1 4'. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i^, ' ^ vt^ 1.0 I.I |50 i"^" iin^s - Hi » ^ U& III 2.0 118 1.25 1.4 \!± ^ ' 6" - ► :h i New Tore, via Detroit 962 — 1,464 1^ This Railroad and Steamboat Route from the City Of IVew Tork to St. Paul, Minn., via Niagara Falls, Lakes Huron and Superior,— passing tho Island of Mackinac, the Saut Sta. Marie, and the Pictured Rooks,— a total Distance of 1,156 Miles, affords the invalid, and seeker of pleasure, during the Summer months, one of most healthy, interesting, and Grand Ezcunlnut on the Continent of America . *ii .'■ • HOI3f?UDX H A H O BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS TO MONTREAL AND QUEBEC, Passing throngh Lakk Ontabio, the TeoiTBAirD Islands, and down th« Rapids of the St. Lawbknok Ritxb. American Side. BU VPAL.O MUu. Am Tork Ventral R.R. . UlaokRock 3 Buffalo 4- Niagara FalU R. R. TONAWAMOA 8-11 HohloMer'a Landing 10-21 NlacaraFallsViTlace l-Ti NiAOAKA ClTT 2-21 A'tw York Ctntral R. R. Ijewiatoii 4-28 YoungstowD 7-35 Fort Niagara l-.i6 Cak Orchard Creek.... CUAIU.OTTR, Oatport for Roclmter 80-llc PultueirvUla -^0-136 BodiuBay OSWEGO 40-176 Mouih of OHwego River. Btoney Point & Island. . 34-210 Baokbt's Uahbok 12-222 Cape Vincent 20-242 WaUrtown f Rom* R. R. Clayton 13-233 Alexandria 16^49 Morristown 20-269 OGDENSBURGH 11-280 Nortktm Railroad, IIU miies to Rouae's Point. Ottfects ot'lutereet, etc. Voot of Lake Erie. Ekib Canal. Niagara River. Grand Island, A. NaTy Island, C. Goat Island, A. Palla of Niagara.* Suapeusiou Bridge. Bauids and Whirlpool. if cod vf NavigtUion, Ijakc Ontario, 180 miles long Amkkican and Canauian i;jTBAitBKS leave Lewiston daily, daring the season of navigation, for Toronto, Charlotte, Oswego, Kings- ton, and other Ports on Lake Ontario, passing down the St. Lawrence Itiver to Ugdensburgh and Prescott, from thence to Montreal, passing through all the liapids, having a total de- scent of over 200 feet, af- fording the most interesting excursion on the Continent. Thousand Islands. Wolf, or Grand Ishind, Can. Howe Island, Gore Isl'd. " Well's Island, New York. Admiralty Islands. Navy Islands. Old Friends Group, and other groups.t Cana D Fid the • Ism •X* no AND QUEBEC, id down th« Rapids Cau«4 Islands, known as tiia rittcent, Clayton, Alex- > the State of N. York. TBAVBLBS'S OUIDB!. II American Side. Chimney Island 6-38fi Tibbet's Island ble aox Galops .S-287 LisBox 7-294 Ogden's Island 4-298 WADDiNaroN 3.300 Goose Neck. Island Chrysler's Island huuieviLLK Landino.. 12-312 honif Saolt Island 4-316 Objeets of Interest, etc. Barnhart's Island. GAtops Rapiiw, 141 feet de- scent. Bawb Plat, 11| feet descent. Canada Side. Windmii; Point. ... Isle aox Hoatoaa. . . Drummoud's Island. Duck Island .S-IFJ Ratio DiPLAir. Socrn Sira 4Stb degree North lat. . St. Rbois 12-328 Sqauv Island 18-336 BtauhamoU Canal, 11 „">"«» 24-300 Uaclntvre Island Maple Island Thorn Island Pig Island Broad Island iSOi La Pierre Island Wel'Ail St. Timothy IsleauxNois Beauliarnols 8-373 LoNo Sault Bakm, 48 feet descent. Boundary Line between the United St tes and Canada. Lakb St. FaANois, 25 miles in length. CorcAN BATin. CBDAa Rapids Split Boce RAriDs. Cascadi Rapids.* Month of the Uttewa River. Lakb St. Louis. Canal, 1 mile. Point Cardinal 6-288 Matilda 0-284 Point Iriquois 6-299 Canal, 2 miles. WiLLiAXSBmo 2-301 Canal, 4 miles. Chrysler's Farm. ...... .4-309 Catlsland Faren's Point 6-311 Vanal, 3 miles. Dickinson's Landinq . .8.416 Canal, 11| miles. Sheek's Island NOKTH Sidb boruwall 10-320 St. Regis Island Lancastbk 14-340 Coteau du Iiac 17-367 (iiroux Island French Island Fitb Island Isle aax Vaches. Cbdab ViLLAoa 10-M7 Isle aux Quacks Isle de la (irnnd Chute. . Point an X Monlin Isie aux Cascade. 6-372 Isle Perrot Month Ottawa Rive- fHddler'$ £lbou>, the S«<«rf and the &SiABo«^.ihJj- **"'''"' «'"°"P'' "' Is'sods-the the most romantic character ^''~"*' '"""« P***«»' "^ «'<"•?• <>' «••«><«•, of i«^''*-.ifc T" t ■"■ '■■''*'*• V* »«c«nded by means of the Btauhamoii Canal lU miu. i. Isogth, with looks, overcoming a deaeent of 84 feet. -"'"""whom uomm, ii^ milea ia 12 TBAVELES'S GUIDE. Amertcaii 81ioe re ■B 43-U7 a Lao Kiven 41-489 en •••• AK.. 15-604 rie ne 10-*U kux TremblM. . . . gnatine tante 80-6U touge 20-514 sCove »-57a ;BEC J-574 latitude 46° 49'. uenay Rivers. nd the TaiUm$ae, 140 > reaorta, or Watering )wer St. Lawrence, are ere Bea-bathing and fish- y visitors seeking health the rammer montha. her, Steamers run every iBAL and QcnBO for the ) and Sagnenajr Bivera, ie most romantto and on the Continent of ■ 1 1 i j mf ^ M.j^jKiffi ) ^ ' .i" W' . MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES, OR "INLAND SEAS." lOTHING but a 1 voyage over all of (the great bodies of I water forming the 1 " Inland Sbas," (can furnish the tourist, or scientific explorer, a just idea of the extent, depth, and clear- ness of the waters of the Great Lalccs of America, together with the healthy influence, fertility, and romantic beauty of tho numerous islands, and surrounding shores, forming a circuit of about 4,000 miles, with an area of 90,000 square miles, or about twice the extent of the State of New York — ex- tending through eight degrees of latitude, and sixteen degrees of longitude — this region embracing the entire nortli half of tlie temperate zone, where the purity of the a'Tjosphere vies with tho purity of these extensive waters, or " Inland Seas," being connected by navigable rivers or straits. The States, washed by the Great Lakes, are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Mich- igan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne- sota, and Canada West — the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions running through the centre of Lakes Superior, Huron, St. Clair, Brie, and Ontario, togetlier with the connecting rivers or straits, and down the St. Lawrence River to the 45th paral- lel of latitude. From thence the St. Lawrence flows in a northeast direction through Canada into the Gulf of St. Law- rence. The romantic beauty of the rapids of this noble stream, and its majestic flow through a healthy and rich section of country, is unsurpassed for grand lake and river scenery. K.ake Superior, the largest of tho Inland Seas, lying between 46" 30' and 49' north latitude, and between 84'' 30' and 92" 30' west longitude from Green- wich, is situated at a height of 600 feet above the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from which it is distant about 1,500 miles by the course of its outlet and the St. Law- rence river. It is 460 miles long from east to west, and 110 miles broad in its widest part, with an average breadth of 85 miles ; the entire circuit being about 1,200 miles. It is 800 feet in greatest depth, extending 200 feet below the level of the ocean. Estimated area, 31,500 square miles, being by far the largest body of fresh water on the face of the globe — celebrated alike for its sparkling purity, romantic scenery, and healthy in- fluence of its surrounding climate. About one hundred rivers and creeks are said to flow into the lake, the greatest part being small screams, and but few navigable ex- cept for canoes, owing to numerous falls and rapids. It discharges its waters east- ward, by the strait, or river St Mary, 60 miles long, into Lake Huron, which lies 26 feet below, there being about 20 feet descent at the Saut Ste Marie, which is overcome by means of two locks and a ship canal. Its outlet, is a most lovely and romantic stream, embosoming a num- ber of large and fertile islands, covered with a rich foliage. 14 MAQNITUDK OX TMIt LAXXii. f.Bk<^ Michigan, lying 616 ft. above i the Bca, is 320 miles long, 85 miles broad, | and 700 feel deep; area, 22,000 square; miles. This lake lies whoUy within the i oonttnes of the United States. It pre- J sents a large expanse of water, with but .ew islands, except near its entrance into the Straits of Mackinac, through which it discharges its surplus waters. The strait is 30 01 40 miles in length, and discharges its accumulated waters into Lake Huron, on nearly a level with Lake Michigan. At the north end of the lake, and in the Straits, are several large and romantic islands, aCfording delightful resorts. Orecn Bay* a most beautiful ex- panse of water, containing several small islands, lies at about the same elevation as Lake Michigan ; it is 100 miles long, 20 miles broad, and 60 feet deep ; area, 2,000 square miles. This is a remarkably pure body of water, presenting lovely shores, surrounded by a fruitful and healthv section of country. fi.dike Huron, lying at a height of 674 feet above the sea, is 250 miles long, 100 miles broad, and 750 feet greatest depth ; area, 21,000 square miles. This lake is almost entirely free of islands, f resenting a largo expanse of pure water, ts most remarkable feature is Saginaw Bay, lying on its western border. The waters of this hike are now whitened by the sails of commerce, it being the great thonmglifare to and f^om Lakes Michigan and Superior. Gcorj((.an Bay, lying northeast of Lake Huron, and of the same altitude, being separated by islands and headlands, lies wholly within the confines of Canada. It is 140 miles long, 56 miles broad, and 600 feet in depth; area, 6,000 square miles. In the Kortli Channel, which com- municates with St. Mary's River, and in Georgian Bay, are innumerable islands and islets, forming an interesting and ro- mantic feature to this pure body of water. All the above bodies of water, into which are discharged a great number of streams, find an outlet by the River St. Clair, com- mencing at ihe foot of Lake Huron, where it has only a width of 1,000 feet, and a depth of f^om 20 to 60 feet, flowing with a rapid current downward, 38 miles, into I £«ke St. Clair, which is 26 mUes ' long and about as many broad, with a small depth of water; the most difficulty navigation being encountered in passing over " St. Clair Flats," where only about 12 feet of water is afforded. Detroit Kive>; 27 miles in length, is the recipient of all the above waters, flowing southward through a fine section of country into £.ake Erie, the fourth great lake of this immense chain. This latter lake again, at an elevation above the sea of 664 feet, 250 miles long, 60 miles broad, and 204 feet at its greatest depth, but, on an average, considerably less than 100 feet deep, discharges its surplus waters by the Niagara River and Falls, into Lake Ontario, 330 feet below ; 51 feet of this descent being in the rapids immediately above the Falls, 160 feet at the Falls themselves, and the rest, chiefly in the rapids between the Falls and the mouth of the river, 35 miles below Lake Erie. This is comparatively a shallow body of water; and tlie relative depths of the great series of lakes may be illustrated by saying, that the surplus waters poured from the vast basina of Superior, Michi- gan, and Huron, flow across the pUte of Erie into the deep bowl of Ontario. Lake Brie is reputed to be the only one of the series in which any current i? perceptible. The fact, if it is one, is usually ascribed to its shallownesB; but the vast volurtie of its outlet— the Niagara River— with its strong current, is a much more favorable cause than the small depth of its water, which may be far more appropriately ad- duced as the reason why the navigation is obstructed by ice much more than either 1 of the-other great lakes. die pci wa Of ted Ri' mi] r of wa St. for the thu dee oce lak est hw tha wh not she of the est tra' Gei Lai isla pur Lai the 1 the • i .. ^ t; i T pi,t or r^ tan( LAKB ONTAKIO TRIBUTARIXS OV TMS LAKES. tl Dumber of etreams, iver St. Clair, com- of Lake Huron, idth of 1,000 feet, I to 60 feet, flonibg ownward, 38 miloa, ', which is 26 milea lany brood, with a ; the most difficulty >uDtered in paetiing " where only about rded. Detroit Jiiver, the recipient of all Rowing southward of country into B fourth great lake 1. This latter lake a above the eea of ng, 60 miles broad, >ateat depth, but, on ably less than 100 ts surplus waters by nd Falls, into Lake ow ; 51 feet of this rapids immediately } feet at the Falls resti. chiefly in the 'alls and the mouth IS below Lake Erie, y a shallow body of .tire depths of the I may be illustrated irplus waters poured of Superior, Michi- «ros8tho^li/eof Erie Ontario. Lake Brie mly one of the series i? perceptible. The usually ascribed to the vast volume of ara Biver — with its ouch more favorable I depth of its water, ore appropriately ad- why the navigation luch more than either kes. The ascertained temperature in the mid- dle of Lake Erie, August, 1845, was tem- perature of air 76" Fahrenheit, at noon — water at surl xe 73" — at bottom 63". Lake Ontario, the fifth and last of the Great Lakes of America, is eleva- ted 234 feet above tide-water at Three Rivers on the St Lawrence; it is 180 miles long, 60 miles broad, 600 foet doop. Thus bdiin succeeds 6 ...40 per 8»ginaw. . ...26 rry«biirgh. . , . ...18 ter ... e MUes. atham ... 34 ...40 Ottawa C«f. . . 70 plain {by locks 76 (mi ...70 ) St. Jolin, 60 m.) TSf, ST. LAWRENCE. Depth El. sboT* 111 feet. sea. 800 600 ft. 10 to 100 700 676 " 100 676 " 20 to 200 676 " 700 674 " 20- to 200 674 " 600 674 " 20 to 60 10 to 20 668 " 10 to 60 200 664 " 600 334 " 148 " 68 " 18 " 6 " " • " means of porUgM andloekA d sail yessels rui Dine tnm ALTITUDES — TOPOaRArBT AKO lIBTKOROLOar. ALTITXTBE OF VABIOUS POIHTB OH THE SH0RB8 SUPEBIOB. liOOAurm. AboTS Lake Superior. Lake Superior 000 feet Point Iroquois, South Shore 360 " Qros Cap, 0. W., North Shore 700 " Orand Sal>le, South Shore 346 " Pictured Rocks, " 200 " Iron Mountains, " 860 " Quinoy Copper Uine, Portage Lalce 660 " Mount Houghton, near Koweenaw Point 1,000 " Porcupine Mountains, South Shore 1,380 " Isle Royale, Michigan 300 " Minnesota Mountains (estimated) 1,200 " Miohipicoten Island, C. W 800 " Pie Ishutd, " 760 " St. Ignace (estimated) " 1,200 •• McKay's Mountain, " 1,000 " Thunder Cape, " 1,350 " tOPOOEAPHT AND METEOBOLOOT. It OF LAKE ▲b0T« th« 8«*, 600 feet 060 grees above the freezing point. In the western portion, the water is mudi colder than in the eastern — the surface flow be- coming warmer at) it advances toward the outlet The mirage which frequently o» curs, is occasioned by the difference be- tween the temperature of the air and the Lake. Great difficulties are experienoe4 from this cause in making astnxtomioal observations. " Auroras, even in midsummer, are of frequent occurrence, and exhibit a bril- liancy rarely observed in lower latitadas." —JFbsterdi Whitney'* neport la MAOHiTVDa or m lakxb. THB XTPPBR LAKES, OR "DrLANB 8EA," OF AMEBICA. This appellation applies to Lakes Hu- ron, Midiigan, and Superior, including Oreon Bay, lying within the conflneR of the United States, and Georgian Bay, which lies entirely in Canada. These bodie» of water' embrace an area , 0f aboat Tr),000 square miles, and, as a whole, are deserring of the name of the 'Inland Sba,' being closely connected by Btraita or water-courses, navigable for the largest class of steamers or sail vessels. The shores, although not elevated, are bold, and free from marsh or swampy lands, presenting one clean range of coast for aloout 3,000 miles. By a late decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, the Upper Lakes including Lake Erie, with their connect- ing waters, were declared to be seat, com- mercially and legally. Congress, under this decision, is empowered to improve the harbors of the lakes and the connect- ing straits, precisely as it has power to do the same on the seaboard. Thia will probably lead to a vigorous policy in the maintenance of Federal authority, both in improving the harbors, and making pro- vision for the safety of commerce, and protection of life, as well as guarding against foreign invasion. The only forti- fication of importance that is garrisoned is iVr< Mackinac, guarding the passage through the Straits of Mackinac. The islands of these lakes are numer- ous, particularly in the Straits of Mackinac, and in Gieorginn Bay, retaining the same bold and virgin appearance as the main- land; most of them are fertile and sus- ceptible of high cultivation, although, as yet, but few an inhabited to anr consid- erable extent The dark green waters of the Upper Lakes, when agitated by a storm, or the motion of a passing steamer, presents a brilliancy peculiar only to these trans- parent waters — they then assume the ad- mixture of white foam, with a lively green tinge, assuming a crystal-like appearance. In this pure woter, the white, fish, and other species of the finny tribe, delight to gambol, affording the sportsman and epicurean untold pleasure, which is well described in the following poem : THE WHITE FISH. Henbt R. ScBOOLCRAn, in his poem. "Th« White Fioh," says: "All Mends to good Urln j by turrrn nod dish, Ooncnp In rxiilttog thia prince of a flsli ; Po One in a platter, so tcinptlnx a fry, 80 rich on a gridiron, so sweet In a pie ; That even btfore it the salmon must fall, Aud that mighty bonnt-boueht, of tb« land- beaver's tail. • * • • "TIh It morsel alike for the conrmand or fiuter, Wh'ie, whitens a tablet or pure alabMtart Its beauty or flavor no person can doubt. When seen In the water or tasted without; And all the dispute that opinion ere make* or this king of lake fishes, this 'dter^Os laktt,'* Repird not Its cholceness to ponder or sup. But the boat mode of dressing and serving it np * • • » Here too, might a fkncy to descant inclined. Contemplate the love that peruins to the kind. And bring up the red man, In fancifu) strain*, To prove itS'Creatlon Itom feminln* brain«.**f • A trandation of Ad-dik-kttmtnata, th* Id> dian name for this flab, t rM4 " IndUa Talt* and Lagtnda.* qua Itii can The san in Mai coo qua BO i tlia hab an wit are and tha the to Th< Onl ara II a f whi StUI piki rod roai bill ■he ii the laki one atu oth BiSi 11 BOB beti ling inai piol are OF AXESICA. water! of the Upper ed by a stonn, or the g steamer, presents a only to these trans- y then assume the ad- im, with a lively green rystal-Iike appearance. r, the whitf Jish, and le flnny trihe, delight g the sportsman and Teasure, which is well owing poem : OTE riSH. JLCBAiT, in his poem. " says: 1d( by tunrn and dJib, laprlnrcnfaflsh; temptlnit n fry, Bu awect \n » pie ; e salmon mnsthll, nn4-boucht, of tb« laad- * • the sonnnuft or fiuter, «t or pure olabMter t > person can duiibt, IT or tasted witliout; at opinion «re makr* fishes, this '(Iter ^04 less to pondrr or sup, irrssing and serving It np • * !y to distant Inclined, that pertains to th* kind, (nan, in fanciful atratni, (Tom feminine braint."t 1 and Legend*.* risn or nii upprr lakm. FIBS OF THE XTPFXR LAKES. 10 " The numbers, raricties, and excellent quality of lake flsh are worthy of notice. It is believed that no fresh waters known can, in any respect, bear comparison. They are, with some exceptions, of the same kind in all the lakes. Those found in Laku Superior and the straits of St. Mary aro of the best quality, owing to the cooler temperaturu of the water. Their quantities aro surprising, and apparently so inezliaustiblo, as to warrant the belief tliat were a population of millions to in- habit the lako shore, they would furnish an ample supply of this article of food without any sensible diminution. There aro aoTeral kinds found in Lake Superior, and some of the most delicious quality, that are not found in the lakes below, as the siskowit and muckwaw, whicli grow to the weight of eight or ten pounds. The salmon and some others are found in Ontario, but not above the Falls of Niag- ara. " The foUowhig is a very partial list of a few of the prominent varieties: the white fish, Mackinac and salmon-trout, sturgeon, muscaluqje, siskowit, pickerel, pike, perch, herring, white, blaclc, and rock bass, cat, pou^ eel-pout, bull-head, roach, sun-fish, dace, sucker, carp, mullet, bill-AshiSword-flsh, bull-fish, stone-carrier, ■heapt-hcad, gar, &c. " The lamprey-eel is found in all, but the common eel is found in neither of the lakes, nor in any of their tributaries, except one. Hie weight to which some of these attain is not exceeded by the fish of auy other inland fresh waters, except the Mis- Bilnippi. • * • • " The fish seem to be more numerous some years than others, and likewise of better quality. The kinds best for pick- ling and export are the white flah, Mack- inac and salmon trout, sturgeon, and piokereL The fisheries at which these are oanght are at Maokinao, at soTeral points in each of the four straits, the southeast paTt of Lake Superior, Thunder Bay, Saginaw Bay, and Fort Gratiot near foot of Lake Huron. The sport of taking the brook trout, which are round in great abundance in the rapids at the Saut Ste Mario, and most all of the streams falling into the Upper Lakes, affbrda healthful amusement to hundreds of amateur fish- ermen during the summer and full months. The modes of taking the diflerent kinds of fish are in seines, dip-nets, and gill-nets, and the trout with hookn. " Those engaged in catching fish in the Straits of Mackinac, are composed of Americans, Irish, French, half breeds, and Indians. Some are employed by cap- italists, others have their own boata and nets. Each one is furnished with a boat, and from fifty to one hundred nets, re- quiring constantly two or three men for each boat, to run the different gangs of nets. The fish caught are principally white fish, with some trout The demand for exportation increases every year, and although immense quantities are caught every season, still no diminution in their number is perceived. " A fleet of two hundred flsh-boata are engaged in and about the Straits, em- bracing, however, all the Beaver group. Kach boat will average one barrel of fish per day during the fishing seaaon. « * * • • " Ye, who are fond of sport and tan, who wish for wealth and strength; ye, who love angling; ye, who believe that Ood has given us a time to pray, a time to dance, Ac., ftc., go to these fishing- grounds, gain health and strength, and pull out Mackinac trout from 20 to 40 lbs. in weight. One hook and line has, in three to four hours, pulled out enough to fill three to four barrels of fish, wiuout taking the sport inV> consideration. "Yours, W.M.J.' MAaNITUDB or TUB LAKES. PRTBXCAL CEA&ACTSB OF THE MISSISSIPPI BASIH. " The Valley of the Miraissippi, bounded on the one hand by the Rocky Mountains, and on the other by the Alleghaniea, em- braoea a drainage area of 1,244,000 square miles, which is more than one-half of the entire area of the United States. The Upper Mississippi Valley is composed of three subordinate basins, whose respective dimensions are as follows : Sonar* mllra. ThcObiobMln 814,000 The Vpt»r MlulMippI 1<»,000 Th« MUaourl B18,00l> Making a toUl of 901,000 Its naTigable rivers are as follows: MIlea, Mlaaonrt, to nnir th« Great Valla S,IM Mlaaoiirl, above (Ireat Kalla to Three Forka 190 Oiiaffp, to Uaccola 200 Kanaas 10U RI«8loax 76 TeDow-atona BOO V pjier MtaaissippI, to St Paul KS St. Anthonr, to Sank RapMa 80 Above Little Fnlla, to Hokfftlma'ralla.*. . .s 800 MInneaota, to Patteraon'a Uaplda S9fi Bt. Croix, til St <'raiz Falla «0 Inlnol^ to Iji Salle 280 Ohio, to PIttsbnrKh »76 Mononimh«la,ta ene va(alaok- vater,4 locka) 91 Muaklricntn, to Urraden " 8 " lOO GreenKfTertoBowllngOreen" 5 " 1S6 Kentackjr, to Brooklyn " 6 ■• 117 Kaaawha, to Oaalej- Bridge 100 Vabaab,tuLaftiyetU 886 Salt to ShepherdaTllle 80 Bandy, to Lonlaa 8B Tenneaaee, to Mnaele Sboala COO Cumberland, to Borkeavllle 870 Total navigation 8.947 Kora.— Steamboata have aaoended the D»a llolnea to Dea Molnaa CHy, Iowa Kiver to Iowa CItr, Cedar Blrer to Cedar Baplda, and the Maqno- keta to Maqnokata City, but only daring tempo- nry flooda. "It would thus appear that the internal navigation of the Upper Mississippi Val> ley is about 9,000 miles in extent; but, during the summer months, even through the main channels, it loeoomea precariouSi and at times is practically suspended. "The Mississippi Valley, viewed as k whole, may be regarded as one great plain between two diverging coast ranges, els- vated from 400 to 800 feet above the aea. St. Paul, the head of the navigation of the Mississippi, is 800 feet alMve the ocean ; Pittabnrgh, at tlie junction of the Monon- gahela and Alleghany, forming the Ohio, 699 feet ; Lake Superior on the north, 600 feet ; but the water-shed on the west, at South Pass, rises to nearly T,500 feet. "It is traversed by no mountain ranges, but the surface swells into hills and rid|(ea, and is diversified by forest and prairie. Leaving out the sterile portions west oC the Missouri, the soil is almost uniformly fertile, easily cultivated, and yields an abundant return. The climate is healthy and invigorating, and altogether the region is the most attractive /or immigration of any portion of the earth." By means of a Ship Canal, connecting with the Illinois River, the waters of the Mississippi will be united with the watars of Lake Michigan — thus forming an un- interrupted navigation for armed Tessels of a large class from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forming an inland navigation of about 3,000 mile»— running through' the sub-tropioal and temperate zones, where natnre is lavish of her gifts. PETSIOAL CHABACTEB 07 THE ST. LAWBENCE. Tim, sources of the Hisaissippi on the east interlock with those of the St. Law- renoBi wfaiofa, with its associated lakes and rivers, presents a system of water- oommunioation of nearly equal extent and grandeur. *ABI Hupri MIrli Iliiru Krie. OnUi is ee theii ezte II ter« long the abot stup tog an a the sees affoi Bwe: becc Tl |daa sissi Toai limi< that «he pled man undi that ish: (^m way ezte dust to ii oppi BAsnr. tppear that the internal Jpper Misiiuippi Val> miloR in extent; bat, ' months, eyen through it beoomea preoarioui^ ctically lUBpended. i Valley, viewed as k trded as one great plain ;ing coast ranges, els- SOO feet above the sea. )f the navigation of the feet above the ocean; junction of the Monon- my, forming the Ohio, )crior on the north, 600 r-shed on tho west, at nearly 7,600 feet, by no mountain rangei, Us into hills and rid|^ by forest and praurie. itcrile portions west of oil is almost uniformly ivated, and yields an The climate ia healthy id altogether the region tive /or immigration of ^arth." 3 hip Canal, connecting iver, the waters of the united with the waters —thus forming an un- tion for armed vesMls m the Gulf of Mexico Lawrence, forming an )f about 3,000 milea— the sub-tropical and whore nature ia Boat .AWBEHCE. ts a system of water- (tearly equal extent and FHTtlCAl OHARACTIR Of TIIC IT. LAWRKWCI— DBVILOPMBWT. 21 TABU' BBOWmO THB nnflKSIOllfl or TBI nVI aklAT AMUUOAN LAKCS. Lauh OmlMl lb. Unilh. MllM. HupnHnr 4«U MIchlieui »*) Huron »«0 Kri» «40 OatMio IM llrMtMl H«lfhl MllM »'•«(. nu (00 85 576 1(0 6T4 TO MB •0 DM ArM In •i|.mll«c 8t.MW 91,000 >0,«W 9,«00 «,M0 Total,. .1,460 »0,000 " The entire area drained by these lako3 is estimated at 336,000 square miles, and their shore lines are nearly 5,000 miles in extent. " These rivers are as diverse in charac- ter as in direction. The Mississippi is tho longer, but the St. Lc^twrcnce discharges the greater volume of water; the one abounds in difllcult rapids, the other in stupendous cataracts ; tho one is subject to great fluctuations, the other preserves an almost unvarying level ; the waters of the one are turbid, those of the other pos- sess an almost crystal purity; the one affords few lalce-like expansions, the other swells into vast inland seas. Both have become the great highways of commerce, enrichinp the regions through whicn thor flow, and supplying the inhabitants with the varied products of distant cUmcp." — FoaUr and Whitney' » lieport on Lakt Supe- rior. " The commerce of these lakes, whose annual value reaches $460,000,000 — more ttiMi twice the external commerce of the whdo country — is carried on by a fleet of 1,643 vessels, of the following classes:— Stramen 148 ■ ■niiiclU'ri KM Hurts 74 ttrtg* 88 Scbi>« HI Uargti 8 ToUli 1,648 The following are the distances of some of the commercial routes, taking Chicago as the initial point: Cliiciiso to Mnrklnoe (itlrect) 880 miltc '' " Fonddu LnoSuiwrior.... (KM •* "^ » Oeiinrtttn Bar «W " " ." BuIThIo, N. Y 900 - •' " Quelx-o 1,680 " " " Gulf of St. L»wren«* 1,I»0 » Tmium. V>lM 68.&M |1.I»O.I)00 TO.ii.'W 8.578.8IMI 88,'20S 1»S'2.900 S4.H31 WI1,*I0 M7,8«l B,»MAV) fl67 Vi.TIO 8,718 IT.OOO 418,028 118,257,020 PR00BEB8 OF SEYXLOPMENT. The first colony of English extraction, |daated in the territory of the Upper Mis- eissippi, was in 1788— just seventy-five Toars ago—at Marietta, within the present limits of Ohio. This was the origin of ttiat spirit of colonization, which, jrithin fhe lifetime of many living men, has peo- pled this region with nine millions of hu- man beings; has subdued and brought under eultivation, an area greater than that of all the cultivated lands of the Brit- ish Empire ; has connected the principal (jommeroial points with a net- work of rail- ways more than eleven thousand miles in extent; and has built up a domestio in- dustry, the value of whose annual product it in excess of three hundred and ftAj niOkma of dollars. Out of this territory hare been carved not less than nine States, wbidi are indissolubly linked together bjr a similarity of conditions in soil and cli- mate, and by the geographical features of the country. They have already received the appellation of the " Food-pboducino" States — an appellation which they are destined to retain for all time. The rivers and the lakes, which water this region, offer the most magnificent sys- tem of internal communication to be found on the surface of the earth. No mountabi barriers interpose to divide the people in- to hostile clans, or divert the great cur- rents of trade in their flow to the markets of the world. With a soil sufficiently rich in organic matter for fifty successive crops ; with almost boundloss fields of ooal, stored ■M 23 UAoaiTUDs or thk lakks. sway for iViture um; withvut deposits of the usefal ores, and the precious metals, on the rim of the great basin ; and with a climate most favorable to the develop- ment of human energy, it ia impossible for the mind, even in its most duing spec- ulations, to assign limits to the growth of the North-west. When all of these ele- ments of wealth, now in a crude state, shall have been fully developed, there will be an exhibition of human power and greatness such as no other people ever at- tained. Comparing the whole superflcial con- tents of these States with the port'ons ciil< tivated, it will be seen that only about 16 per cent, of the surface has been sub- dued ; and, if population arA cultivation increase in the same ratio in the future as they have in the past, before the lapse of another decade there will be collected an- nually, on the borders of the Great Lakes, more than 200,000,000 bushels of cereals for exportation, giving employment to a fleet of more than 3,000 vessels, and re- quiring avenues of more than twice th« capacity of existing ones. A LUHAS TIDAL WAVE In the Iforth American Eiaket. Sxiraeifrom a Paper read by Lt.-Col. Gbaham, before the American AssoeiaHon for ffu Advancement of Science, Auguit, 1860. "Much has been written, at various periods, on the fluctuations in the eleva- tion of tho surface waters of the great freshwater lakes of North America. Val- uable and interesting memoirs have ap- peared from time to time in the American Journal of Science and Arts, published monthly at Now Haven, Connecticut, -within the last thirty years, on this sub- ject, written by ihii late Brevet Brigadier- Oeneral Henry Whiting, of the TJ. S. Ar- my, when a captain, by Major Lachlan, Charles Whittlesey, Esq., and others. The observations contained in their me- moirs have, however, been directed chiefly to investigations of the extent of the sec- ular and annual variations in elevation of the surfaces of these lakes. "The learned Jesuit fathers of the time of Marquette, a period near two centuries ag^, and at later periods the Baron do la Hontan, Charlevois, Carver, and others, noticed in their writings the changes of elevation, and some peculiar fluctuations which take place on these Inland seas. Tn the speculations indulged in by some of these writers a slight lunar tide is sometimes suspected, then again such an influence on the swelling and receding waters is doubted, and their disturbance is attributed to the varying courses and forces of the winds. " But wo have nowhere seen that , y systematic course of observation was ever instituted and carried on by these early explorers, or by dny of their successi'ws who have mentioned the subject, giving the tidal readings at small enough inter- vals of time apart, and of 'ong enough duration to develop the problem of a diur- nal lunar tidal wave on these lakes. The general idea has undoubtedly been that no such lunai' influenco was here percep- tible. "In April, 1854, I was stationed at Chicago by the orders of the Govera- ment, and charged with the direction of the harbor improvements on Lake Mich- igan. In the latter part of August of that year, I caused to be erected at tba eust harb the ] of t oft! thue into of tl oft rive tide the the ti aco on t ono< ber, first ob8< gau| the} pro] Dur raea free i( chic vitl and ele\ tor and of bar / 18S ser f BUT and tid( Aud «inc 40mim with the port'ons ciil- in that onl}- about 16 rface has been sub- ition and cultivation ratio in the future as t, before the lapse of I will be collected an- '8 of the Great Lakes, )0 bushels of cereals ag employment to a ,000 vessels, and re> more than twice th« }ue8. ■an AtioeiaHon for 0k« ndulg^d in hj some slight lunar tide is , then again such an celling and receding nd their disturbance varying courses and vhore seen that , y observation was ever 1 on by these early ' of their successi'ws 1 tiie subject, giving small enough inter- and of ~ong enough he problem of a diur- on these lalces. The loubtedly been that ico was here peroep> I was stationed at era of the Govenii- ith the direction of icnts on Lake Mich- part of August of o be erected at tba A LUNAR TIDAL WATI. 2S east or lakeward extremity of the North harbor pier, a permanent tide-gauge for the purpose of making daily oV/jervations of the relative heights and fluctuations of the surface of this lake. The position thus chosen for the observations projects into the lake, entirely beyond the mouth of the Chicago River, and altogether out of the reach o' any influence from the river current, upon the fluctuations of the tide-gauge. It was the fluctuations of the lake surface alone, that could affect the readings of the tide- gauge. "On the first day of September, 1854, a course of observations was commenced on this tide-gauge, and continued at least once a day, until the 3lBt day of Decem- ber, inclusive, 1858. During each of the first three winters a' portion of the daily observations was lost, owing to the tide- gauge being frozen fast in its box, but they constituted only a small number in proportion to that embraced in the series. During the subsequent winters artificial means were resorted to, to prevent this freezing. "These observations were instituted chiefly for the purpose of ascertaining vith accuracy the amount of the annual and also of the secular variation in the elevation of the lake surface, with a view to regulating the heights of break-waters and pters to be erected for the protection of vessels, and for improving the lake harbors." After a series of »cw observations from 1864 to 1868, Lieut.-Colonel Graham ob- serves: — . , , , ' The difference of elevation of the lake Borfaoe, between the periods of lunar low and lunar high-water at the moan spring tides is here shown to be two hundred and flfty-four thousandths (.264) of a foot, and the time of high-water at the full and change of the moon is shown to be thirty (30) minutes after the time of the moon's meridian transit. " We, therefore, in accordance with ens torn in like oases, indicate as the «taUwA- ment for the port of Chicago, b. nu k Foot, 30. "Although this knowledge nay be of but small practical advantage to naviga- tors, yet it may serve as a memorandum of a physical phenomenon whose exist- ence has generally heretofore been either denied or doubted. " We think it probable that, if the ef- fect of unfavorable winds and all other extraneous forces which produce irregular oscillations in the elevation of the lake surface could bo fully eliminated, a semi- diurnal lunar spring tide would be shown of as much as one-third of a foot for the periods of highest tides. The time of low-water and the relative times of duration of the flood and ebb tides are given only approximately. The extreme rise of the tide being so little, the precise time of the change from ebb to flood, and hence the duration of the flow of each, can only be accurately de- termined by numerous observations at short intervals, say three to five minutes of time apart, from about on hour before to an hour after the actual time of low water. " In conclusion, we offer the above obr servations as solving the problem in ques- tion, and its proving the existence of a semi-diurnal lunar tidal wave on Lake Miclugan, and consequently on the other great freshwater lakes of North America, whose co-ordinate of altitude is, at its summit, as much as .16 to .26 (^'^ to -fif of a foot. United States' measure." tiisii^ jwsav 4mmm 1 >4 MAONITUDK OF THK LAK£8. BEHABKABLE PHENOKENA. Prof. Mather, 'who observed the bar- ometer at Fort Wilkins, Copper Harbor, Al" 30' north lat., during the prevalence of one of these remarkuble disturbances which are pecuUar to all the Upper Lakes, remarks: — "As a general thing, fluctua- tions in the barometer accompanied the fluctuations in the level of the water, but sometimes the water-level varied rapidly in the harbor, while no such variation occurred in the bsrometer at the place of observation. Thfc variation in the level of the water may be caused by varied barouetrio pressure of the air on the water, either at the place of observaliou, or at some distant point. A local in- creased pressure of the atuio^pher) at the place of observation, would lowor the water-level where there is a wide expanse of water ; or a diminished pressure, under the same oircumstances, would cause the water to rise (ibove its usual level" In the summer of 1854, according to the Report of Foster and Whitney, made to Congress in 1850, "an extraordinary retrocession of the waters took place at the Saut Ste Marie. The river hero is nearly a mile in width, and the depth of water over the sandstone rapids is about three feet. The phenomena occurred at noon ; the day was calm but cloudy ; tho water retired suddenly, leaving the bed of the river bare, except for the distance of about twenty rods where the channel is deepest, and remained do for the space of an hour. Persons went out and caught fish in the pools formed in the rocky cavi- ties. The return of the waters was sud- den, and presented a sublime spectacle. They came down like an immense surge, roai-ing and foaming, and those who had incautiously wandered into tho river bed, hud barely time to escape being over- whelmed." Bismg and Falling of the Waters of Lake Michigan. [From tha Chicago Tribune, Miiy 28, 18«1.] One of those singiilar oscillations in the Lakes, or "Inland Seas," which have been observed occasionally ttom the time of the exploration of the Jesuit Fathers, was witnessed yesterday in Lake Michi- gan. A variety of signs, such as the mirage of the distant shore, unusual de- pression of the barometer, and a sudden rise of the temperature from a cool, bracing air, to a sultry heat, indicated an unusual commotion in the atmospheric elements. About eleven o'clock a. u., when our at- tention was first called to the phenomena, the waters of the lake had risen ibout thirty -one inches above the ordinary level, and in the course of half an hour they •gain receded. Throughout the whole day they continued to ebb and flow at in- tervals of fifteen or twenty minutes, and the current betveen the buter and inner breakwater, near the Illinois Central Bad- road House, was so great at times that a row-boat made Uttle or no headway against it. The extreme variation betweeu high and low water was nearly three feet. The wind all day was off shore (ttom the southwest), the olTect of whi«di was to keep down the waters instead of accumu- lating them at this point. About eight o'clock in the evening it veered suddenly to the northwest, and blew a violent gale, accompanied by vivid electrical displays. This morning (Monday) we hear of tele- graphic lines prostrated, of persons killed by lightning, &c., while the lake, altlmugh agitated, exhibits none of the pulsations of yesterday. MHliMM am RHMW-i Eztn 4 "In Review UiilKdo inapprc tlie ris growth ' InlaD( "Wl de La Seneca Creek, i was lai vessel of Lak Westw The eel their sc waaycl and his three ( ■tiBirr the firn broke i gion. tliem tt of heai anobje "Thi tm 1854, according to iDd Whitney, mado "an oxtraordinar/ aters took place ut The river hero is , and the depth of }ne rapids is about lomena occurred at Im but cloudy ; tho ly, leaving the bed 3pt for the distance where the channel led 60 for the space vent out and caught d in the rocky cavi- >he waters was sud- Bublime spectacle, an immense surg^e, and those who had I into the river bed, Dscape being over- Uiohigan. the buter and inner Illinois Central Bad- ;reat at times that a no headway against tktion between high nearly three feet, off shore (from the t of whim waa to I instead of accumu- point. About eight ; it veered suddenly blew a violent gale, I electrical displays, ly) we hear of tele- ad, of persons killed le the lake, altlmugh e of the pulsations COMMERCE OF THE LAKES Extract from the Aimual Report of the Trade and Commeroe of Bq&Io, " In presenting to the public our Annual Review of tlio Trade and Commerce of tiuir.do, for the last year it will not bo inappropriate to revert to the past to show tlie rise and progress, the extent and growth of the oommcrco of these vast ' Inland Seas.' " Wheii in the year 1679, the Cliovnller de La Salle obtained permission of tho Seneca Indians to buUd a vessel at Cayuga Creek, six miles above Niagara Falls, which was lau 'bed in 1679, and wiis the first vessel II jved with sails upon tho waters of Lake Erie, every portion of the great West was covered with its ancient forests. The echoing axe had never rung through their solitudes, and the battle for mastery was yet undecided between the wild beast and his wild foe the savage hunter. The three guns which were tired when the •UairriN' was launched, were, probably, the flrnt sounds of gunpowder that ever broke upon the stiUness of this vast re- gion. Thp wondering Seneoas heard in tliem the thunders, and saw the lightnings of heaven. Tho white man was c lually an object of admiration and fear. I "The arts of navigation, at this period, i upon this great inland sea, were '^onflne^^ to the bark cunoo and the rude paddle with which it was propelled. Never be- fore had tiie ctmvus here opened itself to the wind. Tlie voyage of La Salle wus an era in the history of this portion of the world. Tho immense fur trade with tho natives at thu extremities of those lakes, whicli was carried on first by the French and afterward by tlie English, was tliea almost entirely unknown. It was but the year before tiie sites of the first trading- houses had been selected. La Salle set sail from tlie foot of Lake Erie, on the 7th day of August, 1679, witli a crow of thirty men, and arrived at Mackinac on the 28th day of that month. The first cargo of furs was put on board the GriOin, and she was ordered by La Sulle to return with a crew of six men to Niagara. But a storm was encountered, a jd the vessel and cargo, valued at fifty to sixty thousand franca, with all on board, was lost. Tims was made the first great sacrifico of life and property to the commerce of Lake Erie. " Since that period the changes that have been wrought in the country bordering u[>- on vtd lying beyond these lakes, surpass tho dreams of cncliantment. Enterprise and energy have penetrated those vast solitudes ; tlie beasts of prey have slunk back into tho deep fastnesses of the woods, the native tribes have vanished away like their own mEOostic forests, and the white man followiug fust upon their rustling footsteps, has subdued the wilderness to the forms of civilization. " The country from which the furs were gathered dt the trading postd at Niagara MM COMIIXRCB OF TBI LAKX8. Detroit, and Mnckinao, including a large portion of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, and Wiflconsitt, now contains a pop- ulation of 6,926,874. Since the day wlien La Sallu flrst opened, as it were, to future generations the great highway upon the waters of Lnlces Erie and Huron, tlie pro- genitors of this mighty multitude have been borne upon its waves by favoring winds ; and innumerable little bands gaia- ing the mouth of some fair river, have tl^ence radiated over the wide-spread do- main from which their descendants are now pouring down upon the trusting bosom of tlie lalce, the abundant products of an almost inexhaustible fertility. ' 'reat as haa been the change since the country was first explored, it has al- most wholly taken place since the year 1800. The population of Ohio in that year was only 45,365 ; and that was the mly State, with the e.Tcoption of New York and Pennsylvania, of all those bordering upon the great lakes, wliich contained any considerable settlements, or in which any enumeration of the people was taken. Even Ohio was not then admitted into tlio Union ; and the commercial advantage ot Lake Brio were scarcely begun to be developed till twenty-flve years afterward. The flrst vessel bearing the American flag .upon Lake Erie was tlie sloop Detroit, of seventy tons, which was purchased of the Northwest Fur Company, by the General Government, in 1T96. She was, however, 800U condemned as unseaworthy, and abandoned. Up to the time of the decla- ration of war in 1812, tlie wliole number of ve!t village of Le Roy, occupied by a Mr. Wilder. As late as 1812 the roads were next to impassable, and to obtain supplies from Albany, trade was carried on by a circuitous route, 'through the Niagara river to Schlosser, thence by portage to Lewiston, thonco by water to Oswego and up the Oswego River, through the Oneida Lake and Wood Creek, and across a siiort portase to the Mohawk River, thence by that river and around the portage of Little Falls to Schenectady — and thence over the arid pine plains to Al'.any.' The late Judge Townsend and George Coit, Esq., came to Buffalo as traders, in 1811 by thiH route, bringing about twenty tons of mer- chandise from Albany at a cost of fifty dollars a ton. At this time there went less than one hundred dwellings hero, and the population did not exceed five luft- drad. thea ( preve and < frequ( acrosi them at Bii To rei bythi it was a pier was d aubsci lagers The 1 origin and U which bar. eapaci mud-s The fl was m incorp and as "M( last ce in 181 In 18 1830, 18,213 in 186 year 1 over 1 ert^ol this VI the rei ial86: "Th *hj, \ meats, the cai bylak< the p( Wests and rai if anj had before ex scd, there c;.anot be My commerce on the Col. Thomas Proctor if Buffalo Creeic, an^ thentic notice of Buf entions a storehouse rader named Winne, a French nobleman, lauld Liancourt, Tiait> aighboring Indian Til- I there were then but ntiona an Inn where «p on the floor in hia i, Judge Porter, ao- Golt, wept to Presqne lUgh Buflblo. Judge a ' that one Johnson, terproter, Winne, the h, a Dutchman, with Buffalo.' The only lo and Avon, in the Indian trail, and the trail was one, about es east of the presev.t occupied by a Mr. 1812 the roads were tnd to obtain supplies was carried on by a hrough the Niagara ihenco by portage to water to Oswego and r, through the Uneida >k, and across a sliort iwk River, thonne by 1 the portage of Little — and thence OTer the I Al'.any.' The late id George Coit, Esq., aders, in 1811 by thill it twenty tons of mer- iny at a cost of fifty this time there went id dwclliDgs hen, and not exceed &to bnA- ■ARLT BISTORT. W dred. The mouth of Buffolo Creek was then obstructed by a sand-bar, frequently prevoQtiag the entrance of small vessels, and even frail Indian bark canoes were (ivquently shut out, and footman walked across its mouth on dry land. Vessels then received and discharged their car^.'oes at Bird 'Island wharf; near Black Rock. To remedy the obstructions in the creek by the sand-bar at its outlet into the lake, it was proposed, in the year 1811, to run a pier into the lake, but nothing of moment was done till tlie spring of 1830, when a subscription was raised, by the tlien vil- lagers of Buffalo, amounting to $1,361. The late Hon. Samuel Wilkson was the originator and projector of this movement, and temporary improvements were made which carried away the obstructing sand- bar. In 1822 the village in its corporate capacity paid John T. Lacy for building a mud-scow for working in the harbor $534. The first corporate notice of the liarbor was made in the latter year. Buffalo waa incorporated as a viU^ in April, 1813, and as a city on 20th of April, 1833. "Jfelish says, 'the population by the last census was 365, and it was computed in 1811 at SCO, and is rapidly increasing.' In 1823 the popuktion was 2,412; in 1830, 8,668; in 1835, 16,661; in 1840, 18,213; in 1846, 29,973; in 1860, 421261; in I860, 81,129; and at the end of the year 1862 the population is estimated at over 100,090. In 1817 the taxable prop- erty of the village was $134,400, and on this valuation an assessment of $400 was ntade during that year. The valuation of this real and personal property of the city in 1862 is $30,911,014. . " The population and valuation of prop- erty, the harbor and harbor improve- ments, the manufactures and commerce, the canal, railway, and water connnctions by lake with other portions of the country, the population and productions of the West and Northwest, the large lake, canal, and railway facditias for transportation at the present time, when compared with what they were flhy years ago, 'are ma> velloua in our eyes,' and if some far-seeing mind, a half century since, had prophesied results of such vast magnitude, he would have Iseen denominated an idle dreamer, and a fit subject for a lunatic asylum. " Jhe States and Territories bordering on, and tributary to the great lake basin that had fifty years ago but a few thousand population, have now nearly seven millions, which will soon be augmented by the natural increase and by immigration to thirty millions, and Buffalo with its 500 inhabitants in 1811, 81,000 in 1860, will have a population of ttiree or four hun- dred thousand before the present century shall have passed away. Within the lim- its of these lake States, where, less than forty years ago, there were neither canala nor railways, there are now 14,484 miles of railway, and 3,345 miles of navigable capals, of which latter about 760 miles are slack-water navigation. "The whole West and Northwest is now traversed by a net-work of railways, with important canal connections between the different States, where there was a sparsely populated, almost interminable forest or uninhabited prairie. In this march of improvement, making more in- timate the social and commercial relations of these widely separated sections of the co;<.ntry, the Kmpire State has nobly led the way. The far-seeing mind of her honored son. Governor Clinton, projected the Erie Canal which was completed in 1^25, uniting the waters of the Hudson with the hikes. A brighter day then dawned upon the West, the population was rapidly augmented, which was soon succeeded by largely increased agricultu- ral productiottji tliat gave new life to com- merce. The era of railways was com- menced in about the year 1830. " With these htrgely uicreased rail fa- cilities, and the capacity of the New York canals nearly quadrupled, the augmenting ■MM 'tti S8 oouMEBoa or thi laxcb. fccffities do not Ireep pace with the rapid- ly augmenting population and largely in- creased production. Improved charnels of communication, both by mil and water, must be made, to enable the producer at the West to get his products more cheap- ly to market. A country Tast in extent, bordering upon the upper Mississippi, the Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Arltansaa, Red, and Missouri rivers and their tribu- taries, and the Red river of the North, traversed by more than twenty thousand miles of navigable waters, will soon be densely peopled; new States to the west of those already admitted will soon Icnock for admission into the Union; the supera- bundant products of an almost inexhaust- ible fertility will be pouring over the lakes and railways, and through the rivers and canals, imparting activity to trade, giving life, strength and vital energy to the large- ly augmenting commerce of the West As the star of empire westward weuds its way, widening the distance from the great sea-board marts of trade, the prospective wants and increased productions of scores of millions of people will from necessity create cheaper and more expeditious facil- ities fbr the transportation of their surplus products to market. There is no country on the face of the globe that has so many natural advantages for a large and extend- ed internal trade as the great West and Northwest. "The great basin east of the Rocky Mountains is drained by the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, and theit waters find an outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. The great lakes, having an area equal to one twenty-fifth part of the Atlantic Ocean, are drwned by the river St. Lawrence, and find an outlet in the Gulf of St Lawrence. The construc- tion of a few miles of canal makes a nav- igable connection from tLd ocean to the great chain of hikes. These natural ad- vantages have been Improved to some ex- tent <» the United Stetes by the construc- tion of a canal through the State cf l^aw York, that now has a prism forty-five feet at the bottom and seventy feet at the top, with seven feet of water, with locks 18 feet 6 inches wide by 100 feet long. There is also a canal one hundred miles long connecting the Illinois river with lake Mioliigan at Chicago, and slack wster navigation connecting Green Bay, Wiscon- sin, with the Mississippi river. By the construction of a ship canal about three- fourths of a mile in length, from Big Stone Lake to Lake Traver in Minnesota, steamboats from St. Paul could navigate both the Minnesota river and tlio Red river of the North to Lake Winnepeg^ a distance of seven hundred miles. The country traversed by these rivers is sur- passingly fertile and capable of sustaining a dense population. Lake Winnepeg is larger than Lake Ontario, and receives the Sas-katch-e-wan river from the West. The Sas-katch-e-wan river is navigable to a point (Edmonton House) near the Rocky Mountains, seven hundred miles west of Lake Winnepeg, and only 150 miles east of the celebrated gold diggings on Frazcr river in British Columbia. Tlie digg^g of tiiat one mile of canal, would, there- fore, enable a steamboat ut New Orleans to pass into Lake Winnepeg and from thence to Edmonton House, some 6,000 miles. A move has already been made for constructing this short canaL By en- larging the Illinois and Michigan canal and improving the navigation of the Illi- nois river, and improving and completing the shick water navigation of the Fox river in Wisconsin, connecting Green Bay with the ^lississippi river, and still ftir- ther enlarging the main trunk of the N"ew York canals, steamers could be passed from New York or the Gulf of St Law- rence, either through the canals of New York or Canada into the great lakes, and ftom thence to the head waters of the Sas-katch-c-wan, the Missouri, the Yellow Stone rivers, bemg "ome 6.000 to 6,000 milei bordi was 862,6 6691 of th cerca 9,178 1860, in po deear creas Shall Willi a ceri mis acer< in 18 a ocn and I with of yei reach they of bu falo 1 in th< «47,2 grain 360,0 of th( on til years • gra .of bu ^onal ^Otw^ tork topaf of gri in the ingn( requii . 1880, mm FIRST STKAUBOAT ON I.AKK XRtK. 89 jh the State of IJew k prisni forty-flve feet renty feet at the top, mter, with locks 18 by 100 feet long, one hundred mfles lUinois river vrith jago, and slack w»ter J Green Bay, Wiscon- sippi river. By the p canal about three- n length, from Big Traver in Minnesota, Paul could navigate , river and the Red Lake Winnepeg, a lundred miles. The r these rivers is sur- capable of sustaining Lake Winnepeg is tario, and receives the or from the West. , river is navigable to [ouse) near the Rocky indred miles west of 1 only 150 miles east id diggings on Frazer umbia. Tlie digg^g canal, would, there- boat ut New Orleans Winnepeg and from I House, some 6,000 I already been made I short canaL By en- and Michigan canal lavigation of the lUi- oving and completing ivigation of the Fox connecting Green Bay i river, and still ftir- aain trunk of the K*etv lers could be passed the Gulf of St. Law- :h the canals of New } the great lakes, and ( head waters of the 3 Missouri, the Yellow •ome 6.000 to 6,000 miles. The cereal product of the States bordering on and tributary to the lakes was 267,295,877 bushels in 1840; 434,- 862,661 bushels in 1860, against 679,031,- 660 bushels in 1860, and the population of these States has kept pace with their cereal products, being 6,269,345 in 1840; 9,178,003 in 1860, against 13,366,093 in 1860, an increase of nearly fifty per cent, in population and cereal products in each decade. If the same rate per cent, of in- crease in population and cereal products shall bo continued, these States in 1870 will have a popuhttion of 20.032,639, with a cereal product of 1,008,557,338 bushels; in 1880, a population of 30,048,958, with a cereal product of 1,312,821,000 bushels; in 1890, a population Of 66,073,437, with a cereal product of 2,269,231,610 bushels, and in 1900 a population of 67,610,166, with a cereal product of 3,403,847,266. "The grain trade of Buffalo for a series of years, given in this report, has already reached upwards of 72,000,000 bushels for the year 1862. If a crop of 680,000,000 of bushels of cereal products, gives Buf- falo 72,000,000 of bushels of that crop; in the year 1900, with a crop of 3,403,- >^7,266 busiiels of cereal products, the frain trade of Buffalo will be upward of 60,000,000 of bushels. The calculations of the forty years of the future are based on the actual results of the last thirty years. The year 1870 will give to Buffalo a grain trade of upwards of 107,000,000 of bushels, and if there sliall be a propor-^ donate increase in the Krain trade of Otwego^ the present capacity of the New Tork canals will be entirely inadequate .to pass through them this large amount of grain in addition to the largo increase in uie tonnage of other commMlities, say- ing nothing of the capacity that will be required for the augmented business in . 1880, 1890, and 1900." The Flrnt Steamboat on E>ake Erie. The Detroit Tiibnne furnishes some in- teresting extracto on this subject, taken from the flies of the Detroit Gazette, of 1818. We select the following descrip- tion of the reception of this monster of the great deep by the " Wolverinet" of that day. "AuouBT 26, 1818 :— Yesterday, be- tween the hours of 10 and 7 1 a. m., the elegant steamboat Walk•in^t^e^ Water, Capt. J. Pish, arrived. — As she passed the pub- lie wharf, and that owned by Mr. J. 8. Roby, she was cheered by hundreds of the inhabitants, who had collected to wit- ness this (in these waters) truly novel and grand spectacle. She came to at Wing's wharf She left Buffalo at half-past 1 o'clock on the 23d, and arrived o&' Dun- kirk at 35 minutes past 6 on the same day. On the next morning she arrived at Erie, Capt. Fish having reduced her steam during the night, in order not to pass that place, where she took in a sup- ply of wood. At half-past 7 p. m. she left Erie, and came to at Cleveland at 11 o'clock. On Friday, at 20 minutes past 6 o'clock, p. M., sailed and arrived off Sandusky Bay at I o'clock on Wednesday ; lay at anchor during the night, and then pro- ceeded to Tenice to wood; left Venice at 3 p. u., and arrived at the mouth of the Detroit River, where she anchored during the night —the whole time employed in sailing, in this first voyage from Buffalo to this, being about 44 hours and 10 min- utes ; the wind ahead during nearly the whole passage. Not the slightest accident| happened during the voyage, and all our machinery worked admirably. " Nothing could exceed the surprise of the sons of the forest on seeing the Walk- in-lhe- Water moving majestically and rap- idly against a strong current, without the asHistonce of sails or oars. They lined the banks near Maiden, and ezpreiued m0» 80 COHMKRCK or TRB LAKM. their Mtonishnrant by repeated iihouts of ' rai-yoh nichee.' A report had been cir- culated among them, that a 'big canoef would Roon come fVom the noity waters, which, by order of the great father of the Cho-mu-ko-rmms, would be drawn through the lakes and rirem by iturgetml Of the truth of the report thay are now per- fectly mtisfled. The cabins of this boat are fitted up in a neat, conrenient, and elegant style; and the manner hi which she is found, does honor to the proprie- tors and to her commandei-. A passage between this place and finffuk) in now not merely tolerable, but truly pleasant. To- day ahe will make a»trlp to Lake St. CTair, with a large party of ladies and gentle- men. She will leave for Buffalo to-mor- row, and may be expected to ridt na again nest week." TABLE, EzmBinira thb Tokkaqi ct the sereral Lake Districts in the United States, on the 30th June, 1866. DnraioTC. Bute. takm,*e. Total Tonnage. Burlington Vermont Champlain. New York. . . Oswego. " Niagara " Genesee " Oswegatcbie " BuSUo " Dunkirk. •• Erie Fennsylrania. . Cuyahoga (Cleveland). .Ohio. Sandusky " Toledo " Detroit Michigan . . . . , Mackinac " . . . . . Milwaukee Wisconsin . . . Chicago Illinois .Champlain . .Ontario., .St. Lawrence River. .Erie .Detroit River. .Huron .Michigan Total Lake Tonnage Total Tonnage in the United SUtea. 2,946 6,131 03,612 2,588 1,726 2,026 94,603 »,667 8,730 63,629 13,000 11,691 73,638 1,392 24,616 86,685 482,478 8,368,47» ■:i, '.iJ 1 9 Th] firom] flieno by the Jlailn tliroui Falls, miles, Railwi Lewis •gara Am< andtli The mode ■cendL to Chi] and Oi on ws; Sv ■ton, < ara, C. thelatt tained Kiagar flratob old Fd oanii,Ji foot of strong *i the manner in which lonor to the proprie- ■mande>'. A passage ad fiaffuk) in now not t truly pleasant. To- .triptoLakeStaair, of ladies and gentk- 'e for Buffalo to-mor- •zpeoted to ridt us in the United States, Total Tonnage 2,946 6,131 , 03,612 2,588 1,725 nt. . . . 2,025 94,603 7,667 .../.. 8,730 62,529 13,000 11,601 72,638 1,393 24,616 86,686 482,478 8,368,4T» - y;ai. -nil .:-i bahboad ahb stiaiooat sovtbs Wrom Bnflhlo to Nlagmn Fall*, Toronto, etc. goremment have recently erected for the protection of the rirer and the city of BuflUo. ■Watebloo, C. W., three miles beloti Buffalo and opposite Block Rock (now i part of Buffalo), with which it is connect od by a steam-ferry, ia handsomely situ ated on the west side of Niagara River, which is here about half a mile wide. The Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad runs from Fort Erie, near Waterloo, to Paris, 0. W., where it connects with the Great Western Railway of Canada. It is now completed to Goderich, C. W- i^ing on Lake Huron. Grand Islaito, belonging to the Uni- ted States, is passed on the right in de- scending the river. It is a large and val- uable tract of good land, abounding witii white oak of a superior quality. Navy Island, belonging to the British, is next passed, lying within gun-shot of the mainland. This island obtained great notoriety in the fall and winter of 1837-'8, when it wa3 occupied by the " Patriots,'* as they were styled, during the troubles in Canada. The Steamer Caroline was destroyed on the night of December 20th, 1837, while lying at Schlosser's Landing, O'l the American shore, having been en- gaged in transporting persons to and from the island, which was soon after evacuated. Opposite Navy Island, on the Canada side, near Chippewa battle-ground, is tho houae in which Captain Usher resided, when murdered in 1838. It is supposed he fell by the hands of some of the de- luded patriots, having been shot by a se- cret foe, while in hia own house. Chippewa, 20 miles below Bufblo, and two miles above the Falls, ia on the west side of Niagara River, at the mouth of a Thi most usual mode of conveyance fix>m Buffalo to the Falls of Niagara, and ttence to Lake Ontario, or into Canada, is by tho Buffalo, Xidgara Falts and Leuiiiton Railroad, 28 miles in length. It runs Wirongh Tonawanda, 11 miles; Niagara Falls, 22 miles; Suspension Bridge, 24 miles, connecting with the Great Weitem Railway of Canada, and terminatci at Lewiston, the head of navigation on Ni- agara River, 28 miles. American and Canadian steamers of a urge class leave Lewiston several times daily, for different ports on Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. There is also another very desirable mode of conveyance, by Steamboat, de- scending the Niagara River, from Buffalo to Chippewa, C. W., thence by tt e Erie and Ontario Railroad, 17 miles in locvth; passing in fiill view of the Falls, to' the (flifton House, three mUes betow Chippe- wn; Suspension Bridge, five miles; Queen- ston, eleven miles, terminating at Niag- •HL C. W., thirty-flve miles from Buffalo. '■ A» the steamboat leaves BuflUo, on the latter route, a One view may be ob- tained of Lake Erie and both shores of Niagara River. On the Canada side, the first objecto of interest are the ruins of old FoBT Erik, captured by the Ameri- cans, Julv 3d, 1814. It ia situated at the foot of the lake, opposite the site of a •trong fortress which the United States 82 TRIP rHROUOII TIIK LAKK8. creek of the tamo name, which is naviga- ble to Port Kouinbon, somu eight or ten niiloH west ; the latter place being on the lino of titu Welland Oitnal. Tlie village of Ciiippewa contains a population of about l.OUU Boula. Steambuata anH lalce craft of a large size are built at this place for the trade of Lake Erie and the Upper Lakes. It has obtained a place in history on account of the bloody battle which was fought near it in the war of 1812, between the United States and Qreat Britain. The battle was fought on the 0th of July, 1814, on the plains, a short distance south of the steamljoat landing. The American forces were commanded by Major-Qeneral Jacob Brown, and the British, by Major-General Riall, who, af- ter an obstinate and sanguinary tight, was aefeated, with considerable loiiB. At Chippewa commences thti railroad extending to Niagara, at the mouth of the river, » distance of 17 miles. Steamboats continue the line of travel from both ends of this road, thus furnishing an interesting and speedy conveyance between Lakes Krie and Ontario. On ariving in the Ticinity of the Falls OF Niagara, the cars atop near the Clifton llonae, situated near the ferry leading to the American side. The site of this house was chosen as giving the best view of both the American and Canadian or Horse-Shoo Falls, whicii are seen horn the piazzas and front windows. This is the most interest ing approach to the Falls. In aiddition to tlie Falls, there are other points of attraction on the Canada side of the river. The collection of curiosities at the Museum, and the Camera Obscura, which gives an exact and beautiful, though miniature image of the E'alls, are well wor- thy of a visit. The Bufing Spring, two miles above the Falls, i.. also much fre- quented; and the rides to the battle- grounds in this vicinity makes an exhila- rating and very pleasant excursion. For lurtber descnption of Falls, see page 149. DRrnMONDsvir.i.K, one mile w<..;t of the FoUa, and situated on jMndy'a Laiie, is celebrated as the scene of another Ran- gLiinary engagemi-nt between the Ameri- can and British forces, July 25, 1814. The following is a brief, though coricct account of the engagement : "On the after- noon of the above day, while the Aniori- can army was on their march from Jihrl George (oward thrt Erie, ascending the west bank of the river, their rear-gtinrd, under the imfaiediat3 command of Uou. fjcott, was attacked by the advanced ^ard of tlio British army, under Uen. Riall, the British having been reinforced after their defeat at Chippewa, on the 6th of the same month. This brought on a general conflict of the most obstinate and deadly character. . As 89on as attacked. Gen. Scott advanced with his division, a^nounting to about 3,000 men, to the open ground facing the heights occupied by the main British army, where, were planted several heavy pieces of can- non. Between eight and nine o'clock in the evening, on the arrival of reinforcements to both armies, the battle became general and raged tor severnl hours, with alternate success on both sidc^; each army evin- cing the most determined bravery and re- sistance. The command of the respective forces was now assumed b^ Major Gen. Brown and Lieut.-Gen. Drummond, each having under his command a well-disci- plined army. The brave (Amerioan) GoL Miller was ordered to advance and seize the artillery of the British, which he effected at the point of the bayonet in tlie most gallant manner. Gen. Riall, of the English army, was captured, and the pos- session of the battle-ground contested un- til near midnight, when 1,700 men being either killed or wounded, the conflicting armies, amounting altogether to about 6,000 strong, ceased the deadly conflict, and for a time the bloody field was left un- occupied, except by the dead and wounded. When the British discovered that the Americans had encamped one or two miles ^mw- ' j-VM. ! * *■ fi, one milo w<..e t reinforced after tlieir on the 6th of the same lit on a general conflict e and deadly character. . i, Gen. Scott advanced (lounting to about 3,000 ound facing the heighto in British army, where, i\ heavy pieces of can- >t and nine o'doclc in rrival of reinforcements battle became general il hours, with alternate de«; each army ovin- rmined bravery and re- mand of the respective isumed b^ Major Oen. Gen. Drummond, each command a well-disci- brave (Amerioan) GoL i to advance and seize le British, which he t of the bayonet in the Bt. Gen. Riall, of the captured, and the pos- e-ground contested un* ivhen 1,700 men being }unded, the conflicting altogether to about ed the deadly conflict, iloody field was left un- tbe dead and wounded. ih discovered that the unped one or two miles distan formei most I the lai a rict noitho diet" Clii situate Great with t tioD ol Que tho Fi above Lake village nee ted length 60 dw Scotch churcl] tliree celcbn strife forces, troops oomiiu selaor, mandp for the powen ing to many whole era am Majc mande flght,T monuD where first n gunpoi act, Bs person 1837-' Bboi mence< BOUT! rROM BUrrALO TO MIAQARA ITALLS, BTO. W distant, thpy returnod and occupied tlieir former poHilion. Tliua ended one of the moat bloody conHictn that occiirrvd during; the last war; and while each poj-ty buaiitod a victory, altogetlier too dearly bought, noithor was diiiposed to renew the cun- diet" CLirroN is a now and flouriHhing village, situated at the western termination of the Great Western Railway, where it connects with the Sufpenition Uruige. For descrip- tion of route to Detroit, tui., see page 5U. QuEENSTON, situated seven miles below the Falls, and about the same distance above the ontrance of Niagara River into Lake Ontario, lies directly opposite the village of Lewi.ston, with which it is con- nected by a Suspension Bridge 850 feet in length. It contains about 6UU inhabitants, 60 dwelling-houses, one Kpisoopal, one Scotch Presbyterian, and ono Baptist church, four taverns, four stores, and three warehouses. This place is also celebrated as being tlie scene of a deadly strife between the American and Britlah forces, October Vi, 1812. The American troops actually engaged in the fight were commanded by Uon. Solomon Van Rens- selaer, and both the troops and their oom- mandp- greatly distinguished themselves for their bravery, although ultimately over- powered by superior numbem In attempt- ing to regain their own side of the river many of the Americans perished; the whole loss in killed, wounded, and prison- ers amounting to at leaat 1,000 men. Major-Ooneral Brock, the British com- mander, was killed in the middle of the fight, while leading on his men. A now monument stands on the heights, noar where he fell, erected to his memory. The first monument was nearly destroyed by gunpowder, April IT, 1840; an infamous act, said to have been perpetrated by a person concerned in the insurrection of 1837-'38. Brook's nbw Mokuubnt was com- menced in 1853, and finished in 1856; being 186 feet high, ascended on the in< side by a spiral staircase of 236 stone steps. The base is 40 feet square and 35 feet in height, surmounted by a tablet 36 feet high, with historical devices on the four sides. The main shaft, about 100 feet, is tlutod and surmounied by a Corin- tliian capital, on which ia placed a colossal figure of Mi^orOoneral Brock, 18 fee^ in height This beautiful structure uost £10,000 sterling, being entirely con- structed of a cream-colored stone quar- ried in the vicinity. A massive stone wall, 80 feet square, adorned with mUi- tary figures and trophies at the comers, 27 feet in height, surrounds the monu- ment, leaving space for a grass-plot and walk on the inside of the enclosure. nie following is tbe insoription: Cpper (/uuds Has dedicated this Monnment to the memory of the Ut« Ml ]or-Cenenl Sir Uaao Bbook, K. B. Provlilunal Lleat.