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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds 6 des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd 6 partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^i^ wmmmmmmmm V X *-<-/vO I / ^' JY(i^ LIBRARY OF MT. ALLISON UNIVERSITY Presented By Dr. RX-Archibold 1930 y/im. y{ Si^d^i8Sl. CANADA: movt pistortj OF THE DOMINION ANDK NADA. \ ^•* I J i t.cf.ie?d3isri CO NT PAGE Introductory Chapter 1 PART I. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. I. — Discovery of America 5 II. —Jacques Cartier 8 PART II. FRENCH PERIOD. I. — ACADIE AND ChAMPLAIN 13 II. — Quebec 16 III. — Destruction of Port Royal. —First Capture OF Quebec 21 IV. — Rule of the Church 25 v. — Feuds of D'Aulnay and La Tour 30 VI. — The Sovereign Council 34 VII. —Canada's Time OF Trial 39 VIII. — Beginning of War between France and England 44 IX. — Nashwaak Fort 48 X. — Renewal of War 51 XL — Canada at Peace 53 XII. — LOUISBURG 56 XIII. — Halifax founded 60 XIV. — Collision in the Valley of the Ohio ... 63 XV. — Expulsion of the Acadians .• 66 XVI. — Opening of the Final War 60 XVII. — Close of the War, and Conquest 72 PART III. ENGLISH PERIOD. I. — After the Conquest 78 II. — Settlements on the St. John 83 III. — Province of Quebec 87 li IV CONTENTS. TV. — War of Independence , . , , 98 V. — New Brunswick 07 VI. — Constitutional Act of 1791 100 VII. —Nova Scotia and New Brunswick , ... 103 VIII.— War 107 IX. — Conclusion of the War 114 X. — Beginning of Political Troubles .... 119 XI. — Nova Scotia and New Brunswick .... 124 XII. — Responsiule Government. — Lower Canada . 127 XIII. — Responsiule Government. — Upper Canada . 131 XIV. — Reijellion 136 XV.— Lord Durham. 1838 143 XVI. — Union of the Canadas 148 XVII. — Responsible Government in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia 154 XVIII. — Responsibility established in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick 159 XIX. — Aftp:r Responsible Government 163 XX. — Confederation proposed 167 XXI. — Confederation CARRIED 171 XXII. — Northwest Territory 177 XXIII. — British Columbia. —Pacific Railway . . . 183 XXIV. — Constitution of the Confederation . , . 199 HISTORY OF CANADA INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 1. Let tlie young student look at the map. He will see that the Dominion of Canada stretches across the continent from ocean to ocean, from Cape Breton on the east, to Vancouver Island on the west, and north to the Arctic sea. An imaginary line divides the Dominion from the United States : in the western region that line is drawn through the great lakes, Erie, Huron, Superior, and runs west, crossing the Rocky Mountains to the coast of British Columbia. In the east lie the provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario ; in the west, Manitoba, Keewatin, and the other provinces in the northwest which exist now only in name, and British Columbia. 2. This vast Dominion, with its populous, enlightened cities, Halifax, St. John, Charlottetown, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto — the political and commercial capitals of the old provinces, and a score of other thriving ami growing towns, with its population of 4,500,000, and its annual commerce of over $200,000,000, is still but a young country in years. In actual fact the Dominion is, in this year 1884, just 280 years old. 3. Canada has had to struggle against difficulties })ecu- liar to itself. Canada, really, only entered on the course of growth and progress a hundred and twenty years ago, when, 1 IIISTOIiY OF CANADA. by conquest in 1760, the country came into possession of the British Crown. To sliow what were the ditticulties Canada has had to contend against, and what progress it has made is tlie [)urjK)se of this little book. Looking back to the commenceinciit of its liistory, we Hnirit, and a Heaven hereafter; a ha])py hunting- ground, >vhere game was Jilways 2)lentiful, and where s])ring eternal rcigricd. 8. The time of' French rule, from 1004 to 17G0, was a period of incessant hostilities and of exploratory adven- ture, but of little agricultural or commercial progress. Canada was a ruined, imj)overislied country when it ))assed into the hands of the British. Its ])Oj)ulation was JiO^OOO. It was neither so j)oi)ulous or wealthy as Prince Edward Island, the smallest member of our Confedera- tion, now is. Canada was, indeed, very backward when it became a British icolony. The great province of On- tario, with its i)opulation of nigh 2,000,000, had no exist- ence ; neither had New Brunswick, "which has now 322,000, or it formed ]>art of Nova Scotia (which has now 441,000 •eople), and the combined ])opulation was not over 4,000 or 5,000. Quebec has now over twenty times the popula- lon it had when it was French Canada, and its Avealth as increased in greater proportion. Aided by British energy, enterprise, and sonndjense, it has increased greatly. To that eti'^rgy, enterprise, and sound sense, Canada owes •what it enjoys of liberty, constitutional government, free- dom of conscience. To them it owes its great systems of intercommunication by road, river, and rail, and its in- dustrial and commercial activity. Since Canada has, in little over a century, grown to what it is now, it may con- fidently be ex]>ected that its growth in the future will be very great. DLSCOVEIiV OF AMKIilCA. 6 I. rEIUOn OF DISCO VERY. uvi-hm. 100 Yeau.s. Leadiwj features. — Cjinada visited l)y Freiu?li uikI English ex- plorers. Unsuccessful attempts at colonization. Fur trade and Hsheries established. CHAPTER I. DISCO V'FllY OF AMERICA. 9. Four hniulrcd voars ai^o Anicrica was unknown to tlu' peo])le of P]iir()i>c\ It is more correct to say that the knowleclire of a western continent Lad died out amoni; them. Italian mariners trading to the ports in the Baltic may, it is suj^posed, liave heard of discoveries, made hy the Northmen adventurers from Norway, of hmds lying- far across avast western ocean, and old records of Iceland told the cjirious o*^ the voyages of Eric Kuudo, ani*istol, and both doing business as merchants in that city at the time when the discoveries of CoViiinbus aroused wonder and admiration and tlie spirit of emuhition, set out on a voyage of discovery in 1496, and beheld Prima Vista, Newfouu'l^and, on the 24th of June, 1497, and the coast of Labrador. In fact, the Cabots weit ilniost in the same truck as Eric the Red, and it is said tliat they liad heard something of the dis- coveries of the Northmen. 11. The voyages of discovery made by Columbus and the Cabots, and the many adventurers wlio followed after- wards, were undertaken under the delusion that, by saiU ing west, India, the land of boundless riches, would be reacned, and that a ricli reward would be reaped, in gold and precious stones and other treasures, by those who should be so fortunate as to find their way there. On account of that mistake the aboriginal inhabitants of the western continent were called Indians. Columbus reaped no rich reward in earthly grandeur for all the arduous labors he undertook and the difficulties and dangers he encountered. He was even robbed of the honor of giving his name to this continent. This honor was given to an- other Italian mariner, a native of lb lorence, one Amerigo Vespucci, who visited the coast of South America in 1499, two years after it had been discovered by the great Chris- topher. But Columbus gained :.n honor which cannot be taken away from him, — the honor of behig the first to open up to the people of Europe the permanent way to the western world, which has been to millions a refuge from misfortune, and a place of hope. 12. It is strange, but true, that Columbus, and the other discoverers of America, had the idea that the natives of America had no right whatever to the land of their birth, and which had been in the j)ossession of their ancestors for untold sjenerations. Columbus, on the strength of DISCOVERY Oh AMERICA. 1524 having discovered some islands lying outside the coast of the southern part of the northern continent, and the northern part of the southern continent, claimed a vast part of the western hemisphere to be the possession of Ferdinand and Isabella, the King and Queen of Spain, his j)atrons. Also, the Cabots, because they had sur- veyed, from the deck of their ship, the coast from Labra- dor to Florida, claimed the whole of the northern i)art of the northern continent to be the possession of Henry VIT., of England, their patron. This summary way of taking possession of vast continents led to serious inconveniences. John Verazzani, another Italian mariner, a Floren- tine, in the emi)loy of Francis I. of France, ex- })lored, in 15*24,, the coast from Florida to Newfoundland, and claimed all that part of the northern continent, to which he gave the name of "New France," to be the l)Ossession of his patron. And from those conflicting claims rose trouble between England and France, as any true history of North America wdll show. 13. It was ten years after the voyage of John Verazzani that the first exploration into the interior of the northern part of the northern continent, now known as the Dominion of Canada, w^as made. The voyages of Jacques Cartier, the mariner of Bretagne, France, who first explored the coast of our own New Brunswick, entered and named the, Bay of Chnleur, ascended and gave name to the noble River St. Lawrence, the precursor of Samuel de Champlain, the founder of Canada, ought to be specially interesting to all Canadian youths. We have not dwelt long on the discoveries made by Columbus and the Cabots, and other explorers. The young student can read of their adventures elsewhere, but we will enter more into detail of the voyages of Cartier, whose name is a household w^ord in Canada, and we will begin a new chap- ter with his adventures. 8 IJ J STORY OF CANADA. JA CHAPTER II. 1534 JACQUES (JAKTIER. 14. At this period Europe was in tho midst of the eveiitK which led to the lieforniatioii, the greatest event in mod- ern history. Men's minds were deeply stirred, and it was a time of daring adventure in thought and action. Francis I. of France was at war with his great rival, Charles V., Emperor of Germany and King of Spain and the Nether- lands. In the intervals of the struggle he had leisure to think of the unknown lands across the western ocean, which, ten years before, Verazzani had claimed as the possession of the Crown of France. No doubt, on account of his continuous wars, the king was much in want of money, and lie and his favorite companion at court thought that it would be a good thing to send out an expedition to reach the Indies by sailing west, and bring back gold and other treasures to fill tho treasury. So Jacques Cartier, a man of some reputation, and a master- pilot of the fortified seaport of St. Malo, on the coast of Bretagne, in the nortlnvest of France, was commissioned to sail with two small vessels and a crew of convicts. He left his native i)ort on the last day of April, and was out at sea nearly two months before he descried the icebergs and the coast of Labrador, and sailed through the strait which separates that coast from Newfoundland. He struck across the Gulf, and noted islands white with wilolies of trade granted by the crown to favorites, and their jealousies and rivalries long kept back the settle- ment of the country. 24. When civil and religious wars came to an end in France, and Henry IV. was king, the spirit of adven- ture revived. Sieiir de Roche was granted a commis- sion similar to De Rol^erval's, but he did nothing, except to leave on the little sandy Sable Island a number of his mu- tinous crew, wild for five years lived there, sustained by the flesh of the wild cattle — (the progeny of the animals 14 UI STORY OF CANADA, left by a Baron de Levy in 1518) — and only a few sur- vived to 1)0 taken back to France. 25. A few years afterwards, M. Pontgrave and M. Chaii- vin made a settlement at Tadousac, iu the Saguenay, which was long the centre of the fur trade of the St. Lawrence. Then M. de Chastes, governor of Dieppe, received a com- mission similar to that given to De Iloche, aiul he essayed to found a colony in Canada. lie had Pontgrave with him, and Samuel de Champlain. 26. Champlain was a remarkable man. At this time he was about thirty years of age, and had seen much service by land and s^ . He was fond of adventure. He was no mere trader. He was a brave, resolute, devout man. With him the history of Canada really commences. Had not De Chastes died, Champlain would, at this time, have ascended the St. Lawrence far above the point reached by Cartier. That work was deferred. He and a kindred spirit, Baron Poutrincourt, joined M. de Monts, who Avas appointed governor-general of Acadie (that is, of the ter- ritory now occupied by the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick). He had also a monopoly of the fur trade of the St. Lawrence, and Pontgrav^ was the active head of it. He had with him, when he sailed for Acadie, a number of French gentlemen, priests, soldiers, artisans and laborers. He was a Huguenot himself, but his colony was to be Catholic. He made for the southeast of Acadie, and in the first harbor entered, he seized the only vessel there, belonging to one Rossignol, and the harbor was called after the unfortunate trader. This act showed that De Monts was determined to uphold his rights.U,From that harbor he sailed southwest, and round Cape Sable north into the narrow bay of St. Mary's ; then entered French Bay (Bay of Fundy), and cruised along its coasts, passing through the gut that opened into a spacious placid harbor, which was then named Port 1604 ACADIE A^D CJIAMPLAiy. 15 Royal; from thence he sailed to the Basin of Miiias, uud from thence, on the 24th of June, reached a tine liarbor on the northern coast, at the mouth of the great river Ouiguidi, which, with the harbor, was nainf)d St. Jean (St. John). The young student can easily follow De Monts' exploratory voyage on the maps. He sailed from St. John to Passamaquoddy Bay. It is strange that, having seen what he had seen, he should have selected the little island at the mouth of a large river (both then named St. Croix) as the site for his colony. But it was the time of continual war, and he had to guard against attack, and the island seemed to him " strong by nature and easy of defence." But it was a most unfortunate location. A quadrangle of buildings, surrounded by rude fortifications, was erected before the setting in of winter. Its keen, icy northwest winds chilled the Frenchmen to the heart, filled them with gloom, and they fell an easy prey to disease. Thirty-five died ; as many were brought to death's doors. Amidst so much to discourage him, Champlain lost neither heart or hope. In Spring the colony removed to Port Royal, and De Monts, with Poutrin- coiirt, returned to France to stop the intriguing of jealous merchants who were seeking to deprive him of his priv- ileges. He was successful for the time. 27. When Poutrincourt returned in the spring of 1606, he brought with him Marc Lescarbot, a lawyer with- out practice, a wit, a rhymer, a writer, — a man who could turn his hand to almost anything. Cheerfulness now pervaded the colony. Marc took charge of the fort, and the agi'icultural operations around it. Those who were not farming went hunting and fishing with the Indians. Champlain explored the rugged coasts of the country which, sixteen years afterwards, was named New England. When he returned rather out of humor, the merry Marc j>layed a play to cheer him, and, as Father 16 III STORY Of CANADA. Neptune, weleonicfl liiin hack from his rruise with .1 poetical address. Marc had a rcmarka])le flow of spirits and enlivened all around liim. Tiie "Order of the Good Time" was instituted hy fifteen gentlemen of the colony, and each in his turn acted as grand master, and catered for the company, and strove to surpass his friendly rivals in the bounteousness of his table. Game and fish were plentiful, the winter was mild, the ancient Sagamore Membertou and other Micmac chiefs were honored guests at the tables, while a crowd of warriors, women and chil- dren, squatted about the hall, were fed from them. But "the Good Time" was all too brief. The colony was broken up in spring. De Monts' enemies had prevailed over him for the time. This breaking nj) was a grief to Champlain and Lescarbot. The Indians were disconsolate at their sudden departure, and were only consoled by a promise of a speedy return. CHAPTER II. • • QUEBEC. 28.-M. DE Monts obtained the renewal of his monopoly for another year, but Champlain 'did not return to Port Royal. He, with Pontgrave,* sailed to the St. Lawrence to found a colony, and he chose the site where the Indian town of St5!idacone once stood. 29. During the summer the work of building a habita- — IPOS *^^" ^"^ surrounding it with fortifications was carried out. This was the beginning of Quebec. The foun- dation stone of his colony was thus, we may say, placed, but he had to face many difficulties, many trials, many weary voyages across the ocean, before that stone was firmly laid. One of his great difficulties was with the QUEBEC. 17 hostile Indiaus. He was urged by his spirit of adventure to explore the country, but he could only do this with the aid of friendly Indians, and to obtain their good-will he aided them in their wars against the Iroquois. - Hence, in after years arose unnumbered woes to Canada. He ac- companied an allied band of Algonquin and Huron warri- ors, whom, after crossing Lake St. Peter, he met at the mouth of the Iroquois (Richelieu), to attack the cantons of the Mohawks. The party ascended that river and entered the grand lake (Champlain) enclosed by lofty, verdurous mountains, which narrows to the breadth of a river, and opens into a beautiful sheet of water, " the holy lake" (Lake George). The allies with their champion, with "the iron breast" at their head, gained an easy vic- tory. The proud Mohawks knew nothing of the strange weapon Champlain carried, which killed with flame and thunder, and they fled with dismay after two or three dis- charges of his carabine, which killed as many of their chiefs. Champlam was ashamed and enraged at the cruel use the allies made of their victory. He never could pre- vail on his Indian friends not to torture their prisoners, but afterwards, out of respect, they forebore to do it in his presence. 30. When the term of De Monts' monopoly expired, the St. Lawrence was invaded by French traders, ^-^ ^ who in exchange for cheap hatchets, knives, and kettles, got the best of the beaver skins. Champlain caused a station to be erected on the Isle of Montreal to intercept the canoes laden with peltry that had descended the St. Lawrence, but the rude and boisterous traders ascended as far as Sault St. Louis, where they bullied the timid Indians and carried away the best of the furry spoil. Champlain saw that, unless the traders were checked, his colony would perish. He succeeded in placing it under the patronage of Princes of Conde. Under their vice- 18 JIISTORY OF CANADA, royalty he was lieutenant with absolute civil and military jurisdiction, and exclusive trade privileges. This monop- oly, of course, excited the wrath of the traders. His troubles with them were never-ending. The merchants of Rochelle, who were Huguenots, were jealous of the merchants of St. Malo and Rouen, who were Catholics and would not join with them, though invited to do so. The latter formed themselves into a body, under the name of ^'Assoelated Merchants." Soon a coolness grew up be- them and Champlain, who constantly urged upon them the duty of sending out to Canada, colonists and priests. To get rid of his importunity they schemed against him, and tried to deprive him of his position. He had not an easy time of it. 31. But midst his manifold troubles, Champlain held to his great purpose of " exploring the country." He, no doubt, found relief to his mind in pushing his way into the calm solitudes of nature, but even there he met disappointments. He ascended the river Ottawa, passed the Chaudi^re Falls, as far as the Isle d'Allumette. His enthusiasm had been aroused by a lying story told by one Vignan, who pre- tended that he had ascended the Ottawa to a source in a lake, and that he had followed the course of a river that flowed into it until he reached a gi'eat sea. Champlain imagined that, launched on this sea, he would reach the east and the rich Indies, and that he would have the honor of solving the problem that had perplexed navigators since the time of Christopher .Columbus. He was very angry at being made the dupe of an impostor. 