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USEFUL AND PRACTICAL HINTS FOR THE SETTLER 
 
 ON 
 
 
 Canadian Prairie Lands 
 
 AND 
 
 Foil Til (iriDANCE OF INTKNDINtJ 
 BRITISH EMKiRANTS 
 
 TO 
 
 . MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST OF CANADA. 
 
 WITH FACTS 
 
 rf.(;armn(; i\i\. son. vI.imatk, tropucts, f.ic. and mi; si i'kkior 
 
 A I I KA> 1 MNS ANW A I '\A \ 1' ■\( il S I'l )SSr.SSl:i ), IN l()Mi'AKlM)N 
 
 wnii 111! \\i>rrkN ikaikii maiis ok amkrica. 
 
 BV 
 
 THOMAS srENCE, 
 
 Clerk t'l the Leiii*latjve A-f^ttnlily <j\ Manitoba. 
 
;2'2'; 
 
 Knti led inidrdiiij: t^ tlic Act of hirlianicnt of ("iiiiin!;i. in thcyi-ur 1881, 
 
 liy Thomas Si'en("k, 
 in the OttitT of tlu- Miiiislir of Airriniltiiii-. 
 
 (J.v/.i;ttk I'kinti.nu Company, Mii.vtkkai, 
 
1881. 
 
 r RE F A C E. 
 
 This is the fifth pamphlet piihh'shctl hy the writer on tlie resources of 
 the great North-West of the I )()iiiinio!i of Canada. His first issue for the 
 information of the outside world, which api)eareil in June, 1871. was <:om- 
 piled with much care, labour, ami difficulty, he is proud to say, has ever 
 since been extensively used as an authority by the Press, not only of Canada 
 and Great Britain, but the I'nited States, antl also received the commenda- 
 tion of all the public men of the country ; it, and later editions covering a 
 wider field, remain standard books of reference on the subject. For over ten 
 years he has devoted himself and his pen to the task of making the unsur- 
 passed resources of the vast Prairie Lands of Canada, Himiliar to the }>eo})le 
 of (Ireat Pritain, as the nearest and best field for the investment of their 
 labour and suri)lus means. That he has not laboured wholly without reward, 
 the liberal patronage and gratuitious distribution by the Dominion (iovern- 
 ment of several editions on both sides of the Atlantic, and th*:; unprecedented 
 flow of immigration as the result, affords the truest indication. 
 
 Since his first publication appeared, a magical transformation has taken 
 place — from a country then |)eopled by only Indians, natives, fur traders, 
 and a few of an adventurous class, clustering about the chief settlement of 
 the Red River, to a Province filled with churches and school houses, a 
 fiourishing city as the capital and gateway, with a population of over 10,000, 
 and rapidly increasing, the country dotted with thriving villages, and hun- 
 dreds of miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway completed and running, 
 giving us direct connection with the east, and stretching far over our fertile 
 and beautiful Prairies to the west, ere long to span the continent from ocean 
 to ocean, when with her elevators filled with wheat, furnishing the world's 
 markets with Hour, her influence will be felt from England U) Russia. 
 
 In this, as in the previous jjublications, there has been no attempt to dei)ict 
 in glowing colours the resources of the country, beyond the warrant of facts. 
 
 The subjoined few of the many ojiinions of the Press, are submitted to 
 the intending emigrant, that entire confidence may be reposed in the infor- 
 mation contained in this work, and the author respectfully bespeaks for it a 
 careful and attentive i)erusal, by all who are desirous of procuring homes 
 and improving their condition, b) settling in a country with home institu- 
 tions, protected by the same Hag, and already renowned for heautv, 
 
 FERril.ITV, HKALTH AND l>R()SPKRr[\ . 
 
 THOS. .SPENCE. 
 
 .St. P(i\ikack. Manitoba, [an.. 1881 
 
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 KROM 7HB ('HU'AOO INTKR-OCKAN. 
 
 Mr. Sponcc l)as shown liiroself an adniimblo .spvcittl pletuler on behalf of that 
 vAHt ])Orti(>n of Canada, and wc niUKt admit, althol)^h he doeH dniw compariHons 
 Bonit'what unfavorable to the WeHtorn StiteK and T«'rritorieK of the Union, that he i» 
 ready, with clmpter and verse, for every fact whiih he piitH forth. Cimada's maxim 
 now is: Huild railways, and the country will goon be settled. She is now building 
 her Canadian I'aclHo Railway, whiih will run fora thousand miles throUKh that rich 
 and bea\itiful country. This is a very shrewd dodge upon the part of o»ir slow, but 
 sure, neighbour across the line, and we do not doubt that, by the dissemimition of 
 such pamphlets as this of Mr. Spi-nce, the hopes of the projectors will, in process oi 
 time, be realized. He goes minutely into a di'scription of the entire fertile country, 
 and, besides, gives a vast amount of information valuable and necessary for intend- 
 ing emigrants. — Chicat/o Inter-Occati, June Hi, 1H77. 
 
 MANITOBA AND THE X«>UTH-WEST— ITS IIKSOUIUKS, Ac, &c. 
 
 BY TIIO.MAS SPKNCE. 
 
 The author throws himself hi-artily into his subject, and, from his several years, 
 residence in the North-Westand general iuformation, has qualified himself to handle 
 it effectively. All who take an interest in our new region should procure iind study 
 it. We (iin endorse the compliment paid to it by the hite Lieutenant-Governor, Mr. 
 Archibald, as follows : 
 
 " I have read Mr. Spence's pamphlet, entitled • Miuiitoba and the North-West,' 
 with much interest. It draws the comparison with much force and descrimination 
 and altogether the pamphlet is a valuable contriliution <)n the subject of the North- 
 West, and of particular value to the intending emigrant."- 
 
 ■ Odawii Timcg, 1874. 
 
 WANITOBA AND ITS HK.SOUKCKS, AC., AC. 
 
 This, with the result of i)er8onal experience and oliservation, is by far the most 
 valuable publication ujion Miriitoba, and most practical, as well as the most reliable 
 means of conveying information for the guidance- of the immigrant. It has received 
 tlie highest euconiums from the late Sir Gi orge Cartier and others. — Ottawa Free 
 J 'reus, May, 1874. 
 
 THE PRAIRIE LANDS OF CANADA, 
 
 Bv T}io.MAs Si'ENCB, Clerk Legislative Assembly of R'anitoba 
 
 •• The I'rairie Lands of Canada.'" — A i)am|)hlet with this title, from the pen ot 
 Mr. Thomas tSpeuce, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly. Manitoba, will ^llortly be 
 issued. The known ability of this gentleman for compiling and making attractive 
 the fat tf, which a hmg residence in our West and keen powers of observation 
 present to him. are a guarantee that tbis work will be as valuable and popular as all 
 his former efibrts in the shuic direction have been Since the ])ublication ot 
 " Manitoba and its Resources," by Mr. Spence, the circumstances of the estiiblish- 
 ment of a Government in the great uncirciunscribed North-West, and the increasing 
 activities of emigration ever Westward, have enlarged the field of observation for 
 writers on the subject, and the present work proves liow fully capable the author is 
 of doing justice to the task. The foimer treatise referred to received the commend- 
 ation of all the public men of the country, as the best book that had ajjpearedon the 
 Bubject, and became the accepted V)ook of reference on Manitoba with the jmblic. 
 We are confident that the su<xess of the present work will even outrun that of the 
 earlier, and we predict that it must become the standard book of reference on the 
 subject. Every one who has anything of national spirit should have a copy. — 
 Montreal Gazette. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 II 
 
 JNTUoDUt TIoN 
 
 Paoks. 
 
 7 
 
 UsKKir, AM) I'lfACIICAl, HlM'S mil TIIK MbI HKII KMKiRANT. 
 
 Who Hhoiild rmijjmt)' — How to come. Kan's. Hontt-s, &c. — When t<> 
 conio — First n|K'rath>Ds how aixi what to tUi after arrival in the 
 roiintiy — Wliat is rciiuirfd to start with and the cost of a hoini- — 
 The Second year of sett lament — Iniith-nients neede<l. prices, &e. — 
 ( 'o8t of breakin;; ii|v and working iHnd — FeneinK and Herdlnu;— 
 Information on tree cultnre — IMeparation of the soil — Method of 
 plnnting — Metiiod of ( nitivation, yoiin^i- trees and seeds — Plan foi 
 a settler's lionse, and now to huihl it. eost, kf. — Uest time to 
 setth' — Advanta;,'es of the Colony system from 8 to 17 
 
 ilMl'OllTANT MiSCELLANKOI S iNFOriMATIOX. 
 
 What capital can do — What pluck and mus<le may do — Public 
 lands — System of surveys — Private lands — Uailroad land ex- 
 plained — Coal lamls — Hay and graziiiK lands — Mineral resources. , 17 to 20 
 
 I'rscilll'TIVK AND (JknI-UAL. 
 
 The soil and its agri( ultural capacity — Wheat growintr — Sto( k 
 raising — Sheep and wool growin;.; — Dairy farming — Beet root 
 culture and cost — Salulirity of ( limate and its adaption to agri- 
 oulturf — Frosts — Seasons — Fruits — Tiie salad plants — Oats, luir- 
 ley. rye, potatoes, &c. — Flax and hemp — Uees — Game — Fish — 
 lieauty and fertility of ihe North-West — OtHcial and s<ieMtiti( 
 testimony — The contrast, in comparison Western States — Internal 
 oomiuiinicution — Rivers and Lakes — Conclusion 21 to 40 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The l)irth anil growth of Manitoh? and the North-West 'lerrilory, 
 now tilHng out the tenth year of existence, as a |);irt of the grand Confeiler- 
 ation of Canada, is one of the most remarkable events whirh men in our 
 day have the opportunity of seeing pass before them. Krom a large tract 
 of country destitute of dwelHng houses, of cultivated fields, of fixed 
 inhabitants ; where Indians wanderetl over it, but did not leave a single 
 trace of having made a home, or subdued the soil, of having changed tlie 
 face of nature ; in the short space often years, a large area of this tlesolate 
 waste has become tin- home of thousands of people. c(^ming from eacli 
 Canadian Province, the Cnited States, (ireat llritain. Russia, Iceland, i\:c. 
 •Schools, churches, mills and stores are met with almost everywhere in 
 settlements of little t)ver a year's growth, and o])portunities for social mter- 
 course are at the comnuind of even those in the most spaisely 
 settled neighborhooils. I'he hunting ground of ihe savage has been 
 transformed into the home of the civili/ed and contented I*!uropeau ; 
 and this growth of the past will be far transcended by the growih 
 of the future. The indu(emcnts to-day offered by Manitoba and the 
 North-West of Canada to immigrants cannot be surpassed, and 
 are rarely ecpialled by any other country on the globe.— these com- 
 l)rise exiellence of soil and water, agricultural and conunercial advan- 
 tages, and eduiational fac ilities ; and in adiliiion to M these, cheap lands, 
 and free homesteads of i6o acres, eijually good, of which thousands of 
 enterprising people are every \ear taking advantage, and the tenant farmer 
 and man of small means daily attracted to the splendid opportunit\' here 
 jiresented to accjuire homes in such a |)roductivc country : not a lease for 
 any term of \ears, but a perpetual ownershij), to transmit to his heirs, or he 
 may sell it ; no landlord, no yearly rent to pay. nor are any church rates 
 or tithings exai'ted. I'he settler's farm is his private domain, antl his house 
 is really his castle, he bec:omes his own master for life, and leaves this 
 l)recious legacy to his chiklren. 
 
 It may be affirmed that whatever Manitoba is to-day, she owes solely 
 to the inherent merits that (iod has given her, of soil, climate and pro- 
 duction, developed by the energy, industry and perseverance of her i)eoj)le ; 
 our success has been achieved without the phantom lures of gold or silver 
 to blazon forth to the world, as was the case with California and Australia. 
 
 The jealously of Americ:an Western Prairie States, and their railway 
 landed interests, competing for immigration, circulating through their letters 
 and papers false rejjorts of our climate and soil, rendered necessary the 
 writer's previous comparison and statements of facts as antidotes to these 
 poi.sonous fables. Hut that day and era have passed. The new era has 
 arrived of more general intelligence, and accjuaintanc e more intimate and 
 thorough with our commerce and our advantages of soil and climate. Our 
 
8 
 
 growth cannot be checked by human agency. Immigration to a prime 
 M'heat grc zing region can no more be prevented than to newly discovered 
 gold regions. 
 
 The ne\vsj)a])ers of Canada and Great Britain, and the rei)orts of the 
 delegates of tenant farmers, liberally invited by the Government of Canada 
 to judge the merits of the country by ])ersonal visits, have contained 
 glowing i)i(tures of the wonderful fertility of our ])rairies. Instances have 
 been iniblished and scattered world-wide, showing the certainty of wealth, 
 or at least competence to the farmer, in the Canadian North-West, with its 
 gems of lales. rivers, and fringes of timber ; a region already cleared and 
 tit for the l.jsbandman, re(|uiring only the turning of the sod and sowing of 
 seed to co .vert a park into a farm. It is little wonder then, that farming 
 made so ..isy. and in a country so beautiful and attractive, should draw to 
 it that ru hing stream of inmiigrants which we daily witness, and that for 
 years ha . been jjouring into it. 
 
 'Vh^ object of the ])resent c;ompilation is to afford later and more 
 genera' information for the emigrant's guidance before leaving the old home 
 for a i.ew ; and in addition, to furnish the most useful and practical advice 
 to th settler commencing on his land. The utmost care has been ol;served 
 thro ighout in the: prei)aration of these pages, to avoid exaggeration in 
 setl.ng forth the inducements to immigrants. If mutual benefits are to 
 flo V fnjm inunigration, new settlers must not be attracted by rejjresentations 
 wliicii their future experience will not verify. C/// ALr/o. 
 
 rsKFUL AND PRACriCAL HINTS. 
 
 WHO SHOULD K>nGKAIE. 
 
 "The tillers of the soil " are the class who are most needed here, and 
 who are most certain of achieving success i^y steady industry ; in fact, any 
 man, wh ite\er his station in life may be, who is able and willing to work, 
 and has any adaptability for agricultural pursuits, can, in the course of a 
 few yenrs. l)uil(l up for himself and family a prosi)erous future and inde- 
 ])endence. Professional men and clerks should not come unless with 
 means to take uj) land, and commence the life of a fiirmer. Carpenters, 
 blacksmiths, etc., with a little capital to start with, can, when not working 
 on their land, secure employment in the nearest settlements, and do well. 
 Tliere is also a constant demand for female servants at good wages ( wlu.> 
 are certain soon to become their own mistress). Laborers who can handle 
 a pick and shovel will meet with ready employment for some years to come, 
 in conseciuence of the construction of the Canadian Pacific and other 
 Railways, the wages averaging $1.50 and $r.75 per day, e(iual to six and 
 seven shillings, stg. With })rudence and economy he may soon save 
 enough to start him on a free homestead of 160 acres, his own'master. 
 
 The tenant farmer with some capital, who seeks to im])rove his con- 
 <lition by his ex|)erience. and desires larger and quicker returns for labor 
 bestowed and capital iiivested, has unequalled advantages offered to him, 
 and the ordinary immigrant with even a couple of hundred ])Ounds to 
 begin with, can start under ver\- favorable circumstances on a free grant of 
 land. Detailed particulars will be found under the ai)propriate headings. 
 
HOW 10 t:().MK — FARKS, ROU lES, KIC. 
 
 The cost of conveyanct; from any part of Canada to Manitoba is 
 "exceedingly moderate, and the steamers from (ireat Britain are now so 
 numerous, that the transport of a family from any part of the I'nited 
 Kingdom or from Canada to the great wheat growing region and cattle 
 raising districts in the North-West, cannot fairly be considered as a difficulty 
 when the advantages offered are considered. A continuous line of railway 
 now exists from Quebec and the different sea ports to Winnipeg and nearly 
 one hundred miles west, and daily extending under rajjid construction. An 
 alternative route is offered by railway to Sarnia or Collingwood, and thence 
 by tirst-class steamers to Prince Arthur's Landing and Duluth, at the head 
 of Lake Superior. 'J'he time taken by the '• lakes" is now about one day 
 longer than by all rail, but in 1S82 when the Canada Pacific will be o|)ened 
 from Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder May. to Winnipeg, the tri]) by the 
 " lakes " will be (piicker than the fastest express trains of the all rail — (see 
 ma|j at back). Berths are provided for emigrant passengers, but they must 
 bring their own bedding and provisions. Improvements have been added 
 to the steamers, and the trip through the scenery of the lakes will give the 
 traveller a good idea of the extent of the nationality amon^' whom he has 
 come to seek his home. At present the cost of carriage for each person 
 (children reduced) is as follows : Uy rail all the way from Quebec or .Mon- 
 treal ?;/(? Chicago : First-class, $59.25; Emigrant. $29. From Quebec or 
 Montreal by the Lakes : First-class, $52 ; Emigrant, $24. 
 