- ! aiwa;i!ii<^ ; ,->■ This was the scene 1813, in ^hich the rious. A new fort he point of land at jr, directly opposite the American side. a called Fort MoMOr [>n the Canada gide, Fort Erie, opposite bj the American Ksiirrod a succession letermined and bril- KRT. se; from a compu- . made at the out- quantity thus dis- ly millions of cubic 600,000 tons per 4 great volume of ■, plunges over the commences at Bird the mouth of Buf- by the site of old loo on the Canada lace a steam ferry- 'iver to Black Rock, tlie city of Buffalo. construct a railroad im, about 1,800 feet TBAWBKBBT ISLAND lying on the Amor- near the head of ver is here used in [1, a pier extending lird Island, forming ack Rock Harbor, ichod to Kr'e Co., ROUTK FROM BUFrALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, E10. S5 N. Y., is a large and important body of land, about ton miles long from north to south, and seven miles wide. This island is partly cleared and cultivated, while the larger portion is covered with a large growth of oaks and other forest trees. The ship or steamboat channel runs along the bank of Grand Island to nearly opposite Chippewa, Vrhere the whole stream unites bufore plunging over the Falls of Niagara, being again separated at the head of Goat Island. From this point the awe-truck traveller, can scan tlie quiet waters abeve, and tlie raging rapids below, preparing to plunge over the Cataract. Cayuoa Island and Btokhorn Island are small bodiou of land belonging to the United States, situated immediately be- low Grand Island. Navy Island, lying opposite the vil- lage of Chippewa, 18 miles below the head of the river, is a celebrated island belonging to the Canadians, having been taken possession of by the sympathizing patriots in 1837, when a partial rebellion occurred in Upper and Lower Canada. TONA WANDA, 11 mQes below Buffalo, is situated at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek, opposite Grand Island. The Erie Oanai here enters the creek, which it fol- lows for severid miles on its course to- ward Lockport. A railroad also runs to Lockport, connectmg with the New York GtntrcU Hailruad, extending to Albany. A ship canal is proposed to be construct- ed from Tonawanda to some eligible point on Lake Ontario, thus formiug a rival to the Welland Canal of Canada. Sculossbr's Landinq, two miles above Niagara Falls village, is a noted steam- boat landing, opposite Cliippewa, from wlienoe the steamer Caroline was cut adrift by the British and destroyed, by being precipitated over the Falls during tho' Canadian rebellion, December 29t^ 1837. Tius Rapids. — Below Navy Island, be- tween Chippewa and Sohlosser, the river is nearly three miles in width, but soon narrows to one mile, when the Rapids commence, and continue for about, one mile before reaching the edge of the preci- pice at the Horse-Shoe FalL At the commencement of the Bapids, " the bed of the river declines, the chan- nel contracts, numerous large rocks heavo up the rolling surges, and dispute tho passage of the now ragin^ and foaming floods. The mighty torrent leaping down successive ledges, dashing over opposing elevations, Imrled back by ridges, and repelled from shores and islands — plung- ing, boiling, roaring — seems a mad wil> demess of waters striving against its bettor fate, and hurried on to destruction by its own blind and reckless impetuosi- ty. Were there no cataract, these Rapids would yet make Niag^ara the wonder of the world." Iris, or Goat Island, commences near the head of the Rapids, and extends to tlie precipice, of which it forms a part, separating the American Fall from the Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall. It is about half a mile in length, eighty rods wide, and contains over sixty acres of arable land, being for the most part covered with a heavy growth of forest trees of a variety of species, and native plants and flowers. A portion of the island, however, has been cleared off", and a i^arden enclosed, in which are some excellent fruit-trees, and a variety of native and foreign plants and flowers, and a ttsh-pond. The 'sland is remarkably cool, shady, and pleasant, and is an object of imcoasing admiration from year to year. Comfortable seats and arbors are placed at the moat interesting points, where the visit-jr can sit at ease and enjoy the beautiful and sublime views presentee tn hio sight— often entranced by a deafening roar of mighty waters in their descent, accompanied by chang- ing rainbows of the most gorgeous do- noription. i I 86 TRIP THROUOH THE LAKES. Niagara. WUirriX DT LTDU H. SiaOCBHIT. Flow on foTOTor, in thy glorious robe or tenor and of beauty; Ood hnth set His rainbow on thy forchpoil, and the cload Mantles aniiind tbr feet, and He doth rlre T|iy voice of thuniier power to speak of Ulan Eternally ; bidding the Up of man Keep silence, and upon th" rocky altar Pour inoenae of awe-struck prai3& OoAT Island BmoaB.— The Niagara ^aila OaxeHe gives the following desorip- tion of tliis new structure : "This bridge across the east branch of the Kiagara Rirer is situated in the Rap- ids, about sixty rods above the Cataract, on the site of the old wooden bridge. It is 360 feet long, and consiuts of four r^:Loii of ninety feet span each, supported be- tween the abutments of three piers. The piers above water nre built of heavy out Btone, and are twenty-two feet long and six feet wide, tapering one foot in the height. The foundations are formed of foot-square oak timber, strongly flwned and bolted together in cribs, filled with stone, and covered with timber at the sur- face of the water. These timber-founda- tions are protected against wear and injury from ice by heavy plates of iron, and be- ing always covered with water, will be as durable as the stone. "The superitructure is of iron, on the plan of Whipple's iron-arched bridge. The whole width is twenty-seven feet, affording a double carriage-way of sixteen and a half feet, and two foot- ways of five and a fourth feet each, with iron railings. The arehes are of cast iron, and the chords, suspenders, and braces of wrought iron. All the materials used in the con- struction are of the best quality, and the size and strength of all the parts far beyond what are deemed necessary in bridges exposed to the severest tests. " This substantial and beautiful struc- ture, spanning a branch of this majes- tic river in the midat of the rapidp, and overlooking the cataract, is worthy of the site it oocupies and affords another in- stance of the trumph of humaii ingenuity over the obst&f'es of nature. " The islands connected by this bridge with the American shore are the property of Messrs. Porter, and constitute the most interesting features in the scenery sur- rounding the cataract This bridge has been erected by them to fiiciliUte com- munication with these interesting Reali- ties not otherwise accessible." This IS a toll-bridge, every foot passen- ger being charged 25 cents for the season, or single crossing. There are upward of thirty islands and islets in the Niagara River or Strait, above the cataract. Most of those not described are small, and scarcely worthy of enumer- ation, although those immediately contigu- ous to Ooat Island form beautiful objects in connection with the rushing and mic' ./ waters by which they are surcouuded. Saik Island, Brig Island, Chapin'i Island, and Bird Island, all situated immediately above the American Fall, are reached by bridges. When on Goat Island, turning to the right toward the Falls, the first object of interesi, is Hogg's Back, a point of land facing the American Fall, — Bridge to Ad- ington Island immediately above the Cave of the Winds, 1 60feet below. Sam. Patch's Pohit is next passed on the right, from which he took a fearful leap some years since. Biddle's Stairs descend to the water's edge below and the Cave of the Winds, which are annually visited by thousands of visitors. Terrapin Bridge and Terrapin Tower afford a grand view of the Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall and Rapids abo/e the Falls. Three Sister Isl- ands are contiguous to Ooat Island, on the American side. Passing around Ooat Isl- and toward the south, a grand view ia afforded of the river and rapids above the Canadian and Amerioon Falls. )ru(,l i iiJH g^ of the rapidp, aod it, is worthy of the ifforda another in- >f humaTi iag^nuity iiture. Bted by this bridge re are the property Bonstitute the most I the scenery sur- This bridge has 1 to bdlitdtu com- interesting Icoali- ssible." every foot paasen- mts for the season, ' thirty islands and rer or Strait, abore lioee not described worthy of enumer- imediately coutigu- a beautifi'l objects rushing and mic' >/ y are surcouuded. d, ChapMs Island, :uated immediately all, are reached by nd, turning to the the first object of k, a point of land all, — Bridge to Ad- ely above the Gave ilcv. Sam. Patch's on the right, from ill leap some years i descend to the and the Gave of annually visited by Terrapin Bridge lord a grand view orse-Shoe Fall and . Three Sister Isl- Ooat Island, on the ig around Ooat Isl- [, a grand view is id rapids above the a Falls. the< ing diffei that forai . thro . of a] neig belie totfa fies tti catai in a wate Lake Brie, 60 tiun ble ( toon • be tu ,,- muci inth inth is tta >*■ „ HIVIM^'l IIOUTS rROM BUFFALO TO HIAOABA FALLS, XTO. 8T Niagara is a word of Indian origin — the orthography, accentuation, and mean- ing of which, are variously given by different authors. It is highly probable that this diversity might be accounted forandexplained by tracingthe appellation through the dialects of the several tribes of aborigines who formerly inhabited the neighboring country. There is reason to believe, however, that the etymon belongs to the language of the Iroquois, and signi- fies the " Thunder of Waters." " When the traveUer first arrives at the cataract he stands and gazes, and is lost in admiration. The mighty volume of water which forms the outlet of the great Lakes Superior, Michigiui, Huron, and Erie, is here precipitated over a precipice GO feet high, with a roar likcf that of fciunder, which may be heard, in favora- ble circumstances, to the distance of fif- teen miles, though, at times, the Falls may be nearly approached without perceiving much to indicate a tremendous cataract in the vicinity. In consequence of a bend in the river, the principal "tight of water is thrown on the Canadian aide, down what is called th» Ifprge-Shoe Fall, which name has become in- appropriate, as the edges of the precipice have ceased to be a curve, and form a moderately acute an- gle. Near the mid- dle of the fall. Goat Jiland, containing 16 acres, extends to the brow of the precipice, dividing the river into two parts; and a small projecting mass of rock at a little distance from it, toward the American shore, again divides the cataract on that side. Goat Island, at the lower end, presents a perpendicu- lar mass of rocks, extending from the bot- tom to the top of the precipice. A bridge has been constructed from the American shore to Bath Island, and another connects the latter with Groat Island, and a tower is erentdd on tlie brow of the Horse-Shoe Fall, approached from Qoat Island by a short bridge, on which the spectator seems to stand over the edge of the mighty cat- aract, and which aflbrds a fine view of tliis part of it. The distance at the fall from the American shore to Qoat Island is 65 rod* ; across the front of Goat Island is 7d rods; around the Horse-Shoe Fall,, on the Canadian side, 144 rods; directly across the Horse-Shoe, 14 rods. The height of the fall near the American shore is 163 feet; near Goat Island, on the same side, 158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Canada side, 164 feet. Table Rock, a shelving projection on the Canadian side, at the edge of the precipice, is 150 feet high. This place is generally thought to present the finest view of the Falls; though, if the spectator will visit the tow- er on the opposite side on Goat Island, at stnrise, when the whole cavity is enlight- ened by the sun, and the gorgeous bow trembles in the rising spray, he cannot elsewhere, the world ovei, ei\joy such an •t TRIP THROUGH THI LACKS. inoomparable scene. A covered stairway on the American side descends from the top to the bottom of the precipice. " It has been computed that 100 million tons of water are discharged over the precipice every hour. The Rapids oom- Inenco about a mile above the Falla, and the water descends 57 feet befo « it ar- rives at the cataract. The view fh>m the bridge to Goat Island, of the troubled water dashing tumultuously over the roclcs of the American fall, is terriflo. While curiosity constitutes an attribute of the human character, these falls will be frequented by admiring and delighted visitors aa one of the grandest exhibitions in nature. " This stupendous Cataract, situated in north latitude 43° 6', aud west longitude 2° 6' from Washington, is 22 miles north from the effliiz of the river at Lake Erie, and 14 miles soutli of its outlet into Lalce Ontario. Tho whole length of the rivor is therefore 36 miles, its general course is a few points to the west of north. Though commonly called a river, this portion of tbe St. Lawrence is, more properly speaking, a strait, connecting, as above mentioned, the Lakes Erie and Ontario, and conduct- ing the superfluous waters of the great seas and streams above, through a broad an4 divided, and afterward compressed, devious, and irregular channel to the lat- ter lake, into which it empties — the point of union being about 40 miles from the western extremity of Lake Ontario. " The climate of the Niagara is in the b'ghust degree healthful and invigorating. The atmosphere, constantly acted upon by tho rushing water, the noise, and the spray, is kept pure, refreshing, and salu- tary. There are no stagnant pools or marshes near to send abroad their fetid exhahitions and noxious miasmas, poison- ing the air and producing disease. " Sweet-breathing herbs and beautiful wild flowers spring up spontaneously even on the aides, and in the crevices of tho giant rocks ; and luxuriant dusters of flrs and other stately forest trees cover the islamds, crown the cliffs, and overhang the banks of Niagara. Ilere are no mos- quitoes to annoy, no reptiles to alarm, and no wild animals to intimidate, yet thnro is life and vivacity. The many-hued but- terfly sips ambrosia firom the fresh opened honey -cup ; birds carol their lays of love among the spray-starred branches; and the lively squirrel skips chattering from tree to tree. Varieties of water-fowl, at certain seasons of the year, sport among the rapids, the sea-guU plays around the precipice, and the eagle — ^the banner bird of freedom — hovers above the oatara.t, plumes his gray pinions in its curling mists, and makes his home among the giant flrs of its inaccessible islands. " No place on the civilized earth oSbrs such attractions and inducements to visi- tors as Niagara, and tliey can never be fully known except to those who see and study them, from the utter impossibility of describing such a scene as this wonder- ful cataract presents. When motion can be expressed by color, there will be some hope of imparting a faint idea of it ; but until that can be done, Niagara must re- main undescribed." Cataract of Niagara. "Shrine of Omnipotence I how vast, how grand, How awful, y(!t now t>eautifUI thou art! PillarM around thy everltiKting hills, KolH'd in the drapery of dosci'nding floods, OrowntMl by tho rainbow, canopied by clonds-' ' That roH in incense up from thy dread bane, :)■ Hid by thoir mantling o'er the vast ttl>ysa , - Upon ^-hose verge thou atandeat, whence aS- cenc's Tae mishty anthem of thy Mailer's praise, Uvmn'a in eternal thunderi /" ,<, Below the Falls, the first objects of in* terost are the Ferry Stairs and Point View on the American side ; wliile on the op- posite wher tocoi Table inten Ab the e drow point queni Th artiflc two when Viagc Sttspt aud ( river, vith ■ Th( lelow g-eat Th( iialsc vith I a det jrecif by In 1759. sprea( valley ceptio Blood, foi'ce, precip of int Hole. The thene ton H the C Bridgt oljjecti sized ' The I.e\vig fartlie teou b ROUTJB FROU BUVrALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, KTC. 89 Dt dufltora of flrs trees cover the I, and overhang iere are no mos- ptilea to alarm, midate, yet thnro I many-hued but- the flresh opened leir lays of lore I branches; and chattering ftom f water-fowl, at lar, sport among tlays around the -the banner bird ve the oatara.t, its curling mists, >ng the gwnt flrs I. [Ized earth ofibrs iccments to visi- y can never be ose who see and ter impossibility > as this woudor- hen motion can ere will be smue idea of it; but Niagara must re- lagara. w vast, how grand, il thnuartt ng hills, ct'iirling floods, n<>i>i«il by vIonilB thy (Iruiid blue, he vast abyss ^ indest, whence «*• faker's praise. st objects of in* and Point View liile on the op- posite side ia a ferry-house and landing, where carriages arc usually to be found to convey passenger; to the Clifton House, Table Rock, and other places of groat interest. About 30 rods below the Ferry £>'.airs is the spot where the hermit Abbot was drowned. Half a mile below the latter point is Catlin's Cave, formerly much fre- quented. The SusPRMsioir Bridoi, the greatest artificial curiosity in America, is situated two miles and a half below the Falls, where has recently sprung into existence Viagara City, or better known as the Suspension Bridge, on the American side, aad Clifton on the Canadian side of the river, here being about 800 feet in width, vith perpendicuUr banks of 325 feet. The Whirlpool and Rapids, one mile lelow the Bridge, are terriflc sights of Jfeat interest, and well worthy b visit. The DeviPa Hole, one mile farther down, ij also a point of great attraction, together vith the Bloody Hun, a small stream wliere a detacliment of English soldier? wore jrecipitatcd in their flight from an attack by Indians during the old French war in 1759. An amphitheatre of high ground spreads around and perfectly encloses the valley of the Devil's Hole, with the- ex- ception of a narrow ravine formed by Bloody Run — from which, against a large force, there is no escape, except over the precipice. The Ice Cave is another object of interest connected with the Devil's Hole. The Rapids below the Whirlpool are the next object of attraction ; then Queens- ton Heights and Brock's Monument on the Canadian side, and the Suspension Bridge at Lewiston; altogether forming oljjects of interest sufficient to fill a well- sized volume. The Niagara River ia navigable from l/owistou to its mouth at Fort Niagara, a further distance of sovou miles, or four- teou below the Falls of Niagara. The jiUage of Niagara Falls, Niagara Co., N. Y., is situated on the east side of Niagara River, in the immediate vicinity of the grand Cataract, 22 miles from Buf- falo and 303 miles from Albany by rail- road route. A'o place in the Union exceeds this favored spot as a fashionable place of resort during the summer and fdl months, when hundreds of visitors may be seen every day flocking to Goat Island, or points contiguous to the Rapids and Falls. The village contains several large hotels for the accommodation of visitors, the most noted of which are the Cataract House and the International Hotel ; the Monteagle Hotel, situated two miles be- low the Falls, near the Suspension Bridge, and the CUfton House, on the Canada side, are all alike popular and well-kept hotels ; there are five churches of different denominations; 15 stores, in many of which aro kept for sale Indian curiosities and fancy work of different kinds. The water-power here afforded by the de- scending stream, east of Goat Idand, is illimitable. A paper-mill, a flouring-miU, two saw-mills, a woollen factory, a ftir- nace aad machine shop, together with other manufnoturing establishments, hero use the water-power so bountiftilly si' /- plied. The population is about 3,600.~ The railroads centring at the Falls are the Buffalo, Niagara IhUs and Lewittm Railroad, and the JVew York Central Rail- road ; the latter road connecting at Buffak) with the Nino York and Erie Railroad, and forming with other roads a direct route to Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washm.^tton. .".n omnibus line and hacks run i\orx the TiUage of Niagara Falls to Niagara City, or Suspension Bridge, during the summer months, and thence to the Clifton House and Table Rock on Canada side. Niagara City, situated two miles below the Falls, at the Stixpension Bridge, is a new and flourishing' place containing about 1,500 inhabitants. Hero is situated the Monteagle Hold. 40 TUtP TUROUOU -I'HK LAKKS. ' 8U8FEH8I0N BRIDGE AND TUB CatanMst and Rapids of Niagara. To give the reader some idea of the grandeur of this triumph of engineering BlciU— THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE— we copy the fdlowing utide bom a late Buffalo paper: AN ENGINEER'S MONUMENT. Spanning the chasm of the Niagara River, uniting the territories of two difl'cr- ent Governments, and sustaining the unin- terrupted railroad traffic of the Provinces of Canada with the United States, 250 feet above a flood of water which man has never been able to ferry, stands the monu- ment of John A. Roedlino. The Niagara Bailway Suspetision Bridge, is the grandest and the most distinguisliing achievement of Art in this world. It is the proudest, it is the most beautiful, and will prove to be the most enduring monument anywhere ■et up on thia continent. R.;gajrd this wonderful product t " engi- neering slcill. Its span is 822 feet. Yet an engine, tender and passenger car, load- 1 ed with men, and weighing altogether 47 tons, depress the long floor in the centre but 6i inches. The Bridge, loaded with a loaded freight train, covering its whole length, and weighing 326 tons, is deflected in the middle only 10 inches. Tliis ex- treme depression is perceptible only to practised eyes. The slighter changes of tevol require to be ascertained with in- stroments. Delicate as lace work, and seemingly light and airy, it hanp;s there high between heaven and the boihng flood below, more solid than the earthbcds of the adjacent railways. The concussions it fiat moving trains arc sensibly felt miles off through solid rocky soil. In cities lo comotives shake entire blocks of stone dweUings. The waters of the CuyuKa Lake tremble under the wheels of the express trains, a mile away from tlie bridge. But a freight train traversing John A. Robblino's Monument, at th« speed of five miies an hour, oommunieatis no jar to passeugers walking upon th« carriage way below. The hind cables cf the bridge do not tremble undc it— tlie slight concussions of the superstructure do not go over the summits of the towers Tliis List fact in the stiffness of the grea; work is of much importance. It furnislied a guarantee of the durability of the m»- sonry. Fast anchored with stone aid grouted in solid rock cut down to tin depth of twenty-flve feet, the great cables are immovable by any mechanical forts incidental to the use of the bridge, or Ub natural influences it will be subject to, The ultimate strength of these cables is 12,400 tons. The total weight of the ma- terial of the bridge, and of the traffic to which it will ordinarily be subjected is 2,262 tons, to sustain which tlie Engineer has provided in his beautiful and scientiflo structure, a strength of 1 2,400 tons. He . demonstrates, too, that while the strength of the cables is nearly six times as great as their ordinary tension, that stbenoth WILL NEVEH BB UIPAIRED BY VIBEATION. This was the question raised by The Db- iiocRAOY, a year ago, which excited such general, and in instances such angry dis- cussion. RoEBLiNa treated our doubts with a cool reason and the stores of an extensive engineering experiexfte, which gave us to believe that Art hud at last attained to a method of suspending Iron Bridges for Railroad use, that should eu< tirel by I Stat it ii T ers, and wei| onlj skil bun "tr of I of; VOM 1 link whi ofi cun thic othi use coal Pig Btrt Incl pUl inci roci the ma; cha 20 the 14,1 sup 1 the anc ofi sui out tha ax( wil Th tOM 55nj''Si^i ra. cy soil. In cities lo lire blocks of stone .ters of tho CayuK* the wheels of the lile away from the ght train traversing 1 Monument, at th« 1 hour, oommunioatifl 8 walking upon th« The land cables cf •emble undc it— the if the Bupcrstructura iimmits of the towora stiffness of tho grea; ortance. It furnislie$ durability of the mt- red with stone aid ck cut down to ths feet, the great cablos any mechanical furts of tho bridge, or tla t will be subject to> 'th of these cables is )tal weight of the mo- , and of the traffic to larily be subjected is n which the Engineer beautiful and scientiflo ) of 1 2,400 tons. He . hat while the strength rly six times as great Dsion, THAT strengtq PAIRED BY VIBBATION. on raised by The Db- ro, which excited such ances such angry dis- > treated our doubts and the stores of an ing cxperiei^, which that Art hud at last 3d of suspending Iron d use, that should ea< ROUT! rROM BI7rrAL0 TO MIAOARA TALLB, KTO. 41 tirely obviate the objections to them felt by most of tlie Iron-Masters of tho United States. He has since that demonstrated it in • most wonderful structure. There are in the bridge 624 " suspend- ers," each capable of sustaining 30 tons — and all of sustaining 18,720 tons. The weight they liave ordinarily to support Is only 1,000 tons. But the Engineer has skilfully distributed the weight of the burdens, by the means of "girders" and " trusses." Those spread the 34 tons heft of a locomotive and tender over a length of 200 foot. How ample is this provision made for defective iron or .""ddea strains I The Anchor Chains are composed of 9 links, each 7 feet long, save the last, which is 10 feet The lowest link is made of 7 bars of iron, 7 inch by H. It is se- cured to a cast iron anchor plate 3^ inches thick, and 6 feet 6 inches square. The other links are equally strong. The iron used was nil made from Pennsylvania char- coal, Ulster county, N Y., and Salisbury Pig, and can be depended upon for a strength of 64,000 pounds to the square Inch. The central portions of the anchor plates, through which the links pass is 1 2 inches thick. The excavations in tho solid rock were not vertical They inclined from the river. The rock upon wliich the work may rely on the New York side of the chiiiBm Is 100 feet long, 70 feet wide, and 20 feet deep. It weighs 160 pounds to the cubic foot, and presents a resistance of 14,000 tons, exclusive of tho weight of the superincumbent masonry and embankment. The To WEBS are each 15 feet square at the base, 60 feet high above the arch, and 8 feet square at the top. The limestone of which they are built will support a pres- sure of 500 tons on each square foot with- out crushing. While the greatest weight that can fjjll upon the tower will rarely exceed 600 tons, a pressure of 32,000 tons will be required to crush the top course. There are 4,000 tons' weight in each of the towers on the New York side. The cables are 4 in number, 10 inches in diameter, and composed each of 3,640 small No. 9 wires. Sixty wires form one square inch of solid section, making the solid section of the entire cable 60.40 square inches, wrapping not included. These Immense masses of wire are put together so that each individual wire per- forms its duty, and in a strain all work together. On this, Mr. Roibuho, who is a moderate aa well as a modest man, feels justified In speaking with the word pxRrECT. Each of the large cables Is composed of four smaller ones, called " strands." Each strand has 620 wires. One is placed in the centre. The rest are placed around that. These strands were manufactured nearly In the same position the cables now occupy. The preparatory labors, such as oiling, straightening, spli- cing, and reeling, were done in a long shed on the Canada side. Two strands were made at the some time, one for each of the two cables under process of con- struction. On the completion of one set, temporary wire bands were laid on, about nine inches apart, for the purpose of keeping the wires closely united, and se- curing their relative position. They were .then lowered to occupy their permanent positioj in the cable. On completion of the seven pairs of strands, two platform carriages were mounted upon the cables, for laying on a continuous wrapping, by means of Roeblinq's patent wrapping machines. During this process the whole mass of wire was again saturated with oil and paint, which, together with the wrapping, will protect ^hem effectually against all oxidation. Five hundred tons of this wire is Englv ,b. American man- ufacturers did not put in proposals. That used was remarkably uniform, and most carefully made. The law deduced from large use of wire re I e in Pennsylvania, is, tlmt its durabili- ty depends upon its usage. It will last muoli longer under heavy strains moving 4a TRIP TUBOCOn TIIB LAKES. slowly, than it will under light strains uioving rapidly. This law was borne coiistautly in iniud by the Engineer of tlie Niugara itailway Bridge. The cables and Huspeudors are, so to Hpeak, at rest. Tlioy are so well protected, too, from rust, that tliey may bo regarded as eternally durable. Among the interesting chftracteristios or this s))lendid architecture, is its elas- ticity. The depression under a load copi- mouces at the end, of course, end goes regularly across. After the passage of a train, the equilibrium is perfectly restored. The ohisticily of the cables is fully equal to this taslc, and will mevkr be lost. The e(|uilibrium of the Bridge is less affected in cold weatlier than in warm. If a change of temperature of 100 de- grees should take place, the difference in tlie level of the lloor would be 2 fuot 3 inches. So solid is this Bridge in its weight, its stiffness, and its stnyin^c, that not the slightest motion is communicated to it by tlio severest gales of wind that blow \ip through the narrow gorge which it spans. Noxt to violent winds, suspension bridge builders dread the trotting of cattlo across their structures. Mr. RoKBLiNa says that a heavy train running 20 miles an hour across his Bridge, would do less injury to it than would 20 steers parsing on a trot. It is the severest teat, next to tliut of troops marching in time, to which bridges, iron or wooden, suspension or tubular, can be subjected. Strict roRula- tions are enforced for the paasage of hogs, horses, and oxen, in small bodies, and always on a walk. This great work cost only $500,000. The same structure in England (if it could possibly have been built there) would have cost $4,000,000. It is unquestiona- bly the most admirable work of art on this continent, and will make an imper- ishable monument to the memory of its Engineer, JouM A. RoBBUNa. We append a Table of Quantities for the convenience of our rcadur.t, and the more easy comprehension of the cliarac- te jf the structure : Lenirth of >pan from ecntr* to centre of Towers 82S ftnl Heisht (>t Tower above rook on Amert- eu ilde 89 feet Height of Tower above rork, Canada aide TB Mi Ilvlgbt of Tower above flour of Kttllway . (0 fvut Nuinlwr of Wire Cablca '< Diameter of each Coble 10 Incbea Niimher of No. 9 wlrea In each Cable. . 8,B«» llltlmato a«grvirate strength of Cables, lie,4UU tuna Weight of Siiperstrui'tiirc TSOtona Weight of Superstructure and maxl- miua loads 1,280 toni Ultimate supporting strength T»0 tona Height of Track utwve water 2W ftet Bttseof Towers lefcet square TopofTiiwers 8 " Length of each ITpper Cable 1,«15«* feet " Lower Cable I.IKO feet Depth of Anchor Pits below surface of Hock SOfeet Number of Suspenders 6'H Ultlinato Btrongtli of Suspenders. 18,720 tona Number of UverfliiorStuys tW Aggregate sf-ength of Slays 1,920 tons Number of U .er Stays M Aggregate strength of Stays 1,680 tona Klevatlun of Itnllway Track above mid- dle stage of Ulver 945 feet Total length of Wires 4,000 miles The weights of the materials in the bridge are as follows : IB*. Timber. »!».'« Wrought Iron and Suapeadera ]18,1)W Castings. 44,8^8 Kails M.740 Cables (between towers) 886,400 Total 1,6M,72S The Great Western Railway of Canada, which unites with the Neui Tmrh Central Railroad, terminating on the Ameri- can side of the river, hero commenoea and extends westward through Hamilton, London, and Chatham to Windsor, oppo- site Detroit, Mich., forming one of tli» great through lines of travel from Boston and New York to Detroit, Chicago, and the Far West. See page 50. This road also furnishes a speedy rout* of travel to Toronto, Montreal etc T on Chii Nav Rap Bur Lun llor Tub Clii Kori Nov Clii Sus] AVh Bro. Qvt KlA T and limi pose in he rcso BUUt this li WAtI tage unii ft lii adt ftblj ■um L ligh Nini 'able of Quantities for ' our rcadurj*, and the .eiiaion of tho cliarao- ): MDtrt to centre of 82Sfo«l re rook on Amert- SStnt I rork, Canada aide TB fwi a floor of Kallway . (0 feut ;» • * g lOlncbet I In each Cable. . 8,R<» ength of Cablea, 1X,4UU tone UPC TSOtona sture and maxl- I,2fl0 tnna trength TlMtona 1 wat«r 250 ftet 16 fuet square 8 " " Cable l.SSOt feet Cahle 1,11(0 fleet bi'luw lurruee aOfeet n 6« iispcndors. 18,720 ton* *tuy» dian or British aide of Lake Ontario are Kingston, Coburg, Port Hope, Toronto, Hamilton, and Niagara; on the American short, (}tsgB Vincent, Saoket's Harbor, Oswego, Charlotte or Port Glenesee, and Lewiston, OB Niagara Biver. This Lake is connected 4i-,«i-«» with the navigable waters of the Hudson River by means of the Oswego and Erie canals. It receivw numerous strexms, 1)oth from the Canadian and the American sides, and abounds with a great variety of fl^h of an excellent flavor. The base and sal^ mon, in particular, have a high reputaiion, and are taken in larg^ quantities. The principal Bays are Burlington, Ironde- quoit, Great and Little Sodus, Mexico, Black River, Chaumont, and the pictu- resque waters of the Bay of Quinte. The passage across Lake Ontario in calm weather ia most agreeable. At ti'nes both shores are hidden fnmi view, wJien nothing can be so:jn from the deok of the vessel but an abyss of waters. The re- fractions which sometimes take place in summer, are exceedingly beautifkiL Islands and trees appear turned upside down ; and the white surf of the beach, translated aloft, seems like the smoke of artillery blazing away if om a fort* • BiAirmri,HniAst capacious, and really 8t and safest of access land waters. Improve- re annually made by by the construction of 3, wharves, warehouses, ators, which extend its and render the discharge 8-8hipment of cargoes id and convenient ; and ttter respect it is without t settled by the whites ! it was chartered as a ovemed by a mayor, re- of twenty -six aldermen. 1830, according to the BUS, was 8,668 ; in 1840, 860,42, 261. Since the limits of the city hare taking in the town of now divided into thir- MX)rding to the Census of 180 inhabitnnts, in 1865, - the tliird city in point kte. The public btaild- ;, and many of them fine litectnre ; while the pri- rticularly thosf for busi- re of the most durable nndern style. The man- ahments, including sev- p-yards for the building ike craft, are also nomer- d on a large scale, pro- ured articles for the ladian markets, public buildings are an il^TJ" BUFFALO TO DETROIT — FORTH SHORE KOUTI. 47 U. States Custom- House and Post-OlHee; City Hall; Oourt-^ouse and Jail; 2 Thea- tres, and 60 Churches of different denom- inations. Here are also 8 banking houses, 4 Savings Banks, and several Pira and Marine Insurance Companies. The Lines of Steamers and Railroads diverging from BuflWo tend to make it one of the greatest thoroughfares in the Un- ion, Steamers and propellers run to Cleve- land, Sandusky, Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Green Bay, Milwaukee, Chicago, to. Bailboabs bunninq feom Buffalo. 1. New York Centred, to Albany and Troy, 298 miles. 2. Buffiiia, Niagara Fblls, and Lewiston, 28 mUes. 3. Buffalo, New York, and Erie, to the city of New York, 434 miles. 4. Lake Shore Railroad, to Cleveland, Ohio, 183 miles. 5. Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway, 161 miles. 6. Great Western (Canada) Railway (Sus. Bridge to Detroit, Mich.), 230 miles. There are also four lines of City Rail- roads running to different points within the limits of Buffalo. The principal Hotels are the }\|f} House, and Manmon Eiuae, on Main street ; Bon- ney'a Hotel, On Washington street; the JBveretl House, and Westeni Hold, facing the Terrace. There are now running from Buffalo to different ports on Lake Erie and the Up- per Lakes "seven different Lines of Pro- pellers, annually tran-^porting an immense amount of merchandise and produce, which finds its exit eastward by means of the Erie Canal, and the several Railroad Lines, ^"The climate of Bufblo is, without doubt, of a more even temperature than any other city in the same parallel of lati- tude from the Mississippi to the Atlantic coast. Observations have shown that the thermometer never ranges as low in win- ter, nor as high in summer, as at points in Massachusetts, the eastern and central portions of this State, the northern and southern shores of Lake Brie in Micbi^n, Northern Illinois, and Wisconsin. The winters are not as keen, nor the summers, cooled by the breezes from the lake, as sultry ; and in a sanitary point of view, it is probably one of the healthiest cities in the world. " London, usually considered the health- iest of cities, has a ratio of one death in forty inhabitants. The ratio of Buffalo is one in flfty-six. The favorable situation of the city for drainage, and for a supply of pure water; its broad, well-paved streets, lined with shrubbery and shade- trees ; its comparatively raild winters ; its cool summers; its pleasant drives and picturesque suburbs, and its proximity to the 'FcUb,' combine to render it one of the most desirable residences on the con- tinent." BITFFAIO TO DETROIT-NOETIi DFOEE BOUTS. Oa leaving the wharf at Buffalo, the Steamers uatially run direct for Long Point on the Canada, or North Shore of Lake Erie, proceeding for most of the distance in British waters, to the mouth of Detroit River. LONO Point, 65 miles from Buffalo, is a long strip oi land, nearly 20 miles long, and from one tv> three miles in width, covered for the most 'jart with a stunted growth of forest trees. It was formerly a peninsula, running out from the land in an easterly direction, nearly half way across the lake; but the waters havug I 48 TKIP THBOCGH TBB LAKES. made a wide breach across its yostem extremity, has converted it into an island. There is an important light-house on the east end to guide the mariner on his pas- sage through Lake Erie, here about 40 miles wide, and where is found the great- est depth of water. To this' Point both shores of the lake can be seen in a dear morning from the deck of the steamer, affording a most grand sight when the fiun rises on a douoless day. Then may usually be seen a Heet of vessels wending their way toward Buffalo or the mouth of the Welland Canal, through which chau- nel annually passes a great number of Bteam propellers and sail vessels on their way to Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence Biver Port Colbokke, C. "W., situated about 20 miles west of Buffalo, lies at the mouth of the Welland Canal, while Port Maitland, some 20 miles far- ther, is situated at the mouth of Grand River, where is a navigable feeder com- municating with the canal, thus affording two entrances to the above canaL Port Dover, about 70 miles west of Buffalo, and 40 mUes distant fh>m Ham- ilton by proposed railroad route, is situated on the north shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the river Lynn. Here is a good harbor, and the village is a place of grow- ing importance, containing about 1,000 'nhabitants. Port RTERas and Port Rowan are small villages on the Canada shore, situ- ated on the bay formed by Long Point. Inland there is to be found a rich and fine farming district, consisting of some of the best lands in Canada West The Sand Hills, immediately west of Long Point, are seen for some distance as the steamer pursues her onward course toward Point aitx Pins, passing through the widest part of the lake, where both shores are lost sight of for a number of miles. The water usually presents a clear j(reeu color in the middle, but near the shore is more or less tinged with muddy water, proceeding from the streaias'euipty- ing into the lake. Port Burwell, C. W., ebout 35 miles west of Long Point, is handsomely situ- ated at the mouth of Otter Creek. Hero is a light-house and good harbor. A large amount of lumber and other pro- ducts are annually exported ttom. this place to Eastern markets. Port Stanley, about 25 miles far- ther west, is handsomely situated at the mouth of Kettle Creek, being in part sur- rounded by high and picturesque hills in the immediate vicinity. The harbor is well protected, and much frequented by British and American vesselc running on Lake Erie. It is nine miles south of St Thomas, and twenty-four from London, the chief town of the county of Middle- sex, for which place it may be considered the out-port. A plank-road runs between the two places; also, the London ana Port Stanley Railroad, connecting with the Great Western Railway of Canada. Steamers run from F -t Stanley to Buf- falo, Cleveland, and other porta on Lake Erie. Point aui Pnta, or Rond' Bah (usually called by the American navigators Bound Oy, about 100 miles west of Long Point, is a cape which projects from the Ganad* shore, enclosing a natural basin of about 6,000 acres in extent, with a depth of from ten to twelve feet, thus forming an excellent and secure harbor, the entrance to which has been improved by the Cana- dian government by running out piers, etc. It is proposed to construct a ship canal from this port to the St Clair River, a distance of about 35 miles, thus avoid- ing the St. Clair Flats. Another Canadian project is to construct a canal fVom Gode- rich to Hamilton, C. W., about 120 miks in length. Point Pelek, lying about 40 milea east of the mouth of Detroit River, pro- jects a number of miles into Lake Erie, tinged with muddy m the Btreaos'euiptjr- !. W., 6 bout 35 miles is handsomely Ritu- Otter Creek. Hero i good harbor. A iber and other pro- exported trom this kets. bout 25 miles far- mely situated at the !k, being in part sur- 1 picturesque hills in ity. The harbor is much frequented by 1 vesseh running on le miles south of St. r-four from London, le county of Middle- it may be considered ik-road runs between so, the London ana ad, connecting with Railway of Canada, r -t Stanley to Buf- other ports on Lake r Bond' Eau (usually •AQ navigators Bound west of Long Point, icts from the Canada atural basin of about at, with a depth of feet, thus forming an harbor, the entrince nproved by the Cana* ' running out piers, to construct a ship to the St. Clair River, 35 miles, thus avoid- t. Another Canadian St a canal iVom Gode- Yf., about 120 miks ing about 40 milee if Detroit River, pro- miles into Lake Erie, DETROIT RIVKR — BUFFALO TO DETROIT NOPTH BHORI ROim. 49 and forms, in connection with the island of Point Pelee and other islands in the viciaity, the most picturesque portion of lake scenery to be met with on this in- land sea. PoivT Pbl6b Island, belonging to Canada, is about seven miles long, and two or three miles in width. It is in- habited by a few settlers. The island is said to abound with rod cedar, and pos- sesses a fine lime-stone quarry. A light- house is situated on the east side. The steamers bound for Detroit River usually pass to the north side of Point Pelee Island, and run across Pigeon Bay toward Bar Point, situated at the mouth of Detroit River. Sevetal small islands are passed on the south, called East Sister, Middle Sister, and West Sister; also, in the distauce, may be seen the Bass Islands, known as the "North Bass," "Middle Bass," and "South Bass." On the west side of the latter lies the secure harbor of Pdt-in-Bay, celebrated as the rendezvous ef Com. Perry's fleet, before and after the glorious naval victory which he achieved over the British fleet, Sep- tember 10th, 1813. I)iSTROiT RiVEB, forming one of the links between tha Upper and Lower Lakes, is next approached, near the mouth of which may be seen a light oa the Michi- gan shore called OibraUar Light, and an- other light on an island attached to Can- ada, the steamers usually entering the river through the east or Br..^h Channel of the river, although vessels often pass through the west or Am'trican Channel. Amuebstduroh, C. \f , 18 miles below Detroit, is an old and important town. The situation is good; the banks of the river, both above and below th'; viOage, but particularly the latter, where the river emerges into Lake Erie, are very beautiful; several handsome rodideucea may here be seen, surrounded by highly cultivated grounds. About a mile below the to-,7n is a chalybeate spring, which i^ said to resemble the waters of Chelten- ham, in England. Bniish and American vessels frequently land at Amherstburg, on their trips to and from the Upper Lakes. Fort Maldbn, capable of accommo- dating a regiment of troops, is situated about half a mile above Amherstburg, on the east bank of the river, the channel of which it here commands. At Brownstown, situated on the opposite side of the river, in Michigan, is the battle-ground where the Americans, under disadvantageous circumstances, and with a slight loss, routed the British forces, which lay in ambush, as the former were on their wi»y to relieve the fort at Frenohtown, which event occurred August 5, 1812. Sandwich, C. "W., is beautifull- sit- uated on the river, two miles below Detroit, and nine miles below Lake St. Clair. It stands on a gently sloping bank a short distance from the river, which is here about a mile wide. This is one of the oldest settlements in Canada West. The town contains 3,133 inhabitants. Windsor, C. W., situated in the township of Sandwich, is a village direct- ly opposite Detroit, with which it is con- nected by three steam ferries. It was laid out in 1834, and is now a place of considerable business, having a population of about 2,500 inhabitants. Here ter- minates the Great Western Jiaihoay of Canada, which extends from Niagara Falls or Suspension Bridge, via Hamilton and London, to opposite Detroit — thus forming an important link in the great line of railroads, now finished, running from the seaboard at different points to the Missis- sippi and Missouri Rivers. 1 RAILROAD ROVTE from Wlagara Fallt to Hamilton and Detroit, via Great Western Railway of Canada. This great International Line, extend- ing from Niagara River to Detroit River, opposite the city of Detroit, a distance of 229 miles, passes through a fine and in- teresting section of country, equal in many respects to Western New York. It connects with the New York Central and BuOalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, forming a great through route of travel. Starting from the Suspension Bridge at Qifion, two miles below the Falls of Ni- agara, the passenger train soon reaches the verge of the mountain ridg^ over- looking the plain below, while in the dis- tance may bo seen the broad waters of Lake Ontario, usually studded with sail vessels and propellers on their way to or from the mouth of the Welland CanaL " Traced like a map, the landscape lies In cultured beauty atretcblng wide." TaonoLD, nine miles, is situated on the line of the Welland Canal, where is abundant water-power propelling five or six flouring mills. A railroad ex- tends to Port Dalhousie, some five or six miles distant, connecting with a steamer running to Toronto. This road will be extended to Port Colboume, on Lake "Brie, about twenty miles distant. Sr. Catheuines, 12 miles from the Suspension Bridge, is a flourishing town, also situated on the line of the Welland Canal, which connects Erie and Ontario. This has become of late a fashionable place of resort during the summer months, caused by the minera' waters of the " Ar- tesian Wells" obtaining great celebrity, ovving to their curative properties. Here are several well-kept hotels for the accom- modation of visitors. St. Catherines is justly termed "Wie Saratoga of Canada," being annually visited by thousands of invalids and pleasure-seekers. Bkamsviu-e, 22 miles from the Suspension Bridi^e, is a thriving village about one mile from the station. Orimsbt, 5 miles farther, is situated on Forty-mile Creek, the scene of some hard fighting during the war of 1812. It is a snutU village of 350 inhabitants; there are two churches, a hotel, and several stores ; also, a grist and saw mills pro- pelled by water-power. Hamilton, 43 miles from Suspejir sion Bridge is the principal station on the line of the Great Western Railway, where are located the principal offices and work- shops connected with the company. Here is a commodioi's dep6t and steamboat land- ing. Carriages and omnibuses are always in readiness to convey passengers to the hotels in the dty, and steamboat landings. The Ihronto .» -aneh of the Great West- ern Railway cob nenoes at Hamilton, and extends a disteno* of thirty eight miles to the city of Toronto, running near the shore of Lake Ontario. On leaving Hati'Uon for Windsor or Detroit, the road passes near the roansfoa of the late Sir Allan M'NaD, and over the Des Jardinea Canal, en^rring the head of Burlington Bay. Here ii also a Suspen- sion Bridge in sight, th-own over the stream as iv, cuts its way tK-ough the high bank which encircles the bay or lake. This point presents a beautiful view, both on leaving or arriving at the head-water* of Lake Ontario. n Ddndas, five miles from Hamilton, is situated on rising ground on the sidf of the mountain, and is a thriving marnv facturing place, having the advantage of a stream which flours, or ratlior rushes^ with great impetuosity through its centre, working on its way numerous mills. The Des Jardines Canal runs from heuw to Burlington Bay, enabling tlie manufao- turers to ship their goods at their own doors. ntoa tho ( Pa Towi so Ci a CO whio! two distil Lake West rich, W( ilton, count groui itUDtf niflco stock in len are fi flees, oome fares for ii indeei land, for tl] count trees appea any o INQ merly about of th( ni^he! eral n of the mann( then house is noi Btreeti torprii has ■amllton and Canada. I a thrivlDg Tillage bt' Btation. farther, is situated tho scene of some he war of 1813. It inhabitants; there hotel, and several and saw mills pro- r. miles from Suspeor ncipal station on the tern Railway, where )al offices and work- the company. Here , and steamboat land- nnibuses are always y passengers to the steamboat landings. , of the Great West- ;es at Hamilton, and thirty eight miles to nning near the shore ton for Windsor or rr near tlie manstoa M'Nab, and over the n^rring the head of re i^ also a Suspeiv- th-own over the ray th'ough the high the bay or lake, beautiful risw, both f at the head-waten es from Hamilton, ground on the sidf is a thriving roamt> , ig the advantage of 8, or rather rushesi y through its centre, umerous mills. The runs from heuw to ibliug the maniitao- ids at their own doors. BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS TO DETROIT. 61 Habrisbuboh. 19 m'Jes from Ham- ntoa, is <;he station of the CfcUt Branch of the Great Western Railway. Paris, with tho Upper and Lower Town, contains about 3,500 inhabitants; so called from its contiguity to beds of gypsum or plaster of Paris. It possesses a considerable amount of water-power, which works numerous mills. There are two foundries, a tannery, machine-shop, distillery, saw-mill, etc. The Bafftdo and Lake Huron Railway intersects tlie Great Western at this point, running to Grode- rich, on Lake Huron. WooDSTOOK, 48 miles from Ham- ilton, and 138 miles from Windsor, is a coimty town, well situated on rolling grouud, and contains about 4,500 inhab- itants. It may be called a town of mag- nitlcent distances ; East and West Wood- stock forming a street upward of a mile in length. The vacant spaces, however, are fast being flUed up with stately edi- fices, and ii, will thus in a short time be- come one of the handsomest thorough- fares in Canada. In this locality, noted for its handsome country seats — and indeed all the way from Hamilton — the land, as seen from tlie road (the railroad for the most part passes through a new country), is rolling and well cleared of trees and stumps, presenting more the appearance of "merrie England" than any other section of the Province. iKaBRSOLL, nine miles farther, for- merly an Indian village, now contains about 2,000 inhabitants. A small arm of the Thames runs through it, and fur- nishes some water-power, by which sev- eral mills are worked. Since the opening of the railway it has risen in a surprising manner; and the town, which before then had a very dingy appearance, the houses being of wood and wanting paint, is now gay with white brick, and the streets resound with the hum of an en- terprising population. London, 119 miles froa Suspension Bridge, and 110 miles from Windsor, if not, like her English namesake^ Tho p-ont resort Of all the earth— checkered Tlth sU Cumiilexlons of mankind — is nevertheless a very stirring businen place, and presents another instance of the energy and enterprise of the Canadians. Ten years ago, this then very small vil> lage of wooden houses was entirely burned down, and now on its ashes is raised a most flourishing city, containing four banks, several wholesale houses, flf^ teen churches, many of them handsome structures, and the English Church hav- ing a fine peal of bells ; life and fire in- surances offices, breweries and distilleries. It has three newspapers and several good hotels. Population nearly 18,000. It ia well watered by the river T'lames, which, however, is only navigable up to Chatham, sixty miles distant. The London and Port Stanley R. R. here joins the Great Western Railway; length 24 miles, running south to Lake Erie. ChATHiiif, 46 miles from Windsor, situated on the river Thames, possesses tho great advantage of a navigation, and is therefore a place of considerable busi- ness. It contains eight churches; and being the county town of Kent, it has a court-house, a very handsome building, several grist and sawmills, woollen factory, two foundries, machine-stop, etc. Steam- ers ply between Cbatha.n, Detroit, and Amherstburg. Population about 5,000. Windsor, 229 miles from Suspension Bridge, opposite Detroit, prettily situated on the banks of the river, is a place of considerable business, and is rapidly in- creasing in weallh and population, owing to the advantage it has of being the western terminus of the Great Western Railway. Three steam-ferries ply between Wind- sor and Detroit, making close conneotiuna for the benefit of railroad passengers. ■^ BUTFAIO TO OODERICH, 0. W., via BTJPFAIO AHD LAKE HURON RAILWAY. This important lino of travel extends from Buffalo, N. Y., crossing Niagara Biver by means of a steam f>.fry at Black Rock to Fort Brio, on the Canada side. It is proposed to construct a permanei. railroad bridge of a'>u..t c^e mile in lenjf th, a short distance above the present ' ,ry. r''rom Fort Erie the lino of the railway extends -.irestward within a short distance of Lake Erie for forty miles, to Duuville, situated at the moutli of Grand River, crossing the Welland CanaL From Dunville the roau runs along the valley of the river on the north side to Brantford, 38 miles farther, and from thence extends westward to Paris, where it connects with the Great Western Rail- way of Canada. The line thence runs to Stratford, C. W., where it connects with the Grand Trunk Railway, a total distance from Buffalo of 116 mUes. From this point the road is now completed and in running order to Goderich, situated on Lake Huron, a t"tal disiance of 163 miles. DuNViLiiB is advantageously situated on the Grand River, at a point where it ia intersected by tne feeder of the Wel- land CanaL It is a place of considerable business, and contains several grist, saw, and plaster mills, and a tannery. Popu- lation about 1,600. The WeUand Canal is one of the many works of tiie same kind of which Cana- dians may be proud. This Canal aflbrds a passage for propellers, sloops, and schooners of 125 tons burden, around the Falls of Niagara, and connects Lake Erie with Lake Ontario. It is 42 miles long, including feeder, 66 feet wide, and from 8} to 16 feet deep. The whole descent ftom one lake to the other is 334 feet, which is accomplished by 37 locks. Braktford, 78 miles from Buffalo, and ^2 milea from Goderieh, is beautifully situated on Grand River, and named after Brant, the renowned chief of the Six Na- tions Indians, who, with his tribe, steadUy supported the British Crown during the American War. "In 'Gertrude of Wyo- \,.ing' he is alluded to in disparaging terms : •The mammoth comes— the flebd, the moniUr Brant.' But some years afterward Campbell was obliged to apologize to Brant' a son, who happened to visit London; as it appeared, on satisfactory evidence, his father was not even present at the horrible desolation of Wyoming. This much is due to tha memory of Brant, who was a brave war- rior and a steadfast ally of the British, and always exerted himself to mitigato the horrors of war." _ Brantford, until the opening of the Great Western Rail'^ay, was a great wheat market, the streets being crowded with hundreds of wagons daily; but that road created other markets, and to this extent the town has suffered. If has, however, other sources of prosperity. There is no place in the Province which commands such extensive water-power, and which is made available for the working of nu- merous mills. The iron foundries, ma- chine shops, and potteries are on a largo scale, and have caused the place to be Re- garded as the Birmingham of Canada. It has a goodly number of churches of vari- ous denominations, and one of the largest and handsomest hotels in the Province— "The Kirby House." Population about 6,000- ^ .V • • Stratford is a new and thriving -eat abundance. O tant vant of L delig secui the I ig^tii an e grait the conij ated feet here ulati( Por Buffe Silve Dunl Port! Erie, Conn Asht Fain( Clev< Kelk Band Soutl West Turti Maui Tolec Nc •boui -ik TABLE or DISTANCES — SOUTH SnORK ROUTS. 63 AHD LABS er, and named after hief of the Six Na- ji his tribe, steadily Grown during the 'Gertrude of Wyo- to in disparaging :he fleiid, the moniter V ward Campbell was J Brant' fi son, who ion; aa it appeared, ice, his father was ) horrible desolation nuch is due to the was a brave war- ally of the British, liimself to mitigate le opening of the y, was a great wheat eing crowded with laily; but that road , and to this extent . If has, however, jerity. There is no B which commands •-power, and which the working of nu- iron foundrifis, ma- Bries are on a largo i the place to be fe- fham of Canada. It of churches of rari- id one of the largest sin the Province— ' Population about new and thriving ed on the line of the y of Canada. This joys a good climate cing cereal grains in Godertch, C. 1¥., 163 miles dis- tant firom Bufblo, by railroad route, is ad- vantageously situated on the east shore of Lake Huron, enjoying a healthy and delightful climate. Uere is a good and secure harbor, being easily accessible to the largest steamers and sail vessels nav- igating the Upper Lakes. Here is erected an extensive railroad depot, warehouses, grain elevator, and wharves, owned by the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway coxt>itny. The town is beautifully situ- ated on elevated ground, rising about 150 feet above the waters of Lake Huron, here celebrated for their purity. The pop- ulation amounta to about 5,000, and is rapidly increasing in numbers and wealth. Steamers run daily from this port to Sar- nia, Detroit, Saginaw, and otiier ports on Lake Huron. A line of propellers, car- rying passengers and freight, also run from Goderich to Mackinac, Milwaukee, Chicago, eta — connecting with the Buf- falo and Lake Huron Railway — thuF forming a through line of travel {ton. BuQulo to the above ports. There are several other ports of im- portance lying north of Goderich, on the Canada side of the lake, from whenc« steamers run to and f^o almost daily, during the season of navj(ation. TABLE OF DISTANCES. fROH BUrr ALO TO TOLEDO— SOUTH 8H0BK ROUTI. Forts, ti'S. Miles. Buffalo,N.Y Silver Creek, N. Y 34 Dunkirk, " 42 Portland, " 63 Erie, Pa 90 Conneaut, Ohio IIT Ashtabula, " 131 Fainesville, " 156 Cleveland, " 185 Kelley's Island 240 Sandusky, Ohio 245 South Bass Island 245 West Sister Island 263 Turtle Island 275 Maumee Bay 278 Toledo, Ohio 285 Ports, ato. lOtaa Toledo, Ohio Maumee Bay 7 Turtle Island 10 ^/est Sister Island. 22 South Bass Island 40 Sandusky, Ohio 40 Kelley's Island 45 Cleveland, Ohio 100 Painesville, " 129 Ashtabula, " 164 Conneaut, " 160 Erie, Pa 195 Portland, N. Y 233 Dunkirk, " 243 Silver Creek, N. Y 261 Buffklo, N. Y 285 Note. — The direct through route as run by the steamers from Buffalo to Toledo is •bout 250 miles; the circuit of Lake Erie being about 560 miles. --^ BUFFALO TO CLEVElAin), TOLEDO, BTC.-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. Stoar p"? and Propellers of a largo c\^p.i leave Buffalo daily, during the Ber.son of navigation, loi tLo different ports on the American or South Shore of Lake Erie, connecting with railroad cars at Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, and De- troit. On leaving Buffalo harbor, which is formed by the mouth of Buffalo Creek, where is erected a breakwater by the United States "overnment, a One view ia afforded of the city of Buffalo, the Canada Bhorii, and Lake Erie atretching off in the distance, with here and Ihero a steamer or sail vessel in sight. As the steamer proceeds westward through th*} middle of the lake, the landscipe fades in the dis- tance, until nothing is visible but a broad expanse of g^een waters. Sttroeok PoiJJT, 20 miles frci" Buffalo, is naasod on the south shore, when the lake immcdi >ely widens l)y tJie land receding on boih .-iiiores. During the prevalence of slormr, w'-.en the full blast of the wind sweeps through this lake. ii,8 force is now felt in its full powor, (I'lvn? the angry waves forwrrd with the veloc ;y c:' the race-horse, often causing the waters to rise at the lower end of the lake to a grer*, height, so as to oversow its banks, and forcing its surplus waters into the lii lagara River, which causes the ohly perceptible rise and increase of the rush uf waters ut the Falls. DuNKiaE, N. Y., 42 miles froia Buffalo, is advantageously situated on the shore of Lake Erie where terminates tlie Ifew York and Brie Railroad, 460 miles in length. Here is a good and secure harbor, affording about twelve fe'jt of water over the bar. A light-hous<», a bciicoi 1-1 gilt, and breakwater, the latter in u >l.l.ii^..iluted state, have here been erected bj iLo United States government. As au anchorage and port of refuge this liarbor is extremely valuable, and is much resort- ed to for that purpose by steamers and sail vessels during the prevalence of storms. The village was incorporated in 183T, and now contains about 4,000 inhabitants, 500 Jwelling-ho'ises, five ciiurches, a bank, three hotels, and 20 stores of differ- ent kinds, besides several extensive store- houses apd manufacturing estiibhshments. The Buffalo and State Line Railroad, ex- tending to Erie, Pa., runs through Dun- kirk, forming in part the Lake Shore line of railroad, which, in connection with the railroad leading direct to the city of New York, affords great advantages to this !jcal i.y, which is no doubt destined to in- crease with the growing trade of the lake cc'.'Utry. Fbedonia, three miles from Dun- kirk, with which it is connected by a, plank-road, is handsomely situated, being elevated about 100 feet above Lake Erie. It contains about 2,300 inhabitants, 300 dwelling-houses, five church as, one bank, an incorporated academy, four taverns, twenty stores, besides some mills and manufacturing establishments situated on Canadoway Creek, which here affords good water-power. In the village, near the bed of the creek, is an inflammable spring, from which escapes a sufficient quantity of gas to light the village. A gasometer is constructed which forces the gas through tubes to different parts of the village, the consumer paying $4 per year for each burner used. It is also used for lighting the streets of the village. The flame is large, but not so «* jng or bril- liant rs that obtained frr . "^as in our cities ; it is, however, in hiti. '^or witt the inhabitants. Barcelona, N. T., 68 r- a from Buffal State, resort navig good house g"w; about pipes Er NIA," miles' on ab IsleB of the Erie, durinf vessel seven feUed turne( Lake 10th, the J which relics, trom Prenc tains < three aive I about the L and El afford! New 1 Prei water, intoL the w< iu lat, eievati •Th! of Erie usiiloe IH SHORE •efiige this liarbor nd is ranch resort- I by Btcamers and le prevalence of jrporated in 18ST, 4,000 inhabitants, five churches, a 20 stores of differ- al extensive store- ng establishments. Line Railroad, ex- jns through Dun- le Lake Shore line }nnection with the the city of New Ivantages to this ubt destined to in- 1 trade of the lake niles from Dun- is connected by a ely situated, being t above Lake Erie. inhabitants, 300 lurch jn, one bank, my, four taverns, 9 some mills ant^ iments situated on lich here affords the village, near is an inflammabte •capes a sufiBcient ht the village. A id which forces the ifferent parts of the laying $4 per year It is also used (br f the village. The )t 80 «* jng or brU- 1 frp . "^as in our in hit^ ^or witE' 68 r- firom BUFFALO TO CLEVKLAND, TOL»DO, «T0 — SOCTH 8H0RB BOm. 60 Buffalo, ia the westernmost village in the State. It ia a port of entry, and ia much resorted to by stcamorH and largo vessels navigating the lake, aff}rding a tolerably good harbor, wlioro ia situated a light- house which ia lighted by inflammable gaa ; it escapes from the bod of a creek •bout half a mile distant, and ia carried in pipes to the light-house. Erie, " tub Laks City or Pknnstlva- NIA," distant 90 miles from Buffalo and 95 miles 'rom Cleveland, is beautifully situated on a bluff, affording a prospect of Presque lale Bay and the Lake beyond. It has one of the largest and best harbors on Lake Erie, from whence sailed Perry's fleet during the war of 1812. The moNt of the vessels were here built, being finished in seventy days from the time the trees were felled; and here the gallant victor re- turned with hia prizes after the battle of Lake Erie, which took place Soptembef 10th, 1813. The remains of hia flag-ahip, the Lawrence, lie in the harbor, from which visitors are allowed to cut pieces as reUcs. On the high bank, a little distance trom the town, are the ruina of the old French fort, Presque Ide. The city con- tains a court-house, nine churcben, a liank, three hotels, a ship-yard, several exten- sive manufacturing establishments, and about 10,000 inhabitants. In addition to the Lake Shore Railroad, the Philadelphia and Erie Railroad* terminates at this place, affording a direct communication with New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Fresqw Isle Bay ia a lovely sheet of water, protected by an island projecting into Lake Erie. There is a light-hcuse on the west side of the entrance to the bay, in lat, 42 » 8' N. ; it shows a fixed light, elevated 93 feet above the surface of the lake, and visible for % distance of 16 miles. The beacon allows a fixed llglii, elevated 28 feet, and ia visible for nine mites. CoNVEAUT, Ohio, 117 miles from Biif falo and 08 from Clevciand, situatod in the nortlieast corner of the State, stands on a creek of the same name, near its en- trance into Lake Erie. It exports largo quantitiea of lumber, grain, pork, beef, butter, cheese, etc., being surrounded by a ricli agricultural section of country. The village contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants. The harbor of Conneaut lies two miles from the vilhge, where is a light- bouse, a pier, ijiA several warehouses. Ashtabula, Ohio, 14 miles farther west, stanila on a stream of the aame name, near its entrance into the lake. This ia a thriving place, iuhabited by an intel- ligent population estimated at 3,600. The harbor of Ashtabula ia two and a half milea from the village, at the moutl* of ihe river, where h a light-house. FAiRrosT standa on the east aide of Grand River, 155 milea from Buffalo. It haa a good harbor for lake veaaela, and ia a port of considerable trade. Thia harbor is so well defended from winds, and easy of access, that vessels run in when they cannot easily make other ports. Here is a light-house and a beacon to guide the mariner. Painbsvillb, Ohio, three miles from Fairport and 30 miles from Cleveland, is a beautiful and flourishing town, being sur- rounded by a flne section of country. It is the county seat for Lake County, and contains a court-house, five churches, a bank, 20 stores, a number of beautiful residences, and about 3,000 inhabitants. •Jhl» great line trurersos the Northern »nd Korthwest counties of Pennayivania to the city of trie 00 Ijiko Erie. It has been leased by the Pennsylvania Ballroad Company, and nnd.^r tlielr uaiiioei li being managed throughout Its entire length, 4S1 miles. M •nap Tintouon thk larks. >r Peny Monument, Erected Sept 10, 18W. Cleveland, ' "the Forest Citt, " Cuy- •hoga County, Ohio, is situated on a plain, elevated 80 feet above the waters < f Lake Erie, at the iiake Erie, September 10th, 1813. Cleveland is the mart of one of the great- est grain-growing Hi.tes in the Union, and has a ready commuaication by railroad with New York, Bojton, and Philadelphia on the east, while continuous lines of railroads run soiiih, mid west to the con- fines of settlement in Konfas and Nebras- ka. It is distant 185 miles from Buffalo, 135 miles from Coliimhiis, 107 miles from Toledo, and 144 milns from Pittsburgh by railroad route; 120 miles from Detroit by steamboat route. It contains a County Court-House and Jail, City Hall U. S. Custom-House and Post Office building ; 1 Theatre; a Library Association with a public reading-room; 2 Medical Colleges, 2 Orphan Asylums, 35 Churches of different denominations; 4 Banks, a Savings Bank, and 2 Insurance Companies; also, numerous large mauu- featuring companies, embracing iron and copper works, ship-building, Ac; Gas- works, "Water-works, and two City Rafl- road Companies. The stores and ware- houses are numerous, and many of them well built. It now boasts of 56,000 in- habitants, and is rapidly increasing in numbers and wealth. The Lake Superior trade is a source of great advantage and / profit, er will and ca favorec Seas ol Tlie netd,i Johnmj ing lar Railk 1. C 2. 6 135 mi 3. C ■ion, 1 4. C flnishe 5. 6 With V 6. C 87 mill Pittsbi 7. A cuuuec road, f STEi class naviga Mackix Totii CLITILi Point P( Bar Pol Bolt Bl Detroit JfalJfn Olbritltn Orusse I MuHia .1 Wijanih ?M\ U\ nvuiiio Okibuii CLRVKLAND, " TUB F0RB8T CITY." fW)iii the kke lerel, house, near the en- nr, from which an cut view is obtained, le meandering of the ' railroads, the ship- id the vesBels pasi- •\y and bcaiitiAilly ith numerous shade- takea the name of its centre is a large h stands a beautiful imodore Olivek II. augurated Sept. 10, f more than 100,000 :>ratep the glorious pture of the British ptember 10th, 1813. of one of the g^eat- es in the Union, and ication by railroad )n, and Philadelphia ■ontinuous lines of iid west to the con- Kansas and Nebras- miles from Buffalo, huH, 107 miles from from Pittsburgh by iles from Detroit by y Court-House and Custom-House and Theatre; a Library jblic reading-room; I Orphan Asylums, ent denominations; nk, and 2 Insurancs lerouB large manu- embracing iron and )uilding, &c.; Gas- and two City Bail- 9 Stores and ware* and many of them leasts of 56,000 in- !)iUly increasing in The Lake Superior reat advantage and ptx>at, while the other lake traffio, togeth- er with the faoilitien afforded by railroads /' and canals, makes Cleveland one of the favored cities bordoring on the Inland Seas of America. Tlie principal Hotels are the Amerkan Hotel, Kenmrd House, Forest City Jlotue, Johiuun House, and WediieU Hoitae ; all be- ing large and well-kept public houses. Railxoads DmtRGiNo ntou Glitilaiid. 1. Cleveland and Krie, 95 miles in length. 2. Cleveland, Columbus, atid CiiioinnaM, 130 miles. 3. Cleveland and Ihledo, Northern Divi- ■ion, 107 miles. 4. Cleveland and Mahoning, 67 miles finished. 5. Cleveland and Pittsburgh, connecting ifith Wheeling, Va., 200 miles. 6. Cleveland, ZanesviUe, and Cincinnati, 87 miles; diverging from Cleveland and Pittsburgh R. K. at Hudson. 7. Atlantic and Great Western Railway, connects with New York and Erie Rail- road, forming a through line of travel Stkauebs and Propkllbrs of a large class leave daily, during the season of navigation, for Buffalo, Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac, Qreen Bay, Milwaukee, Chicago, the Saut Ste. Marie, and the diffbrent ports on Ijike Superior, altogether transporting an immense amount of merchandise, grain, lumber, iron, and copper ore. The regis- tered Tonnage of this port, in 1861, was 82,518 tons. The Northern Transportation Company of Ohio has its principal ofBce in Cleve- land. The Company owns 15 propellers of about 350 tons burden, running from Ogdensburgh and Oswego to Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Chicago. This line affords a cheap and speedy route for travellers and emigrants, as well as for thd transportation of merchandise and produce. The Cleveland Iron Mining Company, with a capital stock of $600,000, has its principal office in this city. The mine is situated near Marquette, Lake Superior, being distant about 14 miles from the steamboat landing. A railroad extends to the Iron Mountain, affording facilities for the transportation of 2,000 tons of iron ore per day. This ore yields on an aver- age 665 per cent, of iron. The greater proportion of this ore finds a ready market in Cleveland, ttom. whence the most of it is transported to the Mahoning Valley, where it meets the coal of that region and is smelted and manufactured into merchantable iron. Ports, etc. §teamboat Route from Cleveland to Detroit. Hllei. Clktilakd, Ohio Point PelAc U, and Light '.'..'.'.'". 60 BorPolnt,C.W 97 Boii Blanc la. Light, I ,^ Detroit River. \ 100 Jf of all sizes can enter with safety. The average depth of water is from ten to twelve feet. The city is built on a bed of limestone, producing a good building material. It contains about 10,000 in habitants, a court-house and jail, eight churches, two banks, several well-kept hotels, and a number of large stores and manufacturing establishments of differ- ent kinds. This is the terminus of the Sanduaky, Dayton, and Cincinnati Railroad, 153 miles to Dayton, and the Sandtaky, Mansfield, and Newark Railroad, 116 milea in length. The Cleveland Aul Toledo Rail- road, northern division, also terminates at Sandusky. Toledo, one of the most favored Cities of the Lakes, is situated on the Maumee river, four miles from its mouth, and ten miles from the Turtle Island Light, at the outlet of the Maumee Bay mto Lake Erie. The harbor is good, and the navigable channel from Toledo of sufficient depth for all steamers or sail vessels navi- gating ^he lakes. Toleco is the easteth terminus of the Waba.