in the territories Iklll have as many perfons to reprefent them in a diftiniS aflembly for the territories, as be by them requefted.! Province and territories Ihall enjoy the fame charter, li{ bertics and privileges This charter of privileges wa thankfully received the fame day by the air^mbly, and figned by their order; and figned.by a number of thd proprietary and governo;:'s council. . - -? Thd Of PiNIVLVANMi 305 The report is probable, that. Mr, Pcnn, befides his joyal grant of the province of Penfylvania, had more- over a grant of the fame from the duke of York, to ob* viatc any pretence, that the province was comprehended in a former royal grant of New-Netherlands to the duke of York. Mr. Penn's firft charter concefTjoni, or form of go* vcrnmcnt to the fettlers, feems Utopian and whimfical 5 lohftituting H legidature of three negatives, viz. the go- vernor, and two diftinft houfes of reprefcntatives chofen by the freemen ; one called the provincial council of ^2 members, the other was called the provincial affembly tfaoo members i the ■council had an exorbitant power of (xdufive deliberating upon and preparing of all bills lor the provincial affembly j the executive part of the government was entirely with them. The provincial aflembly, in the bills to be enadted, had no delibera- ijirc privilege, only a yes or no \ thefe numbers of provincial council and provincial affembly feem to be mravagantly large for an infant colony y perhaps he «as of opinion with fome good politicians, that there can be no general model of civil government j the hu- mours or inclinations, and numbers of various focieties oiuft be confuited and varioudy fettled : a fmall fociety laturally requires the deliberation and gieneral confent of their freemen for taxation and lesidatUis ( when the fociety becomes too numerous for luch univerfal meet- ings, a reprefentation or deputation from feveral di- ilrids is a more convenient and eafy adminiftration. His lad and prefent (landing charter CO the inhabitants of the province and territories of Penfylvania, Oft. 28, 1701, runs into the other extreme \ the council have no negative in the legidature, and only ferve as the Iproprietary's council of advice to the proprietary's jOver- not : 1746, by ad of parliament, the negative of the t)oard of aldermen in^ London, for certain reafons was abrogated. A council chofen by the people, to negative efolves of reprefcntatives alfo appointed by the people, YoL. II. X feems ^o6 A Summary, Historical and Political, &r. r fccms to be a wheel within a wheel, 'and incongruous t but a council appointed by the court of Great- Britain as i negative, feems to be good policy, by way of con- Croul upon the excefles of the governor on the one hand and of the people by their reprefentatives on the other hand, ^ of the three lower counties on the weft fide of De- laware t)ay and river, being part of New-Netherlands by royal ^rant to dUke of York, his heirs and aifigns. Thi$ William Penn was much in favour with king James II, as being head of a confiderable body of fedaries calle4 quakers ^ by reafop of this particular countenance, Mr. Penn was fufpedted to be a p^)ift, and a jefuit in the dif- Buife of a quaker. At the revolution, upon fufpicion, king William deprived Mr. Penn of the privilege of ap- pointing a governor for Penfylvania, and col. Fletcher was appointed by the crown, buc upon Mr. Penn's vin- dication of himfcif, he was reftored to his right of go^ vernmentj and contiayed to appoint lieutenant governors or deputies as fgrmjerly. The boundaries of the province and territories of Pen- fylvania, rivers, and diftances of fome noted places. The northern boundary of the province is the 42 d, parallel of latigude, from Delaware river about twenty miles above the ftation point on Delaware river, where the north eafteriy divifional line between the provinces of X 2 ^.cw- - fi 3o8 A Summary, Historical and Political, icci Ncw-Xork and Ncw-Jcrfey begins) weft, to the. eiiCent of 5 d. in longitude, being about 250 Englifji (Utute miles i thence in a line parallel with the river of Dela- ware at 5 d. longitude W. from the faid river, to a p^;. rallel of latitude 1 5 miles fouth of the moft fouthern part of Philadelphia, being about 153 miles ftrait courfet along this parallel 15 miles fouth of Philadelphia to the river Delaware miles : thence up along Delaware river to 42 d. N. lat which in a ftrait line may be about 153 miles. The territories of Penfylvania called the three lower counties upon Delaware river are bounded eaftwardly I^ Delaware river, from the north part of Newcaftlc ter- ritorial circle, to cape Henlopen at the entrance of De- laware-Bay, about 80 miles ftrait, but much more as the ihore or country road runs : fouthwardly and weftwardly they are bounded as per agreement between lord Balti- more of Maryland, and the Penns of Penfylvania, 1732, and confirmed in the chancery of England, 1750, in thefe words, " That a due eaft and weft line be run from cape Henlopen to the middle of the peninfula, and the faid ftrait line to run from the weftward point there- of, northwards up the faid peninfula (and above the faid peninfula, if it required) till it touched, or made a tan- gent, to the weftern part of the periphery of the faid twelve miles circle, and the faid due fouth and north line to run from fuch tangent, till it meets with the upper or more northern eaft and weft line, and the faid upper eaft and weft line to begin from the northern point or end of the faid fouth and north line, and to run due weftward, (N. B. f this is a deli- neation of the fouth line of the province of Penfylva- nia) at prefent crofs Sefquahanna river, and twenty-five + In the furvey 1739, of the E. and W. divifional line (aboift 15 miles fouth of the fouthermoft part of the city of Khiladvlphia) be* tween Penfylvania and Maryland, the furvcyors allowed a variation of ; d. 30 m. W. and found there was about one degree variatioa for every twenty late years. '■>---' ■ ... -^n V '- Englilh Of Pensylvamia, 309 Englifli ftatute miles at lead on the weftern fide of faid river, and to be 1 5 Engliih ftatute miles Ibuth ' the jjttitude of the mod fouthern part of the faid city of Philadelphia, were, and fhall, and ihould at all times for ever hereafter be allowed and efteemed to be the true and exa£t liniits and bounds, between the faid province of Maryland, and the faid three lower counties of New- caftle, Kent, and SuiTex, and between tl\e faid provinces of Maryland and Penfylvania."f As the controveriy .of a long (landing, concerning boundaries, between lord Baltimore of Maryland, and the Penns of Penfylvania, has made much noife; we 11^1 infert a fhort abftra^l of the. fame, for the amufe- jnent of the curious, . ' Lord Baltimore's royal grant of Maryland was about CO years prior to Mr. Penn's grant of Penfylvania, bu£ in Baltimore's grant there was an exception of lands then belonging to the Dutch, which are at prefent the three bwer counties upon Delaware river i when Mr. '. Penn took pofTeflion he found one Dutch and three Swedes congregations. The grand difpute was concerning the conftruftion of the expreffion 40 d. of latitude*, Maryland grant 1632, fays, to the 40 d. of lat. which Maryland fide of the queftion conftrue to be to 40 d. compleat; Penfyl- f They mutaally quit claim, viz. Charles lord Baltimore quits claims to John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn. and their heir and afligns, all his pretentions to the province of Penfylvania, and the three lower counties of Newcaftle, Kent and Suflex, to be fo lounded as aforefaid free of all incumbrances by Cecilius baron of Baltimore, great grand-father, Charles grand-father, Benedid fa- ther to faid Charles, and by him the faid Charles, his heirs- and ifllgni . And on the other fide, John Penn,Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, for themfelves and their heirs, quit claim unto Charles lord Baltimore and his heirs, all their pretenfions to the province of Ma- ryland, to be fo bounded as aforefaid, free of all incumbrances, by William Penn the grandfather, William Pen the father, Springet Penn, William Penn the fon, John Penn, Thomas Penn and Richard rinn, their heirs or afligns. X 3 vania Hi 3 lo A Summary, Historical and Political, $eel vania grant 1682, fays, to begin at the beginning of tiie 46th dT which the Penfylvahia (kie conflrue to be juft after 39 d. is compleated ; * thus there was a d\(putt of the extent of Ond degree in latitude, or 6§ eA^\{^ miles. Confldering Maryland graht was prior, and thit the Maryland people had Inade confiderable improve- ments. by poITefliohs, within that dt^ftt ot latitude} the affair was compromifed ftiimiAgly in favour c( Maryland by a written agreemeilt May 10, 1732, iU ii above related : and that in two calendar months from that date, -each partv (hall appoint commiflioners not more than fevtn, whereof three or more of each Jid^ hiay adt or mark out the boundaries aforefaid, to begin atflirtheft foitie time inOdtober typ., and to be com- pleated on or before 25th December I7j^, and when lb done, a plan thereof (hall be fi^ed, fGaled and deiiVered by the commiiTioners and their principals, ahd ihall be entered in all the publick offices in the feveral provincei dnd counties ; and to recommend to the refpeoive iegi* Matures to pais an adt for perambulating thefe boundaries ^t leaft once in three yeaii. The party defaulting, to pav to the other party on demand Hx thoufand pounds iierline ; accordingly the tommiflloncrs refpcftively appeared but upon fomc differtnces in opinion, the boundaries were not made in the time limited ; the failure was in lord Baltimore's fide, who alledged that h^ had been deceived in fixing cape Henlopen 20 miic* fouth weftcrly of the weftern cape of Pelaware-Bay, whereas cape Henlopen is the wcfterti cape itfeif j the Penns affirm, that the weftern cape is cape Cornelius, and cape Henlopen is about four hours fouthwardly of it, according to the putch maps and defcrtptions publiihed about the time when lord Bal- timore obtained his grant. * Thus in other affairs ; for inltante, jh political coanputation, after 1 700, i? i? called the ^i^hteentii ^entoty. . , , ^pi)(x^ . Of Pensylvania. 3if BecAufeof nonperformance, the Penns 1735 exhibit- ed! bill in the chancdy of Great-Britain againft lord Baltimore, pptying that the faid articles may be decreed ID fubfift and be carried into execution, and that any doubts arifen may be cleared by faid decree. After tedious delays, at letv3;th Mat 15, 1750, lord chancellor decreed cofts of fuit againft Baltimore, and that the articles of May 10, 1732, be carried into exe- cution ^ and that before the end of three calendar months Item May i «, they fhould execute two feveral proper ii^ments for appointing commilTioners, not more than (even of a fidei any three or more of a (ide may run and mafk the boundaries, to begin fome time in November next, and to be compleated on or before the lad day of April 1752, to befigned, &c. recorded, &:c. and enadted, Itc. as t)er agreement of 1 732 above related. Lord chan- cellor decreed concerning the late difputes, i. That th^ center of the circle be fixed in the miadle of the town of Newcaftle. 2. That the faid circle ought tp be of a radius of twelve Englifli miles. 3. That cape Henlopen ought to be deemed at the place laid down in the maps annexed tothearriclesof 1732. The commiflTioners appointed by each party met ac Newcaftle, Nov. ia, 17505 they agreed on a center in Newcaftle, from whence the twelve miles radii are to pro- ceed ; but a difpute arofe concerning the hienfuration of thefe twelve miles. Lord Baltimore's commillioners al- ledged, that thefe miles ought to be meafured fuperfici- ally ; the Penns commifTioners alledged, that condderins the various inequalities of the ground, fych radii could not extend equally, confequently from them no true arch of a circle could be formed, and infilled upon geometri- cal and aftronomical menfurations. Thus the proceedings of the commiflioncrs ftopt, and they wrote to their re- fpeftive principils for further inftru6tions relating to that point, and adjourned to April 2 5, 1 75 1 . ^ ' -. ^ > The confiderable n\*trs in Penr/lvania are Delaware V ' X 4 (Schyl- "3 1 2 A Summary , Historical and Political, &c. (Schyl-Kill river falls into Delaware at Philadelphia) and the Sefquahanna. Delaware- Bay begins at Lewis's near cape Heniopen \ || from thence with the vanous turnings of the bay and river or publick road to Newcaftle are about 93 miles I from Newc^ftle to Philadelphia are 25 miles } from Phil^c^^lphia (o Trent-town falls are 35 miles, thefe are th^ Bru falls m this r>ver, and the tide reaches up fo high •, thefe falls are practicable, and the river navigable with boats that carry 9 or 10 tuns of iron 40 miles higher to Durham iron works ; this river proceeds from the weft f^de of tjie Cat-kill mountains of the province of New- York. From Trent-town falls, this river is pra^icable upwards of 150 piiiles fo^ Indian canoe navigation, fever^^l fmall f^lls or carrying places intervening. Mf. W — d, ^ l^te no^ed vagrant en- thufiaftick preacher, purchaled a confiderable quandty of lands in the fork of Delaware river, abopt 50 miie^ above Trent-town falls, for the education and civilizing of negroes, as he pretended j but as he could nofanfwcr the purchafe money, he was obliged to relinquifti it. All his fchemes were ill projtAed and ill founded: hi^ grand churph or meeting houle in Philadelphia, by him declared to be free to all chriftian itinerants, as he was a man of no penetration, he was not capable of finifhing it, and it was transferred to a fociety for pro- pagating of literature, a much more laudable inftitution than that of propagatiiig enthufiafm, idlenefs and fandti- fied amours. His orphan houfc in Georgia in South- Caroiina, in a barren infalubrious country, his firft pro- jed, pretence for itinerant begging, is almqft come to nothing. The other confiderabje river is part of Sefquahanna ; fee vol. II. p. 282. Its main branch comes from feme ponds a little fouth of Mohawks river in the province of New-York -, front) the head of this* branch to the Q At cape Heniopen i j^S, the variation of the compafs w^s 4 d. W. decrcafing. ' ^'^' falls ( ■» ,',»>'; J Of Pensylvania. 3«3 lilU below Wioming * there is no obftru^lion, and good Indian canoe navigation; and thence to Paxcon ire 5 or 4 falls which may be (hot pretty fafely with a {it(h : this river has many good branches for Indian flcin tnide, fome of thefe branches communicate with the countries beyond the mountains. Sefquahanna river is fide but (hallow. Delaware, Sefquahann^ and Pocomack ire fordableby the Iifdian traders in the fummer feafom The Indian traders fet out beginning of May, and I (ontinue A or 4 months out i they buy the (kins not of I the Indians, but of ifetclers who deal with the Indians, cal- I led by the Dutch name of liandelaars or traders •, the/ purchafe only with gold and filver, and carry their I Duns in waggons to Philadelphia ; the road is about 20 miles below the foot of the blue mountains. They tn^velfrom Philadelphia to Lancafter 60 miles (Lancafter jj iQ miles eaft of Sefquahanna river) thence 40 miles to Paj^tQn or Harris's ferry, thence 40 miles to Shippens- burg in the province of renfylvania, thence 45 milts tq Potomack river (the width pf Maryland is here about 20 mijes) which divides Maryianc| from Virginia. A few I miles well of Potomack river in Virginia for fome years have been ufed with good effect, by bathing and drinking, fome tepid medu inal waters, they have no mineral I tade, and dp not pfFqfcate the glafs like Briftol hot well water. In Penfylva.iia there is qoreal fea line excepting the weft weft (ide of Delaware bay The navigation of Philadelphia is almoft every winter ftopt up by ice for two or three months. The coaft of New- York, Jerfies^ and Penfyl- vania is free from (hip- worms or teredines. Land wind^ I blow almoli three quarters of the year. "^'' *^^ ' The Blue or Kittacinny mountains begin in Penfylva- Inia, are about 900 miles in length and yo to 100 miles, ' '■'*"-* ■/•'.■ ■ ' •'''v " X ' '. r * About 50 mVcB below Wioming is the Tndian tribe of Shamokin I IB the fork of Seri;qahanna, and a);)jac 50 miles below Si^amokin is hxton or Harris's fery. a^rofsj^ 514 A Summary, Historicai, and Political, Scc^ ncrofs, not in fcattered peaks, but in uniform ridges ^ the further ridges are much the largeft and higheft. £ Concerning Indian affairs. / I fhall here mention fome additional bbfervatlons concerning the Indians in general, and fome of their late treaties with the Britilh governments, particularly that of I ]Mncafter and Pcnfylvania, anno 1744, as connftingof the greatpft variety of articles negotiated with three di- ftindt Britilh provinces or colonies. When tribes or nations of Indians go to ^r againft j one another, they feldom n^e it up (the Indians are the mdft implacable of mankind) but by the deftrufUonof) the one or the other fide, or by a flavifli fubmiffion. The! Iroquois or Six nations of Mohawks, as we call them, bave for many years been at war (thefe wars ar^ only cl^ndeftine incurfions with mafTacres and depredhtions) with the Catawbas and Cherakecs; the Cherakees and Six nations as being too diflant to annoy one another much, have come to fome accomodation, but the ftate of war I with the Catawbas continues. The Pcnfylvanians never Jpft one man by any French I or Indian war, but in perfonal broils and encounters per* fons have loft their lives on both fides. The Mohawks by the Englifh give name to all the I Six nations, though the fmallcfl of the tribes. The Tufcaroras are an adventitious tribe, being emigrants or profugi in the North-Carolina wars 171 2 and 1716, they were allowed to fettle by the ancient nve confederate na- tions amongfl them. ^' - For fome time pait, a kind of party divifion hath.fub-l filled among the 3ix nations : the Mohawks, Ononda- gues and Senecas formed one party, the Qneides, Tuf*! caroras and Cayugas the other party. The Six nations fay that the Delaware and Sefquahgnnal Indians were conquered by them, and therefore have no I fight to dUpoie of lands. The Indian delegates at the congrefs of Lancafterl K. well '^'^^^' Of Pensylvania; 315 Lellobfcrved to the commiffioncrs from Virginia, Mary, land, and Penfylvania } that what the Indians received of thetti were goods Ibon perifti^ble, but what they re-. ceived of the Indians were lands which endured {qh (fa. The Indians are fqpplicd by the Englilh with provifions looming and going in all treaties. ♦ They have their guns, I hatchets, and kettles mended gratis. In all eongref&s th^ Indians approve of each article by IjYohah, the Engli(h ufe a huzza. The Indians ufe peculiar appellations for the governors Itfihe ffeveraf provinces or colonics *, for inftance, the go* rtfnoJt 6f Virginia are called aflarogoa ; thofe of PenfyU nnia, onas *, thofe of Canada, onando ; and lately they mt fixed the name of tocarry hogan (fignifying excel-^ |)Mit) for the governors of Maryland. We may here obferve the great variety in the humour^ lofdifl^ant nations; we fhall here inftance that of their |eech or words: ip the Eaft-Indiea and China, their lords are generally itionofyllables ; in the Weft-Indief their words are generally ^lyfyllables of an uncouth length} thus the Six nation^ at the {^ncafter congref^ 6y, 'all the world knows, that they had conquered (con- iequently their lands at our difpofal) feveral nations on the back or weft fide of the great niountains of Virginia, viz, (heConoy-uch-fuch-roofla,CQch-now-was-roonon,Tohoar |irough-roonon, ^d Conutfkin-ough-roonaw. uip Six nations by natural inclination are difpofed tq I warlike enterprizes, and are never at peace with all theif jtieighbours. {n a fpeech at a congrefs with the Englifhs * In the appendix to a late hiftory of the Five Indian nation*, we I bVl a jdeafant or ladicrous ftory of this nature ; in the Lancafter congrefs with the Indians, 1 744, the commilfioners of Virginia, Mary- land, and Penfylvania, having told the Indian delegates of the Six na->. tions, thaft the king of Great-Britain had lately beat the French both by Tea and land $ the Indian delegates obierved, that in confequence, the Engliih mail have taken a great deal of rum from the French, Aerefore you can the better fpare fome of that liquor, tp make us re- joice with you ip thefe v^£tories, ' '. ■ / they ^i6 A Summary, Historical and Political, &e* .-. .J: they faid, that if chriftians go to war againd one another they in time make peace together ^ but it is not fo with the Indians. The Indians when they pafs by a friendly fort march in 9 fiiijgle line, and falutethe fort by a running fire. Nanandagues is a fecond fettlement of deferters from the Six nations j they live near Montreal. The Britifh northern colonies are the frontiers and dc' fence of all other Britifh colonies, againU the warlike ro. buft northern Indians ; thus it has in all times been in £u. rope and Afia, the hardy robuft Goths, (Getae of Afia) Vandals, &c. from the northern climates, Over-run the ef- feminate, indolent, relaxed foutherly people if not checVdiJ the Indians of the higher latitudes in North- America, and j in Chili in South- America, make a much better ftand | ^ainfl the European intrufions, than the Indians of ^Mexi- ^o and Peril, who live between or near the tropicks. It is conjeftur^d that fix hundred fighting men may be I afforded by the Indian fettlements on Sefquahanna river | and its branches. In alt our northern colonies, there are or have been re- jferved lands for f^veral bodies or villages of intermixed | Indians, Although the northern Indian tribes as to numbers are I contemptible, when compared with the European nations^ they ought to be kept in a political awe to prevent their 0;ulking incurfions and depredations upon our* frontiers when pufhed on by a rival European power ; this cannot be done by ridiculous feints ; for inflance, when we tell the Indians in fome congrefs, as it happened 1746, that all the united force of our colonies with (hips of war and | foldiers from Great-Britain, arc to mufter to reduce Ca- nada ; but foon after nothing is done, or fo much as at- tempted : thus we lofe our credit with the Indians, and in | fa<5l they have impune infulted us ever fince, in Nova- Scotia and New-England, at the infligation of the Cana- da French. » •''■' • ? * ' . The Indians are a falfe but crafty people. In our I 1 ■ late '^i-'">i Of ^ensITlVania; SI/ late war with the French nation and their American colonies, feveral diftant tribes of Indians in expedtation of prefents, faid they would, though really did not de- fignto relinquifh the French intereft j fuch were the Shaw- inees town upon Ohio river, the MaiTafegues near Les ^iToits between lake Erie and lake Huron, confiding of five caftles or villages of about 800 men, and the Twightwees on the Oubeck river in a treaty at Lancaller, The nioft noted congrefs with the Indian delegate*^ {or many years, was that in June 1 744, held at Lancafter in Penfylvania, confiding of commiflioners from the tliree provinces of Penfylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, (oncerning a great variety of articles, fuch as quit-clainv iog of large trades of lands to thefe governments refbec- tiirely, and receiving of prefents upon their promife to aifiit.the Britifh intereft in the war lately commenced jgainfl: the French. 