 Cattle, goods, (.\:c., are taken at reasonable charges by either route. 
 Special arrangements have been made by the (irand Trunk Railway 
 Company for emigrants going to Winnipeg in parties. 1 o obtain the benefit 
 of such arrangements, special application should be made in the case of each 
 party. This may be done either directly to the head oHices of the Com- 
 pany in London, 21 Old Bond St.. E.C., to the Company's offices in 
 Montreal, or through any of the Dominion Covernment Emigration Agents. 
 (See Addn'ssfs in At/.} Through tickets for Winnipeg may be obtained in 
 England, of the Railway or Steamshij) Companies, or their Agents, at rates 
 ranging from ^23 to ^28, 1st class, anil ^^10 to jC^5 **-"' Emigrant rate. 
 
 WHEN TO (JO.MK. 
 
 Those with limited means should endeavour to arrive in the countr}' 
 as early in spring as possible, sa\' during the month of April, or early in 
 May, so as to have time to hunt up and locate their land. (Guides for this 
 purpose are furnished by the (lovernment to jjarties free of expense.) By 
 arriving at this time, they have a season of seven months before them, in 
 which to get some of their land under cultivation, build a house, and gather 
 a ('roj) for family use, before winter comes on ; to the poor man, who 
 expects his support from the soil, the value of time is an important considera- 
 tion ; as a rule, the autumn is the worst time he could come. 
 
 riRST Ol'F.RAriOXS. 
 
 II the immigrant reaches his land by the middle of ^Lly, he can at once 
 break u|) a few acres, and sow wheat, oats, barley. tS:c.. realizing a faircroji. 
 If he does not commence uiuil the middle of June, he is too late to produce 
 
10 
 
 most crops the same season, but he is yet in time for barley, potatoes and 
 turnijjs. 'I'he best time for breaking the ])rairie sod is in June or July, when 
 the grass roots being tilled with juice, a thorough rotting of the turf is secured^ 
 and if turned early in June, potatoes may be dropped into the furrow, and 
 covered by the plouijh with the tough sod, and will grow through it ; the yield 
 will be about half a crop. Indian corn may also be planted on the sod, while 
 turnij) seed may be sown, and very slightly covered ; but the ground will be 
 in better condition for the succeeding year where nothing is planted upon 
 the turf. In the following spring the ground should be thoroughly 
 harrowed, and the wheat drilled in or sown broadcast. If sown in May, it 
 will be ready for the reajier early in August, and as soon as it is taken off, 
 ploughing may commence for the next year's crop. An early variety of 
 Indian corn should l)e used. After the furrov,- is turned, it may be planted 
 by chopping a jjlace with a single stroke of the hatchet, dropping the corn 
 in, and pressing it down with the foot. Squashes, i)umpkins, and melons 
 grow on the sod. Beans also may be grown on the turf, and by using early 
 varieties of seed, an al)undent su])ply of these articles of food may be raised 
 for the uf^e of the family. A great advantage to the new settler in having a 
 good yoke of oxen is, that they will work better in the breaking plough, and 
 grow fat on the green grass that they eat at night ; whereas, the horses, 
 accustomed to a liberal sup]jly of oats, will not do so well at first on grass 
 alone. A tent may be used to live in at first to gain time in jnitting in croj). 
 
 UH.M IS RE()UIRK1) 10 START WITH AXl) THE COST OF A HO.MK. 
 
 The question is often asked, how much money is indispensably neces- 
 sary for the settler to get a fair start with ? The answer to this dei)ends 
 very much upon who the (juestioner is, what family he has, with how 
 little they could be content, and many other circumstances which cannot be 
 anticijxited. It is therefore best to tell simply 7v/iai may he tfofu, under ordi- 
 nary adventitious circumstances. In the case of a poor man going on (lov- 
 ernment land — ist. The entry fee for his hpmestead of i6o acres will be 
 $10 : a tent, $12; material for his h'^use, if built of sawn lumber, size 
 i6\i8 feet, say $125. The wori. he can do himself, and for winter this caa 
 be made warm enough by building a sod wall outside of the boards. Fur- 
 niture, consisting of a cooking stove, crockeryware, half-a-dozen chairs, one 
 table, and two bedsteads (bringing his own bedding), will require about 
 $40. To work his form, a yoke of oxen, $130 ; a breaking plough, S20 f 
 waggon, $75; total, %y)2. If he begins in the spring, he can grow corn, 
 potatoes and garden vegetables, but will have to buy flour for a family of 
 four persons, say $40 ; groceries, $20 ; a cow, $40 ; total, $85. Add for 
 two or three hogs, hoes, shovel, rake, scythe, and other incidentals, say $40^^ 
 and we have the tbllowing : 
 
 Kntry P\>c for homrstcad S 1 
 
 Tent ; 2 
 
 Material for lioiisc 1 25 
 
 Fiirniturf ((■xrlu>ive i.r bi'ddiiii:) 40 
 
 Farm impUiiK'nts a)i<l oxen 225 
 
 Living the first 10 months, if no wheat sown 100 
 
 Incidentals -10 
 
 ynna 
 
 <'(iiial to X\ 10 '^"s. sti:. 
 
11 
 
 or, he may even manage to get along on a lesser sum, by doing with fewer 
 implements at first ; for instance, say : i 
 
 One Yoke of Oxen $120 00 
 
 One \\'aggon 80 00 
 
 Plough and Harrow 25 00 
 
 Chains, Axes, Shovels, etc 30 00 ■' 
 
 Stoves, Beds, etc 60 00 - • 
 
 House and Stable, say 150 00 ; • 
 
 equal to ^93 Stg. $465 00 " 
 
 If all his time is not employed about his own claim, he may safely 
 calculate upon having oi)i)ortunity to work for his neighbours, and earn 
 considerable, or the construction of the Canadian Pacific and other railways 
 will afford him all the employment he desires. 'J'he above calculation is of 
 course only intended for the guidance of the poor man. 
 
 IHK SKCOND YEAR OF SETTLEMENT. 
 
 He will retpiire cash for seed wheat, and a drag to harrow it in, say 
 $75; this year he may confidently expect from his fifty acres of wheat 
 1. 000 bushels. Deducting 200 bushels for bread and seed, and selling the 
 remainder at say 60 cents per bushel, will bring him $480 ; his cash 
 expenses may be limited to groceries, clothing, ike, say $150, and he has 
 $330 to improve his house, and add to his stock and Airm implements. If 
 he breaks fifty acres again this year, and secures a crop of say 2,000 bushels 
 (alow average) the third year, the accom[)lishment of which depends mainly 
 upon his own industry, he will be able to make himself and fiimily comfort- 
 able and have a good Ikmuc. All such as have more money than the sum 
 given above, will not be under the necessity of submitting to so many pri- 
 vations at first, but it may be added, three things are necessary for success 
 in any country. They are iNi)usrR\. kcondmv, and carki tl i!i sinkss 
 .mana(;ement. 
 
 l.MPl.K.MKNTS NKEDEI). I'RICES, <.V'C. 
 
 For the information of those with more ample means, and desiring to 
 farm on a larger scale, the following is added as a detailed list of present 
 l)rices at Winnipeg : — 
 
 Waggons complete $70 to $90 
 
 Extra Prairie Breaking Plough 20 to 25 
 
 Cross Plough, 13 inches 1710 20 
 
 Cultivators, 5 teeth 7 to 9 
 
 Harrows, iron with 60 teeth 15 to 20 
 
 Sulky Plough 60 to 65 
 
 (These Sulky Ploughs are much in use, saving the labour of 
 walking, the horses being driven as in a waggon). 
 
 Sulky Ploughs, 2 gangs $115 
 
 .•feeders 75 to 95 
 
 Reaping Machine 120 to 140 
 
 Farming Mills 35 to 45 
 
 Self-Binding Harvester combined Reaper 300 to 320- 
 
12 
 
 S9S'/i:^^iM ^t'i'57JHTi^ • >^ 
 
 (which is sup|)lanting all others, as one man with one of these will accom- 
 plish the work of six men with the renjierof six years since). 
 
 Nails, 5 cents per lb. 
 Iron, 7 " " 
 
 IN DUILOINT; MAl'KRIAI.. 
 
 Common pine lumber, per rooo ft $:5.oo to $30.00 
 
 P^looring ' 35.00 to 40.00 
 
 vSiding (for outside) 35.00 to 40.00 
 
 Window Sashes from 1.50 to 3-oo 
 
 " Frames 1.2510 2.00 
 
 Panel doors i .80 to 2.50 
 
 COST OF HREAKINt; AND nORKlNC. LAND. 
 
 The following is as near correct an estimate of the cost of operating a 
 prairie farm in Manitoba, or the North-West, and tiie methods of farming, 
 as we can give :— 
 
 Breaking from June ist to July 20th, cost per acre $-'5o to $3.00 
 
 Backsetting, same breaking in August and .September, per acre $2.00 
 
 Seeding (getting seed in the ground following spring) i)er acre o-75 
 
 Cutting, iiinding, and Shocking at harvest, per acre 2.50 
 
 Cost of raising one acre of wheat, say 10. 75 
 
 Twenty bushels (low estimate) wheat at 70 cents 14.00 
 
 Profit per acre on first cro[). in round numbers 4-75 
 
 Hauling to market costs about half a cent per bushel for every mile. 
 
 For subsequent years it will l)e the same as above, less the cost jo 
 breaking. $3.00 j)er acre, and there will be an increase in yield of 10 \kv 
 •cent, a year for three vears. where it remains for ten vears following. 
 
13 
 
 ,i,'-.' 
 
 m 
 
 
 KKNLlNG. 
 
 It has become an established custom among farmers in most of the 
 municipalities, to herd cattle during the summer, confining them in small 
 yards at night. Two or three boys can thus take care of the cattle and 
 sheep of an entire neighbourhood. This obviates the necessity of fencing, 
 the fields in which grain is growing, and limits the amount of fencing 
 required to what is necessary for enclosing only a few acres about the 
 houses and stabling. This saving becomes considerable, in comparison 
 with which, the cost of herding the stock is insignificant, and in the mean- 
 time the appearance of the farm is im])rovcd by the absence of unsightly 
 fences. \Vhere suitable fencing timber is scarce, a three string wire fence 
 is at present in general use. the cost being very reasonable. 
 
 An excellent plan, much adopted in Minnesota, is planting trees along 
 the highways ; it takes only a few years to grow live fences, which can easily 
 be made to turn cattle into, by placing poles along, and nailing th',m to the 
 growing trees : Resort to these expedients greatly lessens the force of the 
 objection urged against prairie countries, tor there the expense of fencing 
 must always be a serious consideration, especially with those who i)Ossess 
 only small cajjital. if the necessity exists, (as in some localities) for fencing 
 U) protect the growing crops against cattle. Legislation has already liberal- 
 ly i)rovided for the encouragement of the growth of timber ; we therefore 
 submit the following : — 
 
 ,00 
 
 .00 
 
 ■75 
 
 ■5° 
 
 •75 
 4.00 
 
 4-75 
 
 ile. 
 
 )St }0 
 
 per 
 
 INIoRMAriON ON IKKK CLl-TURE. 
 
 As it is a matter of im])ortance that every immigrant in the Xorth- 
 \\'est should endeavor to increase instead of decrease the wood be may 
 have on his farm, as it is a fixed fact in Physical (leography that the more 
 the land is clothed with trees, the greater the rainfall. In Palestine and 
 Northern Africa, what were the most fruitful countries in the world 2000 
 years ago are now barren wastes. The cause is well known : the trees 
 were cut down, none were planted in their place, the sun evaporated the 
 rain before it had time to permeate the soil, and in c:ourse of time the land 
 was given ui) to perpetual barrenness. 
 
 At the same time it may be well to remark that with us the long rich 
 grass which clothes the prairies must act as a great preventive against the 
 sun's })ower. 
 
 The ayent which has caused the destruction of torests that once 
 occupied many i)arts of the jirairies is undoubtedly fire, occasioned by the 
 carelessness of travellers and Indians caniping. and the same swift and 
 effectual destroyer jjrevents the new growth from acquiring dimensions,, 
 which would enable it to check their annual ])rogress. 
 
 This, however, will soon be arrested with the advance of settlement 
 and governmental care. In the .State of Minnesota, forests have sprimg up- 
 with wonderful rapidity on the prairies, as the country became settled so as 
 to resist and subdue the encroachment of annual fires. 
 
 In view of the importance of the subject the following practical hints^ 
 are offered, and will be found of value to the immigrant, especially as the 
 law passed by the Dominion Parliament affords lil^ral encouragement to- 
 
u 
 
 l)erson.s taking up homestead claims, by allowing them to secure an addi- 
 tional quarter section, without any other payment then an office fee of ten 
 dollars, upon the simple condition of their i)lanting thirty-two acres, hy 
 successive annual instalments. 
 
 Here is the experience of an extensive farmer in the State of Minne- 
 sota ; his example can he equally well followed in any part of our i)rairie 
 lands : 
 
 In spring he covered seventy-two acres with cuttings of cotton wood, 
 poplar and white willow, which have Hourished finely, and, after two years, 
 were from ten to fourteen feet high. At the same time he planted several 
 .bushels of seed ^ including two elder, oak, white and red elm. hard and soft 
 maple and bass wood, and the si)routs from this seed in two years were 
 three to five feet high. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FROM EXPERIEXCE. PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. 
 
 A proper and thorough cultivation of the soil is an indisputable pre- 
 requisite to success ; without this thorough preparation, failure and disap- 
 pointment are inevitable. 
 
 To secure the best results the ground must have been previously 
 broken and the sod thoroughly decomposed ; then, with a co'v.mon stirring 
 plough, the ground to be planted should be given a thorough ploughing to 
 the depth of ten inches, after which it should be thoroughly harrowed until 
 the ground is completely pulveri/ed. It is recommended that the ground 
 for a single row for a fence or for a hedge should be prepared in the above 
 manner, in a strip eight feet wide, in the centre of which the cuttings should 
 be set in, leaving a margin for cultivation four feet wide on each side of the 
 cuttings. 
 
 iMETHOI) OF PLANTING. 
 
 Stretch a small rope of suitable length over the exact place where it is 
 desirable to plant the cuttings, each end of the rope to be staked firmly to 
 the ground. The ground immediately beneath the rope should be smoothed 
 off with a small iron rake. The planter should then take up as many cut- 
 tings as he can conveniently carry under one arm and proceed to stick them 
 in the ground close up to the rope. They should be stuck deep, leaving 
 not more in any case than two buds out of the ground. If stuck in the full 
 length it is just as well. It is advised that they should be stuck in standing 
 say at the angle of from 30 to 45 degrees and invariably butt end first. For 
 a live fence or hedge, they should be stuck as nearly as possible one foot 
 apart, 5280 cuttings will plant a mile of such fence. Two good hands can 
 plant this mile in a day if the ground is partly prepared for them. 
 
 METHOD OF CULTIVATION. 
 
 As soon after planting as the weeds and grass show themselves, hoeing 
 should be commenced ; every cutting should be carefully hoed. All of the 
 four feet margin on each side of the row should be hoed thoroughly, as soon 
 afterwards as the cuttings have started, so that the row may be distinctly 
 seen, the grass and weeds killed, leaving all of the four feet on each side of 
 
For 
 e tV)Ot 
 
 s can 
 
 IS 
 
 the row perfectly nicllou-. This i)rocess should be repeated two or tliree 
 times during tlie season, as tiot a weed or a l)unch of grass should be 
 allowed to go to seed. Great care should be exercised in hoeing not to 
 disturb the cutting of the young tree. After harvest all the weeds and grass 
 found within the four feet margin should be gathered and burned. 
 
 Look out for prairie tires, and, if the plantation is in danger, /'//;// 
 round it. 
 
 It cannot be sufficiently impressed upon the tree planter that t/tofoii^\:^h 
 cultivation the first season will ensure the succ:ess of the plantation. The 
 second year the jdants will do with half the cultivation, and the third year 
 no further cultivation will be re(|uired. liy pursuing this treatment the 
 cuttings will be grown in five years to a size and height which will form an 
 impenetrable barrier to horses aid cattle, as well as a valuable windbreak. 
 Ten acres planted in this way in rows eight feet apart will in thai period (5 
 years) not only furnish all the fuel and fencing necessary to support a farm, 
 but will also bring a handsome income from the fence ])oles which may be 
 si)ared to less fortunate neighbors. 
 
 The earlier the cuttings are planted after the frost is out of the ground 
 the better, but the planting may be continued to the 1st of June with 
 success. Cuttings set in si>ring ploughing time should have the earth 
 jjressed on each side of them as fiist as the planting progresses. 
 
 The cuttings may be procured from the neat est natural groves or belts 
 •of woods on the margin of streams or the river sides. 
 
 VOUNC; TREKS AND SEEDS. 
 