32. In the year 1615 there came out to Quebec four Becol- let Monks, an Order of Franciscans, who abjured all worldly ambition, took the vow of perpetual poverty, and wore the coarsest dress. Two of the Fathers were stationed at Quebec, and it was not long before a small chapel and a convent were erected on the banks of the i^UEBEL'. 19 urce in a St. Charles River. Another Father was .stationed at Tadousac. Father Le Caron went to the Huron country. He should have accompanied Chaniplain, but the capri- cious Indian guides went on before with the holy father, and left the latter in a rage to follow as best he could. Champlain, accompanied by BruM, the first Canadian voy- a^enr, and four others, ascended the Ottawa to Isle d'Alhunette; from thence over a sterile country he made his way to Lake Nipissing, and followed the course of French River until he reached the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. He skirted the shore of that bay until he reached the smaller bay, Matchedash. Then he landed and trav- elled through a fertile and pleasant land of vale and stream to the chief Huron town Cuhiague, at the north- eastern extremity of Lake Simcoe (we only give the modern naml^s). Here he met Father Le Caron, and here, on the 12th of Augupt, divine service was first performed in that heathen country. Here, also, on the 1st of Sep- tember, a crowd of Tluron and Algonquin warriors as- sembled for another war expedition against the Iroquois, which Champlain had, unfortunately, promised to lead. Without waiting the arrival of five hundred " Erie " Indians the war parties set out. They struck a trail through a country which looked like a great pleasure park until they reached Lake Ontario, ajid, crossing its eastern extremity in canoes, advanced into the country of the Senecas, the eastern Iroquois. If the " allies " had listened to the advice of Champlain they would have achieved another victory. They, under his directions, made mov- able parapets to shield them from the fire of the foe when advancing to set fire to his palisades, but they would take no advantage of them. They became discouraged after suffering a trifling loss, and when no Eries came to aid them they retreated toward Lake Ontario, cariying back with them Champlain, who was wounded, a virtual pris- .13*=^ m 20 IIISTOllY OF CANADA. oner, to the Huron country. There he remained all winter, hunting, and studying the customs and superstitions of the Indians, and writing his observations in a book. 33. The work of colonizing Canada went ou very slowly. It was not until 1617 that the first regular settlers — Louis Hebert, his wife and two children — came out to Quebec. Two years afterwards, when the Due de Montmorency was viceroy, a i)arty, accompanied by three RecoUet priests, was sent out from France. And Champlain then took out his young and beautiful wife, who at first showed great interest in teaching the Indian children. But her enthusiasm soon waned amid tho many discomforts of her position, and she v/ent back to France after a few years. On account of their not doing their duty as colonizers, " the Associated Merchants " were deprived of their mon- opoly. It was granted to two Huguenot gentlemen, Guillaume and Emory de Caen; then "the Associated Merchants " were admitted to share the privilege, but the welfare of the colony was not advanced by this union of Catholic and Protestant interests. It introduced religious discord into it. 34. The Due de Vantadour succeeded his uncle the Due de Montmorency in 1625. It was a time of great re- ligious enthusiasm in France, and the new Viceroy showed great zeal in the work of converting the Indians. The priests chosen for the work Ave re of the celebrated "Order of Jesus," the Jesuit Fathers. Their coming was opposed by Catholic and Huguenot merchants alike ; but they soon established themselves and made their power felt in the colony. (QUEBEC. 21 CHAPTER III. DESTRUCTION OF PORT ROYAL. -FIRST CAPTURE OF QUEBEC. 35. While Chaiiiplain was striving to fouml a colony on the St. Lawrence the settlement in Acadie was ex- poseti to man^ dangers, and all but utterly destroyed. Poutrincourt returned to Port Royal in 1610, and with him came his son, Biencourt. He was placed in a difficult position. He had gained the aid, for his entei'prise, of a Huguenot merchant of Dieppe, who strongly objected to his taking out certain Jesuit Fathers, as people of stand- ing about the court wished him to do. He adopted a middle course, and took out a priest named La Fleche. To show his zeal for the conversion of the heathen, the Patriarch, as he was called, induced the ancient sagamore, Memberton, and all his family to be baptized and to enter the fold of the church. Poutrincourt sent liis son home with the registry of baptism, a sight of which inflamed the zeal of certain great ladies about the court, particu- larly of a Madame de Guercheville. Biencourt, urgently j)ressed, consented to take out two Jesuit Fathers when he returned, and this consent, wrung from him, caused the Huguenot merchant in Dieppe to refuse all further aid. He was constrained, therefore, to accept the assist- ance of " Madame," and through her means the " Society of Jesus " became partners with Poutrincourt by contri- buting a sum of money and advancing other sums as loans. Biencourt was appointed vice-admiral of the seas of New France, and he sailed in 1611 with Fathers Biard and Masse, and two men famous in the history of Acadie, Claude Etienne, and Charles Amadour de la Tour, father and son. Poutrincourt returned to France, and left his son governor at Port IJoyal. There was after that no (f 22 HISTORY OF CANADA. "good time" there. Biencourt would not tolerate any interference with his authority, and the Fathers revolted against the overbearing temper of the young governor. Masse visited the Indians of the St. John, but not even the discord in Port Royal could reconcile him to the filth of their wigwams. The bad feeling was increased when " Madame," who obtained from the French king a grant of all the territory given to De Monts, sent out Father du Thet to look after the interests of the colony. Then there was open var, and the Fathers excommunicated the e;ov- ernor, and refused to officiate at the altar. After a time an outward reconciliation took place, but the efforts of the Fathers were thenceforth directed to force Poutrincourt to abandon Port Royal. They were unsuccessful, and " Madame," with their support, resolved to make a settle- ment in another place. The place chosen was a sheltered spot on Penobscot Bay, which was called St. SauTeur. 36. The English colony of Virginia was then in the first years of its existence. We have stated already that the English, by right of the Cabot's discovery, claimed all the territory from Labrador to Florida, as did the P'rench in right of Verazzani's. A Virginian sea- captain — a bold, unscrupulous man — Samnel Argall, learninix that the French had made a settlement about Penobscot Bay, resolved to treat them as invaders. All unexpectedly his ships appeared in the bay, flying the red flag. The French governor hurried his men on board his only ship to meet the intruder, but after a brief engage- ment he was forced to haul down his flao:. The Ens^llsli landed and plundered and burned the settlement ; and the poor settlers, governor, priests, and all, were sent adrift or taken prisoners to Virginia. It was a cmel, ui^nstifl- able act. But Argall, not satisfied with the havoc he had made, sailed next year for the Bay of Fundy (or Argall Bay, as it was then and lonix afterwards 1613 » called), QUEBEC. 23 Btroyed Port Royal, erasing every memorial of De Monts, Champlain, and Lescarbot. Poutrincourt then returned to France and died not long after like a brave soldier as he was, in battle. His son, along with Charles de la Tour, remained in Acadie among the Micmacs, still asserting himself to be its commandant under the King of France. 37. After Argall's bad exploits the English crown made a definite claim to the territory, which was then called New England, by granting it to an association, — the Grand Council of Plymouth. To one member of this council — a Scottish knight, high in favor at court — King James I. granted a charter, conceding to him Cape Breton and the Peninsula, and all the lands between the Bay of Fundy and the St. Lawrence ; in short, Acadie, Quebec, and all. Sir William Alexander saw a New France and a New England on the American continent, and he had the ambition to found a New Scotland or NoTa Scotia. All his ambitious projects failed, but the name he gave remained. He sent out, in 1622, some Scotchmen, who made a settlement and built a fort on the west side of the basin of Port Royal, opposite Goat Island, but they did not interfere with the French already settled in Acadie. Claude la Tour held a fort at the mouth of the St. John, and his son, after the death of Bieneourt, succeeded to the nominal dignity of commandant of Acadie, and main- tained himself in Fort Louis, on the harbor of L'Omeron, at Cape Sable. 38. After the death of King James, Charles I. confirmed this grant to Sir William, and at the same time the order of the Knights-Baronets of Nova Scotia was founded, which consisted of one hundred and fifty mem- bers, who received extensive grants of land on condition of sending out settlers. 39. Champlain did not hear unmoved of the foundation of a New Enolnnd and a New Scotland in what he held •||-|,«iK»ftT.- -r - 24 HISTOIiY OF CAyADA. -• 1627 was territoiy of France. He thought her claim should be reasserted. And he saw that his wretched colony could never prosper in the hands of the jealous mer- chants of the seaports. His representations awakened interest in France. With the approval of the great Car- dinal Riclielieu, a royal charter was granted to a ** New Company of the Hundred Associates," which ceded to them the country from Florida to Labrador, with power to grant lands and bestow titles. The monopoly of the fur trade and commerce was given to them. In return for these vast privileges they bound themselves to send out fifteen hundred colonists, Frenchmen and Catholics, in ten years, and ten thousand in all by the year 1653. 40. The reign of the " New Company " opened inauspi- ciously. There was then war between France and England. Sir William Alexander, thinking it to be a favorable time to take formal possession of his territories, sent out Ad- miral David Kirkt to seiae Port Royal and Quebec. After taking the first place Kirkt sailed up the St. Lawrence to Tadousac, but, deceived by the bold tone assumed by Champlain, he did not ascend to Quebec. In the Gulf he encountered and vanquished a French fleet, and captured several vessels of the "New Company." Before Kirkt ascended to Quebec next year peace was concluded by the Convention of Susa, April 24, 1629 ; but he did not choose to believe this, as he thought that the capture of Quebec would indemnify him for the sums he had spent in equip- ping his fleet. He took Quebec, but was miserably disap- pointed. Champlain returned to France, and his sole thought was to regain possession of his beloved habita- tion. 41. By the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye (1632), Canada and Acadie were restored to the French crown. Had not Champlain pressed upon the Royal Council of France their importance, the king would not have demanded their UPM THE RULE OF THE CHURCH. 25 restituiion. After his return to the Quebec he loved so well, Champlain devoted himself to the work of estab- lishing missions and extending the fur trade. On Christ- mas Day, 1635, the father and founder of Canada j)assed away. 42. Sir Wi/Iit»Mi Alexander's project in Nova Scotia failed » The Knights-Baronets sent out no colonists. Claude la Tour, who was on board a vessel of the " New Company " captured by Kirkt (16*28), when taken to England was very much made of by Sir William (who, about this time> became Earl Stirling). He was persuaded to become a British subject, and to engage that his son would do the same, and they were both created baronets. Claude mar- ried a lady of the court, and sailed in state to take charge of the colony. He could not prevail over his son Charles to change his allegiance, and he lost credit both with the English and his own countrymen, and lived miserably estranged from his son, buc indebted to him for shelter. 43. After the treaty of St. Germain-de-Laye, Isaac de Ra- zalli was appointed commandant of Acadie, and under him Seigneur d'Aulnay Charnise was lieutenant of the country north of the Bay of Fundy to the Kennebec on the west, and Charles la Tour of the Peninsula. ^.... CHAPTER IV. THE RULE OF THE CHURCH. 44. "The Hundred Associates" held their ci:arter for over a quarter of a century, but they did nothing to advance the interests of the colony. The RecoUets were recalled to France, and the Jesuit Fathers were its guides and masters, and had full sway. This role of the church was •26 HISrORy OF CANADA. very strict. M. Montmagny, who succeeded Champlain as governor, gave them zealous support. 45. It was a time of religious excitement in France, and in their zeal for the spread of the Catholic religion and the conversion of the heathen, wealthy and pious people turned their eyes to the " New France " as a glori- ous field. By their aid the principal colleges, hospitals, and seminaries in Quebec were founded. The Fathers had schools for the instruction of Indian children, and missions for the conversion of the adults — and their patience and faith were severely tried by the unwilling- ness of the young to learn, and the inability of the elders to remember the truths they were told. The chief mission was in the Huroii country between the Great Lakes. The position of the Fathers Brebceuf, Daniel, Davoust, and others who maintained it, was not an easy one, and could only have been sustained by ardent faith in their religion, and a calm, resolute temper. They had a heathen party in active hostility to them, but their kindness and atten- tion to the sick won the hearts of the majority of the people, "The Hundred Associates" accused them of enriching themselves by the profits of the fur trade. They certainly were in the best possible position to do that, had they been so inclined. 46. At this time the fonndation of Montreal was laid. The story, as told, reads like a romance, but we cannot tell it here in full. In Paris, a " Societe de Notre Dame de Montreal " was formed with forty-five members, with the purpose of founding a seminary. Hotel Dieu (hospital) and college on the Isle of Montreal. The isle was purchased from one of " the Hundred," and the com- mand of the proposed colony given to a gallant soldier, M. de Maisonneuve. Before the expedition sailed, the members of the society met in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, in Paris, and dedicated Ville Marie de Montreal to *■ ?i. THE RVLE OF TUE CHURCH. 27 the Holy Familj . An attempt was made to deter Maison- neuv% when he reached Quebec, from proceeding further, by depicting the dangers to which his colony would be exposed from the attacks of the savages, but he stoutly said he would go, though every tree were an Iroquois. Accompanied by the governor and all the notable people of Quebec, his party ascended the St. Lawrence, and on the 17th of May, 1642, landed on a tongue of land formed by the junction of the Caliere rivulet and the St. Law- rence. There they pitched their tents and erected their altar, and made a beginning of the city of Montreal. The Iroquois, many of whom now carried firearms supplied by the Dutch of Manhattan, at this time, recommenced to spread alarm throughout the colony and work havoc among the Indian tribes friendly to the French. Some of the Jesuit Fathers, travelling from Quebec to the Huron country, were taken by bands of Mohawks, and carried prisoners to their canton, where they were treated with horrid cruelty. These terrible warriors were not long in discovering the weakness of Ville Marie, and thenceforth there was no peace for its people, and they hardly dared to go outside of their fortifications to cut fire- wood. One day, however, when their watch-dogs bayed an alarm, warning them that Indians were in the woods, their valor got the better of their discretion, and they demanded of Maisonneuve to lead them against the foe. With difficulty they penetrated the forest, where no foe was visible, when suddenly the Mohawk warriors started from their coverts with fierce yells, discharged their weapons, and quickly sank out of sight. Several of the Frenchmen fell, and the rest retreated, carrying their dead and wounded. Maisonneuve, facing the foe, was in the rear, with a pistol in each hand. Two chiefs rushed forward to capture him, but he shot one, and while the warriors were crowdinij round their fallen comrade he and •I-/ 28 HISTORY OF CANADA, 1648 his party cscajtetl within their fortifications. The sj)ot where this- incident occurred was afterwards named ** Place d'Arines." 47. The Haron mission was for a brief time prosperous and peaceful. Its chief station was at Ste. Marie, on the little river, now called the Wye, that falls into Matchedash Bay. There the priests of the other stations, St. Louis, St. Ignace, St. Jean, St. Joseph, and St. Michel, often met for consultation. What principally troubled them was the apathy of the warriors who should have kept a vigilant lookout. Their forebodings proved too true. One July morning, while Father Daniel was ministering in the little chapel of St. Joseph, a band of Iroquois burst through the palisades of the village and slaughtered the women, children, and old men. All the warriors were away on the Ottawa, and the fiends met no resistance. Father Daniel was killed at the altar, and the mission was totally destroyed. Next spring the same fate befel St. Ignace, St. Louis, and Ste. Marie; Fathers Bre- bceuf and Lallemant, captured in St. Louis, were put to death after fearful and prolonged tortures. Thus came to an end the mission in the Huron country, though one bearing the same name was established at Sorel, near Quebec. There a remnant of the poor people were gathered after this catastrophe. Many of the Jesuit mis- sionaries left Canada, but not a few remained to dare to penetrate the wilds of the Far West, and of the regions around Hudson Bay. They strove hard to gain a foot- hold among the Five Nations, braving the wrath and the treachery of the warriors. Many tales could be told of their heroism and hairbreadth escapes from horrid deaths. 48. At this time the r^overnment of the New England col- onies made a proposal to the Governor-General, M. d'Aille- boust, that there should be free trade and perpetual amity •X THE RULE OF THE CHURCH. 29 1658 between the French and English colonies, even in the event of the mother countries being at war. Negotiations for a treaty to that effect were broken off, because the New Englanders would not agree to the condition that they should join with the French in waging an exterminating war against the Iroquois. So these red demons were left free to terrorize the poor habitansy to insult their governor- general?, and to reduce the colonies to a state of the direst distress. 49. Ville Marie did not prosper in the hands of the soci- ety which founded it, and it was handed over to the Superiors of the Seminary of St. Sulpicius, a society of great repute and power in Paris. Under its auspices a seminary and institution for the religious and secular education for the young of both sexes were instituted. Changes were also made in the government of the church, and M. de Laval (one of the most noted men hi early Canadian history) was appointed Ecclesiasticji^ Superior. It was not until 1670 that the church in Canada was erected into a bishopric, in dependence on the Papal See, when M. de Laval became the first bishop. The times in Canada until the year 1663 were very bad, the colony was neglected by the new company, and little cared for at horae. The terror produced by the incursions of hostile savages was constant and painful. The liquor traffic caused dissensions; total prohibition could not be maintained, though to sell brandy was made a penal offence. The "fire-water" made victims among the friendly Indians. A party of "libertines," who revolted against the rigid rule of the 2)nests, put themselves in opposition to the church. M. de Laval, unable to bring the malcontents to reason, crossed to France to bring his complaints and lay the wretched state of the colony before the Royal [Council. 