-:h and Erie CantU, running through the Maumee and Wabash valleys, and communicating with the Ohio River at Evansville, a distance of 474 miles ; also of the Miami and Erie Canal, which branches from the above canal 68 miles west of Toledo, and runs southwardly through the Mletnt Valley jatos w forming aavigati Thor the Mic diaiux Mutheri norther; its west »t a disi Railroat through norther a distan with th( ning to and TaU tirn ten Western wester! and W< ern line miles 81 in a so ville, S etc., in Biver, t and St. nearly Missoui River. road, w nati, is connect Besides Clevelan here. Toled nynse < aad rail made of portatio the Eric Canal, t the coui railroadi ceivo th BUFFALO TO CLEVKLAND, TOLKDO, KTC— aOUTH BHORK ROUTE. S9 W^e have met th» ours: Two ships sr, anj one sloop. O. H. Peebt larrison." E Bat City" capita a port of entry and lie trade. It is ad on Sandusky Bay, Erie, in N. lat. 41*^ The bay is abou* five or six miles in icioua and exccllen* earners and vesselp p with safety. The ter is from ten to ' is built on a bed of a good building I about 10,000 in use and jail, eight , several well-kept of large stores and shments of di£fer- the terminus of the Cincinnati Railroad, and the Sandtuky, Railroad, 116 milea and and Toledo Rail- 3n, also terminates the most favored is situated on the lies from its mouth, Turtle Island Light, Maumee Bay into 3or is good, and the I Toledo of sufficient or mil vessels navi- ilec.o is the easteth IV.'! and Erie Canal, [aumee and Wabash licating with the ville, a distance of the Miami and branches from the Hrest of Toledo, and irough the Mtenit Valley in ■Western Ohio, and communi- Jatos with the Ohio Rivor at Cincinnati, forming together the longest line of canal aavigation in the United States. Tlio railroads diverging from Toledo are tlie Michigan Southern and Northern In- diaiux Railroad, running through the southern counties of Michigan and the northern counties of Indiana, and making its western terminus at Chicago, Illinois, »t a distance of 243 miles; the Air Line Railroad, running due west from Toledo, through Northwestern Oliio and the northern counties of Indiana to Goshen, a distance of 110 milea, where it connects with the Northern Indiana Railroad, run- ning to Chicago ; and the Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Railroad. It is also the east- ern terminus of the Toledo, Wabaali, and Western Railroad, running in a south- westerly direction through the Maumee and Wabash valleys, crossing tlie east- ern hne of the State of Illinois, about 125 miles south of Chicago, and continuing in a southwesterly course througli Dan- ville, Springtield, Jacksonville, Naples, etc., in Central Illinois, to the Mississippi River, and connecting with the Hannibal and St. Joseph Road, which stretches nearly due west through the State of Missouri to St. Joseph, on tlie Missouri River. The Dayton and Michigan Rail- road, whicli connects Toledo with Cincin- nati, is much tlie shortest railroad line connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio Rivar. Besides the above important roads, the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad terminates here. Toledo is the nearest point for the im- n^ose country traversed by these canals and railroads, whore a transfer can be made of freight to the more cheap trans- portation by the lakes, and thence through the Brio Canal, Welland Canal, or Oswego Canal, to the seaboard. It is not merely the country traversed by these canals and railroads that send their products, and re- oeivo their merchandibd, through Toledo, j but many portions of the States of Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, find To- ledo tlie cheapest and most expeditious lake -port for the interchange and transfer of their products and merchandise. This cily is the capital of Lucas County, 'Oiiio, where is situated a court-liouso aiid jail, several (ine churclies, a magnificent High School edifice, and five large brick ward school houses; a young men's association that sustains a eoursf. of lec- tures during the winter; two banks, two insurance companies, six hotels, and a great number of stores and storehouses ; also several extensive manufacturing es- tablishments. Tlie principal hotels are tlie Island House and Oliver House. The population of Toledo in 1 850 was about 4,000, and now it is supposed to contain 30,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and numbers. Tlie shipping interest is increasing, here being trans-shipped annually an amount of grain exceeded only by Chicago, and other kinds of agricultural products of the great West. This city is destined, like Chicago, to e-vport direct to European ports. At this time there are in process of e.-eotion in Toledo many handsome dwel- lings, numerous handsome blocks of stores, a post-office and custom-house by the general government, and a first-class hotel; these two latter buildings, from the plans we have seen, would do credit to any city, and when completed con bo classed among the d >st elegant struc- tures. No city in the State can boast of finer private residences than Toledo ; and the general character of the buildings erected in the past four years is substan- tial and elegant. Peertsburoh, the capital of Wood Co., Oliio, is situated on the riglit bank of the Maumee River, 18 miles above its entrance into Maumee Bay, the southern termination of I^ake Erie. It contains a court-house and jail, four churches, 20 stores of different kinds, three steam saw- 00 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. mills, a tannery, and sereru' .'her manu- facturing establishments. "ipulation about 1,500. Here is the L .:' of steam- boat navigation on the Maumee River, BiTording thus far a sufficient depth of water for steamers of a large class. Old Fort Meigs, famous for having^ withstood a siege by the British and In- dians in 1813, is one mile above this place. Mauueb City, Lucas Co., Ohio, is a port of entry, situated on the Maumee River, opposite Perrysburgh, at the foot of the rapids and at the head of naviga- tion, nine miles above Toledo. A side cut here connects the Wabash and EHe Canal with the river. The Toledo and Illinois Railroad also passes through this place. It contains five churches, ten stores, four flouring-mills, three saw-mills, one oil-mill, and other manufacturing es- tablishments propelled by water-power, the supply being here almost inexhausti- ble. Threa miles above the city is the lite of the fnuous battle fought against the Indians by Gen. Wayne, in 1794, known aa the Battle of Miami Rapids. One mile below the town is Old Fort Miami, one of the early British posts. Maumee River rises in the north- east part of Indiana, and flowing northeast enters Lake Erie, through Maumee Say. It is about 100 miles long, navigable 18 miles, and furnishing an extensive water- power throughout its course. The City of Monrob, capital of Monroe Co., Mich., 18 situated on both sides of the River Raisin, three miles above its entrance into Lake Erie, and ab' .ut 40 miles from Detroit. It is connected with the lake by a ship canal, and is a termi- nus of the Michigan Southern Railroad, which extends west, in connection witli the Northern Indiana Railroad, to Chica- go, IlL The town contains about 4,000 inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a United States land-office, eight churches, several public houses, and a number of large stores of different kinds. Here are two extensive piers, forming an outport at the mouth of the river; the railroad track runring to the landing. A plank- road also runs from the outport to the city, which is an old and interesting lo- cality, being formerly called Prenchtown, which was known as the scene of the battle and massacre of River Raisin in the war of 1 8 1 2. The Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Railroad, just completed, passes through this city. Steamers run from Detroit to Toledo, stopping at Monroe. Trenton, situated on the west bank of Detroit river, is a steamboat landing and a place of considerable trade. Population, 1,000. WYAMOOTTii, ten miles below Detroit, is a new and flourishing . manufacturing village, where are located the most ex- tensive Iron Works in Michigan. The iron used at this establishment comes mostly from Lake Superior, and is con- sidered equal in quality to any in the world. The village contains about 1,606 inhabitants. Railroad Roate around I.iBke Erie. This important body of water being en- compassed by a band of iron, we subjoin the following Table of Distances: Hlloi Bufftdo to Paris, 0. W., via Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, 84 Paris to Windsor or Detroit, via Ortat Western Railway, 168 unlet. Detroit to Toledo, Ohio, via Detroit and Toledo R. R., Toledo to Cleveland, via Cleveland and ToUdo R. R., Cleveland to Erie, Pa., via Cleveland and Erie R. R, Erie to Buffalo, via Lake Shore Road, Total miles, 63 lOf 96 88 6tS Thee: 250 mile River to The ( makes f nication State of 1. Tl Beaver, Pittsburi Cross- Ci tension ( on the whore it Clevelan from Bei 3. The Portsmo SUte, 3( which is the Wa Dayton, mouth 247 mile ness of I nesa foi rich port lad 'ana; free fro At no tionably ent busi they mi The capi lud choi )ped by of scien( cially th The T engaged meuts OHIO RIVKR AND LAKE BRIB CANAL8. FORT WATNB. 61 rie, and eb'.at 40 i is connected with al, and is a termi- Southern Railroad. a connection witli Railroad, to Chica- itaina about 4,000 house and jail, a oe, eight churches, and a number of t kinds. Here are arming an outport river; the railroad anding. A plank- he outport to the and interesting lo- called Prenchtown, the scene of the >f River Raisin in Detroit, Monroe, and completed, passes Steamers run from >ping at Monroe, n the west bank of amboat landing and trade. Population, les below Detroit, is ing . manufacturing ;ated the most ex- in Michigan. The itablishment comes perior, and is con- lity to any in the lontains about 1,60() le. iniet. io, via Detroit 63 ia Cleveland and lOT \., via Cleveland 05 ike Shore Road, 88 The extreme length of Lake Erie is 250 miles, fVom the mouth of Niagara River to Maumee Bay, tlits circuit of the lake about 560 miles, being about 100 mUes leas distance than has been stated by some writers on the great lakes. Ohio River and Lake Erie Canals. The completion of the Miami Oanal makes four distinct channels of commu- nication from the Ohio River through the State of Ohio to Lake Erie, namely: 1. The Erie Extension CanaX, from Beaver, twenty or thirty miles below Pittsburgh, to Erie, 136 miles. 2. The Cross- Cut Beaver Canal, which is an ex- tension or branch from Newcastle, Pa., on the Beaver Canal, to Akron, Ohio, whore it unites with the Portsmouth and Cleveland Canal — making a canal route from Beaver to Cleveland of 143 miles. 3. The Ohio Canal, from Cleveland to Portsmouth, through the centre of the State, 309 miles. 4. The Afiami Extension, which is a union of the Miami Canal with the Wabash and Erie Canal, through Dayton, terminating at Toledo, at the mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie, 247 miles. The vast and increasing busi- ness of the Ohio Valley may furnish busi- ness for all these canals. They embrace rich portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and lad 'ana; but are not so located as to be free from competition with one another. At no distant time, they would unques- tionably command a sufficient independ- ent business, were it not probable that they may be superseded by railways. The capacity of railways — both for rapid lad cheap transportation — as it is devel- oped by circumstances and the progress of science, is destined to affect very mate- cially the value and importance of canals. Fort Wnyne, The United States Government is now engaged in making extensive improve- meuts at Fort Wayne, below Detroit, which will render it one of the strongest fortifications in the country, and almost impregnable against a land assault. The site of the fort, as is well known, is in Springwells, about three miles below the city of Detroit. Its location is admirable, being on a slight eminence, completely commanding the river, which at that point is narrower than in any other place of its entire length. Guns properly placed there could effectually blockade the river against ordinary vessels, and, with the aid of a few gunboats, could ;re- pulse any fleet whiah might present it- self. The present works were erected about the years 1842-'43, mainly under the su- pervision of General Meigs. The form of the works is that of a star, mounting thirty-two barbette guns at the angles which rake the moat, and protect it against an assault by land. The height from the bottom of the ditch is about forty feet. The exterior of the embank- ments was supported by timbers, which, in the twenty years in which they have stood, have become unsound, and now give unmistakable evidence of decay. This fact has rendered necessary the im- provements which are now being made. They consist of a wall around tlie entire fort, built against these timbers, which will not be removed, and which will not only sustain the embankments, but will render the place much more impregnable. The wall is seven feet and a half in thickness, and twenty feet in height on every side. The outside facing, two feet in thickness, is of brick, the remainder is filled in with pounded stone, water-Ume, M TRIP TIIRODOB THK LAKB8. sand, and mortar, making a solid wall of great, strength. From tlie nature of the surrounding grounds, artillery cannot be brought to bear upon the wall, with the exception of about two feet at the t«p, which extends above the level of the ditch. The wall, therefore, could not be battered down, and the only possible way by which the place could be taken would be by a land assault and scaling the walls from the moat by means of ladders. This is eflfectually provided against by the placing of the guns, eight of which rake the moat on each side. The improve- ments now being made still further con- template placing these guns in casemates, which will render them atiU more pecnra, protecting the guns and gunners. Bar' bette guns will also be mountod on tho bastions in addition to the casemate gone, which will be placed in a manner similar to that in which they are now placed. These improvements will greatly strength-i en the works and render them more per- manent. The place is an important oo«, as the expense the government is at ia rendering it impregnable clearly shows. In case of a war with Great Britain it would become of the highest importance. And acting on the maxim, " in time of peace prepare for war," it is the best time to attend to these improvements. TABLE OF DISTANCES Fbom Cleveland and Detroit to Scpekior City, forming k Grand Stbak- BOAT Excursion of over Two Thousand Miles. Portt, *& ._ . Clkvkland, Ohio M»ldi-n, O. W 100 Dktroit, Mich 20 Lake St. Clair 7 Alfconao, Mich 33 Nemport, " 6 Si. Clair," 10 I'ORT HUKON 6T Port Sarnia, C. W. Point ail Burqiic — Off SRginiiw Buy Thunder liny Islanci 75 Point de Tour I qk BU Mary's Ulvnr {• ■** VhureKt lAinding 36 8aut Stb. Makie 14 Point Iroquois 15 WhlteFlsh Point £5 Point au Sable fiO Pictured Kockg 20 )/»/)«r Harbor 15 770 KagU Harbor 16 786 Eaglt Hirer 10 796 OntonagoA, Mich 60 866 /,(» /Vi««^ Wis 74 830 I}iU/lM.V/is 4 9»4 Point di'To'ir 10 94. BurBKioa, City, Wis 70 1,014 Portt, 4f. pi„, to Plufc SiiPKRioR City, wis Point de Tonr To Baufield, Vi'it lo Aa Pointe " 4 Ontonagnn, Mich 74 Bugle River " 60 KagU Harbor " 10 Copper Harbor " : 16 Miinitou Islanil ]6 Poi-taee Entry 66 Houghton, . Mich (on Portage Marquette " 70 Grand Island 40 Pictured Kocks 10 Point ail Sable 20 White Fish Point 60 Point Iroquois 26 8aut Ste. Marie 16 Church't Li'r.ding 14 Point He lour, I _, Lake Huron, / "'' Thunder Bay Island 85 Off Sairinaw Bay I ,, Point au Barque f ^° Port Hi'ron, Mich. I ,, Port3arnla,0. W. f "• St. a lie, Mich IT Newport"' 10 Alg-nac, Mich , 6 St (uir Flats 10 Drtroit, Mich 80 Malduii. C. W 20 CLE VBLA2<1), Ohio 100 .Ulln. TO SO 84 168 2IS 228 244 £69 814 Lake). 884 424 484 4M 604 e» AM ess ISM 7M 821 888 M8 864 set 804 »U i,ri4 Deti a port o) mart of I N. lat. river or some 30 ing seve St. Clair the rivei It extern a mile u] river, wl of a mill and priv are locat avenues, angles, t edge. 1 number sail vossi unloadin; Eastern giving ai place, wl tha Strail being no' governed of aldern State-lioi: fine view oinity; th men's Ha Hall, the two Marl IIotelH, I United £ offloe, an office, a t asylums. atiU more peciira, d gunners. Bar' mounted on the ho casemate gunii, a manner similar are now placed. 1 greatly strength- ■ r them more per- in important one, ^rnment ia at in lie clearly shows. Great Britain it jhest importance, lim, " in time of it is the best time vements. Grasd Stkak- Tlun to PIm.*. .Ulln. .... ....TO TO .... 10 80 .... 4 M ... 74 ins ... 60 218 ,...10 228 ....-16 244 . ... 16 869 .... 56 814 .(on Portage Lake). .... 70 884 .... 40 424 .... 10 484 .... 20 4M ... 60 604 .... 26 e» .... 16 H4 ... 14 ess ... 86 NH .... 88 Vf .... 78 1t» .... 67 821 .... IT 88» .... 10 M8 .... 6 864 .... 10 861 .... 80 894 ... 20 »U ....100 i,ri4 DETROIT. m institute, water-works, and ga!>-work8, four grain elev- ators, Ave steam grist-milla, and several steam f\w- mills, besides a g^at num< ber of other manufactur- ing establisliL^onts. There are also several extensive Detroit, "Thk City OF THBSTRArrs,"! ship-yards and machine-shops, where are a port of entry, and the great commercial mart of the State, is favorably situated in N. Ut. 42° 20', W. long. 82° 58', on a river or strait of the same name, elevated some 30 or 40 feet above its surface, be- ing seven miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair and twenty above the moutli of the river, where it enters into Lake Erie. It extends for the distance of upward of a mile upon the southwest bank of the river, where the stream is three-fourths of a mile in width. The principal public and private ofBces and wholesale stores are located on Jefferson and Woodward avenues, which cross eacl: other at right angles, th'< latter runninpf to the \^ater'8 edge. There may usually be seen a great number of steamboats^, propellers, and sail vessels of a large claa.<<, loading or unloading their rich cargoes, destined for Hastern markets or for the C-reat West, giving an animated appearance iu this place, which is aptly called the City of tht Straits. It was incorporated in 1815, being now divided into ten wards, and governed by a mayor, recorder, and board of aldermen. Detroit contains the old State-house, from the dome of which a fine view is obtained of the city and vi- cinity; the City Ilall, Masonic Hall, Fire- men's Hall, Mechanic's Hall, Odd Fellows' Hall, the Young Men's Society Building, built and repaired vessels of almost every description. The population in 186U was 46,619. Estimated in 18C7, 16,000. The pr° r-ipal Hotels are the Biddl« House, and Michigan Excluinge, on Jefferson avenue, and the liusseU Bouse, on Wood- ward avenue, facing Campus Martins, an open square near the centre of the City. Detroit may be regarded as one of the most favored of all the Western cities of the Union. It was first settled by the French explorers as early as 1701, as a military and fur trading post. It changed its garrison and mihtary government in 1760 for a British military commander and troops, enduring under the latter re- gime a series of Indian sieges, assaults, and petty but vigilant and harassing war- fare, conducted against the English gar- rison by the celebrated Indian warrior Pontiac. Detroit subsequently pa.ssed into possession of the American revolu- tionists ; but on the 16th August, 1812, it was surrendered by Gen. Hull, of the United States army, to Gen. Brock, com- mander of the British forces. In 1813 it was again surrendered to the Americans, under Gen. Harrison. The following Railroad lines diverge from Detroit: 1. The Detroit, Monroe, awd Jhlo'lo Rail- road, 62 miles in length, connecting with two Market Buildings, forty Churches, ten j the Michigan Southern Railroad at Mon- Ilotels, besides a number of taverns; a roe, and with other roads at Toledo. United States Custom-house and Post- offloe, anc* United States Lake Survey office, a theatre, a museum, two orphan asylums, four banks, and a savings' fund 2. The Michigan Central Railroad, 282 miles in length, extend.s to Chicago, 111. This important road, running across the State from east to west, oonneota at 9k TRIP THROOaH TBK LAKES. Michigan Oitjr, Ind., with the Ifew Al- bany and Salem Railroad— thub forming a direct line of travel to Louisville, St. Louis, etc., as well as Chit-,ro and the Far West. 3. The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad runs through a rich section of country to Grand Haven, on Lake Michigan, op- posite Milwaukee. Win 4. The Grand JV-unfc .Railway runs from Detroit to Port Huron, Mich., 62 miles, ex- tending from Sarnia, Canada, to Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and Portland, Me. Length from Detroit to Portland, 861 miles. 6. The Great Western Railway of Canada has its terminus at Windsor, opposite De- troit, the two places being connected by tliree steam ferries — thus affording a speedy line of travel through Canada, and thence to iSastem cities of the U. Sta,tos. Steamers of a large class run from De- troit to Cleveland, Toledo, and other ports on Lake Erie ; others run to Port Huron, Saginaw, Goodrich, C. W., and other ports on Lake Huron. The Lah' Superior line of steamers run- ning from Cleveland and Detroit direct for the Saut Ste. Marie, and all the prin- cipal ports on Lake Superior, are of a large cla.ss, carrying passengers and freight This has become one of tlie sost fashion- able and healthy eiuursions on the con- tinent. The Dhtboit Rivkr, or Strait, is a noble stream, througli which How the surplus waters of the Upper Lakes into Lake Krie. It is 2 T miles in length, and from half a mile to two miles in widtli, forming the boundary between the United States and Canada. It has a perceptible current, and i.s navigable for vessels of the largest class. Large quantities of ttsh are annually taken in the river, and the sportsman usually finds an abundance of wild ducks, which breed in great numbers in the marshes bordering some of the islands and harbors of the coast. There aro altogether seventeen islands in the riveh The names of thesf ara^ Glay, Celeron, Hickory, Sugar, Boii Btane, F.lla, Fox, Rock, Groiae Isle, Stonty, Fight- ing, Turkey, Mammy Judy, Gassy, Mud, BeUe or Hog, and He la Piehe. The two latter are situated a few miles above De- troit, near the entrance to Lake St. Clair, where large quantities of white-fish anii annually taken. ILB LA P£cuB, attached to Canada, was the home of tne celebrated Indian chief Pontiac. I'arkman, in his "History of tho Conspiracy of Pontiac," says: "Pontiac, the Satan of this forest-paradise, was ac- customed to spend the early part of the summer upon a small island at the open- ing of Lake St. Clair." Anotlier author says: "The king and lord of all this country lived in no • oyal state. His cabin was a small, oven-shaped structure of bark and rushes. Here he dwelt with his squaws and children; and here, doubtless, lie might often have been seen carelessly reclining his naked form on a rush-mat or a bear-skin, like an orJinP'v Indian war- rior." The other fifteen islands, most of them small, are situated below Detroit, witliiii the first twelve miles of the river aftef entering it from Lake Krie," tlie largest of which is Gbosse Isle, attached to Michi- gan, on whicli are a number of extensive and well-cultivated farms. This island has become a very popular retreat for citizens of Detroit during the heat of summer, there being here located good public houses for the accommodation of visitors. Father Hennepin, who was a passenger on the " Griffin," the first vessel that crossed Lake Erie, in 1619, in his descrip- tion of tlie scenery along the route says : " The islands are the finest in the world : the strait is finer than Niagara; the banks aro vast meadows, and the pros- pe'-' -i terminated with some hills covered with vineyards, trees bearing good fruit, I groves and forests so well disposed that DETROIT AND IIILWACKKK BAILROAD AMD STKAUSHIP US*. (If les of them ara^ Sttgar, BoU Blane, Isle, St(m'.y, Fight- dy, G.aasy, Mud, Piehe. The two r miles above De- to Lake St. Clair, of white-fish ai* ed to Canada, was ated Indian chief is "History of tho " says: "Pontiao, -paradise, was ac- early part of the land at the open- ' Another author I lord of all this d state. His cabin aped structure of I lie dwelt with hia nd here, doubtless, en seen carelessly n on a rush-mat or inp'v Indian war- nds, most of them )w Detroit, witliiii )f the river aftef 5rie," the largest of attached to Michi- raber of extensive rms. This island spular retreat for ■ring the heat of lere located good accommodation of 10 was a passenger 3 first vessel mat 619, in his descrip- ng the route says : Inost in the world : lian Niagara ; tho )W8, and the pros- 1 some hills covered bearing good fruit, well disposed that one would thinlr t^uit Nature alone could not have made, wii ^ut the help of art, so charming a piospect. COUPA.HATIVB PDRITT OF DETKOIT BIVEB WATER. The following Table ahows tho solid matter in a gallon of water, taken from Lakes and Rivers in dificrcnt cities : Albany, Hu<1anii River 8,820 Troy, MoliAwk Ulver T.S>«0 Boston. Owhltunti' Lake 1.860 New York, Croton River 6i,9V8 fironklyn, L. I. IVnils 2.367 l*hiU(lilphln, Schnylklll R 4.260 (InelnnatI, Ohio River (17M Luke Ontario 4.1(0 IX'troit, Detroit River. 4,«4« Olovelund, IjikeKrle.: SoOO Montreal, St Lawrence R 6.000 Of the Detroit River water, Prof Douglass, in his report of the analysis, says : " In estimating the value of your city watpr, as compared with other cities, due allowance must bo made for the fact, that the total solid matter is materially increased by tho presence of L'ilica, alumina, and iron, elements that can produce little or no injury ; while th« chlorides, much the most iii;uriou8 com- pounds, are entirely absent. The pres- ence of such largo quantities of silica and iron is accounted for by the fact that Lakes Superior and Huron are formed, for the most part, in a basin of ferruginous sandstone and igneous rook." NoTR.— The nnrlty of tha wstcn of Lake 8uperli>r, prR, petroil, Capt. McBrido, and MUwankm, Oapt. Trowoll, run twice daily across Lake Michigan, connecting with trains on the Detroit and Milwaiikoo railroad. This trip is delightful during the summer and autumn months when Lake Michigan is u.sually calm, affording a safe and delight- ful e.xcursion of about six hours' contin- uance. The spacious cabins, and well- arranged dining-saloons of those ships, together with the well-provided tables, rendors this route to and from the Eastern cities one of the most pleasant and desi- rable as regards spued and objects of ia- torest. Usual fare from Milwaukee t«t Detroit, $8,00. Distance, 2T1 miles; time, 14 hours. From Milwaukee, westward, there is a direct connection l>oth with the Milwaukee and Prairie rfu Chien Jiailroad, and the La Croase and Milwaukee Railroad run- ning to the Mississippi River. A d.">i|y line of steamers run from the termir, of both of the above railroads to St. lul, Minnesota. TBIP 7R01E DETBOIT TO MACKINAC, SAUT 8TS. L.^^'B. During the season of navigation propel- I(al of wliicli are Black River, Pine River, and Belle Eiver, and several rivers flow into it from tlio east, or Canadian side. It has several flourishing villages on its banks. It is 48 raUes long, from a half to a mile wide, and has an average depth of from 40 to 60 feet, with a current of three miles an hour, and an entire descent of about 16 feet. Its waters are clear and transparent, the navigation easy, and the scenery varied and beautiful— forming for its en- tiro length, the boundary between tho United States and Canada. The banks of the upper portion are high ; those of the lower portion are low and in parts m- dined to be marshy. Both banks of the river arc generally well settled, and moiwr of the farms are beautifully situated. There are several wharves constructed wa hall; one Episcopal, one Methodist, one Congregational, one Baptist, one Roman Catholic, and one Free Church ; seven public houties, the princi- pal being t^e ' Ale.Mnder Iluune and the Wentem Ifuiel ; twenty stores and sev- eral groceries; two grain elevators, two Ktoam saw-mills ; one steam grist-mlli one largo barrel fnetory, one steam cabinet factory, one steam iron foundry, and one retlnery of petroleum oil, besides other manufacturing establishments. Popula- tion, 2,000. Tlio Grand Trunlc Railway of Canada tcrijiiuates at Point Edward, 2 miles from Sarnia, extending eastward to Montreal, Quebec, and Porthnd, Mo. ; a branch of the (ireat Western Railway also .termi- nates at Sarnia, affording a direct commu- nication with Niagara Kails, Boston, and New York. Steamers run from Sarnia to Goderich and Saugeen, C. W. ; also to and from Detroit, and ports on the Upper Lakes. The celel)rated Enniskillen Oil Wells, yielding an immense quantity of petroleum oil of a superior quality, are distant some 18 or 20 miles from Sarnia, tliis being the nearest shipping port. Tlieso wells are easy of access by means of railway and plank-roads ; the oil is brought to Sarnia in barrels, and much of it shipped from hence direct to European ports, passing down 'he St. Lawrence River. The S^, Clair River, opposite Sarnia, here one mile in width, flows downward with a strong current, at the rate of about six miles on hour. §tcaniboal Roote from Har- nia to Ciioderlcli, fektuveen, etc. Steamers running to and from Detroit on tlieir way to tlie diit'erent |)orts on the east shore of Lake Huron, usually hug the Canada side, leaving tlie broad waters of the lake to tlie westward. Point Ed ward, 2 miles above Sarnia, lies at the foot of Lake Huron, opposite Fort Gratiot, where are erected a large depot and warehouses connected with the Grand Trunk ilailivay of Canada. Here terminates the grand railroad connection extending from the Atlantic ocean to the Ppper Lakes. It also commands the entrance into Lake Huron and is an im- portant military position although at pres- ent unfortiUed. In the vicinity is an ex- cellent ttsiiery, from whence largo quanti- ties of lish are annually exported. lUvFiBi.i), t'. W., 108 miles from De- troit, is a new and llourishiug place, sit- uated at the mouth of a rirer of the same name. GoDERicu, 120 miles north of Detroit, is situated on elevated ground at the mouth of Maitlaiid River, where is a good harbor. This is a very important and growing place, where terminates the Buf- falo and Huron liailroad, 160 miles in length. (See page 5li.) KiNX'ARMNE, thirty miles from Gode- rich, is another port on the Canadian side of Lake Huron, whore the British steam- ers land and receive passengers on their trips to Saugeen. Sauoekn, C. W., is situated at the mouth of a river of the same name, where is a good harbor for steamers and lake cralt. This is the most northern port to which steamers now run on the Canada side of Lake Huron, and will no doubt, ere long be reached by railroad. Mean Huroi On lun the steal the broa the Grea for tlie i Tlie she being o forest tr Lakbi ron, is a ■bore. Lkxis capital where is flourishi Poet Huron, i FOKKI Port Hu troit, sit Huron, erected i has som tants, mi Several ated on which c steamer, ques, ab Huron. Hauin ing a wi rou hei where ti storms, Upper I Georgia merable Bay the moil iug tov 3,500. whence nually c and otlii TRIP FBOJI DETROIT TO MACKIHAO, ORBBN BAY, CIIICAOO, ITO. 71 le from ffar« and from Detroit rerent |K>rta on the iiron, UHUuUy hug f( tlie broad waters ivard. iilu» above Samio, e Uuron, oppoir, where is a good ry important and erminates the Bu/- amount of lumber is an- nually export . It has tifteen aaw-raills, and other mau facturing establishments. Steamers run daily to Detroit and other ports. Kast Sauinaw, situated on the right bank of the river, about one mile below Saginaw City, is a new and Houriahing place, and bids fair to be one of the moat important cities of the state. It is largely engaged in the lumber trade^and in the manufacture of salt of a superior quality. There are several largo steam aaw-mills, many with gau,!;s of saws, and capable of sawing from four to five million feet of lumber annually ; grist and llouring-miUa, with four run of stones, planing-milla, foundries, machine shops, breweries, a ship-yard, and other manufacturing es- tablishments, giving employment to a great number of workmen. Hero is a well-kept hotel, and several churches j a banking ollice and a number of large stores and warehouses. Coal of a good quality is abundant, being found near the river, and the recent discovery of salt sprinijs in tlio neighborhood is of incal- culable value, the manufacture of salt being carried on very extensively. Popu- lation in 18G7, 10,000. Several hues of steamers, and one of propellers, sail from this port regularly for Detroit and other lake porta. It is near the head of navigation for lake craft, where ftve rivers unite with tlie Saginaw, giving several hundred miles of water communication for river rafting and the floatmg of saw-logs. Tb.e surrounding country is rich in pine, oak, cherry, black- walnut, and other valuable timber, -t railroad is finished from this place to IMly, connecting with the Detroit and Milwaukee Railro.iri. Saginaw City, Saginaw County, Mich., is handsomely situated on the left bank of the river, 23 miles above its mouth. It contains a corrt-house and jail, several churches, two hotels, fifteen stores, two warehouses, and six steam saw-mills. Population about 8,000. There is a fine section of country in the rear o( Saginaw » TRIP THROTIOH TIIR LAKK8. much of which is heavily timbered ; the ■oil produces grain in abiuidiincc, wliile the streams aflbrd means of easy trans- portation to marltet. !?'. tamers run daily from Saginaw City and East Sagiiaw to Detroit, CliiouKO, itc, and other ports on tlje lakes, during tlie season of naviga- tion. LAXE HUBOH. The waters of Lake Huron, lying be- tween 43° and 46" north latitude, are surrounded by low shores on every side. The most prominent features are Saginaw Buy on tlie southwest, and the. Georgian Bay on the northeast; tlie latter large body of water being entirely in the limits of Canada. The lake proper, may be said to be 100 miles in width, from east to west, and 250 miles in length, from south to north, terminating at tlie Straits of Mackinac. It is nearly destitute of is- lands, presenting one br&nd expanse of waters. It possesses several good har- bors on its western shores, although as yet but little frequented. Point aux Barques, Thunder Bay, and Tlmnder Bay Islands, are prominent points to tlio mariner. Tawas, or Ottawa Bay, lying on the northwest side of Saginaw Bay, affords a good harbor and refuge during storms, as well as Tuukuek Bay, lying farther to the north. Off Saginaw Bay, the widest part of the lake, rough weather is often experienced, rendering it. necessary for steamers and sail vessels to run for a hai- bor or place of safety. In addition to the surplus waters which Lake Huron receives through the Straits of Mackinac and the St. Mary's River firom tlie nortli, it receives the waters of Saginaw River, and several other small streams from ihe west. This lake drains but a very small section of country com- pared to its magnitude, while its deptli is a matter of astonishment, being from lOU to 750 feet, accord .ng to recent surveys; altitude above the oceaa, 574 feet, being 26 feet below the surface of Lake Supe- rior. Its, outlet, tlie St. Clair River, does not seem to bo much larger than the St. Mary's River, its principal inlet, thus leav- ing nearly all its other waters falling in the basin, to pass off by evaporation. On entering the St. Clair liiver, at Fort Gra- tiot, after passing over the Upper Lakes, the Vjcliolder is surprised to find all these accumulated waters compressed down to a width of about 1,000 feet, the depth varying from 20 to GO feet, with a strong downward current. The i^tniits of Mackinac, connecting Lakes Huron and Michigan, is a higlily interesting body of water, embosoming several piotnresciuo islands, witii beautiful licadlauds along its shores. It varies in width from 5 to ;J0 miles, from mainland to mainland, and may be said to be from 30 to 40 miles in lengtli. Hero are good fisliing grounds, as well as at several other points on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The climate of Lake Hrron and its shores is perceptibly warmer than Lake Superior during tlie spring, summer, and autumn months, while tlie winter season is usually rendered extremely cold from the prevalence of northerly winds passing over its exposed surface. On the 30th of July, 1800, at 8 a. m., the temperature of the air near the middle of Lake Huron, was 04'' Fahr., the water on tlie surface, 52°, end at tlie bottom, 50 fathoms (300 feet) 42° Fahr. The nearly s Great Li ation is the purp any othe The ni every p( which ur sidorablc natural < interioPy ble for p tion. E' Mackinac with the ducomen railroads, portions construct points in ly timbc claimed, substanti jwrtions It is w satior>. w t!io uni> comprise Western correspoi the nece demand c Is so raj States. Tlie St of which Lawrence ncsota a States of and a lar west of supply ol The supp demand, and tlio C»8t SagiittW to oilier ports on 180U of naviga- THE LOWER PENINSULA OF yiCSIOAN. , 574 feet, being ) of Lake Supe- □Ittir River, does rer than tlio St. 1 inlet, thus leav- vaters falling ia ivaporation. On ver, at Fort Gra- 18 Upper Lakes, to find all these pressed down to I feet, the depth et, with a strong iimc, connectiDg gan, is a higlily ter, embosomiiij? ds, with beautiful 3S. It varies in 3, from mainland ) said to be from Hero are good ill as at several ron and Georgian I Ilrron and its armer than Lake ing, summer, and he winter season remely cold fron) )rly winds passing 1. ' On the 30th of e temperature of I of Lake Huron, ir on the surface, 50 fathoms (UOO Thb Lower Peninsula of Michigan is nearly surrounded by the waters of the Great Lakes, and, in this respect, its situ- ation is naturally more favorable for all the purposes of trade and commerce than any other of the Western States. The numerous streams which penetrate every portion of tlie Peninsula, some of which are navigable for steamboats a con- siderable distance from the lake, being natural outlets for the products of tlie interiois render this whole region desira- ble for purposes of settlement and cultiva- tion. Even as far north as the Strait of Mackinac, the soil and cUmatc, togetlier with the valuable timber, offer great in- ducements to settlors ; and if the proposed railroads, under the recent grant of large portions of these lands by Congress, are constructed from and to the diflferent points indicated, this extensive and heavi- ly timbered region wiU speedily be re- claimed, and become one of the most substantial and prosperous agricultural portions of the West. It is well that in tlie system of oompon- sation, wliich soorns to bu a great law of the universe, tlie vast prairies which comprise so largo a portion of this great Western domain are provided so well with corresponding regions of timber, affording the necessary supply of lumber for the demand of the increasing population which is so rapidly pouring into these Western States. The State of Michigan — all the' waters of which flow into the Hasin of the St. Lawrence — Northern Wisconsin, and Min- nesota are the sources from which the States of Ohio, Indiiina, Illinois, and Iowa, and a large portion of the prairie country west of the Mississippi, must derive t\\J\t supply of this important article (lumber). The supply in the West is now equal to the demand, but the consumption is so great, and the demand so constantly increasing with the development and settlement of the country, that of necessity, within comparatively a very few years, these vast forests will be exhausted. But as the timber is exhausted the soil is prepared for cultivation, and a large portion of the northern part of the southern Peninsula of Michigan will be settled and cultivated, as it is the most reliable wheat-growing portion of the Union. Besides the ports and towns already described, there are on Lake Huron, after leaving Saginaw Bay, going north, several settlements and lumber estabUshments, fisheries, &c. These are at Taivas Hay, mouth of the River au Sable, Black River, &c. Alpe.va, situated at the head of Thun- der Bay, is a very flourishing town, and the capital of Alpena County. It contains aljout 100 inhabitants, and four saw-mills, possessing a superior water-power on the river liero emptying into the bay. It is botli a lumber and lisliing station of con- siderable importance. Duncan is the next place of importance on the lake coast, situated near the mouth of Cheboygan River. The United States Land Office for this district is located at this place. Nearly opposite lies Boi-s Blanc Island, a largo and fertile tract of land. The oolobrated Island of Mackinac is next reached, lying within the straits, surrounded by a cluster of interesting points of land justly celebrated in Indian legends and traditions. Old Mackinac, lying on the mainland, is one of the most interesting points, being celebrated both in French and Knglish history when those two great powers con- tended for th&posBession of this vast Lake Region. It is proposed to build a railroad from Old Mackinac to Saginaw, t'nd one to the southern conflues of the State, while another line of road will extend north- westward to Lake Superior, crossing the IP* u TRIP THROUGH THE LAKKB. straits by a steam ferry. A town plot ' s bccu surveyed, and preparations niadr ibr Bctiloraent. P...'sin(? around the ■westflm extremity of the Peninsulrt, at the WaugoiKance Liglit and Island, the next point is Little Traverse Buy, a. most beautiful shcec, of water. About Hltcen miles soiuh westerly from Little Traverse wc enter (rRANDTBAVEBSE Bay, a large and bei'diful arm of tlie lake, extenc'iii'^ about; thirty mQes inland. This bay is divided into two parts by a point of land, from t-.vo to four miles wide, extending from the head of the bay about eighteen miles toward the lake. The country around this bay is exceedingly picturesque, and embraces one of the finest agricultural portions of tlie State. The climate is mild, and fruit and grain of all kinds suitable to a northern latitude arc produced, witli less liability to injury froui I'ros' than in some of tlic southern portions of the State. Grand Tra''',kse City is located at the head oi' the west arm of the bay, and is the terniinui' of the proposed railroad from Grand Rapids, a distance of about 14u miles. Passing out of the bay and around the point dividing tlic west arm from the lake, w.' lirst arrive at the river Aux licr.s Sceis. There is here a natural harbor, capable of accommodating tlio larger class of vessels and steamboats. A town named Frank- fort has been commenced at this place, and with its natural advantages, and the enterprise of parties who now contemplate making furtlier improvements, it will soon become a very desirable and convenient point for the accommodation of navigators. The islands comprising the Beavers, the Manitous, and Fox Isles should here lie noticed. The Beavers lie a little south of west from the entri>nco to the Strait of Mackinac, the Manitous a little south of these, and the Foxes still I'art her down the lake. These are all valuable for fishing purposes, and for wood and lumber. Lying in tuo route of all the steamboat lines from Chicago to Buffalo and the Upper Lakes, thu harbors on tlicse islands are stopping- points for the boats, and aprof table trade is conducted in furnishing the necessary supplies of wood, etc. We next arrive at Manistee, a braall but important settlement at the mouth of the Manistee River. The harbor is a natural one, but requires some improve- ment. A large trade is carried on with Chicag o in lumber. The next point of importance is the mouth of the Pcre Marquette River. Hero js the terminus of the proposed j-ail'x}ad from Flint, in Genesee C miles wide; on the opposite side lies Milwaukee, Wis. Fur/urDier descrip- Hull, see page GU. SaUii Vackin St. Mai miles, ( or land ThuE passed, the laki inac is mantic of M«ck tttiva La ways cc travellei for ages merce, i with ci^ In th Huron ii aflfordinf ness anc often an ly rufflei the voya e.tperieii Mack wave th the Upp other lo( mate, foi its vicini the invi well as t cnjoyme warm w( On lea steamer the mciii Islands the wato St'Msir and Roe of the "n diarrain^ lie Upper Lakes, nds are stoppinf?- a proftable trade ig the necessary ANisTBE, a bmall t at the mouth of The harbor is a 8 some improvo- cnrried on with nportacce is the lette River. Here proposed jall''oad Cnunty, connett- Detroit and Mil- mce of about 180 mpcrior, and the B well adapted for nilea in the iute- ho moat compnct line timber on the ith of this, in the all village is loca- te Hive, . The har- iral one, and the der&blo extent by owever, the prin- Iio trade is prin- ) market. 3G0\, at the mouth is supported prin- lumber region oi 8 steam fiaw-mills ation here, giving ana activity, f the be»:t on the Gccssible for all tlie n Muskegon and iwa Co., Mioli, is of Grand River, at 3 Michigan, here in the opposite side Fbr further descrip- DIRECT STEAMBOAT RCUTE FROM DETROIT TO GREEN BAY, CHIOAOO, &c. Sailing direct through Lake Huron to Mackinac, or to the De Tour entrance to St. Mary's River, a distance of about 330 oules, the steamer often runs out of sight or land on crossing Saginaw Bay. Thunder Bay Light is first sighted and pa-ssed, and then Preaque Isle Light, when the lake narrows and tho Strait of Mack- inac is soon entered, whore lies the to- mantio Island of Mackmac. The Strait of ifnckinac, with the approaches thereto thm Lakes Huron and Michigan, will al- ways command attention from tiio passing traveller. Through tliis channel will pass, for ages to come, a great current of com- merce, and its shores will bo enlivened with civilized 1 ;fe. In this gro.it commercial ro\ito. Lake Huron is traversed its entire length, often aflfording ji^ie traveller a taste oi sea-sick- ness and its consequent evil.s. Yet there often are times when Lake Huron is hard- ly ruffled, and the timid passenger enjoys the voyage with as much zest as the more e.tperienced mariner. MicKiNAO, crovmed by a fortress, where wave the Star.i and the Stripes, the gem of the Upper Lake isla, "is, may vie with any other locality for the salubrity of its cli- mate, for its picturesque beauties, and rally runs a west course for the mouth of the bay, passing the Beaver Islands in Lake Michigan before entering the waters of Green Hay, 'about 150 miles. StTMMEK IsLAN'D ii( s OH tho nortli side and Rock Isr.AND lies on tlio south side of the entrance to (irecu Bay, forming a diarraing view fromtlio dockof asteamor. Wasiunoton or Potawatomee Island. Chambkhs' Island, and other smaU islands are next passed on the upward trip toward tie head of the bay. Washinotoh Habboe, situated at the north end of Washington Island, is a pictu- resque fishing station, affording a good steamboat-landing and safe anchorage. Green Bat, about 100 miles long and from 20 to 30 miles wide, is a splendid sheet of water, destined no doubt to be enlivened with commerce and pleasure wcursions. (City of Qretn Bay, seep. 32.; Ports of iMke lllicliigan-^ East and tiouth Shores. nielifgan City, Ind., situated at the extreme south end of Lake Michigan, is distant 45 miles from Chicago by water and 228 miles from Detroit by railroad route. Tlie New Albany d: Sakm Rail- road, 228 miles in length, terminates at this place, connecting with the Michigan Central Railroad. Several plank rorda also terminate liere, afibrding facilities 1 ir crdssing the extensive prairies lying in the rear. Here are several large store- ho-.,cM, situated Dt the month of Trail Creek, intended for the storage and ship, ment of wheat and oiler produce ; 20 or 30 stores of different kindo. several hotels, and a branch of the State Bank oi" Indiana. It now contains 5,000 inhabitants, a.^d ia steadily increasing in wealtli and numbe-s The harbor of Michigan City, which has been closed for a number of years to large vessels by the accumulation of sand In the channel is again open, witli a good depth of water. Vessels loaded with iron ore and with lumber cuter and discharge cargoes wiliiout difficulty. An eflicieni dredge is at work, and Michigan City will BOOH become a lake port of importance. 70 TRIP TIROUGII TUB LAKES. New Buffalo, Mich., lying 50 milee east ofCblcago by steamboat route, is situ- nted on the lino of the Michigan Central Railroad, 218 miles west of Detroit. Here have been erected a light-house and pier, the latter affording a good landing for steamers and lake craft. The settlement contains two or three hundred inhabi- tants, and several stores and storehouses. It is surrounded by a light, sandy soil, which abounds all along the east and south shores of Lalve Michigan. St. Joseph, Berrien Co., Mich., is ad- vantageously situated on the cast shore of Lake Micliigan, at the mouth of St. Joseph Rivor, 194 miles west of Detroit. Here is a good harbor, affordiu^ about 10 feet of water. Tlie village contains about 1,000 inhabitants, and a uunihor of stures and storehouses. An .ctivo trada in lumber, grain, and fruit is carried on at this place, mostly with the Chicago market, it being distant about 10 miles by water. Steamers of a small class run from St. Joaopli to Niles and Constr.ntine, a distance of 1 20 miles, to wliich phioe iho St. Joseph lliver is navigable. St. Josi^ph River rises in tbo southern portion of Michigan and Nortliern Indiena, and is about 250 miles long. Its general course is nearly westward; is very ser- pentine, with .ID \,ii,'ble current, iind flowing through ii ;' -tiNi section of coun- try, celebrated alike ) r '.bi s.i'sing of grain end different kiui''- rif ftiiH. here are to be ir ., i gevtra'. i.; tirighiijg- \ iges on its bankb. The prL- ipai a^e C. i>stan- tine, Elkhart, South Bend, ana Nilca. NiLGS, situated on St. Joseph River, is 2G n:iles above its mouth by land, and 191 miles from Detroit by railroad route. This is a flourishing village, containing abort 3,000 inhabitants, Ave churches, three hoteln, several large stores and flouring mills; the country around pro- ducing large quantities of wheat and other kinds of grain. A small class of steamers run to St. Joseph below and other places above, on the river, affordbg great facil- ities to trade in this section of country. South HAVB^f, Van Buren Co., lies at the mouth of Black River. Naples, Allegan Co., lies on the east side of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the Kalamazoo River. AusTEUDAM, Ottawa Co., is a small ^ lage lying near the Lake shore, about 20 miles south of Grand Haven. Holland, situated on Bluck Lake, a few miles above Amsterdam, C! iof. ;o da''y, during the seasio'i ,. Cnavigjtivfl, lur Graud Haven BUG Mu"kcal p^rts on the gan, stopping (^ Detroit, etc., af- lap mode of con- d Milwaukee to L.'kes Erie and m of Chicaga mi COjHMERCE of the upper 1.AKE8. Eitimate of Enlarffinff the means of Transit to the Sea- board— OliTerent Routes Compared. Copied from the Chicaqo Tkibunb, dated April, 1868. "Sib: I have to state that the cost of all the neoessary works to complete and adapt the navigation from the Western lakes to Montreal and New York, for pro- pellers of 850 tons, would be as follows ; « 8,000,000 1,080,000 780,000 9,600,000 8,000,000 1,000,000 The' New WfllUnd Canal Lengthening the Locks of the 3t. Law- rence Canals Improving the Rapids of the St. Law- rence to 13 feet The Canghnawoga Canal (2S miles). . . Now York Champlain Canal Improving the Uudsnn Biver Total 116,800,000 " Most of these figures are taken from re- ports, are based on actual surveys of the work to be done, and sufficiently accurate for comparison. I shall now advert to the saving which would be effected by me employment of the 860-ton propeller or sailing vessel, in transport, by the im- provements suggested. Raw commodities and those of considerable bulk or weight must necessarily be transported by the cheapest conveyance, and while railways will enjoy the monopoly of carrying valu- able goods in proportion to their bulk and those of a perishable character, the pro- peller and sailing vessel will carry the wheat and other grains, the provisions, ore, Ac. On the lakes small vessels only wero at first employed, and vessels four times the size of those formerly employed a few years since are now in use, and wherever there is a suOicient amount of trade, the cost of transport is reduced by increasing the siae of the vessel. Experienced navi- gators on the lakes estimate tlie cost of transport at one-foftrth less by the large vessels now employed than by tl o small ves.sels fc -merly in use. The tendency of Into yeiirs has been toward the increase of the class of steamers called propellers, of great carrying capacity, with engines adapted to a slow speed to obbiin tho greatest economy of fuel. The first of this class of vessels employed wore of small size, but experience proved that the gTeatest economy was obtained by en- larging them to the greatest size the lake harbors would admit. The cole, y and certainty of their voyages will always give them a preference, for their charges are less than the railway, their deliveries are prompt and but little lon(?or. With the improvements in the nav'gHtion com- pleted and adapted for the 850-ton pro- peller taking cargo, without breaking bulk from the Upper Lakes to Montreal or New York, there can be no doubt that the cost of transport wouWbe greatly re- duced below the rates now paid. By the expenditure of fourteen millions of dollars on tho Erie Canal, the State of New York opened a route by which a ton of freight could be conveyed from Chicago to New York City for $8.64, and by a further ex- penditure of twenty-two million dollars in enlarging her canal she reduced the cost of transport to $5.56 per ton. Now supposing the reduction in cost of trans- port, by enlarging the various canals and adapting improvements for the vessel of 860 tons, as proposed, to bo only one dollar and flfty cents per ton lers than prei»"'itl ra*es ^and eminent engineers have - mated it to be much higher), this woi. a reduction of five cents per bushel N let me point out what the saving woi' in one year on the grain shipped he i,;ike Michigan alone. The exports of gi and flour from ihis lake have already ai lUted in one year equal to ninety ttij.ions of bushels, and within two yenf yill, no I 78 COMMERCE OP THE UPPER LAKES. donbt, exceed one hundred million bushel!!. I have stated that the average t'reiglit of this grain from Lalte Michigan to New York is about thirty cpnts per bushel, in- cluding two and three-quarters cents for transfornQg cargo and other ctiarges at BuflTalo. A deduction of five cents per bushel on the hundred millions of bushels would be live millions of dollars in one year, which would represent a capital of about ninety millions of dollar?, at six per cent, interest, while the total cost of im- provements I have suggested, would not exceed seventeen millions in gold. I hare not alluded or taken iuto account the great provision trade so rapidly growing up, nor have I taken in the vast trade which will so scon exist on Lake Superior; neither have I alhided to the grain and other exports from Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario. I have preferred to single out the one great fact of the present exports from this lake, so that any one can see at a glance the enormous import- ance and advantage of perfecting the navigation from the West to th' Hlast. THE KOtlTES COMP>aED. " Few persons can look , vne map of the Groat Lukes without not: 'ing the nar- row isthmuses which in several places divide them, and particularl}" the nearness with whici: the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe, which empties into it, approach to Lake Ontario (running through Canada). By cutting through an isthmus of about 90 miles a saving of 400 miles ir: distance would be made from Chicago to Oswego. "Surveys of this project have been made. Lake Simcoe is 175 feet above Ontario, and 110 feet above Uri-on, making a total of 585 teet lockage against 3(30 feet by the "Welland Canal and St. Clair River. Moreover, there is a summit ridge between Lakes Simcoe and Ontario, wliiah can not be locked over on account of this delicioncy of water to supply the summit lovcl, and must be cut through aod led from Lake Simcoe. " They would require (according to the engineer's reports) a cutting 200 feet deep for some two miles, and an average cutting, of some 80 feet deep for six miles and a half No such cut as this was ever made on any work, and by giving the banks of the cut a sloijo of one and a half feet to one foot in depth the opening on the surface would be eight hundred feet. Still, this is considered quite a trifle by the friends of the project. Its estimated cost is $25,00C,000, but more likely to be forty millions. Of course the improve- paents of the St. Lawrence Canals, the Caughnawaga, and the New York Cham- plain Canal would have to be added to the above sura. "The next project, which has also been warmly advocated by many, is what is called the Ottawa Oancd, to connect Mon- treal with Lake Huron via Lake Nippising and French River, which has been sur- veyed and reported on. This project also shortens the distance from Chicago or Milwaukee to Montreal about 430 miles. To understand its merits, I ^ould begin by stating that it is the breaking up of the ice in the Straits of Mackinac in the spring which opens navigation, and it is the closing of these straits by ice in the fall which pu.i; an end to navigation for the year. Now, suppose two propellers of 85*^ tons, leaving Milwaukee together, bound for Montreal, one by the Welland Canal and the other by the Ottawa route. Both vessels keep together as far as the point in Lake Huron where it is necessary for one to diverge to enter the French River, emptying into Georgian Bay. This river has to be ascended by a lockage of seventy-flve feet to reach the summit level in Lake Nippisino be added to 1 has also been ny, is what ia ) connect Mon- Lake Nippising has been sur- his project also im Chicago or )out 430 miles. I vvould begin laking up of the aekinac in the :ation, and it is 8 by ice in the navigation for two propellers lukee togetlier, y the Welland 3 Ottawa route, r as far as tlie i it is necessary er the French ian Bay. This y a lockage of tie summit level f course there veniy-five feet re\ of lake Hii- ' route 150 foet Welland Canal COMMEROB OF THK CPFJtlt LAKX3. 10 route. The Ottnwa Kiver is reached through tliti River Mattawan, botli of wli'ch are dammGil i;p in various places to fldmit of their navi(,'nUou, making thom uotliiug more or les^F than largo canals. At niglit it would ho almost impossible for the proptlltirto sail, except very slowly, while the oilier propeller could sail by niglit as well as by day at iier fitll speed. The whole iookago would be at one i)lace on the Welland Canal, for the St. Law- rcnce Canals would not retiuire to be used on the downward voyage. Now, I have never seen a .'hipmaster who has not acknowledged rliat the propeller would sooner bo at Montreal by the long route than he could bo by the shorter one of four hundred miles ; and from the more northern position of Lake Nippising, navi- gation would bo later in opening and sooner closed. The ostimated cost of this work is $24,000,000 (but probably forty millions), and added to this, again, would be the cost of the Caughnawaga Canal and New York Champlain Canal, without which the pr.opeller via the Ottawa could neither reach New York or Lake Cham- plain. " Experience has proved that the larger the vessel the cheaper the cost of convey- ance. This, of course, has a limit some- where, but the size of the ves-sel will, in a great degree, be regulated by tlie depth of water in the lake harbora Heretofore the shallowest part of the lake navigation was on the Lake St. Clair Flats, but the obstruction is now being removed. The short canal built by the United States Government, which gives access to Lake Superior, has locks of three hundred feet in length by seventy-flve feet wide, with a depth of water of twelve feet. This depth of water may be assumed as the capacity of lake harbors. The artificial works necessary for the improvement of the navigation should bo designed in ac- cordance with the natural magnitude of that navigation. The depth of water, therefore, in the lake harbors, limits the size of vessels for the navigation. The present state of our knowledge is, that propellers are a cheaper mode of con- veyance than side-wheel steamers, and are destined to supersede sailing vessels. The euggestions now made for cheapening transports, it is necessary that all the canals on the route from West to East should be adapted for propellers of 850 tons burden, with a depth of twelve feet water." Lakk SdP£RIOB ■.liK On the completion of a r^uroad com- munication between the Upper Missis- 8i|>pi and Lake Superior, the enlargeirient of the St. Mary's Falls Slnp Canal and the Erie Canal, also the improvement of the WcUaud and St. Lawrence Canals will bo imperiously demanded, as well as the con- struction of the Caughnawaga Canal, r-in- ning to Ijtike Champlain, and the enlarge- ment of the Champlain Canal. These great works will form international modes ■jL coreimunication, alike beneficial to the trade of Canada and of the United States. Canadian Inland and Ocean IVaTfgatlon. The following, from a pamphlet pub- lished in Montreal, pictures the advan- tages to be derived from the great inland water highways of the Canadian Pro- vinces: "Montreal, at the head of sea navigation proper, is the port for the great chain of river, lake, and canal navip^tion, which extends westward to Fond du Lac, 80 CANADIAN AND NBW YORK CANALS. I^ake Superior, and Chicago, on Lake Michigau, a dUtance of about flfteon hun- dred miles, embracing the largest extent of inland water communication in the world." For extent of lake and river navigation, see page 16. Canadian Canalii. Lcnftlhin P«t)th Lorknft* No, liiiliL in fMU I.ifi, fwt. Locki, Lnchino 8i 10 44» 5 Kpnuhnrniils 11^ 10 82| 9 Cornwall llj 10 48 T F«rnin(l'» Point 1 10 4 l Knplil put I -,. 10 Hi J Point Iroquois f" "* ]o 6 1 Uiitlops J 10 8 8 Welland 28 10 880 27 ToUls 69 648| 54 Proposed Ottawa Ship Canal. The saving in the distance between Montreal and Chicago, by this direct route, over the present circuitous line through the Lower Lakes and the St. Lawrence is 842 miles. It has 64 locks, with a total lift of 66.5 feet. The work, in quality at least equal to the St. Lawrence Canals, is estimated to cost $12,057,680, exclusive of the Lachine Canal, which is already completed. Deepeshto cp thk Canada Canals. At a late meeting of the Montreal Board of Trade (April, 1868), a report was presented and adopted which contained tlie following: "The Council has had some correspondence with the Depart- ment of Public Works, relative to the en- largement of the Welland and St. Law- rence Canals, and has recommended re- garding the improvements contemplated in these works, that, while it is desirable that a depth of two feet and a size of locks in all the canals equal to the largest lock in the series should bo aimed at if prac- ticable, in the moan time the lo.^ser work of enabling vessels of not (xcceding 186 feet long, 44} feet wide, and 10 feet draught of water, to navigate the wliole lengtli of Canada, from Lake Superior to the ocean, could, the Council believes, be executed in brief time and at a moderate expense." The deepening of the.so canals was deemed a matter of urgent necessity, in order to accommodate the increasing trade of tlie Upper Lakes. New York Caiiala. Lenotd, Bizx, Looks, xtg. I.....O. No. SiM I-lftof Erie (MilnrRod) 8S0t TI 110x18 669 Uenrsee Vnlley and Extension 124J 112 90x16 1,4S9 Caj'nxaand Seneen... 24| H 110x18 7«1 Croolied L:kke g 2T 90x16 277 Ohrmnnj; & Feeder. . 89 49 90x16 IfiO Chenango 97 llfi 110x18 1,018 Oswego 8S IS 90x16 166 Black Klverdc Feeder. 60 109 .... 1,082 Black Kiver Imp't... 42+ Champlain 6Ct 83 110x18 Olons Falls Feeder. . 7 ... 100x16 227 Oneida Lake T T 90x16 00 Oneida River Imp't . 20 S 120x80* 16} OneldaLake 28 The Erie and Champlain Canals, when first completed in 1826, had a prism 28 feet wide at the bottom, and 40 feei wide at the surface of the water, which was four feet in depth. The chanibers of the locks were 90 feet long by 16 feet wide, admitting boats 76 feet long, carrying about 45 to 50 tons. The size of the present locks is given in the foregoing table. The boats now navigating the Erie and Osv/ego Canals have a burden of about 225 to 250 tons in six feet draught of water. The Krie enlarged Canal has 71 looks, with a total lift of 569 feet, and the Os- wego Canal has 18 locks, with a tol.'U lift of 165 feet. Port*, CHICA^ Waukej Kenosli: Racine, MiLWAt Port W; Sheboyi Manito\ Two Ri- Kewaui BOXTT] Onstti near the] Marine 1 Central while th are seen stream, wooden to the construe pier, to J The Central '. a substa for neari accommc vessel H, and iron The and saili departin aimed nt if prac- rae the lesser work ' not (xcceding 18S wide, and 10 feet navigate the wliole on Lake Superior to Coiiiioil believes, bo ; and at a moderate ning of these canols of urf^rent necessity, lute the increasiDg koa. i. Caiiali. Looks, »T0. ■th. No. SiM i.m of Locki. Ixtelkl. LMkl. >» Tl llOjtlS 569 l» 112 90x18 1,4S9 li 11 110x18 7«1 c 2T 90x16 2n • 49 9flxlS lee ■ 116 110x18 1,015 S IS 90x15 156 D 109 1,082 .'* .... if »3 iidxis r 100x16 22T r ' 7 90x15 60 ) 3 120x80^ 16J » .... iplain Canals, when 125, had a prism 28 )m, and 40 feei wide 5 water, which was ?he chaubers of the Qg by 16 feet wide, feet long, carrying i. The size of tlie en in the foregoing ow navigating the inals have a burden tons in six feet * • Canal has 11 looks, 59 feet, and the Oa- tcks, with a tot.m the steamboat wharf near the mouth of the Chicago River, the Marine Hospital and depot of the Illinois Central Railroad are passed on the right, while the Lake House and lumber-yards are seen on the left or north side of tlie stream. The govermnent piers, long wooden structures, afford a good entrance to the harbor; a light-house has been constructed on the outer end of the north pier, to guide vessels to the port. Tlio basin completed by the Illinois Central Railroad to facilitate commerce is a substantial work, extending southward for nearly half a mile. It affords ample accommodj>tion for loading and unloading vessels, and transferring the freight to and from the railroad cars. The number of steamers, propellers, and sailing vessels annually arriving and departing from the harbor of Chicago is fine BOUTE FBOM CHIOAGO TO MACKIH AC AND 8AUT STE. XABH. very great ; the carrying trade being destined to increase in proportionate ratio with the population and wealth pouring into this favored section of the Union. On reaching the green waters of Lake Michigan, the city of Chicago is seen stretcliing along the shore for four or Ave miles, presenting ft appearance from the deck of the steamer. The entrance to the harbor at the bar is about 200 feet wide. The bar has from ten to twelve feet water, the lake being subject to about two feet rise and fall. The steamers bound for Mil- waukee and the northern ports usuaUy run along the west shore of the lake with- in siglit of land, the banks rising from thirty to fifty feet above the water. IiAKE MiciiiOAN is about seventy miles average width, and 340 mile in extent from Michigan City, Ind., on the south, to the Strait of Mackinac on the north ; it presents a great expanse of water, now traversed by steamers and other vessels of a large class, running to the Saiit Ste. Marie and Lake Superior ; to ColUngwood and Goderioh, Can. ; to Detroit, Midi. ; to Cleveland, Oliio, and to Buffalo, N. Y. From Chicago to Buffalo the distance is about 1,000 miles by water; while trotu T 82 ROUTS FROM CHICAOO TO MACKirTAO AND SAUT HTI. HAKII. Chicago to Superior City, at the head of Lake Superior, or Fond du Lac, tbe dis- tance is about the same, thus affording two ezcursiona of 1,000 miles each, over three of the great lakea or inland sras of America, in steamers of from 1,000 to 2,000 tons burden. During the summer , and early autumn months the waters o( this lalce are comparatively calm, afford- init sate navigation. But late in the year, and during the winter and early spring monthti, the navigation of this and the other great lakes is very dangerous. WAUKiaAN, Lake Co., Ill, 3G miles north of Chicago, is tutDdsoraely situated on etevated ground, gradually rising to 50 or 60 feet above tlie water. Here are two piers, a light-house, several large atorehouses, and a neat and thriving town (tontaining about 4,000 inhabitants, six churches, a bank, several well-kept hotels, Uiirty stores, and two steam-flouring miUs. KsNOSRA, Wis., 52 miles from Chicago, is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the lake. Here are a small harbor, a light-house, storehouses, mills, etc. The town has a papulation of about 6,000 inhabitants, surrounded by a fine back country. Here is a good hotel, a bank, several churches, and a number of stortts and manufactur- ing establishments doing a largo amount of business. The Kenosha aiui liockford HaiWoad, 13 miles, connects at the latter place with a railroad running to Madison, tliu capital of the State, and also to the Mississippi River. Tbe City of Raoinr, Wis., 62 miles iVom Ghic&p:o and 23 miles south of Milwaukee, 18 built on an elevation some forty or Ofty feet above the surface of the lake. It is a beautiful, and flourishing place. Here are a light-bouse, piers, storehouses, etc., situated near the water, while the city contains some fine pubUc buildings and private residences. The population i# about 10,000, and is rapidly increasing. Racine is the second city in tho State in commerce and population, and possossea a fine harbor. Here are '.ocated the county buildinjrs, fourteen chi.rolies, seve- ral hotels, Comjreas llall being the largest : elevators, warehouses, and numerous atorcs of different kinds. The Kacine and Misiissippi Railroad ex- tends from this place to tlie Missinsippi River at Savanna, 142 miles. The Chica- go and Milwaulcee Railroad also rum through the town, neu the Iiake'Shore. MILWAinCU DABBOI. Milwaukee, " Thk Cbsah Orrr," 85 miles from Chicago, by railroad and steamboat route, is handsomely aitnated on rising ground on both sides of the Mil- waukee River, at it5i entrance into Lake Michigan. In front oftlio city is a bay or indentation of the lake, affording a good harbor, except in strong easterly gales. The harbor is now being improved, and will doubtless be rendered secure at all times of the season. The river affords an ex- tensive water-power, capable of giving motion to machinery of almost any re- quirud (upount. The city is built upon beantif river a Custoa a court land-otl college (•rphun eral w( and th( . froquen compan vators, several ments. well su ports of are imrei to a lar( lake era the Up, The gro ishing; wildern( inhabita section briety, a The f predict; roods fir tioB, ezt the Miss Superior Detroit atingat water, a to this petus to good clit alone oai Durinf number c and the i ttd to $6( offers th •truction point on pended i of a hai ;. MAKIK. TRlr THROUGH TIIK LAKM. 83 ion, and poiiaotBes are '.ocated the en churches, scvo- being the largest : , and numerous I. isippi Railroad ex- to tlie Mississippi miles. The Chic»- ailroad also rum the lAke-Shore. The Cbbah City," o, by railroad and andsomely sitnoted )th sides of the Mil- entrance into Lake ftlie city ia a bay or e, affording a good rong easterly galea. ig improved, and will i secure at all times iver affords an e.t- capable of giving of almost any Te- city ia built upon beautiful slopes, descending toward the river and lake. It has a United States Custom House and Post-Ofllco building; a court house, city liall, a United States land-otlic(!, tlio University Institute, » college for females, tliree academies, tliree i>rplian asylums, forty-live churches, sev- eral well-kept liotela, the NewhuU Uuuse and the Walker llouie being the most frequented; seven banks, six insurance companies, a Chamber of Commerce, ele- vators, extensive ranges of stores, and several largo manufacturing establish- ments. The city is liglite^ with gas, and well supplied with good water. Its ex- ports of lumber, agricultural produce, etc. are immense, givingprofitable employment to a large number of steamers and other lake craft, running to different porta on the Upper Lakes, Detroit, Buffalo, etc. The growth of this city has been aston- ishing ; twenty years since its site was a wilderness; now it contains over 60,000 inhabitants, and of a class inferior to no section of the Union for intelligence, so- briety, and industry. . The future of. Milwaukee it is hard to predict; here are centring numerous rail- roads finialied and in course of construc- tion, extending south to Chicago, west to the Mississippi River, and north to Lake Superior, which, in connection with the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, termin- ating at Grund Haven, 85 miles distant by water, and the lines of steamers running to this port, will altogether give an im- petus to this favored city, blessed with 'a good climate and soil, which the future alone can reveaL During the past few years an unusual number of Qne buildmgs have been erected, aud the commerce of the port I'as amount- ed to $60,000,000. The bay of Milwaukee offers the liest advantages for the con- struction of a harbor of refuge of any point on Lake Michigan. The city has ex- pended over $100,000 in the construction of a harbor; this uecda extension and completion, which wQI no doubt bo effected. The approach to Milwaukee harbor by water is very imposing, lying between two headlands covered with rich foliage, and dotted with residences indicating comfort and retinement not to be exceed- ed on the banks of the Hudson or any other body of water in the land. This city, no doubt, is destined to become the favored residence of opulent families, who are fond of congregating in favored localities. Tub Granaries of Minnesota and Wisconsin.