1. They confirmed to the proprietors of Penfylvania all the lands each fide of Sefquahanna river fo far north as the Blue mountains. They fettled the affair of fome Delaware Indians killing and robbing of Mr, Armftrong^ a trader, and his two fervants. 2. The Indians complain, that the Maryland and Vir- ;inia people had fettled fome land back of Virginia and aryland, without confent of the Six nations, or q( lany purchafe made from them, which lands belong to m pix nations by their conqueft over the ancient In ces with their neighbouring tribei or nations of Indi- ans, efpecially of th« provincei of New- York and Pen- fylvania with the Six natiOni of Iroquoli or Mohawks, to retain the Indians in the Britiih intereft i thefe have a oood tffeA, though generally they are only a piece of formality with this concluHon, tnat the Indians were pkafed with their prefenti and promifed fidelity ; fome- dmes aSTairs of confequence are tranfadied; thus ac Albany in Auguil and September x 746, there was a treaty ixitween governor Clinton and council of the province ofNew- 1 ork» with comnniflioneri from the province of Maifachufietts-Bay, on the one part, and the Six united nations of Indians depending upon the province of New-York on the other part 1 to engage thefe Indians iQ^he Brltifh intereft, agjiinft our enemies the French, tp be aflfifting in the txpedidon agalnft Cahada, to be fumlibed with arms, ammunitbn, cloathing, and pro- vifions, and in their abfence their wives and children to be taken care of. x 749, middle of Auguft» there ar- rived in Philadelphia the deputies of many di^ere : na- tions, in order to tranfaA fome affairs with the govern- ment. The deputies were of the Mowhawks, Oneides, Onondagues, Cayugas, Tufcarorai, Senccas, Shawanees, Nandcokes, Delawares, Mohagini, and Turlos^ the whole number of Indians arrived in Philadelphia, women and duldren included, were about 260* Concerning the dty and port of Philadelphia, the num- bers of the Inhabitants in the province and territo- ries of Pcnfylvania. Mr. Penn's charter ereflins Philadelphia (laying be- tween Delaware and Schu/l-kill rivers,) into a corpor ration ■ ^20 A Summary, Historical and Political, jjrfc, ration and city, 'is figned in Pliiladclphja, by "Willian) Pcnn, Oftbber 25, 1701, the thirteenth year of th6 reign of king William the tkird, and the one arid tweti- tieth year of my government, to '•cbnfift of a mayofj recorder, fheriff, and town- clerk, 8 aldermen and 12 common council men, by the name of the mayor and commonalty of the city of Philadelphia; the firft fet to be appointed by Mr. Penn ; land yearly thereafter on the firft day of the third week iij the eighth month, the corporation to meet, the mayOr or recorder prefent 'with five or more of the aklermenj and nine or more of the common council, to chufe One of the aldermen tQ be mayor for that enfuing year, and to fill up vacancies of aldermen and common council} all officers to take the declarations and profeflions direded in the provincial charter. The mayor, recorder and aldermen, to be juftices of the peace and of oyer and termineil} any four or more of thefn (whereof the mayor and recorder to be two) to hear all cafes capital or othcrwifc cri- minal, and with the flieriff and town clerk to hold a court of record quarterly for determining of plea^ and other matters. The mayor and recorder ihall be of the quorum of the juftices of the county courts, quarter fefilons, oyer And terminer and goal delivei'y iii the faid county of Philadelphia i and (hall have power to take cognizance of gebts there according to the ftatute of merchants, and of a6tion bumel. The mayor to appoint the clerk of the market. The (heriffto be the water bailiff of the province. The corporation have power to remove any officer of their own for mif- behaviour. No meeting fhall be deemed a common council unlefs the mayor, recorder, at leaft three of | the aldermen, and nine of the common council, be pre- fent } a power to admit freemen into the corporation, | to make by-laws for the government of the city, to impofe fines for the ufe of the corporation •, none to be admitted freemen, but fuch as have been refident in thcj city for two years, and fhall have an eftate of inheri- tance 1 v\ ». ■,»\-fHf.)n* i'f-f' Of 1*ENSYLVANIA. ^t tanceor freehold therein worth fifty pounds in monsy« To have two market days every week, the fourth and feventh day, two yearly fairs (each to continue thrcd days) May x6, and November i6. Philadelphia fhall be a port comprehending ail creeks and landings of thd province. ^. The fituation of Philadelphia is bad, being at the con« fluence of two large frelh water rivers, Delaware and Sdiuyl-kill, which renders their people obnoxious to pleuritick, peripneumonick, dyfencerick, and intermit-^* ting fevers •, communibus annis, in proportion, thay bury near double the number of people that are buritd ia. fiollon of New-England. It is well plan'd or laid out, in a plain, confifting of 8 long ftreecs of two miles, and i6 crofs Ilreets of one mile each, at right angles, with proper (paces for publick buildings. As we obferved before, the long ftrcets were laid out with much exadt- * nefs 1682. N. i8d. £; and anno 1742, in fome la>^^, controverfies, Mr. Parfons furveyor general of Penfyl-*' vania, found them to be 15 d. £ which is a difference of 3 d. in fixty years, decreafing. ♦ Philadeiphiii is nearly in 40 d. north lat. and about 5 hours or 75 d. weft from London. In the fpring 1749, the dwelling houfes in Philadelphia, in curiofity were numbered by 12 perfons, who each undertook a, part; publick buildings, ware- houfes, and out-houfes^ not included ; in the leveral wards, they were as follows,; in all 2076. South fuburbs 1 50 Dutch ward 245 Walnut ward 104 J^outh ward 1 1 7 Cheftnut ward no Middle ward 2;^ 8 High-ftreet war<^ 147 Northward i„. , 1^6] Mulberry ward 48$,^ Upper Delaware ward 109 ^ Lower Delaware ward i lO North fuburbs 62 i There w?re eleven places of publick religious wor{hip$ viz. 1 church of England, 2 prefbyterians, 2 quakers, 1 baptift, I Swediih manner, i Dutch iutheran, i Dutch calvinift, i moravian^ i Roman cacholick. rM.-*'. Vol. IL ' *- - - Y ■ ' ' • I fhail '^ 322 A Summary, Hjstohical andToLijiCAL, fe I ihall here interl|ferre fbme account of a laudable atademy in Philadelphia, * with a pibHck- fpirited de- flgn of encouraging literature} that is, political and na- tural knowledge-, fonte good defcrving gchtlcmcn, by voluntary fubfcriptions, promife to pay annually for five years, in proportion to each fubfcription ; which fum in grofs may amount to ^ooo 1. Penfylvania currency. The fubfcribers cleft out of thdr numbers 15 truftcci {o manage the flock, appoiht mailers with their falarijsi, make vintations, &c. At prefent they have three mal^s and one ufherv the firft mafter is called reftor, with an t^er under him, he teaches latin in all its gradations^ even from the rudiments if required, with a falary of 206I. Penfylvania currency per ann. befides the per- (Juifites from his fbholars, which is 20s. entrance, and 4I. per ann. for each boy's fchooling: his uflier has 60I. per ann. with fome perquilites of fchoolin;; fees. I'licre IS an Englifh fchool-mafter at an allowance of 150I. per ann. befides perquifites from his fcholars at the fame rate with the ladn fcliool. A mathematical and writing mailer in the fame perfon, allowed lool. per ann. with perquifites from fcholars as the other mailers have. The boys at this time (May 1 751 ) are 60 to 70, incrcafing confiderably. The Englifh mailer teaches in fome man- nier grammatically to conftrue fentences, to point out the verb with its proper antecedents and relations. They havfe purchafed at a cheap rate, a fine commodious building, it is that meeting-houfe upwards of 100 feet l6ii^ and 70 feet wide, built in the enthufiallick times o'f Whiteficld. The truftees at the beginning were chiefly ptetfeyterians of the new-light kind, but in a few years ohe half of them became moravians, and a difpute arofc aift^ngft them, which party fhould cllablilh a minifter, bdt as the prefbyterians had it originally, they kept *?" . it * As thrs is a 4cind qf common -place, the render may excufe my d^^attng from the ilridt formal &i&' rules of fome pedaotick hifto* nans. 2 bf Pensvlvania. sy H to tht la(l : tbfs dhrUioh rubtifting, and the iivprk- meo not above hatf pay*dj both fides agreed to difpole of h for the ufe above-mentioned, and the workmcrt were pay*d off. T!iw fubfcribers and their triiftecS hope before the expiration of the five ytar^, to fall on ways and means to ripnder it perpetual i they have ap- plied to the chief proprietor Thomas Penn, Efq; td render it perpetual, begging his aff^Cbancc and coun- tenance ^ but it feems Mr. Thomas Penn had in view the eftablilhment of fuch a feminary, entirely on hil. own foundation, but not in the city •, therefore ii*s_ doubted whether he may ingraft his fcheme with tliisr or purfue his firft intentions. There is little or no hopes of receiving any encouragement from the publick le- girtature, the majority of the aflembfy being quakers, who have a large publick ftock of their jown for fuch a purpofe, and have finifhed a good commodious houie of their own for a fchool •, the preceptor is a quaker^ I with I col. fieri, per ann. befjcies fees for teaching, he is to teach twfelve of the poorer fort gratis, f That the reader may make fome eftimate of the pro- portions of the various fedaries in Philadelphia, I (hall here obferve that in the laft fix months of 1 756^ therit were buried in Philadelphia^ Swedes 13 Dutch lutherans 28 Prefbyterians 26 Dutch calvinifts 39 Baptilb 9 Roman catholicks 15 Quakers 164 Burials for the 12 months of 1750, Chrift church, pirilh, church of England 129. Negroes 84, t As I formerly mentioned, vdl. II. p. 283, in Ntiw-Jei:fqr these ■ ii a college lately eredted by governor BfiLeher, with ample charter piiViieges, bat without auy fiipport itcti^'iit pablick, they depend enttwiy on donations and benefadtions, ^excepting that by mean« of lottery they rnifed loool. to 1200, to make a beginning ;*a fixed place has been much controverted. They have a divinity profeflbr, 3 profeflbr of natural philolophy, and a mailer of a grammar fchool» all poorly provided for. . Y 2 Anna 314 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. Anno 1 75 1, in I^hiladelphia were eftimated about II, GOO whites, 600 blacks. In the province uf Pen- iylvania and its territoriel, no regular eftimate can be made of the inhabitants, becaufe there 'n ro poll tax, nor any militia li(t allowed for alarums, or common train- ings, as in the other colonies, to form eftimates by. There is only one cudom-houfe collection in the pro- per province of Penfylvania, called the port of Phila- delphia J to form fome notion of the extent of itS trad? and navigation, I have inferted the following table by Way of a fpecimen of what may be compofcd for cacn cuftom-houfe port in Britilh North- America, from the cuitom-houle quarterly accounts fent home. Delaware river or the port of Philadelphia is generally frozen up, and has no navigation in the months of Ja- nuary and February. . The following is an account of entries and clearances ' of veflels at Philadelphia, from March 2, 1748-41, to December 25, 1749 Entered inwards, from Antigua Anguilla ATliguftine Amboy Barbaaoes Bofton Briftol Bermuda Cadiz Cagliaria Coracoa Cowes Deal Glafgo* ' Hifpaniola Havanna Ireland 12 5. 4 3 29 39 I 1 1 5 2 2 21 I i 5 4 ^7 Cleared out, for Antigua Auguftine Amboy Anguilla Barbadoes Bofton Bermuda Cadiz Cape-Breton Coracoa Chebuda Fiall >. Ireland Jamaica Lifbon London Lew is -town J^- i H 3 2 3 22 7 2 • I 6 2 tz 2 5 I. Made!pi TUO Of Pemsylvania. 325 Entered Inwards, , from Cleared out » for Jamaica «3 Madeira «5 Lifbon 5 Maryland » Liverpool 3 Newfoundland 5 London 9 New- York 6 Lewis-town 2 North-Carolina 6 Madeira 7 Nantucket^* a Maryland •4 New-London • 1 Mcw-York ^5 Providence 8 Nordi-Carolina 5 Hotterdam . I Nantucket 4 Rhode-inaud ' 25 New-Londoi^ I South-Carolina* 23 Portfmouth I St. Chriftophers 8 Plymouth I Surinam 1 Providence 8 St. Euftatia 6 Rhode-inand 23 Salem 2 South-Carolina 20 Tencriffe t St. Chriftophers 5 Virginia 12 St. Euftatia 3 Weft-Indies 6 Sai\>m 3 Turks-Ifland 8 ] [n all 201 Tortola I In this lift, IS TcncrifFe 2 Ships 64 Virginia 7 Brigs 68 ' Snows 26 In; dl 303 Schooners 2t In the above litt •, is Sloops 112 Ships 62 , 1 Brigs 72 Total 291 \ Snows 25 i Schooners 25 There are now remaining J Sloops 119 in the harbour, ofnows. 8 briors. 19 fhips, 1 2 fchoon- 1 Total^ 303 ers, and i floop. In all 39. As ifi the province ot Pcnfylvania, there is no poll tax, neither any militia ii#prporated and regulated ; we can give no eftimate of their numbers of whites and ftaves, by proportional calculations. Y5 There 3a6 A Summary, Hutohical and Ppliticai., &(. There never was any militia wjchin this colony on a legal e(labli(hment i what not lon^ ago appeared and |T»ade fiich a (how hiy their numbers, were only volun- tiers commiflioned by the governor. The qiiakers have always been about three quarters of the aflcmbly, though ^n number perhaps not exceeding one quarter of the people; the quakers artfully periuade the Putch and Germans, that if they chulp. others than quakers for ^heir reprefentativcs,, they would immediately have* a militia law impofcd on them, which would I'ubjed them to greater flavery, t^ian what they fuifered in their own fountry. • • This colony by importation of foreigners and othet grangers in very great numbers, grows prodigiouflyj by (heir laborious and penurious manner ot living, in con- fconence they grow rich where others ftarve, and by their fuperior induflry and frugality may in time out; .:hc Britifli people from the coloay. Ihe greatcft year of importatk)n of Germans, Irilh,a few Welch and Scots, was ivom December 25, 1728, to December 25, 1729, be- ing about 6200 perfons. In the year 1750, Germans imported into this province and territories, were 431 7 j Britifh And Irilh palfengers and fervants above 1000. We omitted to obferve, that fome Palatines who came over to New- York by queen Anne*s bounty, 1 707, in the province of New- York, they v.erc not allowed a fufficient encouragement of quantities of land; and by encouragement of Sir William Keith governor of Pen- fylvania, they removed to Penfylvania. The numbers of foreigners, principally Germans, im- ported into this province or colony, in the courle of about 25 years laft paft, has been fo excefllve •, that if it is not limited by a provincial a£t, or by the dernier re- fource, ah a6l of the Britilh parliament, the province and territories of Penfylvania mayfoon degenerate into a foreign colony, endangering the (^iet of our adjacent colonies. , ... tu U«. avi^. m^^j •!iiUj3ik. wv«(. - li- 'd»f 1 The Of Pbnsylvania. 327 The leginature. In the colony are only two negative^ in the legiflature. the governor and houfe of reprefcntativts, called the I0cmbly . T he council fo called, is only the proprietQr'9 council to the proprietor's governor, but not a king'9 council ', they have no concern in the legiflature pther- ways than by adviHng the governor in his negative. Thf iih of legidature run thus; ** Be it enacted by th^ «' honourable Efq*, lieutenant governor of the otch •t vince of Penfylvania, and of the counties of New* t* caftle, Kent and Suflex on Delaware river } by and «• with the confent of the reprefentatives of the freemea " of faid province, in general aflembly met." ' The governor of Penfylvania is only the proprietary ^enn*s deputy, and is ftiled lieutenant governor and his honour; his falary in late years has been per annum 1000 1. currency out of the excife duty for the province of Penfylvania, and 200^ per ann. from the territories called the three lower counties. By a^ of parliament, all lieutenant governors or deputies nominated by lords proprietors, or principal hereditary governors of Britilh colonies in North- America, muft have the royal appro- bation. The proper province of Penfylvania was at firft di- vided into the three counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Cheller, each fending eight reprefentatives to the aflembly, about 20 years fince was added the county of Lancafter, fending four reprefentatives •, and lately an addition is made of two new counties back inland, by the names of York and Cumberland, they are allowed only two members each ^ with two reprefentatives from ;hecity of Philadelphia, make thirty four reprefentatives, which compofe the houfe of aflembly. The qudlificationi for an eledor or elefted, is, a freeman refident in the country for two years, and worth in real or perfonal eftate, or both jointly, the value of fifty pounds their currency, which if required, is to be declared upon oath or affirmation. ■' ; Y 4 •- ■ ■ The^ ^ Hi; ■Mi! 3^8 Summary, Historical and Political, &c. The three lower counties on Delaware river -called the territories, are a diftin€t jurifdidion, iind their aflembly of reprefentatives cOnfifts of fix members from Newcaftle county, fix from Kent, and fix from SuflTex counties, in all cightetn members. Their general aflemblies are annually eledive on the firft day of the month of Oftober. The reprelentatives are not by towns or parifli eledions (Philadelphia ex- cepted) as in New-England colonies, but by county cleflioh^. Penfyivania proper, called the province, for many^ years, coAfifted of only three counties called the upper 'counties, viz. Buckingham county, chief town Briftol, nearly over-againft Burlington of the Jerfies; Philadelphia county, chief town Philadelphia, in about 40 d. N. lat. and Chefter county, chief town Chefter, about 15 miles (on the river) below Philadelphia ; and a few years fince was made the inland county of Lanc^fter, chief town Lancafter, laying both fides of Selquahanna river -, and very lately two more inland counties, York and Cumberland. The UTritories are called the three Jower counties on Delaware river, viz. Newcaftle county, chief town Newcaftle, about 35 miles below Philadelphia; Kent county, chief towif Dover -, and J-.ewis county, chief town Lewis or Hore-kill, near cape Henlocen ot Delaware bay, ' -: "' Courts of judicature, ^^'^h Juries are all return^, by the fherifF, excepting in par- ticular calcs, but not often, there may be afbruckjury by confcnt of parties, and that muft be in the prelVnce pf one of the judges, the fheriff, and the parties. The Iheriii's and coroners are annually elected at the* " fame time with the reprefentatives, by a county elec- tion; the people eleA two for each office, out of which the governor chulrs one, who in the fame manner may be re-eleded for three years running, but a(ter three years, cannot be re-eleded, but by the intervention of three years out of office, and then is capable "of a new cied'on. Jullico.s &c, illed the liTembly fewcaftle cities, in . r ^ 'C on the entatives [phia ex- ' county ince, for :alled the lief town ' Jerfies', in about Chefter, ia*, and a .anc-^fier, quahanna es, York the three ^ewcallle »« below |rer •, and near cape Of Pensvlvanxa. 329 y inpar- uckjury pre fcnce • ed at the. ty elec- jf which kner may ter three ntion of a new Ju'.liccs Jufticcs'of the peace, arc all of the governor's appoint- ing, and fit in quarter leiTions, conformable to the laws and inllitutions of England. , The judges of the common pleas are the juftices of the peace in each rerpeftive county •, when tne quarter felHons arc finiflied, they continue to fit in quality of the judges of common pleas by comm'Tion from the go- vernor. Their prefent times of fitting arc^ For the county of Philadelphia, at Philadelphia, the iirft Monday in March, June, September, dind December. For the city of Philadelphia, the mayor's courts are thcfirft Tuefday in January, April, July, andlaft Tuef- diyinOAober. *...:,..* .,..:...,,..>. Fbr the county of Buckingham, or Bucks, at New- Town (1 1 miles weft from Briftol) on the eleventh day I iullowing the courts of Philadelphia county. For tne county of Chefter, at Chefter, the laft Tuef- I day in May, Auguft, November, and February. For the county of Lancafter, at Lancafter, firft Tuef- jiay in February, May, Auguft, and November. ' -^ ^ For the county of Suflex, at Lewis, the firft Tuefday linFebiuary, May, Auguft, and November. For the county of Kent, at Dover, the iecond Tuefday lot the laft faid months. For the county of Newcaftle, at Newcaftle, the third [Tuefday of faid months. The fupreme court confifts of a chief juftice and two |a!liftant judges commiffioned by the governor ; they pe all the authority of the King's Bench, Common- 'leas, and court of Exchequer in England, in the words Pthe provincial law •, they not only receive appeals, but Icaufes once commenced in the inferior courts, after the frft writ, may be moved thither by a habeas corpus, jertiorari, writs of error, &c. The judges of this fupreme court have alfo a ftand- |ig and diftinft commiilion, to hold as to them ftiall cm needful, courts of oyer and terminer, and general goal ^p A Summary, Historical and Political, &e. ©^^gJivery I^TOijghpu^ the province, and are jufticcs ^]Uie peace in every county. The iupreme courts in Penfyivani|i arc helcj at PhU ^|lfil?f^y^^4«y of April, and tiie twenty -fourth day rf is$^ oii<;cr called the rcgiftcr general, for the VH^S^M wi|i^ 9,nd granting letters of adminiflration, wwjfe^uthority^ psftcnds all ovpv the province, but exe- ^ fki^W ii\ each refpeftive county, except at [J^iP». wftere he is obliged to refide himfelf. He ,qjiUtiep jn cafe of any diipute or caveat entered, jju^ caJUwo of the juftices of the peace to aflift him in giving decifions. Tkt authority of this officer, and of 4II l^e. others ^bove-mentioned, is founded on a£U of apo^&ly^ impoy/ering^ the governor to commiiTion and appoint fuch aifs^tfiXO him qualified for that purpofe. ..The court of vice-admiralty, is, as in the other colo Dies, by commiffiQi! from the admiralty in England. The jufticiary court of admiralty, is, as in the other I colonies^ by commiiTion under the broad feal of Eng- land, fome of the neighbouring provinces being in- cluded in one and the fame commiiTion ; the judges are| the governors, councils, captains of men of war, prin- qip^l offifers of .th^. cuiloms, and fome juftices of the] peace. .zniitodi :W/-3 The preient taxes, or provincial revenue. This confifts of, i.^Fxcife, which is 30s. per pipe ot] wii^e, and 4d. per gallon of rum fold in pubiick houfesi ipay, amount to about 3000 1. currency, it wouldl ^ much more if properly coUedlcd. 2. The interell money of their paper currency let out by the loan office on land fccurity, which may be alx)ut 5000IJ per artn. I'hefe tw-o articles have hitherto been fuffi-j debt to pay the [governor and other officers, of the go vernment, to defray the charges of treaties and prefenti lilices • Phi- th day for the ration, atexe- cept at If. He intered, him in and of I ads of ' fionand irpofe. ler colo- ^ and. i-^l chc other of Eng- Qf P»K(TJUVAff£A. t^l » the Indians, aiujl ia general fc(t 41 pv^ick ch^^ges whati^Gver. ie Moreover, there is in each refpe^ve county, acjountf tax towards their courts of jufticc, high-ways, bridges, &c. and a poor tax. Yearly at t)ie (Mie time wi^ . the eleftion of reprefentatives in ca4l, county, ait d^^<^ fix ^^lidlbrs, and three others, called «| court of (Mpgatj^ j; thefe delegates are to fit and receive $i^p«alf i'tPm pe>^ pie who think them&lves aggrieved in their a^cffinents. The aiTdlbrs without any further, enquiry, by the ^ Eitance of the former years books, make what ludgraent they riiink prf the go« for export. -m ' prefent!