50. The annals of the Jesuit Fathers give wondrous ac- 30 UliSTOBY OF CAN ADA, counts of straDge signs in tlie skies, and of a fearful earth- quake. Altogether the times were as bad then as they have ever been in Canada, indeed, worse, for some tbouglit the colony would have to be broken up. i /^ CHAPTER V. THE FEUDS OF D'AULNAY AND LA TOUR. 61. Razilli, commandant of Acadie, died in 163G, and left no one in single authority over the colony. Nicolas Denys (one of its earliest historians) became governor of the country from Canceau, along the gulf shore, to Cape Gasp6. Bitter strife arose between the two lieutenants. D'Aulnay, outside his own government north of the Bay of Fundy, held Penobscot Fort and Port Royal, within the command of La Tour, and La Tour, besides the command of the Peninsula, held the fort at the mouth of the St. John, within the goverament of D'Aulnay. Such a state of things was sure to produce war between two ambitious men, who both sought to have the sole command of Acadie and the whole profits of the fur trade. D'Aulnay was a harsh, vindictive, overbearing man ; La Tour had a genial temper ; he was one who was all things to all men ; but he was not scrupulous in the ways he took to accomplish his purposes. Our sympathy goes with him because of the heroism of his wife. Her enemies said that she incited her husband to the rebellious course he pursued, and was the principal promoter of all the trouble. But a man's enemies will say anything. D'Aulnay had influential friends in France, and he was a Catholic ; La Tour was a Catholic, too, but his wife was a Huguenot, and he was in constant commercial intercourse with the Huguenot mer- chants of Rochelle and with the Puritans of Massachu- 77/ A' FEU Da OF JJ'AULyAl' ASD LA TOUli. 31 sfits, aiul sought the aid of their goveriuiient to destroy the fort at Penobscot held by D'^Vuhuiy. This fact waa ])ersistently used by D'Auhiiiy to raise a prejudice against iiis rival in the Catholic court of France, where he was made to apj^ear as^ an enemy to his country and to his religion. lie gained his point. The king revoked the com- mission of La Tour, who was recalled to France to answer certain charges against him. lie refused to obey the sum- mons, and he fortified himself in his "strong, sufficient fort " at the mouth of the 8t. John. D'.Vulnay, with a Heet, appeared at Partridge Island, and blockaded the harbor, to compel him to surrender. But while his ships and pinnaces lay in the two channels. La Tour and hia wife, under cover of night, stole from the port, and boarded a friendly vessel from Rochelle bound for St. John, which he had signalled to beware of the enemy, and sailed away to Boston. Cautious Governor Winthrop of Boston would not openly espouse his cause, but he allowed him to hire New England shi2^s and soldiers. With the aid thus ob- tained he sailed for Partridge Island, and the strength of his force frightened D'Aulnay so much that he ordered sails to be spread, and his fleet sailed across the bay into the basin of Port Royal, followed by La Tour's, which there inflicted on him considerable damage. This check only embittered D'Aulnay the more against his rival. The feud ran on its bitter way for several years, D'Aulnay proclaimed his rival a rebel against his king's authority, and gradually, by representations of La Tour's position, drew away from his side the Massachusetts goveniment. [He attacked the St. John fort in the absence of La Tour, and, though it was weakly garrisoned and commanded by a woman, he was repulsed with loss. But again, with [greater force, he returned to the attack, and this time, through the treachery of a Swiss guard, who did not give earning, he was able to approach the fort and try and take; 82 UIHTOUr OF CANADA. i % '-■ W it by storm. His soltliors scaled the walls, but brave Madame La Tour and her titty men made so vigorous a resistance that he had recourse to craft to induce the lady to surreiuler. lie offered such honorable terms that she accepted them. But he basely broke his plighted word, and hanged all the garrison save one, who acted as exe- cutioner, and subjected Madame to the cruel indignity of witnessing the execution witii the hangman's rojiC around her neck. It broke her heart. 52. La Tour, after the death of his wife and the loss of his fort, appeared to be a ruined man. But as the poet says, " the whirligig of time brings about its revenges." After a few years of feudal state in Port Royal, D'Aulnay came to his death by drowning, and left a heavy debt. La Tour then emerged from obscurity, cleared his character from the charges brought against it by his late rival, and was appointed commandant of Acadie ; and, strangest stroke of fortune, he married D'Aulnay's widow to settle some question of jurisdiction oetween her and himself. But he was not left in peace. One Emmanuel Bor^ne, D'Aulnay's chief debtor, seized on Acadie in satisfaction of his debt. He established himself in Port Royal, destroyed the set- tlement made by Nicolas Denys on Cape Breton, and was preparing to dispossess La Tour, when four English ships, bearing five hundred New England soldiers under Colonel Sedgwick, sailed from Boston, captured Fort Penobscot, and compelled La Borgne ignominiously to surrender Port Royal. To explain this action: Oliver Cromwell, being at war with the Dutch at Manhattan, demanded aid from Massachusetts, but, before the force was raised, peace was concluded, and Colonel Sedgwick, who had received secret orders to that effect, seized on Acadie. 53. Even then La Tour was not ruined. He was not a man tt) lose anything for want of asking for it. He went 1854 V. THE FEUDS OF D'AULNAV AXI> LA TOVli. 33 to England, and claimed as his legal ri<:ht the grant made hy Sir William Alexander to his father and himself, and his claim wjis allowed by the Protector. Then, with Sir Thomas Temple and William Crowne, he entered into joint j)OSses8ion of Acadie, but shortly afterwards disposed of his interest to Temple. For eleven years ** Acadie reiiiaiued in tlie liands of hotli Englisli and French. — and La Tour died, as his rival did, by drowning, before it was fully restored to the French. Teini)le would fain have held the forts, on which he had expended much money, but on a peremptory order from Charles 11. he delivered them up to Chevalier Grand-Fon- taine, The king promised him compensation, which was, it is said, never paid. LEADING DATES — FBENCH TEHIOD — TIME OF SETTLEMENT, A. D. Sieur de la Roche, Viceroy of Canada 1598 M. Pontgrave, Fur trade at Tadousac 1599 M. de Monts — Port Koyal founded 1604 Quebs^c founded 1008 Argiill destroys Port Royal lOU Grant to Sir William Alexander (Nova Scotia) . . 1621 Sir David Kirkt takes Acadie and Quebec . . . 1628-29 Death of Chaniplain 1635 Montreal founded 1642 Destruction of Jesuit Missions in Huron country, 1648-49 Colonel Sedgwick takes possession of Acadie . . . 1655 ^ 34 JJIbTOIir OF CANADA, FRENCH PERIOD (Continued). Time op Royal Government, 1663-1760. 07 Years. Leading Features. — Explorations and extension of territoiy. Rivalries of the fur trade. Hostile measures of the Iroquois. War with the English colonies. Bankruptcy and conquest. A CHAPTER VI. ' THE SOVEREIGN COUNCIL. 54. The i^romise of better clays for Canada came in 1663. A regular government was then established, — the Sover- eign Council, composed of the Governor-General (who had the power of making peace and war, and took an active part in the government of the country), of the Bishop (who had jurisdiction in ecclesiastical matters), and the Int^dant (an officer of great authority, who had direct supervision over all matters relating to the administration of justice, police finance, and marine) ; and these three had each power to appoint four councillors. This sover- lAftQ ^^»" council was constituted a supreme court to try civil and criminal cases. Justice was administered according to the laws of France and the custom of Paris, — a body of unwritten laws established by long usage. These laws were from time to time modified by ordinances of the king, which became the chief code by which the colony T/as governed. Undor this form of government the people had no voice in tlte direction of affairs. 55. When the " New Company " surrendered its charter (1663), a monopoly of the territoiy and trade of all the colonies of France was granted to the " West India Com- pany," on condition of sending out settlers and maintain- THE l^OVERKlUy LOLWCIL, AKS. territoiy. •is. War in 1663. ) Sover- iio had 1 active Bishop nd the direct tration three sover- to try istered Paris, usage, nances ch the nment harter ill the €om- ntain- ing priests. Lands were granted by the company in ex- tensive blocks to gentlemen, officers of the army, and com- munities, on condition of paying fealty and homage to the king, — a ceremony which was annually performed in the Castle of St. Louis, Quebec. The holders of these blocks were the seigneurs, and they exercised legal jurisdiction in their domain, except in cases of treason and murder. The seigneurs divided their blocks into lots, which were granted in villenage to censit^^ires, who paid a small annual rent in money and some article of provision ; who ground their wheat at the seigneur's mill, paying him a fourteenth of the produce ; gave him a tithe of fish caught ; made and repaired roads and bridges ; and did compulsory military service. All this was according to the feudal system which then prevailed in France. 56. The " West India Company " did no better than the " New Company," and their charter was rescinded when ten of its fifty years' monopoly had run, and the vast domain ceded to it came into direct possession of the crown. The people of the colony, who were all inter- ested in the fur trade, raised such a clamor against mon- opoly that they were granted freedom to import their own goods and buy the peltry from the Indians, on con- dition of paying a certain proportion of beaver skins and buffalo robes to the government's officer — The Farmer General. 57. In the year 16G3 the English supplanted the Dutch on Long Island and the Hudson, and New Amsterdam be- came New York. The English merchants of New York then strove hard to draw the fur trade that passed down the St. Lawrence to the Hudson. Their government foi*med an alliance with the Iroquois, who induced the tribes dwelling around the Great Lakes, to sell their pel- try to the English, and made war upon them if they would not. The French were afraid that they would lose 36 ni^ioi:r of caxaua. the trade, and tried hard to win the friendship of these tierce and astute warriors. In short, the rivalries and jealousies created by the fur trade were a principal cause of the " little wars " that desolated Canada and the frontiers of the Xew England settlements, and that led to the long conflict between the English and French, which resulted in the conquest of Canada in 17GU. 58. The Jesuit Fathers had ruled Canada since the days of Montniagny, and they routed a i)arty against them Ly tlie rigidity of their system. Under the new re(/ime they still hoi)ed to maintain i)redominance oi power ; but 31. de Mesy set his face against them and gave support to the opposition. lie and his old friend Bisliop Laval had A iolent quarrels in council, and they became so irrecon- cilable that the Bishop memorialized the king to discharge liim from oflice. At this time Marquis de Tracy came to America as viceroy to the king, with plenary power to settle all disorders in the French colonies in America. De Mesy's case would have been submitted to him had not that irascible individual died, in the meanthne, at peace with the bishop. ^ *-"''" j,^ 50. With De Tracy came M. de Courcclles, De Mesy's suc- cessor, and the Carignan regiment, and a whole colony of lionest and industrious Normandy and Picardy i)easants, their families and horses, oxen and sheep. Their coming was a great event for the colony, and ins})ired confidence. The Iroquois heard of the splendid regiment which had come out to light them, and all the Five Nations, save the haughty Mohawks, sent deputies to make peace. On his first arriving, the viceroy, a man well stricken in years, but full of enern'v, ixavo .orders for the erection of three forts at the Uiouth of the Richelieu River, and late in autumn invaded tlie country of the ♦ defiant Mohawks. The expedition, numbering 1,300 men, was commanded by himself in jfcrson; but as he was too feeble to march, s^.-. THE SOVEREIGN COUNCIL. 87 he was borne in an easy-cliair, siirronnded by a bodyguard in splendid uniforms, and attended by paues in gorgeous liveries* His trumpets awakened echoes in the hills and woods. But the march was long and laborious, and, pro- visions giving out, the soldiers plucked the green chest- nuts from the trees. Wlu lie reached the boitrgade^ it was found deserted of all but a few women and old men. The hour (jade was burned l)y his orders, and the pits where the Mohawks had stored an immense quantity of corn were rifled ; and then, winter ap])roaching, the ex- pedition returned to Qiu'bec. The work was not quarter done, but this punishment made a salutary impression on the Iroquois, and gave Canada a breathing-time of peace. 60. M. Talon, the Intendant, a man of ability, zeal, integ- rity, and enlightened aims, had now the opportunity to carry out his views for the advancement of th colony. lie had several objects in view. First, to add to the permanent . strength of Canada by settling in it an industi'ious agricul— turnl ^^opulation. To show the peasants the best way to settle in the wilderness, he obtained a grant of land near Quebec, had it cleared, and houses and barns erected. Tn this way were formed the villages of Louisburg and Charlesl)ourg. When the people were pretty comfortably settled he set them to clear adjacent lots for the reception of coming colonists. The disbanded soldiers of the Cari nan regiment were settled on the frontier to form a ba' rier against the Iroquois — an object they imperfectly caw ried out. Secondly, to develop the resources of the country, so as to create an external commerce with other French colonies. Little or nothing was done in this direction. An expert mineralogist was sent to the Three Rivers dis- trict to examine its mineral riches, and he reported that there was abundance of iron ore of fine quality ; but no- thing to turn the discovery to account was done for many years. Thirdly, to extend the far trade and give the people 38 in STORY OF CANADA. 1671 an interest in it. It was through Talon's influence that the people, as aheady stated, were granted freedom to im- port their own goods and buy the peltry from the Indians on certain conditions. Fourthly, to briiiff nuder the autho- rity of the Crown of France the northern and western regions of the continent. Nicholas Perrot, an experienced travel- ler, was disj>atehed to the mission at Ste. Marie, at tlie strait between lakes Superior and Huron, which, several years before, along with the mission at Michilli- mackinae, had been established bv Father AUouez. There lie called a general assembly of delegates from the tribes dwelling around the Great Lakes, and there M. Lousson, the royal commissioner, made them to under- stand that he wished to place their country under the pro- tection of the French king. The delegates, well instructed by the Fathers, shouted *'Vive le Koi," and, with the l)lanting of a cedar cross, the ceremony of taking j^osses- sion of the vast domain was completed, v 61. At Ste. Marie, Perrot heard of the great river, the Mississippi. Talon, when informed of it, at once dis. cerned the importance of ascertaining its outlet. Its dis- covery was intrusted to Father Marquette, and Joliette, a merchant. They, after infinite toil, launched their canoe on the main stream of the Father of Waters on the 14th of June, 1673, and made a prosperous voyage, viewing on the way a magnificent country of meadow, forest, and j^rairies — the feeding-ground of countless herds of buffaloes, to the mouth of its tributary, the Arkansas. There the Indians were hostile, and they re- turned. Kine years later a young, daring, intelligent ad- venturer, Robert la Salle, reached the outlet of the Mississii)pi, in the Gulf of Mexico. This La Salle was a man of extraordinary enterprise. By erecting forts at Cataracoiii- (the site of the modern Kingston), at Niagara, at Detroit, Mic hillima fikinac, Ste. Marie, Chi- 1073 1682 CANADA'S TIME OF TRIAL. 39 cago, St. Joseph, Crevecour on the Illinois, he secured the commerce of the west and the Great Lakes, and the hatred of the merchants of Montreal and Quebec. He, with Father Hennepin, sailed on the first ship that ever j)loughed the waters of the lakes Erie, Huron, and Michi- gan — the " Griffin " — that was wrecked on its return voy- age. 62. The Hudson Bay Territory attracted Talon's attention. Both English and French claimed it, and at this time (1071) the English had forts at the mouth of rivers Rupert, Moose, and Albany. The year before Charles H. granted a charter to the Hudson Bay Company. Fol- lowing Talon's instructions. Father Albanel ascended the Saguenay to its source, and then explored Lake Mistissin, and descended the river Kupert to its mouth. On a point of land near there, in presence of delegates of numerous tribes, the Father took formal possession of the territory. Several years afterwards the "Company of the North" was formed in Canada ; they established Fort Therese. Until the territory became the sole possession of the English crown (1713) there was perpetual rivalry and war be- tween the English and French fur traders. 63. The French also, at this time, established themselves more firmly in Newfoundland than they hitherto had done. A lieutenant-fjovernor was ])laced in command of Plais- ance (Placentia) on the southern coast, which was their only post. CHAPTER VII. CANADA'S TIME OF TRIAL. 64. The promise of better days for Canada was hardly fulfilled. M. de Courcelles had a difficult task to preserve peace, but he was vigilant and alert, and spared himself 40 HISTORY OF CANADA. I I no labor in order to do so. There were some bad charac- ters among the French military, and they made drunk, murdered, and robbed several Indians. Only the prompt and i)ublic execution of the murderers before delegates of the tribes of the murdered prevented a rising. Then the Iroquois showed signs pf warlike restlessness. To propi- tiate them he invited their chiefs to meet him at Catara- coui (Kingston), to smoke the pi])e of peace. lie flattered and gave them presents, and told them that he intended to build a fort there (the fort which La Salle afterwards rebuilt on an extended scale, and which was called Fort Frontenac), in order that they might come and trade more conveniently with their friends the French. He really meant the fort to be a menace and a protection against their incursions,' but they professed themselves pleased, though probably the astute warriors saw through his design. 65. His successor was Count Frontenac, a man of high birth and imperious manners. He was the most famous, if not the best, of the governor-generals under the French reybne. He was loved by the poor habitans for his kind- ness, and detested by almost every one in any position who came in contact with him. His aim was to concen- trate all the powers of the council in himself, and he quar- relled with the intendants, and bishop, and Jesuit Fathers. The wise Talx)n could not get on with him at all, and it was a bad day for Canada when he left it. Unfortunately, he had found that neither governor-general nor bishop would go heartily with him in promoting the internal improve- ment of the colony. He was opposed to the policy of the Jesuits, who sought to maintain predominance in the colony, and he obtained an edict from Louis XIV. re-estab- lishing the RecoUets. Frontenac favored these priests also ; supported the liquor traffic against the remon- strances of the " Fathers; " and roused scandalous scenes I. X tharac- [Irunk, ronipt |ites of n the pi'opi- 'atara- tered ndocl Iwards Fort trade He action elves •ough \ CANADA'S TIME OF TRIAL. 