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SPOTTON, M.A., F.L.S., , I'RIN. HABBORD STREET COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, TORONTO. REVISED EDITION. W. J. GAGE & COMPANY. Limited TOBONTO. 210741 _?T^^0 Entered Mcordlng to Act of Parllamrat of Caii.da,*in the office of the Mlni«erof Agriculture, by W. J. G«e 4 Co., Limited, In Ihe y«rH^. m CQNfENTS. ^ / Preface to the First Edition V Preface to the Third Edition yii Abbreviations of Names of Authors viii How to Use the Key and the Flora Ix Key to the Orders xii Flora: — Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants l Dicotyledons 1 Angiosperms 1 Polypetalous Division l Gamopetalous " 95 Apetalous " j82 Gymnosperms 214 Monocotyledons 217 Spadiceous Division 217 Petaloideous " 224 Glumaceous " 248 FJowerless or Cryptogamous Plants 252 Glossary 272 List of Common Cultivated Plants 280 Index 291 PREPAOE TO THE FIRST EDITIOIS. A few words will not be out of place by way of preface to the List of Common Canadian Plants contained in the fol- lowing pages. It will be observed that the List is confined to wild plants, the exclusion of cultivated Species having been determined on, partly because of the difficulty of know- ing where to stop when an enumeration of them has once been entered upon, and partly because it was thought that, on the whole, more important results would be attained by directing attention exclusively to the denizens of our own woods and fields. What is really desired is, to create among our young people an interest in the Botany of Canada, and it seems not unreasonable to hope that this end may be better attained by placing within their reach some such handy volume as the present, dealing only with such plants as grow spontaneously within our limits. The great majority of the plants described have been per- sonally examined, and their occurrence verified, by the writer, his observations having been directed to what may fairly be regarded as representative districts of the older Provinces, but special acknowledgments are also due to Prof. Macoun, of the Geological Survey, fur the free use of his valuabi*) notes, and other friendly assistance. Whilst diligence has been exercised that no commonly occurring plant should be omitted, yet it can hardly be +hat such omissions do not occur, aiid the writer will bs most grateful to any observers into whose harids the List may come, if they will kindly draw his attention to any such defects, so that they may be remedied in subsequent editions. The Classification and •Nomenclature adopted are very nearly those of the Sixth Edition of Dr. Gray's Manual of VI rilBFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. the Botany of the Northern United States, and the whcer most gratefully acknowledges the great assistance he has receivod from the admirable descriptions in that work. Except in a very general way, no attempt has been mada to define the limits of the range of the various Species, ai; observations tend to show that the range, in many cases, i| undergoing constant alteration from various causes. When, however, a Species has appeared to be confined to a particulai locality, mention has been made of that fact, but, as a rule. Species known to be of rare occurrence have been excluded Characters considered to be of special importance in the determination of the various Species have been emphasized by the use of italics, and where the Species of a Genus, or the Genera of an Order, are numerous, a system of grouping according to some prominent character has been adopted, BO as to reduce the labour of determination as much as To assist the non-classical student, names which might be mispronounced have been divided and accentuated, the divi- sion having no reference whatever to the etymology of the words, but being simply based upon their sound when properly pronounced. It need hardly be added that the writer's Elements op Structural Botany is designed to be the constant com- panion of the present Flora, in the hands of the young student, for the explanation of such technicalities as he may not have previously mastered. \ Barrie, November, 1883. • ^ PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. \ The greatly increased interest in Botany as a subject of study in the schools of the Dominion has necessitated a revi- sion and enlargement of the List of Common Canadian "Wild Plants. The following pages now include most of the wild plants of Manitoba and the prairie region generally, as well as those of the older Provinces. Plants known to be pecu- liar to the west are indicated by the addition of the letters "N.W." to the descriptions, while the note " Atl. Prov." sufficiently marks those peculiar to the east. No attempt has been made to enter the plants of the Pacific coast. In accordance with suggestions from several teachers of Botany a short list of the commoner cultivated plants has been added, which it is hoped will be found useful. In connection with this revision, grateful acknowledg- ments are due to many friends for valuable assistance, but more particularly to Mr. Wm. Scott, B.A., Vice-Principal of the Toronto Normal School, who has placed his splendid herbarium at the writer's disposal and has revised all the proofs; A. H.' MacKay, LL.D., Chief Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia, whose extensive acquaintance with the flora of the Atlantic Provinces has been of the greatest service ; Professor Brittain of the Provincial Nor- mal School at Fredericton, who has described most of the Nc ,7 Brunswick plants ; Professor Bryce of "Winnipeg ; and last, but not least, Mr. Jno. Deamess of London, whose accuracy in determination and diligence as a collector in Western Ontario are well known. Toronto, June, 1897. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THE FLORA. AdanH for Adanson. Less, %i Leasing. Ait. ti Alton, L'ller. k» L'Hcritier. Anders. ti Anderson. Lelnn. k » Lchniann. Bart. >i Barton. Lindl. i i Lindley. Beauv. i» Palisot do BeauvoiH. Loisel. 1 1 Ix)i8eleur - Dcslong- Benth. tt Ben than. champs. Bernli. li Bernhardl. Marsli. It Marshall. BiKcl. i ft BiKt'low. Medic. « 1 Mtdicus. BoisB. 14 Boi.ssier. Michx. n Michaux. Borkh. 4. Borkhausen. Mill. ti Millor. Britt. 44 Britton. Mnlil. it Muhlenberg. Cass. 44 Cassini. Miirr. U Murray. Carr. 44 Carri6re. Nee.s. it Nee.'' von Esenbeck Cav. 44 CavanlUc.s. Nutt. tb Nuttall. Ciiam. 44 (3liami8So. Pall. u Pall. as. Coult. 4 4 Conlter. Per.^. k t Persoon. DarliiiRt 4 4 Darlington. Polr. ik Poiret. DC. 4 4 De Candolle. R. Br. k t Robert Brown. A. DC. 44 Alphonse De Candolle. Raf. * » Rafincsque. Desf. 44 Desfontalnes. Rich. a Richard. Dill. 44 Dillcnius. Ricliards i t Richardson. Doupl. '• Douglas. Ro.stk. fc t Rostkovius. Eat. 44 Eaton. Rocni. it Roemtrr. Ehrh. .4 Ehrhart. Rotlb. it Rottboell Ell. 44 Elliott. Salish. it Salisbury. Endl. 44 Endlioher. Sav. it Savi. Engelm. 44 Engclniann. Seldecht * i Schlechtendal. Gfiprt. 44 Gartner. Schrad. i* Schrader, Ginj?. 44 Gin gins de Lassaraz. Sclircb. ii Schreber, Gr 44 Gray. Schum. *t Schumacher. Grlseh. 44 Grlsebacli. Schwein. ii Schweinitz. Gronov. 44 Gronovins. Scop. ti Scoi)oli. Haussk. 44 Haussknecht. Sibtli. i i Sibthorp. Haw. 44 Haworth. Spreng. it Sprengel. Hoffm. 44 Hoffmann. Torr. it Torrey. Holl. .4 Holleck. Tourn. • i Tournefort. Hook. I 4 W. J. Hooker. Tratt. 1 1 Trattenick. Hornetn. 4 4 Hornoman. Tuckerm t » Tuckerman. H.B. K. 44 Huinholdt, Bonpland, Vaill, li Vaillant. and Kunth. Vent. it Ventenat. Huds. <4 Hudson. ViU. it Villars. J acq. 44 Jacquin. Wahl. ii Wahlenberg. .Tubs. tl Jussieu. Walt. ti Walter. L. 44 Linn*u8. Wangh. ik Wangenheim. Lam. 44 Lamarck. Willd. * i Willdenow. '' i HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA. Assuming that the student has carefully read the Intro ductory part of this work, and is familar with the ordinary botanical terms, and the chief variations in plant structure as there set forth, it should, with the aid of the accompany- ing Key, be a very simple task to refer to its proper Family any Canadian wild plant of common occurrence. To illustrate the method of using this Key, let us suppose that specimens of the following plants have been gathered, and that it is desired to ascertain tlieir botanical names, that is, the name of the Genus and the Species of each : — Bad Clover, Strawberry, Blue Flag and Cat-tail Flag. All of these produce flowers of some kind, and must therefore be looked for under the head of Flowering, or Phanerogamous, Plants. With the specimen of Bed Glover in hand, and the book open at page xii. , we find that we have first to determine whether our plant is Dicotyledonous or not. The veining of the leaves suggests that it is so ; and this impression is con- firmed by the fact that the parts of the flower are in fives. Then, is the plant an Angiosperm ? As the seed will be found enclosed in an ovary, we answer — Yes. Has the plant both ealyx and corolla ? Yes. Are the parts of the corolla sepa- rate ? Here a little doubt may arise ; but suppose we answer — Yea. Then our plant will be found somewhere in the PoLYPETALOus DIVISION. Proceeding with the enquiries suggested under this heading : — Are the stamens more than twice as many as the petals ? We find that they are not. HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA. Turn, then, to the heading marked B, page xv, •* stamens not more than twice as many an the petals.** Under this we find two subordinate headings, designated by asterisks * and **. The first of these is not applicable to our plant. Under the second, marked thus **, we find two minor headings, desig- nated by daggers,-l-aiid-i— 1-. The first of these, ' 'Corolla irreg- ular " is clearly the one w^e want. We have now, therefore, five .'amilies to select from. We cannot choose any one of the first four, because our plant has ten stamens, but the characters of the fifth are precisely the characters exhibited by Clover. Our Clover, therefore, belongs to the Order Leguminosje. Turning to page 50, and running through the " Synopsis of the Genera " as there given, we observe that No. 2, Trifolium, is the only Genus in which the flowers are in heada. Clover answers the description in the other respects also — viz. : " leaves of three leaflets," and " stamens diadel- phous." The only question then remaining is, whichSpecies of Trifolium have we in hand ? Turning to page 52, w^e find we have eight Species to choose from. No. 2, Trifolium pratentic, is the only one of them with purplish flowers. Trifolium pratense must, consequently, be the botanical name we are looking for. Possibly the observer may decide that the parts of the corolla are not separate from each other, because in some instances it is really a doubtful question. He must then turn to page xvii, and under II. Gamopetalous Division, he must pursue his enquiries as before. Is the calyx superior ? Plainly not. Proceed then to the heading B, "t'alyx Inferior.** Are the stamens more than the lobes of the corolla ? Yes. Then the choice of the six Orders in the section marked * is easily made as before, and the plant is referred to Legumtnos/e. Now let us take the Strawberry . As with Clover , w e decide without difficulty that the plant is a Dicotyledon. The carpels are separate, and produce achenes in fruit ; the plant must, therefore, be an Angiosperm. And there is no doubt that it is Polypetalous. As the stamens are very numerous it must come under the section marked A. Under this section P b f( t] d V ' HOW TO USE THE KEY AND THE FLORA. XI ire we hare three subordinate headings, marked by one, two, and three asterisks, respectively. Thestaroensareclearlyinserted on the calyx, and so our plant must be found under the heading marked **. Without hesitation, we refer it to the Order Bosage^:. Turning to page 62, we find seventeen Genera to select from. A very little consideration will show us that No. 11, Fragabia, is the Genus we must fix upon. Referring to page 69, we have to choose between two species, Virginiana &nd vesca. and the choice is found to depend upon such obvious characters as to furnish no difficulty. The leaves of Blue Flag are straight- veined ; the parts of the fiower, also, are in threes. We therefore decide that the plant is Monocotyledonous, and on turning to page xxii, we find three Divisions of Monocotyledons. The Flag clearly belongs to the Petaloideous Division. Then, is the peri- anth superior or inferior ? Clearly the former. Next, are the flowers dioecious or perfect? Clearly perfect. And as the flower has three stamens, it must belong to the Order Iridacis^, described on page 235. The Genus is at once seen to be Iris, and the Species is determined without difficulty. The Cat- tail Flag is also manifestly Monocotyledonous, from the veining of the leaves. But it is not Petaloideous. The flowers are collected on a more or less fleshy axis at the top of a scape. It therefore belongs to the Spadiceous Division, in which there are four Orders. The only practical question is, whether our plant belongs to Arace^ or Typhace^. On the whole, we choose the latter, and find our decision con- firmed on reading the fuller account of the two Orders on pages 217 and 219. The Genus is immediately seen to be Typiia, and the Species latifoUa. These examples need not be extended here ; but the beginner is recommended to run down , in the same manner, a few plants whose names he already knows. If successful in these attempts, he will naturally acquire confidence in his determinations of plants previously unknown to him. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OR ORDERS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK. SERIES I. PHANEROGAMS. T'lants producing true flowers and seeds. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS. Distinguished ordinarily by having net-veined leaves, and the parts of the flowers in fours or fives, very rarely in sixes. Wood growing in rings, and surrounded by a true bark. Cotyledons of the embryo mostly two. SUB-CLASS I. ANGIOSPERMS. , Seeds enclosed in an ovary. L rOLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Two distinct sets of Floral Envelopes. Parts of the corolla separate from each other. A. MtnmeuH more thau twice as many as the petals. * Stamens hypogynous (inserted on the receptable). -J- Pistil apocarpous (carpels separate from each other). Ranunculacp:^. — Herbs. Leaves generally decompound or much dissected 2 Anonace.e. — Small trees. Leaves entire. Petals 6, in 2 8et3 JO Magnoliacv:^:— Trees. Leaves truncate. Fruit resem- bling a cone 9 Menispermace E. — Woody twiners. Flowers dioecious. Leaves peltate near the edge .... 10 Brasenia, in Nympha:ack.e.— Aquatic. Leaves oval, peltate ; the peti- ole attaclied to the centre 12 Malvace.*:. — Stamens nionadelphous. Calyx persistent. Ovaries in a ring 3g 4 I ! ^ KEY TO THE ORDERS. xiil Podophyllum, in BERBERiDACEiG. — Calyx fugacious. Leaves large, peltate, deeply lobed. Fruit a large fleshy berry, 1 -celled. 10 -1--1- Pistil syncarpous. (Stigmas, styles, placentce, or cells, more than one). ActSBa. in Ranunculace^, might be -looked for here. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Leaves compound 2 Nymph^ace^. — Aquatics. Leaves floating, large, deeply cordate 12 Sarraoexiage^. — Bog-plants. Leaves pitcher-shaped . . 13 Papaverace^. — Juice red or yellow. Sepals 2, caducous. 14 Capparidace^. — Corolla cruciform, but pod 1-celled. Leaves of 3 leaflets 25 Hypericace^. — Leaves transparent - dotted. Stamens usually in 3, but sometimes in 5, clusters 30 CiSTACEiE. — Sepals 5, very unequal, or only 3. Ovary 1- celled, with 3 parietal placentae 29 MALVACEiS. — Stamens monadelphous, connected with the bottom of the petals. Calyx persistent. Ovaries in a ring 38 TiLiACEiE. — Trees. Flowers yellowish, in small hanging cymes, the peduncle with a leaf-like bract at- tached , 39 * ♦ Stamens perigynous (inserted on the calyx J. Portulaca, in PoRTULACACE-«. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves. Sepals 2, adhering to the ovary beneath. Pod opening by a lid 37 RosAOEiC. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit apo- carpous, or a drupe, or a pome 62 CACTACEit:. — Very fleshy (commonly prickly) plants, of peculiar appearance ; either globose or of flattened joints. Sepals and petals many. Stamens many, inserted on the ti^be of sepals and petals 86 * * * Stamens epigynovs (attached to the ovary). Nymphsea, in Nymph^ace.«. — Aquatic. Leaves floating. Flowers white, large, with numerous petals gradually passing into stamens 12 xiv KEY TO THE ORDERS. B. MtameuH not more thau twice as many as the petals. * Stamens just as many as the petals, and one stamen in front of each petal. Berberidace^. — Herbs (wi\h us). Anthers opening by uplifting valves 10 PoRTULACACE^. — Sepals 2. Styles 3-cleft. Leaves 2, fleshy 37 ViTAOEiE. — Shrubs, climbing by tendrils. Calyx minute. 44 RiiAMNACFiE. — Shrubs, not climbing 45 PLUMBAGiNACEiE. — Herbs. Calyx plaited. Styles 5. Ovary 1 -celled and 1-seeded 144 Lysimachia, in pRiMUi^CE^, is occasionally polypetalous. Flowers yel- low, in axillary spikes ; the petals sprinkled with purplish dots 145 ♦ * Stamens either just is many as the petals and alternate ivith them, or not of exactly the samt mmher. •I- Corolla irregular. FuMARiACE^. — Corolla flattened and closed. Stamens 6. 15 ViOLACE^. — Corolla 1 -spurred. Stamens 5. Pod with 3 rows of seeds on the walls 26 Balsaminace^. — Corolla 1-spurred, the spur with a tail. Stamens 5. Pod bursting elastically 42 Polygalace^. — Lower petal keel- shaped, usually fringed at the top. Anthens 6 or 8, 1 -celled, opening at the top. Pod 2-celled 48 LEGUMINOS.E. — Corolla mostly papilionaceous. Filaments often united. Ovary simple, with one parietal placenta. Leaves compound 49 •\r- -I- Corolla regular, or nearly so. 1. Calyx superior {i.e., adherent to the ovaiy, wholly or partialh'^). (a) Stamens perigynous (inserted on the calyx). CratsBgfus, in Rosace^.— Shrubs. Stamens occasionally from 5 to 10 only. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Fruit drupe-like, containing 1-5 bony nutlets 62 SAXirRAGACE^.— Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4. Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae. ... 76 i ■• I ■I 5 KEY TO THE ORDERS. XV HAMAMEiiACEiG. — Shrubs. Stamens 8 ; styles 2. Flowers yellow, in autumn 79 Halorage^. — Aquatics. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles or ses- sile stigmas 4 79 Onagrace^. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Stigmas 2 or 4, or capitate 81 Melastomace-S!. — Anthers 1-celled, opening by a pore at the apex. Stamens 8. Style and stigma 1. Flow- ers purple 84 LvTHRACEiE. — Calyx apparently adherent to, but really free from, the ovary. Stamens mostly unequal. Leaves mostly whorled. Flowers varying as to relative lengths of stamens and style 84 Cucurbit ACE^. — Tendril-bearing herbs. Flowers monoe- cious .... 85 (6) Stamens epigynous (on the ovary, or on a disk which covers the ovary J. Euonymus, in Celastrace^. — Shrub, with 4-sided oranchlets, not climb- ing. Leaves simple. Pods crimson when ripe. Calyx not minute 46 Umbellifer^. — Flowers chiefly in compound umbels. Calyx very minute. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit dry, 2-seeded 87 ARALiACEiE. — Umbels not compound ; but sometimes pan- icled. Stamens 5. Styles usually more than 2. Fruit berry-like 92 CoRNACE^. — Flowers in cymes or heads. Stamens 4. Style 1 93 2. Calyx inferior (i.e., free from the ovary), (a) Stamens hypogynous (on the receptacle). Crucifer>e. — Petals 4. Stamens 6, tetradynamous. Pod 2-celled 16 CiSTACEi«. — Petals 3. Sepals 5, very unequal ; or only 3. Pod partly 3-celled 29 DROSERACEiE. — Leaves radical, beset with reddish glandu- lar hairs. Flowers in a 1-sided raceme .... 30 Elodes, in HvPERiCAOEiB. -~Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens 9, in 3 clusters 30 f XVI KEY TO THE ORDERS. Caryophyllace^.— Styles 2-5. Ovules in the centre or bottom of the cell. Stem usually swollen at the joir ts. Leaves opposite 32 LiNACEiE. —Stamens 6, united below. Pod 10-celled, 10- seedo.d 40 Geraniace^. — Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 5 or 3, with a common central style or axis which remains after the ripe ovaries separate from it 41 OxALiDACE^.— Stamens 10. Pod 5-celled. Styles 5, dis- tinct. Leaflets 3, obcordate, drooping at night-fall. 42 Ericace^. — Anthers opening by pores at the top, or across the top. Leaves mostly evergreen, sometimes brown beneath ; but in some instances the plant is white or tawny 137 RuTACEi«. — Shrubs, with polygamous flowers and leaves of 3 leaflets, dotted with transparent glands. Stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-seeded samara winged all round 43 {h) Stamens perigynoua (plainly attached to the calyx). SAXiFRAGACEiE. — Leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules. Styles or stigmas 2 ; in one instance 4. Carpels fewer than the petals 75 Crassulace^. — Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 10 or 8. Leaves sometimes fleshy 78 Lythrace^. — Stamens 10, in two sets. Calyx enclosing, but really free from, the ovary. Leaves mostly whorled 84 (c) Stamens attached to a fleshy disk in the bottom of the calyx-tube. Anacardiace^. — Trees, or shrubs, not prickly. Leaves compound. Stigmas 3. Fruit a 1 -seeded drupelet. 43 Celastraoe^. — Twining shrub. Leaves simple. Pods orange when ripe 46 Saptndace*. — Shrubs, or trees. Fruit 2- winged, and leaves palmately-veined. Or^ Fruit an inflated 3-celled pod, and leaves of 3 leaflets. Styles 2 or 3 47 {d) Stamens attached to the petals at their very base. Claytonia, in Portulacace^. —Sepals 2. Leaves fleshy. Style 3-cleft. 37 Aquifoliace^.— Shrubs, with small axillary flowers, hav- ing the parts in fours and sixes. Fruit a red berry- like drupe. Stigma sessile. Calyx minute 146 V KEY TO THE ORDERS. XVll 32 40 41 42 137 43 75 78 43 46 47 37 145 II. GAMOPETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla with the petals united together, in however slight a degree. A, Calyx superior (adlierent to the ovary). * Stamens united by their anthers. Cucurbit ACE^. — Tendril-bearing herbs 85 CoMPOSiTiE; — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre 102 LoBELiACEiC. — Flowers not in heads. Corolla split down one side 135 * * Stamens not united together in any way. -i- Stamens inserted on the corolla. DiPSACEiE. — Flowers in heads, surrounded by an involucre. Plant prickly 101 Valerianace^.. — Flowers white, in clustered cymes. Sta- mens fewer than the lobes of the corolla 101 RuBiACEiE. — Leaves, when opposite, with stipules ; when whorled, without stipules. Flowers, if in heads, without an involucre 98 Caprifoliace^. — Leaves opposite, without stipules; but, ill one genus, withappendages resembling stipules. 95 •H H- Stamens not inserted on the corolla. CampanulacevE. — Herbs with milky juice. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla 136 Ericace^. — Chiefly shrubby plants or parasites. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla 137 B. Calyx Inferior 7 J7 . i9 SEEIES I. FLOWERING OR PHANEROG'AMOUS PLANTS. Plants producing flowers (that is to say, stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind), and seeds containing an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo having at least two cotyledons. Parts of the flower usually in fours or fives. Leaves net-veined. Wood in circular layers between the pith and the bark. Sub-class I. AN'GIOSPERMS. Seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp. I. POLYPET'ALOUS DIVISION. Plants with flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter consisting of petals entirely separate from each other. (In some genera and species, however, petals are absent.) - COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order I. RANUNCULA'CE^. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbs or woody climbers, with an acrid colourless jaice. Parts of the flower separate from each other. Coroi'la some- times wanting. Stamens numerous. Pistil (with one or two exceptions) apocarpous. Fruit an achene, follicle, or berry. Leaves exstipulate, with the blades usually dis- sected, and petioles spreading at the base. Synopsis of the Cieiicra. 1. Cleiii'atis* Real petals none or stamen -like. Coloured sepals 4 or more, valvate in the bud. Fruit an achene. with the lon^ and feathery style attached. Leaves all opposite. Plant climbing by the bending of the petioles. 2. Auenio'ue. Petals none or stamen-liice. Coloured sepals imbri- cated in tlie bud. Achenes many, in a liead, pointed or tailed, not ribbed. Stem-leaves opposite or wliorled, forming an invo- Iticre remote from the flower. 3. Hepat'ica. Petals none. Coloured sepals ft-12, whitish or bluish. Achenes many, not ribbed. Leaves all radical. An involucre of 8 leaves close to the flower, and liable to be mistaken for a calyx. 4. Thalic'triiin. Petals none. Coloured sepals 4 or more, greenisli. Achenes several, angled or grooved. No involucre. Stem-leaves alternate, decompound. Flowers in panicles or corymbs, mostly dioecious. 5. llIyoHU'ri^!«. Petals 5, white, with slender claws. Sepals 5, spurred at the base. Achenes in a long slender spike. Small plants with tufted narrow root-leaves, and 1-flowered scapes. 6. Kaiiuu'cnlus. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals generally 5, each with a pit or little scale on the inside of the claw. Achenes many, in he..ds, short-pointed. Stem-leuves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbed, mostly yellow, rarely white. 7. Cal'tlin. Petals none. Sepals .'i-'J, yellow. Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Leaves large, glabrous, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, mostly crenate. Stem hollow and furrowed. 8. €op'tl»». Sepals .')-7, white, deciduous. Petals 5-7, yellow with slender claws, and somewhat tubular at the apex. Carpels 3-7. on slender stalks. Fruit a follicle. Flowers on naked scapes. Leaves radical, shining, divided into three wedge-shaped leaflets, sharply toothed. Root fibrous, golden yellow. 9. Aqulle gla. Sepals Ti, coloured. Petals T), each a long hollow spur. Carpels h. Follicles erect, many-seeded. Flowers very showy, terminating the branches. Leaves decompound. RANUNCULACEiE. 10. Delphln'lnm. Sepals 5, unequal, petal-like, the upper one pro- duced backward into a spur. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair spurred, and projecting backward into the spur of the upper sepal (rarely only 2). Flowers blue or whitish, in terminal racemes. Leaves palmately dissected. 11. Actse'a. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals 4-10, with slender claws. Stamens many, with long filaments. .Fruit a many-seeded berry. Flowers in a short thick raceme. Leaves decompound, leaflets sharply toothed. 12. Clmlcifaga. Sepals 4-5, caducous. Petals several, small, two- horned at the apex. Cai-pels 1-8, becomiuR' pods. Flowers in long plume-like racemes. 13. Hydras'tis. Petals none. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, petal-like, greenish-white. Carpels 12 or more, forming a head of crimson 1-2-seeded berries in fruit. Stem low, from a knotted yellow root- stock. Leaves simple, lobed. 1. CLEM'ATIS, L. Virgin's Bower. 1. C. Virginia'na, L. (Common Virgin's Bower.) A woody-stemmed climber. Flowers in panicled clusters, often dioecious, white. Leaves of 3 ovate leaflets, which are cut or lobed. Feathery tails of the achenes very conspicuous in the autumn. — Along streams and in swamps. 2. C. ligUSticifo'lia, Nutt. Very much like the last, but the leaves have usually 5 leaflets. — X. W. 3. C. vertieilla'ris, DC. Shrubby climber. Peduncles bearing single large flowers, with thin, wide-spreading, bluish-purple sepals. Tails of the achenes plumose. Leaves of three leaflets, which are entire, or sparingly toothed or lobed. — Rocky places. 2. AKENO'NE, L. Anem'ONE. * styles long and hairy, forming feathery tails in fruit. 1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttallia'na, Gray. (Prairie A. OR Pasque Flower.) Villous with long silk^' hairs. Flower erect, appearing before the leaves. Sepals 5-7, purplish or white, an inch or more in length, spreading at maturity. Involucre sessile, its lobes numerous, all united at the base to form a shallow cup. Leaves radical, the blades deeply out into 3 well-marked divisions, the middle one stalked, -■■■* .f 4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. and all again dissected into narrow lobes. Featherj'' tails of the carpels 2 inches long. A low plant, flowering in early spring. — N. W. ** Styles short, not plumose. 2. A. parviflo'ra, Mlchx. (Small-flowered A.) Stem 8-12 inches high, one-flowered. Sepals 5 or 6, white. Invo- lucre 2-3-leaved far below the flower. Head of carpels wooUy, globular. Eoot^-leaves small, 3-parted, their divi- sions crenately lobed. — Rocky river-margins. 3. A. multif ida, DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy. Principal involucre 2-3-leaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved peduncles. Leaves of the involucre short- petioled, twice or thrice 3-parted and cleft, their divisions linear. Sepals red, greenish-yellow, or whitish. Head of carpels spherical or oval, woolly. — Rocky river-margins, etc. 4. A. eylin'driea, Gray. (Long-fkuited A.) Carpels very numerous, in an oblong woolly head about an inch long. Peduncles 2-6, long, upright, leafless. Stem-leaves in a whorl, twice or thrice as many as the peduncles, long- petioled. Sepals 5, greenish-white. Plant about two feet high, clothed with silky hairs. — Dry woods. 5. A. Virginia' na, L. (Virginian A.) Very much like the last, but larger. Also, the central peduncle only is naked, the others having each a pair of leaves about the middle, from whose axils other peduncles occasionally spring. Sepals greenish. Head of carpels oval or oblong. — Dry rocky woods and river banks. 6. A. Pennsylvan'ica, L. (A.dichotoma, L., inMacoun's Catalogue.) (Pennsylvanian A.) Carpels fewer and the head not woolly, but pubescent and spherical. Stem-leaves sessile, primary ones 3 in a whorl, but only a pair of smallei ones on each side of the flowering branches. Radical leaves 5-7-parted. Sepals 5, obovate, large and white. Plant hairy, scarcely a foot high. — Low meadows. 7. A. nemoro'sa, L. (Wood A. Wind-flower.) Plant not more than six inches high, nearly smooth, one-flowered. « ' RANUNCULACEiE. Stem-leaves in a whorl of 3, long-petioled, 3-5-parted. Sepals 4-7, oval, white, or often purplish on the back. — Moist j)laces. 3. HEPAT'ICA, Dill. LrvER-LEAF. Hepatica. 1. H. acutil'oba, DC. (Sharp-lobed H.) Leaves with 3 (sometimes 5) acute lobes, appearing after the flowers. Petioles silky-hairy.— Woods in spring. 2. H. tril'Oba, Chaix. (RouND-LOBED H.) Leaves with 3 rounded lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Dry rich woods in spring. (The two species just described are included under Anemone in Macoun's Catalogue, the first named being A. acutiloba, Lawson, and the second A. Hepatica, L.) 4. THALIC'TRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. 1. T. anemonoi'des, Michx. (^Anemonella thalictroiden, Spach.) (Rue- Anemone.) Stem low. Stem-leaves all in a whorl at the top. Hoots tuberous. Flowers several in an umbel, by which character this plant is easily distinguished from "Wood Anemone, which it otherwise resembles. — South- westward, in spring. 2. T. dioi'CUm, L. (Early M.) Stem smooth, pale and glaucous. 1-2 feet high. Flowers dioecious, in ample panicles, purplish or greenish ; the yellow anthers drooping and very conspicuous. Leaves alternate, decompound ; leaflets with 5-7 rounded lobes. — Woods. 3. T. polyg'amum, Muhl. {T. Comuti, L.) (Tall M.) Stem smooth or nearly so, 2-6 feet high. Leaves sessile; leaflets very much like No. 2. Flowers white, in compound panicles ; anthers not drooping ; filaments club-shaped. — Low wet meadows, and along streams. 4. T. purpuras' cens, L. (Purplish M.) Stem mostly purplish, 2-4 feet high. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so ; leaflets veiny beneath, often glandular-pubescent , and so distinguished from No. 3. Flowers resfmbling those of No. 2. ! 6 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 5. M¥08U'RIIS, Dill. Mousetail. 1. M. min'imus, L. Scapes 2-6 inches high. Leaves linear-spathulate. Achenes blunt, in a spike 1-2 inches, long when ripe. 2. M. arista'tUS, Benth., is easily distinguished from the above by the persistent style nearly as long as the achene. — N.W. 6. RAWrN'CUILlIS, L. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP. 1. R. aquat'illS, L., var. trichophyl'lus, Gray. (White Water-Crowfoot.) Foliage under water, filiform, usually collapsing when withdrawn from the water. Flowers white, floating, each petal with a little pit on the inside of the claw. — Stagnant pools and slow-flowing streams. 2. R. eireina'tUS, Sibth. Much like No. 1, but the immersed leaves are mostly sessile, and do not collapse when withdrawn from the water. — Toronto harbour ; and abund- ant in N. W. 3. R. Cymbala'ria, Pursh. (Sea-Side Crowfoot.) Low, smooth, spreading by runners which take root at the joints. Leaves long-petioled, roundish, crenate, rather fleshy. Pet- als 5-8, yellow. Carpels striate, in an oblong head. — Sea- shore, and beside brackish streams and springs. 4. R. multif idus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Like No. 1, but larger, and with yellow flowers, sometimes creeping in the mud ; the le^jves round kidney-shaped, and more or less deeply lobed and toothed. — Ponds and ditches. 5. R. Flam'mula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. (Creeping Spearwort.) Stem reclining, rooting at the joints, only 3-6 inches long. Leaves linear, entire, remote. Flowers yellow, \ of an inch broad. — Sandy and gravelly shores of ponds and rivers. 6. R. rhomboi'deus, Goldie. stem erect, low (3-8 inches), hairy ; root-leaves roundish or rhombic-ovate, mostly cre- nate ; lowest stem-leaves similar or 3-5-lobed, the upper nearly sessile and deeply cut into linear lobes. Petals large, exceeding the calyx ; achenes orbicular, with in minute beak, in a globular head. — Dry plains, in early summer. I* tl RANUNCULACE^. 4 ** k I: 7. R. affl'nis, R. Br. (Rough-fruited C.) Taller than No. 6, more or less pubescent. Root-leaves petioled, usually pedately multifid ; stem-leaves nearly sessile, with broadly linear lobes. Petals light-yellow, about half an inch long. Achenes, with recurved beaks, forming an oblong head. — N. W. ^ 8. R, aborti'VUS, L. (Smaix-floweredC.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem erect, very smooth, slender. Radical leaves roundish, crenate, petiolate ; stem-leaves 3-5- parted, sessile. Carpels in a globular head, each with a minute curved beak. — Shady hill-sides and wet pastures. Var. micranthus, Gray, is pubescent, with more slender peduncles and fewer achenes. 9. R. seelera'tus, L. (Cursed C.) Petals about the same length as the calyx. Stem thick, hollow, smooth. Radical leaves 3-lobed ; stem-leaves 3-parted, uppermost almost sessile. Head of carpels oblong. — Wet ditches. 10. R. reeurva'tUS, Poir. (Hooked C.) Petals shorter than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute, with stiff spreading hairs. Radical and cauline leaves about alike, long-petioled. Head of carpels globular, each with a long recurved beak. — Woods. 11. R. Pennsylvanleus, L. (Bristly C.) Petals not longer than the reflexed calyx. Stem hirsute. Leaves ter- nately divided, divisions of the leaves stalked, unequally 3-cleft. Head of carpels oblong, achenes with straight beaks, and so easily distinguished from No. 10. — Wet places. 12. R. his'pidus, Michx. Resembling the last species, but with few-leaved ascending or reclining stems, not always hirsute. Root a cluster of stout fibres. Calyx hardly reflexed, soon deciduous, much shorter than the petals. Achenes strongly margined, with straight beaks ; in a globular or oval head. — Wesley Park, Niagara. 13. R. septentriona'lis, Poir. Petals much longer than the calyx. Early-flowering stems ascending, putting forth long runners during the summer. Leaves ternate, divisions COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. generally stalked, deeply and sharply lobed, petioles ap- pressed-pubescent. Achenes large, compressed, strongly mar- gined, in globular heads, and with long flat beaks. Peduncles furrowed. — "Wet places. 14. R. repens, L. Much resembling the last in habit, but smaller, and the leaves not so deeply and sharply cut. Flowering later. Leaves often blotched with white. The style shorter than in No. 13, and stigmatic along the whole inner side, persistent. — Low ground, chiefly eastward. 15. R. bulbo'SUS, L. (Bulbous C. or Buttercup.) Petals much longer than the calyx. Sten erect, from a bulb-like base. Flowers an inch broad, on furrowed peduncles. — Pastures. Eather rare. 16. R. a'cris, L. (Tall C. or Buttercup.) Much taller than No. 15. Petals much longer than the calyx. Stem upright, no bulb at the base. Peduncles not Jurrowed. 17. R. faseieula'ris, Muhl. (Early C.) Petals much longer than the calyx. Plant 5-9 inches high, erect, pubes- cent with silky hairs. Eadical leaves appearing pinnate, the terminal division long-stalked, the lateral ones sessile. Root a bundle of thickened fleshy fibres. — Eocky woods and fields in spring. 7. CAL'THA, L. MarSH-MarIGOLD. C. palustris, L. (Marsh- Marigold.) Stem about a foot high, hollow, round, forking, very glabrous. Flowers golden yellow, 1-lJ inches broad. — Swamps and wot meadows. A very conspicuous plant in early spring. 8, COP'TIS, Salisb. Goldthread. C. trifolia, Salisb. (Three-leaved Goldthread.) Low and stemless. Scapes 1-flowered, with a single bract above the middle. Petals much smaller than the sepals. — On logs and about stumps in cedar swamps. 9. AQiriLE'GIA, Tourn. Columbine. 1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Stem branch- ing, a foot or more in height, smooth. Leaves decompound ; leaflets in threes. Flowers nodding, scarlet outside, yellow within. — Eocky woods and thickets. [ RANUNCULACEiE, MAGNOLIACE.E. f 2. A. vulga'ris, L. (Garden Columbine.) This species has escaped from cultivation in some places. Spurs hooked. Flowers blue, purple, or whitish. 10. DELPHINIUM, L. LARKSPUR. 1. D. azu'reum, Michx. (Prairie Larkspur.) Carpels 5, the pods erect. Lobes of the leaves numerous, narrowly linear. Raceme strict, but not dense. Spur usually curved upwards. — N.W. 2. D. Consol'ida, L. (Field L.) Has escaped from gar- dens in a few places. The pistil is single, and the flowers are scattered on the spreading branches. Petals 2, united. 11. ACT^'A, L. Baneberry. 1. A. spiea'ta, L., var. rubra, Ait. (Red B.) Raceme short, breadth and length being about the same. Pedicels slender. Berries red. — Rich woods. 2. A. alba, Bigel. (White B.) Raceme longer than broad. Pedicels thickened in fruit, cherry-coloured. Berries white. — Same localities as No. 1. 18. CIMICirilGA, L. BUGBANE. C. raeemo'sa, Ell, (Black Snakeroot.) stem 3-6 feet high. Resembling a tall Actaea, but easily distinguished by its plume-like raceme of white flowers. — South-western Ontario. 13. H¥DRA§'TIS, L. ORANGEROOT. YelLOW PuCCOON. H. Canadensis, L. A low plant, bearing a single radi- cal leaf, and a pair of cauline ones near the summit of the simple stem. Leaves rounded, cordate, 5-7-lobed, very large when fully grown.— Wet meadows, in earlj- summer, south- westward. Order II. MAGNOLIA' CE^. (Magnolia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed (not ser- rate) leaves. Sepals 3, coloured, deciduous. Petals 6-9, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, indefinite, separate ; anthers adnate. Carpels numerous, in many rows on an elongated receptacle. Fruic resembling a cone. COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. IM 1. LIRIODEN'DRON, L. Tulip-Tree. L. Tulipif era, L. A large and stately tree, growing to a great height in many parts of the western peninsula of Ontario. Leaves large, truncate, or with a shallow notch at the end. Flowers large, showy, solitary ; petals greenish- yollow, marked with orange. Fruit a dry cone, which, at maturity, separates into dry winged indehiscent carpels. Order III. ANONA'CE-Sl. (Custard- Apple Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate and entire leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two sets, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Car- pels few or many, fleshy in fruit. 1. ASIM'I^A, Adans. North American Papaw. A. tril'Dba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Found only in the Niagara Peninsula. A small tree, not unlike a young beech in appearance, and forming thickets near Queenston Heights. Flowers purple, appearing before the leaves; the three outer petals much larger than the three inner ones. Fruit 2 to 3 inches long, edible. OiiDER IV. MFTISPERMA'CEiE. (Moonseed Family.) Woody twiners, with peltate alternate leaves and small dioecious flowers. Sepals and petals yellowish-white, usually six of each, the petals in front of the sepals. Stamens numerous. Fruit a drupe, in appearance something like a small grape, with moon-shaped seeds. 1. niENISPEK'MVDI, L. MoONSEED. M. Canadense, L, (Canadlvn Moonseed.) A twining plant, found, though not abundantly, in low grounds in rich woods. It may be pretty easily recognized by its usually 7-angled thin leaves, which are peltate near the edge. Fruit bluish-black. Order V. BERBERIDA'CE^. (Barberry Family.) Herbs (or shrubs), with alternate petiolate leaves. Sepals and petals in fours, sixes, or eights (except in the genus BERBERIDACEJE. II Podophyllum), with the petals in front of the sepals. Sta- mens (except in Podophyllum) as many as the petals, one before each. Anthers usually opening by a valve at the top. Fruit berry-like, or a pod. HynoptiiN of the 4>enera. * Petals and stamens 6. 1. Ber'beriM. Shrub, with yellow wood and yellow flowers in droop- iiif? racemes. Stamens irritable. Petals 6, obovate, concave, each with two glandular spots inside at the base. Fruit a sour berry, oblong, scarlet. 2. Caulopbyl'Ium. A purplish herb, flowering in early spring. Petals thick, much shorter than the sepals. Leaves decompound. * *Petals 6-9. Stamens 8-18. 3. Podoptayl'luin. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Anthers not opening by uplifting valves. Fruit a large berry. Leaves peltate. 4. JefTerso'iiia. Petals and stamens mostly 8. Anthers opening by uplifting valves. Pod opening by a lid. Leaves divided in two. 1. BER'BERIS, L. BarBEBRY. B. VUlga'ris, L. (Common Barberry.) Shrub. Leaves on the fresh shoots of the season mostly reduced to branched spines, from whose axils proceed the next year close clus- ters of obovate-oblong, bristly-toothed leaves, with short, jointed petioles, and many-flowered racemes. Sepals, petals and stamens 6 each. Outside of sepals are 2-6 bractlets. Petals yellow. Fruit an oblong, sour, scarlet berry. — Cul- tivated grounds. • 2. CAIILOPHYL'LCM, Michz. BLUE COHOSH. C. thalictPOi'des, Michx. (Blue Cohosh.) Plant 1-2 feet high, very glaucous and dull purple when young. Flowers yellowish-green, in a terminal small raceme, ap- pearing in spring before the decompound leaves are developed. Sepals 6, with 3 little bractlets at their base. Petals 6, thick and somewhat kidney-shaped, much smaller than the sepals. Stamens 6, one before each petal. Ovary bursting soon after the flowering, and leaving the two drupe-like seeds naKcd on their rather thick stalks. Fruit bluish, ^ oi an inch across. — Rich woods. 12 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. PODOPHYL'Ll'M, L. May Apple. Mandrake. P. pelta'tum, L. stem about 1 foot high. Flowerless stems with one large 7-9-lobed umbrella-like leaf, peltate in the centre ; the flowering ones with two loaves, peltate near the edge, the flower nodding from the fork. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, large and white. Stamens 12-18. Fruit large, oval, yellowish, not poisonous. — Found in patches in rich woods. The leaves and roots are poisonous. 5. JEFFERSO'NIA, Barton. Twin-leaf. J. diphylla, Pers. A low plant, flowe 'ng in early spring ; the solitary white flowers on naked scapes. Sepals 4, fuga- cious. Petals 8. Stamens 8. Ovary pointed. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod pear-shaped, the top forming a lid. Leaves radical, long-petioled ; the blades divided into two leaflets with the outer margins lobed. — Woods, chiefly in the western peninsula of Ontario. \ Order VI. NYMPH.ff:A'CE.ff:. (Water-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs with cordate or peltate, usually floating, leaves. Floating flowers on long immersed peduncles. Petals and stamens generally numerous. Synopsis of tbe Genera. 1. Brase'uia. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4), Jtamens 12-24. Leaves oval, peltate. 2. Nymptaw'a. Sepals 4-6. Petals numerous, white, imbricated in many rows, f^radually passing into stamens, hypogynous, orepi- gynous. Stamens epigynous. Stigmas radiating as in a Poppy- head. 3. Hii'phar. Sepals 5-6, yellow. Petals many, small and stamen- like. Stamens under the ovary. 1. BKASE'NIA, Schreber. WATER-SmELD. B. pelta'ta, Pursh. stems and under surface of the leaves coated with jelly. Leaves oval, two inches across, peltate. Flowers small, purplish.— Pouds and slow-flowing streams. NYMPHiEACEiE, PAPAVERACE.E. 13 •i, KYMPHJE'A, Tourn. WATER- Lily. 1. N. Odora'ta, Ait. (Sweet - scented Water-Lily.) Leaves orbicular, cleft at the base to the petiole, 5-9 inches wide, often crimson underneath. Flower very sweet-scented. Ponds and slow streams. Var. minor, Sims, has much smaller leaves and flowers, and the latter are often pink-tinted. 2. N. tubero'sa, Paine. (Tuber-bearing W.) Leaves larger and more prominently ribbed than in No. 1, reni- form-orbicular, green on both sides. Flower not at all, or only slightly, sweet-scented. Root-stocks producing tubers, which come off spontaneously.— Mostly in slow waters opening into Lake Ontario. 3. NUPHAtt, Smith. Yellow Pond-Lily. 1. N. ad'vena, Ait. (Common Y. P.) Leaves floating, or emersed and erect, thickish, roundish or oblong, cordate. Sepals 6. — Stagnant water. Var. minus is more slender, and has smaller leaves and flowers. Probably a hybrid between this and the next. 2. N. Kalmia'num, Ait. (Small Y. P.) {N. luteum, var. pumilum, Gray.) Floating leaves usually not more than two inches across, the sinus very narrow or closed ; the radical ones very thin and with a wide obtuse sinus. Flowers hardly an inch across. Sepals 5. — Northward, in slow waters. Order VII. SARRACENIA'CEiE. (Pitcher-Plant F.) Bog-plants, easily distinguished by their pitcher-shaped leaves, all radical. 1. SARRACE'NIA, Tourn. Side-Saddle Flower. S. purpu'rea, L. (Purple S. Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves hollow, with a wing on one side, purple- veined, curved, with the hood erect and open. Sepals 5, coloured, with 3 small bractlets at the base. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, curved over the centre of the flower, deep purple. Ovary 5-celled, glo- bose, the short style expanding above into a 5-angled umbrella, with a hooked stigma at each angle. Flowers on naked scapes, nodding. — Bogs. u COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. '•■ 1 Order VIII. PAPAVERA'CEiE. (Poppy Family.) Herbs, with milky or coloured juice and alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers polyandrous, hypogynous. Sepals ,2, caducous. Petals 4-12. Stamens numerous, anthers in- trorse. Fruit a 1-celled pod (in Poppy imperfectly many- celled), with numerous seeds. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Chelfdo'ninin. Juice yellow. Petals 4, crumpled in the bud, yellow. 2. SauKuIna'rla. Juice red. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud, while. 3. Papa'ver. Juice milky. Petals mostly 4. Ovary imperfectly many-celled. Stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown, 1. CHELIDO'KIIIIII, L. CELANDINE. C. majUS, L. Petals 4, deciduous, crumpled in the bud. Juice of the plant yellow. Flower-buds nodding. Flowers small, yellow, in a kind of umbel. Fruit a smooth 1-celled slender pod, from which the two valves fall away, leaving the pariel.al placentas as a slender framework, with the seeds attached. — Waste places. 2. SANGIJINA'RIA, Dill. Blood-root. S. Canadensis, L. Petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud. Flower-buds not nodding. A stemless plant, with a thick rhizome which emits a red Juice when cut, and sends up in early spring a single rounded, 5-7-lobed, thickish leaf, and a 1-flowered scape. Flowers white. — Bich woods. 3. PAPA'VER, Tourn. Popi'y. 1. P. SOmnif erum, L. (Common Poppy. ^ Smooth and glaucous. Leaves clasping, wavy, cut-toothed. Pod globose. Petals white or purple, the buds nodding.— Waste places and old gardens. 2. P. RhOB'as, L. (Corn Poppy.) Sparingly hispid. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes cut- toothed. Pod globular, smooth. Corolla 2-4 inches in diameter, scarlet, often with a dark centre.— Waste-heaps, Atl. Prov. PUMARIACE^. 15 3. P. dubium, L. Smaller than the last, and the lobes of the leaves narrower. Pod oblong, narrowed at the base. Corolla a paler red. — Ballast-heaps, Atl, Prov. % Order IX. FUMARIA'CE^. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs, with brittle stems, watery juice, dissected leaves, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2, very small. Corolla flattened and closed, of 4 petals, the two inner united by their tips over the anthers of the 6 stamens. Stamens in two sets of 3 each ; filaments often united ; the middle anther of each set 2-celled, the others 1-celled. Fruit a 1-celled pod. Synopsis of the Cieuera. 1. Adlu'iulii. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals all permanently united. Plant climbing. 2. Dlceii'tra. Corolla 2-spurred. Petals slightly united, easily sepa- rated. Not climbing. 3. Coryd'alis. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a slender pod, many-seeded. 4. Fnina'rla. Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit a globular l-seeded nutlet, indehiscent. 1. ADLU'MIA, Raf. CLIMBING FuMrroRY. A. CirrhO'Sa, Kaf. A smooth vine, climbing by the peti- oles of its decompound leaves. Flowers in axillary pendu- lous clusters, pale pink. — Low and shady grounds, and rocky woods. a. DICEN'TRA, Borkh. Dutchman's Breeches. 1. D. Cucullaria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Leaves all radical, multilid ; these and the slender scapes rising from a bulb-like rhizome of coarse grains. Flowers several in a raceme, whitish, spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight, — Rich woods. 2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel Corn.) Underground shoots bearing small yellow tubers, something like grains of corn. Leaves very much as in No. 1. Corolla merely heart-shaped ; sjiurs ver?/ short and rounded. Flowers green- ish-white, fragrant. —Rich woods. 16 COMMON CAXADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. €ORYD'AlI8, Vent. Corydalis. 1. C. au'rea, Willd. (Golden Corvdalis.) Sterna low and spreading. Leaves dissected. Flou-ers in simple racemes, golden yellon\ the outer petals keeled, but not crested on the back. Pods pendulous.— Rocky river-margins and burnt woods. 2. C. flav'ula, DC. (Yello\vC.) Stems low and spread- ing. Flowers pale yellow, the outer petals wing-crested on the back ; crest 3-4-toothed.— South-western Ontario. 3. C. glauca, Pursh. (Pale Corydalis.) Stems upright, 1_4 feet high. Flowers in com pound racemes^ purplish tipped with yellow. Pods erect. — Rocky woods. 4. FUMA'RIA, Tourn. FiiMlTORY. F. Offlcina'lis, L. (Common Fumitory.) Corolla flesh- coloured, tipped with crimson. Flowers small, in dense racemes or spikes. — Waste placet! near dwellings. Order X. CRUCIF'ER^. (Cress Family.) Herbs with a pungent watery juice, alternate leaves with- out stipules, and regular hypogynous flowers in racemes or corymbs. Pedicels without bractlets. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, forming a cross-sliaped corolla. Stamens 6, two of them shorter. Fruit a silique or silicle. (See Chap. IV., Part I. for dissection of typical flower.) The genera are distinguished by the pods and seeds, the flowers in all cases being much alike. The seeds are exalbuminous, consisting entirely of the embryo, which is folded up in a variety of ways. The radicle may be bent so as to lie against the edge of the cotyledons, and the seed wlien cut through cross- wise shows this section : o© ; the cotyledons are then said to \)Q accumhent. Or the radicle may be folded against the hack of the cotyledon, showing this cross-section : '^^ , in which case the cotyledons are said to be incumbent ; and if, besides being incumbent, the cotyledons are doubled round the radicle, thus : ^^ , they are then conduplicate. 9 1 CRUCIFERiE. 17 Synopsis of the Cieiiera. * Pod dehiscent hy 2 valves^ usually viuch longer than broad. 1. Nastur'tiiini. Flowers white or yellow. Pod terete, oblong'-linear or ellipsoid. Seeds in tivo rows in each cell, globular, without a wing. Cotyledons accumbent. 2. Barburc'a. Flowers yellow. Pod somewhat 4-sided, the valves strongly 1-nerved. Seeds in one roio in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. 3. Yeslca'riu. Flowers yellow. Plant densely hoary with stellate hairs. Pods ovate or globose. Seeds flattened, in two roivs in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. 4. Denta'ria* Flowers white or pale purple. Pod lanceolate, flat. Seeds wingless, on broad seed-stalks. Stem-leaves 2 or 3 in a whorl ; stem naked below. Root-stock toothed or tuberous. Cotyledons accumbent. 5. Carclani'liie. Flowers white or rose-coloured. Pod linear or lance- olate, flat, the valves nerveless. Seeds wingless, on slender seed- stalks. Stem leafy below. Cotyledons accumbent. G. Ar'abls. Flowers white or whitish. Pod linear or elongated, flat- tened, the valves usually with a distinct mid-rib. Stem leafy. Cotyledons accumbent. 7. Erys'iiuHiii. Flowers yellow (or creamy). Pod linear, distinctly 4-sided. Stigma broadly 2-lobed. Pedicels of the pods diverging from the stem. Leaves simple, not clasping. Pubescent with appressed hairs. Cotyledons incumbent. 8. Slsyiii'briniii. Flowers yellow, small. Pods awl-shaped or 4-6- sided, the valves 1-3-nerved, Stigma small. Cotyledons incum- bent. 9. HeN'peris* Flowers large, purple. Pod terete, elongated. Stigma- lobes narrow, erect. Cotyledons incumbent. 10. Bras'sica* Flowers yellow. Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete, or l-sided, with a distinct beak extending beyond the end of the valves. Seeds usually in one row. Cotyledons conduplicate. 11. Diplotax'ls. Sepals, petals, and stamens almost as in Brassica. Pods slender, on slender spreading pedicels. Beak conical, usually short. Seeds in two rows. * * Pod dehiscent by 2 valves, comparatively short. ■*- Silicic compressed parallel tvith the broad partition or globular. 12. Draba. Flowers white. Pod flat ; seeds several or many, 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Low herbs. 13. Aly.s'Muiii. Flowers pale yellow or white. Pod orbicular, flat, 2-l-seeded. 14. Cainnrina. Flowers yellow. Pud pear-shaped, pointed; valve* 1-nerved. Cotyledons incumbent. 18 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 15. N<-M'lia. Flowers very much as in the last. Tod nearly glcbulai-^ hardly one-twelfth of an inch across, usually only 1-celled and 1-seeded, wrinkled, tipped with the slender style. -t- -t-Silicle compressed contrary to the narroto partitioti. 16. Capst'I'Ia. Flowers white. Pod oboordate-triangular ', valves boat-shaped, tcingless. Sejds mimerous. Cotyledons incumbent. 17. Tlila»«'|>i. Flowers white. Podobovateorobcordate,t«?en.<7e W. 4. E. orienta'le, R.Br, stem slender and branching, 1-2 feet high. Leaves grayish-green, oblong to oval, slightly clasping ; radical ones spathulate. Flowers pale yellow or oream-ooloured, small. — N. W. and Atl. Prov. 22 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 8. slSYM'BRIvm, L. Hedge Mustard. i. S. Offleina'le, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Flowers yel- low, small. Leaves runcinate. Stem 1-2 feet high, with spreading branches. Podn awl-shaped, dose pressed to the stem. — A very common roadside weed. ■ 2. S. canes'cens, Nutt. (Tansy-Mustard.) Flowers yel- lowish, very small. Leaves twice pinnatifid, hoary with short branching hairs, the divisions toothed. Pods acute at each end, shorter than the slender spreading pedicels. — N. W. 3. S. Soph'ia, L. Hoary. Leaves dissected into very numerous small leaflets. Pods very slender, about an inch long, ascending. — Scarce. 4. S. Sinapistrum, Crantz. Tall, branching. Loosely pubescent below, smooth above. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, the lobes narrowly linear. Pods very long (3-4 inches) and slender, spreading. — An introduced weed which has now become a pest in the North- West. ' 5. S. inei'sum, Engelm., var. Hartwegria'num, Watson, has pinnate leaves, the leaflets narrowly oblong and toothed. Pods only one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, in a crowded raceme. — N.W. 9. HES'PEKIS, Tourn. Rocket. H. matrona'lis, L. (Garden Eocket.) Tall, leaves lance- olate, acuminate, serrate, usually petiolate. Flowers large, purple. Pods 2-4 inches long, spreading. — Waste places. 10. BRA8'SI€A, Tourn. Cabbage, Mustard, Etc. 1. B. Sinapis'trum, Bois. (Charlock.) Flowers bright yellow. Stem 1-2 feet high, branching, it and the leaves hairy. — Too common in our grain fields. 2. B. ni'gra. (Black Mustard.) Flowers sulphur-yel- low. Stem 3-6 feet high, round, smooth and branchino-. Lower leaves lyrate. — Fields and waste places. 2. B. earapes'triS, L. stem tall and erect, it and the leaves smooth. Lower leaves ovate or elliptical, coarsely t1 t CRUCIFER^. 23 rht rel- bhe 3iy toothed, on long petioles; upper ones narrow and sessile. Pods an inch long or nioro, on ascending pedicels; beak about J the length of the pod. —A common weed in Mani- toba. 11. DIFLOTAXI^, DC. 1. D. mura'lis, i)C Branching from near the base. Smooth or sparingly hispid. Leaves oblanceolato, shallowly and bluntly toothed or pinuatifid. Petals pale ycHow. Pods over an inch long, on slender spreading pedicels half as long as the pods. Valves 1-nerved. — Ballast-heaps, Atl. Prov. 2. D. tenuifo'lia, DC. Like the last, but the leaves are deeply sinuate- pinnatifid^ with narrow lobes. Pedicels of the pods over an inch long. — Ballast-heaps, Atl. Prov. 13. DRABA, DC. WmiLOW-GRASS. 1. D. inea'-na, L. Hoary - pubescent. Flowers white. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate to ovate, entire or spa- ringly toothed. Pods oblong to lanceolate, usually straight^ on short erect pedicels. Style short or none. — Dry rocks. Var. arab'isans, Watson, has the pod glabrous, twisted, and tipped with a distinct style. — Rocks. 