 Young aspen and poplar, one or two years old. may be gathered in 
 waggon loads on the prairie in the vicinity of groves which fires have not 
 run over. The seeds of the ash-leaved mai)le, the ash, and the elm (very 
 pretty and suitable for protection round the house and stables) may be 
 found in abundance from these trees along the margins of the streams, and 
 should be gathered as soon as ripe. Soft maple and elm ripens in June, 
 and should be planted before the seeds are dried, or they fail to come uj) ; 
 the seed should be planted in drills in small furrows previously made by the 
 hoe, and should be liberally sown, then covered with a small iron rake to a 
 depth of from one to two inches. Seed necessary to be kept through- 
 out the winter should be kept in moist sand, in boxes or barrels, two parts of 
 sand to one of seed, and where they will be kept cool, and at about their 
 natural moisture. 
 
 PLAN I"OR A SKTlLKk's HOL SK. 
 
 A very comfortable house, large enough for a family of several persons, 
 may be built at a cost of $236. or ai)out ^.'47 ■\s. stg. It would be 16 ft. 20 
 inside, contain a living room 13 \ 16. bedroom 7 \ 12. i)antr\ 4 x 7, on the 
 ground floor, with stairs leading to the attic. I'he studding would be 
 twelve feet from the sills to the eaves, the lower storey eight feet, four feet 
 above with a sloi)ing roof will give an attic large enough for good slee[)ing 
 accommodation. The house would need five window s, one outside and two 
 
10 
 
 Ci 
 
 inside doors. The items ol" expense would he ai)|)r()ximately as follows, noti 
 in< hiding assistant labour that may he recjuired : — 
 
 4,000 feet common lumher, at $30 $120 00 
 
 4,000 shingles, at $6 24 00 
 
 Nails, <!<:<■ 20 00 
 
 Sheathing jjaper (to make air tight) 20 00 
 
 Doors, windows. (!v:c 24 00 
 
 Kor foniingencies. say 28 00 
 
 floor. 
 
 Total ... $236 00 
 
 The following diagram shows the arrangement of the ijiterior — ground. 
 
 20 
 
 T 
 
 \ ■'."MH — 
 
 PANTRY 
 
 ^ LIVING ROOM 
 
 IS A 12 
 
 JA 
 
 S 
 
 
 , M 
 
 ' [ 
 
 BCD ROOM 
 
 li. 
 
 1X12 - 
 
 1'lan. — Scjilt' ;!-l(!tlis of an inch to the toot. 
 
 'Ihe caves should ])roiect a foot or more, to carry the rain from the- 
 sides of the building. — until hricks can he obtained for the chimney, a 
 joint of stove pii)e will serve instead, only great care should he taken to 
 protect the surrounding wood from taking fire, 'i'he plan is drawn on a 
 scale of 3-i6ths of an inch to the foot, so that a settler with the plan before 
 him, may make his own calculations, and he his own joiner. 'J'he house 
 should front towards the East or West. 'J"he winds prevailing in Manitoba 
 are from the North, and South-West. Easterly storms do not often occur. 
 In building the house, oaken i)Osts at each corner, five to six feet in length, 
 and eight or ten inches in diameter, should he sunk into the ground nearly 
 their full length, and the sills sjjiked firmly to them. This, with projjer 
 liracing. will give sufficient firmness to the structure, against the strong 
 winds which often prevail on the prairie. In the autumn, it should be 
 well banked round with manure or earth, with battened walls (strips to 
 cover the seams.) and sheathing paper (a kind of thick pasteboard) ; such 
 a house is very warm, and will give good accommodation, till the owner is 
 in circumstances to replace it with one of more ample dimensions. 
 
 1 1 
 
 THl:: ':OI,ONV SVSTK.M. 
 
 TIk' system of emigrating in small colonies will be found very 
 advantageous to the pioneers, as well as economical ; neighbors in the 
 old land may be neighbors in the new ; friends may settle near each 
 
 1 1: 
 
 
17 
 
 other, form rommunitics and the nucleus of new settlements and towns, 
 establish schools and, in short, avoid many of the tratlitional hardships 
 which have usually attended pioneer life. The <(jlony system is also 
 ralculated to supply the needs of all members of the eommunity, and to 
 furnish emi>loyment to every industry. Whenever a colony is established 
 there will soon be near its centre the st<'rekee|)cr. blacksmith, carpenter, 
 etc., ])Ost ofHce, school house and ciuirch, and, with the jirogress of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway and .Steamboat navipiti(jn, a market. Until 
 then an ample ma.ket, commanding high prices, is ( reated in the interior 
 by the intlux of U^llowing settlers and the rapidl\ int reasing trade. 
 
 'I'he attention of tb.e ca])italist intending to emigrate is drawn to the 
 im])ortance and mutual adsantage of this system, in which cai)ital, directed 
 by sagacity and enterprise, possesses such un(|uestionable advantages, 
 united with industry and a jjlucky purpose, and in no place under the sun 
 could it reap better re ^ards than under the bright skies and healthful 
 atmosjjhere of this fair land. 
 
 IMPORTANT MI.SCRLL.\NEOU.S INFORMATION. 
 
 WHAT CAPriAI. CAN DO. 
 
 Of course cai)ital, directed by sagacity and enterprise, i)ossesses great 
 advantages here as elsewhere ; indeed, the numerous avenues being 
 continually opened up by the rapid development of a boimtiful new 
 country like this, multij^ly the opportunities for its ])rofitable employment. 
 'J'here is scarcely a vocation of any kind wherein the same capital and good 
 management which insure success in older communities will not yield far 
 greater returns here. The legal rate of interest, when not stijjulated, is si.x 
 per cent : but any rate agreed upon is lawful, varying from ten to twenty 
 per cent. At the latter rate money may be safely loaned, ami)ly secured 
 by mortgage. Judicious investments in real estate, owing to the rapid 
 settlement and development of the country, are sure to realize large profits. 
 Purchasers, both of city lots and farming lands, can be made in the Prov- 
 ince of Manitoba at all times, which will command an advance of 25 to 50 
 per cent within a year, and not unfrequently such advance is over 100 per 
 cent annually. The time was a few years ago, when this could be done 
 without discrimination by the venturer, the sole condition of accjuiring 
 fancied wealth being to take hold. Now, good judgment is rec|uired to 
 cause real estate or any active business to yield much better returns than 
 money commands at interest. 
 
 WHAT PLUCK AND MUSCLE MAV DO. 
 
 Great as are the unfjuestionrble advantages which a union of money 
 and industry j)ossess, there is no country under the sun where unaided 
 muscle, with a plucky purpose, reaps greater rewards than under the bright 
 skies and helpful atmosphere of this fair land. 
 
 Feeling himself every inch a man, as he gazes upon the unclaimed 
 acres which shall reward his toil, the settler breathes a freer air, his bosom 
 .swells with a prouder purpose, and his strong arms achieve unwonted 
 
 B 
 
18 
 
 lesults. Any man whose capital consists on his arrival of little but brawny 
 arms and a brave heart, may do as others have done before him, select a 
 homestead in some of the many beautiful and fertile regions westward, and 
 into which railroads will rapidly penetrate ; after which, being allowed six 
 months before settling upon the land, he may work u|>on the railroad and 
 earn enough of money to make a start in a small way ; and by the time he 
 produces a surplus, the railway will be within a reasonfi'-' • distance to take 
 it to market ; he finds himself the proud possess a valuable farm, 
 
 which has cost him little but the sweat of his brow. 
 
 ( I 
 
 n 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 Under the provisions of the Dominion Public Lands' Act {for w/iic/i, 
 see official notice at cmi), a vast area of land abounding in all the elements 
 of health, beauty, and fertility, of much greater extent than many of the 
 principalities of Europe, is ojien for the landless of all nations of the earth, 
 to enter upon and possess, who may be the head of u family, male or 
 female, or who has attained the age of eighteen years, may become the 
 owner of a farm of i6o acres without paying for it, by simply cultivating 
 and residing upon the land for three years, and the land thus acquired 
 without cost (with the exception of the oftice fee for entry, of $io), is 
 exempt by law from liabilities for all debts previously contracted, thereby 
 showing that we have no limitation as to the value of the farm or residence 
 thus secured to the family ; whatever its value may become, it remains the 
 shelter, the castle, the home of the family,. to cluster round in the hour of 
 gloom and disaster, as securely as they were wont to do in the sunshine of 
 prosperity. Such an exemption law will be found a blessing to thousands 
 of worthy men, women and children. 
 
 Here every man may enjoy the reward of his labor, and become an 
 independent land proprietor. However poor, he may possess equal rights, 
 and equal political opportunities, with the rich and prosperous. 
 
 All information as to the nature of particular localities, where the 
 immigrant may desire to settle, will be afforded him for his guidance by the 
 officers of the Dominion Lands Branch of the Department of Interior at 
 Winnipeg, or any of the district offices. 
 
 SYSTEM OF SURVEYS. 
 
 Each township consists of thirty-six sections of one square mile each, 
 and road allowances, of one chain in width between all townships and 
 sections. 
 
 Sections are numbered i to 36, and a raised mound of turf with picket 
 marked, being at each corner of section. 
 
 PRIVATE LANDS. 
 
 Farms of various degrees of imi)rovement, near a town, are frequently 
 offered for sale at from $5 to $15 per acre, such price being often less than 
 the cost of the buildings and fences. These cases occur not from the 
 undesirable cliaracter of the property, so much as from the restlessness and 
 love of change, characteristic of the people of the country. The Hudson's 
 
19 
 
 Bay Company arc the owners, under ilie Dominion I,and^ Ad, of two 
 liections in every surveyed tow nsliip in the great fertile belt. Kac.li section 
 consists of 640 acres, and is sold either in hlock or in (jiiarter sections of 
 160 acres each ; the prices of tliese lands are regulated a( cording to loca- 
 tion and (|iiality, ranging from $4 |>er acre and upwards, with easy terms of 
 payment. During the past year 35,000 acres were sold at an average price 
 of $6 per acre. 
 
 RAILROAD LANDS. 
 
 As this pamphlet may he read hy many in (Ireat Britain, who are 
 unacquainted with the meaning of the term "railroad lands," we deem it 
 important to offer a few words hy way of explanation. .All the lands are 
 originally the property of the Crown, and are granted to aid in the construc- 
 tion of railways, as experience has shewn that a locomotive running through 
 a new country tends as much to civili/e it as to settle it up ; the wisdom of 
 this disposal of lands by the (lovernment of Canada < an only be commend- 
 ed. Such lands are situate along the lines of road to which they were 
 granted, and consist of the odd numbered sections, (the even numbered 
 sections being tor free homestead entry as (lovernment lands) on both sides 
 of the line for a certain number of miles. The title to such lands are good, 
 coming directly from the Crown to the Railway Com|)any. 
 
 COAL LANDS. 
 
 The route of the Canadian Pacific Railway is indicated as the natural 
 pathway of commerce, by the vast and inexhaustible coal beds through 
 which it runs for over two hundred miles. 
 
 From Geological reports, and the Engineer's surveys, the district 
 through which it passes possesses one of the largest coal fields in the world. 
 
 Between the 59th parallel and the North Sea, it has been calculated that 
 there cannot be much less than 500,000 scpiare miles that are underlaid by 
 true coal. The average breadth of this belt is about 280 miles. In addi- 
 tion to the coah*'this country contains rich deposits of iron ore. 
 
 On the North Saskatchewan River, coal |)revails with little interrup- 
 tion in beds twd and two-and-a-half feet thick on the bank of the river, from 
 a little below Edmonton, upwards for two hundred miles. 
 
 On the Pembina River, seventy miles t(j the west, there is a seam ten 
 feet thick, of a very superior (piality. On the Battle River it is also noted, 
 and in the Red Deer Branch of the South Saskatchewan, 170 miles from its 
 mouth, are extensive deposits of coal, and at 100 miles further up it is there 
 in beds so close, that, of 20 feet of strata exposed, 12 teet arc coal. 
 
 Coal has lately been discovered on the .Souris River, at a jjoint near 
 the international boundary line, and the South Western Railway is now under 
 <:onstruction to connect that point with the City of Winni[)eg, a distance of 
 T^early 200 miles, through a magnificent and e.vceedingly fertile country. 
 
 The Minister of the Interior has the power to protect persons desiring 
 to carry on coal mining in the pos.session of the lands on which such mining 
 may be carried on, provided the proper application is made, with a deposit 
 vof one dollar per acre, under the terms of the Dominion Lands Act. 
 
n ^ 
 
 HAY AMI (;razin(; lands. 
 
 The wild grasses of Manitol).! and the North-West, extending to the- 
 foot of the Ro(ky Moimtains, are famous for the noiirishnient they contain. 
 They not only afford ri( h and ;un|ile pasturage ii|)< n which horses, cattle 
 and sheep may thrive well, hm also make .m excellent (|uality ot hay ; 
 many farmers prefer them to timothy for the latter purpose. Three varieties, 
 the buffalo and herd grass and the hlue joint, after the ground has been 
 mowed over a few times, become tine and su( < ulent. and ( ure very nicely, 
 and even the (oarsest variety of slough gr.iss is sinularly affected, though its 
 im|)rovemenl is not so marked. Cattle subsist during the winter on hay of 
 this latter description, and keep in good order. l"or the encouragement of 
 i)ersons desirous of going into stock-raising on a large scale, the (lovernment 
 IS empowereil under the Lands Act to grant leases of unoccupied Dominion 
 Lands for gra/riiig |)urposes to any person, for su( h term of years, and at 
 such rent in each case as may be deemed expedient, conditionally, that the 
 Minister of the Ink'rior may. on giving two years' notice, cancel ihe lease 
 at an} time during the term. 
 
 .MLNKKAI, kESOl'KCKS. 
 
 Our mineral deposits — next in importance to coal, already referred to- 
 — may, so far as yet knov/n, be embraced in the following : 
 
 Iron — Is found throughout the coal region, at accessible distances from 
 the line of railway, and gives promise of the establishment of future centres, 
 of industry along the line of the Canadian I'acitic Railway. 
 
 Gold — Is found on the numerous sand-bars of the North Saskatchewan 
 River, |)aying from $5 to $10 per day, with limited appliances for mining 
 and washing. As the coimtry 'tties up, and supplies become cheaper 
 and more easily obtained, no doubt enterjjrising jjroprietors will yet make 
 valuable discoveries in the numerous streams running from the eastern slope 
 of the Kockv Mountains. 
 
 Rich gold and silver-bearing (|uart/ veins have recently been discovered 
 on some of the thousands of the islands which dot the beautiful Lake of 
 the Woods ; the discoverers have as yet, from want of capital, been unable 
 to properly develoj* these mines ; but* when the attention of capitalists is 
 attracted, no doubt future enteri)rise will cause operations to be conducted 
 on a large scale, supporting a mnnerous mining j)opulation. A ])ortionof the 
 I'acitic Railway is now completed and running to Rat Portage, a thriving 
 little town at the head of the Lake, east from Winnipeg 136 miles. 
 
 Linnstoiu. — A fine (juality is found in many portions of the country^ 
 and affords ample material for the manufacture of lime. 
 
 Clay. — A kind of blue clay, underlying the soil, makes brick of a good 
 quality. White marl occurs in large beds ; it is used for pottery-making, 
 and also makes a hafd, durable brick, similar to the famous " Milwaukee 
 brick." 
 
 Salt Springs — Are numerous — some of them very pure, yielding 
 upwards of a bushel of salt to thirty or forty gallons of brine, the writer 
 having himself made salt from the brine of that strength as obtained on the 
 surface without bonng, and of as good a (juality as American or English 
 production. With the development of the country, this source of wealth 
 must yet be an important one. 
 
21 
 
 DKSCRIl'riVK AND (IKNKKAL. 
 
 THE soil, \N1» ITS A(;KU I l.rt KAI. CAI'ACHY. 
 
 The soil is generally an alluvial hiack argilLiceous mould, ruli in 
 organic de|)osit, and resting tor a depth ot eighieon in« hes to lour left, on a 
 tenacious clay. Scientific analysis develops the presence in due |)roportion 
 of elements of extraordinary fertility, comparing favorably vith the most 
 -celebrated soils of the world. This theoretic excellent e is amply confirmed 
 by the practi<al results of agriculture, as is shewn hereafter. 
 
 The following important analysis of a sample of the prauie soil of 
 this country, was made at the instigation of .some gentlemen of lapital, 
 j)ractical farmers in S<:otland, who visited the country, and became so 
 favorably impressed as to invest largely in lands. 
 
 The analysis is by Dr. Ma< adam. the well known lecturer on Chemistry, 
 in the University of Kdinburgh. and proves boyoiul doubt that to the 
 farmer who desires to sele< t for his future; home a (ountry which has the 
 most productive soil, and promises the richest harvest, nowhere in the 
 •world are greater attractions offered : 
 
 A.NALVTICAL I.AUOKAT^i'V SriK.KiiN's IIaI.I-, 
 
 Kdi.mii iKiu, Itlli D<rrnil»« r, 187G. 
 