41 in council by the impetuosity of his temper. Duchesneau, Talon's successor, felt the weight of his wrath, but ho would not give in to him. Yet Frontenac had liberal aims ; he desired to give the people some voice in the direction of affairs. He was the patron of La Salle. And he was a proved good soldier, whose spirit rose in timex of difficulty. It was a pity he could not restrain his tem- per, for times of difficulty were coming on Canada ; Init he was recalled in temporary disgrace. M, La Barre, who relieved him, was a brave old soldier, but, in no way fitted for his position. The colony was in an unquiet state. Fear- ing an eruption of the barbarians he called a council of notables, and, following their advice, made an urgent appeal to the king for a force of soldiers and laborers ; but the force sent was inadequate. It was evident to all that Canada could not exist unless the Iroquois were crushed. He had no power to do that. He had an enemy in bluff Colonel Dongan, Governor of New York, who per- sistently, though repeatedly instructed by the home gov- ernment to preserve neutrality, incited the Iroquois to make war upon the French, and to divert the fui^ trade from the St. Lawrence down the Hudson. He, no doubt, thought he was doing his duty by his State. Not having force sufficient to humble the Five Nations, La Barre made overtures of jieace to four of them. He imagined that he would be able to keep them quiet, so as to allow him to crush the Senecas, the most obxoxious of all. Vain hope ! for they only laughed at him and made common cause with their brothers. He, with nine hundred men, set out to invade the country of the Senecas, but lingered so long on the way that provisions gave out, and his force nearly died of hunger where they camped by a cove then named ^ "The Bay of Famine." He could not light, so he parleyed. He spoke proudly to the delegates of the Senecas, but his Vw^akness was so evident that they openly scorned him. r i' »ii i ,!«a 42 HISTORY OF CANADA. I However, a hollow peace was patched up. Had tlie Five Nations united and attacked the French then, they might have driven them from Canada, but at that particular time they were offended with Dongan, who had too plainly let them see that he considered them English subjects ; and a Jesuit missionary told them that if they drove the French from Canada they would no longer be a powerful people, as the English would be sole masters. 06. Marquis de Denouville succeeded La Barre. He was instructed to win over the Iroquois, and make Frenchmen of them. He soon saw that that was perfectly impossible ; but he was pained to see how easily Frenchmen became Indians, and took to the woods and wigwams, as the class called Coureurs des Bois, "runners of the woods," did, many of whom injured the colony by their wild and vaga- bond conduct. He made preparations to crush the Senecas, and, in the meantime, did a cruel, senseless act. Without informing them of his purpose, he required of the mission- aries to invite some of the chief men of the Iroquois to visit him. When the chiefs were in his power he had them manacled and hurried on board of shijis and con- veyed to France, there to man the king's galleys. Before iAft7 *^^^ perfidious act became known, he, with a large . force, invaded the Senecas' country, burnt their hom^' gade and their corn, killed their hogs, and then marched west to the Niagara and caused a fort to be built. 67. Fiercely did the Iroquois resent the chastisement in- flicted on the Senecas. Like ravening wolves they spread themselves over the settlements. The habitans in terror left their houses and fields, and fled with their movables and cattle to the fortified enclosures of the seigneuries. This same summer the small-pox made great ravage among the French families and the domiciled Indians ; and, alto- gether it was the worst summer which the people of Canada had yet seen. CANADA'S TIME OF TRIAL. 43 68. It was a terrible time certainly, but there was a mo- nutuny in its incidents. It is no use recounting the freaks of capricious savages who were swayed by the counsel last heard. A truce was at length agreed to, and the treaty of peace was to include all the Iroquois and the Indian tribes friendly to the French. This proposal dis- pleased the friendly Indians and Governor Dongan. An old Huron chief, Kondiaroiik, or "the Rat," carried out a deep scheme, the end of w^hich was that he caused an Iroquois peace ambassador, whom he had captured, to be exe uted as a prisoner taken in battle, and then released an Iroquois captive, and told him to fly and spread the news among the cantons, while Dongan insinuated in the ears of some of the Iroquois chiefs that the French were meditating treachery. Between them they effectually killed the peace. Denonville was in Montreal on the 25th of August, impatiently waiting for the coming of the peace delegates to sign the treaty, when a band of twelve hundred Iroquois warriors burst on the neigh- borhood of Lachine, and massacred men, women, and children. The red demons spread themselves over the country, and advanced within a league of Montreal, burn- ing houses and barns, wasting the fields, slaying the people, and perpetrating the most abominable and appalling cruel- ties. They did not quit the island of Montreal until the middle of October. This dreadful catastrophe paralyzed Denonville, and it was with a feeling of infinite relief and thankfulness that he handed over the command of the distracted colony to Count Frontenac. 44 IIISrOUY OF VAX A DA. CIIAPTEIl VIII. ■1 BEGINNING OF WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENG- LAND. GO. In 1689 England and France were at war in Europe and America. Neitiier King William nor Louis XIV. had soldiers to spare to fight tlie battles of tlieir colonial subjects, so these were left to shift for themselves. The leading men in Canada and the English colonies were now convinced that the i>resence of English and French on the American continent was " incompatible with peace," but it took sixty years of fighting to decide the question who should be master of it. ♦ 70. Count Frontenac had now an opportunity to display his better qualities. The fact that he had been appointed to a second term of the governor-generalship showed that confidence was i)laced in him. The work before him was to give security to the colony and to redeem the honor of the French arms. Canada, assuredly, after the massacre of Lachine, was in a fearful condition — on the point of collapse. The people of the towns and settlements of the St. Lawrence were almost paralyzed by terror; the forts west of Lake St. Louis, Cataracoui and Niagara, were destroyed or abandoned ; the tribes once friendly to the French now scorned them and sought the friendship of the Irocpiois. But tl»e situation did not frighten the old oonnt, and he showed his wilful and imperious temper. The kinfic commanded him to remain on the defensive, and to gather the colonists together in contiguous settlements. He did not obey the royal mandates ; in the circumstances in which lie and the colony were placed, probably he could not. He acted most vigorously, and took the offensive. One of his first cares was to win again the friendship of the tribes of the west, and a lucky incident aided him. WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND. 45 He* sent a grand convoy, "witli i)iv.sents, to Micliillimackinac. It was attacked by a party of Iroquois who were defeated. He caused one of the })risoiiers to be delivered into the cruel hands of the Ottawas, and this strange act, together with the defeat, mightily i)leased all the western Indians and revived tlieir i'esj)ect for French prowess. Thenceforth they could not do enough for Ononthio, as they alw.ays called the governor-general, and as a token of their friend- ship sent Frontenac bales of beaver-skins valued at one hundred thousand crowns. Count Frontenac was not, it may be granted, at heart a cruel man, but nothing could be more cruel than the system of little war ("petite guerre") he waged against the Englisli colonies. His Indian allies committed terrible cruelties, for which lie and the members of the noblesse^ who led them were held resi^onsible. From Montreal, Tliree JJivers, and Quebec, war parties were sent out to make havoc in the colony of New York and in the New England settlements. Schenectady was destroyed by a murderous midnight raid ; the village of Salmon Falls, in the eastern border of New Hampshire, and the settlement at Casco Bay were plun- dered, burned, and many of their inhabitants given over to the Indians to be tortured. These ruthless acts exas- l)erated and roused the governments of the English col- onies, and they resolved to conquer Acadie and Canada. 71. Acadie, in the twenty years that had ]iassed av»ay, after it had been restored to France, had made very little ])rogress. Intendant Meules, in the time of La Barre, vis- ited it, and drew up a report of its condition and resources. He was of opinion that it way capable of being made a most valuable colony, but that some of its chief sources of wealth had been quite neglected. Its people devoted themselves to the fur trade, they cultivated the marsh- lands, and easily raised corn, hay, cattle, but they neglected the ui)lands. The fisheries on the coasts were in the hands 46 nisTonv OF Canada. of the people of Massaeliusetts. An endeavor was made to turn its resources to better account, and a M. J5ergier formed a company to prosecute the shore fisheries and to cultivate the uplands. His principal station was at Ciie- ]ayed him false, and there he heard news which com- pL'lled him to return. The English fleet, which should have co-operated with him, had been sent to Lisbon instead of Quebec. But this disappointment was far from discouraging the New England ^governments. Nicol- son went to England, and obtained assistance from Queen Anne herself to raise four regiments, and the promise of a fleet from the English government. The ships, how- ever, were so long in being put in readiness that tlie season was too advanced for the fleet to sail to Quebec. So Nicolson with his force sailed for Port Royal* The fort there was a mere earthwork, and it was weakly garrisoned and badly equipped. The people of the village and surround- ing settlements were pining with want, owing to tlie failure of two harvests. Subercase, the governor, when thirty-five New England vessels, great and small, sailed into the basin, felt like a rat caught in a trap. But the old farce was played over again. He assumed a bold tone in his communications with Nicolson, held out against unconditional surrender, and was granted honorable terms, which the English general honorably kept, though he had as much cause to feel sore at being duped as ever 1710 ^^^^P^ ^^^^^* ^^^ New England governments resolved never again to give up Acadie. It became Noya Scotia, and Port Royal was named Annapolis Royal, in honor of Queen Anne. Colonel Nicolson was elated by this success, and hurried over to England. He gained the sjTn- pathy and assistance of the Tory government for an attack OE Canada. Seven of the Duke of Marlborough's finest tjf I CANADA AT PEACE. 53 cd >\ 1711 regiments were detailed to fonn part of the military expe- dition, and the command was given to General Sir John Hill. The fleet, composed of fifteen war-ships and forty transports, was commanded by Sir Hovedeii Walker. Such confidence was felt in the success of the enterj)rise that a party of .Scotch settlers formed part of the expedition. 8'J. Again Nicolson and his New York volunteers ad- vanced from Albany to attack Montreal; again he stopped short before he had made much headway; again bad news compelled him to retrace his .>t ps. lie heard then that the great English fleet had sailed too close to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, and that eight of the large shij'S had been shattered to pieces among the Egg Islands, and that the coasts were strewn Avith dead bodies and broken cargo. The people of Quebec were very con- fldcut aiul joyful after these repeated deliverances. A special providence appeared to them to watch over the colony. If the Xew Englanders, as was rumored in Que- bec, prepared another expedition for the following year, they must have thought better of it, for it never sailed. The war ended the year after that. By the Treaty of rtreclit, April 11, 1718, Louis XIV. ceded to the British crown Acadie, Hudson Bay Territory, Newfoundland, reservino^ to the French fishermen the right to cure their fish on the coasts from Bonavista to Cape Rich. He re- tained Cape Breton, Island of St. John, and the islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. '•(,, y CHAPTER XL CANADA AT PEACE. 83. Canada now, after its many trials and struggles, entered on a period of peace. Still, in the west, for some time after the treaty, the French had great trouble with a ^.. 64 mSTORY OF CANADA. few of tlio tribes, stirred up by the fur traders of New York, and great difficulty in holding their important fort at Detroit, which gave them command of tlie commerce of tlie Great Lakes, and enabled them to hold the routes to the Mississippi and their new province, Louisiana. The spirit of rivalry and jealousy between the French and English was in no way changed on account of the peace. In the east, for several years after the peace, there was an Indian war in the country between the Penobscot and Kennebec. The Abenaquis, friendly to the French, com- mitted fiendish cruelties among the settlements of the pushing New Englanders, and were in^ ited thereto, there is little doubt, by the authorities of Quebec, and were cer- tainly encouraged by a Father Kasles, who had a mission station at Norridgewalk, and great influence over them. The government of Massachusetts waged a retaliatory war, and it was not until the station was destroyed and the Father slain that the Indians made overtures of peace. And then M. de Vaudreuil raised difficulties to a treaty being made, though it was concluded in 1725. • 84. M. de Vaudreuil and his successors had a national policy in view, to extend the dominion of France over the continent, and to keep the English, if possible, cooped up behind the Alleghany Mountains. The French had now begun to colonize their great province of Louisiana, at the mouth of the Mississippi, and in 1718 they founded the city of New Orleans. As a barrier to the advancing Eng- lish, they erected a fort on the Niagara, and they tried hard to win the friendship of the " Five," or rather " Six," 1717 ^^^i^'iSj ^s they were now called (owing to the en- trance of the Tuscaroras into the confederacy), and they partly succeeded. But the English built a fort at the mouth of the Oswego, which placed them in a better position than ever to intercept the fur trade of the west. Several years later the French erected the fort of Crown CANADA AT PEACE. 55 I > r- Point, at the foot of the " narrows," between lakes Cham- plain and George. 85. Canada, with its vast territory and absolute govern- ment, was externally more imposing than New England and New York, with their separate governments. Quebec, with its miniature court and its episcopate, was a much gayer and more pretentious place than either Boston or New York. But in all that constitutes the strength of a nation, the English colonies were far ahead of Canada. Their population in 1717 was four or five times greater than that of Canada, which was then estimated at 26,500 ; their fighting force was as 15,000 to 4,444. With the Eng- lish, agriculture was the main occupation ; with the French, the fur trade, and that did not enrich and strengthen the country as the clearing of the land and the cultivation of the soil did. And the English colonies had established a considerable commerce with England and foreign coun- tries, while the French had no commerce to speak of. In the time of peace, when the Messieurs Raudot, father and son, were Intendants, efforts were made to improve the internal condUion of Canada. They did nmch to break the habitans of the bad habit of going to law with each other on the slightest provocation and for the merest trifles, which wasted their property and time. They encouraged them to grow flax and hemp, and manufacture coarse linen and woollen fabrics, to build war and mer- chant vessels, to send lumber and other native produce to France and the West Indies, and to prosecute the shore fisheries of the St. Lawrence. But the fur trade remained the chief resource of the colony. . 86. M. de Vaudreuil, the most beloved of all the gov- ernor-generals under the French rer/ime, died in 1725, and he was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauharnois. . I - 56 imsTOUY OF CANADA, CIIAPTEK XII. LOUISBUKG. 87. Louis XIV., it has been stated, retained Cape Bre- ton, "the Royal Ishuul." In it were settled the French of Placentia, Newfoundland, and the British government contemplated the removal of the Acadians in Nova Scotia to it. It is a pity that it was not carried out at once — it would have made unnecessary, fifty years later, their forcible expulsion. The Acadians^ from the Basin of Annapolis to Chignecto Bay, were rooted to their beloved marshes, fields, and orchards, and the body of them would, no doubt, gladly have remained neutral in the wars be- tween French and English, had they been left alone. But the authorities of Quebec, who regretted the cession of Acadie to the English, and hoped still to regain it, through their priests, kept the simple peo[)lc bound to France, and determined not to take an unconditional oath of allegi- ance to the English king. They would not consent to fioht for Georjve aii'ainst Louis. 88. In the Royal Island, on a little promontory that jutted out between "the English harbor" and Gabarus Bay, a fortressed town was built and named Louisburg. An enormous sum was spent in its erection, and it was thought to be the strongest place in America. Lofty walls, sur- mounted by towers, protected it on the land side ; sea- ward, a little rocky islet battery lay in the mouth of the harbor ; and on the east of it, at Lighthouse Point, and the northeast, there were strong batteries. Louisburg now became a place of great note : swift was its rise ; short but eventful its history. It was the principal naval station of France in America, and the resort and refuge of her fishermen ; it was a centre of trade between Canada and France and her colonies, and with old and New Eng- LOUIS nURG, 57 i 1744 laiul. To the Acadians it was the visible sign of the j)ower of France in America, and to it they took and sold their surj)lus corn and cattle, and they persisted in carry- ing on the traffic against tiie orders of their English governors;. 89. For several years the Englisli in Nova Scotia were bnt settlers amid a foreign i)oi)ulation and hostile Indians. Their precarious position was shown when a time of armed strife came again in 1744, when France and Eng- land took opjiosite sides in the war of the Austrian Suc- cession. The events of that war did not affect Canada. Louisburg then became a danger to Nova Scotia and a menace to the English colonies. Its governor planned ex- peditions to destroy the principal English posts in the peninsula, and from its harbor there went forth priva- teers to prey on the merchant vessels of New England. A Captain du Vivier with nine hundred men, burnt Canso, and afterwards, from Chignecto, made an inland march to Annapolis, and, along with the hostile Micmacs, invested it. The place was reduced to extremities, and it was only saved by the resolution of the stout and astute governor, Paul Mascarene, and the want of persistence of the French captain. 90. The destruction of their shipping and the interrui> tion of their commerce made the people of Massachusetts very angry, and they eagerly bacV I up their bold gov- ernor, William Shirley, in his resolution to attempt the capture of the great French fortress. A force of four thou- sand, chiefly undisciplined artisans and laborers, was raised, and the command given to a militia colonel, William Pepperell. The British government ordered Com- modore Warren, on the Newfoundland station, to co- operate with him. The expedition sailed on a Sunday in April. If Pepperell hoped to take Louisburg by surprise, he was disappointed, for a merchant vessel brought Du- 68 HISTORY OF CANADA. chnmbon, its governor, t'le news; and the ice in the hjir))or and state of the sea prevented immediate opera- tions. The appearance of the English fleet produced the wildest commotion among its people, but hasty prepara- tions were made for a vigorous defence. 