2. D. nemoro'sa, L. A small slender plant with leaves about ^ of an inch long. Flowers white. Leaves oblong, or somewhat lanceolate, hairy, sessile, serrate. Racemes elongated. Pods elliptical-oblong, half as long as the wide- spreading pedicels, pubescent or smooth. Style none. — N.W. 3. D. Carolinia'na, Walt. Flowers white. Seem 1-5 inches high. Leaves obovate, entire. Raceme very short. Pods broadly linear, smooth, longer than the ascending pedicels. Style none. — Rocks ; Southern Ontario. 13. ALlfS'SUM, Tourn. Alyssum. A. calyci'num, L. A dwarf hoary annual, with linear- spathulate leaves. Calyx persistent. Pod 4-seeded, sharp- edged. — Rather rare ; abundant at Queenston Heights. % :. 24 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 14. €41MEL'INA, Crantz. False Flax. C. sati'va, Crantz. (Common F. Flax.) Flowers yellow- ish. Stem 1-2 feet high, straight, erect, branching. Leaves lanceolate, sagittate. Pods pear-shaped, large, margined ; style slender. — In flax fields. 15. NESLIA, L. Ball Mustard. N. panieula'ta, Desv. Flowers yellow, in small pan- icles. — A troublesome weed in Manitoba. 16. CAPSEL'LA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse, C. Bursa-paStO'riS, Moench. Flowers small, white. Eoot- leaves clustered, pinnatifid ; stem-leaves clasping, sagittate. — A very common weed. 17. THLASPI, Tourn. Fknnycress. T. arvense, L. (Field Pennycress. French Weed.) A low smooth plant, with undivided radical leaves, and stem- leaves sagittate and clasping. Pods half an inch broad, deeply notched at the top. — Waste places : common N.W. 18. LEPID'IVIII, L. Peppergrass. 1. L. Virgin'icum, L. (Wild P.) Flowers small; petals present, white. Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower toothed or pinnatifid, tapering towards the base. Pods marginless or nearly so, oval or orbicular. — Railways and roadsides. 2. L. interme'dium, Gray. Distinguished from No. 1 by having the cotyledons incumbent instead of accumbent, and the pods minutely winged at the top. — Dry sandy fields. 3. L. rudera'le, L. Petals always absent. More branched than the preceding. 4. L. campestre, L. Well distinguished from other spe- cies by its sagittate, clasping leaves. Pods ovate, winged. — Rather rare. 5. L. sati'vum, L., has leaves variously divided and cut, with numerous roundish winged pods, and flowers white or rose-coloured. — Escaped from cultivation in some places. 6. L. Draba, L. An obscurely hoary perennial. Upper leaves auricled, lower sessile, oblong. Pods heart-shaped, the style conspicuous. — Abundant about Clifton, Ont. ■4 OAPPARIDACEiE. 25 19. 8EKEBI£'RA, DC. WaRT-CrH88. SWINE CreSS. 1. S. did'yma, Pors. Pods notched at the apex. — Atl. Prov. 2. S. COrono'puS, DC. Pods not notched.— Atl. Prov. ao. €AKI'LE, Tourn, Sea-Rocket. C. America'na, Nutt. TAmerican S.) Flowers purplish. Leaves obovate, fleshy, wavy-toothed. Pod fleshy, 2-jointed. — Seashore, and borders of the Great Lakes. 21. RAPH'ANE'S, Toiirn. Radish. R. Raphanis'trum, L. (Wild Radish.) Pods linear or oblong, tapering, indehiscent, long-beaked, necklace-form when ripe. Style long. Cotyledons conduplicate. Leaves rough, lyrate. Petals yellow, veiny, turning whitish or purplish. — An introduced weed ; chiefly eastward. jed. Order XT. CAPPARIDA'CE^. Caper Family. Herbs (in Canada), with an acrid watery juice, and alter- nate palmately compound leaves. Flowers cruciform. Sta- mens 8 or more. Pod like that of a crucifer, but only 1-celled, Synopsis of the Ciencra. 1. Polaiiis'la. Stamens 8 or more. PoA sessile or nearly so. 2. Cleo'uie. Stamens (). FoA long-stalked. I. FOLAWIS'IA, Raf. POLANISIA. 1. P. grave' olens, E,af. A strong-scented herb, with a vis- cid hairy stem. Leaflets 3. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 4. Petals 4, yellowish-white, narrowed below into long claws. Stamens 8-12, exserted. Pod glandular-pubes- cent, 2 inches long, linear, with a very short stalk. — Shore of Lake Ontario, Hamilton to Niagara. 2. P. traehysper'ma, Torr. and Gray, lias larger flowers and strongly exserted stamens, and a sessile pod. — N.W. 2. CLEO'ME, L. C. integrifO'lia, Torr. and Gray. Stem 2-3 feet high, glabrous. Flowers showy, rose-coloured or white, in leafy- bracted racemes. Leaves of 3 lanceolate or oblong leaflets. Stipe of the pod as long as the pedicel of the flower. — Dry clay soil; N.W. 26 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order XII. VIOLA'CEiE. (Violet Family.) Herbs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers irregular, the lower of the 5 petals being spurred. Sepals 5, persis- tent. Stamens 5, the anthers more or less coherent, and surrounding the pistil. Fruit a 1-celled pod, splitting into 3 valves. Seeds in three rows on the walls of the ovary. Synopsis of (he Genera. 1. Vl'ola. Sepals aurieled at the baae. Lower petal distinctly spurred. Stamens only slightly, If at all, coherent ; the 2 lower ones spurred. 'i. §o'lea> Sepals 7iot aurieled. Lower petal saccate at the base. Sta- mens completely united and sheathing the ovary. Plant 1-2 feet high. 1. YI'OL4, L. Violet. * Stemless Violets ; leaves and scapes all from root-stocks. -t- Flowers white. 1. V. blanda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Lower petal streaked with purple. Leaves round-heart-shaped or reni- form. Petals beardless. Flower sweet-scented. — Swamps and wet meadows, in spring. Var. renifo'lia, Gray, has leaves much larger and more imbescent than those of the preceding. — Dry cedar swamps, and ravines in rich woods. 2. V. lanceola'ta, L. (Lance-leaved V.) Flowers white. Petals beardless. Leaves lanceolate, erect, tapering into a long, margined petiole, neafly entire. — Damp ground, mostly eastward. 3. V. primulsefo'lia, L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Flowers white, lateral petals usually somewhat bearded. Leaves ovate or oblong, heart-shaped, or abrupt at the base.— Damp or dry ground ; Atl. Prov. •*-■*- Flowers blue or purple. 4. V. peda'ta,L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly smooth. Eoot- stock short, thick and erect. Leaves all deeply cut into 3-5 segments, the lateral divisions 2-3-parted. Flower about an inch across ; stigma large and not beaked. — N W. VIOLACE^. 27 5. V. pedatifida, G. Don. Very much like the last, but the flowers are smaller and of a deeper blue, and the stigma is beaked. — Prairies, N. W. 6. V. Selkirk' ii, Pursh. (Great-spurred V.) A small and delicate plant, distinguished by the slender root-stock, and the very large spur, thickened at the end. The pale violet petals also are beardless. — Damp, shady places. 7. V. palustris, L. (Marsh V.) Very similar in foliage, etc., to No. 1, but the flowers are pale lilac, and the root- stock is jointed. — Wet swamps amongst moss. 8. V. palma'ta, L. (Common Blue V.) Leaves on very long petioles, cordate or reniform, the sides folded inwards when young, the later ones variously lohed or parted. Lateral petals bearded. Spur short and thick — Low grounds every- where. Var. CUCUlla'ta, Gray, has the later leaves merely cre- nate. 9. V. odora'ta, L. (English Sweet V.) has escaped from gardens in some places. Flowers very fragrant. 10. V. sagltta'ta, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smoothish. Leaves cordate, halberd-shaped, or sagittate, slightly toothed, the first ones on short and margined oetioles. Side- petals bearded. — Dry hill-sides and old pastures. -t- -t- -^ Flowers yellow. 11. V. rotundifo'lia, Michx. (Round-leaved V.) Leaves round-ovate, cordate, repand-crenulate, about an inch wide at flowering, increasing later to 3 or 4 inches, and then flat on the ground, shining above. Lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines. Spur very short. — Cold woods, chiefly eastward. * * Leafy -stemmed Violets. ■*- Flowers yellow. 12. V. pubes'cens, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Plant downy, 6-12 inches high. Leaves broadly cordate, coarsely serrate ; stipules large, entire. Lower petals veined with purple. Spur very short. — Bich woods. a-' ^8 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Var seabriuscula, Torr. and Gray, is smaller, and less pubescent, often nearly smooth. 13. V. Nuttal'lii, Pursh. Low, densely pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate or oblong; obtuse, entire or obscurely sinuate, decurrent on the petiole; stipules mostly narrow, entire. — Dry soil, N.W. -t--^ Flowers not yelloio. 14. V. Canadensis, L. (Canada v.) Tall, ofter. a foot high. Leaves large, cordate, serrate, pointed. Petals white inside, purplish outside. Spur very short. — Flowering all summer. 15. V. cani'na, L., var. sylvestris, Kegel. (Dog V.) Low, spreading by runner:^- Leaves broadly cordate or reniform, ivith f ringed-toothed stipules. Spur cylindrical, half as long us the petals, which are pale purple. — Wet places. Var. lon'gipes, Watson, of the N. W. plains, has ovate leaves, obscurely crenate. Spur as long as the sepals, stout, obtuse, and nearly straight. 16. V. stria' ta, Ait. (PaleV.) Stem '^ti ovular, 6-10 inches high. Leaves cordate, finely serrate ; stipules fringed- toothed. Spur thickish, much shorter thp,n the cream- coloured or white petals. — Low grounds. 17. V. rostra'ta, Pursh. (Long-spurred V.) Distin- guished at once by its extremely long straight spur. Petals violet-coloured. 18. V. tri color, L., var. arvensis, DC. TPansy.^ Stip- ules large, leaf-like and I grate- pinnatifid. Stem angled and branched. Loaves roundish. Petals variable in colour, about as long as the sepals. — Dr\' soil. 1*. $0 LEA. Spreng , in part. Grken Violet. S. con ' color, Gin 2r. A homely herb with oblong entire leaves pointed at each end, and 1-3 small greenish-Avhite iinwors in the axil-^. on slmrt recurved pedicels. Pod an inch long.— Rare; Niagara Eiver and the banks of the Thames. ClSTACEiE. 29 all Order XIII. CISTA'CEiE. (Rock-rose Family.) Herbs or low shrubs, with simple entire leaves and regular polyandrous flowers. Calyx persistent, usually of 3 large and 2 smaller sepals. Petals 5 or 3, convolute in the bud. Stamens 3-20. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds on 3 parietal projections. SynopslH of the Cieueru. 1. HeUan'tlieniam. Petals 5, fugacious. Style none. 2. Hadso'nla* Petals 5, fugacious. Style long and slender. 3. Lecli'ea* Petals .'!, persistent. Style none. 1. HELlASi'THEMVIM, Tourn. RocK-RoSK. H. Canadense, Michx. (Frost- weed.) Flowers of two sorts, some solitary, with large yellow corolla and many stamens, the petals lasting but one day after the flower opens ; others small, clustered in the axils of the leaves, and apetalous. Leaves lanceolate, downy beneath. — Sandy places. 2, HIIDSO'NIA, L. HunsoNlA. 1. H. tomento'sa, Nutt. (Downy H.) Hoary. Leaves oval or narrowly oblong, short, close-pressed, or imbricated. Flowers small, sessile, yellow, very numerous. — A little heath- like shrub, on the shores of the Great Lakes and the Biver St. Lawrence. 2. H. erieoi'des, L. Downy, hnt greenish. Leaves sleis* der, awl-shaped. Flov/ers on slender naked stalks. — Dry soii Atl. coast. .3. LECH'EA, L. Pinweed. 1. L. minor, Lam. (Smaller P.) Flowers inconspicuous, puxplish, loosely racemose, on distinct pedicels. Stem slender, rough witlx appressed scattered hairs, producing radical shoots. Leaves scattered, linear. Pods the size of a pin's head. — Dry soil. 2. L. major, Michx. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, very leafy, villous with spreadiufj hairs, j^roducing prostr^'te })raiiches at the base. Leaves elliptical, mucronate. Flowers denselji crowded, on very short pedicels, — Dry soil, B. W. Ontario. 30 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order XIV. DROSERAXE^. (Sundew Family.) Low glandular-hairy marsh herbs, with circinate tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers borne on a naked scape. Sepals, petals, and stamens, 5 each ; anthers turned outwards. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved. The only genus with us is DROS'ERA, L. SuNDEW. 1. D. rotundifo'Iia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Flowers small, white, in a 1-sided raceme. Leaves orbicular, ab- ruptly narrowed into the hairy petiole, clothed with reddish glandular hairs. — Bogs. 2. D. longifo'lia, L. (Longer-leaved S.) has oblong- spathulate leaves gradually narrowed into erect naked petioles. — Bogs ; not common. Order XV. HYPERICA'CE^. (St. John's-wort F.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves^ and no stipules. Flowers regular, hypogynous, mostly yellow. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and usually in 3 or more clusters. Styles 8-5, sometimes united. Pod 1-5-celled. Seeds numerous. Synopsis of the €enera. 1. Hyper'Icuni. Petals 5, unequal-sided^ convolute in the hvA, yellow, 2. Klo'des. Petals 5, equal-sided, Imbricated in the bud, purplish. 1. HYPER'ICUM, L. St. John's- wort. * Pod S-celled. Styles 3, separate. Petals with black dots. 1. H. perf era' turn, L. (Common St. John's-wort.) Stem much branched, producing runners at the base, slightly 2- edged. Leaves linear-oblong, with transparent dots, easily observed by holding the leaf up to the light. Petals deep yellow. Flowers in open leafy cymes.— Fields. 2. H. COrymbo'sum, Muhl. (CorymbedS.) {H. macula- turn, Walt.) Stem rounded, not so branching as No. 1. Leaves with both black and transparent dots^ oblong, somewhat 4 HYPERICACE.?5. 31 i clasping. Flowers small, pale yellow, crowded, corj/mdfia.'^ Damp woods and wet places generally. **Pod 5-celled. Styles more or less united. Stamens very many, in 6 clusters, if clustered at all. 3. H. pyramida'tum, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.) Stem 3-5 feet high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, somewhat clasping. Flowers very large, the petals about an inch long, and narrowly ohovate. Stamens showy. Pod conical, large. — Along streams ; not common. 4. H. Kalmia'num, L. (Kalm's S.) Shrubby, a foot or more in height ; leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded, revolute on the margins, thickly punctate, and sessile. Flowers about 1 inch across, in clusters. — Niagara Falls and west- ward. * * * Pod i-celled, purple. 5. H. ellip'tieum, Hook. (Ellipti. \l-leaved S.) Stem about 1 foot high , not branched. Leaves spreading, elliptical- oblong, obtuse, thin. Flowers rather few, showy, in a nearly naked cyme. Pod purple, ovoid, obtuse. Petals pale yel- low. — Banks of streams, eastward. 6. H. mu'tilum, L. (Small S.) Stem slender, branching above, hardly a foot high. Leaves 5-nerved. Cymes leafy at the base. Flowers small, not ^ of an inch across. — ^Low grounds. 7. H. Canadense, L. (Canada S.} Stem upright, 6-15 inches high, with branches erect. Leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, 3-nerved at tlio base, the upper ones acute, sessile. Cymes naked. Pod miich longer than the calyx. Flowers small, deep yellow. — Wet, sandy places. 2. ELO'DE8. Adans. Maksii St. John's- WORT. E. Virgcin'iea, Nutt. {E. campanulata, Pursh.) Stem smooth. Loaves oblong or oval, clasping, often pui -veined, obtuse, conspicuously dotted beneath. Flowers flesh- coloured, in the axils, and at the summit of the stem. The whole })lant is of a purplish hue. — Marshes. m COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order XVI. CARYOPHYLLA'CE^. (Pink Family.) Herbs with opposite (occasionally whorled) and entire ieaves, the stems swollen at the Joints. Flowers regular, with the parts mostly in fives, occasionally in fours. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles 2-5, sti^matic along the inner side. Pod usually 1-celled, with the seeds attached to the base, or to a column which rises from the centre of the cell. (Part I., Fig. 194,) Synopsis of the Genera* * Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals and stauens borne on the stalk of the ovary ; petals with long narrow claws. 1. Sapona'rla. Calyx cylindrical or 5-angled. Styles 2. 2. Sile'uc. Calyx 6-toothed. Styles 3. 3. tych'nls. Calyx 5-toothed. Styles 5. * * Sepals separate to the base or nearly so. Petals without claws, they and the stamens inserted at the bane of the sessile ovary. Loiv herbs. t- Stipules none. 4. Arena'ria. Petals not cleft at the apex. Styles usually 3. Pod splitting into 3 or 6 valves. 5. Stella'ria. Petals 2-eleft at the apex. Pod splitting to the base into twice as many valves as there are styles. Styles generally 3. B. Ceran'ttHni. Petals 2-cleft, or notched. Styles 5. Pod opening at the apex by 10 teetli. 7. Satsl'ua. Petals 4 or fi, entire. Stamens as many or twice as many. Styles 4 or ."i. I'od 1-5-valved. •+- -t- Stipules present. 8. Bii«la. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved, short. Leaves filiform or linear, opposite. 9. Sper'Kiila. Styles 5. Valvesof the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves thread-like, whorled. 1. HAPONARIA. L. SoAi'WORT. 1. S. Oflftcina'lis, L. (Bouncino Bet.) A stout perennial, with rose-coloured or pinkish flowers clustered in corymbs. Leaves 8-5-ribbed, the lower ovato, upper lanceolate. Pod raised on a short stalk. Styles 2.— Old gardens and road- sides. 2. S. vacca'ria, L. (Common Cow- herb.) Annual, gla- brous. Flowers pale rod. in corymbed cymes. Calyx 6- angled, wing-angled in fruit.— Waste places. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 33 8. SIIiE'NE, L. Catchfly, Campion. 1. S. infla'ta, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) {S. Cucubalus, Wibel.) Pale or glaucous, very smooth. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Calyx much inflated^ pur- ple-veined. Stamens and styles exserted. — Not common westward. 2. S. antirrhi'na, L. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender, simple or slightly branching above, a portion of the upper inter- nodes sticky. Leaves linear or lanceolate. Flowers small, pink or purplish, opening only for a short time in sunshine. Calyx ovoid, shining. — Dry soil. 3. S. noctiflo'ra, L. (Night-flowering Catchfly.) Stems very sticky^ pubescent. Lower leaves spathulate, upper lanceolate. Flowers few, peduncled. Calyx- tube with awl- shaped teeth. Petals white or whitish, 2-parted. Opening only at night or in cloudy weather. — A very common weed in cultivated grounds. 4. S. Arme'ria, L. (Sweet- William Catchfly.) Glau- cous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pink, in fiat cymes. Calyx club-shaped. — Escaped from gardens in some places. 5. S. Virgin'ica, L. (Fire Pink.) Occurs in south- western Ontario, and may be recognized by its crimson petals^ and bell-shaped calyx, nodding in fruit. 6. S. aeau'lis, L. (Moss Campion.) A very small tufted moss-like perennial, 1-2 inches high, with linear crowded leaves. Petals purple or rarely white. — Atl. Prov. 3. LVCH'NIS, Tourn. Cockle. 1. L. Githa'gro, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Plant clothed with long soft appressed hairs. Calyx-lobes extremely long, very much like the upper leaves, surpassing the purple petals. — Wheat-fields. 2. L. vesperti'na, Sibth. (Evening L.) Viscid- pubescent. Flowers commonly dioecious, white or pinkish, opening at evening. — Waste grounds in a few localities. 3. L. diurna, sibth., resembles the last, but has red flowers, opening in the morning. — Rare. t"s 34 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 4. ARENA' III A, L. SANDWORT. 1. A. serpyllifo'lia, L. (ThyxMe - leaved S.) Much branched, 2-6 inches high, roughish-pubescent. Leaves small, ovate, acute. Petals white, hardly as long as the sepals. Sepals pointed, 3-5-nerved. Pod pointed, 6- toothed, — Sandy fields. 2. A. stricta, Michx. {A. MichauxU, Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem erect, or diffusely spreading from a small root. Leaves awl shaped or bristle-form, the upper one? reduced to 1-nerved bracts, crowded in the axils. Cyme diffuse, many- flowered. Sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, half as long as the white petals. — Rocky fields. 3. A. lateriflo'ra, L. Stem erect, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, ^-1 inch long. Peduncles usually three-flowered. Sepals obtuse. Petals white, large, twice as long as the s-pals. Flower ^ of an inch across when fully expanded. — Gravelly shores. 4. A. GrCBnlan'diea, Spreng., is densely tufted, with fjoft filiform-linear leaves. Flowering stems erect, smooth, 2-4 inches high, few-flowered. Sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless. — Atl. sea-coast. 5. A. peploi'des, L., with very fleshy stems and leaves, the latter somewhat clasping, occurs eastward towards the sea- coast. 5. STELLA' Kl A, L. CmcKWKED. Starwort. 1. S. media, Smith. (Common Chickweed.) Stems branching, decumbent, soft and brittle, marked lengthwise with one or two pubescent lines. Lower leaves on hairy- petioles, ovate. Flowers small, white. Petals shorter than the sepals. — Extremely common in damp grounds and old gardens. 2. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (Long -leaved Stitchwort.) Stems branching, very weak and brittle, supporting them- selves on other plants. Leaves linear. Pedicels of the flowers long, slender, and spreading, reflexed. Petals white, longer than the 3-nerved sepals. — Low grassy banks of streams. 1 1 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 35 3. S. lon'gipes, Goldie. (Long - STALKED Stitchwort.) Leaves somewhat rigid, ascending, lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base. Cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels erect, scaly-bracted. Petals longer than the sepals. Seeds smooth. 4. S. gramin'ea, L. Like the last, but the leaves broadest above the base, the pedicels widely spreading, and the seeds strongly but finely rugose. (Int. from Eu.) 5. S. uligrino'sa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, de- cumbent or diffuse. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny. Petals and ripe pods as long as the sepals. Seeds roughened. Cymes naked, becoming lateral. — Swamps and rills, eastward. 6. S. erassifo'lia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, weak. Leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate to oblong, those of flowering branches smaller and thinner. Petals longer than sepals or wanting. Seeds r gose-roughened. Flowers terminal or in the forks of stem, or branches. — Wet places. 7. S. borea'lis, Bigelow. (Northern S.) Stem erect or spreading, w^eak, forking. Leaves broadly-lanceolate to ovate-oblong. Petals 2-5, shorter than the sepals or want- ing. Cyme leafy. Seeds smooth. — Wet places. 8. S. humifu'sa, Eottb. Low, spreading or creeping. Leaves^es^2/> ovar.e or oblong. Pedicels axillary or terminal, on leafy stems or branches. Petals a little longer than the sepals. Seeds smooth. — Atl. Prov. '¥ 6. CERAS'TIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 1. C. viseo'SUm, L. (Larger M.) Stem ascending, hairy and somewhat clammy. Leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse. Flowers in close clusters. Pedicels not longer than the sepals. Petals shorter than the calyx. — Not common, some- times confounded with No. 2. 2. C. VUlga'tum, L. (Common M.) Stems hairy, viscid, spreading. Leaves lanceolate-oblong , rather acute. Flowers in loose cymes. Pedicels longer than the sepals. Petals equalling the calyx. — Fields and copses ; common. 1 • ! 'if ■ ,1,1!' COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 8. C. arven'se, L. (Field Chickweed.) Stem decumbent at the base, pubescent, slender, 4-8 inches high. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, often fa acid edin the axils ^ longer than the lower internodes. Petals obcordate, more than twice as long as the calyx. Pod scarcely longer than the calyx. Cyme few-flowered. Var. Oblongifolium, Holl. and Britt. Taller, pubescent. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Pod twice as long as the calyx. — S. W. Ontario. 4. C. iiu'tans, Eaf. Stems very clammy-pubescent and branching diffusely. The loose and open cymes many- flowered. Leaves lance-oblong. Pods nodding on the stalks^ curved upwards t thrice the length of the calyx. — In place? where water lies in spring. T. SAGI'NA, L. Pearlwort. 1. S. procum'bens, L. (Pearlwort.) A low, matted herb with narrowly linear leaves. Flowers small, terminal, with their parts in fours, rarely in fives. Petals shorter than the ovate, obtuse sejmls, or none. Pod many-seeded, 4-5- valved Top of peduncle often bent into a hook, — Damp places, Atl. Prov. 2. S. nodo'sa, Fenzl. A low, tufted herb. Lower leaves thread-form ; the upper short, awl-shaped, ivith clusters of minute ones in their axils. Parts of flower in fives, the stamens sometimes ten. Petals much ^longer than sepals. Flowers terminal. Pods as in S. procumbens. — Wet sandy shores, Atl. Prov. 8. BUOA, Adans. Sand-Spurrey. 1. B. ru'bra, Dumort. {Spergula'ria ru'bra, Presl.) Leaves linear, flat, hardly fleshy. Stipules lanceolate. Stems usually glandular-pubescent near the summit. Calyjs rather longer than the pink-red corolla, and small pod. Seeds rough with projecting points. — Dry sandy ground Atl. Prov. 2. B. mari'na, Dumort. {Spergularia sali'na, Presl.; More fleshy than B. rubra-, usually pubescent. Stipules I PORTULAOACEiE. a7 ovate. Leaves terete. Sepals a little shorter than the pod. Petals pale. Seeds usually roughened with points. — Sea- coast, Atl. Prov. 3. B. borea'lis, Watson. {Spergularia me'dia, Presl.) Much branched, glabrous. Petals white. Pod about twice as long as the sepals, nearly or quite smooth. — Sea-coast, and N. W. 9. SPER'GIJLA, L. Spuruey. S. arven'sis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) An annual herb re- sembling a Buda, with numerous thread-like leaves in whorls. Flowers white in panicled cymes. Pod 5-valved. — Grain fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.) Order XVII. PORTULACA'CE^. (Purslane F.) Herbs with fleshy entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens 5-20. Styles 3-8, united below. Pod 1-celled, few or many-seeded. Synopsis of tbe Genera. 1. Portula'ca. Stamens 8-20. Pod opening by a lid (Fig. 207, Part I.), many-seeded. 2. Clay to' Ilia. Stamens 5. Pod 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. 3. JWon'tia. Stamens usually .S. Petals 5, three of them somewhat smaller. Pod 3-valved and 3-seeded. 1. PORTULA'CA, Tourn. PURSLANE. P. Olera'cea, L. (Common Purslane.) A low fleshy herb, very smooth, with obovate or wedge-shaped leaves. Calyx 2-cleft, the sepals keeled. Petals yellow, fugacious. — A common pest in gardens. 8. CLA¥TO'XIA, L. Spring-Beauty. 1. C. Virgin' iea, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 inches long. 2. C. Carolinia'na, Michx. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base. In both species the corolla is rose-coloured, with dark veins. The stem springs from a small tuber and bears two opposite leaves and a loose raceme of flowers. — Eich woods in early spring. 1 38 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. MOX'TIA, L. M. fonta'na, L. A small, spreading, somewhat fleshy herb, with opposite, spathulate leaves. Sepals 2. Petals 5, three of them soiiewhat smaller. Stamens usuolly 3, borne on the claws of the smaller petals. Pod 3-valved and 3- soeded. — Wet places, Atl. Prov. Order XVIII. MALVA'CE^. (Mallow Family.) Herbs, with palmately-veined alterzxato stipulate leaves. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate. Corolla convolute in the bud. Sepals 5, united at the base, Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, hypogynous : anthers 1- celled. Carpels united in a ring, separating after ripening. Seeds kidney-shaped. Synoi)»(l!« of the Geuera. 1. Mulva. Carpels without beaks, l-seeded. A circle of 3 bractletg ait the base of the calyx. Stigmas occupying the inner face of the style. 2. MalvaM'truni. Carpel « without beaks, l-seeded. Involucel of 3 bractlets, or none. Stigvias terminal, capitate. Low hoary herbs. 3. Abu'tilon. Carpels 2-beaked, 1-6-seeded. No circle of bractlets. 4. Hibis'cus. Column of stamens naked and 5-touthed at the apex. Pod .')-celled, many-seeded. Involucel of many bractlets. 1. MALYA, L. Mallow. 1. M. rotundifo'lia, L, (Round-leaved Mallow.) Stems several, procumbent, from a stout tap-root. Leaves long- petioled, round-heart-shaped, crenate, crenately - lobed. Petals obcordate, whitish, streaked with purple, twice as long as the sepals. — Waysides and cultivated fields. 2. M. sylves'tris, L. (High M.) Stem erect, 2 feet high. Leaves sharply 5-7 -lobed. Petals purple, 3 times as long as the sepals. — Near dwellings. 3. M. erls'pa, L. (Curled M.) A tall erect annual, with round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils. — Escaped from old gardens. 4. M. moscha'ta, L. (Musk M.) Stem erect, 1 foot high. Stem leaves 5-parted^ the divisions cleft. Flowers large and TILIACEiE. hancisome, rose-coloured or white, on short peduncles, crowded on the stem and branches in the upper axils. — Roadsides near gardens. 2. MALVAS'TKlllM, Gray. False Mallow. M. COecin'eum, Gray. (Prairie Mallow.) A low hoary perennial, with rose-pink flowers in spikes or racemes. Leaves 5-parted or pedate. Petals much larger than the sepals. — N. W. 3. ABIJ'TILON, Tourn. Indian MALLOW. A, Avicen'nSB, Gsertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Stem 2-5 feet high, branching. Leaves velvety, round-cordate, long- pointed. (Jorolla yellow. — Near gardens ; not common. 4. HIBIS'CIIS, L. Rose-Mallow. 1. H. Moseheu'tOS, L. (Swamp Rose-Mallow.) A tall perennial, with very large and showy pink or white flowers, in late summer. Calyx not inflated. Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed ; the lower 3-lobed, all white-downy beneath. — S.W. Ontario, in marshes. 2. H. Trio'num, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) A low hairy annual. Calyx inflated in fruit, and 5-winged. Corolla sulphur-yellow, with dark centre.— Escaped from gardens. m Order XIX. TILIA'CE^flE. (Linden Family.) Trees with fibrous bark, soft and white wood, and heart- shaped and serrate leaves, with deciduous stipules. Flowers in small cymes hanging on an axillary peduncle, to which is attached a leaf-like bract. Sepals deciduous. The only Canadian genus is TILIA, L. Basswood. Whitewood. 1. T. America' na, L. (Basswood.) A fine tree, in rich woods. Flowers yellow or cream-coloured, very fragrant. Leaves smooth and green on both sides, obliquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Fruit a globular nut, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded '1^ ?.M \ ';■, \ " 40 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. th 2. T. EuropSB'a, L. The European Linden is planted as a shade tree in some places. It is easily distinguished by the absence of petal-like scales among the stamens^ which are present in the native Linden. Order XX. LINAGES. i^Flax Family.) Herbs Avith entire exstipulate leaves (but sometimes with glands in place of stipules), and regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles, 5 each. Filaments united at ti.e base. Pod 10-celled, 10-seeded. Our only genus is LINIJM, L. Flax. 1. L. Vir^nia'num, L. (Virginia F.) Flowers yellow, sviall (I of an inch long), scattered. Stem erect, it and the spreading branches terete. Leaves lanceolate and acute, the lower obtuse and opposite. No glands, styles distinct. — Dry soil. 2. L. Stria'tum, Walt., has the branches wing-angled, broader leaves and more crowded flowers than No. 1. The whole plant is stouter, — Shores of the Great Lakes. 3. L. SUlca'tum, Riddell, has yellow flowers twice as large as the preceding, wing-angled branches, and a pair of dark glands in place of stipules. Sepals strongly 3-nerved, with rough bristly margins. Styles united to the middle. — Dry soil, rare. 4. L. rig'idum, Pursh. Glaucous. Flowers yellow, large. Sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate. Branches rigid, angled. Stipular glands usually present. Styles united. — N.W. 5. L. peren'ne, L., var. Lewisii, Eat. and Wright. Flowers blue, on long peduncles. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, leaves linear, acute. Styles distinct. Pod ovate. —N.W. 6. L. USitatiS'Simum, L. (Common F.) Annual. Flowers blue, the sepals ciliate. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceoiate, acute, 3- veined. — Cultivated grounds. GERANIACE^. 41 „■,' Order XXI. GERANIAXE^. (Geranium Family.) Herbs (often strong-scented) with symmetrical flowers, having the parts in fives or threes, the filaments usually united at the base, and glands on the receptacle alternate with the petals. Stigmas 5 or 3. Carpels 5 or 3, each 1-2- ovuled, they and the lower part of the styles attached to an axis which rises from the receptacle. In the fruit the styles split away from the axis, carrying the carpels with them. Syuopiiilii of the Ciciiern. 1. Cieraiiiiiiii. Stamens 10, all with anthers. 2. Ero'diuiii. Stamens with anthers, only 5. 3. Flcerk'ea. Stamens 6. Sepals, petals, ami ovaries 3. 1. CiERANirM, L. CRANEsniLL. 1. G. maeula'tum, L. (Wild C.) Perennial. Stem erect, hairy, about a foot high. Leaves 5-7-parted, the wedge- shaped divisions lobed and cut. Flowers purple, an inch across. Petals entire, bearded on the claw, much longer than the long-pointed sepals. — Open woods and fields. 2. G. inci'SUm, Nutt. Perennial. Villous and glandular- pubescent. Leaves 5-7-cIeft nearly to the base, the lobes cut into narrow divisions. Petals deep purple. — N. W. 3. G. Carolinia'num, L. (Carolina C.) Not perennial. Stem usually decumbent, hairy. Sepals aion-pointed^ as long as the notched rose-coloured petals. — Waste places. 4. G. Robertia'num, L. (Herb Egbert.) Not perennial. Stems reddish, spreading, pubescent; branches weak. Leaves 3-divided, or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid. Sepals awned, shorter than the reddish-purple petals. Plant with a very strong odour.— Shaded ravines and moist woods. 4. G. pusil'lum, L. (Small-flowered C.) Not perennial. Stem procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent. Leaves rounded, kidney-shaped, deeply 5-7-cleft, the divisions wedge-shaped. Sepals awnless, about the same length as the purplish petals. — Waste places. I » ,'ii Ill ' 42 COMMON CANADIAX WILD PLANTS. !il ; 't I 2. EBO'DIIJN, L'Her. Storksbill. E. eleuta'rium, L'Her. Stem low and spreading, hairy. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, pinnatifid. Peduncles several-flowered. Styles when they separate from the beak bearded on the inside. — Not common. 3. FLS, L. WOOD-SOHREL. 1. 0. AcetOSeVla, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Scape 1- flowered. Petals ivhite, with reddish veins, — Cold woods. 2. 0. eornicula'ta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual, or peren- nial by running undergrotnid shoots. Stipules present. Peduncles 2-G-flowered, longer than the leaves. Petals yellow. Pod elongated, erect in fruit. — Rare. Var. Strieta, Sav. (0. stricta, L.), is less pubescent, has an ereob stem, and is without stipules. — Coriimon Order XXIII. BALSAMINA'CEiE. (Balsam Family.) Smooth herbs, Avith succulent stems and simple exstipu- late leaves. Flower^ invgular, the sepals and petals coloured alike, one of the coloured sepals spurred, the spur with a tail. Stamens 5, c herent above. Pod bursting elastically, and discharging its seeds with considerable force. The only {jcnus is EUTACEiE, ANACARDIACEiE. iniPA'TIENSf L. Touch-me-not. Jewel-weed. t. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers crange-coloured, spotted with reddish brown. Sac longer than broad, conical, tapering into a long recurved spur. — Cedar swamps and along streams. 2. I. pal'lida, Nutt. (Pale T.) Flowers pale yellow, spar- ingly dotted with brown. Sac dilated, broader than long, ending in a short spur. — Wet placei^. Order XXIV. RUTA'CE^. (Eue Family.) Shrubs, with compound transparently -dotted leaves, and an acrid taste. Flowers (with us) dioecious or polygamous, appearing before the leavjs. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the petals. Synopi^is of the Genera* Flowers dioecious. Ovaries separate, forming pods. 1. Xanthox'ylnm Leaflets more than 3. 2. Ptel'ea* Flowers polygamous Leaflets 3. Fruit a samara, winged all round. 1. XANTIIOX'YLIIM, L. PRICKLY ASH. X. America' num, Mill. (Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree.) A prickly shrub, with yellowish-green flowers in dense umbels in the axils. Sepals obsolete or none. Petals 5. Stamens in the sterile flowers 5. Carpels 8-5, forming fleshy 1-2-seeded pods. Fruit very pungent and aromatic. Leaves pinnate, 4-5 pairs, with an odd one at the end. — Forming thickets in low grounds along streams. a. PTE'IiEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. P. trifolia'ta, L. A tall shrub with greenish-white small polygamous flowers in compound terminal cymes. Sepals 3-5. Stamens as many. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded samara, winged all round. Leaves of 3 ovate pointed leaflets. — S. W. Ontario. Order XXV. ANACARDIA'CE^. (C askew Family.) Trees or shrubs, with a milky or resinous juice, and alternate leaves without dots or stipules. Sepals, petals and L; ;■(.■;!;' i >: , '; 'vM^i )\. ■ '' (- ll ■■ "' t \\\. ; ii'A t I'M m u 44 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. stamens, each 5. Fruit a 1-seeded drupelet. The petals and stamens inserted under the edge of a disk which sur- rounds the base of the ovary. The only genus is BHVS, L. Sumach. 1. R. typh'ina, L. (Staghoen Sumach.) A small tree, 10-30 feet high, with densely soft-hairy branches and stalks. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, forming a terminal thyrse. Fruit globular, covered with crimson hairs. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 11-31, oblong, lanceolate, serrate, pointed. — Dry hill-sides. 2. R. glabra, L., (Smooth S.) is smooth, and seldom ex- ceeds 5 feet in height. 3. R. Toxieoden'dron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Shrub about a foot high, smooth, often climbing by rootlets. Leaves 3-foliolate, leaflets rhombic-ovate, notched irregu- larly. Flowers polygamous, in slender axillary panicles. Plant poisonous to the touch. Var. radi'cans, L., has the leaves entire^ and climbs high. 4. R. venena'ta, DC. (Poison Elder.) A. tall shrub, smooth or nearly so. Leaves odd-pinnate ; leaflets 7-13, obovate-oblong, entire. Greenish- white flowers as in No. 3. — Swamps. 5. R. Canadensis, Marsh. (Fragrant S.) {R. aromat- ica, Ait.) A shrub 2-3 feet high, or more, with 3-foliolate leaves, sweet-scented when crushed, and catkin-like spikes il pale yellow flowers appearing before the leaves. — Dry rocky banks. Var. triloba' ta, with small leaflets and an unpleasant odour, is rather common in the North- West. Order XXVI. VITA CE^. (Vine Family.) Shrubs climbing by tendrils, with small greenish flowers in jjanicled clusters opposite the leaves. Stamens as many a? the petals and opposite them. Calyx minute. Petals 4 or 5, hy]iogyiious or perigynous, very deciduous. Fruit a berry, 1-4-seeded. Leaves palmately-veined, or comi^ound. RHAMNACEiE. 46 Syuopsls of Ihe Genera. 1. Titix. Leaves simple, heart-shaped, and variously lohed. 2. Aiupelop'sls. Leaves compound-digitate, of 5 serrate leaflets. 1. YITIS, Touru. Grape. 1. C. sestiva'lis, Michx. (Northern Fox-Grape.) Leaves and branches woolly. Berries large, dark purple or amber- coloured. — Moist thickets. 2. C. COrdifO'lia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves smooth or nearly so, bright green on both sides, heart-shaped, sharply serrate. Berries small, blue or black. Var. ripa'ria, Michx., has broader cut-lobed leaves. — Banks of streams. 2. illllPELOP'SIS, Michx. Virginia Creeper. A. quinquefo'lia, Michx. A common woody vine in low grounds. Leaves digitate, of 5 oblong-lanceolate leaflets. Tendrils with sucker-like disks at the end, by which they cling to walls, trunks of trees, etc. Fruit a small black berry. Order XXVII. RHAMNA'CEiE. (Buckthorn Family.) Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular pei'igynous greenish or whitish flowers. Stamens opposite the petals, and with them inserted on the margin of a fleshy disk which lines the calyx-tube. Fruit a berry-like drupe, or a pod. §yuopHls of tCic Genera* 1 . llbaut'nn,s. Petals minute, or none. Drupe berry-like. Calyx and disk free from the ovary. 2. f^enno'thiis. Petals white, long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, dehis- cent. Calyx and disk adherent to the base of the ovary. 1. RPAM'XUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. R. alnifo'lia, L'Her. A low erect shrub, not thorny, with oval, acute, serrate leaves, and apetalous flowers. Fruit a 3-seeded berry. — Swamps. 2. €EAXO'TIH S, L. New Jersey Tea. 1. C. America' nUS, L. A shrubby plant with downy branches, and ovate, 8-ribbed, serrate leaves. Flowers in wnite clusters at the summit of the naked flower-bvanohes. r*l >!« ■ i :/i\» li; 1 Iff Ml 4G COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Sepals and petals white, the latter hoodod, and with slender claws. Pedicels aUo white.— Dry hill-sides. 2. C. OVa'tUS, Desf. [C. ovalis, Bigel.), has the leaves nar- rowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrate, and gla- brous or nearly so. The flowers, also, are larger than in No. 1. — South-western Ontario. . < Order XXVIII. CELASTRA'CEiE. (Staff-tree F.) Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, alternate or opposite, and small regular flowers, the sepals and petals both imbri- cated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the petals, and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Pods orange or crimson Avhen ripe. Mynop.sis or the \ 1 H .11 'ill 48 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I' I sinuate-toothed^ the petioles imthovt stipules. Flowers green- ish-yellow, drooping on slender hairy pedicels^ appearing at the saine time as the leaves. Calyx fringed on the margin.. Var. barbatum, Michx., has rather glossy leaves, mostly hroadcr than long, 3-lobed, with very open rounded sinuses, and no stipules. Var. nigrum, Torr. and firay, may be distinguished from the ordinary form by its paler and more pubescent leaves, the petioles with adnata foliaceo us stipules. — Rich woods. 4. A. dasyear'pum, Ehrhart. {A. saccharinum L.) (Whitj; or Silver M.) Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the sinuses rather acute, silvery-wliite underneath, the divisions nar- row, sharjiU'- toothed. Flowers in erect clusters, greenish- yellow, appearing much before the leaves ; petals none. Samara very large, ivoolly icheu young. River-banks and low grounds. 5. A. ru'brum, L. (RedM.) Le i.es 3-5- lobed. the sin uses acute. Floorers red^ appearing much before the leaves. Petals linear-ohlong. Samara small and smooth^ on drooping pedicels. A smaller tree than No. 4, with reddish twigs, and turning bright crimson in the autumn. — Swamps. 2. .>IE(i;|':M'BO, Moench. Asii-lkavkd Mai'LE. Box-Eldku. N. aceroi'des, M(jench. Calyx minute, 4-5-cleft. Petals none. Staminate flowers in rather dense clusters on slender pedicels, the pistillate ones in drooping racemes. Wings of the samaras incurved. — N. W., common. Also, Don valley near Toronto, and planted as a shade-tree. Order XXX. POLYGALA CE^. (Milkwort Family.) Herbs with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypo- gynous flowers. Stamens 6 or 8. monadeli)hous or diadelph- ous, the anthers 1-celled, and opening at the top by a pore. Pod 2-celled and 2-seedod. flattened contrary to the partition. The only genus with us is l»OLV<;'.iL.i, Touni. Milk-wokt. Sepals 5, the upper one and the two lower ones small and LEGUMINOSiE. 49 often greenish, the 2 lateral ones (called wings) larger and coloured like petals. Petals 3, connected with each other and with the tube of filaments, the lower one keel-ahaped, and usually fringed or crested at the top. Style prolonged and curved. 1. P. vertieilla'ta, L. Flowers small, greenish- white, in slender spikes. Stems 4-8 inches high, much branched. Stem-leaves linear, 4-5 in a whorl, the upper ones scattered. — Dry soil. 2. P. Sen'ega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Flowers green- ish white, in a solitary cylindrical close spike. Stems several, from a hard knotty rootstock, 6-12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, with rough margins, 'alternate. — Dry hill-sides and thickets. 3. P. polyg'ama, Walt. Flowers rose-purple, showy, fringed, in a many-flowered raceme. Stems 5-8 inches high, tufted and very leafy, the leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate. Whitish fertile flowers on underground runners. — Dry soil. 4. P. paucifo'lia, Willd. (Fringed P.) Flowers rose- purple' very showy, fringed, only 1-3 in number. Stems 1-4 inches high, from long underground runners, which also bear concealed fertile flowers. Leaves ovate, crowded at the top of stem. — Dry woods. 5. P. sanguin'ea, L. Flowers usually bright red-purple, but sometimes pale. Corolla inconspicuously crested. Flowers in dense globular heads, at length oblong. True petals mostly shorter than the wing^, the latter broadly ovate, closely sessile. Stem leafy to the top ; leaves oblong- linear. — Sandy and moist places. Order XXXI. LEGUMINO'SiE. (Pulse Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly with compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous corollas. (For descrip- tion of a typical flower, see Part I. , cap. v.) Stamens usually 10 (rarely 5), monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Fruit a legume. .; :(;' 'vf"-ii * % m id* li m , it i? r 'jn 50 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. SyiiopMis of the Cieiicrii. * Flowers panilionacemis . Sta mens monadelphous or diadelphous. •*- Not climbing or twininp. Pod not jointed. 1. Lupl'iiua. Leaves palmatelii-compoiind. leaflets 7-9. Flowers in lennin;il racemes. Stamens monadelphous. 2. Ti'ifo'Iliiiii. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Flowers in heads. Stamens diadelphous. 3. Modica'go. Leaves pinnate, of ;} leaflets. Flowers in axillary spikes or raeemes. Pod curved 'V coiled Sti mens diadelphous. 4. iU( lilo'tu!^* Leaves pinii: . < . .eaflets, the leaflets toothed. Flowers in slender axillas ;. i ' • "■.v^s. Pod wrinkled, 1-2-seeded. Stamens diadelphous. f). HoMnvk'ia. Leaves pinnate, of 1-3 i, ts, stiptdes gland-like., minute. Flowers yellow, often turning Xk^ilfWsh, solitary on axil- lai'y peduncles hearing each a leafyhract. Pod linear, several- .seeded, partitioned hetween the seeds.— N. Wi only. 0. lloliiii'ia. Trees. Leaveaodd-piimate,<-i-i *':| ■II' 52 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. * * * Flowers not papilinnaceous ; polygammis. Trees. 24. 4«locell(s]« ■*- Pod 'sessile. 5. A. MiSSOUrien'sis, Nutt. Stevi very short, -prostcsibQ or matted, hoary -silky -pubescent. Leaflets 5-15 or more. Flowers large, violet or purplish, in few-flowered heads on scape-like peduncles. Pod obcom pressed (flattened contrary to the usual way), nearly straight, pubescent. -1- -*- Pod with a very short stalk. 6. A, IptiflO'rus, Hook. Stems very short, hoary with close pubescence. Leaflets 7-13. Flowers yellowish, in few-flowered heads. Pod oblong-ovate, acute at the base, hoary. — Rare. 7. A. oroboi'des, Hornem., var. Amerieanus, Gray. stems 12-18 inches high, grayish-puberulent. Leaflets 11- 15, oval to linear-oblong. Flowers in a long 1-sided raceme. Pod lens-shaped, gray-pubescent, grooved on the back. — Atl. Prov. ■*-■*-•¥- Pod long-stalked. 8. A. alpi'nus, L. Stems di^wse, 6-12 inches high, smooth or hairy-pubescent. Leaflets 13-25, oval or oblong. Racemes short, many-flowered, the flowers violet-purple. Pod nar- rowly oblong, black - pubescent , triangular- turgid, deeply grooved on the back, pendent. — Atl. Prov. *** Pod strictly 1-ceIled, coriaceou<« or cartilaginous* A. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets. -t- Pod sessile. 9. A. pectina'tus, Dougl. stem a foot high, grayish- pubescent, the branches striate and angled. Leaflets nnmerons, nearly Jiliform. 'Flowers la,rge, white. Tod short, thick-cartilaginous, pendulous, cuspidate, smooth, with a very thick dorsal suture. ■^■^~ . 'od with a very short stalk. ' 10. A. COO'peri, (Iray. stem erect, nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaflets 11 21, comparatively large, minutely hoary beneath. Flowers white, in short spikes. Pod inflated, smooth, slightly furrowed on both sides. — Ontario and Quebec. H\ ^ i 06 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 11. A. flexuo'SUS, Dougl. Stom 1-2 feet high, ascending, grayish-pubescent. Leaflets numerous, narrow. Flower? white or purplish, small, in loose racetnes. Pod very finely pubescent, not furrowed. -t-H-*- Pod exserted on its stalk. 12. A. bisulea'tus, Gray. stem stout, a foot or more high, with short rigid pubescence. Leaflets numerous. Flowers violet, in dense spike-like racemes. Pod straight, narrowly oblong, the furrow of the ventral surface '^ivided lenythvnse into two hy the projecting suture. 13. A, multiflo'rus, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat glabrous. Leaflets 13-21, rather narrow. Flowers yellowish- white, tinged with purple, in loosely feio-fiowered racemes^ the peduncles not exceeding the leaves. Stipules mostly connate. Pod 7-20-seeded, reflexed, 14. A. abOFlg'inum, Eich. Stems slender, rigid, clus- tered, hoary, pubescent or somewhat villous. Leaflets 7-13. Flowers white or bluish, the keel violet, in short spike-like racemes. Pod with h straight dorsal edge {not ftrrowed), and a rounded ventral edge, B. Leaves apparently palmate, mostly of S leaflets. 15. A. triphyl'lus, Pursh. A low stemless glossy-silky perennial, with crowded long-petioled leaves, mostly having 3 lanceolate leaflets, and whitish crowded sessile flowers. Pod conical-ovate, villous. 8, OXVTROFIS, DO. * Leaves simply pinnate. 1. 0. eampes'tris, DC, var. cseru'lea, Koch. Flowers white or yellowish, often tinged with purple or violet, in short spikes on naked scapes. Pods ovate or oblong, of a thin or papery texture. Leaves pinnate, of many leaflets. Gravelly river-margins. — N. W. and Atl. Prov. * * Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or U along the axis. 2. 0. Lambert'!, Pursh. Silvery-silky-pubescent. Flow- ers large, purple, violet, or white. Scapes often a foot high. A#A- LEQUMINOSiE. &7 Pods silky- pubescent^ cartilaginous^ about half an inch long, imperfectly 2-celled. — N. W. 3. 0. montie'Ola, Gray, is reported as common in the prairie region. It is smaller than No. 2, and has denser spikes, usually smaller iiowers, and less downy leaves. 4. 0. Splendens, Dougl. Silvery-silky-villous, 6-l2inch"s high. Flowers erect-spreading. Pod erect, hardly surpas- sing the villous calyx. — N. W. 9. «L¥€¥RRHI'ZA, Tourn. Liquorice. G. lepido'ta, Nutt. (Wild Liquoriot.) Two to three feet high. Leaflets 15-19, sprinkled with little scales when young. — Fort Erie and N. "W. 10. TEPHRO'SIA, Pers. Hoary Pea. T. Virginia'na, Pers. (Goat's Rue. Catgut.) Stem 1-2 feet high, simple, leafy to the top. Leaflets 17-29, linear- oblong. Roots long and slender and tough. — Sandy soil. Lake Erie coast. 11. PSORA'LEA, L. 1. P. argophyl'la, Pursh. Silvery-silky all over. Leaves of 3-5 leaflets, the latter elliptical- lanceolate. Spikes of flowers interrupted. Roots not tuberous. — N. W. prairies. 2. P. lanceola'ta, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so. Leaf- lets 3. Flowers small, in short spikes. Roots not tuberous. — N. W. 3. P. esculen'ta, Pursh. Bough-hairy all over. Leaf- lets 5, obovate or lance-oblong. Spikes dense. Boots tuber- ous.— 1^. W. 12. AMOR'PHA, L. FALSE INDIGO. 1. A. canes'eens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) White-downy all over, 1-3 feet high. Leaflets less than half an inch long, crowded. Spikes generally clustered. Pods 1-seeded, -N. W. 2. A. mierophyl'la, Pur^h, diffors from the last in being lower and nearly smooth. Spikes usually solitary- -N.W. n i'^' 1 I •11 1 ■i & 58 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. A. frutieo'sa, L. A tall shruh. Leaflets larger and not so crowded as in the other species. Pods 2-seeded. — Eiver-hanks, N. W. lii. l»ET4LOSTE'MO.\, Michx. Prairie Clover. 1. P. viola' ceus, Michx. Leaflets 5, very narrow. Calyx silky-hoary. Corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, N. W. 2. P. can'didus, Michx. Leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-oblong. Calyx smooth or nearly so. Corolla white. — Dry prairies, N. W. 14. YICIA, Tourn. Vetcii. Tare. 1. V. sati'va, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Stem simple, somewhat pubescent. Leaflets 10-14, varying from obovate- oblong to linear. Floivers purjole, large, one or tioo together, sessile in the axils, or nearly so. — Cultivated fields and waste grounds. 2. V. tetrasper'ma, L. Peduncles long and slender, 1-2-flowered. Flowers small. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla whitish. Pod 4-seeded, smooth. Leaflets about 4 pairs. — Atl. Prov. ; also at Ottawa and opposite Montreal. 3. V. Cracca, L. (Tufted V.) Downy-pubescent. Leaf- lets 20 24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate. Peduncles long, bearing a dense one-sided raceme of blue flowers, bent downward in the spike, and turning purple before withering. — Borders of thickets, and pastures. Chiefly eastward. 4. V. Carolinia'na, AValt. Smooth. Leaflets 8-12, ob- long. Peduncles bearing a rather loose raceme of irhitish flon^ers, the keel tipped ivith blue. — Low grounds and river- banks. 5. V. America' na, Muhl. Smooth. Leaflets 10-14, oval or ovate-oblong, very veiny. Peduncles 4-8-flowered , flowers purple. — ]\Ioist places. Var. linearis, Watson, a low form, with linear leaflets, is common in the N.W. prairie region. SMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. a teic .?•'.. i laceniG or panicle, on a scape which rises from therojt. Leaflets broadly ovate. 2. D. acumina'tum, DC. Stem pubescent. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem,/roHi which the raceme or panicle arises. Leaflets conspi^^uously pointed. — Rich woods. 3. D. paueiflO'rum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low ascending stems ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, rather blunt. Racemes few-flowered, terminal. — Rich woods, western Ontario. * * Porf raised on a stalk hardly surpassing the calyx, the latter deeply cleft. Stipules ovate, taper-pointed. 4. D. rotundifo'lium, DC. Stem prostrate, soft-hairy. Leaflets orbicular'. Flowers purple. Pods indented on both edges. — Dry sandy woods, western Ontario. Also at Queens- ton Heights. * * * Pod hardly, if at all, stalked. 5. D. CUSpida'tum, Torr. and Gray. Stem tall, erect, rory smooth. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, very large, green on both sides. Flowers and bracts large. Pod 4-6-jointed. — Thickets. 6. D. Illinoen'se, Gray, has been found in the Thames valley. Leaflets obtuse and roughish, grayish V '^'^ath, with prominent veins. Pod about an inch loxg, H 5- jointed, indented on both margins. Otherwise nearly .like the last. 7. D. panieula'tum, DC. stem slender, nearly smooth, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point. Flowers medium-sized. Pod 3-5- jointed, the joints trian- gular. Racemes panicled. — Rich wood«. 8. D. Dille'nii, Darlingt. Distinguished* from the last by the pubescent stem and finely pubescent leaflets, the latter oblong re. Suborder ROSACEiE. Cai^pels few or many, free from the persistent calyx, be- coming achenes, follicles-, or drupe-like in fruit. 2. Splriv'n. Carpels Mio.«tly 5. i .i-miiit? follicles in fruit. Calyx .')-cleft, short. Petals oi.ovi'tf,.shi)'J,->r. .'i. lailc'iiin. Carpel i Mud fruit a." in Spinxia. Calyx elong'ated, 5- t>i()tlu'd. Petals slender, ••issiuiilar. 4. AKrliiiu'iilu. Carpels 2, forniiiii. ehenes enclosed in the hardened ealyx-tuhe. Calyx aimod with hooked bristles. Flowers yellow, ill slender spikes. 5. Alvlicniil la. v cpels 1-4, /orniinpr itehenes enclosed In the persis- ts oalyx-ti'.tje. retain voue. Stunicns 1-4. Calyx-tube inver- sely conical, the liral, 4-parted, with 1 alternathiK bractlets. Low herbs, witl' paiiuately-lobed leaves. ROSACEiE. 63 6. Pote'rinm. Carpels 1-3. Achene (mostly solitary) enclosed in the dry 4-angled closed calyx-tube. Petals none. Lobes of the top- shaped calyx 4, petal-like, spreading. Stigma tufted. Tall herbs, with pinnate leaves and a dense white spike of small flowers, often polygamous or dioecious. 7. Geani'. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled, becoming dry achenes, the persistent stylos becoming tails, plumose or naked, and straight or jointed. Calyx-lobes with 5 alternating bractlets. 8. Waldstei'iiia. Carpels 2-6, forming achenes. Leaves radical, of 3 wedge-form leaflets. Bractlets of tlie calyx minute and deciduous. Flowers yellow, on bracted scapes. 9. Potentil'la. Carpels numerous, forming achenes heaped on a dry receptacle, tbe styles not forming tails. Lobes of the calyx with 5 alternating bractlets. 10. Chaniiv'rtaodo!^. Carpels 5-10, on a dry receptacle. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Calyx campanulate, 5- cleft. Small glandular-pubescent herbs with flowers in forked cymes, and many-cleft leaves. Fra^a'ria. Flowers as in Potentilla, but receptacle becoming fleshy or pulpy and scarlet in fruit. (See Part I., sec. 23").) Leaves all radical, of 3 leaflets. Low plants, producing runners. Dalibar'da, Carpels 5-10, each 2-ovuled, forming nearly dry drupelets. Calyx 5-6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger than the others, and toothed. Ciilyx without hracts, persistent, enclosing the fruit. Leaves radical, round heart-shaped. Flowers white, on scapes. RiibuH, Carpels numerous, -J-ovuled, forming drupelets heaped on the receptacle. (See Part I., section 234.) Fruit edible. Calyx without bracts, Uosa. Cariiels !iumerous, 1-ovuled, forming achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube. (See Part I., section 49.) 11 13 14 I Suborder POME.ffi. Carpels enclosed in and adnate to the fleshy calyx- tube, forming a pome iu fruit. Styles often united below. Trees or shrubs. 15. rrat»e'gii!«. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, becoming thick and fleshy in fruit, enclosing and combined with the 2-.'. carpels. Fruit a pome, but drupe-like, containing 2-5 bony nutlets. Thorny sh^ntbs. Flowers generally white. 16. PyruH. Fruit a v)ome or berry-like, the 2-5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous ti;xture isee'Part L, sections 52 and 232), each 2-3eeded. Shrubs or trees. 64 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 17. Aniclaii'chicr. Pome berry-like, 10-celled, i.e., with twice as many felLs as styles. I'ct.ils narrow. Otherwise as in Pyrus. Shrubs or small trees, not thorny. 1. PKi;xi:s, Tourn. Plum. Cherry. 1. P. America' na, Marshall. (Wild Plum.) A thorny tree 8-10 feet high, with orange or red drupes half an inch or more in diameter ; and ovate, conspicuousl?/ 29oi?i/^r?, coarsely or douhhj serrate, veiny leaves. Flowers white, aijpeariji. , b.jfori? the leaves, in umbel-like lateral clusters. — Woods and rivc^'-banks. 2. P. pu'mila, L. fDwARF Cherry.) A small trailing shrub, G-18 inches high. Leaves obovate-Ianceolate, tapering to the base, toothed near the apex, pale beneath. Flowers in umbels of 2-4, appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovoid, dark red, as large as a good-sized pea. — Crevices of rocks, and sand-beaches and plains. 3. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) A tree 20-30 feet high, or shrubby. Leaves oblong -lanceolate, sharply serrate^ green both sides. Flowers (appearing with the leaves) in large clusters, the pedicels- elongated. Fruit globular, as large as a red currant, ver v' sour. — Rocky thickets, and in c'l windfalls. 4. P. Virg-inia'na, L. (Choke-Cherry.) A good-sized shrub, 3-10 feet high. Leaves oval.^ oblong, or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, ahruptly pointed. Flowers in short erect racemes, appv^aring after the leaves. Fruit red, becom- ing darker, very astringent. — Woods and thickets. 5. P. sere tina, Ehrhart. (Wild Black Cherry.) A large tree, with reddish-brown branches. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, serrate, until short and blunt iiicurvcd teeth, shining above. Flowers in long racemes. Fruit purplish-black, edible. — Woods and thickets. 2. MPiR.tr.i, L. MkadowSweet. 1. S. OpUlifO'lia, L. j Phy.sorarpn.i o pull f ol i n s, yi&xim.) (NiNE-BARK.j Shrub 3-7 feet high, the old bark separating ROSACEvE. 65 in thin layers. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenate, smooth. Flowers white, in umbel-like corymbs terminating the branches. Folicles 2-5, inflated, purplish. — River-banks. 2. S. salicifo'lia, L. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Shrub 2-3 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, doublj'- serrate. Flowers white or rose-coloured, in a dense terminal panicle. — Low grounds along streams. 3. S. tomentO'sa, L. (Downy M.), with deep rose-coloured flowers, and the stems and under surface of the leaves densely woolly, occurs eastward toward the sea-coast, and in the northern counties of Ontario. 3. GILLK'NIA, Moench. Indian Physic. G. trifolia'ta, Moench. (Bowman's Root.) Herb witL 3-foliolate leaves ; the leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, rafjier coarsely serrate ; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. Flow- ers white or rose-coloured, in loose few-flowered corymbs. — Rich woods, chiefly south-westward. 4. AGKENO'NIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 1. A. Eupato'ria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Stem herba- ceous, hairy, 2-3 feet high. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger leaflets 5-7, oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. — Borders of woods. 2. A. parviflo'ra, Ait. (Small • flow^ered A.), has crowded lanceolate leaflets, 11-19, with smaller ones inter- mixed, and small petals. — S. W. Ontario. 5. ALCHEMIL'LA, Tourn. Lady's Mantlh. A. VUlg^a'ris, L. Leaves large, several-lobed, serrate. Flowers small, yellowish- green, in corymbose terminal clusters. — Atl. sea-coast. «. POTE'KIIIN, L. Burnet. P. Canadense. stamens 4, long-exse^^ted, white. Stem 8-6 feet liigh. Leaflets numerous, heart-shaped, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate. — Bogs and wet mea- dows, Atl. Prov. 4 i M ' 1 1 m ii 66 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 7. GEI'M, L. AVKNS. 1. G. album, (Jmelin. (White AvENS.) Stem 2 feet high, slender, branching, smoothish or downy. Root-leaves pin- nate, the cauline ones 3-divided, lobed, or only toothed. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Achenes bristly, tipped with the hooked lower joint of the style, the upper joint falling away. Beceptacle of the fruit hristJy. — Low rich woods and thickets. 2. G. Virginia' num, L. 8tem stout, bristly - hairy. Leaves nearly as in No. 1. Petals white, shorter than the calyx. Receptacle of the fruit nearly smooth. — Meadows and thickets; not common. 3. G. maerophyl'lum.Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout. Boot- leaves interruptedly pinnate, with a very large round-heart- shaped terminalleajiet. Stem-leaves with 2-4 minute lateral leaflets, the terminal B-cleft, with wedfje-fonn rounded lobes. Petals yellow^ longer than the calyx. Receptacle nearly naked. — Atl. Prov. chiefly. 4. G. Strictum, Ait. (Yellow A.) Stem 2-3 feet high, rather hairy. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stem- leaves S-o-foliolate, leaflets obovate or ovate. Petals yellow^ longer than the calyx. Receptacle of the fruit downy. Achenes tipped with the hooked style. — Dry thickets. 5. G. riva'le, L. (Water or Purple Avens.) Petals pur- plish-yelloiv ; calyx hroivn-purple. Flowers nodding, but the fruiting heads upright. The upper joint of the style feathery, persistent. Stem simple, 2 feet high. Root-leaves lyrate ; stem-l^ves few, 3-foliolate, lobed. — Bogs and wet places. f). G. triflo'rum, Pursh. Stem about a foot high, soft- hairy. Flowers 3 or more, on long peduncles, purple. Styles not jointed, feathery, at least 2 inches long ioi the fruit. — Dry hills and thickets. Not common. 8. IVALWSTErxiA, Willd. Barren Strawberry. W. fragarioi'des, Tratt. A low plant, 4-6 inches high. Leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, crenately toothed. Scapes several-flowered. Petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — Dry woods and hill-sides. ROSACEA. 67 9. POTENTILLA, h. ClNyUE-FOiL. FiVF-FINGEU. * Styles thickened and gland tdar toioards the base. In florescence cymose. ■*- Style arising from near the base of the carpel. 1. P. argu'ta, Parsh. stem stout, 1-2 feet high, brown- ish-hairy. Leaves pinnate, of 7-1 L oval serrate leaflets, iowny underneath. Flowers in dense cymose clusters. Petals yellowish or cream-coloured, deciduous. Stamens about 30. Plant clammy above. — Dry thickets. -^ -^ Style arising from the top of the carpel. 2. P. Norve'gica, L. (Norway Cinque-foil.) Stemerec^, hairy, branching above. Leaves jtalviate, of 3 leaflets ; leaf- lets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. Flowers in cymose clusters. Calyx Large. Petals pale yellow, small, not longer than the sepals. Stamens about 15. — Fields and low grounds. 3. P. riva'lis, Nutt., var. millegra'na, Watson. More slender and branching than the last, softly villous. Leaves all of 3 serrate leaflets. Cymes loose. Calyx small. Petals yellow, minute. Stamens 10-20, rarely 5. — N.W. 4. P. paradOX'a, Nutt., (P. supi'na, L.) a plant of spreading or decumbent habit, with pinnate leaves of 5-11 leaflets, loose leafy cymes, small petals, as long as the sepals, and achenes wi :h an appendage at the base, occurs along the western shcre of Lake Ontario. 5. P. Pennsylvan'iea, L. Perennial ; more or less white- woolly. Leaflets 5-9, lohite-woolly beneath, less so above, cut-pinnatifid, the segments linear. Stamens about 25. — Chiefly eastward and N.W. Var. StrigO'Sa, Pursh, is silky-woolly throughout, 6-12 inches high. Leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute. Cyme short and close. — N.W. 6. P. recta, L. Perennial, tall, sparingly villous, glandu- lar-puberulent. Leaves palviate, of 5-7 leaflets, the latter cut-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, large, in a broad cyme. — Not common. I n M " I iJ ^. <^%^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 ■^ Bii 122 Sf 1^ 12.0 U lllii.6 III ^fei ^ y y; o> Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRKT WnSTIR.N.Y. I4SB0 (716) •73-4S03 V ^^ ;\ \ V ^ O^ 4f> o /.. ^ ^^ COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. * * Styles filiform, not glandular at the base. Inflorescence cymose. ■*- Style arising from the top of the carpel. 7. P. Hippia'na,Lehm. Densely white-tomentose through- out. Stem slender. Leaves pinnate, of 5-11 leaflets, dimin- ishing regularly down tlie petiole. Leaflets sharply toothed at least at the apex. Stamens 20. — N.W. Var. pulcher'rima, Watson, has the upper surfaces of the crowded leaflets green and pubescent. — N.W. 8. P. effu'sa, Dougl. Tonientose throughout, with scat- tered villous hairs. Stems diffusely branched above, 4-12 inches high. Leaflets 5-11, interruptedly pinnate. Carpels 10.— N.W. 9. P. Platten'Sis, Nutt. Stems decumbent. Pubescence appressed silky-villous throughout. Leaflets 7-13, crowded, deeply cut-pinnatifid into linear segments. Flowers few. Carpels many. — N.W. 10. P. gfra'cilis, Dougl. Stems 2-3 feet high. Leaves palmate, of about 7 leaflets, the latter serrate, tomentose beneath, green above. Carpels many. — N.W. Var. flabellifor'miS, Torr. and Gray, has very deeply pinna tifid leaflets. — N.W. Var. rig'ida, Watson, is villous but not tomentose, and usually tall and stout. — N.W. 11. P. pilo'Sa, Willd. , is distinguished from the preceding species by its tall rigid stems and light yellow flowers. — Niagara Falls, not common. 12. P. argen'tea, L. (Silvery C.) Stem ascending, branched at the summit, white-icoolly. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the latter deeply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins, and woolly beneath. Petals yellow, longer than the sepals.— Dry fields and roadsides. 13. P. humifu'sa, Nutt. Stems decumbent, 2-4 inches long, slender. Densely white-tomentose. Leaflets 5, serrate at the rounded or truncate apex with 3 or 5 teeth.— N.W. ROSACEiE. 69 Lding, ite, of , with onger > -^ t- Style arising from the side of the carpel. 14. P. frutiCO'sa, L. (Shrubby C.) Stem erect, s/truMy, 1-3 feet high, much branched. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 leaf- lets, closely crowded, entire, silky, especially beneath. Flowers numerous, large, yellow, terminating the branches. — Bogs. 15. P. trident a' ta, Ait., (Three-toothed C.) is common eastward towards the sea-coast. Stem 4-6 inches high. Leaves rigid, palmate, of 3 wedge-shaped leaflets, 3-toothed at the apex. Petals white. 16. P. palustris, Scop. (Marsh Five-finger.) Stem ascending. Leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate, crowded, deeply serrate leaflets, whitish beneath. Calyx an inch broad, dark purple inside. Petals purple. — B( gs. * * * Styles filiform, lateral. Peduncles axillary, solitary, i-flowered. 17. P. Anseri'na, L. (Silver- weed.) A low plant, creeping with slender runners. Leaves all radical, interrupt- edly pinnate ; leaflets 9-19, serrate, green above, silvery-silk i/ beneath. Flowers solitary, on long scape-like peduncles, bright yellow. — River and lake margins. 18. P. Canaden'sis, L. (Canada C.) Stem prostrate or ascending, silky-hairy. Leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets, the latter serrate towards the apex. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow, larger than the sepals. — Dry soil. 10. CHAMiE'RHODOg, Bunge. C. erecta, Bunge. stem slender, 2-12 inches high, branching above. Radical leaves many-cleft, forming a rosette ; cauline ones 3-5-cleft. — N. W. prairies. 11. FBAGA'RIA, Tourn. Stkawherry. 1. F. ViPgfinia'na, Ehrhart. Achenes deeply iruffedded in pits on the surface of the fleshy receptacle ; calyx erect after flowering. Leaflets firm. 2. F. ves'ca, L. Achenes not sunk in pits, but merely on the surface of the receptacle ; calyx spreading. Leaflets thin. . v.r !:■'! i|!i COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I, If I'M n. DALIBAB'UA, L. Dalibariu. D. repens, L. {Rubus Daliharda, L., in Macoun's Cata- logue.) vStems tufted, downy. Whole plant with something of the aspect of a violet. — Low woods. 1.3. RIIBIIH, Tnurii. Bramrle. 1. R. Odora'tus, L. (PrKPLE Flowering -Easpberry.) Shrubby 3-5 feet high. Branches, peduncles, and calyx clanimy with glandular hairn. Floivers large and handsome^ rose-purple. Leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes acute, minutely toothed. Fr ait flat. 2. R. Nutka'nus, Mocino, is distinguished from No. 1 by its oval white petals, and its 5-lobed coarsely toothed leaves. — N.W. 3. R. Chamsemo'rus, L. (( loud-berry. Baked-apple Berry.) A low herb with dicecions flowers. Stem, simple, without prickles, 2-3-leavod, bearing one large white flower. Leaves simple, kidney-form, 5-lobed, serrate. — Sphagnous swamps, chiefly eastward. 4. R. triflo'rus, Richardson. (Dwarf Easpberry.) Stems ascending or trailing, a foot high, not prickly. Leaflets 3-5, nearly smooth, rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, doubly serrate. Peduncle usually 3-flowered. Petals white; sepals rcflexed. Fruit red. — Cedar-swamps. 5. R. strigfO'SUS, Michx. (WiLi) Ekd Easpberry.) Stems upright, beset tcith stiff straight bristles. Leaflets 3-5, ob- long-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish beneath. Fruit light red. — Hillsides and thickots. •» f). R. OCCidenta'lis, T . (Black Easpberry.) Stem glau- cous, recurved, armed with hooked prickles. I^eaflets 3, ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate, white-downy beneath. Fruit purplish-black. — Borders of fields, especially where the ground has been burned over. 7. R. villo'sas, Ait. (Hkjh Blackberry.) Stem shrubby, furrowed, erect or reclining, armed with hooked prickles. Leaflets 3-5, unequally serrate, the terminal one conspiou- ROSACEiE. ously stalked. Lower surface of the leaflets hairy and glan- dular. Flowers racemed, numerous, large and white. Fruit oblong, black. Var. frOTdOSUS is smoother and less glandu- lar. Var. humifuSUS is trailing and smaller, and the flowers are less numerous. — Borders of thickets. 8. R. Canaden'sis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Stem shrubby, extennively trailing, slightly prickly. Leaflets chiefly H, oval or ovate-lanceolate, nearly smooth, sharply serrate- Flowers in racemes. — Thickets and rocky hills. 9. R. his'pidus, L. , (Running Swamp- Bi^vckberry) occurs occasionally in low meadows. Stem prostrate, with small reflexed prickles, sending up at intervals the short flowering shoots. Leaflets mostly 3, smooth and shining. Fruit of few grains, red or purple. 14. IIOHA, Tourii. Rose! \ • Styles cohering in a protruding colutnu, as long as the stamens. 1. R. setisr'era, Michx. Stem climbing. Prickles nearly straight. Leaflets 3 5, ovato. Petals deep rose-coloured, changing to white. — Borders of thickets and along fences; south-western Ontario. ** Styles separate, incUuled within the cnlyx-tube; sepals spreading after Jtotoeringy and deciduous. 2. R. Caroli'na, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stem i-7 feet high, erect, armed with stout straight or somewhat curved prickles. Leaflets 5-9, very finely serrate, mostly narrowly oblong. Stipules long and very narrow. Flowers in corymbs, numer- ous. Calyx and globular calyx-tube beset with glandular bristles. — Wet places, Ontario. 3. R. lu'cida, Ehrhart. Stem l-d feet high, armed with stout more or less hooked prickles. Leaflets 5-9, coarsely serrate, smooth and often shining above, rather thick. Ped- uncles l-.'i-flotoered. — Dry soil, or borders of swamps, chiefly eastward. 4. R. hu' mills, Marsh. Low, more slender and less leafy than the last, with straight slender spines. Stipules nar' row. Leaflets thin and pale. Outer se^jals always more or less lobed. — Mostly in sandy soil. •Br" (AX1F'RA<;a, L. Saxifragk. 1. S. Virgrinien'siS, Michx. (Eari.y Saxifrage.) Stem 4-9 inches high. Scape clammy. Leaves obovate, cronate- ly toothed. Petals white, oblong, twice as long as the sepals. — Bocks and hillsides. 2. S. tricuspida'ta, Eetz. stems tufted, 4-8 inches high. Leaves alternate, oblong or spathulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the end. Petals yellow. — Chiefly N. and N.W. 3. S. Aizo'on, Jacq. Scape 5-10 inches high. Leaves thick, spathulate^ with white finely -toothed margins. Petals cream-colour, obovate, often spotted at the base. — Moist rocks, Atl. sea-coast and northward. 4. NITEL'LA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap. 1. M. diphyl'la, L. (Two-leaved Mitre-wort.) Stem hairy. Leaves cordate, 3-5-lobed, those on the scape 2, op- posite, nearly sessile. Flowers white, oblong. - -Rich woods. 2. M. nuda, L. (Naked-stalked M.) Stem small and delicate. Leaves kidney-shaped, doubly crenate. Scape leafless, few-flowered. Flowers greenish. — Deep woods, on moss-covered logs, etc. 5. TIAREL'LA, L. False Mitre- wort. T. eordifO'lia, L. Scapes leafless, 5-12 inches high. Leaves heart-shaped, sharply toothed, sparsely hairy above; downy beneath. Petals white, oblong. — Rich woods. m m M 'is' i ''^ 'i 1=1 4 nyi m 78 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. II «. HEir'CIIERA, L. Alum-root. 1. H. America' na, L. (Common Alum-root. ) Stems 2-3 feet high, glandular and short-hairy. Flowers small, in a loose panicle. Petals not longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens and style exserted. — S. W. Ontario. 2. H. his'pida, Pursh, has larger flowers in a very narrow panicle, and taller stems, with long spreading hairs. Sta- mens short, but soon exserced. — N. W. prairies. T. CHRYSO.SPLE'XHIM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. C. America' num, Schwein. A low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading and forking stems. Flowers greenish- yellow, inconspicuous, nearly sessile in the forks. — Shady wet places. Order XXXIV. CRASSULA'CE^. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs (except in one genus), chiefly differing from Saxifragaceai iu having symmetrical flowers^ the sepals, petals and carpels being the same in number, and the stamens either as many or twice as many. (iynopHis of tbe CSeuera. 1. Pen'lboram. Not succulent. The carpels united, forming a 5- celled pod. 2. Seduni. Succulent. Carpels distinct. 1. PE^'THORIJM, Groiiov. Ditch Stone-crop. P. sedoi'des, Gronov. Not succulent. Sepals 5. Petals 5, if any ; sometimes wanting. Stamens 10. Pod o-angled, fi-horned, and 5-relled. Leaves scattered, lanceolate, acute at both ends. A homely weed, with greenish-yellow flowers in a loose cyme. — Wet places. (Parts of the flowers occa- sionally in sixes or sevens.) 2. 8EDr]II, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine. 1. S. acre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Leaves very thick and succulent, crowded, very small. Petals yellow. A spreading moss-like plant which has esca.ped from culti- vation in many places. — Eoadsides. HAMAMELACEit:, HALORAOEiR 79 2. S. Tele'phium, L. (Live-for-kvek.) stems tall and stout. Leaves oval, toothed. Flowers in compound cymes, petals pur/ife. Sepals, petals, and carj)els 5 each. Stamen 10. (Int. from Eu.) 3. S. Rhodi'ola, DC. (Rose -root.) Stems 5-10 inches high. Flowers di(«cious, greenish -yellow or purplish. Stamens mostly 8, other parts in fours. — Rocky shores, Atl. Prov. Order XXXV. HAMAMELAXE^. (Witch-hazel F.) Tall shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous stipules. Flowers in clusters or heads, often moncjpcious. Calyx 4-parted, adherent to the base of the ovary, the latter of 2 united carpels. Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-collod, woody pod, opening at the top. Petals 4, strap-shaped, inserted on the calyx. Stamens 8, 4 of them anther-bearing, the remainder reduced to scales. The only genus with us is HAMAME'lilS L- WiTCli-iiAZEL. H. Virgfinia'na, L. Leaves obovate or oval, crenate or wavy- toothed, pubescent. Flowers yellow, appearing late in the autumn. — Damp woods, chiefly west of Toronto, Order XXXVI. HALORA'GE^. (Water-Milfoil F.) Aquatic or marsh plants, with small inconspicuous flowers, sessile in the axils of the leaves or bracts. Calyx-tube ad- herent to the ovary (but calyx and corolla wanting in Calli- triche), the latter 2— i-celled (in Hippuris of a single carpel). Limb of the calyx minute or nrne. Petals small or none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, a single seed iu each cell. i^ynopslH of I lie (ioiiera. 1. Mjrriophyriani. Flowers moiurcious (jr polyg'amous, with the parts iu fours. Stamens 4 or G. Immersed leaves pinnately dissected into capillary divisions. 2. nippa'rlH. Flowers perfect. Stamen, style, and carpel only one- Leaves etitire, linear, acute ; in whorls of 8 or 10. I? -'I I! ''mi • lis COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ti: 3. Proserpina' ca. Flowers perfect, the parts In threes. Petals none. Stems creepiiiff at the base. Leaves alternate, the immersed ones pinnately dissected. 4. €allit'riche« Flowers monoecious. Calyx and corolla wanting. Leaves entire, opposite, Staminate tlower of a single stamen ; pistillate flower a sii!j;lo 4-celled ovary. Fruit compressed, 4- lol)ed. 4.celled. breaking up into 4 one-seeded pieces. 1. MTRIOPHYL'LVM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil. 1. M. spiea'tum, L. Stamens 8. Bracts ovate, entire, tihorter than the floivers. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4. Flowers greenish, in terminal spikes. Stems very long. — Deep water. 2. M. verticilla'tum, L. Stamens 8. Leaves finelj'^ dis- sected and whoried as in No. 1. Bracts joectinate-pinnatifid, much longer than the flowers, and the spikes therefore leafy. Stem 2-4 feet long. — Stagnant water. 3. M. heterophyl'lum, Michx. Stamens 4. Lower leaves dissected, in whorls of 4 or 5. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, finely serrate, crowded, the lower ones pinuatifid. Stem stout. — Stagnant or slow water. 4. M. tenel'lum, Bigel. Flowering stems nearly leafless. Bracts small, entire. Flowers alternate, mononcious. Stamens 4. — Borders of ponds. 2. HIPPIi'RIH, L. Mare's Tail. H. vulgaris, L. A perennial aquatic, with jointed erect stem. — Muddy margins of ponds and streams. 3. PR08ERP1NA'€A, L. Mekmaid-weed. p. palustris, L. (Mermaid-weed.) Low herb. Stem creeping at base. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, sharply serrate. Petals none. Stamens 3. Fruit nut-like, 3-seeded. — Wet swamps. 4. CMLLITRKHR, L. Water-StARWORT. 1. C. ver'na, L. Amphibious. Floating leaves obovate, tufted ; submersed leaves linear. Flowers monoecious, axillary, usually between a pair of bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen; fertile flower a single pistil with a 4-celled ovary. Leaves beset with stellate scales. ONAGRACE^. 81 2. C. autumna'lis. Growing under water. May be dis- tinguislied from C. Vema by its leaves being retune and all linear from a broader base, and its flowers without bracts. Order XXXV II. ONAGRA'CE^. (Evening-Primrose P.) Herbs with perfect and symmetrical flowers, the parts of the latter in twos or fours. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, and usually prolonged above it. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1. Stigmas 2 or 4 or capitate. (See Part I., sections 44-47, for description of a typical plant.) Synopsis of the Ciencra. 1. Clrcee'a. Petals 2. obcordate. Stamens 2. Stigma capitate. Fruit hur-like, l-2-3ee(ied, beset with lioolted bristles. Delicate low plants with opposite leaves and very small white flowers in racemes. 2. Epilo'binin. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Calyx-tube hardly prolon(?ed beyond the ovary. Fruit a linear pod, many-seeded, the seeds pro- vided with tufts of downy hairs. 3. . Caruni. Stem erect, slender, smooth. Leaves pinnately decom- pound, the, divisions filiform. Roots tuberous. Flowers white. Ribs of the ovate or oblong fruit inconspicuous. 16. Slum. Stem grooved. Leaves simply pinnate. Flowers white. Fruit as in No. 10. 17. €ryptotie'nla. Stem smooth. Leaves 8-foUolate. The umbels with very unequal rays. Flowers white. Fruit nearly as in Nos. 10 and 11. §2. Inner face of each seed hollowed lengthwise. 18. Bupleu'rum. Stem smooth. Leaves perfoliate, owatQ, QwtixQ. No involucre : involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets. Flowers yelloiv. 19. Mnse'nlnm. Stem short, branching from the base. Flowers yellow. Leaves twice-pinnatitid. Roots spindle-shaped. No involucre ; involucels 1-sided, of a few narrow bractlets. Ribs of the ovate fruit slightly prominent.— N. W. only. 20. Osniorrbl'za. Leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound. Flowers white. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, tapering downwards into a stalk-like bas.e. Ribs of the carpels bristly upwards. 21. Co'riium. Leaves large, decompound. Flowers white. Fruitovate, ilattened at the sides, 5-ribbed, the ribs wavy. S 3. Inner face cfeach seed curved inwards at top and bottom. 22. Erlge'ula. stem low and smiwth. Leaves 2-3-ternately divided. Fruit twin. Carpels nearly kidney-form. Umbels 3-rayed, small. Flowers white. UMBELLIFBRiE. 89 1. HYDROCOT'YLK, Tourn. Water Pennywort. H. America'na, I^. Stem spreading and creeping, very slender. Leaves kidney- shaped, crenate, slightly lobed. Umbels 3-5-flowered, inconspicuous, in the axils of the leaves. — Shady wet places. 2, SAJflC'lILA, Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot. S. MaPilail'diea, L. Leaves 5-7-parted. Staminate flowers very numerous, and on slender pedicels. Styles long, recurved. — Rich woods. Var. Canaden'sis, L. Leaves 3-5-parted. A few stam- inate fiowers among the perfect ones, and on very short pedicels. Styles shorter than the prickles of the fruit. — Low rich woods, not so common. 3. DAU'€IJS, Tourn. Carrot. D. Caro'ta, L. (Common Carrot.) Found wild occa- sionally in old fields. In fruit the umbel becomes hollow like a bird's nest. 4. HERACJLE'IJM L. CowParsnip. H. lana'tum, Michx. Umbels large and flat. Petioles of the leaves spreading and sheathing. Leaves very large ; leaflets broadly heart-shaped, deeply lobed. Low wet meadows. 5. PASTIXA'CA Tourn. Parsnip. P. sati'va, L. (Common Parsnip.) Found wild in old fields and along roadsides. Leaflets shining above. 6. PEUCED'ANVM, L. 1. P. nudieau'le, Nutt. Pubescent. Peduncles 3-8 inches high. Flowers white, in early spring. — N.W. 2. P. villo'sum, Nutt., has i/eWow flor/ers. — N.W. I. ABCHEM'ORA, D.C. Oowbane. A. Pig'ida, DC. Calyx 5-toothed. Involucre almost none ; involucels of many small bractlets.— Sandy swamps, south- western Ontario. m I.' mm % \ m ■mm '43-, ■^'V;!, m If u If Ml »! 11 i COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 8. ARCHANfiEF" , Hoffm. Archangelica. 1. A. atropuppu'i floffm. (Angelica atropi'vpurea^ L.) (Great Angelica.) Stem very tall (4-6 feet) and stout, dark purple. Whole plant strong-scented. Petioles much inflated at the base. — Marshes and low river- banks. 2. A. Gmerini, DC. Stem slightly downy at the top. Involucels about as long as the umbellets. Plant but little aromatic. — Rocky coasts ; AtL Prov. 9. CONIOSEH'NUM, Fischer. Hemlock-Parsley. C. Canadense, Torr. and Gr. Stem 2-4 feet high. Petioles much inflated. Leaflets of the involucels awl-shaped- — Swamps. 10. TH4SPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip. !• T. au'reum, Nutt. Stem 1-2 feet high, angular-fur- rowed. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Flow- ers deep yellow. Fruit with 10 winged ridges^ or in var. apterum with 10 ribs. — Dry or rich woods. VaP. trifoliatum, Coult. and Rose, is a far western form. Leaflets crenate. 2. T. barbino'de, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints. Leaflets ovate to lanceolate^ coarsely cut-ser- rate. ~E\oyiQX% light yellow. — S.W.Ontario. 11. iETHU'SA, L. Fool's Parsley. M. Cyna'pium, L. A poisonous annual, with an un- pleasant odour, found occasionally in cultivated grounds. 12. LIGIIJ^'TICIJDI, L. LovAGE. L. Seot'ieum, L. (Scotch Lev age.) Stem 1-2 feet high, simple. Leaflets ovate. Fruit narrowly oblong. — Salt marshes, Atl. sea-coast. 13. ZIZIA, DC. ZiziA. Z. integrep'rima, DC. (Fimpinella integerrima, Benth. and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem slender, 1-2 feet high, from a stout root stock. Involucels none. Plant strong-scented. — Rocky hillsides. UMBELLIPBR^. 9] li. CICU'TA, L. Watek- Hemlock. 1. C. macula'ta, L. (Spotted Cow bane. Beaver Poison.) Stem 3-6 feet high, purplish, smooth. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed. — Swamps and low grounds. 2. C. bulbifera, L., is easily distinguished from No. 1 by bearing chisters of hdblets in the axils of the upper leaves. The leaflets, also, are linear. — Swamps and low grounds. 15. CABIJM, L. Caraway. C. Car'ui, L. (Caraway.) Escaped from cultivation in many places. 16. SIIIM, L. Watek-Parsnip. S. linea'Pe, Michx. (S. dcutcefdlium, Gmelin, inMacoun's Catalogue.) Stem 2-3 feet high, smooth, furrowed. Leaf- lets varying from linear to oblong, sharply pointed and ser- rate. Fruit oblong or ovate, with prominent ribs. — Borders of marshes usually in the water. ■ « . IT. CRYPTOTiE'NIA, DC. HONEWORT. C. Canadensis, DC. Stem 1-2 feet high, slender. Leaf- lets large, ovate, doubly serrate. No involucre. — Rich woods and thickets. 18. BVPLErRlJllI, L. Thorough-wax. B. rotundifo'lium, L. Ballast-heaps. — Atl. Prov. 19. MIISE'KIUM, Nutt. M. divariea'tum, Nutt. Decumbent. Leaves glabrous and shining, the divisions confluent with the winged rhachis. Bather ill-smelling herbs. — N.W. 20. OSMOBRHl'ZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely. 1. 0. longis'tylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Stem reddish, nearly smooth. Leaflets sparingly pubescent, short pointed. Styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary, recurved. — Rich wooas. ! :i ' i'fS % J ;ii . , u ; 1/'^ Uii 1:1 I ' 11 COV^MON CANADIAN tVILD PLANTS. 2. 0. bpevis'tylis, DC. (Hairy Sweet Cicely.) Whole plant hairy. Leaflets taper-pointed. Styles very short, conical.— Rich woods. 91. CO'NIIIM, L. Poison Hemlock. C. macula'tum, L. Stem smooth, spotted. Leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid, pale green, with an offensive odour when bruised. Involucels one-sided. Inner face of the seed marked with a deep groove. — Waste places. 2'i. ERMSE'NIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Sprixq. E. bulbo'sa, Nutt. Stem 4-6 inches high, from a tuber deep in the ground, producing 2 leaves, the lower radical. Leaflets much incised. Flowers few. — Alluvial soil. Order XLIV. ARALIA'CE^. (Ginseng Family.) Herbs (with us) differing from the last Order chiefly in having, as a rule, more than 2 styles^ and the fruit a drupe: The umbels, also, are either single, or corymbed, orpanicled. Flowers often polygamous. The only Canadian genus is ARA'LIA. Tourn. GiNSENO. Wild Sarsaparilla. * Unibels corymbed or panicled. Petals, stamens, and styles each 5. Fruit black or dark-purple. 1. A. raeemo'sa, L. (Spikenard.) Umbels in a large compound panicle. Stem 2-3 feet high, widely branching. Leaves very large and decompound ; leaflets ovate-cordate, doubly serrate. Roots aromatic. — Rich woods. 2. A. his'pida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.) Stem 1-2 feet high, bristly, leafy, somewhat sh.'nibby at the base. Umbels 2-7, corymbed. Leaves twice- pinnate. Leaflets sharply serrate. Fruit black. — Rocky or sandy woods. 3. A. nudicaulis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) True stem ^'ery short, sending up a naked scape bearing 3 or 4 long- peduncled umbels at the summit, and one long-petioled leaf, ternately divided, and with 5 leatiets on each division. Root horizontal, aromatic. — Rich woods. ARALIACEJE CORNACEiE. 93 • * Umbel single, on a long peduncle. Styles torS, 4. A. quinquefo'lia, Decaisne. (Ginseno.) Leaves in a whorl of 3 at the summit uf the stem, the latter a foot high. Leaflets mostly 5, long-stalked. — Rich woods. 5. A. trifo'lia, Decaisne. Stem 4-6 inches high. Leaves in a whorl of 3 at the summit, but the leaflets usfuaUy only Sy and sessile. — Rich woods. Order XLV. CORNA'GE^. (Dogwood Family.) Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs) with simple leaves. Calyx- tube adherent to the 1-2-celled ovary, the limb of the calyx inconspicuous. Petals and stamens all epigynous. Style 1 , stigma flat or capitate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. Synopsis of the Cienera. 1. Cornus. Flowers perfect (the parts in fours), either forming cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a showy involucre resembling a corolla. Leaves mostly opposite. 2. Nyssa. Flowers dioeciously polygamous, the parts in fives. Loaves alternate, mostly crowded at the ends of the branchlets. 1. COREL'S, Toum. Cornel. Dogwood. *Plowers in a close head, surrounded by a showy involucre of U white braxts. Fruit red. 1. C. Canadensis, L. (Bunch- .^^kry.) Stem simple, 5 or 6 inches high. Upper leaves crowded and apparently whorled, ovate, the lower scale-like. « Leaves of the involucre ovate. Rich woods. 2. C. flop'ida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) A small tree, with opposite ovate pointed leaves. Leaves of the in- volucre notched at the apex, very showy. — Rocky woods. South-west Ontario. * * Flowers {whUe) in flat cymes. No involucre. FYuU blue or white. 3. C. circina'ta, L'Her. (Round-leaved Dogwood.) A shrub 4-6 feet high, with greenish warty dotted branches. Leaves opposite, broadly oval^ white-woolly beneath. Fruit light blue. — Rich woods. It \ ''- rl^ J < • . * H ' :'; 1 94 • COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I'. 11 r 4. C. serie'ea, L. (Silky Cornel.) A large shrub with purplish branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly ovato or oblong, silky beneath . Branchlets often rusty. Fruiu light blue. Distinguished from No, 3 by the colour of the branches and the much smaller leaves. — Low wet grounds. 5. C. stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogwood.) A shrub forming clumps by the production of suckers or stolons, 3-6 feet high. Branches bright red-purple^ smooth. Leaves opposite, ovate, roughish, whitish beneath. Fruit white or whitish, — Low wet grounds. 6. C. panicula'ta, L'Her. (Pakicled Cornel.) A shrub 4-8 feet high, with erect, gray, and smooth branches. Flowers white, very numerous. Leaves opposite, ovate- lanceolate, taper-pointed. Cymes convex. Fruit white. — Thickets and river-banks. 7. C. asperifo'lia, Michx., (Rough-leaved Dogwood) is reported by Macoun as common on Point Pelee. Branches brownish, the branchlets rough- pubescent. Leaves oppo. site, rather small, oblong or ovate ; rough above, downy beneath. Fruit bluish or white. 8. C. alternifo'lia, L. (Altbrnate-lbaved Cornel.) A large shrub or small tree, with alternate greenish branches streaked with white. Leaves mostly alternate, oval, acute at each end, crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers yellowish, in loose cymes. Fruit dedp blue, on reddisli stalks. — Thickets. 8. XYSSA, L. Pkppkridgk. Sour-Gum Tree. N. sylvat'ica, Marsh. A middle-sized tree with hori- zontal branches, reported from Niagara and south-western Ontario. Sterile flowers in dense axillary clusters, with small calyx, and small fleshy petals or none. Stamens mostly 10, but sometimes fewer. Fertile flowers in clusters of 3-8, at the summit of a slender axillary peduncle, larger than the stam- inate ones. Stylo revolute. Ovary l-celled> Drupe ovoid, bluish-black, about half an inch long. CAPRIPOLIACE^. 95 II. GAMOPET'ALOUS DIVISION. Embracing plants with both calyx and corolla, the iatter with the petals united (inr however slight a degree.) Order XLVI. CAPRIFOLIA'CEJE. (Honeysuckle F.) Shrubs, rarely herbs, with the calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the corolla borne on the ovary, and the stamens on the tube of the corolla. Leaves opposite and without stipules, but some species of VibUP'num have appendages J'esembling stipules. Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod. Syuoi>:ii.s or tlie ', of 2 thin scales. Stout coarse herbs. 38. Actlnoni'crlH. Rays 2-8, irregular, yellow, neutral. Receptacle small, convex. Scales of the involucre few, soon deflexed. Achencs flat, obovate, spreading when ripe. Pappus of 2 or 3 smooth awns, persistent. Tall branching perennials, with mostly dccurrent leaves. 39. Coreop'fils. Rays mostly 8, yellow (sometimes brown-tinted), neutral. Receptacle flat. Involucre double, each of about 8 scales, the outer leaf-like and spreading, the inner rather membranaceous and appressed. Achencs flat, compressed parallel 'with the scales of the involticre, 2-toothed or some- times naked. Heads corymbed. 40. Gaillard'ia. Rays yellow (sometimes purplish), numerous, 3- cleft. Receptacle convex, the chaff bristly or awl-shaped. Achencs top-shaped, 5-ribbed. Pappus of several long thin scales, awn-tipped. Heads showy, fragrant, terminal, on scape- like stems.— N.W. 11. Bldens. Rays yellow, few; but 2 speoiesare without rays. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer large and leaf-like. Ray- florets neutral. Aohenes crowned with 2 or more stiff avms which are barbed backward. 12. Hellop'sls. Rays yellow, 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows, the outer leaf -like. Receptacle coni- cal; chaff linear, Achenes smooth, 4-angled. Pappus none. iZ. Achllle'a. Rays white (occasionally pinkish), few. Receptacle flattish. Pappus none. Achenes margined. Heads small, in flat corymbs. Leaves very finely dissected. a. Polym'nla. Rays whitish-yellow, wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, few in number. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, the outer leaf-like, the inner small, and partly clasping the achenes. Pappus none. Coarse clammy herbs with an un- pleasant odour. ia. gil'phium. Easily known by its stout square stem, and the upper connate leaves forming a sort of cup. Flowers yellow. Achenes broeul and flat. :l ■'.'ta M t 1 T h. - e— jp+? - ^5 I! 108 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 'ffijUBI 1 1 It t 1, i Suborder II. LIGIJLIFLO'RJE. Corolla strap-shaped in all the florets of the head. All the florets perfect. Herbs with milky juice, and alternate leaves. 46. Krlg'la. Flowers yellow. Pappus double, the outer short, Of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of many long capillary bristles. Low perennials branching from the base, with single small heads on scapes. 47. Lanip'saua. Flowers yellow, 8-12 in a head. Scales of the invol- ucre 8, in a single row. Pappus none. Stem slender. Heads small, in loose panicles. 48. CIclio'rIwni. Flowers bright blue, showy. Scales of the invol- ucre in 2 rows, the outer of 5 short scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Pappus chaffy. Heads sessile, 2 or 3 together. 49. Leon'todon. Flowers yellow. Involucre with bractlets at the base. Pappus of plumose brnstles, these broader at the base. Heads borne on branching scapes. Leaves radical. 50. Hlera'ciuni. Flowers yellow. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated. Pappus a single row of tawny hair-like rough bristles. Heads corymbose. 61. Crepls. Like Hieracium, but the pappus is of copious Avhite and soft capillary bristles. 52. Prenau'thc,<4. Stems leafy. Flowers yellowish or greenish- white often tinged with purple; heads nodding. Involucre of 5-14 scales in a single row, with a few bractlets below. Pappus copious, of brownish or yellowish rough bristles. Achenes short, blunt. 53. LygodcH'mla. ems nearly leafless. Flowers white or cream- colour or pi' o.ish. Involucre with bractlets below. Pappus white. Heads erect. Achenes long, tapering.— N.W. only. 54. Trox'lmon. Flowers yellow. Head large, solitary, borne on a scape. Leaves radical, elongated, linear, tufted. Achenes 10- ribbed. Involucre loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows.— N.W. only. 56. Tarax'aruiii. Flowers yellow, on slender naked hollow scapes. Achenes prolonged into a slender thread-like beak. Leaves all radical. (See Part I., Chapter viii.) 56. Lacf nVa. Flowers pale yellow or purplish. Florets few (about 20) in the head. Scales of the involucre in 2 or more row* of COMPOSITafi. 109 unequal length. Achenes with long thread-form beaks, and a pappus of very soft white bristles. Heads numerous, panicled. Tall smooth herbs with runcinate leaves. 57. Mulge'dlum. Flowers chiefly blue. Structure of the heads and general aspect of the plant as in Lactuca, but the beak of the achenes short and thick, aud the pappiis tawny. Heads in a dense panicle. , 68. Son'chus. Flowers pale yellow. Heads many-flowered, enlarg- ing at the base. Achenes without beaks. Pappus very soft and white. Tall glaucous herbs with spiny-toothed leaves. 59. Tragopo'gon. Flowers yellow or purple. Heads large. Involucre of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in one row, somewhat united at the base, Achenes with long tapering beaks. Pappus of plumose bristles, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit. Leaves entire, straight- veined, clasping. 1. CNI'CUS, Tourn. Common Thistle. 1. C, lanceola'tUS, Hoff. (Cirsium lanceolatumy Scop.) (Common Thistle.) All the scales of the involun'e prickly- pointed. Leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, the lobes prickly- pointed, rough above, woolly with webby hairs beneath. — Fields and roadsides everywhere. 2. C. undula'tUS, Gray. (Cirsium undnlatum, Spreng.) White-icoolly throughout. Low and stout, leafy. Scales tipped with short prickles. Leaves und^date-pinnatijid. — N.W. prairies. 4. C. pu'milus, Torr. Differs from the last in being pubescent but not woolly. The leaves, also, are not pin- natifid. Stem 1-flowered. — Lake Huron. 5. C. altiSS'imuS, Willd., var. dis'COlor, Gray. (Cirsium discolor y Spreng.) The inner scales of the involucre not prickly. Stem grooved. Leaves prickly, green above, white-woolly beneath. Flowers pale purple. Whole plant with a whitish aspect.— Dry thickets. 3. C. mu'tieus, Pursh. (Cirsium muticnm, Michx.) (Swamp Thistle.) Scales of the wehby involucre hardly prickiyf 4 'I MlvJ - ■ "^-1 no COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. and not spreading. Stem very tally and smoothish, and s-paringly leafy. Meads single or fetv. — Swamps and low woods. 4. C. arvensis, Hoflf. (Oirsium arvense, Scop.) (Canada Thistle.) Scales of the involucre with reflexed points. Leaves prickly, smooth both sides, or slightly woolly beneath. Roots extensively creeping. Heads small and numerous. — Fields and roadsides. 2. CAKDIIVS, Tourn. Plumbless Thistle. 1. C. nutans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny. Heads solitary, drooping. Flowers purple. — Atl. Prov. 3. ONOPOR'DON, VaiU. Scotch Thistle. 0. Acan'thium, L. A coarse branching herb, 2-4 feet high, with woolly stem and leaves. Bristles of the pappus united at the base into a ring. — Roadsides and old fields ; not common. 4. AKC'TIimi, L. Burdock. A. Lappa, L. {Lappa officinalisy All., var. rrajoYy Gray.) A coarse plant with very large cordate petioled leaves, and numerous small globular heads, of purple flowers. The in- volucre forms a bur which clings to one's clothing, or to the hair of animals. — Near dwellings, mostly in manured soil. Varies somewhat as to size and pubescence of the heads. 5. €ENTAURE'A, L. Stak-Thistle. 1. C. Cy'anus, L. (Blue-Bottle.) An old garden plant, found occasionally along roadsides. False rays very large. Scales of the involucre fringed. Leaves linear, entire or nearly so. Stem erect. Heads single at the ends of the branches, the flowers bluish. Pappus very short. 2. C. ni'gra, L. (Knapweed.) No false tays. Scales of the globular involucre black-fringed. Leaves lanceolate, mostly entire, rough. Flowers purple. Pappus short or none. — Waste places, chiefly eastward. COMPOSITiE. Ill 3. C. benedic'ta, L. (Cnicus henedicbis^ L.) Flowers yellow. Pappus double, of 10 long outer bristles and 10 short inner ones. A low branching annual, with clasping cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads. — Atl. Pro v. 6. XAN'TIIIIIII, Tourn. Clotbur. 1. X. Canadense, Mill.,var. echina'tum, Gray. (Com- mon CocKLEBUR.) Stem rough, not prickly or spiny. Leaves broadly triangular, and somewhat heart-shaped, long- petioled. Fruit a hard 2-celled bur, nearly an inch long clothed with stiff hooked prickles, the two beaks of the fruit long and usually incurved. — Low river-banks and waste places. 2. X. spino'sum, L. (Spiny Clotbur.) Stem armed with conspicuous straw-coloured triple slender spines, at the bases of the lanceolate short-petioled leaves, the latter white- woolly beneath. — Town of Dundas, Ontario ; the seeds having been brought in wool from South America. 7. AlUBRO'SIA, Tourn. Ragweed. 1. A. artemisisefo'lla, L. (Hoo-weed.) Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branching, hairy. Leaves tunce-pinnatijid, the lobes linear, paler beneath. — Waste places everywhere, but not so common northward. 2. A. tPlfida, L., (Great Ragweed) is found in low grounds in the south-west of Ontario ; also at Montreal and Ottawa. Stem stouter than No. 1, 2-4 feet high. Leaves opposite^ deeply S-lobed, the lobes oval -lanceolate and serrate. 8. FRAN8K'KIA, Cav. F. Hookeria'na, Nutt. Low and diffuse, hairy. Leaves bipinnatifid, at least the lower ones. — N. W. 9. TABfACE'TlIM, L. Tansy. 1. T. vulga'pe, L. (Common Tansy.) A very strong- scented herb, 2-4 feet hiyh, smooth. Leaves twice-pinnate, the lobes serrate, as are also the wings of the petiole. Heads densely corymbed. Var. crispum, DC., is easily disting- uished by its crisper and more incised leaves. — Old gardens and roadsides near dwellings. m : (I* I I! -PI 1 h. 112 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. T. Huronen'se, Nutt. Hairy when young. Heads usually few, and much larger than in T. vulgare. Pistillate Jioivers Jlattened, instead of terete as in T. vulgare. — River- margins, Atl. Prov. 10. AKTEMli^'IA, L. WORMWOOD. 1. A. Canadensis, Michx. Stem smooth or sometimes hoary with silky down, erect, usually brownish. Lower leaves twice-pinnatifid, the lobes linear. — Shores of the Great Lakes. 2. A. cauda'ta, Michx., has the lobes of the dissected leaves filiform^ and the heads smally in a wand-like long panicle. Disk-flowers perfect but sterile ; marginal florets fertile.— Atl. Prov. and N.W. 3. A. draeuneuloi'des, Pursh. Glabrous or slightly hoary. Stems 2-4 feet high, branching. Leaves mostly entire, linear, sometimes 3-cleft. Heads very numerous, in a compound panicle. — N.W. plains. 4. A. glau'ca, Pall. A smaller plant than the last, of stricter aspect. Leaves hnear to oblong-lanceolate. — N.W. plains. 5. A. vulga'ris, L. (Common Mug wort.) Stem tall, and branching above. Leaves green and smooth above^ white- woolly beneath, pinnatifid, the lobes linear-lanceolate. Heads small, erect, in panicles. Flowers purplish. — Old fields near dwellings. 6. A. Ludovicia'na, Nutt. White-woolly throughout. Leaves lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower lobed or toothed, the upper surface sometimes green and smoothish. Heads small, mostly sessile in narrow panicles. — N.W. Var. gnaphalo'des, Torr. and Gr., has the leaves serrate at the tips. — N.W. 7. A. bien'nis, Willd. Glabrous; stem strict, 1-3 feet high. Leaves once- or twice-pinnately parted, the lobes linear, acute. Heads in very short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow leafy panicle. Florets ail fertile. — N. W., and spreading through thc« Eastern Provinces. 2-'^ COMPOSITiE. 113 8. A. Absin'thium, L. (Cojumon Wormwood.) Some- what shrubby. Whole plant silky hoary. Stem angular, branched, the branches with drooping extremities. Leaves 2-2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate. Heads nodding, — Escaped from gardens in some places. 9. A. frigT'lda, Willd. (Pasture Sage-brush.) A low plant, growing in tufts, white-silky. Leaves dissected into narrowly linear divisions. Heads globose, in racemes. — N.W. 10. A. ca'na, Pursh. (Sage-brush.) Slightly shrubby, 1-2 feet high, much branched, silvery-hoary. Leaves narrow, tapering to both ends, small, mostly entire. Heads clustered in a leafy narrow panicle, few-flowered. — N. W, plains. 11. ERE€HTI'TES, Raf. Fireweed. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Stem tall, grooved. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, cut-toothed, upper ones clasping. — Common in places recently over-run by fire. 12. GNAPHA'LIIIH, L. Cudweed. 1. G. deeUP'pens, Ives. (Eveklasting.) Stem erect, 2 feet high, clammy-pubescent^ white-woolly on the branches. Heads corymbed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent. — Fields and hillsides. 2. G. polyceph'alum, Michx. (Common Everlasting,) Stem erect, 1-2 feet high, white-woolly. Heads corymbed. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, not decurrent. — Old pastures and woods. 3. G. uligino'sum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Stem spread- ing, 3-6 inches high, white-woolly. Leaves linear. Heads small in crowded terminal clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds. 4. G. sylvat'icum, L. — Erect, usually 9-12 inc^.es high. Leaves linear^ Heads axillary, nearly sessile, forming an erect leafy spike. Scales obtuse nnth a brown bar across each near the top. — Atl. Prov. ^1 '' f n '''''- \ -^it 1 .*' f 1 • ■ ''1 1 ■ ''1 > ' '{ k !!• -f^LlJ *iA. ri4 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 13. ANTENNA'RIA, Gsertn. Everlasting. 1. A. margarita'cea, E. Brown. (Anaphalis margari- tacea, Benth. and Hook., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Pearly Everlasting.) Stem in clusters, downy. Leaves linear- lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile. Scales of the involucre pearly- white. Heads in corymbs. — Along fences and in open woods. 2. A. plantaginifo'lia, Hook. (Plantain -leaved E.) Stem scape-like, 4-6 inches high. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate; stem-leaves few, linear. Heads small, in a crowded corymb. Involucre white or purplish. — Old pas. tures and woods. 14. L,IA'TRIS, Schreb. Blazing-Star. 1. L, cylindra'cea, Michx. Stem wand-like, 6-18 inches high. Leaves linear, rijyld, generally 1-nerved. Heads few, cylindrical. Scales with abruptly mucronate tips. Pappus plumose. — Sandy fields and thickets. 2. L. spica'ta, WiUd. Stem stout and rigid, 2-5 feet high, very leafy. Leaves linear, erect, the lowest 3-5-nerved. Heads crowded in a long spike. Scales obtuse. Pappus not obviously plumose. — Low grounds, south-westem Ontario. 8. L. SCario'sa, "Willd. Heads many-flovjered, large, few or many. Pappus not obviously plumose. Stem 2-5 feet high, stout, pubescent or hoary. Leaves lanceolate. Scales of the involucre obovate or spathulate, often with coloured tips or edges. — S. W. Ontario, and rather common N.W. 4. L. puncta'ta, Hook. ^eac?s4-^-/o?t'ere^?, usually many in a dense spike. Pappus pluviose. Stem 10-30 inches high, stout. Scales of the involucre acuminate. Leaves narrow- ly linear. — N.W. 16. VERNO'NIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. V. altiss'ima, Nutt. Tall. Leaves lanceolate to lance- oblong. Heads in an pen cyme, the involucre purplish. — Fields and roadsii )s, S. W. Onliario. Re COMPOSITiE. 16. EUPATO'RIUM, Tourn. Thorough\tort. 115 1. E. purpu'reum, L. (Joe-Pye weed. Trumpet-weed.) Stem tall and simple. Leaves petioled, 3-6 in a whorl. Flowers purplish or flesh-coloured. Heads in dense corymbs. — Low grounds. 2. E. perfoli'atum, L. (Boneset.) Stem short, hairy. Leaves rugose^ connate- perfoliate, tapering. Flowers whitish. Corymbs very large. — Low grounds. 3. E. ageratoi'des, L. (White Snake-boot.) Stem very smooth, commonly branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely serrate. Elowers white, in corymbs. — Low rich woods. 17. CACA'IilA, L. Indian Plantain. C. tubero'sa, Nutt. stem angled and grooved, tall, from a thick root. Leaves 5-7-nerved, the lower lance-ovate or oval, tapering into long petioles. — Western Ontario. 18. IVA, L. Marsh Elder. 1. I. axilla'ris, Pursh. Stem 1-2 feet high,. the nodding heads mostly solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, licaves small, obovate to oblong-linear, entire, sessile. — N. W. t 2. I. xanthiifo'lia, Nutt. Stem 3-5 feet high, the nar- row spike-like clusters of heads forming a naked panicle. Leaves large, broadly ovate, long-petioled, serrate. — N. W. 19. SENE'CIO, L. Groundsel. 1. S. VUlga'riS, L. (Common Groundsel.) Hag-florets wanting. Stem low, branching. Leaves pinnatifid and toothed, clasping. Flowers yellow, terminal. — Cultivated aiid waste grounds. 2. S. ViSCO'SUS, L. Bay-florets very minute, ^tem viscid- jpuhescent and strong-scented. Leaves twice-pinnatifid. — Atl. Prov. 3. S. au'reus, L. (Golden Eaowort. Squaw-weed.) Hays 8-12, Stem smooth, or woolly when young, 1-2 feet '■'',1 ' I: ;-!iig, serrate, veiny ; the lower tapering into a long winged petiole, the upper sessile and entire. Heads in racemose clusters, the whole forming a dense, leafy, interrupted, compound spiTce. — Rocky woods. 2. S. bi' color, L. Stem hoary-pubescent, usually simple. Leaves oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends ; the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, serrate. Heads in short racemes in the upper axils, the whole forming an interrupted spike or compound raceme. Ray-florets whitish. The variofcy eon'eolor has yelloio rays. — Dry banks and thickets. 3. S. latifo'lla, L. stem smooth, angled, zigzag, 1-3 feet high. Leaves broadly ovate or oval, strongly and sharply serrate, pointed at both ends Heads in very short axillary clusters. Rays 3 or 4. — Cool woods. 4. S. CSe'sia, L., var. axilla'riS, Gray. Stem smooth, terete, glaucous, slender, usually branching above Leaves smooth, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, sessile. Heads in very short clusters in the axils of the leaves. — Rich woods and hillsides. * * Racemes terminal, erect, loosely thyrsoid, not one-sided. Leaves feather- ceined. 5. S. hU'miliS, Pursh. {S. virgaurea, L. , var. humllls, Gray.) Stem low, 6-12 inches high, usually smooth ; the ,1 i: 1 ••t '1 u r^' 118 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. heads, peduncles, etc. , mostly glutinous. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, serrate or entire, the radical ones petiolate, obtuse, and serrate at the apex. — Rocky banks, not common. 6. S. maerophyl'la, Pursh. {S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer.) Stems stout, simple, pubescent near the summit. Leaves thin, ovate, with sharp projecting teeth, the lower ones abruptly contracted into Jong margined petioles. Heads large, in an oblong raceme, loose and thin, long-pointed. Rays 8-10, long. — Wooded hillsides, chiefly Atl. Prov. *** Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose. 7. S. Ohioen'SiS, Riddell. Very smooth thronghont. Stem slender, reddish, leafy. Radical leaves very long (often a foot), slightly serrate towards the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile. — Wet grassy shores of Red Bay, Lake Huron. 8. S. ri^'ida, L. Bough and rather hoary. Stem stout, 2-5 feet high, very leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. — Dry soil, western Ontario, and N. W. * * * * Heads in one-sided racemes, spreading or recurved. Leaves not 8-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely 3-nerved. 9. S. semper' virens, L. stem stout. Leaves long, lanceolate, thickish, smooth, entire, obscurely 3-nerved. Racemes short, in a terminal panicle. Heads large, showy. — Salt marshes and sea-shores. 10. S. puber'ula, Nutt. Stem and panicle minutely hoary. Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, some- what smooth, the lowermost spathulate, sparingly toothed. Heads not large, crowded in compact short racemes, which form a long, dense, terminal panicle. Rays 10-14. — Barren soil, Atl. Prov. 11. S.uligrino'sa, Nutt. {S.stricta, Ait.) Smooth. Stem simple, strict. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth, the lower tapering into winged petioles, finely but sparingly serrate, or entire. Racemes crowded and appressed in a close wand-like panicle. Heads middle-sized. Rays 5-6, COMPOSITiE. 119 small. — Pea1^bogs and wet places, Atl. Prov., westward and northward. 12. S. Specio'sa, Nutt., somewhat resembles the last, but the leaves are oval or ovate, and the stem is taller and stouter (3-6 feet). The rays, also, are larger. — Copses, Atl. Prov. 13. S. jun'cea, Ait. (5. arguta, Torr. and Gray.) "Whole plant smooth, 1-4 feet high, rigid, branching above. Lower leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles ; upper ones lanceolate. Racemes very dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved. — Woods and banks. 14. S. argu'ta, Ait. {S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. and Gray.) Stem smooth, angled or furrowed. Leaves large and thin, ovate ; the upper elliptical-lanceolate. Racemes much shorter and looser than in No. 13, and the rays much larger. — Moist woods and thickets. 15. S. rugfO'sa, Mill. {S. altissima, Torr. and Gray.) Stem rough-hairy, less than a foot high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate or oblong, coarsely serrate, veiny, often rugose. Racemes panicled, spreading. — Borders of fields and copses. 16. S. negflecta, Torr. and Gr. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet high, stout. Leaves thickish, smooth both sides, the upper oblong-lanceolate, nearly entire, the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole. Heads rather large. Racemes short and dense, at first erect and scarcely one-sided, at length spreading. — Swamps. ***** Racemes one-sided and recurved, and the leaves plainly 3-ribbed. 17. S. nemora'liS, Ait. stem minutely and closely hoary-pubescent, simple or corymbed. !^ /^aves more or less hoary, obscurely s rrate or entire ; the lower oblanceolate, somewhat* crenate, and tapering into a petiole. Racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a largo pani- cle. — Dry fields. 18. S. MisSOUriensis, Nutt. stem smooth. Leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with rough margins. Racemes densely crowded. — Dry prairies, N.W. Hill vm 1 i! ^*1 l' I > i iff 1 Uf^ 120 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ■iM\ Var. monta'na, Gray, is only 6-15 inches high, with a small and compact panicle, not more than 2 or 3 inches long. — N.W. 19. S. Canadensis, L. stem rough-hairy, tall and stout. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent beneath, rough above. Panicle exceedingly largo. — Very common along fences and in moist thickets. Var. SCabra, Torr. and Gray, has the leaves very rough above and whitish- woolly beneath. — N. "W. 20. S. SerO'tina, Ait. {S. gigantea, Torr. and Gray.) Stem smooth, stout. Leaves lanceolate, taper- pointed, sharply serrate, except at the base, smooth both sides, rough- ciliate. Rays 7-14, rather long. Panicle large, pubescent.—^ Open thickets and meadows, Var. glgante'a. Gray, is very tall and the leaves more or less pubescent beneath. — Thickets and low grounds. ****** Inflorescence aflat-topped corymb. 21. S. laneeola'ta, L. stem pubescent above, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the nerves (3-.53 and margins rough-pubescent. Heads in dense corymbed clus- ters, giving a decidedly characteristic aspect to this species. — Low lake- and river-margins. 34. ARNICA. L. 1. A. ChamiSSO'niS, Less. Soft-hairy. Stem leafy to the top, bearing 1-5 heads. Leaves thin and veiny, toothed ; the upper ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower narrow, taper- ing to a margined petiole. — Atl. Prov. 2. A. foliO'sa, Nutt., has lanceolate leaves, the upper partly clasping and the lower with tapering bases connate. Stem strict. — N.W. 3. A. alpi'na, Olin. Less leafy, low, yellowish-pubescent or villous. Stem simple, bearing a single head as a rule. Leaves thickish, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, the cavZine only 1 or 2 pairs. — N. W. COMPOSITiE. »L. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. Coltskout. 