^ ~ The er pipe Gt] ihoufes',1 it wouldl intere the loai le at 50001] 3^ A Summary, HiSTORiCAL anrf PotixicAL, ifc. '^''^rHe Irilh mtnufefturc confid^ably of * linen cloth for^e, befides for home confumption ; perhaps in this country, the farmers, that is, the hufbandmen, make fiili^hths of iiil their wearing'apparel. ^-^* At prcfent the ' flax-feed from Penfylvania, Jerfey, 'NeMN^bi'k, Gonncfticut, and other parts of New En»' •lahd^ ftrifWerir better at home, in cultivation, than what I iiisfb^en imported for many years from Holland. -/^'Btfidcs the above-mentioned commodities of exporta- tSfenV the Penfylvania Indian traders purchafe deer-lkins I ted a few furrs from the Indians of Delaware and Sefqua- Jianha rivers, ftnd from the handelaars, back' of Mary. iUnd'and Virginia; they export confiderably of iron in i bigs, bars, and pots: (hip building, but thdr oak is -not durable : cordage, lintfeed-oil, ilarch, foap, can- dles; fome beef, pork, butter, ftaves, heading and hoops, ^jllnut logs and plank. The commodities imported for confumption and re- exportation, are dry goods from Great- Britain ; winesl from Madeira, and the other wine iflands j fait from| : ♦ Concerning ^he Britiih confumption of linen cloth, we mayl Qb&rvdc, I;. That the linen cloth ftampt in Scotland for fale, is veryl much upon the increafe, as appears by elHmates made in the fojlow-l ipg periods. N. B. The cloth ac a medium is valued at S d. to ud| fbrl. per yard. ' • Years Yards ■ -t?: 1. . '7^9. 2,18^,978 value 103,31a fterl. tvlf:V39. iMi4^ 4.8ci.sj|7 ., ..,, ■ ^ ^. 196,068 1-49. ^ 7,360,286 322,045 a. -Irifh linen imported into England for feven years from ChriftmaJ 1 741, to Chrillmas 1748, as per cullom-houfc books, at a medicmj is about fix millions, of yards per ann. 3. iJefides al,l thefe, the Briiift demand or imports of foreign linen is about ;^,q millions of yards peij ann. Here is a large f.eld of encouragement for our northern Anie| rican colonies, proper for the produdlion of ftax and hemp, to fupcrj fede this large importation of Cierman linen : this cannot be effciiteilJ but by a grcHt encouragement of oar grain and pa ftuie colonies; lower the too great plantation price of labour, and the "better m I2urii)£ ot' their lands. , "■ GreaH t By an adl , J'7Z7, fait is |ot£urope. T) Jof the curing 0/ Im altedging thq Jareno fth curel m. Of ^PuriYLVANIA. 333, Great-Britain, France, f Spain, Llibon^ Mccliterran«an, and Weft-India jflandi ( from the Weft-Indies or fugar iflands and other coloniei, fugar, mm, moloflfes, cptton, . indigo, cofiee, dving woodt, mahogpuiy p)ank, hcQ^rhav^ the Spanifh coaft and Carolinai, hidei, rice, pitch, tar, turpentine, &c. they import many black or horned cattle far and near, from South-CaroW fouthwasd«.;aA4^ from 300 miles weftward, and from the Jerfies*,}^^ ;' i«; . Mod of the Dutch huibandmen have ftilUi a/addt^yf afpiritfrom rye malted, from applet and |)eaches. There may be from 7000 to 8000 Dutch waogons yrith' four horfes each, that from time to time oringsthoiir produce and traflick to Philadelphia, from |o t^a^P/? miles diftance. ■'uns+jnali Their navigation may be diftinguiihed into fmall crafr> that keep within the capei, and only bring produce- to market : as the produce of Penfylvania reaches only 15 miles below Philadelphia, moft of this ibrt of trade i^i carried on from the three lower counties on the well fide 1 of the great river of Delaware, and all the Weft-Jerfies which lies along the eall fide of that river : thefe are not I comprehended in the cuftom-houfe entries and clearances I of the port of Philadelphia, To illuftrate the gmdual increffe of the trade of the I port of Philadelphia, we obferve, that anno 1736, the entries were 212, clearances 215 veflcls •, a little be- fore the late French war, anno 1742* entries were 230, clearances a8 1. 1 he number of veflels cleared from that port for twelve months preceding March 12, 175G-1, is 358 i thole that were bound to the north* |ward ot Delaware capes, viz. to New- York, Rhode- t By an aft of parliament for tlie encouMgement of the fifhery ^ 11727, fait is allowed to be imporied in PefiU'lvAiiia, from any part' lot Europe. There is a like wSi of pari'tBfflent tot the encoaragement jof the curing of fi(h in New-Vork. Though there may be a miilake lin alledging the fi(herif s of New-York And rrnfylvania, becaufethere hreno filh cared there J yet in (undry ether thingi it may be bene- llieial. IQand, 3^4 A Summary, HrttORJCAt ind Political, &c. Iff^, Bdfton with iii out ports, Hallifax, and New: fdofidland, midtc about 90 of that number ; to Virginia^ Marylftiui, North and South-Carolina, and Georgia,about 29^1 the rewtaindcr fail for Europe and the "Weft-Indit., fiigar idands and colonies -, the craft that go to the fouth- Wttr^ Virginia, Maryland, &c. are of no great value, but tkofe who go to the northward, cfpccially to Bofton and Rhode>I(laDd, arc generally of more value than the vtffth that go to the Weft-Indies, fome of them carry 500 to 600 barrels of bread and flour. They build about 20, or upwards, vefTels that go to fda from Philadelphia. The cdftom-houfe officers in this colony, have the largeft falarics of any in North- America : the colleftor of the port of Philadelphia is a patent officer ; in the pro- per province this is the only colleftion -, in the tjprrito- rks called the three lower counties are two coiledtions, Ncwcaftle and Lewis. I cannot account for the manycuftom-houfd collec- tions upon the river of Delaware, there are two on the Jerfeyfide, and three on the Penfylvania (ide; excepting the cuftom-houfe of Philadelphia, the others are nominal and fine cures, and might have been called branches dnd creeks of Pliiladelphia -, befides ufual officers, there is on the Penfylvania fide, an extraordinary officer who may be called a comptroller general, a riding officer to examine and fign the accounts of the refpedive col- Icdtors. -- • -■ ^-.. ,,:^^^ Before any bills of publick credit were emitted, the currency of Penfylvania was proclamation money, a heavy piece of eight was 6 s. in den^^mination *, but by the emiffions of publick credit bills^ f as in all the co- lonies, who went Into a paper currency, their dene- f The publick bills of credit in the plantations were called a paper currenpy, becaufe they were transferable ; and infeVe.alof thecolo-j nies ena^ed to be a.tender in law. minations i ■^bf KtwsrtVAtHA.""'''^' m y- I liiinatiofis did dtprticiittf and at prdent a doilar dt^^ I weighty piece of eight pafles for 7 s. 6d. dbnominatiem ^ ' but py the good management of their paper loan ofRoc!, I the intrinfick value of their denominations, has not dt^ prcciated further. The intereft of this loan mon^y prd*" duces about ^000 1. currency per ann. which with thc^ 3000 1. excife, defrays the charges of government. Thdr firftcmiffion of a paper currency was about 27 years * *■'■'" Religion feftaries. The various plantation fe6laries have been already I mentioned, in a general digreffion in the le^Hon of Rhode-Idahd ; but as the moravians and dumplers are peculiar to this colony, what is further to be obferved I concerning them, is here inferted. . t ty Invol. II. p. 155, we mentioned that the moravlariS- I tad lately obtained a Britifli aft of parliament indulging Ucm in many things •, particularly, that their affirnVa-: tion, quaker-like, Ihall be equivalent to an oath, but- with fome reftridions. There are about 800 to 900 moravians who have already tranfported themfelves to this colony, and many more may be expeftcd, becaufe lince the paffing the aft of parliament in their favour, the feveral tolerations they had in Germany, Holland, land Denmark, are taken from them ; the realbns for Ifo doing, I have not as yet learned •, but by edifts, their books hymns, and publick worlhip, are ordered to be Ifupprelfed. Invol. II. p. 150, we mentioned a branch of the Ger- Iman anabaptifts called dumplers ; they are generally ig- Inorant people, but fome of their heads are not fo; for linftance, Peter Miller, a German, writes elegantly in La- jtin upon religion and mortification : they have a printing prefs, and are continually printing j they are cry curious in writing fine, and delignt much in fcrolh writing on religious fubjefts, ftuck up in their Mis and cells,, the initial letters are beautifully illu- - minated $^6 A Summary^ Historical and Political, &e. minated widi blue, red, and gold, fuch u may be fkiti in old monkiik manufcripts. I am again fallen into the diiagreeable fubje^ (where bfience to fome or many is unavoidable) of fedUries or Cies in religious affairs : what here follows was de* ed for the appendbc } but as I now find that a long appendix containing many loofe, not connected matten, may be tedious to the reader i 1 (hall in the feveral fee. tions following, occafionally interfperfe many things de« iigned for the appendix. Some years firice, viz. 1722, there was a confiderable feceffionintht S.W. parts of Connecticut, of consre- gationaliA: mipifters and candidates, to better themielves in livings by church of England miflTions : from this incident, there has lately been revived a fophiftical dif' pute, whether the eftablifhed old consregationalift mi- nifters, or the late new converts, church of England mif* (ionaries, are to be deemed the feparatids. l*lie d(ci- lion leems to be eafy, by relating only matters of fa^. By a fundamental, in the articles of union, 1707, of £n|;land and Scotland, the church of England in expre $ plain words, is declared to be eftabliflied in all the Eng- li(h plantations ; but this feems to be only as to church government, and that only amongft the people of the church of England ; the other feCtaries can have no ec- clefiaftical jurifciidion even amongft (hemiclves, as ap* pears by the annexed determination of the lords juftices I anno 1725; but in their various modes of worfhip (Roman cdtholicks excepted) all chriftian profelTions are tolerated in perpetuity, and in as ample manner, as if they were churches eftablilhed by law. If any fcfkary who prevail in the legiflature of any colony, impoic upon the other fe^aries ; they are checked by the king in council^ all the colonies being under the immediate inTpeClion of the king in council ; we here adduce the I annexed cafe of the adt of the afTembly ofConneAicut» againft Quakers, &c. •■'•'-- '■'• ' ■•■■ Atfuel Of P^nsylvania; 3S7 A true copy of a fetter from their excellencies the lords juftices, to the hon. W— D — ^ , Efq-, lieu- tenant governor of his mjycfty*s province of the Maf- fachufetts-Bay^ ' Sir* Whitehall, Odober 7,' 1725. A true ** rif^ H E lord^ juftices being irtfofmed ffonl fuch ^ X &^^ hands, as make the truth bf this advice •*not t6 be doubted, that at a general convention of nfii- " niftiefs, from feveral parts of his m4jierty*s province of «the MaiTachufetts-Bay, at Boftbn on the^27th of May i^laft, a memorial and addrefs w^s firaJhed, directed to 'yoU^is lieutenant govetnor and commander in chief, " and to the Council and houfe of reprefcntatives then " fitting, defiring that the general affembly would call " the ftVcral churches ih this province to meet by their " paftbrs and meflengers, in a fynod j which memorial "and addrefs, being accordingly presented by fome of " the ^id nfiinifters, in the name and at the defire of the " faid tnanvention, was confidefed in council, the third " of Jiine following, and there approved, but the houfe " of reprefcntatives put dffthecbnfideration of it to the " next fcffion, in which the council afterwards concurred. " Their exCellertcies wfere extremely furprifed, that no •* account of fo extraordinary and important a tranfadtion " (hoiild haVe been tranfmitted by you, purfuant to an " article in youi- inftrudiions, by which you are direfted " upon all occafions, to fend unto his majefty, and to '* tli cOmmifliohers for trade and plantations, a particu- " llraocdunt of all your proceedings, and the condition j*'of affairs within your government. As this matter h* doth highly concern hismajefty*s royal prerogative, their 1" excellencies referred the consideration of it to Mr. at- torney and follicitor general, who after mature delibe- " ration, and making all proper enquiries, reported, " that Vol. II. - Z « from 338 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. from the charter and laws of your colony, they cannot coJIedt that there is any regular cftablifliment of a na- tional or provincial church there, fo as to warrant the holding of convocations or fynods of the clergy j but if fuch fynods might be holden, yet they take it to be clear .in point of law, that his majefty*s fupremacy in ccclefiaftical affairs, being a branch of his prerogative does take place in the plantations, and that fyn6ds can- not be held, nor is it lawful for the clergy to aflemblc as in fynods, without authority from his majefty : they conceive the above-mentioned application of the faid minifters, not to you alone, as reprefenting the king's perfon, but to you, and the council, and the houfe of reprefentatives, to be a contepipt of his majefty*s prC' rogative, as it is a publick acknowledgment, that the power of granting what they defire refides in th^ legif. iative body of the province, which by law is veiled oi\\y in his majefty. And the lieutenant governor, council, and allembly intermeddling therein, was an invafion of his majefty's royal authority, which it was your duty as lieutenant governor, to nave withftood and rejeded ; and that the confent of the lieutenant governor, the council, and houfe of reprefentatives, will not be fufficient authority for the holding of fudi a fynod." " Their excellencies, upon confederation of this opi- nion of the attorney and folicitor general, which they have been pleafed to approve, have commanded me to acquaint you with, and to exprefs to you their furprife, that no accoimt of fo remarkable a tranfa(5tioq, which fo nearjy concerns the king's prerogative, anq the wel- iare of his majefty 's province under your gpi^crn- ment, has been received from you, and to fignily to you their directions, that you do put an effedual ftop to any fuch proceedings j but if the confent defircd by the niinifters above mentioned, for the holding of the fynod, Ihould have been obtained, and this pre-| tended fynod Ihould be adually fitting, wlien you re- «c «i <( <( cc ce •i (C C( (C cc tc cc cc u cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc At the court at Kenfington the eleventh day of Oflobef 1705* prcfent the queen's moft excellent majefty, his royal highnefs prince George of Denmark, lord arch- • bifliop of Canterbury, lord keeper, lord treafurer, lord prefident, earl of Ranelaugh, Mr. Boyle, Mr. fecrctary Hedges, Mr. fecretary Harley, lord' ehief jiifticc Holt, lord chief juftice Trevor, duke of So- (( inerfct;; duke of Ormond, Mr. Vernon^ Mr» Earle. ^j " A Rcprefentatioft from the lords commiflioners " £\ of trade and plantations, being this day read '* at the board upon an aft, paffed in her majefty*s colony 540 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. colony of Conncftiait, entitled (only) Hereticks, whereby it is enacted, that " ail who fhall entertain any quakers, ranters, adamites, and other hereticks, are made liable to the penalty of five pounds, and five pounds per week for every town that (hall fo en- tertain them ; that all quakers fhall be committed to prifon or be fent out of the colony— That who- foever fhall hold unnecefTary difcourfe with quakers fhall forfeit twenty fhillingsj that whofoever fhall keep any quakers books, the governor, magifl-rates and elaers excepted, fhall forfeit ten fhil lings, and that all fuch books fhall be fupprefTed; that no maflers of any vefTel do land any quakers without carrying them away again, under the pe ilty of twenty pourtd^." ** Ahd the faid lords commifTioncrs humbly ofFepg, that the faid aft be repealed by her majefty, it being contrary to the liberty of confcience indulged to dif- fehters by the laws of England, as alfo to the charter granted to that colony, her majefly with the advice of her privy council, is pleafed to declare her dif- allowance and difapprobatioil of the faid aft ; and purfuant to her majefly's royal picafure thereupon, the faid aft, pafTed in her majefty*s colony of Con- nefticut in New-England, entitled Hereticks, is hereby repealed, and declared null and void, and of none cffeft. Signed John Povev. «< u c« C( C( «c «( cc «< ( il M « CC C( In the feflions' 1751, of the Britilh parliament ; was paflcd an aft extending to the American colonies, as well as to the kingdom of Great- Britain, and its other domi- nions } entitled, an aft for regulating the commencement of . the year, and for correfting the calendar now in ufe. The abftraft of the aft runs thus, p , Whereas the legal fupputation of the year in that part of Great- Britain called England, beginning the 25th of March, has been attended with many inconveniencies, V' ij.<.t> as ■;.-»..• Of Pensylvania. 34X as it differs from the ufage of neighbouring nations, and the legal computation of that part of Great- Britain called Scotland, and thereby divers miflakes happened in the dates of deeds and other writings ^ and our Julian calendar having been difcovercd to be erroneous j that the fpring equinox, which at the general council of Nice, anno dom. 325, happened about the 21ft of March, now happens the ninth or tenth of the fame month, which error is dill increafing ; and to the end, that the feveral equinoxes or folftices may for the future fall upon the fame nominal days as at the time, of the faid general council, and is now grncrally reccivrd by almoft all other nations of Europe, and to prevent dif- putes with foreign correfpondents of almoft all oHier nations of Europe in their letters and accounts, be it enabled, that in all his majefty*s dominions in Euro '-jc, Afia, Africa, and America, the oldfupputation is sjto be made ufe of, after the 31ft of Decemoer 1 7 r i, and the year for the future to commence January 1 ft, and the days to be numbered in the fame order, ana the move- able feafts to be afcertained as they now arc until Septem- ber 2, 1752, inclufivci and the day following, (chat is, the 3d of Sept. 1 752) to be accounted the 14th of Sept. 1 752, omitting at that time the eleven intermediate nominal days. All writings after ift of January 1752, to be dated ac^:ording to *thc new ftiic, and all courts after Sept. 2, 1752, fhall be held in the fame nominal days they now are j (courts held with fairs or marts excepted) that is, eleven days fooner than thr c :;pe6live day wherein the fame are now kept. Every hundredth year, ex- cepting every fourth hundred, whereof anno 1800 (hall be the firft, to be deemed tho' a leap year or biirextilc confifting only of ^6^ days, but all other biflextile or leap years fhall confift of 366 days. — And whereas the method of computing the full moons now ufed in the calendar of the common prayers of the church of England, to find eafter, is become confiderably errone- ous 5 therefore the faid feaft of eafter ^d others de- Z 3 pending 34?^ A SuMMARYj.HisjpRiCAi^ ar^ Political, &c. pending thereon, fhall after the ad of Sept. 1 752, eon- form to the decree of the faid general council, and the , practice of foreign countries, fhall b? obferved accord- ing to the annexed table ; and the former t^ble, ip all future additions of the book of common prayer, ihall be fupprefled -, but the courts of feffion and exchequer in Scotland, and all markets, 'fairs and marts, fhall be / held upon the fame natural days as if this adt had not been made, that is, eleven days later, than according to this new computation, notwithflanding thait by this new computation, the nominal days are anticipated or brought forward by the fpace of eleven days, the natural days and times for the opening and clofing of commons of pafture and the like, not to be altered by this aft, that is, eleven days later than the new fupputation. —The natural days and times of payments of rents, annuities,, fums of money, delivery of goods, deputies or lieutenant governors. The firft proprietor and governor was William Pcnn, fon of admiral Pcnn, fee vol. II. p. 307 ; he carried over many quakers with him to that country ; his patent in- duded that part of new Swedeland, which lies on the weft fide of Delaware river, fome part of the Swede fet- tlements lay on the eaft fide of the river, and is part of weft New-Jerfey. Mr. Penn continued two years in Penfylvania, and upon his father's death returned to England, and left the government in the hands of Thomas Lloyd, with a council. Mr. Penn being efteem- cd a favourite of K. James^ll. was-fufpeded to be a Roman catholick and jefuit in the afiumed maikof a quaker, and upon the revolution K. William was advifed to fufpend his privilege of appointing a deputy governor for Penfylvania. And The crown appointed col. Fletcher, governor of New- York, to be allb governor of Penfylvania j but upon Mr. William Penn's vindication of himfelf, he was re- ftored to his privilege of government, and appointed Mr. 31ackwell, his deputy or lieut. governor ; he was fucceeded as lieut. governor by Thomas Lloyd, Efq; upon his death Mr. Penn appointed his nephew col. Markham his - ,'»f... ^(.f. ency ; it is more eligible to err with the generality of Europe, than aifeftedly to conftitute a peculiar Britifti ftile, which would be run- oing from one inconvenience into another ; the main intention is to produce an uniformity in the computation of time throughout the chrirtian part of the world ; the agreeing with the reft of Europe, ought to prevail over any argument deduced from the nicety of calculation. Peter Deval of the Middle Temple, fecretary to the royal fociety, drew the bill and prepared mod of the tables under diretftion of the carl of Chefttrfield, the firft former of the defign ; and the whole was carefully examined and approved of by Martin Folkes; Efq; prefiaent of the royal fociety, and Dr. Bradley, his majefty's aftronomer at Greenwich, who computed the tables at the end of ilie bill. Z 4 deputy 344 -A- Summary, Historical and Political, &c. deputy or lieut. governor j he had the government or direction until the fecond arrival of Mr. Pcnn, 1 698. Mr. William Penn principal governor and proprietor arrived a fecond time in Penfylvania, 1698. He returned to England 1 700, and nominated col. Andrew Hamilton for his deputy j in his adminiftration was much confufion in the province ; upon his death 1 704, col John Evans was appointed lieutenant go- vernor. 