91. The work cut out for the audacious New Eng- enders was arduous and difficult enough. But through the raw and gloomy weather, through discomforts, toil- some labors, and dangers manifold, they preserved a rollicking good humor. The heavy siege guns were landed; over the miry marsh, on sleds, through the darkness of night, they were hauled towards the ramparts on the land side; trenches were dug, batteries erected, and fire opened. One party mai-cJied northeast through the woods, seized and fired a store filled with turpentine, brandy, and tar, and the thick, stifling smoke drove out the defenders of the Koyal Battery. Then the New Eng- enders rushed in, drilled out the spiked touch-holes of its cannon, and turned their fire on the town. Another party dragged cannon up to the lighthouse height on the west of the harbor, and silenced the guns of the rocky Islet Battery. Then Commodore Warren put into the harbor to bombard the town. Louisburg was thus circled by fire, and the grovernor was forced to surrender it June 17, forty days or more after the siege commenced. The garrison were allowed to march out of it with drums beating and colors flying, which was, perhaps, balm to their wounded pride, and they, with the inhabitants, 4,130 persons, were afterward removed to France. 92. Pepperell and Warren had honors beetowed on them, and the brave New England militia prize-money and rum, — too much rum, for it proved ten times more deadly to them than the fire of the French. Bold Governor Shirley was mightily elated, as well he might be, by the capture of Louisburg, and at every opportunity exclaimed, " Can- LorisnuRG. 59 ii i ada must be destroyed." But the triumph was short-lived. The Bostonians flocked to the cliurches to pray when they heard that the French king, incensed at the loss of his fortress, had sent out a great fleet and force to conquer Nova Scotia and to burn their city. Never had a might- ier fleet sailed from the i)orts of France than that which sailed under the command of the Due d'Anville, and never a more unlucky one. The king, in his wrath and pride, could not guard against the vigilahce of the foe or com- mand the elements. Off Brest two of his great ships were captured by the English, and a furious storm dis- persed the rest ; so that when the commander in the flag- shij), with a consort, entered the place of rendezvous, Chebucto (Halifax) harbor, he found only one ship. The intense mortification he felt killed him — it was said that he poisoned himself. On the same day that he died, IVEstoumelle) the rear-admiral, sailed into the harbor with three ships. He strongly urged the abandonment of the enterprise, but the majority of the officers were against him. The opposition excited him to the pitch of mad- ness, and, when he entered his cabin, he transfixed himself with his sword. On his death M. de la Jonquiere (who had come out to succeed Beauharnois as governor-general), took command, and with thirty vessels, large and small, sailed for Annapolis to co-operate wdth a land force sent from Quebec for the capture of that place. But ill-luck followed. A storm arose when the fleet was off Cape Sable, and it kept on for France. Determined not to be conquered by the foe or the elements, the King of France sent out another great fleet ; but unluckily, off Cape Fin- isterre, M. le George encountered Admiral Anson, and, after a hot engagement, hauled down his flag. M. de la Jonquiere was on board one of the captured ships and was taken to England. 93. The Boston ians held thanksgiving for their extra- 60 iriSTOUY OF CANADA. onlinary di'livoranct's from dauLCor. Yet, when peaee was made soon after, at Ai\ la Chnpelle (October 18, 1748', they (lid not feel so very thankful, for then Eniijland handed Louishurg back to France in exchanij^e for Madras. And they were not grateful when tlie British government reim- bursed them for tlie money they had sj)ent in takhig it, for they were thrown back where they were before its capture, and they knew that the work would have to be done over again. CIIAPTEll xin. HALIFAX FOUNDED. y 1740 94. TiiK peace was merely a truce. There could be no permanent })eace until the (piestion, who shonld be mas- ters of tlie continent, was decided. Since 1713 Canada had doubled its jiopulation, and made some progress, but the English colonies had increased and ])ros- pered in a very much greater degree. Their population was now 1,200,000, that of Canada 60,000, and their ma- terial resources were incomparably greater. Yet at Que- bec they dreamed that they could confine the pushing and energetic pioneers of the English race to the strip of country east of the Alleghanies, while the French remained undisputed masters of tlie rest of the continent, south to the Gulf of Mexico, west to the Pacific Ocean. The j^ol- icy of the governor-general who succeeded Beauharnols, in place of De la Jonquiere, who was a captive in Eng- land, was to u])hold tlie vast territorial pretensions of France. This Count de la (xallissonlere sent an officer, with a party of soldiers, to traverse the country from Detroit to the Alleghanies, and deposit leaden i)lates, on which the royal arms were engraved, beneath certain marked trees. This proceeding alanaed the Indian tribes, and HALIFAX For y DEI). 61 raised a ferment among the Englisli colonieH, and the feel- ing of jealousy rose to rage when they receive. 1 formal notification that all English merchants found traossess the English, and he called the fori; thus forci])ly captured "Du Quesne." Without loss of time tlie governor of Virginia sent to the French commandant, Contrecoeur, an angry demand for its immediate restitution, with a warn- ing that he was no longer to seize English traders and confiscate the goods of the Ohio Company. A body of Virginia militiamen, led by the famous George Washington, then a youth, made their way into the " debatable terri- tory;" but before reaching Fort du Quesne they were met by a French officer with a few soldiers, who made a COLLISION IN THE VALLEY OF THE OUIO. i}^ :'ge ort mv » oi sess liu'ed of •, an avn- and iyof 1755 formal protest against their trespassing on the domains of the king of Fi-ance. There are different accounts of how it came about that the French officer was shot dead, but there is no doubt about that fact. Washington then encamped on the "Little Meadows," and his men threw up a line of entrenchments, which he named " Fort Neces- sity." For a month and more, with his few militia, he held this weak position against a French force much superior in numbers, and then capitulated on honorable terms. 101. After the collision in the valley of the Ohio war was inevitable. Though France and England made no formal declaration of war, their governments sent out military reinforcements to their colonies. A son of the late idol- ized M. de Vaudreuil came out to Quebec as governor- general, and with him Baron Dieskau with several veteran battalions. General Braddock soon afterwards arrived in America with two English regiments. At this time some of the leading minds in the English col- onies, notably Benjamin Franklin, advocated their con- federation, as union would give them greater strength to defend themselves and offend the enemy. But the time was not ripe for the scheme. 102. The colonial governors met at Alexandria, and, with Braddock, drew up a plan of campaign which would have given them possession of all the debatable territory had it been successfully carried out. They proposed to capture forts Beausejour, Du Quesne, Crown Point, and Niagara. 103. By the beginning of June two thousand men, under Colonel Monckton and Captain John Winslow, were landed in the Isthmus of Chignecto, by Fort Lawrence. Governor Verger held Beausejour with a garrison of one hundred and fifty soldiers. Outside the fort a crowd of Acadians — " deserted inhabitants " many of them — who had come at his call, but half-heartedly — were posted at the bridge over the Missiguash. They mnde but a feeble m HISTORY OF CANADA. resistance to the passing of the enemy and then fled, some to the woods, where their women and children were lying hid, the rest into the fort, where their numbers crowded its confined space and their fears discouraged the garrison. The English, after crossing the bridge, took up a position six hundred yards north of the fort, and opened fire. Verger replied. The stifling smoke and the deadly effect of the bursting shells so alarmed theAcadians that they fled. On the morning of the fourth day a bomb exploded in the casemate, where a party of French officers were breakfasting with an English prisoner, and before day closed Verger capitulated, and supped wdth the captors in the fort, which, that evening, was named Cumberland. Before that, De Loutre had made his escape, bearing with him the curses of a deceived people. I i : 1755 CHAPTEll XV. EXPULSION OF THE ACADIANS. 104. On the 9th of July Oeueral Braddock reached the Mononguhela on his way to Fort du Quesne. He was a haughty, irascible, overbearing soldier, and he contemned colonial advisers and colonial militia. He knew nothing, and would learn nothing, of the mode of warfare proper to be pursued in a wilderness country. At that point he left a portion of his force, with the heavy luggage in camp, and pushed forward with twelve hun- ointed Marquis de Montcalm to the head of his forces in Canada, with other distinguished^ accomplished and e\'i)erienced officers. At the beginning of the year the English governors met in Xew York and drew out a }>lan of campaign, but the Earl of Loudoun, the British commander-in-chief, did nothing to cause it to be carried out. 3tontcalm, on the other hand, was very alert. He besieged and razed to the ground Oswego, the British naval de])ot on Lake Ontario, advanced as far as Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and entrenched himself eight miles beyond it, on the rocks of Ticonderoga. 110. In the spring of this year, a fleet of fourteen great war vessels under Admiral Holborne, carrying seven vet- 70 HISTORY OF CANADA. eran regiments, appeared in Halifax harbor. But the ad- miral was as undeeided and dila iry as the coni- mander-in-chief. They held nav£ ^ews and sham jBghts at Halifax, but had no heart for reu nting. Tliey made a feint of attacking the fortress of Louisburg. Hear- ing that it was strongly fortified and garrisoned, they thought discretion the better part of valor, and did not venture to attack it. All suninier, between Halifax and Louisburg, sailed the British iieet, until it met an enemy worse than the French — a furious storm — that wrecked one of the finest vessels, and drove others dismasted to seek the nearest ports. Holborne, with the :;emainder, returned to Enijrland. 111. Montcalm advance ,"om Crown Point, and besieged Fort William Henry, which was held by Colonel Munro and a small force. Southeast of Lake Champlain, on the Hudson River, was Fort Edward, held by Colonel Webb and four thousand men. Webb, though urgently re- quested by Munro to come to his aid, refused. Having fired away his last cartridge and finding liis position un- tenable, Munro capitulated on honorable terms. A dread- ful incident occurred as the British soldiers and the women and children were filing away from the fort ; thousands of bloodthirsty savages threw themselves upon them and made a fearful massacre. The fiends spared neither the tender babe nor the distracted mother ; they pulled the soldiers out of their ranks by the skirts of tlieir long great- coats, and dispatched them wdth tomahawks. Montcalm appeared^ and stayed the murderous rage of his Indian alliSs, but he ought to have come sooner, and kept his red allies in check and his military honor untarnished. The war, on account of such incidents as this massacre, and of the wholesale slaughters, the torturings and burnings in the skirmishes and midnight surprises on the frontiers of New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England colonies, assumed a very brutal character. * » ^ ; THE OPENING OF THE FINAL WAR. 71 of lies. 112. The disgraces and disasters to the British arms in Canada roused the British people to deep indignation. The incapable Newcastle ministry was swept from powtr. William Pitt, the great commoner, best known as the Earl of Chatham, was called to the head of the government. He was the right man in the right place, and knew himself to be so. He was determined to conquer Canada if it cost the last Encclish man and the last Emjrlish shillinjy. His imperious and determined temper infused confidence throughout the British army and the English colonies in America. He appointed able officers to commands. Colonel Jeffrey Amherst and Colonel James Wolfe. Most unfortunately, however, he left General Abercrombie, who had been appointed by Newcastle, in the chief com- mand, to attack Montcalm in Ticonderoga, and the conse- quence was a dreadful disaster to British arnis^. To Am- herst and Wolfe w^as entrusted the task of taking Louis- hnrg, aided by a powerful fleet under Admiral Boscawen. Louisburg in 1758 did not deserve its reputation as the strongest fortification on this continent, " the Dun- kirk of America." The fortifications had been allowed to fall into decay, and many of the carriages of the guns were so rotten that they could not stand the shock of discharge. On hearing of the threatened attack, M. Drucour did what he could to repair the ramparts. He had 3,500 soldiers, militia and Indians. Five line-of-battle ships rode in the harbor, w^hich was protected by a strong battery on Goat Island, and three sunken frigates at its mouth. 113. The British fleet, carrying 1,400 British soldiers, arrived in Gabarns "Bay early in Jane. For nearly a week the. stormy weather and heavy seas prevented the landing of the force. On the 8th the word was passed to make the attempt. The British force was divided into three divisions, and Wolfe led the third, composed of Grenadiers 1758 ni STORY OF CANADA. I ! and Ilinlilanders. A number of boats wore swamped in the surf or shattered on the rocks. Wolfe's division was the first to land, and in face of the fire of the French above at Cormaron Creek, they scaled the rugged path and seized the guns. When the landing was made, tlie French abandoned all the outside batteries and retreated into Louisburg. The danger and difficulty of conveying siege guns and material from the fleet to the coast and hauling them over the marshes were very great, but not too great for British soldiers and sailors. For seven weeks the British poured a converging fire on Louis- burg, — Wolfe from Lighthouse Point in the east, Colo, nels Whitmore and Lawrence on the west, while Admiral Boscawen poured red-hot shot and shell into the harbor, and destroyed and captured the five great war-ships. Then, on the 26th of July, the brave M. Drucour surrendered at discretion. The inhabitants were conveyed to France, and the soldiers and sailors were sent prisoners to Eng- land. Cai^e Breton then came permanently into the posses- sion of the British crown, and, along with it, the Island of St. John (Prince Edward Island), tliat had then a popula- tion of 4,100. Two years after the capture of Louisburg it was razed to the ground. 114. In August, Colonel Bradstreet took Fort Fron-, tenac (Kingston), thus closing against the French the east- ern pass to Lake Ontario, and in November, Colonel Forbes cai)tured Fort du Quesne (afterwards called Fort Pitt), which gave the British a hold on the valley of the Ohio. CHAPTER XVII. CLOSE OF THE WAR, AND CONQUEST. 115. Pitt was resolved that this next campaign should be the final one. He called on the English colonies to raise a CLOSE OF THE WAIi, AND COM^UEST. la large force and make a great effort. They nobly responded to his call. On the other hand, the war in Europe having gone against France, Louis XV. was neither disposed nor able to send reinforcements. His minister, M. IJerryer, is reported to have said : " When the house is on tire one does not mind the stables," a speech chat showed how lit- tle Canada was valued in France. Montcalm was told to maintain a foothold in Canada, but he knew how almost impossible it was to do that. The country was a mere skeleton, held by a few key-fortresses ; when these were taken t?ie country would be lost ; already two of them. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne, had been captured. The country was in a state of sore distress, there was no martial enthusiasm among the militin,who were miserably equipped and most scantily fed. How could they be expected to fight with ardor when those who were set over them to rule and guide, robbed, cheated, and maltreated them ! Montcalm's chief dependence was in ten regiments of French veterans very much reduced in number. The gov- ernor, M. de Vaudreuil, put on the best face he could, and issued a spiritedly worded proclamation to rouse the mili- tia to repel the British invaders. 116. The British plan of campaign included tlie capture of Fort Niagara, Montreal, and Quebec. To ]>rigadier Prideaux and Sir "William Johnson was ffiven the task of capturing the fort, while General Amherst was to move against Montreal with eleven thousand men. After Fort Niagara and Montreal were taken, Prideaux and Amherst were to advance to Quebec to co-operate with Wolfe in the capture of that fortress. But, as the Scotch poet says, '' the best laid schemes o' mice and men aft gang agley." Prideaux was killed by the splinter of a shell, and Sir Wil- liam Johnson, after the captnre of Fort Niagara, thought it advisable to stay where he was, wliile Amherst found in- surmountable difficulties in his way, and was compelled to h I. t 74 lIlSTOliV OF CANADA. rest at Crown Point, where he went into winter quarters. So Wolfe was left to capture Quebec with the force under his command, numbering eight thousand soldiers, with the fleet under Admirals Saunders and Holmes. 117. No finer or more striking sight ever met the eyes of Wolfe than the castellated town of Quebec perched on its lofty rock, looking over the blue St. Lawrence to the height of Point Levi, and down on the broad basin en- closed by the green Isle of Orleans, .and the Beauport shore stretching to the heights of Montmorency and the Falls, with the bold line of the Charlesbourg Mountains in the northern distance. The difficulties of the situ- ation crowded on his mind. Much was expected from him. He had been specially selected by Pitt to do a deed of daring. His responsibilities weighed heavily upon him. As he had been promoted over the heads of older men to take command of the expedition he was the mark of jealous eyes. The problem before him was, where to make the attack. He divided his force into three divisions. Brigadier Moncton occupied Point Levi, Generals Townsend and Murray encamped on the west point of the Isle of Orleans, and he himself and his Louis- burg Grenadiers were posted on the west bank of the Montmorency, close to the Falls. From the Falls to the river St. Charles at Quebec, along the Beauport shore, ran an irregular crest of land, fortified at all points, and held by twelve thousand militia, besides Indians. The mouth of the river was guarded by sunken boats and by hulks bristling with cannon. The water was very shallow along the shore, and the wide mud flats made landing on the face of the coast almost impossible. During all July his batteries on Point Levi poured shot and shell into Quebec, and such of the inhabitants as had been compelled to remain in it were reduced to a pitiable condition of terror and semi-starvation. On the last day of the month Wolfe CLOSE OF THE WAR, AND CONQUEST. 76 made his attack on the entrenchments along Beauport shore at a point a little west of the Falls. It failed dlsas- trously. Some of the boats were sunk by shots from tin- French batteries, others grounded on a sunken ledge of rock. As the Louisburg Grenadiers and Loyal Americans landed, the rain fell in torrents, and they charged up to the now slippery slope, niiniy stumbling and falling to the batteries, and were mowed down by the fire. Four hun- dred men were killed and wounded. Wolfe reprimanded the survivors for not waitinc: until the whole force had landed, and he charged the disaster to their rash courage. 