121 T. FaP'fara, L. Wet places, chiefly eastward, but also in Ontario. 86. PETASI'TES, Tourn. Swket Coltsfoot. 1. P. palma'ta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kid- ney-shaped, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. — Cedar-swamps and bogs ; wet ban*ks of streams. 2. P. sagritta'ta, (iray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reni- form-hastate, repand-dentate. — Swamps, N.W. 27. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster. * Leaves, at least the lower ojies, heart-shaped and peMoled. 1. A. eorymbo'SUS, Ait. Rays 6-9, white or nearly so. Heads in corymbs. Stems slender, 1-2 feet high, zigzag. Leaves thin, smoothish, sharp-pointed, coarsely serrate, all the lowe ones on slehder naked petioles. — Woodlands. 2. A. maerophyl'lus, L. Eays white or bluish. Stem stout, 2-3 feet high. Leaves thickish, rough, finely serrate, the lower long-petioled. Heads in closer corymbs than in No. 1. — Woodlands. 8. A. azu'reus, Lindi. Rays 10-20, bright blue. Heads racemed or panicled. Stem roughish, erect, racemose-com- pound above. Leaves entire or nearly so, rough ; the lower ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile. The latest flowering of our Asters. — Dry soil. 4. A. undula'tUS, L. Rays bright blue. Heads racemed or panicled. Stem hoary with close pubescence, spreading. Leaves with somewhat wavy margins, entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, roughish above, downy beneath ; the lowest cordate, on margined petioles; the upper with winged short lietioles clasping at- the base, or sessile. — Dry woods. 5. A. COrdifo'liUS, L. Rays pale blue or nearly white. Heads small, profuse, panicled. Stem much branched. Leaves thin, sharply serrate^ the lower on slender cilia te ;!».:): ! I M"''Z: i 1' V22 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. petioles. Scales of the inversely conical involucre all ap- pressed, and tipped with very short green points. — Woods and along fences. 6. A. SagittifO'liuS, "Willd. Rays pale blue or purple. Head ^ small, in dense compound racemes or panicles. Stem smooth or nearly so, erect, with ascending branches. Leaves conspicuously serrate, ovatp-lanceolate, pointed, pubescent, the lowest on long margined petioles, the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends. Scales of the oblong invo- lucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped, slender and loose tips. — Thickets and along fences. 7. A. Lindleya'nus, Terr, and Gr. Rays pale violet. Stem rather stout, smooth or sparsely pubescent. Lea\es conspicuously serrate. Root-leaves and lowest stem-leaves ovate, more or less cordate, with margined petiolf^s ; upper- most sessile, and j^ointed at both ends. Heads rather small, in a loose thyrse or panicle. Scales linear, green-tipped. — Open barren grounds. * * Upper leaves ^11 sessile or clasping btf a heart-shaped base ; lower ones not heart-shaped. 8. A. IseviS, L. Rays large, sky-blue. Very smooth throughout. Heads in a close panicle. Loaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, rough on the margins, the upper ones clasping by an auricled base. — Dry . uods, 9. A. N0Vi0-An'gli89, L. Rays many, narrow, violet- purple, showy ; heads large. Involucre of many slender equal scales, a pparently in a single rov), clammy. Stem stout, 3-8 feet high, hairy, corymbed above. Leaves very numerou:, lanceolate, entire, clasping by an auricled base, pubescent. — River-banks and borders of woods. 10. A. puni'ceus, L. J^a?/* Zong', lilac-blue. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, loose, in about two rows. Stem 3-6 feet high, stout, rough-hairy, usually purple below. Leaves oblong-lanceolato, clasping by an auricled base, sparingly serrate in the middle, rough above, Smooth beneath, pointed. — Swamps; usually clustered. COMPOSITiE. 123 lower of the Stem helow. 11. A, tardiflo'rus, L. Eays pale violet. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, with tapering and somewhat auricled base. Heads few, as a rule. Involucre loose, the outer scales leaf-like. — Atl. Prov. *** None of the leaves heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, tapering at the base (except in No. 11 ). 12. A. rad'ula, Ait. Eays light violet. Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles. Stem-leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides, rugose. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with slightly spreading herb- aceous tips. — Low grounds, Atl. Prov. 13. A. ericol'des, Ait. Eays white or nearly so. Stem smooth or nearly so, 1-3 feet high, the branchlets or ped- uncles racemose on the upper side of the spreading branches. Lowest leavee oblong-spathulate, tlie others linear-lance- olate or linear-awl-shaped. — Barren soil, and margins of lakes and rivers. Var. villosus, Torr. and Gray, has hairy stems and leaves. 14. A. multiflo'rus, Ait. Rays white, 10-20. Stem pale or hoary with minute pubescence, 1 foot high, bushy. Leaves crowded, linear^ with rough margins ; the upper partly clasping. Heads small, crowded on the racemose branches. Scales of the involucre with spreading green tips. — Dry soil. 15. A. Tradesean'ti, L. {A. tenuifoHus.) Rays white or purplish. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4 rows. Heads small, very numerous, in 1-sided close racemes on the branches. Stem 2-4 feet high, much branched, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, with long slender point, the larger ones with a. few remote teeth in the middle. — Low grounds. 16. A. diffu'SUS, Aifc. {A. wiser, L.) Rays pale blue or whitish. Involucre nearly as in No. 15. Stem viore or leas pubescent, much branched. Heads small, in loose 1-sided \m UJ i^T^^■. h? 124 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. It- racemes on the spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply serrate in the middle. — Low grounds. 17. A. paniCUla'tUS, Lam. {A. simplex, Willd.) Eays pale blue or whitish. Scales of the involucre linear-awl- shaped. Stem stout, smooth or nearly so, with numerous leafy branches. Heads medium-sized, scattered, loosely paniculate. Leaves smooth, oblong to lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the lower serrate. — Moist and shady banks. 18. A. jun'ceus, Ait. Rays light purple. Stem slender, 1-3 feet high, simple, with few small heads, or loosely branching. Leaves narrow, entire, or the lower sparingly denticulate. Scales of the involucre small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows. — Bogs and wet places. 19. A. Vimin'eus, Lam. Rays white or nearly so. Stem 2-5 feet high, smooth, bushy. Leave?, linear or narrowly lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly serrate in the middle with fine teeth. Heads very numerous, in 1-sided racemes on short branchlets. Scales of the involucre narrowly linear, in 3 or 4 rows. — Moist bcnks. 20. A. nemora'lis, Ait. Rays lilac-purple, elongated. Stem slender and leafy, the upper branches terminating in 1-flowered nearly naked peduncles. Leaves small, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute viargins. — Swamps, Atl. Prov. and Muskoka. 21. A. ptarmicoi'des, Torr. and Gr. Rays pure white. Stems clustered, generally a foot high, each bearing a flat corymb of small heads. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, mostly 1-nerved, with rough margins. — Dry or gravelly hills. Our earliest Aster. 22. A. acumina'.tUS, Michx. Rays white or faintly purple. Stem about a foot high, somewhat hairy, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the top. Leaves largo, thin, oblong- lanceolatti, pointed, coarsely toothed towards the apex, entire at the base. — Cool sandy woods ; mostly eastward. 23. A. umbella'tUS, Mill. {Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. and Gr.) Pappus double, the inner of long capillary bristles, COMPOSITE. 125 the outer of short and rigid hristles. Raya white. Stem smooth, leafy to the top, tall, simple. Leaves lanceolate, long-pointed. Heads small, very numerous, in compound flat corymbs. — Moist thickets. 88. ERIG'ERON, L. FleABANE. 1. E. Canaden'sis, L. (Horse - weed. Butter -weed.) Rays white, but very inconspicuous, shorter than their tubes. Heads very small, numerous, in panicked racemes. Stem 1-5 feet high, erec^ and wand-like, bristly-hairy. Leaves linear, mostly entire. — Common in burnt woods and new clearings. 2. E. acris, L , B-ays purplish or bluish, about the same length as the copious simple pappus. Heads several or many, small, at length corymbose, hirsute. Stem 10-20 inches high, pubescent or smoothish. Leaves mostly lance- olate, entire. . 1 set of pistillate flowers within the circle of ray-flowers. — Atl. Prov. and N. W. 3. E. bellidifo'lius, Muhl. (Eobin's Plantain.) Eays bluish- pur pie, numerous. Heads medium-sized, few, on slender corymbose peduncles. Stem hairy, producing offsets from the base. Radical leaves spathulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; stem-leaves oblong, few, sessile or partly clasping, entire. — Thickets. 4. E. hysSOpifO'liUS, Michx. Rays rose-purple or whitish. Stem slightly pubescent, slender, 6-12 inches high, from slender rootstocks. Leaves very many, short, linear. Heads small, terminating the slender naked branches. Pappus simple. — Atl. sea-coast and northward. 5. E. CSespitO'SUS, Nutt. Stem divarf, tufted, from a stout rootstock, more or less hoary-pubescent. Rays white, 40-50, narrow.— N. W. 6. E. Philaderphleus ' . (Common Fleabane). Eays rose-purple, very numerous and narroiv. Heads small, few, in corymbs. Stem hairy, with numerous stem-leaves. Radical leaves spathulate and toothed ; the upper ones clasping by a heart-shaped base, entire. — Moist grounds^ 4 i! r "t ji M 1 »). -II 'V 126 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 7. E. Strigro'SUS, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Rays white, conspicuous, numerous. Pappus plainly double. Stem and leaves roughish with minute appressed hairs, or nearly smooth. Lower leaves spathulate and sleuder-petioled, entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered. — Dry fields and meadows. 8. E. glabell'US, Nutt. Ray purple, very many, much longer than the hoary-hispid involucre. Stem 6-15 inches high, stout, smooth below, bearing 1-7 lai^ge heads on the naked summit. Pappus double. Leaves smooth but ciliate, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, sessile or clasping; the lower petiolate, spathulate. — N.W. Var. as'p^rus, has very rough leaves and stem. 9. E, an'nuus, Pers. (Larger Daisy Fleabane.) Rays white, tinged with purple. Pappus double. Stem rough with spreading hairs. Leaves coarsely toothed; the lower ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upper ovate- lanceolate. Heads corymbed. — Fields and meadows. 589. GRINDEXIA, Willd. G. Squarro'sa, Dunal. Leaves spathulate to linear- oblong. Heads large, terminating the leafy branches. — Dry prairies, N.W. ; also at Ottawa. 30. GUTIERRE'ZIA, Lag. G. Eutha'mise, Torr. and Gr. Not more than 8 inches iiigh. — Dry plains, N.W. 31. HELE'NIUM, L. Sneeze-weed. H. autumn a' le, L. (Sneeze- weed.) Stem nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate, toothed. Disk globular. — Low river- and lake margins. .^2. CHRYSAN'THEMUM.Tourn. Oxeye DAISY. 1. C. Leucan'themum, L. (Leucanthevium vulgare, Jjam.) (Ox-EYE Daisy. White-weed. ) Stem erect, naked above, bearing a single large head. Leaves pinnatifid or cut- toothed, the lowest spathulate, the other* partly clasping. — Pastures and old fields. COMPOSITiE. 127 2. C. Parthe'nium, Pers. (Feverfew.) Stem branch- ing, leafy. Leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut. Heads corymbed. — Escaped from gardens. 3. C. Balsam'itse, L. (Costmary.) A garden-escape, smooth, with pleasant odour. Leaves pale, oblong, some- what toothed. Heads small, pale yellow. 33. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. B. perennis, the true Daisy, a native of the Old World, is a low stemless herb. It is an uncommon garden escape. The heads are many-flowered with numerous pistillate rays. The scales of the involucre equal, in about 2 rows, herbace- ous. Receptacle conical. Pappus wanting. 34. MATRICA'RIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile. M. inodo'ra, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into very narrow lobes. Heads large, naked-peduncled, the rays many and long. — Chiefly Atl. Prov. 35. AN'THEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE. ■ 1. A. Cot'ula, DC. (MarutaCotula.) (May-weed.) Stem branching. Leaves thrice- pinnate, finely dissected. Odour disagreeable. Rays scon refiexed. — Roadsides everywhere. 2. A. arven'sis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Eesembling the last, but the leaves are not so finely dissected, and the odour not so unpleasant, — Atl. Prov., rare. 36. RUDBECK'IA, L. CoNE-FLOWER. 1. R. lacinia'ta, L. Rays linear, 1-2 inches long, droop- ing. Disk greenish-yellow. Stem tall, smooth, branching. Lowest leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lobed leaflets ; upper ones 3-5- parted, or the uppermost undivided and generally ovate. Heads ti>rminal, long-poduncled. — Swamps. 2. R. hir'ta, L. Rays bright yellow. Disk j^urplish- hrown. Stem very rough-hairi/, naked above, bearing single large heads. Leaves 3-ribbed, the lowest spathulate, narrowed into a petiole, the upper ones sessile. — Meadows. 8. R. COlumna'ris, Pursh. (Lepachys columnaris, Terr. ^\ 'I hh. 128 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. and Gr.) Ra.ys yellow or purplish ; disk grayish. Recept- acle oblong. Chaff thickened and bearded at the tip. Pappus none or of 2 teeth. Stem branching from the base, 1-2 feet high. Leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 5-9, narrow. Heads single, on the n^ked branches. — N.W., and at Ottawa. 37. HELIAN'THUS, L. SUN-FLOWER. * Annuals. Leaves alternate. Receptacle flat. Disk hroicnish. 1. H. an'nuus, L. (Common Sunflower.) Tall, rough. Leaves 3-ribbed, ovate, serrate. Scales of the involucre long-pointed, ciliate. — Escaped from cultivation. 2. H. petiola'ris, Nutt. More slender, 1-3 feet high. Leaves narrow, mostly entire. Scales seldom ciliate. — N.W. * * Perennials. Receptacle convex. Lower leaves usually opposite. ■*- Disk dark. 8. H. rig'idus, Desf . Stem tall and stout, rough. Leaves very thick and rigid, rcugh both sides, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, the lowest oval, 3-nerved. Rays 20-25. Pappus of 2 large, and often several small scales. — N.W. ->~ -t- Disk yelloio. 4. H. Nuttall'ii, Torr. and Gr. Stem slender, smooth, simple. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Pappus-scales long and narrow. — N.W. 5. H. Strumo'SUS, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, smooth below. Leaves broadly lanceolate, rough above a.Tidwhitish beneath, pointed, serrate with small appressed teeth, short-petioled. Rays about 10. — Moist copses and low grounds. 6. H. divariea'tUS, L. stem 1-4 feet high, smooth, simple or forking above. Leaves all opposite, widely spreading, sessile, rounded, or truncate at the base, ovate-lanceolate, o-nerved, long-pointed, serrate, rough on both sides. Heads few, on short peduncles. Bays about 12. — Open thickets and dry plains. 7. H. decapet'alUS, L. Stem 3-6 feet high, branching, smooth below, rough above. Leaves thin, green on both gides, ovate, coarsely serrate, pointed, abruptly contracted if COMPOSITiE. 129 into short margined petioles. Eays usually 10. — Thickets and river-banks. 8. H. gigante'US, L. stem tall, hahy or rough, branch- ing above. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very rough above, hairj'- below, narrowed and ciliate at the base. Heads somewhat corymbed. not large. Disk yellow; rays pale yellow, 15-20. — Low grounds, western and south- western Ontario. 9. H. tubero'SUS, L., (Jerusalem Artichoke) has escaped from cultivation in some places. It is at once recognized by its tubers. 38. ACTINOM'ERIS, Nutt. A. Squarro'sa, Nutt. stem hairy, tall, commonly winged above. Leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends. — S. W. Ontario. 39. COREOP'SIS, L. TiCKSEED. 1. C. tinetO'ria, Nutt. Stem smooth, 2-3 feet high. Leaves once- or twice-pinnately divided, the lobes narrow. Pappus none. Achenes oblong. Rays yellow, broivn-tinted. -N.W. 2. C. triehosperma, Michx., var. tenuilo'ba, Gray. (TiCKSEED Sunflower.) Stem smooth, branching. Eays golden-yellow. Leaves short-petioled, pinnately divided, the segments serrate. Achenes narrowly wedge-oblong, 2-toothed. — Swamps, S. W. Ontario. 3. C. vertieilla'ta. L. Glabrous. Leaves sessile, divided into 3 sessile leaflets (appearing whorled), these pinnately dissected into very narrow divisions. — Damp places, S. W. Ontario. 4. C. trip'teris, L. Smooth. Stem tall , corymbed above. Leaves petioled, pinnately divided, the divisions lanceolate, acute, entire. Disk turning brownish. — Damp places, S.W Ontario. 40. GAILLAKDIA, Fong". G. arista'ta, Pursh. Rough-hairy, about 2 feet hi^h. Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, entire to coarsely pinnat- ifid.— Dry soil, N. W. m h\ fi. \'y 'k' 130 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 41. BIDENS, L. BriK-MARlGOLD. 1. B, f rondo' sa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Rays none, Achenes flat, -wedge-obovate, ciliate on the margins with bristles, pointing upwards, 2-awned. Stem tall, branched. Leaves thin, long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the leaf- lets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate. 2. B. COnna'ta, Muhl. (Swamp Bisggar-ticks.) Rays nonp. Achenes flat, narrowly Wv^dgo-shaped, 2-4-awned, ci/iate with minute bristles, pointing downwards. Stem 1-2 feet high, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 3-parted and decurrent on the petiole. — In shallow water and low grounds. 3. B. cer'nua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold. ) Rays short, pale yellow. Aclienes flat, wedge-obovate, 4-awned, ciliate with bristles pointing downwards. Stem nearly smooth, 5-10 inches high. Leaves all simple, lanceolate, unequally serrate, hardly connate. Heads nodding. — Wet places. 4. B. ehrysanthemoi'des; Michx. (Large Bur- Mari- gold.) Rays an inch long, showy, golden yellow. Achenes wedge-shaped, 2-4-awned, bristly downwards. Stem smooth, 6-30 inches high, erect or ascending. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, connate, regularly serrate. — Swamps and ditches. 5. B. Beck'ii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic. Stems long and slender. Immersed leaves dissected into fine hair- like divisions ; those out of water lanceolate, slightly con- nate, toothed. Rays showy, golden yellow, larger than the involucre. Achenes linear, bearing 4-6 very long awns barbed 'awards the apex. — Ponds and slow streams. 48. HELIOP'HIS, Pers. Ox-Eye. 1. H. l39ViS, Pers. Stem smooth, slender, branching. Leaves ovate-lauceolate, acute, sharply serrate, on slender petioles. Heads showy ; peduncles elongated. — Dry open thickets ; London and westward. !/s none, 13 with inched, he leaf- Rays -awned, ;em 1-2 serrate, 5-parted md low ys shorty , ciliate smooth, lequally ces. r-Mari- Achenes smooth, iceolate. Swamps ;. Stems ine hair- itly con- than the IS barbed inching. I slender )ry open COMPOSITiE. 131 2. H. SCabra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves. Pappus of 2 or 3 teeth, or a mere chaff-like border. — Niagara Falls and N.W. • 43. ACHIIiLE'A, L. YARROW. 1. A. millefo'lium, L. (Milfoil.) Stems simple. Leaves dissected into fine divisions, Corymb flat- topped. Kays only 4 or 5, short. — Fields and along fences ; very common. 2. A. Ptar'mica, L. (Sneeze- wort.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, serrate. Corymb loose. Rays 8-12, much longer than the involucre. — Atl. Pro v. 44. POLYM'KIA, L. Leaf-Cup. P. Canadensis, L. A coarse clammy-hairy herb. Lower leaves opposite, petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed. Heads small ; rays pale yellow. — Shaded ravines; south-westward. 45. SIL'I'HIUIM, L. Rosin-Plant. 1. S. perfolia'tum, L., (Cup- Plant) is found in south- western Ontario. Stem stout, square, 4-8 feet high. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper ones united by their bases. 2. S. terebinthina'eeum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem tall, round, naked above, smooth. Kadical leaves some- times 2 feet long, rough-hairy, coarselj"^ serrate, on slender petioles. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Open woods and grassy banks, south-western Ontario. . ' 46. li.BI€;'IA, Schreber, Dwarf DANnFiinv. K. ample Xieau' lis, Nutt. {Cpntlda Virginica, Don.) Roots fibrous. Stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lanceolate-spa- thulate, clasping, mostly entire, the radical ones on short winged petioles. Peduncles 2-5. — South-western Ontario. 47. LAMP'SANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort. L. eommu'nis, L. Very slender and branching. Leaves angled or toothed. Heads small, loosely panicled. — Borders of springs ; common at Queenston Heights. » ' m '■■ 'i- 132 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 48, CICHO'RIIJM, Tourn. Succory. Cichory. C. In'tybUS, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly- clasping : radical ones runcinate. — Boadsides and waste places. * 49. LEON'TODOX, L. FALL DANDELION. L. autumna'le, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves lanceolate, laciniate- toothed or pinnatifid. Scape branched. — Roadsides and waste places ', not common westward. 50. UIERA'CIIIM, Tourn. Hawkweed. 1. H. Canadensis, Michx. (Canada Hawkweed.) Heads large. Stem simple, leafy, corymbed, 1-3 feet high. Ped- uncles dQwny, Leaves ovate-oblong, with &, few coarse teeth, somewhat hairy, sessile, or the uppermost slightly clasping. Achones tapering towards the bast-. — Dry banks and plains. 2. H. Seabrum, Michx. (EouaiiH.) Heads small. Stem stout, 1-3 feet high, rough-hairy^ corymbose. Peduncles or involucre densely clothed with dark bristles. Achenes not tapering. — Sandy woods and thickets. 3. H. Grono'vii, L. (Hairy H.) Heads small. Stem wand-like, leafy and very hairy below, naked above ^ forming a long and narrow panicle. Achenes with a very taper sum- mit. — Dry soil, western Ontario. 4. H. veno'sum, L., (Rattlesnake-weed) with a smooth naked scape (or bearing one leaf), and a loose corymb of very slender peduncles, is found in the Niagara region and south-westward. 5. H. panicula'tum, L. Stem slender, leafy , diffusely branched, hairy only below. Heads very small, in a loose panicle, on slender diverging pedicels, 10-20 -flowered. Achenes short, not tapering above. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — Open woods, S.W. Ontario. 6. H. auranti'acum, L., a low hirsute species, with clustered heads of deep-orange flowers on a simple peduncle, leafy at the base, is reported from the neighbourhood of Loudon, Out. I" '';.■ COMPOSITE. 133 Stem 51. CREPIS, L. C. runeina'ta, Torr. and Gr. stem 1-2 feet high, gla- brous. Radical leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, with short lobes or teeth. Cauline leaves absent or very- small. Involucre pubescent, sometimes it and the upper part of the scape glandular. — N.W. 52. PRENA\'TIIES, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root. 1. P. alba, L. {Nabalus alhus^ Hook.) (White Lettuce.) Heads 8-12-flowered. Pappus dee ji cinnamon-coloured. Stem 2-4 feet high, smooth and glaucous, corymbose-paniculate. Leaves triangular-halberd-shaped, or 3-5-lobed, the upper- most oblong and undivided. — Eich woods. 2. P. altiSS'ima, L. {Nabalus altissimus.) (Tall White Lettuce.) Heads 5-6-flowered. Pappus pale straw-coloured. Stem taller but more slender than in No. 1, with a long^ leafy panicle at the summit. — Rich woods. 3. P. racemo'sa, Michx., {Nabalus racemosus, Hook.) Heads about 12-fiowered. Involucre and peduncles hairy. Stem wand-like, smooth. Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed. Heads crowded in a long and narrow interruptedly spiked panicle. Pappus i^traw-colour ; flowers flesh-colour. — Shore of Lake Huron and south-westward. 4. P. Mainen'sis, Gray. Leaves as in the last, but the radical ones ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole. Heads 8-12-flowered, persistently drooping on slender pedicels. — Atl. Prov. 53. LVGODES'iniA. Don. L. jun'cea, Don. Much branched from the base, the branches closely erect and rigid, rush-like, terminating in erect heads of pinkish flowers. Leaves small, the lower lance-linear, the upper scale-like. — N.W. jjlains. 54. TROXIMON, Nutt. 1. T. euspida'tum, Pursh. Scape a foot high. Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins. Achenes beakless, — N.W. prairies. -fe'r* ■fi), ^M:. 134 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. T. glau'CUm, Nutt. Scape 1-2 feet high. Leaves varying from entire to dentate or laciuiate. Achenes long- beaked. — N.W. prairies. 55. TARAX'AC'lini, Haller. Dandelion. T. Offlcina'le, Weber. {T. dens-leonisy Desf.) (Common Dandf:lion.) Outer involucre reflexod. Leaves runcinate. — Fields everywhere. 56. LACTIJ'CA, Tourn. LETroCE. 1. L. Canaden'sis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Heads numer- ous, in a long and narrow naked panicle. Stem stout, smooth, hollow, 4-9 feet high. Leaves mostly runcinate, partly clasping, pale beneath ; the upper entire. Achenes longer than their beaks. — Borders of fields and thickets. 2. L. SCari'Ola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below sparingly bristly. Leaves vertical, spinulose-denticulatq, oblong or lanceolate, prickly on the midrib below. Heads small, 6-12 flowered. — Waste places. B. L. integrifO'lia, L. stem 3-6 feet high; leaves all undivided, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers pale yellow, cream-colour, or purple. — Dry soil. 4. L. hirsu'ta, Muhl. Leaves runcinate, the midrib beneath often sparingly bristly-hairy. Flowers yellowish- purple, rarely white. — Dry soil. 57. MIILGE'DIIIM, Cass. False or Blue Letiuce. M. leucophse'um, DC. {Lactuca leucophcea. Gray, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem tall and very leafy. Heads in a dense compound panicle. — Borders of damp woods, and along fences. 58. SON'CHIIS, L. Sow-Thistle. 1. S. Olera'eeus, L. (Common Sow -Thistle.) Stem- leaves runcinate, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping ; the auricles acute. — Manured soil about dwellings. 2. S. asper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Leaves hardly lobed, fringed with soft spines, clasping; the auricles rounded. Achenes viargined. — Same localities as No. 1. LOBELIACEiE. 135 ves 3. S. arven'sis, L., (Field S.) with bright yellow flowers and bristly involucres and peduncles, is found eastward. 59. TRAGOPO'C;OM, L. Goat'S Beakd. SALSIFY. 1. T. praten'sis, L. (Yellow Goat's Beard.) Spread- ing westward along the railway lines. Flowers yellow. Peduncle little thickened below tlie head. 2. T. porrifO'lius, L. (Salsify.) Stem 2-3 feet high. Peduncle thickened below the head. Flowers purple. Order LI. LOBELIA' CEiE. (Lobelia Family.) Herbs with milky acrid juice, alternate leaves, and loosely racemed flowers. Corolla irregular, 5-lobed, the tube split down one side. Stamens 5, syngeuesious, and commonly also monadelphous, free from the corolla. Calyx tube adhe- rent to the many-seeded ovary. Style 1. The only genus is LOBE' LI A, L. Lobelia. 1. L. eardina'lis, L. (Cardinal Flower.) Corolla large., deep red. Stem simple, 2-3 feet high, smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed. Bracts of the flowers leaf-like. — Low grounds. 2. L. syphilit'iea, L. (Great Lobelia.) Coroiii rather large, light blue. Stem hairy, simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaves thin, acute at both ends, serrate. Calyx-lobes half as long as the corolla, the tube hemispherical. Flowers in a dense spike or raceme. — Low grounds. 3. L. infla'ta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Flowers small, J of an inch long, pale blue. Stem leafy, branching, 8-18 inches high, pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, toothed. Pods inflated. Racemes leaf y . — Dry fields. 4. L. Spica'ta, Lam. Flowers small, ^ of an inch long, pale blue. Stem slender, erect, simple, 1-3 feet high, min- utely pubescent below. Leaves barely toothed, the lower spathulate or obovate, the upper reduced to linear bracts. — Racemes long and naked. — Sandy soil. 'ii-^ni ■■■•■1 !i? 136 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 5. L. Kal'inii, L. Flowers small, J of an inch long, light blue. Stevi low, 4-18 inches high, very slender. Pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, with 2 minute bractlets above the middle. Leaves mostly linear, the radical ones spathulate and the upper ones reduced to bristly bracts. — Wet rocks and banks, chiefly northward. 6. L. Dortman'na, L., (Water Lobella.) with small leaA'es, all tufted at the root, and a scape 5 or 6 inches long with a few small light-blue pedicelled flowers at the sum- mit, occur? in the shallow borders of ponds in Muskoka. Order LII. CAMPANULA' CE^. (Campanula F.) Herbs with milky juice, differing from the preceding Order chiefly in having a regular 5-lohed corolla (bell-shaped or wheel-shaped)^ separate stamens (5), and 2 or more {loith us, 3) stigmas, Synopsis of the Cieiiera. 1, Canipau'ula* Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Pod short. 2. Spec»*a'ria. Calyx 5-cleft Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Pod prismatic or oblong. 1, CAMPAN'IJLA, Tourn. Bell-flower. 1. C. rotundifo'lia, L. (Harebell.) Flowers blue, loosely panicled, on long slender peduncles, nodding. Stem slender, branching, several-flowered. Boot-leaves round- heart-shaped; sten) -leaves linear. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped. — Shaded banks. 2. C. aparinoi'des, Pursh. (Marsh Bell-flower.) Flowers white or nearly so, about ^ of an inch long. Stem very slender and weak, few-flowered, angled, roughened back- wards. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx-lobes triangular. — Wet places in high grass. This plant has the habit of a Galium. 3. C. Ameriea'na, L. (Tall Bell-flower.) Flowers light blue, about an inch across, crowded in a leafy spike. Corolla deeply 5-lobed. Style long and curved. Stem 8-6 ERICACE^, 1 '?'7 long feet high, simple. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, serrate.— Moist rich soil. 4. C. rapuneuloi'des, L. Flowers nodding, single in the axils of bracts, forming a raceme. Stem-leaves pointed, ianceolabe, serrate ; the lower cordate, long-petioled. — Atl. Prov. ; int. from Europe. 5. C. Seheuchz'eri, Vill. Stem low, from a filiform rootstock, hearing usually a single erect flower. Leaves 1-2 inches long, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, all more or less dentate. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube, and ex- ceeding the tube of the shallow reddish- pur pie corolla. — N.W. . 2. SPECIJLA'RIA, Heister. Venus's Looking-glass. S. perfolia'ta, A. DC. Flowers purplish-blue, only the latter or upper ones expanding. Stem hairy, 3-20 inches high. Leaves roundish or ovate, clasping. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils. — Sterile open ground, chiefly south-westward. Order LIII. ERICA' CE^. (Heath Family.) Chiefly shrubs, distinguished hy the anthers opening, as a rule, hy a pore at the top of each cell. Stamens (as in the two preceding Orders) free from the corolla, as many or twice as many as its lobes. Leaves simple and uioually alternate. Corolla in some cases polypetalous. Synopsis of the Genera. Suborder I. VACCINIE^. (Whortleberry Family.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Fruit a berry crowned with the calyx-teeth. 1. Gaylus8a'cla. Stamens 10, the anthers opening by a pore at the apex. Corolla tubular, ovoid, the border r)-clet't. lierri/ M-celled^ 10-seeded. Flowers wliite with a red tinge. Leaves covered with resinous dots. Briinchlng shrubs. 2. Vnceiii liiiii. StuuK-iis 8or 10, Uie anthers prolonged upwards Into tubes witb a pore at each ai)ex. Corolla deeply '1-partod and rcivo- lute. or cylindrical with the limb .'i-toothed. Berry l-celled. or more or less completely 10-celled. Flowers white or reddish, soli- tary or in short racemes. Shrubs. Vi 138 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. Chlog'enefl. Stamens 8, each anther 2-pointed at the apex. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft, Limb of the calyx 4-parted. Flowers very small, nodding from the axils, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. Berry white, 4-celled. A trailing slender evergreen. Suborder II. ERICINE^. (Heath Family- Proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Shrubs or small trees. Corolla gamopetalous, except in No. 11. 4. Arctostaph'ylos* Corolla urn-shaped, the limb 5-toothed. re volute. Stamens 10, the anthers each with 2 reflexed awns on the back. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 5-10-seeded. A trailing thick-leaved evergreen, with nearly white flowerH. 5. Epigae'a. Corolla salver-shaped, hairy inside, rose-coloured. Sta- mens 10 ; filaments slender ; anthers awnless, opening lengthwise. Calyx of 6 pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. A trail- ing evergreen, bristly with rusty hairs. 6. Gaulthe'ria. Corolla ovoid or slightly urn-shaped, 5-toothed, nearly white. Stamens 10, the anthers 2-awned. Calyx 3-cleft, closing the pod and becoming fleshy and berry -like in fruit. Stems low and slender, leafy at the summit. 7. Cassan'dra. Corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, the anther-cells tapering into beaks with a pore at the apex, awnless. Calyx of 5 overlapping sepals, and 2 similar bractlets. Pod with a double pericarp, tlie outer of 5 valves, the inner cartilaginous and of 10 valves. A low shrub, with rather scurfy leaves, and white flowers. 8. Audroni'eda. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct valvate sepals, without bractlets. Stamens 10; the filaments bearded ; the anther-cells each with a slender awn. A low shrub, with white flowers in a terminal umbel. 9. Callu'iin. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, persistent, becoming scarious. A low everjipreen shrub, with numerous minute oppo- site leaves. Flowers rose-coloured or white, in mostly 1-sided racemes. 10. Kal'niia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, with lo pouches receiving as many anthers. Shrubs with showy rose-purple flowers. 11. Lc''lum. Calyx 6-toothed, very small. Corolla of ft obovafe and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5-lt>. Leaves evergreen, with revoliite margins, covered beneath with rusty wool. 12. Kliododcu'dron. Corolla irregular Cin our species), nearly an Inch long, 2-lipped, the ujjpcr lip 3-lobed, the lower of 2 oblong- linear curved nearly or quite distinct petals. Stamens 10, as long as the rose-coloured corolla. A shrub with alternate oblong oooaewhut pubescent leaves.— Atl. Prov. 1- '.r ERICACEiG. 139 Suborder III. PYROLE^. (Pyrola Family.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. More or leas herbaceous evergreens. 13. Py'rola. Calyx 2-parted. Petals 5, concave. Stamens 10. Stigma 5-lobed. Leaves evergreen, clustered at the base of an upright scaly-hracted scape which bears a simple raceme of nodding flowers. 14. Mone'ses. Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow radiating lobes. Plant liaving the aspect of a Pyrola, but the scape bearing a single terminal flower. 15. Chlmaph'lla. Petals 5, concave, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10. Stigma broad and round, the border 5-crenate. Low plants with running underground shoots, and thick, shining, sharply serrate, somewhat whorl ed leaves. Flowers corynibed or um belled on a terminal peduncle. Suborder IV. MONOTROPE.ffi. (Indian -Pipe Family.) 16. Mouot'ropa. A smooth perfectly white plant, parasitic on roots. bearing scales instead of leaves, and a single flower at the summit of the stem. 17. Pteros'pora. A purplish-brown clammy-pubescent plant, parasitic on the roots of pines. Stem simple. Flotvers numerous, nodding, white, forming a raceme. 18. Hypop'ltys. A tawny or reddish parasitic plant, with several flowers in a scaly raceme, the terminal one generally with h petals and 10 stamens, and the others witli 4 petals and 8 stamens. 1. «A¥HJ88A'€IA, H.B.K. Huckleberry. 1. G. resino'sa, Torr and Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Fruit black, without a bloom. B^acemes short, 1-sided, in clusters. Leaves oval or oblong. Branching shrub, 1-3 feet high. — Low grounds. 2. G. dumo'sa, Torr. and Gr. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Fruit black, insipid. Racemes long, with leaf-like, persis- tent bracts. Leaves obovate, oblong, mucronate. — Sandy- low ground, Atl. Prov. 2. VACCIN'IIJM, L. Cranberry. Bltteberry. J. V. Oxyeoe'euS, L. {Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh, in Macouu's Catalogue.) (Small Cranberry.) A creeping or 140 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. trailing very slender shrubby plant, with ovate acute ever- green leaves only J of an inch long, the margins revolute. Corolla rose-coloured, 4-parted, the lobes reflexed. Anthers 8. Stem 4-9 inches long. Berry only about J of an inch across^ often speckled with white. — Bogs. 2. V, IIiacrOCa.r'pon, Ait. {Oxycoccus macrocarpua, Pursh, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Large or American Cran- berry.) Different from No. 1 in having prolonged stems (1-3 feet long) and the flowering branches lateral. The leaves also are nearly twice as large, and the berry is fully J an inch broad. — Bogs. 3. V, Vitis-Idsea, L. A low plant with erect branches from tufted creeping stems. Leaves evergreen, obovate, with revolute margins, shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points beneath. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed. An- thers 8-10. Flowers in a short braoted raceme. — Northward and eastward. 4. V. Pennsylvan'ieum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Stem 6-15 inches high, the branches green, angled and warty. Corolla cylindrical, bell-shaped, 5- toothed. An- thers 10. Flowers in short racemes. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate with bristly-pointed teeth, smooth and shining on both sides. Berry blue or black, with a bloom. — Dry plains and woods. 5. V. Canaden'se, Kalm. (Canadian Blueberry.) Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, doiony both sides, as are also the branchlets. — A very com- mon Canadian species. 6. V. vacirians, SoUndei. (Low Blueberry.) Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets. Leaves obovate or ovul, very pile or dull and glaucous, at least beneath. Corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra- ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry soil ; western Ontario mostly. 7. V. corymbo'sum, L., (Swamp Blueberry) is a tall shrub (3-10 feetj growing in swamps and low grounds, with ERICACEiE. 141 leaves varying from ovate to elliptical - lanceolate, and llowers and berries very much the same as those in No. 4, but the berries ripen later. Var. amCB'nuni, Gray, has the leaves bristly-cilia te, green both sides, shining above. — S.W. Ontario. Var. pariidum, Gray, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous at least underneath, and serru- late with bristly teeth. — Atl. Prov.; also Niagara Kiver. Var. atrOCOC'CUm, Gray, has the leaves entire, downy, or woolly underneath, as well as the branchlets. — Chiefly eastward. 8. V, Stamin'f^um, L. (Deer-berry. Squaw Huckle- berry.) Stem diffusely branching, 2-3 feet high. Leaves ovate or oval, pale, whitish beneath. Corolla open-bell- shaped, 5-lobed, greenish-white or purplish. Anthers 2- awned on the back, much exserted. Flowers slender-pedi- celled. Berries greenish or yellowish, large. — Niagara River, above Queenston. 3. €HIOG'Ei\ES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. C. hispid' ula, Torr. and Gr. Leaves very small, ovate and pointed, on short petioles, the margins revolute. The lower surface of the leaves and the branches clothed with rusty bristles. Berries bright white. — Bogs and cool woods. 4. ARCTOSTAPn'YLOS, Adans. Bearberry. A. Uva-ursi, Spreng, Flowers in terminal racemes. Leaves alternate, obovate or spathulate, entire, smooth. Berry red. — Bare hillsides. 5. EPIGiG'A, L, Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus. E. re' pens, L. (Mayflower.) Flowers in small axillary clusters from scaly bracts. Leaves evergreen, rounded and heart-shaped, alternate, on slender petioles. Flowers very fragrant. — Dry woods in early spring. «. CiAUIiTHE'RIA. Kalin. Aromatic Wintergreen. G. procum'bens, L. (Tkabekry. Wintercjreen). Flow- ers mostly single in the axils, nodding. Leaves obovate cr if mmr "'11' r^-f-" :.# r ;,V' .J' i I u 1 1 i f * '1 1;' 142 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. oval, obscurely serrate, evergreen. Berry bright red, ediblOc — Cool woods, chiefly in the shade tf evergreens. T. CASHAN'URA, Don. Leather-leaf. C. ealyeula'ta, Don. Flowers in 1-sided leafy racemes. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. — Bogs. 8. AKDROiW'EIIA, L. ANDROMEDA. A. polifO'lia, L. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6-18 inches high. Leaves oblong-linear, with sti-ongly revolute mar- gins, white beneath. — Bogs. 9. CALLD'XA, Salisb. Heather. C. VUlga'riS, Salisb. (Heather.) A low evergreen shrub with numerous opposite minute leaves, mostly auricled at the base. Flowers axillaiy or terminating very short shoots, forming close racemes mostly one-sided, rose-coloured or white. Calyx of 4 sepals. Corolla 4-parted, bell-shaped. Calyx "ad corolla both persistent and becoming dry. Sta- mens 8. Capsule 4-celled. — Found sparingly in a few places on the coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. 10. KAL'lfllA, L. American Laurel. 1. K. glau'ca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) A straggling shrub about a foot high, with few-flowered terminal corymbs. Branchlets 2-edged. Leaves opposite, oblong, the margins revolute. Flowers J an inch across. — Bogs. 2. K. angustifo'lia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.) Leaves opposite or in threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled. Corymbs lateral, many-florrer'd. Pod depressed. Pedicels recurved in fruit. — Bogs and damp barren grounds, abun- dant eastward. H. LCniTN, L. Labrador Tea. L. latifo'lium, Ait. Flowers white, in terminal umbel- like clusters. Loaves elliptical or oblong. Stamens 5, or occasionally G or 7. — Bogs. 12. KliODODKX'DRON, L. (R0S7i: Bay. AZALEA.) R. Rhodo'ra, Don. Corolla irregular, nearlj' an inch long, two-lippod ; the upper lip 3-lobed ; the lower lip of two % ERICACEiE. 143 oblong-linear, curved, nearly or quite distinct petals. Sta- mens 10, as long as the rose-coloured corolla. Leaves alter- nate, oblong, somewhat pubescent. Shrub. — Bogs and damp barrens, from Montreal eastward. li.<. PY'UOLA, Tourn. Winteegeeen. Shin-leaf. * Style straight^ narrower than the 5-rayed stigma. 1. P. ml'nor, L. Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, usually longer than the margined petiole. Baceme not one-sided. Flowers white or rose-colour. Style short and included in corolla. — Cold woods, Atl. Prov. and north- ward. 2. P. secun'da, L. Easily recognized by the flowers of the dense raceme being all turned to one side. Leaves ovate. Style long, protruding. — Rich woods. Var. pu'mila has orbicular leaves, and is 3-8- flowered. — Peat - bogs and swamps. * * Style declined, the apex curved tipward. Stigma narrower than the ring-like apex of the sty ri ¥ i' * i f 146 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. * * Stems leafy. Corolla rotate, wanting in Glaux. 4. Trleuta'lls. Leaves in a whorl at the summit of a slender erect stem. Calyx usually 7-parted, the lobes pointed. Corolla usually 7-parted, spreading, without a tube. Filaments united in a ring below. Flowers usually only one, white and star-shaped. 5. Lyslmnch'ia. Leafy-stemmed. Flowers yellow, axillary or in a terminal raceme. Calyx usually 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, mostly 5-parted, and sometimes polypetalous. (). Glaux. A fleshy herb with purplish and white axillary flowers. Corolla wanting, the calyx petal-like.— Atl. Prov. 7. Anagal'lls. Low and spreading, 'jeaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers variously coloured, solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Filaments bearded. 8. Hain'olus. Smooth and spreading, 6-10 inches high. Corolla bell- shaped, 5-parted, with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. Calyx partially adherent to the ovary. Flowers very small, white, racemed. Leaves alternate. 1. PRIin'lJLA, L. Primrose. Cowslip. 1. P. farino'sa, L. (Bird's eye P.) Lower surface ot the leaves covered with a white mealiness. Corolla lilac with a yellow centre. — Shores of Lake Huron and north- ward. • 2. P. Mistassin'ica, Michx. Leaves not mealy. Corolla flesh-coloured, the lobes obcordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes, and northward. 2. ANDRO§'A€E, Tourn. A. septentriona'liS, L. Almost glabrous, 2-10 inches high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, toothed. Bracts of the involucre awl-shaped. — N.W. 3. DODECATH'EON, L. AMERICAN COWSLIP. D. Mead ia, L. (Shooting-Star.) Smooth. Leaves ob- long or spathulate. Flowers nodding on slender pedicels. — N.W. 4. TRIENTA'LIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen, T. America' na, Pursh. (Star-Flower.) Leaves thin and -v Anj, lanceolate, tapering towards both ends. Petals pointed. — Moist woods. t;;l PRIMULACEiE. 147 ier erect usually n a ring y or in a l-shaped, flowers. whorled, 3. Calyx arded. olla bell- Calyx 1. white, rface ot 11a lilac north- Corolla 3 Upper inches arrowed -shaped. aves ob- dicels. — s^es thin Petals 5. LYSIMACH'IAf Tourn. Loosestrife. 1. L. thyrsiflo'ra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Flowers in spike-like clusters from the axils of a few of the upper leaves. Petals lance-linear, purplish-dotted^ as many minute teeth between them. Leaves scale-like below, the upper lanceolate, opposite, sessile, dark-dotted. — Wet swamps. 2. L. Stricta, Ait. Flowers on slender pedicels in a long terminal raceme. Petals lance-oblong, streaked with dark lines. Leaves opposite^ lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, dark-dotted. — Low grounds. 3. L. quadlifo'lia, L. Flowers on long slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves. Petals streaked. Leaves in whorls of 4 oi .5, ovate-lanceolate, dark-dotted. — Sandy soil. 4. L. eilia'ta, L. {Steironema ciliatum, Raf ., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils. Petals not streaked or dotted. Leaves opposite, not dotted, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cordate at the base, on long fringed petioles. — Low grounds. 5. L. long^fo'liaj Walt. {Steironema longifolium, Gray, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Petals not streaked or dotted. Stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, 2-4 inches long, the margins sometimes revolute. Stem 4-angled. — Moist soil, western Ontario. 6. L. lanceola'ta, Walt. (Steironema lanceolatum. Gray.) Stem erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles, not dotted. Petals not streaked or dotted. — S. W. Ontario. 7. L. nummula'ria, L., (Money wort), has escaped from gardens in a few places. Stem trailing and creeping, smooth. Leaves roundish, small, opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. — Damp places. «. CiLAIJX, Tourn. G. marit'ima, L. (Sea-Milk wort.) A fleshy herb, with usually opposite, oblong, entire, sessile leaves. Flowers ,i!M M 148 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. single in the axils, nearly sessile. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, purplish and white. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded. — Sea-shore, Atl. Prov. 7. A.NACiAL'IiI8, Tourn. Pimpernel. A. arven'Sls, L. (Common Pimpeknkl.) Petals obovate, fringed with minute teeth, mostly bluish or purplish. Flowers closing at the approach of rain. Leaves ovate, sessile. — Sandy fields and garden soil. 8. SAM'OLIIS, L. Tourn. Water-Pimpernel. Brook-weed. S. Valeran'di, L., var. America'nus, Gray, stem slen- der, diffusely branched. The slender pedicels each with a bractlet at the middle. — Wet places, not common. Ori\er LVII. PLANTAGINAXE^. (Plantain Family.) Herbs, with the leaves all radical, and the flowers in a close spike at the summit of a naked scape. Calyx of 4 sepals, persistent. Corolla 4-lobed, thin and membranace- ous, spreading. Stamens 4, usually with long filaments, inserted on the corolla. Pod 2-celled, the top coming off like a lid. Leaves ribbed. The principal genus is PLANTA'GO, L. Plantain. Rib-Grass. 1. P. major, L. (Common P.) Spike long and slender. Leaves 5-7-ribbed, ovate or slightly heart-shaped, with chan- nelled petioles. Pod 7-16-seeded. — Moist ground about dwel- lings. 2. P. KamtSChat'ica, Hook. (P. Bugeia, Decaisne, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Resembling small forms of No. 1, but pod 4- seeded. 3. P. laneeola'ta, L. (Rib-Grass. English Plantain.) Spike thick and dense, short. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong. Scape grooved, long and slender. — Dry fields and banks. 4. P. COrda'ta, Lam. Tall and glabrous. Bracts round- ovate, fleshy. Pod 2-4-seeded. — South-western Ontario. LENTIBULARIACEiE. 149 5. P. marit'lma, L., var. juneoi'des, Or., with very narrow and slender spike, and linear fleshy leaves, is found on the sea-coast and Lower St. Lawrence. 6. P. P/Fiop'oda, Terr. Usually a mass oi yeUowish v^ool at the base. Leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovato, with stout short petioles. Pod never more than 4-se» ded. — Atl. sea-coast and N.W. 7. P. Patagon'ica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray, White with silky wool. Leaves oblong-linear to filiform. Spike very dense, woolly. — Dry soil, N.W. Order LVIII. LENTIBULARIACEiE. (BL.iDDERwoRT F.) Small aquatic or marsh herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx and a personate corolla with a spur or sac underneath. Sta- mens 2. Ovary as in Prim ulacese. Chiefly repref«ented by the two following genera : — 1. UTRICIJLA'RIA, L. BLADDER WORT. 1. U. VUlga'ris, L. (Greater Bladderwort. ) Immersed leaves crowded, finely dissected into capillary divisions, furnished v/ith small air-bladders. Flowers yellow, several in a racBme oPi a naked scape. Corolla closed ; the spur conical and shorter than the lower lip. — Ponds and slow waters. 2. U, interme'dia, Hayne. immersed leaves 4 or 5 times forked, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle- toothed on the margin, not bladder-hearing , the bladders being on leafless branches. Stem 3-6 inches long. Scape very slender, 3-6 inches long, bearing few yellow flowers. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the palate ; the spur closely pressed to the broad lower lip. — Shallow waters. 3. U. COrnu'ta, Michx., with an awl-shaped spur turned downward and outward, and the lower lip of the corolla helmet-shaped, is not uncommon in the northern parts of Ontario. Flowers yellow. Leaves a wl-shaped. 4. U. Clandesti'na, Nutt. Stecis and scapes slender. Leaves hair-like, bearing small bladders. Ci>roll8 yellow ; «:.;:, ^.f, # V lf)0 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. lower lip S-lobed, longer than the thick, blunt spur. Sub- merged stems bearing cleistogamous flowers. — Ponds, Atl. Prov. 5. U. gib'ba, L. Scape only 1-3 inches high, 1-2-flowered, with very slender short branches at the base, bearing capil- lary root-like leaves and scattered bladders. Corolla yellow, the lower lip with sides reflexed. Spur very thick and blunt, conical, gibbous. — Shallow water, central and S. W. Ontario. 2. PINtiriC'LLA, L. Btttterwort. » P. VUlga'riS, L. A small and stemless perennial growing on damp rocks. Scapes 1-flowered. Leaves entire, ovate or elliptical, soft-fleshy, clustered at the root. Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla violet, the lips very unequal, the palate open, and hairy or spotted. — Shore of Lake Huron. Order LIX. OROBANGHA'CEiE. (Broomrape F.) Parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage. Corolla more or less 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous. Ovary 1-celled with 2 or 4 parietal ]ilacent8e, many-seeded. 1. EFirHE'GII^, Nutt. (Beecii-drops.) E. Virginia'na, Bart. A yellowish-brown branching plant, parasitic on the roots of beech-trees. Flowers race- mose or spiked ; the upper sterile, with long corolla ; the lower fertile, with short corolla. «. CONOPU'OLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. C, America'na, Wallroth. A chestnut-coloured or yel- low plant found in clusters in oak woods in early summer, 3-0) inciies high and rather less than an inch in thickness. The stem covered with fleshy scales so as to resemble a cone. Flowers under the upper scales ; stamens projecting. :{. APIIYL'LOW, Mitchell. Naked Broom rape. Cancer-root. 1 . A. uniflo'rum, Torr. and Gr. Plant yellowish-brown. Flower solitary at the top of a naked scape. Stem subter- ranean or nearly so, short and scaly. Scapes 3-5 inches SCROPHULARIACEiE. 151 high. Calyx 5-cleft, the divisions lance-awl-shaped. Corolla with a long curved tube and 5-loV)ed border, and 2 yellow- bearded folds in the throat. Stigma 2-lipped. — Woods, in early summer. 2. A. fascicula'tum, Gray. Scaly stem erect, and rising 3 or 4 inches above the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles. — N.W,; parasitic on Artemisia, etc. -f •! Order LX. SCROPHULARIA'CE^. (Figwort E.) Herbs distinguished by a 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, stamens usually 4 and didynamous, or only 2, (or in Verbascum 5) and a 2-celled and usually many-seeded ovary. Style 1 ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Synopsis of the fieiiera. * Corolla wheel-shaped^ and only sliffhtly irregular, 1. Verbas'cum. Stamens fwith anthers J 5. Flowers in a long- ter- minal spike. Corolla 5-parted, nearly regular. Filaments (or some of them) woolly. 2. Verou'ica. Stamens only 2; filaments long and slender. Corolla mostly ^-parted, nearly or quite regular. I'od tlattish. Flowers solitary in the axils, or forming a terminal raceme or spike. * * Corolla 2-lipped, or tubular and irr^gidar. -t- Upper lip of the corolla embracing the lotcer in the bud, except occa- sionally in Mliiiuliis. 3. Liiia'rln. Corolla 2-)er8onate (Fig. 181, Parti.), with a longer spur beneath. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, in a crowded raceme. 4. Scropliula'ria. Corolla tu])ular, somewhat inflated, .'')-Iobecl ; the 4 tipper lobes erect, the lower one spreading. Stamens with anth.-rs 4, the rudiment of a fifth in the form of a scale on the upper lip of the corolla. Flowers .small and dingy, forming a narrow ter- minal panicle. Stem 4-sided. 6. ColUns'la. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the 4 declined stamens; the upp<"r lip L'-cIeft, the lobes partly turned backward. Fiftli ,s*^'vmtMi rudinicnfary. Leaves opposite. Flow- ers blue and white, in umbel-like clusters. 6. Chelo'iic. Corolla inflated-tubular (Fig. 180, Fart I.). Stamens 4, with woolly lilar\ieniH and anthers, and a tilth filament without an anther. Flowers white, in a close terminal sijike. 152 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i: ^ -'] : !.i I 7. Peutste'mou. Corolla 2-llpped, gradually widening' upwards. Sta- mens 4, with a fifth sterile filament, the latter yellow-bearded. Flowers white or purplish, in a loose panicle. 8. Dllni'ulns. Calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla erect or reflexed-spreading, the lower spi-eading, 3-lo!)ed. Stamens 4, alike ; no rudiment of a fifth. Stigma 2-lipped. Flowers blue or yellow, solitary on axillary peduncles. 0. Cirati'ola. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens with anthers only 2, included. Flowers with a yellowish tube, on axillary peduncles, solitary. Style dilated at the apex. 10. Ily.san'tlieH. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Stamens loith anthers only 2, included ; also a pair of filaments tvhich are two-lohed hut withotit anthers. Flowers purplish, axillary. Style 2-lipped at the apex. -t- ■+- Lower lip of the corolla embracing the \ipper in the bud. 11. Gerar'clla. Corolla funnel-form, swelling above, the 5 spreading lobes more or less unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, hairy. Style long, enlarged at the apex. Flowers purple or yel- low, solitary on axillary peduncles, or sometimes forming a raceme. 12. Castllle'la. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped, its tube included in the tubular and flattened calyx ; the upper lip long and narrow and flattened laterally, the lower short and .S-lobed. Stamens 4, didy- namous. Floral leaves scarlet (rarely yellow) in our species. Corolla pale yellow. 13. Orthocarp'uH. Corolla tubular and 2-lipped. Calyx tubular-cam- panulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla much narrower than the inflated lower one. Flowers golden yellow, in a dense spike. -N.W. 14. Eiiplira'sla. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, 2-lobed, the sides turned back ; the lower spreading. Stamens 4, under the upper lip. Very small herbs, with whitish or bluish spiked flowers. (Chiefly on the sea-coast, and north of Lake Superior). \^. Bart'siii. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla enitre, the sides not turned hack. Flowers small, rose-red, in loose spikes. Small herbs with opposite sessile leaves.— Atl. sea-coast chiefly. 10. Kliiiiaii'tliiis. Calyx flat, greatly inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip off he corolla arched, flat, with a uiinuto tooth on each side below the apex. Stamens 4. Flowers yellow, solitary in the axils, nearly sessile, the wiiole fonniiig a crowded 1-sided spike. ((Chiefly on tin; sea-coast, and nortli of l^ake Superior.) 17. Pedlriila'rls. Calyx split in front, not inflated In fruit. Corolla 2-lipped, tl)e upper lip arched or hooded, incurved, flat, 2-toothcd uhder the apex. Stamens 4. Podflat, somewhat sword-shaped. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 153 18. NelampyViiiii. Calyx 4-cle/t, the lobes sharp-pointed. Corolla greenish-yellow ; upper lip arched, compressed, the lower i>-lo])ed at the apex. Stamens 4 ; anthers hairy. Pod 1— 1-seeded, flat, oblique. Up.^er leaves larger than the lower ones and fringed with bristly teeth at the base. 1. YERKA»'€VM, L. MuLLElN. 1. V. Thap'SUS, L. (Common Mullkin.) A tall and very woolly herb, with the simple stem winged by the decurreut bases of the leaves. Flowers yellow, forming a dense si^ike. — Fields and roadsides everywhere. 2. V. Blatta'ria, L. (Moth M.) stem slender, nearly/ smooth. Lower leaves petioled, doubly serrate ; the upper partly clasping. Flowers whitish with a purple tinge, in a loose raceme. Filaments all violet-bearded. — Roadsides; not common northward. 