 ANALV.SIS OF SA.Ml'LK UK .\1AMTUBA ^Olb. 
 
 Moisture '. 2 1 . :)04 
 
 OrKiuii'j mattor c-ontaiiiiiig nitrr.>j;i;n ('(lUiil to ammoaiu. j.t*^ II. 223 
 
 'Valine inuttiT : 
 
 PilOHpllUtOH 0. »72 
 
 Carbonate of litm- I . 76.'! 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia . DU" 
 
 Alkaline salts I .27:1 
 
 Oxide of iron .T II ,"> 
 
 7 . 5G0 
 
 'Silic'ioiis matter : 
 
 Sand and silica 51 . 721 
 
 Alumina S . I 32 
 
 .'>y.853 
 
 Hio.OOO 
 
 The above Koil is very rich in organi< niattii-. and ( ontaina tlie full amonnt of 
 .the saline fertilizing matters found in all soils of a good bearing quality. 
 
 (Signed), Stkpuenson Macad.\m, M. D. 
 
 LeclxiYr on Cfiemixtry, ifc. 
 
 An important feature in the soil of our prairies is, tnat its earthy 
 materials are minutely pulverized, and is almost everywhere light, mellow, 
 and spongy. 
 
 With the.se uniform characteristics, the soils are of different grades of 
 fertility, according to local situation. The limestone sub-strata of this region, 
 with its rich, deep, calcareous loam and retentive clay sub-.soil, is always 
 associated with a rich wheat development, while its hot and humid sum- 
 mers fulfil all the climatological conditions of a first-rate wheat country. 
 
99 
 
 Sumc fields on the Red River have been known to produce twenty succes- 
 sive crops of wheat without falbw or manure, and the yield has frequently 
 reached as high as forty bushels per acre. 
 
 Blodgett (an American authority) states " that the basin of the Winni- 
 peg is the seat of the greatest average wheat product on this continent, and 
 probably in tin uwrld. 
 
 As will be observed by the analysis of Dr. Macadam, a general ingre- 
 dient of the soil is sand, of which silica is the base, as of all good soils. It 
 plays an important ])art in the economy of growth, and is an essential 
 constituent in the organism of all cereals. We are told that about 67 per 
 cent, of the ash of the stems of wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, &c., is pure 
 silica, or flint. It is this which gives the glazed coating to the plants and 
 gives .strength to the stain. Now this silica is an acid and is insoluble, but 
 readily combines with lime. soda, magnesia, jjotash, and the other ingredients, 
 of our soil, and in this condition is readily available to the use of the plant, 
 and forms an essential element in the growth of the cereals ; from this and 
 other causes is attributable the superiority of our wheat overall other grown 
 East or South. 
 
 WHEAT OROWING. 
 
 The average yield of wheat in Manitoba, deduced from the aggregate- 
 of local estimates, is twenty-five bushels to the acre, the range of ordinary 
 yields being from fifteen to thirty-five. E.xperience has taught us to allow 
 largely for the disj)osition to base general inferences on the most striking and 
 notorious instances, and for the general habit of confounding a usual result 
 with an average one. 
 
 A comparison of the yield of wheat for past years in Manitoba with, 
 the best districts of the United States will show its superiority over them,, 
 viz : — 
 
 Red River Spring Wheat, average production, 25 bushels per acre. 
 Minnesota do do 20 do do 
 
 Wisconsin do do 14 do do 
 
 Pennsylvania do do 15 do do 
 
 Massachusetts do do 16 do do 
 
 The weight as compared with the following States, is : 
 
 Manitoba Spring Wheat 63 to 66 lbs. to the bushel. 
 
 Minnesota do 60 to 65 lbs. do 
 
 Illinois do 52 to 58 lbs. do 
 
 Ohio do 57 to 60 lbs. do 
 
 Pennsylvania do 57 to 60 lbs. do 
 
 The soiuidness and fullness of the grain is unmistakeably indicated^ by 
 the fact, that xiwill command a hi^a^/ur price than any Western State grain^. 
 when it goes -to market unmixed and well cleaned. 
 
 The fact established by climatologists that " the cultivated plants 
 yield the greatest products near the Northernmost limit, at which they will 
 grow " is fully illustrated in our productions. 
 
23 
 
 An extensive Miller in Minnesota, was astonished oi visiting Manitoba, 
 at the yield of wheat in his hand. *' We have had an excellent harvest in 
 Minnesota, but I never saw more than two well formed grains in each 
 group, or cluster, forming a row, but hen, t/u rate is three grains in each 
 iltisier. Thafs the liifferenee bet'iveen tioenty and thirty bushels per acre." 
 
 Winter wheat has not been tried, excejit in one or two instances, the 
 reS'Ult being unfavourable to its rejjutationas a reliable crop ; and an opinion 
 is generally prevalent, that it cannot be grown successfully ; but this opinion 
 is not warranted by facts. The success of winter wheat depends ])eculiarly 
 upon having a moderate and sure covering of light snow, not condensed by 
 thaws, and jjacked close by warm winds. Such a snowy covering recjuires — 
 firstly, a moderate fall of snow ; and secondly, a low, uniform range of te:.> 
 jierature, free from winter rains and i)rolonged thaws, sufficient to dissipate 
 the snowy covering. 
 
 'ITiese are, in fact, the decided characteristics of our winters. The pre- 
 cii)itation of snow at Manitoba is about 25 inches for the whole winter. 
 
 It is remarkable also that lig'ht falls coincide with quite low tempera- 
 tures. The short noon-day heats, which often (arry the thermometer for an 
 hour or two above freezing point in winter, are not sufficient to create a 
 ihaw, and even a whole day, but slightly above freezing, will not serioui-./ 
 affect the snow. 
 
 Wheat-growing has been termed the " back-bone cf agriculture." 
 When the vital importance of maintaining and increasing the jjioduction 
 of a grain so essential to civilized man is considered, it cannot be assigned 
 a less i)lace in agricultural economy. \Vheat is pre-eminently the food of 
 civilized nations ; and i)erhai)s there can be no surer measure of their 
 civilization than the culture and consum]>tion of that cereal. History 
 afiirms its agency in shaj)ing the power and character of nations. They 
 have grown sturdy and i)rogressive in their ratio of wheat consumption by 
 all classes. .Scientific analysis confirms the indications of History. Anat- 
 omy and Chemistry show that food to be best, which gives toughness to 
 muscular fibre, and tone to the brain. 
 
 England, who has long since been the conceded mistress of the seas, 
 and whose dependencies will nigh encircle the globe, has so stimulated and 
 enlarged her cai)acity for wheat-growing, that her annual average is twenty- 
 eight bushels i)er acre : but her consumi)tion so far outruns her production, 
 that she lays the world under contribution for her suijjilies of bread. The 
 grave significance of the question involved is not susceptible of conceal- 
 ment, when the fiict is considered that while the consum[jtion of wheat, as 
 the choice food of the human race, is rajjidly extending, the capacity of 
 wheat-growing regions for its production is rapidly diminishing. We are 
 told that in New Kngland, U. S., the entire wheat product of a year is 
 barely sufficient to feed her own ])eoi)le for three weeks, and the State of 
 New ^'ork for six months. In the ten years ending in 1S60, the wheat 
 crop of only four States decreased 6,500,000 bushels. In the light of these 
 facts it is not difficult to foresee that the North- West of the Dominion of 
 Canada must yet assume a i)roud i)re-eminency in wheat-growing. 
 
 The following facts are demonstrated • 
 
 first. — 'J'hat there exists a constantly and inevitably increasing 
 
24 
 
 li 
 
 foreign demand for breadstuffs, with a constantly increasing demand for 
 domestic consumption. 
 
 Second. — That therefore the vakie of wheat, as a commercial staple, 
 is advancing in a comjiound ratio. 
 
 Third. — That, within this zone, the climate and other causes tend 
 to concentrate the growth of wheat in the best districts. 
 
 Fourth. — The prairie lands of Canada are the best of these wheat 
 districts, having the largest a^erage yield, the most certain crops, and the 
 best and healthiest grains. 
 
 STOCK RAISING. 
 
 The experience of many vears shows that no physical impediment 
 arising from climate or soil, exists to prevent the prairies of our North- 
 West becoming one of the best grazing countries in the world, and with 
 the introduction of immigration, in few years, the beautiful i)rairies of the 
 North-West will be enlivened by numerous flocks and herds, and the cattle 
 trade, already si)ringing into imjjortarice, will rapidly increase. It is un- 
 derstood that a prominent member of the Senate of Canada is at present 
 makmg arrangements to enter upon the raising of thorough-bred stock, 
 horned cattle, horses, sheej) and pigs, and with that view, is now in treaty 
 with the Government of the Dominion for the purchase and lease respec- 
 tively of very considerable tracts of grazing land near the foot of the 
 Rocky Mountains, for a stock farm. For raising cattle and horses, this 
 country is equal to the State of Illinois, and for sheep-raising it is far 
 superior. The quality of the beef and mutton raised upon our northern 
 grasses, has been pronounced of.sui)erior excellence. Among* the peculiar 
 advantages of Manitoba for stock-raising and wool growing, the most pro- 
 minent are — ist. The richness and luxuriance of the native grasses. The 
 grass is mainl\- cut on the swamps and meadows, which chequer the 
 prairies, or fringe the streams and lakes. 2nd. The great extent of 
 unoccupied land, affording for many years to come, a wide range of free 
 pasturage. 3rd. The remarkable dryness and healthfulness of the winter. 
 The cold dry air shari)ens the appetite, and promotes a rapid secretion of 
 flit, and vigorous muscular develoi)ment. All point to stock-raising as one 
 of tho most important and promising of the diversified channels into which 
 the industry of the immigrant and capitalist is to be directed. Notwithstand- 
 ing the expensiveness and difficulty of stocking farms in a new country like 
 this, where animals must be procured at a distance of hundreds of miles, 
 the progress already made in this direction affords a gratifying proof of the 
 rapid growth of this imi)ortant interest. 
 
 SHEKl' AM) WOOL (IROWING. 
 
 There is not room in this guide to give the subject of wool growing 
 the attention which its im[)ortance deserves. The experience of forty years, 
 and of some who have been engaged in the business in Australia, establishes 
 beyond a reasonable doubt the following conclusions : 
 
 I. — That from the nature of our climate, and the general undulating 
 character of the i^rairies, the richness of the grasses, and the purity of the 
 waters, this country is ada[)ted in an eminent degree to the healthful and 
 profitable breeding of sheep. 
 
2;") 
 
 2. — That sheep are entirely free from the diseases which cut them off, 
 so largely in more southern climates. 
 
 3. — That the characteristic dryness of our winters, not only i)rotects 
 them from the casualties to which they are exposed in moister winter 
 •climates, but stimulates them to a more healthy and vigorous growth. 
 
 4. — That the naturalization of sheep imported from Illinois, Ohio, and 
 other middle States of America, improves the quality of their wool. 
 
 5 — That it is h)- far the most profitable branch of industry iti ivhich 
 the settler ivith capital can engage, especially in connection with stock- 
 raising. 
 
 Prolificas is the soil, it is far from the Eastern markets, and the bulky 
 and weighty products of the field largely consume themselves in the cost of 
 transit. Wheat which is bought here for 60 cents, sells for 90 cents or 
 $1.00 in Montreal or New-York, costing the flirmer 30 to 40 cents for 
 transportation. A few years, it is true, will comijletc a great system of 
 internal imi)rovement by means of the Canadian Pacific Railway. But even 
 then, it will be far more profitable to grow wool ; the best information on 
 this subject shews that it costs about 15 cents to produce a pound of wool, 
 which sells here for 30 cents, yielding a net profit of 15 cents per {)Ound, 
 and mutton at i>resent commands from r2jj to 15 cents i)er pound. The 
 •cost of producing a bushel of wheat varies with the yield, the average cost 
 being about $5.50 i)er acre, or about 32 cents per bushel for an average 
 yield of 20 bushels to the acre. The average product of wool is not subject 
 to fluctuation, and the price also is uir steadier than that of breadstuffs. 
 Well-fed ews produce fleeces from 3 to t^"" ^ l)Ounds. Wethers i)roduce 
 fleeces from 6 to 8 pounds, the wool being of a good ([uality. All breeds 
 stand the winter cold well, but the Cotswold the best. An instance came to 
 the knowledge of the writer, where a flock of about twenty strayed away in 
 the beginning of winter and were found in the si)ring fat, and none missing, 
 but an addition to the flock in lambs. An exi)erienced settler writes as 
 follows : " I believe this to be equal to any country for sheep growing. I 
 prefer the Cotswold breed to any other for this country, as they are good 
 shearers, prolific breeders, and good for mutton. My sheep have been 
 troubled with no disease, but the dogs have killed and wounded some. I 
 believe that in this branc'i of husbandry this country has few equals, and 
 no superiors in any country on the globe." 
 
 To simply raise a crop of wheat from the new prairie, is but one 
 remove from barbarism ; but when we see upon a farm a flock of pure blood 
 sheep, and a herd of well bred cattle, we are sure that behind them all is 
 superior intelligence, and we feel confident the farm is not running out. 
 
 D.\IRV FARMINO 
 
 Must also become in a few years an miportant source of wealth. It is now 
 conducted on a very large scale in the other Provinces, in connection with 
 cheese and butter factories tor f^uro[)ean consiuiii)tiori. In the Province of 
 Ontario alone no less than 200 cheese factories being in operation, that 
 Province deriving an income of nearly two millions of dollars a year from 
 this single article of produce, and the quality esteemed almost as highly as 
 .the best English cheese. 
 
26 
 
 With the progress of improved communications, whac a vast field is; 
 presented for the development of that branch of agricultural enterprise m 
 this great grazing country. 
 
 THE BEET ROOT. 
 
 Beet root sugar manufacturing will certainly, at no distant day, be a 
 question of much interest in this ])art of Canada, and occupy the attention 
 of the capitalist, for without doubt the rich deep mould of our soil is 
 immensfly superior to anything upon the continent for the production of 
 the sugar beet. 
 
 It is the opinion of the Moiiclary Tiiius that the production of beet 
 root sugar, if prosecuted on a sufficiently large scale, could be made very 
 jjrofitable. A calculation is given, setting forth the estimated results of the 
 manufacture of a thousand tons of sugar beets in the States of New York 
 and Pennsylvania, as made by an American gentleman who has given long 
 consideration to the subject. Jt is as follows: 
 
 EXl'ENSES. 
 
 1 ,0(10 tons of heets at $4 per ton $4,000' 
 
 Estimaled cost of manutactme at !?5 per ton 5,000 
 
 Total $9,000 
 
 RKSCLT. 
 
 200 tons pulp at S2 per ton $ 400' 
 
 30 '' sj'iup at $20 per ton 650 
 
 r)0 " of sugar at $250 per ton 1 5,000 
 
 Total results $16,000 
 
 From which deduct expenses 9.000 
 
 Leaves a profit of. $7,000 
 
 The sugar beet will grow on our prairie soil to great perfection. 
 Those sent from here to Philadelphia were the surprise and admiration of 
 thousands from all parts of the world. 
 
 This fact being established, it next becomes important to have a proper 
 test made of the percentage of saccharine matter the beets grown in our soil 
 will yield, and its suitability for manufacture. It is advisable the beets- 
 intended for sugar manufacture, should be grown on old ploughed land, 
 rather than the newly i)loughed ])rairie. 
 
 This manufacture, which has elsewhere been found so profitable,, 
 will probably be found the same in the North-West of Canada. 
 
 SALUHRITV or CLIMA'lE AND ADAI'lIOX TO AC.RICULTL'RE. 
 
 Of paramount importance to the emigrant is the healthfulness of the 
 locality which is to be the scene of his future labors, and the home for him- 
 self and family. W^hat to him are fair fields, flowering meadows, buried in 
 the luxuriant growth of fertile soils and tropical suns, if they generate fever- 
 producing miasma and vapour ? What are soft and perfumed breezes, if 
 they wafi the seeds of pestilence and death ? What are bountiful harvests. 
 
27 
 
 of golden grain, rich and mellow fruits, and all the wealth the earth can: 
 yield, if disease must annually visit his dwelling, and death take away, one 
 by one, the loved and the young? It is well known that some of the fairest 
 portions of the Western vStates are so fruitful of the causes of disease as- 
 almost to preclude settlement. And thousands have left their comparatively 
 healthy Canadian and European homes to find untimely graves in the- 
 prairie soil of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri. And even in the 
 sections of these States deemed n»st healthy, the climate has an enervating 
 effect upon those accnistomed to the bracing air of Northern Europe and. 
 our P2astern Provinces. 
 