— The La Crosse Democrat speaks as follows of the great strides of agriculture in a region which ten years ago was a wilderness. It says: "We begin to think that the granaries of Minnesota and Northwestern Wiscon- sin will never give out; there is no end to the amount, judging from the heavy loads the steamers continually land at the depot of the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad. Where does it all come from? is the frequent inquiry of people. We can hardly tell. It seems impossible that there can be much more left, yet steam- boat men tell us that the grain is not near all hauled to the shipping points on the river. What will Wiis country be ten years hence, at this rate? Imagine the amount of transportation that will be- come necessary to carry the produce of the upper country to market. It is hard to state what will bo the amount of ship- ments of grain this season (1863), but it will be well into the millions." r.ilLROADS RUNNING FROM MILWAUKEE. httroit and Milwavkee (Grand Haven to Detroit, 189 miles), connecting with steamers on Lake Michigan. La Orosae and AfUwaukee, 200 miles, connecting with steamers on the Upper MississippL / IH FROM CIIICAOO TO MACKWAO AITO BAUT BTB. MAUIB. Mamfdcte and Prairit du Chien, 192 I miles, uonnentinR with steamers on tiie I Mississippi and railroad to St. PaiiL | Milwaukee and Iforicon, 93 miles. Milwaukee and WenUrn, 71 miles. Milwaukee and Cliicmjo, 86 miles; also, tho River and Lalce Shore City lUilway, running from the entrance of the harbor to different parts of the city. Port Wa8HIKGTON, Ozaukee Co., Wis., 2S miles north of Milwaukee, is a flour- ishing place, and capital of tho county. The village contains, laesidos the public buildings, several clmrches and hotels, twelve stores, threo^ills, an iron found- ry, two breweries, and otlier manufac- tories. The population is about 2,500. Here is a good steamboat landing, from which large quantities of produce are an- nually shipped to Chicago and other lake porta. SiiKBOYOAN, Wis., 50 miles north of Milwaukee and 130 miles from Chicago, is a thriving place, containing about 5,000 inhabitants. Here are seven churches, sever^ public-houses and stores, together with a light-house and piers ; the harbor being improved by government works. Large quantities of lumber and agricul- tural products are sliipped from this port. The country in the interior is fast set- tling with agriculturists, the soil and cli- mate being good. A railroad nearly com- ?leted runs from this place to Fond I)U ,A0, 42 miles west, lying at the head of Lake Winnebago. Manitouwoc, Wis., 10 miles north of Milwaukee and 33 miles east from Gree» Bav, is an important shipping port. It contains about 3,500 inliabitants ; five churches, several public-houses, twelve stores, besides several storehouses; three eteam saw-mills, two ship-yards, liglit- house, and pier. Large quantities of lum- ber are annually shipped from this port. The harbor is being improved so as to af- ford a refuge for resaela during atormy weather. " Manitouwoc is tho most northern of the harbors of Lake Michigan improved by the United States Govomment. It de- rives additional importance from the fact that, when completed, it will afford the first point of refuge from storms for ship- ping bound from any of the other great lakes to this, or to the most southern ports of Lake Michigan." Two Rivers, Wis., seren miles north from Manitouwoc, is a now and thriving place at tho entrance of the conjoined streams (from which Uie place takes its name) into Lake Michigan. Two piers are hero erected, one on each side of the river; also a ship-yard, an extensive leather maBufacturing company, chair and pail factory, and three steam saw-mills. The village contains about 2,000 inhabi- tants. Kewaunek, Wis., 25 miles north of Two Rivers and 102 miles fVom Milwaukee, is a small shipping town, where are situated several saw-mills and lumber establish- ments. Green Bay is situated about 26 miles due west from this place. Ahneepek, 12 miles no.rth of Kewaunee, a lumbering village, situated at tho mouth of Ahneepee, containing about 1,000 inhabitants. The back country hero assumes a wild appearance, the forest trees being mostly pine and hemlock. Gibraltar, or Bailey's Harbor, is a good natural port of refuge for sailing craft when overtaken by storms. Here is a settlement of some 400 or 600 inhabi- tants, mostly being engaged m fishing and lumlMring. Port des Morts or Death's Door, the entrance to Green Bay, is passed 20 mileS north of Bailey's Harbor, Detroit Island lying to the northward. POTTOWATOMEE, or WASHINGTON ISL- AND, is a fine body of land attached to the State of Michigan ; also. Rock Island, situated a short distance to the north. (Sec route to Green Bay, <£&). L,jijuj.44tt.. j j gg noBt northern of 3hi(?an improved rernment. It de- nce from the fact it will afford the n stormn for ship- f the other great ost southern porta leren miles north now and thriving of the conjoined lie place takes its igan. Two piers a each side of the rd, an extensive ompany, chair and ) steam saw-mills, aout 2,000 inhabl- milea north of Two fVom Milwaukee, is where are situated lumber establish- situated about 25 lis place, lorth of Kewaunee, e, situated at the ^ containing about 3 back country here arance, the forest e and hemlock. .ey's Harbob, is a refuge for sailing by storms. Here is 400 or 600 inhabi- gaged in fishing and Death's Door, the f, ia passed 20 miled irbor, Detroit Island A. ■ Washington Ist- of land attached to ; also. Rock Islan4< tance to the north. ly, dfcc). ■A ^ I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |30 m ^ us 12.0 m 1.25 1.4 |||||IA ^ f,n ~ ► V V] 'V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4303 ? ^ ^JSf '4^ **' .V^ 4^ m Mackinaa Old Fobt Mackinac,* now called Mae- Mnac City, is an important and interestiuf location; it was formerly fortified tan, garrisoned for the protection of the strait and this section of country, when in- habited almost exclusively by various tribes of Indians. This place can be easily reached by sail-boat from the island of Mackinac. Pte. lx Gbos Cap, lying to the west of old Fort Mackinac, is a picturesque head- land well worthy of a visit. The Stbait of Maokina*? is fVora five to twenty miles in width, and e/tands east and west abort forty miles, euiVioeom- ing several important' islands bedMra Mackinac Island, the largest being Bois Blanc Island, lying near the head of Lake Huron. Between this island and the main north shore the steamer Gardbn City was wrecked, May 16, 1864; her upper works were still visible from the deck of the passing steamer in the fUl of the same year. Gbossb Ile St. Mabtih and He St. Martin lie within the waters of the strait, eight or ten miles north of the island of Mackinao, In the neighborhood of these different islands are the favorite fishing- grounds both of the Indian and the " pnle face." mackimc, the Town and Fortress id most beautifully situated on the east shore of the ialand, and extends for a distance of about one mile along the water's edge, and has % fine harbor protected by a . *§*"!•' brtb^FrencbuBcUr Father Miraoetle in ICIOi FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND 8AUT 8TK. V 86 mtet battery. This important island and fortross is situated in N. lat. 45" 54 , W. ion. 84'' 30' from Greenwich, being seven degrees thirty minutes west from Wash- inirton. It is 350 miles north from Chica- (To? 100 miles south of 8aut 8te. Marie by the steamboat route, and about 300 miles northwest from Detroit. Ptrt Machmac, irarrisoned by U. Statas troops, stands on elevated ground, about 200 feet above the water, overlooking the picturesque town and harbor below. In the rear, about half a mile distant stond the r uins of old fbr( Holmes, situated on the highest point of land, at an elevation of 320 feet above the water, affording an extensive view. The town contains two churches, five hotels, ton or twelve stores, 100 dwelling- houses, and about 700 inhabitants. The climate is remarkably healthy and delight- ful during the summer months, when this favored retreat is usually thronged with visitors from different parts of the Union, while the Indian warriors, their squaws and their children, are seen lingering around this their favorite island and flshing-ground. Tlio Island of Maokinao, lying in the Strait of Mackinac, is about three miies long and two miles wide. It contams many deeply interesting points of attrac- tion in addition to the vUlage and fortress ; the prmcipal natural curiosities are known as the Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, Lover's Leap. Devil's Kitchen, Robinson's Folly, B&d other objects of interest weU worthy kARIK. the attention of the tourist. • The Micsioti Howe and Island House are the principal hotels, while there are several ot wr good public-houses for tlie accommodation of visitors. IsLAKD OF Mackinac— The view given represents the Island, approaohiixj; Irom the eastward. " A cUff of limestone, white and weather-beaten, with a narrow allu- vial plain skirting its base, is the llrst thing which commands attention;" but, on Hearing the harbor, the village (2), with its many picturesque dwellings, and the fortress (3), perched near the summit of the Island, are gaied at with wonder and delight. The promontory on the left is caUedthe " Lover's Leap" (1), skirted by a pebbly beach, extending to the village. On the right is seen a bold rocky precipice, called ''RMnson's Folly" (5), while in the same direction is a singular peak of nature called the " Sugar Loaf.' StiU farther onward, the " Arched Hock, and other interesting sights, meet the eye of the explorer, affording pleasure and de- lijrht, particularly to the scieutific traveUer and lover of nature. On the highest ground, elevated 320 feet above the waters of the Strait, is the signal station (4), situ- ated near the ruins of old Fhf Holmes. The settlement of this Island was com- menced in 1764. In 1793 it was surren- dered to the American government; taken by the British in 1812; but restored by the treaty of Ghent, signed in Nov., 1814 IK. !. -The Musion re the principal eral ot wr gwd iommodation of The view given proaoliiii'j; Irom imeBtoae, white a narrow allu- tse, is the llrst ttention;" but, the village (2), I dwellings, and kear the summit at with wonder ktory on the left ap" (1), skirted tending to the een a bold rooky »»'» Foily" (5), on is a singular "Sugar Loaf." " Arched Hock," its, meet the eye pleasure and de- sieutiflc traveller Dn the highest tbove the waters station (4), situ- fbr' Holnua. Island was oom- >3 it was surren- rernment; taken but restored by A in Nov., 1814 Abched Rock. — Mackltmo. The I. Island.— T er'sLeap," of the Tillu; perpendicii height, risii i Lake. A stood upon haa cut dow Long bef island hom< e-nung-o-qu maturing in ed there, at and witaes large war p of the Qjibi South, seek It was th itummed th this spot w tliere that i met and ex found an aff ing betweer sat and san; " Mong-e • Moiig-e Waln-Bl ■ WMn-8l A-nee-« A-nj leaving Po-q • TRIP THROUOn THS LAEKB. 0i ■'■['■ -.1- The Eiover'f Iver8 Leap 145 *• 719 » Summit of Hugur Loaf... . 2»1 " 868" I*rinctpal Plateau of Mack- 1 tun u iva u, inac Islond f *•" ^"* Upper Plateau 800 " 8T4 » • La Cloche Mounlain,noi'th ( , ,uia u i iia « Bide Lake Huron, C. W. ) '•*"' *•' •• "*« FROM CHICAOO TO MACKIHAO ARD SAOt BTS. MARU. The whole Island of Maekinao ia deeply interesting to tiie sciontiAc explorer, as '^eU an to the aeokor of health and pleas- urt^ The following extract, illustrated by an engraving, is copied from "Fostbb awi Wuitney's Geological Report" of that region : "As particular esamplea of denuding action on the island, we would mention the 'Arched Rock' and the 'Sugar Loaf.' The former, situated on the eastern shore, ia a feature of great interest. The cliflb hero attain a height of nearly one hundred feet, while at the base are strewn numerous fragments which have fallen from above. The Arehtd Rick has been excavated in ft projecting angle of the limestone cliff, •nd the top of the span is about ninety foet above the lake-level, surmounted by about ten feet of rock. At the base of a frojeoting angle, which rises up like a uttross, there is a small opening, through which an explorer may pass to the main arch, where, after clambering over the iteep slope of debris and the projecting edges of the strata, he reafllMS the brow of the diff. " The beds forming the summit of the ftrch are cut off from direct connection with the main rock by a narrow gorge of no great depth. The portion supporting the arch on the north side, and the curve of the arch itself, are comparatively fra- gile, and cannot, for a long period, resist the action of rains and ftxMts, which, in this latitude, and on a rock thus consti- tuted, produce great ravages every season. The arch, which on one side now con- nects this abutment with the main cliff| will soon be destroyed, as well as the abutment iteelf, and the whole be precipi- tated into the lake. " It is evident that the denuding action roduoing saoh an opening, with other 4tten4ant phenomenk, could only have operated while near the level of » large body of water like the gre»t lake i^elf ; f^^4 we find a striking smiilarity he$iiree|) the denuding action of the water here in time past, and the same action as now manifested in the range of iYa Pictured Rocks on the shores of Lake Superior. As an interesting point in the scenery of this island, the Arched Rock attracts much attention, and in every respect la worthy of examination." {See Engraving.) Other picturesque objects of greait ta- terest, besides those enumerated above, occur at every turn on roving about this enchanting island, where the pure, bra- cing air and dear waters afford a pie*' surable sensation, diffloolt to be described unless visited and enjoyed. The bathing in the pure waters of the Strait at this place is truly delightfiil, affording health and vigor to the human frame. Tbe Itlaad of Blattklnac. ROMANTIO AND PlOTUBBSQini APPRABAITO* OF THB Island and Subbocndino CouNTBT— Its PoBmr op Atmosphbrr —A MOONlilOlIT EXCSBSION, Ac, Ac. "Kroni whos« rooky turroU buttled high, Proapect iiniiiense snrowl oat on all kMos miind; IjDtt now between the welkin and tbe main, Now walled with hllU that slept above the storm. Most Bts (uch a place for muBing mea ; Happiest, sometimes, when musing without aim." ■^■^ [POLLOK. In this Northern region. Nature has at last fully resumed her green dress. Flow- ers wild, but still beautiful, bloom and disappear in succession. Birds of various hues have returned to our groves, and welcome us as we traoe these shady walks. " In all my wand'rings round tliis world of oare," I have found no place wherein the climate, throughout the summer se*j ' son, seems to exercise on the human con stitution a more benellcial influence than' on this Island. In other parts of this country and in Europe, the places of Retori are beautiful, indeed; but a certain op preasiveneas there at times pervades tM] •ir, that health in I ingthrouf if ever, ex oause. F the hottes keeps the Q^erciae I one feels i oTspirita 1 Ye inbi pant in cil to this is is the pla shattered beautiful i and the i lights to not sigh : subjecta o imaginatic This is! riage roac young gro tlreea. Oi 300 feet, i From thia around iae are some 1 talw of thi a^e and tb ly, and at across an i Ignace, w of land, of p^r Penin B^othe "S ti'ating thi s^las froi miles wide be secntrt is well kn( d^troyed sugation T|trtiing oi the pictui were at c "Bois-Bla] H ' W/ i '.jUJJgSiga ' lARU. the water Iters ia te action as WW 9 of th.' Pictured r Lake Superior, in the scenery of ad Rock attraots every respect ia ' {See JBnffraving.) jects of greait in- lumerated above, roving about this re the pure, bra- srs afford a plea* lit to be described ed. ire waters of ths truly delightfVil, {or to the humaa Hattkinac. iqcn AppiARAira* ID SURROUKDINO r or ATHOSPaKU IE8I0N, 4c., Ac. turrata battled high, at on ail sides round; kin and the main, ilept atMive th« stonn. For musing nit^a ; nasing without aim." [POLLOK. >n, Nature has at Jen dress. Flow* itiful, bloom and Birda of various our groves, and bese shady walks, •ound tills world no place wherein the summer »6a^^ 1 the human tfoh '' lal influence than' ler parts of thilr he places of /fewirl tut a certain o^ les pervades thA'' TRIP niRouaii Tin laxss. 89 air, that a person even with the best health in the world, feels a lassitude creep- ing through his frame. K-^re, we seldom, if ever, experience such a feeiiiig from this Qause. For the western breeze oven in the liottest days passing over this island, keeps tlieair cool, and, especially if proper Qxerciso be taken by walking or riding, one feels a bracing up, a certain buoyancy Q^ spirits that is truly astonishing. Ye inhabitants of warm latitudes, who pant In cities for a breath of cool air, fly to this islb for comfort. Te invalid, this is the place in which to renovate your shattered constitution. The lovers of beautiful scenery or the curious in nature, and the artist, whose magic pencil de- lights to trace nature's lineaments, need not sigh for the sunny clime of Italy for subiects on which to feed the taste and imagination. This island is intersected by fine car< riage roads, shaded here and there by i young growth of beech, maple, and oth^r trees. On the highest part of it, about 300 feet, are the ruins of Old Port Holmes. From this point of elevation, the scenery around is extensive and beautiful. _ In sight, are some localities connected with " the taiw of the times of old," both of the sav- age and the civilized. Looking westward- ly, and at tlie distance* of about foui miles across an arm of Lake Huron, is Point St. Ignace, wliich is the southernmost point of land, of the greater portion of th* Up- p^T Peninsula. Immediately south of it Bfo the "Straits of Mackinac," which sep- ti^tiug the Northern and Southern Penin- sulas from each other, are about four n^les wide. On the south shore, may still be seen traces ofOld Fort Mackinac, which is well known in history as having been d^troyed by Indians, in 1763, at the in- stigation of Pontiac, an Indian Chief. T|trtung our gaze southeastwardly, we see the picturesque "Round Island," as it were at our feet And fbrther on, is "Bois-Bkno Isktnd," stretching away with its winding shores, fhr Into Laire Huron. Look to the east, and thero stands this inland sea, apparently " bound- less and deep, "and "pureasth' expanaeof heaven." Directly north from our place of observation, are the "Islands of St. Martin;" while beyond them in the Bay, are two larg^ rivers — the Pine, and Carp Rivers. And lastly, casting our eyes to- wards the northwest, we see on the main land the two '"Sitting Rabbits;" being two singular looking hills or rocks, and so called by the Indians fh>m some resem- blance at a distance to rabbits in a sitting posture. As a whole, this scenery pre- sents, hills, points of land Jutting into the lake, and "straits," bays, and islands. Here, the lake contracts itself into narrow channels, or straits, wliich at times are whitened by numerous sails of commerce; and there, it spreads itself away as far aa the eye can reach. And, while contem- plating this scene, perhaps a dark column of smoke, like the Genii in the Arabian Tales, may be seen rising slowly out of the bosom of Lake Huron, announcing the approach of the Genii of modem days, the Steamboat! Let us descend to Ute shore. It ia evening! The sun, with all his glory has disappeared in tho west ; but the moon sits in turn the arbitreas of heaven. And now — ^ How sweet tha moonlight sleeps npoD this bank; Hero will we sit, and let the sounds of mnsie Oeep In our cars ; soil stillness and the nigUt, Beoomes the touebes of sweet harmony ." Quch a moonlight night I once enjoyed. The hum of day-life had gradually subsid- ed, and there was naught to disturb the stillness of the hour, save the occasional laughter of those who lingered out in the open air. In the direction of the moon, and on the Lake before me, there was a broad road of light trembling upon its bosom. A few momenta more, two smaU boats with sails up to catch the gentla breeze, were seen passing and re-passing VKOM CHICAGO TO MAOKIIIAO AHO BAUT BTB. UAKIK. Ousbroad road of light. .Then thevooal Roag was ruiged on the waters, nod wo- 0Uk'\'8 voice was borne on moonlight beam to the listening ear iu the remotest sliades. The voices l)ecame clearer and stronger as the boats approached nearer; then, again, dying away in the distance, seemad to bo merg^ with the mellow ray., or the moon. But let us leave poetry and fancy aside, and oome to matters of fact, mat- ters of accommodation, prepared for those who may favor our island with their visits this summer. There are several large hotels, with at- tentive hosts, ever ready to oontribute to- wards the comforts of thei r visitors. Walk- ing, riding, fishing, shooting, and sailing can be here pursued with great benefit to health. We have billiard-rooma and bowl- ing-alleys; in the stores are found Indian curiosities; and, perhaps, the Indians themselves, who resort to tbiH island on business, may be curiosities to those who have never seen them ; they are the true " native Americana," the ct<«sen« of this North American Republic. Bound Isijind is a small body of land lying a short distance southeast of Macki- nac, while Bois Blanc Island is a large body of land lying still farther in the dis- tance, in the Straits of Mackinac St. Mabtin's Bay, and the waters con- tiguous, lying north of Mackinac, afford fine fishing grounds, and are much re- sorted to by visitors fond of aquatic sports. Great St. Martin's and Litae St. Martin's Llanda are passed before entering the bay, and present a beautiful appearance. Carp and Fine rivers are two small streams entering into St. Martin's Bay, affording an abundance of brook trout of a large size. From the head of the aboVe bay to the foot of Lake Superior, is only about 30 miles in a northerly direction, passing through a wilderness section of country, sparsely inhabited by _ Indians, \{ho have long made this region their favored hunting and fishing grounda. Poiirr Di TouB, 86 milei east trom, Mackinac, is the site of a light-bouse and. settlement, at the entrance of ^-t. Mary's River, which is here about half a mile in width; this passage is also called the West Channel. At a distance of about two miles above the Point is a now set- tlement, where have been erected a steam- boat pier, a hotel, and several dwellings. Druuuond Island, a large and impor- tant body of land belonging to the United States, is passed on the right, where are to be seen the ruins of an old fort erected by the British. On the left is the main- land of Northern Michigan. Ascending St. Mary's River, next is passed Round or Pipe Island, and other smaller islands on the right, presenting a beautiful ap- pearance, most of them belonging to tbo United States. St. Joseph Island, 10 miles abovo Point de Tour, is a large and fertile island belonging to Canada. It is about 20 miles long from east to west, and about 16 miles Inroad, covered in part with a heavy growtii of forest-trees. Hero are seen the ruins of an old fort erected by the British, on a point of land commanding thA channel of the river. Cahltonville is a small settlement on the Michigan side of the river, 12 miles above the De Tour. Here is a steam saw- mill and a few dwelling-houses. LiuE Island is a small body of land , belonging to the United States, lying ia the main channel of the river, about 12 miles from, its mouth. The channel here forms the bounds^ between th» United States and Canada, Mud Lake, as it is called, owing to its waters being easily riled, is an expansion, . of the river, about five miles wide and ten , miles long, but not accurately delineated on any of the modern maps, which appear to be very deficient in regard to St. Mark's River and its many islands — presenting at several points most beautifUI river scenery. In the St. Mary's ffiver theri. ".jaiDJffliSWllMIIWBt'*- are about fl United Stat* Canada. Nbbish Ii ment, f*ituat< Point to the while sailing SUOAR Is land belong reached abo Tour, situaU Island. On or Korth Ch with Oeorgi small rocky ish Qovemi channels of The Nebi. the asoendin ning about t land of Cai above the dense growt To the nort tending thn almost whol except to th Lake Gb Saut, is am being about long. Here to ton feet i forming a tion.* Ohuhch'8 twelve mile ixnt landiE Island, beli isaoonveni a ' store and ooctipants b ra/spbrn-yja titles, and si markets. Oarden 1 * A now ebi wtikih (ivei B KIK. TRIP TIlBOCaH Till LAKH. 01 ailei east trom, , light-bouse and. 30 of ft. Mary's .It half a mile in alBO called the .Bianco of about nt is a now set* erected a steam* jveral dwellings., argo and impor- . ng to the United ght, where are to, old fort erected - eft ia the main* . ptn. Ascending passed Round or smaller isiaada : a beautiful ap- belouging to tbci 10 miles sbOTO and fertile island It is about 20 west, and about i in part with a trees. Here are art erected by the . commanding thA all settlement on e river, 12 miles e is a steam saw- houses. lall body of land, [ States, lying in a river, about 13 rhe channel here, ween tb« United^ llod, owing to its ^ , is an ezpansioiji^i niles wide and ten , irately delineated jps, which appear gard to St Mary^s ^nds — presenting t beautiful river ary's ffiver ther4^ are about fifty islands belonging to the United States, besides several attached to Canada. Nebish Islaxd, and Sailor's Encamp- ment, xitnated about half way from the foint to the Saut, tro passed on the loft while sailing through the main channel. SuoAR Iblakd, a large body of fertile land belonging to tlie United States, is reached about 30 miles above Point de Tour, situated Hear the head of St. Joseph Island. On the riglit is passed the British or tbrlh Channel, connecting on tlw east with Georgian Bay. Here are seen two small rocky islands belonging to the Brit- ish Qovemment, which command both cliannels of the river. Tlie Jfiebish Rapids are next passed by the ascending vessel, the stream here run- ning about five knots per hour. The main- land of Canada is reached immediately above the rapids, being cloUied with a dense growth of forest-trees of small size. To the north is a dreary wilderness, ex- tending through to Hudson Bay, as yet almost wholly unexplored and unknown, except to the Indian or Canadian ^<'mter. Lakk Gboroe, twenty miles beiow the Saut, is another expansion of the river, being about Are miles wide and eight miles long. Here the channel is only from eiglit to ten feet in depth for about one mile, forming a great impediment to naviga^ lion.* Ohurcb's Landing, on Sugar Island, twelve miles below the Saut, is a stcam- bqat Unding; opposite it is Squiiirel IsiAND, belonging to the Canadians. This is a oonvenient landing, wliere are situated a ' store and dwelling.- The industrious ooctipants are noted for the making of raiyihen-y jam, which is sold in large quan- tities, and shipped to Eastern and Southern, markets. Oarden River Settlement is an Indian * A now channel has hevn formed, by dredging, wSioh (ivei B greater depth uf water. village ten miles below the Saut, on tho Cunam the fort is one of the finest in the world. Perched on the brink of a precipice some two hundred feet above the bay— one takes in at a glance from its walls tihe har- bor, with its numerous boats and the pretty village; and the whole rests on one's vision more like a picture than a reality. £very thing on the island is a curiosity ; the roads or streets that wind around the har- bor or among the grove-like furests of the island are naturally pebbled and macadam- ized; the buildings are of every style, from an Indian lodge to a fine English house. The island is covered with charm- ing natural scenery, from the pretty to the grand, and one may spend weeks con- stantly flnumg new objects of interest and new scenes of beauty. It is unnecessary to particularize— every visitor will find 02 FROM CIIIOAOO TO MACKINAC AWD flACT 8T«. UABII. tlwm, and enjoy the sight more thui any dcsoription. " The steamera all call there, on their way to and from Chicago, and hundreds of small sail vesftcls, in the flshing trade, huve here their head-quarters. Drawn upon the pebbled beach or gliding about the little bay are bark canoes and the far- famed 'Mackinac boats,' without num- ber. These last are tho perfection of light sail-boats, and I have often been astonishod at seeing them far out in the lake, beating up iiprninst winds that were next to gales. Yesterday the harbor I thronged with sail boats and Tesaela of every dMoripUon, among the rest weW the only two iron steamers that the Uni- ted States have upon all the lakes, the 'Michigan' and tho 'Surveyor,' formerly colled the ' Abert," employed In tho Coast Surrey. " For a wonder. Lake Huron was calm and At rest for its entire length, and th6 steamer 'Northerner' made a beautiftri and quick passage fVom Mackinac to thil place. The weather continues w aim and dry, and hundreds are regrctnng they have so early left the Saut and Mackinac, and we believe you will see crowds of visitors yet Jat." ' au Mary*! River. , By a careful examina- tion of the Government Charts of the Straits of Mackinac and River Ste. Marie, published in 1 857, it appears that the Point Delbur Light- House is situated in 46<» 57' N. Lat., being 36 miles to the eastward of Fort Mackinac. "The width of the I )e Tour passage is about one mile, with a depth of water of 100 feet and upwaruri, (dthough but 60 feet is found off th- light, as you run into Lake Huron. I'rummond Island, attached to the United States, lies on the east, while the main shore of Michigan lies to the west of the entrance. Pipe Igland, 4 miles, is first passed on ascending the stream, and then Lime Island, 6 miles farther. St. Joseph's Island, with its old fort, attached to Canada, lies 8 miles from the entrance. Potagannii- sing Bay, dotted with nu- merous small islands, most- ly belonging to the United States, is seen lying to the eastward, communicating with the North Chan- _ nel. Mud Lake, 6 miles Airther, is next entered, having an ex- panse of about 4 miles in width, when Sailor's Encampment Island Is reached, being 20 miles from Lake Huron. The head of St Joseph's and part of Sugar Island are reached 26 miles northward from the DeTour, where diverges th«» Canadian or North Channel, running Into the Georgian Bay; this channel is f6l- lowed by the Canadian steamers. Th* yebish Bapidt are next passed, and LoJM George entered, 6 miles further, being OT miles from Lake Huron. This lake or ex- pansion of the river is 9 miles in length and 4 miles broad, affording 12 feet of water over the shoals and terminating at Church's Landing, lying opposite Squir- rel Island, attached to Canada. Garden River Settlement, 3 miles, is an Indian town on the Canada side. Little Lak* George is passed and Poini Avx PiM reached, 3 miles fUrther. From Little "HWWRTS' lily.' HI.: g the reit wet^ (M that the Unl- lU the lakoR, th« rveyor,' formerly oyod in the Coast Huron wai calM ■0 length, and Xhi nade a beautiftti I Mackinac to thil itinueg w aim and 3 regretting they lilt and Mackiuat:, U see crowds of inoe. Fotagannii- I, dotted with mi- imall islands, moHt- ;ing to the United 3 seen lying to the I, coibmunicating le North Chan- lud Lake, 6 milea )d, haring an ex- s in width, when Wtmtd la reached, lake Huron. The id part of Sugar miles northward bere diverges tb't innel, running into is channel Is f6l- n steamers. Th4 passed, and Lakt further, being 9i This lake or ez- 9 miles in length brding 12 feet of md terminating at ig opposite Squir- Canada. Garden les, is an Indian side. Little Lakt Point Awt PiM tier. From Little TRIP THROVOH Till LAKK8. 99 lake George to the Saut Ste. Marie, pas- sing around the h?nd of Sugar Island, is 8 miles further, Ly tlw lYwoh. greatly flicllitnting trade and commeroa The villnptj on the American ^itlo is plraa- antly situated near the foot of the rapids, and contains a court-house and jail; a Presbyterian, a Methodist, and a Homan Catholic church; 2 hotels, and 15 or 20 stores and storehouses, besides a few manufacturing establishments, ai i about 1,200 inhabitants. Many of ihe inhabi- tants and Indians in the vicinity are en- gaged in the Air trade and fisheries, the latter being an important and profitable occupation. Summer visitors flock to this Elace and the Lake Superior country for ealth and pleasure, the Chippewa I/orue, a well kept hotel on the American side, and one on the Canadian side of the river, both afford good accommodations. Fort Bradt is an old and important United States military post contiguous to this frontier village, where are barracks ibr a tuH garrison of troopa It commands the St. Mary's River and the approach to the mouth of the canal. Saut Sti. Maris, C. W., is a scattered settlement, where is located a ymrt of the Hudson Bay Company. Here is a steam- boat btnding, a hotel, and two or three stores, including the Hudson Bay Com- pany's; and it has from 600 to 600 in- habitants. Indiana of the Chippewa tribe reside in the vicinity in considerable num- bers, they having the exclusive right to take fish in the waters contiguous to the rapids. They also employ themselves in- running the rapids in their frail canoes, when desired by citizens or strangers— this being one of the most exhilarating en- joyments for those fond of aquatic sporta. (Set Engraving.) Fat Our I of the n northero In the c vine-clad liis ancc wide ind he also age of 81 8clf to t and witt preparat vested v erence fi mined tc flelds fo eummer the 20t1 Quebec, soon rec as a ma cflbrts t Algonqu had bee: cursions cordingl the 10th he land« bark cai Mission there to 'J 'J guage, a Ottawa , ,ift first he APPENDIX. Father Harqnette and kin Discovery of the SliMlHippI Biver. [Written ibr the "Zoi* Suptrior Mining Journal*' hf Adhaii J. Ebcll.] Odb hero, James MARQirxTTB, vnxa bom of the noblo family of Marquette, in the northern part of France, in the year 1637. In the city of Laon, on the meandering, Tine-clad, olive-girt little River Oi.se, where his ancestors had raised and exerted a wide influence for generations before him, he also spent h.s youthful days till the age of seventeen ; he then attached him- self to the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, and with them pursued a course of study preparatory to the priesthood. When in- vested with orders, having a strong pref- erence for the missionary work, he deter- mined to malce tlie wilds of America the fields for his Aiture labor. So, in the euramer of 1666, he sailed for Canada, on the 20th of September, and landed at Quebec, then but a trading-post. He was soon recognized, by his courage and sseal, as a man specinlly fitted to advance the efforts that had been made among the Algonquins on Like Superior, but which liad b^n nearly extinguished by the in- cursions of the warlike Iroquois. Ac- cordingly, Fatlier James Marquette, on the 10th of October of the same year tliat he landed, embarked again, but now in a bark canoe, conducted by a couple of the Mission Indians, for the "Three Rivers," there to commence the study of the lan- guage, and soon after he proceeded to the Ottawa Mission on Lake Superior. At first he waa atatioued at the Sault Ste. Marie, but in a few months it was deemed expedient to remove him farther on to the mission at La Pointe. The bands that lived about the south- western shores of the lake were annually visited by the Illinois, who came fW>m their broad prairie-homes on the "Great Mississippi," for the purpose of obtaining by barter the trinkets and chattels dis- tributed by the French. The glowing de- scription given by tliese of the ."Great "Water," the Mississippi, that flowed south tiirough niany nations, and emptied itself, after many moons' juurneyings, into the salt sea, awakened in Fatlier Marquette an ardent desire to explore this mysterious river, find whether or no the sea it emp- tied in was the Western Ocean, and carry to the southern nations the Gospel of peace. The Ilurons at La Pointe were about abandoning their homes, from fear of the Sioux warriors ; and our missionary, though loth to remove farther from his clierished desire of going southwest to the Illinois and other Mississippi nations, yet accom- panied them back in their runoes to Mackinac, and there rebuilt the old church that had been for a time deserted. In the summer of 1672, the Comte de Frontonac, Governor of Canada, clearly perceiving the importance of an explora- tion of the Mississippi River and its out- let, appointed Sieur M. Jolliet, accompa- 96 FATHBIl UJtSQUKTr>*S OMOOTKBT 0» TH» MISBIIISIPyi. nied by Father Marquette, to make the discovory; but on tlieir return, Jolliet's juurnals and reports were lost by the up- setting ot their cunoo below the Sault 8t Louis, near Montreal, and thus the only remaining account of the expedition was that prepared by Marquette. In two bark canoes, tlieir entire outfit a stock of com and dried meat, with five Indian attendants, JoUiet and Marquette, on the nth of May, 16t3, started from the Mission of St. Ignatius, at MichUi- mackinac, for the exploration of the Mis- BissippL Coasting along the shore, with every precaution to avoid surprise, they iinii entered and went up Green Bay, and ascended the Fox River for a distance of 260 miles to its source, in a level prairie flat, but a little distance from the springs of the Wisconsin, which flowed into the Great Waters tliey were in search of. Having carried their canoes over the nar- row portage, they continued their voyage down the shallow river, often quite hid from sight by the growth of wild oats, through which they had to open a way for their canoe, as one would through the thicket. As they descended, it grew broader, and dashed about among reeds and sandy shoals. About 30 leagues below its source they found wliat they took to bo an iroL' mine, and somewhat farther on, about 120 miles below the portage, on the 17 th of June, "with," says Marquette, "a joy that I cannotexpross," they entered the Mississippi River. Down its gentle current they glided, by the unique though varied aoenes, with countless herds of buffalo and deer on its shores, and innumerable flsli in its waters, until, in some ten days, for the first time since they left the lakes, they perceived some indications of human- ity. From the river-side a winding foot- path led oflf through the prairie; following this, JoUiet and Marquette soon came to an Indian village, in which they were cordially received, and which proved Co be of the IlUnois, Om YWJS^^ •FSWj "horn Fa&er Marquette had so long de- >d to pjant a mission. They strong urged our adventurers not to prjoeed far- ther, for danger would encompass them on every side; but, nothing daunted, agam they embarked, and after a journey southward of some 60 miles, they came to the river Onabonbigan, or Ohio, a little after whidi they discovered what they supposed to be a very rich iron mine. On they still went, through seTeral nations of hostile Indians, encountering dangers of every kind, until they came' among the Akamsea or Arkansas Indiuis, nearly where De Soto had breathed his last, 130 years before. From this tribe they learned they were only ten days' journey firom the sea, where were stSc tioned traders who appeared much like themselves, and came and went in groat ships. Judging these correctly to be Spaniards, our travellers were in doubt whether it would be best for them to push on to the mouth of the river or not They had already ascertained for a cer- tainty tliat the Mississippi emptied, not, as was supposed, on the eastern coast of Virginia, or through California into the Western Ocean, but into •the Gulf of Mexico, from whidi they certainlj could not be far; that mouth they knew to be held by the Spaniards, with whom they were on no friendly terms. Should they happen to fall into the hands of these Spaniards, they could anticipate nothing less than to be held as prisoners, since not only were their respective countries at war, but that the results of their ex- plorations might not be carried back to the French, and thus induce encroaoh- ments on the territory held in the uamf- of Spain. Thinking it then more prudent to return, that the fruits they had alrea'ly gathered might not be at once lost by an eflbrt to grasp too mucli, on the llth of July they lefl the village Akamsea, and commenced pulling back their canoes up the Missiasipjti current They took, on. retttrning, 1 Having aso crossed ove River, and t called Lake chan||ed it Cbastmg al( td Green B of St. From on account i state of hi winter and This was of the Miss Soto, it is 1 of having f 1541; but, expeditions of gain and that would one with m was quite ] the aocouni that still rei character, ti be placed ir In-accorc nations on Mwrquette c Tcmber, 161 Fnurr vi« ioA Jesuit i ' Permauei IfAB()in(TTS who^ four y the Sault St ney to La P ands. Lake Aidlan miss St Ignace, estaUiaked had 10 lonf d»- . They strongly ; to pr jceed far- ncompass them, thing daunted, after a journey liles, they came or Ohio, a little ired what they \x iron mine, lirough MTeral IS, encountering mtil they came' rkansas Indiuia, ad breathed his From this tribe only ten days' rhere wore stSf )ared much like d went in groat correctly to be I were in doubt )8t for them to the river or not ;ained for a cer- ipi emptied, not, eastern coast of lifomia into the to •the Gulf of y certainl; oould they knew to bo with whom they us. Should they hands of these iticipate nothing prisoners, since pective countries lulls of their ex- carried back to induce encroaoh- leld in the uamf - len more prudent they had alrea'ly kt once lost by an li, on tlie 17th of go Akamsea, and k their canoes up . They took, oft DISOOVEBT AKD SKTTLBMCNT Or HAOKIITAO. ST retttming, howeTCr, a diflbrent coarse. Having ascended the Illinois River, they crossed over the portage to the Chicago River, and thence down to what was then called LtJce Illinois, but which has since changed its name to Lake Michigan. Cbastmg along the shore, they returned to Green Bay, and there, at the Mission of St. Francis Xavier, Father Marquette, on account of the enfeebled and shattered state of his health, spent the ensuing winter and summer of 1674. This was in reality the first exploration of the Mississippi River. Ferdinand De Soto, it is true, generally has the credit of having first discovered it as early as 1541; but, in the first place, whatever expeditions he made were for the purpose of gain and plunder, and so a great de propriato burial; but in this he was dis- appointed. His health and strength con- tinued failiug rapidly, until, on tho 16th of May, 1675, on the shore of Lake Michi- gan, just within the mouth of a little river that bears his name, he was lifted out of his canoe and placed under a shed of bark and twigs, but to be borne tlience to his grave on an eminence overlooking both lake and river. Subsequently, the Kiaha- bon Indians, once of the mission at L* Pointe, dug up and unrolled the remains, and dissecting and washing the bones, accordmg to their custom, put them neat' ly into a bos of birch bark, and ban them, with a convoy of thirty canoes, to the house of St. Ignatius, at Michilimadd- nac, where they were interred with all due ceremonies, to be disturbed again, most likely, not till the laat day. DISCOVERT AHD SETTLEMENT OF MACXIVAa Old Haokiaac., ftwrr visited by the Oowriera du Boit find Jesuit missionaries in 1620. ' Permanent settlement in 167 1, by Father IlASQintTTE, an eminent Jesuit missionary, who, four years previous, in 1667, visited the Sault Ste. Marie, and extended his jour- ney to La Pointe, on one of the Apostle Isl- ands, Lake Superior, where he located an Indian mission. In 1 669 he came to Point St. Ignace, in the Straits of tCackinac, and estaUiahed another Indian misaioa. Two years thereafter, he located a mission and trading-station at Old Michilimackinac, or "Pequotenonge" of the Chippewa dialect In 1673, Father Marquette, by order of his superiors, left St Ignace and pro- ceeded to Green Bay, thence up the Fox River, crossing Lake Winnebago, and down the Wisconsin River to the Mississip- pi, being the first discoverer and explorer of the Upper Mississippi River. He de- scended the stream to the mouth of the Ohio River, and returned to Lake Michi- gan by the route of the Illinois Bhrer, lUAHO or MACKIKAO. betas tbe flnt vUto man that ever Tiait- •d tlM above region of country. On the 19th day of May, 1616, Father Uarquette, whose life was devoted to the (MHue of religion and tbe welfare of the ladUans, died on the east shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the present Uarquette River. Hia body was subse- quently brought by tlie Indians, in 1677, , to St Ignace Mission, where his remains were interred, according to his own re- quest when living. Old Michilimackinao was for many years the metropolis of the Chippewa and Ottawa tribes of Indians, the country be- ing daimed by the French, who traded with the Indians, it being the rendez- Toua of all the tribes in ihis part of the country. The Indians remained on friendly terms with the French until 1760, when the En^ish took possession of the country ' after the capture of Quebec and capitu- lation of the French forces in Canada. In 1161, the English built a palisade fort at Old Michilimackinac, and traded with the Indians, many of whom were •very hoetile. In May, 1763, the garrison WBB Burpriaed, and most of them massa- cred by the Indians. Out of twelve Eng- lish posts above Montreal, nine were similarly surprisid and captured by the combined Indian forces under the cele- brated Indian chief Pontiao. Niagara* Detroit, and Du Quesne, or Pittsburgh, alone narrowly escaped a similar fate. After the above massacre. Old Michili' maokinao was abandoned by the En^^ish, and the Island of Mackinac selected as a permanent settlement in 1764. Island of Mackinac. PiBST visited by the French in 1620, who found it numerously inhabited by Indians of the Chippewa, Huron, and Ot- tawa tiibea, who resided on the Great Manitoultn Idand and «he Bunoundteg shores of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior, forming a numerouc and war- like people, under different diiefh. After the massacre at Old MiohOimadc- inac, in 1764, tho Ishnd of Madcinao was selected by the English as a military position, and the present fortifications commenced which stand on tlie brow of the hill overlooking the town, now ren- dered ihmous as a healthy place of nsort for invalids and others during the sum- mer and autumn montlia. The Indian name of this lovely and ro- mantic island was Msshe-ne-moch^-nong- gonge, or the Island of "Great Giant Fairies or Genii." According to Schoolcraft, the name of the island was translated fVom another Indian word into the Island of the "Great Turtle." After the Revolutionary War, in 1793, the island and fortress were surrendered to the American Government by the Brit- ish, and remained in our possession until 1812, wlien the garrison was surprised and captured by a British force of regu- lars and Indians, who landed on the north side of the ishmd, ©ow called the English Landing. In 1814, an American force, under Colonel Croghan, of Sandusky notoriety, undertook to recapture tho fort, but were met on the Dousman Farm, near the present dwelling-house, and repulsed with considerable loas, Uajor Holmes, the second in command, having been killed in the engagemont. fhrt st George, situated on the highest part of the island, was erected by the British, who retained possession of the isUind until 1815, when it was peaoeaUy surrendered to the Americans, alter the Treaty of Ghent was signed, tho name of the fort being changed to Rrt HoiiMs, in honor of the gallant Major Hohiies, who was killed tho previous year. Fort Holmes has since been abandoned Biid (dlowed to go to min. St. Ha ' ThisCa tiOQ of L Lakes, is about one ' It was 1 '%tno Sai ' pany, und era appoii State of i, ■ of the car A grant land had gress to t the consti This gi to the par of the car completed of tlve cor Tbe wo of 1853, ) specified i This n many dist season, an perienced unremittii charge of in the ra< acceptable During i were froD upon the . Uie differc cut and j :. large fort ; des, getti I.: The 8t< , :Auderden .j:Marblehei ': were sen (wenty-&^ .employed ',-, On the 11865, the 9ffloors, ai TRIP THROVOn TH> LAKC8. 09 1, Michigan, and nenwE and war- mt chiefo. Old Miofailimadc- tnd of Madcinac ;li^ as a military ent fortifications 1 on tlie brow of } town, now ren- hj place of resort during the sum- his lorely and ro- the-ne-moch^nong- \ntA Oiant Fairies to Schoolcraft, the IS translated fN>m ito the Island of ary War, in 1193, were surrendered iment by the Brit- ir possession until on was surprised ish force of regu- landed on the d, Qow called the L814, an American ighan, of Sandusky recapture the fort, rasman Fnrm, near }use, and repulsed Jfi^or Holmes, the ving been killed in kted on the highest as erected by the possession of the 1 it was peaoeably aericans, after Die red, the name of to Rrt Hoimes, nt Major HotaMS, evious year. Foit m abandoned and . St. liarf*» Falls Ship Canal. This Canal, which connects the naviga- UoQ of Lake Superior with the Lower Lakes, is one mile in length, and cost febout one million dollars. ' ' It was bunt in the years 1863, '54, *66, by tno Saint Mary's Falls Ship Canal Com- pany, under a contract with commission- ers appointed by the authorities of the State of Michigan to secure the building ' of the canaL A grant of 750,000 acres of the public land had previously been made by Con- gress to tlie State of Michigan, to aid in the construction of this important work. This grant of 750,000 acres was given to tlie parties contracting for the building of the canal, provided the work should be completed within two years from the date of the contract The work was comm.imced in the spring of 1853, and completed within the time specified in the contract (two years I). Tiiis result was accomplished under many disadvantages, during a very sickly season, and when great difficulty was ex- perienced in obtaining laborers ; but the unremitting vigor of those who had the charge of tlie work secured its completion in the most substantial, permanent, and acceptable manner. During a great portion of the time there J were from 1,200 to 1,600 men employed upon the work, exclusive of the force at . the different quarries where tlie stone was cut and prepared for the locks, beside a :.' large force employed in necessary agen- ; des, getting timber, eta iw The stones for the locks were out at viAnderden, Canada (near MaldenX and at uMarblehead, near Sandusky, in Ohio. These ': were sent in vessels to the work, some twenty-five different sailing vessels being ^afpployed in this business. [i^,; On the completion of the canal in June, 1865, the governor of the State, tlie State officers, and tlie Canal Commissioners pro- ceeded to Sant Ste. Marie for the purpose of inspecting the work. It was accepted, and thereupon, in accordance with the terms of the contract, the State author- ities released to the C^nal Company and issued patents for the 750,000 acres of land. This was all tlie remuneration the company received for the work. The lands were selected during the building of the canal, by agents ap- pointed by tlie governor of Michigan. Of the 750,000 acres, 39,000 acres were selected in the iron region of Lake Su- perior, 147,000 acres in the copper region, and the balance, 664,000 acres, in the Lower Peninsula. The following figures will give some idea of the magnitude of this work : Length of canal, 5,548 feet, » 1 mile 304 feet Width at top, 115 feet — at water-line^ 100 feet— at bottom, 64 feet The depth of the canal is 12 feet A slope wall on the sides of the canal is 4,000 feet in length. There are two locks, each 360 feet in length. Width of locks, 70 feet at top— 61) feet at bottom. The widls are 26 feet high— 10 fbet Oiiidr at bottom. Lift of upper lock, 8 feet— lower do., 10 feet; total lockage, 18 feet Lower wharf, ISOfeetlong; 20feetwide. Upper wharf, 830 feet long; ftora 16 to 80 feet wide. There are 3 pahis of folding gates, each 40 feet wide. Upper gate, 17 feet high — lower gate, 24 feet 6 inches high. There are also upper and lower oaisflon gates, used for shutting off the water trotn the canaL The amount of lumber, timber, and iron used in the building of the piem and gates is enormous. There were 103,437 Iha. of wrought iron used in the gates, and 38,000 lbs. oast iron. 100 FROU CniOAOO TO MAnKINAO AHD BAUT 8TK MARIK. About 8,000 feet of oak timber, etc. The tolls on the canal are collected by the State— are merely nominal— and only intended to defray the necessary expenses of repairs. Thb St. Mart's Falls Ship Cakal, Uichigan, now forms a navigable com- munication between Lake Superior and Huron, passing through the St Marys RiTer for a distance of about 60 nutes. The first Steamer which passed thrrugh the locks was the Illinois, 927 tons, commanded by John Wilson, oa her trip through to the upper port^ on Lake Su- perior, June 18, 1865. The lUinoia WM followed by the Steamer Baltimore, 6U tons; Samuel Ward, 434 tons; and the. North Star, 1,100 tons, during the month of June of the same year. Oprawo AND CLosraa or Natioatioh, ttom 1866 to 1862, toduBivo. 98T ton*. 880 » MOO ** 600 " 1,088 " Dkta l^lnt YeateL Jnn« 18, 18BB Illinol^ Mar *, 1856 HuihatUn, May », 1857 North SUn Aoril 1& 186S IronOfc May 8, 1869 1.«dy Elgin, May 11,1860 Fountain City, ^ May 8,1881 Michigan, «« ApHtST 1862 City o7 Cleveland, 788 April 28. 1888 Mineral Boek. 866 lUr 8, »8«4 Cleveland, 574 - Average season of navigation, 6^ months. Bate.of IM, 6 cents for every regfistered ton, Not. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Date, Last Vessel 88,1886 Wanet, 88, 1868 Gen. Taylor, 80, 1867 Mineral Rock, 80, 1888 Lady Elgin, S8, 1880 Forester, 88, ISflO Montgomery, 88. 1861 Gen. Taylor, 87, 1868 Mineral. Book, 80, 1868 Metoor, 1,1M t0B» 463 » 685 " 1,088 " 884 ** 87* " 468 " 668 " 789 " for every description of veaseL «ant Ste. Marie.— This old and mudi neglected town canboastof beautinu Bapida, the St. Mary's River here having a descent of twenty feet within one mile, a Ship Canal, with two locks, overcoming the fall in the river, some dilapidated wharves, and the grounds on which stand Fort Brady, with its wooden bar- racks and officers' quarters, one well-kept hotel, of modest pretensions, where thousands have been, entertitoed during the past twelve years shioo ttie com- pletton of the canaL Yet it has not pro- gressed for that period either in popula- tion or any kind of improvement; the streets, stores and dwelling-houses in many cases being neglected and suffered to go to decay. This apathy ought no tongar to bo suffered to exist, but capital- ists should be induced to improve the water-power at this favored point, and build up a town like.unto those which surround the Vt)ia of St. Anthony, in Minnesota. When the Lake Superior and Mississippi Raikwtd, now in progrew, is completed, then its available position and water-power will, no doubt, cause it to vie with" any other town on the borders of the Great Lakes. Largo quantities of white-flsh are annually taken botow the Falls by Chippewa Indians, residtag in the vicinity, mostly on the Canada a^ Fish pools, connected by running bnxm, could here be easily «>Mt">«^ f"» ,™^ breeding of speckled trout, which deUght to gambol in the cold waters of Lake Superior. ... On the Canadian side of the nver ie a small scattered setUement and Hudson Bay Company's post. Clearings extend for only a few mUesback of this place; then commences an endless wilderness until Hudson Bay is reached in the nortJi, some three or four hundred miles. T< Btkahboa Forts, etc COLLINOWOO Cape Rich. . Cabot's Heo Lonely Islan Cape Smythi She-ha-ipa-fu Man-i-tou-wi LitUe Ourrei Great Manit Glapperton 1 Barrie Islan Cockbum L §TIA11I Colllni Toronto, is i near the h( indentation although c< of the com{ and Huron about 2,000 ereasing. ' ly owing to nus df the Georgian rVoronto. ( einigraDts t'SMamersor Qreen Bay .^ well as 1 '■tuperior. ■'la length; <- several la four hoteli '' tte course The ste ' Macldnao i west shor ' iMge clasi tor travelli RIK. Ii passed thrrugh iNOis, 927 tons, ilson, oa her trip •rt^ on Lake 8u- The Illinoia waa r Baltimore, 6H 'A tons; and the during the month ' ^• induBlTe. lylor. Rock, Igin, r, mcry, •ylor, I Book, r. 1,1M tOBfc 4<3 » BBS " 1,088 " »84 ** 8T» " 4«a " 6W " snofTeaaeL f St. Anthony, in I LtAe Sbpemr and low in progreM, is ailable poaiuon and donbt, cause it to nnon the bordera Large quantiti^ lually taken betow « Indiana, reaidteg on the Canada aide, by running brooks, Bonstructed for Ae rout, whidi deUght id waters of Lake le of the river to a ament and Hudson Clearings extMid jack of this place; endless wUdemOM eached in the nortli, indred miles. TOBOHTO TO OOILIHGWOOD AHD BAUT 8T«. MAIUB. ToroUo to Colllncwood and taut Ste. Marie. 101 TOBOXTO TO CoiUMQWOOD (JZoAvad RctOe), 94 miles. GxoBOUN Bat and I7okth Chakkbl. BTKAMBOAT ROUTX, PA88»0 TTBOVaH Porta, etc. Miles. COLUNOWOOD * Cape Rich 30 Cabot's Head 80 Ix)nely Island 100 Cape Smythe • • . 125 She-ba-iva-nah'iiing.. 1^5 Han-i-tou-wah-ning (26 m.) Little Ourrent, ) jijq Great Manitoulln Is. ) Gtepperton Island. 190 Barrie Island. 220 Cockbum Island. 266 QlBAJlBOAT FABB, %S.60. Porta, eta Miles. Drummond's Island, Ifich 270 Bnice Mine$, Can 290 St Joseph Island 396 Campement D'Oura la. 302 The Narrows 806 Sugar Isbnd, Mich. 316 Nebish Baplds 316 Lake George 320 Church's Landing 326 Garden River Set. 330 Saut Ste. Mabib, Canada 840 (Hudson Bay Company's Post) Usual Tma, 36 hours. Colllngwood, 94 miles north from Toronto, is most uuvantagooualy situated near the head of Nottawassaga Bay, an indentation of Georgian Bay. The town, although commenced in 1864, at the time of the oompletiou of the Ontario, Simcoc, and Huron Railroad, now contains (1861) about 2,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly in- creasing. The surprising growth is iniun- ly owing to its being the northern termi- Bua df the rwlway which connects the Georgian Bay with Lake Ontario at ' Itoronto. Great numbers of travellers and ■emigranta are at this point transferred to ■leamers or propellers, bound for Mackinac, Green Bay, Chicago, and the Great West, On the north shore is situated n post of the Hudson Bov Company, wl-.ich may be seen from, the deck of the iiai»egt of Little Current lies directly west of tlM Great Manitoulin, from which it is sepa- rated by a narrow channel. Jt is a large island, somewhat elevated, but uninhabit- ed, except by Indians. Drummond Island, 15 miles farther westward, belongs to the United States, being attuched to the State of Michigan. This is another brge body of land, being low, and as yet mostly uninhabited. The next Island approached before binding at Bruce Mines is 8t. JoeiPH Is- land, being a large and fertile body of land, with some few settlers. Bruce Mines Villaos, C. Vf., ia situ- ated on the north shore of Lake Huron, or the "Xortli Channel," as it ia here called, distant 290 miles fVom CoUingwood, and 50 from tho Saut Ste. Marie. Here are a Methodist chapel, a public-house, and a store and storehouse belonging to the Montreal Copper Mining Company, besidea extensive bulKlings used for crush- ing ore and preparing it for the market ; alttut 75 dwellings and CUO inhabitants. Tho copper ore, after being crushed by powerful machinery propelled by steam, is pat into puddling troughs and washed by water, so as to obtain about 20 per cent, pure copper. In thfs state it is shipped to the United States and England, bringing about $80 per ton. It then haa to go through an extensive smelting pro- cess, in order to obtain the pure metal. The mines are situated in the immediate vicinity of the village, there being ten openings or shafts from which the ore is obtained in its crude state. Horse-power is mostly used to elevate the ore: the whims are above, ground, attached to which are ropes and buckets. This mine gives employment to about 300 workmen. The capitii to .'ii60«>,0( Tho W^l tant, is all ing Compi by an Kn the presen the Bruoe The Lai following I fi-om whici faring froD mines of tfa "Ten y« and large i which pro der new i yield proflti opened, on down 8om( men are en mines. So ful to the ey being takei taken upon house, wht Urgo iron fine powdei 'J'8g6r-wor Water till i washed aw the yard rei the sppeara is DOW mc Wales, for Fbo Theoomn Steamers w tho year 18fi of long expe devote then safety of pac No one a '■'•umismihMtum TRIP rnoM coLLiirowoOD to port williau. 105 86 milM wide- uated n poet cif ly, wl-.ich may of Uie pui^Bing mileii west of tly weot of Uw vbich it is t^cpa* 1. Jt is a lorKe I, but uniubabit- 5 miles fartb«r 9 United Statea, ite of Michigan, y of land, being linhabited. ffoacbed before I Bt. Joseph is- fertile body of era. s, C. "W., ii Bitu- of Lake Huron, " as it ia bere ■om CoUingwood, te. Marie. Here a publiu-houge, iise belunging to ining Company, ^ uued for uruab* for the market; COO inhabitanta. Bing crushed by pelled by steam, igha and washed lin about 20 pet thia state it is ites and England, ton. It then haa ive smelting pro- the pure metal, in tlie immediate there being ten which the ore ia te. Horse-power ite the ore; the iind, attached to skets. This min)) ut 300 workmen. The capital stock of the company amounts to $80«,000. Tho Wellington .Vine, about one mile dis- tant, is also owned by tho Montreal Min- ing Company, but is leased and worked by an English company. This mine, at the present time, ia more productive than the Bruce Mines. The Lake Superior Journal gives the following description of the Bruce Mine, from which is produced a copper ore dif- fljring from that which is yielded by other mines of that.ponin8ula. "Ten years ago this mine was opened, and large sums otpendod for machinery, which proved useless, hut it is now un- der new management, and promises to yield profitably. Twelve shafts have been opened, one of which lias been carried down some 330 feet. Some 200 or 300 men are employed, all from the European mines. Some of the ores are very beauti- ful to the eye, resembling fine gold. After being taken out of the shaft, they are taken upon a rail-track to tho crushing- house, where they are passed between largo iron rollers, and sifted till only a fine powder remains ; from thence to the 'jigger- works,' where they are sbaken in Water till much of the earthy matter is washed away, after which it is piled in the yard ready for shipment, having more the appearance of mud than of copper. It m """^ mostly shipped to Swansea, in Wales, for smelting. Two years since, 1,500 tons were shipped to Baltimore ud Buffalo to be smelted." On resuming the voyage after leaving Bruce Mines, the steamer runs along St. Joseph Island through a bcautifiU sheet of water, in which are embosomed some few islands near the main shore. Caupbuent D'0ur8 is an island passed on the loft, lying contiguous to St Joseph Island. Hure are encountered severid small rocky islands, forming an intricate channel colled tho " ydrrowa." On some of tho islands in this group are found cop- per ore, and boautifm^ specimens of moss. The forest-troos, however, are of a dwarf- jsh growth, owing, no doubt, to tho scant- iness of soil on these rocky islands. About 10 miles west of the " Narrows," the main channel of the St. Mary's Riv- er is reached, forming the boundary be- tween the United States and Canada. A rocky island lies on the Canadian side, which is reserved for government pur- poses, as it commands the main or ship channel Sugar leLANO is now reached, which belongs to the United States, and the steamers run a further distance of 25 miles, when tlip landing at tho Saut Ste. Ma- rie is reached, there buing settlements on both sides of the river. The British boata usually land on tho north side, while the American boats make a landing on the south side of tho river, near the mouth of the ship canaL . GRAND PJ^ASIJRE EXCVRSIOIV Fboh Clkvxlahd Ain> Dxtboit to rat Head of Laki Svpbbiob. The oommodiouB Lake Superior Line of Steamers will run as advertised during tho year 1 86.\ They are officered by men of long experience on the route, who will devote themselves to the comfort and safety of passengers. No one should faO to viait this new, growing, and wondorfbl country. Its im- mense mineral deposits are attracting the attention of the whcde scientiflo world. Its mountainB of almost pure iron, its in- exhaustible native copper and silver mines, the new discoveries of silver, lead, and that magnificent and singukr 106 TUP TBSOUOH TBI LAKBI. fonnatloB the piotumd Kooxa, form % serioi of irrcRistiblo attractions to the Bpoctator and urologist. The oool and brAciiig atmoBphero suggesta recovery of perfect health to the iuvalid, and the Mportaman, with his rod and line, will And abundant recreation in angling for the beautiAil speckled trout in the finest flailing streanu in the world. This trip of orer 1,000 mtlca embrae«i six degrees of latitude and eleven of longitude, and includes in its circuit Lalccs Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, and the beautiful Rivers Detroit, St. Clair, and Sto. Marie. During the months of Juljr and August, (iRAMD Plbabubb Kxcur- BIONB will be made around Lake Superior, visiting Isle Royole and the north shore. Table or inllliiv Dlalaneet from Cleveland to taperlor City. FoBTS, etc. Miles. Cleveland, Ohio Dbtroit, Mich 116 Port Hurok 63—178 VoRT OBAnOT (foot Lake Hu- ron) 8—180 Db Todb (St Mary's RiverV. . 225 — 106 SaUT Stb. Mabib 66—460 Uband Island 126—686 Mar r8e that a fiishionable hutvl mity yet tie built undpr the shade of the pino {rrovxa n-sar the Oha|>ol. and a trip thither iMscoiiie us ouiamun as one tu Niagara now Is." feot. Were they simply a line of difb, they might not, so far as relates to height or extent, be worthy of a rank among great natural curiosiiies, although such an assemblage of rocky strata, washed by the waves of the great lake, would not, under any circumstances, be destitute of grandeur. To the voyager coasting along their base in his frail canoe they woul<^ at all times, be an object of dread; tho recoil of the surf, the rockbound coast, aitbrding for miles no place of refuge; the lowering sky, the rising wind; all these would excite his apprehension, and induce him to ply a vigorous oar until the dreaded wall was pa8&<>d. But in the Pictured Rocks there are two features which communicate to the scenery a won- deifUl and almost unique character. These are, first, the curious manner in which the cliffs have been excavated and worn away by the action of the lake, which for oen- turies has dashed an ocean-like surf against their base; and, second, the equal- ly curious manner in wUch large portions of the surface have been colored by bands of brilliant hues. "It is fh>m the latter circumstance that the name by which these cliffr are known to the American traveller is derived ; vhile that applied to them by the Frenoli tH>ya- geura ('Les Portails'*) is derived from Uie former, and by far the most striking pe- culiarity. " The term Pictured Rocks has been in use for a great length of time, but when it was first applied we have been imaUe to discover. " The Indian name applied to these oliiA, i according to our voyageurs, is Schkuee-\ archff>i-lnmg, or ' The end of the rocks,' * Le Portall Is a French term, signifying the principal entrance of a chnrch or a portal, and this niune was given to the Pictured ISooka by the i'i>yti{r«urt, evidently in allusion to tho arched entroncos whifih constitute the moat characteris- tic ft'iiture. l.e Ornnd Portull, is the great arch- way, ur Qrand Portal. 110 TRIP THROUGH THB LAKR8. which Beema to refer to the foot that, in dosoending the lnko, after having passed them, no more rocks are seen along tlie shore. Our voyageura had many legends to relate of the pranks of the Menni-boujou in these caverns, and in answer to our in- quiries seemed disposed to fubricate sto- ries without end of the achievements of this Indian deity. "We will describe the most interesting points in the series, proceeding from west to east. On leaving Grand Island harbor,* high c'iffs are seen to the east, which form the commencement of the series of rocky promontories, w ,h rise vertically firom the water to the height of from one hun- dred to one hundred and twenty-five feet, covered with a dense canopy of foliage. 