118. This disaster broke down Wolfe, who, at the best, was a man of frail health. For a month he lay tossing on the bed of sickness, and the gloom of discouragement fell on the army. But the discouragement of the French was much greater. In the beginning of September Wolfe was himself again, and cheerfulness returned to the British army with the bustle of preparation. A new plan of attack had been determined upon. On the 12th of Sep- tember Wolfe made a show of again attacking the en- trenchments along Beauport shore, which deceived Mont- calm. In the meantime the British army marched along the southern bank of the St. Lawrence to a point eight miles above Quebec, Avhere the division of the British fleet under Admiral Holmes was at anchor. When the night set in, starry and still, a flotilla of boats dropped down with the tide ; the fleet slowly followed. Wolfe was in the fore- most boat, and, to relieve the excitement of his mind, he recited the then new poem, Gray's " Elegy," and said to the officers with him that he would rather be the author of that poem than take QugliefisJBut when the boat touched the shore of the ce^e sj^^ted fi)rj|a*iiffi«g, he quickly threw off his sentimeljCa!!ki ^^as ffie Itts^^o 1^ out. All dur- ing the nighjpiiil^Iteioats from the fleet ra^defl soldiers. The force had toUsclnd^iJgjMOiyPStl&us pafl, which ran up ^^^-BkaTv^ ' ill 76 HISTOnV OF CANADA. the face of the rock. A bcilyof agile Highlanders were the first to scale it, and to surprise and capture a French guard. Wolfe and his whole army quickly followed. By sunrise he had ranged it in order of battle on the Plains of Abraham. 119. Montcalm was awfully surprised when he heard of the movement Wolfe had made. He hurried off to iight the audacious foe. He had 7,5*20 men against 4,826 on the British side, but half his force was not to be relied on. In the battle Wolfe and Montcalm took a place in the cen- tre of their respective armies, and there the fight was hot- test. Gallantly the French advanced to the attack, and coolly and steadily the British stoud. Fast they fell be- fore the fire of the advancing French, but not until the toe was within forty yards of them, till they could see his eyes, did they return it. One mighty volley of British jimsketrv decided the battle ; the French militia fled, the xeterans wavered. Tlie British charged with bayonet and claymore, and the French army, completely routed, fled into Quebec, bearing with them Montcalm, mortally wounded. Wolfe was wounded earlv in the battle : as he led the final charo-e he was shot in the bodv, and fell into the arms of a grenadier officer. As this officer was bearing his dying- general to the rear, he turned to the field of battle : " See, they run," he said. "Who run?" said Wolfe. ''The enemy, sir; they give way everywhere." "Now, God be praised," sighed Wolfe, " I die happy." 120. The loss of British and French was heavy, espe- cially in general officers. The total loss of the British was 662, that of the French 1,500. Five days after the battle* of the Plains, on the 18th of Sej)tember, the British en- tered Quebec as masters. 121. In the spring of the following year the French, under M. de Levi, made a great effort to recapture their beloved Quebec. The rashness of General Murray in leaving (Juebec, r«nd fighting the French on 1760 CLOSE OF THE WAli, /l.Vi) CONQTEST. 77 tlisadvan-tagewis around, near the village of Ste. Foye, nearly put it into his hands. As it ha[»pened, Murray succeeded in fighting his way back to Quebec, but witli very heavy loss. M. de Levi commenced to besiege the city, and might have stood a very good chance of taking it that way had not the English fleet appeared in the St. Lawrence in May. Then lie decamped, and joined Gov- ernor M. de Vaudreuil in Montreal, there to make tlie final stand. On the 8th of September three British armies, numbering ten thousand men, met on the island of Montreal within forty-eight hours of each other. M. de Vaudreuil surreudered, with his army of twenty thousand, at discretion. That was the fina! act hi the conquest of Canada. Most of the noblesse and the civil ofiicers soon after left the colony, but the bulk of the po})ulation, who were secured in the enjoyment of their property and the free exercise of their religion, became subjects of the crown of Great Britain. Then came to an end the era of })erpetual war and small ])rogress; then commenced the era of ]^eace, commercial enterprise, political agitations, and slowly advancing prosperity. LEADING DATES. — FKENCn PEIJTOD. — TIME OF ROYAL GOV- EltNMENT. Soveieiiin Council ostablished in Canada . . a. d. 1003 Treaty of Bie(ia — Acad ie restored to France . . . 1007 Count Frontenac, Governor-general 1072 Mississippi discovered 1073 Massacre of Lacliine 1089 Sir William Phips seizes Port Royal; repulsed at Quebec 1090 Peace otRyswick 1097 Treaty of Utrecht 1713 Capture of Louisburg by 'Sew Englanders .... 1745 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 Expulsion of Acadians 1755 Meeting of first General Assembly at Halifax . . 1758 Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759 End of French rule 1700^ fli " I .: 78 HISTOnr OF CANADA. III. ENGLISH PEIIIOD. 1760 TO Present Time. 124 Years. Leading features. —Political strife ending in the establlsliinent of Kesponsible Government — Industrial and commercial activity — Founding of the Dominion. 1760 ClIAPTEU I. AFTEii THE CONQUEST. 122. In the same year in wliieh Canada became a British possession George III. was crowned. He ascended the throne determined to "he king," to govern the em- pire by his own will, to direct the policy of his ministers. After the conquest, and while the Seven Years' War continued, the "new subjects," of King George, as the Canadians were called, cherished hopes that Canada would yet be restored to P^i-ance, and it required firm hands to keep them in order. The colony was divided into three districts, Quebec, Montreal, Three Rivers, and placed under the rule of military councils, of which the gov- ernors were Generals Murray and Gage, and Colonel Burton. It was an arbitrary form of government; to that the mass of Canadian hahitans were accustomed; but it was obnoxious to the members of the noblesse who still remained in the country, and the " old subjects," the British, who came in after the conquest to settle. 123. In very truth it was a fortunate thing for the Canadian people when French domination came to an end. It left the colony bankrupt, with its credit utterly destroyed, and themselves in a state of extreme misery and destitution. It is satisfactory to know that when AFTER THE CONQUEST. 79 to Bigot and his subordinates returned to France, they were thrown into the Bastille and forced to disgorge a por- tion of the unrighteous wealth they had acquired by fraud, oppression, and barefaced swindling. 124. The Seven Years' War came to a close in 1762, and the definite treaty of peace was signed at Paris on October 1st of the following year. By the fourth article, the king of France ceded absolutely to the crown of Great Britain, Nova Scotia, Canada, Caj^e Breton, and all the islands in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, except St. Peter and Miquelon. By a royal proclamation, (hited October 7, Canada was constituted the " Province of Que- bec," and its boundaries were detined. By this procla- mation, and a later one dated December 17, inducements were held out to British subjects to settle in Quebec, and .1 civil government was instituted. The king ])romised that representative institutions should be established in the province, and gave an assurance to all persons inhabit- ing and resorting to it that they might confide in the royal protection for the enjoyment of the benefit of Eniilish laws. Grants of land were made on a graduated scale, from five thousand acres to field officers to fifty acres to privates, on condition that the grantees would improve and cultivate them; and they were subject, after ten years, to pay " quit rents,^' which was a small tax paid in acknowledgment of subjection to the sovereign, and by payment of which the proprietors were quit from all other service. It was a most unpopular tax, it may be said, in all the provinces, and being allowed to accumulate, the greatest discontent was raised when gov- ernment proposed to collect it. Very little of it ever went into the treasury. The lands in Quebec granted to British subjects were in effect granted on the tenure of free and common socage, the sole conditions of which were alle- ixiance to the kinsf and obedience to th^ laws. 80 IIISTOIiV OF CANADA. 1 25. The civil goverumeiit of Quebec consisted of a gov- ernor and council, who made laws and administered them. The sole power it did not exercise was that of taxation, which w^as imposed by an act of Imperial Parliament. Courts were established : the supreme court, where the <*hief justice presided, and where all civil and criminal cases wxM'e decided according to the law of England ; and the court of common pleas, where all matters were de- termined by equity, subject to appeal to the supreme court. Justices of the peace w^ere appointed, who had the power to settle, in a summary way, cases under five ])ounds currency. General Murray was appointed gov- ernor. 126. Soon after the capitulation at Montreal, in Septem- ber, 1760, a British officer, with a force, was sent to take formal possession of Detroit and all the French posts in the country of the Great Lakes. By the following spring the royal British standard floated from the forts in that vast wilderness, which is now the centre of the busiest civili- zation. The change from the "white lily" to the "red cross " did not please the Canadian fur traders of that re- gion, nor the Indians who traded at the posts. They grew angry, discontented, ripe for mischief, eager to believe the tale told by the Canadian "runners," that the King of France had awakened from his sleep, and w^as sending out a great army to wrest the country from the hands of the English. Nothing would have happened had there not been one chief w'ho had the mind to conceive a daring scheme, and the courage to carry it into execution. This was Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawas, whose wigwams were pitched on the western shore of Lake Huron. He had fought on the French side in the late war, and he now hated the Enij^lish for the indii^nities they offered to his race, and because, having no need of it, they spurned the alliance they once coveted. He burned to exterminate AFTER THE CONQUEST. 81 the English and rcihico the eountiy to barbarity; anything to have revenge. His messengers carried the belts, the signal of war, to the tribes dwelling arouud the lakes, and to the Shawnees and Delawares, whose boiirgades were on the branches of the Ohio, and these tribes eagerly entered hito the conspiracy. But of all the Six Nations only the Senecas joined it. It was agreed that a simultaneous at- THE LAKE KEGTON. tack should be made on the ])osts held by the English, and on their settlements on the frontiers of Penn- ^_„- sylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, ''j'he rising was to take place on the 7th of May. Pontiac desired to stnke a sudden, decisive blow. He undertook to capture the most im|)ortant post of all, Detroit. With a retinue of chiefs, all closely wrapj)ed in their blankets, and hiding their short- ened rifles, he gained admittance to the fort. His inten- 82 UI STORY OF CANADA, si I tion had been to ask a council, and when Commandant Gladwyn and his officers were off their guard, to shoot them through the head, and then fall to and butcher the irarrison. When he entered the fort he saw the soldiers drawn up in the square witli muskets at rest and bayonets fixed, and the officers with their side-arms and pistols in their belts. He made some excuse for doing some triffing busi- ness, and then departed with Indian imperturbability, which covered surprise, anger, and disappointment. Next morning he and his chiefs appeared again, but he was bluntly told to be gone. He had been, as he then knew, betrayed, and terrible was his wrath when he found that a young squaw had turned traitress and disclosed the secret to Gladwyn. Pontiac then beleaguered the fort, and day and night the garrison had no rest. And his allies intercepted their supplies. Scouts brought them intelligence during the summer t^)"t increased their anxiety, of the capture and destruction of seven forts, of the beleaguering of Fort Pitt by the Indians, and of terrible vn^ ages on the fror^tiers. They heard that on the king's birthday there was a holi- day in Fort Michillimackinac, and that the Sacs and Ojiba- ways played a game of " lacrosse," while the officers looked on and betted. While it was going on, their squaws en- tered the fort with tomahawks under their shawls. At a point in the game the ball was struck with great force and bounded against the pickets. Then the crowd of players rushed, yelling, towards the fort, seized the officers, and, entering, snatched the tomahawks from the squaws, and killed an officer and fifteen privates, and captured the place. 127. General Amherst in New York, hearing of these disasters, sent parties to relieve the beleaguered forts. Ea- gerly the harassed garrison of Detroit welcomed Captain Dalzell and two hundred and forty soldiers. But short was their feeling of relief, for Dalzell, against all advice, SETTLEMENTS OX THE ST. JOHN. 8a attacked Pontiac in his strongly entrenched camp four miles above tlie fort, and was repulsed, and was himself slain. Colonel Boquet with several companies of the 42d Highlanders and Rangers started from Philadel|)hia to re- lieve Fort Pitt. They had to toil across the Alleghanies, pass dangerous and difficult defiles, and fight the Indians at Bushy Run. Borpu t gave battle and routed them, and then pushed on and relieved Fort Pitt. This decided success broke the heart of the conspiracy. Some of the confed- erate tribes made peace and departed for the winter'* hunting. Pontiac, seeing that his allies were leaving him, and hearing certain news of the peace between France and England, retired in gloom and disgust to his camp. All winter, spring, and summer, however, the gai'rison of Detroit were compelled to be constantly on the watch, for Indians prowled around. Late in the month of August, General Bradstreet appeared with a relieving force, -, ., and they were welcomed with the wildest demon- strations of joy. And Colonel Boquet marched into the lands of the Shawnees and Delawares, and forced them to sue for peace and give up their prisoners. This was the last Indian war we shall have to chronicle. Pontiac was a few years afterwards killed by a trader in St. Louis. CHAPTER II. SETTLEMENTS ON THE "ST. JOHN." 128. While the war continued. Nova Scotia was in an unsettled state. After the capture of Fort Beausejoui*, and the expulsion of the Acadians, numbers fled across the bay to the mouth of the St. John, to be under the pro- tection of Fort la Tour, to the Fort of Geraseg, and to 84 IIISTOlty OF CANADA. St. Anne's Point (site of Fredericton), where there was a considerable French settlement. Others found their way to the settlements on the rivers of the North, Miramiehi, Nei)isiquit, Kestigouclie, and on the coast of the Gulf of Bt. Lawrence. l>ut their evil destiny followed them. After the eaj)ture of Louisburg the colonial governments took, steps to oust the French out of the country north of the bay. Fort la Tour was taken by storm, and its name changed to Fort Frederick. Wolfe, with the British fleet, on his way to Quebec, had the odious task assigned him of destroying the settlements of the coast and river St. Lawrence from Miramiehi to Bay Chaleur, from Gaspe to Mount Levi. Those settlements that were not ravaged by fire and sword were swept by famine and pestilence ; and in this way the one on Beaubair's Island, in the Mira- miehi, was carried off. La Petite Rochelle, a large set- tlement on the Restigouche, was destroyed by English ships under Captain Byon. After the fall of Quebec the Brit- ish military authorities sent companies of Provincial ran- gers to sweep away the French settlements on the river St. John; and, according to the testmiony of those w^ho ex- plored the country two or three years afterwards, they must have done their work remorselessly. But the French w^ere not driven out. On the north shore, when " the great trouble "came, many fled into the woods, and reappeared when their enemies disaj)peared ; and those on the St. John, at St. Anne's, and round Fort Frederick, were re- moved to Madawaska and elsewhere. 129. In Nova Scotia the New Encflanders did not care to take up the marsh lands, still black from the fires of the " expulsion," when they w^ere exposed to the attacks of the Acadians, banded with their Micmac friends. The uncertainty of events while the war lasted tended to keep the province unsettled. The delay in establishing represent- ative institutions was another, and probably stronger, rea- wwwB^iw'W pun i i i . ' . '' ■' I 'l l' :.xr SETTLEMENTS ON THE ST. JOHN. 85 son. People questioned the validity of the laws passed by the governor and council, without the sanction of tie representatives of the people. They had no confidence in the goverinnent. Lawrence, like many a good old Tory in these days, disliked popuhir assemblies. But lie was forced to give way when urged by the Lords of Planta- tions. 130 Accordingly, on October 2, 1758, a (general Assem- bly, the first ever convoked within the territory of i^ryi the Dominion, mot in the court-house at Hiilifux. The House consisted of twenty-two members, twelve of whom represented the Province at large, ten the town- ships of Halifax, Lunenburg, Dartmouth, Annaj)olis, and Cumberland. The Church of England was established by law ; liberty of conscience was allowed to all other reli- jxious bodies. 131. While the war lasted between France and England the people of Halifax were subject to attack and had many scares ; but when the second Assembly met the " con- quest" had been made, and there was peace. A feeling of confidence grew up, and the Acadian and other fertile lands on the Bay of Fundy side were taken up by a good class of English settlers. In 1761 the Indians made a treaty of peace with Lawrence's successor. Belcher. After the final peace (1763) Cape Breton and the island of St. John were annexed to the government of Nova Scotia; and it came to pass that another and new county was also annexed to it. 132. Steps were taken, in 1760, by the New P^ngland governments to settle the country north of the bay, and not allow it to relapse into the hands of the Acadians and Indians. British ofticers had given very favorable acconnts of the lands lying along the St. John, and some re- ceived large grants in parts of it. This was the case of a Colonel Mauger, who was granted the island which r-i t 86 IIISTOIiV OF CANADA. bears his name. In 1761 a party headed hy Israel Perley, under authority from the government of Massachusetts, explored the river from the Oromocto upwards, and found it lit and ready for settlejnent. Next year a i)arty of twenty from Newbury port, Mass., sailed into the harbor of St. John, which hacl just been regularly sounded and surveyed. They found shelter at first in Fort Frederick, whieli was then ungarrisoned, or had only a e<)r})oral's guard. Two years before one hundred and fifty of the sol- diers, tired of the monotony of the dreary station, sailed in open boats, without leave, to Machias. Among the Newburyj)ort i)arty, the advance guard of the British settlers, the precursors of the loyal band who came in twenty years afterwards, were James Simonds, James White, Francis Peabody. They had more faith in the future, or a better eye for a settlement, than the rest of the party, who did not like the wild, rough look of the place. They proceeded to establish there a fishing and trading station. The others ascended the river as far as St. Anne's Point (Fredericton), and would have settled on the flats, w^hich were extensively cleared, only overgrown since the de- struction of the French settlement, but were deterred by the menaces of the Indians, who appeared in great num- bers. They then dropped down the river, and on the mainland, opposite Manger's Island, they laid out a town- ship, and named it Maugerville, Next year about two hundred families, of Puritan stock, or eight hundred per- sons in all, from the parishes of llowley, Andover, and Boxford settled there. The people had much to discourage them. The Indians were at first hostile, but in 1765 they came to a friendly understanding with their white broth- i7Ai; ^^^' ^^ ^^^* y®^^ ^^^® country bordering on the St. John was erected into the county of Sunbury, Nova Scotia, and a member was elected to represent it in the General Assembly. Courts of justice were estab- I PROVINCE OF qUKUEC. 