 The dryness of the air, the character of the soil, which retains no 
 stagnant jjools to send forth poisonous exhalations, and the almost 
 total absence of fog or mist, the brilliancy of its sunlight, the pleasing 
 succession of its seasons, all conspire to make this a climate of unrivalled, 
 salubrity and the home of a joyous, healthy, prosperous people, strong in 
 physical, intellectual and moral capabilities. Therefore, the assertion that 
 the climate of our North-West is one of the healthiest in the world may be 
 l)roadIy and confidently made, sustained by the experience of its nihabi- 
 tants. Some of the hardiest and strongest men the writer has ever seen are- 
 Europeans and Canadians, who came to this country at an early date, and 
 finally became settlers. Agriculture, therefore, cannot suffer from unhealthi- 
 ness of climate. 
 
 Its distinguishing features in relation to husbandry. The melon, grow- 
 ing in open air, and arriving at perfect maturity in August and Sei)tember, 
 may be briefly explained by reference to the amount of sunlight received 
 during our growing seasons, viz : whilst at New Orleans in July they have- 
 fourteen hours of sunlight, we have sixteen, with much longer twilight than 
 they, consequently our vegetation grows more rapidly than theirs, and 
 matures much sooner. This is a beautiful law in compensation, as what we 
 lack in heat is made up in sunlight during our summers. Changes in our 
 temperature, it must be admitted, are sometimes sudden and violent. We 
 are about half way to the North Pole, and subject to either extremes. This 
 instead of being a disadvantage is rather in our favour, it gives variety, a 
 thing desirable at times. Then again these changes are, for the reasons 
 already given, seldom pernicious. Plants and animals are armed with the 
 proi)er implements for resistance. I would not infer that we are subject to 
 hurricanes, or other violent commotions of the atnios})here, any more or as 
 much as other places. But we have a touch at times of both extremes, a 
 vibratory movement ot the climates of the torrid and frigid zones. 
 
 The seasons follow each other in pleasing succession. As the sun approches 
 its northern altitude, winter relaxes its grasp, streams and lakes are unbound 
 prairie flowers spring u|), as if by the touch of some magic wand, and gra- 
 dually spring is merged into the bright beautiful June, with its long warm 
 days, and short, but cool and refreshing nights. 'J'he harvest months follow in, 
 rapid succession, till the golden Indian summer of early November foretells- 
 the approach of cold and snow ; and again winter, with its short days of 
 clear bright sky and bracing air, and its long nights of cloudless beauty., 
 complete the circle. 
 
'If 
 
 28 
 
 The average fall of snow is about six inches per month. The snow 
 falls in small (jiiantities, at different times, and is rarely blown into drifts so 
 as to imjiede travelling. With the new year commences the extreme cold 
 of our winter, when, for a few days, the mercury ranges from 15 1035 
 degrees below zero, falling sometimes even below that. Vet the severity of 
 these days is much softened by the brilliancy of the sun and the stillness of 
 the air. 'I'hus, while in lower latitudes they are being drenched by the 
 •cold rain storms, or buried beneath huge drifts of wintry snow, we enjoy a 
 dry atmosphere, with bright cloudless days and serene starlight nights ; and 
 when the moon turns her full orbed face towards the earth, the night scene 
 is one of [)eerless grandeur. 
 
 FROSTS. 
 
 Experience has shewn that the liability to disastrous frosts in the sea- 
 son of growth, and which so intimately concerns the interests of husbandry, 
 is not any worse in this country than elsewhere, when the thermometer has 
 occasionally fallen to 30" in the latter end of August ; vegetation did not 
 suffer ; in fact the injury was scarcely noticeable, which may be accounted 
 for from the following reasons : 
 
 I. — The dryness of the atmosphere (which is a peculiarity of this region), 
 allows a much lower range of temperature without injury to vegetation, than 
 in moister climates ; and in addition to the heat, gives greater vigour to the 
 plants, they grow rapidly but with firm texture, and are consequently able 
 to resist much cold. On account of their excessive vitality, the same as a 
 person who has dined heartily on rich food, is better able to bear the cold of 
 Av inter. 
 
 2. — 'I'he sudden change of temperature, which is often the case in this 
 region, one extreme following another in rapid succession, is less deleterious 
 to vigorous plants than a gradual lowering of temperature. The earth and 
 plants still retain the heat previously absorbed, and are thus enabled to bear 
 an atmosphere at 20° mucli better than at 35°, after their latent heat has 
 been given off. The soil of the prairie is in general dry, and is rapidly 
 warmed by the rays of the sun in spring. 
 
 3. — 'i'he dryness of the air is accounted for from the fact that the 
 moisture conveyed in the air has a tendency to soften the delicate covering 
 of the i)lants, and thus render them more sensitive to cold. 
 
 4. — 'I'he heat retaining character of the soil. For these and several 
 ■other reasons that might be mentioned, the climate of Manitoba is less sub- 
 ject to killing frosts than might at first be supposed, on account of its high 
 latitude. 
 
 SEASONS. 
 
 The natural division of the seasons is as follows : 
 
 Spring. — Ai)ril and May. 
 
 Sit miner. — June, July, August and part of Se[)tember. 
 
 Autumn. — Part of Sei)tember and October. 
 
 ll'intcr. — November and December, January, February and March. 
 
 Frequently the weather is warm, tnc atmosphere hazy and calm till 
 late in November, and the early and rai)id advancement of temperature in 
 May is strikingly rej)resented. 
 
29 
 
 TKUITS. 
 
 The culti"-e of fruit, e.si)e('ially the apple, has been ahiiost entirely 
 neglected heretofore in this region ; prol)al>ly on a- lount ot" there gentrally 
 being such an abundance of wild fruits, or the difticulty of procuring cuttings. 
 For this and other reasons an erroneous impression has prevailed that we 
 could not raise fruit or apple orchards— an extraordinar) inference, when 
 we consider that many forms of wild fruit are indigenous to the country, 
 abounding in the wootUands, and unsurpassed in tlavour. si/e and product 
 iveness — the i)rincii)al of which are strawberries, whortleberries, saskatoon, 
 and marsh and high bush cranberries, therefore inmiigrants ;ire not likely 
 to suffer for want of fruit. 
 
 In Minnesota the wild plum imi)roves so much by being transjjlanted 
 and cultivated as to equal any of the garden varieties. The high bush 
 cranberry also im])roves by transjjlanting, and makes a beautiful ornament 
 to the grounds about the prairie farmer's house 
 
 The celebrated and (lelicious a])i)le peculiar to tin; neighborhood of 
 Montreal, known as the " /'rt!W(?//ir," will no doubt be successfully raised 
 here ; although we are nearly five degrees further north than Montreal, yet 
 we are twenty-six tlegrees further west. .Scjme young trees are doing well ; 
 as also a variety from nurseries in Minnesota. The " FiXiiunsi " is a rich 
 and beautiful apple, peculiar to the climate and soil of the Island of Mon- 
 treal, a rich loam with a heavy clay subsoil, which retains the rooting, and 
 prevents the growth of the tree pushing ahead too rajiidly for the severe 
 frosts of that latitude. It should be borne in mind that it is not the severity 
 of the winter that kills the young apple tree, but the alternate thawing;; ami 
 yir^^s///.^'' of the south side of the tree in the spring, which can be avoided 
 by mulching and protecting the stem of the tree when young, by a wrapping 
 of straw ; with these precautions, and procuring plants from a suitable 
 climate, or planting the seeds, and thus acclimatising, there is no reason 
 why every farm may not have its orchard in this as in other parts of the 
 Dominion. 
 
 TUF, SALAD PLANTS. 
 
 Cabbage, lettuce, celery, spinach, »S:c., are not only more tender with 
 us than in warm climates where the relaxing sun lays open their very buds, 
 and renders their limbs thin and tough, but are more nutritious, because 
 their growth is slow, and their juices well digested. The cabbage attains 
 enormous size, as also the cauliflower, pumpkins and cucumbers, the latter 
 come in rather late, but instead of throwinix too much of their growth into 
 the vine, as they do south, fully mature, and grow very fme and large. 
 
 OA'I'S, HARLKV, RYK, POTATOF.S, LI (. . 
 
 The whole group of sul)ordinate cereals follow wheat, and are less 
 restricted in their range, growing five degrees beyond wheat, in the 
 Mackenzie River Valley to the Arctic Circle. Harley is a fav(jurite alterna- 
 tive of wheat in Manitoba, and yields enormous returns, with a weight jjcr 
 bushel of from 50 to 55 ])Ounds. Oats also thrive well. Potatoes. — The 
 mealy quality, the snowy whiteness, the farinaceous ]>ro]jerties, and the 
 
80 
 
 >exc|uisite flavour which distinguish the best article, reach perfection only in 
 .high latitudes. 
 
 The potatoes grown in Manitoba are well known to 1)6 unsurpassed in 
 .all the qualities named, while their prolific yield is not less remarkable. 
 'I'urnips, pannips, carrots, beets, and nearly all bulbous plants, do equally 
 •Eb well as [)OtatoeB. 
 
 FLAX AND HKMP. 
 
 The cultivation of these important crops was carried on to a consider- 
 .able extent by old settlers many years ago, the product being of excellent 
 quality, but the universal compla.iat at that time was the want of a market, 
 or of machinery to work up the raw material, and this led them to discon- 
 tinue this important branch of husbandry. Its cultivation is again renewed 
 •extensively by the Russian Mennonite settlers, of whom there are now 
 between 8,000 and io,ooo in this country, who within only three or four 
 years, are, by their untiring industry, rapidly gaining the road to wealth. 
 
 It is well known that flax and hemp come only to perfection in a cool 
 •country ; their bark in southern climates is harsh and brittle, because the 
 plant is forced into maturity so rapidly that the lint does not acquire either 
 consistency or tenacity. No doubt the North-West of Canada will prove 
 -equal for fl.-'x and hemp growth to Northern Europe. 
 
 BEKS 
 
 thrive well in the North-West, as they require a clear dry atmosphere, and 
 •a rich harvest of flovrery ; if the air is damp, or the weather cloudy, they 
 will not work so well. Another reason why they work less in a warm 
 -climate is, that the honey gathered remains too fluid for sealing a longer 
 time, and, if gathered foster than it thickens, it sours and spoils. Our clear, 
 .bright skies, dry air and rich flora, are well adapted to the bee culture, and, 
 •smce the process of burying bees during the winter has been introduced 
 successfully in Mmnesota, and generally adopted in the North-Western 
 States, the length and coldness of our winter ceases to be an obstacle. In 
 fact, experience in Minnesota proves that bees succeed better there, consume 
 less honey durmg the winter, and the colony comes out much stronger than 
 in warmer climates. , " 
 
 GAME. 
 
 The prairies and forests abound in great variety of wild animals, 
 among which are deer, bears, wolves, foxes, wild-cats, raccoons and rabbits, 
 Otter, mink, beaver and muskrat are the principal aquatic animals that 
 frequent the water-courses. Buffalo iu the Western prairies. Pigeons, 
 grouse, partridges and prairie chickens are among the feathered game. In 
 the fall and spring ducks and geese are found in immense numbers. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 The larger lakes abound in white fish, a delicious article of food, 
 weighing from four to fiv£ pounds. The fisheries of tiie lakes, when 
 
31 
 
 properly developed, will form an important source of revonue. The rivers 
 and streams abound in pickerel, pike, catfish, sturgeon, gold eyes, Sic, and 
 .trout in the mountain streams. 
 
 BEAUTV AND FERTIMIV OV THE NOR IH -WEST. 
 
 Throughout our prairie lands is found not the illimitable level, treeless 
 prairies which distinguish Illinois, but a charming alternation of woods and 
 prairie, upland and meadow, characterize the topography of the country. 
 The general surface is undulating, well watered and ample building timber 
 on the main streams. The prairie is frequently interspersed with groves of 
 poplar, and oak openings, in many parts nume.''Ous lakes, presenting a 
 pleasing and enlivening appearance. 
 
 It would be absurd to e.xpect any country of this vast extent to be all 
 equally fit to receive the plough at once. If only one-third is here pointed 
 out as awaiting the industrious hand of man to ensure him independence, 
 (the other two-thirds are parts re(|uiring draining or partial clearing. It 
 would also be absurd to suppo e it all e(]ually fertile, as there is a consider- 
 able difference between the deep beds of black vegetable mould which 
 generally prevail, and of course there are occasional bad spots and poor 
 sandy ground, which must be found in all countries ; but prominent among 
 rthe questions proposed by the emigrant or cajjitalist seeking a new home in 
 a new country are those concerning the climate, its temperature, adaptation 
 to the culture of the grand staples of food, and its healthfulness. There- 
 fore, in proof of our assertion that the North- West of Canada offers the 
 iinest and most inviting field for Emigration, the following is submitted as 
 
 OFFICIAL AND SCIENTIFIC TESTIMONY. 
 
 In 1858, Captain Palliser was requested by the Under Secretary of 
 State for the Colonies to state his oi)inion on the country he was engaged 
 iin exploring, and he describes the region drained by the Saskatchewan in 
 the following words : — 
 
 " The extent of surface drained by the Saskatchewan and other trib'.iUiries to 
 (Lake Winnipeg, which we had an opportunity of examining, amounts in round 
 numbers to one hundred and tifty thousand square miles. This region is l)0unded 
 to the North by what is known at the strong wooils, or the Southern limit of tlie 
 great circum-artit zone of forest which occupies these latitudes in the Northern 
 Hemisphere. This line, i.icli is indicated on the map, sweeps to the North-West 
 from the shore of Lake Winnipeg and reaches its most Northerly limit about .')4® 
 30' N. and longitude 1 19 ^ W., from where it again passes to the South- West, meeting 
 the Rocky Mountains in latitude") I = N. and IIS^" W. Hetween this line of the 
 strong woods and the Northern limit of the true prairie country there is a l»elt of 
 land varying in width, which at one period must have been covered by an extension 
 •of the Northern forests, but which his been gradually cleared by successive tires. 
 
 " It is now a partially wooded country, abounding in lakes and rich natural 
 pasturage, in some parts rivalling the finest park scenery of our own country. 
 Throughout this region of country the climate seems to i)ossess the same character, 
 although it passes through very different latitudes, its form being doubtless deter- 
 anined by the curves of tbo isothermal line. Its superfijial extent embraces about 
 sixty-five thousand square miles, (whether geographical or statute he does not state; 
 if the former, it would he about eighty-five thousand statute), of which 7>iore than 
 ■one-third may be considered as at once available for the purposes of the agricul- 
 
tiirint. Its flovalion iiicitiaHUH from Hoveii hiiadnd to four thoiirtunil feet tiK we 
 npprom li IIhi Uocky MoiiotaitiH at Edmonton. wlii< li has uii altitude of :t,00() feet- 
 VViicat is ( iiltivatcti with suci chh. The Iia^t valnalile iMution of the I'rairie (Jcuntry 
 has an exifiit of alioiit eiirlity thousand Mjiian' miles, atul ij< that lyini; alonj? the 
 Soiilliern liianch of the Saskatchewan, Sontliwari Ironi tlnnr,. to the hoiindary line, 
 while ItH Nortlitrn limit is known in the Indian lanv'iiav'''^ as the " edge of the 
 woods," tlie original line of the woods heing invaded liy tire. 
 
 '' 1( IS II fJii/siCii/ u'iililn of the /ii(/fi<Kt iiiifiiiitiincr to (he iii'err.tfs of' Bri'ii>h North 
 Amrrivii l/iiit this voiitiiniiinx h It run fir m tifeJ anil rntlinii <IJnii(i n ffw mites Wml i,f J.alte 
 of thr Wii-j Is to thi /xiss s (if thr Hockfi Mmuitiiins^ anil iiiifi line of Coinniutitriitionj 
 whether hi/ irmjon or niilrodd, fm^snig throiiy/t it. ivifl evrntnallfi cnjotf thr i/reit (idrantdgr 
 of fir III. J fed fii/ (III iif/riciiltiirnl /lofiiilation from one exlrvmitii to tlie othrr. \o othrr part 
 of t tie Anirnviin Cotiliui nt /lossissis uri ii/ifronch ei'rii to ihn fiiiyuldrlij t<tvoriiilr dis/io- 
 ailton of s'li/ (ind rlimnte. 
 
 " Tlie natinal leKouries lyiiiu; witljin tlie limits of the Fc-tiie licit, or on itK. 
 Kastein hoidt-rs, are tlitnisflves of great value as lo< al ehiinnts of future wealth 
 and pro^nerity ; hut, in viiw tif a fomni'inication a ross the continent, tht-y acquire 
 paiauKiiuit inipoitancc. Timher, availahlc for fuel and huildiiig purposes, coal, iron 
 ore are widely distiiliutcd. of great ptnity and in considciaiile abundance; salt, in 
 <|uantity sutficieiit for a dense population. All these crude elements of wealth lie 
 within the limits or on the borders of a region of great fertility." 
 