0o(»8ionally a small cascade may be seen falling from the verge to the base in an unbroken curve, or gliding down the in- clined face of the cliff in a sheet of white fbam. The rocks at this point begin to assume fantastic shapes ; but it is not un- til having reached Miners' River that their striking peculiarities are observed. • The treTS'ller deairoas of visiting this scene should take sdviintogc of one of ths steamers or propellers which navlgste the Iiike and land at Grand Island, from which he can proceed to make the tour of the Interesting points in a small biat. The largo vessels on the lake do not ap- proach snfllolentlf near the cliffs to allow the trav- •ller to gather more than a general Idea of their position and outlines. To be able to appreciate and understand their oxtraordinorv chamcter. it is Indispensable to coast al')i g In close proximity to the clttfs and pass beneath the Grand Portal, which Is only accessible Avm the lake, and to land and enter within the precincts of the Chapel. At Orand Island, boat^ men, aud provisions may be procured. The traveller should lay In a good gh supply, if It is intonded to be absent long enough to malce a thorough examination of the whole series. In flict, an old voyager will not readily trust himself to the mercy of the winds and waves of tbe lake without tliem, as he may not unfre- qnently, however auspicious tlie weather when Btortteg, find himself weather-bound for days to- gether. It Is possible, however. In one day, to •tart from Orand Island, see the most Interesting Soint^ and return. The distance fnun William's ) the ChaiHil— the brthcst f olnt of intcrestr-ls •bout ttfteon miles. . ' Here the ooast makes an abrapt turn to the eastward, and just at the point where the roc<(S break oil' mi the friendly sand- i)each begins, is seen one of the grandest works of nature in her rock-built archi- tecture. We gtave it the name of ' Miners' Castle,' from its singular resemblance to the turreted entrance and arclied portal of some old castle — for instance, that Of Dumbarton. The height of the advanc- ing mass, in which the form of the Gtothio gateway may lie recognized, is about sev- enty feet, while that of the main waQ forming the background is about one hun- dred and forty. The appearance of tiie openings at the base changes rapidly with «ach change in the position of the spec- tator. On taking a position a little fbr- ther to the right of that occupied by the sketchor, the central opening appears more distinctly flanked on either side by two lateral passages, making the resem- blance to an artifioial work still more striking. "A little farther east. Miners' River enters the lake close under the brow of the cliff, which here smks down and gives place to a sand-bank ne^Iy a third of a mile in extent. The river is so narrow that it requires no little skill on the part of the voyager to enter its mouth when a heavy sea Is rolling in from the north. On the right bank, a sandy drift plain, covered with'Norway and Banksian pine, spreads out, affording good camping-ground — the only place of refhge to the voyage* until he reaches Chapel River, five milefs distant, if we except a small sand-beach about mid-way lietween the two jw'ntWj where, in case of necessity, a boat may be beached. "Beyond the sand-beach at Miner* River the cliffs attain an eltitude of one hundred and seventy-three feet, and maintain a nearly uniform height foracoB'' siderable distance. Here one of those ca^'Mdes of which we have before spoken is n foamiug down the rocK. ."T but I tweei worn whiol of th< ed w theat proj« likef aur&< "I the pi fuUyi cann« ■ketol the ni on a oombi reprei meani even displa portio Ampl face ] or rw oraar rarely feet a third The pi yellov Freno "Tl thottg! anttt monizi taken the a whidi puieg awelU which truly \ "Tl ly ove arrang KXOUBSIOa AROUKO LAKB SUPIRIOR. fit an abrupt turn to at the |)oint where I the friendly sand- >ne of the grande*t Br rock-built archl- lename of Miners' lar resemblance to and arched portal >r instance, that Of fht of the advano- I form of the Gothic nized, is about sev- of the main waQ id is about one hun- appearance of the hanges rapidly with >Bition of the spec- )Osition a little fhr- lat occupied by the 1 opening appears d on either side by making the resem- E(l work still more east, Miners' River under the brow of inks down and gives nevly A third of a river is so narrow tie skill on the part ter its mouth when in from the north. t sandy drift plain, and Banksian pine, ^ood camping-ground »fbge to the voyage* «1 River, Ave miles a small sand-beach an the two pointSi loessity, a boat msy id-beach at Miner* I an altitude of one ity-three feet, and form height for a con- Here one of those ) have before spoken t the rocK. ."The diA do not form straight lines, but rather arcs of circles, the space be- tween the projecting points having been worn out in symmetrical curves, some of which are of large dimensions. To one of the grandest and most regularly form- ed we gave the name of 'The Amphi- theatre.' Looking to the west, another prcjeoting point — its base worn into cave- like forms — and a portion of the concave 8ur&oe of the intervening space are seen. " It is in this portion of the series that the phenomena of colors are most beauti- fully and oonspicuously displayed. These cannot be illustra^ by a more crayon ■ketob, but would require, to reproduce the natural effect, an eUborate drcwing on a large scale, in which the various combinations of color should be carefully represented. These colors do not by any means cover the whole surface of the diff even where they are most conspicuously displayed, but are confined to certain portions of the cliffs in the vicinity of the Amphitheatre ; the great mass of the sur- face presenting the natural light-yellow or r»w sienna color of the rock. The col- ors are also limited in their vertical range, rarely extending more than thirty or forty feet above the water, or a quarter or a third of the vertical height of the cliff. The prevailing tints consist of deep-brown, yellow, and gray — ^bumt sienna and French gray predominating. " There are idso bright blues and greens, though lees firequent. AU of the tints an Cresh, brilliant, and distinct, and har- monize admirably with one another, which, taken in connection with the grandeur of the arched and oavemed surfaces on whidi they are laid, and the deep and piue green of the water which heaves and swells at tb» base, and the rich foliage which w»ves above, produce an effect truly wonderful " They are not scattered mdiscruninate- ly over the surface of the rock, but are arranged in vertioal and parallel bands. extending to the water's edge. The mode of their production is undoubt- edly as follows: Between the bands or strata of thick-bedded sandstone there are thin seams of shaly materials, which are more or less charged with the metallic crides, iron largely predominv ting, with here and there a trace of copper. As the surface-water permeates through tlie porous strata it comes in contact with these shaly bands, and, oozing out from the exposed edges, trickles down the face of the cliffs, and leaves behind a sediment, colored according to the oxide which is contained in the band in which it origi- nated. It cannot, however, be denied that there are some peculiarities which it is difficult to explain by any hypothesis. " On first examining the Pictured Rocks, we were forcibly struck with the brilliancy and beauty of the colors, and wondered why some of our predecessors, hi their descriptions, had hu^ly adverted to what we regarded as their most characteristic feature. At a subsequent visit we were surprised to find that the effect of tite colors was much less striking than be- fore ; they seemed faded out, leaving only traces of their former brilliancy, so that the traveller might regard this as an un- important feature in the scenery. It ia difficult to account for this change, but it may be due to the dryness or humidity of the season. If the colors are produced by the percolation of the water through the strata, taking up and depositing the colored sediirents, as before suggested, it is evident that a long period of drought would cut off the supj^y of moisture, and the colors, being no longer renewed, would fade, and finally disappear. This explanation seems reasonable, for at the time of our second visit the beds of the streams on the summit of the tid>le-land were dry. "It is a curious fact, that the colors are so firmly attached to the surfece that they are vory little affected by rains or lis TRIP TUROCan TBI LAKB8. the dashing «»t" the surf, since they were, in numerous Instances, observed extend- ing in all their freBbnesa to the very wa- ter's edge. '■ Proceeding to the eastward of the .Ampliitheatre, wo find the dill's soooped out into caverns and grotesque openings, of tlie most strilcing and beautiful variety of forms. In some places huge bloclcH of sandstone have become dislodged and ac- cumulated at the base of the cliff, where they are ground up and the fragments borne away by the ceaseless action of the surge. " To a striking group of detached blocks the name of 'Sail Rock' has loeon given, from its striking resemblance to the jib and mainsail of a sloop when spread — so much so that when viewed from a dis- tance, with a full glare of light upon it, while the cliff in the rear is left in the shade, the illusion is perfect. The height of tho block is about forty feet. " Masses of rock are frequently dis- lodged from the cliff, if we may judge frt)m the freshness of the fracture and the appearance of tlte trees invdved in the descent. The rapidity with which this undermining process is carried on, at many points, will be readily apprecia- ted when we consider that the cliffs do not form a single unbroken line of wall ; but, on the contrary, they present numer- ous salient angles to the full force of the waves. A projecting corner is undermin- ed until the superincumbent weight be- comes too great, the overhanging mass cracks, and, aided perhaps by the power robinatiuu of od- quate idea of this le vtet dimensiona ilted passi^s, the ight, as it streams li and falls on the eep emerald greea trying swell of the ooession of musical ttioas of one's own' ith startling eCbet, in, and heard, aod' liotod. id Porta! the oUfti height, and the gen- ut is more to the rock, being less ex- t the waves, beats destructive action. «1 Biver is at the nity of a sandy for a quarter of a mile, sad kflbrds a convenicDt landing- jdaoe, while the drift-terrace, elevated about thirty feet above the loke-level, be- ing an open pine plain, affords excellent camping-ground, and is the most central and convenient spot for the traveller to pitch his tent, while he examines the most interesting localities in the series which occur in this vicinity — ^to wit, the Grand Portal and the Ohapd. {See Engraving.) "The Chapol— £a ChapMt of the voya- gewrt — if not the grandest, is among the most grotesque of Nature's architecture here displayed. Unlike the excavations before described, which occur at tlie wa- ter's edge, this has l>een made in the rock, at a height of thirty or forty feet above tlie lake. The interior consists of a vault- ed apartment, which has not inaptly re- ceived the name it bears. An arched roof of sandstone, from ten to twenty feet in thickness, rests on four gigantic col- umns of rock, so as to leave a vaulted apartment of irregular shape, about forty feet in diameter, and about the same in height. The columns consist of finely stratified rock, and have been worn into curious shapes. . At the base of one of them an arched cavity or niche has been cut, to which access is had by a flight of steps formed by the projecting strata The disposition of the whole is such ss to resemble very much the pulpit of a (Anfoh; since there is overhead an arch- eti canopy, and in flront an opening out toward the vaulted interior of the chapel, with a flat tabular mass in front, rising to a convenient height fbradesk, while on the right is an udated block, which not-ini^Uy represents an altar; so that if the whole had been adapted expressly for a place of worship, and fiuhioned by the hand of man, it could hardly have been arranged more appropriately. It is 8 hardly poniUe to describe the itegular and unique effect of this estraorduuH7 structure ; it is truly a temple of nature— ' A house not made with hands.' "On the west side, and in dose prox' imity, Cliapel Uiver enters the lake, pre- cipitating itself over a rocky ledge ten or fifteen feet in height* " It is surprising to see how little the action of the stream has worn away the rocks which form its bed. There appears to have been hardly any recession of the cascade, and the rocky bed has been ex- cavated only a foot or two since the stream Hssumed its present direction. "It seems therefore impossible that the river could have had any influence in ex- cavating the Chapel itself, but its exca- vation must be referred to a period when the waters of the lake stood at a higlier level. "Near the Grand Portal the cliffs are covered, in places, with an efflorescence of sulphate of lime, in delicate crystalli- zations ; this substance not only inorusts the walls, but is found deposited on the moss whicli lines tliem, forming singular and interesting specimens, which how- ever cannot bo transported without losing their beauty. "At the some place we found numer- ous traces of organic life in the form of obscure fiicoidal markings, which seem to be the impressions of plants, f imilar to those described by Prof. Hall aa ooourring in the Potsdam sandstone of New York. These were first noticed at this place by Dr. Locke, in 1847." * " At this ftiil, Mcordlng to Immemorial aaaso •mong the voyagturt In Mceading the Uke, tba mang»uri dt lard, who moke their first trip, r«- eeive baptism ; which consists In giving them a sovere ducking — a ceremonjr tomei*bat similar to that practised on green-horns wbaa crossing tho line. 114 TUP TSRoron mm laku. Lake ■■perior BevloB. The following rersei w«re written by J. O. WiilTTlUt, on reooiving an eaglt'a tnill, when on » viett to Lake Superior in 1846. THE SEER. I haw the br«ff rojager't horn, I lev th« YukM's Uidl— Iltf fuot on every muautuln pus, On every ■tretm bli mIL He'i whtetllnr nrand 8t Mary'* Faili, Upon his loaded tmln ; He's leiiTlng on the Pictured Bocki His tteth tobkceo stain, I tee the mattock In the mine, The axe-etruke In the dell, The rismor fkvm the Indian lodge. The Jeuiit'i chapel bell I I Me the aworthy trapprn ooma From MlMlaalpiil's spring ; And war-chiefs with their painted browi, And oresta uf eagle wings. Behind the seared squaw's birch canoe. The steamer smokes '.ml raves ; And tsity lots ore staked for sola Above old Indian graves. By (brcst, lake nnd water-fiill, I tea the peddler's show ; The mighty mingling with the mean. The lofty with the low. I hear the tread of ploneera Of nations yet to De ; The Arst low wash of waves where toon Hball roll a human tea. The mdlments of empire hert Are plastic yet and warm : The chaos of a mighty world Is rounding Into form I Each rude and Jostling fVagment toon lu fltting place ihalT flnd— Tile raw matertala of a stata, It* muscle and its mind I And, westering silll, the star which Iaad.i The new world in Its train. Has tipped with Are the icy speara Of many a mountain chain. Oband Island, 125 miles distant from the Saut, ia about 10 miles long and 6 wide, lying dose in to the sou^ shore. This ia a wild and romantio iabnd ; ttM diffa of sandstone, inr>.'gular and broken into by the waves, form picturesque mr- orns, pillars, and arches of immense di- mensions. There are seToral romantio bays and inlets protected from ■torma, which are ft^uent on this great lake, where the brook trout of a lai^ size can be caught in quantities. The forests also afford a delightdil retreat, while all nature seems hushed — save by the mtjaning winds and billowy surges of the surround- ing waters. A few families reside on the south shore, facing the mainland, where is a clearing of considerable extent The main-shore in full sight, and the Pictured Rocks, visiblo flrom its eastern shore, alto- gether add a charm to this truly Grand Island, unsurpassed by no other spot in this interesting region. MuNisiMO, formerly called Orand Island City, lies on the south side of Orand Island Bay, here about 3 miles in width. Here is a steamboat wharf and hotel, togetlier with a few dwellings, being, >io doubt, destined to become a favorite place of resort, as from this place the Pictured Rocks can be easily reached by canoes or small boats during calm weather. Trout fishing is also good in Ann's River, which enters Orand Island Bay, and in Itiner's River, near the Pictured Rooks. The bay or harbor is capacious, dsep, and easy of access flrom the east or west, being 6 miles m length by flrom S to 4 in width,' with a depth of water of 100 feet and unwards. It is perfbcfly land- locked by hills risfaig firom 100 to 300 feet high, and capacious enough to contain the entire fleet of the lakes. The Sdwolcrafi Iron World, near Mu- nising, have recently been erected close to the water's edge, for the mnnufacture of pig iron, wliere is a landing for tainrrs. Miveb's Point, a most remarkable head- land, lies 6 miles east of Munising, at the mouth of a small stream of the same name. md romMitio isUmd; flM ne, irr>.'gular and broken 38, form picti'reBquo mr- d arches of immeaae di- tre are gevonil romantio I proteotod ttom itonaa, uent on this great lake, : trout of a lai^ size can intities. The forests also 111 retreat, while all nature -save by the moaning ¥jr surges of the surround- es reside on the south le mainland, where is a laiderable extent The II sight, and the Pictured cm its eastern shore, alto- larm to this truly Grand ssed by no other spot in region. merly called Orand Island south side of Grand Island 3 miles in width. Here is rf and hotel, together with being, kio doubt, destined vorite place of resort, as ;he Pictured Rocks can be by canoes or small boats eathor. Trout fishing ia nn's Rirer, which enters ty, and in Miner's River, id Rooks. larbor is capacious, doep, 188 flrom the east or west, t length by from S to 4 a depth of water of 100 ds. It is perfbcay Ind- fsfaig from 100 to 300 feet ous enough to contain the e lakes. ft Iron Work$, near Mu- intly been erected close to e, for the manufacture of is a landing for taimnra. r, a most remarkable hend- i east of MuniRing, at the i stream of the same name. RBMARKABLI PimOlllllA ON tAH flVPBRIOR. If6 <>the aotion of the waters has here dis- integrated portions of the sand-stone formation, forming romantic caverns and grottoes where the waters of the lake penetrate, making strange mueic in the •ubterranean passages. iMMviiairr aooa. UoMumirr Rook, about one mile west of Miner's Point, is another strange ftvak of nature, being an upright oolumn stand- ing in full view, near the water's edge, elevated some 80 or 100 feet above Uie lake. iSte Engraviag.) AU tliese points can easily be readied fVom Munising, or Grand Island, by a sail or row boat Renarkable PhenoineHa •■ Ijake Superior. The sudden and singubir changes of the weather on Lake Superior, in connection with its healthy influence, during the sum- mer and fall months, present one of the phenomena of nature which seems almost unaccountable. The sun^ frequently rises clear and cloudless, giving indications of continued sunshine, when suddenly tha sky becomes overoast with white, fleecy clouds, scudding low and giving out a chilly atmosphere, not unfrequently ac- companied witli rain, — the clouds as sud- denly disappear, and a pleasant afternoon nsuidly follows, with light winds. This influence, causing a fluctuation of several deg^rees of the thermometer, seems to have an injurious effect on most kinds of fruit and vegetables requiring a warm sun throughout the day in order to arrive at maturity ; the country a few miles in- lanu, however, being less subject to these frequeub changes. On the 6th of August, 1860, there oo> curred a remarkable phenomenon, as wit- nessed on Grand Island Bay, near the Pictured Rocks — Lake Superior being here about 170 miles wide. I)uring the fore- noon of a pleasant summer's day, the wa- ter was observed suddsnly to fall some three or four feet perpendicularly on the south shore, then rise in about half an hour, as suddenly again to recede and rise several times; exposing the bed of the lake for aoonsiden^le dutoaoe where lid TMP TIIMOl'OH TUB LAKES. th« water wm ihallow, tflbrding % fine op- portunity to ooUect pebbles of diflbrent ouea, and precious stones. At noon the wind blew moderately from tbe southward, wliile the thermometer ranged at about 74" Fahr. This appa- rently oalm and pleasant weather was ta- ken advantage of by a party of pleasure to cross the bay in a sail-boat troia Munising toQrand Island, 3 miles distant, affording a delightful excursion. On looking eastward at about 4 o'clock, p. u., a dense fog or low cloud was seen rapidly to enter the east channel of the bay, from the north- ward, rolling on in m^estic grandeur, and presenting apparently the smoke caused by the diwihaige of a park of artillery, ob- acuring every object in the far distance, while the 1 badlands within one or two miles v/ere distinctly visible. As it ap- S reached, the thermometer fell several egrees, and rMn followed, attended with Ugntning and thunder. Soon, however, tbe wind lulled, or entirely ceased, while the rain poured down in torrents. The mist or fog seemed meetly to ascend as it passed over tbe high lands on the main land, and assumed the appearance of clouds, while portions remained, in low and wet localities, above the forest-treea, —presenting altogether a most magnifl- oent appearance. The rain-storm and cloud effect, after continuing some two liiour& aa suddeply ceased, followed by a aplendid rainbow, — ^being the harbinger of a pleasant evening and calm weather for a time. JCackende, who wrote in 1789, relates a very similar phenomenon, which oo- curmd at Qrand Portage, on Lake Supe- rior, and for which no obvious cause could be assigned. He gays : "The water with- dcew, leaving the ground dry - 'hich had never before been visible, the fall being equal to four perpendicular feet, and rush- ing back with great velocity above the eommon mark. It continued thus rising •Bd fldling for aaveral hours, gradually decreasing until it stopped at its height." To the mariner these sudden stoma and fluctuatious, accompanied by fcg, are attended wm the south. At 7 p. H. a heaVy rain and thunder storm commenced, which lasted two hours, the same aa on Lake Superior, terminating with a gorgeous snnset view, exceeded only by the magnificent aurora, which flrequently illuminates the nordiera bearens in this high latitude, or the beau- tiful mirage of mid-day, which rafleota with remarkable distinotaeaa the invisible landscape, and vessels floating on (he bo- som of tUa vast inland sea. How br the receding of the wstcrs had (o do with the above coming storm, must be left (o ooqjecture or Airther in- vestigation—no doubt, however, it CB ue o d a displaceoMnt of water at soSh. remote parts of the lake, whkih was almost im- mediately felt at other and (kr distant points. So with the vapory douda whidi suddenly rise over Lake Superior ; they, no doubt, being caused by cold ourrenta of air from tbe higher regions or north- west, passing over warmer portions along the south shore, when im'jiediately a mist or fog is CTMted, whiolt aaoenda in tbS il it stopped at its woU iner these sudden storms 18, aooompanied by teg, mn mwch dangfer, more panic- ho land, when the sun and ght suddenly diasppear as Tght, the terrific noise of wind alone being heard, i by snow the danger is rcased, freqnently causing irous shipwrecks. In this porrect calm seldom contin- lorttime; tho wind will oe- when fltfbl gusts disturb be followed by a breese amo quarter of tiie compasn. K the moteoiological reonrd llaokinac, (bout 100 miles theast diroction flrom Orand found that tba thermome- 18" Fahronheit at 3 p. u. daj; the wind being fVom ; T p. M. a heaVy rain and commenced, which lasted same as on Lake Superior, itii a gorgeous sunset view, by tbe magnificent anrora, tly illuminates the nortiiem I high latitude, or tbe beau- f mid-day, which raflecta le distinotaesa the inrisiMe vessels floating on tbe bo- it inland sea. e receding of the wMaia . the above ooming storm, o ooqieoture or Airther in- doubt, however, it CGUsed ; of water at boIik remote ke, which vras almoat im- at other and far distant th the vapory clouds which over Lake Superior; they, g caused by cold ourrenta e higher regions or north- >ver warmer portions alon^t B, when imuiediately a mist led, whioli aaoends in tiM MMARKABLS PBIHOmWA OIT lAKI BCPBUOB. 11) Hxrm of douda into the npper regkma; not, liowevcr, at first very far above the lake level — thus giving out tlie cold in- fluence above referred to as pocullar to the south sliore of tlie lake wiien the uortliwest winds prevail: thin coM in- ttuenoe being most probably wafted far to the east and suuthward,. producing, no doubt, ftn efl'uot on the weather along the Atlantic coast several hundred miles to the southeast. The northwest winds which mostly prevail in the States of New York oud I'ennHylvanla have a modified oharacter, similar to the winds from the some quarter passing over the upper lakes of North America — affording a oool and bracing influence on the human ^stem. Another remarkable feature in the cli- mate of Lake Superior, is its healthy and invigorating inHuenoe on residents and invalids suffering from incipient pulmo- nary and tliroat complaints — the sudden changes of hot and cold, or wet weather, seem to brace the constitution, without producing any other injurious effects than rheumetism, when too much exposure is endured. While the balmy southern clime too ollen disappoints the invalid, Uiis north- eria dimate, its influeuoe extending west- ward toward the Rocky Mountains, seems to give strength to the respiratory and digestive organs — thereby often effecting .nost miraculous and permanent oures, witliout the aid of medicine, other than that afforded by nature — pure air and water. The intense colds of winter are here represented as being far more endu- rable than in more southern latitudps, along the Atluntic coast, where damp northeast storms prevail. In Foster ami Whitney's Report on the Oeology of Lake Superior, the phenome- na of these fluctuations are elaborately discussed; and, for the most part, thoy are found to be the premonition of an ap- proaching gale. They remark, that the earth may be regarded as surrounded by two oceans — ono atrial, the other liquid, fiy the laws which regulate two fluids thus relatively situated, a local distur- bance in the one would produce a corre- sponding disturbance in the other. Every rise or fall of one-twentieth of an inch in the mercurial column, would be attended with an elevation or depression in the surface of the water equal to one inch. A sudden change of the atmos- pheric pressure over a large body of wa- ter would cause a perpendicular rise or fall, in the manner of waves, greater than the mere weight itself, which would prop- agate themselves in a series of undula- tions ft-om the centre of disturbance. Those undulations result fk'om an unusual disturbance of the atmosphere ooourring around the margin of the storm, and its effects are perceived before the storm oc tuaily breaks. -■;>\ Blae and Fall mt the Waters of EAke Superior. From a series of careful observations Oontinued through a period of eight years, from 1854 to 1862, by Dr. G. H. Blaker, of Marquette, L. S., it has been found that the wnial rise and fall of the surface of Lake •Yaperior ranges between 30 and 38 indies. jbVom the first of May, when the snow hVgius to molt fredy, untU the first of September, the surface of the lake level continues to rise constantly, about six inches a month, until it gains, on an aver- age, two feet by the middle of August ; —and by the first of September it begins to fall, and so continues through the win- ter, until about the middle of April The permanent riite, however, was found to Hi TMP TMmovaa thi lasm. hav« be«n abmit two inrhm mora than (h« fall for the lirat «iz yearg, from 1854 to end of 1869, thus making a total riM of some 12 incliea in the lake lefol at the latter period. During the yearn 1860 and 1861, the waters of Lnkn Superior fell about two inches annually, making a fall of four inchea since 1868, at which period they were at their higKut point. During the winter of 1861-'63, then fell at Jitarquette only /omt feet and two inohoi of snow, being about one-quarter the usnal amount, — ond for the spring months of 1862 thore fell only Ave inchea of moisture, beinx about one-half the usual quantity. Those well-autlienticated and singular facts, continued to July, 1862, show that the waters of Lake Superior at Marquette are twenty inclies lower than thoy were in 1861 — thus showing an un- usual depression in the waters of this great Inland sea. When thesA interesting obserrntiona shall have been extended over a longer period and at different stations, thoy will, no doubt, solve the mystery which has heretofore involved tbu annual and period- lad rise and fall of these great waters in oiMourity. A caref\il survey of the gnat lakes by a corps of engineers attached to the Topo- graphical Bureau is now nearly comple- ted, which will give meteorological "esulta and tidal obsertations of the great a- portanoe to the mariner, agricidtviiat, and intelligent traveller. Blar^aette, the county seat of Mar- quette County, and a port of entry is ad- vantageously situated on the south shore of Lake Superior, in N. latitude 46° 32', W. longitude ST" 33', having a mean an- nual temperature of 41° Fahr. The har- bor, formed by the fiay of Marquette, is Bufo and commodious, being fully pro- tected from all but northeast winda; when blowing in that direction vessels ar« obUgcd to anchor off the xhore fbr safetv. The Government is about erecting sub- stantial piers, or breakwaters, for tho further protection of the numerous steam- ers and aailing vessels which frequent tlio harbor. A light-houso. also, Is erected to guide the mariner, standing on a point uf Und immediately north of the anchorage. The settlement of Marquette was com- menced in July^ 1849, and incorporated as a village in June, 18B!>. It now con- tains a court-house and Jail ; a public hall; 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church ; public-houses, the NmihuMBtim Bottl, the Trtmoni Houae, and the Ameri- can Bimie being the most frequented by atrangera ; 1 bank ; 20 or 30 stores and ■torehouses; 8 printing-offices; besides a large foundery, a rolling-mill and blast- furnace, and machine-shop.'i and factories of different kinds. Popuhtion in I860, l.eeS; at present (1861) eutimatod at 3,000. There are four extensive piers, arranged fbr the transhipment of iron ore and pig metal, on which the railroad trains deliver and receive freight Here is the terjiinus of the Marquette and Ontonagon Railroad, finished for about 40 miles, passing along the south ' shore of Lake Michigammi, and of the Penin- aula Railroad of Michigan, extending to Eacanaba, on Green Bay, 66 milea die- tant. This flourishing lake city is closely identified with the extensive Iron minea in the vicinity, being from 12 to 30 milea distant, situated on an elevated ridge, soma 700 or 800 feet above the waters of Laka Superior, being known as the Iron Mounn tain. There are now eight mines exr tensively and profitably worked, bein|^ owned by separate companies ; the Jack;. son Iron Company, the Cleveland Iro4 Company, and the Lake Superior Com- pany having separate docks, fVom which' the ore is shipped to the Eastern marketa. that direction ~cMeti tr4 T off the sliore for safety, t is about erecting Bun- or brealcwaters, for tho n of the mimerous steam- 'easels which frequent tlio t-house, also, is erected to er, standing on a point of f nortii of the anchorage, it of Marquette was com- r, 1849, and incorporated Tune, 1 859. It now con- ise and Jail ; a public hall; Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, »nd 1 Roman Catholto c-houses, the IforihtMttern mt ffotue, and the Ameri- : the most ft«queuted by nk ; 30 or 30 stores and printing-offlces; besides a a rolling-mill and blaat- ichine-shopii and factories ds. Popuhtion in 18GQ, lent (1867) eOimatod at tre four extensive piers, ) transhipment of iron ore. on which the railroad .nd receive freight Here s of the MarqueUe ami oad, finished for about 40. ilong the south shore of ami, and of the Penin- f Michigan, extending to Glreen Bajr, 66 miles dia- ing lake city is closely the extensive Iron mines being from 12 to 30 miles on an elerated ridge, soma above the waters of Lakot known as the Iron ifotxn^ re now eight nvines Ki-^ profitably worked, beingr ■ate companies ; the Jack^ [>any, the Cleveland Iroii tlie Lake Superior Com- parate docks, fVom whksh' cd to the Eastern markets. IKO> MUlIlia COMVAinM. u« The iron works and blast Aimaoes la the Ticinity of the mines manufacture an- nually large quantities of pig iron of a su- perior quantity. The iron business now gives employment to about 200 sail- vessels and a large number of propellers navigating the Upper Lakes. Marquette — with all its commanding ad- vantages as a commercial and manufao- turing town, as well as a favorite resort for invalids, being surrounded by a healthy, invigorating atmosphere — locks a supply of pure and wholesome water, it now being mostly obtained from reser- voirs and wells, of an impure oharaoter when compared with the sparkling pure waters of Lake Superior with which it is almost surrounded. The hotel aocomrao- dations ara also a subject of complaint. Such, however, is the bracing and health- restoring infiuenoe of the climate of this region, that invalids ara generally bene- fited on a short sojourn^ and laborers in the mines can work the whole year round without discomfort, aooomplishing much more work in a given time than in more southern latitudes. Carp River, on the east, and Dead River, on the north, both flow into Lake Superior nem five to forty pounds. Ohocoial Hiver also flows into Luke Superior some 3 or 4 miles east of Marquette, but running through a dif- ferent geotogieal formation fi-om tlie above streams, rising to the south in a Mudy region of conntry. Habvit, three miles east of Marquette, is a new settlement, situated at the mouth of the Chctoolat River. Hero are located the Iforthem Iron Mam^aetitring Qmtpany'i works, giving employment to a number of operatives. NiOAimn, situated on the line of the MarijueUe and Ontonagon Raiiroad, 13 miles west of Marquette, and in tlie im- mediate vicinity of the Ikon MoDtrraur, where ends the Ptnintula Raikoad, is a new and houriahing village, oontaining about 3,000 inhabitants. It contains 2 or 3 churches, a good hotel, B«veral sttves and manufacturing establishments. lo the immediate vicinity are the Jackson and Cleveland iron mines, also several extensive iron works, giving profitable employment to a great number of me- chanics and laborers. Thousands of tIs- itors annually visit these celebrated minea. Name. CuniiAHD, InOM MOOKTAIN, IBOK Curwe, Sackbos, Lass Sufeeiob, ItAONsnc, tfARQUVr^ xxw exolard^ New York, PlTTSBUROH t L. WASHEiaTOIl, Aira., IROH MiNIMO OOHFANIIS. President. Sieretary. Ojffiee. Oeorge Worthington, S. L. Mather, develand, Ohio. George E. Hall, T. D. Ells, Cleveland, Ohio. T. B. Brooks, V. P., Chas. E. Cauda, New Toik. David Stewart, S. P. Uoyd, New. York. Jos. S. Fav, & P. Ely, Marquette^ Mich. John C. McKenzie, Marquette, Mich. John Outhwaite, 8. L. Mather, Cleveland, OUa E. RWard, Detroit Mich. Samuel J. Tilden, New York. Jas. Laughlin, . T. D. Ells, Cleveland, Ohk>. i Edwin Parsons, S. P. Ely, llarquette. U. B. Tuttle k Son, Ager^ Cleveland, Ohio. jao nop TBBOrOH THB uins. IbOK MANirrAOTURIXO OOMTARnS. llame. President. Secretary. Offiee. BANORorr, Wm. E. Dodge, Peter Tniite, Marquette. Champion, L. H. Morgan, 8. P. My, Marquette. C!otu>rs, C. A. Trowbridge^ New York. Orbbxwood, Jos. S Pay, a P. Ely, Marquette. MlCHiaAN, A. B. Meeker, A. G. Clark, Marquette. MOBOAK, L. H. Morgan a P. Ely, Marquette, NOBTHEBSr, 0. T. Harvey, M. Hoppook, New York. PlOKKKB, John C. McEenzie, Henry : Jaldwln, New York. SOUOOLCKAIT, Peter White, Henry R. Mather, Marquette. SiLVEB LKAD MrniNO COUPANIBS. Name. Preaident. Seer^my. Office. HOIiYOKE, H. R. Mather, S. B. Church, Marquette. Lakb Supebiob, A, H, Sibley, A. S. KeUogg, New York. Sedowiok, H. R. Mather, a E. Church, Marquette. .iiC$ MARQUxm County.— IBON Minis. Setrad fVom the Lake Superior Mining Journal, dated Feb. 8, 1868. Rapid as has been the development of the iron interest of Lake Superior, the year 1867 stands out in its history aa unpre- cedented. A decade has scarcely passed since the first shipment of iron ore from the mines of Marquette County was made, &ad yut the grand result of the year just c*38ed is a tuU/ mOhon toM— equal to about one-fourth of the entire product of the Uniced States. ^ These iron mines are situated on the line of the Marquette and Ontonagon Bail- road, distant from Lnke Superior fh>m 13 to 30 miles. The Peninsula XaOroad of Michigan conneets with the above road, affording additional facilities for tranship- ment, via Escanaba, situated on Green Bay, 65 miles distant from the mines. The completion of the railroad runnitiK fh>m Marquette to Ontonagon, about 120 miles distant, passing Lake Michigammi, will greatly increase the trade of Mar- quette, and facilitate the transhipment of b9tt) copper ai^ )rou ore. oiirr. 121 OomperatiTe ^aiemmt of the produc- tion of Iron Ore and Pig Iron in Marquette County fW>m 1865 to 1867 inclusive. TaxB. Iron Ort. Pig Iron. 1,447 • • • • 11,697 • ■ ■ • 26,184 • • • • 31,035 1,629 65,679 7,258 116,998 6,.;60 45,430 7,970 115,721 8,690 183,267 9,813 236,123 13,832 195,256 13,283 296,872 18,437 469,320 30,911 rahn. 1855 1856 1867 1858 1869 1860 •1861 1862 1863 1864 fl865 1866 1867 * Brglnnlns of the war. t CloM of Om war. 249,203 675,629 736,496 419,401 984,977 1,416,936 1,867,216 1,690,430 2,405,960 3,476,720 THB SBIPFINa firom our port has manifested an activity corresponding to the increase of business. The great iron docks have been crowded to almost their fullest extent. The total number of clearances have been as fol- lows; Steamboats 621 Vessels 404 Tonn'ge. 442,431 381,346 Total 926 dearancea for 1866 765 Increase 160 61,086 The Marquette and Ontonagon, as also the Peninsula Railroad has been taxed to its utmost tc furniBh transportation for the immense amount of flight pressed upon it. It has moved as many as 3,000 tons in a single day. The active capital employed in mining and manufacturing has bieen increased not less than $1,000,000. The aggregate sum invested in the iron business is now about $5,000,000. SUIOIABT or THB TOTAX. PB0DU0T8 ANB IHPBOTBUINTB Or IIABQUKTTE COUKTT roa 1867. I Tom. I Value. Iron oiw prodneed... Elg iron " umber ** L»th ** Bblnglea " ARrieoltankl prodneta. Blast ftamaega ereeted. Bnlldtnga Total value. 4«»,8iO 80,911 »,8Wi,000ft 1,200,000 1,400,000 « too $3,84^e00 1,180,120 900,000 8fi,»58 600,000 400,000 4,718,678 Harqaette to Keweenaw Point. On leaving Marquette the coast tends northwestward, passing Presque Isle and other bold headlands, the coast here pre- senting a roclqr, iron-bound appearance for many miles, with high hills in tho distance, being elevated from 800 to 1,000 feet above the waters of the lake. Gbanrb Island, 12 miles north of Miurquette, is passed on the right, having on one sido two vertical walls of trap, 20 feet high and 12 apart, forming a secure boat tMrbor. On the inainland opposite is seen Oranite Point, rising from 120 to 130 feet. Due north Oom the above island lies StanarcPs Rock, a most dan- gerous projection, discovered by Captain Stanard hi 1836, while in the employ of ttie American Fur Company, sailing the Bohooiter, John Jacob Astor. The rock may be seen on the direct route of steam- ers fW)m Marquette to Maniton loland or Copper Harbor. The Htmoir Isles, lying abcut 20 miles east of Portage Entry, numbering fivo or six rocky Islands or islets, form a moat picturesque group, covered in part with If stunted growth of trees. Huron Bay and Point Abbetb arii next passed, and the upward bound steam- 189 VBIP THBOUOH IBM LAKU. li'l er enters a large expanse of v;ater oalled L'Anoe, or Keweenaw Baj, extending far inland. L'Ance is an excellent harbor where ia a small settlement situated at the head of Keweenaw Bay. A short distance north are locstod a Roman Catholic and Metho- dist mission-house and church, the Cath- olio being on the west shore of tlie bay and the Methodist on the east Both are aurrounded hy Indian tribes and settle- ■enta. Thia locality, at no distant day, must become an important point, being favorably situated between the iron and oopper regions of Lake Superior. PoRTAOi Entry, 70 miles above Mar- quette, is an important p'>rt of entrv here being the mouth of the outlet to Portage Lake, where stands a light-house to guide the manner. The land here is low and the shore un- interesting, except being lined with va- liegaled sandstone, worked into almost every variety of shape by the action of water. The EtUry and Lake^ is an extensive and beautiful sheet of water, extending to within a mile of the entire breadth of the peninsula of Keweenaw Poiut, in the county of Houghton. It receives a num> ber of smaU streams, draining the rich oopper region of Lake Superior. In the immediate vicinity of the lake are found rich deposits of oopper, yiel^ng great returns to thetminer and capitalist. Houghton, Mich^ the county seat of Houghton County, and a port of entry, ia situated on the south side of Por^ge Lake, 14 miles above Portage Entry, and 10 miles from Lake Superior, lying on the northwest By means of a river improve- ment and ship canal, steamers can run through Portage Lake into Lake Superior on both sides of Keweenaw Point, thus forming one of the most capacious and secure harbors in the Upper Lakes, it being land-locked and protected by high IkiUa on both sides. The settlement of Houghton WHS commenced in 1864, md inoorporatea aa a viila.To in 1861. It now contains a court-h'iuM rnd jail; 1 Epis- copal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church; 1 bank; 6 publio-houaes, the Dougbu Uoute and the ButierfteU Uouu being the most frequented by visitors; 12 or 16 stores and several extensive warehouses; 2 large stamp mills, iis^ng steam power; 2 steam saw-::kills; % breweries, and several other manu&c turing establishments. The populatirat of the town is estimated at 3,000. This new and flourishing placf^ ymg on a side-hill rising 300 or 400 feeti is identified with the oopper mines in it^ ':^anediate vicinity. There are several mines worked to a Urge ej^nt, besides ethers of less note which will, no doubt, soon be rendered productive. The min- eral range of Keweenaw Point, some 4 to 6 miles in width, extends through aL this section of country, being as yet only partially explored. The Isle Royal, Hu- ron, and Portage, are the prindpal mines worked on the south side uf tlie lake. FoBTAOE Lake is an irregular body of water about 20 miles in length, extend- ing nearly across Keweenaw Point to within 2 miles of Lake Superior. Steam- ers and sail-vessels drawing 12 feet can pass through Portage Entry, and navi- ^te the lake with safety. This body of water was an old and favorite thorough- fare for the Indians, and the Jesuit Far there who first discovered and explored this section of ouuntry. A canal of two miles in length would render thia portage route navigable for steamers and sa^ vessels navigating Lake Superior, there- by reducing the distance over 100 mileft During the winter months the atmoaphe^ is very clear and transparent in the vi- cinity of Houghton, and all through Ke- weenaw Point ; objects can be seen at a great distance of a clear day, wliile sounds are conveyed distinctly through the atr, mosphere, presenting a phenomenon pf-, jJHfti'yilg;^ oommenoed in 1864^ and a viilaiTo in 1861. It now rt-b9UM rnd jail; 1 £pi» list, and 1 Roman Catholic ik; 5 publiohottaes, tlie and the BiMerfieU Uouu frequented by viaitora; 38 and several extensive large stamp mills, •:£i|ig 2 steam Baw-:;^ills; .1 several other manu&c* hmenta. The populating is estimated at 3,000. and flourishing plact^ hill rising 300 or 400 feel^ h the copper mines in itii nitjr. There ue sevaral to a large e^nt, besidea note which will, no doubt, 9d productive. The min- Keweenaw Point, some 4 idth, extends through aL country, being as yet only vd. The I»le Royal, Hu^ (e, are the principal mine* south side uf tlie lake. £E is an irregular body of: ) miles in length, extend- rose Keweenaw Point to or Lake Superior. Steam- SBels drawing 12 feet can Portage Entry, and navi* rith safety. Tliis body of Did and favorite thorough- idians, and the Jesuit Fftp t discovered and explored country. A canal of two would render this portage e for steamers and ss^ ing Lake Superior, then- >e distance over 100 mileK iter months the atmosphe^ ud transparent in the vi'< iton, and all through Ke- objects can be seen at a >f a clear day, wlule sounds distinctly through the a^ enting a pbenomeuon pf^ ■XOVBSIOW ARODITD LAKB SCPBKIOR. US enliar to all northern latitudes. This it the season of health and pleasure to the permanent residents. Hancock, Houghton County, Michi- gan, is siti Bted on the north side of Port- age Lake, opposite to the village of Hough- ton, with which it is connected by a steam ferry. Tlie town was first bid out in 1868, and now oontaiks about 4,000 in- habitants, including the mining pooola- tion on the north side of the lake : its •odden rise and prosperity being identi- fied with the rich deposit of native copper, in which this section of country abounds. Tlie site of the village is on a side-hiH rieing from tlie lake level to a height of about 600 feet, where the opening to the mines is situated. Here is 1 Congrega- tional, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic church; 3 publio-houses ; the Hancotk nine and stamping-mill; a number of stores and warehouses ; 1 steam saw-miU, 1 barrel factory, 1 foundery and machine- abop, and other manufacturing esti>b!ish- meuts ; also, in the vicinity are 4 exten- sive steam atampiug-mills, worked by the difiisrent mining companies. The Portage Lake SmeUmg Woriu is an incorporated company, turning ont annually a large amount of pure merchantable copper. The buainess of the company oouBists of flising and converting uie mineral into tjflned metal for manubcturing purposes. Portofe Lak« and Laht Superior Ship CmuU Con^pany, incorporated by the Legislature of Michigan in 1864, for the purpose of constructing a ship canal from Pwtage Loke to Lake Superior, extending ■ercos Keweenaw Point and lessenmg the navigation through Lake Superior about no miles. The canal is to be about 3 miles in length, 13 feet deep, and 100 f^t in width at the bottom. It has a land grant of 400,000 acres, appropriated by acts of Congress, dated respectively March 9, 1886, and July 3, 1866. The entire distance through Portage Lake and the ■hip canal la S4 milea. At the west end terminus there is to be oonitmcted » sub- stantial pier or breakwater and a light- house erected for the safety of vesse s making the entrance. It is alM honied that it will afford a supply of pum and wholesome water to the towns on its borders, which is now discolored and rendered impure by the stamp mills at Hancock and Houghton, which are in Almost constaqt operation. , This important work, in connection with the Lake Superior and Mieeiteippi RaUroad, nowin progress of construction, will revo- lutionise the carrying trade of Minneac a and Northern Iowa and Wisconsin, here- tofore finding a market at Chicago^ Mil- waukee, or St. Louis. The Poriage Lake and River Improve- mettt Company was chartered in 1861, for t'o improvement of Portage River, enter- ing Keweenaw Bay 14 miles below Houghton. An entrance was cut fVom the bay into the river, 1,400 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 12 feot deep, and a pier built out into the bay on the east side of the channel entrance. The channel of the river was also dredged so as to give a depth of 12 feet iuto Portage Lake, thua enabling the largest clasi) of lake steamers to land at the wharves in Houghton and Hancock. On the completion of the Portage and Lake Superior ship canal on the north- west, 3 miles in length, steamers and sail vessels can sail direct through, avoid- ing the passage around Keweenaw Point Lao La Bilu, lying on the south- east side of Keweenaw Point, near its termination, is a beautiful sheet of water, its outlet flowing into BAte Oris Bay. It ia about two and a half milea long and half a mile wide. In the vicinity of the lake are veins of oopper ore of a rich quality. The town of Mendota is a new mining settlement, situated on the shore of Lac La Belle, whare has been erected smelting works, a warehouse, and dwelling-houses. 124 tKtP TiiRoran rns laku. In the Tidnlty are located the Mendota, Pennsylvania, and Delaware copper min- ing companies. A ship canal, about one mile in length, has been constructed, •rhich enables steamers of the largest class to enter the lake, affording one of the most secure harbors on the south shore of Lake Superior. It is propo^ to construct a railroad, to rnn from Lake La Belle across £eweenaw Point, in a westerly direction, to the cop- per min<>7. on Bagle Rirer, a distanoo of 22 miibo. When completed, this road will afford a reliable and safe harbor for the accommodation of the Keweenaw district, that will be accessible in all weathers. Mount Emtghton and Jfbtm< Bohemid are two prominent eminences, lying a few miles west of Lake La Belle, the former being elevated about 1,000 feet above the lake. Kenreenaw Point* is a large ex- tent of land jutting out into Lake Superior, from 10 to 25 miles wide and about 60 miles in length. This section of country for upward of 100 miles, running ttom ■outhwest to northeast abounds in silver and copper ores, yielding immense quan- tities of the latter; much of it being pure nktive copper, but often in such large masses as to render it almost impossible to be separated for the purpose of trans- portation. Masses weighing from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds are aften sent forward to the Eastern markets. The geologica* * " On many maps spellad JCetee«u>aiaoHa, u>d otherwtM. Fronounced bjr oar Indians, ' Kl-wl- wst-noo-tng,' now written ud prononooed M above ; meaning a portage, or place wliere a jport- age li made — the whoie distance of some eightjr or ninety miles around tlie Point being saved by enteriBg Portage Lake and Ibilowing op a kmaU stream, leaving a portage of only aboat a half ml\i to Lake Buporior on the other side,''— #W- Utand Whiki»n't Rtport. formation ii very interesting, producing specimens of rare beai\r,y and much value. Makitod Island Ues off Keweenaw Point, on which is a light-house to ^lide the mariner to and firom Copper Harbor. The island is about 7 miles in length and four wide. OOPPBB Harbor, Mich., is situated near the extreme end of Keweenaw Point, in N. lat. 4'(«' 30', W. long. 88» 00'; the har- bor, although somewhat difficult to enter, is one of the best on Lake Superior, being distant 250 miles ttom the Saut Ste. Marie. The settlement contains about 200 inhabi- tants, a church, a hotel, and two or three stores, ibrt Wilkina, formerly an U. S. military post, has been converted into a hotel, being handsomely situated on Liike Fanny Hoe, about half a mile distant from the steamboat landing. In the vicin- ity are copper mines which have been extensively wortced, and are well worthy or a visit. AoATK Harbor, 10 miles west of Cop- per Harbor, is the name of a small settle- ment. This port is not as yet much fre- quented by steamers. Eaglb Harbor, 16 miles west of Cop- per Harbor, is a good steamboat landing. Here are two diurohes, a good public- house, together with several stores and storehouses. Population about tOO, be- ing mostly engaged in raining. Th* Central, Copper, Falls, Pennsylvania, and Amygdialoid are the principal working copper mines. Eaou Bivir Harbor and Village, eight miles Author, are favorably situated at the mouth of a stream of the same nam* Hery are two churches, a well-kept hotel four stores and several storehousee. P«>^ ulation 800. This is a thriving settlement, it being the outport of the celebrated Olit^ or Pittsburgh and Boston, and otiier mines. The copper (bund in this vicinity is of the purest quality, where is found silver in small quantities, novae of th« specimens being highlv prised. Off this nj interesting, producing re beai\r,,v and much value. 4AND lies off Keweenaw 1 is a light-houee to guide und from Copper Harbor, out 1 miles in length and SOR, Mich., is situated new >d of Keweenaw Point, in W. long. 880 00'; the har- imewhat difficult to enter, st on Lalce Superior, being 8 from the Saut Ste. Marie, contains about 200 inhabi- a hotel, and two or three VHkina, formerly an U. S. u been converted into a idsomely situated on Luke tout half a mile distant loat landing. In the vicin- mines which have been ■Iced, and are well worthy lOB, 10 miles west of Cop- :he name of a small settle* Tt is not as yet much fre> oners. QB, 16 miles west of Cop- t good steamboat landing, diurohes, a good publio- ■ with several stores and 'opulation about 100, be- gaged in mining. Th« ', Falls, Pennsylvania, and « the principal working : HiJtDOR and Village, eight re favorably situated at the ream of the same nam* liurohes, a wcll-lcept hotel several storehouses. Pofi :iis is a thriving settlement, utport of the celebrated rgli and Boston, and otlter ipper (blind in this vicinity t quality, where is found 1 quantities, some of th« g highlv prized. Off thif IXOURSION ABOUND LAKK BUPXBIOK. 125 harbor the lamented Dr. Houghton was drbwned, October, 184S, while engaged ib exploring this section of country : Ke- weenaw Point and adjacent country be- ing very appropriately named Houghton tteunty in honor of his memory. On the north side of Keweenaw Point bold shores extend to near Ontonagon, «onTa (Hiou.), September 1, 1861] " The number of visitors to this health- restoring region during the past summer has been very great, and I wish to record my testimony of its benefit to myself and others. The great mistake, however, is, with most invalids, that they do not come early enough in the season, and remain too short a period to feel the full effects on the system ; still the beneficial results are usually felt immediately on arriving in this region. " The following statement, made by a H^iqrsioian, may be lelied on aa sU jtly oor- reot: " Dr. , of the city of Philadelphia, was induced to leave home for the benefit of his health, being reduced in physical strength ftom cvei application to his practice, and the heai^ weather of the past summer producing nuscular debi'.itj, arterial acceleration of th> systen., loss of appetite and nervous irriubili.,y, causing restless and disturbed sleep vA occasionu conftision of the mental faculties. "On the 12th of August, 1863, he started for Cleveland, Ohio, and proceed- ed directly by steamer to Marquette, Lake Superior, whore ho arrived ou the 16th of liV 128 THIP THROUOU TBI tAKBS. lil tho •nine month. The Toyago ■was con- tinued to Ontonagon and thenoe back to Marquette, where he remained until tlie prexent date. " The result of this rfiort Toyage and stay on the lakes was truly gratifying, ho beinggreatly invigorated in general hoi 1th, and now able to endure any amount of fatigue desirable— flailing, hunting, or ex- ploring the mines in this rich mineral re- gion, and at all times finding the atmo- sphere tnily invigorating, producing buoyancy of spirits. In his opinion the atmosphere of I«ke Superior and the surrounding shore is WfU calculated to rastore those who are in any way ener- vated by unhealthy climate or disease; the belief being, in his opinion, that tho at- mosphere of this northern region possesses an excess of oxygen, together with a pe- culiar dryness and liKhtiiess which admi- rably adapts it to the purposes of free respiration. The lowncss of tho temper- ature, ranging from 40' to 70' Fahrenheit during the summer months, although not tending to provoke colds or coughs, causes a disposition to sleep as easily and quietly as a healthy babe in its cradle. " Invalids suflforing from asthma, bron- chial, pulmonary affections, or general debility, are diroctl/ relieved and invig- orated—these benefloial results being ao- knowiedged by all patients who give tha wonderful recuperating influence of this clhnate a fair trial It is not unusual for invalids to gain half a pound of flesh daily, and in the summer of 1862 an officer firom the army of West Tennessm, on furlough on account of sickness, stated that he had gained thirty pounds withta as many days, although his strength had not as yet returned, but no doubt he only wanted time to feel the full recuperating eflbcts of the Lake Superior region. " Although the winters are long, thejr are considered the most healthy perion of the year, the extreme cold not bdng; greater than is sometimes felt in the Northern and Eastern States near the seaboard. There is usually a heavy fcU of snow, often continuing daily, at intep» vals for some weeks, wiA bututtle thaw- ing weather. The cases of invalids being relieved, and taking up their permanent residence in this region, is yearly in- creasing, they being nving witnesaos of its health-restoring qualities. " I may add my own individual expe- rience to the above, during the past eight years, having four times visited Lake Su- perior. Y°"^*°-'..ji,„ La Poiutk, 11 mDes west or Ontonagon, utuated on the south end of Madeline Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands, is one of the oldest settlements on Lake Superior; it was first peopled by the French Jesuits and traders m 1680, being 420 mUes west of tlio Saut Ste. Marie, which was settled about the same time. The mamland and islands in this vicinity have beat for many ages tho favorite abode of the American Indian, now Us* gerhig and fading away as the country it being opened and settled by tho whita race. . The village now contains 300 inhabw tants, most of whom are half-breeds and French. Here is an old Roman Cutliolio churtsh, and one Methodist church; 2 ho- tels, 2 stores, and several ooopering eflUb< lishments for the making of flah-barrBlik XXCURSIOH AROUND LAKK SVPKRIOR. M m ene&clBl raaulta bein; ao- all pat<«ntB who give the peratibg influence of this iaL It ia not unusual for n half a pound of fledi the Bumraer of 1862 an army of Weat TenneaaeA ' iccount of aidcness, atated ' ned thirty ponnda withta ftlthough hia Rtrensth had ' Tied, but no doubt ho only feel the full recuperatinj »ko Superior region, he winters are long, thejr the most healthy peiion e extreme cold not being; ' a sometimes felt in thct Eastern States near th* ire is usually a heavy faft continuing daily, at Intai*-' feekn, with but little thaw rhe cases of invalida being iking up their permanent ihis region, is yearly in- being living witneaaea of ring qualities, my own individual oxpe- bove, during the past eight four times visited Lake 8u- Yours, &0., "J. D » : , 'I American Indian, now to* ling away aa the country ia and settled by the whits now contains 300 inhabU f whom are half-breeds and e is an old Roman Cutkolio DO Itethodist church ; 2 ho- and aeveral ooopering eatab' the making of fiah-barrekk The harttor and steamboat landing are on tbe south end of the ialand, where may uaually be seen fishing-boats and other orafl navigating this part of Lake Superior. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, poas, potatoes and other vegetables, are raised in large qiuuitities. Apples, cherries, (gooseberries and currents are raised in the gardena at LaPointe. The wild fruits are plunM,cran- barries, strawberries, red raspberriea, and whortleberries. The principal forest-trees od the islands are maple, pine, hemlock, bircl., poplar, and cedar trees. ' BAvnaLD, capitalof La I'ointe Co., Wis., is favorably situated on the southern shore of Lalce Superior, 80 miles east of its western terminus, and 3 miles west of j£k Pointe, being 80 miles west of Onton- agon. The harbor is secure and capa- cious, bein^ protected by the Apostle Islands, lymg to the northeast. The town plot rises fh>m 60 to 80 feet above ttie waters of the lake, affording a splen- did view of tlie bay, the adjacent islands and headlands. Its commercial advan- tages are surpassed by no otiier point on Lake Superior, being on the direct route to 8t Paul, Minn., and the Upper Missis- sippi. Hero are situated a Presbyterian, d Methodist, and a Roman Catholic churcli ; a hotels, 4 stores, 2 warehouaes, 1 steam saw-mill, and several mechanics' shops. Population in 1860, 300. The Hudson and Bayfldd RaUroad, 164 milea in length, has been surveyed and will most probably be completed within a few years, there being a favorable land gmnt conceded to the company. This will afford a speedy route to St. Paul and other porta on the Mississippi River. La Poimtk Bat, on the west side of which is situated the port of Bayfield, is a krge and safe body of water, being pro- tected ttom winds blowing from every point of the compass. The shores of tlie islands and mainland are bold, while the harbor affords good anchorage for the wholo fleet of the lakes. The Indian Agency for the Chippewa tribe of Indians residing on the borders of Lake Superior, have their headquarters »i Bayfield. The vnnual annuitiea are iisually paid in August of each year, when large numbers flock to the Agency to ob- tain their pay in money, proviaiuns, and clothing. Ashland, 12 miles south of La Pointe, at the head of Chagwamegon Bay, is another new settlement no doubt destined to rise to some importance, it having a very spa- cious and secure harbor. Mask EG River, a conlidorablo stream, the outlet of several small lakes, enters Lake Superior about 15 miles east of Ash- land; some 10 miles farther eastward en- ters Montreal Rivkr, forming the boun- dary, in part, between the States of Mich- igan and Wisconsin. The Twelve Apostles' Isles consist of the Madeline, Cap, Lino, Sugar, Oal<, Otter, Bear, Rock, Cat, Ironwood, Outer, and Presque Isle, besides a few sm^r islands, being grouped together a short distance off the mainland, presenting du- ring the summer months a most picuresque and lovely appearance. Here are to be seen clay and sandstomt oliflk rising from 100 to 200 feet above The waters, white most of the islands are dothed with a ridi foliage of forest-trees. The Twkltr Apostles' Islanim. The following description of these ro- mantic is' inds IS copied from Owen's Geo- logical Survey of Wisconsin, &c " When the waters of Lake Superior assumed their presentrlevel, these idaods were doubtless a part of the promontory, which I have described as occupying tiie space between Chagwamegon Bay and Brute River. They are composed of drift-hois and red day, resting on sand- stone which is occasionally visible. In tbs lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and oar* 180 TRir TUnOCOH TU> LAKM. rrata of the lakes out away channels in these soft materials, and finally separated the lowest parts of the promontory into islands, and island-rocks, now twenty- three in number, which are true outUers at the drift and sandstone. " At a distance thoy appear like main- land, with deep bays and points, gradually I becoming more elevated to the westward. ' lie au OMne,' or Oak Aland, which is next the Detour (or mainland), is a pile of detached drift, 260 or 300 feet high, iind is the highest of the group. Made- itns, ■ Wau-ga-b»me' Iskind, is the lar- gest (on which lies La Points), being 13 miles long, fh>m northeast to southwest, and has an aTerage of 3 miles in brendth. "Muk-quaw"or Bear Inland, and "Esh- quagendeg" or Outer ItUmda, are about equal in size, being six miles long and two and a half wide. "They embrace in all, an area of about 400 square miles, of which one-half is water. The soil is in some places good, but the m^jor part would be difficult to clear and cultivate. The causes to which I have referred, as giving rise to tliickets of evergreens oiong the coast of the lake, operate here on all sides, and have covered almost the whole surface with oeds-; birch, aspen, hemlock, and pine. There are, however, patches of sugar-tree land, and natural meadows. "The waters around the islands afford excellent white fish, trout, and siskowit, wliich do not appear to diminish after many years of extensive fishing for the lower lake markets. For trout and sis- kowit, which are caught with a Une in deep water, the l)est ground of the neighborhood is off Bark Point or ' Point Eoorce' of the French. Speckled or brook trout are also taken in sJl the small ■treams. " That portion of the soil of the islands fit for cultivation, produces potatoes and all manner of garden vegetables and roots in great luxuriance. In the flat wot parts, both the soil and climate are tnvp- able to grass ; and ttv^ crop is certain and stout Wheat, oats, and barley do well on good soil when well cultivated. "In regard to health, no portion of the continent surpasses the Apoatle lalanda In tihe summer months they present to the residents of the South the most cool and delightful resort that cmi be imagined, and for invalids, especially such as arc affected in the lungs or liver, the uniform bracing atmosphere of Lake Superior pro- duces the most surprising and iMneikdal effects." Healtliy Inflnence of Lak« Superior. No better evidence can be given of the healthy climate of the Laka. Superior re- gion than the following extracts from let- ters, written by woll-known individuals: "Bayfield, July 28th, 1860. "Dear Sir: — Perhaps it would bo inter- esting to you to state, in a few words, the happy effects that this climate has pro- duced for me. "Previous to my coming here I consulted with three physicians in Philadelphia, one in the central part of Pennsylvania, one in Washington, D. C, and one in Gieorgetown, D. C. It was the opinion of all that consumption was tightening her grasp upon me, and that soon I would be laid in the grave. Under medical advice I made use of an inhaling apparatus, drank cod-Uver oil and whiskey, but all without any beneficial results. Through the ad vice of friends, and m hopes of saving my life^ I came to this place, June 6tb, liiil, bringing with me three gallons of cod- liver oU and three gallons of old rya whiskey. This bracing atmosphere seem- ed to give me immediate relief, and ui a short time it seemed as if a heavy loftd il ■oil and dlBiate an fltro^ and th'4 crop ia oertain and , oats, and barley do well hen well cultivated. to health, no portion of the asaea the Apoatle lalanda ir months they present to if the South the most cool resort that c^n be imagined, is, especially luoh as arc lungs or liver, the uniform )here of Lalce Superior pr»- t surprising and beneildal [nflnence inperior. of lAke ridence can be given of the e of the Lalcfti Superior re- following extracts from let- ly woll-known individuals: lATriELD, July 28th, 1860. —Perhaps it would bo inter- to state, in a few words, the that tbia climate haa pra- i my coming here I consulted )hyaicians in Philadelphia, itral part of Pennsylvania, ington, D. C, and one in D. C. It was the opinion of mption was tightening her e, and that soon I would be tve. Under medical advice an inhaling apparatus, draalt ,nd whiskey, but all without I results. Through the ad >, and in hopes of Bavintf my I this place, June 6tb, 18&V, 1 me three gallons of cod- three gallons of old rye ua bracing atmosphere seem- ) immediate relief, and in a i seemed as if a heavy load nup THBOVOH TM LAKU. :1M I TMBored from 1117 dwat I naad tiw cod-liver oil in feed (br young chickens and greaaiug my boots, and gave the most of the whisky away. I am^ow (three yaani after my arrival here) enjoying azoellsnt health. Bespeotfully yours, "J.H.N." Batvuld to SupnttoB Omr. On proceeding ftom Bayfleld, west- ward, the steamer passes round Point de Tour, ten miles north, and soon enters J/imd du Lae, a noble bay situated »t the head of Lake Superior. It may be 8k;"< to be 60 miles long and 20 miles wide, abound- ing in good fishing-grounds, as does the ndghborhood of the Twelve Apostles. The Qroup of Islands known as the "TwKLVii AFO8TLES," are desigoated by the flowing names : — Line, or Mlchigaa.* Ironwood. Madeline.* Otter. 8ugar,(» Baaswood.* Rock. Cap* Two Islaada. Oak.* Bear. [house). Outer. Raspberry* (Light- Presque Isle. York.* Ifanitou. Little Fishing.* Cat. Eagle.* DeviL Steamboat.* • sighted In patttng La Poiata and Bayflald Channal. The City of Soperior, the county ■eat of Douglas County. It is in N. lat. 46*38'; W. long. 92°03'; mean annual temperature 41 *Fahr. It is advantageously Situated on the south side of the Bay of Superior, formed by the Minnesota, and Wisconsin Points; between these points ■ia the entry to the harbor through which S» discharged the waters of the St Louis and the Nema^i rivers ; the former being the largest tributary of Lake Superior. The United Sutes Government has recently made an appropriation of $189,000, which, in the opinion of compe- tent ragineera, is lufllolmt to mako ilM harbor of Superior, what it waa tf nature derigned to be, one of the flnest harbors on the oontiBent; it is eight miles in length and three-ftmrtha of a mile in width, aflbrding a anffldent depth of water for the largest dass ci Lake steamers. Standing at the west end of Lake Superior, 80 milea west of Bayfield, 160 milea north of St. Paul, and 130 milea east of Crow Wing, on the Upper Mississippi; to both the latter places a railroad ia being surveyed, and ere hmg will be completed. T\»a NorOtem JPae^ RaOroad ia also intended to terminate at this place, thas forming through lines of railroad from the navigable waters of the Missiasippi and the Red River of the North, and from them to Puget Sound and the Padflc Ooean. Superior waa surveyed and laid out in June, 1864, rapidlv inoreaaiog in popu- lation until the year 18ft7 ; ainoe that period it haa slowly increased hi numbers, there now being about 800 inhabitaata. Here is a court-house and Jail, four churohea, one hotel, ten or fifteen storea and atore-houses, five steam saw-mills, one steam planing mill and aaah factory, one printing office, one tannery, and several mechanic shops. The fisheries off the Minnesota and Wisconsin Points are extenaively and profitably carried on, where are annually taken large quantitiea of white-flah, Mackinac trout, and Siakowit. Steamers run, through the season of navi- gation, firom May to yovember, firom Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago, carrying lumber, fiah and agricultural >r>ducta to the lake and river porta betow. Stages run tri-weekly flrom SupeK-ir to St. Paul, Mfain., oonnectfaig with steamers on the MissisaippL In the vicinity of Superior and the river St Louis are copper minea, and a valuable deposit of slateVhioh ia extensivKy quarried by two or three oompaniiv), and shipped to eastern and southern marketa. 132 BZOUBSIOir AROCWD LAKI BCPSIUOIk fe'l The bMthv and nnying batlnen at Superior, and along the North Short, ia moatly performed bjr Indinnii and half- breeda, who usually can be hired at from two to three dollars a day ; the charges usually corresponding to the standing or appearanee of the party requiring thnir assistance. After sn agreement is made they usually want an advance of wages, on one pretext or another, but almost inTariably for the purpose of procuring whisky, which, ifoomplied with, generally ends in their getting intoxioatixl, when a delay of a day or two is necessary to give them time to become sober. Often threats hare to be made in order to make them fUthftil by telling them that the party they are serving is a " mighty great man," and that if they get drunk and deoeire him he will never allow them to oome back alive. IMl liHtby Minn., the county seat of 8t Louis County, is advantaseously situ- ated on the north side of Lake Superior, at the baae of Minnesota Point, being seven miles from the City of Superior, with which it is connected by a boat ferry. Here is kioated the United States lAnd Office for the Northern District of Minnesota, a public-house, two stores, and about 100 inhabitants. It is the point designated in the charter as the terminus of the Lake Superior and Missiamppi Railroad. A stone quarry is worked at this place producing building stone of a good quality. Mmnaola Point is s strip of land jutting out into the lake some seven or eight milea, on the end of which is a light-house to guide ttie mariner into the Bay of Superior. St. Lovu Rrrsi, forming the head waters of Lake Superior, together with its many tributaries, wind their course among the Syenite hills of the Misaaba range and the coast ranges of trap on the north shore of Lake Superior, draining a valley distinct fh>ro the above lake. The tribntaries oome In ttom all points of th^ oompaaa except the southeaat, and uniting, form a riv ■ at the junction of the Cloquel, the largeK' tributary of no mean dimen- sions ; with alternating rapids and pladd waters, running through alluvial bottom hinds, productive in character and pior turesque in appearance. No settlements now disturb the quiet stillness, snd the observer's attention is disturbed by oo^ thing, save the oocaaional rapid or the padtSie of a transient voyageur. It riae^ nearly north of ita mouth, in Seven- Beaver Lake; ita general course being first southwest, then south and aoutheastl being libout 176 miles in length. Itf prindpal tributariea are Upper Embarraa* River, Floodwood River, and Big White- face River. Three or four miles below the mouth of the Cloquet River, you reach the head of the Grand Rapids. Here huge bowlders are piled ^p in the channel, and, from geologior^ indications, rest upoQ the upturned edgi.s of the slste ttiat underlie this whole region. For six mUes this character of rapids continues, psising around the east end of a range of hUls that appear tb bear nearly westeri^y, then, taking a sweep to the westward, it passes r round the west end of an exten- sive range that extends to the northeast, forming the summit of the trap ranges between the Cloquet River and Lake Su- perior. This range of hills nfiTords a vast field for the explorer and mineralogist. Five or six miles below the foot of Orand Rapids, the river rushes between perpen- dicular walls of slate, vahiable for roofing purposes, and after widening to the 4r mensions of a small lake, below, contain- ing a number of slate islands thickly wooded, for a distance of a couple ot miles it contracts again, gathering all its force for its final rush down the Grand Rapids or Falls, to a level with Lake Su- perior. Here, in a course of eight miles by the stream, tlie fUl amounts to about four hundred feet. At> every point you [OB. » In from all points of &£ th« Mutheut, and uniting; the junction of the Gloquet, uteiy of no mean dimen- irnating rapids andpladd ; through allurlal iMttom re in cliaracter and plor Marance. No settlements M quiet stillness, snd the Qtioa is disturbed by no< 9 oocasional rapid or the Dsient Toyageur. It riaef of its mouth, in Seven- its general course bein^ then south and southeast, 76 miles in length. It# aries are Upper Embarrass od River, and Big White- hree or four miles below le Cloquet River, you reach ;he Grand Rapids. Her* are piled ^p in the ehsnnel, gior' indications, rest upon edgi.s of the slste that whole region. For six racter of rapids oontinne^ the east end of a range of sr tt> bear nearly wester)^, sweep to the westward, it the west end of an ex ten - ; extends to the northeast, iimmit of the trap ranges loquet River and Lake sii- ange of hills sfiTords a vast izplorer and mineralogist. es below the foot of Grand er rushes between perpenr f slate, valuable for roofing after widening to the 4r small lake, below, oontato- ' of slate islands thickly distance of a couple of tcts again, gathering all its Inal rush down the Grand I, to a level with Lake Sm- in a course of eight miles , the foil amounts to about feet. At> every point you TBXr THBOVOB TBS LAKM. Ill •M bk dght or hMilBg of tb* never- oeuing roar of rapids, and the thundering of ftiUs and cascades. From Fond du Lao to the City of Superior, 23 miles, the river aflbrds good navigation. Okkta, Minn., is situated on the west side of St Louis Bay, eight miles above the City of Superior. Here is a •team saw-miu, a planing mill, a publto . house, a atore, and about 300 inhabiUnt*. Steamers of a large class can aaoend to this i^ in safety; the bay being an expansion of the St. Louis River. Fond dn L»c, Minn., situated at ttie head of navigation on St. Louis River, 20 miles above the City of Superior, is one of the oldest settlements in the vicinity of Lake Superior. The American Fur Company here had iU head-quarters, and is now the payment ground of the Chippewa Indians living westward. m those which flow into the Mississippi River and the Lake of the Woods. It is said that for hundreds of miles in a northwest direction the streams and lakes afford almost uninter- 184 TUP TBmOVO-H THt LAKIB. rupted nitaoe nayigation — thus flMtUtsting travel throuf^ tl is whole region of country extending to Lake Winnipeg, and Hudson Bay, lying some 600 or 600 miles north of Lidce Superior. Tabu or EuirATioNS. FectiboT* the Ocean. Lake Superior, 600 Summit of Grand Portage, 1,066 Bammit of Sandy Lalce Portage, . . 