1 71 3, died in London William Penn, the firft- pro- prietor and principal governor, much in debt, occafioned by his whimfical difpofition j he had agreed with the crown to refign his property and government for a cer- tain confideration (to extricate himfelf from debt) but died fuddenly before the inftrument was executed, and the government and property remains in the family to this time- \ The h. .. principal governor and proprietor was called "William Penn, the grand-father -, he was fucceeded by his fon William Penn, called the father -, and he was fuc- ceeded by Springet Penn, William Penn the fon ; and killy in the three brothers, John Penn, Thomas Penn, and Richard Penn, co-heirs in the fuccelTiGn ; thefe bro- thers by a written agreement with lord Baltimore pro- prietary of Maryland, their adjoining neighbour, 1732, fettled boundaries to be afterwards confirmed in form of law i but lord Baltimore receded and occafioned a tedious controverfy in chancery, as is above related. .John, the eldeft of the three brothers, died Cdober 28, 1^46, abatchelor, and by will, Odober 24, 1746, left his (hare to his fecond brother Thomas, with remainders, as is exprcfled in the will. William Penn (fon to the firft proprietor) in law called the father, fthe firft proprietor, in law inftruments, was called the father) died at Liege, 1 720. 1708-9, in January arrived capt. Gookin, lieut. go- governor. *.t>kt* t -,u IT ** Of Pensylvania. 345 1 71 7, May 30, arrives Sir William Keith, licut. go- vernor. 1726, Major Gordon fiiperfeded Sir William Keith. Major Gordon died in 06tober 1736, and Mr. Logan was in courfe prefident for a (hort time; but was foon fuperfeded by col. Thomas, a planter of Antigua j Mr. Logan died muchlamented Nov. 1751. After nine years government, col. Thomas refigned 1 747, and was fuc- eceded by James Hamilton, Efq; the prefent lieut. go- vernor, fon of Andrew Hamilton, a noted lawyer in thcfc parts. ,- , nontiq A medical Digressiom i fi> nwcm Concerning the perfonal conftitutions of people born in Britifh North- America, of the endemial diftempers pre^' valent there, and of rheir prefent medical practice, ]; ^ . As this digreflion will not be much read by ordinary capacities, where things cannot fo well be exprefled in vernacular words, I take the liberty of ufiiig technical or profeflional expreffions, and fome claflipal phraies, and generally in a concifc or aphoriftical loofe, but prac- tical manner. , . Their children or youth are more forward * or precocc nnod !;?!^^ "boys, all De- i?' • It is obferved that in the Weft-Indies there ire no ing either children or men. Perhaps the moft noted inftance of forwardnefs in a boy, is what Montagne of Gafcony in his eflays 1550 writes of himfclf; his fa- ther educated him in his childhood in the learned languages of Greek and Latin, in the fame routine that from nnrfes we learn our ver- nacular or mother tongue : we had a remarkable inftance of fach routines in Bofton; a worthy Englifti gentleman, Richard Dalton, Efq; a great admirer of the Greek claflicks, becaufe of the tendernefs of bis eyes, taught his negro boy Caefar to read to him diftinflly any Greek writer, without underftanding the meaning or interpretation. Montagne with much vanity and peculiar pedantry, fays, that Buchanan was afraid to accoll him when only 6 xt. in Latin, and that Buchanan copied his inftrudtion or education of a child from his education. Bu- chapan was a fiiil race mailer of the Latin chiHcks, and preceptor to 34$ A Summary, Historical apd Political, &c. \.i'X i- than in GTcat-Britain. ft. The virility of the men, and fecundity of their women, or child-bearing fex, are much the fame a& in Great-Britain, their mother country. 3. Their longevity falls much Ihorter. The to king James VI, of Scotland ; in his travels yi France, hearing of the forwardnefs of this boy, he went to fee him. As Montague is a noted writer, I Qxall for amufement mention another inllance of his Gafcon pedantry ; that in his younger years he refolved not to enter into any matrimonial partnerihip or contrail, not even' with the goddefs of wifdom, but married £t. 33. As the education of children, is not fufHcIently attended to in many of our colonies, I ihall here infert the beginning of an experiment of this nature. I delight in promoting; of children in town and country ; accordingly I have in fiofton taken a promifmg boy entirely - Ht my own charge of fubfiftence and education, under my fole di. rediion, to form a practical (not notional) fchemc of management and education ob ovo, or r§ther ab utero, becaufe of fome difficulties I was pre(bnt at the birth ; I did not allow him to be rocked in a Cradle, fufpeding that concufiions might weaken his brain, and confequently impair his judgment ; he never had dialcordium, mithridate, or other opiate, or Itrong drink, to compofe him to flecp ; a pernicious indolent pra£lice of nurfes and old women,' becaufe thereby convulfions may be induced, or the child rendered ftupid for life. To accommodate his organs of fpeech while flexible, and in the parrot or prattle period of life, not only to the pronunciation of our £ngliih or vernacular words, but alfo to the pronunciation of other languages ; before he was full five years of age, he did diftinftly re- peat and pronounce the Lord's prayer in the five hineuages familiar to me, Greek, Latin, Englilh, French and Dutch : he did well ex- prefs and define many harlh and long foreign words, fuch as the Indian oames of fome ponds, rivers, and tribes in our neighbourhood. Chabonamungagog, a large pond joining to Douglafs, Winipifiackit, 4 great pond or lake in the province of New-Hamplhire, Papaconta- qua(b or Millers river, which falls into Cgnnedicut river on the call: fide a little below North-field, Arowfaguntacook, a tribe of French Abnaquie Indians called the mifiion of St. Francis, on the fouth fide of Canada river, Mifiilimakanack, a tribe of French Indians, between the great lakes Hurons and ilinois, Tatamaganahaw, a fmall tribe of Mikmake Indians of Nova- Scotia, in the bay Verte of the gulph of ^* ^ ; fome Dutch words, Achtentachententigh, eighty- ^^^ )me Latin woids, Honorificabilitudinitatibus, Honou- vablcnefles, &c. Inilead of the abftrufely profound catechifms, which prepoftcrou/ly sue taught children, he is initiated in thir)gs and words which arc §afily comprehended, and fubjeds of common converiation, fuch :>.s, , Qi What ►0 prevent part Qf PVNSYLVANIA. 4 34? The remote caufes or prcdilpofitions to moft chro- luicai diftempers are, i, MaU uatnina vitse. 2. Malus locus, 0^ What is yoar name ) A. I am known by the name of WiUiAm Douglaft. (^ Where was >ou born } A. In the town of Bofton, in thf province of Mafiachafetts-Bay, |pt;l\e Britifh dominions of NeW'EogfatuI in North>America. Q^ When was you born > A. Iwas born July 25, 174^ hut how I was made, and how I jiame into'the world, I have iprgotten, and cannut tell. ' (^ What is your religion f A. A catholick chri^ian prote(l»nt( to fe^r Go^ and keep his hommandments, to honour and obey the civil government. Q^ What is God? A. The fupreme being, who created and manages the univerfe, I in fome manner inconceivable to ui created beings. Q^ What is civil government i A. The laws and cuftoms of the country I live in, as executed by [certain appointed magiilrates, Q^ Why do you every feventh dsy go to a plajce of publick wor- |lliip? A. Becaufe (as my grandmother tells me,) one day in feven is by roft civil governments found requifite to abftain from labour, for th^ leliCftiment of the labouring part of miinltind and cattle. Q^ Why do you in ordinary attend the aflembly of Mr. Welfted and Gray ? A. Becaufe it is the nearcft, and neighbours naturally join in their publick devotions j thefe two minifteri or paftors are exemplary in their lives, and agreeable in their publick oilconrfes. Q^ What fedlary of publick worflilp de you follow ? A. That of iny father natural or adopting. My grandmother tellt mc, that by law and cuftom I muft follow flic example and precept^ of my father till 21 set. or till aligned. \^'e may obfcrve that of all animals, matikitid attain to the greateft perfedlion of knowledge, but after the longeft time arrivef to the full growth of body and mind ; therefgre m this boy is too exuberant in. the growth of mind, 1 check or retard him by allowing him more pitt/ than ichooling, that the imprediofls may not be too (light or tranfitory ; and allovv him to aubeinte wtth aftive wild boys, not wicked or vicious, that by hi§ puerile flow of fpirit, he may praflife aiiivity of body and mind. Til© DslryniBles, a family in Scotland, noted for acutenefs, wildom, and knowieage > allowed their boys at a certain age to affociate with wild, bat not wicked boys, and after feme time took them up to a regular febcr ttlucation. At times I fend him to any tolerated place of pnblick worfhip, :o prevent party, bigotry, and a fliUfOW way of thinking. 1 afk' « ' - him *; 34^ A SuMMitRY, Historical and Political, &c. locus, that is, a bad air and foil. 3. Indolence or in- activity. 4. Intemperance. Concerning all thcfe wj (hall interfpcrfe Tome aphorifms. During the time or period of my pradlice in New- England, we have had no confiderable cpidemicks ex- cepiing fmall pox, meafles, and fome ijpeoes of putridl fevers and dyfenteriesi the vanities in our endetnialsl were from the vicifTrudes of feafnas rid wi- .ncr. Tol write a hiftory of epidennick yearly conftiiutions, ii^l Sydenham's manner, tor a coatinued fucceflion of years I would bs writing of a novel : our chronical ails, by the! pradlice of our common phyficians, par ..icuJlurly by the! routine indolent p.illiativc repetitions of V. S. and opiates,! which fix all diftempers, and r^ndei , heir patients vale. tudinary and fhort-lived. Opiates and inebriating li-l quors have the fame effeds, they carry the peccant hu- iiiours to the nerves, from whence they are fcarcs^ to bel removed ; they are flow poifons, they enfeeble both bdyl and mind, and produce mala ftamina vitse in the] progeny. As New-England lies in the leeward of the wefterlyl extended continent of North- America, the winds (being jgencrally wefterly) glading continuedly along this vaft Jijtn hh natural remarks epon the diiferen't modes of worlhip, to make hiz! obfervanc ; I (hall give one in^ance which I hope the candid reader will not judge ludere cum facris, 1 have a great veneration for the church of England. In a common prayer da.y he went to a church of England, when he came home he faid, that he obferved the mi- nifter come into the church in a black eown, ajid retire into a do- fet (the vcftry) and come out again with a clean (hirt over his gown. His grandmother as ufual afked him where the text was ; he laid that he could not tell, becaufe every body preached promifcuoufly ; men, women, and children ipake in publick (meaning the refponfes) his grandmother told him that the quaker feclary allow their women, (but no children) to fpeak in publick, though contrary to St. Paul's admonition. Ke 15 taught the hours of the day, the days of the week, the months in the year, the mariner's compafs or corners of the wind; tne varieties of (hipping, fchooners, floops, brigantincs^ fnows, and fiiips i he reads the fign pofts, and news-papers, t!-a:l Of PENSYLVANIA. 3^9 traft of land much heated in fummer, and much cooled or frozen in winter, occafion the country to be much lioiter in fummer, and much colder in winter, than in Great-Britain -, reciprocations, but not to extremes, arc falutary to the conftitutions, where the tranfitions are Ladual i thus we may obferve in nature ; that for the lliencfit of the earth's produce, there is a reciprocation of lllimmer and winter, day and night, &c. In countries Ifhere the feafons are upon the extremes in fummer and Ifinter, as in New-England, conftitutions do not wear Ifell, analogous to the timber and plank of a fhip be- Ueen wind and water. Longevity appears moftly i^i liland countries, where with a fmall latitude pr y^r; liiation the temperature of the air continues ne^y.|:|ji|[^ Ijame. jnt it\ <•? I (hall here infert a few lines concerning the conffjtUr on and medical practice of our northern Indians^. $^^ ItoI. 1. p. 1 74- ■n'iti^/uj The Indians north of Canada river, the Efquimaujf lifld Outawaways, are generally affected with pfoVas*, ; prvy, or itch ; from the cold mtemperance of tne cii-. Imate. As the Indian manner of life is much more Ijinple than that of Europeans, they are not fubjedb to fa, ; Imany various difeafes : their modern intemperance im Idrinking rum and other fpirits, kills more than all thieii'" [other diftemperatures. ^^ The Indian food is from their hunting, fowling, anQv Ifilhing } their bread-kind is from mays or Indian corn, > Iphafeoli or kidney beans of feveral forts, tuberofe roots [of feveral kinds, mafts or nuts of various forts, great va* . |riety of foreft berries. The varieties of national conftitutions aiid habits are ^ Inot eafily to be accounted for; the American Indians, Iby keeping principally their feet warm, the Africa ne-. Igroes by keeping their heatds warm, without any regard ? Ito the reft of their body, prefer ve their health and^ Iftrength. '•■.,.:. • r. .. ^u -::-:',-,..■ i ■ Tl.e ') \ ,, M !, 11 J. 'ill * if if ■I ^50 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c, • the Americati aboriginal Indians naturally are of weak conftitutiohs, they are inrtpubcs & imberbts j but by habit froiH their infancy, can fuffer hunger ahd Vood damps, better thah Europeans of ftronger conftiiutions; their natural temper is cruel and vindictive. ■ 1* heir phyficiins in ordinary ate the powowcfs clergy i ot conjuters, and Ibme old women. In their medical pradtice thiiy tike no notice of pulfe 6r ui-ine, they do not ufe blood letting ; they chiefly ufe traditional herbs J bliftering with pu'rvb or toiich^Ood, ahd the bliftcri ire | tonverted into iMiesj,rweating in hot houfbs (an extem- porary kind of bagnio) ahd immediately thereupon im- 1 m'drfibrt \ti cold water, this pradfeice has killed many of them in eruptive fevers. The American Indians are noted for their traditional knowledge of poifonou^f herbs and antidotes ; but 1 do not find tliat oui* Indian vcnifici are fo expert ih the venificium aft, as the ndgroeJ of Africa, who give poifons, which in various, but certain periods,- produce their mortal effedls, fomc fuddeuly, ibme after a nurtiljef of months or Teal's. They cure feveral poifons, for inftancc, the bite of that I American viper called rattle-fnake or vipera caudifona, | by proper antidotes, before they produce their ufual dif- ttlal efFeds. f * i hope thefe medical obfervations may be of fome ufe| to our colonies ; as they are in' my profciTional bufi- hefs, by fome they may be thought pedantick, by odiers ■f- May we not hope, that in future times, fome epidemical con tag^OBB diftempers, fuch as the plague, fmall-pox, and the like, I may 6e prevented or extinguiflied in feminio by proper antidote;; time produces furprifing difcoveries in nature, fucn as the variou |ihjBnomena of magne^tiifrti and electricity ; in the fmall-pox the late improvement of conveying it by inoculation, is found more favour- able than the receiving of it the chance or natural way, as fruit from trees inoculated, lurpaffes natural fiuit; th « pfaflice of ino- culating for the fmall pox, was introduced in a vei'y rafli indifcrect m'anncr, and by weak men; we may obferve that many of the juvantia or laedentia in medicine were difcovered or rathT introduced i>y radi fuuls and madmen, inltuncc, Paraccll'us't mercurial remedies. they ,4A0i . Of PENSYLVANIA.* 351 '^•t.^„ they may be called a qtiackilh oftentatibrl 5 6ncc for afl, I declare, that I have no lucrative views, becaufq m^\ untum fuppetit viaticas quantum viae. I here infcrt fome remarks upon the medical prac- tice in our colonies) as no man's name is exprefled, and Ibme gentlemen praditioners of candour, probity, ingenuity, and good pradlical knowledge are excepted, thefe lefleflions may be taken in good pare without further apology. ^^ . ,.,; •u;^;^ - ^^^^ In our plantations, a practitioner,^ bold, rafh, impu- dent, a lyar, bafely born and educated, lias much , the advantage of an honeft, cautious, modeit gentleman. In genera], the phyfical practice in our colonies is fo pcmiciouily bad, that excepting iii furgery, and fome very acute cafes, it is better to 1^ nature under a proper regimen take her courfe (naturae morborum curatrices) than tO; truft to the honefty and fagacity qf the pradtitioner ; our. Api^rican pTaftitioners are fp rafli and officious, ,the faying in the Apocrypha, Ecclefiafticus xxxviii. 15, may wjtVjrnuch propriety be applied to them. " He that jfinheth' before his makei-, Jet him fall into the " hands of the phyfician." Frequently there is morei dan- ger from the phyficjan, . than from the diftempe^ i a country where the meidical practice' is very irregular, is a good fchool to learn the l^dentia, a ^ood article in pr,ac- tice; but fometimes notwithftandirig of male pradice, na- ture gets the better of the dodor, and the patient recovers. Our praftitioners. deal much in quackery, * and \:.^ >.i. quackifh \l,''ti ^i: -i?l;- * I fhall mention one remarkable in(l:ance of colony quackery, advertifed in the New- York gazette, December 16, 1751. " In July "1751, vvas committed to the care of do£bor Peter Billing, an expe- " rienced phyfician, and. man mid-wife, and formerly in the king's '' fervice, the moil extraordinary and remarkable cafe that ever was '' performed in the world, upon one Mrs. Mary Smith, fmgle woman, " lifterto capt. Arthur Smith, on James river, in the county of " Surry in Virginia, jct. 46 ; ihe had been upwards of 1 8 years out " of her fenfes, (molV of the time raving mad) eat her own excre- " nicnts, and was compleatly cured by him in two months, contrary to "'the pr .:I ^52 A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. quackifh medicines, as requiring no labour of thought or compofition, and highly recommended in the London quack bills (in which all the reading of many of our pradlitioners confifts) inadvertently encouraged by patents for the beneBt of certain fees to fome offices, but to the very great damage of th^ fubjedfc. How difmal is it toob- ferve fome apothecarifes ftiops wainfcot;ted Or papered with advertifement^, recommending quack medicines for the |)rofit_ of the (hop, but deftruftionof their neigh- bours ? this is vending of poifons for gain. In the moil trifling cafes they u(e a routine of pradlice: when I Arft arrived in New-England, I afked G. P. a noted facetious practitioner, what was their general method of pradlice ^ he told me their prafticc was very uniform, bleeding, vomiting, bliftering, purgfng, ano- dyne, &c. if the illnefs continued, there was rcpctendi, and finally murderandi, nature was never to be coniultcd, or allowed to have any concern in the affair. What Sydenham well obferves, is the cafe. with our praftitioncrsj aeger nimia medici diligentia ad plures migrat. Blood-letting and anodynes are the principal tools of our pradlitioners, thefe t)alliate any diftemper for a fliort time,} while at the fame time they confound the ihren* tiohs of nature, and fix t(ie malady *, they follow Syden- ham too much in giving paregoricks, after citharticks, which is playing fait and loofe. • *t '* the opinion of all that knew her, no dbdbr in the prdvince darinf " to undertake her.. N. B. 'i'he contagious diftemper fo frequtntly " happening to the bold adventurers in the wars of Venus, when re- ** cent, will be cured by him for three piftoles in hand, though thti common price is five pound all over North-America. And all other cafes curable in phyfick a.nd furg'ery, propoftionabld accord- •* ingto the circumftances of people." He has alfo other matters to publiih, particularly an elegant medicine to prevent the yellow fever, and dry gripes in the Weft-Indies; thia is incomparable, if we eX' cept a quack advertifement publiihed in Jamaica (immediately after the laft great earthquake) of pills to preVent perfons or their eife^s fuffering by earthquakes. SECT- Of Maryland." 35i i^ m 5>!3T SECTION XV. Concerning the Province of MARYLAND. ALthough recapitulations or repetitions arc reckoned tedious and not elegant *, I Hnd that our fedions or colonics may be more agreeably introduced by fome ge* oeral accounts or tranfadtions with a little variation, than by an abrupt entrance into the colony affairs. The Cabots of Venetian extradt obtained 1495, a patent ftotn king Henry VII. of England, of all lands to be by them difcovered weft of Europe, as to property •, with a rcfcrvation of a certain royal perquifite ♦, this king under- llood pcrquifites ; the father John, and afterwards the fonScbaftian, fitted out from Briftol •, in their firft voyage upon the difcovery of a N. W. paflfage to China, and the Eaft-Indies, being obftrudted by the ice, the Tailors mu- tinied and returned to England, without effedting any ' thing of confequence. Anno 1498, Sebaftian ranged the continent of North- America from 40 d. to 67 d. N. lat. and at feveral places took a nominal occupancy from difcovery, with- out making any fettlement ; thus notwithftanding of the difcoveries, we had no polTefllon for near a century of years. Sir Walter Raleigh, a noted difcovery projedtor, fee vol. I. p. Ill, anno 1584, March 25, obtained of queen Elizabeth a patent for difcovcries and fettlements I itt America j upon the return of the vcflels of the firft adventure, in honour to the virgin queen Elizabeth, the name of Virginia in general was given to the North I part of the continent fo far as the gulph of St. Laurence north, to Florida fouth. In procefii of time the French Vol. II. A a made 354 ^ Sl'mmary, Historical, ."hI Political, ficc. made feme fmall fcttlemcnts in tl ? movcIi parts of North- America, and called them Nova Francia, or Nouvcllc France-, at this time known by the name of L'Ac- cadia, (Nova Scotia) and Canada. The Swedes, Fins and Dutch introduced by Hudfon, made fettlements upon Hud Ton's or Kord rivicr, and Delaware or Zuyd rivier, and called it Nova-Belgia or New- Netherlands. Thus in the beginning of thclaft century the caftern coaft of North- ' mcrica was divided into, i. Nova-Francia, 2. North- Virginia, comprehending the colonies of Nova- Scotia and New-England. 3. Nova-Bclgia or New-Ne- therlands, at prcfent known by the names of New- York, New- Jerfics, and Penfylvania. 