 His Grace Archbishop Tache. of .St. IJoniface, whose long resi- 
 dence and travelled experience throughout the North- West, says : 
 
 " The ((lal fields which cross the ditfrrent branches of the Saskatchewan are- 
 a great source ot wealth, and favor the settlement of the valley in which nature haH 
 multiplied picturesque scenery that challenges comparison with the mtist remark- 
 able of its kind in the world. I can understand the exclusive attachment of the 
 children of the Saskatt liewaii for their native place. Having crossed the desert, and 
 hiivir:g come to so great a distance from civilized countries, which Hie occasionally 
 supposed to have a monopoly of good things, one is sur[uised to find in the extreme 
 West so extensive and so beautiful a region The Author of the universe has been 
 jileased to spread out, by the side of the grand and wild beauties of the Rocky 
 Mountains, the captivating {)leasure grounds of the jdains of the Saskatchewan." 
 
 Confining his remarks to the capabilities for stock raising, His; 
 (irace further adds, referring to the great extent of jiasturage : 
 
 " The character and richne.ss of its growth e(|ualling the finest clover. It is 
 known that in cold conntiies grass acquires a nutritive power which its juices have 
 not time to develop in warmer climates." 
 
 Captain W. J. S. Pullen, R.N., comjiaring with other countries : 
 
 ''I have been in. via. : Australia, America, North and South India, &c., that I 
 have no hesitation in agreeing with Father de Smet, Mons. Borgeaii, Blakiston and 
 many others, that there is a most extensive portion of the country so long governed 
 by the Hudson's bay Company ready and offering a good tield for colonization.'' 
 
 I>ord Milton, who si)ent some time in the coimtry, says : 
 
 " As an agricultural country its advantages can hardly be overrated. The 
 climate is milder than that of the same portion of Canada which lies within the .same 
 latitudes, while the soil is at least e(|ual, if not of greater ffrtility. Coal of good 
 sound (jiiality is abundant in the Saskatchewan, Battle, Tembina and other Kivers. 
 In some jilaces the beds are of enormous thickness, and may be worked without 
 sinking, as it often crops out along the river banks. Cerealsof almost every descrip- 
 tion flourish even under the rude cultivation of the half-breeds. The same may be 
 said of all the root crops which are ordinarily grown in England, Canada or the 
 Northern States cf America.'' 
 
 
as 
 
 iron 
 
 ; salt, in 
 ijalth lie 
 
 His: 
 
 Mr. W. I). Clicadk', .111 [•',n_i,'li>li ^i^cntlcmaii wlm ;i(( umiianicd I.onl 
 Milton, also says : 
 
 "At Edmonton, t'inlit Imndnil niiliH dixtant fiom Fnit (iany. iicur tlie Wehti'tn 
 •extremity, wiu-at jjiows with ii|iiai luxiiriaui c ,iiid yi.I.N thirty to lilty l.iisl.t'ls to 
 the iieif, ill somr iiiHtanct.'s t\rii mon-. Tli" root t rops I iiavc iicvir situ t'.|inl|fd 
 in EiiKliiiid : iintutocs mt tu an immriisi! si/,c. iind yithi I'liornioiixly. Flax. hi'm|>. 
 toiiiicfo, all Krow well ; all tiic cLTt-als a|i|M',ir to lloiirislifi|iial!y well : pliinis, stijiw- 
 borricK, niKplMTiirs and ;,'oos(•ln'n•i(•^ grow wild, Tiic lii'rl>a;,'i' of thf piairii' is so 
 feediii;,' thai roiii is miciy i;ivtii tolioisihor cattle. 'I'lu'y tlo tlicirhard worU ■.iihsiM 
 entirely tin iivuss, are most astoiiishiii;;ly fat; tin; draiigiit o.vcii rtsfi'.ihli; prizr 
 animals at a lattie show. Tin' horst-x wt; took with iis wnf tiirncd. adrift at tli.- 
 iM';,n'nninu ol wintfi, when snow had alrrady failfii : tli.'v lia<i l"'i'i; ovi'i-workid and 
 were jadrd and tliin. In the spring we Inintfd thcin up. and lound tln'iu in thf tincst 
 condition, or rather too fat. Tiie soil in La Melle I'rairie, wliere wehuilt our liiit for 
 the winter, wna hmr /eit, lUfp. and free from hkUs or gravel— the finest loam. 'I'le- 
 climate iK that of Upper ( anada. or perhaps r.itlier niild'r. The summer is long ami 
 Avarm, the weather uniformly i)right and line; with the exeepti m of oeeasioiial 
 showers, a wet day is almost unknown. Tlie winter is severe and iinhrokeii liy 
 thaw but pleasant euoiiuh to those aide to house and < lotlie themselves warmly.' 
 
 Prof. John .\racoun, .M.A., iJotanist. who thoroughly cx])lort'cl the 
 country, says : 
 
 •• !n Cidfutt's Trans-Continental Tourists" (luide occurs the passage, speaking of 
 the I'rairie West of Antelope, on tlie line of tlie Inion I'acilic Kailway : • W'l- now 
 enter on the best grass country in the world,' and furtiier on he .says : 'The country 
 is destined at no distant day to become the great pastiir<' land of the continent. 
 "Now," says Prof. Macoiin. -1 have passed oi'er these plains t'rom barainii' to 
 Antelope, which are represented as being the best grazing lands in the world, ami 
 which are now siip[)orting thousands of cattle, and they bear no more comparison to 
 our plains (the Saskatcliewan) than a stubble field does to a meadow. While they 
 have 1,00(1 miles of sage plains (valueless), for bunch grass soon dies out when 
 pasturtd. and .sage brusii takes its place, we have over I, ooii miles, trom East to 
 West, of land covered at all times of tin; year with a thick sward of the richest grass, 
 and whicli is so nutritious as to keep horses in good condition, though travelling, as 
 ours did, at tlie rate of forty miles per day.' 
 
 Further on he says : 
 
 '•That then- is a great uniformity respe(ting soil, humidity and temperature 
 throughout the whole region, is apparent from the unvarying cliaracter of its natural 
 productions. Spring flowers were ft)iind on tlie plains April 11th, and tlie fiogs 
 croaking tiie same evening. During '.in years in Ontario, he never oliserved our first 
 spring flower (Hepatica triloba) as early as tliat except twice." 
 
 Again he says : 
 
 " It reciuires very little proi»heticaI skill to eiialde any one to foretell, tliat very 
 few years will (dapse iiefore this region will l>e teeming with Hot-ks and 1 jrds. " 
 
 The Rev. (leorge M. (Jrant, in "Ocean to ( )<:ean." says, from his 
 own experience crossing the continent as Secretar\' to the Kngineer-in- 
 Chiel" of the Canadian Pacific Railway : 
 
 " The climatological conditions are favorable for Imlh stock raisin:^- and grain 
 producing. Tlie spring is as early as in Ontario, the summer is more Iniinid, and. 
 therefore, the grains, grasses and root crojis grow lietter : the autumn is hriglit and 
 (doudless : the very wlieatherfor harvesti'iu ; and the wintei has less snow and lewcr 
 snowstorms, and, though in many parts c(dder it is healthy and pleasant, because of 
 the still, dry air, the cloudless sky Mtnl liright sun. 'I'lie soil is almost everywhere a 
 jieaty or sandy loam resting in clay. Its only fault is tliat it is loo ricii. Crop aftci 
 croj) is raised without fallow or manure." 
 
 C 
 
'Ihe following t\tra(i from the Spocdi from ihc Throne of His 
 Kxtfllenry the I, itiitcnant Governor of Manitoba, at the opening of l*ar- 
 liainent. speaking of the |>ros|)erity of the Province of Manitoba : 
 
 ■ A hiiiMHt wtiH r('ii|ii'il ()t° smli mi iiliiindiiiit < liiinirtLM' iis to piov*- Itcvond nil 
 (I'lf'stiiiii that Mittiitnlia is eiititlid to tiiUc; tliu iiigliust rank as an HKriiiiltiiriil 
 
 I oiintiy. ' 
 
 Lord nuffcrin. so highly |)o|)iilar as the late (lovernor-deneral ot 
 Canada, has already given in many of his able and elo(|uent |)iil)lif, 
 siiee( he>, his ojiinioii. as the result of his visit to the country in the 
 summer of 1S77. i)ronoun( ing it to be one of the finest in the world. 
 
 Ldst/y. — ( Hir newly-a|)|)ointed (lovernor-Cieneral, the Mar(|uis of 
 Lome, in his farewell address to the electors of Argyleshire, delivered at 
 Inverary. thus refers to this favored jiortion of the Dominion : 
 
 • SuHJi' years auo. at a piililic lucctiii;,' in (liasixow, 1 took thu opportunity to 
 (lfs< lilie thf trnijitation ollfird liy the Canadiuu (JovtMnnioit to nirn eiuploycd hi 
 agriculture lu>r«*. to settle in Maiiitolia, and since that day, as before it, Inuidreds of 
 happy Imiiiesteads iiavf risen, and the enerj,Mcs of tlie Dominion have been direc t(!(l 
 towards the ( on>trn( tion of railways, winch will make Manitolta and tlie North- 
 West I onsirhral>ly iii<,rc nrresxili/i' tlinii ik Jiir rary now. Let me invile youi' attention 
 to this fji'eat I'roviiK v. and the vast prairies beyond. I am informed, unless one lias 
 heaiii or scin for himself, he can form no idea how fast tlic country is settling: ii)k 
 with people from Kii;,dand. Scotland, Ireland, llnssia, Iceland, and the older 
 Provini'es of the dominion. ' 
 
 'l"he foregoing corroborating testimony must be sufficient to carry 
 conviction to the mind of the most ortlinarily intelligent inteiuling emigrant 
 or investor, of the great superiority, in p(,)int of soil, climate and agricul- 
 tural lapacity, of this \iist i)rairie country over that of any jjortion of the 
 Ignited .'States, which have risen so rapidly from the condition of a fringe of 
 Provinces along the Atlantic to that of a mighty nation, spreading its arms 
 across the continent. 
 
 vnv. COXl'KASr. IX CO.MI'.VKISOX wksihrx siatks. 
 
 .\Liny readers of this i)amphlet who may be intending to emigrate, and 
 have a longing desire to realize the romance and , ■'•M)iness of a life in the 
 Western States of America, drawn to that, by the glowing and attractive 
 jiictures and representations which have been held out throughout Europe, 
 ot their riches, should know that Iowa and other .States to day contain 
 thousands who would gladly leave for anywhere, if not to return to their 
 native land, if they >oulif : fever ind ague, poor and unsaleable land, dearly 
 bought, have l)rought the inevitable end — ruin. The writer has seen too 
 many letters telling the jiitiful tale, and as a serious warning to intending 
 emigrants and capitalists in Euroi)e, the following is selected : 
 
 Editors I'liinti ;>■ ; 
 
 Wn.SON COINTV, Kan'sas. "i^ 
 
 A^inl, 21, 1870. j 
 
 1>BAR Snis, — \ few facts from actual experience offarmiuf;- in Kansas — the other 
 side, and the truth. We have l>een much amused by the j;iishinji letters of some 
 contributors to yoiu- valuable paper, about thisStfite and think the actual (^\peri^!nce 
 of farmers like oursflves might be as valuable as the moonshin<! idea of men who 
 
 III 
 
;{.•» 
 
 of 
 at 
 
 and 
 the 
 tive 
 ope, 
 ntain 
 their 
 :arly 
 too 
 iding 
 
 I 
 J 
 
 other 
 some 
 ience 
 1 who 
 
 ru'V<r put a |«loii>;h in th'- (tiuiiiid, or raised ii < alf. or wiiili reel h Texas Kterr or tried 
 to watrh a eorii-tield. or kcII mrii at 10 mits pi-r biiHlicl. We laiiie here lour yeurn 
 HKo, deterfiiiiied to like the (itiiiitry Now we tidieve it t"' !•>• a deliiHJun and a 
 Hnaie. We wauted elicip lands ; we paid ,*).'.■> per aire. i'Ut it has i nst us in deod 
 outlay, in money and in time, $:> tn $i.'u ptT acre, and is nil for sde |e»s than ((mt. 
 
 We(ametn|ind a ;;reat stuck ennntry. wlien- the time of fe. dinj; mi;;ht he 
 Khort, and latth' nii^ht live mi the raii^'e all winter: we find it the worst hampered 
 Htoek tuuntry we ever >aw, and the ^rass nutritions and llesli-iirodminj,' only three 
 or tour months ot the year. We came to tind a meiit wheat and rorii eouniiv . we 
 find that wheat-iaisris ha\e not uveia);ed their seed. ( oi ri ran;;es all the way Irom 
 nothiiiu to liflv liiishels pi r jc re. We expei ted to tind a tame urasH eoiiiitr\, hut 
 so far. timothy, i lover and bliiti gratis tailed, and the < limati' that kills wheat will 
 kill them. We eame hcru to tind a saluhrioiis and liealdiy < limate : wr find it 
 sic klv, and the rates i«f mortalitv !;i»t winter aloni' thr streains terrible, so miieh so 
 
 (.1/ ft'irih/ ((mill i((it 
 
 IK 
 that we came to believe what an old doctor told us: •> /'//-(/ lie 
 (jfiirt to fiirnrt t/it.s rliiiidte liflt'eii i/xirx.' 
 
 We came to the • Sunny South, ' where tlie warm zephyrs ever blow : we tind 
 cattle freeze to (hath in every locality. We canic t<i find a ;.'rcat fruit country : we 
 llnd our peach treo dead to tile ground. We came to llnd a briicin;,' air : we have 
 found it so that we havi' to hnicc ourselves at an an;;lo of forty-tive degrees to make 
 heatlway against tlie wind. We came here to escape tlie oppression of the rich, and 
 the high ta.\es : our taxes ran;:e from J.o."! to lo per cent on real estate, and does not 
 pay anythinu^. We came to tind homes t(a' the homelos, and land tor the landless ; 
 we have got homes, very jioor ones, and the land we would he glad to get shut <»f at 
 half price. In short, we iiave got the land, and it has irot us in the very worst way, 
 and everyone is dissatisfied, unhappy, discuiiraged. and wants to get out of the coun- 
 try. We ( ame to the country that was said to llow with milk and homy : we find it 
 flowing with poverty and <()mplaiiit. We tind we must go where money is phsnty. 
 wliere labour is nei'ded, and a market for onr produce. 
 
 We live where every iiuarter se( tion of land has iueii settled liy good, energetic 
 l>eople, who have made every etfort and universally tailed ; those who have done tlie 
 most, and spent the most, are the most eompU'tidy floored. 
 
 Such is our experien(e. alter a t'air, faitliful trial ot' Southern Kansas. If you, Mr. 
 Editor, can help us out in any way liy advice or otherwise, you will oblige three 
 farmers. 
 
 We have many triciuls East, and there art 
 liope will see these few lines. 
 
 We <lo not wish to see our friends mad< 
 I 
 
 many ' oniing West, we earnestly 
 lauper 
 
 by doing as we have doiKi 
 neither ought any more lapital to be lasted in this desert of a country. We (.-an 
 substantiate all we iiave subscribed oiir names to by more j)ositive proof if needed, 
 and ask that this whole article may be published for the sake of trutli. 
 
 .\ddress. — 
 
 J. S. Cai.meu. 
 .M. (i. AvEKii.r,. 
 
 • I. T. DotCiLASS, 
 
 The foregoing is ciiiii)ed from a Kansas ne\vsiiai)er,. and however 
 terrible the description, bears ujton its tace the honest truth. 
 
 'I'he following is still more important, being tWxacX':^ from an o/ficla/ 
 report bv Gknt.r.al W. B. H.azkn, U..S.A.. an otticer of high standing, and 
 which was published in the A^tw York Tribune. The report speaks for 
 itself, and as the Northern Pacific Railway referred to has been constructed 
 so far mainly by British capital. 
 
 It is to be hoped the attention of English capitalists mav in the future 
 be diverted to this portion of the Dominion of Canada as a sater and more 
 erliable and inviting field for investment. 
 
IP! 
 
 36 
 
 a 
 
 ^4 
 
 This (lislinguislied ofticcr. in the first place speaking of the lands of the 
 Northern I'acific Rail\v?y. says : — 
 
 • For two yi'iirs 1 liavt- liei-n an olisiMVcr oi the efforts ujion tlie part of the 
 Nortliern I'acitic llailroad C'omiiany to make tlie woihl Uelieve this section to be a 
 vjiltiahh' agiieiiltiual one. and with many others I have kept silent. althoui,di know- 
 in;jf tiie falsity of tiieir re^jresfiitatinns. wiiik' tiiey have pretty fully carried their 
 point in estaiilishini: a popular helief favorable to their wishes. 
 