1,400 :-i08sabi Range, head St. Louis River, 1,160 Bummit, 18 milea south of Superior City, 1,212 Trap Range, 9 miles above the Falls of St. Croix River, 1,016 llississipi River, above Falls of St Anthony, 118 Ditto, mouth of Crow Wing, 1,130 Ditto, ditto Sandy Lake, 1,263 Ditto^ Pokegama Falls, 1,340 Ditto^ Caaa Lake, 1,400 J^tasoa Lake, 1,632 OurroN, St Louis Co, Minn., situated 11 miles N. E. of the head of Lake Superior, is a new settlement. In the ▼icinity are rich copper mines and good ftrmlng lands. BcoHAKAN '^ another new settlement, situated northeast of Clifton, posoessing similar advantages. LiTTLK AOATK Bat, 35 miles from Superior, is a beautiful siieet of water where are found large quantities of Agate. BuRLiiroTON is a new settlement, situ- ate! near Agate Bay. BN0AMPICE5T is the name of a river, island, and village, where is a good har- bor, the mouth of the river iMing pro- tected by the iaknd. On the river, near its entrance into the lake, are fidla aflbrt> iug fine water-power. Oliffii of green* stone are to be aeeu, rising fh>m 200 to 300 feet above the water's edge, presenting a handsome appearance. To the north of Ulncampment, along the lake shore, abound porphyry and greenstone. This locality is noted fbr a great agitation of the mag netio needle ; the depth of water in the vicinity is too great for vessela to anchor; the shores bei^ remarkably bold, and la some places rising from 800 to 1,000 feet above the water. HuwATBA is another new settlement, situated on the west shore of Lake Su- ^rior, where are found copper ore and other valuable minerals, precious stones, etc. BxAVSB Bat, on the N. lake shore, at the mouth of Beaver River, affords n good harbor, where is a small settlement OrakdPobtaob, Minn., advantageously situated on a secure bay, near the mouth of Pigeon River, isan old station of the American Fur Compcny. Here are a Ro- man CathoUc Mission, a block-house, and some 12 or 16 dwellings. Mountains {torn 800 to 1,000 feet are here seen rising ab- ruptly from the wa'ter's edge, presenting a lK>ld and sublime appearance. FioxoN Bay and Rivkb ibrms the north- west boundary between the United States and Canada, or the Hudson Bay Compa- ny's territory. Pigeon River is but a second-class stream, and by its junction with Arrow River continues the boundary through Rainy Lake and River to tlie Lake of the Woods, where the 40th degree of north latitude is reached. The mouth of Pigeon River is about 48 degrees north latitude, and 89 degrees 30 minutes west from Greenwich. Along the whole vrtiai, shore of Lake Superior, from St Louis River to Pigeon River, are alternations of metamorphosed schists and sandstone, with volcanic grits and other imbedilud traps and porphyry, with elevations rising from 600 to 1,200 KXOURUIOH ABOUND LAKE 8UPIRI0B. 185 to the lake, we fUto «flbi^ f-power. GUA of green* n Beeu, rising trom 200 to the water's edge, preaentittg pearance. To the north of long the lake shore, abound greenstone. This locality (reat agitation of the mag the depth of water in the great for vessels to anchor.; ig remarkably bold, and is ing from 800 to 1,000 feet r. 8 another new settlement, west shore of Lake Su- tre found copper ore and minerals, precious stones, r, on the N. lake shore, of fieaver River, affords a rhere is a small settlement. AOK, Minn., advantageouslr ecure bay, near the mouth er, is' an old station of the P/ompany. Hew are a Bo- lission, a block-house, and Iwellings. Mountains fhun 3ct are here seen rising ab- 10 wa'ter's edge, presenting ilime appearance, and UivER fbrms the north- bcvween the United States ' the Hudson Bay Comp%- Pigeon River is but a ream, and by its junction ver continues the boundary Lake and River to tlie I^ke where the 40th degree of s reached. The muuth of iS about 48 degrees north 9 degrees 30 minutes west sh. vhole TTuav shore of Lake St. Louis River to I^geou nations of metamorphosed IstoDo, with volcanic grits ddod traps and porphyry, I rismg from 800 to 1,200 iMk above the lake, often presenting a grand appearance. lata Hoy ALE, Houghton Co., Mich., be- ing about 45 miles in length from N. E. to S. W., and from 8 to 12 miles in width, la a rich and important island, abounding tn-SMpper ore and other minerals, and also precious stones. The principal har- bor and only settlement is on SiikowU Bay, being on the east shore of the island, •bout 50 miles distant from Bagle Harbor, on the main shore of Michigan. The other harbors are — Washington Harbor on the southv,-?iit, Todd's Harbor on the west, and Rock Harbor and Chip- pewa Harbor on the northeast part of tiie island. In some places on the west are perpendicular cliffs of green-stone, very bdd, rising fron the. water's edge, while on the eastern shore con^omerate rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with occasional stony boaoh. On this coast are many islets and rocks of sandstone, rendoruig navigation somewhat danger- ous. Good fishing-grounds abound all around this island, which will, no doubt, before many years, become a fVivorito summer resort for the invalid and sports- man, as woU as the sciontilic tourist. SiSKOWiT Lake is a considerable body of wa^r lying near the centre of the island, which apparently has no outlet. Other small lakes and picturesque inlets and bays abound in all parts of the island. HiUs, rising from 300 to 400 feet above the waters of the hike, ox-.:t in many localities throughout the island, whio is indented by bays and inlota. Northern Shore of liake Su- perior. Extract frrnn Report on, the Otology of the Lake Supnior Counii-y, by Fosteb ond Whitnky : NoBTiiBBif BnoRK. — "Begintlny at Pigeon Bay, tie boundary between the United States and the British Posaeariona (north latitude M"), we find the eastern portion ctf the peninsula abounds with bold rocky clifl)^ consisting of trap and red granite. " The FaUs of Pigeon River, eighty or ninety feet in height are occa^ned by a trap dyke which cuts through a aeries of slate rooka highly indurated, and very similar in mineralogical charaotorc to the old graywacke group. Trap dykes and interlaminated masses of trapa were ob- served in the slate near the falls. " The base of nearly all the ridges and cliffy between Pigeon River and Fort Wil- liam (situated at the mouth of Kaministe- quoi River, the western boundary of Up- per Canada) is made up of these slates, and the overlaying trap. Some of the low islands exhibit only ihe gray grits and slates. Welcome Islands, in Thunder Bay, display no traps, although, in tho distance, they resemble igneous products, the Joints being more obvious than the planaa of atratiflcation, thus giving a rude mui- columnar aspect to the cliffls. "At Prince's Bay, and also along the chain of Islands which lines the ooast, in- cluding Spar, Victoria, and Pie islands, the slates with the crowning traps are adxair*' biy displayed. At the British and North American Compauy'a works the slates an traversed by a heavy vein of oattyapar and amethystine quartz, yieldhig gray aul- phuret and pyritous copper and galenik. From the vein w^re it cute the overlay- ing trap on the main shore, oonsideralM silver has been extracted. -'At Thunder Cape, the slates form one of the most picturesque headlands on the whole coast of Lake SuperkMr. They are made up of variously colored beds, aucL as compose the upper group of Mr. Logun, and repose in a nearly horUsontal position. Those detrital rocks attein a thicknesa of neariy a thousand feet, and are crowned with a sheet of trappean rooka three hun- dred feet hi thickness. 186 TRIP TBBOUOH THK LAKES. "At L'Auae & U Bouteille (opposite tKe SUte Idanda, on the north ■here of Lake Superior) the slates reappear, with tho granite protruding through them, and occupy the coast for fifteen miles: numer- ous dykes of greenstone, bearing east aid west, are seen cutting the rooks vertically. The Slate Uands form a part of thia group, and derite their name from their geologi- cal structure. '■They are next seen, according to Mr. Logan, for about seven miles on each side of Uie Old Pick River. Near Otterliead a gneissoidal rock forms the coast, which S resents a remarkably regular set of strata I which the constituents of eienite are arranged in thin sheets and in a highly crystalline condition. From this point to the Hiofaipiooten River the slates and granite occupy alternate reaches, along the coast, for the distance of fifty miles. •With t'.ie exception of a few square miles of the upper trap of gargantua, these two rocka appear to hold the coast all the way to the Tldni^ of Poin.e aux Mines, at the extremity of which they separate from the ■hofe, maintaining a nearly straight south- easteriyline across the BatchewanungTiay, leaving the trap of Mamainse between them and the lake. Thence they reach the north- em part of Qoulais Bay, "nd finally attain the promontory of Gros Ca whero they constitute a moderately bold range of bills, ruining eastwardly toward Lake Huitai.'"* FItkerles of Lake Superior. Gk)od fishing-grounds occur all along the north shore of Lake Superior, afford- ing a bountiful supply of white-fish, Mack- inac trout, and many other species of the tinny tribe. On the south shoro there are flalieries at WMte-Fish Pomt, Grand • OanadiMi Beirart, 18M-'4T. Island, near the Pictured TuKks, Kew«ie. naw Point, La Pointe, and Apostlea Islands, and at differf;nt stations on Lsle Kovale, where large quantities are taken and export .. ' 9 Pictured ImHu, Kflwoe- a Pointe, and Apoatlev. I diObrr^ot stations on Lsle large quantities are taken but tliore are no reliable the number of men em- amber of barrels exported, lead of Keweenaw Point,. of the Oatonagr-n River» lantities of fish are taken, . is a ready market at the , In addition to the white, inac trout, the siskowit ia° ken. Its favorite resort, deep water in the viciuity OR TBOUT-PlSniNO IN Wi». 3 Superior Journal says: rough the ice to a depth of of water is a novel mode what peculiar to this pecu- the vorld. It is carrying shdonp. wth a vengeance, «d, no doubt, in the com- 1 bottom of these northern ly piece of warfare. The idid salmon-trout of these 10 peace; in the summer 1 into the deceitful meshes and in tlie winter, when selves in tho deep caverns rilh lilty fathoms of water ads, and a defence of ioo let in thickness on the top . ire tempted to dostruotion ok. ibers of these trout are irinter in this way on Lakft | Indian, always skilled in iness, knows exactly where ad how to kill them. I'be acursiona out on the lak<^ ; »ather to enjoy this sporU. , rite resort for both ttsh and ,i • Groa Gap, at the eut^ranca r or, through the rocky gate- j iros Cap and Point Iroquois, . j I above the Saut, and uum/, u izouMaiov AKOVso tun isnraiuoiu wr » terge trout, at this point, is pulled up from its warm bed at the bottom of the lake, in winter, and made to bito the cold ice in tliis upper world. To see one of these fine fish, four or five feet in length, and weighing half as much as a man, ttpundering on the snow and ioe, weltering uid flreezing to death in its own blood, oftentimes moves the het;rt of tlie fisher- man to expressions of pity. "The modus operandi in this kind of great trout-fishing is novel iu the extreme, and could « stranger to the business over- look at a distance a party engaged in the sport, he would certainly think they were mad, or each one making foot-races against thne. A hole is made through the ice, smooth and round, and the fisherman drops down his large hook, baited with a small herring, pork, or other meat, and when he ascertains the right depth, he waits — with fisherman's luck — some time for a bite, wbich in this case is a pull aU together, for the fisherman throws the line over his shoulder, and walks from the hole at the top of his speed till the fish bounds out on the ice. We have known of as many as fifty of these splendid trout caught in this way by a single fisherman in a single day : it is thus a great source of pleasure and a valuable resource of food, especially in Lent, and the most scrupulous anti-pork believers might here ' down pork and up d^h' without any offence to conscience." liM of Tenaela Lost In the lAke Superior Trade. Since the discovery of copper in the Upper Peninsula, in 1846, and the com- mencement of the Lake Superior steamer and vessel trade, many craft engaged in the trade have been lost. Previous to the discovery of oopper, there was no other trade but .that in tan, and one of thi fur-trading vesBela was lost— the John Jacob Astor. TTe have compiled the following table, which will be found of interest to those connected with the Lake Superior copper trade : — NUM or VmmI Int. ValM. ValmCum, T«n Schooner Merchant HOOO 12,000 1S4T Propeller QollaUi 18^000 18,000 184T Steamer Ben FnaUln... 16,000 4^ ISfiO Propeller Montloello 80,000 10,000 18U Schooner Slakuwit 1,000 fiOO .... Propeller Indepvodence.. 12,000 18,000 ISM Stouner Albany 80,000 £,>» 1888 Propeller Peninsula 18,000 18.000 18M Steamer KK.Collini... 100,000 1,S00 18M Steamer Baltimore 18,000 4,0I<0 1885 Steamer Superior 18,000 10.000 ISSS PropellerB.L. Webb. ...80,000 18,000 IMM Propeller City orSuperlor.aO,000 M,000 188T Propeller Indiana 8,000 2,600 1888 t8«&000 $128,000 —making a grand toUI or|48>,00a Since the above Table was compiled the following losses have ocourred in the Lake Superior trade : Steamer Arctic, wrecked on Lake Supe« rior, June, 18G0. Steamer Oazelle, wreaked on Lake So* perior, 1860. Steamer Elgin, lost on Lake Aliobigaa, September 7, 1860. Steamer North Star, burnt at Gteveland, February, 1862. Steamer Sunbeam, lost in a gale on Lake Superior, August 28, 1863. Pewabic, sank in Lake Huron, August 9, 1865, forty lives lost. Lac la Belle, sunk in Si, Clair River, November, 1866. Steamer Cleveland, lost in 1866. Bteamur Traveler, lost in 1866. The loss o. life by the accidents given above is, as neai r" can be ascertained, as follows: — Schooner Merchant ... 18 Propeller Independence 3 Steamer E, K. Collins 20 Steamer Superior 64 Steamer Lady Elgin 360 Steamer Sunbeam 8C Propeller Pewabic. 40 Total 620 138 VAVAL TI88EL8 OIT THI LAKKS. VAYAL YSSSSLS OK THE LAXX3. UiaSISSIPPI AND Lau Miohiqan Gamal. T 'M A. RWORT h»8 rccentiy been made in relation to the practicability, cost, and military and commercial advantagea of openin(f a passage for gunboats and armed vessels fh>m the UisMssipjd to the Lakes, by improving the navigation of the Illinois Rivor, and enlarging the IlUnois and Michigan Canal. The following is an extract from the above Report : " The Great Lakes and the Mississippi River are among the grandest features of tho geography of the globe, i'heir names are at orice suggestive of commercial and agricultural wealth and national great- ness. No such systems of internal navi- gation exist elsewhere in the world. The most careful and accurate staterjents of their present uses for commerrial pur- poses are truly wonderful, while ihe mag- niflceut future to which onlightened enterprise may lead, tasks tjie strongest imagination. " The Mississippi system of navigable waters is variously estimated at from 10,000 to 20,000 miles. Its numerous ramifications penetrate a country of un- rivaudd fertility, and in many parts abound- ing in useful metals. On the Lakes, we have a coast of 3,500 miles. Their com- merce is estimated at the value of $400, 000,000, 'in articles of prime necessity to the inhabitants of the Eastern States, and to our foreign commerce.' That of the Mississippi, in peaceful times, is sup- pose! to equal thie. It is the union of these two mighty systems that we con- template in the proposed improvement. "For this purpose no other route exists comparable to the line now proposed, in the economy of cost of the improvement, or in general utiUty. It is one of nature's highwayB— one of the lines which she marks out for the guidance of the great emigrant movements of the raon, and by which topogri^>hy foretells the manA of empire. The aboriginal savage travelled ^ it by instinct, and now educated intelli- gence can find no better place for com- pleting and uniting linos of travel and traffic embracuig half a continent." Estimate for a Ship tmd Steamboat Oanai from Lake Michigan to the Illinoii: River, and the improvement of the Illinois River to the Mississippi River ; the canal to be 160 feet wide on the bottom, sides pro- tected with stone walls 10 feet high; the canal and river locks to be 350 feet long and 70 feet wide, with depth of water sufficient to pass steamboats and vessels drawing six feet of water ; the canal to be supplied with water firo. Lake Michi- gan. Uhieago to Lnckport, St mile*. The estimated cost of earth and rock exearatlun on the summit level flrum Chicago t<> Lncliport, with walls on both udes 10 feot through the earth, is •T.OJg.W Lockport to Lasalle, 67 miles: Th<- "tstimated cost of canal to Lake . ileLand short canals at 16 lucks, walled on both sides; also six stone dams, 600 feet long, eleven canal and five river lucks,Vach 800 feet long add TO feet wide— making ISSfset of lock- age between Lockport and Lasulle— is 4,0n,0n Lasalle to the Missts8ip|i( Kiver, 290 milfs: The chy foretells the mardi of aboriginal savage travelled ^ , and now educated intelli- d no better place for com- mitlng lines of travel and ug htdf a contiDent." ' a S}up tmd Steamboat OaneU shigan to the Illinois River, ▼ement of the Illinois River ippi River ; the canal to be ) on the bottom, sides pro- one walls 10 feet high; the ir locks to be 350 feet long nride, with depth of water lasB steamboats and vessels feet of water ; the canal to rith water firo. Lake Uichi- ukport, St mile*. H)gt of earth uid rock the summit level (h>m wkport, with walls on Feot through the earth, »7,0»S,t(» aaalle, 67 mllei: COM of canal to Lake ort oanalaat 16 lucks, k stdea; alio six stone long, eleven canal and a, latch SfiO feet long add making ISSfset of luck- uckport an Mississiptii Kiver, 220 ni tre* and «i1b daini, , the cribt to be filled il stone abutments ; alto iek». 3S0 fvot long, and with entrances pro- Kuring a depth of water pii8s the largest class 1(1 vessels drawing six ;.... 1,646,000 right of way, engineer- iclea,Jba 678,081 |18,M<,8t4 TBTP THRCnOH TBI LAKM. 1S9 Tke Ins are brave and ftee, Their braasU beat high with Liberty. The LmuA of lAke and River. Composed by Dr. Laycock, of Woodstock, C. W. — A Oanaoiam Soko. The Land of Lake, Blver, and Forest wide. Where Niagara pluage* In splendor and pride O'er the trambung elllb her preeipitoua tide; Know ye the hmd f 'Ti* a gloriou* land I And Um land U our own dear bom* The land which nor Art* nor Indu*try graead. Where the bountiltal aeaaon* ran all to wac>, T 11 the BriWa the Savage and Sluggard du- placed; Know ye thd Lud, Ae. The land where the Saxoa, tha Saul, and tha Celt. The lint glow of patriot brotherhood felt. And forgetting old feuds In amity dwelt. Know y* the land, Ae. The land unpolluted by Despot or Slave, Where Justice isrfoneonthe Dastard and Knave, Where honor t* paid to the Wi*e and tha brave ■ Know ye the land, Ac. Tha land where the Ttachtr 1* honored and ■ought ; Where tha AAool* ar* all bnay, th* ehlldreo all taught; Where the TMnk*r, unfettered, can utter hit thought; Know y* th* hmd, Ae, The land where the Farmtr Is Lord of the Soil, Where the ToiUr himself reap* th* fruit of hi* toil, Wher* none h»* a TttU hi* neighbor to *poll ; Know ye the land, Ac. The land where the ChritHan can openly prav. As Scripture and Conscience may show him ta* way. Fearless of clerical tyrant or lav; Know ye the land. As. The land whleh, the older and *trong*r It grew, To Law and to Loyalty stfll kept more true. Both to Prinee and to PiopU aeeonUng tkeir du*; * , --, Know ye the land? ■TI* a gloriou* land! And the land I* our own dear bun* I Heteorolofloal Table, Showimq THi Latttudb, LoNQiTnDX, Altitcdi, TiuFnuTnBi^ no., or Tin Pbincipal Cituu and Ports ox thi AinaiOAN Sidi or thi GREAT LAKES. '''''" CaoM, at«. Lakb Ontario. Saoket's Harbor, N. T.. . Oswego, " . . Charlotte, " . . Fort Niagara, " . . Laer Erii. Buffalo, N.Y Cleveland, Ohio Toledo, " Monroe City, Mich Detroit (Detroit R.), Mich. . Lakb Huron. Port Huron (St. Clair R),Mioh Tawaa City, Mich Fort Mackiuao, " Green Bay (Green B.), Wis. Lakr MiomaAN. Grand Haren, Mich Milwaukee, Wia. Chicago, 111 Michigan City, Ind Lakb Superior. Saut Ste. Marie, Mich... Marquette, " ... Copper Harbor, " ... Ontonagon, " ... Barfleld, Wis Superior City, Wis ! 43* 66' 43° 20' 43° 12' 43° 16' 42° 63' 41° 30' 41° 45' 41° 43' 42° 20' 42° 63' 44° 16' 46° 61' 44° 30' 43° 06' 43° 03' 41' 62' 41° 40' 46° 30' 46° 32' 47° 30' 46° 62' 46° 46' 46° 40' I ! 76* 00' 76' 40' 77° 61' 79* 00' 78° 50' 81° 47' 83° 36' 83° 24' 83" 82° 00' 24' 84° 33' 80° 06' 86° 10' 87' 66' 87' 36' 86° 63' 84° 43' 87° 41' 88° 00' 89° 30' 91° 00' 92° 03' 580 600 690 590 600 630 620 600 620 600 ^ i a a< 5 t |S Ft ■Fahr. 260 46.40 260 46.44 260 47.88 260 46.60 600 47.26 600 49.70 565 50.00 566 49.23 680 48.00 690 47.00 690 4433 700 41.00 600 44.50 FonrSMioiii, 47.36 46.00 47.00 49.00 40.50 41.60 41.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 I ■Fahr. 49.49 43.70 43.72 41.38 43.60 46.84 47.00 46.22 46.94 43.68 37.22 38.70 43.62 44.69 42.89 46.00 46.00 37.60 38.30 38.47 37.00 38.00 38.00 ■Fabr. 67.82 67.00 68.46 67.20 67.56 69.86 71.00 71.00 69.30 I 67 00 66.16 62.00 68.60 6H.62 67.08 68.60 70.00 62.00 63.10 60.80 62.60 62.00 63.00 ^ 'Fabr. 50.68 50.40 60.77 50.00 50.14 61.97 52.00 61.33 49.81 49.00 47.06 43.64 46.00 49.66 48.34 49.00 60.00 43.54 43.84 42.96 42.86 43.00 42.60 I fFahr. 24 80 24.72 28.66 27.8« 27.80 30.00 29.00 28.62 S8.lt 26.60 24.61 18.30 80.00 26.6S 25.00 26.00 28.00 20.00 20.00 21.78 17.8S 16.60 14.60 ■FnuTUBi^ na, or nn AN SiDl or THS ronrSMMODt. 1 1 •S I ■Fahr. "rabr. •Mir. flUv. 42.49 43.70 43.72 41.38 67.82 67.00 68.46 67.20 60.68 60.40 60.77 60.00 24 80 24.72 28.66 27.8« 43.60 46,84 47.00 46.22 46.94 67.66 69.86 71.00 71.00 69.20 60.14 61.97 52.00 61.33 49.81 27.80 30.00 29.00 28.62 88.17 43.68 37.22 38.70 43.62 67 00 66.16 62.00 68.60 49.00 47.06 43.64 46.00 26.60 24.61 18.30 80.00 44.69 42.89 45.00 46.00 68.62 67.08 68.60 70.00 49.66 48.34 49.00 60.00 26.63 25.00 26.00 28.00 37.60 38.30 38.47 37.00 38.00 38.00 62 63 60 62 62 63 .00 .10 .80 .60 .00 .00 43. 43. 42. 42. 43. 42. 64 84 96 86 00 60 20.00 20.00 21.78 17.8S lb.60 14.60 LAKE 81JPERIOB, Its Bays, Harbon, Island*, Tribatartef , Objects or Intbrest on tub Sovth Shorn. *c. 3 9 ICUeB. Sant 8te. IHarter Micfa. K. tot. 46''30', W. lonff. 84°43'. Head of Ship Canal andRai^dfl, 1 Bound Island and Light, WaiakaBaj, Iroquois Point and Light, 7 — 16 Tequamenon Bay and River, .... 9 — 26 White Fish Point and Light, .... 18—40 Carp River, 20 — 60 Two-Heart River, 6 — 66 Sucker River, 12—78 Qrand Mania River, 12—90 Orand Sauble, 300 feet high, .... 10-100 Cascade Falls, 100 feet, 18-118 TheChapel, 1 2-120 Arched Rock, or Grand Portail, Pictured 4-124 SailRock, Rocks. 2-126 The Anphitheatre, . . . 2-128 Miner's Casdo, k River, J 3-131 Grand Island and Harbor, 3-134 Mtniting, end Iron Works, 2-136 Au Train Point, 7-143 Au Train Island, and River 6-149 An Sauble River, 6-166 Bdrvty, Mouth Chooolat River,. . 18-167 Marquxttk* AN2 Light, K.lat 46''32', W. long. 87°41'. 8-170 Dead River, 2-172 Presque Isle, 1-173 Middle Island, 3-176 Granite Point and Island, 6-180 QailioRlver, 8-188 little Iron River, and Lake Inda- pendenoe 10-198 Salmon Trout River, 8-206 nne River and Lake. 6-218 Siiron Islands and Light, 10-2'J2 Huron Bay, 6-228 Foiut Abbaye, 4-232 Keweenaw Bay (13 miles wide). Z'AMt, and Settlemetit (South), . 13-846 Miles. Portage Entry ar-d Light (West), . 245 PortageLake, 6-251 HOUOHTOK, f N. lat 46°40', W. long. 88°30' 8-269 Hancock^ 1-260 Head of Portage Lake (8 miles), 268 Traverse island from Portage Entry, 10-25S Tobacco River, 12-267 Iae£aA!iie.f and Bete Orise Bay 14-281 Mount Houghton (900 feet high). Montreal River (Fishing Station), ft-287 Keweenaw Point, 8-295 Manitou Island and Light 3-298 Copper Harbor,! ^- ^^ 47 "30', W,long.88°, 10-308 Agate Harbor, 10-318 Eagle Harbor + and Light, 6-334 Baole River: f N. tot. 47° 26', W. long. 88^20', 9-333 Entrance to Ship Canal k Portage Lake Route, 20-353 Salim/n Trout River, 8-366 Graveraet River, 6-366 BlmRiver, 8-374 Misery River, 6-870 Sleeping River, 0-386 Flint Steel River, 6-391 Ontonooak,* N. tot 46''62', W. kmg. 89*30' 9-400 Iron River, 11-4U Porcupine Mount'ns, 1,300 ft. high, 8-419 Carp River,.. 10-420 Presque Isle River, 6-435 BlackRiver, 6-441 Montreal River boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, 20-461 Markeg, or Bad River, lft-47 1 Chawawegon Point, Bay, & Light, n-483 Ashlanc, Wisoonsin head Chaw- awegon Bay. 142 hkiat BUPKRIOR — OBJKCTS Or IRTIRIST. m MOm. La iVflfe, MkdpUne laUnd, 3-485 grhe Twelve Apostle Isluds). AYFiEii), Wisconsin, N. lat 46°45 , W, long. 91°3', 3-488 Basswood Island, 1-496 Baspberry Island, and light,. . . , 6-601 York Island, i-606 fishing Inland, 4r-509 Bark Bay and Point, : viilO Apakwa, or Cranberry Blver, ... 6-626 Iron liTer, 10-536 • Shipping Port for Iron. Hand Burnt Wood River, Poplar River, Cotton Wood River, Amican River, Uouth Nema^JB, or Left River, (Allouea !B*y). Wisconsin Point, 'Minnesota Point and Light, ..... bw louis Bay and River. Superior Citir, Wisconain, N. lat. 46°40', W. long. 92° t Shipping Ports for Copper. Olijects of IntsreM on tke North Shore. Miles. S«i|»erlor Otr, Wisconsio, <160 miles North of St Paul, Minn.). DhXuM, Minn. ., 1 Lester River, S — 12 Kassabika River, 1 — 19 French River (Copper MinesX • • • 8 — 22 BueKttnon, , 4 — 26 Knife River (Copper Mines), . . . 1 — ^27 JinrKngion, 10—37 Stewart's River, 3 — 40 Enoampnent River and Island . . 3—43 Split Rock River, 7—60 Beavar Bay, N. lat 47''13', W. long. 91' 10—60 Palisades, 6—65 Baptism River, 1 — 66 Little Marais, 6 — 72 Manitou River, 3 — 75 Two-Island River, 8 — 83 Temperance River, 6 — 88 iPoplar River, C— 94 Grand Portage, Indian trading post, N. lat. 47°60', W. long. 90° 16-110 Isle Royal, attached to Michigan, Pigeon Biver, boundary between the United States and Canada, 10-120 Pie Island, 700 feet high 20-140 Welcome Island, 7-147 Month K^minietiquia River. Miles. 10-546 9-554 . 4-558 S-660 id l-»«8 S-ffO lOlei Fort William, Canada, N. lat 48°23', W. long. 89°27', 3-150 Thunder Bay, 30 miles long. Thunder Cape, 1,350 feet high, . . . 16-166 Black Bay, lO-ltii Point Porphyry, 6-180 Entrance to Neepigon Bay, 30-310 Ste. Ignace Island (Silver and Copper Mines), 10-220 Slate Islands, 30-260 Pic Island, .• 16-266 Peninsula Harbor, 8-273 Pic River and Harbor, 10-283 Otter Island, Head and Cove, . . . 30-318 Michipicoten Island, 800 ft. high, 26-338 Miehipieoteit, Harbor and River, N. lat 47°66', W. long. 86°06'. 46-383 Cape Gargantua, 26-408 Leach Island, 1 2-426 Lizard Islands, 6-426 Montreal Island and River, 14-440 Mica Bay (Copper MineX 20-46P Mamainsc Point, 6-466 Batchewanaung Bay (Fishing St'n) 10-47$ Sasdy lelonds, 4-480 Maple Island 7-484 Qocioia Bay and Point, 8-4 9» Pariaien Island, 6-600 Uros Cap, 700 feet high 10-610 Point Aux Pins, 7-517 Sant Ste. Marie, Canada, . . 8-625 riRisf. Wrer, 10-S46 &-554 Uver, 4-668 ^ »-«80 Ue, or Left Haod <•> HsBiy). :i..-jif Bt, t-BW at and Light, l-t88 and River, Hty, Wiaoonain, N. Wr. long. 92° a^fo a for Copper. th Skore. unec [, Canada, N. lot mg. 89°2»', 3-150 30 mOes long. 1,3 50 feet high,... 16-16S lO-lli y, fr-180 eepiffon Bay, 30-310 sland (SOver and >8), 10-220 30-2(0 ....- 16-36^ bor, 8-213 Harbor, 10-283 3ead and Oot& . . . 30-31$ aland, 800 ft. high, 25-330 Harbor and River, i', W. long. 85°08'. 4S-383 ■a, 26-408 12-436 6-426 d and River, 14-440 per MineX 20-46Q It, 6-466 ;Ba7(Fi8hingSt'n} 10-47$ 4-480 7-484 id Point, 8-49p I, 6-500 feet high, 10-610 B, 7-61T larle, Canada, . . 8-525 Trip aloBK (ke liortk Skorv mt l<«ke ftnperlvr, Uaok ok Board tbi Canadum SraAVKS Plouohbot, AnoDST, I860. On leaving the mouth of the Ship Oaixd, above the Rapids at the iteut Ste. Marie, a beautiful stretch of the river is pasaed and Waitka Bay entered, which is a email expanse of water extending westward to Point Iroquois, on the south shore, 16 miles distant. I'.jiediately opposite rises Qaoa Cap, on tho Canada aid<>, b^ing about four miles asunder. This bold headland con- sists of hills of porphyry rising from 600 to 700 feet above the waters of the lake. " Gros Cap is a name given by the voya- aeurs to almost innumerable projecting headlands; but in this case appropriate- since it is the conspicuous feature at the entrance of the lake." North of Gros Cap lies Oovlais Bat, and GouLAis Ponrr, another bold high- land which ia seen in the distance. Oott- Mt* River enters the bay, aflTording, in conaection with tho a4jacent waters, good fishing-grounds; the brook Qr speckled trout being mostly taken in the river. Here is a large Indian settlemeitt of the Chippewa tribe. The whole north shore, as seen from the deck of the steam.ir, pre- sents a bold and g^nd appearance, while '°n the distance, westward, may be seen the broad waters of Lake Superior. TAQDAMiiroN Bat is next entered, which is about 25 miles long and as many broad, terminating at VThitt-Fish Point, 40 miles above Saut Ste. Marie. Parisien Island Is passed <80 miles from the Saut, lying liear the middle of the above bay, being attached to Canada. ' Sandt Islands, lying off Batehtewaua- ^ Bay, form, with others, a handsome group of islands, whore are good fishing- Eeunds, being distant from the Saut Ste. arie about 36 miles. Maxainsi Point (LitUe Sttirgeotif, op- posite White-Fish Point, is another bold neadland, where is a Ashing station and a few dwellings. The Montreal Company'! copper mine is located near this pmnt, 40 mues north of the Seat, where ta a amall settlement of miners. Here Is m good har» bor, the land rising abruptly to the height of 300 feet, presenting a rugged appear- ance. Some 12 or 16 mOes north are lo* cated, on Mioa Bat, the Quebeo Copper Mining Company's Works, at present aban- doned, owing to their being found unpro- ductive. StUl farther north, akirting Lake Superior, is to be found a vaat Mineral R&- gion, aa yet only partially explored. Montreal Islakd, and Rivkr, 30 uilea north of Mamainse, affbrd good fishing- grounds. Here is a harbor exposed to the west winds fVom ofT the lake, whkdk can safely be i4>proached when the winds are not boisterous. Lizard Island and Lxach Island, some 10 miles farther northward, are next paas* ed, lying oontifuous to the mainland. Capi Garoantua, 40 miles north of Mwnainae, is a bold headland. On the south side is a harbor protected by a small island. From this cape to the island of Michipicoten the distanoe ia about 80 miles. MiOHiPioomr Harbor, and Ritrr, 110 miles north of the Saut Ste. Marie, situated in N. lat 47 « 56', W. long. 85<> 0«', affords a safe anchorage, being surrounded hj- high hills. Here is estaUished a Roman Catholic mission, and an important Hud* son Bay Company's post, Irom whenoe diverges the river and portage route to James's Bay, some 850 miles distaai The shore of the Lake here tends westward toward Otter Head, about 50 miles distant, presenting a bold and rugged appearance. This post, no doubt, is destined to become a place of resort as well as a oommerdid depdt, fW>m whence is now distrifanted the merchandise belonging to tho above gigan- ' tic company — having oxcluf^ive sway ovnr 144 TRIP THRonan thb lakes. . an immense region of oountrj, extending nortiiward to the arctic rcgioni bo very rich in k •■ nl pro- ductions, although as yet but , .ially explored. The "Montreal Minin, 'om- puny" have a mine which is u> «iug . .AND, Ijinj •bout 96 mil«a picoteD. nciir thu niiddlt- of mall l)ody of land attacheii ; is UBuaUy passed in night merB are on thoir route to 25 miles north of MicbipU lutidil and sooure body of rotected by an island tk ita ro is a wild and rugged Heo* ', abouudlijg in game of Iha idea. ind islands are found along I beyond Otter Head, toward Inland, and said to bo of ;he whole coast being bold seen IVom the water. At iie Pic is situated a Uudaoa B Post. NDS are a cluster of great- ) is to be found a large and lyinK north of the principal- group. To the north, on M-o nuraeroas bays and in- safe harbor. As yet, the f the north alone inhabits lanada West, which nodoubt als 9f different kinds. The Company's vessels now af- aeans of visiting tuip inter- ivhich can alone be brought I settled by the discovery of ■ mines of value sufficient to its to organize Mining Com- _____ - .;-a }N or Laex Supxriob— • TORTB SHORB. y's MeiaUie Wealth e/ As Phila., 1864. Shore of Lake P- erior ii very rich in k •• nl pro-- ough as yet but , MIy "Montreal Miuin. 'om« mine which is m «iuj( , MOBTH BHORB OW LAKI SCPBRIOR. l45 Worked to t limited extent at Ifamainse Pdint, affording gray sulphuret of copper of a rich quality. The "Quebec and Lake Superior Mining Association" commenced operations in 1846 at Mlc* Bay, a few miles north of Maroainse, on a rein said to bo rich in gray sulphuret of copper. An adit was driven 200 feet, three shafts sank, and the 10-fathom level commen- ced. Alter spending $30,000 it was dis- covered that the mines were unproduc- tive, and the works were abandoned. A number of localities were explored, and worked to some extent on Hiohipico- tcn Island and on the mainland to the northward, but they are now nearly all abandoned. A surveying party, however, are now (I860) engaged in exploring the north shore of Lake Superior, under the authority of the Provincial Parliament, in order to be able to report in regard to the mineral region. The northwest borders of the lake, and in particular the Island of St. Ignace, Black Bay, Thunder Capo, Pie Island, and the vkrinity of Prince's Bay are supposed to be rich in both copper and silver. Splen- did crystallizations of amethystine quartz and oalc spar liave been obtained on Spar Island, near Prince's Bay, and at other localities. Fort Wiluak, an important Hudson Bay Company's Post, is advantageously situated at the mouth of the Kaministi- quia River, in north latitude 48 degrees 23 minutes, west longitude 89 degrees 27 minutes. Here is a convenient wharf and safe harbor, the oar off the month of the river affording 7 or 8 feet of water, which can easily be increased by dredg- ing. The Company's building^ consint of a spacious dwelling-house, a store, and 3 storehouses, besictos some 10 or 12 houses for the aooommodation of the attachia and servants in the employ of the above gigantic company The hmd is cleared for a oonsiderable distano* on both sidat of the river, presenting a thrifty and fer- tile appearanoe. Wheat, rye, oats, bar- ley, potatoes, and most kinds of vegeta- bles are hero raised in abundance ; also, grass and clover of different kinds. The early frosts are the great hindrance to this whole section of country, which ia rich in minerals, timber, furs, and fish: altogether producing a g^^at source of wealth to the above company. Pine, spruce, hemlock, cypress, and balsam trees are common, also white bireh, sugars maple, elm, and ash, together with some hardy fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. The Roman Cathotic Mission, situated 2 miles above the company's post, on the opposite side of the river, is an interest- ing locality. Here ie a Roman Catiudio church and some SO or 60 houses, being mostly inhabited by half-breeds and civH lized Indians, numbering about 300 souls. The good influence of the Roman Catholia priests, along the shores of Lake Superior are generally admitted by all unprejudiced visitors — the poor and often degraded In- dian being instructed in agriculture and industrial pursuits, tending to elevate the human species in every clune. McKay's Mountain, lying if miles west of Fort William, near the Roman Cathdio Mission, presents an abrupt and grand appearance from the water, being elevated 1,000 feet. Far inland are seen other high ranges of hills and mountains, pre- senting altogether, in connection with the islands, a most interesting and sublime view. KAHiSKiTiqciA, or "GaJt-mahnatekwai- ahk" River, signifying in the Chippewft language the, "pioca whi^e there are many currents," empties its waters into Thun- der Bay. This beautiful stream affords navigation for about 12 miles, when rap- ids are encoimterod by the ascending voy* ageur. Some 30 miles above its mouth kl a fall of about 300 feet perpendicular de- scent. - 14« TBIP THROUOH TlIK LAKKB. THvnn Bat prMenta a Uurge ezpAOM «r water, b«iiif about 25 milat in length and ttom 10 to IB mUes wide, into which flowi MTcral amall ■treams, abounding in speckled trout Thunder Cape, on the Mat, is a most remarkable and bold high- laad, being elevated 1,360 feet above Lake Superior. It rises in some places almost perpendicular, presenting a oasal- tio appearance, having on its summit an •ztinot volcano. From the elevated por- tions of Uiis cape a grand and imposing Tiew Is obtained of surrounding moun- tains, headlands, and islands— overlook- ing Itle Royak to the south, and the north shore iVom UcKav's Mountain to the BouUi of Pigeon Btver, near Grand Port- age, Minnesota. Pn Island, in the Indian dialect called "Makkeneeng" or Ibrtaiie, boucding Thun- der B^ on the south, is about 8 miles long and 5 miles wide, and presents a most •ingidar i^pearance, being elevated at one point 860 feet above the lake. This bold eminence is shaped like an enormous ttovched hat, or inverted pie, giving name to the idand by the French or English explorers, while the Indiana gave it the name of tortoise from its singular shape. This elevated point is basaltic, rising per- pendicular near the top, like the Pamadet of the Hudson Kver. TAuMfer Bay, and its vicinity, has long been the Atvorite residence of Indian tribes who now roam over this vast section of country, from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay on the north. Tlie mountain peaks they loolc upon with awe and veneiation, often ascribing some fabulous legend to prominent locaUties. A learned Mission- ary, in describing this interestii^ p<»tion of Lake Superior and its inhabitaLta, re- marked, that " tlie old Indiana were of the opinion that thunder ekmda are large gigantic birds, having their nests on high hiUs or mountains, and who made them- selves heard and seen very {Bit off. The hiead they described as resembling that of a huge eagle, having on one side a wing and one paw, on the other side an arm and one foot The lightning is suppo!r Alps, trom their singular Bmbling a female's breast, i distance. y is another romantic sheet ining a number of beautiful a. It is about forty miles n miles wide, being mostly high and rocky eminences. >rer, hunter, and angler may sinaelves with the wonders iing scene. Copper, silver, ious Btonos are here to be lance on tho ialande and the lie there is no end to the of this region. of St. Ignace, lying on the f Lake Superior, is a large body of land, l>eing rich In precious atones. It is about ; and six miles wide; the I 1,300 feet in some places, Id and romantic appearance ter. Here are five small g connected, and ttie outlet autiful stream, with rapids rge quantities of brook trout kes and streams their favor- f being but (tequently visit- f the trapper and miner. r, and lead are said to be island in large quantities, oa thcr islands in its vicinity, ^ipelago and mainland here id safe harbors ; the Canada akes being greatly favored •*H : RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES 7io)i THi OiT» or Niw YosK to Lau StJpmtOR and thi Uppib Mississipn RlVKB — COMBIinMO COUrOBT AND SPUO. 1. By Day Boats running to Albany flrom the foot of Desbrosses Street; or the Feople't Line of Steamers, running ttom the foot of Canal Street every even- ing at 6 p. H., affording the most de- , airable route for pleasure travelers to Albany and Niagara Falls, the latter iMing one of the grandest objects of ad- miration and instruction on the Continent of America. Here the combined waters of all the great Inland Seas plunge over a perpendicular precipice of 160 feet de- scent A few days can here be profitably employed in viewing the varied scenery both on the American and the Canadian side of Niagara River, here forming one of the most magnificent works of Na- ture. Going Westward by Railroad, the tourist has a choice of two favorite lines of travel, viz., by the Lake Shore Line Bailrvad, running from Buffalo to Cleve- land, Ohio, 183 miles ; or by the Grtal Western BaiLiay of Canada, terminating opposite Detroit, Mich., 230 miles dis- tant from Suspension Bridge. On arriving at Cleveland or Detroit, the tourist intending to visit Lake Su- perior, or the Upper Missisappi, can pro- ceed by railroad to Chicago or Milwaukee, ftrom both of which places lines of Rail- road run to the Mississippi River, con- necting with steamera, or to Qreen Bay, Wis., the latter forming a favorite through route 'M Lake Superior, passing through Qreen Bay, a most beauUnil sheet of water, 120 miles in length and 20 or 30 miles in width. The Lake Superior Line of Skamm, running fhom Cleveland and Detroit, af- ford the pleasure traveler seeking health and enjoyment one of the most grand excursions on the face of the globe — pass- ing through Detroit River, Lake St Clair, St. Clair River, Lake Huron, St Mary's River, and over the pure ■ind magnificent waters of Lake Superior. The tourist desiring to visit Mackinac^ Green Bay, Milwaukee, or Chicago, can proceed by Propeller Line of steamers, passing through the romantic Straits of Mackinac and Lake Michigan to their place of destination. Both of the above great Steamboat lines of travel, being aboal 1,000 miles in length, terminating at Superior City, Wis , and at Chicago, III., passing through St. Clair ^ver and Lake Huron, afford un- rivaled opportunities to view the grandest lake and river scenery imaginable. 148 3. Railboad Sotrrs, yia Central Ba^way of Nao Jtnty and the Pennsyl- vania Central Railway, affords a most di- rect and speedy mode of conveyance to Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, Clevelaud, and Chicago. Passenger trains leave New York soveral times daily from Pier 15, Korth River, running to Easton, Penn., from thence to Harrisburg, 183 miles from the City of New York. Here the line of travel connects with the Northern Central liaHteay, extending frx>m Baltimore, Md., and with the Pennsylvania Central Rail- way (106 miles from Philadelphia), run- ning westward to Pittsburgh, a further distance of 249 miles, passing over the Alleghany range of mountains. From Pittsburgh passenger trains leave several times daily for Cleveland, Ohio, via the Cleveland and Pilk'jurgh Railway, l&O miles in length ; total distance from New York 681 miles. Steamers and Propellers of a large oUuM leave Cleveland daily during the season of navigation for all the Upper Lake porta, stopping at Detroit to land and receive pasengers. Passenger trains also leave Pittsburgh several times daily, for Chicago, via th* Pittstm-gh, Fart Wayne, and Chicago Rail- way, 468 miles in length. This great rail- Way line affords the most direct route be* tween the cities of New York and Phila- delphia to Chicago, the Mississippi River, and to Omaha, situated on the west bank of the Missouri River, here connecting with the great Central Pacific Railway, ■; _^______ >-««? > Table of DIttancei. miet. New Yobk to Hareisbubo, Penn 183 HABBiBBUEa to PiTTSBDKOH, Penn 249 — 432 PlTTSBUBGH tO CHICAGO, 111 468—900 CHiCAa9 to Omaha, Neb 494-1394 Steamers run from Omaha to Fobt Bentok, on the Upper Missouri Biver, luring the season of navigation. DiBEOT RAILBOAD ROUTB fBOM NEW YOBK TO Si. PATO. MUea. New Yobk to Pittsbubqh, Penn 432 PiTTSBtJBOH to Chicago, 111 468—900 CraoAOO to Pbaibib DD Chien, Wis 230-1130 Praibib du Chibk to St. Paul, Mmn 2ia-134a r Cleveland, Ohio, via the PitUhwgh BaHway, 160 t ; total distance from New s. nd FroiMUers of a large lereland daily during the rigation for all the Upper topping at Detroit to land isengers. rains also leave Pittsburgh daily, for Chicago, via the '< Wayne, and Chicago RaU- 3 in length. This great rail' it the most direct route be- 98 of New York and Phila- cago, the Mississippi River, , situated on the west bank iri River, here connecting t Central Pacific Railway. MU«i. 183 249—432 468—900 494-1394 the Upper Missouri Biver, E TO St. PaOTi. MUea. 432 , 468—900 230-1130 212--134a THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI. Thi vast range of country drained by the Mississippi river proper, independent of its great tributary, the Missouri river, em- braces most of the State of Illinois, and a great portion of the States of Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsia and Minnesota; a small part of the waters of Illinois, on its north- east border, flows into Lake Michigan, while nearly one half of the waters of Visconsin flow in the same direction, finding their outlet through the Oreat Lakes and the St. Lawrence river into the Atlantic Ocean. All the waters of Missouri and Iowa find their way into the Missouri or Mississippi river, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. The waters of Minnesota in part flow north- ward, through the Rod river of tlie North, into Lake Winnipeg, and thence into Hudson's Bay. A portion flows eastward into Lake Superior, whilst its most im- portant streams are tlie Upper Mississip- pi, fed tfy numerous lakes, and the St. Peter's or Minnesota river, flklUng mto the Mississippi a few miles below the Falls of St. Anthony. The Mississippi river is navigable for steamers of a large class, during a good stage of water from St. Paul to St Louis, a distance of about 800 miles, and from St Louis to New Orleans at all seasons of the year, except when interrupted by ice, a further distance of about 1,200 miles; making an uninterrupted navigation, du- ring most of the year, of upward of 2,000 miles, from the Falls of St Antliony, to the Gulf of Mexico. It is also navigable for steamers of a small class for about 100 miles above the Falls of St Anthony. The eutire navigation of this (pvat river and its numerous tributaries being esti- mate1 at 16,000 miles. The Area and Population of the five States mostly drained by the Missisflippi, areas follows: Area iq. mtlML Illinois 66,400 Missouri 66,000 Iowa 66,000 Wisconsin 63,924 Minnesota 83,600 |)nlatlon, lUO, FopuUtloa, 18«9. 1,711,051 est 2,000,000 1,182,012 " 1,300,000 674,913 764,732 776,881 868,326 172,023 264,600 Total 312,824 4,616,780 B,187,e57 This rich and fertile portion of the Union, when as densely populated as the State of New York, rill contain about 26,000,000 inhabitants, and be capable of raising annually an immense amount of bread stuffs, meats, and other agricultiiral products for home consumption and for- eign markets. 160 TBI vrm xissiBsipn. Agricultural Productt.—Tha ■ by the report of the Commissioi. Ststoa. Illinois. 28,501 ,421 Missouri (I860) 4,227,686 Iowa 16,163,323 Minnesota 4,426,4«7 Wisconsin 20,301,920 ring wore the principal agricultural product* jf Agriculture, for 1866. BnshcU Wheat. Indtsn Corn. 165,844.350 72,892,157 62,288,184 6,577,795 9,414,583 Oats. 30,054,370 3,680,870 11,607,749 4,388,848 17,174,086 Tottl 73,265,717 297,018,069 67,906,923 All this immenM product, together with Tegetables, beef, pork, and lumber, finds its outlet by means of the Mississippi river, the Lakes and 8t Lawrence river, and the numerous Railroads running to Eastern markets. The principal cities and centers of trade for the above States, lying on navigable waters, and from which Railroads diverge to different i^ections of the country, are St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Dubuque, and St. Paul Between these different cities a healthy rivalry exists for the trade of this great North- Western region, which is annually increasing in population and wealtli. A large number of Steamers run be- tween St. Louis, Dubuque, and St Paul, stopping at intermediate landings, afford- ing daily opportunities for travelers visit- ing the Upper Mississippi, now annuaUy thronged with pleasure seekers and in- valids in search of health. Steamers, propellers, and sailing ves- sels run iVom Chicago, Milwaukee, and other lake ports on Lake Michigan, to Green Bay, Mackinac, Lake Superior, D*^ troit, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Lake Onta* rio, via the Wellaad CanaL These steam- ers and propellers are usually thronged with passengers dniing the summer months. Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, and the different ports on Lake Superior being - delightftil and healthy places of resort A Railroad and Steamboat route is now in operation, running from Chicago to Green Bay, and thence to Marquette, oo Lake Superior, affording a spoedy con- veyance to this health restoring region. A Railroad is also in progress of construc- tion to run from Bayfield, or Superior City, to St Paul, Minnesota, which, when finished, will form one of the most desi- rable railroad and. steamboat routes on the Continent of America — thus uniting the travel on the Mississippi, with the Great Lakes or Inland Seas of America, formmg a line of travel from New Orieani to Lake Superior, and from thence to Mon- treal and Quebec, a distance of about 3,800 miles, or in other words, from the Otif of Mexico to the Gulf of St Lawrence. TABLE OF DI8TAVCE8, Fbou Nxw Obleans to Quebec, via Lake SupIebiob. CmM, *«. Mllei. mew Orleans oo Baton RouQK, La 135 VioKSBUBO, Miss 887 HELBKA,Ark 715 Meuphir, Tenn 800 Caibo. lU 1,020 St. LOUIS, Mo 1,247 PuBuguE, lowfl 1,107 Crtm, *«. MU«t. La Obobse, Wis -•• 1,863 St. PAUL, Minn 2,060 SUPEBIOH ClTT 3,220 Saut Ste. Mabib 2,720 Detboit, Mich 3,093 ToBONTO, Can. 8,317 MONTBEAIi 3,660 <|nebec 8,820 Ml agricultural product* 5. Corn. Oats. 1.350 30,054,.H70 2,157 3,680,870 8,184 18,607,719 7,795 4,388,848 4,583 17,174,086 8,069 67,906,923 ikinac, Lake Superior, D*^ , Boffalo, and Lake Ont»- llaadCanaL Tiieae steam- lers are usually thronged rs dating the summer inac, Saut Ste. Marie, and rts on Lake Superior being - lealthy places of resort, ad Steamboat route is now unning from Chicago to I thence to Marquette, on affording a sptjedy con- } health restoring region. iBO in progress of construo- om Bayfield, or Superior 1, Minnesota, which, when >rm one of the most deti- and. steamboat routes on of America — thus uniting the Mississippi, with the Inland Seas of America, Bf travel from New Orieans )r, and from thence to Mon- ic, a distance of about 3,800 ler words, from the Chif of Gulf of St. Lawrence. I SnpiEBiOB. MIlM. is 1,863 nn 2,060 ■ 2,220 aiB ^.'SO t 3,093 8,31T 8,660 3,820 suuKuii A«B aTaurMM vk ....»», ^..'«viu;;'«,^; - TABU OF JfJSfSAMCWB, From the Crrrof Ksw Yobk, to St. Paul, Minnesota, by fbe moat DmoT Room Cmcg, Ac Lwia or Tvatil. Mtbib Nkw ToBKto AidAinr, yi» Hudson River Bailroad 145 Albant to SusFKNsioir Bbido^' via Mw Toi* OmIniJktanad 804-449 SusPBHmoH Buooa to Phboit, Mich., via Ot Wetlem Ra&road of Canada 230-679 Dethor to Graho Hatek, Mich., via Dtlroit and Mawaukee Bailroad. . . . 139-868 Qband Haven to Milwaukbb, Wis., via Steamboat JRoute across Lake Michigan 85-963 MiLWAnKEE to La CBOeSB, Wi&, via Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.. . . .196-1,148 L aCbo sbe to St. Paul, Minn., via Steamboat Route on Mississippi river. .210-1,868 •*" DisUmct from Boston to St. Paul, via Detroit, etc, 1,403 milei>. Railroad and Steamboat Route, From the Citt of Nnr Yobk to Supebiob Citt, Wuconbik. Cmcs, iuk, lams or Tbatbu New Yore to Duneibk, y'lakErieRaOroad 460 Dunkirk to Cleveland, Ohio, via Lake Shore Railroad 143-603 Cleveland to Detroix, Mich., via Steamboat Route across Lake &ie 120-723 Detroit to Port Huron, Mich., via Steamboat Route 73-'i96 Port Huron to Saut Ste. Maris, Mich., via St&imboat Route crossing Lakt Buron 300-1,090 Saut Ste. Marie to Marquette, Mich., via Steainboat Route crossing Lake Superior. 160-1,266 Marquette to Ontonaoon*, Mich., via Steamboat Route crossing Lake Superior 220-1,476 Ontonaoon to Bayiirld, Wis., via Steamboat Route crossing Lake Superior .1i-l,M^ BATriELD to Superior City, Wis., v'a " " " " " 80-1,634 The above Great Railroad and Si n- and on Lakes Huron and Superior, run boat Routes, extending from the Atlantic seaboard to the head of navigation on the Missiosippi river, and to the bead of Lake Superior, passing through Lake Hu- ron, now forms two great lines of travel. East and West. The Railroad lines from New York and Boston, to Chicago and Milwaukee, and to Prairie du Chien and La Crosse, lying on the east side of the Mississippi river, are running throughout the entire year, affording great facilities for pasaenger and freight traffic. Tlie St<^amer8 on the Upper Mississippi, for about seven months in the year, from May to the first of December, affording great facilities for the carrying of poaaen* gers and heavy freight. These g^eat through lines of travil connect with the Grand Think Raihoav of CoModa, and with the Pennsyhiawia Rail- roads, ail of which tend to give increased facilities to reach the head of Lake Supe- rior and the Upper Mississippi, being on the direct route toward Montana, Icktho, Oregon, and Washington Territory — pass- ing the Grold Fields lying contiguous to the Rocky Moulitains. •A Railroad is under eonstnicUon to extend IVoiB Marquette to Ontonsgon, s diatanea of akwl MO milea, whlot will ahortan thedittaneo to tha bawl uf I«ke Dnperior about 100 milai. IAS TO urtnt Meatmbost Bonte ft— i IM. li*alB tm iNibn^ae and it. P*«l Usual Timb, to Dubvquk, 2ida78; to St. Paul, 4i days. "tmmvQu Fabi, $20. ItAXDIKflt. MHm. it. liOVn Mouth l£i8.iouri River 30 Alton, ni 6—25 Mouth lUinois River Cap au Oris 40 — 66 ClarksviUe, Mo 37-102 Louisiana, Mo 12-114 HAKNIBAt, Mo 30-144 QuiKOT, 111 20-164 Lagrange, Mo 12-176 Canton 8-184 Alexandria, Mo 20-204 Warsaw, Til Keokuk, Iowa 4-208 Montrose, Iowa 12-320 Nauvoo, 111 3-223 Fort Madison, Iowa 9-232 Pontoosuo, 111 6-238 BuXLiKOTON, Iowa 17-265 Oquawka, ni 16-270 Keithsburg, 111 12-282 New Boston, 111 7-289 MUSOATINK, Iowa 18-307 Rock Islahd, DL ) ,. , Davbhport, Iowa \ ^"^^^ Le Claire, Iowa 18-356 Princeton, Iowa 6-361 Camanche, Iowa 10-371 Albany, 111 3-374 Clinton, Iowa 6-380 FutTOH, lU. j LYOK8,Iowa J '-382 Sabulo, Iowa 20-402 Savanna,I11 3-405 Bellevue, lows 23-428 Galbna, ni 12-440 Dubuque, Iowa ; . 20-400 gy q\> Chicago, 189)(Ue8, LAimma. Mllet- Dunlbith, 111 1-461 Potosi Landing, Wis 14-4^ Buena Vista, Iowa. 16-4d0 Casoville, Wis 4-494 Outtenburg, loWa 10-604 Clayton, Iowa. 12-616 MoObboob, Iowa ... ii-62'» Prairie dn Chien, Wis . . 3-630 or To Chicago, 2:19 Miles. LynxTille, Wis ., 14-644 LAMsma, Iowa. 16-660 DeSoto, Wis 6-66d Victory, Wis. 10-676 Bad Ax City, Wis 10-686 Brownsville, Minn 16-603 lACroMe, Wis 12-614 tW To MUwaukee, 195 Miles. La Crescent, Minn. 2-616 Richmond, Minn 16-633 Trempeleau, Wis.-. 6-637 Winona, Minn 17-654 Fountain City, Wis 12-666 Mount Vernon, Minn 14-660 Minneisica, Minn 4-A84 Alma, Wis 14-693 Wabasha, Minn 10-708 Reed's Landing 6-714 Foot Lake Penin 2-716 North Popin, Wis 6-723 Lake City, Minn 6-727 Maiden Rock, Wis 8-736-' Frontenao, Minn 3-788 RbdWino, Minn 18-756 Pbescott, Wis 28-784 Mouth St. Croix Rivor. Pobi: Douglass, Minn l-'?85 HACTiiyas, Minn 3-788 it. PAVI-, Minn 82-830 mnne and St. m41 I. 'tmwvam Fabx, $20. laiet- 1-461 r, Wi« 14-4A owa 16-4dd 4-494 >Wa 10-604 12-61« wa 11-521 I Chlen, Wis . . 3-B30 3ago, 2i9 Miles. I = . 14-644 ...V 16-660 6-B6d 10-6t« ^is 10-686 [inn 16-603 Wis 12-614 waiikee, 196 Kiles. [ino. 2-616 in 16-6M na.\ 6-63T [inn lT-654 Wis 12-666 , Uinn 14-660 in 4-A84 14-898 in 10-108 < 6-1U in 2-716 V^is..... 6-122 inn B-12J, Wis 8-136* m 3-138 Inn 18-156 ? 28-784 roix Rivor. I, Minn 1-186 n 3-188 ; Minn 32-820 1«3 f^eamboat Route fkwatM.JPaol to IMiteaqae aad §t. liOOlt, CoMNEonNO with Railboam running to MiLWAUKia and Obioaoo. -'hjummaa. If llm. I St. PAVI. Oi HAsn^GS, Minn. 32 Point Douglass, Minn 3 — 35 Mouth St. Croix River. fpRUOorr, Wis 1—36 ftaoWiNO, Minn 28 — 64 Head Lake Pepin 3 — 66 Frontenac, Minn 16 — 82 £iden Rock, Wis 3—86 nCiTT, Minn 8—83 Korth Pepin, Wis 6—98 Reed's Landing, Minn 8-106 W ABABHAW, Minn 6-112 Ahna»Wi8 10-132 Minneiskat Minn 14-136 Mount Vernon, Minn 4-140 Fountain City, Wis 14-164 Winona, Minn 12-166 Trempeleau, Wis 11-183 Richmond, Minn 6-188 La Crescent, Minn ^6-304 La Crosse, Wis 2-206 0r To Milwaukee, 196 Miles. &owns7ille, Minn. 12-218 BwlAzaty, Wis 16-234 Yictory, Wis 10-244 HeSoto, Wis 10-254 Lanbins, Iowa 6-260 ^nxville. Wis 16-216 Prairie du Chlen, Wis.. . 14-290 fS' To Milwauk'je. 194 Miles. MoGbkqob, Iowa 3-293 Clayton, Iowa 11-304 Guttenburg, Iowa 12-316 (4Ls8viUe, Wis 10-326 Buona Vista, Iowa 4-303 Patoei Landing, Wis. ...i 16.>.346 DUKLEITH, HI 14-359 Dnbnqne, lows 1-360 t^ To Chicago, 189 Miles. Galena, lU , 20-380 Bellevue, lo'.a 12-393 Savanna, lU '23-41 5 Sabula, Iowa 3-418 Ltokb, Iowa ) QA_Aaa FULTOK.IIL f ■"'^"' Clinton, Iowa 2-440 Albany.m 6-446 Camanche, Iowa 3-149 Princeton, Iowa 10-469 Le Claire, Iowa 6-466 Datbmpobt, Iowa ) ,o jp. Rook IsLAHD, lU. f ^*^* MtrsCATiNB, Iowa 30-613 New Boston, lU 18-631 Keithsburg, lU 7-638 Oqvawka, 111 12-550 BuBUNGTON, Iowa 16-665 Pontoosuo, 111 17-682 Fort Madison, Iowa 6-688 Naovoo, lU 9-697 Montrose, Iowa 3-600 Keokuk, Iowa 12-61 2 W«8aw,m 4-616 Alexandria, Mo Canton, Mo 20-636 Lagrajige, Mo 8-644 QciKCT, HI 12-656 Hannibal, Mo art «7o Louisiana, Mo 30-706 ClarksviUe, Mo 12-718 Capau Gris 37-755 Mouth Illinois River Alton, 111 <0-795 Mouth Missouri River. ...... S-MO St. liOIJIS 20-820 mmmmmmmm 154 m\ rA » ¥ TUB \7vna TIBEI OF MITAVOM FiOM St. IiO0» to Vvir Obuuks. tiAronioi. Mtlei. St. IA>i;iS, Ko 00 Jefforaon Barracks l* Herculaneum 18 — 80 So'ma, Mo .5"!! 8te. Genevieve ■» — «•» Kaslnskia Landing, 111 """S^ Mouth Kaskaskia River 15—80 Chester, Mo -^-ff Grand Tower. ,. . • • *6-13" Bainbridge l*-}*' Cape Girardeau 16-166 Commerce, Mo 16-118 Cairo, lU 36-2M CoLUKBus, Ken. 18-226 Hldnnan, Ken 26-380 New Madrid, Mo 32-282 Island No. 11 6-287 Needham'p Cutoff. 64-341 Plumb Point 20-861 Fulton, Tenn 10-371 Mouth of Hatchee River LeSueur 10—90 Ottawa 12-102 St. Peter. 1»-118 ■ANHLATO, 80-148 LAlflinHM. MANKATO. St. Peter Ottawa Le Sueur Henderson BellePlaine St Lawrence.... Strait's Lauding. Louisville Carver Chaska Shakopek Bloomington.... Credit River FortP jUing... Mcuuota it. PAUL... 30 ]«— 46 12— SSf 10—68 11—79 6—86 7—92 10-102 4^101 > 4-110 6-116 12-128 4r-131 10-142 1-143 »-14« S 40-487' 46-63a 9 Blver 75-601 8S-e4«* y,.,: 40-683 20-701 la-TU,' ton 30-744 LTk 6-74» 1&-764 Be, I* 10-7H, 60-82** , Miss 26-8IH> 188 60-000 ' 17-9U lias 60-97t vet 60-1,037 » 40-1.077 La 11-1,086^ lUre, La. 24-l,llS JaT... 26-1,137 iB, La 30-1,167 LEANS, La. .. 80-1,247 [ankato, Minn. Mflefr SO 16—46 • • 1*"**"0 ^ 10—68 11—79 6—86 M 7—92 10-102 4r>ta«> 4-110 6-116 12-128 4r-131 lo-ua 1-143 »-14a »itt 1S5 1. Wv I TBK!« OomnKmORS TO CHMJAaO. Chicaso and lWorth*We«tern, Dubuque and Slon.\ and Dubuque and Snnth-Weatern Railway. BTATIOHIk HilM. Chlcaco — JuBotion •• 30 EbOiN 12— 43 BsLnoxRB 36 — 78 RooKroBD 14—92 Fmvobt 29-1 21 DtWUlTH 67-188 (Mistiasippi river.) Dubuque, Iowa Julien 10 Peosta 6—16 Epworth 4—19 FaBLBT JUNCTIOK 4r— 23 Worthington ' — 3" Sand Springs 7 — 37 Monticello. 6—43 Langworthy 4—47 Anamosa ■ 1 — 64 Viola 7— «1 Springville * — 66 Marion 8 — '3 Cepab Rapids 6—79 BxA-noMt. Faklst JcHonoN DversTille EarlviUe Delaware Manchistbb Masonville , Winthrop Independence. ... Jesup Raymond Waterloo Cedar Falls New Hartford Parkeraburg Apli'ng^n Ackley Iowa Falls (Stagts.) Alden, Webster, Fort Dodgk, Sioux City (Miasouri river). City, Mlloa. 23 6—29 8—37 4—41, 6—47 7—64 7—61 8—69 9—78 9—87 6—93 6—99 10-100 9-119 6-123 9-132 11-143 :»»■» a. Chicaso and Morth^Wcstern, Dixon Air liine and loir Diviiion, Cedar Rapids and MiMourt River Railway. BTATtOHI. MU^ Chicago 9 Junction 30 DtiOM 68—98 {Junelion lUittois CeniraL) FuLTOH •. 3^-186 (Mississippi river.) Clinton, Iowa 1-137 Camanohe 6—142 Low Moor 6-147 DeWitV 9-1&6 Wheatland 16-172 London 6-177 Clarence '-184 ICeohanicsrille 10-194 Btatioki ' Mll««. Mount Vernon 0-203 Cedar Rapids l6-di» Btairstown 24^-243 Belle Plaino 10-25J Toledo.. 17-270 Maraball 18-288 State Center 14-302 Nevada. 17-319 Roonaboro 21-340 Jefferaon 30-370 Deniaon 53-423 St John's 43-406 Council Bluffs 24-490 Oausha, Neb.. 4-48i 150 9. Chleaffo and Rook I«teB«, WMlMlppI and SilMoarl Batlroadf. Jr^.i UllM. ■ 40 44—84 \\ 16—99 , . X, . 16-114 Aidcki - /-»d 68-182 {Miniaipi,. ntr.) Davenport, Iowa a-i84 Waloott 12-196 Fulton 6-201 Durant 2-203 Wilton 6-209 Unteatlne 13-222 {Stage,.) ClI™'.".'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.".'.'*.'.'.'"-".' 10^244 Den Molnet, wS^n";.".:::':::"'.:::'. tl^icoun cH Binm. 4. Chicago, BurllM ton and Opincjr, Bnrllngton and • ^ • nHuonrt Railroads. BTATIOIIti WUton 209 Moscow 3-213 Atillssa 6-211 West Liberty 6-82» lowaCltjr 16-236 Oxford 16-26S Markxoo • 1(>-2W Victor ri-28l Brooklyn 8-a8» Grinnell 16-304 KxLLOoa c." 11-31* Miles. 40 46—86 BTA-nom. cnhlcago AVROBA Mbndota {IUmpiiC!mlr(UB.B.) GALKSBnBO Too Oquawka Junction. 34-199 B. Burlington 10-209 (Mississippi river.) Burlington, Iowa 1-210 Xiddletown 9-ais Statiohs. Mllci. Danville ^223 New London 6-229 Mount Pleasant : •. 3-238 Checauqua • • '-2*6 Fairfield 16-260 Whitfield 6-265 Batavia '-2^ AgencyCity T-3« Ottnmwa 6-285 Ohabiton 65-340 S. DeaHotnes Talley Railroad. SrATtoM. Mile*. Keoknfc, Iowa <> Sand Priurie ...•• 1* Belfast 6—20 Ci-oton 6—25 Farmington 6 — 30 Bentonsport ^ — 30 Bummit 6—48 Tndependenca 1* — "9 Btatiohs. Mil*!. Ottnmwa 16—76 Eddyvaie 19—92 OSKAIiOOSA 7-101 Leighton 8-108 Pella 8-116 Monroe 1*-130 Prairie CSty 10-140 DetMolnet 22-163 pi and ailMovrl MilM 209 3-213 5-211 s-aa» 16-23» 15-359 l(i-2W l'i-«8l 8-a8» 16-304 Hullb. Bnrltncton and lattii. 4^223 6-229 Qt ! 3-238 7-246 16-260 5-265 1-272 7-37» 6-283 , 65-340 Iroad. ilflfi. 16—76 19—92 7-101 8-lOS 8-116 14-130 10-140 !«• 22-163 CHICAGO, ••Tub Gabdbk Cmr," the largest city of Illinoia, ia advantageously situated on the south-western shore of Lalce Miclii- gan, at the mouth of Chicago river, in N. Ut, 41* 62', and W. long., from Green- wich, 87* 36' ; being elevated eight to ten fbet above the lake, the level of wiiich great body of water is 678 feet above the Atlantic Ocean. This city has within thirty years risen from a small settlement around an old fort (DearbornX to a place of great commercial importance, being now oae of the largest interior cities in the United States, exhibiting a rapidity of growth and wealth never before known in the annals of the country. The har- bor and river has a depth of from 12 to 14 feet of water, wiiich makes it a com- modious and safe haven; and it has been much improved artificially by the construct''- oi piers, which extend on each side of the entrance of the river, for some distance jnto the lake, to prevent the accumulation of sand upon the bar. The light-house is on the south side of the harbor, and shows a fixed light on a tower 40 feet above the surface of the lake; there is also a beacon light on the ond of the pier. In a naval and military pr^int of view, this ia one of the most im- portant ports on the Upper Lakes, and should be strongly defended. Alongthe river and its branches, for several miles, are immense grain warehouses, some of wiiich are capable of storing upward of 1,000,000 bushels of grain — and along- side of which vessels can be loaded with- m a few hours. The whole capacity for storage of grain exceeds 10,000,000 bush- els. There are also immense storehouses for the storage of flour, beef, pork, whis- ky, and other merchandise, and capa- cious docks and yards for lumber, wood, coal, *o., Chicago now befaig one of ti» greatest grain, proviaion, and lumber markets in the world; the shipment of flour and grain alone, in 1866, being upward of 63,000,000 bushels. The city of Chicago ia laid out at right angles, the streets run fit>m the lake westward, intersected by others, all of which are about 80 feet wide ; it extends along the lake, north and south, about 8 miles, there being a gradual rise in the ground, affording a good drainage inf ' the river and lake. The business por- tion of the city is mostly built of br Ir and a fine quality of stone, sometl; > called " Athens marble." This stru.' If found in the vicinity of the city, . '^ highly prized as a building materii^. TI dwelling-houses are mostly coD«t.uctb< of wood, except costly residenc. » vhich are of brick, or stone and marbk The city contains a United .; »* custom-house and post-oflSce building, a court-house and jail, the county build- mgs, a Marino Hospital, Rush Medical College, and Chicago Medical College ; the Chamber of Commerce, a new edifice, built of Athens stone ; a new opera house, academy of music, and other places of amusement; market houses; several Urge hotels; 120 churches of difierent denomi- nations, many of which are costly edi- fices ; 15 banks ; 10 marine and fire insur- ance companies; gas works and water works. The manufacturing estabUsh- ments of Chicago are numerous and ex- tensive, consisting of iron founderiea and machine shops, raikoad car manufaotc^, ( steam saw, planing, and flouring mills, manufactories of agricultural implements, breweries, distilleries, 4c. Numerous steamers, propellers, and sailing vessels ply between this place and the ports on Lake Michigan and Green Bay ; alao, to the Lake Superior ports, Oolhngwood and 168 TBU Wvn MUMIIWIWPL Ooderich, Oan., Detroit, Oleyelntid, Dun- kirk, Buflalo, aud to the porta on Lake Ontario, passing through the Welland Cannl vcssel.s occasionally sailing td and from European porta, via the St. Law- rence river. The JUinoia an,i Michigan Caned, con- necting Lake Mich'gnnwith Illinois river, which is 60 feet wide at the top, 6 feet deep, and 101 miUs in length, including Ave miles of river navigation, terminates here, through which is brought a large amount of produce f^om the south and southwest; and the numerous Railroads radiating from Chicago add to Ihe vast accumulation which is here shipped for the Atlantic sea-board. Chicago being within a short distance of the most exten- sive coal-fields to bo foimd in Illinois, and the pineries of Michigan andWiscon- sia as well as surrounded by the finest grain region on the face of the globe, makes it the natural outlet for the varied and rich produce of an immense section of fertile country. The establishment of the great Union Stock Yard, during the past year, will render Chicago more at- tractive than ever as a cattle market The receipts of beef cattle during the year ending March 31, 1866, amounted to 348,928 ; the total number of hogs, live wd dressed, being 1,178,832-; the re- ceipts of lumber during the year ending March SI, 1866, amo .nted to647,145,7.'l4 feet, against 601,592,406 feet received the preceding your. Tlie Lake Tbnnit, now in progress of construction, extend- ing about two miles from shore under Lake Michigan, is iutoiulcd to supply the city with puro and wholesome water. Two Arleiian Weltt are also in operation, situated three miles west of the lake, yielding 1,200,000 gallons of pure water daily. The City Hailroads extend to the limits of the city in every direction, af- fording a cheap and speedy mode of con- veyance, while, from the numerous rail- road depots, pasaengdrs are conveyed to remote points, east, west, north, and south. Number of Viatela arrii'ed and ckared in 1865, with thuir Tonnage. Total Vessels 1 0,061 Total Tonnage 3,092,276 POPULATION OP CIIICAOO AT SirPRBKNT PERIODS. United Statos Census, 1840. . . . 4,853 State Census, 1 B4& 1 2,088 ITnited States Census, 1850 79,963 State Census, 1855 80,000 United States Census, 1860 109,260 State Census, 1865 178,800 Laki TmrHiL. Daring the month of March, 18G7, the grand work of the age, the Lake Tunnel, extending two miles into and under Lake Michigan, was completed, fVirnish- ing an abundant supply of pure water for the city. In addition to the above, the splendid new blocks of buildings, es- pecially the Oriental Building, the Mer cantile Building, and the magnificent Midiigan Southern and Rock Island De- pot for the Pacific Road, are ornaments to the city, now numbering (1868) 225,000 inhabiUnts. Principal Hotels in Chicaqo. :il Nam* Adams Houso, Briggs House, Mattoson House, LoOiTIOH. Lake st., cor. Mich. ar. Randolph t Wells. Randolph k Dearborn. Kamr. Richmond House, Sherman House, Tremont House, LocATioir. S. Water i. Mich. ar. Randolph k Clark. Lake ft Dearborn. . , 1 > 'k or during the jrenr endm j 6, arao.nttid to 647,145,1.-14 501,692,406 feet received yonr. The Lake Tunnr\ PH of eo'nstruction. oxtend- 3 miles from shore under I, is Intuiidod to supply the rd and wholesome water. Welti are nlso in operation, ) miles west of the lake, i,000 gallons of pure water 7% Railroadt extend to the city in every direction, af- ip and speedy mode of con- o, from the numerous rail- >a88eng^r8 are conveyed to 9, oast, west, north, and •saels arrived and ekared in with their Tonnage. 3l8 10,061 age 3,092,216 9F CIIIGAOO AT DIFFEBENT PERIODS. I Census, 1840. . . . 4,863 1845 12,088 I Census, 1850. . . . 29,963 1855 80,000 I Census, 1860 109,260 1866 118,900 Oriental Building, the Mer jing, and the magnificent ithern and Rock Island De- PaciBc Road, are ornaments ', now numbering (1868) bitants. no. ouRC, S. Water &, Mich. ar. use, Randolph k Clark, use, Lake t Dearborn. BAiuKuat— cnoAOO fo nuBnqm in Clileaffo and Nortli*WMtem Ballwar «■« Its Bnuiche». ^ MIlM. 1. WiflooNSiu Divmox.— Chioago to Green Baj, Wis 242 2. MII.WAUKSB DiviHiOM. — Chicago to Milwaukee, Wis 85 3. Kbmosiia Division. — Kenosha to Rockford, 111 la 4. Madibok Division.— Belvidere to Madison, Wis 68 6 PxNiNSULAB Division. — Escanaba to Marquette, Mich 68 6. Fox RivEH Vallbt. — Elgin to Geneva Lake, Wis 43 1, Galena Division.— Chicago to Freeport, III lai n. Iowa Division. — Chicago to Omaha, Keb 49i Total .1,193 Otber Railroad* dlTerginv flrom Chicago. Chicago and Rock Island 183 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy 316 Galesburg and Burlington Branch 45 Chicago, Alton and St. Louis 380 Dlinois Central* (Chicago to Cairo) 366 Chicago and Great Eastern (Chicago to Cincinnati) 294 Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago 468 Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana (Chicago to Toledo, Ohio) 243 Michigan Central (Detroit to Chicago) 384 Grand Total 3,408 BAILBOAD BOVTE, From Ghioaoo tc Galena, DDKLBaxii, and Dubuque. Passenger care leave the Wells Street depot, Chicago, morning and evening, for Dunleith and Dubuque, connecting with Stkauebs running on the Mississippi river, and with the Dubuque and Sioux aty Raikoay. On starting fVom the depot, the Galena IMvision of the Chicago and North west- em Railway, nins west to the limits of the city, three miles, where may be seen, on the right hand, the celebrated Arte- BIAH Wells, and extensive ice house, where an immense volume of pure water !fl flowing continually, rising 25 feet above the earth's surface. Here are two wells, 700 feet in depth, yielding 1,200,000 gallons of water daily. In the winter season, the water is conveyed into ozten> sive reservoirs, and suffered to congeal, producing ice of a good quality for dtj* consumption and shipment. ' The broad prairie land is next reached, skirted in the distance by a small growth of timber. Harleu, 9 miles from Chicago, is a small settlement, surrounded by oak and other prairie trees. The widespread prairie, wita a rich growth of grass, and • Main Btanob, Dnnlelth to CentraUa, 848 mlUi. lao THii 0PnB oxtenniTe ooi-n-fleUa, neztsttraots tbe at- tention of the trareler. OoTTAQB Hiix, 16 miles, is a small scottored settlement, surroundod by rich lands, under a high state of cultivation. Babcook'b Osovb, 20 miles, is the name of a settlement surroundod by an extensive range of torest trees, through which the railroad track passes. Danby, 22 J miles, is a small village, surrounded by a rolling praino. Whbaton, 25 miles, is a flourishing village, where is situated Wheaton College, several churches, stores, and manufac- turing e'tnblishments. WisriKLD, 28 miles, Is surronnded by forest trees and prairie openings of small size. Junction, .10 miles. Here is a smnll | settlement, and machine shops for rail- road purposes. The Chicago, Burlingbm, and Quincy Railroad here diverges to- ward the Southwest, while the Dixon and Iowa Diuinim of the Chicago and Northwestern Rnilway nms west to Ful- ton, situated on the Mississippi River. In this vicinity may be found the prai- rie hen, quail, snipe, plover, ducks, wild geese, and other game in their season, during the spring and fall months. Wayne, 35 miles, is a small railroad station. Cliktontille, 39 miles, is situated on Fox River, where are several flouring mills, propelled by water power. ElVin, 42 miles fh>m Chicago, situ- ated on Fox River, is a large and flour- ishing town. Here are several flouring mills, a woolen factory, and other manu- facturing establishments, propellesLby water power. There is also an extensive watch manufactory, giving employment to several hundred workmen. Popula- tion, about 4,000. The Fax River VatUy Railroad runs north frpm this place into Wisconsin, 43 miles, extending through a fertile section of country, which be- comes aomawhat hUly, with a fln« growth of forest trees. Qilbisrt's Station, 60 miles. HuNTLBY, 55 miles, is a scattered vil- lage, surroundod by a rich section of country, where may bo seen an extensivft level prairie. Union, 621 miles, is a small, scattered settlement Karbnoo, 66 miles, is a thriving vil- lage, where are several st^am flouring and other mills. Garden Prairik. 12 mOes, is a small village, surrounded by a fine section of country, producing com and wheat in great abundance. BelTldere, 78 miles fVom Chicago^ is a large and flourishing village, situated on Kishwaukee river, flowing into Rock river. It is the capital of Boone County, and contains about 3,500 inhabitants. Hsie are two flouring mills and other m.vaufacturing establishments, propelled by water power j several churches, hotels, and stores. The BeMi and Maiiaon RaCroad, 68 miles in length, extends north through a fertile section of country. Cbbrrt Vallbt, 84 miles, is situated on Kishwaukee river, which is here crossed by a long wooden bridge. The City of Rockford, 93 miles from Chicago, and 96 from Dunloith, U advantageously situated on Rock river, where is a good water power. It is tlia capital of Winnebago County, and con- tains, besides the county buildings, four- teen churches, three national banks, sev- eral public houses, and numerous stores. There are several flooring milltj, saw mills, a cotton factory, two woolen factories, and several other factories, employing water power. Population, about 10,000, The Kenosha Division of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway terminates here, being 72 miles in length. WumBBAGO, 99 miles, is a small village. >t hilly, with a fine growth rATiOif, 60 miles. i rollea, is a scattered vll- iod by • rich section of ) may be M«n an extoo8iv6 miles, ii a imall, scattered tS miles, is a thriviiig vil- re several stoam flouring s. lAiRiK. 72 mOes, is a small mded by a fine section of udng com and wheat in ce. re, 18 miles fVom Chicago, flniiriahiog Tillage, situated !e river, flowing into Rock le capital of Boone County, about 3,600 inhabitants. > flouring mills and other ; establishments, propelled tr; several churches, hotels, and Madiwn Railroad, 68 h, extends north through a of country. LiLKT, 84 miles, is situated tee river, which is here ong wooden bridge, f Rockford, 92 miles ), and 96 from Dunloith, ia ily situated on Rock river, )od water power. It is tlie innebago County, and con- 1 the county buildings, four- 9, throe national banks, sev- juses, and numerous stores, eral flouring millts, saw mills, tory, two woolen factories, other factories, employing , Population, about 10,000. ■ha Division of the Chicago restem Railway terminates 2 miles in lengtii. K>, 99 miles, is a small viUago. oufMOO TO pnvqrai HI Pko ATOXIC A, 106 miles, is a small set- tlement situated on a stream of the same name. RiDOUT Station, 114 miles. The City of Freetovrt* 121 miles from Chicaf' a, Bandy tnd gravelly nature, and, there- fore, generally dry. Few cities are so fortunate In relation to hep'i-h. The ratio of deaths, to the wholf. number of inhabitants, appears, by tie mortuary statistics for many yeurs past, to be only about one in u hundi'ed. The climatic cf the whole of Iowa is represented as excellent; the air, espe- cially on the prairies, being dry and bra- cing. The mean ann"al temperature va- ries from 46° to 52° Fahrenheit. The country generally, excepting the low mar- gins of the rivers, is as free from epi- d^ic diseases as the most favored por- tion of the Union. The bluffs afford good quarries of building stone, and extensive brick man- ufactories are in operation within the city limits. A number of lumber yards and steam saw-n'lli are supplied by rafts of ma' jrisl from the pineries of Wiscon- sin and Minnesota. One of the greatest iiouroes of natural wealth in this vicinity are tho inexhaust- ible mines of lead, yielding, even with the present imperfect mining, a product of nearly half a million doUars annually. The position of Dubuque, upon the Mississippi, nearly midway between St. Louis anf* St. Paul, about four hundred miles equi distont, and also its location on the railroad lines across northern Illi- nois and southern Wisconsin, have made it the center of trade for this portion of of the North-west. Sustained as the city is, by Railroads running west to- wards the Missouri river and the trade to a great extent, of the northern half of Iowa, and a part of that of Minnesota and western Wisconsin, and eventually of Nebraska and Dacotah, it is, no doubt, destined to bet jrae a large and important commercial motropolia. The River Commerce of the West. So much has been said heretofore of the immense Commerce of the Northern Lakes, and the River Commttce of the West, that it may be worth while to call Cnstom No. of Houses. Iteamers. dnclnnnll '^J Dubuque; "2 KTunsvlUe *» Oalenn 20 Keokuk • i5 Louisville 55 Memphis ?* Nashville ]* NewOrle»n» JO Paducah V* Pittkburgh IW St Paul 8» St Lonls «1* Wheeling ** attention to the following Tabular State- ment, showing the amount of Tonnage belonging to the leading pjrts on the ■ river and its tributaries : BcKtstered Candty tonnage. In tons. 80.49T 16 42,988 3,204 ST 5,187 8,048 61 6,019 «,»9I 7T 8,806 1,173 86 8.192 14.100 M 25,425 9,84S 63 1M21 1.188 0« 2,15« l.