4. South-Virginia, which docs comprehend Maiyland, Virginia, North- Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia. Upon the new difcoveries, many feparate grants of diftridls were made to private proprietors ; but afterwards for the regularity and eafc of jurifdidlion, the crown af- fumed the jurifdidlions, and reduced them to more con- venient models of government. Maryland is properly a fprout from Virginia, therefore the conne6lion of this Icttlement with the firft difcoveries muft be referred to the fedion of Virginia ; here we fliall only obferve how and when it did fprout. See vol. I. p. 288, the Newfoundland fedtion. Towards the end of king James I. reign. Sir George Calvert principal fecretary of Hate, afterwards lord Bal- timore, obtained a patent for fome filhing harbours in| Newfoundland ; by rcafon of the civil troubles in Eng- land, theie fcttlemcnts were difcontinued ; being a zea- lous Roman catholick, with other diffenting zealots of] various fedlarics, he left England and retired to Virginia : a? the Virginians were generally bigots to the church or England fedtary, they did not ufe him fo well as he expected i and as the Virginians had not fettled fur- ther north than Potomack river, lord Baltimore went home and obtained from king Charles I. a grant of all the lands from the mouth of Potomack river in about 38 d. I 10 m. N. to the Swede and Finland fcttlemcnts, which were < \ reckoned I Of Maryland. » f.f j,*'/^' 355 reckoned to (he bottom of Chefapeak bay, in about the latitude of 39 d 45 m. or 15 Hnglifh miles fouth of Phi- ladelphia parallel ; the account of the controverfies con- cerning the boundaries between the properties and jurif- iliftions of Maryland and Penfylvania, we refer back ta ihe ffdtion of Pcnfylvania. The banditti Dutch, Swedes, and Fins, were prior to the Englifh in their fcttlemcnts upon Delaware river and I tfcftward inland. Upon a new royal regulation in Virgi- nia, fevcral families went over from England to fettle there, . jamongll thofe were lord Baltimore, a rigid Roman catho- lic ; for the advantage of a more free cxercife of his rc- lligion, he retired thither ; but being ill ufcd by the church ot England fedlary, and finding that the humour of pc- dtioning for large trads of land was encouraged by the • court at home, and that the Virginia fettlers had not ex- tended further north than Potomack river, lord Baltimore petitioned for a grant of vacant lands from north ot Po- tomack river to the Swcciifh and Finlanders fettlements between the bottom of Chefapeak bay and Delaware river, and obtained the promife of a grant tor the lame; but dying foon, his fon and heir obtained the patent, dated' June 20, 1632 i that part of the patent which regards the bdundaries, in the Englilh tranOation from the origi- |nal Latin inftrument runs thus. *' Know ye therefore that " we, favouring the pious and noble purpofes of the faid " baron of Baltimore, of our Ipecial grace, certain know- " ledge, and mere motion, have given, granted, and con- " firmed, and by this our prefent charter for us our heirs « and fucceflbrs do give, grant and confirm unto Cccilius *' now baron of Baltimore, his heirs and afligns, all that " part of a peninfula lying in the parts of America, be- " twcen the ocean on the eaft, and the bay or gulph of ' Cht fapcak on the weft, and divided from the other part " thereof by a right line drawn from the promontory cr " cape of land called Watkins-point (fituate in the afore- " faid bay or gulph near the river of Wighco) on the weft, . " unto the main ocean on the eaft, and between that bounds A a 2 " oa 111- ] fl^ A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ct I on the' fouth as far as to the sefluary of Delaware on the *' north, where it is fituate to the 40th d. of northern la- titude from the equinoftiai where New-England ends, and all that tra6t of land within the bounds underwritten, viz. pafling by the aforefaid asftuary called Delaware- Bay in a right line, by the degree aforefaid, unto the true meridian of the firft fountain of the river Potomack, and from thence tending or paffing toward the fouth ta the further bank of the faid river, and following the weft and fouth fide thereof unto a certain place called Cinquack, fituate near the mouth of faid river where it falls into the aforefaid bay or gulph of Chefapeak, and from thence by the Ihorteft line that can be drawn unto the aforefaid promontory or place called Watkins-point. So that all the tradt of land divided by the line afore- faid drawn between the main ocean and Watkins-point, unto the promontory called Cape-Charles, and all its appurtenances, do remain intirely excepted to us, our heirs and fucceflbrs for ever. We do alfo grant and confirm unto the faid now lord Baltimore, his heirs and afiigns, all lands and iQets within the limits aforefaid, and all and fingular the iflands and iflets which are or ftiall be in the ocean within ten leagues from the eaftern (hore of the faid country towards the eaft, &c." Lord Baltimore called it Maryland, from the name of the queen confbrc. V M :?. - j ' , ,:. For the north bounds of this province, fee the Pen- fylvania fedion, vol II. p. 308, being a parallel of fifteen Englifh miles fouth of the fouthermoft part of the city of Philadelphia in about lat. 39 d. 45 m. Its eait line is the weft line of the three lower counties of Pen- fylvania, already delineated, to cape Henlopen, and from cape Henlopen by the ocean to a parallel or eaft and weft line drawn from Watkins-point near Wighco river in Chefapeak bay in about the lat. of 38 d. 10 m: its fouthcrn bound is this parallel on the eaft fide of Chefapeak bay, and further on the weft fide of faid bay up Potomack river as the river runs -, here are fome difputts (( cc (4 it C6 ; > 3^t any plantation fettlement or improvement ; it is expedt- ed that the government at home are contriving a more falutary method of punifhing Tome criminals, than by fowing them in the coionici. .-S.tV I As the colonies or provinces of Virginia and Maryland lie in the fame loug bay oi Chefapeak^ we cannot avoid giving a joint account of them upon fome occafions, prin* cipally with regard to their trade and na^^Jgation. -,V> '■;-» ' Rivers and mountains. The gradual foundings in the ocean before veflels enter Chefapeak bay, render the navigation of Virginia and Maryland very liife j by ihe ipany navigable rivers, bays and creeks, which communicate with the great bay, the water carriage is very commodious. This fine bay reaches from cape Henry at its entrance in about 37 d. lat. to the bottom of the bay where it receives the river Sefquahanna in about 39 d. 45 m. lat. Virginia lies upon this bay from cape Henry in lat. 37, to the mouth of Potomark river, which divides Virginia from Maryland in lat. 38. Maryland lies upon the other part of this long bay. Upon the eaft fide of this great bay are many fmall bays, creeks, and rivers, but of Ibort courfe, becaui'e the neck of land between this bay and the ocean is narrow ; in the Virginia part there are no rivers •, in the Maryland part there are feveral fhort navigable ri- vers, which generally and naturally ferve as boundaries of counties, viz. Pokomoke, Witomoco, Nanticoke, Chaptank, Wye, Cheller, Sftfaphras, Elke, and north caft rivers. Upon the weft fide of this long bay are many long navigable beautiful rivers j in the Virgin a part are James river, York rivc^r, Kapahanock river, and the ioutn f Je of Potomack rivers by thefe the weftern ir^re of Virginia is divided into four necks of land 4 thp M ' i 5^2 A Summary, Historical and Political, Sec. the property of three of thcfe necks is in the crown j the property of the northern neck is in lord Fairfax who msrried the heirefs of lord Colpeppcr, as Ihail be rel lated more at large in the feftion of Virginia; in the Maryland part are the north fide of Potomack river, Pataxen river. South river, Severn river, Patapfco river Gunpowder river. The two capes of Virginia which make the entrance of the bay, are about 20 miles diftant, and were called by capt. Smith, Henry and Charles, the names of king James I. two fons ; the direft courfe of the bay is N. by W. and S. by E. From Bahama landings at the bottom of the bay to Newcaftle on Delaware river, are 30 miles good travelling. Sefquahanna river, as we mentioned in the fedion of ^enfylvania, comes from fmall ponds a little fouth of Mohawks river in the province of New- York, croflSes the province of Penfylvania, and falls into the bottom of Chefapcak bay in the northern parts of Maryland. { The other great rivers of Virginia and Maryland all lie W. fide of the bay ; only James river and Potomack river reach tjie great Apolacian mountains, called the Blue hills. In Virginia and Maryland the tides are very fmall. Maryland and Virginia are flat countries, excepting the Apolacian great mountains to the weft ward, which begin in the province of Penfylvania, and run 900 miles S. W. at about 150 or 200 miles diftapce from the eaftern Ihore of the Atlantic ocean, and terminate in the bay of Apolaxy near Penfacola, in the gulph of hiexh:o. Col. Spotfwood, lieut. governor of Virginia, was the firft who pafied the Apolacian mountains, or i.rcat Blue hms, and the gentlemen his attendants were called knights of the horfe-fhoe, having difcoveied a horrc-pafs. At prefent there are two paffes crofs thefe inountsins ; the north pafs is in Spotfylvania, the ioiith pafs is near Brunfwick. Some rivers have been diicoveixd on the welt fide of the Apolacian moun- .si^f.:) ' ' ■ tains. ^^^^^''^'■^^S^ Of Marylanp. 363 tains, which fall into the river Ohio, which falls into the river Mifliffippi below the river Ilinois. m-^ For fome further account of the Apolacian mountains, fee the fedlicn of Penfylvania, vol.11, p. 313. The Irilh who had made fettlemcnts in the wcftern parts of Penfylvania, are exceeded by the Germans of late years imported into Penfylvania •, thefe Germans by a lupe- rior induftry and frugality (notwithftanding of the north of Ireland proteftants being noted for induftry and fru- gality) have purchafed moft of the Irifh fettlcments there, and the Irifti move further into Maryland, Vir- ginia, and North-Carolina, along the foot of the Apo- lacian mountains, where tlie land is good and very promifing, being the wafh of thefe hills and moun- tains : the Indian traders travel this road, to head many of the rivers ; here are feveral congregations of Irifh prefbyteriaps, to be diefcribed in the fc<5tion of Virginia. . . . ' 'f.t:.' :?,,,.%:. (n «»'\nVi'Att; The alarum lift, and the training militia, are nearly in tlie fame manner, and under the fame regulations as in the colonies already mentioned. As to the nurpbcrs of white and black people in the province, we may make fome eftimate from the polls of taxables as found 1 734 upon an exad fcrutiny, when every taxable was allowed 30 s. out of a large emiffion of paper currency, they were at that time about 36,000 perfons of white men 16 act. and upwards, and blacks men and women from 1 6 aet. to 60 set. perhaps a: prefent the tax- ables may be about 40,000. 'i? V-7!«* l"he propricLor's quit-rents are 2 s. fterl. per ann. for every 100 acres, he in unzf^. patented vacant lands at 4 s. per 100 acres j lately he has endeavoured to let vacant lands at 10 s. quit-rent per ico acreb, but it did not tLike J he m,anages the patenting of lands, and col- Icding of the quit- rents, by agents. Not many years fince, the afiembly, with confent of the lord proprietor, by way of experiment, during the term of the three yrari, granted their proprietor in lieu of quit-rents, " a revenue ill; !t ■1 'M i»ffi 3^4 -^ Summary, Historical and Political, Sec, a revenue of 3 s. 6 d. fterl. duty per hogfhead of tobacco to be paid by the merchant or (hipper ;« thui the planters or aflembly to eafe themfelves, laid the burthen upon trade; this amounted to about 5000 1. fterl. per ann. but upon the expiration of the three years, this projec- tion was dropped, and the proprietor found it more for his intereft to revert to the revenue arifing from his quit- rents. The governor's allowance of falary is as per agreement with the proprietor. The council are paid by tne coun- try 1 80 lb. tobacco per diem, which is much grumbled at, becaufc they are of his appointment, and his crea- tures. , The reprefcntatives are paid by the country, or publick revenue, 160 lb. tobacco per diem. The proprietor has feveral refer ved good mannors in many parts of the province, which he lets to farm. By his patent; the proprietor is not obliged to tranfmit the provincial laws home for approbation. Anno 1704, the aflembly laid a duty of 2 8. per hogf- head tobacco, one half to the proprietor, the other halt' toward the charges of the government. Tiiere is an impoft upon negro flaves pf 20 s. llerl. and 20 s. currency. As in other Britifh colonies, they have diftin^ pro- vince, county, and parifli rates or taxes. The pro- vincial taxes arc polls of taxables at ()o lb. of to- bacco per head or upwards, according to exigencies i upon the Cuba gr Spanifli Weft- India expedition, it was 1 20 lb. impoft upon fervants, flaves, a;id liquors, ex- cife, &:c. Currencies. The principal currency of Maryland and Virginia is tobacco per lb. or hundred weight, as it is itatw'c! from time to tir/ie by ads of aflembly, or tacit ge- neral confent of the people. In Maryland, before 1 734, the currency was reckoned at proclamation value, 6 s. per heavy piece 0.' eight •, but that year the aflembly vc^t into the iniquitous fchcme of paper currency, ivhich fraudulently had been pradifed in many of our • . . . polonies i Of MAkYLAND. S^5 coldhies ; they emitted 90,000 1. in bills of publick cre- dit, whereof 30 s. to every taxable, being 36,000 tax- ables, is 54,000 1. the remaining 36,000, was to build a governor's houfe, and to be let upon loan : the fund for calling in thefe bills of publick credit was a duty upon liquors, &c. to be paid in llerling, and lodged in tlie bank of England -, all thefe bills to be c^ndelled in the fpace of thirty years. Thefe bills were not (by the adt of aflembly) receivable in the proprietor's quit-rents, and fundry publick fees, becaufe an enfuing depreciation was obvious to people of forefight ; and accordingly from thirty-three and three quarters difference of exchange with London, it gradually did rik to one hundred and fifty difference. Anno 1 740, the Penfylvania 8 s. was equal to 1 2 s. Maryland ; but as the fund for cancelling ihefe bills of credit was regularly tranfmitted to the bank of England, they gradually recovered their value, and anno 1748, 200 Maryland was equal to 100 fieri. The firft period for calling in and cancelling one third of thefe bills was in September 1748 ; and by a6l of af- fembly there was allowed from September 29, 1748, to March 29; 1749* to bring in all the bills to be burnt ; accordingly of the 90,000 1. 83,962 I. 16 s. were brought in (the remaining 6000 I. v/as fuppoled to be annihilated by being torn, loft, &c.) and burnt, the pof- fcffors were paid one third in bills of exchange upon the bank of England, and two thirds in new bills; after 16 years more, the poffeflbrs of the two thirds will receive 15 s. ftcrl. for every 20 s. currency. <....,', Courts, legiflative and executive. The firft fettlement was at St. Mary's, near the mouth of Potomack river ; the legiflative court or general af- fembly, and the provincial fupreme court of judicature, were kept there many years; but anno 1699, for the better conveniency of the whole province, they were re- moved to Annapolis at the mouth of the river Severn, as being nearly the center of the provincec I At ^66 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. At firft the province was divided into ten counties l)cing five each fide of the great bay. St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Somerfet, L>orchefter, weft fide. 1 albot, Kent, Cecil, 'eaft fide. Sfc. Mary's, ' .'1 I Worcefter, Calvert, : ^ J- ;;i Somerfet, Prince George, « -^ >• Dorcheft:er, Charles, ).wefl: fide. Talbot, Anne Arundel, Q^ Anne's, Baltimore, .; .,.p\ V. •: Kent, Frederick, Cecil, '^'^^ Anno 1695, Prince George, an additional county, wab conftituted on the weft fide of the bay, and all tlie counties were divided into thirty pariflies. At prefent 1752, the province of Maryland is divided into fourteen counties, that is, feven counties each fide of the great bay. •■( >eaft fide. Formerly in Maryland, the aflembly or legiflativc lower houfe (the council is called the upper houfc of af- fembly) was triennial ; at prefent they arc called, ad- journed, prorogued, and diflblved at the governor's plea- fure i the reprefentatives are called the lower houfe ol aflembly. u^' v ; r/^r :- , In the government of Maryland, there are four nega- tives in the legifiature, viz. the lower houfe or houft or reprefentatives where all bills for adls do originate, i'm governor's council, the governor, and lord proprietor. Of the four negatives in the Jegiflature, the pro- prietor may be faid to have three, viz. the proprietor's own negative, that of his governor or deputy, and that of the council nominated by himfelf. The complement of the council is twelve, appointed by the governor general, principal, or proprietor ; but paid by the province, iSolb. tobacco per diem. The: Of Maryland. 3^7 The lower houfe of aflembly, or houfe of reprefenta- tives, confids of four from each of the prefent 14 coun-. ties, and two from the metropolis or provincial town of Annapolis, paid 160 lb. tobacco per diem. With regard to the executive courts, we may begin with the parifh veftries, who not only manage the af- fairs of the parifh church, but alfo manage the prudential matters of the diftrifb, as the feledt men, fo called in New-England, manage their townfhip affairs *, they are alfo afleHbrs of rates or taxe^ "^n each parifh they are 12 in number for life, and on a demife, the furvivors fupply the vacancies after t ii^ ler of Uraedfchap, of the towns in Holland. The county courts in Maryland are held in the months of March, June, Auguft, and November ; at prefent they are as follows, ~ ' ' *' f Dorchefter cq. 2d tuefday of \ Cecil faid mon. in J Anne Arundel (.Charles . 1 4thtuefd.ofJ^^^"^""f'^ faid mon. in 7 ^^-^^^^f^ ^ t rederick i Talbot CO. Baltimore St. Mary's Worcefter J* rj rfKentcou. 3d tuefday of '. • ,,.-,... .<^^ .,1 From the county cmrts, there is appeal to the pro- vincial court of Anfi^jpolis, which is held 3d Tuefday of May, and 3d Tuefday of Odtober, in perfonal debts of 50 1. or upwards. In the city of Annapolis are held quarterly mayors courts, viz. laft Tuefday in January, April, July, and Oftober. From the provincial courts,' held at Annapolis, there is allowed an a^>peal, in cafes of 300 1. fterl. value or t mi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l^|2£ 12.5 |5o *^™ H^B ■^ Uii 12.2 iM 12.0 us IL25 i 1.4 I inn] ■ 1.6 <% Ta ^J!> ^'^' > / Kiotographic Sciences Corporalion 23 WeST MAIN STRUT WESSTIR.N.Y. 14SM (716) S73-4503 6^ ► \ ;\ 368 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. or upwards, to the king in council -, the appeal is Hrft brought under the deliberation (this is a regulation for all the.colonies) of a copimittee of council called the lords of appeals, and from thence reported to the king in council for. a final determination. The commiflary, a place of about 1000 1. per ann. is nbtafuperintendant of the clergy; he is a judge concern- ing the probate of wills, granting of adminiftrations, and the like. The lieut. governor is chancellor, he grants licences for marrying, which are given out or fold at 25 s. by a minifter or parfon in each county, whereof 20 s. to the governor, and 5 s. to this parfon } he has fees for the great feal of the province, and fundry other perquifites } the falary allowed him by the proprietor is per agree- ment and feldom known -, the country generally gives three half-pence per hogfhead tobacco exported. The court of vice admiralty is of the fame nature as in the colonies already defcribed ; as is alfo The judiciary court of admiralty for trying cafes of piracy, robbery, and other felonies committed on the high feas, ap^inted by a commiflion from queen Anne, purfuant to an a£b of parliament, 1 1 & 1 2 Gul. calledan ad: for the more efiedtual fupprelllon of piracy. The proprietors and deputy governors. We have already hinted, vol. II. p. 3 55, that Sir George Calvert, afterwards lord Baltimore, obtained from king Charles I. a promife of a grant of thefe lands now called Maryland ; and afterwards his fon Cecilius lord Baltimore had a royal patent for the fame, 1632. During the civil wars in England, and the ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell, the concerns of the Baltimore tamily in Maryland lay dormant, the family being bigotted Ro- man catholicks. Soon after king Charles II. reftoration, 1 66 1, Charles lord Baltimore, fon of Cecilius, obtained a royal confirmation of the 1632 grant ; he went to Mary- land, and continued there fome time. Not- Of Maryland. 36"^ Notwithftanding of the Baltimore family being rigid Roman catholick zealots, K. James II. fuperfeded their jurifdidtion there -, the fcheme of the Englifli court at that time was, to reduce all proprietary and charter go- vernments to the jurifdidion of the crown. After the revolution of K. William III the Baltimore *^ family had better ufage, and at prefent they are become good proteftant fubjeds i for the fucceflion of the lordk Baltimore, fee vol. II. p. 309. Charles lord Baltinlore^'' member of the Briti/h parliament for the county of Sur- fey, died in April ^751, and was fucceeded by his fon Frederick lord Baltimore. Upon the revolution, Sir Edmond Ai. '.-os was k^-^ pointed governor of Maryland, and was fuperfeded by col. Nicholfon: Andros died in Lond. 1 714, in a great age,-- Col. Nat. Blackifton, fucceeded col. NichoKbn. * Col. Blackifton was fucceeded by col. William Sey- mour 1704: Seymour put into Barbadoes by ftrefs of weather, and had an eight months voyage. Col. Corbet fucceeded as lieut. governor in place of I col. Seymour. Col. Hunt arrives lieut. governor 1714, and upon K. I George's acceffion he was continued governor. .iJ. :u'.i. * Cd^ Nicholfon was a knight errant governor ; by his curling, Ihvearing, and hypocritical devotional exercifies, he was at times made uic of by the court in dirty affairs ; particularly when any new encroachments upon the privileges of a people were defigned with harih ufage; forinftance 686, he was appointed lieut. governor of the dominions of New-England under Sir Edmond Andros : 1710, opon the much faulted revolution in che miniitry of queen Anne, he was fent to the northern colonies of Britifli North- America, with an unprecedented commiffion as infpedor general of al! affairs, ecclefi*. iftick, civil, and military ; and in that capacity did much intimidate Ibme governors and their councils : governor Hunter of New- York, a gentleman of fpirit, told me, that if col Nicholfon had proceeded' to New -York, and afled in the fame manner as he did in the province of MafTachufetts-Baj ; he would at all rifks have fent him home, to be tried t)y the judicatories there, as a difturber of ihc peace of the colony under pretext of an anticonftitntional unprecsdenteJ com- Imijfion. ^ Vol. II; . • Bb Ifh4' 37® A Summary, Historical and PotiticAL, ^c. ; I (hall only mention the fucceffion of governors of note. Benedidl Leonard Calvert, Efq; homeward bound, died atfea 1732, and was fucceeded by Samuel Ogle, Efq; 1746-7 in March arrives Samuel Ogle, Efq; appointed Ticut. governor of Maryland in place of Thomas Bladen, Efqi Mr. Ogle continues lieutenant governor at this writing, 1752. .Av^^ Produce and manufactures. 3 t Thele are nearly the fame in the provinces of Mary- land and Virginia, this article may lerve for both. Tobacco * is an aboriginal American plant or herb, I and is faid to have been firft found among the Florida Indians, * As the ufe of this plant or herb by an unaccountable whim is I become the general amulement of Europe and of the European fettle- ments on the eaftern fide of North-America, by fmoaking, fnuffing, and chewing ; and as no authors hitherto have given us an exaft de> fcription or icon of this plant ; I do here defcribe it from the life, by my own obfervations as it grows. There are many curious Virginia gentlemen planters, who as bo« I tanifts cultivate varieties of tobacco ; but as this is not a botanical efiay, I muil drop them, and (hall only defcribe that fpecies which is [ cultivated and manufactured for exportation in trade. Nicotiana major latifolia. C. 6. P. M. H. 2, 492. Nicotiana major, I Jive tabaccum majus. J. B. ^,629. Hyofcyamns Peruvianus. Dod. | p. 4;o, tobacco: the icons of John Bauhine and of ^^orifon are not] exa£l. It is an annual plant ; when it is at its full % h, it is about the height of an ordinary man ; the ftalk is la^.