 '< Wlien rt-adini; such statementH of its fertility as appear in the article entitled 
 'Poetry and Philosophy of Indian Snmmer.' in that most estimable periodical, 
 //'//■//rr'.v .)/(*//////(/, of I 'eceinbcr, IS To. in which are repeated most of the shameless 
 falselioods so lavishly published in the last two years, as advertisements in the 
 intere.sts ot that ((impany. and pe!ha])s written by the same pen. a feeliny of shann^ 
 and indignation arises that any of our lountryraen, especially when so highly favored 
 with the populai ,a;ood-will and benelits. should deliberatidy indniye in such wicked 
 decei)tions. The theoretical isothermals of Captains Maury and lUodgett, which 
 have given rise to so much speculation, and are used so extravagantly by those who 
 have a use for them- altnough true along the Pacific coast, are not found to have 
 been true by ai tnal experience and observations, in this middle region. 
 
 " The past season, as seen by the meteorological report, has been exce[)tionally 
 r;iiny and favorable for agriculture here, and the po.st has. with great care, and by 
 utilizing all the available .season, made an extensive garden, with the following 
 results: The garden is situated immediately on the river bank, about two feet 
 above high water. Potatoes, native corn, cabbage, tarly-sown turnips, early peas, 
 early beans, beets, carrots. parsni[)s, >alsify. cucumbers, lettuce, radishes and 
 asparagus have grown abundantly and have mattued ; melons, pumpkins and 
 s<iuashes have not matured ; tomatoes did not turn red ; American corn (early) 
 reached roasting cars : onions, with wheat and oats, matiu'ed at Fort Methold, D.'J'.. 
 one hundred and tifty miles below, in the Missouri Piver. I am told by those who 
 have been here a long time, that this may be taken as a standard for what may he 
 expected the most favorable seasons in the immediate bottoms of the streams. 
 The mitive corn matures in about ten weeks from planting. It puts outs its ears 
 from six to eight inches from tiie ground, and has a soft white grain without any 
 flinty portion, and weighs aboiit two-thirds as much as other corn. 
 
 '■ My own quarterN are situated on the second bench of the banks of the Missouri, 
 at about tifty feet above that stream, and six Imndred 5'ards away fnjm it. And to 
 raise a tlower-garden ten feet by forty, the past two years, has required a daily 
 sprinkling of three barrels of water, foi which we were repaid by about three weeks 
 of flowers. 
 
 •'The site of this gaiden is supposed to be exceptionally fruitful, but I have 
 before mc a letter from Mr. Joseph Anderson, of St. Paul. .Minn., who was hay 
 c()ntra( tor at this post in 1S72. His letter states that in order to find jilaces to cut 
 the hay rci|uired by his ( ontract that season, .some nine hundred tons, he was com- 
 pelled to search over a space of country on the north -^ide of the river, twenty-five 
 miles in extent in each direction from the post, or si ue four hundred square miles, 
 and that there was none thick I'UOi'.gh to be cut !or as great a distance beyon<l. 
 Kespecting the agricnittiral value of this country, after leaving the excellent wheat- 
 growini; valley of the Red lliver of the Xorth. following Westward one thousand 
 miles to the Sierras, e\i epting the very limited bottoms of the small streams, as well 
 as t'l'ise of tlie Missouri and Yellowstone, frv>ni a few yards in lireadth to an occa- 
 siona! water-washed valley of one or two ndlcs. and the narrow vallej's of the 
 stream- of Montana. alrea<ly scttleil. and a small area of timben'd country in North- 
 West Idaho (probably one-tifteenth of the whole), this country will not i)roduce the 
 fruits and eereals ot the last, for want of moi.sture. and can in no way be artificially 
 irrigated, and will not. in our day and generation, sell for one penny an acre, 
 except through fraud and ignorance; and most ot the here excejited will bavi' to be 
 irrigateii artitirially. 1 write this, knowing full well it will meet with contradiction, 
 
 but the contradiction will be a falseh I. The ( ountry bctwi'en the one hundredth 
 
 meridian and the Sierra> — the Piio (irande to the British )»ossc.ssii)ns — will never 
 
37 
 
 «l('V<*l(ip into |)(ipulnii> Stato Ik.tiiu'm' of its want '<\ iiicistui''. lis ( '■iintcrpart is 
 loiiiid in tlif plains of Nortlu-ni Asia and in Wistfin Kiiiopf. U'c look in vain for 
 tJiosc cxpectiil a;;iicnltuiiil >ttllt mi-nt a!on^ tin- Kansas ami I'nion I'acitic Hail- 
 mads, iiftwcen tliesi' two lines, and '.'n years liemc the s.';ir( h will be (piite as tniit- 
 Icss, We have in Nevada and New M('\i< o fair sanijiles of wjiat the»e populations 
 w-ill he. My statement is made from the iir.etical experience and oliNcivation of 
 eijL'htfien yeais of ndlitary service as an officer of the army, much of which has lieea 
 upon the frontiei', and having passed the remainder of rny life a farner. For con- 
 finnation for what F have here said, 1 respectfully refer the reader to Ueiieral G. K. 
 Wanan. of the Engineer Corps of the Army, who made a seientitic exploration of 
 this country, extending through several years, and has given us our only accurate 
 map of it ; or to I'rof Hayden, for the past several years engaged upon a similar 
 work. The t<'stimony of (lovernor Steplniis, (Jeneral i-remoiit. and Lieut. Mtillans, 
 is that of enthusiastic travellers and discoverers, whose descrii)tions are not fully 
 home out hy more prolonged and intimate knowledge of the ( ountry. 
 
 •< Herr Hass. the agent of the Berlin and Vienna hanks, sent otit to examine the 
 country, could easily say the country is good so long as he advised his peo[)le to 
 invest jio money in it : and it is douhtful if that remark was hased iiponasuffieiently 
 authoritative investigation of the eotmtry to merit the ciedt-uce given it. Certainly 
 it is iiuorrect : ami especially valueless is the testimony of men of distinction of our 
 own coindry who are not practical agrictdturists, lait have taken journeys in the 
 fruitfid months of the year to the Red River of the North, to the lich valleys of 
 Montana, or the enchanting scenery of I'uget Soiin<|. ex( ept upon those particular 
 points. 
 
 •• I am iirepared to suii>tantiate all I have here -aitl. so far as such matters are 
 susceptihlu of proof, hut. from their nature, many things herein referred to must, to 
 many people, wait the action ot the great solvent — Time.' 
 
 In a later rei)ort, coxfring a greater exleitt of country, he (luotcs 
 tlie testimon)' of persons wlto have examined the country as •• Contirniing 
 my repealed statement that the country lying between loo West longitude 
 and the Sierra Nevada Mountains, all the way from Mexico to the Fhitish 
 po.ssessions in the North, is, in .m agricultural sense, practically valueless, 
 excej)! in a i't^w exceptional cases, where water (an he used for irrigation ; 
 and that, even w ith this ])rocess, not much more than one acre in n.any 
 thousands u])on the average, can he made a\ailal)le on account of the 
 scarcity of water."' 
 
 Cieneral Ha/en proceeds : 
 
 ■' The past season has heen one of iinu>ual and >ome\vli,it reniarkahle rains in 
 Dakotta. as W(dl as in many other parts ..f the world. Tnis has given lair crops of 
 roots, vegetaiiles and other grains, without irrigation, and Im- -iviii the far stiiiggling 
 farmers al)out Rismarchk L^ri'at hopes lor the future -. hut the ofticers ol'the land office 
 told me in November tliat tliey are sellinir very little land, and tiiat. even if the crops 
 of the la>t very cxceptionalily favorable year cotdd be taken as a ciiterion, geiu'ral 
 iigriculture could not lie madi' protital)le in that region, rciuenihering the sutferiiigof 
 those who have .sought homes to the Westward of the iiuiit of sutticieiit rainfalls. 
 The great need of correct information ii|ion the suliject to enable ( 'oiiuress to dispose 
 intelligently of questions iinolving the capabilities of tl e idutitiy, the l.uilding up 
 of new and i»optUous States, su< h as Wisconsin. Iowa and .Missouri, u ill no kuiger 
 he seen on <uu' presc nt domain, anil all calculations based upon -ueh a thing are 
 lalse, while all extraneous intlueii. is broutiht to bear upon emigration, to carry it 
 West of the one hundredth meridian, exceptiin:- in a vi i y few restrii ted lo( alitic s, art; 
 wickeil beyond expression and fraught with misery and tailuii'. ' 
 
 I'koF. liKNRV. of the Smith'.onian Institute. W'ashingion. 
 the exi)loralions, under the auspices of the l'. .'^. (.io\ernment. 
 
 speaking 
 A the 
 
 of 
 
 region 
 
w 
 
 38 
 
 I'OtWL'cii tlie Mi.s.sissi|j|)i and the Rocky Mountains, reveals to us the start- 
 h'ng lacts : 
 
 '' That the western /n-oi/i-'x-'i of its pojiiilation, has nearly reach'' I the I'jir-mn western 
 limit of tlie areas available for settlement ; ami tiiat the whole spuie west af tlie 
 ninety-eightli parallel, eniliraoing one-half of the entire siirf:ice of the United Stateti, 
 is an arid and di'snl<d>- wnxte. with the exception of a narrow belt of rich land along 
 the Pacific coast." 
 
 Tlie importance of these otticial statements cannot be over-estimated 
 in drawing public attention to our vast resources, and should not tail to 
 carry conviction to the most ol)tuse intellect, that, as we have already stated, 
 the entire expansive movement of population on the American continent 
 will be concentrated in the direction of our fertile valleys, and the future 
 destiny of the Xorth-West of Canada will be a great and glorious one ; for- 
 tunate, therefore, will be the descendants of those who may obtain a foot- 
 hold within itS gigantic borders, possessing all the true elements of future 
 greatness and prosperity, its rapid growth will continue un|)aralleled. 
 
 After a careful perusal of these testimonies, on both sides, the intend- 
 ing emigrant must judge and decide in the future interests of himself and 
 family, to which country he shall emigrate, the Western States or the Xorth- 
 West of Canada, with its home institutions and the tlag of '• old England." 
 
 ixiKRXAi. co^[.Ml.■^•lCA^IO^■. 
 
 Never lose sight of the fact that PoPt'LATiox, the sure precurser of 
 development, and trade invariably follows the lines of railways and the 
 courses of navigable rivers. 
 
 The best lands, and n^iost advantageous situations for wood and water, 
 are thus ra])idly ai)propriated. The intending settler in the Xorth-We.st 
 will therefore be re[)aid by an attentive study of the following 
 
 R1\ERS A\D I,AKES. 
 
 The Saskatchewan River, this being the largest is 1864 miles in length. 
 The North and South branches rise in the Rocky Mountains within a itw 
 miles of each other. The South l)ranch is 1092 miles in length, and the 
 North branch 772 miles. In ascending the river from Lake Winnipeg, the 
 Grand Rapids 3. miles long, with 43'j feet of descent, are first reached. 
 The character of the soil in the country drained by the Saskatchewan, is <)f 
 ■a very su[)erior quality. Already the country is settling up rapidly, and mefi 
 of capital and experience, are pushing their enterprises in this direction. 
 Steamers sometimes run as high as Edmonton, a distance bv river of about 
 1200 miles. 
 
 Prixck At.r.KRr Ski ii.i'.Mi-.xr on the South side of the X'orth 
 Saskat(~hewan, 45 miles below Carleton. extends a distance of about .^o 
 miles, and numbers over 1000 settlers, who are in a highly pros])erous con- 
 dition. It has a steam saw and grist mill, numerous stores, >S:c. The distance 
 from Winnipeg overland, about 575 miles. 
 
 EhMoxrox is the centre of a tine section of farming country, rapidly 
 settling up with an enterprising population. The country drained b}' the 
 north branch and its tributary, the Batt/i Rhe>\ is considerably wooded. 
 Edmonton is ihe renter of the gold washing fields of the north Saskat- 
 chewan. 
 
39 
 
 Baitlkford, the ('apital of the North- West 'lerritorv, is situate 700 
 miles, by road west of Winnipeg, and occupies the tongue of land betweeit 
 the Battle River and the north branch of the Saskatchewan. The Canadian 
 Pacific Railway will probably cross the river at this point, and doubtless 
 will greatly add to the future prosperity of this ambitious young town. A 
 fortnightly Exjjress and j)ostal service is maintained between \\'innipeg, 
 Battleford and Edmonton. 
 
 There is also direct telegraphic communication opened with C)ttawa 
 and other chief centres of the Dominion. On the branch above '" the forks " 
 of the Saskatchewan si>reads the '' i)ark country," natural fields of rich 
 land, dotted with lakes and groves. Duck Lake, 20 miles west, is also the 
 nucleus of an improving colony. 
 
 Ret/ Dee)\, Bow and Belly Rh'ers are tributaries of the South Sas- 
 katchewan, and drain a fine region, abounding in nutritious grasses antl 
 well adapted for stock raising. 
 
 '\\\^ Assiniboine River, the i)rincipal tributary of j^t'a' i*?/?*'/-, which it 
 joins at Winnii)eg is usually navigable as far as Fort Ellice 213 miles from 
 Winnipeg, by waggon road, by river about 350 miles. Its entire course is 
 aipwards of 600 miles. 
 
 The Qii'Appelle, the main tributary of the Assiniboine, rises near the 
 elbow of the south branch of the Saskatchewan It is 250 miles long, and 
 flows through a fine valley, the Souris, and the Little Saskatchewan, are 
 .also tributaries of the Assiniboine. 
 
 Little Saskatclieumn River is a very beautiful stream, though \ery 
 rapid. It drains a magnificent country, which is fast settling up. and the 
 :soil is of wonderful fertility. 
 
 Peace River is navigable for 500 miles from the Rocky Mountains, 
 with an average depth of six feet, and drains one of the richest and most 
 magnificent portions of the territory. 
 
 Root or Carrot River rises in rich lands bo miles south-west from " the 
 forks" of the Saskatchewan, and flows througha wooded country with many 
 lakes, generally from 30 to 50 miles south of the Saskatchewan, into which 
 it falls after a course of 240 miles. It is estimated that there are three 
 millions acres of land of first quality between this river and the Saskat- 
 vchewan. 
 
 Sii-HW Rive} has a course of nearly 200 miles, running through a 
 beautiful country, and enters Lake Winnipegoosis near its north end. 
 
 Larks Wixn'IPEg, Manitoi'.a and Wix.mpkcioosis are the chief lakes. 
 Mossy L'ortage, four miles long, connects the head (jf Lake Winnipegoosis 
 with Cedar Z^/Xy, on the main Saskatchewan, thus linking a line of continu- 
 ous water commiuiication 1,500 miles in length, extending from Winnipeg 
 City to the base of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 We would onlv add. in conclusion, all intendinu emiuranls should 
 remember that a iiew country like this is not the idler's paradise, that nil its 
 mines of wealth are surrountled by bustling difficulties. It also has its draw- 
 backs ; no country is (juile perfect or without them. Its great superiority 
 is, that it is a lancl of opportunities. Its rajiid growth and prescn'. pros- 
 
40 
 
 perity may be .utrihuicd to throe principal causes, viz. : First, its salubrity 
 of climate; second, the extraordinary fertility and adaptability of its soil;, 
 and third, to the liberal homestead law in force under the provisions of the 
 Dominion Lands Act. 
 
 Prof. Macoun, the eminent Canadian Botanist and e.\plorer,on his return 
 in November last from an official tour throughout a great portionof the North- 
 ^Vest. in an instructive lecture delivered before a large audience in Winnipeg, 
 said " that he, who had seen more of the North-West than any man in 
 Canada, was surprised to find jjlaces that had no existence last spring, had 
 now regular mails, weekly or more fretpient, and post-offices were established 
 where fii'i months ago there luere no houses." From this, those interested 
 in Great Britain will be able to form some idea of the rapid development of 
 the country, and it is at least food for honest pride that Canadian enterprise 
 is so actively s])reading civilization over this land of promise as to cause 
 even the astonishment of our fast go-ahead American cousins across the 
 border. It is to l)e a first-class new world jjower, with its Danube of the 
 Saskatchewan, and its Baltic and Black Sea of Lake Winnipeg and Lake 
 Superior. A Inroad field of commercial activity is now open before us, and 
 the hundreds of thousands who will be attracted hither will enter into 
 triumi)hant competition with the agriculture of the world in its central 
 marts. Penally, we repeat, here, as in no other portions of this continent, 
 are o/enings to-day that yield their wealth to brains, energy, pluck, whether 
 with or without capital, more than is actually necessary to start with fairly ; 
 and if a man wants to work honestly for what he has, he can do it as well here 
 as in any land beneath the .sun. In a few short years our yet undeveloped 
 wealth will astonish the world, when our coa! and iron mines are laid bare, 
 when our vast plains and hills are covered with fiocks and herds, when our 
 valleys sujiply grain to Em-ope and the East, and the great Canadian Pacific 
 Railway links- England, Canada, Japan, and China, in one great belt of 
 commerce and mutual prosperity. 
 