\S60 07 31,626 2,100 80 2,898 88,!»8 00 42.471 8,086 52 4,978 86,582 84 110,769 9.588 11 8,075 Total WO 814,067 88 Yatne in dollan. 14,184,000 4se,a)o 402,009 485,000 178.500 1,904,600 1,011,300 103,000 1,292,000 26^0UO 8.920,800 607,600 8,830,000 918,000 S»3,144 |«4,fi6d,«)0 the pinerief of Wisoon- a. uteHt 40uroe8 of natural jinity are the inexhaust- sad, yielding, even with Brfect mining, a product million dollars annually, of Dubuque, upon the ly midway between St. ml, about four hundred it, and also its location ines across northern lUi- ■n Wisconsin, have made trade for this portion ox rest. Sustained as the Iroads running west to- )uri river and the trade t, of the northern half of wt of that of Minnesota isconsin, and eventually d Dacotah, it is, no doubt, jme a large and important ropolis. I Wett. ) following Tabular Ptate- the amount of Tonnage the leading pjrts on the ir and its tributaries : Yklna tn dollan. $4,184,000 4W,S0O 404,805 480,000 1T8.B00 1,994,600 1,011,400 103,000 1,492,000 468,000 8.920,800 60T.B00 8,S30,000 9l^ooa red Cai.«clty e. In toni. « 42.9SR 6.187 6,019 8,806 4.193 ^448 1M31 2,166 91.826 1) 2,898 Kl 42.471 « 4,978 4 110,766 1 8,(176 »i,\H •«4,eM,iaoo ISrORVAWO!! rOR miTgLBBa. 165 These figures are compiled (Vom au- thentic records by a western official, and may be relied upon. They show that the war has not destroyed the commerce of tlio western rivers, as had been erro- neously supposed. The great depots of this commerce are St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Now Orleans, and Louisville, in tlie order named. The pre-eminence of 8t Louis and Pittsburgh is owing to their being the terminal points of the water route of the great transit from the seaboard to the Mississippi Beginning at Philadelphia, this transit reaches Pitti burgh by railroad, and there the wate\ route begins. How vast this interest is, we see in the prosperity of the intenne diate cities of Wheeling, Oincinnati, Louis- ville, and Bvansville. Notwithstanding all that has been said of the miserable navigation of the Ohio, this table shows that the commerce of that river still re- mains the principal item in the trade of the West, despite all the rivalry of great lines of Railway. HTFORMATIOHr FOB TBAVELESS. The following are the Lines of Railroad nmning North, North-west, West, South- west, or South from Chicago, with the leading points to which thoy tend, or which are taken ujmu their course. Tliese lines form the main arteries of the groat Railway System of tho West, of w 1. ich Chi- cago may not be inaptly termed the heart, and they are cut and crossed in every conceivable direction by other roads, car- rying the traveler to within a few miles of any point he may desire to reach. On many of those roads there is no second- class fare ; we give it in all cases where tickets are issued at ther than flrst-class rates : 1. The Milwaukee JHiision of the Chi- cago and North- Western Railway, skirts the western shore of L;ike Micliigan a distance of 85 miles, thence to La Crosse on the Mississippi river, via Milwaukee and SL Paul Railway, 280 miles, where it conneuts with Steamers for St. Paul and other points on the Upper Mississip- pi. Tlio following are the Distances and Fares from Chicago : Milwmikee %'o La Crime 280 'Winona 820 St. Paul 484 1st Class. 2d Class. 2. The Chicago and North- Western Bail- way [main line] runs from Chicago in a northwesterly direction to Janesville, a distance of 91 miles, and thence runs al- most due north to the head of Green Bay, skirting the western shore of Lake Michigan at a distance of about 14 miles. The distance to Green Bay [Fort How- ard] i. 242 miles. Thcnoe by Steamer to Kscanaba is about 95 miles. This point is at the lower end of Green Bay whence to Marquette, on Lake Superior, is 75 miles. The following are the Dis- tances of these points from Chicago with the Fares : Miles. .T"r.,sriiic 91 Fort Howard 242 Esconnba S-ST Marquette 412 .3. The Galena Division cf the Nortli- westem Railroad runs due west i'rom Chicago in a straight line to the Missis- sippi on tl>e west border of the State . oi" Illinois, at Fulton, a distance of 1 36 miles ; crossing the Mississippi River on a splendid ircn bridge m Clinton, Iowa, thence throui;h Cedar Rapids and Booue tp Council Bluffs and Omaua, where connections aro made with the QrtEAT Union Pacific Railway, now com- lAt Class. $8.60 M6 10 00 IOjOO 166 m upnB masmppt pleted to ZiAJUHiB, Stl mUes wort of Omaha. At Missouri Valley Junction, Iowa, the Pacific and Sioux City Railroad runs 76 miles to Sioux City. the following are the Distances and Fares from Chicago; Julton Mllet. .. 1S6 IstClUl. I^4S 14.80 81.50 93.00 8&00 2d Glut. H8B Oouncil Blafh. .. 401 .. 4M .... BioazCity .. M4 .... The Ohietgo and Nurthtoestem RM- way also runs trains tOv or connectiug with, trains for Madison, Wiscoasin, and Prairie dn Chien on the MissiasippL Miles. Ist nan' Sd Clau. JbdlBon 188 IS-'M) Frolrledu Chlen. 289 t.OO V-60 6. The Chicago, Burlington and Quirey liailroad runs from Chicago south-west by west to Galesburg, in the interior of the State, whoro it divides, one branch going to Burlington, and nuother to Quin- cy, ^th points lying on the Mississippi river. At Quincy it connects with tho Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, whic. runs across the State of Missouri to the Missouri river, c»n . ■■- '', at St. Joseph with paelcet lines c- " points on the Missouri; also connects 'Tith ~'a^; lines to all the most importunt .X'ir.u w of the Miasour'. The fc!\:Tnng (irv a Distances anii /ares froi i CHa.ii'^o: lit CUu. 9d CIm*. road runs across the State of Illinois, nearly due west from Chicago, to Rock Island, on the Mississippi river, and is continued in the Mississippi and Missouri Railraiid to Kellogg, about half wuy across the State of Iowa, and the exten- sion across the State to Council Bluflk and Omaha City is in progress [now snpplied by stages]. The following are the Distances and Fares: Miles. 0*]«]bnrg. Its BarllDKton 810 Qatnoy 26S Bt Joseph 4n 6. The Chicago and Rock Ttland SaS- 1 Miles. Kock Island 182 KeltoM «15 Council Blu A... 446 lstO»>. SdClM. 1. The Chkago and S! Louii liailroad runs through the State of Illinois in a south-west by south diisotirti*. taking a number of the most impoi '• i. towns on Its cours'3 — as BlooaiintrtOT' "'U Spring- field. It connects , ith .St'iiv .(-ra to all points on the Mis'<'i8ippi ; ■ .i Missouri rivers. The DiEtfinces and i''ai..s are aa follows : 'An>3. ^-.t Class. SdClsst. Blouui1ni;ton. Spr'.nijHeld..., A utn St. Louts n"6 SOT f. Tho JUuois Genlrti Hailroad tubs from >. )hit';i.c^'' r^ari/ '■■:uth to Cairo, at tlin juiiction of he Oh^ j and Mississippi rivers. At thrib "ourths of the disUinoe thithur, it joins at ('untralia with the raaia line which runs f.-om Contralia to } Vin- leitii, taking a mer<-Ji! iiol course right through the midcilj of tho State. It connects at Csiro with Steameio to all points. The following are the Distances and Fares : Miles. IstClusa, CsntnklU 208 C»lro SOS "I the State of Blinoia, )eom Chicago, to Rock aaissippi river, and is isaissippi at;d Missouri agg, alwut half way ' Iowa, and the ezten- tate to Council filufb is in progress [now i]. The following are Fares: files, lit ("■'*!>. 182 ns M6 SdClaaiL and S! Loum Railroad ) State ot Illinois in a uth diisctrfii*. taking a •st impoi ' • i. towns on loo'.viinirU«' S'll Spring- is v'ith fit'in :cr8 to all iK'<>!9ippi (.!.,i Missouri mces and l''ar.a are aa in>i% '-.tClau. SdClut. 126 iOT .»■ » Cenircl A'atYnxui runs idkfij' '■•:uth to Cairo, at le Oh'°j and Mississippi 'ourths of the disUinoe Ountralift with the main f -om Of.intralia to ] ^\\n- ler'dii iial course right \u\j of the State. It > with Steamoio to all >wiag are the Distances Mllci). IttOiosa. .. «» .. 8S5 y .u, '■ 1 i'.I BAIUBOAD AJSTD STKAXBOAT BOUTX. 167 CHIOAOO to DUNLEXTH and DUBUQUE, Vu NoBTH Western RAawAT, connectino at Dubuque with the Xorth Westeb:? Union Packet Line or Steamebs bunnimo on the Upper MiaaiaBim River. GolUK West. XhTDOgh Passenger Trains leave Chicago for Freeport and Donlcith at 9 A.M. and 10 P.M. Stations. Miles. Fare. CHICAGO $ cts. Harlem » Cottage Hill 16 Danby 23 WinOeld 28 Junction SO Wayne 35 Clintonvllle 39 KI.OIM 42 Gilbert's SO Huntley 65 Union... f 63 Marengo 66 Garden Prairie.... 72 Bklvidrbb 78 3 16 Cherry Valley .... 84 Hockford 92 3 70 Winnebago 99 Pecatonioa 106 Kidott 114 Freeport m 4 86 (///mom Centra/ Railroad.) Eleroy 129 L«ntt l;i4 Nora 142 Wakhbn 145 Apple Kiver 161 gualesMonnd 160 CouDcil HiU 105 Galena 172 7 30 Meuomiaee 181 livsittri 18» 7 96 DUUUClUR... 8 46 Ufllcen* Wk. B. OODBN.JPrM., Chicago. Oeo. L. Dcnlap, Supt., " B. P. PATEIC«,Po»»..4g/.," Coiiueetlng Uueit Railroads and Steamers. Chicago, Borliagton & Qoincy Hallway. Fox Biver Valley Baihroad. Beloit and Madison Branch. Kenosha A, Rockford Railroad. Illinois Central Railroad, run- ning fk-om Dunleith to Cairo. Mineral Point Railroad, 32 miles in length. Steamers on Missiaaippl River. Dabnque and Sioux Bailroad, G«iliK EMt. Thi-ongh Passenger Trains leave Dunleith for Freeport, Chicago, etc., at 6 / V. and 6 P.M. Stations. Miles. Pare. DUBUQ,UE... $ cts: Dunleith Menominee 6 Galena 17 Council Hill 34 Scales Mound 39 Apple River 38 Wabun 44 ' Nora 47 Lena 66 Eleroy 60 Preeport 68 ( Chicago ir -AT. fVuttr* R.R.} Ridott 75 Pecatonica 83 Winnebago 90 Kockford 97 Cherry Valley ....105 Bklvidbki Ill Garden Prairie.... 117 Marungo 123 Union 127 Huntley 134 Gilbert's 139 Eloim 147 ClbitonviUe 160 Wayne 164 Junction 159 Winfield 161 Danby 186 Cottage Hill ITS Harlem 180 CHICAGO U» • >iMsrtta3Si ,1 m KXILBOAD A»D STEAMBOAT ROtlTK. 168 OHICAQO to GREEN BAY. Wisconsin, Via Chicago and Northwestern lUawAY, conn-ectinc with Steamers FOR Lake Superior, etc. Going North. Through Passenger Trains for Greeu lUy and St. T uul, Minn., leave at 9 A.K. and 4.30 P.M. Ptations. Miles. Fare. 2 50 3 15 3 50 CHICAGO $ cU. Des Plivines 18 Dunton 22 Paltttiue 26 Birring, ton 31 Crystal Uake *2 WuODSTOCK 61 irAKVABD 62 Sharon, Wia 70 Clinton 'f Shopiero 82 Jauesvilic 91 Milton Junction.. 93 Fovt AtktD8on....no Jefferson 116 Wateitowii l:tO Jiineau J*^ Minn. Junction 1*8 Bamett 151 Chester .1»0 OiikQeld It8 rolid du li»«" .. 1"«> OsnsosH 1''3 Menashtt 206 ' PPLETON ^l'' i.ittle Chute 218 Kaukauna ■'*0 Wrightstown 226 DePere 236 -Fort Howard.. .242 GKESBN BAY. Officers. \Vm. B. Ooden . Pres., Chicago. t;BO. I.. UUNLOP, Supt., " A.A.HoBART,j*»rt.Supt., " B.P.P.vTiiiCK,Pa«r.ylg<.." Coiiitectlug lilwea. Gulug South. Through Passenger Trains leave Or en Bay for Chi- cago, etc., at 6 2u A.M. and 4.15 P.M. Stations: Miles, Pare. GREEN BAY. Fort Howard. .. 1 l)c Pere 6 Wrightstown 16 Kaukauna I^ittle Chute 35 Applkton 28 Menssha 36 OsUKUSH *8 Fond du liBC ... 65 Oakfleld 74 3 ou Jauesviile Junction Railroad. Chester 82 3 80 Milwaukee & I'rairi^s '"''^'i"'" Minn Junction ' ' " 04 1 itoilroaJ, lor Madison, ejc. Minn. Juncuon . . . J4 Railroads and Steamers. Fox River Valley Railroad, Kenosha and Rock River R.H. Racine and Mississippi R. R % eta. 4 75 6 vf' !m.' .. aukec & St. Paul R.B. for Portage City, Lii Crosse, etc, ' Milwaukee and St. Paul »•"■ I for Beaver Dam, etc. .Horicon Div. to Berlin, etc. 25 6 80 7 60 8 75 Juneau 97 Watertown 112 Jefferson 125 Fort Atkinson 131 Milton Junction.. U3 JaneavUle lal oihopicre Steamers on Lake Winncbago.|CliDton IM Steamers on Fox and Wol.lhharon nivera etc. iHarvard, III 179 Uivers, eio. Iwoodstook 191 Crystal Lake 199 Harrington 210 Palatine 216 Dunton 220 Steamera for Escanaba, LakelDesi'laines. 225 Michigan, etc. CHICAGO 242 STEAMBOAT ROUTE Fpom Green Bay to Escanaba, Mich. A Steamer runs daily, dunng the Se-n of^Kavig^^^^^^^^^ &SSrMl%«xxS^^^^^ Line of Travel fron. Chicago to Lake Superior. JTK. Wisconsia, ECTINC WITH StEAMER3 CKIOAOO TO aiUCEi; BAT. ^ Gulug South. hrough Pasaenger Train* leave Or en Bay for Chi- cago, etc., at 6 2u A.M. and 4.15 P .M. Stations^ Miles. Pare. iRBISN BAY. I eta. I'ort Howard. .. 1 >e Pere 6 f riglitstown 16 Caukanna .ittle Cliuta 3S IPPI.KTON 28 (cnasha 36 )-iiKUBn *S [« silway unites witli tlie Milwaukee ,. . l PruirU du Ghitm Railway. Passengers bo'.nd for Prairie du Chicn run direct through Madidon, Wis., to the Mississippi river, forming a favorite route of travel to Iowa and Minnesota. FuBT Atkinson, 110 miles, is an old military post and settlement situated on Rock river. . Jeffebsos, lie miles, the capital of Jefferson County, Wis., is a flourishing village, containing 1,600 inhabitants. The City of Wtttcrtowil, 130 miles north of Chicago, and 43 miles north- west of Milwaukee, with which it ia con- nected bv railroad, is a large and flour- ishing town, situated on Rock river, where is a good water power. It con- tained, in 1865, «f682 inhabitants, being surrounded by a fertile and rich section of country. Hero is the junotion of the 190 THB UFFBK UISSISSIFPI. (^hkago and Nurih Western, and MUwcm- ktc (nd St. Paul Raiheat/s, being distant 1 5 1 miles from La Orosso. JUKKAD, 146 miles, is a small villafre, being the capital oi Dodge county, named in memory of the first white settler of Wisconsin. Besides t)ie county buildings, there are two churches, two hotels, and several stores. Minnesota Junction, Ud miles. Here A Railroad branches off to Beaver Dam and other stations northwest. BuBNXT, 161 miles, is a small village situated on th« west side of Horicon Lake. Chester, 160 miles, is situated on the west side of Lake Horicon, which is about twelve miles long and six miles wide. Oakfield, 168 miles is a small sotllo- ment. Fond du Konnd8. The City of Oshkosh, 193 miles from Chicago, lying on^the west side of Lake Winnebago, 20 miles north of Fond du Lac, is a large oud flourishing place, being favorably situated at the mouth of Fox river on both sif'.es of the stream. It now contains an bctivo population of about 9,000 inhabitants. From its wharves steamers run to all the pons on the lake and Fox river, while the Chicago and North- Western RaUway extends north- ward to Oreen Bay. It contains the county buildings, ten churches, several well-kept hotels, 100 stores of different kinds, bef»e»»- tioned a curious fact k day or t^v #i»w n ti Ij si b b si 01 A si B) tl tl tl E L n P "V is si h a le tl o n ii situated at the mouth of >th sM.es of the stream. nn hctivo population of bitauts. From its wharves all the pon3 on the lake while the Chicago and Railway extends north- Bay. It contains the ten churches, several 4, 100 stores of difTerent steam grist mills, steam f<)undrie.s, cabinet shope, ibor of other niauufactur- nts. This is a groat mart 1)^ brought down the Fox or upwards of 100 miles, kving through a lino pine try, for which northera stly celebrated. BAOO is a most beautiful boiLg 3*2 miles iong and wide, with bold land oa while on the west it soemfl few feet above the waterd : abounds with several va> of a fine flavor, affording le angler. Steamers run rpper Pox or Wolf river, the' lake at Oshkosh, fot I miles, bringing down ink- as of lumber, and agricul- •er TmprovetnetU is a work tude, aflbrding by means or s a water communication y to Lake Winnebtigo, and westward through the Up- o Portage City, where, by lal, it interlocks with the r, falling into the Missis- du Chion. ise is thus graphically do- OP TriE ■Waters." — A gen- ly from (irecn Bay, iii»e'»- 8 fact a day or t^v *»<» OHIOAOO TO OaBKN BAT. 171 ;Uustnttiv« of the results of the comple- tion of the F.ivor Improvement. He s.iw lying at the d(x^k.lelon BelU, built at Pitts- burgh, and tho steamer Ourdon OrarU, built at Philadelphia — |K>ints on opposite sidor of the Alleghany Mountains, and on wstera flowing on one hand to the Atlitttiti, and on tho other to tho Missis- sippi and Gulf of Mexico. The BtUe had sailed northward and westward through tho Ohio, Mississippi, and Wisconsin ; and the Orunt in a contrary direction through the Delaware r.nd Hudson, along the ICrie Canal, and the chain of the Groat I^akes. Those are tho victories of com- merce, in which Wisconsin is playing a prominent part." Nbenaii, lying at tho foot of Lake Winnebago, on the west shore, is a flour- ishing village of about 2,600 inhabitants. Mbkasha, 35 miles from Green Bay, is situated on an expansion of the river, here called Lake Butte deg Morti, where is a look and a canal of about ono mile in length. Here are several largo manufac- turing establishments, and a population of about 2,000. Applxton, Outaganie Co., Wis., 213 miles from Chicago, is situated on Fox or Neenah river, 30 miles from its entrance into Green Bay, and five miles from Lake Winnebago, where are rapids called the Grand Chute. Tho river descends here about 30 feet in one mile and a half, af- fording an inexhaustible amount of water- power. Hero are located three flouring mills, six saw mills, and several other extensive manufacturing establishments. This is the capital of the county, where is situated the Lavrraux University ; and it is no doubt destined to become a large iimuufacturing and iximmercial place., from the fooilities which it pctssessos, by means of navigation and hydraulic power. Population, 3,000. Steamers run soutli into Lake Winnebago, and north into Groen Bay. The approach to Appleton from Green Bay, by water, is most lovely and pictur- esque — tho river iiore winding through a rich section ol' country, clothed for several miles by a denso forest, extend- ing to the very margin of tho water. During the early autumn months, the scone is truly gorgeou.s, the foliage pre- senting every variety of color. LiTTLB Chutb, 2.5 miles from Green Bay, is a small French settlonicut, where is an old Roman Catliolio Mis^ AR RivER, 90 miles, enters fh)m the wcbt, where is a lumbering establish- ment, the whole west shore of Gi-een Bay producing a large growth of pine and other kindis of timber. jriM'.fc>w^ttt^.J!Mifea&'i>«ej!W^'^mi-;«ai^ 174 TIM rPPBB inSBlSWPPt. Tho Sfoamer now runs direct for lAttle Bay d» NoqukI, \W niilog distant, affording a viow of tho waters of Lake Michixuu on tho cast, while to tho north lios Great Bay de Noquet, about 10 miles wide and 20 miles in length. I'BSSAUKEE, I'ESUTioo, and other towns are springing np on tho west shore of Green Bay, where are to Ije found nu- merous largo lumber establishment?, sit- nated on the streams running mto the 'csCANABA, Delta Co., Michigan, is a w and promising town, situated on the *tern shore of Little Bay de Noc, 120 .4 les north of the city of Green Bay. and t tho southern terminus of the Pemnmkt Railroad of Michigan. This place, laid •tut in the Spring of 1804, has command- ing odvantages, where is a good and se- cure harbor, of easy access, witii a suffi- cient depth of water for the largest class ,f vessels navigating the lakes. The ■locks erected by the railroad company are of a substantial and commodious character, intended for the transhipment of iron and copper ore from the Lake Su- perior mines, distent about 66 miles. The site of the town Ues on Sand Pomt, whore is a favorable view of the wate*« of Green Bay lying to the south, and Little Bay de Noo on the north. The streets are laid out at right angles, with ample public grounds adjoining the water- front. Stores and warehouses are about bt'lng erected, also a church, and a flrst- plass hotel. The future of this place is hard to predict, its growth being identi- nod with the rich minuml deposits of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, bordering on Lake Superior. The Peninaui»r liakoad runs from the wharf at Escanaba, .hrougli a now and wild section of country to NoK'onnee, 62 miles, there intersecting the Bay de No- quel and Marquette Haikoad, 14 miles above Marquette, forming a through hns of travel. ,, ^^ , The Bay de Noquet and Marquette, and the Marquette and Ontonagon Raaroadi, form a connection at tlie iron mines, and now extend to Lake Miuhigommi, 40 miles from Marquette. Tliis important road will be extended to Ontonagon, 120 mites, also, to Portage Lake, thus connectmg the iron and copper regions of Lake Su- perior. ..If. •.:A "W rayorable view of the witelf 3ay lying to the south, and de Noo on the north. The laid out at ri^ht angles, with c grounds adjoining the water- res and warehouses ore about ted, also a church, and a flrst- . The future of this place is edict, its growth being identi- lio rich mineriil deposits of the linsula of Michigan, bordering iiporior. inmdiir liahvad runs from the Escanaba, ^hrougli a new and m of country to Nogonnee, 62 •e intersecting the Bay - Marquette Raikoad, 14 miles rquette, forming a through lins y de Nhquel and MarqvelU, and uette and Ontonagon Railroads, nnection at tlio iron mines, and id to Lake Michigommi, 40 miles rquette. Tliis important road tended to Ontonagon, 120 miles, Portage Lake, thus connecting ind copper regions of Lake Su- T > WS>^%,!Sgg«rjr7l»T5i»!ga^»<'^'?'M«-'g'-°-T-- m-f -.-t*«j««^,.,jf^',r!JU'^,3s?Sf1ietTfflr^^'.^'asvV4.-\i.s.!55'*f^^ '->. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Si y 1.0 I.I 1^ m m us ■M 12.2 1.8 Uut- 11-25 i 1.4 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14' !r (716) 872-4503 f\ iV tV '^ is \ > ^% ^\s. '9^ r\ '^^ ^ ■^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ._J BAILROAO AMD BTEAHBOAT BOVTB. 176 IIILWAUEEE TO MADISON & PRAIRIE DU CHIEN, Vu Milwaukee and Praihik du Chien RAawAT, coknechno with ihi-fT Bailboad & Steamers for St. Paul, Minn. OoluK West. Tkroogb Passenger Trains I leave Milwaukee at 11 a.m. - aadSr.x. Officers. L. H. Mbtkr, Prei., N.Tork. S. S. UxBBiLi., Qen. Man., UUwaokee. STATioiia. Miles. Fan. Mllwankee $ cts. mm Grove 10 JtTNOTION 14 Wankesha 20 Oenesee 28 Eagie 36 Mmyra 42 WaiTi Watkr. ... 60 Milton 62 Milton Jane 63 Edgerton 70 Stoughton 80 MoFarland 89 Madiaon 95 Middleton 102 Cross Plains 110 Black EarOi 115 Maiomaaie 118 Arena 124 Spring Green 132 Lone Book 138 Avooa 145 Muscoda 151 Boscobel 165 Woodman 171 Waiweka 176 Bridgeport 186 liower Town 192 I PrarledttCliieul94 i Going Baat. Throogh Passenger Trains leave Prairie da Chien at 7.50 A. X. and 9f.il Coiiuectlug liinea. Railroads and Steamers. Milwaokee aad St. Panl B. R. . for Watertown, Portage City, La Crosse, etc. CUcwo and Northwestern R. K. , ranning flrom Chicago to Green Bay, eto. Beloit and Madison B. B. Wisconsin River. Stations. Miles. Fare. Misslsaippi Biver k McGregor Western R. R. Steamers for St. Panl, etc. Prairie duChleu t ots. Lower Town 2 Bridgeport 8 Waozeka 18 Woodman 22 Boscobel 28 Muscoda 4S Avoca 49 Lone Rook 55 Spring Green 62 Arena 69 Masomanie 75 Black Earth 79 Cross Plains 84 Middleton 92 Madiaon 98 McFarland 105 StoQghton lis Edgerton 123 MiUon Junction. ..130 Milton ISa Wnm Watib — 143 Palmyra 152 E&gle 157 Oenesee 165 Wankesha 173 JONCTION 180 Elm Grove 184 Milwavkee 194 The MiLWADMB and Prawoi do Chibm Railway, in connection with the Dwrow and MiLWACKH Railroad, and other Railroads, form a direct Line of Travel from the Eastern States and Canada, to the Miasiss'ppi River. 176 RAILROAD Ain> gTSAJCBOAT BOUTK. CHICAGO to MILWAUKEE, LA CROSSE &c ST. PAUL \iA Chicago and Milwaukee, and Milwaukeb and St. Paul Railroads. Goiiie North. Through Ptigsenger Trains leave Chicago for Milwau kee, &c., at 9 A.U. and 8.46 I'.M. Sino.vs Miles. Fare, Offlcen. GKO.L.DDNLAr,iSup(.,Chica«o A.RBASONBH,Su|>(.,Milwaakee D.X.OLiH,AMit.a»ft-> " Couiiectiiig liliies. CHICAGO t cts Bustfhill 8 Kvanstown 12 Winnetka 16 Olencoe 19 Highland Park.... 33 Lake Forrest. 38 Bockland SO Waukboam SS State Line. 45 Kb-nuhba, Wis.... S3 Baciae Junction.. . 60 Haclne <3 Oak Creek 73 Milwaukee 85 3 00 Depart and P.M. {MUvBoukte 4- SI. Paul R.R.) Oconomowoo. ... 116 Watkutown 128 4 75 Columbus 148 6 76 l>oiiTAOB CITT....176 6 80 Kilbourn City.... 190 7 60 Manston 313 Lisbon 217 8 60 Ureenfleld 241 ,_ ^_ SparU .256 10 00 West 8alem 2i>9 IjA CUO8BB..380 11 00 Railroad and Steamers. GoliiK South. Through Passenger Trains leave La Cro^is^ for .Mil- waukee, etc., at 6 A.M. Md » P.M. Stations. Miles. Fare. Kenosha and Bookford B.It. Racine and MissiBaippl B.B. Bailroads and Steamers. Chicago & Northwestern Bail way running to Ureen Bay Wisconsin Biver. Arrio*, Steamers on the Mississippi running to St. Paul. LiA CROSSE . . t cU. West Salem 11 Sparta 25 Greenfleld 39 Lisbon 63 Manston 68 Kilbourn City ... . 90 Portaob CiTr 104 Columbus 132 Watbktown 153 Oconomowoo . . .164 Milwaukee 195 Depart, A.M.& P.M. {Chieago 4* MibemUu* 1LR.) Oak Creek 804 Ractiie.. 218 Racine Junction. .220 Kenosha 228 HU e Line 235 Wauucoan, Ill.;..245 Rockland....- 250 Lake Forest 252 Highland Park.... 357 Ulencoe .....261 Winnetka 384 Evanston 308 Rosehill 373 CHICAGO 380 U 00 Arrive, STEAMBOAT ROUTE Fbom La Crossb to St. Paul, Minw. CD the arrival of Through Trains at La Cbossb, ftom Chicaoo tnd MttWAOTm, passen- gen are Immediately conveyed by Steamers, running on the Mississippi Biver, to St. PACt wai all the toiemediaie l»ndingi»-*ffordlng the moat direct and speedy roate to the Oppor '«ti[sliaippi. BOUTK. lOSSE <3b ST. PAUL ! AND St. Paul Railroads. GoliiK South. «o Through Pagsenger Trains leave La Cross^ for .Mil- waukee, etc., at 5 A.M. «nd P.M. Stations. Miles. Fare. liA CROSSE . . t ct8. West Salem il gparta 26 Greenfield 39 Lisbon 63 Manston 68 KilbournCity.... 90 PORTAOB CiTr 104 Colarohus 133 Watbktown 152 n. Oconomowoo . . .164 Milwaukee 195 B. Depart, A.M.* P.M. iChifago 4- Mibeaukt* R.R.) Oak Creek M4 Racliie.. 218 Kacine Junction. .220 Kenosha 228 Ail- rttoeLine 235 lay. Wauooan, lll.i..246 Rockland.... 260 Uke Forest 282 Highland Park.... 267 (itpiiftoe .....••• (ttSl Winnetka M4 Rosehill 272 ppi CHICAGO 280 U 00 Arrive, ULWAUKKi TO HAoarai Am pbaiu do OHmr. Ill I O UT E AOL, Minn. Chicago end MawAinmi, pwwn- the UiulMippi Blver, to St. Padi. wot and speedy route to tbe %p«r RAILROAD ROUTE fk>oiii IHILWAIJKfiE to HADI§OIII and PRAIRIE da CHIEN. This popular and direct route of travel, running from Lake Michigan to the Mis- sissippi river, runs for the most part through a rich agricultural section of country, passing through several ha- portant cities and villages. At the Junction, 14 miles, the Mil- waukee and Watertown Diviaion of the Milwaukee and St Paul Railway diverges towards Watertown, forming a line of travel to La Crosse and St. Pai«L Waukesha, 20 miles, is a flourishing village, and the capital of Waukesha county, situated on Fox river. The court-house and jail are built of a fine quality of limestone, quarried in the im- mediate vicinity. There are 6 churches, 2 banks, an institution styled Carroll Col- lege, several public houses, a flouring mill, iron foundiy, b machine shop and car factory. The population of the vil- lage is about 3,0P0. White Water, 60 miles, is a thriving village, situated on an affluent of Rock river, where is a good water power. Here are 6 churches, 2 banks, flouring mills, a paper mill, and other manufac- turing establishments. The population in 1860 was 2,731. Milton Jdnotion, 63 miles, is situated 99 miles north of Chicago. Here crosses the Chicago and North- Western RaUway, running to Green Bay, 143 miles distant. The Railroad route from Milton Junc- tion to Madison, 32 miles, runs through a good section of country, where lie several beautiful bodies of water, forming the head sources of Rock river, which river in its course to the Mississippi drains the finest portions of Wisconsin and Illinois. Railroad Route Continued — Cuuaoo AND Milwaukee to St. Paul. The City of niadlEOn, the capital of the State of Wisconsin, and seat of justice of Dane co., is delightfully situated on an isthmus between Iotf^ Win 677 St. Paul, Minn 690 St. Authony, Minn 760 rttL Crow Wing, Minn 1,100 Itasca Lake, Minn 1,650 Lake Michigan, at Chicago, 111 678 Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin 748 Lake Superior 600 Lake Huron 676 I«ke8t.Clair 670 Lake Erie 665 LakeOntario 232 A, 35 miles west of Madison, track crosses the Wisconsin kbout one-third of a mile in 3 stream is navigable for a (f steamers from its mouth to , where is constructed a canal, 1 Fox river, which empties bago Lake, thus forming a aunication, when the river im the Mississippi river to and thence into Lake Michi- cniket and PnirU dit Chien ntinues on the north side of River, passing throngh its 2h is fringed with hills or ly places, the soil being sandy inproductive. , 70 miles west of Madison, ling village, situated on the sr small villages are passed liing Prairie du Chien, which to two villages or settlements, srry crosses the Mississippi Prairie du Chien to McGregor, ription of PRAiitiB du Chihk, ral Place* above the Feat. , Minn 1,100 , Minn 1,660 l^n, at Chicago, 111 678 Bbago, Wisconsin 748 ior 600 1 576 lir 570 565 lo 232 WKWAinUU TO U 0WW8I. Railroad Route Trowk Milwaukee to Ia Croise, Via Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. 179 This favoriie railroad route nms west from Milwaukee, through a fine section . of country, to Watertown, 44 miles; there connecting with the Chicago and North-ivettern Railway, running north to Fond du Lac, and Green Buy, the latter being 165 miles north of Milwaukee. A railroad extends westward from the Watertwn Junction, to Sun Prairie, to near Madison, the capital of the State, while the main line extends north- west, through Columbus to PoRTAaE City, there un'ting with the line of luu La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad proper, running through Horicon, about half way from Milwaukee. At Purtage Cil / the Fox River Canal is passed, which unites the waters of the Wisconsin river with Lake Michigan, by means of the Fox river Improvement, terminating at Green Bay. The Fhx River Canal, 1^ miles in leugth, flows from the Wisconsin river, at Port- age City, into Fox river, thus uniting the tributary waters of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence rivers. Tlie fall of Water in the canal is 7 feet, affording good hydraulic power for propelling mills, and other manufacturing purposes. The elevation of the water, at Portage City, Wis., is 773 feet above the ocean, being 195 feet above Lake Michigan, and 173 feet above the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Wisconsin river. From Portage (Hty, the Milwaukee and 8t Paul Railway runs through KiOxmm City, 109 miles, where the Wisconsin .iver is passed toward Lisbon, 135 miles. Here is a tine section of country, which is soon followed by a barren section, being, for the most part, clotiied with a small growth of trees, while the soil is light and sandy. Near Qreer^dd Stalivn, 157 miles from Milwaukee, and 38 miles from La Crosse, are encountered the dividing bluffs which separate the la Crosse Valley from the tributaries of the Wisconsin river. Here is a tunnel, 68 rods in length, through which the railroad track passes, and poor land continues until near Sparta, 37 miles from the Mississippi, when the rich La Crosse valley is reached and followed, the railroad runaing through a fine sec- tion of country. From Sparta it is proposed to run a a railroad north-west to opposite Winona, Minn., a distance of about 60 miles, cross- ing Black river, which is a fine stream flowing into the Mississippi near La Crosse, and affording along its valley an abundance of pine timber. The railroad terminates at KoRTQ La Crosse, 195 miles from Milwaukee, where are commodious freight houses and the steamboat landing. Passengers are car- ried to and from La Crosse, half a mile distant, in omnibuses, over a bridge which spans the La Crosse river, here a sluggish stream. For a description of La Cbossi, see page 43. r 180 na vtm Climate of Wlteoiirfii. "WisooNSiN, lying between 42* 30' and 47° north latitude, extending to the south shore of Lake Superior, being bounded on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi river, IS geographicaSy considered one of the most highly favored of the States. " Its latitude would indicate a rather cold cli- mate. Meteorological observations have demonstrated, however, that the mere circumstance of latitude is an unsafe cri- terion by which to judge of temperatures, since, within a given zone, owmg to pe- culiarities of position, and configuration of surface, it not unfrequently happens that the terms north and south lose all their significance as indices of the distri- bution of heat. " Bounded by great lakes on the north and east, and exposed on the south and north-west to the warm, moist winds of tropical seas in summer, and to the cold, and dry winds of sub-Arctic regions in winter, the scientific climatologist might with certainty predict an extensive range of temperature for the year between the maximum and minimum of summer and winter, respectively, aa also between the mean or average of one and the other of these extreme seasons. And the results of numerous actual observations, extend- ing through a series of years, show that the caused named do really produce those anticipated contrasts and local pe- culiarities, and to a very remarkable ex- tent modiiy the climate of the State. " Beginning with Spring, the season of planting, and early vegetable growth, and one of the most interesting of all, is that which indicates a mean temperature of 45° Fahr., for the season embracing March, April, and May. Commencing at St Paul, Minn., or Hudson, on the St. Croix Lake, it passes Bucccsaively, in a south-east direction, to near Pojtage, north of Madison, and there by a rapid soutihera descent to Chicago, 111.; thus showing that the mean temperature of spring IS as high in the north-western Sirt of this State, even as far north ai udson, as it is in Chicago, in northern lUioois. This is a remarkable fact, and, when generidly known, can not fail U> correct the erroneous impressions which now prevail as to the agricultural capa- city of the climate of north-western Wia- consin. The Isothermal Lines (lines passing through points whose S^mmer tempera* ture is equal) are also worthy of special attention. It will be observed that the meac of 70° Fahr. (which is the average tomp»irature of Southern New York, and of Northern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) when t reaches Chicago, in its western course, suddenly bends northward, enter- ing Wisoousia afrBeloit, in Rock county, passing through Madison, the capital of :he State, and tiien bears north-wertward to the county of St Croix, whose v eatem boundary it cuts near Prescott situated at the mouth of the St Croix river, and fVom thence strikes St. Paul, continuing northward toward Pembina, situated on the Red river of the North." By a reference to L A. Lapham'b "OU- matie Map of Wi»ethermal Lines (lines pasting its whose Summer tempera* 1) are also worthy of specnal (t will ba observed that the Fahr. (which is the average of Southern New York, and I Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) ;hes Chicago, in its western lenly bends northward, enter- •in afrBeloit, in Rock county, ou^h Madison, the capital of td tiien bears north-wertward ty of St. Croix, whose v eatem cuts near Presoott, situated h of the St. Croix river, and I strikes St. Paul, continuing toward Pembina, situated on er of the North." renoe to I. A. Lapham's "OU- f Tl'«»««n,"'the range of sum- rinter temperatures is most and singularly shown; the the Great Lakes tending to mean temperature of winter, ling that of summer. UU BW miU to ■>. MVU ■TEAHBOAT fSXCUBnON, 181 ;•''■ '.\\i Vant DnBCQtm to St. Paul, Minn,, enriNO a DBSORipnoK of the Omm, and Xitr LAOis, and Objects of iKraaan on the IJpfbb Miasiaaippi Ritib. On starting (Vora Dubuque, by Steamer, the river here being about half-a-mile wide, you en- counter low wooded islands, which are continually in sight fK>m the deck oi the fleet boat, Krhioh is alike calculated for the aooommodation of passengers and for the carrying of freight The bluffs on either side of the stream, rising from 100 to 400 feet above the water, are also continually in sight, being separated fVom one to five miles asunder, with wooded sides, or prairie-like ap- pearance of the interior. No language osut describe the beauty and picturesque variety of these blufTs and islands, as seen under different efl'ects of light and shade— the bright moonlight vying with the noon-day sun of this transparent region. Porosi, Wis., 18 miles, is a flourishing town in Grant county, Ijring near the mouth of a stream of the same name. It is situated in a narrow and picturesque valley or ravine, through which the water flows. The town is divided into three settlements or villages, namely, DMin, Lafayette, and Van Buren, alto- gether, being the most important place in the county. Large quantities of lead are rained in this and the acyocent oountiea, and shipped at' Fotosi in steamboats. Here are congregated about 2,000 in- habitants. BuiNA Vista, Iowa, 15 mQes fVirther, is a small village lying on the west side of the Mississippi. ' Cassvillb, Wis., 3* miles above Du- buque, is a flourishing village and steam- boat lauding, flrom which large quantities of lead and agricultural products are shipped. Population, about 1,000. GumNBBRO, Iowa, 44 ' liles above Dubuque, is a thriving village, situated on the west side of the Mississippi, in Clay- ton county. Lead mines are worked in this vicinity, producing large quantities of ore; while the agricultural products shipped from this place are annually in- creasing in quantity. Population, about 1,200. Clattok, Iowa, 12 miles ftirther, is another flourishing village on the west side of the river. A large quantity of the sunilus produce of Clayton county is shipped by steamboats at this place. Lead mines are worked near Clayton with considerable success. Population, about 1,000. Clayton Conifrr, Iowa, extends 30 or 40 miles along the west bank of the Mis- sissippi, and contained, in 18G5, 21,922 inhabitants, mostly being engaged in agri- cultural pursuits. There were produced the same year in the county 897,063 bushels of -vheat, 934,881 bushels of com, and 607,928 bushels of oats, be- sides large quantities of other agricultural products. McGrgoob, Iowa, 67 miles above Du- buque, situated on the west side of the Mississippi river, is an incorporated city of 18S TBI trpFKK Missnnm. growing imporUmce. It Uea iwarly oppo- site Prairie dii Chien, Wis., whicli is the western torminus of the Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Ruilmay, being in close connection with both Milwaukee nnd Chicago by railroad routes. It was long known as " UoGregor'i Landing," being the depot of a large grain and produce market of wide extent, the interior country being very fertile and rapidly in-' creasing in wealth and popukitiou. Here are aeveral hoteln, two banks, lumber yards, planing mills, saw mills, and other pvanufacturing establishments. Popula- tion, in 1865, 1,900. The McGregor Western Railroad ex- tends north-westward to the State Line, there connecting with the Minnesota Central Railroad, which is being con- structed northward to St. Paul. It will also extend westward to the rich coal re- gion of the Des Moines valley. Prairie da Clilen, Wis., is an old and interesting town, situated on the east side of the Mississippi river, 4 miles north of the mouth of the Wiscon- sin river, which is here elevated 600 feet above the Gulf of Mexico, being 71 miles above Dubuque, and 292 miles below St. Paul. By railroad route it is 194 miles west of Milwaukee, and 229 miles north-west of Chicago. The site is a level prairie, one or two miles wide, in- closed on the east by rocky bluffs, which stretch along the Mississippi on both sides for hundreds of miles. It is the western terminus of the Milwaukee and Prairie du CMen Railway, which runs through Madison, the capital of the State of Wisconsin, 98 miles distant. It con- tains 6 churches, a bank', several public houses, stores, and store h )UBes. Popu- lation, in 1865, 3,556. Prairie du Chicr. is connected with MoOregor, Iowa, by means of a steam f.>rry : it is alio a great place for tran- shipment to the Upper Mississippi, seve- ral UuM of steamerf stopping here dally on their upward and downward tript from St. Paul to Dubiique and St. Louis. The Railroad route from Milwaukee to Prairie du Chien, passing through Madi< son, is fully described on page .17. Lynxville, Wis., 14 miles above Prairie du Chien, is a small settlement lying on the east side of the river. ^ Lahhin'O, Iowa, situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river, in Alamakee county, near the northern border of the State, 100 miles north of Dubuque, is a flourishing place, being first settled in 1862. Here are several manufac- turing establishments, a national bank, 8 cluirches, hotels, stores, and ware- houses, it being a great depot for wheat and other produce. Pop., in 1865, 1,676. Dk Soto, Wis., 36 miles above Prairie du Chien, is a small settlement on the east side of the river. Victory, Wis., 10 miles further, is another small settlement. Here the river bottom is wide, and numerous islands are Bad Ax Omr, Wis., 66 miles above Prairie du Chien, in Vernon county, is the name given to. a small village situated a few miles above the mouth of Bad Ax river. Bbownsville, Houston co., Minn., is favorably situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, 12 miles below La Crosse, being surrounded by an agricultural dis- trict of country producing large crops of wheat and other farm products. This town was laid out in 1853, and is a com- mercial point of growing importance. Here are several stores, and store-houses for grain, from which are shipped large quantities of wheat Population, 800. The river-bottom is here wide, with nu- merous islands, the water rising and falling at this point usually about 15 feet, The town stands above high-water mark, under a high and picturesque bluff, called Wild Cat Mountain, elevated 600 or 600 feet alove the river. ard Bud downward tripi to Dnbiique and St. Loiiia. d ro\ite ttom Milwaukee to en, passing through Madi* ascribed on page 37. Wis., 14 miles above ien, is a small settlement Ekst side of the river. )wa, situated on the west ssissippi river, in Alamakee ;he northern border of the les north of Dubuque, is place, being first settled ire are several manufuc- shments, a national bank, hotels, stores, and ware- tg a great depot for wheat duce. Pop., in 1865, 1,676. ITis., 36 mUes above Prairie a small settlement on the le river. WiB., 10 miles further, !a settlement. Here the river e, and numerous islands are mr, Wis., 56 miles above lien, in Vernon county, is )n to. a small village situated bove the mouth of Bad Ax .LE, Houston CO., Minn., is lated on the west bank of >i, 12 mUes below La Crosse, ided l>y an agricultural dis- ry producing large crops of >thcr farm products. This i out in 1853, and is a com- it of growing importance, srol stores, and store-houses m which are shipped large wheat Population, 800. ttom is here wide, with nu- [ds, the water rising and > point usually about 15 feet, nds above high-water mark, and picturesque bluCT, called imtain, elevated 600 or 600 3 river. Ol'BUqUI TO 8T. PAUl. 191 Tha City of Im CrOM«, La CrnsM 00., Wis, issitfiatMt On the east hkIp of the MisRinrh/pi riv- er, 84 iri'vi ttbove Prairir. >iii Ohien, iiXunditf VJO feet •»bovr )ji Oulf of UfxjTj, 110 miles below St. Paul, and Df j'j't*! fVom Milwaukee by nulroad toti'ji. It is a flourishing place, con- (tt'/) rg about 7,000 inhabitants, a court- t» If* and jail, United States Land Office, i churches, 2 banks, 10 hotels, 80 stores, 12 warehouses, 2 elevators, 6 steam saw •Bills, 2 steam shinH» mills, 1 engine ■Aop and boiler shop, •> founderies, 1 ship yard, thrashing machine factory, 1 reaper •nd plow factory, 2 fanning mill fac- tories, 2 flouring mills, 1 woolen factory, and 4 printing offices, besides many other kinds of mechanics' shops. The town is beautifully laid out in squares, and shade trees, consisting of elm, maple, and locust, adorn the streets. It is favored with a large amount of trade trom southern Minnesota and the surrounding country, embracing the valleys of Black and La Crosse rivers. Steamers land and receive passengers several times daily on their upward and downward trips during the season of navigation. RoxNiNO the MimsaiPPi Ritib by IfOONUORT. This magnificent stream above Du- buque preEents varied beauties of the most romantic and picturesque character. Aa se^ by moonlight fi'om th« deck of the steamer, during the summer or au- tumn montjis, nothing can exceed the panoramic view of its banks, reflected in the water below. If to this sublime eflect be added the aurora borealis, or northern lights, when the sky is partially obscured by clouds, you have the most gorgeous reflection in the waters that can be imagined — the dark somber appear- ance of the forest being enlivened by the dilvery color of the water, reflecting the moon and all the prominent stars in ita bosom. This effect is often witnessed for hours, when, if the clouds are dispersed, a fog often rises that effectually obscures the banks and the Loavens above ; then the bell is sounded, and the impatient steamer is run for the nearest shore, bow fore- most, and made fast to a tree until such time as Uie fog disappears, which usually is soon after the sun rises on the ensu- ing morning. The sun effect during the day, if dear, is equally magnificent when passing the castellated bluffs which line both shores ibr many miles above La Crosse, the water below reflecting in splendor all the colors and inequalities of the elevated headlands, aa well as the rich forest tr^es that line its banks. The numerous low islands, also, mostly wooded, are lovely in the extreme, often presenting a labyrinth that seems ex- ceedingly intricattttoaU tut th« practiced 184 THB UPPIB uuBunm, pilot, who, from his eyrie in the wheel- house, directs tho niolioiiRof the steamer M if she were a thing of life. It is utterly impossible for pen or brush to describe tho varied boaiitios of the Upper Mlasis- ■ippi — nothing but a visit to its romantic THlley, from one to ten roUea in width, with rocicy blufl^ partly dothed with / green verdure, oan convey anv idea of ita ^ pure dark waters, green bonka, and the blue akj here witueaaed during meat of the season of navigation. Tho villages and settlements that lie 'sslljd along its shores at intervals of some ten or twelve miles, inhabited by an intelligent class of people, giving life to the scene, altogether stamps this noble Btream as exceeding all others on the continent of America, if not in the wide world. La Crksoemt, Minn., lying nearly op- posite La Crosse, Is a steam^Mt landing. The village is situated on high table-land, about half a mile from the river. Here are 2 churches, 3 public houses, and seve- ral stores and store-houses. Population, 600. It is in contemplation to construct a railroad from this place to Winona, 40 miles, running along the west bank of the Mississippi KiomfONV, Minn., 18 milea above La Crosse, is a small settlement in Winona county, where the steamers usually atop to receive passengers and fivight Trkmpeleait, wis., 23 milea above La Crosse, situated in Trempeleau county, near the mouth of a river of the same name, is a flourishing village, surrounded by a rich ag^cultural country, producing large crops of wheat and other agricul- tural products. Here are several stores and store-houses, and about 1,000 in- habitants. The river-bottom ia wids al this point, with several largo islands along the Wisconsin shore, while the bluflk are truly grand and beatitiful. The City of IVlnonn, Minn,, the county seat of Winona county, is fiivor^ ably situated upon a beautiful level prairie on the west bank of the Misai*- aippt river, 195 milea above Dubuque, and 168 milea below St. Paul It is sur- rounded by a fertile, woU-cultivatod, and populoua section of country, being con- nected with the Wisconsin side by a steam ferry. It is the weatorn terminua of the Winona dnd St. Peter HaOnad, completed and in running order as far west as Rochester, 60 miles, and is being rapidly constructed west of that point to the Minnesota river. The first white settlement was made in this place during the fall of 1861. In 1867 a charter was granted, and it was then regularly organized as a city. Popu- lation, in 1860, 2,468; in 1865, 4,4;t9. Besides the city and county buildings, there is situated the Minnesota State Normal School, now in a very prosperous condition, 13 churches, 3 banks, 1 steam grist mill, 2 steam saw mills, 2 machine shops, 1 foundery, and several factories of agricultural implements, furniture, &o. Its hotel accommodations are good, there being several well-kept houses. It is by far the largest wheat market in the State, and not second to Any west of the Mississippi river. The receipt of wheat in 1860 was 1,600,000 bushels, and each succeeding year baa marked some increase in this respect, it being justly considered the entrepot of southern and' western Minnesota. A Railroad is now in progress of construction to extend from St. Paul to Winona, running for the most part on the west side of the river. rhe river-bottom is wide al with Hovorul largo iaiunds Vigconnin ihoro, while the Jy ip'and and beautiful, of Wlnonn, Minn., the of Winona county, is fiivor* d upon a beautiful lerel te west bank of the Mi8si»- 195 miles above Dubuque, ■ below St. Paul It is aur- k fertile, woU-oultirated, and ition of country, being con- the WioconHin aide by • It is the weatom terminua >na cbid &. Peter RaOnad, id in running order as far tester, 60 miles, and is being :ructed west of that point to » river. i«rhite settlement was made during the fall of 1851. In «r was granted, and it was y organized as a city. Popu- 860, 2,468; in 1865, 4,4;<9. city and county buildings, uated the Minnesota State lol, now in a very prosperous churches, 3 banks, 1 steam ste.im saw mills, 2 machine idery, and several factories of implements, furniture, &o. smmodutions are good, there I well-kept houses. ir the largest wheat market and not second to Any west ssippi river. The receipt of was 1,600,000 bushels, and ling year has marked some Jiis respect, it being justly he entrepot of southern and' mesota. A Railroad is now of construction to extend 1 to Winona, running for the the west side of the river. iii^kiii DUBUQUI TO ST. PACL. IM Winona and St. Peter Rail* way, Finished to Kasson, 65 miles. Btatiohs. MIIm. Winona Minnesota City 6 Vfarren % -t NewBo8ton.« 6-U Greenwood. 4-90 Hichland »-25 St. Charles 8-38 Saratoga 9-SO Ohatfleld 8-88 'Preston 3-40 RoouRSTia 10-50 Kasson 15-05 Mantorvilto 3-08 Rice Lake 10-84 OWAtONUA. 13-97 St. Peter 150 t^ Connecting with Steamers on the Minnesota river, when finished. FooNTAiH Crrr, Wis., 12 miles above Winona, is a flourishing village, situated on the eASt side of the Mississippi, where are a convenient steamboat )uiding and several stores and store-houses. P^ula- tion, 600. The beauty of the river scenery in- creases as you proceed on the upward trip toward Lake I^pin. The bluffs often ap- pear like castles, being 600 or 000 feet In height; their shadows, beiag reflected^ in the pure waters below, seem Uke enchant- ment to the belidder. Mount YlSHOir, Iftntt, is » landing and small settlement in the north pert of Winona county. MiNNEisKA, Minn., is ettokted on the west bank of the Mississippi, at tJtfrmouth of Whitewater river, 130 miles below St Paul. Here are shipped annually about 400,000 bushels of wheat, besides oats, barley, wool, buttt;, *o. Population, about 600. Alua, Wis., is a small village situated near the mouth of Buflalc river. Largo quantities of wheat are annually shipped fVom this landrag. Wabasha, Minn., 249 miles above Du- buque, and 114 miles below St. Pai'.l, is the county seat of Wabasha county. It contains a court-house, 4 churches, an academy, 3 hotels, 20 stores, and several large warehouses for the storage of grain and shipping purposes. The wheat trade is very large at this point, as Wabasha is the shipping mart for several counties in Minnesota, and the fertile and wealthy Talley of the Chippewa, in Wisconsin. It is one of the most promising of the young cities of the State, having a fine loeation near the foot of Lake Pepin. Rns'B Landing, Minn., 4 miles above Wabasha, is situated opposite the mouth of the Chippewa river, and at the foot of Lake Pepin, 35 miles below Red Wing. It is » flourishing village, ft-om which large quantities of wheat are tran- shipped. As the river both above and below Lake Pepin opens earlier in the spring than the lake, passengers destined for points above are conveyed by coaches to Red Wing, and there re-embark. Laki Pkpin, an expansion of the Mis- sissippi river, lying 670 f^t above the Gulf of Mexico, being aboui 30 miles in length and 3 miles wide, is a most lovely sheet of water, lying between the States of Mtenesota and Wisconsin. Here may be seen ebrupt headlands, bluffs, and pic- turesque pruiie slopes of great beauty; Sdded to which, the pnritv and healthy influence of the Lake and surrounding country render this vicini^ one of the most inviting resorts on the waters of the Uroer Mississippi. The villages and landings on both shores' are being annually visited by great numbers of seekers of health and pleasure, during warm weather, and the early full months. IM I D0BCQVII TO ST. PAUU 18t f'»«# ,1* hns The Maiden*! Rock— Lake Pepin. {Oopied/rom Harper's Magatine, JvXy, 1853.) THB maiden's rook. " Toward noon we entered that grand expansion of the MissiBsippi, called Lake Pepin. Its width is from tliree to five milps, and its length about twenty-flve. It is destitute of islands, and all along its shores are high bluffs of picturesque forms, crowned with shnibbeiy, and com- minglod with dense forests. The white man has not yet made his mark u^ion liake Pepin and its surroundings; waA there lay its calm water, and yonder uprose iia mighty watch-towers in all their primal beauty and grandeur. High above all the rest loomed the bare front of the Maiden's Rock, grand in nature, and interesting in ite romantic associa- tions. It has b sad story to tell to each passer-by; and as each passer-by always repeats It, I will not be an. exception, It is a true tale of Indian life, and will forever hallow the Maiden's Rock, or Lover's Leap. "■Winona, a beautiful girl of Wapasha's tribe, loved a young hunter and promised to become his bride. Her parents, like too many in Christian lands, were ambi- tious, and promised her to a distinguished young warrior, who had smitten manfully the hostile Chlppowas. The maiden re- fused the hand of the brave, and clung to the fortunes of the hunter, who had been driven to the wilderness by menaces of death. The indignant father declared his determination to wed her to the war- rior that very day. The faruily were en- camped on Lake Pepin, in the shadow of the great rock. Starting like a frightened fawn at the cruel anuouncemeut, she swiftly climbed to the summit of the cliff, and there, with bitter words, re- proached her friends for their cruelty to the hunter and her own heart. She then commenced singing her dirge. The re- lenting parents, seeing tlie peril of their child, besought her to come down, and take her hunter lover for a husband. But the maiden too well knew the treach- ery that was hidden In their promises, and, when her dirge was ended, she leaped from the lotly pinnade, and fell among the rocks and shiubbery at Its base, a martyr to true affection. Super- stition invests that rock with a voice ; and oftentimes, as the birch canoe glides hear It at twilight, the dusky paddlor fancies he he. s the soft, low music ot the dirge of Wiaona." 18ft •rail irppn MtaatMBm. TbR SnV BISIKO ON LAKK PEPlIf. liiiring warm weather, when a calm state of the atmosphere prevails In this latitude, the «raters and shores of Lake Pepin present a grand and beautifVil ap- pearance. The break of day is often an- nounced by a golden sky in the east, fringing the horizon, gradually giving way to a silver tint as the rising sun makes its appearance. Then the beauty of the land and water is enhanced by a contrast of colors, the silvery tint being , ven to the water, like unto a mirror of vast proportions, reflecting the sun so as to daxzle the eye in its direct rays, while the yellow bluffs and the green foliage of the forest give a grandeur and beauty to the scene as witnessed from the deck of an ascending or descending steamer— the ouly perceptible motion of the air being caused by the speed of the steamer, while the lungs draw in this healthy and life-restoring influence, rendering the spirits buoyant and hopeful. A thin gossamer mist, or fog, sometimes rises in portions of the lake, giving another va- riety and interest to the scene, which when dispelled by the noon-day sun, an extended and lovely view ia presented of uuequaled splendor. North Piput, Wis., 6 miles above the foot of the lake, ia a small village lying on the east shore. Here the scenery be- comes grand and interesting. iMKe City, Minn., .270 miles above Dubuque, and 93 miles below St Paul, has a most beautiful and comn..inding po- sition, overlooking Lake Pepin, situated on a prairie that was, until a few yearn ago, a half-breed reservation. The city lies within an amphitheater of bluffs that shield it ttom the prairie above. The en- tire plain is nine miles iong, of irregular width, embracing "^bout 10,000 acres of rich land, The whole view is commanded by several points, one of the most con- spicuous of which is a sharp, tall peak, called "Sugar Loaf," From these the magnificent expanse of water and plain, and bluffs, and rocks, is spread before the eye for a distanorf of fifteen or trenty miles in either diredtion, lit up, as it were, by the transparent atmosphere md bris^c aky of Minnesota. L^e Oi*y oontains six drarchea, tw« bauks, four hotels, three steam saw mills, a mMhine shop and plow factory, several stores and store-houses. Popu- lation, in 1865, 1,411, being surrounded by • rich aad populous sectioa of coun- try. The first English or ABMriom Tiaitor to the Upper Mississip^ Oi^tiin Jona- than Carver, in 1166, paints in livfely terms his delight in beholding Lake Pe- pin, and the oountiy below it on the river. "In many plaoea pyramids of rocks appeared, resembling old ruinous towers, at others, amazing precipices ; and what is veir remarkable, whilst this scene presented itself on one side, the opposite side of the same mountain was covered with the finest herbage, which gradually ascended w the summit. From thenoe the roost beautiful and extensive prospect that imagination can form opens to your view." On the plain oc- cupied by Lake City, he then saw " great plenty of turkeys and partridges," and "the largest buffaloes of any in America." Maidbn Rook, Wis., 6 miles above Lake City. Here Is to be seen some of the most beautiful scenery, for wlvioh Lake Pepin is justly celebrated. Fbontenao, Minn., is a small settle- ment on the west side of Lake Pepin. Rid Wiko, Minn., situated at the head of Lake Pepin, 64 miles below St. PauV 1 nine miles ioag, of irregular jracing about 10,000 acreB of Thowhule view is commanded points, one of the most oon- which is a sharp, tall peak, gar Loaf." From these the : expanse of water and plain, and rocks, is spread tefore a distanotT of fifteen or trenty ither diredtion, lit up, as it te transparent atmosphere and of Minnesota. 7 contains six diurohes, two ir hotels, three steam saw ehine shop and plow factory, ires and store-houses. Popu- .865, 1,411, being surrounded od populous sectioa of ooun« ; Bnglish or AnMrioas risitor ler Uississip^ Osptiin Jona- 9r, in iree, paints in lively lelight in beholding Lake Pe- ;he country below it on the n many places pyramids of sared, resemUtng old ruinous ( others, amazing precipices ; is very remarkable, whilst tliis iented itself on one side, the ide of the same mountain was ith the finest herbage, which ascended w the summit. From I most beautiful and extensive that imagination can form four view." On the plain oo« Lake City, he then saw " great turkeys and partridges," and ist buffaloes of any in America." r Rock, Wis., 6 miles above . Here is to be seen some of beautiful scenery, for wlucb [n is justly celebrated. iNAO, Uinn., is a small sottle- he west side of Lake Pepin, ma, Minn., situated st the head Pepin, 64 miles below St. PauV Dvmvn to ST. PAOb 189 ta one of the most beautifVil places on the Upper Mississippi, being surrounded in part by high and precipitous bluffs, rising from the water's edge, 350 feet in height, near the steamboat landing. It is the seat of justice for (Joodhue county, being well situated for trade, having a good agrioultural region back of it, which hero finds an outlet; the quantity of grain annually shipped from this place being very large. Here are six churches, several public houses, and a number of stores, warehouses, and manufacturing es- tablishments. Population, in 1865,2,362. Pbbscott, Wis., 36 miles below St. Paul, situated at the mouth of the St. Croix river, is a place of growing impor- tance. It contains three churches, a bank, several stores, a large steam saw mill, and other mills and factories. Popula- tion, in 1865, 1.061. The RiVBR St. Cboix, an important and beautiful stream, rises in Douglass county, Wis., near the West end of Lake Superior, affording many fine water privi- leges. Its generai course is south, form- ing, in part, the boundary between the States of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and falling into the Mississippi 36 miles be< low St. Paul. The whole length is about 200 miles, and it is 100 yards wide at its mouth. St. Otviz Lake, an expansion of the river, is 36 miles long, and three or four miles wide; commencing about one mile from its mouth. Several falls occur in the St. Croix, about the middle of its course^ where is to be seen sowe beauti- fill river scenery. Steamers run on this river (mm. its mouth to St. Oroiae JfitUa, 54 miles. HuDSOH, Wis., 16 miles above Pres- oott, the county seat of St. Croix county, is a flourishing village, being surrounded by a fine agricultural section of country, producing wheat in great abundance. SxiLLWATKB, Minn., 5 miles farther, lying on the north bank of the river, ia well situated for trade, and is the depot for the extensive lumbering interests of tho St CroU valley. Steamers of a large class r m from the Mississippi up to tlii# place. It is the capital of Washington county, and contains, besides the county buildings, several churches, hotels, stores, and manufacturing estobUshment«.Poou- lation, in 1865, 2,145. 6tewnl»oat Route Pbom Pbbsoott, Wia, to St. Cboix Palls, 54 miles. LiifDines. UWt*. St. Crotx Falls, Wis Osceola, Wis • Marine MUla, Minn 9-M Stillwater, Minn 16-33 Hudson, Wis 5-38 Prbscott, Wis 16-64. From Pbbscott to St, P/dl, 36 miles. Haotikos, Minn., 32 miles below St. Paul, the capital of Dakota county, is ad- vantageously situated on the west bank of th« Mia^aaippi. It occupies a most tjitmant. Mllet. Pbesoott, Wis ® Hudson, Wis 1« StUlwater, Minn 6-21 Marine Mills, Minn 15-36 Osceola, Wia 9-46 Bt. Croix Falls, Wia 9-64 Point Douolass, Minn., 36 miles be- low St. Paul, is a sm^ seUlement lying opposite Preacott, at the mouth of the St. Croix river. wo Tut UFFKB msansipn.' bonutiftil site, rising by easy grades to the prairie, and appearing: to excellent advimlngo from llio rivor ; aa a ooramer- cinl point, it possessos advantajires sotirco- ly equiilod in tlie State, commanding the trade of an area of hundreds of miles of interior country, fertile and populous. As a grain depot, few places possess the advantages that Hastings does, and, to accommodate this growing trade, many large and imposing warehouses have been erected. Besides the county build- ings, here are five churclws, the Minne- sota Central University, several large stores and store-houses, three steam su'w mills, an elovatoT, and several manufac- turing establishment's. Population, in 1865, 2,850. A railroad is in progress of construction, to run from St. Paul, on the east side of the Mississippi, here to cross the river and continue south on the west side to Winona, about 130 miles by railroad route. KiNNnfOEH. Dakota county, Mmn., is » small village situated on the Mississip- pi river, 5 miles above Hastings. After leaving Hastings, on the upward trip, a few small places are passed, the river here inelining to the westward until Pine Bend is reached, then the stream resumes its northward course to the city of St. Paul, the termination of navigation for steamers of a large class. The City of St. Paul, » port of entry, capital of Minnesota, and seat of justice qf Ramsey county, is most ad- vantageously situated on the left bank of the Mississippi, 2,080 miles from its mouth, and 10 miles by land below the Falls of St. Anthony; being elevated 000 feet above the Gulf of Mexico; in lat. 44^ 52' north, long. 93° 5' west from Greenwich. It is situated on a blufi; 60 or 70 feet high, rising to 100 feet, and presents a grand view from the river. It is near Uw bead of steamboat, naviga- tion on the Mississippi, Smiles below t>i« mouth of the Minnesota river, which enters from the wtst at Fort SneUing, the river here being about a quarter of a mile in width. Xo place on the continent of America has a more commuuding po- sition or healthy location tlwn this most favored city. Steamers of a large class, during u good stage of water, can descend to New Orleans, 2,060 miles distant; above the Falls of St. Antliony naviga- tion is afforded, for steamers of a small class, for about 150 miles, while the St. Peter's or Minnesota river affords about a likb extent of navigation, flowing tlirough a very fertile section of country. Saint Paul is one of the oldest settle- ments in the State. Father Hennepin visited and speaks of its site (1680). Jonathan Carver made a treaty in 1766 with tlie Dakotas in Carver's Cuve, wliicli is still in existence under Dayton's illuff, within the present limits of tlie city. The site of the city was known to the Dakotas from time immemorial aa " //»- min-i-JMka," or " White Jioik," from its high bluff of white sandstone, a promi- nent landmark. The first actilal settlement was made In 1838 (just after the Indian title to the land east of the Mississippi had been ex- tinguished) by one Parrant, a Canadian, who built a cabin on Bench Street. In 1840, a little log chapel was built by Father Gaultier, a Catholic missionary, on the present site of " Catholic Block." The ohiirch, or mission was called " St Paul's," which henceforth became the name of the settlement. From this date the village grew slowly until the organi- zation of the Territory in 1849, and the location of the capital at St. Paul gave it a new impetus. That spring there wore only thirty buildings of all kinds in the village, but at the dose of the season St. Paul confauned several ST. PAmr— noQasM or wnmoTA. ^1 Misflissippi, Smiles below t>i« tho Mianesota river, which the wtst at Foit SneUing, tho jt'inir about a quarter of a mile No pliicc on tlie continent ol' as u more coinmaudinK po- !althy location tlwn this most '. Steamers of a large class, od stage of water, can descend rleans, 2,060 miles distant; Falls of St. Antliony naviga- >rdeil, for steamers of a small bout 150 miloa, while the St. Minnesota river affords about tent of navigation, flowiug rery fertile section of country, ul is one of tho oldest settle- the State. Father Hennepin i speaks of its site (1880). Jarver made a treaty in 17«6 ikotas in Carver's Cave, wlUcli xisteuce under Dayton's illuff, 1 present limits of tlie city. i" the city was known to the i>m time immemorial as " /«- ," or " White Jioik," from its ttf white sandstone, a promi- lark. ; actilal settlement was made ist after tho Indian title to the if the Mississippi had been ex- ) by one Parrant, a Canadian, a cabin on Bench Street. In ;tle log chapel was buiU by iultier, a Catholic missionary, isent site of " Catholic Block." li, or mission was called " St fhich henceforth became the le settlement. From this dabs grew slowly until the organi- he Territory in 1819, and tlie ' the capital' at St. Paul gave it mpetus. That spring there thirty buildings of all kinds illage, but at the dose of a St. Paul contained soTeral hundred people. At the first session of the Territorial Legislature, in November, the " town of St. Paul" was incorporated, with an area of 290 acres. On March 4, 1854, the 'City of St. Paul" was incor- porated, witli 2,-100 acres in its bounda- rieB, whiuli was amended in 1838, to in- clude 3,200 acres, its present area. It has a river front of almost four milen. Itx growth in population for a few years was perhaps unsurpassed by any city in the Union. In 1638 it had only three iuhabiiants; in 1846,10; in 1848, about 60 (white); in 1849,400; 1850 (census), 1,112; 1854, 4,500; 1857, 9,973; 1860 (census), 10,277: 1865 (census), 15,107. The public buildings in St. Paul are a State House, which is a brick edifice, standing on elevated ground ; a court- house, jail, and city hall; a public market building, five public-school edillcos, an op(!ra house. 20 church edifices, many of tham being fine structures; also 4 na- tional banks, besides several firms en- gaged in the banking business, three insurance companies, a gas company, several large and well-kept hotels, the JnlemaUon^ Ilotel and tho Merchant»' Ootel being the most frequented ; nu- merous stores and storehouses, several extensive breweries, flouring mills, and printing offices, besides numerous other manufacturing establishments. A wooden bridge here spans the Mississippi River, b^ing a quarter of a mile in length ; cost, $150,000. A Government custom-house and post-ofBce building is also being erected. Several railroaids are also being ranstructed to run east, west, north, and .siiuth from St. Paul, making it the center of an extensive system of railways. The arrival and departure of steamers are numerous during the season of navi- gation, there being daily lines flrom St. Louis, Dubuque, Prairie du Chien, La Orosse, and up the Minnesota River. (Extract fivm (he St Paiul Pren, June 30, 1866.) ABSITAL or BED RIVER TRADERS AT ST. PAUL. "The past two or three days an ira mense amount of furs and buffalo robes have been received by Pembina carts, and also by rail, from the Hudson Bay region. We saw yesterf'ay at the rail- road depot nearly one "-aousand bales ol buffalo robes, making a pile as hit;li as a house. They are being rapidly shipped below. There are ten robes in eacb bundle, making nearly ten tliousnnd robes in all, worth ft'om $10 to $12 each. These are but a portion of those on the way down, which are estimated at fifteen or twenty thousand. " In addition to the buffalo robes, there have been about a hundred bimdies of wolf-skins and other furs, many of them very vahiable. In all, there will probably be $300,000 worth of furs received at St. Paul this season, fully up to the amount marketed here in previous years, and maintaining the rank of St. Paul as one of the largest fur markets in the world. "About 150 Red River carts were yesterday loaded up with groceries, mis- cellaneoufs and Hudson Bay Company's stores, preparatory to making the long trip back to their hunting grounds on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, the Saskatche* wan and Red Rivera. Busiuess, conse- quently, was unusually lively among the wholesale dealers, and the streets were crowded with the unmistakable residents of tlie far Northwest, whose peculiarities of feature and costume are as distinctive as if they belonged to another race " ProgreM of mtnnoHota In Population and Wealth. The following table shows the general increase of population and assessed prop- 102 THa xmtM msBiBsiPFt ertT valuation in the State at large, from the date of ite Territorial organiMtion, and tiio superficial expanaion of setUe- ment as indicated by tlie number of counticH assessed. The census enumera- tions of population are given for the years W 1857, I860, and 1865 the I population tor the remaining years being Qsfunated from the popular vote: TABLE SHOWIKO THE OBOWTH OF THE STATE 8IKCB 1850. Tear. No.«MP«9e 2.701.487 8,50S,5I3 10,434.157 24,894,8»5 6,077 7,000 10,000 14,000 Si.OOO 40.000 100,000 Tear. 1850.. 1852.. 1853.. 1854. . 1866.. PopntattoD. 840 1,800 2,500 4,600 8,600 Tear. Popalatton. 1867. 1868 I860.... 1864 1866 9,973 10,000 10,600 12,600 13,170 St. Paul to St. Cloud, MlnBWWtn, Via the St Paul and Padflc Bailroad Eoute. HUM. 10 S-18 BTATioira. St. Paul St. Anthont •••• Manomin . Anolca ^^^l Itasca ^^° Elk River Bio Lake. Clear Water Sta Jf^^ St. Cloud "-'* 6-40 9-49 StATiom. St. Cloud. \ Clear Water Sta. " Bio Lao.. 'rf* Bile River rtl Itasca Anoka Manomin •••• St. Anthoht. St. Paul 5-39 7-46 10-66 8-64 10-74 The history of what is now St. Paul divides itself into three distinct periods, marked by corresponding changes of mimes. ..,, 1. The period of Indian occupancy tUl 1838. when it was known as im»(^opulation since 1 850 : .pulatton. Tear. Popolatton. 840 1857.... 9,913 1,800 1858.... 10,000 2 500 I860.... 10,600 AOO 1864.... 12,600 8,500 1866.... 13,110 Hlnnetota, roadBoute. MDm. .d ,; , 9-34 5-S9 7-46 10-60 r:::::::::::::::::: xtSi , Paul. dians as "the place where thej iky," and by the whiten aa i/e." « 1849, when it was selected apitol of the Territory of Min- ^ the name of SL Patd, which 1 bestowed upon it two years KABLT UI8T0RT OF Iff. PAUL. 19S Finar Wiiitb Man tjt St. Paul. — Louis Hennepin, whoso name is immor- tally associated witli the hiarory of Min- nesota aa the first white man who as- cended the Mississippi within its borders, nnd as the discoverer of the Falls of St. Anthony, wns iindonbtcdly the first white man who ever set foot upon the site of St. Patil. On pril 30th, 1680, over one hundred ana eighty-four years a«o, Hennepin, a captive in the hands of a war party of Dakotns on their way to Mille Lacs, " landed in a bay, five leagues below the Falls of St. Anthony," a descrip- tion of which, with other circumntanccs, fixes the locality under Dayton's BluflT, at the mouth of Trout Brook — about three quarters of a mi'.e below the Steamboat landing. The First Ambrioan is St. Paitl. — Eighty-seven years have pas-ied since the arrival of Hennepin. Perrot has built and abandoned a fort on Luke Pepin, and planted the arms of France in Minnesota. Le Seuer has explored the Minnesota and given it the name of his gallant friend, Capt. St. Pierre. The Dakotas have been driven from the northern lakes by the Chippewas, and Minnesota, by the treaty of Marseilles, has just passed from the dominion of Franco to the flag of Eng- land, when on one fine morning in No- vember, 1766, a keen, practical Yankee, the forerunner of all the Yankees in this part of the world, stepped into St. Paul near where Hennepin had landed three generations before. It was Brother Jonathak Carvkr, fresh from Con- necticut, come to trade — Carver, great Srogenitor of the land speculators of linnesota, first and greatest of the race. Carter's CAVE.