^nt, hairy, and clammy, like that of the hyofcyamus niger vel vulgaris. C. B. P. common black henbane ; the whole habit is of an obiolete yellowilh green ; leaves alternate, fome of the lower leaves are a cubit long I and nine inches wide entire, hut waved ; the lateral coftx of the leaf! arch into one another near the margin ; the leaves have no pedicles f (the major anguilifolia has long pedicles) and by an auriculated bafe embrace the {talk; towards the top, the ftalk branches from tbe| iinus's of the leaves, and higher from the fmus of a flender foli- culum proceed fafcilcs of flowers : the Hower is flender and tubulousj one and half inch long, yellowi(h« with an obfolete diluted purple! brim J Of Maryland. iyt Indians, who fmoakto fatisfy their hunger; fome write, thar it came from the ifland Tobago, one of the Weft- India iflands of nearly the fame name*, but moft proba- bly it came from Peru, becaufe in North- America ic is not fpontaneous ; the aboriginal Indians of North- Anscrica do not cultivate it, they purchafe it of the Englilh planters and fmoak it with pleafure. Its clafllcal or tribe name is Nicotiana, fo called from John Nicot, a Frenchman, emhaffador to the court of Portugal, he fent fome of its feed, whic)i he had from a Dutchman, I to the court of France. It has been faid by fome writers, that Sir Francis iDrakefirft brought it to England from the ifland Tobago of the Weft-Indies. The name is Indian; we have no certain account of tobacco, till Sir Walter Raleigh's -f- arrival in England from Virginia, 1585 ; it was called Indian henbane: it was ufed by the aboriginal American Indians, both in North and South- America, before the Europeans arrived there. Ivim, not divided but expanded into 4 or ; angles; the calix is tubu- Iqos of 4 or 5 narrow fegments ; the piftillum becomes the feed veflel conoidal, 5 or 6 lines diameter at bottom, ai>d near an inch long, Incopfular with a middle fpangy double placenta, and contains many (mail round browniih feeds; the feed is ripe end of September. In New-England it is planted in cows pens, it is hotter and does not linoak fo agreeably as that of Virginia. In trade there are only two fpecies of tobacco, viz. Aranokoe from Maryland, and the northern parts of Virginia, and fweet-icented from the fouth parts of Virginia, wn leof the beft kind is from James and York rivers ; the firft ;s the ftrongeft, and is in demand in the northern markets of Europe; the other is milder and more pleafant ; the diiference feems to be only from the foil ; fweet-fcented which gruws in landy lands is beft for fmoaking when new, or only two to diree years old ; that from ftilF land if kept five or fix years, much exceeds the former. f Sir Walter Raleigh upon his return from Virginia to London I $85, having praflifed tobacco fmoaking, in a gay humour in his clofet, ordered his fcrvant to bring him foTie fmall beer ; in the mean time having lighted his tobacco pipe, and collected a mouthful of fmoak, let it ny in the fervant's face to fm prize him ; the fervant imagining that his mafter's face was on fire, threw the fmall beer in his fkce, and innocently returned the jeft. B b 2 Imported ;l 3/3 A Summary, Historical and Political, &e. Imported com. annis to Great-Britain from Virginia about 35«ooo hogfheads of 800 lb. to 950 lb. wt. per hoglhead} from Maryland about 30,000 hoglheads of 700 \bi and upwards. It is an enumerated com- modity, and cannot be exported from Britiih America to any ports than Great-Britiiin, and its plantations. The neat duty upon tobacco imported into Great- Britain is about 200,000 1. fterl. per ann. and 14,000!. icizures. Anno 1733, when SirRobett Walpolc, firft commiflioner of the treafury, was projefting a redu6Uon of fundry cuftoms or impofts upon goods to an cx- cife, he propofed in parliament, that the duty upon tobacco^ which at that time was 6d i third per lb. ihould be only 4d 3 farthings per lb*. whereoT 4d cx- cife and three farthings duty, this fcheme did not fuc- ceed. *^; ., By a convention or agreement; between the courts of Great-Britain and France, during the late war with France, the farmers of tobacco in France did contraft with merchants in Great-Britain, (Mr. Fitz-Gerald was the general French agent in Britain,) for fome Britifli tobacco (hips with pafsports, and to return to Great- Britain in ballaft; the ihipping ports in Greit-Britain were London, Briftol, Liverpool, Whitehaven, and Glafgow : the delivery ports in France were Diepe, Havre-de- Grace, Morlaix, Bourdeaux, Bayonne, and Marfeilles. Virginia and Maryland fometimes produce more to- bacco than they can vent to advantage, by glutting the markets f too much, and occafions a mutinous difpo- fition among the planters, as happened in Bacon's re- bellion in Virginia i and at times to keep up the price -|,„.^ * Sir Robert Walpole was very intenfe upon bringing moft duties partly into excife, and partly into cuftoms, the better to multiply re- venue officers, creatures of the miniftry, towards carrying parliament eleflions, &c. f This is fometimes the cafe with the Dutch Eaft-India fpices^ and the Weil-India fuears. * , *» ■'-yr'-vj <.¥Tn -■■•■ ;■.- "'"^'of Of Maryland. 373 of tobacco they buf n a certain quantity for each taxable* as was done in Maryland upon the firft emiflion of paper money. The tobacco is generally cultivated by negroes in fets, feven or eight negroes with an overfeer is a fet | each working negro is reckoned one fhare, the over- feer has one and a half or two (hares. The charge of a negro is a coarfe woollen jacket and breeches, with one pair of fhoes in winter ; viftualling is one peck of Indian corn and fome fait per week. To prevent to- bacco from becoming a drug, no taxable is to cul- tivate above fix thoufand plants of tobacco^ befides grain. » The plantation duty is id. fterl. per ib. upon tobacco exported to the other colonies, and is about 200I. to- wards the revenue of the college of Williamfburg in Virginia. Tobacco is not only their chief produce for trade, but may alfb be called their medium or currency, it is re- ceived in taxes and debts ; the inlpedor's notes for tobacco received by him, may be transferred, and upon fight of thele notes the inlpedtor immediately delivers to the bearer fo much tobacco. Formerly the tobacco affair was managed by receivers at culling houfes near the fhipping places, where the planter delivered his tobacco to the merchant; at prefent in every river there is a certain number of country flores where the planters tobacco is lodged, every hogfhead is branded with the marks of the planter, flore, and river. The common culture of tobacco is in this manner. The feed is fowed in beds of fine mould, andtranfplanted beginning of May ^ the plants are i£t at 3 or 4 feet intervals or diftances ', they are hilled and kept continu- ally weeded ; when as many leaves are (hot out as the foil can nourifh to ajdvantage, the plant is ftopt and it grows no higher ; it is worm'd from time to time ; the fuckers which put forth between the leaves are B b 3 taken 374 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c, taken off from time to time till the plant arrives to perfeftion, which is in Auguft, when the leaves be- gin to turn browiiifh and fpot •, in a dry time the plant IS cue down and hanged up to dry, after being fweated in heaps for one night } when it may be handled with- out crumbling (tobacco is not handled but in moiit weather,) the leaves arc ftript off from the ftalk, tied up In little bundles and packt up in hogfheads for tranf- portation. No fuckers nor ground leaves are allowed to be merchantable. r, An induilrious man may manage 6000 plants of to- bacco, and 4 acres of Indian corn. The fmall quantity of tobacco which fome people raife in Penfylvania and North-Carolina is generally ftiipt off from Maryland and Virginia. Tobacco is injurious to the nerves, it is fomewhat * anodyne, and intoxicates perfons not ufed to it. \ -, Pork. Vaft numbers of fwine or hogs run wild or ramblfc in the woods of Maryland, Virginia, and North- Carolina } they are generally fmall ; faked and barrelled they make a confiderable branch of the export of thefe colonies; they feed moftly upon nuts of all kinds, called maft, they eat oily and rank. Maft f or foreft nuts of many kinds are very plenty every fecond or third year, and the following year not fo plenty ; thus it is with apples and cyder in New- England i the plenty and confequently the price of pork from Maryland, Virginia, and North-Carolina, depends upon the goodnefs of their mafting years; anno 1733, * The Earopeans ufe wine, and other fermented liquors, as alfq ipirits diftilled from them ; the Turks, Perfiaas, and other oriental na- tions, nfe opium, bang, betel. Sec. all which occafion a fort of indolence or relaxation of mind : thus mankind by a natural tacit confent allow, that the intenfe application of mfnd, the cares and inquietudes of life, require (bme fuch expedients of alleviation. t This word or t^rni feems to proceed fi-Qi|i the latin word ma- a good .# Of Maryland; 375 I good mail y«iir, one man a planter and merchant in Virginia, faltcd up three thoufand barrels of pork. Next to the pork fed with Indian corn as in New- England, acorns make the firmeft pork *, beech nuts make fweet pork, but flabby, foft and oily. In Weft- phalia, the hogs in the woods feed moftly upon cheftnuts. Grain. Wheat in Maryland and Virginia isfubjedk to the weevel, a fmall infedl of the fcarabeous kind, which fometimes takes to it in the ear when a growing. The Maryland and Virginia wheat weighs fome 56 lb. to 60 lb. wt. per bulhel, and cads white } that from Penfylvania does not weigh fo much •, the wheat for^ merly imported from Nova-Scotia was light and caft dark like rye -, at prefcnt the prairies, as they are called, or the dik'd in wheat lands are wore out. May the pre^* fent political diverting publick amufement of improving Nova-Scotia, become intentionally real, towards a fifliery, a place of arms for our navies, a nurfery of hulband- men, and a northern frontier for the protection of our Britifli colonies ! Good land in Maryland tand Virginia may yield per acre 15 buihels wheat, or 30 bulhels Indi^i^ corn, which cafts whiter than that of New-England. "' ' Calavances are exported to feveral of the other colo- nies. Fhafeolus eredtus minor femine fphaerico albido et L rubro, hilo nigro. C.'Q. P. white and red calavances, or Virginia peafe ; they yield better than the common peafe of Europe, and are good profitable food for the poorer fort of white people, and for negro flaves. ^ . Mays or Indian corn has been already defcribed. ""i They raife in the uplands, quantities of hemp and flax. Anno 1 75 1, in October, from the back fettlements of Maryland, there came into Baltimore town near the bot- tom of Chefapeak bay, fixty waggons loaden with flax feed. In fome counties of Maryland are ereded charity working fchools. .i„ , . Bb 4 Towards .^75 Summary, HMTORieAL and Political, Src. Towards the mountains there are fbme furnaces for .running of iron ore into pigs and hollow call ware, and forces to refine pig iron into bars. '''^Timber and other wooden lumber. Their oak is of , a {trait grain, and eafily rives into ftaves ; in building of yeil^ it is not durable, they build only fmall craft ; Tome years fince they built a very large fhip called the Britidi merchant, burthen one thoufand hogfheads ; with many repairs (he kept in the Virginia trade 36 years. Their black walnut is in demand for cabinets, tables, ^{Ind oj^er joiners work. ^!;:lll ^: iVIaryland and Virginia produce large beautiful apples, t)utyery mealy ^ their peaches are plenty and good; from thefe they dillil a fpirit, which tpey call cyder brandy and peac|i brandy, '''The Maryland affairs, concerning their cuftom houfes, and paval officers, the number of entries and clearances of yeflels, the quality and quantity of their exports and imports, and the trioe of officers thereto belonging, are not hitherto fully come to my knowledge: I do not chufo to infert any thing that is not in fome regard perfeA, therefore at prefent, I (hall only copy a few lines from the lateft preient ilate of Great-Britain. J obferve their falaries are fmall. A collector and to keep a boat A colledor and to keep a boat A furveyor A coUedcr and to keep a boat A riding furveyor A furveyor ^^-1 ^-^ > A riding furveyor ^^^3 > ; North Fotomack Fatuxent Annapolis Potomack Both fides of the bay Wiliiamftade Bohama and Safiefras Wicomoc and Muni^ A furveyor Pelaware bay A furveyor lis »f: '■>• '" ■» ■ ,;ul nrita MiSCEL- ior?M» Of Mahylano. V*"^ '^^ -* $yj ..>k.-«*«H««l/><"Nll« y« **\ •"j&WOl Miscellanies. As many things defigned for a general appendix, muft be loofe, incoherent, and not fluent; for the cafe of common readers, we (hall annex fome parts of it to each of the fubfequent feftions by the name of mifoellaniest being of things omitted, or that were not come to my knowledge at the times of writing, or not reduceable to particular feftions. As I have all along given it the character of common-place, the fummary in propricy may admit of this latitude. ' "^^^^ ■ In the Rhode-Ifland feftion was omitted an authentick court paper, dated Windfor, Sept. 13, 1686, concerning the furrcnder of Rhode-Ifland charter, " His majcfty ^' has gracioufly received the addrefs of the colony of ^* Rhode-Ifland and Providence plantations in New-Eng- ^' land •, humbly reprefenting that upon the flgnification ** of a writ of quo warranto againft their charter, they f* had refolved in a general airembly not to ftand fuit " with his majefty, but wholly to fubmit to his royal •* pleafure themlelves and their charter : wherefore his ♦* majefty has thought fit to accept the iurrender." N.*B. As the Rhode-Ifland charter was not vacated by any procefs in the courts of law, and the voluntary fur- render not properly recorded -, upon the revolution of K. William they reaflumed their charter, and their aflings in purfuance of that charter are deemed good by the court of Great- Britain. srsr Tl" In the mifcellany article of the fediori of Penfyl- vania, vol. II. p. 337, was inferted a letter from the lordjuftices of Great-Britain to Mr. D. com- mander in chief of the province of MaflTachufetts-Bay, concerning an illegally projedled fynod or confiftory of the congregational -f minifters in that colony j in this letter •> <' "ti\i-- ^ Belides otlier inconvenienctes, there feems to be an impropriety or ii^^onMency in congregationalill or independent religion for e^ tiei /• 378 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. letter Mr. D-;— fccms to be faulted as conniving at fuch anti^conftitutional proceedings \ as this gentleman was noted for his fidelity to the crown, and probity to* wards the people under his direftion, when in the admi- niftration of that colony *, I cannot avoid publifhing his vindication of himfelf in a letter to the board of trade and plantations. ** My Lords, *« By a ihip lately arrived, I received from their ex- ** cellencies, the lords juftices, an inftrudlion for my «* future proceedings with refpeft to a fynod propofed ** to be held by the minifters of this his majeicy's pro- *^ vince, which fhall be punctually obeyed as there ihall ** be occaiion i their lordfhips were alio pleafed to cen< «* furc the proceedings already had in that affair. Whcre- *^ fore I think myfelf obliged to acquaint your iord« «* (hips, that I did not pafs a confent for a fynod, but **only to a vote of the council and affembly, reierv* •**ing the confideration thereof to the next feflions, ** as you will fee by the copies of the votes of that ** ie0ions tranfmitted to you foon after the rifing of the ** court ', and I was then of opinion it would not c^e *' on the carpet again, as it never did, notwithf^and- ** ing the prefent feflions had been fitting for fome weeks *' before their lordfhips orders concerning the fame *« was received j nevcrthelefs I fhould have taken myfelf " obliged to have afked your lordfhips diredbions ** therein, if I had apprehended it to be of a new and ** extraordinary nature; but I mud obferve, that a vote ♦' in the fame words was pafled on the like occafion ♦' by his majefty*s council here in the year 1715, and *' never as I have heard of, cenfured by your lordfhips ; *' and here I humbly take leave to lay in behalf of ties petitioning for a fynod, or fuperior colledlive authority : it feems to intimate that the fubordinate claflical way of fubordinatioa in church government with the preibyteriai)3, is' ncitural in its ten* 4enc/. I ■ - V .,.,f «* the ■■'K % Of Marylanp. 179 " the miniftcrs of this province, that I know them to be ** a body of men moll loyal and inviolably attached to ** his majefty, and to his illudrious houle, and there* <* fore I did not apprehend any inconvenieitce could artf« ** from their alTembling, efpecially fince they makr no <* pretences that I know of to do any atts o\ author ity« <* in fuch meetings, though they call them by the name «« of fynod." I ^ Roman f catholicks abound in Maryland. £ f^.tjluorf * Mr. D— — ies, a diflenting prefbyterian minifter -of Hkiu^ county in Virginia, in a piece which he printed 1 7C 1 » concerning the fiate of religion amon^ the proteft?.nt diffenters in Virginia^ eiy^sToine informations concerning thefe affairs, but with a new-Iign^ 61* en-k thufiaftick turn. He writes, that there has been a confidciRabla revival, or rather fettlement of religion, in Baltimore county of Maryland, which lies along Sefquahanna river and borders on Penr fylvania ; as alfo in Kent county, and queen Anne*8 county between Chefapeak bay and Delaware river. He fays there have been in Maryland and Virginia a great number of Scdts merchants, (he means merchants clerks, fuper-cargoes, and fubfuper>cargoe9) whp were educated in the prefbyterian way ; but generally prove a fcandal to their religion and country, by their losfe principles, and immoral behaviour, and become indifferent in religious profefHons, andafFeft politenefs in turning deifts, or fafhionable conformifts. N. fi. young perfons of any nation, after being fettered with peculiar religion modes, when turned loofe, they become wanton, and indulge them- felves in irregularities. -f- It is not eafilyto be accounted for, that the Britifh go?em« ment are not more fedulous, in purging oJF by lenitives, not bjr drafticks, the pernicious leaven of popery (their dodrine of no faith to be kept with hereticks or diH'enters from them, deflroys all fociety) which prevails in Montferrat, Maryland, and Ireland. The lift of proteftants and papifts in Ireland, as computed (in all cafes, I nfe the lafl computations that are in my knowledge) anno 1712 and 1733. Proteftant families. Popifh families. In Ulfter 62,620 38.459 , . ., , Leinfter 25,238 — — — ~— 92,424 ffn a. n. 'i:r:i ^^6 A Summary, HfitomcAL and Political, &6. t6o9, the fettlers were not exceeding ly*} j they furrcn- dered their charter, being tired out with charges, and no prdfpeft of proBt, and a new patent was imied in the name of the treafurer and council. This new company &]^pointed lord Delaware general or governor by appro- bation of the crown •, by miftake of the mariners he fell in with Penfylvania-bay, inftead of Chefapeak or Virgi- nia-bay, and gave name to it, this was before the Dutch fettled, which it retains to this day % he foon returned to England. Lord Delaware in his fecond voyage to Vir- ginia 1618, died in thepaflfage; in his Brft voyage he arrived in Virginia June 9, 16 10, and continued go- vernor until March following. ' 1626, becauie of the bad conduft of the managers, tind hardfhips fuftained by the fettlers, by a quo warranto the patent was fued out, both property and jurifdiftion -became veiled in the crown, where it remains to this day J the fettlers pay 2 s. fterl. per annum quit- rent per 100 acres, under the dire6tion of a king*s governor and council, with an aflembly or houfe of reprefentatives chofen by the people; thefe three negatives compofe the legiflature or general court. When capt. Smith, fome time prefident of Virginia, wrote his hiilory 1624, within 60 miles of James-town, the principal fettlement, there were not above 1 500 fen- cible men, and for want of raifing provifion fufficient, they could not upon any exigency bring above 700 men together. i-^^ Becaufe of notorious bad management, the company Was diflblved by king Charles I. and the colony was brought under the immediate direction of the crown as above, and fettlers flocked over ; particularly fome of good condition to enjoy the liberty of worfhipping God in their own manner •, lord Baltimore, a Roman cathoiick, retired thither, but the people of Virginia, rigid prote- ftants, did notufe him well, and he was difcouraged from continuing in Virginia, as we have more at large related in the fcdtion of Maryland. " fVa: '.T a..r: .■J!jn; The Of ViROINIA. 39» The firft fettlers intent upon taki ng up large traifls of: land, occafioned the feveral fectlemcuts to be difperfed aC confidcrable diftances frotu one another, and not i^ toivyna or villages. /it i,> jfriKf! At prefent the jurifdiftion or government is pounqed fouth by a line W. by compafs (the variation there b^* ing fmall, is neglected) dividing Virginia from North- Carolina, beginning at a certain great tree in the N. lat. of about 36 d. 40 m. (in its progrefs it interfe^s the river Roanoke many times in its meanders,) and con- tinues weft indefinitely i the weftern boundary is the South-Sea, or lands in a prior occupancy of any chriftian prince-, it is bounded northerly, on the eaft (ide of Chefapeak bay by a line running due eaft from Watkins- Point, near Wighco river on Chefapeak in about the lat. of 38 d. 10 m. to the ocean j on the weft fide of Che- fapeak bay it is bounded by Potomack river to a certain head thereof, and thence by a weft line indefinitely in lat. — This Maryland line of jurifdidtion with the pro- vince of Virginia, and of property with lord Fairfax, is not hitherto finally fettled j eaft and fouth, Virginia is bounded by the great ocean. K. Charles II. having gratified fome noblemen with two large grants called the northern and fouthern grants or necks -, when thefe noblemen claimed them, it gave great uneafinefs to the fettlers, and the colony agents in England agreed with thefe grantees of two necks, for a fmall confideration. Virginia is divided by the great rivers of Potomack, Rapanahock, York and James, into 4 necks, the two counties eaft of Chefapeak bay makes the fifth great di- vifion ; the divifion between Potomack and Rapahan- nock rivers, is called the northern neck, and is at pre- fent the property of lord Fairfax of Cameron, an Englifh- man with a Scots title. Lord Colpepper, who came over governor of Virginia 1679, was one of K. Charles II. patentees of the north- ern neck ; having got affignments from the other pa- C c 4 tentees. 