'i. VEII©X'I<;A, L. Speedwkll. 1. V. Americana, Schweinitz. (American Bkooklime.) Flowers pale blue, in opposite axillary racemes. Leaves viostly petioled, thickish, serrate. Pod swollen. — A common plant in brooks and ditches. 2. V. anagal'lis, L., (Water Speedwell) is much like No. 1, but the leaves are sessile, with a heart-shaped base. 3. V. seutella'ta, L. (Marsh S.) Flowers pale blue, in racemes, chiefly from alternate axils. Leaves sessile, linear, opposite, hardly toothed. Racemes 1 or 2, slender and zig- zag. Flowers few. Pods very flat, notched at both ends. — Bogs. Var. pubescens, Macoun, has hairy stem and leaves. 4. V. Offlcina'lis, L. (Common S.) Flowers light blue. Stem prostrate, rooting at the base, pubescent. Leaves short-petioled, obovato-elliptical, serrate. Itacemes dense, chiefly from alternate axils. Pod obovate - triangular, strongly flattened, notchcul. — Hillsides and open wcjods. 5. V. ehamse'drys, i^. Flowers pale blue. Stem pubes- cent, at lea : in - lines, from a creeping base. Loaves nearly sessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate. Racemes 154 COMMON CANADIAN WiL PLAiV -S. axillary, loosehj flowered. Pod triinguiar- obcordate. — Chiefly eastward ; also at Niagara Falls. 6. V. serpyllifo'lia, L. (Thyme-leaved S.) Flowers whitish or pale blue, in a loose terminal raceme. Stem nearly smooth, branched at the creeping base. Leaves obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled. Pud flat, notched. — Roadsides and fields. Plant onlv 2 or 3 inches high. 7. V. peregri'na, L. (Neckweed.) Flowers whitish, soUtai^y in the axils of the upper leaves, short- pedicelled. Corolla shorter than the calyx. Stem 4-9 inches high, near- ly smooth. Pod orbicular, slightly notched. — Waste places and cultivated grounds. 8. V. arven'sis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Flowers (blue) as in No. 7, but the stem is hairy, and the pod inversely heart-shaped. — Cultivated soil. 9. V. agres'tis, L. (Field Speedwi:ll,) Leaves round or ovate, crenate, petioled. Flowers small, in the axils of the ordinary leaves, long-pedicelled. Seed.s few, cup-shaped. — Sandy fields, Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.) 10. V. Buxbaum'ii, Tonore. Leaves as in the last. Flowers (blue) large, long-pedicelled. in the axils of the ordinary leaves. Calyx-lobes widely spreading in fruit. Pod obcordate-triaugular, broadly notched, many-seeded. — Atl. Prov. ;«. LI!\A'RIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax. 1. L. vulga'ris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Butter- and-Eggs.) Leaves crowded, linear, pale green. Corolla pale yellow, with a deeper yellow or orange-coloured palate. — Boadsides. 2. L. CiWiaden'sis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) A slende}' herb, with linear, entire, alternate leaves. Flowers blue, small, in a naked, terminal raceme. Spur of corolla curved, filiform. — Sandy soil, Atl. Prov. 3. L. cymbala'ria Mill. A delicate little trailing plant, with thickish S-o-lohid leaves on long petioles, and small veliow and purple flowers. — A garden (fscape, SCRCPHULARIACEiE. 155 4. 8€il(i>3'>HirLA'RIA, Tourn. FiGWORT. S. nodosa, L., var. Marilandica, Gr. Stem smooth, 3-4 feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate, serrate. — Damp thickets. (There appear to he two formH. one with broad leaves and greenish-brown flowers, and the other with narrow leaves and greenish-yellow flowers.) 5. €OLLi:VS'IA, Xutt. 1. C. verna, Nutt. Slender, 6-20 inches high. Lower leaves ovate, upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Corolla (blue and white) twice as long as the calyx. Peduncles long, — Western Ontario. 2. C. parviflO'ra, Dougl. Smaller. Corolla (blue) very small, scarcely longer than the calyx. Peduncles short. — Chiefly N.W. 6. CHELO'NE, Tourn. Turtle-head. C. g'labra, L. stem smooth, erect and branching. Leaves short-petioled, lance-oblong, serrate, opposite. Bractr of the flowers concave. — Wet places. 1. PENTSTE'MON, Mitchell. Beard-TONGUE. 1. P. pubes'eens. stem 1-3 feet high, pubescent; the panicle more or Joss clammy. Throat of the coroll? ^^Imost closed. Stem leaves lanceolate, clasping. — Dry sc'l. 2. P. gra'eilis, Nutt. stem 1 foot high or less, r.brou^, or nearly so, viscid-pubescent above. Corolla (i''aJa"- funnel-form, the throat open, lilac-purple or whitish. — N.W. 3. P. aeumina'tUS, Dougl. Stem 6-20 inches liigh, stont, glabrous and glaucous. Leaves thick, the lower obovato or oblong, tho upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or clasping. Panicle narrow, leafy below.— \.W. 4. P. erista'tUS, Nutt. Pubescent, and viscid-pub-^cent above. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong. Corolla fnnnel-form, the lower lip Inng-villous within. Sterile fila vient copiously yellow-bearded. — N.W. I^ii 15b COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 5. P. confer' tus, Dougl., var. eseruleo - purpureus, Gray, is at once recognized by the interrupted spike-like panicle^ which consists oi 2 to 5 dense verticillate chisters. Corolla narrow, the lower lip conspicuously bearded within. — N.W. 8. MIM'ULUS, L. MONKEY-KLOWER. 1. M. ring' ens, L. Stem square, 1-2 feet high. Corolla blue, an inch long. (A white-flowered variety is sometimes met with.) Leaves oblong or lanceolate, clasping. — Wet places. 2. M. Jamesii, Torr. Stem creeping at the base. Corolla yellow, small. Leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile. Calyx inflated in fruit. — In cool springs. ». «RATI'OLA. L. Hedge-Hyssop. 1. G. Virginia'na, L. Stem 4-6 inches high, clammy with minute pubescence above. Sterile filaments minute or none. Leaves lanceolate. Peduncles slender. — Moist plrxes. 2. G. au'rea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous. Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head. Corolla golden yellow. 10. ILYSAi\"THEH, Raf. False Pimi'ernel. I. gratiolordes, Benth. stem 4-8 inches high, much branched, diffusely spreading. Leaves ovate, rounded or oblong, the upper partly clasping. — Wet places. 11. 4iERAR'DlA, L. Gerakdia. 1. G. purpu'rea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Corolla rose- purple. Leaves linear, acute, rough-margined. Flowers an inch long, on short peduncles. — Low grounds. Var. pauper'eula, Gray, is smoother, with smaller and lighter-coloured corolla. 2. G. tenuifo'lia, Vahl. (Slender G.) Corolla rose- pnrple. Leaves linear, acute. Flowers about ^ »» inch lung, on long thread-like peduncles. — Dry woods. 3. G. tla'va, L. (DowxY G.) Corolla yellow, woolly inside. Stem 3-4 feet high, /vie/?/ pubescent. Leaves oblong or lance-shaped, the upper entire, the lowor usually more or less pinnatifid, downy-pubescent. — Woods. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 15) ireus, ke-like listers. vithin. Corolla etimes -Wet CoroUa nearly ;lammy imite or i plr-ces. aments How. I, much mded or Lla rose- Qwers an Her and la rose- an inch I woolly s oblong ly mora 4. G. quercifo'lia, Pursh. (Smooth G.) Corolla yellow, WO0II7 inside. Stem 3-G feet high, smooth and glaucous. Lover leaves twice-pinnatifid, the upper pinnatiiid 01 entire, smooth. — Woods. 5. G. pedicula'ria, L. (Cut-leaved G.J Nearly smooth. Flowers nearly as in Nos. 3 and 4. Stem 2-3 feet high, verj leafy, much branched. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes cut and toothed. — Thickets. 12. CASTILLE'IA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. 1. C. eoeein'ea, Spreng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Calyj 2-cleft, yellowish. Stem pubescent or hairy, 1-2 feet high. The stem-leaves nearest the flowers 3-cleft, the lobe.", toothed, bright scarlet. (A yellow-bracted form occurs or the shore of Lake Huron.)- -Sandy soil. 2. C. pal'lida.Kunth.jvar. septentrionalis, Gray. Cahjo- equally cleft^ divisions 2-ch'ft. Upper lip of corolla decidedly shorter than the tube. Lower leaves linear; upper broader, mostly entire ; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-ichite , varying to yellowish, purple or red. — A.tl. Prov. and north' ward, 3. C. Sessiliflo'ra, Pursh. Calyx more deeply cleft in front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft. Loaves mostly 3-5' cleft, the floral ones similar, and not coloured. — N.W. 4. C. minia'ta, — Dougl. Calyx about eij[ually clef t before and behind, the lobes 2-cleft. Corolla over an inch long, thn upper lip linear, longei than the tube. Leaves lanceolate or linear, entire, the floval ones usually bright red. — N.W. 13. ORrHO€ARP'ljS, Nutt. 0. lu'teus, Nutt. Stem about 1 foot high, pubescent sometimes viscid. Lea\es linear to lanceolate, somc^time". 3-cleft. Bracts not colo.ired. — N.W. 14. EIFHKASIA, Tourn. Eyebkight. E. Offleina'lis, L., is rather common on the Lower St. Lawrence and the sea-coast. Flowers white, with purplo veins. Lowest leaves crenate, those next the -Row am bristly- toothed. ■ ■:|i 158 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Var. Tartar'iea, Benth., has pale purple flowers 15. BART'SIA, L. B. Odonti'tes, Huds. Stem branching, scabrous-pubea- cent. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate. — A tl. sea-coast. 16. RHINAN'THIIS, L. Ykllow-Rattle. R. Crista-galli, lu (Common Yellow-Eattle.) Locali- ties much the same as those of Euphrasia. Seeds broadly winged, rattling in the inflated calyx when ripe. IT. PED1€1jXA'RI», Tourn. Louskwort. 1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Bet- ONY.) Stems clustered, simple, hairy. Lowest leaves pin- nately-parted. Flowers in a short spike. — Copses and banks. 2. P, lanceola'ta, Michx., has a nearly simple, smooth, upright stem, and oblong-lanceolate cut-toothed leaves. Calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested. Pod ovate. — Grassy swamps. 3. P. Furbish'iSB, Watson. Leaves pinnately-parted, and the short oblong divisions pinnately cut, or (in the upper) serrate. Calyx-lobes 5. Upper lip of corolla straight and beakless. — Rive' banks, Atl. Prov. 18. JIliiKLAMPY'Rl'M, Tourn. Cow-Wheat. ' M. America' num, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short- petioled ; the lower ones entire. — Open woods. Order LXI. VERBENA' CE^. (Vervain Family.) Herbs (with us), with opposite leaves, didynamous sta- mens, and corolla either irregularly 5-lobed or 2-lipped. Ovary in Verbena 4-celled (when ripe splitting into 4 nut- lets) and in Phrj'^ma 1-celled, but in no case 4-Iobed, thus distinguishing the plants of this Order from those of thft next. Synopsis of (he ^j^ "* '/ Photograjiiic Sciences Corporation 4^ ^ ss N> ^. o^ 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WIUTIR.N.Y. I45M (71«) •73-4S03 , il^J.._i ■ 162 OOMMOV CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i^ 16. PhyMOHle'gla. Calyx not 2-lippe(l, 5-toothcd or lobcd, thin and nrifmbranaceous, inflatcd-bell-ahapod in fruit. Anther-cells par- allel. Flowers large and showy, rose-colour varieg'ated with pur- ple, opposite, in terminal leafless spikes. 17. Brnnel'Ia. Calyx 2-lip2ml, flat on the upper side, closed in fruit; the tipper lip H-tonthed. the lower 2-cleft. Filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers violet, in a close terminal spike or head, which is very leafy-brarted. 18. tiicatella'ria. Calyx 2-lipped, short, closed in fruit, the lips rounded and entire, the upper with a projection on the hack. Corolla l)hie or violet, the tube elongated and somewhat curved. Anthers of the lower stamensl-celled,of the upper 2-celled. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, or in axillary or terminal 1-sided racemes. 19. Marrn'bliim. Calyx lO-tnothed, the teeth spiny and recurved after floweriiitr. Stamens 1, iticluded in the corolla ttibe. Whitish woolly plants with small white flowers in head-like whorls. 20. daleop'Hls. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth spiny. The middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla inversely lieart shaped, the palate with 2 tectU at the sinuses. Stamens 4, the anthers opening cross-wise. Flowers purplish, in axillary whorls. 21. Starli'yH. Calyx 5-toothed, beset with stiff hairs, the teeth spiny, diverging in fruit. SUxmcns i, the outer pair tur7ieddow7i after discharginy their pollen. Flowers purple, crowded in whorls, these at length forming an interrupted spike. 22. Leonu'ruH. Calyx .'^i-toothed, the teeth spiny, and spreading' when old. The middle lobe of the lower Up of the corolla narrowly o]tlong-oi)ovate, entire. Flowers pale purple, in close whorls in the axils of the cut-lobed leaves. Nut lets sharply 3-angled. 23. l4i'nilnin. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-i)ointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; upper lip arched and narrowed at the base, the middle lobe of the lower lip notched at the apex and narrowed at the base. Herbs \*itli ])urple flowers In few or several whorls or heatls. 24. Ballo'la. C-alyx nearly funnel-form, 10-rlbbed, with a spreading 6-tootlied l)(>rder. Whorls of purplish flowers dense. Anthers eicserted. Plant erect, hairy (but green). 1. TRUTBIUM, I.. GkumandCR. 1. T. Canadense, L. (American Germander. "Wood Saoe.) Stem 1-3 feet high, downy. Loaves ovate-lanceolato, serrate, short- petioled, hoary beneath. Flowers in a long spike. — Low grounds. ■1* LABIAT.E. 1G3 2. T. OCCidenta'le, Or., is loosely pul)escent, and the calyx is villous with viscid hairn. — S. W. Ontario. 2. IgAN'THi;§, Mitlix. False Pennyroyal. I. CSBru'leus, Michx. A low, branching, clammy-pubes- cent annual. Leaves lance-oblong, 3-nervod, nearly entire. Peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered. — riravelly soil. 3. mEN'THA, L. Mint. 1. M. Vir'idis, L. (Spearmint.) Flowers in a narrow terminal spike. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, wrinkled, veiny, unequally serrate, sessile. — Wet i)laces. 2. M. piperi'ta, L. (Peppermint.) Flowers in loose inter- rupted spikes. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, petioled. Plant smooth. — Wet places. 8. M. Canadensis, L. (Wii,d Mint.) Flowers in axil- lary whorled clusters^ the uppei most axils without flowers. Stem more or less hairy, with ovale or lanceolate toothed leaves on short petioles. Var. glabra' ta, Benth. , is smooth- ish, and has a rather pleasanter odour. — Sandy wet places. 4. M. sati'va, L. (Whorled Mint.) Flowers in globular clusters in the axils of leaves ; the uppermost axils not flower- bearing. Leaves petioled, ovate, sharply seirate. Calyx with very slender teeth. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.) 5. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Flowers as in M. sativa, but leaves smaller, obtusely-serrate, and teeth of the calyx short and broader. — Atl. Prov. (Int. from Eu.) 4. LYC'OPUS, L. Watek Horkhound. 1. L. Virgln'icus, L. (Bugle -wkkd.) Cah/x-fett.h •/, hluntiah. Stems obtusely 4-angled, (5-18 inches high, pro- ducing slender runners from the base. Leaves ovate-lanceo- late, toothed, — Moist places. 2. L. Sinua'tUS, Ell. {L. EuropcBUs, var. sinuatus, Cray.) Calyx-teeth 5, sharp- pointed. Stem sharply -l-angled. 1-3 feet high. Loaves varying from cut-toothed to pinnatifld. — Wot places. }'4 1 ' ..-' \>\v. ■ somewhat unequdl lobes. Stamens exser ted ^ unequal. Flow- era bright blue, with a purplish tinge, in racemed clusters. Plant briatly. ! iW i\ i n ■ '%:' 168 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. i>l • * Corolla with 5 scales completely closing the throat. 2. Syvi'phytum. Corolla tubular-funnel-form with short spreading iobes ; scales awl-shajied. Flowers yellowish-white. In nodding raceme-like clusters, the latter often in pairs. Nutlets smooth. Coarse hairy herbs. S. EchlnoHper'inani. Nutlets prirMy on the margin. Ck)rolla salver- shaped, lobes rounded; scales short and blunt. Flowers blue^ small, in leafy -bracted racemes. Plant rough-hairy. 4, CynoKlos'Hnm. Nutlets prickly all over. Corolla funnel-form ; scales blunt. Flowers red-purple or pale blue, in racemes which are naked above, but usually leafy-bracted below. Strong-scented coarse herbs. 5. liyrop'slt*. Corolla funnel-shaped, the scales in the throat bristly. Flowers blue, in leafy raceme-like clusters. Nutlets rough- bristly, as is the whole plant. » * • Corolla open, the scales or folds not sufficient to completely close the throat. ff. Merten'sla. Corolla bell-funnel-shaped, mostly with 5 small glan- dular folds in the open throat. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets smooth or wrinkled. Flowers purplish- blue or white, in l(X)3e and short raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted. Pedicels slender. 1. Onoftnio'dlum. Corolla tubular, thsSlobes acute a>id erect or con- verging. Anthers mucronate ; filaments very short. Style thread- form, much exserted. Flowers greenish- or yellowlsh-whlte. Rather tall stout plants, shaggy with spreading bristly hairs, or rough with short appressed bristles. Nutlets smooth. 8. LithoHper'niain. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, the 6 lobes of the spreading limb rounded. Anthers almost sessile. Root mostly red. ITlowers small and almost white, or large and deep yellow, scattered and spiked and leafy-bracted. Nutlets smooth or tcrinkled. ©. MyoHo'tiii. Corolla salver-shaped, with a very short tube, the lobes convolutein the bud ; scales or appendages of the throat blunt and arching. Flowers blue, in (so-called) racemes without bracts. Low plants, mostly soft-hairy. Nutlets smooth. 1. E'CHIIJM, Tourn. Viper's Buoloss. E. vulga're, L. (Blue-weed.) Stem erect, 2 feet high. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate. Flowers showy, in lateral clusters, the whole forming a long narrow raceme. — Road- sides ; common in eastern Ontario and rapidly spreading westward. . I BORRAGINACEie. 169 ipletely close ». SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. S. Offlcina'le, L. (Common Comfrey.) Stem winged above by the decurrent bases of the leaves, branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate. — Moist soil ; escaped from gardens. «. ECHINOSPEK'MUM, Schwartz. Stickskkd. 1. E.. Lap'pula. Lehm. A very common roadside weed, 1-2 feet high, hispid, branching above. Leaves lanceolate, rough. Nutlets warty on the back, with a double row of prickles on the margin. Pedicels stout, not deflexed. Calyx becoming foliaceous. 2. E. floribun'dum, Lehm. Stem strict, 2 feet high or more, not hispid. Leaves oblong- to Lnear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles. Kacemes numer- ous, rather strict. Pedicels slender, deflexed iu fruit. Nut- lets rough and margined with a close row of flat awl-shaped prickles. — Chiefly N.W. 3. E. Virgfin'leuin, Lehm. (Cynoglosaum Morisoni, DC.) (Bbgoar^s Lice.) Stem 2-4 feet high ; hispid. Lower leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender- petioled ; upper ones tapering at both ends. Eacemes widely spreading. Pedi- cels slender, deflexed in fruit. Nutlets prickly all over. — Open woods and thickets. 4. CYNOtiLOS'SlIM, Tourn. Hound's Tongue. 1. C. offlcina'le, L. (Common Hound's Tongue.) Flowers red-purple. Upper loaves lanceolate, sessile. Stem soft- pubescent. — Nutlets rather flat. — A common weed in fields and along roadsides. 2. C. Virgrin'ieum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Flotcers pale blue. Stem roughish with spreading hairs. Leaves few, lanceolate-oblong, clamping. Racemes corj'mbed, raised on a long, naked peduncle. — Rich woods. 5. lYCOP'SIS, L. BuGLoss. L. aPVen'SiS, L. (Small Buoloss.) Very rough-bristly, 1 foot high. Leaves lanceolate. — Dry or sandy fields, chiefly eastward. I .mm '^1 170 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Ih 6. MERTEN'SIA, Roth. Lungwort. 1. M. paniCUla'ta, Don. Filaments broad and short. Nutlets wrinkled when dry. Plant more or loss hairy, erects loosely branched. — N.W. 2. M. marit'ima, Don. (Sea-Lunowort.) Corolla white, trumpet-shaped, conspicuously 5-lobed, throat crested. Leaves fleshy, glaucous, ovate to spathulate. Stems spread- ing, often decumbent. Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers. Nutlets shining. — Atl. sea-coast. 1. ONOSMO'DIIIM, Michx. False Gromwell. 1. 0. Carolinia'num, DC. Stem stout, 8-4 feet high. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute. Lobes of the corolla ovate- triangular, very hairy outside — Banks of streams. 2. 0. Virgrina'num, DC. Stem slender, 1-2 feet high. Leaves narrowly oblong. Lobes of the corolla lanre-awl- shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. — Banks and hillsides ; not common. 8. LITHOSPER'niimi, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon. * Corolla almost white. Nutlets wrinkled^ gray, 1. L. arven'se, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Stem 6-12 inches high, erect. Leaves lanceolate or linear. — Waste grounds and in wheat-fields. * * Corolla deep yellow. Nutlets smooth and shining. 2. L. hirtum, Lehm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Stem 1-2 feet high, hispid. Stem-leave' lanceolate or linear; those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, ciliate. Flowers peduncled. Corolla woolly at the base inside. — Dry woods. 3. L. canes' cens, Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon. Alkanet.) Stem 6-15 inches high, soft-hairy . Corolla naked at the base inside. Flowers sessile. Limb of the corolla smaller, and the calyx shorter, than in No. 2.— Open woods and plains. 4. L. angUStifO'lium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, somewhat hoary. Leaves all linear. Flow- ers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts : the earlier large and conspicuous, the later small and pale. — N.W. .'.;< HTDROPHYLLACEifE. ITl lla ovate- ••• Corolla greeniah-white or cream -colour. Nutleta smooth and shining, mostly white, 5. L. Offlcina'le, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute. CoroHa exceeding the calyx. — Roadsides and fields. 6. L. latifo'lium, Michx. Loosely branched above. Leaves ovate and ovato-laneoolate, mostly taper- pointed. Corolla shorter than the calyx. — Borders of woods. 9. MYOAO'TIH, L. Forget-me-NOT. 1. M. palUS'tris, Withering. (For(jet-me-not.) Stem ascending from a creeping base, about a foot high, smoothish, loosely branched. Leaves rough-pubeacent. Calyx open in fruit, its lobes much shorter than its tube. Corolla sky- blue, with a yellow eye. Pedicels spreading. — Wet places. 2. M. laxa, Le. m. Stem very slender, decumbent, from thread-like subterranean shoots. Pubescence all appressed. Calyx open in front, its lobes as long as its tube. Corolla paler blue. — Wet places. . 8. M. arven'sis, Hoffm. stem erect or ascending, hirsute. Calyx closing in fruit. Corolla blue, rarely white. Pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx. Racemes naked at the base. — Fields. 4. M. verna, Nutt., differs from the last in having a very small white corolla, pedicels erect in fruit, and the racemes •leafy at the base. The calyx, also, is unequally 5- toothed andTiispid. — Dry hills. ii j! Order LXV. HYDROPHYLLA'CE^. (Waterleaf F.) Herbs, with alternate cut-toothed or lobed leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers very much like those of the last Order, but having a 1-celled ovary with the seeds on the walls {parietal). Style 2-cleft. Flowers mostly in 1-sided cymes which uncoil from the apex. Synopsis or the denera. 1. Hydrophyl'lum. Stamens exserted. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 2. Ellig'la* Stamens included. Calyx enlarged in fruit.— N.W. only. ■'J.T v f if 'J, m 172 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1. HYDROPHYl'LVM, L. Waterleaf. 1. H. Virgrin'icum, L. Corolla bell-shaped, the 5 lobes convolute in the bud ; the tube with 5 folds down the inside, one opposite each lobe. Stamens and style exserted, the fila- ments bearded below. Htem smoothish. Ite&ves pinnatelycleit into 5-7 divisions, the latter ovate-lanceolate, pointed, cut- toothed. Calyx-lobes very narrow^ bristly-ciliate. Flowers white or pale blue. Peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves. Eootstocks scaly- toothed. — Moist woods. 2. H. Canaden'se, L., differs from the last in having the leaves palmately 5-7-lobed, and rounded ; the peduncles shorter than the petioles ; and the calyx-lobes nearly smooth, — Bich woods. 8. H. appendicula'tum, Michx. Stem, pedicels, and calyx hairy. Stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed and rounded, the lowest leaves pinnately divided. Calyx with a small re- flexed appendage in each sinus. Stamens sometimes not exserted. — Bich woods, S. W. Ontario. 8. ELIiIS'14, L. E. Nycte'lea, L. A delicate branching annual, minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy. Leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 narrow sparingly cut-toothed divisions. Peduncles 1-ilowered, solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves. Flowers small, whitish. Capsule pendulous. — N. "W. • Order LXVII. POLEMONIA'CE^. (Polemonium F.) Herbs with regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers, but a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Calyx persistent. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Leaves opposite, entire. 2. Gll'ia. Corolla tubular- funnel-form or salver-shaped, very slender. Leaves alternate, entire. 1. PHLOX, L. Phlox. 1. P. d^Varica'ta, L. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube. Stamens short, unequally inserted. Stem ascending 5i§ ['if 1. f . ,i 'l';i CONVOLVULACE.E. 173 from a prostrate base, somewhat claramy. Leaves oblong- ovate. Flowers lilac or bluish, in a spreading loosely-fl(jwered cyme. Lobes of the corolla vioatty obcordate. — Moist rocky woods. 2. P. pilo'sa., L. Leaves lanceolate or linear, tapering to a sharp point. Lobes of the pink-purple corolla obovate, entire. — Southwestern Ontario. 3. P. SUbula'ta, L. , the Moss Pink of the gardens, has escaped from cultivation in some places. Stem creeping and tufted in broad mats. Flowers mostly rose-colour. — Dry grounds. 4. P. HOOd'ii, Richards, of the North-West, forms broad, dense mats or tufts, 2-1 inches high. Leaves awl-shaped. 2. <;IL'IA, Ruiz and Pav. 6. linea'ris, Gray. {Collo'inialinea'ris^'Nxxtt.) A branch- ing herb with alternate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, sessile and entire leaves. Corolla salver-form, with stamens un- equally inserted in its narrow tube, lilac-purple to nearly white. Ovules solitary. Found on the sands at the mouth of Eel River, Restigouche Co. , N.B. ^ Order LXVIII. CONVOLVULA'CE^. (Convolvulus P.) Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, with alternate leaves and regular flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla 5-plaited or 5-lobed and convolute in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovary 2- celled. SynopniH of the Cicnern. 1. Calyste'gla. Calyx enclosed in 2 large leafy bracts. Corolla fun- nel-form, the border obscurely lobed. Pod 4-8eeded. 2. Convol'valas* Calyx toithout bracts. 3. Cus'cala. Leafless parasitic slender twiners, with yellowish or red- dish stems, attaching tliemseives to tlie baric of other pianta. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens with a fringed appendage at their base. 1. CALYSTE'dlA, E. Br. Bhacted Bindweed. 1. C. Se'pium, R. Br. {Convolvulus sepium, L., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Hedge Bindweed.) Stem nutUly '^n %':• m t '; m 174 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS- IIP twining. Leaves halberd - shaped. Peduncles 4 -angled. Corolla commonly rose-coloured. — Moist banks. 2. G. SpithamSB'a, Pursh. {Convolvulus spithamceus,!!., in Macoun's Catalogue.) 8tem low and simple, upright or ascending, not twining, 6-12 inches high. Leaves oblong, lore or less heart-shaped at the base. Corolla white. — Dry- soil. 2. CONVOL'YVLVS, L. Bindweed. C. arven'SiS, L. (Bindweed.) Stem twining or procum- bent and low. Leaves ovate-oblong, sagittate, the lobes acute. Corolla white, or tinged with red. 3. CUS'CBTA, Tourn. Dodder. 1. C. GronO'vii, Willd. Stems resembling coarse thitads, spreading themselves over herbs and low bushes. Corolla- lobes obtuse, spreading. Capsule globose, abruptly pointed. Flowers in loose panicled cymes. — "Wet shady places. 2. C. arven'siS, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low. Flowers in dense clusters. Capsule dejjressed-globose. Cc- rolla-lobes acute, with inflexed points. Stamen-scales deeply fringed. — Dry ridges, N.W. 3. C. Epirinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low. Flowers sessile in dense scattered heads. Corolla short-cylindrical, hardly exceeding the calyx, per- sistent round the capsule. Stamen-scales short and broad. Capsule globose, circumcissile. — Atl. Prov.; introduced. Order LXVITI. S0LANAXK£. (Nightshade Family.) Rank-scented herbs (or one species shrubby), with colour- less bitter juice, alternate leaves, and regular pentamerou8 and pentandrous flowers, but a 2-celled (in Nicandra 3-5- celled) ovary, with the placentce in the axis. Fruit a many- seeded berry or pod. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Sola'nnm. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, the margins turned ln< ward in the bud. Anthers conniving around the style, the celia opening hy pores at the apex ; filaments very short. The larger leaves often with an occompauyiug smaller cue. Fruit a berry. ' I' !| SOLANACEiE. 175 2. Phyf^'alls. Calyx 5-cleft, enlarging after flowering, becoming at length much inflated, and enclosing the berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form. Anthers separate, opeulnglength- wise. Plant clammy-pubescent. 8. NIcnn'dra. Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow- shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5- celled globular dry berry. A smooth lierb, 2-3 feet high, with pale blue flowers. 4. Ly'viiiiii. Corolla funnel-form or tubular. Fruit u, small berry, the calyx persistent but not inflated. A shru])l)y plant with long drooping branches and greenish-purple flowers on slender ped- uncles fascicled in the axils. 5. Hyoscy'anius. Fruit a pod, the top coming off like a lid. Calyx urn- shaped, 5-lobed, porsifitent. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, the limb 5-lobed, dull-coloured and veiny. Plant clammy-pubescent. 6. Datu'ra. Fruit a large prickly naked pod. Calyx long, 5-angled, not persistent. Corolla very large, funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, with 5 pointed lobes. Stigma 2-lipped. Rank-scented weeds, with the showy flowers in the forks of the branching stems. 7. Nlcotia'na. Fruit a pod, enclosed in the calyx. Calyx tubular-bell- shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla dull greenish-yellow, funnel -form, plaited in the bud. Leaves large. Flowers racemed or panicled. 1. SOLA'^'um, Tourn. Nightshade. 1. S. Dulcama'ra, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem somewhat shrubby and climbing. Leases ovate and heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base. Flowers violet-purple, in small cymes. Berries red. — Near dwellings and in moist grounds. 2. S. nigrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Stem low and spreading, branched. Leaves ovate, ivavy-toothed. Flowers small, white, drooping in umbel-like lateral clusters. Berries black. — Fields and damp grounds. , 8. S. rOStra'tum, Dunal, is a prickh/ herb with large yel- low flowers and sharp anthers. — Ottawa. , 2. PHl'S'ALIS, L. Ground Cherky. 1. P. viSCO'sa, L. {P. Virginiana, Mill, in Macoun's Catalogue.) Corolla greenish-yeUov, brownish in the centre. Anthers yellow. Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, mostly toothed. Berry orange, sticky. — Sandy soil. ^i' '•■8 176 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. P. grandiflo'ra, Hook. Corolla wJiite, large, with a woolly ring in the throat. Anthers tinged with blue or violet. . 3. NICAN'DRA, Adans. Apple of Fkbu. N. physaloi'des, Gaertn. Leaves ovate, sinuate- toothed or angled. Flowers solitary on axillary and terminal ped- uncles. — Escaped from gardens in some places. 4. LVCIUIW, L. Matrimony-Vine. L, VUlga're, Dunal. Common about dwellings. Berry oval, orange-red. 5. HYOSCY'AMIJS, Tourn. HENBANE. H. niger, L. (Black Henbane.) Escaped from gardens in some localities. Corolla dull yellowish, netted with pur- ple veins. Leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed. A strong- scented and poisonous herb. 6. DATIJ'RA, L. Stsamonicm. Thorn-Apple. 1. D, Stramo'nium, L. (Common Thorn-Apple.) Stem green. Corolla wJiite, 3 inches long. Leaves ovate, sinuate- toothed. — Roadsides. 2. D. Tat'ula, L. (Purple T.) Stem purple. Corolla l^oZe violet-purple. 6. NICOTIA'NA, L. TOBACCO. N. ruz'tiea, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Old fields and in gardens. Order LXIX. GENTIANA'CE^. (Gentian Family.) Smooth herbs, distinguished by having a l-celled ovary with seeds on the walls, either in lines or on the whole inner surface. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, and sessile, but in one Genus alternate and compound. Starrieus as many as the lobes of the regular corolla and alternate with them. Stigmas 2. Calyx persistent. Juice colourless and bitter. Synopsis of the €euera* 1. Fra'Ncra. Corolla wheel -shaped, 4-parteu ; a fringed glandular spo^ on each lobe. Flowers light greenish-yellow, with small purple* brown spots. ^ ■■:h GENTIANACEiE. 177 2. Hale'nla* Corolla 4-lobed, the lobes all spurred at the base. Flow- ers yellowish or purplish, somewhat eyinose. 3. CSentla'na. Corolla not spurred, 4-5-lobed, mostly funnel-form or bell-shaped, y:enerally with teeth or folds In the sinusts of the lobes. Stigmas 2, persistent. Pf)d oblong. Seeds innumerable. Flowers showy, in late summer and autumn. 4. Meuyan'thes. A bog-plant. Corolla short, funnel-form, 5-lobed, densely white-bearded on the upper face. Leaves alternate, com- pound, of 3 oval leaflets. The flotvers in a raceme at the summit of a naked scape, white or tinged with pink. 5. Mmnan'themum. An aquatic, with simple roilnd-heart-shaped floating leaves on long petioles. Corolla white, wheel-shaped, 5-parted, bearded at the base only. Flowers in an umbel borne on the petiole. 1. FBA'SEB4, Walt. American Colombo. F. Carolinien'SiS, Walt. Tall and showy. Leaves whorled, mostly in fours. Root thick. Flowers numerous in a pyramidal panicle. — Dry soil. 9. HALE'NIA, Bork. Spurred Gentian. H. deflex'a, Griseb. Stem erect, 9-18 inches high. Leaves 3-5- nerved, those at the base of the stem oblong-spathulate, petioled ; the upper acute and sessile or nearly so. Spurs of the corolla curved. — Not common in Ontario; common on the Lower St. Lawrence. 3'. GE9fTIA'NA, L. GENTIAN. 1. G. crini'ta, Fr^l. (Fringed Gentian.) Corolla fun- nel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes fringed on the margins ; no plaited folds in the sinuses. Flotvers sky-blue, solitary., on long naked stalks, terminating the stem or simple branches. Ovary lanceolate. Leaves lance-shaped or ovate-lanceolate. — Low grounds. 2. G. deton'sa, Fries., {G. serrata, Gunner.) (Smaller Fringed G.) is distinguished from No. 1 by the shorter or almost inconspicuous fringe of the corolla, the linear or lance-linoar leaves, and the broader ovary. — Moist grounds, chiefly in the Niagara District. 8. G. quinqueflo'ra, Lam. (Five-flowered G.) Corolla tubular-funnel-form, pale-blue, no folds in the sinuses. ».^i . ' i . 'i- „..i.: 178 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1 1 « «>!< Caljrx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped. Lobes of the corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. Anthers separate. Stem slender and branching, a foot high, the branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit. — Dry hill-sides. 4. G. puber'ula, Michx. Stems erect or ascending, 8-16 inches high, mimiteJy rough above. Leaves rigid, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1-2 inches long. Flowers mostly clus- tered. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell- funnel-form open bright blue corolla. — High Park, Toronto. 5. G. alba, Muhl. (Whitish G.) Corolla inflated-club- shaped, at length open, .5-lobed, the lobes about twice as long as the toothed appendages in the sinuses. Flowers greenish- white or yellowish, sessile, crowded in a terminal cluster. Anthers usuiiUy cohering. Leaves lance -ovate, with a clasping heart-shaped base. — Low grounds. 6. G. Andrews' 11, Griseb. (Closed G.) Corolla inflated- club-shaped, closed at the mouth, the apparent lobes being really the large fringed-toothed appendages. Flowers blue, in a close sessile terminal cluster. Anthers cohering. Leaves ovate-lanceolate from a narrower base. — Low grounds ; common northward, flowering later than No. 3. 7. G. Amarel'la, L., var. acu'ta, Hook. Corolla some- what funnel- form, mostly blue, its lobes entire, acute, with a fringed crown at their base. Cal3^x-lobes (4-5) lanceolate or linear, foliaceoup — Atl. Prov. chidfly. Var. stricta, "Watson, has stem and branches strict, a whitish corolla, and a less deeply cleft calyx. — N.W. 8. G. linea'ris, Froel., var. latifolia, Gray. Flowers in a terminal cluster with a leaf}' involucre. Corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, with roundish-ovate lobes, and broad appendages. Leaves sessile, oblong-linear to ovate-lanceo- late, smooth. Seeds winged. — Boggy places, Atl. Prov. and northward. 4. MEWAW'THES, tourn. Buckbean. G. trifolia'ta, L. A common plant in bogs and wet places, northward. The bases of the long petioles sheathe ii APOCYNACEiE, ASCLEPIADACEiE. 179 the lower part of the scape, or thick rootstock, from which they spring. Plant about a foot higli. 5. LIM5IA!V'THEM1IN, Gmelin. Floating Heart. L. lacunos'um, (Jriseb. In shallow waters, northern Ontario. Order LXX. APOCYNA'CE^. (DogbaxNe Family.) Herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with milky juice, op- posite simple entire leaves, and regular pentamerous and pentandrous flowers with the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Distinguished by having 2 separate ovaries, but the 2 stigmas united. Calyx free from the ovaries. Anthers converging round the stigmas. Seeds with a tuft of down on the apex. Represented with us only by the Genus APO'CYNIIM, Tourn. Dogbane. 1. A. androssemifo'lium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) The corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, j)ale rose-coloured, the lobes turned back. Branches of the stevi widely forking. Flowers in loose rather spreading cymes. Leaves ovate, petioled. Fruit 2 long and slender diverging pods. — Banks and thickets. 2. A. cannab'inum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Lobes of the greenish-white corolla not turned back. Branches erect. Cymes closer than in No. 1, and the flowers much smaller. — Along streams, very variable. Order LXXI. ASCLEPIADA'CE-S. (Milkweed F.) Herbs with milky juice and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) simple entire leaves. Pods, seeds, and anthers as in the last Order, but the anthers are more closely connected with the stigma, the (reflexed) lobes of the corolla are valvate in the bud, the pollen is in waxy masses, and the {monadelph- ous) short filaments bear 5 curious hooded bodies behind the anthers. Flowers in umbels. Synopsis of tbe Genera. 1. Ascle'pliiH. Corolla reflexed, deeply S-parted, A crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves mostly opposite or whorled. I I ;1 w. k m r wr^ ! ■ ! 1 V: ■ 180 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. Acera'les. Corolla reflexed or merely spreadltif?. Crown as in No. 1, but no incurved horn. Leaves mostly ulternate. 1. ASCLE'PIAS, L. Milkweed. * Flowers greenish, yellowish or white, or merely purplish-tinged. 1. A. Cornu'ti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed.) Stem tall and stout. Leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, pale green, 4-8 inches long. Flowers dull greenish-purple. Pods ovate, soft-spiny, woolly. — Mostly in dry soil ; very common. 2. A. SpOCio'sa, Torr. Finely white- woolly or becoming glabrous, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely woolly. Leaves oval to oblong, slightly cordate. Corolla-lobes pur- plish. Hoods with a long lanceolate appendage at the sum- mit.— N.W. 3. A. phytolaeeoi'deSjPursh. (Poke Milkweed.) Stem tall and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, acute at both ends, short-petioled. Pedicels loose and nodding, very long and slender. Corolla greenish, with the hooded appendage white. Pods minutely downy, but not warty. — Moist thickets. 4. A. OValifo'lia, Decaisne. Low, soft-downy. Leaves ovate to lance-oblong, acute, short-petioled, soft- pubescent beneath. Umbels loosely 10-18-flowered. Pedicel slender. Corolla-lobes greenish-white, slightly tinged with purple outside. — Hoods yellowish, with a small horn, obtuse, entire. —N.W. 5. A. quadrifo'lia, L. stem slender, 1-2 feet high, mostly leafless below, with one or two whorls of four in the middle, and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves. Corolla lobes pale pink ; hoods white. — Not common, but abundant near Toronto. 6. A. verticilla'ta, L., has slender stems and fliforw.- linear leaves with revolute margins, 3-6 in a whorl. Corolla- lobes greenish-white. — S.W. Ontario, and N.W. * * Flowers red. 7. A. inearna'ta, L. (Swamp M.) stem tall, leafy, branching, and smooth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, obscurely heart-shaped at the base. Flowers rose-purple. Pods very smooth and glabrous. — Swamps and low grounds. OLEACE^. 181 1 as in No. * * * Flowers orange. 8. A. tubero'sa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy- root. j Stem very leafy, branching above, rough-hairy. Leaves linear or oblong- lanceolate, chiefly scattered. Corolla greenish -orange, with the hoods bright orange-red. Pods hoary. Dry hill-sides and fields ; almost destitute of milky juice. 3. ACERA'TES, Ell. Green Milkweed. 1. A. Viridiflo'ra, Ell. Stems ascending, 1-2 feet high, minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish. Leaves oval to linear. The compact umbels of greenish flowers nearh'^ sessile, lateral, many-flowered. — Dry soil, from Niagara i'alls westward. Var. lanceola'ta. Gray, has lanceolate leaves. — S.W. Ontario and N.W. Var. linea'ris. Gray, has elongated-linear leaves, and low stems. Umbels often solitary. — N.W. J Order LXXII. OLEA'CE^. (Olive Family.) The only common representative Genus of this Order in Canada is Fraxinus (Ash). The species of this Genus are trees with pinnate leaves, and polygamous or dioecious flowers without petals, and mostly also without a calyx; stamens only 2, with large oblong anthers. Fruit a 1-2- seeded samara. Flowers insignificant, from the axils of the previous year's leaves. FBAX'INIJS, Tourn. Ash. * Leaflets with petioles. 1. F. America'na, L. (White Ash.) Fruit wingedfrovi the apex only, the base cylindrical. Branchlets and petioles smooth and glabrous. Calyx very minute, persistent. Leaf- lets 7-9, stalked. — Rich woods. 2. F. pubes'cens, Lam.,' (Red Ash) has the branchlets and petioles softly pubescent^ and the fruit acute at the base, 2-edged, and gradually expanding into the long wing above. — Same localities as No. 1. I: ,^.\ 182 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. F. Vir'idis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous through- out. Fruit as in No. 2. Leaflets i>-9, bright green both aides. —Western Ontario and N.W., along streams. 4. F. quadrangrula'ta, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branch- lets often square, smooth. Leaflets sharply serrate, green both sides. Fruit narrowly oblong, of the same width at both ends, often notched at the apex, wing-margined. — Lake Erie coast. * * Leaflets sessile. 5. F. sambucifo'lia. Lam. (Black or Water Ash.) Branchlets and petioles smooth. Leaflets 7-9, sesHle, serrate. Fruit winged all round. Calyx wanting, and the flowers consequently naked. — Swamps. III. APET' ALDUS DIVISION. Flowers destitute of corolla, and sometimes also of calyx. Order LXXIII. ARISTOLOCHIA'CE^. (Birthwort F.) Herbs with perfect flowers, the tube of the 3-lobed calyx adherent to the 6-ceUed many-seeded ovary. Leaves heart- shaped or kidney-shaped, on long petioles from a thick rootstock. Stamens 12 or 6. Flowers solitary. Calyx dull- coloured, the lobes valvate in the bud. AS'ABIIHI, Tourn. Wild Ginger. A. Canaden'se, L. Radiating stigmas 6. Leaves only a single pair, kidney-shaped, and ratlier velvety, the peduncle in the fork between the petioles, close to the ground. Eoot- ,stock aromatic. Calyx brown-purple inside, the spreading lobes pointed. — Rich woods. OaDER LXXIV. PIPERACE^. (Pepper Family.) A small family having, with us, but a single representa- tive :— • . ILLECEBRACE/E. 183 I BAIJRII'Brs, L. Lizard's Tail. S. cer'nuUS, L. A swamp herb, with jointed branching stem, 2 feet high. Leaves petioled, heart-shaped, with con- verging ribs. Flowers white, in a dense terminal spike, nodding at the end, each flower with a lanceolate bract. Flowers perfect, but entirely destitute of calyx and corolla. Stamens usually 6 or 7, with long slender white filaments. Carpels 3 or 4, slightly united at the base. "X Order LXXV. PHYTOLACCA' CBLffi, (Pokeweed F.) Herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, resemb- ling in most respects the plants of the next Order, but the ovary is composed of several carpels in a ring, forming a berry in fruit. Only one Genus and one Species. PHYTOLACCA, Tdurn. Pokeweed. P. decan'dra, L. (Common Poke.) Calyx of 5 rounded white sepals. Ovary green, of ten 1-seeded carpels united in a ring. Styles 10, short and separate. Stamens 10. Fruit a crimson or purple 10-seeded berry. Stem very tall and stout, smooth. Flowers in long racemes opposite the leaves. — Sandy soil. I Order LXXV. ILLECEBRA'CE^. (Knotwort Family.) Small diffuse or tufted herbs, with mostly opposite and entire leaves, scarious stipules, and a 4-5-toothed or parted coriaceous persistent calyx. Petals wanting. Stamens perigynous, as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or fewer. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle. ^ PAROMYCH'IA, Tourn. Whitlow-WOBT. P. sessilillO'ra, Nutt. Flowers terminal, sclitary ; sessile. Stems densely matted or tufted, from a .voody root. The dry, silvery stipules 2-cleft. Sepals oblong-linear, concave, awned at the apex. — N. W. prairies. 1- •1' I . i 184 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Order LXXVI. CHENOPODIAXRX. (Goosefoot F.) Homely herbs, with ^ or less succulent leaves (chiefly alternate), and small i^^inish flowers mostly in intbrrupted spikes. Stamens usually as many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, forming an achene or utricle in fruit. Stigmas mostly 2. Syuopsis of the Cienera. 1. Chenopo'dlani. Weeds with (usually) mealy leaves, and very small perfect greenish sessile flowers in small panicled spiked clusters. Calyx 6-cleft, more or less enveloping the fruit, and sometimes be- coming fleshy and berry-like. Stamens mostly 5, filaments slender. 2. Nonol'epl»« A low annual, glabrous or somewhat mealy, with small fleshy leaves. Sepal only 1, bract-like. Stamen 1. Styles 2. Seed vertical, flattened.— N. W. prairies only. 3. Cyclolo'ma* A much-branched coarse herb, with very small scat- tered sessile flowers in open panicles. Flowers perfect or pistillate. Calyx 5-cleft, the concave lobes strongly keeled, at length with a broad and continuous horizontal wing. Stamens 5; styles 3. Seed horizontal, flat. 4. At'iiplex. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate with a regular calyx, in spiked clusters ; the pistillate without a calyx, but with a pair of appressed bracts. 5. Corlsper'mum. Flowers all perfect, single, and sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal. Low herbs, with linear 1-nerved leaves 6. Sallcor'nla. Low saline plants with fleshy leafless jointed stems and opposite branches. Flowers perfect, densely spiked, 3 together sunk in each hollow of the fleshy axis of the spike. Calyx small and bladder-like, with a toothed or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly wing-bordered. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2, united at the base. 7. Suseda. Fleshy saline plants, with alternate terete linear leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts. Calyx 5- parted, very fleshy. Stamens 5, the anthers exserted. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seed horizontal. 8. Sal' sola. A diffusely branching annual, with alternate awl-shaped prickly -pointed leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile, with 2 bractlets. Calyx 5-parted, persistent, its divisions at length horizontally winged on the back. Seed horizontal. • CHENOPODIACEiE. 1. CHENOPO'UIIJM, L. GoosEFooT. Pigweed. 186 * Fruitiny calyx dry. 1. C. album, L. (Lamb's Quarters.) Stem upright, 1-3 feet high. Leaves varying from rhombic-ovate to lanceo- late, more or less toothed, viealy, as are also the dense flower- clusters. — Extremely common in cultivated soil. 2. C. UP'bicum, L. Rather pale and only slightly mealy, 1-3 feet high, branches erect. Leaves triangular, acute, coarsely and sharply many-toothed. Spikes erect, crowded in a long and narrow racemose panicle. — Waste places in towns. 8. C. hy'bridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Bright green. Stem widely branching, 2-4 feet high. Leaves tliin, large, triangular, heart-shaped, sinuate-angled, the angles extended into pointed teeth. Panicles loose, leafless. Plant with a rank unpleasant odour. — Waste places. 4. C. Bot'rys, L. (Jerusalem Oak.) Not mealy, but sticky ; low, spreading, sweet-scented. Leaves deeply sinu- ate, slender- petioled. Racemes in loose divergent corymbs. — Roadsides ; escaped from gardens. 5. C. ambrosioi'des, L. (Mexican Tea.) Not mealy, but sticky. Leaves slightly petioled, wavy-toothed or nearly entire. Spikes densely flowered. — Streets of towns. 6. C. glau'eum, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Somewhat glaucous-mealy, 5-12 inches high, spreading. Leaves sinu- ately pinnatifld-toothed, oblong, obtuse. Clusters small, in axillary spikes. Seed vertical, exserted, with sharp edges. 7. C. Bonus Henri'CUS, L. {BUtum Bonus Henricus, Reichenbach.) (Good-Kino-Henry.) Stout, erect, 1-2 feet high. Leaves broadly triangular-hastate, slightly sinuate or entire. Flowers somewhat densely paniculate-spiked. Seed vertical, exserted, with blunt edges. Not common. * * Fruiting calyx fleshy and often coloured. 8. C. capita' turn, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.) (Strawberry Elite.) Stem ascending, branching. Leaves ■^1^ ■4 ;. ' y ■ i|!'»: i»i' "r ■ 1 18d COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. smooth. The axillary head-like clusters bright red in fruit, and resembling ftraw berries. — Dry soil, margins of woods, etc. 9. C. ru'brum, L. {BUtum maritimuvi, "N"utt.) (CoAsr Blite.) Stem angled, much-branched. Leaves thickish, acuminate, the upper linear-lanceolate. Flower-clusters scattered in axillary leafy spikes. Stamen 1. — ^.W., in saline soil. 9. MONOL'EPIS, Schrad. M. Chenopodioi'des, Moq. B anched from the base. Leaves lanceolate-hastate or sometimes narrowly spathu- late, entire or sparingly sinuate-toothed. Flower-clusters often reddish. — N.W. 3. CYCLOLO'NA, Moquin. Winged Pigweed. C. platyphyl'lum, Moq. Diffuse, 6-15 inches high, light- green or sometimes purple. — S.W. Ontario. 4. AT'RIPLEX, Tourn. OrACHE. 1. A. pat'ulum, L. Erect or diffaee, scurfy, green or rati-er hoary. Leaves varying from triangular or halberd- shaped to lance-linear, petioled. . Var. hasta'tum, Gray, has at least the lower leaves broadly triangular-hastate, often toothed. — Atl. Prov. and N.W. Var. littOPa'le^ Gray, is slender, with leaves linear- lanceolate to linear. — Waste places. 2. A. Nuttal'lii, Watson. A shrubby densely- appressed- sourfy perennial, with oblong-spathulate to narrowly ob- lanceolate entire leaves. — N.W. only. 5. €ORISPER'MV»I, Ant. Juss. Bug-SEED. C. hyssopifo'lium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat. — Sandy beaches, western and south-western Ontario, and N.W. 6. SALICOR'NIA, Tourn. Glasswort. Samphire. 1. S. herba'cea, L. (Samphire.) Flowers perfect, in threes, embedded in hollows on the thickened upper joints, AMARANTACE^. 187 forming an elongated narrow spike. Calyx small and bladder-like, its margin toothed. Stamens 1 or 2. — Salt marshes, Atl. Prov. and N.W. 2. S. mucrona'ta, Bigel., has thick spikes and niucron- ate-pointed scales. Stem turning red when old. — Atl. sea- coast. Sr^E'DA, Forskal. Sea Blite. S. linea'ris, Moq. {Suceda maritima, Gray .) (Sea Bute.) A branching fleshy herb, with alternate, roundish, linear leaves. Flowers perfect, sessile in the axils of leafy bracts on slender branchlets. Sepals very thick. Stamens 6, with anthers exserted. — Atl. Prov. 8. SAIi'SOL4, h Saltttort. S. Ka'li, L. (Saltwort.) Flowers perfect, sessile, with two bractlets, single in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-parted. enclosing the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. A branching plant with alternate, awl-shaped, prickly-pointed leaves. — Sandy sea-shore, and rapidly spreading westward. Order LXXVIl. AMARANTA'CE^. (Amaranth F.) Homely weeds, a good deal like the plants of the last Order, but the flvirer-duster'. are interspersed with dry and chaff-like {sometimes coloured) persistont bracts, usually 3 to each flower. Synopsis of the Ceiiera. 1. Amaran'tiis. Flowers vionKciOi's or polygamous, all with a calyx of 3 or 5 distinct erect sepals. 2. IMonte'lia. Flowers dioscious ; calyx none In the pistillate flowers. 1. AMARAN'TVS, Tourn. Amaranth. 1. A. paniCUla'tUS, L. 'Reddish flowers in terminal and axillary slender spikes, the bracts awn-pointed. — In the neighbourhood of gardens. 2. A. retroflex'US, L. (Pigweed.) Flowers greenish, in spikes, forming a stiff panicle. Leaves a dull green, long- petioled, ovate, wavy-margined. Stem erect. — Common in cultivated soil. .1' ,'.l ■■»! wmm^" y ' ISS COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. A. albus, L. Flowers greenish, in small close axillai;y clusters'. Stem low and spreading. — Koadsides. H. MONTE'LIA, Moquin. M. tamaris'cina, Gray. (Acnida ruscocarpa^ Gray.) A tall smooth herb, with lanceolate or oblong-ovate alternate leaves on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow- ers in interrupted spikes. — "Wet places. Var. COncatena'ta, Gray, (Acnida tuherculata, Moq.) has the flowers in the lower part of the stem in close clusters in the axils of the leaves. Order LXXVIII. POLYGONA'CE^. (Buckwheat F.) Herbs, ivell marked by the stipules of the alternate leaves being in the forvi of membranous sheaths above the usually sivollen joints of the stem (these obsolete in one Genus). Flowers usually perfect. Calyx 4-6-parted. Stamens 4-9, inserted on the base of the calyx. Stigmas 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule rising from the base, forming a little nutlet. SynopHlM of the Cieueru. * Flowers involucrate. Stamens 9. Stipules obsolete. 1. Erlog'onum. Involucre 4-8-toothed, the flowers exserted. Calyx 6-parted, coloured (yellow in ours), enclosing the achene.—N.W. only. * * Flotoers not involucrate. Stamens 4S. 2. Polyg^'onam. Sepals 5 (occasionally 4), often coloured and petal- like, persistent, embracing the 3-angled (or sometimes flattish) nutlet or achene. Flowers In racemes or spikes, or sometimes in the axils. 3. Rn'niex. Sepals 6, the 3 outer ones herbaceous and spreading in fruit, the Sinner (called valves) somewhat petal-like and, after flowering, convergent over the 3-angled achene, often with a grain-like projection 07i the baclc. Stamens fi. Styles 3. Flowers asually in crowded whorls, the latter in panicled racemes. 4. Fagopy'runi. Calyx 5-parte(!, petal-like. Stameus S, toith 8 yellow glands betiteen them. Styles 3. Achenes 3-angled. Flowers wnite, it) panicles. Leaves triangular heart-shaped or halberd-shaped. :ir POLYGONACEiE. 189 1. ERIOG'ONVM, Michx. 1. E. fla'VUm, Nutt. Woolly throughout, a few inches high. Leaves oblanceolate. Umbel of 3-9 rays, on a naked peduncle. Flowers yellow, silky, — N.W. 2. POLYG'ONIJM, L. Knotweed. * Flowers along the stem, inconspicuous, greenish-white, nearly sessile in the axils of the small leaves. Sheaths cut-fringed or torn. 1. P. marit'imum, L. (Coast Ivnotgrass.) Prostrate with stout stems, glaucous. Leaves thick, oval to narrowly oblong. Flowers in the axils of leaves, clustered. Stipules very conspicuous. Stamens 8. Achenes smooth and shin- ing, projecting above the calyx. — Sea-coast. 2. P. avicula're, L. (Knotgrass. Goosegrass.) A weed everywhere in yards and waste places. Stem prostrate and spreading. Stamens chiefly 5. Achene 3-sided, dulh Stigmas 3. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong. Var. erectum, Roth. (P. erectum, L.) is upright and larger, with broader leaves. 3. P. ramosiS'simum, Michx. Erect or ascending, yel- lowish-green. Leaves lanceolate to linear, acute, very smaU above. Sepals mostly 6 ; stamens 3-6. Achene smooth and shining. — Chiefly westward ; sandy places. 4. P. ten'ue, Michx. Stem slender, tipright, sparingly branched, angled. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear, very acute, 3-nerved. Stamens 8. Achene dull black. — Dry roil and rocky places. * * Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, mostly rose-coloured or pinkish, occasionally greeniih, ■*- Leaves not heart-shaped or arrotv-shaped. 5. P. lapathifo'lium, L. Sheaths not fringed, stem nearly smooth, 3-6 feet high. Leaves long, tapering from near the base to a narrow point, rough on the midrib and margins. Spikes oblong to linear and erect or nearly so. Stamens 6. Styles 2, Achene Jlat or hollow-sided. — In muddy places along streams and ponds. n ".*' < I' m 190 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Var. incarna'tum, Watson, has the spikes more slender and elongated, nodding. Var. inca'num, Koch, is 6-12 inches high, with small leaves more or less flocculent-lioary underneath, and short spikes. Chiefly eastward and N. "W. 6. P. Pennsylvan'ieum, L. Sheaths not fringed. Stem 1-3 feet high, the upper branches and the peduncles bristly with Ualked glands. Spikes thick, erect. Stamens 8. Achene flat. — Low open grounds. 7. P. Persica'ria, L. (Lady's Thxjmb.) Sheaths with a somewhat ciliate border. Stem nearly smooth, a foot or more in height. Leaves with a dark blotch on the middle of the upper surface. Spikes dense, erect, on naked peduncles. Stamens 6. Achene flat or 3-angled, according as the stig- mas are 2 or 3. — Very common near dwellings in moist ground. 8. P. amphib'ium, L. ("Water Persioabia.) Spike of flowers dense, oblong, showy, tose-red. Stem floating in shallow water or rooting in soft mud, nearly glabrous. Leaves long-petioled, often floating. Sheaths not bristly- fringed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2. — In shallow water, mostly northward. 