8T lished, and the sitt'mos held at Oromocto. Trading sta- tions were established at St. Ann's to trade with the then friendly Indians. loo. Abont this time a survey was made of the Island of St. John (Prinee Edward Island). It was com})uted to contain 355,000 aeres fit for settlement. A great portion of this fertile domain was, on one day, raffled away in lots to officers of the army and navy, on condition that they paid " quit rents," and that they actually settled one per- son to every two hundred acres. Most of this land came into the hands of a few absentee projn-ietors ; and, as Lord Durham said, "the prosperity of the island was stifled in the cradle of its existence." It became a dis- tinct government in 1767, when there were only a hun- dred and fifty families upon it. (< CHAPTER III. PROVINCE OF QUEBEC." 134. The " Province of Quebec," as its governors very soon found, was a very difficult country to govern. The British Protestant minority were only as one to a hun- dred and fifty of the Catholic French-Canadian majority. What they had lacked in numbers they made up in self- assertion. They bore themselves as masters of the prov- ince, and would have treated the French-Acadians as a conquered people. They were energetic and enterprising, and had seven-eighths of the commerce of the colony in their hands, and they dwelt in the towns. They hated the rule of the arbitrary council, and waited impatiently for the fulfilment of the promise made by the king of the introduction of representative institutions. The French- Canadians were a docile and agricultural people, and they *! %^ s^. '^^>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Zk -% // * fA 1.0 1^ 12.8 htu<. nil I.I 1.25 ill 1.4 2.5 2.2 iiii 1.6 V] <^ /a ^1 > /a % > 7 /A W.^^ ^ .^ «[>"^^^ 1 Ml p 88 HISTORY OF CANADA. dwelt in the country. They were under the guidance and influence of their priests. They held tenaciously to thgir language, laws, and customs, and preserved their nation- ality. They, in the mass, were indifferent to the form of civil government. Governor Murray said " that they thought whate'er was best administered was best." The best instructed among them would not have objected to the establishment of representative institutions if the Catholic population had a fair representation. The noblesse and those who had claim to social position were aggrieved that in the council they were not represented, or were in a very small, uninfluential minority, and that they were debarred from holding office. Their religion made it im- possible that they could take the oath, — that against tran- substantiation, — which would have made them eligible. It will be readily seen that there were causes of dissatis- faction among the British minority and the French-Canar dian majority. 135. Governor Murray leaned towards the French-Cana- dians, whom he found much more easy to govern than his turbulent fellow-countrymen. The British complained to the king of his conduct, and he was recalled to answer the charges against him. He was succeeded by Brigadier- 1 766 ^®"®***^^ ^"y Carleton (who had fought under Wolfe), and he showed himself still more decidedly favorable to the French majority. 136. It has been stated that, under the constitution of the proclamation, the civil and criminal law of England was introduced into the Quebec courts. The French- Canadians readily accepted the criminal law and trial by jury, as its superiority over the French criminal law was apparent. But trial by jury in civil cases was objected to, by the noblesse out of mere pride, by the hahitans because it was more expensive than the practice, they were accus- tomed to, and because the unanimity required in the de- PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 8^ .s cisions seemed to them ridiculous. The British held "trial by jury" to be the best mode for obtaining jus- tice and securing them in the possession of their property against the exercise of arbitrary power. Governor Carle- ton abolished the jurisdiction of the justices of the peace, some of whom were of a character and occupation that quite unfitted them for the magistracy. He introduced into the courts as much French law as possible, and in the court of common pleas left it to the option of parties in a suit to have it tried by a jury. Confusion and dissatisfac- tion arose from the mixture or conflict of laws. The governor agreed with those who held that the remedy for this state of thinij^s was the restitution to tlie Frencli of tlie wliole body of tlieir civil laws. The chief justice and attor- ney-general proposed that a middle course should be taken between those who wanted, on the one hand, the civil law of England introduced, and tliose, on the other hand, who desired to see French law restored. They thought that some parts of French civil law might be restored, and others altered. For instance, the British did not object to the law of inheritance, by which the property of the parents was equally divided among the children, or to the French system of conveyancing ; that is, the transferring of land from one party to another, as they considered it less expensive and more expeditious than the English mode. But they decidedly objected to the " fendal tenure," especially to that condition of it which bore hardly upon them in purchasing lands within a seigneurie, namely, the obligation to pay the seigneur lods and vents, which was a fine of a twelfth of the purchase money over and above the sum paid by the purchaser to the seller. The land might have been improved a hundred fold by the erection of houses and buildings. Still the seigneur had a right to demand a twelfth of its increased value. This heavy tax discouraged the improving of lands, and retarded the ■7^ 90 HISTORY OF CANADA. ! growth of towns within the seigneuries. By the French law of marriage, the wife, on the death of the husband, was entitled to "dower," to one-half of the real j)ro;)erty of which he was j)0ssessed before marriage, or might have acquired after it ; she was also entitled to the right of communmctey or partnership, which gave her half of the personal property of her husband ; if she died before him, this j)ortion went to the children even in the lifetime of the father, or to her nearest relatives if there were no children. A man before marry 'ng might make a contract devising in which way he wished his property to go after his death, but if he neglected to do this, the consequences were as above stated. To the British in Quebec marry- ing in ignorance of the law, these consequences were not acceptable when they came to understand to what they were bound. As business men, the British had great ob- jections to the French law of mortgage (ht/potheque). Under it a man might raise money by mortgaging his land secretly, and then sell it without the purchaser knowing anything of the prior claims upon it until those v.ho had loaned the money presented them. Sometimes the claims exceeded the sum paid for the land, and the purchaser sometimes had to abandon it. An English merchant who sold goods to a Canadian, and took security for payment on his property, was sometimes victimized when the pro- perty had been sold and the holdera of secret mortgages put in their claims. This system tended to prevent Brit- ish merchants who had made money in the province from investing it in land, and it retarded the progress of the country. It w^as remedied, in after time, by the institu- tioi| of offices for the registration of deeds, after long op[;osition from the French-Canadians. 137. The question that agitated the minds of public men in the Province between 1766 and 1774 was, " Sliall Quebec be English or T^rencli ? " The circumstances of the times, m PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 91 \ and the king's strong will, decided it. The English colonies were now in a state of revolt against the king's authority. They had grown very angry at the restrictions imposed by the Imperial government on their trade, commerce, and manufactures, and very impatient of tlie arbitrary rule of English crown-appointed officials, and members of old colonial families ; and the different religious bodies were offended at the dominance assumed by the Church of England. A spirit was swelling within the hearts of their people which made them determined to try to manage their own affairs in tlieir own manner; to free themselves from the domination of favorites and irresponsible officials ; to throw open the portal to place and position to men of talent and energy, to whatever family connection or reli- gious sect they might belong ; to turn their labor to tlie best account, to sail their ships freely the wide world over, and to trade at every port, imfettered by regulations and navigation acts. If concessions had been made to the views and feelings of the people, a violent ru])ture of the ties that bound the colonies to the mother country might have been prevented. But wise counsels do not ])revail in the Imjierial councils. It only required a spark to fire the train that would jn-oduce a great explosion. 138. In 1765 the Imperial Parliament imposed tlie ^^ Stamp Act" ui)on itie English colonies. Their legislatures and people angrily remonstrated against this exercise of power by whicli they were taxed without their advice or consent. The " Stamp Act " was repealed, but the Imperial Par- liament formally declared its right to tax the colonies by laying light duties on glass, paper, ])ainters' colors, and tea. Giving way again to remonstrances, Parlian^it repealed the duties on all the articles save tea, in ord 92 lIlSTonV OF CANADA. 1774 Indians, boarded them, broke open the chests, and threw the tea into tlie dock ; then the Imperial Parliament closed Boston port, cnt off the people from commercial intercourse with the outer world, and otherwise abridged their liberties, to show its deep displeasure at this act of rebellion. 139. Eight years passed away before the Imperial Gov- ernment grappled with the question of giving a consti- tution to tlie province of Quebec. The king j>ut off fulfil i>.g his promise. He did not like popular assemblies, and the attitude of the legislatures and people of the English colonies, who were on the eve of rebellion, helped to decide him not to keep it. In 1774 a bill for the making more effectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec passed the Imperial Parliament. It gave the province greatly extended boundaries, which included the territory from the coast of Labrador in the east to the Mississippi in the west, north to the sources of the rivers emptying themselves into Hudson Bay, and south to the Ohio. An arbitrary government was estab- lished,^ and it consisted of a governor and a council with from seventeen to twenty-three members. The Roman Catholic religion was established and the whole body of the French civil law introduced. Charles Fox and Ed- mund Burke in the House of Commons, and the Earl of Chatham in the House of Lords, opposed and denounced the measure, and the " city " of London petitioned against it. But George HI. highly approved it. And so by the king's will Quebec was made a French province. THE WAU Ol' IMJJ.rKM)ESCE. \)6 CIIAPTEll IV. THE WAK OF INDEPENDENCE. 140. The British popnlation was deeply aggrieyed over the Quebec Act. Tlie hope had been cherished that the king would fulfil the promise of the jn'oclaniation of 1763; but the saying now was " put not your ti-ust in princes." And the people of the English colonies were equally ag- grieved. They had now entered into a j)erpetual bond of union for self-defence, and they looked with alann at the establishment of a despotic government in Quebec with its greatly extended boundaries, as a threat to their lil)er- ties. That they declared was the last wrong of many they had received from the hands of the king. In this year war had commenced with the battle of Lexington. , The Congress, which met at Philadelphia, resolved on the invasion of Cunada. Their emissaries were then going through it, scattering broadsheets or circular letters inviting its people to join the standard of liberty, and inciting them to unite against the king, the common tyrant, and secretly preaching sedition. The British people were angry, disaffected, ripe for rebellion. The contagion of revolutionary principles was spreading among the mass of French Canadians, but through the influence of their clergy and 7ioblesse (to whom the Quebec Act was accept- able) they were, with some exceptions, kept true to their allegiance to George III. Indeed, that contagion was wide-si)r('ad. In Nova Scotia the New England settlers on both sides of the Bay sympathized with their kinsmen who had taken the side of the revolution. So that those who had to maintain the king's authority in these Prov- inces had nee'l of a vigilant ej-^e and a firm hand. 141. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were seized and an opening made for the advance of a party under General (! r 1 > s [[ , 94 HISTORY OF CANADA. Schuyler on Montre.al, y)y way of Lake Champlain and the Kichelieu, which river waH defended by the forts Chambly and St. Jolm's. Benedict Arnold (a man who acquired a bad notoriety during the war) and liis insurgent "sons of liberty" made their toilsome juid ditticult way by the Kennebec and Chauditire rivers to the southern bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. The numbers of the invading forces were so small, it looked as if Congress hoped to annex Canada rather by proclamations and per- suasions than by force of arms. Schuyler invested the forts. Finding that St. John's was stronger than he had expected, he went to Albany for further aid, but died on the way. General Richard Montgomery, a good and brave soldier who had fought under Wolfe, then took the com- mand. Sir Guy Carleton, who had no idea that danger was approaching the capital, rushed with a party of 800 men, chiefly Canadians, to protect Montreal. He crossed the St. Lawrence to raise the siege of St. John's, but he was defeated in his purpose and forced to recross the river to the city. Chu ^bly, and then St, John's, fell into the rebels' hands, and Montgomery pushed on to attack Mon- treal, and he gave orders to the captains of his vessels to form in line below the city to intercept its garrison should it attempt to escape. That was exactly what Carleton, who had now heard that Arnold's force was threatening Quebec, had in view. A part of the garrison, in attempt- ing to pass the line, was captured. Carleton himself, under cover of night, was rowed through the liostile vessels, and escaping many perils reached Qu-ebec in safety. He soon restored confidence in the capital, which he placed in a state of defence, and then waited with calm assurance the attack of the enemy. 142. Outside of Quebec the invaders now met uo opposi- tion. Montgomery made his way to Point aux Trembles, eighteen miles above Quebec, where Arnold had liis camp. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 05 It was on the 1st of December that these two men met to consult on what should be done. It was a desperate resol?© to take Quebec at that rigorous season, with few cannon, and a force wasted by disease and famine. Nearly a month was spent in kee{)ing up quite an ineffective fire on the fortifications; then, in their dire extremity the genemls determined to try and take the city by night assault. It was four of the last morning of the year, black and storm- ing, when Montgomery with his force advanced along the path under Cape Diamond and to the narrow street lead- ing to the western gate. A barrier and battery stopped the way. With his own hands he helped to tear down the pickets, but he was struck to the ground by a random shot. The force then made a hasty retreat, and left their dead general and those who had fallen with him to be shrouded by the falling snow. On the eastern side, Arnold with his force, after crossing the St. Charles, advanced along the narrow street leading to the fortifications in face of their fire. He was struck in the leg by a shot, and borne out of the reach of further danger. Colonel Morgan and a body of Virginian riflemen rushed forward, scaled the ramparts, and made their way into the town through one of the embrasures. They kept up a fight until the gray dawn broke. Then, finding that they were sur- rounded and exposed to a galling fire from the houses, they surrendered. 143. The Americans maintained a blockade during the winter. Carleton remained inactive in Quebec until the opening of the navigation, when large reinforcements of British troops reached him from England. He then took the offensive. Gradually the invaders retreated out of Canada by the way they had entered it, followed by Carleton. On the 19th of October there was a naval engagement on Lake Champlain, where the Americans under Arnold were thoroughly beaten. The war then ^B 06 II r STORY OF CANADA. receded from the boundaries of Canada, and we will fol- low it no further. 144. Carleton did not remain long in Quebec, for he wished to have an active command in the war. He was succeeded by General Sir Frederick Ilaldiniand, an old soldier of severe temper. Under his harsh, despotic rule, Canada passed some miserable years. The emissaries of (/ongress still went through the province whispering sedi- tion and creating trouble. The expression of opinion in favor of the revolution was treated as treasonable, and the offender was cast into prison. Even the suspicion of sympathizing with the American cause subjected a man to arbitrary punishment. The mass of the hahitans groaned under the severe duties exacted from them by the militia law, and were only kept from open rebellion by their priests, who told them that if they were to join the Americans they would make tlieir fate worse than it was, — "jum]) from the frying-pan into the fire," in fact. The British population was more than ever discontented with this arbitrary government, under which the prisons were crammed to overflowing, and the country filled with wrath, rage, fear, and discontent. 145. Through Nova Scotia emissaries of the government of Massachusetts went and endeavored to seduce the peo- ple from their allegiance and stir up the Indians. Some of the inhabitants of Maugerville j)resented an address to the General Assembly of that State, expressing sympathy with their cause and asking relief. But it is said that they did this merely to propitiate the government, and to save themselves from the ravages of the Indians. During the war the people dwelling by the mouth of the St. John were much harassed and plundered by rebels from Ma- chias, who burned Fort Frederick. Twice the Indians on this river threatened to rise and carry war through the English settlements, but on both occasions they were NEW BRUNSWICK. 07 pacitied by fair words and j»lenty of presents, and induce*! to renew their allegiance to King George. After 1779 tie Indians never asrain threatened to make war. 4- CHAPTER V. NEW BRUNSWICK. ■h - 146. The war came to an end in 1782. The British nation had grown weary of it, and had been moved to anger at the surrender of the army under Lord Corn- wallis to Washington at the siege of Yorktown (1781). The obstinate king was compelled to give way to the demand that the war should cease, to allow the revolted colonies to depart, and to acknowledge their indepen- dence. At its close the people of the United States were n^uch exasperated against those who had fought for the kittg and the unity of the empire. Destitute, homeless, and persecuted the position of the United Empire Loyalists appealed to the sympathy of the king and parliament, and called for immediate aid. It was necessary, at once, to find places of refuge for them ; and thousands (30,000 in all, it is computed) were conveyed to Quebec and Nova Scotia before the final treaty of peace was signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. 147. By that treaty, Quebec was much contracted. It was stripped of the region between the Mississip])i in the west, and the Ohio in the south ; its southern boundary was run through the middle of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes; and the St. Croix was made its boundary in the east. In after years, the question was raised, what river was the St. Croix of the treaty, and another question, whether the country watered by the Aroostook and other branches of the St. John belonged 98 IJISTOUY OF CANADA. to Great Britain or tlic Uiiitetl States. This "romis- ing settlements in the eight counties into which it was at first divided, St. John's, King's, Queen's, Charlotte's, Sun- bury, York, Westmoreland and Northumberland. In St. John a commencement had been made of its shi|)-building industry ; its spar-cutting and lumbering operations were increasing, and its commerce extending, and a final con- quest had been made over the barbarism which had so long reigned over the country north of the bay, when in the hands of the French and Indians. 