4 392 A Summary, Historical and Political, &e. ccntees 1688, 4th Jac. II. he obtained a patent for all the northern neck i and by inveigling the tenants to pay the quit-rents to his agents, he became poflfelTed of all the quit-rents, and his heirs at prefent enjoy them by a kind of prefcription, but without any (hare in the jurifdidlion, becaufe chargeable : he relinquilhed the government thereof to the crown. Lord Colpepper of Thorfway in England died 1719, having no male heir, the heirours are extinft, his daughter and heirefs mar- ried lord Fairfax : thus Virginia confids of two proper- ties in one government. Here we muft obferve that the continuation of this hi- (lorical eflay was interrupted for fome months, by the un- lucky incident of an epidemical diftemper, the fmall-pox, after about 22 years abfence, being imported, and pre- vailing in Bofton of New-England : the printer and his people in fear of the fmall-pox, left their printing office in BoftOn, and retired into the country. We may alfo obferve that the writer from an intire and unavoidable avocation of mind from all other matters but thofe of his profefTion^ Hnds the thread of his narration af- fedled, which with the growing remotenefs of the pro- vinces to be treated of, will render the following accounts lefs minute, but always avoiding any deviation from truth. A Digression Concerning the fmall-pox. . The appendix f according to our firfl fcheme would have been out of proportion too large; therefore we ■|- This biftory or rather thefe minutes (as we have frequently hinted) were originally dcfigned as a common place loofely put together, but in an hilTorical manner { if they prove informing and uleful, fome fubfequent writers may digeft them ; it is as much as my.leifure time does allow, to dr^w the plan, and lay ii; the materials, a good arti- ficer may with eufe ere£l the edifice. ' ■ fhall r' linted) r, but fome e time d arti- Of VIROIMIA. "'W">'/ ji^^ fliall occafionally intcrfpcrfe fome thinM defigncd for tW appendix, more cfpccially relating to diftcmpcn tt times epidemical or endemial in the Britifti North- America colonies : as the fmall-pox has lately been cpidcmictl or very general inBofton of Ne\^-Ensland, uom the begifW ning of April, to near the end of July 1752, I fhall Here infert fome particular obfervations concerning the fflme, while recent in my mind. ' . I. There are many things infcrutable in the nature" of this diftemper. 1. Why it did not emerge, or at lead why it is not mentioned in hillory fooner than the beginning of the Saracen conquefts ? 2. Seeing it is univerfally agreed that a perlon who ha« had the fmall-pox once, is not liable to it again, the femmtutn thereof being fuppofed exhaufted : how i» it that pa- rents who have procreated after having had the fmall* , pox, their progeny is notwithftanding liable to receive the fmall-pox infedtion ? 3. How is it that a woman having the fmall-pox when pregnant, the foetus doei not receive the fmall-pox from the mother, but may receive it many years after being born ? this was the cafe of capt. B doge of Salem and others in my knowledge. 4. How is it that the difpofition of the air (Sydciiham calls them, various fmall-pox conftitutioni) in fundry years is more or lefs conducive to propagate the fmall- pox infcftion, and to render that diftemper more or lefs deleterious ; thus we find by the bills of mortality of London, Edinburgh, and other great towns where the fmall-pox is never abfent, that the number of fmall- pox burials in various years differs much, f without re- gard to the varieties of feafons and weather, and with- out regard to the more or lefs pernicious modes and fadiions of managing the fmall-pox > modes or au« f Within the London bills of mortality there died ftono 174^, of- the fmall-pox 3236, anno 1751, there died of the finull-pox 098 1 in Edinburgh and Weft-Kirk pariih, there died anno •743» f*( tlic fmall-pox 24.9, anno 1747, there died ji. tUoritiea 4 '■'\r 394 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. thorities of leading phyficians have from time to time per- nicioufljr been introduced into medicine, witnefs in the fmall-pox, Morton's alexipharmicks, Sydenham's opiates, and the repeated blood-lettings of fome prefent noted praflkioners in Great-Britain. May phyficians in wnting avoid all fafhionable whims and cant of the times ; fuch as were formerly occult and fpecifick qualities, chemical reafonings, mechanical powers, and the like : they are of no ufe, and foon become obfolete. 'c II. I have been a fedulous attendant and obferver of the fmall-pox, which in Bofton happened to he epi- demical anno 1721, 1730, and 1752. In the year 1721, being a fort of novice in the fmall-pox pradice, I confided too much in the method of the celebrated Dr. Sydenham, particularly his cold regimen, and fre- quent ufe of vitriolicks and opiates, but from their bad fuccefs I gradually correfted myfelf: 1730 I abandoned the cold regimen, and fubftituted a moderately cool regimen: 1 laid afidc the frequent ufe of fp. vitrioli, as occafioning naufea^ in the flomach, and of opiates as a femora or clog of the courfe of any difl:emper, and as it folicits the morbid affedion to the brain; with fuccefs I followed the purging method in the declenfion of the fmall-pox, I had the hint from the accidental natural purgings in that period which faved the lives of many, and was confirmed therein by the obfervations of Freind and Mead. 1752, I depended almoft intirely upon the fund or (lock of my own obfervations, and my principal indications were from the juvantia and Jaedentia. f III. f Where thefe are not followed, medicine becomes a mere wliim, and a ludibrium of the people ; as in the fmall-pox, fome follow a hot regimen, fome a cold regimen, fome ufe repeated blood-let- tings, K)me a frequent ufe of opiates ; others declare thfem pernicious; fome keep tljc body coftive, feme ufe the purging method, &c. it is of VrRGlNIA. 395 rewl^im, follow a lood-let- rnicious ; &c. it is III. I am perfuaded that during the laft 22 years abfcnce of the fmall-pox in Bofton, from 1730 to 1752, if it had been allowed its free courfe, confidering that perfons when children would have been the fubjedts of it, fewer would have died of it, than h'ave died of it in a few months 1752. If it is not allowed its free courfe when it does invade Boflon epidemically, particular per- fons not qualified to receive it may avoid it, by retiring into the country for a few months. The not qualified are infants, their (lamina vitae are too tender ; pregnant women -, pubeicentes and for a few years after puberty, while their juices are in a juvenile fret j perfons up- wards of 45 ast. (I write from obfervation, not from abftraded imagination) becaufe their juices become ran- cid ; and all perfons under any conftitutional or habi- tual diflemperature of body, particularly the fcrophulous or flrumous, who generally fuffer much in this diftem- per ; we may remark that the fmall-pox fometimes leaves fcrophulous difpofitions in perfons formerly not fcrophu- lous. All others to render the fubfequent parts of their life more eafy, may run the rifk in the natural, that is, accidental way (by the pores of the fkin, by infpiration, deglutition, &c.) or by the more favourable way of in- oculation. IV. Before I proceed further, I fhall give a general numerical hiftory of the Bofton New-England periods, &c. of epidemical fmall-pox. From the firft fettling of the province of MafTachufetts-Bay the fmall-pox has been epidemical in Boilon only eight times, 1649, 1666, 1678, 1689, 1702, 1721, 1730, and 1752 : I Ihall enumerate the periods which happened in this current century. is only the juvantia and Lrdentia can determine the queft'on, as they have in the inftances of Sydenham's grand miftakes of keeping the body bound, and frequent ufe of opiates. The millakes of the moft celebrated praditioners ought to be more canvaiTed, as their authori- ties arc dangerous prccede.Us, 1702, 59^ ASuMMARv, Historical and Political, &c. 1702, beginning of July, the fmall-pox appeared after thirteen years abfcnce-, the alexipharmick method and hot regimen were ufed ; about 300 white people died of this fmall-pox ; f the moft burials were in the month of December, 74.* 1 72 1, it was imported (from Barbadoes) by the Saltor- tugas fleet middle of April ; it continued ikulking about until the middle of June, when the eruptions appearing in many families, the watches appointed to prevent its fpreading were difcontinued, and it was allowed to take its courfe. In the next parcel of decumbents, the erupr tions appeared about the 7th or 8th of July. In the end of July it fpread much ; in O<5lober was the higheft num- ber of deaths, and about the middle of Odober fmall- pox burials begin to decreafe. ^neas Salter, employed by the klc6k men of Bofton (the prudential managers of town affairs) to make a fcrutiny after the fmall-pox ceafed, by a book in feveral columns of lifts, he found that the number of perfons who continued in Bofton (many fled into the country) were 10,567, where- of about 700 efcaped 5 the fmall-pox decumbents had been sgSc), whereof 844 died, which is nearly one in feven. This fmall-pox continued in Bofton 8 months, about 80 died with purples and hsemorrhages, which is about one in ten of the deaths. In and about Bofton 286 were inoculated, whereof the inoculators acknow- ledge fix to have died, which is about one in forty-eight. The Iniall-pox of 1730 was imported from Ireland f Hitherto petechia: (purple fpots) and hsmorrhages.'of which many died, were called a mortal fcarlet fever invading the town at the fame time with the fmall-pox, but an entirely diltind dillemper : 1721 I was tlic f.ill who in New-England introduced them as deleterious fymptonii in the fmall-pox. * Jn the beginning of this century, the inhabitants of Bofton, blacks included, weie about 6750, and the burials conimunibus annis about ?30. Anno 172c, thf inhjibjtanf: were circiter 11,000, and burials conimunibus annis about 3^0. Anno 17'^^, ('729 and 1730 were ivicaflcs and fmall-pox years) the iiih;;bitants were about. 1.5,000, and buiiaL co:nmuniLus annis 500. in Of Virginia.' *;*i?f 397 in the autumn 1729, and was fhut up in a few families during winter •, beginning of March following it fpread much, the watches were removed, and 4th of March 1729-30 it had a free courfe, and inoculation was al- lowed. The higheft number of burials after nine years abfence was in June, it ended with the month of Oc- tober. The decumbents were eftimated at about 4000 (no exaft fcrutiny was made) whereof about 500 died, which is nearly one in eight, and of thefe about j^ with, purples and haemorrhages. Of not quite 400 inoculated in Bofton twelve died, is about one in thirty-three ; the inoculated fmall-pox was not fo favourable as 1721, they were more loaded, and a more protraded confinement ; many of their incifions fufFered much, and required the fpecial care of a furgeon for a confiderable time ; of the twelve deaths three proceeded from the incifions ulcerating and putrifying, S — ry W — d*s child, col. Ch— 'Jey*s child, Mr. G e's foreman. The fmall-pox of 1752. A Ihip from London, capt. Coufins, with the fmall-pox aboard, was bulged Dec. 24, i75i> in Nahant bay near Bofton; the people of Chelfey, the adjacent town, compaflionately affifting to fave the Ihip's crew, received the fmall-pox -, about one in four or five died ; v. f. or blood-letting was blamed and happily loft its reputation in the fublequent Bofton fmall-pox. It arrived in Bofton in January following, by a failor belonging to the Ihip, and got into five or fix families, but did not much fpread till 20th of March 1752, and Monday 23d inoculation was let loofe; feme greedy praftitioners indifcriminately inoculated any per- ibns who could be perfuaded to receive it, even pregnane women, puerperas, old negroes, and the like ; upon a fcrutiny hiade July 24, by the lelcd men and the over- leers of the poor in the fevcral wards, the feledl men re- queft the praditioners to inoculate no more after 27th of July. To take at one view the ftate of the fmall-pox in Bofton from Jan. 1752, to July 24, the following table may ferve. Small- 398 A Summary, Hsstorxcal and Political, &c .3'^..ifT '^^- "Whites Blacks Small-pox in the natural way 5059 485 .^ Whereof died 452 '* M' ■-> " By inoculation 1970 "< ,11.: ; "Whereof died 24 ,i n' ..v< H/ •2:u Sick in 1 7 families ifi Perfons who have not received it 23 »74 62 139 ' There died of inoculation 31 perfons, not including the dubious deaths of Mr. Coleman's fon, who died by fubfcquent nervous diforders and fore eyes, and the two daughters of Mr. Goldthwait who died under inoculation, but as it is faid by the fore throat illnefs. The fcrutiny reported, that the total of refidenters, fo called, at that time were 15,734, including 1544 negroes, and about 1800 abfentees who had fled from the fmall-pox. Died of an inoculated fmall-pox, about one in eighty-two whites, and one in twenty blacks. V. The fmall-pox in cold countries is more fatal to blacks than to whites. In the Bofton fmall-pox of 1 752, there died whites in the natural way about one in eleven, by inoculation one in eighty 5 blacks in the natural way one in eight, by inoculation one in twenty. In hot countries it is more tatal to whites than blacks. In Charles- town of South-Carolina, when the fmall-pox prevailed 1738, upon a fcrutiny, it was found that in the natural way, of 647 whites, died 157, is one in four-, by inoculation of 156 whites, died nine, is one in twenty : of 1024 blacks in the na- tural way there died 138, is one in feven and half; of 251 blacks by inoculation there died feven, is one in thirty-fix. VI. In autumn the fmall-pox is the moft deleterious ; in all autumnal fevers there is a putrid complication from the declining and leis vegete fealon ;. in winter the fcafon does not allow it to fpiead ; tlie fpring, if not tco Of Virginia; 399 too wet, and the fummer, if not too hot, are the mod fa- vourablc feafons for the fmall-pox^ :,_'-, •,r'.,,iCc VII. Wc improve in the management of the fmall- pox: in the natural way 1721, died ahout one in fevcn; 1730 about one in eight; 1752 nearly one in eleven, which may be attributed to the gradually relinquifhing alexipharmicks, and a hot regimen formerly recom- mended by many, being one extreme •, and of a cold management the other extreme : by this Sydenham has done much damage ; as nature's helmfmen, we have va- ried from a more cool to a more cordial regimen, ac- cording to the constitutions of different patients, and the various ftadia, and other circumftances of the fame pa< tient : v. s. or bfood-letting, was feldom ufed 5 fcarce any ufe of opiates : the patient was kept in a natural tem- perature with a plentiful ufe of diluters ; the body kept folable in all the ftadia, and when the maturation was compleated, cordial purges for two or three days. VIII. The greater or fmaller mortality in the fmall- pox is not principally owing to the feafons, regimen, and the like ; but fomewhat infcrutable in the various conftitutions of families and individuals; 1721, Mr. Bond, a carpenter, and five of his children, died with purples and haemorrhages in Bofton ; 1 752, four chil- dren of Mr. Wier of Charles-town died, whereof one was inoculated. The commonly received notion of the fmall-pox being fatal to the New-England born, is not true and juft, and is of bad efFedt in depreffing the ipirits of New-England men when feized abroad -, 1752 of the fmail-pox decumbents in Bolton died about one in eleven ; it is feldom fo favourable in any part of Great- Britain. The fmall-pox is a malignant contagious eruptive puf- tulary fever, obferving certain ftadia -, communicable only by perfonal infection : it is not known to be ende- '400 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. mial in arty country as the plague is in Turkey, it was not known in America until the colonies from Europe introduced it. In the natural way, from infedtion re- ceived -to the firft eruptions, allowing a latitude for va- rieties of ages and conftitutions, are 14 to 2 1 daysj. in the inoculated way, are 7 to 14 days ; but I fufpe6l thefe of 14 days, to have received the infedion in the natural way from the inoculator, or from the effluvia of his va- riolated doflils. The fmall-pox generally is not infed- ing, until a concoded pus is formed. In the fmall-pox time 1752, the chicken or fpurious pox was frequent, and fometimes palled for the fmall-pox, and fome per- fons have inefFedlually been inoculated from thence : but if' there has been an apparatus of two or three days, 'though the puftules are watery or ichorous with a thin cyftis, if the bafes be red with a circular florid cuticular cxpanfion, we may pronounce it a genuine fmall-pox. There are vaft varieties of the genuine fmall-pox ; in ge- neral, the fooner the feveral fladia are accompliflied, the more benign is the fmall-pox, and frequently the danger is in proportion to the number of puftules, efpecially in the face. In the fmall-pox natural and ingrafted, fome patients a few days before decumbiture, have tranfient intermitting complaints ; fome after the genuine fmall- pox puftulary eruption is compleated, have eruptions of fpurious puftules. ^ ' -^ *** — *■' . . . ? To form a general idea of the fmall-pox, we may take the diftinft plump kind as a standard. It begins with the common fymptoms of a fever (in the ap- paratus of many, there are no chills, rigors, and hor- ripulations perceivable ; a cough is no lymptom) par- ticularly with a pain in the head, back, and limbs ; oppreflion e regione ventriculi, naufea, or vomitings fore throat in general, but no dangerous fymptom, it " gradually vanifhes alter maturation i nervous affedions, deliria, are ver) ftadia -, f Syd^ whereas all praftit the moft fymptoms temper w] Vol. (Df ViROiNtA. 4t>t dfclirio, phrenfiei}, and fometitnes convulHons in childrert | f the end of the third or beginning of the fourth day, the fmall-pox puftules begin to appear} in fome few, the eruptions make their appearance without any apparatus fymptoms; generally, the younger the fubjeft) the fooner ail the ftadia of any diflemper, particularly of the fmall^ pox, are performed ; the Afth day they are round and iD" large their bafea of a lively red ; the (ixth day they come to a point } the fevtnth day the points or apices turn white ; the eighth they turn yellow ; the ninth there is £1 laudable digefled pus; the tenth they begin to cruft or fcab i the twelfth they are dry fcabs. X. There are fo many varieties of the fmall-pox appearances, they cannot be reduced to clafies •, we may obferve that the very young and very old are fcarce fufceptibic of the fmall-pox, perhaps their vis vitse is too feeble for bringing the variolous leaven received, to leaven the whole lump. I fhall enumerate fome of the moft noted varieties, i. A diftind dry fort, tew, not large, bafis fcarce inflamed, very fmall digeftion, being warty or horny -, the fifth or fixth day from eruption, they begin to dry and foon vanifh, leaving no pittings, only freckles. 2. The diftindt plump kind as above defcribed for a llandard. 3 The coherent, not well defcribed by the writers concerning the fmall-pox ^ I fuppofe they mean a frequent or clullered fmall-pox de* prefTed, generally pitted or umbilicated in the center, and upon the maturation frequently attended with a fecond or fecondary fever. 4. The confluent, which are very irregular in their firfl appearances and fubfequent ftadia i frequently they appear eryfipelas like, and after •f* Sydenham and fome others reckon them a good progno(lick« whereas many fuch die in the apparatus and beginning of eruption ; all pra£titioners obferve that purgings and convalfions are general]/ the moft fatal diftempers of children, therefore they muft be bad fymptoms in the apparatus of their fmall pox ; I know of no dif- . temper where coavullions are a favourable prognoltick. Vol. II. D d the ^ ^2. A Summary, H||TQ^i<^A» aii4 Political, &c. tl^f p^ru^ of macura^i), H^hccomfi «i ^i^-colggn^ ccMft oi;'whi« ikini chew fkoBd iey^r frequently be- comes, » hcf^k, not Q)QKt4l UQtUi aitei; iome wccIm, ^ njowhs or 3(evs. 5. ThrR (m^l-poK mwfpuM with pete<:hM^ vcTiculas. nnilUi)es» qr ^nml bUfter& of a lirppld or bjuifh fcrum i vrich pyrple fpots more or li^fs dijMtcd i apd h^i^norrhages, which are in In fome there is at firft, a flulh or raihr . like forinidabk apptrarance, but foon difappearingi the . fniatl pox looks favourable. N. 3> A round turgid finajlr pox ytith ilorid interftiges is tbfi l?eft. X'. Among rjie bad fymptoms in the fmall-pox, we may enumerate tne following : f mild fymptoms in a fmall-pox of a bad appearance j unjverfal feeblencfs or proftrarjon of flreng.h •, pain from the nape of the neck all along the J pine *, naufra, and averfion to any drink *, fetid anhelous breathings •, groans, vigi is, inquier. tudes or languid toffings, comas, a fparkling piercing bright eye threatening a phrenfy j colliquations of any. kind in the eruption, fuch as profufe fweatings, many ilools, menflruatio tempore non debito, purples and hse- « morrhagcs. A miliary eruption, or like rank meafles, or eryfipelas like ; a fpanilh brown unequal eruption, a cryftaline fmall-pox j a filiquous fmall-pox, where the piiftule^ of a cream colour run together, waved of vari- ous figures, fpungy not mellow ^ a feflile fmall-pox ; ' where the confluent fort dry in the beginning of ma- turation ; ^ter the eruption is compfeated, miliary blifters or purples appearing in the intefdices containing -a dark red ferum ; a fudden fubfidence of the puflules , f Excepting in i>ad cafes of the fmall-pox, in fiurope^hyficians ■ are fddom called upon ; it is left in die managcinent of the matrons and to nature : it is reckoned a dittempcr of children, fuch at . are red gum, toothing, worms, and the like ; the Dutch with good . propriety call it kinderen packies, but kw of the adults are to re- - ceive it, becauie when, d^ldrci^ they «i» allowed tp have it in com- mon coarfe.. • -1 •- ' *- ^' and OfVtRdiNiA."^''^^** 4bJ sUid r#e}Hhg o^ the face) the eyes fiiui up) opening fuddtnly^ puftules felHle dty fubflding in the center) interftices livid or pale) in the derquamatidh brSde- clenHont where a fanious gleeting fcab returns with^ a tedious expectoration of vifcid phlegnfii and hei^icli } a cold refpiration i carrion like fetid ftools* a ftrong vibration of the carotide arteries ) the firil eruptions more general in the extremities than in the face and neck : fcarce any die but in the drying defquamaiion or declenfion period ) this drying fonietimes happen^ in the fird of maturation, or any time of the matura- tion protradled but not perfedted ; indigo coloured Hains in the puftules i fcabs or cruds of a bees-wax colour are the mod laudable^ the alh-coloured are bad^ the black are very bad \ where the puflules after maturation feem to be at a (land, and do not fcab or corrugate^ the patient is weak, and the cafe dubious* '," "^ j' !* The management Of the fmall-pox in geheraL' :'"| To receive the fmail-poxj when expedled, in the natu- ral or inoculated way •, keep an eafy undidurbed mind^ avoid catching of cold, refrain from violent exerci^i ufe a foft dieCi take a mercurial purge or two. i « In the beginning * of the apparatus fever, give a gentle vomit (a rude vomit hurts as much as does violent, ex- ercife) it not only cleans the ftomachj but by itsflioclts removes obftrudions, renders the oeconomy meable for a regular circulation. 2. When the defign of nature is obvious, and her intentions laudable, give no diftuibance by medicines, dilute plentifully becaufe of the cauftick acrimony, let nature keep its eourfe ; if any extra* * When the fymptoms of the fmaiUpcix appear j iht temper ought not to be too mach lowered by a cold regimen, by ▼. f. or any nnnecefTary evacuation ; occaiioniag a late, imperfect, unequsl^ fecond crop eruption, of bad confequence ; neither (hoiild the tem- per be raifecl by cordials and-a^ hot regimen to force :he circulating juices to i feparadoft of a'igircdter-lotd of fmalJ[-po;i^ than natmc intended. " ' P d a ordinary I 404 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. ordinal^ fymptom happen, as is the ciiftom in Great- Ipricain, ^all in the advice of a neighbouring honed prac- tifing apochecar/ or furgeon} or rather of fome ex- perie^jced difcreet phyAcian. 