9. P. Muhlenberg' 11, "Watson, differs from the last in being rough with appressed hairs all over. — Ditches. 10. P. Hartwright'ii, Gray, is distinguished from P. amphibium by its foliaceous and ciliate sheaths. — Muddy margins of ponds and lakes. 11. P. hydropiperoi'des, Michx. (Mild "Water-Pepper.) Stem slender, 1-3 feet high , in shallow water. Leaves narrow, roughish. Sheaths hairy and fringed with long bristles. Spikes slender, erect, pale rose-coloured or whitish. Stamens 8. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-anglec'. — In shallow water. 12. P. acre, H. B. K. ("Water Smartweed.) Sheaths fringed with bristles. Leaves transparent-dotted. Stem root- lag at the decumbent base, 2-4 feet high, in shallow water or muddy soil. Leaves narrow, taper-pointed. Spikes t>OLYGONACEit:. m slender, erect, pale rose-coloured. Sepals glandular-dotted. Stamens 8. Aoliene 3-angled, shining. — Muddy soil or shallow water. 13. P. Hydrop'ipeP, L. (Common Smartweed or Water- pepper.) Sheaths and leaves as in the last, the leaves, how- ever, larger. Spikes slender, nodding, greenish. Sepals glandular-dotted. Stamens G. Achene dull. — Wet places. 14. P. Virginia'num, L. Calyx greenish, unequally 4- parted. Stamens 5. Styles 2, persistent on the flat achene. Flowers in long and slender naked spikes. Stem upright, nearly smooth. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper- pointed, rough-ciliate. Sheaths hairy and fringed. — Thick- ets, in rich soil. -t- 1- Leaves heart-sJiaped or sagittate. Sheaths much longer on one side than on the other. 15. P. arifo'lium, L., (Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb) with grooved stem, halberd-shaped long-petioled leaves, flowers in short loose racemes, 6 stamens, and a flattish achene, is not uncommon on the Lower St. Lawrence ; rare in Ontario. 16. P. sagitta'tum, L. (Arrow-Leaved Tear-thumb.) Stem 4-angled, the angles beset icith reflexed minute prickles, by which the plant is enabled to climb. Leaves arrow- shaped. Stamens 8. Achenes 3-angled. — Common in low grounds, especially beaver- meadows. 17. P. Convol'VUlus, L. (Bi^vck Bindweed.) Stem twin- ing, not prickly but roughish ; the joints naked. Fl(»wers in loose panicled racemes, 3 of the calyx-lobes rigid in fruit. Leaves heart-shaped and partly halberd-shaped. Not climb- ing so high as the next. — Cultivated grounds and waste places. 18. P. dumetO'rum, L., var. seandens, Gray. (Climb- ing False Buckwheat.) Stem twining high, sviooth ; nheaths naked, 3 of the calyx-lobes winged in fruit. — Moist thickets. 19. P. Cilino'de, Michx. Stem twining, minutely doirny. Sheaths fringed at the base with reflexed bristles. — Sandy pine woods and rocky hills. , - A 192 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 3. B1J91EX, L. Dock. Sorrel. * Herbage not 80ur, nor the leaves halberd-shaped. 1. R. orbicula'tus. Gray. (Great Water Dock.} Grow- ing in marshes. Stem erect, stout, 5-6 feet high. Leaves lanceolate; not wavy-margined or heart-shaped, often over a foot long. Flowers nodding on thread-like pedicels. Valves nearly orbicular, finely net- veined, each with a grain on the back. — Wet places. 2. R. salicifo'lius, Weinmann, (White Dock) may be looked for in marshes on the sea-coast and far northward. The whorls of flowers are dense and form a very conspicu- oup spike, owing to the great size of the grains on the back of the valves. 3. R. verticilla'tus, L. (Swamp Dock.) Leaves lanceo- late or oblong-lanceolate, not wavy, the lowest often heart- shaped. Stem tall. Fruit- bearing pedicels slender, club- shaped, abrubtly reflexed, several times longer than the fruiting calyx. Valves dilated-rhomboid, strongly wrinkled, each bearing a very large grain. — Swamps, common. 4. R. erlspus, L. (Curled Dock.) Leaves with strongly wavy or curly margins, lanceolate. Whorls of flowers in long wand-like racemes. Valves grain-bearing. — Cultivated soil and waste places. 5. R. obtusifo'lius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Lowest leaves oblong heart-shaped, obtuse, only slightly wavy-margined ; the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute. Whorls loose, distinct. Valves somewhat halberd-shaped, deeply toothed at the base, usually one only grain-bearing. — Waste grounds. 6. R, sang'Uin'eUS, L. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, often fiddle-shaped, wavy-margined. Whorls distant, in long slender leafless spikes. Valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire. Veins of the leaf red or green. — Atl. Prov. chiefly. 7. R. marit'imus, L. (Golden Dock.) Low, slightly- pubescent, much branched. Leaves linear-lanceolate, wavy- margined, the lower auricled or heart-?haped at base. Flowers in whorls forming leafy spikes. Valves oblong, LAURACB^. 193 lance-pointed, each bearing 2-3 long bristles on each side, and a large grain on the back. — Sea-shore, Atl. Pro v. * * Herbage sour ; leaves halberd- shaped. 8. R. AcetOSel'la, L. (Field or Sheep Sobrel.) Stem 6-12 inches high. Mowers dioecious, in a terminal naked panicle. — A very common weed in poor soil. 3. FAGOPY'RUM, Tourn. Buckwheat. 1. F. eseulen'tum, Moench. (Buckwheat.) Old fields and copses, remaining after cultivation. Achene smooth and shining. 2. F. Tartar' ieum, Gsertn., has very small flowers, and a dull roughish achene. — Escaped from cultivation in a few places. Order LXXIX. LAURA'CE^. (Laurel Family.) Trees or shrubs with spicy-aromatic bark and leaves, the latter simple (often lobed), alternate and marked with small transparent dots (visible under a lens). Sepals 6, petal-like. Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Stamens in sterile flowers 9, inserted at the base of the calyx. Anthers open- ing by uplifting valves. Ovary in fertile flowers free from the calyx, 1-celled, with a single ovule hanging from the top of the cell. Style and stigma 1. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 1. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. SASSAFRAS. S. Offlcina'le, Nees. A small or moderate-sized tree with yellowish or greenish-yellow twigs and ovate or 3-lobed entire leaves. Flowers greenish- yellow, in naked corymbs, appearing with the leaves in the axils of the latter. Drupe blue, on a reddish pedicel. The 9 stamens in 3 rows, the 8 inner each with a pair of yellow glands at the base of the filament. Anthers 4-ceUed, 4-valved, — Rich Woods, in south- ern and western Ontario. ». LI\'DERA, Thunherg. Wild Allspice. Fevbr-bush. L. Benzo'in, Meisner. (Spioe-bush.) A nearly smooth shrub with oblong-obovate leaves, pale beneath. Flowers Pi r, i » . ■ ■ ^ 194 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 11 honey-yellow in lateral umbel-like clusters, before the leaves. Stamens very much as in Sassafras, but the anthers are 2-celled and 2-valved. Pistillate flowers with 15-18 rudi- ments of stamens. Drupe red. — Dami^> woods, in early spring. Order LXXX. THYMELEA'CEiE. (Mezereum F.) Slyubs with tough leather-like bark and entire leaves. Flowers perfect. Calyx tubular, resembling a corolla, pale yellow. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx (in our species 8). Style thread-like. Stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, free from the calyx. Fruit a berry-like drupe. Only one Species in Canada. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. 1. D. palustris, L. A branching shrub, 2-5 feet high, with curious jointed branchlets and nearly oval leaves on short petioles. Flowers in clusters of 3 or 4, preceding the leaves. Filaments exserted, half of them longer than the others. — Damp woods. 2. Daphne Meze'reum, L. , has escaped from cultivation ill a few places. A low shrub with purple, rose-coloured or whitish flowers, preceding the leaves in early spring. Order LXXXI. EL^AGNA'CEiE. (Oleaster F.) Shrubs with perfect or dioecious flowers, and leaves which are scurfy on the under surface. The calyx-tube in the iextWe ^ovf&rs becomes fieshy and encloses the ovary ^ forming a herry-lihe fruit. Otherwise the plants of this Order are not greatly different from those of the last. Syu'i> Is f the Genera. 1. Elseag'iinH* Flowers ]ierfeci. ''tainens4. Leaves alternate. 2. Shepherd'la. Flowers uioeci .3. Stamens 8. Leaves opposite. 1. EL;EAG'XIJS,Tourn. E. argen'tea, Pursh. (Silver-Berry.) Shrub 6-12 feet high, the young branches covered with rusty scales. Leaves elliptical to lanceolate, silvery-scurfy. Flowers many, SANTALACE.E, EUPHORBIACEiE. 195 deflexed, silvery outside, pale -yellow within, fragrant. — N.W. 2. SHEPHERD' lA, Nutt. Shepherdia. S. Canadensis, Nutt. Calyx in sterile flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8. Calyx in fertile flowers arn-shaped, 4-parted. Berries yellow. Branohlets brown - scurfy. Leaves oppo- site, entire, ovate, green above, silvery-scurfy beneath, the small flowers in their axils. — Gravelly banks of streams and lakes. Order LXXXII. SANTALA'CE^. (Sandalwood P.) Low herbaceous or partly woody plants (with us) with perfect flowers, these greenish-white, in terminal or axillary corymbose clusters. Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 4-5- cleft, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, lined with a 5-lobed disk, the stamens on the edge of the latter between its lobes and opposite the lobes of the calyx, to which the anthers are attached by a tuft of fine hairs. Fruit nut-like, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes. COMAX'DRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax. 1. C. umbella'ta, Nutt. Stem 8-l0 inches high, leafy. Leaves oblong, pale-green, an inch long. Flower-clusters at the summit of the stem. Calyx-tube prolonged and form- ing a neck to the fruit. Style slender. — Dry soil. 2. C. liv'ida, Richardson. Peduncles axillary, slender, several-flowered. Leaves oval, alternate, almost sessile. Fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Boggy barrens near the Atl. coast, and N.W. 8. C. pal'lida, A. DC. Leaves glaucous, linear to nar- rowly lanceolate, acute. Fruit ovoid, sessile or on short stout pedicels. — N.W. l! Order LXXXIIL EUPHORBIA' CE^. (Sptooe F.) Plants with milky juice and monoecious flowers, repre- sented in Canada chiefly by the two following genera ; — 196 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1. EVPHOR'BIA, L. SPCKGf:. Flowers monoecious, the sterile and fertile ones both des- titute of calyx and corolla, but both contained in the same 4-6- lobed cup-shaped involucre which resembles a calyx, and there- fore the whole will probably at first sight be taken for a single flower. Sterile flowers numerous, each of a single naked stamen from the axil of a minute bract. Fertile flower only 1 in each involucre ; ovary 3-lobed, soon pro- truded on a long pedicel ; styles 3, each 2-cleft. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate. * Leaves all similar and opposite, short-petioled, green or blotched with brown above, furnished with scale-like or fringed stipules. Stems spreading or prostrate, much forked. Involucres in terminal or lateral clusters, nr one involucre in each fork, the involucre *nvaH- ablywith 4 {mostlj petal-like) glands in the sinuses. 1. E. polygronifo'lla, L. Leavea entire, oblong-linear, mucronate, verg smooth. Stipules bristly-fringed. Ped- uncles in the forks. Glands of the involucre very small, not petal-like. Pods obtusely angled. — Shores of the Great Lakes, in sandy or gravelly places. 2. E. serpens, H. B. K. Leaves entire, round-ovate, very small, smooth. Stipules membranaceous, triangular. Ped- uncles longer than the petioles, in loose clusters. Glands of the small involucre with minute crenulate appendages. Stems thread-like, prostrate. Pods acutely angled. Seeds smooth. — London and westward, not common. 3. E. glyptOSper'ma, Engel. Leaves serrulate towards the apex, linear-oblong, very unequal at the base. Stipules lanceolate, cut into bristles. Peduncles as long as the peti- oles, in dense lateral clusters. Glands in the small invo- lucre with crenulate appendages. Stems erect-spreading. Pods sharply angled. Seeds sharply 4-angled, with 5 or 6 transverse wrinkles. — Gravelly soil. * * Only the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite. Stems erect. Stipules none. Involucres 5-lobed ; inflorescence ^imbelli- form, in the forks of the branches, and terminal. 4. E. macula'ta, L. Leaves serrulate, oblong-linea^- somewhat pubescent, ivith a brownish blotch in the centre^ very EUPHORBIACEiE. 197 oblique at the base. Peduncles in dense lateral clusters. Glauda of the involucre w ith reddish petal-like attachments. Podn sharply angled. — Boadsides. 5. E. hyperieifo'lia, L. Stem ascending. Leaves ser- rate, often with a red spot or with red margins, oblique at the base, ovate-oblong or oblong-linear. Peduncles in cymes at the ends of the branches. Glands of the involucre with white or occasionally reddish petal-like attachments. Pod smooth, obtusely angled. — Cultivated soil. 6. E. COroUa'ta, L. Conspicuous for the 5 bright-white false lobes of the involucre, resembling petals ; the true lobes very small. — Gravelly or sandy soil. *** Involucres chiefly in terminal umbels, and their glands always without petal-like attachments. Leaves without stipules or blotches, those of the stem alternate or scattered, the floral ones usually of a different shape, and tvhorled or opposite. 7. E. platyphyl'la, L. Umbel 5-rayed. Stem erect, 8-18 inches high. Upper stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, serru- late, the uppermost heart-shaped, the floral ones triangular- ovate and cordate. Pod warty. — Shores of the Great Lakes. 8. E. HeliOSCO'pia, L. Umbel first 5-rayed, then with 3, and finally merely forked. Stem ascending, 6-12 inches high. Leaves all obovate, rounded or notched at the apex, serrate. Pods smooth. — Along the Great Lakes. 9. E. Gyparis'sias, L., with densely clustered stems, and crowded linear stem-leaves (the floral ones round heart- shaped), and a many-rayed umbel, has escaped from gar- dens in some localities. 10. E. Peplus, L., has the umbel 3-rayed, then forking. Glands long-horned. Seeds ash-coloured, 2-grooved on the inner face, and pitted on the back. — ^Bather rare, waste places. 2. ACALY'PIIA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. A. Virgrin'iea, L. Flowers monoecious, both kinds hav- ing a calyx, the staminate 4-parted, the pistillate 3-5- parted ; no involucre. Staminate flowers very small, in spikes, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base, in the axil oi ,^rinkled Mdtli resinous dots on both sides, fragrant. Sterile catkins scattered. Nuts naked. ' i-ill 204 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. bony, and covered with white wax. — Sandy soil near tne coast, Atl. Prov. 2. COMPTO'NIA, Solander. Sweet- 7ern. C. asplenifo'lia, Ait. {Myrica asplenifoliay Endl., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear-lanceolate in outline , deeply pinnatifid, the lobes numerous and rounded. — Dry soil ; especially in Pine barrens. Order LXXXVIII. CUPULIF'ER.^:. (Oak Family.) Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers. Sterile flowers in catkins (but in Beech in small heads) ; the fertile ones solitary or clustered, and furnished with an involucre which forms a scaly cup or a bur surrounding the nut. Synopsis of the Cienera. « 1. Qaer'ciis. Sterile flowers with a calyx including few or several stamens with slender tilameuts. Fertile flowers scattered or some- what clustered, each la a scaly Involucre or cupule. Nut (acorn) rosnded, the base enclosed by the cupule. (Part I., sec. 71.) 2. Castu'nea. Sterile flowers in long slender catkins. Calyx 6-parted. Fertile flowers usually 3 in each Involucre, the latter prickly, forming a bur. Calyx 6-lobed. Stigmas bristle-shaped. Nuts enclosed (mostly 2 or 3 together) In the prickly 4-valved involucre, flattened when there are more than one. S. Fagus. Sterile flowers in a small head on drooping peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped. Fertile flowers in pairs in tlie involucre, which consists of awl-shaped bractlets grown together at the bases. Calyx-lobes awl-shaped. Nuts 8-angled, generally in jmirs in the bur-like 4-valved cupule. Bark close, smooth and light gray. 4. Cer'ylns* Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. No calyx. Stamens 8(withl-celled anthers), a«d 2 small braciie^s under each bract. Fertile flowers in a small scaly head; 1 ovary, surmounted by 2 long red stigmas, under each scale, and accompanied by a pair of bractlets which, in fruit, enlarge and form a leaf -like or tubtdar fringed or toothed involucre closely enveloping each nut. Sterile catkins from the axils of the previous year. Fertile flowers termini' ting the new shoots. 5. Os'trya. Sterile flowers In drooping catkins. Calyx wanting. Stamens several under each bract, but not uccoinjjanied bfj bract- lets. Fertile flowers in short catkins, 2 under each bract, eeata CUPUUFERiE. 205 near tne ovary tipped with 2 long stigmas, and surrounded by a tubular bractlet which, in fruit, becomes a greenish-ichite inflated bag, having the small nut in the bottom. 6. Carpl'nus. Sterile flowers in drooping catkins. Calyx wanting. Stamens several under each bract ; no bractlets. Fertile flowers much asin Ostrya, b!<^ the bractlets surrounding the ovaries are not tubular but ojien, and in fruit become leaf -like, one on each side of the small nut. 1. <|IIER€IIS, L. Oak. * Acorns ripening thefl,rst year, and therefore home on the new shoots. Lobes or teeth of the leaves not bristle-pointed. 1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) A large tree. Leaves (when mature) smooth, bright green above, whitish beneath, obliquely cut into few or several oblong entire lohes. The oblong nut much larger than the saucer-shaped rough cupule. — Rich woods. 2. Q. macrocar'pa, Michx. (Bub Oak. Mossy -cup White Oak.) A medium-sized tree. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth above, pale or downy beneath. Acorn broadly ovoid, half or altogether covered by the deep cup, the upper scales of which taper into bristly points^ making a fringed border. Cup varying greatly in size, often very large. — Rich soil. 3. Q. bi' color, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) A tall tree. Leaves sinuate-toothed, but hardly lobed, tvedge-shaped at the base, downy or hoary beneath, the main veins 6-8 pairs. Cup nearly hemispherical, about half as long as the oblong- ovoid acorn, sometimes with a fringed border. Peduncles in fruit longer than the petiole. — Low grounds. 4. Q. Pri'nus, L. (Chestnut Oak.) A small tree. Leaves minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs, sinu- ate-toothed, acute or obtuse at the base. Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Cup hemispherical ; acorn as in the last. — Lake Erie coast. Var. hu'milis, Marsh, {Q. prinoides, Willd,, in Macoun's Catalogue) is much more abundant with us than the species itself. It has the characters of the species, but 's a shrub, 2-4 feet high. Fruit sessile or nearly so. p I 206 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. H' \\l '■'■' '"' Acorns ripening the second year, and therefore home on the previous year's wood, below the leaves of the season. Lobes or teeth of the leaves bristle-pointed. 5. Q. eoeein'ea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) A large tree. Leaves bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, rounded at the base, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes divergent and sparingly cut-toothed. Bark gray outside, reddish inside. Cup top-shaped or hemispherical, with a more or less conical base, covering half or more of the rather small acorn. Var. tinetO'ria, Gray. {Q. tinctoria. Bartram, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Quercitron. Yellow-marked or Black Oak.) Leaves usually less deeply pinnatifid, slender-petioled, rather rounded at the base, rusty-downy when young, smooth and shining above when mature, often slightly pubescent be- neath, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in autumn, Cup as in the species, but the bark darker and rougher and yellow or orange inside. — Western Ontario ; mostly in dry soil, but occasionally in moist places. Var. ambig'ua. Gray. Leaves closely resembling those of Q. rubra, but the fruit is that of Q. coccinea. — Belleisle Bay, King's Co., N.B. 6. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) A large tree. Leaves moderately pinnatifid, turning dark-red in the autumn. Cup saucer-shaped, sessile or nearly so, very much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. — Rich and poor soil. 7. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak.) A medium-sized tree. Cup flat- saucer-shaped, very much shorter than the ovoid-globose acorn, which is about half an inch long. Leaves deej^ly pinnatifid, with divergent lobes and rounded sinuses. — Niagara district and south-westward. 2, €A8TA'NEA, Tourn. CHESTNUT. C. vesea, L. , var. America' na, Michx. (C. vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC, in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Chestnut.) A large tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely and sharply serrate, acute at the base. Nuts 2 or 3 in each bur. — South-western Ontario. BETULACEiE. 207 3. FAGIJ8, Tourn. Beech. F. ferrugin'ea, Ait. (American Beech.) A very com- mon tree in rich woods, the branches horizontal. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper- pointed, toothed, the very straight veins terminating in the teeth. 4. COK'YLIJS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. Filbert. 1. C. Ameriea'na, Walt. (Wild Hazel-nut.) Leaves, roundish heart-shaped. Involucre spreading out above, leaf- like and cut-toothed. — Chiefly in south-western Ontario; in thickets. 2. C. rostra'ta, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut. f A rather common shrub, easily distinguished from No. 1 by the invo- lucre, which is prolonged into a narrow tube viuch beyond the nut, and is densely bristly-hairy, 5. OS'TRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Ironwood. 0. Virgin'iea, Willd. (Iron-wood.) A slender tree with brownish furrowed bark. Leaves oblong - ovate, taper- pointed, sharply doubly serrate. Fertile catkin like a hop in appearance. Wood very hard and close. — 'Rich woods. 6. CAEPI'NVS, L. Hornbeam. C. Ameriea'na, Michx. (Blue ^.r Water Beech.) Small trees with furrowed trunks and close smooth gray bark. Leaves ovate - oblong, pointed, doubly serrate. — Along streams. Resembling a beech in general aspect, but with inflorescenee like that of Iron- wood. Order LXXXIX. BETULA'CE.ffi!. (Birch Family.) Trees or shrubs with monoecious flowers, both sorts in catkins, 2 or 3 flowers under each scale or bract of the catkin. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but in fruit only 1-celled and 1- seeded. Fruit a small nut. Stigmas 2, long and slender. Twigs and leaves often aromatic. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Bet'ula. Sterlle'catkins long and pendulous, formed durin? summer and expanding the following spring ; each flower consisting of 208 COMMON CANADIAtT WILD PLANTS. one small scale to which is attached 4 short filaments ; 3 flowers under each scale of the catkin. Fertile catkins stout, oblong, the scales or bracts ii-lobed and with 2 or 3 flowers under each ; each flower a naked ovary, becoming a winged nutlet in fruit. Bark easily coming off in sheets. 2. Al 11118. Catkins much as in Betula, but each fertile and sterile flower has a distinct 3-5-parted calyx. Catkins solitary or clus- tered at the ends of leafless branchlets or peduncles. Nutlets wingless or nearly so. i;These two genera are included in Cupuliferae in Macoun's Catalogue.) 1. BET'IJLA, Tourn. Birch. 1. B. lenta, L. (Cherry- Birch. Sweet or Black Birch.) Bark of the trunk dark brown, close, aromatic ; that of the twigs bronze-coloured. "Wood rose-coloured. Leaves ovate, with somewhat heart-shaped base, doubly serrate, pointed, short- petioled. Fruiting catkins sessile, thick, oblong- cylindrical. — Moist woods. 2. B. lu'tea, Michx. (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of the trink yellowish-gray, somewhat silvery, scaling off in thin layers. Leaves hardly at all heart-shaped. Fruiting catkins thicker and shorter than in No. 1. — Moist woods. 3. B. populifo'lia, Ait. (American White Birch. Gray Birch.) Leaves very tremulous on slender petioles, trian- gular, very taper-pointed, nearly truncate at the base, smooth and shining except when young. Bark of trunk white, less separable than in Canoe Birch. — Poor soil, Atl. Prov. 4. B. papyra'eea, Ait. {B. papyri/era, Michx., in Ma- coun's Catalogue.) (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Bark of the trunk white, easily separating in sheets. Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped, long-petioled. Fruiting cat- kins cylindrical, usually hanging on slender peduncles. — Woods. 5. B. pu'mila, L. (Low Birch.) A shrub with brownish bark, not glandular. Leaves ovate or roundish, pale beneath ; veinlets on both surfaces finely reticulated. Cat- kins mostly erect, on short peduncles. — Bogs and low grounds, northward. SALICACEiE. 209 2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 1. A. inca'na, Willd. (Speckled or Hoary Alder.) A shrub or small tree, growing in thickets in low grounds along streams. Leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, whitish beneath. Flowers preceding the leaves in early spring, from clustered catkins formed the previous summer and remaining naked over winter. Fruit wingless. 2. A. vir'idiSj DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) A shrub 3-8 feet high, along mountain streams. Flowers ap- pearing with the leaves, the staminate catkins having remained naked during the winter, the pistillate enclosed in a acaly bud. Fruit with a thin wing. — Northward. Order XC. SALICA'CE^. (Willow Family.) Trees or shrubs with dicpcious flowers, both sorts in cat- kins, one under each scale of the catkin. No calyx. Fruit 1-celled, many -seeded, the seeds furnished with tufts of down. (Part I., section 74, for description of typical flowers.) This Order comprises the Willows and Poplars. Syuopsis of the Genera. 1. Salix. Trees with mostly long and pointed leaves and slender branches. Bracts or scales of the catkins not toothed. Stamens mostly 2 under each bract, but in one or two species as many as 5 or 6. Stigmas short. Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. 2. Pop'ulng. Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped leaves. Bracts of the catkins toothed or cut at the apex. Stamens 8-30, or even more, under each scale. Stigmas long. Catkins long and drooping, preceding the leaves. 1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. * C^Akirtshorne on the ends of the short lateral leafy braiichleta. Scales yellowish, deciduous. Filaments hairy belotv. Trees or large shrubs, with taper-pointed leaves. 1. S. nigra, Marshall. (Black Willow.) A tree with a roughish black bark, growing along streams. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering at each end, serrate, smooth, green on both sides. Stamens 3-6. Ovary short-pedicelled. Sterile catkins long and narrow. 210 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. S. amygdaloi'des, Anders. A tree with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, pale or glaucous beneath, and with long slender petioles. Fertile catkins becoming very loose from the lengthening of the pedicels. Stamens 3-6. — N.W. 3. S. lu'cida, Muhl. (Shining Willow.) A shrub or small bushy tree, growing along streams. Leaves ovate- oblony or narrower, with a long tapering point, shining on both sides, serrate. Stamens most 5. Scales of catkins dentate, hairy at the base. Sterile catkins densely- flowered, showy. 4. S. frag' ills, L. (Crack "Willow.) A tall and hand- some tree. Leaves lanceolate, Ljng- pointed, pale or glauc- ous beneath, 3-6 inches long. Stamens mostly 2, rarely 3-4. Capsule short-pedicelled. — Atl. Prov. 5. S. alba, L., var. essru'lea, Smith. Leaves ashy-gray or ivhite both sides, except when old, lanceolate, long and slender- pointed. Stamens mostly 2. Pods sessile or nearly so. Old leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, dull bluish-green. — Cultivated in many places. 6. S. longifo'lia, Muhl. (Long - leaved Willow.) A shrub or small tree, varying greatly * a size, growing along streams in sandy or gravelly places , and often forming dense clumps. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, taper- ing towards both ends, nearly sessile, serrate with a few spreading teeth, grayish-hairy when young. Stamens 2. * * Catkins lateral or terminal. Scales coloured at the tip, persistent. Stamens 2, thejilaments not hairy. Shrubs or small trees. -t- Ovaries woolly. 7. S. dis' color, Muhl. (Glaucous Willow.) A shrub or small tree, 8-15 feet high, growing in low grounds and along streams. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, irreg- ularly toothed in the middle of the margin, entire at each end, smooth and bright green above, white - glaucous beneath, when young. Stipules moon-shaped, toothed. Catkins sessile, very early in spring before the leaves. Scales very dark and hairy. SALICACEiE. 211 Var, erioceph'ala, Anders., has densely-flcnvered and very silky catkins, and the leaves somewhat pubescent jven when old. 8. S. liV'ida, Wahl. Var. oecidenta'lis, Gray. (S. ros- tra' ta, Rich., in Macoun's Catalogue.) (Livid Willow.) A good-sized shrub, chiefly in moist situations. Leaves oblong or obovate-lanceolate, barely toothed, downy above, very veiny, hairy and glaucous beneath. Stipules somi-lunar, toothed. Ovary at length raised on a very slender stalk Catkins appearing with the leaves. 9. S. hu' mills, Marshall. (Prairie Willow.) A grayish shrub, 3-8 feet high, growing usually in dry or barren places. Leaves oblanceolate, pointed, the lowest obovate, slightly downy above, thickly so beneath. Stipules semi- ovate or moon-shaped, with a few teeth, shorter than the petioles. Catkins ovoid, sessile, before the leaves, naked at the base. Scales dark red or brownish. 10. S. petiola'ris, Smith. (Petioled Willow.) A low shrub on sandy river banks. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, finely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath, smooth above. Catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts at the base. Scales of the fertile catkins acute, very hairy. Ovary tapering, silky, stalked. 11. S. ean'dida, Willd. (Hoary Willow.) A shrub not more than 3 or 4 feet high, growing iu bogs and wet places ; the twigs and leaves clothed with a web-like wool, giving the whole plant a whitish aspect. Leaves lanceolate, nar- row, with, somewhat revolute margins. Stipules small, laneeolate, toothed. Catkins cylindrical. Anthers red. -t- -t- Ovaries glabroics. 12. S. eorda'ta, Muhl. (Heart - leaved Willo ,) A shrub or small tree, growing in wet grounds. Leaves lance- olate, not always heart-shaped, sharply serrate, smooth, green both sides. Catkins cylindrical, rather slender, leafy- bracted at the base, the sterile ones silky. Var. angUSta'ta has long narrow leaves. 111 212 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 13. S. balsamirera, Barratt. A small much-branched shrub. Young twigs shining-chestnut on the sunny side. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually slightly cordate at base, at firs^ very thin and of a reddish colour, at length rigid, dark- green above, and paler and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, slightly serrate, with slender petioles. Sterile catkins very silky, with a few bracts at the base; fertile catkins leaf y-ped uncled, becoming very loose in fruit. Capsules long-pedioelled. — Swamps, Atl. Prov. and north- .vard. 14. S. myptilloi'des, L. Low shrub, 1-3 feet high. Leaves elliptic-obovate, an inch long, entire, smooth, somewhat coriaceous when mature, revolute, reticulated, pale or glau- cous beneath. Fertile catkins loosely few-flowered, on long leafy peduncles. Capsules glabrous, on slender pedicels. — Peat-bogs. 2. POP'IJLIJS, Tourn. Poplar. 1. P. tremuloi'des, Michx. (American Aspen.) A tree with a greenish- white bark, and roundish heart-shaped leaves, continually in a state of agitation, due to the lateral compression of the petiole, and the consequent susceptibility of the leaf to the least motion of the air. Teeth of the leaves small. 2. P. gfrandidenta'ta, Michx., (Large-toothed Aspen) has roundish ovate leaves with large irregular sinuate teeth. 3. P. balsamif era, L. (Balsam Poplar.) A tall tree, growing in swamps and along streams ; the large buds var- nished with resinous matter. Leaves ovate, tapering, finely serrate, whitish beneath. Stamens very numerous. Var. can'dicans, Gray, (Balm of Gilead) has broader and more or less heart-shaped leaves. 4. P. monilif era, Ait. (Cottonwood.) A tree with broad deltoid leaves, slightly heart-shaped, serrate with incurved teeth. Young branches slightly angled, at length round. Fertile catkins very long, the scales cut-fringed, not hairy. — Along the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway. EMPETRACEiE. 213 Ordkb XCI. EMPETRA'CE^. (Crowberry Family). Low shrubby evergreens, resembling heaths as to leaves and general aspect. Flowers dioecious or polygamous Calyx somewhat petal-like or none. Ovary 3-9-celled, berry-like in fruit. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Em'petruni. Flowers scattered and solitary In the axlla. Sepals 3, somewhat petal-like. 2. Core'nia. Flowers in terminal heads. Calyx none. 1. EM'PETKIJIH, Tourn. Crowberry. E. ni'grrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) A slender procum- bent shrub with the foliage and aspect of a heath. Flowers polygamous, inconspicuous in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 3 petal-like sepals. Corolla wanting. Stamens 3. Fruit a blackberry-like drupe. — Atl. Prov. and northward. 2. COKE'NA, Don. Broom-Crowberby. C. Conrad' ii, Torr. (Broom-Crowberry.) Closely resem- bling the preceding. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, col- lected in terminal heads, each in the axil of a scaly bract, having no true calyx, but with 5 or 6 thin, dry braotlets under each. Stamens 3 or 4 with slender filaments. Drupes small, juioeless when ripe. — Atl. Prov. Order XCII. CERATOPHYLLA'CEiG. (Hornwort F.) Represented, with us, by a single species. CEBATOPHYL'LVM, L. Hornwort. C. demer'SUtn, L. An aquatic herb, with whorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary sessile monoecious flowers, without calyx or corolla, but with an 8-12-cleft involucre. Staminate flowers of 12-24 stamens with large sessile anthers. Pistillate flowers of a single 1-celled ovary, forming an achene, beaked with the slender style. Embryo with 4 cotyledons, — Under water in ponds, and slow streams. I 214 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Subclass II. GYM'NOSPERMS. Ovules and seeds naked (not enclosed in a pericarp), and fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Represented in Canada by a single Order. Order XCIII. CONIF'ER^. (Pine Family.) Trees or shrubs with resinous juice and mostly monoecious flowers, these in catkins, except the last Genus (Taxus), in which the fertile flower is solitary and the fruit berry- like. Leaves awl-shaped or needle-shaped. (See Part I., Cap. xvi. , for descriptions of typical plants.) — The Order comprises three well-marked Suborders. Suborder I. ABIETIN'E^. (Pine Family Proper.) Fruit a true cone, the imbricated scales in the axils of bracts. Ovules 2 on the inside of each scale at the base, in fruit coming off with a wing attached to each. Leaves scattered or fascicled. (Parti., Figs. 197, 198.) * Cones not ripening till the second year. 1. Plnns. Leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in a cluster^ evergreen, in the axil of a thin scale. Sterile catkins in spikes at the hases of the new shoots, consisting of many almost sessile anthers spirally inserted on the iixis. Cones more or less woody, the scales widely spreading when ripe. Cotyledons of the embryo several. * * Cones ripening the fir st year. ■*- Cones pendulous, bracts smaller than the scales. 2. Pi'cea. Leaves sessile, keeled on both sides, scattered. 3. Tsn'ga. Leaves petioled, flat, scattered, whitened beneath. -t- •*- Cones erect, the bracts longer than the scales. 4. A'bleH. Leaves linear or needle-shaped, scattered uniformly along the new shoots, evergreen. Sterile catkins in the axils of last year's leaves. Cones with thin scales. 6. Lartxt Leaves needle-shaped, clustered or fascicled on lateral spurs of last year's wood, many in each bundle, falling off in the au- tumn ; those on the new shoots scattered, but deciduous like the rest. CONIFERJE. 215 Suborder IT. CUPRESSIN'E^. (Cypress F.) Fertile flowers of only a fnw scales, these liot in the axils of bracts, formin;:^ in fruit either a very siriall luoso and dx'y cone, or a sort of false berry owing to tlie thickening of the scales. * Flowers monoecious. Frtiit a small loose cone. 6. Ttaaja. Leaves some airl-sltaped, others scnle-Uke, closely imbri- cated on l\\Gflat branches. Catkins ovoid, ternninal. * * Flowers mostly dioecious. Fruit herrii-like, black tvith a bloom. 7. Jiiuip'eriig. Leaves a\vl-shui)ed or scale-like, sometimes of both shapes, evergreen, prickly-pointed, fflaucous-vvliite on the upper surface, and in whorls of 3. or opposite. Suborder III. TAXIN'E^. (Yew Family.) Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule sur- rounded by a disk which becomes pulpy and berry-like in fruit, enclosing the nut-like seed. Berry red. ^ 8. Taxns. Flowers chiefly dioeciou.^. Leaves evergreen, miicrotiate, rigid, scattered.— A low straggling bush, usually in the shade of other evergrreens. 1. PINIIS, Tourn. Pine. 1. P. resino'sa, Ait. (Red Pine.) Leaves in twos, slen- der. Bark rather smooth, redcKsh. — Common northward. 2. P. Banksia'na, Lt^mbert. (Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.) Leaves in twos, about 1 inch long. Cones conical, usually curved, smooth and hard, about one and one-half inches long. — Barren soil, eastward and northward. 3. P. rig'ida, Mill. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves in threes. Scales of the cones tipped with a short stout recurved prickle. — Atl. Prov. 4. P. Stro'bus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves in fives, slender. Bark smooth except on old trees, not reddish. — Common. 2. PI'CEA, Link. Spruce. 1. P. nigra, Link. {Abies nigra, 'Poir.) (Black Spruce.) Leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing in all directions. Cones hanging, persistent, scales with thin edges. — Swamps and cold woods. 2. P. alba, Link. (Abies alba, Michx.) (White Spruce.) * 216 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1 ( 1 ,1 i ji. 1 1 Leaves as in No. 1. Cones hanging, deciduous, the scales with thickish edges. — Swamps and cold woods. 3. TSV'GA, Carri^re. Hemlock. T. Canadensis, Carr. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) (Hem- i^CK Spruce.) Leave* ^a<, lighter beneath, pointing out in two directions, i.e., right and left on each side of the branch, obtuse. Cones hanging, persistent. — Hilly or rocky woods. 4. yk'BIES, Link. FiR. A. balsa'mea. Miller. (Balsam Ji'iR.) Leaves flat, the lower surface whitish and the midrib promiueut, crowded, pointing mostly right and left on the branches. Cones erect on the upper sides of the branches, violet-coloured, the scales slender-pointed. — Damp woods and swamps. 5. liARIX, Tourn. Larch. L. America' na, Michx. (American Larch. Tamarac.) A slender and very graceful tree with soft leaves in fasci- cles, falling off in autumn. — Swamps. 6. THUJA, Tourn. Arbor Vit^. T. OCeic'enta'lis, L. (American Arbor Vit^.) The well- known cedar of cedar-swamps. — Common. T. JITNIP'ERrS, L. Juniper. 1. J. commu'nis, L. (Common Juniper.) A spreading shrub with ascending stems, growing on dry hill-sides. Leaves in whorls of 3, whitish above, prickly pointed. 2. J. V.^rginia'na, L. (Red Cedar.) A shrub or small tree with mostly opposite Laves of two forms, viz. : awl- shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and appressed. Fruit small, erect. Wood red and odorous. — Dry sterile soil. 3. J. Sabi'na, L., var. piOCUmbens, Pursh. A procum- bent or creeping shrub with two sorts of leaves, awl-shaped and scale-shaped, the latter acute. Fruit on short recurved peduncles. — Eocky banks and margins of swamps. 8. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. T. bacca'ta, L., var. Canadensis, Gray. (American Yew. (t! round Hemlock.) A low straggling shrub. Leaves, green on both sides. Berry globular, red. ARACEiE. 217 E.) Thewell- Class II. MONOCOTYLE'DONS. For characters of the Class see Part I., chap. xv. I. SPADIO'EOUS DIVISION. Flowers aggregated on a spadix (Part I., sec. 94), with or without a spathe, or sheathing bract. Order XCIV. ARA'CE^. (Arum Family.) Herbs with pungent juice and simple or compound leaves, these sometimes net-veined and hence suggesting that the plants may be Dicotyledons. Spadix usually accompanied by a spathe. Flowers either without a perianth of any kind, or with 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Synopsis of the Cieuera. * Leaves not linear. Flotoers ivithout perianth of any sort. Spadix accompanied by a spathe. 1. ArlsaB'nin. Flowers mostly dioecious, collected on the lower part of the spadix only. Spathe (in our common species) arched over the spadix. Scape from a solid bulb. Leaves compound, net-veined, sheathing the scape below with their petioles. Berries bright red. 2. Peltaii'dra* Flowers monoecious, covering tlie whole spadix; anthers above, ovaries below. Spathe convolute throughout, wavy on the margin, mostly green. Leaves arrow-shaped. Scapes from a root of thick fibres. Fruit a fleshy green berry, 1-2 seeded. 3. Calla. Flowers (at least the lower one3) 2yerfect, covering the whole sptuiix. Spathe open and spreading, witli a white upper surface, tipped with an abrupt point. Scape from a creeping rootstock. Leaves not net-veined, simple, lieart-shaped. * * Leaves not linear. Flowers with a perianth of 4 sepals. Spadix suri'ounded by a sj)azhe. 4. Symplocar'piis. Leaves all radical, very large and veiny, appear- ing after the spathes, wliic'h are close to the ground and are ,jro- duced very early in spring. FlowtM'S perfect, their ovaries im- mersed in the spadix, the latter globular and surrounded by the shell-shaped spathe. Sepals hoodi'd. Stamens 1. Fruit consist- ing of the soft enlarged spadix in which the seeds are sunk. 218 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. * * * Leaves linear, sword-shaped. Spadix on the side of the scape. Flowers with a perianth of 6 sepals. No iipathe. 6. Ac'ortts. Scape 2-edged, resembling- the leaves, the cylindrical spa- dix borne on one edge. Sepals hollowed, itamens 6. 1. ARISiG'MA, Martins. Indian Turnip. 1. A. triphyl'lum, Torr. (Tndian Turnip.) For full description and engraving of this plant see Part I., sections 94-97. 2. A. Dracon'tium, Schott. , (Green Dragon) is reported from low grounds near London, Ont. Leaf usually solitary, pedately divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets. Spathe convolute, pointed ; the slender point of the spadix extending beyond it. 2, PELT AX' OR A, Raf. Arrow Arum. P. undula'ta, Raf. (P. Virginica of most authorj.) Root of thick tufted fibres. Scape 12-18 inclies high. Staminate part of the spadix much longer than the pistillate. — Shallow water ; apparently rare. 3. CALL A, L. Water Arum. C. palustris, L. (Marsh Calla.) This plant is fully described and illustrated in Part I., section 98. 4. SYMPLOCAR'PIJS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. S. fOB'tidUS, Salisb. Leaves 1-2 feet long, ovate or heart- shaped, short-petioled. Spathe purplish and yellowish, incurved. Plant with skunk-like odour. — Bogs and wet places ; not common northward. 5, AC'ORIJS, L. Sweet Flag. Calamus. A. Caramus, L. Scape much prolonged beyond the spa- dix. — Swamps and wet places. Order XCV. LEMNA'CEiE. (Duckweed Family.) Very small plants floating about freely on the surface of ponds and ditches, consisting merely of a little frond, com- monly' with a single root or a tuft of roots from the lower surface, and producing minute monoecious flowers from a TYPHACEiE. 219 cleft in the edge of the frond, or from the upper surface. Fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle. The flowers are rarely to be seen. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Lem'na. Flowers from a cleft in the edge of the frond, usually 2 of a single stamen each, and 1 of a simple pistil, the three surrounded by a spathe. Roots several or only one. 2. Wolff' la. Flowers from the centre of the upper surface of the frond, only 2 ; one of a sin{?le stamen, the other of a simple pistil. Roots none. The smallest of flowering plants. I. f.EMNA, L. Duckweed. 1. L. polyrrhi'za, L. (Spirodela pohjrrhiza, Schleiden.) l^'ronds round-obovate, green above, purplish beneath, mostly 7-nerved. Rootlets several. — Common in ponds and pools. 2. L. trisul'ea, L. Fronds oblong to oblong-lanceolate, half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into a slender stalk, denticulate at the tip, obscurely 3-nerved. Rootlet single^ oi^en wanting. — Ponds and springy places. 3. L. minor, L. Fronds round to elliptic-obovate, very small. Rootlet single. — Stagnant waters. 2. WOLFF'IA, Horkel. 1. W. Columbia' na, Karsten. Globular or nearly so, light green all over, not dotted. — Stagnant waters, usually rather below the surface. 2. W. Brasilien'sis, Weddell. Oblong, deep green above, pale below, dotted all over with brown. — With the last, but floating. Order XCVI. TYPHA'CE^. (Cat-tail Family.) Aquatic or marsh herbs with linear sword-shaped leaves, erect or floating, and monoecious flowers, either in separate heads or on different parts of the same spike or spadix, but without a spathe, and destitute of true floral envelopes. Fruit an achene, 1-seeded HyuoiiHiti of the cious, Lhe two kinds naked and sessile, arranged alternately in 2 vortical rows on the inner side of a lc:it- like enclosed spadix. Sterile flowers of sinj,^le sessile l-celU'd anthers ; the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries. Stigmas 2, bristle-form, deciduous. 1. POTAHOGE'TON, Tourn. PuNDWEEn. * Leaves of 2 sorts, the floating ones icith a dilated )>t;tioled blade, differ- ent in form from the submeryed. ones, 1. P. natans, L. Submerged leaves grass-like or capillary ; upper stipules very long, acute. Spikes cylindrical, all out of the water. Stem hardly branched. Floating leaves long- petioled, elliptical, with a somewhat heart-shaped base, with a blunt apex, 21-29-nerved. 2. P. Clayto'nii, Tuckerman. Stem compressed. Sub- merged leaves linear, 2-5 inches long, 2-ranked, 5-nerved ; stipules obtuse. Floating leaves short- pet ioled, chiefly oppo- site, oblong, 11-17-nerved. SjHkes all above water. 3. P. Spiril'lus, Tuckerman. Stems very shinder. Float- ing leaves when present oval to lanceolate, about as long as 222 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. the petiole ; submerged leaves narrowly linear, or the upper ones broad-linear, or lance-oblong. Emersed flowers in many-flowered spikes ; submersed flowers usually solitary. Fruit either winged and 4-5- toothed, or wingless and entire. 4. P. rufes'cens, Schrad. Stem simple. Submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong ; floating leaves (often wanting) wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 11-17-nerved. Spike dense, many-flowered. Fruit obovate, lenticular, with acute margin, and pointed with the long style. 5. P. flu'itans, Eoth. (P. lonchites, Tuckerm.) Stem often branching below. Submersed leaves very long, lance- olate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved ; floating leaves lance- oblong, or oblong-elliptical, long-petioled, 17-23- nerved. Spike dense. Fruit obliquely obovate, 3-keeled when dry, the middle one winged above. — In streams mostly. 6. P. amplifo'IiUS, Tuckerman. Submersed leaves large, lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, recurved, wavy ; stipules long and tapering. Floating leaves large, oblong or lance-ovate, or slightly cordate, long-petioled, 30-50- nerved. 7. P. heterophyl'lUS, Schreb. (P. gramineus, Fries.) Stem slender, very much branched below. Submersed leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, 3-7- nerved, upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; floating leaves variable, with short blunt points, 9-15-nerved. Stipules obtuse. . , 8. P. Ziz'ii, Mert. and Koch. (P. lucens, var. minor, Nolte.) Much branched at the base. Upper leaves long- petioled and sometimes emersed, the others nearly sessile, all usually numerous, wavy and shining. Resembling the next species, but smaller. * * Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, membranaceous and dilated. Stipules obtuse, becoming loose. 9. P. lucens, L. Stem thick, branching. Leaves petioled oval or lanceolate, mucronate, frequently shining. Fruit roundish, compressed, with blunt edges, slightly keeled. NAIADACEiE. 223 ranaceous 10. P. prSBlon'gUS, Walfen. Stem very long and branch- ing. Leaves all submersed and similar, lanceolate, half- clasping, with a boat-shaped cavity at the end. Spikes loose-flowered with very long peduncles. Fruit sharply keeled when dry. Stem white. — Ponds and large rivers. 11. P. perfolia'tUS, L. Leaves all submersed, varying in width from orbicular to lanceolate, clasping by a heart- shaped base. Stem branching. Var. lanceola'tUS, Bobbins, has long-lanceolate acum- inate leaves. Peduncles thickened upward. * * * Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly sessile, linear or bristle- like. 12. P. COmpreSSUS, Fries. (P. zostercefolius , Schum., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves linear, grass-like, sessile, abruptly pointed, with three large nerves and many fine ones. Stem branching, wing-flattened. Stipules iree from the sheathing base of the leaf. Spikes cylindrical. 13. P. pauciflo'rus, Pursh. Stem filiform, flattish and much branched. Leaves narrowly-linear, acute, obscurely 3-nerved. Spikes capitate. 14. P. pusil'lus, L. Stem slender, somewhat flattish, often much branched. Leaves narrate- or setaceous-linear, 1-8-nerved, with translucent glands on each side at the base. 15. P. mUCronat'US, Schrad. Like the last, but the stem less branching, and the leaves iroader* (nearly an inch wide), often 5-nerved. 16. P. pectina'tUS, L. Leaves bristle-shaped. Stem repeatedly forking, filiform. Spikes interrupted, on long slender peduncles. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf. 17. P. Robbin'Sii, Oakes. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, crowded in 2 ranks, recurved, serrulate, many- nerved. Stems rigid with numerous branches. Fruit keeled with a broadish wing. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf. *]|^ 4k mm ■i 1 224 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. NAl'AS, L. Naiad. N. flex'ilis, Rostk. and Schmidt. Stems very slender* Leaves very narrowly linear, minutely serrulate. 3. ZANNICHEL'LIA, Micheli. Horned Pondweed. Z. palUS'tris, L. Fruit obliquely oblong, flattish and somewhat incurved. Style half as long as the nutlet. 4. ZOSTE'RA, L. Eei.-grass. Grass- wrack. Z. mari'na, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5 nerved. — AtL Sea- coast, I^ shoal water. II. PETALOI'DEOUS DIVISION. Flowers with a perianth coloured like a corolla. Order XC VIII. ALISMA'CE^. (Water Plantain F.) Marsh herbs, with flowers having 3 distinct sepals and 3 distinct petals, pistils either apocarpous or separating at maturity into distinct carpels, and hypogynous stamens 6- many. Flowers on scapes or scape-like stems. Leaves sheathing at the base either rush-like or, when broad, mostly heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Synopsis of the Clenera* * Calyx and corolla both greenish. Carpels more or less united^ dttf^ spreading at maturity. Leaves rush-like and fleshy, or grass-like. 1. TriiElo'cbin* Flowers small, in a spike or close raceme, without bracts. Carpels united to the top ; when ripe, splitting away from a central persistent axis. 2. Scheachze'ria. A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstocK, and grass-lilie leaves. Stamens 6. Carpels 3, globular, nearly distinct. (These two genera are included in Naiadaceae in Macoun's Catalogue.) ** Calyx green, persistent. Corolla white. Pistil apocarpous, fjeaves loith distinct blades and petioles. S Alls' nia. Flowers perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels numerous, in a ring'. Leaves all radical. Scapes with whorlett jpunicle^. branches. . ■ ■ . , I'j ALISMACEiE. 225 4. Saieltta'rla* Mowers moncecious, aometimes dioecious. Stamens numerous. Carpels numerous, in more or less glolmlar heads. Leaves arrow-shaped, hut varyiuf? greatly. Flowors mostly in whorla of 3 on the scapes, the sterile ones uppermost. 1. TRIGLO'CHIN, L. Aruow GRASS. 1. T. palus'tre, L. A slender rush-like plant, 6-18 inches high, found growing in bogs northward. Carpels 3, awl- pointed at the base, splitting away from below upwards. Spike or raceme slender, 3 or 4 inches long. 2. T. marit'imum, L. The whole plant is stouter than No. 1, and the carpels are usually 6 in number. — Atl. sea- coast, and saline marshes. 2. SCHEIJCHZE'RIA, L. Scheuchzeria. S. palustris, L. stem zigzag. Flowers in a loose tc : ■ .inal raceme, with sheathing bracts. — Bogs. 3. ALIS'MA, L. Water- Plantain. A. Planta'gO, L., -^ar. America' num, Gray. Leaves long-petioled, mostly oblong-heart-shaped, but often nar- rower, 3-9-nerved or ribbed, and with cross veinlets between the ribs. Flowers small, white, in a large and loose com- pound panicle. — Low and marshy places, often growing in the water. 4, SAGITTA'RIA, L. Arrow-head. * Filaments narrow, as long as the anthers. 1. S. varia'bilis, Engelm. Very variable in size and in the shape of the leaves. Scape angled. — Common every- where in shallow water. Var. ObtUSa, Engelm., is dioecious, and has large obtuse leaves. Var. latifolia, Engelm., is monoecioud, with large broad acute leaves. Var. angUStifo'lia, Engelm., has narrow leaves, with long and linear diverging lobes. * * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base. 2. S. heterophyl'la, Pursh. Scape weak and at length procumbent. Leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. 226 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. r. 3. S. gVSiinin' eSif Michx. Scape very slender, erect. Leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear, scarcely ever sagittate. 4. S. calyei'na, Engelm., var. spongiOSa, Engelm. Scape weak, and at length usually procumbent. Fertile flowers perfect. Leaves broadly halberd-shaped with wide- spreading lobes. Submerged leaves without blades. — Atl. Prov. Order XCIX. HYDROCHARIDA'CEiE. (Frog's-bit F.) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamo-dioecious flow- ers on scape-like peduncles from a kind of spathe of one or two leaves, the perianth in the fertile f owers of 6 pieces united below into a tube which is adherent to the ovary. Stigmas 3. Fruit ripening under water. Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Elode'a. Growing under water, the pistillate flowers alone coming to the surface. Stem leafy and branching. Perianth of the fertile flowers with a 6-lobed spreading limb, the tube prolonged to an extraordinary length, thread-like. Leaves crowded, pellucid, 1- nerved, sessile, whorled In threes or fours. Stamens 3-9. 2. Yalllsne'ria. Nothing but the pistillate flowers above the surface, these on scapes of great length, and after fertilization drawn below the surface by the spiral coiling of the scapes. Tube of the perianth not prolonged. Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon- like. (In both genera the staminate flowers break off spontaneously and float on the surface around the pistillate ones, shedding their pollen upon them.) ELOH>E'A, Michx. Water-weed. E. Canadensis, Michx. (Anach'aris Canadensis, Plan- chon.) — Common in slow waters. 9. YALLISNE'KIA, L. TAPEV-aBASS. EEL-GRASS. V. spira'lis, L. Leaves 1-2 feet long. — Common in slow waters. Order C. ORCHIDAXEiE. (Orchis Family.) Herbs, well marked by the peculiar arrangement of the stamens, these being gpnandrous, that is, borne on oradher- l! !l ORCHIDACEJE. 227 ent to the stigma or stylo. There is also usually but a single stamen, of two rather widely separated anthers, but in the last genus of the following list there are 2 distinct stamens, with the rudiment of a third at the back of the stigma. As explained in Part I., sections 90-93, the Orchids as a rule require the aid of insects to convey the pollinia, or pollen-masses, to the stigma, but occasionally it happens that when the anther-cells burst open the pollinia fall for- ward and dangle in front of the viscid stigma beneath, being sooner or later driven against it either by the wind or by the head of some insects in pursuit of honey. In all cases where the student meets with an Orchid in flower, he should, by experiment, endeavour to make himself acquainted with the method of its fertilization. The Orchis family is a very large one, there being prob- ably as many as 3,000 different species, but the greater number are natives of tropical regions. Many of them are epiphytes, or air-plants, deriving their support chiefly from the moisture of the air, through their long aerial roots which never reach the ground. The perianth in many species, and particularly the labellum^ or lip, assumes the most fantastic shapes, making the plants great favourites for hot-house cultivation. In Canada the representatives of this great Order, though not very numerous, are among the most interesting and beautiful of our wild flowers. They are, as a rule, bog-plants, and will be found in flower in early summer. Synopsis of the Genera. * Anther only one, hut of 2 cells, these separated in the first genus. -»- Lip with a spur underneath. Anther on the face of the stigmo.. 1. Orchis. The 3 sepals and 2 of the petals erect and ari'hinj? over the centre of the flower ; the lip turned down. The 2 glands or viscid disks of the base of the pollen-masses enclosed in a little pouch just over the concave stigma. Leaves 2, large. Flowers few, in a spike. 2. Habena'rla. The lateral sepals usually spreading. The glands or viscid disks of the pollen-masses not enclosed in a covering. Flowers in spikes. ...jtf 228 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 1 ! i ■ 1 li: V i 1; ■H ■*- -f Lip without a spur. Anther on the back of the column. ^ ** Flowers small, white, in a slender sjnke. 3. Splran'thcs. Spike (of white or whitigh flowers) more or less spir- ally twisted. Sepals and petals narrow and generally connivent. Lip oblong, the lower part embracing the column, and ivith a pro- tuberance on each side of the base. 4. Goodye'ra. Flowers very much as in Spiranthes, but the lip sac- shaped, and without protuberance at the base. Leaves white- veiny, in a tuft at the base of the scape. ♦♦ ♦♦ Flowers racemose, varying from greenish-yelloto to purple. Stem very leafy. 