--Jonathan'8 landing was at the foot of Dayton's Bluff, and his account of the discovery made there is the flrat memorial which links St. Paul with the traditions of the Dakota* :— " Xho'.t thirteen miles below the Falls of St. Anthony * ♦ is a remarkable cave, of amazing depth. The Indians term it Wakan teebe, that is, the iwdUng of Vie Cods. " The arch within is near fifteen feet high and abont thirty brood ; the bottom consists of clear sand. About thirty feet from the entrance begins a lake, the water of which is transparent, and extends to an unsearchable distance, for the dark- ness of the cave prevents all attempts to acquire a knowledge of it. * •• * I found in this cnve many Indian hiero- glyphics, which appeared Very ancient, for they wore so covered with moss that it was with difficulty I could trace them. They were cut in a rude manner upon . the inside of the wall, which wns com- posed of a stone so extremely 90ft that it might be easily penetrated with a knife. • ♦ • At a little distance from this dreary cavern is the burying- place of several bands of Naudowessie [Dakota] Indians. Though these people nave no fixed residence, being in tents, and seldom but a few months in one spot, yet they always bring the bones of their dead to tliis place, which they take tho opportunity of doing when the ehiefa tne«l to hold their eouneila and to settle pMie af' fairs for the ensuing summer." These ancient burial mounds still exist on Dayton's Bluff, and, a few years ago, Mr. Ncill had one of them opened. In this, which was 218 feet in circumference and 18 feet high, he found the remains of skulls and teeth at the depth of three or four feet. In 1807, Major Long was obliged to creep through the sandstone debris at its mouth on all fours. In 1837, Nicollet worked fur two days to etfeot on entraneo. and confirmed the aocuraoy of Carvir» description. "A Chippewa warrior made a long TBI uppn mssnoFPL 1#« htnuigDe on the occasion, throw his knife into tho Irtke as nn offering to Wakan tibi." Indian pictographs still remain, gray with »ge, upon portions of tho wall Btill stnnciin)ir. After a voyage to what is new Auoka, and up the Minnesota river for 200 miles. Carver, on the Istof May, 1767, returned to the "Oreat Cave," where ho officiated as the first representstivo of tho whitus ' in tho groat Annual Legislative Session of tho Dakota bands, and made the first ■pooch over delivered by a Yankee in St Paul. "At this season," says Carver, "these bands go annually to tho Great Cavo be- fore mentioned to hold a grand cmncil, uith ali the other bands, wherein they settle aU their operations for tiie entuing sum- i^ier." Thus early was St. Paul the Capital of Minnesota. Nothing could be more significant of the geographical contrality of St Paul than this fact, that from immemorial time it had, at tliat date, been the political centre of the scattered bands of the Da- kota nation. The Piest Land Specolatob in St. Paul.— It was here, tiw, at this "Great Cave," that the first eouot^anee of land wa« made and the first deed signed in Minne- sota. This was the instrument by which the heirs of Carver founded their title to Carver's tract, which contained St An- thony, St. Paul, and a large part of Wis- consin. The document is curious, and runs in this wise: "To Jonathan Carver, a chief under the most mighty and potent Georgo the Third, King of tho English and other na. tions, the fame of whose warriors has reached our ears, has been now fully told us by our good brother Jonathan, afore- said, whom we rejoice to have come among us and bring us good newt from his country. "We, the chiefs of tho NaudowewiM. who have hereunto set our seals, do, by those presents for ourselves and our heirs forever in return for the aid and other good services done by the said Jonathan to ourselves and our alliesf give, grant, and convey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his heirs and assigns forever, the whole of a certain tract of territory or hind, bounded as follows, viz. : From the Fulls of St Anthony, running on the east sido of the Mississippi, nearly south-east, as far as Lake Pepin where tho Chippewn joins the Mi«.ii«slppi, and fVora thence eastward five days' travel, accounting twenty Knglish miles per day, and fh)m thenco again to tho Falls of St. Anthony. We do, for ourselves, heirs, and assigns forever give unto the said Jonathan, his heirs and assigns, with all the trees, rocks, and rivers therein, reserving the sole liberty of hunting and fishing on land not planted or improved by the said Jonnlhan, his ht>irs and a8siKn.s, to which we have affixed our respective seals, at the Great Cave, May 1st, 1767. t Signed] lAW-NO-PAW-A-TON. " O-TOB-TON-GOOM-LISU-RAW." It was here, too, nearly a century ago, that Carver anticipated that splendid scheme of commercial intercommunica- tion whose realization in our day is to make St. Paul the focus of the internal commerce of the continent With the Dolphic numen of the cave upon him, he foresaw that in the fat soil and laughing waters of Minnesota the elements were ripening for tho sustenance of future populations, who, he says, will be -'able to convey their produce to the seaports with great faciUty. * * This might also in time b« facilitated by oanals <« HI'. HAUL lU Ml'. A.NTUONY — rOKT HNELLIMU If ckiofs of the NkudowemiMi hereunto set our seals, do, by mts for ourselves ond our heim return for the aid and other ces done by the said Jonathan DS and our alliesf (five, grant, y to him, the said Jonathan, heirs and assigns forever, tiM A certain tract of territory or idod 08 follows, viz. : From the . Anthony, running on the east ) Mississippi, nearly south-east, ^iko I'epin where the Chippewa MisslHslppi, and fVora thenoe Ave days' travel, accounting nglish miles per day, and fh)m »in to tho Fulls of St. Anthony, r ourselves, hoirs, and assigns ve unto the said Jonathan, hia issigns, with all the trees, rocks, s therein, reserving tlie sole hunting and fishing on land not ' improved by the said Jonnllian, md a8siKn.s, to which we have r respective seals, at the Great y iBt, 1767. Bd] -SO-PAW-A-TON. a-TON-GOOM-LlSU-RAW." here, too, nearly a century ago, ver anticipated that splendid (f commercial intercomraunica- se realization in our day is to Paul the focus of the internal 9 of the continent. With the \umen of the cave upon him, he ;hat in tlie fat soil and laughing ' Minnesota the elements were for tho sustenance of future ns, who, he says, will be •' able f their produce to the seaports lat facility. * * This might ome ba facilitated by canals I. an old OoTftrnment port, where arc iiRuallr quortcrpd more or lens troops ; at the" present time (19(15) there ore two rcginienta. Stiindiiig at iho junction of the Minnesotft and MiMUsippi UiverK.on elevated ground^ It has a very picturesque apiiearauco. Here is a rope ferry aorosB the river, loading toward St. Paul, it being reached by » circuitoim road iiin- ning under the bluffs, affording higlily romantic views. Here the Minnesota Central Railroad crosses the Miimcsota River. , ^ The next object of Interest is a tave, 2 miles above St. Paul, which will well repay a visit to Its subterranean caverns, ft-om whence iaaues a lovely sheet of pure water. Mbndota, Minn., 1« situated on Ui* right bank of tRe MisBissippi River, attha mouth of the Minnesota, 6 miles above St rnnl. This is one of the earliest settled places in the State, being formerly tlio head-quarters of the American iur Company. Hero are two churches, an hotel, iind several stores. Populiition, •iOO The JAnnwoto Centred KaUroad and the Afinn<'«oaulil'ut bnyr-, fitrtile lands, and sloping bluffs, crowned with forest trees, coming down lo the water's edge. iKlands, covered with the gorgeous frreen of Mitinesota'a foliage, are acattercd liberally over ita surface of pure sparkling waters, abounding with the finest of fish, aflbrding great sport to the angler. Sail and row lioaiscan be procured at the hotels for plensuro parties, and thooo desiring to see the extended beaiiti(>s of land and water scenery can do so by fiking a trip on the miniature steamer, " Lady of tlie Luke." This is a charming place of resort for invalids and seekera of pleasure. The fl»h which are mostly taken in these lakes ore bass, pike, and pickerel of a fine quality. MiNNEiiAUA RrvER, the outlet of somo of the small Inkea in this vicinity, is n shallow, sparkling stream, dashing over ita pebbly bed and around its Uttle islands in the most f^leeful manner. ^Vithout a warning, witbeut even any preliminary rapids, it makes the leap which is called the Falls of Minnehaha. A graceAil leap it is. The stream springs over in one sheet of sparkling foam, landing in a ba- sin which tor centuries it has been busily hollowing out for itself — a basin much like that into which the Kaaterskill Fall leaps, and like that, too, in preaenting 'b'^hind the sheet of water a smooth con- cave recess, around which it ia possible for a man to pass, coming out at the op- posite side of the cataract. The foliage in the vicinity is as gracefully disposed by nature as the artist could wish, and in itself and all its surroundings Minne- haha is a type of perfection of its class — a model fur all ambitioua youog waterfalls who Tr.?j wish to win the poet'a aa well as the public's regard, and be ever asso- ciated with the fute of some dear maiden, as ))eautifUI aa itself, who in h>>r delirium would rave about it, aa did the old arrow* makor'a daughter : "Hitrk I the mIhln|, Hoar n iiMrlnfr i>n..rson, capital of Sibley co., Minn., is situated on the Minnesota river, 80 miles above St. PauL Popula- tion, in 1865. 1,000. Lk SuEDR, capital of Le Suenr 00., Minn., 90 miles above St. Paul, is situ- ated on the south bank of the Minnesota river, in the midst of the best agricul- tural section of the State. Steamboats land at this place daily, fVom whicli are ■hipped large quantitios of produce. The Minnesota Volley Railroad will run through this place. Population, in 1866, 600. St Peter, the county seat of Nicollet CO., Mum., is advantageously situated on the Minnesota river, 85 miles from St. Paul, and 160 miles from Winona by rail- road route. Here are five churches, three hotels, two banks, and a number of stores. Population, 1,600. The Wi- nona and St. Peter Railway, when ooro- pleted, will terminate at this place. Mankato, the county seat of Blue Earth co., Minn., is situated at the great bend of the Minnesota river, about 140 mi'es from its mouth. It is the head of navigation during the greater part of the season, and is one of tiio best commercial points in the State. This is the proposed center of sevoral railroads, which, when completed, will be of great advantage to this whole region of country, which tor a great part is extremely fertile, and rapidly filling up with an industrioits and intelligent population. Besides tlie county buildings, liere are fourchurohes, four hotels, two flouring mills, two saw mills, and several stores and storehouses. Population, in 18C5, 2,654. Nkw Ulm, the county seat of Brown CO., Minn., is a flourishing viUago on the Minnesota river, about 60 miles above Mankato. The town was laid out in 1856, and improved steadily until the In- dian outbreak of 1862. On August 19th of thot year it was attacked, and pvtly burred, many of the inhabitants being butchered by the savages. Since that period, the place has improved rapidly, and now contains a population of about 1,000, mostly Qermans. BnlBilo Hunt In Mlnneiota. Extract from a kUer, dated, St. Feteb, Mink., Aug. 1, 1866 : " I have just returned from the Rod- wood Palls, seventy-nine miles west of this town, and can assure you the trip has given me a good knowledge of the western portion of Minnesota. At Red- wood a young town is starting into exist- ence, already containing two hundred and sixty inhabitants, most all from Massa- chusetts and New York. The falls are thirty feet perpendicular over a solid ledge of granite, and already a saw mill is cutting the logs into building materials. In a distance of five hundred and sixty yards, there is a fall of one hundred and two feet The river is narrow, but the scenery is wild and romantic in the ex- treme. In the rear of the village, the broad pndries extend west, I know not how far, but am told a hundred miles or more. " Within eighteen miles, straggling buf- falo are seen, and forty miles brings the traveler to the herds; sometimes they come in droves below the village. It may be of interest to your sporting men and those who may wish to see Minne- sota in all its glory, and have a good time generally, to tell you that a hunting party, to capture buffalo, is to leave St. Peter on the eleventh of September. All the camp equipage, ponies, and all things necessary, can be obtained here. 1 npMM* JJR* i g ST. AxrnoxY — uixnkopolis. 201 MiMNI-IIA-nA. "Hero the Fnlla orMinne-ha-tiii FliMh and cleaoi anions: the ixk trees, Laii^h and It'op Into the valley.'' The City of §t. Anthony, situated 10 miles north of St. Paul, by railroad, is one of the most favored localities in the State. It was incorporated in 1855, and in 1865 contained 3,500 inhabitants. Here are nine churches, two banks, three liotcis, several stores, and numerous manufacturing establisliments, propelled by water power. The "St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company" is capable of aawiut; 40,000,000 foot of lumber an- nually. There are also three flouring mills, a paper mill, foundry and ma- chine shop, two breweries, and other extensive manufacturing establish- ments. The University of the State of Minnesota is located here, on an emi- nence overlooking the falls and the two towns. An elegant suspension bridge, erected in 1855, 620 feet long, spanning the main branch of the river above vhe Fal's, connects the city with Mimieopolis. The SL Pautand Pueific Railroad, completed to a point 60 miles northward, now extends from St Paul to Big Lake. nilnneapoll*, Minn., the capi- tal of Hennepin county, is delightfully situated on the west side of the Mis- sissippi, at the Falls of St. Anthony, where is afforded one of the most mag- uitlcciit water powers on the continent. Hero are four extensive flouring mills, a woolen factory, a sash, door, and blind factory. The capacity of its saw- mills is 50,000,000 feet ; there are nine gangs of saws with rotaries, and the usual proportion of lath and shingle mills. In addition to these are manu- factured ploughs, wagons, furniture, churns, barrels, Ac; two foundries, iiid the immense machine shops and car lactory of the Minnesota Central Rail- way Company, The Minneapolis Water Power Compa- ny, and the St. Anthony Company, hare oomb;ned properties of quantity and avail- ability unsurpassed in the United States. Tlie lineal frontage along which the power can be carried and applied at a trifling cost, so as to supply a mill with power in every hundred feet of its course, !a over 15,000 feet. The value of such a power, as well as the amount uf machin- ery it is destined to propel, as the vast and fertile region north and west of it becomes settled, can hardly be estimated hDb 202 TB> UFPKB lassuBim, i Here IS a perpendicular fall of about 18 feet, and a rapid deseout of 4G feet, with in a distanco of ore mile. BoHides the county buildingfs, Minne- apolis contains three national banks, eight churches, four hotels, numerous stores and store-houses, together with inanv flno private residences. Population, to 1865, 4,600. t The picturesque scenery in and around these two cities at the Falls, their topo- graphicnl beauty, the fine hard roada lo:iding in all directions, tlie charming lakes in the vicinity, the celebrated Min neha-ha Falls, being a few miles below Minneapolis on the Fort Snelling road," taken together wiih the dry, bracing a^ mosphcre that distinguishes Minnesota from all other Western States, have con- tributed to draw crowds of pleasure-seek- ers, travelers, and invalids to this locality. Two beautiful lakes, Harriet and Cal- houn, lying within a half hour's drive, and Lake Minuetonka, 12 miles westward, are places of constant resort in summer. These lakes, and about thirty others in the country, abound with sunflsh, bass, and pickerel, as also the woods and prai- ries with the usual varieties of game. The old fbrt SneUiug, and its reservation of 10,000 acres, is situated in this coun- ty, at the eonttuenoe of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. The Fort is now used as a rendezvous for troops and re- cruits. Although once abandoned by the Government, the prospect now is that it will be permanently retained for mili- tary purposes. The railroads terminating at Minneapo- lis, and passing through St. Anthony, are the JdmHesota Central, running south and connecting with all the roads west of the Mississippi as far as Clinton, in Iowa ; he Mitmetola VaUey road, running to- wards Sioux City; the St. Paul and Pa- .•^ Bttilroad, running west aod east. St. Paul akd PAVino Railroad Ro'n'E. Manouin, the capital of Manomin county, is a small village on the east bank of the Mississippi river, 17 miles north of St Paul by railroad route. Anoka, Minn., 2S miles nwth of Sic Paul, by railroad, is tlie county-seat ol Anoka county, being handsomely situ * ated on the east bank of the Mississip pi river, at the mouth of Mille Lac, Buii> river lying on both sides of the latter stream. The surface of the country is here diversified, and t!ie climate highly salubrious ; the soil being well adapted to agriculture. Tho natural meadows are an important feature, and, taken in connection with other facilities which the place affords, make it particularly adapted to the raising of cattle and Bhee|^ Here are three church edifices, two ho- tels, several stores, and about 1,000 in> habitants. Itasca, Anoka County, Minn., is a small settlement on the east bank of the Mississippi river, 3S miles from St Paul by railroad /oute. Elk Ria'eb, Minn., is the name of a village situated on a stream of the same name, jialf a mile cost of the Mississippi river, distant 40 miles fVom St Paul, by railroad route. Bio Lake, Minn., the county-seat of Sherburne county, 50 miles north of St. Paul by railroad route, is situated about two miles oust of the Mississippi river, containing a population of 200 or 300. St. Cloud, Minn., lying on the west -jide of the Mississippi river, at the foot of the &iuk Rapids, is the capital of Steams county, 74 miles north of St Paul by roilroad route. This may be called the head of navigation for tho river above the Falls of St Anthony, being on the direct route flrom St Paul to the I AKD PAcmo Bailroao RO'JI'E. the capital of Manomin I small villain on the east Mississippi rivor, 17 miles Paul by railroad route, [inn., 2S miles north of SIC Iroad, is the county-seat of ity, being handsomely situ ■ east bank of the Mississip he mouth of Uille Lac, Buiu on both sides of the latter e surface of the country is fled, and t!ie climate higlily the soil being well adapted re. The natural meadows >rtant feature, and, taken in with other facilities which ffords, make it particularly M raising of cattle and sheep, ree church edifloes, two ho- i stores, and about 1,000 iii< Inoka County, Minn., is ii aent on the east bank of the river, 35 miles firom St road .route. SB, Minn., is the name of • ted on a stream of the same . mile cost of the Mississippi t 40 miles fVom St. Paul, by ;e. s, Minn., the county-seat of xmnty, 50 miles north of St. road route, is situated aliout ust of the Mississippi river, , population of 200 or 300. 9, Minn., lying on the west Mississippi river, at tlie foot k Uapids, is the capital of tnty, 74 miles north of St. ilroad route. This may be sad of navigation for tho river alls of St. Anthony, being on route f^om St. Paul to the HAUK SAPIDA-^OBTBKBK UntmsmA. 203 Red Rirer settlement of the North. .A railroad is also proposed to run from Sauk RiipidB to Superior City, 120 miles, which, when flnished, will be of great benefit to this whole section of couutry. The Tillage now contains aljout 2,000 inhabitants, and is fast increasing in wealth and importance. There are a flne court-house and jail, one bank. United States land-ofBce, five churches, three hotels, twelve stores, and two printing- offices. From St. Cloud to the Red River is about 200 miles, the distance being about 200 more miles to Fort Gary, British America. A large trade is car- ried on, by means of oz-carts passing over the prairie, including the furs and other articles belonging to the Hudson Bay Company. Saitk Rapids, Minn., lying on the east ■ide of the Mississippi River, at the head of the rapids, two miles above St. Cloud, is the capital of Benton County. It con- tains about 700 inhabitants, 'i diurches, i hotels, 2 stores, and manufacturing establishmenta The St. Paul and Pa- cific Rnilroad runs to this place along the east bank of the river. Here is an im- mense water-power, created by the Sauk Jiapids, having a descent in half a mile of about 15 feet, where a dam is con- structed. The Mimssippi River, above the Sauk Rapids, (lows through a level country, interspersed witii groves of timber of dif- ferent kinds, having a width of about 100 vards, to Crow Wing, 40 miles above. North of the latter' place, pine timber of a large growth is found in abundan«e, the lumbering business being the princi- pal source of profit. Watab, Benton County, Minn., 80 miles above St. Paul, lying on the east side of the Mississippi River, is a small post set- tlement, containing about ISO inhabitants. LiTFLi FALta, Minn., 100 mUes north of St. Paul, is the capital of Morrison county, where ar a flne water-power and saw-mills, it being m the region of a good lumbering section of country. Cbow Wino, Minn., is the capital of Crow Wing county, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 120 miles north of St. Paul. This is an important poet, where is located the Government agency for the Chippewa Indians, and commands a considerable Indian trade. It is on tho line of tho St. Paul and Pueifle Rail- road, which there crosses the river and will extend in a north-westerly direction to Pembina, on Red river jt he North. Northern Rlinaeiiota. The distance from St. Paul to Csow Wino, Minn., is about 120 miles, the Chippewa Agmey being seven miles aljove Crow Wing, on Crow Wing river, a stream larger than tho Mississippi proper ; it is the outlet of Otter Tail and other nume- some sixty miles west- ward. The Indian agent for the Chip- pewa, Pembina, and Pillager Indians re- sides at the above agency. The agent makes a yearly payment to the above In- dians, usually leaving the agency about the first of October, travels west to Otter Tail Lake, thence north, over the old Red river trail, to Douglas, Polk county, Minn., situated on Red Lako river, empty- ing into the Red river of the North, about forty miles west In this vicinity the payments are made, Otteb Tail Lakk and the surrounding chain of lakes are of the purest water, abounding in delicious flsli of difiibrent kinds. The shores are pebbly, surrounded by hard-wood timber, the sugar maple tree here predominating, from which large quantios of maple sugar are annually minufactured. The soil is unusually ridi, pi educing wild grass three or four feet 1 204 THK uppBB uissnaiFPL in iKsight The principal game left is wild fowl of different kinds, among whicli may be named the prairie cliiclcen, grouse, partridges, ducks, and wild geese. Deer, elk, boar, foxes, badgers, and other fur- bearing animals, heretofore numerous, are now sparse, being nearly exterminated by the Indians, who are expert huntsmen. The healthy influence of this section of the country is unrivaled, it being a lux- ury to breathe the pure air of this region. In September, 1366, a resident of Mil- waukee, Wis., who had been suffering from ill health, tending to consumptioi^ started for St. Paul and journeyed toward Crow Wing, along the east side of the Mississippi river, arriving about the time of the leaving of the Uuitod States agent and his party for the interior, the weather being then cool and delight- ful. Joining said party, and partici- pating in their fare, he made the journey to Otter Tail Lake, and thence to Red Lake river, on horseback, retummg with said party. During this trip of some four weeks, his health was almost entirely restored, being able to bear ahnost any amount of fatigue; camping out in the open air, hudting, and fishing as circumstances would permit. This is the happy expenenqp of h\in- dredsof invalids who have the resolution to visit this health-restoring section of country, where fevers and consumption are almost entirely unknown. Even the winter months are endurable and healthy in this region, extending north to the British settlement near I ake "Winnipeg, 60° north latitude. Buffalo and other large game may be found west of Red river, affording whole- some food, while wheat and vegetables mre raised m great abundance wherever gattlementa have been made. Interesting to CouramptlTe*. WnO SHOCIP 00 TO inNNMOXA AND WHO BHOnU) MOT. Exiraet fr I in the ricinity of Lake Ver- It Louis County, he has dis- DS of gold and silver bearing promiaa to b6 highly raluabw ive. HMtkcm Parlfle Railroad— MortkWMlem HlaaMola. Extract from a (kmrnpondtnt of the Nete York FSiening PMt, dated, St. Cloud, ifim., A%tgu»t 29, I'tOT. "Tlie Northern Paciflo Railroad Com- pany has now four surveying parties of flfteon men each at work in the field making surveys to enable tlie chief en- gineer to Obiignate the most suitable route. One rf these began operations at Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and is sur- veying westward toward this point The other began at Superior City, and has got through to the Mississippi, a little above Crow Wing. The country through which these parties are passing is principally a forest, alternating with hard wood and pine : the surface some- what broken but well watered. The soil is of middling quality, and in some places there is an abundance of stone. " The Northern Paciflo Railroad Com- pany does not contemplate building any part of this road until it receives from Congress the same kind of aid that has been extended to the Central or Union route; namely, a loan of the national credit to the amount of sixteen thousand dollars per mile for the main part of the live, twice that amount as the line ap- proaches the mountains, and treble that amount over the most difficult part of the mountains on its route to Puget Sound. The friends of this road diUm that it ii Ave hundred miles shorter than the Centra', r'^'tte, and that it acquires peculiar advantaftc^ by its connection with groat natural water channels. " Mr. Johnson, the chief engilieer, after visiting Bsyfleld and Superior, went down to St. Paul on the militivy stage road, and thence by rail to this point and Souk Rapids, and by stage to Crow Wing. After examining that region, and going up as for as ths Fnnch Rapids of the Mississippi in a canoa, he returned to St Cloud with a view of visiting the IkmoiM prairie and lake regkm lying betweet this point and the Red River of tlw North . Eight years ago that part of the country to the Red River had made some progress, but throe years later the Indian outbreak gave it a severe blow from which it only began to rally aliout two years ago. The fact that this tour to the Red River took in eleven respect- able villages, besides the stations of Chippewa and Pomme de Terre, will rIiow to what extent the settlements have grown. The names of those vil- lages ara as follows: St Joseph, Cold Spring, Richmond, New Munich. Sank Center, Osakis, Alexandria. McCaulay- ville, Battle Lake, OttcrUil City, and liolmea City. Some of these aro phcee supporting three or four good storas, while Sauk Center is a busy villaae of about eight hundred inhabitants, having mills, a printing-office, and a weekly Journal. "The famed Sauk Talley is a little more than sixty miles in extent, follow- ing the stage road along the bend ef the river. For the first forty miles it is settled pretty thickly by Oermans, and thence on chiefly by Americans. The abundant wheat, oat, and potato crop in- dicated the fiivorable condition of the soil and of the people. From St Joseph to New Munich a road has been cut through the timber, shortening the dis- tance fifteen miles to Sauk Center, but it has not been suffloiently worked to be traveled, except in winter. It may be remarked that the Germans in this val- ley are Roman Catholics, and fr«m St Joseph to New Munich have seven neat- looking chuidies. 208 TBI UPPIB MIBSIflBIPPL "Fi^m 8«nk Cnin to Pomnw de Tcrre, on tlie staue routo. tlio country is elevated and rolling prairie, but well sup- plied with timber and watered by nu- merouH dear streams and beatttifnl lakes. The route pue»c« close to the O^akis and Pelii«.i Lakes, the view of and countiy round each being exceedingly charminff. The succession of prairie, proves, and lakes in the vicinity of Alexandria also render that repon nwiet agreeable to the eye. Cultivated farms are now numerous in that locality. Ilundsomo harvest fields are also to be seen at Chippewa, KvnnKville, and Pomme de Terre ; but. as a genernl thing, after getting a few miles from Alexandria, the settlements are some distance off from tlie route, the first settlers having gone to timber or the lake shore to cull the most inv ting tract! . At Chippewa and Pomiie de Terre are ample log buildings, sur- rounded by desirable stockades, erected soon after the Indian outbreak. " One mile west of the latter station the Pomme de Terre River is easily forded, aud thence on the countrj' soon becomes more level till the bro!id horizon bounded VHlley of the Red River is reached. The Boil in that valley is re- markably rich, and the surface continues level to the Cheyenne and beyond. The Rod River flows so stealthily in its nar- row bnnlis that the traveler comes upon it unexpectedly. Though its general course is direct, it has frequent abrupt bends, and its current, though strong and rapid, seema never to wear its tenacious banks, so as to give itself more room, but keeps on in its obscure and confined channel, thus rendering itself more liable to overflow. Il its upper valley there is no appearance of rock, except occasional bowlders of granite and limestone. " Going north from Chippewa the first five miles are through a splendid region of oonntry, which is Jnat heirlnninr t«» he cotlled. On a rise ^f ground view lakes i nn eipnnse of mnny miles of lux\irinnt prairie and meadow, skirted with timber, through which, toward the northwest, can be seen a silver gleam of lake. Many snug cabins and ample fields of ripened wheat were also visible, while fnrtlier to the north the Leaf Hills, rising to » height of 250 feet, gave picturesquenesi to the delightful prospect In some places the prairie grass was five feel high, and was rapidly making into hay by the settlers. In that locality waa noticed one of the handsomest home- steads that could well be imagined ; the natural beauty of which could hardly be improved by the most skillful land-^cape artist. On one side is a lake just visible through the trees. The soil is of the best quality and covered with luxuriant grass, and for half a mile on each side of the road are clusters of tall and thrifty oaks, so that the traveler can almost fancy he is traversing the lawns and avenues of some old estate of air English nobleman. "Tlie Otter- fail Lake is » large and beautiful sheet of water, having hand- some prairie-sloping shores, fringed with forest The soil for the most part, how- ever, is only second-rate. From the vil- lage at the head of the lake to Leaf Lake is the portage of a mile and a half in extent, over which, in former yeara, many explorers have passed in going from the waters of the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico to those of Hudson Bay." There are not less than 600,000 square miles of most productive aoil, with m favorable climate, in Minnesota, Dakota, and the British Possessions, north of the 49th parallel of latitude, which will find its outlet to the eastern marketa through LAKE BCPnuoB K&iLBOAD— nrm unmssTPn tallit. 20f nrhloh i« Jniit hcirlRnlnr t«» he I a ripe ^l' ground <'iic mile ipiK'wa till" view inkoR i' nil ' mnny milcB of )imirifliit neadow, skirted with timber, licli, toward the northwest, II Rilver KlcHm of lake. Many » and amplo fields ot ripened also viBible. while fnrttier to the Leaf Hills, risiufr to • 50 feet, gave picturesquene^s I'phtfiil prospect In some prairie grass was five feel i-as rapidly making into hay tiers. In that locality waa i of the handsomest home- could well be imagined ; the uty of which could hardly be y the most skillful laiid:'cape one side is n lake just visible ( trees. The soil is of the y and covered with luxuriant for half a mile ou each side of re clusters of tall and thrifty liat the traveler can almost 8 traversing the lawns and some old estate of an English iter- tail Lake is • large and heet of water, having hnnd- ie-sloping shores, fringed with le soil for the most part, how- ly second-rate. From the vil- e head of the lake to Leaf ) portage of a mile and a half over which, in former yean, lorers have passed in going waters of tlio Mississippi and if Mexico to those of Hudson « not less than 600,000 square most productive aoil, with m slimate, in Minnesota, Dakota, ritish Possessions, north of the lei of latitude, which will Bnd 10 the eastern markets tbrougii Lake fluperior, ai soon as a railroad la j built (Vom the Upper Mississippi and the Red River of the North to Superior City or Bayfield. That great region can have no other outlet that can oompete with the Great Lakes, the River St. Lawrence, and the Rr!o Canal. The Northern Pacific Railroad,* as soon as its eastern division is completed to the Red River of the North, io connection with the Lake Superior and Mi»a%$aippi Baitroad, running from St. Paul to the head of Lake Superior, 160 miles, will give such an impetus to the commerce of the upper lakes, or " Inland Seas," as to build up a city, or cities, that will vie with Chicago or St. Louis in magnitude. Lake StTPERiOK and Mtssissippi Rail- road. Tills much needed connecting link be- tween the navigable waters of the Upper Mississippi and the head of Lake Su- perior, 160 miles in length, is of the ut- most importance to both Canada and the United States. It is now in the course of construction, and when completed will afford an uninterrupted route of travel from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The distance from St. * Th« charter of the NoRTnKEW PAnnc Rail- BOAD, ApproTfHl July 2, ISM. reads lit follnwt: " An Act granting land* to aid in Ih* eon- utructiim of a Railroad and Ttlegrapli Lint from- f.att Sttperior to Pugtt Sound, on the PaH/le Coa$t. by tht Northern Boutt." Further, "8i»ld C'«rporatlon I* hireb;r «a- thorised and empowered to In^ nut, locate, eon- ■tmet, flirnish, mnlntaln. and enjoy a continiioiis rnllroM and telecrapb line, with the nppnrte- naneea. namely, beirlnninii at a point on /Mtt Superior, in tlie Btata of Minnesota or Wis- enntin, tbenee westerly, by the most ellirible railroad route, as shall bo determined t Going NfrOi. St. Paul Littk Canada, T.O Centorville Wyoming Sunrise City, P. Rushseba Chenguaiana, P. O Deer Creek. Kettle River .... Moose Lake Black Hoof Twin Lakes, P. Clear Creek Pine Grove Wisconsin State Line. . . . Superior City to Ifilrt. 6 12—18 14—32 19—51 11—62 11—73 17—90 13-103 17-120 12-132 6-138 6-143 1-144 1-145 15-160 Usual Time, 2i days. Fare, $16. I iv«Mn of the Buron and On- Canal, which will cut off 375 itanc« between ChicaRO "nd and 428 miles betwaen Chi- uebecT >ako Ontario, the distributing estem trade, the St Lawrence ( for Canada, the New York Is and the Hudson River are jr Now York, and the New e canals to Elmira and the na Valley canals, with a gently ' lockage to tidewater in the 9, are available to Pbiladel- ^timore." ind commercial project of the ikes Lake Ontario the dis- lasin of the whole northwest ihe United States and Canada. ;8 of this immense trade will iw through the St. Lawrence mala extending to the Hudioa ,bence to the city of New York. B, V r or SuPKBioR, Via., to ES, Ac. Going Nfiih. Vilrt. II..... om whence the spray spriTigs high into the air, bedewing and whitening the precipi- tous and wild looking crags with which the fall is composed, and clothing with drapety of foam. the gloomy pines, that hang about the clefts and fissures of the rooks. The f'Ala and the whole surround- ing scenery, for sublimity, wildnesH, and novel grandeur, exceeds any thing of tlie kind I ever saw." — Bev. J. Ryerson's Tour. The danger of navigating these moun- tain streams, in a birch canoe, is greater than many would expect who had never witnessed the force of the current some- times encountered. Mr. Ryerson rt^marks: " During the day we passed a large num- ber of strong and some dangerous rapida. Several times the canoe, in spite of the most strenuous exertions of the men, was driven back, such was the violence of the currents. On one occasion such was the force of the stream, that though four strong men were holding the rope, it was wrencli- ed out of their hands in an instant, and we were hurled down the rapids with violent speed, at the mercy of the foaming waves and irresistible torrent, until fortu- natehr in safety we reached an eddy be- low.. (See Engraving.) Doa Lakb is an expansion of the river, distant by its winding course, 76 miles from its mouth. Other lakes and expan- picma of streams are passed otf'the route westward. "The Satak, or Prairii Portaqk, 120 miles from Fort William, by portage route, forms the height of land between Lake Superior and tlie waters falling into Lake Wmnipeg; it is between three and four miles long, and a continuous cedar swamp from one end to tlie other, and is therefore very properly named the Sarart or Sviamo mmmn ■ ''■■ J 'j i:!-w?>".4j.a B MaMB»H » taw 2U TitlP THROUGH Tire LAKK8. Portage. It lies seTen or eight hundred fact above Lakes Superior and Winnipeg, and 1,483 feet above tlie sea." The Savan Rivkr, wiiich is first formed by the waters of tlie Swamp, enters into the Lac Du MiUe, or the Lalte of Thou- sands, so called because of the innumer- »blo islands which are in it. This lake is comparatively narrow, being sixty or seventy miles in length. The River Du MiUe, the outlet of the Lake, is a precipitous stream, whereon are several portages, Vjefore entering into Lac La Pluie, distant 350 miles firom Fort William. Rainy Lakb, ot Lacla Pluie, through which -;!... the boundary between the United States and Canada, is a most beau- tiful sheet of water ; it is forty-eight miles long, and averages about ton miles in breadth. It receives the waters flowing westward fi-om tlie dividing ridge separa- ting the waters flowing into Lake Supe- rior. Raiht Lake Rttzr, the outlet of tU* lake of the same name, is a magnificent atrciim of water; it has a rapid current and averages about a tiuartor of a mile in width ; its banks are covered with the richest foliage of every hue ; U..' trees ih the vicinity arc large and varied, consisting of ash, cedar, poplar, oak, bircli, and red and '."hite pines; also an abundance of fljwers of gaudy and variegated colors. The climate is also very fine, with a rich soil, and well calculated to sustain a dena^ population as any part of Canada. The Laki op thk Woods, ot Lae Dtt Bois, 68 m'ues in length, and from fliteon to twent'-five miles wide, is a sptendiil sheet of water, dotted all over with hnij- dreds of beautiful isli>nds, manv of wliicl^ are covered witli a heavy and luxuriant fdiage. Warm and frequent showers o8. lAKE Rttki, the outlet of tUt I game name, is a magnificent ivatcr; it has a rapid current ea about a ([uartor of a mile in banks are covered with tho xge of every hue ; U..' trees ih arc large and varied, consisting nr, poplar, oak, bircli, and irca pines; also an abundance of gaudy and variegated colors. I is also very fine, with a rich ill calculated to sustain a denS^ as any part of Canada. :k op tub Woods, or Lae Dm uea in length, and from fifteoa Sve miles wide, is a splendid iter, dotted all over with hntj- sautiful isiunds, many of wliidi i with a heavy and luxuriant rarm and frequent showers oor - May and June bringing forth it a rapid rate, although situatdd > degree of north latitude, froiq. tends ttttatward to the Padfia 4rii!» LAKB BUPIRIOB TO LAKK WINHIPKO. 2I4I MX Oeean, the boundary line between the ITnited States and Canada. "There is nothing, I think, bettor cal- culated to awaken the more solemn feelings of our nature, than these noble lakes stud- ded with innumorable islets, suddenly bursting on the traveller's view as he emer- ges fttMn the sombre forest rivers of the Xmerican "wilderness. The cloar, unnifBed water, stretching out on the horia)n ; here interaeCIng the heavy and luxuriant foli- age of an hundifed woody isles, or reflect- thg the wood-clad mountains on its margin, dothed in all the variegated hues of au- tumn; and there glittering with daszling brillia&ciy in the bright rays of the even- ing sun, or rippling among the reeds and rushes of some shallow bay, where hundreds of wild fowl chatter as they feed with varied cry, rendering more ap- parent, rather i>an disturbing the solemn stillness of the scene: all tend to raise the soul from nature up to nature's Ood, and remind one of the beautiful passage jncent neighborhoods, and no doubt make* the great difference in the climate (or at least is one of the principal causes of it), in these pwrts, to the climate and vegetable productions in the neighborhood of Lake Superior, near Fort William. They grow spring wheat here to perfection, and vege- tation is rapid, luxuriant, and comes to maturity before fhjsts occur." The whole region of country surround- ing Lake Winnipeg, the Red River conn- try, as well ss the Assiniboine and Sas- katchewan country, are all sooner or kter destined t sustain a vigorous and denaa population. LAKE WDTHIPBO, ffituated between 60« and (6° north latitude, is about 300 miles long, and in several parta more than 60 miles broad; having an estimated area of &,600 square miles.* Lake Winnipeg receives the wa. ters of numerous rivers, which, in the aggregate, drain an area of about 400,000 square miles. The SaBkaliAeioan (the riv- er that runs fast) is ita most important tributuy. The Assbiibohie, the Red Riv- er of the North, and Whinipag River are ita other torgest tributaries, altogether dis- charging an fanmense amonnt of water into this great biland lakd. It ii> -..'levated about 700 feet above 'Bja*JLah and Winnipegthtu, uni- ted, ere nearly of the same length as Win- nipeg, lying 40 or 50 miles westward. Nearly the whole country between Lake Winnipeg and its western rivals is occu- ^ed by smaller lakes, so that between the valley of the Assiniboine and the eastera shore of Winnipeg fUUy one-third is under water. These lakes, both large and small, are shiaiow, and in the same water area riiow mucli uniformity in depth and coast line. Im "Minnesota and Daoota," by 0. C. Andrews: " It is common to say that settlement have not been extended beyond Crow Wing, Minnesota. This is only techni- cally true. A few facts in regard to the people who live four or five hundred milM to the north will best illustrate the natuis of the climate and its adaptedness to agri- culture. "There is a settlement at Pembina, near the 49th parallel of latitude, where the di- viding line between British America and the United Stat-: 3 crosses the Red River of the North. Pembina is said to have about 60U inhabitants. It is situated on the Pembina River. It is an Indian-French word meaning ' Oonierry.' Men live there who were born there, and it is in fact an old settlement. It was founded by Brit- . ish subjects, who thought they bad looa- i ted on British soU. The greater part of \ its inhabitants are half-breeds, who earn a oomforUble livelihood in fVir-hunting and farming. It is 460 miles northwest of St. Paul, and 330 miles distant from Crow Wing. Notwithstanding the distance, U^ere is considerable communication be- tween the two places. West of Pembina, about thirt; miles, is a settlement called SI. Joseph, situated near a large mytho- logical body of water called iliniwakin, or Devil's Lake. " Now let mo say something about this Bed Riveb of the Nortli, for it is begin- KKB. effect on the teinperatur» da> pring Diontha. On the other Fall is generally open, tnd pleaaant weather." With LAKB BUPKBIOB TO LAKK WIHiriPSO. 217 River of tlie Ifortk. treBting eeotion of country be* onnected with the Upper Lalcefl, iDg much attention at the pres- e subjoin the following eitraok NESOTA AND DaOOTA," by 0. b: ommon to say that settlemente been extended beyond Crow ineaota. This is only techni- A few facts in regard to the > live four or five hundred milet h will best illustrate the nature ate and ita adaptedness to agri- is a settlement at Pemhina, near arallel of latitude, where the di- I between British America and Stat-: 9 crosses the Red River of Pembina is said to have about itants. It is situated on the tliver. It is an Indian-French iiag 'Cranbtrry.' Men live there born there, and it is in fact an nent. It was founded by Brit- ; ts, who thought they had looa- i tish soil The greater part of \ ants are half-breeda, who earn ble livelihood in ftir-hunting and It is 460 miles northwest of 8t. 330 miles distant ttom Crow liTotwithstaudiDg the distance, MDsiderable communication be- two places. West of Pembina. rt; miles, is a settlement called , situated near a large mytho- iy of water called Miniwakw, or ike. let mo say something about this IB of the Nurtli, for it is begi» stag to be a great feature in this upper country. It runs north and empties into Lake Winnipeg, which connects with Hud- son Bay by Nelson River. It is a muddy and sluggish stream, navigable to the mouth of the Sioux Wood River for vessels of three foet draught for four montlis in the year, so that the extent of its navigation within Minnesota alono (between Pem- bina and the mouth of Sioux Wood River) ia 400 miles. Buffaloes still feed on its western banks. Its tributaries are nu- iBiarouB and copious, abounding with the ciioicest kind of game, and skirted with a various and beautiful foliage. It cannot be many years before this magnifloont ▼alley (together with the Saskatchewan) idudl pour its products into our markets, and be the theatre of a busy and genial life. , "/W River Settlement ia seventy miles north of Pembina, and lies on both sides of tlte river. Its popuUtion is estimated at 10,000 souls. It owes its origin and growth to the enterprise and success of the Hudson Bay Company. Mony of the settlers came from Scotland, but the most were from Canada. They speak English and Canadian French. The English style of society is well kept up, whether we re- gard the Church witi. its bishop, the tra- der with his wine-cellar, the scholar with his library, the officer with his sinecure, or iheir paper currency. The great business e^ (he settlement, of course, is the fur traffic. "Ai immense amount of Buffalo akins M taken in summer and autumn, while in the winter smaller but more valuable (Urt are procured. The Indians also enlist in the hunts ; and it is estimated tliat upward of $200,000 worth of furs are annually taken from our territory and sold to the Hudson Bay Company. It is high time indeed that a military post should be es- tablished somewhere on Red River by our government. "The Hudson Bay Company is now a powerful monopoly. Not so magnificent and potent as the East India Company, it is still a powerful combination, showering opulence on its members, and reflecting a peculiar feature in the strength and gran- deur of the British empire— a power whksh, to use the eloquent language of Daniel Webster, ' has dotted over the whole sur- face of the globe with her ponessions and military posts, whose morning drum-beat following the sun, and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth daily with one continuous and unbroken itrain of martial music' The company is grow- ing richer every year, and its jurisdiction and its hinds will soon find an availability never dreamed of by its founders, un less, as may possibly happen, popular $ovef- eignty stejis m to grasp the fruitt of its long apprenticeship." The Charter of the Hudsco Bay Compa- ny expired, by its own limitation, in 1860, and the question of annexing this vast do- main to Canada, or forming a separata province, is now dee|dy agitating the Brit- hh public, both in Canada and in Um mother country. HrrVI'M**'-*"^''^^ 218 TBIP THBOCOII TH« LAKIS. TABLE OF DISTAVCSS, FroMi F»rt William, •rruATra at tot Modth oi- rai K AHiOTA Qiioif RivM, to F«rt Alexander, at th« head of Lad Wnrmwio. llitei. FOBT WlLUAM a? ParapUue Portage (8 Portages) „ DogPortage " •■ " '" (6 7:>orUges) ^ ... Saran or Swamp Portage* JJ g* Thousand Islands Lake '^ ^' (2 Portages) Sturgeon Lake '* ^^" :4 Portages) ^ .„ LacLaCroix " "" (6 Portaget) . Rainy Lake *? |^' Rainy Uke River ?! ??» Lake of the Woods °» rj »«t Portage *»"; Fob.' AlbxandbbT **" •"' Fron Fort Alexander to For t Garry OB Rid Rivxb Sirrunanii, bt "Watib. To Pointe de Grand MaralB ^* " Red River Beacon " ft -Lower Fort fit " FOBT Oabbt From FOBT Albzakdbb to Nobwat Housb, paasing through Lake Winnipeg, Prom Nobwat Houbb to Tobx Paotobt, paaaing through OxfordLake and Haj*a Rlvar, 400 mitoa. • Boamit, •Uvatad 840 flMt abw* Lak* Supfrior. s. m or TRI KAXISTAQlkuiiUi or Laxi Wiinnnio. Mia*. S6 ,. ... 61 16 54 130 57 1»T 11 258 Sli 38S 40 32S 38 361 88 444 68 61S 125 68T ■ --if . or t Garrj Watul XUw. U 36 49 S3 73 24 06 ling through Lake Winaipag, irough Oxford Lake and Hayw I Sapfilor. |Contval R- R- of Niiinr Jmmvjfm ALLENfOWN LINE. 3 EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY FOR THB WBST, Prom foot of Liberty Street, Horth Biver, At 9 A. M., and 5 and 8 P. M., EXCEPT SUNDAYS. ON SUNDAY, AT 8 P. IC ONLY. BUT ONE CHANGE OF CARS JBetween New York and Cincinnati or Chicago, And bat two Ohaogoa to St. Iionia. o Ciiange of Cars BETWEEN NEW YORK AND PITTSBURGH. Silver Palace Sleeping Cars From Hew York to Ohioago without dumft, on Vtif Tnint. Sleeping Cars '^/^r^JA^Zt ^?^b^^ Without Change. F®r@ SBm@ as h^ M OtKter Routes. TICKET OFFICES IW NEW YORK: Na aB4 BROADWAT, oppoaita Oitr HalL Ha 1 ASTOR BOaSB, 371 BROADWAT, 526 BROADWAT. lo ORBBNWIOH ST, And at tha SUtion of OBNTRAL R. R.OF NBW JBRSBT, Foot of Liberty Street North Biver. P S. UCXSB, SapHiBtendant H. V. BAIDWIV, e«t'l Paaaangar Agit. OFFICE, ICS LIBSSTT 8TBEET. PEIIN8YLVANIA CENTRAL Double Track Railroaail | a^OHIOAQO TO |i»ITTiBURQH, NEW YORK; ^. Iho It P. H. Trein from Cklcag* arriTes in At 11.S0 A, M., the Second Day, 4 HOURS IN ADVANCE OF ANY OTHER ROUTE! WITH COBRKSPONDIKO MDUOTIOH TO Boston, PhH adelpliia, BaHimore, and Washington, Th« 4.90 P. M. Train from OHIOAOO veAyw in KBW YORK at 5.10 tho Second Morning, i HOURS IN ADVANCE ■MiAfi w4 naniays tWi Ttata kas n Qigait Drairiig-lMa Car tknagh flraa Chkagt U NewTarki Wltkaat Ckaigfc Tha T A. IL Tndn from CHICAGO arriToa in NEW YORK at 0.30 tha Second Evening, with SIIiTER PALACE CABS ATTACHED. Throoffh from Chicago to New York Withont Change, vo oxHBB un ovnou nas ABYAaTAAa I FOBT WATWB to PITTSBDROH, Pann. ••••5!2-1?2 a HABRlBBUBOtoWlU^DBLPHIA," 1M..8M ^ HABBiaBIJBft^intW YOBK..^. *S-JS - HABEI8B0BQ to BALTIMOEB, Md 86..8M tS"Tnumaa Tionn for (tie »t th» OomiMUiyi OOee, Northwest eornw of Bimdolph Mid prindpiii Ttekot (MBees in the Weat T. H. CAXX, Paaaaagar Agvit, Ohieago. L t. HODBDOM, Travaling Agant. ». Ki. KipBAIiL, OenanA PawMBEar Agent, Chlaaco. RAI Llroetd I :W YORK, «bO. rrWesin i ^d Day, DVANCE LOUTE ! >N TO and Washington. NEW TORK tJt 5.10 the DVANCE utag-lM* Cv tknagh flrw Ikaigfc ETEW TOBK at 0.30 th* i.TT ACHED. k Without Change. J>YA>TA«ai 148UUML ....'...890. .«9 ** 249. ,m " 10e..828 " 1S8..MI0 " 86..8W " !7ortbwest eornar of Bandolph and yOB UOVSM, CMi»(o; and M SODBSOH, TnT«lin( Agmt. r Agent* Cbleace. Great Central Route BIiUS ZaXXffE. I^at Wfittrs Btilway of €astlrf BETWEEN *minkn.ki»k WATTS RTTSPENSION BRIDOB, AND DETROIT, WITH S^^'^^b^AVh SeITTaSton to ^^b^nto h^rris- BURQ TO OUBLPH, KOMOKA TO 8ARNIA, AND WYOMING TO PBTROLIA, Forming, with ito oonnectiona, THE SHORTEST AMD HOST PLEiSAIiT ROUTl H i TO ALL POINTS IN THE EAS T. WK9T. SOBTHWS ST. SOOTH. AND SOCTHWmT. * Three Through Express Trains Each Way Dafly, ; ? (90NDATS EXCEPTED.) Elegant and Com/artaMe Day Cam. 'i PUXXBIAirS l«.WHBBUaD PAXJkOB SI.BBFIN(»-0AR8 Aeoompuir *n NIgM Tnin*. THE BHOETEBT AND QUICKEST BOCTE T . TOUONTO. FOB MADOO and t he GOLD FIE LDS OF CANADA^ BACMJAOB OHKOKBD THBOVOH. THBOaGH TICKETS by thU route ean be obulned »t »11 the prindpel Brilroed md Stounbort itutuuua iivii. / Offices, in tho Unlud 8tau>» and Canada „ .. ,.„. „, TiTitnnOH VKEIOHT and LIVE STOCK, thii rente peeeeisea nnequaled ^'^ '"hS^^^eT F^iH Wng now Sd "t^ New Toff and Boaton, «>f CW«aga, St. LoulMOlwaSte., Cairo, and other Weatorn CltUi, without tr u. Jpmont Hew York Offloe, 273 Br oadway. B orton Ofice, 21 State 8t JKMXa OHAXITOV, Oential Agaat, HamUtoB, OatariA TEOKAS BWIHTABD, General Manager, Hamilton, Ontario, irfiiiiii» iilimpiiim M^aniwi i'l --«« j»w j ■ iW ' ift ' ^"i.^« ' 'J""^'"* ''*' " ~'*' ■v The Cheap, Pleasant and Expeditious Boute ■ ^ ^ ^ B«ti)reen tlie Kaart: and "W^mt IS NOW BT TUB Q$tr9it and Hilwaukpn S^» -<-W-_ Tw« ZxmM TniBS Imt* Datrait Dally with TuMngen ftr PONTIAC, HOLLT, FENTONTILLE, FLINT, SACINAW, OWOSSO, Lansing, Grand Rapids, Grand Haven, HUSKEGON CHICAGO MILWAUKEE, ST. PAUL, ST. ANTHONY, And ail rotnta on the Mississippi River. Built expressly for this Line, ply on the Lakes to and from each Train. TBBOVOH FABB $3 00 LBSS THAN BT ANY OTHEB BOVTB. CLOSE CONNECTION MADE AT DETEOIT WITH THE GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OX" ojk.sa-.A.x>.A^, For BnMo, Roehostcr, Boston, New York, PhlUdelphln, Toronto, and irith Grand Trunk BaiK mj for HontTOkl, QuebeOi *nd with ClereUuid ind Lake Saperior Lines of Dtcamers. For BmigTMiti this Idne often Cheap and Comfortable Tnmdt For PirUeoUrt see Compan]r''s Time Table, to be had at any of the Stiitions on applioatton. BSPOT or DSTBOIT, TOOT 07 SBVSH SIBEET. THOS. BELL, Cen'l Aunt. D. * H. B. B. Omoa, Detroit, 18«& ■v MditiousBout* id i;^e«t ilwgukpn :th TuMngen ftir T, SAGINAW, OWOSSO, rand Haven, PAUL, ST. ANTHONY, tippi Miver. o and from each Train. ANY OTHER BOVTB. IT WITH THK RAILWAT ■onto, and with Onind Trnnk Bail* lor Lines of Dtcamcra. id Comfortable Tnmdt f of tbo St'itions on applioattoD. USE SIBEET. ELL| Cen'l Aimt- 0iis CHICAGO ■ ■ OHICA^aO AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, r- V it'Xi GRAND CONSOLIDATED LINE. * ComprUlng all principal Railrowl. from Chicago directly -V\rEST & IsrOKTH^V\^EST. OaliSTaiidChleagoiriilonBmilway Ojwa do «^j,,2Sn! Dixon Air-UM BaUroad 0^ «• Kgo to Omaha. Oonnoil Blua and 0»^ ••:,":; iiJSld ...KmoSia to Eodkftnrd. J^S[ Jwrion, BKanab. to Hogaun- and Karvrtt. , L. S. EIQHTEEN EXPRESS TRAINS LEAVE CHICAGO DAILY On the different branches of the Chicago A Northwestern Railway, Tn Connection with Trains from the East and South, for Dixon, Fulton, Clin- tL cTr RapW , Nevada, Des Moines, Conncil Bh.ffs, and Omaha ; Rock- ord BeLi^Free^ort, Mineral Point, Galena, Donleith Dubuqne Indepen- ,;«„>^Ce'»'.y'«^*"'»» Sew Orleans, Mobile, and all parts of the South and Soufh-wett. It is dao the Direct Route' from the West and xNorth-west to Chicago and all E'^t^En^"'^^- ^Y EXPRESS TRAIMS leave Dunleith (opposite DuKe) morning and evening, oo arrival of Steamers from St. Paul and Trams ■ ^TonnecE^at Freeport, 67 miles from Dunleith, with the Galena Diyisions of OhiW and Nor'h-western R. R, for Rockford, Belvidere, S gin and Chicago. Also ScUng at this point with the Western Union R. R., for Belo.t, Rac.ne, ^ITVlEOnlTof miles from Dunleith, connections are made with the Iowa DiwL"of aJkigoand North western R. R., east for Chicago-west for Fulton, Clinton, Lyons, Cedar Rapids, and Des Moines. At OTeildOta, 131 miles frr- Dunleith, connections aro made wth the ChTca ™ B5"ngton. and Qnincy . . R., east for Chicago, west for Galesburg, ^"ifC" IS: Sf Sies^tm S£h, connections are made with the Chlcagfand Rock Island R. R., east for Joliet and Chicago, west for Peoria, Rock Island, Muscatine, Iowa City, and Des Moines. T«l»^,^ At Ei Paso, 189 raUes from Dunleith, connections are made with Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw R. R., east for Logansport, west for Peoria. it Bloonilnifton, 207 miles from Dunleith, connections are made with Chic-go and Alton R. R., for Springfield Alton, and St.. Louis. It Decatur, 251 miles from Dunleith, connections are made with Toledo, wfbash, and Western R. R., east for Lafayette, Logansport, Fort Wayne, and Toledo, west for Springfield, Jacksonville, Qumcy, and Keokuk At Pana, 28-3 miles from Dunleith, connections are made 7'^, St- W aC afd Terre Haute R. R., east for Terre Haute I^^ianapoUs Lo... vd^,^^n^ cinnat: Wheeling, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, ftc, west for Alton, St. Louis, Kansas City, Leavenworth, Lawrence, Topeka, &c. ^. ^ „„^a ^th Ohin At Sandoval, 337 miles from Dunleith, connections are made with Ohio and MisSpiR-R-. east for Vincennes, EvansyiUe,LouisviUe, and Cmcmnati, west for St. Louis, Kansas City, Leavenworth Lawrence, Topeka, &o. . At Cairi, 456 miles from Dunleith, cpnneotions are made ""Coti^n HoUv Ohio R R (roing south for Jackson, Tenn., Memphis, Grand Junction, Holly Spdngs, Sxf fri' renada. Columbus, Canton, Meridian, J^^^-^'.^-VuflS: Sohn^ MobUe, and New Orleans; connections are also made at Cairo witb Steam- Doats for all points on the Lower Mississippi. . ."^Insant SleoDlns Cars attached to Night Trams. Through Tickets and Baggage Checks issued to aU important ^PMsengers, to avail themselves of quick time, combined with comfort and safety, should see that their Tickets are via lUmois Central R. U. W. p. JOHNSON, M. HUGHITT, Gen'l Passenger Agt, Chicago. OtiCl Supt, Chkago MILROO _ CAIRO. , Mcmplils, Ttckibury, outb and South-west. Jorth-weat to Chicago and all [g leave Dunleith (opposite ners from St. Paul and Trains ith, with the Galena Divisions Belvidere, Elgin, and Chicago, nion R. R., for Beloit, Racine, ions are made with the Iowa for Chicago — west for Fulton, nnections aro made with the Chicago, west for Galesburg, inections are made with the Chicago, west for Peoria, Rocl£ otions are made with Toledo, St for Peoria. h, connections are made with d St. Louis. actions are made with Toledo, Logansport, Fort Wayne, and find Keokuk ions are made \7ith St. Louis, a, Indianapolis, LouisTille, Cin- St for Alton, St. Louis, Kansas nnections are made with Ohio 5, Louisville, and Cincinnati, west , Topeka, &o. ons are made with Mobile and (mphis, Grand Junction, Holly iian, Jackson, Miss., Vicksburg, also made at Cairo with Steam- ht Trains. hecks issued to all important e, combined with comfort and I Central R. R. M. HUGHITT, Oen'l Supt, Ghkago EIGHT HTJNDEED THOUSAND ACRES OF FARMING AND FRUIT LANDS, FOK SALE BY THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILWAY, All lying adjacent to this Railway, and none being farther from it than 15 miles, - — - Daf? g^l^ 63 n. 88 ( ||3g, «P 5:i S "-111" §■^23 8* S * P." g' 3^-0 3.52 - ^ ?! 2. ="i o wcie fattened on the I'™'""'^? ','"'"1" irrt „»,« 1 981 4«6 Bhoen thrive wcH, reqwlrine fodder bnt Th« receipts of hogs at Chlcaso *" 1^*' ^^J'S^^" established along the eif.tlre line. ^ , , Short ««son and ehe(-8''/"Ct«>rl>;» "'•^b^^^^ temperate lone.nnd from the r These lands are all adapted \^ '''^„yVn mnch ireater abundance all the crops common to rich, .Uep soil, y'^'' «''h 'r,?? 'S^^t'ir MaehTnery "r planUng, oltlv^atlng, and harvesting dm-s New England and the Mldmc States. MaLmnerj- , ^^^^ „„„ juvlng the exj.ense and Ne;;-EnilandandtheMidme8tate^ Maem the work of many hands. ,0™]",'' '" P.V*" , he'uhv the taxes arc low. and churches and sohooU ri?^r:i'^TbeUi''sJi!';rd'ir^^^^^^^^^ tW The title to the.e Lands is dear, and in fte-iimpta from the SUte. For full Information on sU points, address JOHN B. CALHOUN, Land Commissioner, HUnoIs Central E. E. Co., 68 Michigan Ayenw, Chioago, 111. I ]![ilwaukee and St. Paul H- ^ I L AV A. Y . Passenger Trains Leave and Arrive at Milwaukee, as follows: PBAIRIE DC CHIBN DIVISION. ARRIVE. DEPART. Day Express for St. Paul and Minucnpolis 6:50 p. m. 11:00 a. U. Through Express for Minneapolis and St. Paul. ..7:10 a. m. 9:00 P. M. I.A CBOSSE DIVISION. AHRITE, DEP.^KT. Day Express 3:05 p. m. 1:30 p. m. Night Passenger , 7:30 a. m. 9:10 P. U. Connecting with Bteamera on the Miiiiuippi Biver. Milwaukee, St Paul & Minneapolis TWO DAILY TRAINS EACH WAY,' Via neGRECMtB, PRAIRIE Dr CHIEN, AND mi.l,VAI7KEE, THE ONLY ALL BAIL LINE, And the only Koute by which Baggage is Checked THROUGH, to HIIWATJKEE, CHICAGO, NEW TORE, and all Eastern Points. Pasungen change cara only at terminal points, thnii seenrlng seats in clean Coaches and ftiU nights* rest on night trains. Passenger Trains Leave and Arrive at West St. Paul, as follows : T'A, I KaPKKS9( • ....,, , .■...*•.• «• Arrives 7'2fl p m d^rArts 7*B0 A. h. NIGHT EXPBESS, 8leipikq-Cak Attaorbd arrives ixilfi a', ji!', dBportt 8:C0 r. M. TABLB OF DISTANOBS. Mllwankee to Ia Crosse, 7?(T/{road ISSmlleM La Crosse to St. Paul, 5/ imboat aiO-Mi5m ^^ Milwaukee to Prairie (111 a^ien. Railroad 194m ««• Prairie du Chlen to 8t Paul, Railroad i".'.!! .'.l.i^'.liiisiileoe mile*- TT T'^'Sf"* '"''"•'•/S,.^"? sleeplngHsar berths sold by CHA9. THOMPSON. Ticket Agent, Union Office, corner of Third and Jacksun Streets, and corner of Jackson Street and Levee, Bt! "ftulf Ulniit D. C. 8HEPARD, S. 9, JdERRII.!., • A. V. CARPENTER, Rimt. fleaeral Mawipr, General Passenger Agent St. Paul waukee, as follows: I8ION. IVB. P. M. A. M. DEPABT. 11:00 A. U. 9:00 P. M. • IVi!, P. M. A. U. uippi Biver. DKPAKT. 1:30 p. M. 9:10 P. U. ^^2^^k^^^C ^^^^^^9^T Minneapolis ■ H WAY,' A.ND mi.WAVKEE, '1 ked THROUGH, to nd all Eastern Points. ring seati in clean Coaohei 8. t. Paul, as follows : Ives T:2S p. h., (1er,.irU TrRO A. M. ves ll:lfi A. iL, dnpnru 8:C0 r, u, IS. 195ml1eii* 210-405 mlleS' 194 miles- 812-606 mile*- 9. THOMPSON, Ticket Agent, of Jackson Street and Levee, St. L. V. CAHPBNTBB, Oenenl Passenger Agent- WINONA & ST. PETER THE MOST EXPEDITIOUS AND COMFORTABLE ROUTE TO MILWAUKEE, CHICAGO, AND POINTS EAST AND SOUTH, VIA MILWAUKIIII AND ST. PAUL RAII.WAT, And Northwestern Union Packet Company's Boats. Summer Avvangemonts. GOIIS^O EAST." Trains from MINNEAPOLIS and ST. "PAUL make sure connections at Owatonna. Connect at Winona with Packet Company's Boats for La Crosse. From La Crosse, via Milwaukee and La Crosso Railroad. Meals and berths furnished on boats between Winona and La Crosse without extra charge. Fare as low as by other routes. Passengers taking the morning train from Minneapolis and St. Paul save (6) five hours' time by THB WINONA & ST. PBTBR RAILROAD. GOIIVO^ "WKST. Passengers leaving A'i'rN'ON.\ by the 1 1:30 a. m. train make connections with Stage Company at .Si nimrles for Chatflold and Preston. At Owatonna with Milwauh.^: and St. Paul Railway, for Faribault, Mendota, l' t. Paul, and Minneapolis. At Waseca with stages for St Petet and Mankato, tnd all points in the Minnesota Valley. Connects at Mendota with Minnesota Valley Railway for Belle Pla.'ne, Sbakopee, &c. J. W. SPBAGUE, Oen. Muiager. J. H. STEWAET - )»« y a i a 'g agiM I ^-WW' THE FIRST DIVISION OF THE St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, f*f^ Q BR^lSrCEC I^IN^E. STATIong. A. SI. p. M. Uare Saint Paul S.no 2.80 Junction (St. Anthony).... 8.40 8.10 Mnnomin »00 8.80 Aniikn 945 4.1^ Itnscii ...: 10.20 4.B0 Klk RWor. 10.45 &16 BlftL.ikc 11.26 666 Clem- Lake 12.05 6.85 St. Cloud (75 miles) 12.46 7.15 Arrive Sauk. Baplda 1.00 7.30 ■TATIONS. A. Leave Sank Rapldii "!■' tfiilnttllouil 7. CKarLiik;' S. Bl(f Lake 9. KIk Klver Iiaaca. H*. Anoka 11' Maiioniln II Junction (St. Anthonv)... 12. Arrive Saint Paul (.77 miko)- i-'- M. r. Sf . 30 S.W W S.IO ■it> 2.56 15 8.45 56 \ 4.25 20 4.60 .00 6.80 iiS 6.05 00 0.80 88 7.06 St. Paul, St. Anthony, and Minneapolis Trains. V*«Te8T. Paul. 9.80a. nn. 6t. Paul 12.80p.iu. Bt. Pavl. 6.00p.m. I Leave Minhkapoi.18. . S.t0 a. m. MiNMEAFOLis 10.46 n. m, I MlMNBAPOLlB 8.46 |i. in. St. Paul, Minneapolis, Laiie Minnetonka, Wayzata, Long Lake, Watertown, and Rockford. Loave St. Paul for the Lake Mimnxtonka, (84 mllei,) 12.80 p. m. MiHNEAPOLis for the I^ke.... l.SO p. in. Beturning, will leave Lake Mimkbtonka 8.00 p. m. J. H. RAIVDALI., General Tii^knt; A^ont, St. Paul. Superintendent OF THE Railroad, INE. IMS. A. V. r. M. k Rapid* 7.80 S.tO Clou.l.r. 7.40 8.10 Liiko 9.-ift 2.M Jike 9.15 8.4R Kiver 9.65 \4.2S u 10.20 4.80 «.... 11.00 6.80 niln 11 35 6.05 ;lim (St. AntlKinv)... 12.00 0.80 Bt Panl 07 iniks). 1.^85 T.oe ineapolis Trains. . ■RAPOiis, . 8.10 II. m. lEiFOUa 10.45 n. m, lAPOLiB 8.46 [I. in. inetonka, Wayzata, id Rockford. 12.80 p. m. 1.80p.in. 8.00p.in. Siiperintendent PASilET COMPiif. REGULAR U. S. MAIL AND Railroad Passenger Lirili'^ ONE OF THE SPI.ENDID FAST-RrNNINC 8191-WBEEl iHlilMlSS Of this line will Leave Dubuqne at 8 o'cloek Every Morning (Sundays included) For SAINT PA\TL and STILLWATER, touchini? at all intermediate LantlinfT!!, and making close connectionB with ALL RAIL ROUTES, touchiug the River North of Dubuque for ALL POINTS BAST, NORTH AND WEST, THROITGH TICKETS for Vmttmengerm, and Throneli Bllla of I rnceivp anil (Ipservo a ci)ntlima.ic« of tue same, . tv v 1\ rA'^VLVrsSrJf^Or^- «.• l. a^xV Agent, sf PauU N "UNION MP ANY SON X ro lyPointSy iirday IflorninsrO) BUY URDAY Evenings. Regular Packets for INNATI, ITTSBURGH, 31ilo ]River, ERS OF THE STEAMSHIP CO, ilEAKS. New Orleans and way points. TilOHOUOIlLY nd Hepainted, speed, safety, and reliability. ■8. who will nse every exertion for ;ght Is Uandlert cawifuUy anU with luring the past flflocn years, we LINOTON, As«t. 8npt_ Dnhnque. iELL A CO., Agents, St. Louis. tSTON, Agent, St Paul. FOR 1868. LAKE SUPERIOR :>H g^,,ONOH&ELEQ^^^ 1868. <'^ ^^ nSETEOR, «>. '^4,, THOMAS WILSON, Master, ' WILL LEAVE BETBOIT, On the following (lay^ at 10 O'CLOCK, P. m. Thursday, May 21. Thursday, Aug. 18. Thnrs,....»»., ..7. Thursday, July 80. T^ . i. f^r Colling at Port Ilnron and Sarnla on the next morning after leaving Detroit. HANNA & CO., Agents, Cleveland, O. > BUCKLEY & CO.. Agents, Detroit, Mxch. Or to J. T. WHITING, Manner, foot Fir>t Street, Detroit, Mich. WILL LEAVE CLEVELAND. On theJollowtng days, at 8 O'CLOCK, P. 91. Wednesdny, May 20. Wednesday, Aug. 12. Wednesday, June 8, 'Wednesdity, Aug. 2ti. 'W«dae«day,JunelT. Wednesday, Si'pt. 9. Wadneiday, July 1. Wednesday, Sept. 23. WednRsdr.y, July lb. Wednesday, Oct. T. Wednesday, July 29. STEAMER KEWEEtJ AW Capt. ALBERT STEWART. For Superior City, and all other Lake Superior Ppfrts. LEAVES CLEVELANL, WeaM'yETe.,Bayl3 " June 10 " .. 24 " July 8 " " "'' 22 Wedns'yEve., A'Sfi? " Bept. 3 " '^ 16 " *• 30 " Oot. 14 LEAVES DETB<;t)IT. Tlirsd'y Eve., May 14 |ThMa^y ETe., Ang.^g Oct. 1 " 15 The Keweenaw touohee at Port Hnron and 8amia oi?*''tlie morning after leaving Detroit, BRADY & aO., Detroit, ) Aoenm. HANNA &c CO., Cleveland, } EBER W^ RD, Detroit, O-wner, # FOR LAKE SUPERIOR. OUT O. E. KIRTLAND, Commander, "Wll! lonve BRA.DT A C0."9 dock, foot of Woodward Avo., Putrolt Every TueadaT, for Savt St. \(\rii. .UiRijirRTrii, Hoitoiito:*, und IIa.nouok, toucUtO); ut tttti-oln and Port Huron, every TUESDAY KVKNINO at 10 o'clock. For Freight or Pnsnagc apply to SIt.inr Jt CO., foot of Woodward Arenne, Detroit QRABLES H. BALDWIN, Panenirer Apent 1868. SEASON ARRANGEMENTS. 1868. Detroit, Saginaw, and Lake Huron Shore STEAMBOAT LINK, Will be composed during ibe goason of 1S6S of ihff following well-known, flrat-clonv new *ld« wliuul Steamers: ^ITY OF SANDUSKY, Capt. Henry Fall, will leave Frid.iys; C\TK OF TOLEDO, Capt. Selah Dustin, will leave AVednesdays ; SUSAN VVARD, ■ ■ - Capt. Wm. Comer, will' leave Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, For Soelnaw, Bay Clfv. ?>"t Tawas, Tawas City, Port Austin. Huron City, Port Hope, Siiad Benoh. Kock Fiills. Fori-stvllle, . Forester, Port tjunllac, Lexington, Port Huron, and ull otlier Lake Shore ports. ISP" All these Boats Inve d)?(k foot of Bates St. each day at i oVIock P. HI. FRETOHTS RtCEIVED AT ALL TIMES. For all further Inforinnllon n[>ply to' CHAS. BBWICK, Xs^nt, foot of Batea Street, Detroit. ERIOR. idor, oit. Every Tnsadar, for idj; ut litti'Dln and Port Huron, t of Woodward Arenne, Dttrolt Huron Shore ell-known, flrst-clims, new side pt. Henry Fall, Selah Dustin, . Wm. Comer, Saturdays, . Huron City, Port lIop^ Bund ton, Port Huron, and ull otiivr 1 day at 8 oVIock P. HI. i riMES. r Batea Street, Detroit. 9. MORGAN & METCALF, t»l THIRD STREET, ST. PAUL, MIHHESOT&. Having made "REAL ESTATE" a specialty dnring a residence of fourteen years in Saint Paul, we offer onr services to those wishinij to make profitable investments in a rapidly growing City and State, as .ell as to non-resident property owners who wish to Make Quick Sales at Fair Prices. We deal in Real Estate only on Commission, and attend also to Payment OF Taxks, Collection of Rents, Loaning and Investment of Monkt, and all business pertaining to a flrat-claa Real Estate Agency. "We offer for sale the largest list in the city of Houses and Lots, Building Lots, Suburban Property, Lake Residences, Stores and Business Property, y Farms and Farmiiig Lands, "Broad Acres." Mill Sites, / Water-Po^vers, &c.. Sec, And invite attention to our Catalogues, to be \iad on application, by mail or otherwis;o. CIIAS. A. MORGAN. TRACY M. METCALF. ^ Michigan Exchange, DETROIT. MlCIIiaA^. \ EDWARD LYON, I p.-.-.-t-.s. JeFFERSON AvENUE. rARNHAM I Y ON, t Proprie tors^ ^ BAYFIELD HOTEL, BAYFI E LD, W IS. PrW- ^M.i'TH, : : : : : J^roprietor. ESCATSTABA, MICH. ^ II. II. HUNT. . PROPRIETOR. ;H ANGE, OATsr. KFFERSON AvENUE. lOTEL, MS. Proprietor. ^ IICH >ROI*RIETOR. North-western Hotel, MARQUETTE, Mich. This House is delightfully situated near the shore of Lake Superioe, overlooking the Harbor of Mai*quette. A. J. BARKLEY, Proprietor. Y^ EAO-LE HARBOK, Mich. jSlTUATED NEAR THE JStEAMBOAT LaN^'NG, C. J. BEAU3IEN, 3?roprietor. ■ ;. I ) 1 i-war mwM'h&w m@iiBi ONTONAGOK MICH. THIB POPTTIAB AHD WMX-KIPT HOTTKB 18 jSlTUATED NEAR^THE^TEAMBOAT ^ANDINO. i. JOHXSOX A SOX, rropHetOTB. CITY OF SUPERIOR, "WIS. THIS HOUSE STANDS NEAR THE WATER'S EDGE OTEBLOOKIKO The Magnificent Bay of Superior, ■jtXSKLIfftk POINT, *e. JAS. 8TSPMSW8©M, Ppoprtdtor. CH. HOTIBB IS 30AT Landing. ON, Proprietors, t „ WIS. WATER'S ED(iE of Superior, ko. NSQM!, Proprtvtor. nssnoi i^ensE^ MACKINAC, MICH., E. A. FRANKS, Propbuctob. ThU old and fevorltc Hcma k most delightfully situated on the tv.-nantlc I»tAND or Mackikac, within a short distance of the water's edge, and contiguous to iLa Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, and other Natural Curiosities in which this famed bland abounds ; being alike celebrated for its pure air, romanUo scenery, and fish- iiig grounds. Mackikac, July, 186T. CHIPPEWA HOUSE, SA.TJT STE M^RIE, MICHIO-AN. This favorite Hotel is pleasantly situated, near the Steamboat ladings, at the mouth of the Ship Canal, and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Brady. No lection of country exceeds the Sact and its vicinity for Fishing, Hunting, or Aquatic Sports. The table of the Hotel is daily supplied with delightful White Fish, and other varieUes of thn season, no piuns being spared to make this house a comfortabU home for the pleaaure-travelcr or man of buainesa. H. P. SMITH, Tropiictor. -i m » ST. LAWRENCE BALL, MONTREAL. This spleudid H«rr.L, ^h i. situated in the most beautiful p«rt of the City of Mo^tre^! Ir the Banks and Post-OQice, is furnished throughout m the best styla, of the New York and Boston Hotels, and comprises a DINING SALOON AND CONCERT ROOM, -^th?SE wmtS:f U^^ attention, with the view of rendering it equal, if not superior, to any in America. can be had at all hour. ; and an Omnibus will always be in attendance on th. arrival or departure of ilailway Cars and Steamboats. H. HOGAN & CO., Proprietors. RUSSELL'S HOTEL, PA-LA-OE STREET, QUEBEC, This well-managed and most comfortable Hotbi. kept by Messrs. Rn.s,«.L, ol Quebec, has recently been newly painted and re-furnished throughout. The Ball- room, used in summer, when the house is full of strangers, as a dining-room, h.s been entirely re-dccorated in the handsomest style. The room will comfortaUy dine 250 iKraons at a timc.-Il>ronfr> Okie. !E BALL, L. 08t beautiful part of the City of lied tliroughout in the best styla^' a a, CERT ROOM, with the view of rendering it ) always be in attendance on th» ats. K 8c CO., Proprietors. HOTEL, / 1 • 'WIT.) u yiKh, kept by Messrs. Russra.L, ol •furnished throughout. The Ball- of strangers, as a dining-room, h:iB ityle. Tlie room will comfortably Hud so II B H r Com? T<«r*' fjetimatrtt to f'ont^mi .i. ',00.000 Ay. .V r Huihl.iiiH /% 4. CtJ^ 4„. LIU'S vill» ,.X.t . X,, V "13^'^r„„ri inWA irT — ^ II. . . \ai ''v^- Mil]' 'V «^ llttfwrjliu Itnu'inC' */ o ^"'-'i I. t 1 ''f^S'- — : HI HO 70 t tk'^.^X-^'r'"" -i^ f ft May ^ (Hi. '" " '^ '' *' '" K p tf i o n 'f(M Mainainse .^ Jhi,Jl.' t2^0gf,,';inaJw«|V^ fc'^tti ■ i>^TJ|Br^--^"'^' »''*'««M till I.I IVtlWoRj III' \*; ..^«'^^^1 "^^ Hi'lvi.. .1/*^'"" l."]]^^"- IIV'^i ,.ll»viB ""'^ itAjr^;';' — ■' [R^ll.UlMi" V '1 i- iJ8 J*' V V S Ml •'• ;S - "W i»?2.5^- i^^^^fei^Jt JLSLsTr I par \ I'fitmn ■ymihlanii litn: 'vunilrittt. •WIdn ^'f^ S ^tni'dit' " ^,7,,,, "omi ^P^iii!!".^. Oil'. IjS^ff I III ll'J'J.'"'!"" --i '|f , p\M' ">'''''i %J. "V. C »?*»'' ■l/iim 40l i -f— . ITnrtminoMth . f""" ^ \ Ki>o fnnvoo Bfoni Ullt ^^« I I T-^ o\»A»»n •larkijoii]' I ] fulunilml V (Jickmil 90 88 .» :L i^mUfi /III ' l:d I '"- "^ i\riWW'JW •■S Mi''ti f hruh ^ *)*i^1l^^''i'M *>A^n\ iSW; ; N\\- . BoiwdT-i^siife: IKv^^w^' 'Wr^'!^ I '■ wi <* 3E &.'!??*^.t' '"'^.,y' Ti-i-.lllll- vtnrti teinoiit' finif/jf tftttnu ' SarwnUri 'Med nohii--'»iJ'i"V attle- S»V/ IS firuta *5I- >/ ^^v. dull KuifihlyJ', ^^^ ItUl [2U Ufitt.'Uia is"?:- , • Jwas lun .-• T/ ^'Vi ^liniii!fl>"*V, IMHWM \jp^^ ^^,*»'*"""'"^ iIlu-< &^ ♦jjS— — ■y'^ ^■. T Vroniu'Bsyy' . IS coTiin 1.'|1<-Itl SV innweU / Ulrti LawfRut'fi iT''' M^lv^^''^' PWcyHl'i lanuUunt uuiu) Ml'l'ly /'««>*■» j»7A-l fuithliiiul •ri:V|iuilirlil I'liii^liii^ 'iiii'iiKvnC'7 7 \" "/ FT. *" X. ''•^ Grms* KB illanfitJIwiiHiirroiLsl ,^.L CiiHettihim rans ,,aiy)»l»5i%g1rU'i>-'!mit "-'.7!. ^ ^ K^ .r " Tl linrr^nMrTf ~i- ni Wi' uTihi jtJ fm/"'' it>jiuiti>r(l k iGlnse'oM^ illuiitVra^""* ilJiirtMnir." 5t«\»'bff ViUhh-ttiii'ti 8& 86 84 8S Illll/ll'l" ,1 " u I4y'i""'' •er. Coni" fVTw^/Vm l--j KrooteriBc ,/r ^ IN TiliiiTii"T i,". H.-.Uiii.iii Si N Y «^,