3. During the eruption ^ncf^,,macuration periods, keep the belly rather foluble tharfbound, (Sydenham by a grand midake recommends coltiveneis even to the thirteenth day) and upon ma- turation, a purging natural or procured, are falutary and have faved the lives of many, particularly in rigors and anhelous breathings. 4. In the whole courfe of the diitemper, the patient is to be kept in a moderate or natural temper, an increafed heat intiames the habit, cold deprefles the fpiriis too much. 5. Give vegeta- ble acids (mineral acids I have tound too rude, and do hurt by occafioning a nauftra or vomituition/ becaufe there is a notorious animal or urinous acrimony in the cafe. 6. When the maturation is compleated, to prevent or ^leviate a fecond fevtr, from lomc part ot the variolous pus being abforbed by the circulating fluids, give fome cordial purges f for two or three days; upon any un- liicky tranQation, it is eafier to folicit the inteftines to a diCcharge, las being more under command, fhan any other fccrction or evacuation) than the falivary ducts or urinary paflfages : this purging moderates the fuppuration, and conlequently prevents much pittings anrf fcars, moreover it procures flcep like an anodyne, and more benignly, becaufe opiates protrad all the (ladia •, a prutcaded dcfquamation, with a {harp fanies or corrofive 'f Tn the fmall-pox of 1730, I obferved fome patients with vio- lent fecond fever (yniptoms, upon niiituration compleated, feizcd with a natural pucging which gave great relief; but as a blind follower of Sydenham. 1 checked it by opiates, which occafioned a re- turn of the violent threatning fymptoms ; until the effe& of the opiate bdng over, the purging returned with great relief, and fo toties quo- ties : this gave me a llrone hint, that ptirging upon maturation com- pleated was fahitary : 1 uied it with fuccefs, and introduced the good opinion of it with many praftitioner*, to the faving of many lives ; foon after I found thiv purging method recommended by Dr. Mead, Feeing, and other phyftcians in En^and. ., ,- ichor. Of Virginia. 405 ichor, gleeting from under the fcabs, occafion pittings and fears } fo does picking and fcratching of the fmail-pox fcabs, before a new fcurf (kin is formed underneath to prevent the injuries from the external air. 7. Towards the end of the defquamation give a mercurial purge or two to defecate the blood and other juices, f We may further obferve, i. That there are fuch ano- malies in conlUtutions, that a few extraordinary inflances proof againft all pernicious management, are by no means to be adduced as precedents for forming of a regimen : Dr. Fuller in his Exanthematologia, writes,' that a Ion xt. 15, of Dr Hooper, bifhop of Bath and Wells, in a very bad fmall pox, for twelve days when awake, every half hour drank a bumper of flrong beer, mountain wine, or brandy ; he recovered : fome drank only cold water and did well : Sydenham's hiftory of a young man^ who in the abfence of his nurfe was thought by the (land- ers by to have died and was laid out on a cold board, the nurfe upon her return, perceiving fome figns of life, put him to bed and he did well. 2. Let not numbers of decumbents be put up in one c'ofe room, the congeries of putrid effluvia, renders the ambient air a puddle c/f corruption, and without a proper fpring to con- tinue ilit circulation of our juices, which is the life of animals. 3. Let not nature or the fpirits (this ou'^ht to be regarded in all acute diftempers; be difturbed by noife or confabulation. 4. Where medicines are re- quired, adminilter no medicine that continues to be dif- agreeable to the ftomach. 5 Any violent fymptom aj)j.)earing, muft be immediately obviated •, delays here are dingerous. 6. Lcc the belly be kept foluble j for- merly irom an implicit faith in Sydenham, I lapfed into that error, that the belly ought not to be kept foluble, led nature fliould be confounded in her proper courfe; whereas in truth, natuie is thereby alleviated. 7. Avoid "f- Sometimes a heftick fever remains to the 2cth, ^oth, 4Cth day or longer, and the pr.ticnt dies hcftick or confamptive ; fome- timcs a fcrophulous dirpoAcion remains for lite. Dd 3 grief. i^od A Summary, HfSTOni^ivi and Political, fltc. gri^f^ int9Qie chinking, or the like, particularly avoid feart they hinder peripiracion, and all other tenden- Cie» to tie furfice or ad «xtra of the body. 8. Upon the QUMuraiion, where thr circulation is much crowded, the f¥'tiling of the tace and ain^s, a ptyalilm, a diabe- tica! proOuviurp are of gre^t relief } cordial purges an- fwer the fame intention, and are mure at our command i fpiedog freauentiy begins with the eruption, and uughc pot CO decfine until about eleventh day of illnefs \ it jgradually becomes chick and ro^y and requires plentiful diluoing. 9. Purples ju>d hsniorrh^^es arc pip.ic mortal ()^n the plague itlelf. ijI)-. ' mi^ji Concerning inoculation of the fmall-pox. o V*,!". The novel pradtice of procuring the fmall-pox by inocqlation, is a very confiderabie and moi^ beneficial improvement in that article of medical praiflice. It is true, the' firll promoters of it were too extravagant, ^od therelore fufpcdcd in their recoiDmendations ot itj ai\d fojiie medical writers inlUnce liindry diforders ari- png in the animal ceconomy from fome foreign liquids be- ing dire^ly adipitted into the current of blood : thefe confjderanons made me, 1721, not enter into the prac? tice, until further trials did evince the fuccefs of it 5 biat. now after upwards of thirty years pradlice of it in Great- Britain, and the dominions thereto belonging, we found that the fmall-pox received by cuticular in- cilions h^s a flatter chance for life and an eafy decum- biture I that is, pH^ fmall-pox fo received is lefs mortal, and generally mqre favourable, than when received in the accidental or n^^vr?^ way, by infpiration, deglu- tition, pores pf the (kin, and the like. We muft ftill acknowledge, that it falls ihort of the recommenda- tions giveft by its firft promoters, being no abfolute (ecurity againft djcath and other calamities of the ffpall-pox i it produces all the varieties as in the natural way^ from the mofl favourable dry horny diftindt ■ "'■■■ kind, Of VtROlNlA. 467 kind, to the moft deleetrious attended with purptet and * hemorrhages 1 the confequential boiU and impoftumt- tions are more than in the natural way, befidei tiidr incifions ulcerating and jputrifying. We hinted flcfore, that' in Bofton 1730 of the twelve inoculated dctthi three were occaHoned by their incifioni 1 two in three a few days after inoculation complain in their axtlKiry, ' inguinal, or parotid glands, * before the apparatui fever makes its appearance. We arc informed that of the firft inoculations in England, nine in ten were affiled with > fores, fo as to require the immediate care of t furgeon or drcfler for fome time, f To alleviate the crifis and deleterious fymptoms of the fmall-pox, i. We Bnd good fuccefi in theCircaHian way of procuring it by variolous put ai)plied in any manner to freih cutaneous incifions. The manner which I happen to ufe, is a fmall cuticular facriBcation by the point of a crooked biftoury or fcalpcl, in the in- fide of the upper arm, and in this inciuon I lodge a very fmall variolated doflil in the form and btftnefi of a barley corn, || contained or fecured by fom« Kicking * Where the drcolation labours, the gUndultr ptrM •#• tlM moft liable to complain. , ^ f If the iinall pox procured by inocui .tion wm (o hvonrihU Hi at firft pretended, it would require only a barbtr (arg90n or CUf»p«fi the tncifion or fcarification is done with lefs riOn than comnum bUxMU letting, &Dd requires only a foft diet ^nd (hort COnfinfm«At ttfld«r th« fm 1! care of a nurfe or attendant, anu a prt£lUioMr'« imfl/l bill Woul4 appear ridiculous and impofmg. II '^t prefent in London, they generally nfe li fmiAl tCfHtch, or fcarificatio ) in one arm, and lodge thercm a Cmtll btC of variolated' thread. There is no proportion or dofe of vftrtolooi matter re^, quifit.' for inoculat on ; Pylarini writes, that by pricking th« fkin vri:h needles dipt in variolous matter or pus, people Ulfe been inocu- lated: the variolous maifm is inconceivably iubtle » 730 I n inoculated patient. Dr. Wagftaffe writes, that the criminals in Newgate 1721, were inoculated by pus fron:i a flyxed fort of a perfon who died before the ino- Cu!arions were performed. 4. The caution that per- fons who are to be inoculated take, not to receive at the fame time the infeftion in ihe natural way, is a vulgar error i the receiving of infeftion upon infedion does not add to its intenfcnefs, as we may obferve in perfons who receive it in the natural way and are continuedly expofed to repeated infedions, becaufe what-^ ever infedion hrft takes place, renders the fijbfequent in- fedions efFeet or abortive, and as the inoculated fmall- pox is more expeditious in its courfe, any other in- jiedion would prove abortive. The hiftory of inoculation relating to New-England, is 'briefly as follows. The CircaHians living between the Egxine and Cafpian feas, time out of mind, have car- ried on a confiderable branch of trade with 1 urkey and Pcrfia, in felling their own childien and young flaves, tal^en by excurfions from their neighbours ; but more efpecially their young women, they are beautiful, and in great requeft in the feraglios and harams of the Turks and Perfians; while young they give them the Imall-pox by inoculation or otherwife, and they who ictain their beauties are carried to market. This Cir- cafTian traffick conveyed the pradice into Turkey ; the 'iurks at firft from their principle of predellination would not come into it, the old women of the Greek church pradifed it for Ibme time among the meaner fort of peo,)le i Fylarini writes that 1701, it firfl; began to be ufcJ ..m^rif, ihsj bctt;:r ibrt jn Conitantinople. I7I31 Of Virginia.* 409 more, and the the who s Cir- the vould lurch )rt of to be 1 71 3, Timonius from Conftantinople fent to the royal fociety in London incredible recommendations c£ this pradice, " that for the preceding eight years fomfe thoufands had been inoculated, and none died, while zt* the fame time, half ot the affeded in the common way- died in Conftantinople ; and what is valued by the fair^^ inoculation never leaves pits or fears •, children have nd coavuifions." Pylarini, the Venetian conful at Conftan- tinople, 1 7 14, fent to the royal fociety a more modefl" account of the fame. " I was not an eye-witnefs to all that I now relate ; inoculation fometimes does not take place J with Ibme, in the glandulous parts and emuAc- tories, abfceffes do arife alter Ibme time." Dr. Le Duc^ a native of Conftantinople, and who was hirnfelf inocu-*' lated, aflured Dr. Junn, that out of many thoufands, ' in the fpace of about forty years paft, who had been in- oculated in and about Conftantinople by one Greek wo- man, not fo much as one perlon had mifcarried. 'uni^aor 1721, I lent thefe coinmunications to Dr. Cotton Mather, a clergyman of Bofton ; being very credulous, that is, of great faith, when the fmall-pox appeared in -. Bofton, that he might have the imaginary honour of a new Tangled notion, furreptitioufly without my know- ledge let a rafh undaunted operator -f to work, and by three practitioners in town and country, about 286 were-- inoculated, whereof about one in forty-eight died in-" Bofton. • ■'■.... .1 !■■•) n* ,Eih:>4. Thefe communications were regarded in England^-" only as virtuofo amufemcnts, until 1721, Mr. Maitland,' ' a furgeon in the retinue of Sir Robert Sutton, the fi?i- . tilh ambaflador at Conftantinople, upon his arrival in ^' London, from fomc fcanty obfervations, but moftly frohi " • •f- This undaunted operator imagined, that by^oing to Londxjn ' with a quack bill of his inoculation performances iu New-En^';land, .• he might acquire a fortune in London ; but lo it happened, that void of common difcretion to couch his ignorance and lilly mean aflu- rance, he returned to Bolton without being culled upon to pi^r- , form any inoculation. j,- •; - > :■■:...;. . .•:• ; . . . :\ • • l^ear-(ay, .,- 11 4|.ro A Summary, Hu^UKttsjiL aiid Political, &c •litjar-(ty, with the iiitfiirfeiireu)t of a traveller, broached this rtoi^l ^raftice, and a few were inoculated with Tlkxcff i which induced the royal family to think well 'of it, and by way of experiment fome condemned cri- itoinals Were inoculated in Newgate with their own con* •lent., In the fpring following by direction of the prin- ttCs 'of Wales, fix holpital children, and foon after five inorie hofpital children from stt 14 weeks to 20 jftiifs of age Were inoculated j fomc did not receive the iniedtion, as having had it formerly, or trom fomc "Jother impediment, but none died or fuffbred much : iipon this encouragement, Mr. Amyand, ferjcant furgeon, was ordered to ingraft the fmall-pox on princefs Amelia, let» II, and princefs Carolina, set. 9, they had them fa- yoacabiy ; this encouraged the practice •, and from the accounts of Dr. Jurin, feaetary to the royal fociety (a great promoter of inoculation) in the f rft threeyears, 1 72 r, 1722, and 1725, of the praftice, in all Great-Britain were inoculated 477 pcrfons, whereof nine are fufpedled to 'have died, and as of thefe twenty-nine did not receive 'the infefkioh (this is one in fixteen) the deaths were nine jn 448, or two per cent, in this period of three years j the principal inoculators in England, were Dr. Nettle- ton in Yorklhire eighty patients, Mr. Amyand, ferjeant furgeon, fixty-two, Mr. Maitland eighty-five, &c. The firll promoters were fo incredibly marvellous in their accounts, as would have difcouraged any fober man to have attempted it, if the fubfequent more mo- derate accounts of its fuccefs had not given a reafonable encouragement. Timonlus wrote, that of many thou- fands inoculated in the fpace of eight years none died. •Le Due writes, that in the fpace ot about forty years, out of many thoufands inoculated by one Greek wo- man in and about Conftantinople, not fo much as one perfon had mifcarried, as is before hinted. Mr. Mait- land in his printed account fays, ** Dying is a cafe which never happened in ingrafting; that, the giving of tlie fmall-pox by inoculation never yet failed, nor ever Of ViKOfNIA. ^n ever can ; no hea lignai't diftempers^ murrain among neat cattle, rot among fheep, and the like : we may alfo obferve, that fome fpecies of trees only are fufceptible of peculiar blafts; that male animals only imprgenate fe* males of their own fpecies. U Dr. Berkley's tar> water is htely recommended in the f&me niati-' • r,'-T ncr 412 A Summary, Historical and Political, &c. In making of medium cftimatcs, we ought to take large numbers in a long feries of tinie^ but not the cafes of fingular families, where fome may fay that notorious circumilances were not avoided or attended to, /Uch as pregnant women, child-bed women, old ne- groes, and the like ; we had a remarkable inilance in the inoculation* of Bofton, 1 752, of five perfons in one family, Mr. Shcrburn*s inoculated by Mr. G — r * three died ; — of 72 or 73 perfons inoculated 1721 in Roxbury and the adjacent country towns by Mr. B n, five died ; which is about one in fourteen. la /hort, the riik feems to be only two to three per ct. and by the purging method, and fome prudential cau- tionSj might be further reduced. . , s . o j, >t . I am at a lofs for the reafons, why inoculation hitherto is not much ufed in our mother country, Great-Britain -, confidering that it has with good fuccefs been pradifed in our colonies or plantations, particularly in Bofton, New- York, Philadelphia, and Charles-town of South- Carolina.. The advantages of inoculation are, i. The choice of fuitable feafons. 2. A previous proper regimen. 3. A laudable '^this is the moft eHgible) variolous pus or leaven. 4. ' v^e have ro inftance of any who re- ceived the fmail-pox by inoculation, receiving the fniail- pox again. 5. By many trials for upwards of 30 years in the dominions of Great- Britain, it muil be acknow- ledged a more favourable manner of receiving the linall- pox. 6. In a place of trade, it gives the I'mall-pox a quick courfe, and the interruption of commerce fhort j in the very general fmall-pox of Bofton 1752, the ti- ner as a panacea : the principal advantage I found in it, is, when a pHyfician is tired out with fome tedious chronical caiie to turn the patient over to the ufe of the bifliop's tar-water ; valeat quantum valere potcft. • This is not defigned as a perfonal refleftion upon my friend Mr. ^ . . I -J but to illuMrate that inoculation is very far from beipg a J rjlervativi; agair.;i death, as was alled^ed by feme of its pronioters. - morons ■,'slt^ ^.f^* ■ Of ViROXNiA. 4t3 morous fled from the fmall-pox beginning of April, and With the trade generally returned beginning ol Sep- tembcr. '. • ** The difadvantages of inoculation, whereof fome arc obviated, i. inoculated deaths being criminal: the- royal family by their example, have removed this- fufpicion. 2. Procuring of abortion to women with- child, is a fin in foro divino, though connived at by*^ us. 3. A fordid mercenary manner of perfuading child- bed women to receive the fmall-pox by inocu'^tlon, upon pretext of cleanfmg : whereas the puerpera fret' in the circulating juices, is by this leaven incrcafed, colliquative purgiiigs enfue, and finally death: I can' adduce fome notorious inftances in Bofton. 4. The I communicating f of perfonal or family chronical and con- ftitutional diftempers to the inoculated (a man has or ought to have a proper regard for his progeny and fuc- " ceeding generations) has been a confidcrable (tumbling block with me : on the other hand, from many trials in the fpace of upwards of thirty years praftice of ino- culating the fmall'pox in the BritiQi dominions, no fuch communications have been obferved •, the itch itfclf, a notorious cutaneous dillemper, is not faid to have been f Chronical diftempers have been received by cutaneous or ex- Iternal applications : we have a notorious inftance of this, fome years fmce in Cork of Ireland ; a nurfe reputed for drawing of child bed women's breads; from a venereal ulcer under her tongue, infeded the nipples of her women; thcfe women in coition infe£led their hulhands, and the city became generally poxed. All conftitution dit- tunpers have lome idea or feminium in every drop of our jucies ; the acute dillemper according to its nature foon (hews itfelf, the chronical ails adt imperceptibly and (lowly in the body ; the diftempers ex tra- duce, fometime.s intermit a generation or two, and again appear ia Ifucceeding generations, fuch as the pfora of North -America, called a ' Ifalt rheum, that is, a fcurvy, negro yaws, fcrophulous diforders ot • Iking's-evil, venereal difeafes, manias and other hereditary nervous ; I diforders, arthritick or gouty ails, nephritick cafes, and the like, Iwhich may occafion inquietudes in the minds of the inoculated, and Irender them incapable of the greateft happinefs in life, mens fana in jcorpore fano. . -- • -- v- -^ thus;^ 414. A Summary, I^siioi^iqa^ $ni Political, 9tt, thM» cpmrnunicaiod: ajid: ifr aftrn a fciries.ofiyjears or ge^ Derations any fuch fearat ihpuld become real, fach diftant views cannot afFedt much where the prefent relief or better chaqce are in the cafe. 5. It fpreads infedUon very quickf and endangers* the neighbourhood not pre- pared to receive it: thi^ i& one of the reafons. that it is felony or criminal for a. man to fet his own houfe on fire, becaufe it. endangers the vicinity : it. is a hardfhip upon the ppbUck) to oblige people abruptly to leave their habitapons and bunnefs.; fome civil regulations feem requifite to obviate fome difficulties which occur in-lhis. praftice. 6. It promotes the praftice of P— fraudes, as biftiop.Tillotfon in another cafe writes, that fome men had got a fcurvy trick of lying, in favour of what they impofed upon people as truth, as lately happened in the Qol^on inoculations-, upoa an aftual furvey it was found that, in about 2000 inoculations, 31 had died (others, including fome difputed cafes, fay 34) the promoters gave out 3500 inoculated, but gra- dually reduced the number to 3000, and afterwards to 2500, (fee the Bofton gazettes publifhed in June 2752) and at lalt acquiefced in the aduai fcrutiny of about 2109 : in policy of infurance offices, this falfe repre- fentation would be reckoned an impofition, becaufe peo- ple who would run a rifk at i per ct. may not run the fame rilk at 2 or 3 per ct. t Virginia fettlements. At firfl there were only a few general patentees, but at prefent every freeholder may be reckoned a patentee. The government of Virginia pretend to extend their fettlements fo tar back weftward as the great lake Erie, and fome branches of the Miffiflippi river, comprehend- ing an immenfe quantity of land unfettled -, and as their fettlements extend gradually towards the mountains, they create new counties from time to time, for the conveni- ency of attending inferior courts of judicature. The 0£ Vuo I'' Monthly county courts. »i.* .] ' h Firft Mondays in every month. Henrico, Richmond, Williamfburg, James city, . "I Northumberland, ^Second Mondays, Nanfcmond, York, '''*^ Prince William, Cumberland, Middlefex, Elizabeth city Spotfylvania, Prince George King and Queen, Northampton, Stafford, Effex, ^ Gooch land, Princefs Anne, Surrey, Louifa, Third Mondays. 1 Fourth Mondays. .Firft Tuefdays. Second Tuefdays. ■Third Tuefdajrs, Fourth Tuefdays. Weft. '4i6 A SumbtarVV HiSTOiticAi.aiid Political, Sec, |Laft Tuefdays. Firft Wcdncfdays. JFirft Thurfdays. I Second Thuffdays. } Third Thurfdays." V *"' * J Fourth Thurfdays* I Firft Fridays* , I Second Fridays. > Third Fridays each month* Weftmordttnd, Accomack, Charles city, "Warwick Ifle of Wight, Hanover, New-Kent, Southampton, Noi>:ik, Culpepper, Gloucefter, Orange, Cheftcrfield, King George, Lancafter, Carolina, King William, Amelia. ,%i- Thus the government is divided into forty-five coun*- ties, whereof fix hold quarterly courts, and thiry-ninc hold monthly courts \ fee the proper article of legiflative and executive courts. The country between James river and York river is the beft inhabited, cultivated, and produces the bed tobacco. Lunenburgh, their remoteft fettlement, is about loo miles S. W. from Hanover ; Hanover is 60 miles from Williamfburg, the metropolis. The lands weft of the Virginia fcttlements are claimed by the Six nations, called by the French Iroquois, and by the Britilh, Mohawks ; they are alfo claimed by the fouthern Indians 5 fee vol. I. p. 187 ; and by the French of Canada. The beft lands are above the falls of the rivers ; the firft falls of each river muft be the barcadiers for the back or inland countries, and in time become great towns or corporations. The END. ;al» &c. ive coun*- thiry-ninc legiflative brk river the beft ibout loo tiks from « claimed uois, and ed by the le French lis of the barcadiers iC become 1 •»v~ **«%=