5. Epipac'tls. Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, leafy. Leaves broadly ovate, the upper narrower. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading. Lip deeply concave at the base, constricted and somewhat joined in the middle, dilated and petaloid above. Anther sessile behind the stigma, on a slender-jointed base. Ovaries reflexed at ma- turity. •«- -^ -^ Lip without a spur Anther on the apex of the style, hinged like a lid. ♦* Pollen-masses 2 or 4, potodery or pulpy, without stalk or gland. 6. Lis'tera. Flowers small, greenish or brownish-purple, in a spike or raceme. Stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile roundish leaves near the middle. Lip flat, mostly drooping, 2-lobed at the apex. 7. Calopo'gon. Ovary not twisted, thelip consequently ttirned towards the stem. Flowers large, pink-purple, 2-6 at the summit of the scape ; the lip spreading at the outer end, and beautifully bearded above with coloured hairs. Leaf grass-like, only one. Pollen- masses 4. , 8. Arethii'sa. Flower solitary, large, rose-purple. Lip dilated, re- curved, spreading at the end. Sepals and petals lanceolate, nearly alike, arching over the column. Pollen-masses 4. Scape low, sheathed, from a globular solid bulb, with a single linear-nerved leaf hidden in the sheaths of the scape. 9. Pogo'nta. Flower solitary, irregular, large, sweet-scented, pale rose-colour or white. Column club-shaped. Lip crested and fringed. Pollen-masses 2. Stem 6-9 inches high, with a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle, and a smaller one, or bract, near the flower. ♦+ ♦♦ Pollen-masses 4, smooth and waxy, attached directly to a large gland : no stalks. 10. Calyp'so. Flower solitary, large, showy, variegated with purple, pink, and yellow. Lip large, inflated, sac-shaped, 2-pointed under the apex. Scape short, from a solid bulb, with a single ovate or slightly heart-shaped leaf below. or less spir- r connivent. with a pro- the lip sac- saves white- irple. Stem oadly ovate, I, spreading, what joined issile behind lexed at ma- !, hinged like or gland. in a spilte or ndish leaves it the apex, t "tied toivards mmit of the ully bearded ne. Pollen- dilated, re- olate, nearly Scape low, near-nerved rented, pale crested and '^ith a single aller one, or y to a large ivith purple, )inted under gle ovate or ORCIIIDACEiE. 229 11 13 ♦♦♦*♦* Pollen-maasea 4: no stalks or glands. MlcroH'tyllH. Small herbs from solid bulbs ; the scape bearing a single leaf and a raceme of minute greenish flowers. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth at the top, and the anther between them. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. LIp'arlH. Small hcr))s from solid bulbs; the low scape bearing 2 radical leaves and a raceme of a few greenish flowers. Column elongated. Incurved, margined at the apex. Petals threadlike or linear, spreading. Anther lid-like. Corallorhl'za. Brownish or yellowish platits, with the small dull flowers in spikes or scapes which are leafless or have mere sheaths instead of leaves. Rootstocks branching and coral-like. Peri- anth gibbons or slijhtiy spurred below. Lip with 2 ridges on the inner part of the fiice. 14. Aplec'trnni. Somewhat like the last, but the perianth is not gib- bous beloiv, and the rootstock, instead of being coral-like, is slen- der, and produces each year a solid bulb or corm. Lip with 3 ridges on the palate. Scape with 3 greenish sheaths below. ** Anthers 2, owe on each aide of the stigma, and a triangtdar body, tvhich is the ru(li,netit of a third, at the back of the stigma. Pollen loose and poicdery or pulpy. 15. Cyprlpe'laces. le spirally- pe. Leaves or oblong, barrens. \IN. ided spike. h. Leaves s. — Woods, lant rather igly white- •th-western y than the stigma into ardly, if at he bank of 6. LIS'TERA, R. Br. Twayblade. 1. L. eOPda'ta, R. Br. Racemes crowded ; pedicels not longer than the ovary. Lip linear, 2-cleft. Column very short. — Damp cold woods. 2. L. COnvallarioi'des, Nutt. Racemes loose and slender; pedicels longer than the ovary. Lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed. Column longer than the last. — Damp thickets. « 1. €ALOPO'GON, R. Br. Calopogon. C. pulehel'lus, R. Br. Leaf linear. Scape a foot high. Flowers an inch across. — Bogs. 8. ARETHIJ'SA, Gronov. Arethusa. A. bulbO'Sa, L. A beautiful little bog-plant, bearing a single large flower (rarely 2), with the lip bearded-crested on the face. 9. rOGO'NIA, Juas. PoGONlA. P. OphioglOSSOi'des, Nutt. A bog-plant. Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike. Root of thick fibres. 10, CALYP'SO, Salisb. Calypso. C. borea'lis, Salisb. A beautiful little plant growing in mossy bogs. The lip woolly inside ; the petals and sepals resembling each other, lanceolate, sharp-pointed. Column winged. II. ]III€KO!^'T¥Iili$, Nutt. Adder's Mouth. 1. M. monophyl'lOS, Lindl. Leaf sheathing the base of the stem, ovate-elliptical. Raceme spiked, long and slen- der. Lip long-pointed. — Cold swamps. 2. M. ophioglOSSOi'des, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping. Raceme s^oW. Lip 3-toothed. — Damp woods, not so common as the last. 12. LIT' ARIS, Richard. Twayrlade. L. LCBSe'lii, Ricliard. Lip yollowish-groen, mucronate, shorter than the unequal petals and sepals. Leaves eilip- tioal-lancoolato or oblong, keeled. — Bogs. .!■ 234 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. M 13. CORALLORHI'ZA, Haller. Coral-root. 1. C. inna'ta, B. Br. Flowers small ; the lip whitish or purplish, often crimson-spotted, 3-lobed above the base. Spur very small. Stem slende^, brownish-yellow, with a few-flowered spike. — Swamps. 2. C. multiflO'ra, Nutt. Spike many-flowered. Stem purplish, stout. Lip deeply 3-lobed. Spur more prominent than in No. 1. — Dry woods. 3. C. MacrSB'i, Gray. {C striata^ Lindl., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Spike crowded, of numerous large flowers, all the parts of the perianth strikingly marked with 3 dark lines. Lip not lobed. Spur none, but the base of the perianth gibbous. — Rich woods ; not common. 14. APLEC'TRimi, Nutt. Putty-root. Adamand-Eve. A. hyema'le, Nutt. Scape a foot high. Perianth green- ish-brown. — Rich mould in woods. 15. CYPBIPE'DIIJM, L. LADY'S Slipper. Moccasin-flower. * The three sepals separate. 1. C. arieti'num, R. Br. (Ram's-head Lady's Slipper.) The smallest species. Stem slender, 6-10 inches high, leafy. Leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceolate, nearly smooth. Lip only half an inch, red and whitish veiny, prolonged at the apex into a deflexed point. — Swamps ; rare. * * Two sepals uyiited into one piece under the lip. 2. C. parviflo'rum, Salisb. (Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper.) Stem leafy to the top, 1-3-flowered. Lip yellow, flattish above, rather less than an inch long. Sepals and petals wavy-twisted, bro vnisn, jiointed, longer than the lip. — Bogs and wet woods. 3. C. pubes'cens, Willd. (Larger Yellow L.) Lip flat- tened laterally, rounded above, larger than No. 2, but the two species are not sufficiently distinct. 4. C. specta'bile, Swartz. (Showy L.) Lip very large, white, pinkish in front. Sepals and petals rounded, white, not longer than the lip. — Bogs. whitish or the base. w, with a ed. Stem prominent Macoun's flowers, all dark lines. e perianth )-EVE. nth green- -FLOWER. i Slipper.) ligh, leafy. . Lip only t the apex 3W Lady's jip yellow, Sepals and an the lip. I Lip flat- 2, but the very large, ded, whiie, IRIDACE.^. 235 5. C. acau'le. Ait. (Stemless L.) Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base. 1-flowered. Lip rose- pur pie, split down the whole length in front, veiny. Sepals and petals greenish. — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens. Order CI. IRIDA'CEiE. (Iris Family.) Herbs with ec[uitant leaves and perfect flowers. The 6 petal-like divisions of the perianth in 2 (similar or dissimi- lar) sets of 3 each ; the tube adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, opposite the 3 stigmas, and with anthers extrorse, that is, on the outside of the fila- ments, facing the divisions of the perianth and opening on that side. Flowers from leafy bracts. (See Part I., sections 88 and 89.) SyuopsLs of the Geiiern. 1. Iris. The 3 outer divisions of the peri.anth reflexed, the 3 inner erect and smaller. Stamens distinct, the anther of each concealed under a flat and petal-like archinp: stigma. The styles below adherent to the tube of the perianth. Pod 3-angled. Flowers blue, large and showy. Leaves sword-shaped or grass-like. 2. Slsyrln'chluni. The 6 divisions of the perianth alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous. Stigmas thread-like. Pod globular, 3- angled. Stems 2-edged. Leaves grass-like. Flowers blue, clus- tered, from 2 leafy bracts. Plants low and slender. 1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce. 1. L versic'Olor, L. (^Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout andleafy, from a thickened rootstock. Leaves sword-shaped, Flowers violet-blue, 2 or 3 inches long. Inner petals much smaller than the outer. — Wet places. 2. L prismat'iea, Pursh. (Slender Blue Flag.) Dis- tinguished from the last by its very slender stem and nar- rowly linear leaves. Tube of the flower very short. — Atl. sea-coast. 3. L laeus'triS, Nutt. (Lake Dwarf Iris.) Stem low, 3-6 inches high. Inner petals nearly equal to the outer. Tube of the perianth slender, less than an inch long, dilated upwards, rather shorter tlian the divisions of the perianth. Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 inches long.— Shore of Lake Huron ft 236 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. SISYRIW'CHIVAI, L. Blue-eyed Grass. 1. S. angUStifO'lium, Mill. {S. Bermudiana, var. mttero- naturti, Gray.) A pretty little plant, rather common in moist meadows among grass. The divisions of the delicate blue perianth obovate, notched at the end, and bristle- pointed from the notch. The spathe solitary. Boots fibrous. 2. S. anceps, Oav., {8. Bermudiana, var. anceps, Gray.)* has the scape 6-18 inches high, and usually bearing 2 or more peduncled spathes. M i Order CII. AMARYLLIDA'CE^. (Amaryllis F.) Bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, with linear flat root- leaves, and regular and perfect 6-androus flowers, the tube of the petal-like 6-parted perianth adherent to the 3 -eel led ovary. Lobes of the perianth imbricated in the bud. Style single. Anthers introrse. — Represented with us by one species of the genus HYPOX'YS, L. Star-grass. H. erecta, L. A small herb sending up a slender scapo from a solid bulb. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately 1-4-flowered scape. Perianth hairy and greenish outside, yellowish within, 6-parted nearly down to the ovary. Stamens 6, sr.gittate. Pod indehiscent, crowned with the withered perianth. — Meadows and open woods. Order GUI. DIOSCOREA'CE^. (Yam Family.) Represented with us by the genus moscORE'A, Plumier. Yam. D. villo'sa, L. ("Wild Yam-root.) A slender twiner, with knotted rootstocks, and net- veined, heart-shaped, 9-11- ribbed petioled leaves. Flowers diiBcious, small, in axillary racemes. Stamens 6. Pod with three large wings. — Re- ported only from the warm and sheltered valley lying SMILACE.E, LILIACE.E. 237 betwev3n Hamilton and Dundas, Ont., the l)ankd of the Thames at London, Ont., and Niagara Falls. Order CIV. SMILA'CEiE (Smilax Family.) Climbing plants, more or less shrubby, with alternate ribbed and net-veined petioled leaves, and small ditt^^cious flow- ers in umbels. Perianth regular, of 6 greenish sepals, free from the ovary. Stamens as many as the sepals, with 1- celled anthers. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 sessile spreading stigmas. Fruit a small berry. Represented by the single genus SMIIiAX, Tourn. Green-Brikr. Cat-Brier. {IncUided in Liliacea;, in Macoiui's Catalogue.) 1. S. his'pida, Muhl. Stem woody, dennely covered below with long weak jjrickles. Leaves large, ovate or heart-shaped, pointed, thin, 5-9 - nerved. Peduncles of the axillary nmhela much longer than the petioles. Berry black. — Moist thickets. 2. S. rotundifo'lia, L., var. quadrangularis, Gray {S. quadrangularis ,'P\irsh., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Stem ivcody, it and the branches armed with scattered prickles. Br.mches 4-angular. Peduncles not longer than the petioles. Leaves ovate, broader than long, slightly cordate. Berry blue- black. — South-western Ontario. 3. S. herba'cea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem herbaceous, not prickly. Leaves ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, 7-9- ribbed, long-petioled, mucronate. Flowers carrion-scented. Berry bluish-black. — Meadows and river banks. Order CV. LILIA'CE^. (Lily Family.) Herbs, distinguished as a whole by their regular and sym- metrical flowers, having a 6-loaved perianth (but 4- leaved in one species of Smilacina) free from the usually 3-celled ovary, and as many stamens as divisions of tlio perianth (one be/ore each) with 2-celled anthers. Fruit a pod or berry, wlf u* i'ij 238 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. generally 3-celled. The outer and inner divisions of the perianth coloured alike, except in the genus Tiillium. (See Part. I., sections 82-87, for descrij^tion of typical plant of this Order.) Synop.sis of the Genera. * Leaves net-veined, all in one or two whorls. The stem otherwise naked, rising from a fleshy rootstock. Styles 3. 1. Tril'^iuni. Leaves 3, in a whorl at the top of the stem. Divisions he perianth in 2 sets, the outer green, the inner coloured. (See ■ art I., sections 85 and 86.) .:*-- ifS4'»?!. ola. Leaves in 2 whorls, the lower near the middle of the ateni • id consisting of 5-9 leaves, the upper of (generally) 3 small leavers ^^ ^ar the summit. Stem tall, covered with loose wool. Flowers small, In an umbel. Divisions of the perianth alike, greenish-yellow, recurved. Anthers turned outwards. Styles thread-shaped. Berry globular or nearly so, dark purple. * * Leaves straight-veined, linear, grass-like, alteriuite. Stem simple or tufted. Styles 8. 3. ICygade'uns. Flowers rather large, perfect or polygamous, green- ish-white, in a few-flowered panicle ; the divisions of the perianth each with a conspicuous obcordate spot or gland on the inside, near the narrowing base. Stem smooth and glaucous, from a coated bulb. 4. Tofleld'ia. Flowers small, perfect, greenish-white, in a terminal raceme or spike, which, however, develops from above downward ; the pedicels in clusters cf 3, from little involucres of 3 bracts. Pod triangular. Roots fibrous. Stem leafy at the base only, in our species sticky. Leaves 2-ranked, equltant. * * * Leaves straight-veined, but broad (not grass-like), alternate. Stem from a rootstock of fibrous roots, at all events not from a bulb. Style one, or more or less divided into 8 above. ■*- Perianth of completely separate pieces ( poly phyllous. ) 5. Uvula' rla. ^tQva\(i&iy, forking above. Flowers yellow, at least an inch long, drooping, lily-like, usually solitary (but occasionally in pairs) at the end of the forks of the stem. Style deeply 3- cleft. Pod triangular. Leaves clasping -perfoliate or sessile. G. Cllnto'ula. Stemless, the naked scape sheathed at the base by 2, 3, or 4 large oblong or oval, ciliate leaves. Flowers few, greenish- yellow, in an umbel at the top of the scape. Filaments long and slender. Style long, the stigmas hardly separate. Berry blue. 7. ProNar'tei«. Downy low herbs, branching above. Flowers greenish, bell-shaped, rather large, solitary orin pairs, drooping on terminal ns of the im. (See I plant of tvise miked, Divisions >ured. (See idle of the lly)3small oose wool, inth al'ke, Is. Styles pie. n simple or ous, green - le perianth the inside, LIS, from a a terminal Jownward ; )f 3 bracts. 36 only, in late. Stem om a bulb, 213. J fxt least an casionally deeply 3- essile. ise by 2, 3, grcenish- 1 lonj? and •y blue. greenish, 1 terminal LILIACE.^. 239 slender peduncles. Sepals taper-pointed. Stigmas 3. Leavos ovate-oblung, taper-pointed, closely sessile, downy underneath. Berry oblong or obovate, red. 8. Strcp'topim. Stem leafy and forking. Flowers small, not quite ^i the axils of the ovate clasping leaves, om slender peduncles wliic arebent near the middle. .Anthers arrow-shaped, 2-liorned at '' t apex. 9. Yera'triim. Stem tall and stout, very leafy to the top, from a thick- ened base, producing coarse fibrous roots. Flowers yellowish green, in a pyramidal panicle of dense spike-like racemes. Perianth somewhat spreading, slightly adherent to the ovary. Filaments of the stamens recurved. Anthers kidney-shaped. Styles 3. -4- -t- Perianth of one xnece f(/amophyllous. J 10. Sniilnci'iin. Flowers small, white, ir terminal raceme. Perianth G-parted, b?ast. perfoliate. clasping, ard. Baves 5-8 ip woods, T. PROSAK'TEH, Don. Prosartes. 1. P. lanugrino'sa, Don. {Disporum lanuginosa, Don., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Leaves taper-pointed. Fruit ob- long, pointed. — Rich woods, western Ontario. 2. P. traehycar'pa, Watson, with whitish perianth, ovate to oblong-lanceolate leaves, and broadly obovate fruit, is not uncommon in the N.W. 8, STREP' TOPIJS, Michx. Twisted-Stalk. 1. S. ro'seus, Michx. Ylo^QTs rose-purple. Leaves green both sides, finely ciliate. Stigma 3-cleft. — Damp woods. 2. S. amplSXifO'liUS, DC Flowers greenish - white. Leaves very smooth, glaucous beneath. Stigma entire. — Chiefly Atl. Prov. and N.W. 9. YERA'TRVM, L. False Hvlleboke. V. vir'ide, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.) Leaves broadly oval, pointed, sheath-clasping. Segments of the perianth ciliate-serrulate. — Swamps and low grounds, Atl. Prov. and Eastern Townships, Q. 10. SMILACI'NA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S Seal. 1. S. raeemo'sa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Racemecom. pound. Stem pubescent, 2 feet high. Leaves many, oblong, taper-pointed, ciliate. Berries speckled with purple. — Rich woods and thickets. 2. S. Stella'ta, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem nearly smooth, 1-2 feet high. Leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate, slightly clasping. Berries black. — Moist woods and copses. 3. S, trifo'lia, Desf. Raceme simple. Stem low (3-6 inches), glabrous. Leaves usually 3, oblong, the bases sheathing. Berries red, — Bogs. 4. S. bifo'lia, Ker. , var. Canadensis, Gray. {Maianthe- mum Canadense, Desf., in Macoun's Catalogue.) Disting- uished at once by the 4-parted perianth and the 4 stamens. Raceme simple. Stem 3-5 inches high. Leaves usually 2, but sometimes 3. — Moist woods. ii '% m ;ii ffi 242 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. I if '!:;'! 11. POLYGONA'Trm, Tourn. Solomon's Seal. 1. P. biflo'rum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Stem slender, 1-3 feot high. Leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oblong. Peduncles mostly 2 -flowered. Filaments hairy. — Rich woods. 2. P. gigante'um, Dietrich, (Great S.) is occasionally met with westward and south-westward. The stem is taller and stouter than in the last, the peduncles sever al- flower ed^ and the filaments are not hairy. 18. ASPAK'ACIUS, L. ASPARAGUS. A. Offlcina'lis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Escaped from gardens in a few places. 13. lilL'IVM, L. Lilt. 1. L. Philaderphicum, L. (Wild Orange- red Lily.) Divisions of the perianth narrowed into claivs below, not recurved at the top. Flowers erect, 1-3, orange, spotted with purple inside. Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper mostly in whorls of 5-8. — Sandy soil. 2. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Divisions of the perianth recurved above the viiddle. Flowers nodding, few, orange, spotted with brown inside. Leaves remotely whorled, 3-ribbed. — Swamps and wet meadows. 3. L. SUper'bum, L. (L. Carolinianum, Michx, in Ma- coun's Catalogue.) (Turk's-Cap Lily.) Divisions of the perianth very strongly recurved. Flowers nodding, often numerous, in a pyramidal raceme, bright orange, dark-pur- ple-spotted within. Lower leaves whorled, 3-ribbed or nerved. Stem taller than either of the first two, 3-7 feet. —Rich low grounds, commoner southward and south-west- ward. 14. ERYTIIRO'NIIJM, L. DoG'S-TOOTH Violet. 1. E. America' num, Smith. (Yellow Adder's Tongue.) Perianth light yeMow, sometimes spotted at the base. — Copses and rich meadows. 2. E. arbidum, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Leaves less blotched than the last, Perianth pinkish-white. — Not common. JUNCACEiE. 243 ..) stem e-o'blong. "y. — Rich asionally n is taller I -flowered, iped from {.ED Lily.) )elow, not spotted the upper Divisions s nodding, i remotely IX, in Ma- Dns of the ling, often dark-pur- -ribbed or 3, 3-7 feet, louth-west- ;t. s Tongue.) 56. — Copses H. Violet.) ikisli-white. IS. AliLlir.W, L. Onion. Leek. * liitlb cespitnse, crotcniug a rhizome. 1. A. tPiCOC'CUm, Ait. (Wild Leek.) Leaves 2 or 3, flat, lance-oblong , 5-9 inches long, 12 inches wide, appear- ing in early spring and withering before the flowers are developed. Sepals white. Pod strongly 3-lobed. Scape 9 inches high. — Rich woods. 2. A. SehOBnop'rasum, L. (Chives.) Leaves linear, hollow. Scape naked, or leafy at the base. Flowers rose- purple, in a globular umbel. Sepals lanceolate, pointed. Ovary not crested. — Margin of rivers, Atl. Prov. and north- ward. 3. A. eer'nuum, Roth. (Wild Onion.) Scape naked, angular, nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping umbel of rose-coloured flowers. Leaves linear, flattened, sharply keeled. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W. * * Bulha mostly solitary. Leaves narrotoly linear. 4. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Leaves nar- rowly linear. Ovary crested with 6 teeth. Umbel few- flowered, often bearing a head of bulbs instead of flowers. Sepals pale rose-colour. — Along river-banks ; rather rare. 5. A. Stella'tum, Nutt. Scapo terete, G-18 inches high, slender, bearing an erect umbel. Stamens and style exserted. Bulb-coats membranous. Capsule 6-crested. — N.W., not very common. 6. A. retieula'tum, Frasor. Scape 3-8 inches high. Bulbs densely and coarsel3'- fibrous coated. Stamens not exserted. Capsule crested. — ^i.W. 16. HE.WEROCAIi'MS, L. DaY-LilY. H. fulva, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Innor divisions of the tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Escaped from gardens occasionally. Order CVI. JUNCA'CEiE. TRush Family.) Grass-like or sedge-like plants, with, however, flowers similar in structure to those of the last Order. Perianth greenish and o-lumaceous, of 6 divisions in 2 sets c '> each. ¥' ^f-. M 244 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Stamens 6 (occasionally 3). Style 1. Stigmas 3. Pod 3- celled, or 1-celled with 3 placentae on the walls. The plants of the Order are not of any very great interest to the young student, and the determination of the species is rather diffi- cult. A brief description of a few of the most common is given here, as an easy introduction to the study of the Order with the aid of mote advanced text-books. Synopsis of tbe Genera. 1. La'zula* Plant less than 1 foot h'gh. Leaves linear or lance-linear, flat, usually hairy. Pod 1-celled, 3-seeded. Flowers in umbels or in spikes. Plants usually growing in dry ground. 2. Jancas. Plants always sviooth, growing in water or wet soil. Flowers small, greenish or brownish, panicled or clustered. Pod 3-celled, many-seeded. 1. LIJ'ZVLA, ZjC. Wood-Rusu. 1. L. pilO'sa, Willd. (L. vemalis, DC.) Flowers um- belled, long-peduncled, brown-coloured. Sepals pointed. — Shady banks. 2. L,. campestris, DC, has the flowers (light brown) in 4-12 spikes, the spikes umbelled. Sepals bristle-pointed. — Fields and woods. 2. J1I;VCVS, L. Rush. * Scapes single and leafless, but ivith sheaths at the base. Flowers in sessile panicles, apparently from the side of the scape, owing to the invohicral leaj' being simitar to and continuing the scape. 1. J. effu'SUS, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape 2-4 feet high, soft and pliant, furnished at the base with merely leafless sheaths, the inner sheaths awned. Panicle many- flowered. Flowers small, greenish, only 1 on each pedicel. Stamens o. Pod greenish-brown, triangular-obovate, not pointed . — Marshes . 2. J. fllifor'mis, L., has a very slender scape (1-2 feet high), fewer flowers than No. 1, and 6* stamens in each. Pod greenish, broadly ovate, and short- pointed. No leaves, 3. J. Bal'ticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm. Scape rigid, 2-3 feet high. No leaves. Panicle loose. Flowers brownish. Pod elliptical, somewhat triangular, obtuse but pointed, deep-brown. JUNCACE^. 245 3. Pod 3- The plants the young •ather diffi- common is udy of the lance-linear, in umbels or or wet soil. istered. Pod lowers um- pointed. — brown) in )-pointed. — !. Flowers in ape. Giving to ie scape. Scape 2-4 vith merely licle many- ach pedicel, jovate, not pe (1-2 feet each. Pod eaves. dm. Scape 0. Flowers obtuse but Var. monta'nus, Engelm. , has an ovate-pyramidal, angled, and beaked capsule. — N.W. **Stem leafy at the base or throughout ; the leaves flat or channelled but never knotted. Panicle terviinal. 4. J. Styg'iUS, L. Scape slender, 1-3-leaved below, naked above. Leaves thread-like, hollow, not knotted. Heads I. or 2, of 3-4 flowers, about as long as the dry, awl-pointed sheathing bract. Stamens 6. — Peat bogs, Atl. Prov. 5. J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckerni. Stem slender, simple, tufted. Leaves nearly terete, deeply channelled on the inner side. Flowers solitary, panicled. The principal leaf of the involucre usually much longer than the panicle. Pod ovoid- oblong, obtuse, longer than the acute sepals. Seeds ribbed, and delicately cross-lined. — Wet sandy places. 6. J. Va'seyi, Engelm. Stem slender, rigid, tufted, leafy below, 12-30 inches high, not branching. Leaves nearly terete, very ulightly channelled. Panicle longer than the involucral leaf. Flowers greenish or light brown, few, often 1-sided. Pod oblong, retuse, greenish-brown. — Wet mea- dows, N.W. 7. J. Gerard'i, Loisel. (Black Grass.) Stems rigid, 1-2 feet high. Panicle contracted, usually longer than the in- volucral leaf. Flowers brown and green. Sepals incurved, as long as the mucronate capsule. Seeds obovate, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes, Atl. Prov. 8. J. longis'tylis, Torr. and Gr. Floicers in heads. ileads few, or rarely single. Flowers greenish with brown lines.-- -N.W. 9. J. bufo'niUS, L. stem leaf}/, slender, 3-9 inches high, branching from the base. Panicle terminal, spreading. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels. Sepals awl-pointed, the outer set much longer than the inner and than the blunt pod. Stamens 6. — Ditches along roadsides. 10. J. ten'uiS, Willd. stems leafy below., wiry, 0-18 inches liigh, simple., tufted. Panicle loose, shorter than the slender involucral leaves. Flowers greenish, single on the pedicels ; the sepals longer than the blunt pod. Seeds ichite- pointed at both ends. — Open low grounds. in 246 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 'ff'il * * * Stem lea/y ; the leaves terete or laterally compreesed, knotted by internal cross-partitions. Panicle terminal, the flowers mostly in Jieads. •*- Stamens 6. 11. J. peloear'pus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect. 6-18 inches high. Leaves few, thread-like, slightly knotted. Flowers greenish with red, single or in pairs in the forks and along one side of the branches of the panicle, and often with accompanying tufts of leaves. The 3 inner sepals longer than the outer ones, but shorter than the oblong taper-beaked 1-celled pod. Seeds obovate, short-pointed. 12. J, articUla'tUS, L. stems 9-15 inches high, tufted from a short creeping rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves, bearing crowded 8-8-flowered heads in short spreading panicles. Capsule deep-brown. — Wet places, Atl. Prov. 13. J. alpi'nus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect, 9-18 inches high, with 1 or 2 slender leaves. Branches of the meagre panicle erect, bearing numerous distant green- ish or brownish heads of 3-B flowers each. Outer sepals mucronate or cuspidate, and longer than the rounded inner ones. Pod short-pointed, light-brown. Seeds spindle-shaped. — Lake- and river-margins, common. 14. J. nodo'SUS, L. Stem erect, 6-15 inches high, slender, from a creeping slender and tuber-bearing rootstock, usually with 2 or 3 slender leaves. Heads feu\ 8-20-iiowered, and overtopped by the involucral loaf. Flowers brown. Pod slender, taper-pointed, 1-celled. Seeds obovate, mucronate. — Common. Var. meg'acepha'lus, Torr., has largo 30-80-flowered heads. H- -4- Stamens 3. Seeds tailed. 15. J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. eoareta'tus, Engel. stems slender, 9-18 inches high, tufted, bearing 2 or 3 leaves. Panicle somewhat erect, contracted ; the heads 3-5-flowered, deep-brown. Pod prismatic, abruptly pointed, deep-brown. Seeds slender, with short tails. — A very late-flowering species. Var. longlcauda'tus, Engelm., is taller, and the heads are many-flowered. PONTEDERIACEiE, XYRIDACE.E, ERIOCAULONACEiE. 247 , knotted hy )wer8 viostly and erect. ly knotted. D. the forks , and often ner sepals bhe oblong pointed, igh, tufted der leaves, spreading . Prov. 3S. Stems , Branches tant green- iter sepals mded inner die-shaped. gh, slender, ck, usually wered, and rown. Pod mucronate. ■80-flowered :US, Engel. or 3 leaves. -5-flo wered, leep-brown. te-flowering I the heads Order CVII. PONTEDERIA'CE^. (Pickerel-wekd F.) Tho most common representatives of this Order with us are 1. PONTEDE'RIA, L. PiCKEREL-WKED. P. COrda'ta, L. A stout plant growin;^ in shallow water, sending up a scape bearing a single large arrow-heart-shaped blunt leaf, and a s]nke of violet-blue flowers inith a spathe-like bract. Perianth 2-lipped, the 3 upper divisions united, the ^ lower spreading, the whole revolute-coiled after flowering, the fleshy base enclosing tho fruit. Stamens 6, 3 of them exserted on long filaments, the rest short. Var. angUStifolia, Torr., has narrow scarcely cordate leaves. 2. SCHOL'LERA, Sclireber. Water Star-grass. S. gTamin'ea, Willd. {Heteranthera graminea, Vahl.,in Macoun's Catalogue.) A grass-like herb, wholly under water, only the small yellowish flowers reaching the surface, the latter single, from spathes. Perianth sulver-shaped, regular. Stamens 3, anthers sagittate. Order CVIII. XYRIDA'CE^. (Yellow-eyed-orass F.) Bush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the V.ase of a naked scape, terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with glumaceous calyx and coloured corolla. Cap- sule 3-valved and 1-celled, containing several or many seeds. XYRIH, Gronov. YEixow-EYEn Grass. X. flexuo'sa, Muhl., var. pusiU'a, Gray. Scape small and very slender, 2-9 inches high, not bulbous at the base. Flowers in the axils of scale-like bracts densely imbricated in a head. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Fertile staniens 3, with 3 alternating sterile filaments bearded at the apex.— Peat bogs and wet sandy shores, Atl. Prov. and northward. Order CIX. ERIOCAULONA'CEiE. (Pifewort P.) Represented with us by the genufi-. ERS04'Ai;'L0^\ L. Pll'EWORT. E. septangfUla're, Withering. A slender plant with a l^.M.^-tM^^-A«ath3 of the leaves, which in the Sedges are closed round the clum, not split. Flowers in spikes, each flower in the axil of a glurae-like bract, either altogether without a perianth or witlt a few bristles or scales inserted below the ovary. Ovary 'celled, becoming an achene (2- or 8-angled). Style 2- or 8-cleft. Stamens mostly H, occa- sional)'. 2. - 1 ■'! :> CYPKRACEiE. 249 ^^■ater in )rt, awl- 1 woolly Perianth e joroUa oetals in eept the snded by -Cyper- my diifi- )t will be )mmonly r XIV., illustra- re, there- ist repre- put the with the ihed from sedges are kes, each iltogether s inserted Lchene (2- y i3, occa- We sh.vll describe cue species of each of five genera. 1. CYPE'RrS DI4NDR1JS. The plant (Fig. 256) i3 from 4 to 10 inches in height. The culm is triangular, leafy towards the base, but nalced above. At the summit there is an umbel the rays of which are unequal in length, and on each ray are clustered several flat brown - colour- ed spikes, the scales which are imbricated in two distinct rows. At the base of the umbel there are 3 leaves of very un- equal length, forming a sort of involucre, and the base of each ray of the umbel is sheathe d. In each spike every scale ex- cept the lowest one con- tains a flower in its axil. The flower (Figs. 257 and 258) is entirely destitute of perianth, and consists of 2 stamens and an ovary sur- mounted by a 2-deft style, being consequently perfect. The plant is pretty easily met with in low wet places. Fig. 256. 250 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. 2. ELEOCH'ARIS OUTV'SA. In this plant, which grows in r.iuddy soil in tufts 8 to 14 inches in height, there is but a single spike at the summit of each slender culm, and the scales of the spikes, instead of being imbricated in 2 rows and thus producing a flat form, are imbri- cated all round. The scales are very thin in texture, with a midrib somewhat thicker, and are usually brownish in colour. Each of them contains a perfect flower in its axil. Instead of a perianth, there are 6 or 8 hypogynous barbed bristles. The stamens (as is generally the case in this Order) are 3 in number, and the style is usually 3-cleft. Observe that the style is enlarged into a sort of bulb at the base, this bulbous portion persisting as a flattish tubercle on the apex of the achene. The culms are without leaves, being merely sheathed at the base. 3. S€IKPUS PIJN«E]%S. A stout marsh-plant, 2 or 3 feet high, with a sharply trianj-^u- lar hollow-sided culm, and bearing at the base from 1 to 3 channelled or boat-shaped leaves. The rusty-looking spikes vary in number from " to 6, and are in a single sessile cluster which appears to spring from the side of the culm, owing to the 1-leaved involucre resembling the culm and seeming to be a prolongation of it. Each scale of the spike is 2-cleft at the apex, and bears a point in the cleft. The flowers are perfect, Vi/fjn 2 to 6 bristles instead of perianth, 3 stamens, and a 2-cleft style, but there is no tubercle on the apex of the achene. The culms of this plant spring from stout running rootstocks. 4. KRIOPH'ORUM POLYSTACH'YON. A common bog-plant in the northern parts of Canada, resem- bling Scirpus in the details as to spikes, scales, etc., butdiflfering chi ^fly in this, that the bristles of the flowers are very delicate and i>ecome very long after flowering, so that the spike in fruit looks like a inft of cotton. The culm of our plant is triangular, though not manifestly so, and its leaves are hardly, if at all, channelled. The spikes are several in number, and are on nod- ding peduncles, and the involucre consists Qf 2 Qr 3 leaves, (^ulm 15 or 20 inches high. GRAMINEiE. 251 14 inches it of each of being are imhii- e, with a in colour, stead of a lies. The n number, e style is us portion lene. The le base. ly triaUi-^u- om 1 to 3 ing spikes sile cluster iving to the ng to be a ileft at the ire perfect, nd a 2-cleft 'hene. The 3cks. ada, resem- >ut diflfering 3ry delicate ■nke in fruit triangular, y, if at all, are on nod- )r 3 leaves. Fiff. 2G0. 6. €ARK\ I.\TI>'MES'€E:VS. The species of the genus Carex are exceedingly numerous and difficult of study. The one we have selected (Fif-, lO) is one of the commonest and « ae same uime one of the easiest to examine. In this genus the flowers are mona^cious, the separate kinds being either borne in different parts of the samo spike or in different spikes. The genus is dis- tinguished from all the others of this Order by the fact of the achene heAng encloned in a bottle-shaped more or less liijlated sac, which is made by the union of the edges of two inner bract- lets or scales. To this peculiar sac (Figs. 260 and 261) which encloses the achene the UAine perigyimini is given. The culms are always triangular and the leaves grass-like, usually rough- ened on the margins and on the keel. In the species under examination (which may be found in almost any wet meadow) the culm is some 18 Fi>. 201. inches high. The staminate spike (only one) is separate from and above the fertile one-;, which are 2 or 3 in number, few- (5 to 8) flowered, and quite near together. The perigynia are very much inflated, that is, very much larger than the achene ; they are distinctly marked with many nerves, and taper gradually into a long 2- toothed beak from which protrude the 3 stigmas. The bracts which subtend the spikes are leaf-like, and extend much beyond the top of the culm. Fig. 259 Order rXI. GRAMIN'E.^. (CJrass Family.) Herbs somewhat resembling those of tlie last Order, but the culms are hollow except at the joints, and the sheaths of the leaves are split on the opposite side of the culm from the blade. SEEIES 11. FLOWEKLESS OR CRYPTOG'AMOUS PLANTS. Plants not producing true flowers, but reproducing tliemselves by means of spores instead of seeds, the spores consisting merely of simple cells, and not con- taining an embryo. This series \& subdivided into three classes : 1. PteridophyteS, embracing Ferns, Horsetails, and Club- Mosses. 2. Bryophytes, embracing the true Mosses and Liverworts. 3. Thallophytes, embracing Algae and Fungi. Types of all o:' tl ese have already been described and illustrated in Part I. We shall here enumerate the common representatives of the Pteridophj^tes only. FERNS. These beautiful plants are favourites everywhere, and we shall therefore enter into a description of their ch8,racteristics with sufficient minuteness to enable the young student to deter- mine with tolerable certainty the names of sucli representatives of the Family as he is likely to meet with commonly. In Chapter XXI. of Part I. will be found a full account of the common Polypody, with which it is assumed the student is already familiar. Fig. 262 shows a portion of the frond of the Common Brake (Pterin aquilina). Here the frond is sevt-ral times compound. The first or largest divisions to the right and left; are called ptH/io;. 252 iivcrworts. FERNS. £5.3 S. The secondary divisions (or first divisions of the pinnre) are the pinnules. The stem, as in the I'olypody, an^^' in fact in all our Ferns which have a stem at all, is a rootstock or rhizome. But here we miss the fruit-dots or sori, so conspicuous in our first example. In this case it will be found that there is a continuous line of sporawjia around the margin of every one of the pinnules of the frond, and that the edge of the pinnule is reflexed so as to cover the line of spore- cases. Fig. 263 is a very much magnified view of one of the lobes of a pinnule, Fig. 263. Fip. 262. with the edge rolled back to sho^v the sporangia. Some of the 3porangia are removed to show a line which runs across the ends 3t the forking veins. To this the sporangia are attached. The veins, it will be seen, do not form a net- work, and so are free, aa ^^1 n. 254 (JOMMOX CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. Ik. ,; in Polypody. Observe, then, that in Polypody the sori are not covered, whilst in Pteris the opposite is the case. The covering of the fruit-dots is technically known as the Indusium. The individual spore-cases are alike in both plants Fig. 2G4 shows a frond of one of our commonest Shield-Ferns (Aspidium acrostichoides). It is simply pinnate. The stipe is thickly beset with rusty-looking, chafF-like scales. The veins are free, as before. The so7'i or fruit- dots are on the back of the upper pinnoe, but they are neither collected in naked clus- ters, as in Polypody, nor are they covered by the edge of the frond as in the Brake. Here each cluster has an iudusium of its own. The indusium is round, and attached to the frond by its depressed centre (peltate). Fig. 265. shows an en- larged portion of a pinna, with the sporan- gia escaping from beneath the indusium. From one forking vein the sporangia are stripped off to show where they have been attached. The separate sporangia discharge their spores in the manner represented in the account of Polypody. In some Ferns the fruit-dots are elong- ated instead of being round, and the indusium is attached to the frond by 07ie edge only, being free on the other. Sometimes two long fruit-dots will be found side by side, the free edges of the indusia being towards each other, so that there is the appearance of one long fruit-dot with an indusium split down the centre. Fig. 266 represents a frond of a very common swamp Fern, Onoclea Sensibilis, Fiff. 265. Fig. 264 o** Sensitive Fern. It is deeply pinna tifid, and on one of the i are not covering im. The eld-Ferns stipe is he veins friiit-dots nuoe, but ved clus- y covered he Brake. lusium of und, and depressed tvs an en- le sporan- indusium. rangia are hey have sporangia e manner Polypody. are elong- and the frond by ce of one ium split of a very Sensibilis, ne of the FERNS. 255 lobes the veining is represented. Here the veins are not free, but as they form a net- work they are said to be reticulated. You will look in vaiu on this frond for fruit-dots, but beside it grows Fig. 266 Fig. 268, Fig. 269. another, very different in appearance, — so diflFerent that you wiTl hardly believe it to be a frond at all. It is shown in Fig, 267. It is twice pinnate, the pinnules being little globular bodies, one of ■m- ^, %> ^Y"''^ ^^^H^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A > A% 1.0 I.I l^|2^ |Z5 mm ■ 2.2 u Iii4 IK 1*0 1^ [ ' |l.25 III 1.4 III J4 < 6" ». V] 0%> vg V / '!> > /^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WiBSTM.N.Y. MS«0 (716) •73-4503 4 4 ^%^ ^>^^ ^ 256 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ( 1 \ i .1 ■ r whfch, much magnified, is shown in Fig. 268. You may open out one of these little globes, and then you will have something like what is shown in an enlarged form in Fig. 269. It now looks more like a pinnule than when it was rolled up, and it now also displays the fruit-dots on the veins inside. Here, then, we have evidently two kinds of frond. That bearing the fruit-dots we shall call the fertile frond, and the other we shall call the sterile one. You must not look upon the pinnule in which the sori are wrapped up as an indusium. Sori which are wrapped up in this way have an indusium of their own besides, but in this plant it is so obscure as to be very difficult to observe. The spore-cases burst open by means of an elastic ring as before. Fig. 270 ^presents one of the Moon* worts (Botrychi- ^ um Virginicum), very common in- cur rich woods everywhere. Here we have a single frond, but made up manifestly of two distinct por- tions, the lower sterile and the upper fertile. Both portions are thrice-pinnate. The ultimate divisions of the fertile segment are little globular bodies, but vou cannot unroll them as in the case of the Onoclea. Fig. 271 shows a couple of them greatly enlarged, there is a slit across the middle of each, and one of the slits is Fijr. 270. FILICES. 257 partially open, disclosing the spores inside. Each little globe is, in fact, a spore-cane or s})ornnginm, so that here we have some- thing quite different from what we have so far met with. Up to this point we have found the sporangia collected into dots or lines or clusters of some sort. In the Moonwort the sporangia are separate and naked, and instead of bursting through the action of an elastic ring, they open by a horizontal slit and discharge their spores. In other Ferns, as the Osmunda, the sporangia are somewhat similar, but burst open by a vertical instead of a horizontal slit. Observe that the frond of Botrychium is not circinate in the bud . We shall now proceed to describe the commonly occurring representatives of the Fern Family. Order CXII. FILICES. (Fern Family.) Flowerless plants with distinct leaves known rs fronds, these circinate in the bud, except in one suborder, and bearing on the under surface or margin the clustered or separate sporangia or spore-cases. SyiiopHlH or the, Cioiiora. Suborder I. POLYPODIA' CEiE. (The Trie Ferns.) Sporangia collected into various kinds of clusters called sort. Each sporangium pedicelled and encircled by an elastic jointed ring, by the breaking of which the sporangium is burst and the spores discharged. Sori sometimes covered by an imhisinm. 1. Folypo'dium. Fruit-dots on the hack of the fronds near the ends of the veins. No indusium. Veins free. (See Fig. 231, Part I.) 2. Adlnn'Cuni. Fruit-dots marginal, the edge of the frond ])eing re- flexed so as to form an indusium. Midrib of the pintndes close to the lower ^dge or altogether wantiug. Stipe black and shimng. All the pinnules distinct and generally minutely stalked. Veins free. X Pte'rifi. Fruit-dots viarginal. Indusium formed by the refle.\ed edge of the frond. Midrilt of the pinnules in the centre and prominent. Veins free. Stipu light-coloured. (See Fig. 262.) 4. Pellap'a. Fruit-dots marginal, covered by a broad indusium. formed by the refle.xed margin of the frond. Small ferna with once- or twice-pinnute fronds, the fertile ones very nuu-b like the sterile, but with narrower divisions. Stipe shining, purple or brown. f 11 A 258 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ivl 5. Asple'iiinni. Fruit-dots o.lonprated Ci'.irely curved), on veins on the back of the pinnules, oblique to the midrib, but only on the upper side of the vein ( rarely attached to both sides). Indusium attached to the vein by one edge, the other edge free. Veins free. 6. Woodwnr'din. Fruit-dots elongated, on cross-veins parallel to the midrib, forming a chain-like row on each side of the latter, In- dusium as in the last. Veins reticulated. 7. Scoloppii'driiiin. Fruit-dots elongated, occMr?*i«/7f?i pair* on con- tiguous veinleta, the free edges of the two indusia facing each other, so that the sori appear to be single, with an Indusium split down the centre. Veins free. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped, o.ho\xt an inch broad, generally wavy-margined. 8. CamptoHo'riiJ^. Fruit elongated, those near the base of the midrib double, as in Scolopendrium ; others single, as in Asplenium. 1 Fronds simple, J to | of an inch wide at the heart-shaped base, and tapering into a long and narrow point *, growing in tufts on limestone rocks, and commonly rooting at the tip of the frond, like a runner. Veins reticulated. 9. Phegop'tcris. Fruit-dots roundish, on the back (not at the apex) of the vcinlet, rather small. Indusium obsolete or none. Veins free. Fronds triangular in outline, in one species twice-pinnatifid, with a winged rhachis, and in the other in three petioled spreading divisions, the divisions once- or twice-pinnate. Aspldiuiii. Fruit-dots round. Indusium evident, flat, orbicular or kidney-shaped, tixed by the centre, opening all round the mar- gin. Veins free. Generally rather large Ferns, fr9m once- to thrice-pinnate. (See Fig. i04.) Cystop'tcris. Fruit-dots round. Indusium not depressed in the centre, but rather raised, attached to the frond not by the centre, but by the edge partly under the fruit-dot, and generally breaking away on the side towards the apex ol' the pinnuie, and becoming reflcxed as the sporangia ripen. Fronds slender and delicate, twice- or thrice-pinnate. 12. Striithlop'teris. Fertile frond much contracted and altogether unlike the sterile ones, the latter very large and growing in a cluster with the shorter fertil" one in the cent re. Rootatock very thick and scaly. Fertile fronds simply pinnate, the margins of the pinnae rolled backward so as to form a hollow tube containing the crowded sporangia. Very common in low grounds. 13. Onocle'n. Fertile and sterile fronds unlike. (Sec Figs. 266, 267, 208, 269, and accompanying description.) Wood'sla. Small I'jrns with free veins. Sori round. Indi'sium very thin and delicate, attached by its base all round under the sorus, the top at length bursting into more or less narrow setf' ments. 10. 11. 14. If i ^ PIUCES. 259 15. DickHo'iiia. Fruit-dots round, vera mnall, each on a recnrved toothlet on the upper margin of the lohes of the pinnules, usually one to eac'li loije. S|)()rang!a on an elevated ^lohuiar receptacle, and enclosed in a cup-shaped iiuUi.dum open at tiie top and partly adlierent to the retlexed toothlet of the frond. Fronds minutely globular or hairy, i'-:i feet high ovate-lanceolate in outline, pale green, very thin, without chaff. Suborder II. OSMUNDA'CEiE. Sporangia naked, globular, pedicelled, reticulated^ open- ing by a vertical slit. 16. OHmnu'dn. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of tlie frond much contracted, bearing naked sporangia, which are glol)ular, short- pedicelled, and opening by a vertical slit to discharge the spores. Frond tall and upright, once- or twice-pinnate, from thick root- stocks. Suborder III. OPHIOGLOSSA'CEiE. Sporangia naked, not reticulated^ opening by a horizontal slit. Fronds not circinate in the bxid. 17. Botrych'iiim. Sporangia in compound spikes, des^iwc^, opening by a horizontal slit. Sterile part of the frond comi)ound. Veins free. (See Figs. 270 and 271). 18. OphlogloH'Miim. Six)rangia coherent in 2 ranks on the edges of a simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple. Veins reticu- lated. 1. POL¥l*0'IMi;.>l, L. PoLYi'onv. P. VUlgfa're, L. Fronds evergreen, 1-10 inches long, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse and obscurely toothed. Sori large. — Common on shady rocks. ». ADIAX'TIIM, Ii. Maiokniiaik. A. peda'tum, L. Stipe upright, black and shining. The frond forked at the top of the stipe, the two })ranches of tiie fork recurved, and each bearing on its inner side several slender spreading divisions, the latter with numerous thin pinnatifid pinnules which look like the halves of pinnules, owing to the midrib being close to the lower edge. Upper margin of the pinnules cleft. — Common in rich woods. 'f tl 260 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ?" i M II ; I i' . yjl -fi III 1! lii ■ i |L 3. PTK'RIH, L. Brakk. Bracken. P. aquili'na, L. stipe stout and erect. Frond large and divided into 3 large spreading divisions at the summitof the stipe, the branches twice-pinnate, the pinnules margined all round with the indusium. — Common in thickets and on dry hillsides. 4. VKLhJE'A, Link. Cliff-rrake. 1. P. gra'cilis, Hook. Fronds 3-6 inches high, slender, of few pinnae, the lower ones once- or twice-pinnatifid into 3-5 divisions, those of the fertile fronds narrower than those of the sterile ones. Stipe polished, brownish^ darker at the base. — Shady limestone rocks ; not common. 2. P. atropurpu'rea, Link. Larger than the last, 6-15 inches high, the stipe dark-purple and shining. Frond pale, once- or (below) twice-pinnate, the divisions broadly linear or oblong (or the sterile sometimes oval), stalked at the base. Stipes clustered. — Dry rocks. 5. ASPLK'NIIIN, L. SPLKENWORT. * Indusium straight, attached to the upper side of the vein, 1. A. Trichom'anes, L. A very delicate little fern grow- ing in tufts on shaded cliffs. Fronds 3-6 inches long, linear in outline, pinnate, the little pinnae oval and unequal-sided, about -^ of an inch long. The stipes thread-like, purplish- brown and shining. This species is evergreen. 2. A. vir'i^Of Hudson. Resembling A. Trichomanes, but less rigid, and the stipe brownish at base, becoming green upwards. Pinnae roundish-ovate or ovate-rhomboid, short- stalked, orenately toothed. — Shaded cliffs, Atl. Prov. chiefly. 3. A. ebe'neum, Ait. Evergreen. Fronds 9-18 inches high, upright, linear, oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much, the taller, simply pinnate. Pinnae mostly alternate, sessile, finely serrate, the base auricled on the upper or both sides. Stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky open woods, Ontario. 4. A. thelypterol'des, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate, the pinmfi linear-lanceolate in outline, FILICES. 2G1 8-5 inches long, deeply pinaatifid, each of the crowded lobes bearing 3-() pairs of oblong fruit-dots. — Rich woods. 5. A. angUStifo'lium, Michx. Not evergreen. Fronds simply pinnate, somewhat rosombling Aspidium acrosti- choides, but very smooth and thin, and larger. Pinnae cren- ulate, sh(jrt-stalked. Fruit-dots linear, crowded.— Rich woods ; not common. * * Indusiiim curved, delicate, n/ten crossing the vein, thus appearing reniform. 6. A. Filix-foe'mina, Bemh. Fronds 1-3 feet high, broadly lanceolate in outline, twice- pinnate, the pinnte lanceo- late in outline, and the pinnules confluent by a narrow margin on the rhachis of tlie pinna, doubly serrate. Indti- sium curved, often shaped something like a horse-shoe, oroing to its crossing the vein and becoming attached to both sides of it. — Rich woods. 6, WOODWARiriA, Smith. Chain Fkkn. W. Virgin'ica, Smith. Fronds 2-3 feet high, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid. Veins forming a single row of meshes next the midrib. — Wet swamps. 7. ^C^OIiOPEX'DRIlIM, Smith. Hart's Tongue, S. VUlga're, Smith. Frond simple, bright green, a foot or more in length, and an inch or more in width. — Shaded ravines and limestone cliffs; not very common. 8. CAMPTOSO'RIJS, Link. Walking-Leap. C. rhizophyl'lus, Link. A curious little fern, growing in tufts on shaded limestone rocks. Frond simple, with a very long narrow point. — not very common. 9. PIIE«OI»'TERIS, F6e. BEECH Fern. 1. P. polypodioi'des, Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad, 4-6 inches long, hairy on the veins, twice-pin- natifid, the rhachis winged. The pinnae sessile, linear-lance- olate in outline, the lowest pair deflcxed and standing for- wards. Fruit-dots small and all near the margin. Stipes rather longer than the fronds, from a slender, creeping .V' 262 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. fl If ■'■ rootstock. — Apparently not common, but growing in rich woods near Br.rrio, Ont. . * 2. P. hexagonop'tera, F^e. Fronds triangular, gener- ally broader than long, 7-12 inches broad. Pinnfe lanceo- late ; the lowest very large, their divisions elongated and pinnatifid, the basal divisions decurrent on the main rhachis and forming a many-angled wing. Fruit-dots not exclu- sively near the margin. — Rich woods. 3. P. Dryop'teris, Fee. Fronds broadly triangular in outline, primarily divided into 3 triangular spreading petioled divisions, smooth, the three divisions once- or twice- pinnate. Fronds from 4 to K inches wide. Fruit-dots near the margin. — Rich woods ; common. Whole plant delicate, and light green in colour. 4. P. calca'rea, Fee. Closely resembling P. Dryopteris, but differs in the fronds being minutely glandular and vome- ivhat rigid, and in the lowest pinnas on the lower side of the lateral divisions jyroportionally smaller. — Rocky hillsides, Restigouche River. 10. A»«riD'ICM, Swartz. Shield Fkrn. Wood Fern. * Stipes not chajfy. 1. A. thelyp'teris, Swartz. Fronds tall and narrow, lanceolate in outline, pinnate, the pinnae deeply pianatifid, nearly at right angles to the rhachis, linear-lanceolate in outline, the margins of the lobes strongly revolute in fruit. Stipe over a foot long, and usually longer than the frond. — Common in low, wet places. 2. A. Noveboracen'se, Swartz. Fronds much lighter in colour than the j^receding, tapering towards both ends, pin- nate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid, much closer together than in No. 1, and not at right angles with the rhachis. Veins simple. Lower pinnsB short and deflexed. — Swamps. * * Stipes chaffy. 8. A. Spinulo'SUm, Swartz. Stipes slightly chaffy or scaly. Fronds large, ovate-lanceolate in outline, twice-pin- nate, the pinnules deeply pinnatifid {nearly pinnate), and Kl' ; I PILICES. 263 spiny-toothed. Pinmo truingr.lar-lauceolato in outline. The variety intermedium, D. C. Eaton, which is very com- mon in Canadian woods, has the mai-f^in of the indusium denticulate and besot with minute stalked glands, the few scales of the stipes pale brown n-ith a dark ci ntre, and the iower pinncB unequal-siled. Var. Boottii (-^1. lioottii, Tuck- erman) has the scales of the stipe pale brown, the frond elongated-oblong or elongated-lanceolate and pinnulei? less dissected. Var. dilata'tum, Hook., has the scales of the stipe brown with a dark centre, the frond broa(l(^r, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, often twice-pinnate, and the indusium smooth and naked. 4. A. fra'grrans, Swartz. Fronds 4-12 inches high, fra- grant, narrowly lanceolate, with narrowly-oblong pinnatelj'- parted pinnjf , their divisions nearly covered beneath by very large thin indusia. — Rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward. 5. A. Crista'tum, Swartz. Stipes chafFy with broad scales. Fronds large, linear-lanceolate in outline, once-pinnate, the pinntB deeply pinnatified, the upper ones triangular-lanceo- late in outline, the lower considerably broader, the lobes cut-toothed. Fruit-dots large and consi)icuous, ha// way hetween the midrib of the lohc and the margin. — Swamps. Var. Clintonia'num, D. C. F>aton, is distinguished chiefly by its greater size and more numerous pinnae and segments. 6. A. Goidia'num, Hook. A fine fern, the largo fronds growing in a circular cluster from a chafFy rootstock. Frond ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, once-pinnate, the pinna? deeply pinnatifid, 6-9 inches long, broadest in the middle^ the lobes slightly scythe-shaped, finely serrate. Fruit-dots large, near the midrib of the lobe.— 'Rich, moist woods. 7. A. Fi'liX-mas, Swartz. (Male-Ferx.) Fronds lanceo- late, very chafFy at the base, twice-pinnate excejjt that the upper pinnules run together. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from the base to the summit. Pinnules very ob- tuse, the basal ones incisely lobed. Fruit dots rather closer to the midvein than the margin. Indusium convex, persist- ent. — Rocky woods, Atl. Prov. ■ t ' 4 K 'i' 264 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ■I ' '' Hi >-• ■•1 m|9 8. A. margfina'Ie, Svvartz. Stipes very chaffy at the base. Fronds ovate-oblong in outline, twice-pinnate, the pinnee lanceolate in outline, broadest above the base. Pinnules crenate-margined. Fruit-dots large, close to the margin. — Eich woods, mostly on hill-sides. 9. A. acrostichoi'des, Swartz. (See Figs. 264 and 265, and accompanying description.) — Eich woods. 10. A. Lonchi'tiS, Swartz. Not unlike No. 9, but the fronds are narrower and longer, mere rigid and with hardly any stipe. Pinnte densely spin ulose- toothed. — Apparently not common, but plentiful in rocky woods west of Colling- wood, Ont. 11. A. aculea'tum, Swartz, var. Braun'ii, Koch. Fronds tioice pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing gradually toward the base. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate and nearly rectangular at the base (the lower short-stalked), beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. Indusium fixed by the centre. Fronds evergreen, very chaffy on the stalk and rhachis. — Eavines and deep woods, Atl. Prov. 11. CYSTOP'TEKIS, Bernhardi. Bladder Fern. 1. C. bulbif era, Bernh. Frond large (1-2 feet), narrow ai'd very delicate, twice-pinnate, the pinnae nearly at right angles to the rhachis. Ehachis and pinnae usually with hulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed. — Shady, moist ravines. 2. C. fra'grilis, Bernh. Frond only 4-8 inches long, with a stipe of the same length, twice- or thrice-pinnate. Rhachis winged. — Shady cliffs. 18. STRVTHIOP'TERIS, Wllld. Ostrich Fern. S. German'ica, WiUd. {Onocha StruthiojJteris, Hoff.) Sterile fronds with the lower pinnae gradually much shorter than the upper ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatiUd. — Common in low, wet grounds along streams. 13. ONOCLE'A, L. Sensitive Fern. 0. sensib'ilis, L. (See Figs. 266, 267, 268 and 269, and accompanying description.) — Common in wet grounds along streams. FILICES. 2G5 i the base, he pinnee Pinnules largin. — and 265, , but the h hardly )parently f Colling- Fronds y toward d nearly 3set with fixed by talk and , narrow at right Ify with a vines. Qg, with Shachis f, Hoff.) shorter Common J69, and Is along 14. WOOirsiA, U. BrovTii. 1. W. Ilven'SiS, R. Brown. Stalks indistinctly jointed at some distance above the base. Fronds oblong-lantiuolate, 2-6 inches long, rather smooth and groon above, thickly clothed below with bristly rudy chaff, pinnate ; the pinnie ob- long, blunt, sessile, pinnately-parted with the segments indistinctly crenate. Fruit dots near the margin. — Exposed rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward. 2. W. hyperbo'rea, R. Bn)wn. stalks jointed. Fronds narrowly oblong-lanceolate. Sparingly hairy beneath n-ith chaffy hairs, pinnate ; the pinnie triangular-ovate, pinnate- Ij lobed, the lobes few and almost entire. — Ravines, Atl. Prov. and northward. 3. W. glaberia, R. Biown. Stalks jointed as in the two preceding species. !^"rond linear, very delicate, smooth, pin- nate. Pinnae roundish-ova to, the lower somewhat distant, crenately-lobed. — Moist rocks, Atl. Prov. and northward. 4. W. Obtu'sa, Torr. Stalks not jointed. Frond broadly lanceolate, beset with small glandular hairs, once or nearly t .vice pinnate. Pinnas pinnately parted. Segments of pinnas crenately toothed. — Cliffs and rocky places ; rare. 15. DICKSO'NIA, L'Her. Dicksonia. D. punetilO'bula, Kunze. Pleasantly odorous.— Moist shady places. 16. OSNIIN'DA, L. Flowekino Fern. 1. 0. regralis, L. (Flowering Fkrn.) Fronds twice- pinnate, fertile at the top, very smooth, pale green. Sterile pinnules oblong-oval, finely serrate towards the apex, 1-2 inches long, either sessile or short-stalked, usually oblique and truncate at the base. — Swamps, along streams and lake- margins. 2. 0. Claytonia'na, L. Fronds large, once-pinnate, pale green, densely white-woolly when unfolding from the bud, with fertile pinnop. among the sterile o7ies. Pinnae deeply pin- na tifid, the lobes entire. — Low grounds. ■) I '•i .1, iJ Xll J:. - - 266 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. ii m^. ' ti* ;!( I*:' I 3. 0. Cinnamo'mea, L. (Cinnamon Fern.) Fertile fronds aistinct from the sterile ones, contracted, twice-pinnato, covered with cinnamon-coloured sporangia. Sterile fronds rusty-woolly when young, smooth afterwards, once-pinnate, the pinnae deeply pinnatifid. The long, sterile fronds in a cluster, with the fertile ones in the centre. — Low grounds. II. BOTRV€H'lUM, Swart/.. MooNWORT. * Sterile portion of the frond not fleshy. 1. B. Virginia' num, Swartz. (See Figs. 270 and 271, and accompanying description.) — Rich woods everywhere. * * Sterile portion of the frond more or lessflenhy. t- Sterile segment sessile or nearly so. 2. B. Luna'ria, Swartz. Sterile segment very fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong, simply pinnate, with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped fleshy divisions. Fertile segment panicled, 2-3- pinnate. — Bare. 3. B. Sim' plex, Hitchcock. Fronds small, seldom 6 inches high, the sterile segment borne nearer the middle of the plant, short- petioled, fleshy, simple, and roundish, or pinnately lobed, with roundish lobes decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis. Veins all forking from the base. — Atl. Prov. chiefly. 4. B. lanceola'tum, Angstroem. Frond 3-10 inches high. Sterile part closely sessile at the top of the slender common stalk, very slightly fleshy, triangular, ternately twice-pin- natifld, with acute, toothed lobes. Veinlets branching from the continuous midvein. The fertile part twice- or thrice- pinnate. — Atl. Prov. 5. B. matricarisefO'lium, Braun. Resembling the pre- ceding, but the sterile segment not quite sessile, somewhat fleshy, pinnate to tvvice-pinnatifid, with obtuse lobes. Mid- vein broken up into forking veinlets. — Damp woods, Atl. Prov. chiefly. .f- -•- Sterile segment long-stalked. 6. B. terna'tum, Swartz. Very fleshy, 4-16 inches high, sparingly hairy. Sterile segmi^: t attached near the base of m EQUISETACKiE. 261 Fig. 273. :<^? thn plant, broadly triangular, variously decompound, with stalked divisions. Foitilo soginont erect. 2-4-pinnate.— Not uncommon. 18. 0PHI0<>iL08'SIJM, L. Adder's Tonouk. 0. VUlgra'tum, L. sterile part of the frond ovate or eIliJ)tical-ol)Ion<,^ 2-3 inches long, rather fleshy, sessile, near the mid- dle of the stalk; the latter 0-12 inches high. — Bogs and grassy meadows. Order CXIII. EQUISETA'CEiE. (Horsetail Family.) The only genns of the Order is E4|i;iSE'T|-.>I, L. Horsetail. Scour- ing Rush. Fig. 272 is a view of the fertile stem f)f Equise'tum arvense, the Common Horsetail, of about the natural size. It may be observed early in spring almost anywhere in moist sandy or gravelly soil. It is of a pale brown colour, and in place of leaves there is at each joint a sheath split into several teeth. At the summit of the stem is a sort of conical catkin, made up of a large number of six-sided bodies, each attached to the stem by a short pedicel. Each of these six-sided bodies turns out on examination to be made up of six or seven sporangia or spore-cases, which open down their inner margins to discharge their spores. Figs. 273 and 274 are enlarged outer and inner views of one of them. The spores themselves are of a similar nature to those of the Ferns, and reproduction is carried on in the same manner; but each spore of the Horsetail is furnishea with four minute tentacles which closely envelope it when Fig. 274. Fig. 272. «r- ., .- 268 COMMON CANADIAff WILD PLANTS. j*^ ■ moist, and uncoil themselves when dry. The use of these tentacles is doubtless to assist in the escape and dispersion of the spores. The fertile stems will have almost withered away by the time the sterile ones appear. The latter are of the same thickness as the fertile ones, but they are very much taller ana are green in colour. Observe, also, the grooving of the sterile stem, and the whorls of 4- angled branches produced at the nodes. * Atinual-stemmed, not surviving the tointer. ■^ Fruiting in spring^ the fertile stems pale or brotonish, and earlier than the herbaceous sterile stems or branches. 1. E. arv«n'se, L. (Common Horsetail.) Fertile sterna not branching, 4-10 inches high. Sterile stems slender, taller, with many 4-angular green branches. — Moist sandy or gravelly soil, common. 2. E. praten'se, Ehrh. stems more slender, with 3-sided simple branches shorter than in E. arvense. Stem-sheaths with short, ovate-lanceolate teeth (those of the branches 3- toothed. J The fertile stems produce branches, when older, except at the top, which perishes after fructification. — Low meadows, Atl. Prov. and northward. 3. E. Sylvat'icum, L. Fertile stems branching. Branches compound, with loose sheaths, those of the stem having 8-14 somewhat blunt teeth, while those of the branches have 4-5 (of the branchlets 3) lance-pointed diverging teeth. Top withering away after fructification. — Damp shady places, Atl. Prov. and northward. ■t- -^ Fruiting in summer. Stems all similar, or the fertile contempor- aneous with the sterile ones. 4. E. palus'tre, L. stems 10-18 inches high, slender, very deeply 5-'J-grooved, the lance-awl-shaped teeth whitish- margined. — Atl. Prov. and northward. 5. E. limo'SUm, L. Stem 2-5 feet high, slightly many- furrowed. Sheaths upnressed. with 10-22 dark-brown acuto snort rigid teeth. — in shallow watei .. - . atid earlier LYCOPODIACE.E. 269 * * Stems evergreen, all similar, not branching, or only slightly so. 6. E. hyema'le, L. (ScorRiNG Rush.) Stems stout and tall. Sheaths elongated, with a black girdle above the base, and about 20 narrow linear teeth, 1-keeled at the base, and with awl-shaped deciduous points.— Wet banks. 7. E. ISBVigra'tum, Brauu. Stems 1-4 feet high, rather slender, pale green, 14-30-gro(.)ved, the ridges almost smooth. Sheath slightly enlarged upward, with a black girdle at the base of the lohite-niargined teeth. — X.W. 8. E. Variega'tum, Schleicher. Stem slender, in tufts, with 5-10 grooves, ascending, G-18 inches high. Sheaths green, variegated with black above, 5-10 toothed. — Shores and river-banks. 9 E. SCirpoi'deS, Michx. stem slender, very numerous in a tuft, filiform, 3-6 inches high, curving, mostly (i-grooved. Sheaths 3-toothed. — Wooded hill-sides. It Order CXI V. LYCOPODIA'CE^. (Club-Moss F. ) Chiefly moss-like plants ; often with long running and branching stems, the sporangia solitary in the axils of the mostly awl-shaped leaves. Spores all of one kind. LYCOPO'DIIJM, L. Club-Moss. * Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary dark-green rigid lanceolate lea ves. 1. L. Sela'gO, L. stems erect and rigid, forking, forming a level-topped cluster. Leaves u7iiforni.—At\. Prov. and northward. 2. L. lueid'ulum, Michx. Stems less rigid than the last, forking. Leaves at first spreading ; then deftexed, arranged in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves. » * [!pore-cases only in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves, forming a spike. •*- Leaves of the spike not very different f mm those of the stem. 3. L. inunda'tum, L. A low plant with weak, creeping, sterile stems, and solitary erect fertile stems bearing a Ml 270 COMMON CANADIAN WILD PLANTS. short, thick, leafy spike. Stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the spike closely reseia- bling them. — Sandy bogs. Var. Big'elOVii, Tuckerm., has taller stems and leaves more upright and denticulate. — Atl. Prov. -I- •»- Leaves of the catkin-like spike quite different from those of the stem. 4. L. anno'tinum, L. stems creeping, 1-4 feet long. Branches 4-9 inches high, once- or twice-forked. Spike sessile, the leaves of it yellowish and scale-like, ovate or heart-shaped, the others spreading or reflexed, rigid, pointed, nearly entire, palo green. — Cold woods. 5. L. dendroi'deum, Michx. (Ground Pine.) Eoot- stock creeping underground, nearly leafless. Stems much resembling little hemlocks, G-9 inches high ; numerous fan- like spreading branches with shining lanceolate entire leaves. Spikes sessile, nearly as in No. 4, 4-10 on each plant. — Moist woods. 6. L. clava'tum, L. (Club-Moss.) Stem creeping or run- ning extensively. Spikes mostly in pairs, raised on a slender peduncle (4-6 inches long). Leaves linear, awl-shaped, bristle- tipped. — Dry woods. 7. L. '?omplana'tuni, L. Stem creeping extensively. Branches flattened, fan-like and spreading, forking above, the branchlets crowded. Leaves awl-shaped, small, in 4 ranks. Spikes 2-4, cylindrical, on a slender peduncle. — Dry woods ; mostly with evergreens. Order CXV. SELAGINELLA'CE^. Small leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud. Stem branching or short and corm-like. Spore-cases solitary, axillary cr borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins. Spores of two kinds, the large ones (macrospores) developing prothallia which bear archegonia only, and the small ones (microspores) giving rise to antheridia only. Ml SALVINIACE.E. 271 Synopsis of the (Seuera. 1. Selaslnel'Ia. Terrestrial. Stem slender. Leaves small. Spore- cases very small, axillary, some containing the orange-coloured powdery microspores, and others with 3 or 4 larger macrospores. 2. Iso'etes. Growing in water. Stem corm-like. Leaves elongated and rush-like. Spore-cases large, enwrapped by the spreading bases of the leaves. 1. SELAGIIVEL'LA, Beaiiv. S. rupes'tris, Spring. A little moss-like evergreen, grow- ing on exposed rocks in dense tufts 1-3 inches high. Leaves awl-shaped, with a grooved keel, and tipped with a bristle. Spikes 4-cornered. 2, ISO'ETES. L. QuiLLWORT. I. echiiiOS'pora, Durieu, var. Braun'ii, Engelm. (Quill- wort.) A small aquatic grass-like plant with a corm-like stem, bearing 15-30 slender leaves. The large sporangia axillary, partly enwrapped by the thin edges of the exca- vated bases of the leaves, beset with small spinules. — Lakes and ponds, chiefly eastward. Order CXVI. SALVINIA'CE^. Small floating moss-like plants, with branching axis, covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves. Sporocarps in pairs beneath the stem, very soft and thin- walled, the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing a single raacrospore, the larger ones globose, containing several microspores. AZOLLA, Lam. A. Carolinia'na, WiUd. Somewhat deltoid in outline, much branched, of reddish aspect. Floating on ajiiet wat- ers of Lake Ontario, not common. u 1 m ■ 1 ■■;i i .1 't , GLOSSARY. A. Abortive* defective or barren, Acanlesoent, apparently without a stem. Achcne, a dry indehiscent l-seeded fruit, with the pericarp free from the seed. Achlainydeous, without calyx and corolla. Aclcular, needle-shaped. Acuinlnate, with a long taperiiig extremity. Acute, sliarp at the end. Adnate, grown fast to. Alternate, not opposite. -androns, at the end of a word, re- fers to stamens. Angiospernious, having seeds enclosed in an ovary. Annual, lasting one year or season only. Anterior, in front ; away from tlie axis ; the same as lotversiud outer. Anther, the pollen-bearing part of the stamen. Apetalous, without petals. Appressed, lying close and flat. Aquatic, growing in water. Aril, an extra coat or appendage of certain seeds. Asoendlnff, growing upwards in a slanting direction. Auricle, an ear-like appendage or lobe. Auriculate, having auricles. Awl-sliaped, narrowed upward from the base to a sharp rigid point. Awn, a bristle-like appendage. Axil, the angle on the upper side of a leaf where it joins the stem. Axile, central ; in tlie axis. Axillary, growing from an axil. Axist the central line. B. Baccate* berry-like. Barbed, with short sharp points, usually pointing backward. Beaked, tipped with a distinct beak or point. Bearded, having long or stiif hairs. Berry, a pulpy fruit like a currant or gooseberry. Bi-, a prefix meaning twice, or two. Biennial, lasting two years or sea- sons. Bifid, two-cleft. Bilabiate, two-lipped. Bladdery, thin and inflated. Blade, the broad part of a leaf. Bract, a modified leaf near a flower or flower-cluster. Bractlet* a secondary bract. Bristle, a stiff hair. Bud, an undeveloped branch or flower. Bulb, a fleshy underground mass, consisting chiefly of leaf-scales or coats. Bulblet, a small bulb, especially one borne on the stem. Bulbous, having the appearance of a bulb. G, Caducous, falling off very early. Calyx, the outer set of flower- leaves, often coloured like a co- rolla. Campanulate, bell-shnped. Canescent, grayish-hoary. Capitate, like a head. Capsule, any dry dehiscent syn- carpous fruit. Carinate, having a keel-like ridge or projection. if I GLOSSARY. 273 branch or Carpel* one of the parts whicli, whether separate or united, make up the pistil. Gartilaginons, firm and tough. Caryop9i8, a grain or fruit like that of a grass. Catkin, a slender spike-like cluster of usually imperfect flowers, as in Willow, etc. Caulescent, having a manifest stem. Caullne, belonging to the stein. Cespitoso, growing in tufts. Chaff, a small thin scale or bract, becoming dry and membranous. Channelled, grooved lengthwise. Clllate, with hairs on the edge. Cinereous, ash-coloured. Clrcnniclsslle, opening by a hori- zontal circular line. Clavate, club-shaped, thicker at the top. Clelstogamous, applied to certain flowers which are fertilized in the bud, without opening. Cleft, cut to about the middle. Cllniblngr* ascending by laying hold of neighbouring objects by means of tendrils, etc. Cohesion, the union of similar parts. Coma, a tuft of hairs on a seed. iCoinpressed, flattened. Condnpllcate, folded together lengthwise. Confluent, blending together into one. Coniferous, cone-bearing. Connate, grown together. Connective, the middle portion of an anther connecting the cells. Connlvent, converging, approach- ing each other. Convolute, rolled up lengthwise. Cordate, indented at the base. Coriaceous, leathery in texture. Corm, a solid bulb, like that of Indian-Turnip. Corolla, the inner of the two sets of the perianth. Corymb, a flat-topped flower-clus- ter with pedicels arising at differ- ent ix>intg on the stem, the outer flowers opening first. Corymbose, in corymbs ; corymb- like. Cotyledons, the seed-leaves. Creeping, trailing on the ground and striking root at intervals. Crenate, with rounded teeth. Crested, bearing an appendage like a crest. Crown, an appendage in the throat of a corolla. Culm, the peculiar stem ot a grass or sedge. Cuneate, wedge-shaped, the broad end upwards. Cuspidate, tipped with an abrupt but distinctly tapering point. Cyllndraceous, somewhat cylin- drical. Cyme, a flat-topped flower-cluster, with the central flowers opening first. Cymose, bearing cymes, or cyme- like. D. Deciduous, falling off; not per- sistent. Decompound, more than once compound or divided. Decumbent, reclining. Decurrent, applied to a leaf when the lobes at the base extend down the sides of the stem. Decussate, with opiiosite pairs at right angles to each other. Deflexed, turned abruptly down- ward. Dehiscent, splitting open to allow the contents to escape. Deltoid, triangular, the base down- ward. Dentate, toothed, the teeth point- ing outward. Denticulate, minutely dentate. Depressed, flattened from above. Di-, twice or two. Diadelphous, with the filaments policring in two sets. Dluudrous, having two stamena. 274 GLOSSARY. ''til t ■ ^'1 .1 .i Dtchotomons, forking regularly by pairs. Dlcotylcdonons, haviifg two coty- ledons. Didynamou8,of stamens, when in two pairs of different lengths. Diffuse, spreading. Dl^^ftate, compound, the members arising from the same point. DIcecious, of flowers when the staminate and pistillate ones are on separate plants. Discoid, of composlce flowers when ray-florets are absent. Disic, a development of the recept- acle around the base of the pistil ; the central part of the head of a composite flower as distinct from the ray. Dissected, cut up into many seg- ments. Dissepimsnt, a partition in an ovary or fruit. Distinct, not united. Divergrent, spreading apart. Divided, lobed to the base. Dorsal, relating to the back of any organ. Drupe, a fleshy fruit with the seed enclosed in a hard shell, as a plum or cherry. E. Elliptical, oval. Etiiar^luatc, slightly notched at the end. Embryo, the undeveloped plant in the seed. Endooarp, the innermost layer of the pericarp. Endogenous, applied to stems whose wood does not grow in rings, but in scattered bundles. Entire, without indentations of any kind. Epigy nous, growing on the ovarj'. Epiphyte, an air -plant, whose roots do not reach the ground. Equltant, apTjlied to such leaves as those of Iris, which ore folded lengthwise, each astride of the next one within. Erect, upright. Exonrrent, applied to stems which can be readily traced through to the top, as in Pine. Exogenous, applied to stems whose wood grows in layers or rings. Exserted, thrust out beyond the line of the enveloping organ, as stamens out of a corolla. Extrorse, facing outward. F. Fascicle, a close bundle. Fertile, applied to flowers having pistils. Fibrous, thread-like. Filament, the stalk of the stamen. Filiform, thread-shaped ; long and slender. Floccose, soft-woolly. Follaceons, leaf-like. -foliate, relating to leaves. -foliolate, relating to leaflets. Follicle, a dehisceiit fruit of one carpel, splitting down one side only. Free, not growing fast to any other organ. Frond, the leaf of a Fern, and some other cryptogams. Fruit, the ripened ovary, along with any adherent part. Fugacious, falling away very early. fusiform, spindle-shaped, thicker 1;: the middle than at either end. G. Galea, a helmet-shaped piece of a fierianth, as the upper lip of some ablate corollas. Gamopetalous, having the petals united together. Gamophyllous, having the pieces of the perianth united. Gibbous, bulging outward on one side. Glabrate, somewhat glabrous ; becoming glabrous. Glabrous, smooth. Gland, a secreting structure of any kind. Any protuberance having the appearance of such an organ. GLOSSARY. 275 Glandular, bearing glands ; or gland-like. Glaucous, whitened with a blooui. Globose, nearly spherical. Gluniaccous, having glumes ; or glume-like. Glume, a chaffy bract near ii grass-flower. Granular, composed of small grain-like pieces. Gymnospermous, having seeds which are not enclosed in an ovary. Gynandrous, of stamens which are borne on the style. H. Habit, the general aspect of a plant. Halberd-shaped, with spreading lobes at the base. Hastate* the same as halberd- shaped. Head, a dense cluster of sessile flowers on a very short axis. Heart-shaped, with an indenta- tion at the Dase. Herb, a plant with little or no wood in its stem. Herbaceous, havin?i! If I I ti:> ■ s. Saccate, sac-shaped. Saelttate, arrow-$thaped. the basal loDes directed downward- Salver-shaped* with a boi > spreading at right angles to the tube. Samara, a winged fruit, as that of the Ash. Scabrous, rough. Scape, a leafless peduncle rising from the ground or near it. Scarions, thin, dry, and mem- branaceous. Scnrf, small rusty-looking scales on tlie epidermis. Segment, one of the parts of a divided leaf. Sepal, a division of a calyx. Septum, a partition. Serrate, toothed, the teeth directed towards the apex. Serrulate, finely serrate. Sessile, without a stalk. Setaceous, bristie-like. Setose, beset with bristles. Slieath, a tubular envelope. Sheathlngr* enclosing as with a sheath. Shrub, a woody perennial smaller than a tree. SUloIe, a short and broad silique. Slllque, the peculiar pod of a Cru- ciferous flower. Simple, of one piece. Sinuate, wavy. Sinus, the indentation between two lobes. Sorus, a cluster of sporangia. Spadix, a spike on a fleshy axis. Spathe, a bract, subtending or en- veloping a spadix. Spathulate, gradually narrowed downward from a rounded apex. Spicatc, in the form of a spike. Spike, a chister of sessile flowers on a more or less elongated axis. Spikclet, a small or secondary spike. Spindle-shaped, larger in tlie middle than at either end. Spine, a sharp woody outgrowth of the stem. Splnose, spine-like, or beset with :pines. poranginm, a sporc-cnse. Sporocarp, the fruit-case of cer- tain cryptogams. Spur, a hollow projection. Squarrose, having spreading tips. Stamen, a pollen-bearing organ. Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla. Stellate, star-shaped. Sterile, not producing seed, with- out a pistil. Sti&rma, the upper end of the pistil, adapted for the reception of pollen. Stigmatic, stigma-like. Stipe, the leaf-stalk of a Fern: the stalk supporting a pistil in certain flowers. Stipular, relating to stipules. Stolon, a branch which roots. Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. Striate, marked with fine longitu- dinal lines. Strict, rigid and upright. Strigose, beset with appressed sharp straight and stiff hairs. Style, the narrow part of a pistil between the ovary and the stigma. Stylopodium, a disk-like expan- sion at the base of a style, as in Umbelliferous plants. Sub-, a prefix meaning "some- what." Subulate, awl shaped. Succulent, juicy. SuflTrutescent, slightly shrubby. SuflTruticose, low and woody, di- minutively shrubby. Sulcate, grooved or furrowed. Superior (calyx), attached to the ovary. Suture, a seam or line of dehis- cence. Symmetrical, with gets having the same number of parts each, or a multiple of that number. GLOSSARY. 279 T. Tall, any slender prolongation. Terete, cylindrical. Terminal, at the apex. Ternate, In threes. Tetradynamous, with four lonpr stamens and two short ones. Throat, the entrance to the tube of a calyx or corolla, Thyrge, a compact panicle. Thyrsold, like a thyrse. Tomeutose, woolly. Transverse, across. TrI-, a prefix meaning three oi thrice. Trlfollolate, having threeleaflets. Truncate, as if cut oif square across the end. Tuber, the enlarged end of an un- derground stem. Tubercle, a small tuber-like body. Tuberous, having the appearance of a tuber. Tunlcated, having coats one with- in another. Twining, winding spirally about a support. » U. Cmbel, a flower-cluster with radi- ating pedicels. (Jnibellate, umbel-like. Umbellet, a secondary umbel. Undulate, wavy. TTrceoIate, urn-shaped. Utricle, an iiidehiHcent l-seeded fruit, witli a tliiii loose pericarp. Valvato, with the edges meeting but not overlapping. Valve, one of tlie pieces into which a capsule splits. Veins, the threads of fibro- vascular tissue running through tlie suli- stance of a leaf. Ventral, belonging to the inferior or lower side. Vernation, the folding of a leaf in the bud. Versatile, attached by the centre (of the anther) and so able to swing about. Vertical, upright. Verticillate, whorled. Villous, with long soft hairs. Viscid, sticky. W. Whorl, a circle of leaves round a stem. Wing, a thin expansion bordering any organ ; one of the side petals of a papilionaceous corolla. Woolly* with long matted hairs. ning " some- line of dehis- w AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. r! r m |i. fir r^ ^ Popular Name. Abutilon. Aconite. African Marigold. Agapanthus. Ageratum. Almond (Flower- ing) Aiyssum (Sweet). Apple (Common). Apple (Siberian Crab). Apricot. Artichoke (True). Artichoke (Jerusa- lem). Asparagus. Aster (China). Auricula. Azalea. Balsam. Banana. Barberry. Barley. Bean (Windsor). Scientific Name. Abutilon striatum. Aconitum Napellus. Tagetes erecta. Agapanthus umbellatus. Ageratum Mexicanum. Prunus nana. Aiyssum maritimum. Pyrus Malus. Pyrus prunifolia. Prunus Armeniaca. Cynara Scolymus. Helianthus tuber osus. Asparagus officinalis. Callistephus Chinensis. Primula AuricvZa. Azalea Indica. Impatiens Balsamina. Musa sapientum. Berberis vulgaris. Hordeum (sev. sp.) Vicia Faba. NaturalOrdkr. Malvaoese. Banunculaceee . Compositse. Liliacere. Compositse. Bosaceee. Cruciferse. Eosacese. Bosaceee. Bosaceee. Compositse. CompositsB. Liliacese. Compositse. Primulaceee. Ericaceae. Geraniacese. Scitaminese. Berberidacese. Gramineee. Leguminosse. 11 IE , I COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 281 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Natural Order. Bean (Dwarf). Phaaeolus nanus. Leguminosffi. Bean (Kidney). Phaseoliis vulgaris. Leguminoste. Beet. Beta vulgaris. Chenopodiacea'. Begonia. Begonia Rex (^and many other species). Bogoniacese. Bleeding Heart. Dicentra spedabilis. Fumariacese. Bluebottle. Centaurea Cyanus. Compositse. Blue Flag. Iris pumila {and other species). Iridaceaj. Borage. Borrago officinalis. Borraginacese. Boston Ivy. Ampelopsis Veitchii. Vitaceai. Bottle Gourd. Lagenaria vulgaris. Cuourbitaceae. Bouvardia. Bouvardia triphylla. Rubiaceae. Box. Buxus sevipervirens. Kuphorbiaceae. Broccoli. Brassica oleracea, var. Broccoli. Cruciferee. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum. Polygonaceaj. Cabbage. Caladium. Calceolaria. Calendula. Calla Lily. Camellia. Canary-bird Flower. Candytuft. Canna. Canterbury Bells. Capsicum. Caraway. Carrot. Castor-oil Plant. Catalpa. Catchfly. Brassica oleracea. Caladium {sev. sp.) Calceolaria {sev. sp.) Calendula officinalis. Hichardia Africana. Camellia Japonica. Tropceolum peregri- num. Iheris umhellata. Canna Indica. Campanula Medium. Capsicum annuum. Carum Carui. Daucus Carota. Ricinus communis . Catalpa hignonioides. Silene Armeria. Cruciferse. Aracese. Scrophularaicese. Compositse. Aracese. Camelliaceee. Geraniacese. Cruciferse. Scitaminese. CampanulacetB. Solanacea'. Umbelliferse. Euphorbiacese. Bignoniaceae. ! Caryophyllacese it ir| 282 COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 1: , ,;; w ' Popular Name. Scientific Name. NaturalOrder. Cauliflower. Brassica ohraceaivar. } Cruciferae. Celery. Apium yraveolens " Umbelliferae. Century Plant. Agave Americana. A m ary Uidacese. Chamomile. Antheviis nohilis. Compositse. Cherry (Red). Prunus Cerasus. Rosaceae. Cherry (English). " avium. " China Aster. Callistephus Chinensis. Compositse. Chinese Primrose. Primula Sinensis. PrimulacesB. Chives. Allium Schcenoprasum. Liliacese. Cigar-plant. Cuphea i)latycentra. Lythracese. Cineraria. Senecio cruentus. Compositse. Citron. Citrullus vulgaris (yar.) Cucurbitacese. Clarkia. Clarhia elegans. Onagracese. Clematis. Cleviatis {sev. sp.) Ranunculacea^. Cobsea. Cohcea scandens. Polemoniaceae. Cockscomb. Celosia cristata. Amarantacese. Coffee. Ooffea Arahica. Rubiaceae. Coleus. Coleus Blumei. Labiatse. Columbine. Aquilegia vulgaris. Ranunculacese. Convolvulus. Ipomcea purpurea. Convolvulacese. Corn. Zea Mays. Graminese. Cornflower. Centaurea Cyanus. Compositae. . Cotton. Gossipiuvi herbaceum. Malvaceae. Crocus. Crocus vernus. Iridaceae. Crown Imperial. Fritillaria imperialis. Liliaceae. Cucumber. Cucumis sativus. Cucurbitacese. Cuphea. Cuphea platycentra. Lythraceap. Currant (Red and Rihes rubrum. Saxifragacese. White). Currant (Black). " nigrum. (( Cyclamen. Cyclamen Persicum. PrimulacesB. Cypress Vine. Quamociii vulgaris. ConvolvulaccBB. Cypripedium. Cypripedium («e«. sp.) Orchidaceae. COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 283 AL Order. 3r8B. liferae. ^Uidacese. (sitse. )sit8e. laceae. Bse. acese. :)sit8e. bitacese. '£tCG96» ticulacese. loniaceae. antacese. -cese. tse. nculacese. )lvulaceaB. inese. ositae. • icese. jese. jese. rbitacese. racese. ragacese. ulacese. olvulacesB. Ldacese. 1 Popular Name. | Scientific Name. NaturalOrder. Daffodil. Narcissus Pseudo- Narcissus. Amaryllidaceae. Dahlia. Dahlia variabilis. Compositae. Daisy. Bel lis perennis. u Day-Lily (Common). Hevierocallisfulva. Liliacese. Deutzia. Deutzia gracilis, etc. Saxifragaceae. Dianthus. Dianthus Chinensis {sev. varieties). Caryophyllaceae Dielytra. Dielytra spectabilis. Fumariacese. Digitalis. Digitalis purpurea. Scrophulariacese Draccena. Draccena (sev. sp.) Liliaceas. Dusty Miller. Centaurea Cineraria [or Candidissima). Compositse. Dutchman's Pipe. Aristolochia Sipho. Aristolochiaceae Egg Plant. Solanuni Melongena. Solanacese. Elephant's Ear. Begonia {many sp.) Begoniacese. Endive. Qichorium Endivia. Compositse. Eschscholtzia. Eschscholtzia Califor- nica. Papaveraceao. Evening-Primrose. (Enothera hiennis{var. ) Onagraceae. Everlasting. Gnaphalium{sev. sp.) Compositae. Feverfew. Pyrethrum Parthen- (( Fig. lUltl. Ficus Carica. Urticaceae. Flax. Linum usitatissitnum {and other species). Linaceae. Flower-de-luce. Iris Germanica. Iridaccae. Flower-of-an-hour. Hibiscus Trionum. Malvaceae. Forget-me-not. Myosotis palustris. Borragiuaceae. Forsythia. Forsythia viridisnma. Oleaceae. Four-o'clock. Mirabills Jnlapa. Nyctaginaceae. F.prifoliace8c Bosacese. Violacese. Borraginacese. Liliacese. Urticacese. SolanacesB. Aquifoliaceoe. Malvaceee. Cruciferee. C9,prifoliace8e. TJrticaceee. Labiatse. Sapindaceae. Cruciferee. Crassulaceee. Liliaceee. Saxifragaceee. COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 285 Popular Name. Scientific Name. Natural Order. Ice Plant. Mesemhryanthemum Meserabryan- crystallinum. themese. Indian Corn. Zea Mays, Gramineae. Indian Cress. Tropceolum majus. Geraniaceae. Indian Mallow. Abutilon Avicennce. Malvaceae. Indian Shot. Carina {sev. sp.) Scitaminese. India-Eubber Tree. Ficus elastica. Urticaceae. Iris. Iris {sev, sp.) Iridaceae. Ivy. Hedera Helix. Araliaceae. Jerusalem Arti- Helianthus tuberoaut. Compositae. choke. Jessamine. Jonquil. Kale. Kidney Bean. Kohlrabi. Laburnum. Ladies' Eardrops. Lamb's Quarters. Lantana. Larkspur. Lavender. Leek. Lemon - scented Verbena. Lentil. Lettuce. Lilac (Common) Lily. Lily-of-the- Val 1 oy . Linden (Europe). Live-for-Ever. Lobelia (blue). Jasminum (sev. sp.) Narcissus JonqulUa. Brassica oleracea. Phaseolus vulgaris. Braaaica oleracea {var. ) Laburnum vulgare. Fuchsia (many sp.) Chenopodium album, Lantana {sev. s^j.) Delphinium {sev. sp.) Lavandula vera. Allium Porrum, Lippia citriodora. Lens esculenta. Loictuca sativa. Syringa vulgaris. Lilium {many sp.) Convallarla majalis. Tilia Europma, Sedum Tele phi um. I Lobelia Erinua, Oleaceae. Amaryllidaceae. Cruciferae. Leguminosae. Cruciferae. Leguminosae. Onagraceae. Chenopodiaceae, Verbenaceae. Eanunculaceae. Labiatae. Liliaceae. Verbenaceae. Leguminosiii. Compositae. Oleaceae. Liliaceae. Liliaceae. Tiliaceae. Crassulaceae. Lobeliacese. 286 COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. ,':iM ^ .■ WMta' ^S^V li: Inn ^H ' i ^ ' iH 9 1 i IH ! i ■ Popular Name. Locust-tree. Love-in-a-mist. Love-lies-bleeding . Lychnis. Lycopodium. Madder. Marigold. Marvel-oi-Per u . Matrimony- Vine. Maurandia. Melilotus (white). Melon (Musk). ♦' (Water). Mignonette. Mimosa. Mock-Orange. Molucca Balm. Monkshood. Morning Glory. Moss Pink. Mountain Ash. Mourning Bride. Mulberry. Muskmelon. Musk-plant. Narcissus (Polyan- thus). Nasturtium. Nemophila. Nolana. Oat. Scientific Name. Robinia (sev. sp.) Nigella Damascena. Amaranius melan- cholicus. Lychnis {sep. sp.) Selaginella (sev. sp.) Rubia tindoria. Calendula officinalis. Mirabilis Jala pa. Lycium vulgare. Maurandia {sev. sp.) Melilotus alba. Cucumis Melo. Citrullus vulgaris. Reseda adorata. Mimosa pudica. Philadelphus Coron- arius. Moluccella Icevis. Aconitum Napellus. Ipomcea purpurea. Phlox suhulaia. Pyrus Americana. Scabiosa atropurpiurea. Morus alba. Cucumis Melo. Mimulus moschatus. Narcissus Taxelta. Tropceolum ma jus. Nemophila (sev. sp.) Nolana atriplicifolia. Avena saliva. NaturalOrder. Leguminosse. Ranunculacese. Amarantacese. Gary ophy 1 laceae. Lycopodiaceae. Bubiacese. CompositsB. Nyctaginacese. SolanacesB. Scrophulariaceae. LeguminosEe. Cucurbitacese. B-esedacese.. Leguminosse, Saxifragaceae. Labiatse. Ranunculacese. Convolvulacese. Polemoniacese. Eosacese. Dipsacese. Urticacese. CucurbitacesB. Scrophulariaceee. Amaryllidacese. Geraniaceffi. Hydrophyllacese Solanacese. Gramineee. if' i COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 287 Popular Name. Oleander. Onion. Orange (Sweet). Orange-Gourd. Oxalis. Oyster-Plant. Poeony (Common). Pansy. Parsley. Parsnip. Passion - Flower (Common). Pea. Peach. Peanut. Pear. Peppermint. Perilla. Periwinkle (Com- mon). Petunia. Phlox. Pie-Plant. Pimpernel. Pine-Apple. Pink. Plum. Plumbago (Blue). Poinsettia. Polyanthus. Pomegranate. Poppy. Scientific Name. Nereum Oleander. Allium Cepa. Citrus Aurantium. Cucurbita ovifera. Oxalis {sev. ap.) Tragopogon porri/olius. Pceonia officinalis. Viola tricolor. Petrosd'mum sativum. Pastinaca sativa. Pai;aiJlora ccerulea. Pisum sativum. Prunus Persica. Arachis Jiypogcea. Pyrus communis. Mentha piperita. Perilla Nankinensis. Vinca Minor. Petunia {sev. sp.) Phlox {sev. sp.) Rheum Rltaponticum. Anagallis arvensis. Ananassa sativa. Dianthus {many sp.) Prunus Domestica {many Vdv.) Plumbago Capensis. Euphorbia pulcher- rivia. Primula officinalis {sev. var.) Punica Oranat^im. Papaver somniferum. Natural Order. Apocynacese. Liliacese. Rutacese. Cucurbitacese. Oxalidacese. Compositae. Banunculaceae. Violaceae. Umbelliferse. Passifloraceee. Leguminosae. Rosacese. Leguminosse. Rosacese. Labiatse. Labia tse. Apocynaceae. Solanacese. Polemoniaceae. Polygonacese, Primulacese. Bromeliacese. CaryophyllacesB. Rosacese. Plumbagitiaceee Euphorbiacese. Primulaceee. Lythraceee. Papveraceao. 288 COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. il I I Popular Name. Portulaca. Potato. Primrose(Chinese). Princes' Feather. Privet (Common). Pumpkin. Badish. Raspberry (Red or Yellow). Red Pepper. Red-hot- poker. Rhododendron. Rhubarb. Rice. Rocket Rose. Rose-Mallow. Rosemary. Rowan-Tree. Rutabaga. Rye. Sage (Common). Salsify. Salvia. Savory (Summer). Scabiosa. Scarlet Lychnis. Scarlet-Runner. Sensitive-plant. Shell-Flower. Smilax. Scientific Name. Portulaca grandi/lora. Solanum tuberosum. Priviula Sinensis. Polygonum orientals. Ligustrum vulgare. Cucurbita Pepo. Raphanus sativus, Rubus Idoeus. Capsicum annuum. Tritoma TJvaria. Rhododendron Dauri- cum. Rheum Rhaponticum. Oryza sativa. Hesperis niatronalis. Rosa {many sp.) Hibiscus Syriacus. Rosmarinus officinalis Pyrus Americana. Brassica campestris. Secale cereale. Salvia officinalis. Tragopogon porrifolius. Salvia {many sp.) Satureia hortensis. Scabiosa atropurpurea. Lychnis Chalcedonica . Phaseolus multiflorus. Mimosa pudica. Moluccella Icevis. Myrsiphyllum aspar- agoides. Natural Order. Portulacacese. Solanacese. Primulaceae. Polygonacese. Oleaceee, Cucurbitaceae. CrucifersB. Rosaceae. Solancese. Liliacese. Ericaceae. Polygonacese. Gramineae. Cruciferae. Rosaceae. Malvaceae. Labia tae. Rosaceae. Cruciferae. Gramineae. Labiatae. Compositae. Labiatae. Dipsaceae. Caryophyllacese Leguminosae. Labiatae. Liliaceae. COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. 289 Popular Name. Snapdragon. Snowball-Tree. Snowberry. Snowdrop. Spearmint. Spiderwort. Spinach. Spiraea. Spurge. Squash. Star-of -Bethlehem . Stephanotis. Stock(Ten-Weeks3. Stone-crop (Mossy. ) Strawberry. Strawberry Geran- ium. Strawberry Tomato. Sugar Cane. Sweet Basil. Sweet-Brier. Sweet Clover. Sweet- William. Syringa. Tansy. Tea Plant. Thimbleberry. Thyme. Tiger-Flower. Scientific Name. Antirrhinum majus. Viburnum Opulus, Symphoricarpus race- mosus. Galanthus nivalis. Mentha viridis. Tradescantia zehrina. Spinacia oleracea. SpircBa (sev. sp.) Euphorbia (seu. sp.) Cucurbita maxima. Ornithogallum umbel- latum,. Stephanotis floribunda Matthiola annua. Sedum acre* Fragaria {sev. sp.) Saxifraga sarmentosa Physalis Alkekengi. Saccharum officina- rum. Ocimum Basilicum, Rosa rubiginosa. Melilotus alba. Dianthus barbatus. Philadelphus corona- rius. Tanacetum vulgare. Thea viridts. Rubus occidentalis. Thymus SerpyUum. Tigridia pavonia {sev. var.) NaturalOrder. Scrophulariacese Caprifoliacese. Amaryllidacese. Labiatse. Commelinaceae. Chenopodiacese . Eosacese. Euphorbiaceae. Cucurbitacese. Liliaceae. AsclepiadacesB. Cruciferse. Crassulacese. RosacesB. Saxifragacese. Solanacese. Graminese. Labiatse. Rosacese. Leguminosae. Caryophyllacese. Saxifragaoeae. Compositse. Camelliaceae. Rosaceae. Labia tae. Iridaceae. 290 COMMON CULTIVATED PLANTS. I n ]y- '1 i ■■ .' Popular Name. Scientific Name. Natural Order. Tobacco( Common). Nicotiana Tabacum. Solanaceee, Tomato. Licopersicum esculen- tum. Ailanthusglandulosus. t( Tree of Heaven. Simarubacese. Trumpet Creeper. Tecoma (sev. sp.) BignoniacesB. Tulip. Tulipa Gesneriana {sev. var. ) Liliaceae. Turnip. Brassica Napus. Cruciferae. Vegetable Marrow. Cucurhita verrucosa. Cucurbitacese. Verbena. Verbena {sev. sp ) Verbenacese. Veronica. Veronica {sev. sp.) Scrophulariacese Vetch (Common). Vicia sativa. LegunrinossB. Violefc (Sweet). Viola odorata. Violacese. Virginia Creeper. Ampelopsis quinque- folia. Vitacese. Wallflower. Cheirantnua Cheiri. CrucifersB. Watermelon. Citrullus vulgaris. Cucurbitacese. Wax-Plant. Hoya carnosa. Asclepiadacese. Wheat. ' Triticum vulgare. Graminese. Windsor Bean. Vicia Faba. LeguminossB. Wistaria. Wistaria Sinensis. (( Wolfsbane. Aconitum Napellus. Ranunculacese. Woodbine. Lonicera {sev. sp.) Caprifoliacese. Wormwood (Com- Artemisia Absinthium Compositse. mon). Yucca. Yucca aloifolia. Liliacese. Zinnia. Zinnia elegans. Compositse. IISTDEX. The names of the Orders, Classes, and Divisions are in large capitals ; those of the Sub-orders in small capitals. The names of Genera, as well as popular names and synonyms, are in ordinary type. Pagk. Abies 2 1(5 ABIETI^K^ 214 Abutilon b9 Acalypha 197 Acanthacea? 1'):) Acanthus Family 159 Acer 47 Acerates 181 Achillea 131 Acnida 188 Acorus 218 Actsea 9 Actinomeris 129 Adam-and-Eve 234 . Adder's-Mouth 233 Adder's-Tongue 2(57 Adiantum 2:i9 Adlumia 15 JEthusa 90 Agrimonia 65 Agrimony 05 Alcliemilla 65 Alder 209 Alisma 225 ALISMACE^E 224 Alkanet 170 Allium 243 Alnus 209 Alum-root 78 Alyssum 23 Amaranth 187 Amaranth Family 187 Amarantus 1 87 amarantace/t: i87 AMARYLLID A0E;E 236 Amaryllis Family •■i'M Page. Ambrosia ill Amelanchier 7i American Brookliinc 153 American Colombo 177 American Cowslip 146 American Laurel 142 Amorpha 57 Ampelopsis 45 Amphicarpaea 59 Amygdale^k 62 Anachari- 220 ANACARDIACE^ 45 Anagallis 148 Androsace 116 Andromeda 142 Anemone 3 AXGIOSPERMS 1 ANONACEiE 10 Antennaria 114 Anthemis 127 APETALOUS EXOGENS 182 Aphyllon 150 Apios 59 Apleetrum 234 Aplopappus xl6 APOCYNACE.E 179 Apocynum 179 Apple 73 Apple of Peru 176 AQUIFOLIACEJ^ 145 Aquilegia 8 Arabis 20 ARACEiE 217 Aralia 92 AKALIACE^ 92 Arbor Vitse 216 292 INDEX. 1. I 't 1 i " Page. Archangellca 90 Archemora 89 Arctium , 110 Arctostaphylos 141 Arenaria 34 Arethusa 233 Arissema 218 ARISTOLOCHIAUE^ 182 Arnica 120 Aromatic Wintergreen 141 Arrow-Arum 218 Arrow-Grass 225 Arrow-Head 225 Arrow- Wood 97 Artemisia 112 ARTOCARPEiE 198 Arum Family 217 Asarum 182 ASCLEPIADACE^ 179 Asclepias 180 Ash 181 Ash-leaved Maple 48 Asimina 10 Asparagus 242 Aspen 212 Aspidium 262 Asplenium 260 Aster 121 Astragalus 54 Atriplex 188 Avens 66 Azalea 142 Azolla 271 Baked-apple Berry 70 Ballota 167 Balm 166 Balm of Gilead 212 Balsam Family 42 BALSAMINACE^ 42 Baneberry 9 Baptisia 61 Barberry 11 Barbarea 19 Barberry Family 10 Page. Barren Strawberry 66 Bartsia 158 Basil 164,165 Basswood 39 Bastard Toad-flax 195 Bayberry 203 Beach Pea 59 Bearberry 141 Beard-Tongue 155 Beaver-Poison 91 Beech 207 Beech-Drops 150 Bee"ch-Fern 261 Bedstraw 99 Beggar's Lice 169 Beggar-ticks 130 Bellflower 130 Bellis 127 Bellwort 240 BERBERIDACEiE 10 Berberis H Bergamot 165 Betula 208 BETULACEJE 207 Bidens 130 Bindweed 174 Birch 208 BirchFamily 207 Birthwort Family 182 Bishop's Cap 77 Bitter-Cress 19 Bitter-Nut ... 203 Bittersweet 175 Black Alder 145 Blackberry 70, 71 Black Bindweed 191 Black Grass l'45 Black Horehound 167 Black Mustard 22 Black Snake-root 9, 89 Bladder Campion 33 Bladder Fern 264 Bladder-Katmia 39 Bladder-Nut 47 Bladder-pod 19 INDEX. 293 Page. Bladderwort 149 Bladderwort Family 149 Blazing-Star 114 Blite 185 Blitum 18") Blood-root 14 Blue Ash 182 Blue Beech 207 Blueberry 139 Bluebottle no Blue Cohosh n Blue Flag 235 Billets 101 Blue-eyed Grass 236 Blue Lettuce 134 Blue-weed 108 Boehmeria , 201 Boneset 115 Borage Family 167 BORRAGINACE^ 167 Botrychium 266 Bouncing Bet , 32 Bowman's Root 65 Box Elder 48 Bracted Bindweed 173 Bracken 260 Brake 260 Bramble 70 Brasenia 12 Brasssica 22 Bristly Sarsaparilla 92 Brooklime 153 Brook-weed 148 Broom Crowberry 213 Broom-rape Family 150 Brunella 160 Buckbean 178 Buckthorn 45 Buckthorn Family 45 Buckwheat 193 Buckwheat Family 188 Buda 36 Bugbane 9 Bugseed 186 Bugle- weed 162 Pack. BugloSS 1H9 Bunch-berry 93 Bupleurum 91 Burdock no Bur-Marigold 130 Burnet 65 Burning-Bush 46 Bur-reed 220 Bush-Clover 61 Bush-Honeysuckle 97 Butter-and-Eggs 154 Buttercup 6 Butterfly-weed 181 Butternut 202 Butter-weed 125 Butterwort 150 Button-bush lOO Buttonwood 201 Cacalia 115 CACTACE^ 86 Cactus Family 8 GRAMINE^: 251 Grape 45 Grass Family 251 Grass of Parnassus 76 Grass-wrack 224 Gratiola 156 Great Angelica 90 Green Asli 182 Green-brier 237 Green Dragon 218 GrecTi Milkweed 181 Green Violet 28 Grindelia 126 Gromwell 170 298 INDEX. 5 ' Page. Ground Cherry 175 Ground Hemlock 216 Ground Ivy 165 Ground Laurel 141 Ground-nut 59 Ground-Pine 270 Groundsel 115 Gutierrezla 126 Gymnocladus 62 GYMNOSPERMS 214 Habenaria 229 Hackberry 200 Halenia 177 HALORAGE^ 79 HAMAMELACEJE 79 Hamamelis 79 Harbinger-of-spring 92 Harebell 136 Hart's-Tongue 261 Hawkweed 132 Hawthorn 72 Hazel-nut 207 Heal-all 166 Heather 142 Heath Family 137 Hedeoma 164 Hedge Bindweed 173 Hedge-Hyssop 156 Hedge-Mustard 22 Hedge-Nettle 167 Hedysarum 61 Helenium 126 Hellanthemum 29 Hellanthus 128 Heliopsis 130 Ilenicrocallis 243 Hemlock 216 Hemlock-Parsley 90 ITe'.nlock-Spruce 216 Hemp 201 Hemp Family l!)9 Hemp-Nettle 166 Henbane 176 Hepatica 5 Page. Heracleum 89 Herb-Robert 41 Hesperis 22 Heteranthera 247 Heuchera 78 Hibiscus 39 Hickory 202 Hieracium 132 Hippuris 80 Hoary Pea 57 Hoary Puccoon 170 Hobble-bush 98 Hog Pea-nut 59 Hogweed Ill Holly 145 Holly Family 145 Honey- Locust 62 Honeysuckle 96 Honeysuckle Family 95 Honewort 91 Hop 201 Hop-Hornbeam 207 Hop-tree 43 Horehound 166 Hornbeam 20T Horned Pondweed 224 Hornwort 213 Hornwort Family 213 Horse-Balm 164 Horse-Mint 164 Horseradish 18 Horsetail 267 Horsetail Family 267 Horse-weed '. 125 Hosackia 63 Hound's Tongue 169 Houstonia 101 Huckleberry 13P Hudsonia 29 Humulus 201 Huntsman's Cup 13 Hydrastis 9 HYDROCHARIDACE^ 229 Hydrocotyle 89 HYDROPHYLLACEiE 17J |i| INDEX. 299 Page. 89 41 22 247 78 S9 202 132 80 57 170 98 59 111 145 145 62 96 95 91 201 207 43 166 207 224 213 213 164 164 18 267 267 125 53 169 101 13? 29 201 13 9 22^ 89 17J Page. Hydrophyllum 172 Hyoscyamus 176 HYPERICACEiE 30 Hypericum 30 Hypopitys 144 Hypoxys 236 Hyssop 164 Hyssopus 164 Ice-Plant Family 86 Ilex 145 ILLECEBRACE^ 183 Ilysanthes 156 Impatiens 43 Indian Cucumber-root 210 Indian Hemp no Indian Mallow 39 Indian Physic 65 Indian Pipe 144 Indian Plantain 115 Indian Tobacco 135 Indian Turnip 218 Innocence lOi Inula 116 IRIDACE^ 235 Iris 235 Iris Family 235 Iron-weed 114 Iron-wood 207 laanthus 103 laoetes 271 Iva 115 Jeffersonia 12 Jerusalem Artichoke 129 Jerusalem Oak 185 Jewel-Weed 43 Joe-Pye Weed 115 Juglana 202 JUGLANDACE.E 202 JUNCACE^ 243 Juncus 244 June-berry 74 Juniper 216 Juniperus 216 Page. Kalmla 142 Kentucky Coffee-trt'c 62 Knapweed no Knotgrass 189 Knotweed 189 Knotwort Family 183 Krigia 131 LABIATE 160 Labrador Tea 142 Lactuca 134 Lady's Mantle 65 Lady's Slipper 234 Lady's Thumb , 190 Lady's Smock 19 Ladies' Tresses 231 Lake-Cress 18 Lambkill 142 Lamb's Quarters 185 Lamium 167 Lampsana 131 Laportea 200 Lappa 110 Larch .'16 Larix 216 Larkspur 9 Lathyrus 59 LAURACEiE 193 Laurel Family 193 Laurestinus 97 Lead-Plant 57 Leadwort Family 144 Leaf-Cup 131 Leather-leaf 142 Leatherwood 194 Lechea 29 Ledum 142 Leek 243 LEGUMINOSiE 49 Lemna 219 LEMNACEiE 218 LKNTIBULARIACE^ 149 Leontodon 132 Leonurus 167 Lepidium 24 300 INDEX. Page. Lespedeza 61 ,_Lettuce 134 Leucanthemum 126 Liatris 114 LlGUT-IFLOR^ 1C8 Ligusticum 90 LILIACE^. 237 Lllium 242 Lily 242 Lily Family 237 Limnantheminn 179 LINAGES 40 Linaria 154 Linden Family 39 Lindera 193 Linnsea 96 Linum 40 Liparis 233 Liquorice 57 Liriodendron 10 Listera 233 Lithospermnni 170 Live-for-ever 79 Liver-leaf 5 Lizard's-tail 183 Lobelia 135 LOBELIACE^ 135 Lobelia Family 135 Locust-tree 54 Lonicera 96 Loosestrife 81, 147 Loosestrife Family 8i Lophanthus 165 Lopseed 159 Lousewort 158 Lovage 90 Lucerne 53 Ludwigia 83 Lungwort 170 Lupine 52 Lupinus 52 Lnzula 244 Lychnis 33 Lyclum 176 LYCOPODIACE^E 269 Page. Lyeopodium 269 Lycopus 163 Lycopsis 169 Lygodesmia 133 Lysimachia 147 LYTHRACE.^ 84 Lythrum 84 Madder Family 98 MAGNOLIACiwE 9 Magnolia Family 9 Maidenhair 259 Maianthemum 241 Mallow 38 Mallow Family 38 Malva 38 MALVACE^ 38 Malvastrum 39 Mamillaria 86 Mandrake 12 Maple 47 Mare's-Tail 80 Marrubium 166 Marsh-Cress 18 Marsh-Elder 115 Marsh-Marigold 8 Marsh Rosemary 144 Marsh St. John's-wort 31 Maruta 127 Matricaria 127 Matrimony -Vine 176 May-Apple 12 Mayflower 141 Mayweed 127 Meadow-Beauty 84 Meadow-Parsnip 90 Meadow-Rue 5 Meadow-Sweet 64 Medeola 240 Medicago 53 Medick 53 Melampyrum 158 Melastoma Family 84 MELASTOMACE^: 84 Melilot .53 Melilotus 63 INDEX. 301 'AGE. . 269 . 163 . . 169 . ,. 133 ,. 147 . . 84 .. 84 .. 98 .. 9 .. 9 ., 259 .. 241 .. 38 .. 38 .. 38 .. 38 .. 89 .. 86 .. 12 .. 47 ... 80 ... 166 .. 18 ,.. 115 ... 8 . .. 144 ... 31 ... 127 . .. 127 . .. 176 ... 12 . . . 141 ... 127 ... 84 ... 90 ... 5 . .. 64 ... 240 . . . . 63 . . . . 53 .... 158 .... 84 . ... 84 .... 53 .... 68 Page. Melissa Kir, MENISPERMACE.^: 10 Menispermurn 10 Mentha 163 Menyanthes 178 Mermaid-weed 80 Mertensia 170 Mexican Tea 185 Mezereum Family 194 Microstylis 233 Milfoil 131 Milk-Vetch 54 Milkweed 180 Milkweed Family 179 Milkwort 48 Milkwort Family 48 Mimulus l.')6 Mint 163 Mint Family 160 Mitchella 100 Mitella 77 Mitrewort 77 Mocassin Flower 234 Mock Pennyroyal 164 Mollugo 86 Monarda 164 Moneses 143 Moneywort 147 Monkey-Flower 150 MONOCOTYLEDONS 217 Monolepis 186 Monoti'opa 144 MONOTROPE^ 139 Monielia 188 Montia 38 Moonseed 10 Moonseed Family 10 Moon wort 266 Mooaewood 194 Morus 200 Moss-Campion 33 Moss Pink 173 Mossy Stone-croi) 78 Motherwort 167 Mountain Ash 74 Page. Mountain Holly 145 Mountain Maple 47 Fountain Mint 164 Mouse-ear Chickwcod 35 Mousctail 6 Mugwort 112 Mulberry 200 Mulgedium 1.34 Mullein 153 Musenium 9J Musk-Mallow 3& Musk Thistle 110 Mustard 2-2 Myosotis 171 Myosurus 6 Myrica 203 MYRICACEyE 203 Myriophyllum 80 Nabalus 133 NIADACE.E 221 Naias 224 Naked Broom-rape 150 Nasturtium 18 Neckweed 154 Negundo 48 Nemopanthes 115 Nepeta 165 IS essea 85 Nettle 200 Nettle Family 198 Nettle-tree 200 New Jersey Tea 45 Nicandra 176 Nlcotlana 176 Nightshade. 175 Nightshade Family 174 Nine-Bark 64 Nipplc-wort 131 Nuphar 13 Nymphaia 13 NYMPH^AC^E.E 12 Nyssa 94 Oak !J05 Oak Family 204 302 INDEX. l-ll n i^l I'AGE. (Enothera 83 OLEACEiE 181 Oleaster Family 194 Olive Family 181 ONAGRACEiE 81 Onion 243 Onoclea 264 Onopordon 110 Onosmodium 170 Ophioglossackje 259 Ophioglossum 267 Opuntia 86 Orache 186 Orange-root 9 ORCHIDACE^E 226 Orchis 229 Orchis Family 226 OROBANCHACE^ 150 Orpine 78 Orpine Family 78 Orthocarpus 157 Osmorrhiza 91 OSMUNDACE^ 259 Osmunda 265 Ostrich Fern 264 Oatrya 207 Oswego Tea 164 OXALIDACE^ 42 Oxalis 42 Ox-Eye 130 Ox-eye Daisy. 126 Oxytropis 66 Painted-Cup 157 Papaver 14 PAPAVERACE^ 14 Papaw 10 Parietaria 201 Parnassia 76 Paronychia 183 Parsley Family 87 Parsnip 89 Partridge- berry 100 Pasque-Flower 3 Pastinaca 89 IPasture &age-l)rusli 113 Page. Peai 73 Pearl-wort 36 Pedicularis 158 Pellsea 260 Pellitory 201 Peltandra 218 Pennycress 24 Pennyroyal 164 Penthorum 78 Pentstemon 155 Pepper Family 18i Pepperidge 94 Peppergrass 24 Peppermint 163 Pepper-root 19 Petalostenion 68 Petasites 121 Peucedanum 89 PHANEROGAMS I Phegopteris 261 Phlox 172 Phryma 159 Physalis 175 Physostegia 166 Phytolacca 183 PH YTOLACCACE^ 183 Picea 215 Pickerel-weed 247 Pickerel-weed Family 247 Pignut 203 Pigweed 185 Pilea 201 Pimpernel 138 Pine 215 Pine-drops 144 Pine Family 214 Pine-sap 144 Pinguicula 150 Pink Family 82 Pinus 215 Pinweed 29 PIPERAGEiE 182 Pipewort 247 Pipe wort Family 247 r ipsi lewa 144 INDEX. 303 GE. 73 36 158 200 201 218 24 164 , 78 155 . 182 . 94 . 24 . 163 . 19 . 58 . 121 . 89 . I . 261 . 172 ,. 159 ,. 175 .. 166 . . 183 . . 183 .. 215 .. 247 .. 247 ., 203 .. 185 .. 201 , .. 138 . . . 215 ... 144 ... 214 . .. 144 ... 150 ... 82 ... 215 ... 29 ... 182 ... 247 ... 247 ... ^44 Page. Pitcher-Plant Family 13 Plane-tree 201 Plane-tree Family 201 PLANTAGIN.ACE^ 148 Plantago 148 Plantain 148 Plantain Family 148 PLATANACE^ 201 Platanus 201 Pleurisy -root 181 Plum 64 PLUMBAGIN ACEiE 144 Plumeless Thistle lio Podophyllum 12 Pogonia 233 Poison Elder 44 Poison Hemlock 92 Poison Ivy 44 Poison Oak 44 Poke Milkweed 180 Pokeweed 183 Pokeweed Family 183 Polanisia 25 POLEMONI ACE^ 172 Polemouium Family 172 Polygala 48 POLYGALACE.E 48 POLYGONACE.E 188 Polygonatum 242 Polygonum 189 Polymnia 131 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. 1 POLYPODIACE^: 257 Polypodium 2r)9 Polypody 259 POMKiE 63 Pondweed 221 Pondweed Family 221 Pontederia 247 PONTEDEIilACE.E 247 Poplar 212 Poppy 14 Poppy Family 14 Populus 212 Portulaca 37 Page. PORTULACACEiR 37 Potaraogeton 221 Potentilla 67 Poterium 65 Prairie Clover .58 Prairie Dock 131 Prairie Rocket 21 Prenanthes 133 Prickly Ash 43 Prickly Pear 86 Primrose 146 Prinu-ose Family 145 Primula 146 PRIMULACE^ 145 Prince's Pine 144 Prosartes 241 Proserpinaca 80 Prunus 64 P oralea 57 Ptelea 43 Pteris 260 Pterospora 144 Puccoon 170 Pulse Family 49 Purslane 37 Purslane Family 37 Putty Root 234 Pycnanthemum 164 Pyrola 143 PYROLEii-: 139 Pyrus 73 Quercitron 206 Quercus 205 Quillwort 271 Radish 25 Ragweed 1 H Ragwort 116 RANUXCULACE^ 2 Ranunculus 6 Raphanus 25 Raspberry 70 Rattlesnake- Plantain 232 Rattlesnake-root 133 Rattlesnake- weed 132 u 304 INDEX. fl Page. Rein-Orchis . . • 229> RH AMNACE.E 45 Rhamnus 45 Rhexia 84 Rhinanthus 158 Rhododendron 142 Rhus 44 Ribes 75 Rib-grass 148 Rich-weed 201 Robinia 54 Robin 's-Plaintain 125 Rock-Cress 20 Roclcet 22 Rock-Rose 29 Rock-Rose Family 29 Rosa 71 Rose 71 ROSACEA 62 Rose Family 62 Rose Bay 142 Rose Mallow 39 Rose-root 79 Rosin-Piant 131 RUBIACE^ 98 Rubus 70 Rudbeckia V>7 Rue Family 43 Rumex 192 Rush 244 Rush Family 243 RUTACE^ 43 Sage-brush 113 Sagina 36 Sagittaria 225 St. John's-wort 30 St. John's-wort Family 30 SALICACE.E 209 Salicornia 186 Salix 209 Salsify 135 Salsola 187 SALVINIAC^ 271 Sambucus 97 Samolus 118 Page. Samphire 186 Sandalwood Family 195 Sand-Spurrey 36 Sandwort 34 Sanguinaria 14 Sanicle 89 Sanicula 89 SANTALACE^ 195 Sea Elite 187 SAPINDACEJE 47 Saponaria 32 Sarracenia 13 SARRACENIACEJ^. 13 Saskatoon-berry 74 Sassafras 193 Satureia 164 Saururus 183 Savory 164 Saxifraga 77 SAXIFRAGACE^ 75 Saxifrage 77 Saxifrage Family 75 Scheuchzeria 225 Schollera 247 Scirpus 250 Scolopendrium 261 Scotch Thistle 110 Scouring Rush -Jiw, 269 Scrophularia 155 SCROPHULARIACE^ 151 Scutellaria 166 Sea Milkwort 147 Sea Rocket 25 Sedge Family 248 Sedum 78 Seed-box 84 Selaginella 271 SELAGINELLACE^ 270 Self-Heal 166 Seneca Snakeroot 49 Senecio 115 Sensitive Fern 264 Service-berry 74 Shad-bush 74 Sheep-berry 97 Slieep-Laurel 142 i i INDEX. 305 AOE. 186 195 36 34 14 89 89 195 187 47 , 32 . 13 . 13 ... 74 ...193 ' ... 164 ... 183 ... 164 ... 77 ... 75 ... 77 ... 75 ... 225 ... 247 ... 2.M) .... 261 .... 110 'J(W, 269 .... 155 .... 151 .... 166 .... 147 .... 25 .... 248 .... 78 .... 84 .... 271 . . . 270 .... 166 49 115 264 74 74 97 142 Page. Shepherdia 195 Shepherd's Piir.se 24 Sherardia loo Shield's Fern 262 Shiii-ieaf i43 Shrubby Trefoil 43 Sickle-pod 20 Sicyos 85 Side-saddle Flower 13 Silene 33 Silphium 1.31 Silver- weed 69 Sisymbrium 22 Sisjrrinchium 236 Sium 91 Skullcap 166 Skunk Cabbapre 218 Smart-weed 100, 191 SMILACEiE 237 Smilacina 241 Smilax 237 Smilax Family 237 Sneeze-weed 126 Sneeze-wort 131 Snowberry 96 Soapberry Family 47 Soapwort 32 SOLAN ACE^ 174 Solanum 175 Solea 28 Solidago 117 Solomon's Seal 242 Sonchus 134 Sorrel 192 Sour-gum Tree 94 Sow Thistle 134 Sparganium 220 Spearmint 163 Spearwort 6 Specularia 137 Speedwell 153 Spergula 37 Spergularia 36 Spice-bush 193 Spikenard 92 Paoe. Spindle-tree 46 Spiny Clotbur i:i Spiraea 64 Spiranthes 231 Spleenwort 260 Spotted Cowbane 91 Spring-Beauty 37 Spring Cress 19 Spruce , 215 Spurge 196 Spurge Family 195 Spurred Gentian 177 Spurrey 37 Squaw-Huckleberry 141 Squaw-root 1.50 Squaw-weed 115 SquiiTcl-Corn 15 Stachys 167 Staff-tree 46 Staff-tree Family 46 Staphylea 47 Star-Cucumber 85 Star-Flower 146 Star-Grass. 23C Star-Thistle 110 Starwort 34, 121 Statice 144 Steironema 147 Stellaria 34 Stickseed 16i) Stitchwort 34 Stone-crop 78 Stone-root 164 Stork'j-bill 42 Sti-amonium 176 Strawberry 69 Strawberry Blite 185 Streptopus 'I Strophostyles ^^ Struthiopteris 264 Suaeda 187 Succory 132 Sugar-berry 200 Sumach 41 Summer Savory 164 ■B! 306 INDEX. } ' II'. Page. Sundew , . . , 30 Sundew Family 80 Sunflower 128 Swamp Dock 192 Swamp Loosestrife 85 Sweet Brier 72 Sweet Cicely 91 Sweet Clover 53 Sweet Coltsfoot 121 Sweet Fern 204 Sweet Flag 218 Sweet-Gale 203 Sweet-Gale Family 203 Sycamore 201 Symphoricarpus 96 Symphytum 169 Symplocarpr.3 218 Tamarac 216 Tanacetum Ill Tansy Ill Tansy Mustard 22 Tape-Grass 226 Taraxacum 134 Tare 58 Taxine^. 215 Taxus 216 Tea-berry 141 Tear-thumb 191 Teasel 102 Teasel Family 101 Tephrosla 57 Teucrium 162 Thalictrinn 5 Thaspium 90 Thermopsia 61 Thistle 109 Thorn 73 Thorn- Apple 176 Thoroughwax 91 Thorough wort 115 Thlaspi 24 Three-seeded Mercury 197 Thi^ja 216 THYMELEACE^ 194 Tiarella 97 Page. Tick-Trefoil 59 Tickseed 129 Tilia 39 TILIACE^ 89 Toad-Flax 164 Tobacco 176 Tofieldia 240 Toothache-tree 43 Toothwort 19 Touch-me-not 43 Tower Mustard 20 Trailing Arbutus 141 Tragopogon 135 Treacle-Mustard 21 Trefoil 52 Trientalis 146 Trifolium 52 Triglochin 225 Trillium 240 Triosteum 97 Troximon 183 Trumpet-weed 115 Tsuga 216 TUBULIFLOR^ 102 Tulip-tree 10 Turtle-head 155 Tussilago 121 Twablade 283 Twin-flower 96 Twin-leaf 12 Twisted Stalk 241 Typha 220 TYPHACEiE 219 Ulmaceje 198 Ulmus 199 UMBELLIFERiE 87 Urtica 200 URTICACE^ 198 Urtice.«: 199 Urtlcularia 149 Uvularia 240 VACCINEiE 187 Vacclnium 139 Valerian lOl ;'!.^i''f INDEX. 30'i Page. . . . 59 ...129 ... 89 ... 89 ... 154 ... 176 ... 240 ... 43 ... 19 ... 43 ... 20 .... 141 . . . . 135 .... 21 . . . . 52 .... 146 . . . . 62 225 .... 240 .... 97 .... 183 .... 115 .... 216 .... 102 10 155 121 233 96 12 241 220 219 198 199 87 200 198 199 149 240 137 139 101 Pack. Valeriana loi VALERIANACE.E lOl Valerian Family loi Vallisneria 22G Velvet-leaf .so Venus's Looking-glass 137 Veratrum 241 Verbascuni 153 Verbena 1.59 VERBENACE^ 158 Vernonia 114 Veronica 1.53 Vervain ^ 1,59 Vervain Family 1.58 Vesicaria 19 Vetch 58 Viburnum 97 Vicia 68 Vine Family 44 Viola 26 VlOLACE^ 26 Violet 26 Violet Family 26 Viper's Bugloss 168 Virginia Creeper 45 Virgin's Bower 3 VITACE^ 44 Vitis 45 Wake-Robin 240 Waldsteinia 66 Walking-leaf 261 Walnut 202 Walnut Family 202 Water- Arum 218 Water-Beech 207 Water-Cress 18 Water- Hemlock 91 Water-Horehouud 163 Waterleaf 172 Waterleaf Family 171 Water-Lily 13 Water-Lily Family 12 Water-Marigold 130 Water- Milfoil 80 Page. Water-Milfoil Family 79 Water-Parsnip 91 Water-Pennywort 89 Water- Pepper 191 Water- Pimpernel 148 Water Plantain 225 Water- Plantain Family 224 Water-Purslane &•) Water-Shield 12 Water Star-Grass 217 Water-Starwort 80 Water-weed 22c Water- Willow 1.59 Wax-Myrtle 203 W ax-work 46 White Lettuce 133 White Snakeroot 115 White-weed 126 Whitewood 39 Whitlow Grass 23 Whitlow- wort 183 Wild Allspice 193 Wild Balsam-Apple 85 Wild Bean .59 Wild Bergamot 165 Wild Chamomile 127 Wild Comfrey 169 Wild Elder 92 Wild Ginger 182 Wild Indigo 61 Wild Liquorice 99 Wild Radish 25 Wild Sarsaparilla 92 Willow 209 Willow Family 209 Willow-herb 8i Wind Flower 4 Winterberry 145 Winter Cress 19 Wintergreen 14 1 , 143 Witch-Hazel 79 Witch-Hazel Family 79 Withe-rod 97 Wolf-berry 96 Wolffla 219 308 INDEX. Page. Wood-Betony 158 Woodbine 96 Wood-Fern 262 Wood-Nettle 200 Wood-Rush 244 Wood-Sapfe 162 Woodsia 265 Wood-Sorrel 42 Wood-Sorrel Family 42 Woodwardia 261 Worm-seed Mustard 21 Wormwood 112 Xanthium Ill Xanthoxylum 43 XYRIDACE.E 247 Xyris 247 Paob. Yam 236 Yam Family 236 Yarrow 181 Yellow Adder's-ton^'ut' ^42 Yellow-eyed Gras.«« 247 Yellow-eyed Grass Family 247 Yellow Poni-Lily 18 Yellow Puccoon 9 Yellow-Rattle l.W Yellow Rocket 19 Yew 216 Zannlchellia 224 Zizia 90 Zostera 224 Zygadenus 240 I ; /I :,. ♦' \ ■6 7 i^***^— 11 Paox. ... 236 ... 236 ... 131 ... 1?42 . .. 247 ... 217 . .. 13 • • • V . .. \h% ... 19 ... 216 ... 224 ... 90 ... 224 ... 240 St. w '"■pr^.T^rrmr { ( ! ji^