The SHORTEST. CUKAI'KST Way to jto i.^^ by tlio 
 
 SPLENDID POWERKIL STEAMERS BI'ILT SPECIALLY FoR LAKE SIPERDJU; 
 
 CITY OF OWEX SOUND (!MHi tons) FRANCIS SMITH (s.tO tons) CITY <>F WINNIPEG (MHitons) 
 
 COLLIIVOTVOOO LIIVE 
 
 55 
 
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 PASSEWGHRS in' rOIJJXaWOOl) LIXE. ;,is/e<i>f of hi'hi!/ ■'<fi>it itfi.for //iret- :l<ii/s 
 
 (Hid three niijhts tun h'dilicdii ('iinidi/e, s/n-nil f/n- f/nir cotiKtim/ alonj flufi shelt' r^'l 
 
 ROUTK THI^DIGH CANADA. 
 
 BARI.O"W CXTMBERLAND, U 
 
 TORONTO, CANADA, 
 
WINNIP EG, MAN ITOBA. 
 
 THE IRONMONaERY ESTABLISHMENT OF 
 
 HORSMAN & ceHPm 
 
 Between (he New Bank ol Montreal and the Ontario Bank, 
 
 233 MJLIU STHEET, 
 
 WlitNIPEC, 
 
 leaAlDg Mi Hon 
 
 Parties arriving from Kuropt will find in this Establishment Com- 
 plete Outfits suitable for the North-West, at wholesale jjrices to 
 intending settlers. 
 
 can find a very large stock of Farming Tools 
 (all kinds). l,o\v jjrices. 
 
 A full Stoc 
 
 Machines, is:c., of best English 
 
 FARMERS 
 
 /%ApppK|-B"ppQ A full Stock of Tools. Planes, 
 
 and American makers. 
 
 PAIMTFRQ HORSMAX cc CO., Winnipeg, have the 
 
 ■ AAI 1^ I CL 11 0« largest and most complete Stock of Paints, 
 Oils, Varnishes, Window (ilass. >S:c., in the Xorth-West. 
 
 HOUSE FURNISHINGS. 
 
 H(JRSMAX C^ CO., are the leadiiig firm in Manitoba for these goods, 
 are MANUFACTURERS of Cooking and Heating Stoves, General 
 Hardware, &c. HORSMAX c\: CO., (Iuarantkk their goods in every 
 particular. Any article bought at this House that does not give entire 
 satisfaction, the money will be refunded. 
 
 <^ O^^ Pnr^ l\/l F M ' '^ superior assortment of (luns. 
 Or Vyfl I OIVIQIN. Revolvers. Pistols. Cun Powder, 
 P,.if1e Powder. Chili.eu Shot. Caps. «.^'(:.. i\:c., always in Stock. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 KOHSMAir & com;pan7, 
 
 WINNIPEG, MANITGCA. 
 
u 
 
 iBIR! LOMBER!! 
 
 BER!! 
 
 Rat Portage Mills, 
 
 J. yV. MACAULAY, 
 
 PROPRIETOR, 
 
 "Will be prepared to supply all kinds of Lumber 
 
 dressed and undressed. 
 
 By order of Car I,oad, delivered at any Station on the line of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway, at LOWER PRICES than can be obtained 
 elsewhere. 
 
 To meet the requirements of New settlers we will have ready by 
 I St August 
 
 READY MADE HOUSES. 
 
 EVERYTHINC CUT, FITTED AND READY FOR PUTTING 
 
 TOGETHER. NO MECHANICAL SKILL REQUIRED. 
 
 LUMBER AND LABOUR SAVED. 
 
 For particulars, address : 
 
 IVoU'e Dame Si J 'eel JUasL, 
 
 -WIUITir'Ea, MAlTITQBja.. 
 
 /.I i 
 
HITBSOST'S BAT OOLIPAlTir. 
 
 FARMING LANDS 
 
 In Manitoba and the North- West. 
 
 7,000,000 ^cass 
 
 FN THE 
 
 Great Fertile Belt, 
 
 .11 
 
 Tlif Hiulson J5ay Co. now offer for sale farming lands in tlie districts of country 
 (lescril)O(l. 
 
 They are the owners, under the Dominion Lands Act, of two sections in every 
 surveyed township in the groat fertile belt. Eatli section consists of 640 acres, and 
 will be soM either in block or in (luarter sections ot 160 acres each. In additim to 
 tliese two sections in each township, a list can be obtained on application oi lots 
 owned by the Hudson's Kay Co., and which are now also offered for sale. 1 hey 
 I omjirise some of the very best farms fronting on the Red and Assiiiiboine riv -rs. 
 They include lands in the l)est i)rairle districts. cay..iiilo of producing the largest and 
 best crops of wheat ; also land admirably adapted for cattle-raising ; and a large 
 number of wood lots. 
 
 These lands are the choicest lots in the country, and are offered for sale on 
 'xceedingly easy terms of payment. The prices range from $3 to $6 per acre and 
 upwards, according to location and other circumstances. 
 
 The terms of payment arc remarkably easy. viz.. one-eighth of the price in cash 
 at the time of sale, and the balance in seven equal annual instalments, with interest 
 :it seven per cent, per annum on the amount due. 
 
 A purchaser of a farm of IGO acres, at say $4 an acre, will only re<iuire to pay 
 $>*(i in cash, and an equal sum every year for seven years, with interest at seven per 
 I eut. per annum. A formal agreement is given him on the payment of the first 
 instalment, which will be exchanged for a deed on the last payment being made. 
 
 The title to the Hudson's Bay Co. is direct from the Crown. 
 
 The Company is having all its lots in the several Townships, as fast as they are 
 surveyed, reported upon by competent surveyors, so that purchasers can have correct 
 int'ormation in regard to the lands they desire to purchase. 
 
 The sections in each township, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Co. are numbered 
 8 and 2<;. 
 
 Tiie principal laud oflice of the Company is in Main Street, Winnipeg, where 
 lull information can be obtained by settlers and parties desiring to purchase lands. 
 An office is also open at :> bt. Peter Street. Montreal, where full information can also 
 be obtained. 
 
 -'A 
 
CITY AND TOWS LOTS, 
 
 [lU. 
 
 ley arc 
 juiTect 
 
 whore 
 
 hinds. 
 
 ui also 
 
 CITY OP WINNIPEG. 
 
 The HikIkoh's liny (Jo. have also a Imiro mniih(>r of htts fur sah' in tlie City of 
 "Win nipt');, wiiirh lias now a pDiMiiation of over lo.iHiu persons. 
 
 Tht'sc lots ari' sitiiatrd in the host and lualtliit'st parts of the City, anil ar hoiii^ 
 rapidly disposed of at niodirate prii us. 
 
 The terms of payment are our-fifth in cash at tiie date of puicliase. and tlio 
 l)alanoe in four equal annual instalments, with interest at 7 i»er lont. per annum, 
 
 The Company has also laid out town plots at various other places, where lots 
 are heing sold on terms of payment similar to those at Winnipeg. 
 
 WEST LYNNE. 
 
 A town lias thus heon laid out at West Lynno, on the West side of Red lli\o- 
 next the houndary of the United States, and whore a (.onsiderahie numbtr of lots 
 have already heeu sold. 
 
 HAT PORTAGE. 
 
 Another has heen laid out at Rat Portas^e, where a Station lias been ostablisln'd 
 on the line ol railway from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay. Large lumber Mills are now 
 being built in the vieinity of this place, anrl there is a valuable extent of water mill 
 privilege, belonging to the Hudson's Bay Co.. admirably adai>ted for grist mills. 
 
 PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE. 
 
 At Portage La Prairie, 7o mileR west of Winnipeg, a town has been in existence 
 for some time, and a considerable number of lots sold. This is near the line of the 
 railway running westward of Winnipeg, and is the centre of a splendid farming 
 country. 
 
 GOSCHEN. 
 
 The town of (Jost hen is now also Iieing surveyed and laid out in*the PriiK e 
 Albert district, on the main Saskaschewan River. This town will l»e the emporium 
 for a large and rapidly increasing wheat-growing and cattle-raising district. 
 
 Other towns will Vic laid out as settleuieiit pro.»resse!i, and the necessity for 
 them becomes api)arent. 
 
 At each of the towns already laid out. excellent stores are owned by the 
 Hudson's Bay Co , wlure goods of the best (juaiity can be purchased on reasoiialile 
 terms. 
 
 Grist mills are also in process of construction ".L variou.s places for thc^ accommo- 
 dation of settlers, and wlitie grain is purchased. 
 
 Letters addressed to the undersigned will be 
 promptly replied to, and every information given to 
 parties desiring to settle on these productive lands. 
 
 C J". BI^^^IDCa-ES, 
 
 Lind Commissioner, Hudson's Bay Co. 
 
 Winnipeg Mamtou.^, 
 
 Januarv. 1881 . 
 
 ^ 
 
 .s 
 

 E. KELLY 
 
 DKAI.EH I\ 
 
 Horses, Cattle, 
 
 A\l> A LI- KIKNJ^ of 
 
 JfLGRZCI7I^TI7£^A2Li ZMFZdSMS2TTS* 
 
 ■r- i ^ 
 
 -• ^ 'J 
 
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 ■tb ^- 
 
 
 \) 3 
 
 ■^ >• 2 
 
 5< tfl ?o 
 
 H r; m 
 
 > -^ « 
 
 :^ .^ •-? f 
 
 O) S pH 5. 
 
 * O I ^' 
 
 73 > Trr 
 
 ^ ^ W 
 
 •K««MArJ-£,f>(ffr.ffl 
 
 ?r- 
 
 ?«.■ 
 
 FAlTNINa MILLS, FLOUaHS, 
 
 Breaking, Stirring and Sulky, 
 
 By the best CANADIAN and AMERICAN Makers. 
 M>T.£ AGEXTS FOR THE 
 
 dlelcbr^atcd ^i^pg i^^othJ^i'J'wu^t 
 
 Waggons especially Built for us by Speight & Son, 
 
 The best Canadian Manufacturer, 
 
 ABF:LL'S engines and MILL MACHINERY, AGRICULTURAL 
 
 STEAM ENGINES, THRASHING MACHINES, HORSE 
 
 POWERS, IRON HARROWS, BUGGIES, 
 
 SLEIGHS AND CUTTERS. 
 
 WAREHOUSE: 189 MAIN STREET. 
 
 (One <loor South of D. SCOTT & €o.*s Fnrnitnre Stor«v) 
 
 Branch Warehouses: Emerson^ Portage 
 La Prairie and Minnedosa. 
 
 10,000 Acres of Choice Farm Ijands in IwCanitoba 
 and North-West Territory. 
 
TO TOURISiS AND SPECULATORS. 
 
 RAT PORTAGE, 
 
 LAKE OF THE IVOODS. 
 
 This new and commodious first-class Hotel, is htMiuifully situatetl af 
 the head of the Lake of the Woods, and adjoining the Station grounds of 
 the Canadian F^ncifir Railway. Its attractions as a summer resort, cannot. 
 ])e surpassed in Ameriia. 
 
 THE LO¥£LY ISLANDS of the LAKE: 
 
 exceed 3000 in number, and on several of them 
 
 VALUABLE GOLD AND SILVER BEARING QUARTZ 
 
 has Ijeen discovered, and is already attracting great attention among 
 
 Cai)italists. 
 
 HAT PORTAGrS is ^30 miles east of Winnijjeg by Railway, 
 which passes through wild and magnificent scenery. 
 
 Kxcellent Lake 'I'rout Fishing 1 Measure boats can be suj^jplied from 
 the Hotel, and parties visiting the gold mines, can charter small steamers 
 at reasonable rates. 
 
 The attention of Ca]jitalists and Speculators is directed to the fact 
 that RAT I'ORTACiE possesses the greatest water power along the 
 whole line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, ajul it must become a great 
 manufacturing centre. 
 
'II 
 
 CfrEAHD callus RMl^W^Y ©1 QATSi&Mik, 
 
 TO 
 
 MANITOBA 
 
 THE 
 
 NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. 
 
 AND ALL POINTS IN CANADA AND UNITED STATES. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO QUEBEC 
 
 HALIFAX, N.S., PORTLAND or BOSTON 
 
 BY THE TRANSATLANTIC STEAMSHIP LINES 
 
 Forming Iiirci't Coiiiinunii'atii)ns !)>• Hiiil with the 
 
 GRA/\/D TRUNK RMLWAY OF CANADA. 
 
 The Direct Through Line. 
 
 SHORTEST SEA PASSAGE TO AMERICA. 
 
 LlviT]inol to <^iicli«*) 
 
 .»,U00 .nilci*. 
 
 TRANS-CONTINKNTAI. ROl'lE. 
 
 Over 1300 Miles under one Mantigenient, 
 
 1 
 
 Enii)frai)t8 troiii KuMpeto the licli wht-iit-pro lining hinds ofMuiiitobu, nnfltlie Agricultural 
 and MiiiinK l>i.strict,< of Briti-h Coluinhia. will tiiid the cheapest and l)t'.xt route via tiuebee. 
 Ilalifiix. Portland. 15 ■■'toil and the; (Jrand Trunk K lilway of Canada. 
 
 This is the legitiniatp route to the Northwest. atVordiiiK a eontiniious trip aud inakinir direet 
 eonneutions with the Steamer lines from S irnia and C'ollingwood. and hy rail thruuith to Winni- 
 peif, ancl all points in the Xorthwest Territories. 
 
 Passengers arrivinjf at any of the almve-mentioned ports are transferred with their baggage 
 free to tiic railroad tniin- whieh run alongside the vessels at the wharfs. 
 
 i)epots or Stations for the rece))tion of emigrants are provided iit <iuebei'. Sherbrooke, Mon- 
 treal. Ottawa. Kingston, Toronto. Hamilton, London (Our.), and Winnipeg, where full informa- 
 tion will bo afforded tind prompt assistance rendered to intending settlers by tiie Emigration 
 .Vgents. 
 
 TO SPOUTS MEN AND EXCLRSIONISTS. 
 
 Tickets will be issued by all rail, or by rnil and the Lakes, to the various points in the Xortli- 
 west during the soorting season. 
 
 Apply for full inform.ition toSteiiuiship Agents at Liverpool and in Europe, and at the Ottiee 
 of the <irand Trunk Railway, 21 O.d Bidiid Street. London, E.*'. 
 
 ^ipcelal Knt<>.s for KiiiiK'raiitM Troiii thcUiiiltMl Ktntt's tk I.owoi* Provini'OH. 
 
 Through Tickets to Winnipeg 
 
 can bo obtained at the very lowest rates on application to A ger.ts of the Company at Quebec 
 Montreal, 'I'oronto, iind all iirineipil points in Canadii :ind the I 'lited States. 
 
 JONKJ'H HICKSOX. L. .[. SEA IIGEAXT. W. WA INWIIIGHT. 
 
 Gen. Manii<j<:r.'^lonti\-al, (J. Trntfic Munngcr. Gen. I'ms r An'nil. 
 
 4. 
 
 I 
 
 
 M* ' 
 
 *2' 
 
THE 
 
 IMf WlSflll iiaWAf 
 
 IS THE 
 
 LZos'b Direcb Hcate from Gsiziada 
 
 TO 
 
 ALL POINTS in the EASTERN & WESTERN STATES 
 
 AND IS THE 
 
 Popular Highway to Manitoba and the North-West Territories, 
 
 As the thousands carried over the line during 1879 and 1880 have attested. 
 
 Experienced Aleuts sent In cbarge of largpe parties to attend to imssing' and 
 clearing: of Passenger's effects ttirougli rnstoms. 
 
 Passengers from Eir^pe via New York, have an opportunity of viewing 
 from GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY Trains, the world-famed 
 
 THROUGH PALACE SLEEPING CARS between Boston, New York, 
 
 Rochester, Detroit and Chicago, and Elegant Day Coaches and 
 
 Sleeping Cars between Suspension Bridge and Chicago, 
 
 NO DELAYS at WAYSIDE STATIONS for MEALS, as Dining 
 Cars, luxuriously appointed, are attached to Adantic and Pacific Express 
 Trains, and run between Suspension Bridge and Chicago. 
 
 Passengers preferring a rail and water route to the North- West can, by 
 taking this line at either Toronto or Suspension Bridge make connections 
 with Fast Steamer lines leaving Kincardine, Southampton and Sarnia 
 during season of navigation. 
 
 RATES THE VERY LOWEST. 
 
 For Time Tables, &c., apply to Company's Station Masters and Agents, 
 who will furnish fullest information. 
 
 Dont forget to see that your Ticket reads via the GREAT 
 
 "WESTERN RAIL-WAY. 
 
 W. EDGAR, 
 
 General Pass. Agent. 
 
 F. BROUGHTON, 
 
 General Manager. 
 
5TATES 
 
 sries, 
 
 ie attested. 
 
 nssliig' and 
 
 of viewing 
 
 Ew York, 
 s and 
 
 as Dining 
 ; Express 
 
 >t can, by 
 >nnections 
 i Sarnia 
 
 i Agents, 
 
 IBAT 
 
 I Manager.