149. In 1787, Sir Guy Carleton, then Lord Dorchester, was appointed governor-general of Quebec and all the British North American provinces, and the captain-gen- erals of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were then called lieutenant-governors. 150. Lord Dorchester was much liked, both by the French Canadians and the Loyalists who now formed the greater part of the British population of Quebec. But it was exceedingly difficult to unite the new ele- ments of the population in harmony under one govern- 100 HISTORY OF CANADA. r raent, so strong was the antagonism of the races. To allay t'ne strong discontent of the British at the French laws, trial by jury in civil cases was introduced and the act of habeas corpus icstored, and reports on the state of education, the administration of justice and commerce, were drawn up for the information ol British parliament in legislating upon the future government of the province. The great country west of Mont] il was divided into the four districts of Lunenburg, Hesse, Nassau and Mecklen- burg. The population was chiefly British. A number of Americans crossed tlie line to settle. 1791 CHAPTER VI. '- THE COXSTITUTIONAL ACT OF 1791. 151. As the years went on the difficulty of governing the province of Quebec with its two populations increased. To put an end to that difficulty, if possible, the British Parliament passed the Constitutional Act, which di- vided the country into two provinces — Upper and Lower Canada — the river Ottawa being made the Ulc of division between them. Upper Canada was constituted a British province, with the whole body of British law. Lower Canada remained French — the feudal tenure and French civil law were retained. But into both the prov- inces the criminal law of England and the habeas corpus act were introduced. In each province a legislature, con- sisting of governor, legislative council, and legislative assembly, were established. Provision was made for the support of a Protestant clergy, by reserving for the pur- pose a seventh of the land in the townships, as the divi- sions of the lands granted by government were called. The introduction ot representative institutions was cer- I THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT OF 1791. 101 tainly an improvement over the arljitrary council, but the division caused jealousies to spring up between the people of the two provinces. 7^he British of Upper Canada were not happy. They were situated above the point of navi- gation in the St. Lawrence for large vessels, and they could not import or export goods directly. All imports and exports had to be entered at the ports of Montreal or Quebec, and they were subject to such duties as the legisla- ture of Lower Canada might lay upon them. Neither were the British in Lower Canada happy — for they found them- selves in the old position, subject to French laws, which they detesl^ed. The French Canathans ought to have been happy, and in the mass they were pretty content, but the edu- cated class, those who aspired to take part in public busi- ness, were discontented a.s ever. To show how this could be it is necessary to explain the constitution of the provincest The governor was appointed by the Crown, and was re- sponsible to it, and he carried out the instructions of the imperial government, which were transmitted to him in despatches from the colonial office in Downing Street. The governor had a body of advisers, called the Execu- tive Council, composed of judges and salaried officials, who were appointed by the Crown, and held their seats for life. Some of them had also seats in the Legislative Council, the members of which were mostly place holders^ and they also held their seats for life. In Lower Canada these seats of power, honor, and emolument were filled by influential members of the British minority in so great a proportion that the French Canadians were as good as excluded. The Legislative Assembly was composed of representatives of the people, who were elected by persons qualified to vote, to serve a certain terra. That term was fixed for four years. But before it had expired the governor might exercise the j)rerogative vested in him, and, acting in his own discretion, dissolve the Assembly or House. The 102 niSTORY OF CANADA. i' i i 1792 Assembly, in conjunction with the Legishitive Council, made the laws, but before they went into operation as acts the consent of the governor was necessary. The Assem- bly had power to raise a revenue for the supjjort of roads, bridges, schools, and other public services. ^ 152. lu Lower Canada the legislature met for the first time, ill Quebec, on the 17th of December. Colonel Alured Clarke was then governor. In the popular branch the Britisli had fifteen rej)resentatives, the French Canadians thirty-five. M. Panet, a French Canadian, was appointed " Speaker," the ofhcer who presides over the deliberations of the Assembly. A rule was passed, not with- out oj)position from the British representatives, prescrib- ing the use of the English and French languages in debate, and in recording the proceedings of the Assembly in its journals. That rule was never broken, and it did muoh to strengthen French nationality. 153. In Lpper Canada the legislature met for the first time in Newark, on the Niagara River. Colonel John Graves Simcoe, a Loyalist, who had commanded the Vir- ginian Rangers in the Revolutionary War, was governor. The Legislative Council was composed of seven members, and in the Assembly there were sixteen representatives. The foundation of the constitution was laid by the enact- ment of the English criminal and civil law. The names of the four districts into which the province was divided were changed into Western, Eastern, Home, and Midland. And York (now Toronto), on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, was chosen as the site for the seat of govern- ment. The legislature held its first session there in 1798. 154. France was now passing through the great reyolntiou by which its old order of government was completely over- turned. Its government was then sending forth armies to do battle with the armies of the monarchs of Europe. It was at war with Great Britain ; ? war which w^as, with NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 103 fi short break, to last for over twenty years. At first the United States threatened to join France, tor the American y^eojr^e were still bitter against Great Britain — they sym- parazed with the revolution — but the President, George Washington, used all his great intluence to prevent that. Instead of entering upon war, tho United States entered into a treaty of amity and commerce with Great Britain. The war caused some excitement in the Canadas. Emissaries of the government of France went among the French Acadian hahitans and contrasted the misery of living under crowned tyrants with the happiness of republican liberty and equality. But the mass of the peo- ple hearkened to the admonitions of their priests, who warned them against these disseminators of false princi- ples. And they were content and had no quarrel with George III. The French and British population were divided, and were continually quarrelling, but they were united in their loyalty to " the best of kings." 1794 CHAPTER VII. ipe. dth NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 155 When the Loyalists settled in Nora Scotia they did not, at first, agree very well with "the old inhabitants." These, no doubt, were a little jealous of the newcomers, who were in high favor with the king, and many of whom were men of remarkable talent, and fitted to take the lead in society. Two Loyalist lawyers, who were members of the Assembly, raised a political excitement, and caused old Governor Parr much trouble by impeaching two judges for maladministration of justice, and demanding their removal from office. They did not succeed. One of the judges was a member of the Executive Council, and, con- 104 HlSTOliY OF CANADA. ! i I sequently, one of the advisers of the governor, who ad- vised him to exculpate himself and his brother judge. The governor accordingly kept them on the bench, and the British government iip})roved of his action. But this incident caused pet>j>le to say that it was wrong for judges to be members of the government and legislature. That is acknowledged now, but it was not a hundred years ago. When Parr died, in 1791, he was succeeded by Sir^Iokn Wentworth, who was governor for sixteen j ears. He was an accomplished man, and amiable in private life, but peo- ple outside his own circle did not find him so very amia^ ble. In government he was a great admirer of things as they were, and hated free debates in the General Assem- bly and meetings of the people to discuss grievances. The times were revolutionary, and such proceedings sug- gested revolution to his mind. He was a staunch upholder of the Church of England, and a patron of King's Col- lege, Windsor, which was endowed by the Crown and the IVovince, and from which students of all other denomina- tions were excluded by religious tests. He had all the good and the intolerant qualities of the Tory governor of the old school. But he desired, according to his light, to promote the prosperity and happiness of the people of Nova Scotia, and he was proud of the resources of the province. In the disputes between the Council and Assembly, on such questions as the appropriation of the public money on roads and bridges, to open up the country for settle- ment, he supported the Council, who rejected measures passed by the Assembly for that purpose, and he made the leader of the popular party, Tonge, feel his resentment. 156. Nova Scotia more than the other provinces felt the effects of the war with France, and quite a martial spirit was aroused among the people. Halifax was a very stir- ring and gay j>lace in these years of war, and its stir and gayety were increased when a son of King George, the s " K NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 10,^ Duke of Kent (father of Queen Victoria) made it his head- quarters. He was commander of the forces, and was a strict disciplinarian. Ills favorite residence was " Prince's Lodge " on Bedford Basin, which was the scene of many festivities. In his honor the island of St. John was named Prince Edward in 1799, the year before he left Nova Scotia forever. 157. Colonel Thomas Carleton was governor of New Brunswick for the long term of twenty years. During that time its population increased considerably. Its ship- , .^ building, from insignificant beginnings, grew to be an iu" ' 4^/ ^^s^"*)^ ^^ considerable magnitude. Its forests were its chief resource, and the lumber trade flourished, protected by a heavy duty on Baltic timber, imposed by the pater- ^ nal British government. And during that time there was much political excitement which tended to retard rather \than to advance the welfare of the province. From the ^ beginning of their existence to the present time, in fact, .^^ 'there never has been any want of that in any of the prov- inces. The Governor and the Council came into con- stant collision with the General Assembly, chiefly on the (luestion of the appropriation of tlie revenues. The members of the popular branch voted themselves daily pay during the session, and on the council refusing to pass the bill containing the vote, they tacked it to the bill that included all the votes of money passed during the session. When the council refused to pass this double bill, supplies were stopped, and the people had no money for their roads, bridges, and schools. At one time the council held out three years against passing it, but it liad to give way at last and allow the members of the lower branch to take their pay. 158. After Colonel Carleton left New Brunswick the senior members of council administered the govern- ^o^- ment, and afterwards a rapid succession of military 106 UISTORY OF CANADA. ii :: I I! ii 1809 officers held the office. About this tiin« there was a very baJ feeUiig between the United States and Great Britain, and the government of the latter country had reason to anticipate the outbreak of war. Military men were ap- pointed to supersede the civil governors. Went worth, in Nova Scotia, gave way to Sir George Prevost, and Mr. Dunn, in Lower Canada, to Sir James Craig. 159. Sir James Craig had a very uneasy time of it, and he was not the sort of man to deal properly with the dif- ficulties he had to encounter. He was an old choleric and peevish soldier, and, it is said, he listened to bad counsel. Up to this time the Executive Council had got on pretty well with the Assembly, as it had a majority there on its side. But that happy state of things passed away, and the two bodies came into violent collision. As war was threatening. Governor Craig advised the Assembly to pro- vide means to place the province in a state of de- fence, and also to appropriate money to meet the expenses of the government which were in arrears. The Assembly would not attend to this business, but passed resolutions disqualifying judges from holding seats in the popular branch. The Governor in a rage dissolved the House, but the hjjw House was quite as intractable. It passed a resolution to expel a certain Judge Deboune, and again the governor in a rage dissolved it for its insolent disregard of his advice. The members boasted that they would all be returned again. During the general election the country was thrown into a great state of excitement by the violent acts of the* governor, who was enraged at the slanderous reports which were sj)read among the habi- tans to make him odious and to cause them to vote for their former rej^resentatives. He had six of the most prominent members of the late House put in jail, and by his orders the office of the "Canadien" newspaper was gutted and the printer imprisoned. People now said m WAR. 107 ironically that they were living under a "reign of terror.*' The new House that met was in fact the old one, but its temper was a little subdued. The governor, acting on instructions from Downing Street, gave his assent to the bill disqualifying the judges, and the House })roceeded quietly to do the business of the country. After a storm there always comes a calm. After that session. Sir James Craig left the country, and he was succeeded by Sir George Prevost who did much to allay for a time the jealousy and discontent of the French-Canadian party, which was the real cause of much of the troubles, by appointing one or two of them to seats m the Executive Council, whose numbers were increased for this purpose. CHAPTER Vni. WAR. 160. For several years before 1812 a hostile feeling had been growmg up in the United States against Great Britain ; but that feeling was not so bitter in the north as in the south, indeed, it was said that the people of the New England States were much in sympathy with England in its hos- tility to France. So far was this believed that old Sir James Craig took upon himself, without the authority or even knowledge of the British government, to send an agent, one Henry, to ascertain if that sympathy would go so far as to cause these States to withdraw from the Union. Tlie agent was dissatisfied with the reward given him, and he sold letters disclosing the secrets of his mis- sion to President Madison. 161. One great cause of offence against Great Britain was " the right of search," which meant that British men- of-war would sto}) American vessels on the high seas, and IC; I! i I I ■111 r 11 t : ! I I 108 HISTORY OF CANADA. their armed parties would board them and search for sailors who were, or were suspected to be, deserters from the royal navy, and forcibly drag them away. The United States government put forth angry orders closing all American poi ts against British vessels, and interdicting all commercial intercourse with Great Britain. About the same time Napoleon, Emperor of the French, had issued very similar decrees, dated from Berlin, and the British government, in retaliation, had passed orders in council prohibiting all commerce with France and the United States. The States and France were the greatest sufferers by these " non-intercourse " decrees. Under them smug- gling flourished, and people of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick carried on a very profijtable contraband trade with the people of the United States. 162. The Emperor Napoleon was then at the summit of his glory, and was making preparations to invade Russia. Great Britain was the power which had always withstood him, and he was pleased that the United States govern- ment, at his instigation, should strike a blow at her. Early in the year President Madison submitted Henry's let- ters to Congress, which seemed to implicate the British government in an attempt to seduce the people of some of the eastern States from their allegiance. These letters, copies of which were freely circulated throughout the country, made Congress and people very indignant, as the President calculated they would. Then followed the declaration of war, June 18th. When it was known in Bos- ton, flags were hoisted half-mast on the vessels in the harbor, the sign of death or calamity. 163. President Madison and the war party proposed to conquer Canada, and they imagined that it would be an easy conquest. They had an idea that the French-Cana- dians were disaffected, and that many would join the invading armies; but they reckoned without their host. 1812 WAR. 109 for The French-Canadians, on the contrary, with few excep- tions, showed the very best s])irit. In the hoiu ot danger tliey forgot all their political discontents, and their gallant chasseurs and voltigeurs were shoulder to shoulder with the British-Canadian volunteers and fencibles. Nor were tlie Mohawks and other semi-allied Indians backward in supporting their white brothers. And it was fortunate that a stout spirit prevailed, for the task of defending their country was thrown chiefly on the militia of the Canadas. For along the extended line, open to invasion from Quebec to York, there were only forty-five hundred regular British troops, and the British government could not send out more, as they required all the men they had for the war in Europe. 164. The plan of the American campaign was to invade Canada from Detroit, the Niagara River, and by Lake Champlain. The British scored the first success in the war. Captain Roberts, with a small party, captured Michilli- mackinac, an important American fur station. Oeneral Hull, Governor of Michigan, with twenty-five hundred troops, crossed over from Detroit to Sandwich and put forth a bombastic proclamation to frighten the inhabitants into submission. As long as there was no force to face him he got on very well, and ravaged the country as far as the Moravian village on the Thames. But when, in advancing on Amherstburg, he was checked at the River Canard, and when he heard that Captain Roberts was descending on his rear, he grew uneasy ; and uneasier still he grew wdien gallant Sir Isaac Brock (Governor of U])per Canada) appeared to confront him. On the first news of the invasion of the western peninsula Brock had hurried, with such force as he could collect, by way of the river Niagara and Lake Erie, to drive the invaders thence. Hull retreated across the river to Detroit, followed by Brock, and, rather than stand an attack, surrendered with twenty- ri no HISTORY OF CANADA. three hundred men. This was a grand success for Canada, and put the Michigan territory into the possession of the British. 165. On the Niagara frontier an Amei ican army of su})e- rior numbers, from Fort Niagara to Buftalo, confronted a British force on the line between Fort George and Fort Erie. Before dawn, on the 13tli of September, twelve hundred Americans, in two divisions, under General Wadsworth, crossed from Lewiston to Qneenston, and drove the British from the heights. Aroused by the sound of cannonade, General Brocli hurried from Fort George, in the gray light, to Queenston, leaving General Sheaffe to follow him with reinforcements. He rallied his troops and led an attack to retake the heights, but fell mortally wounded as he was cheering on the volunteers of York. There was a dismal pause until General Sheaffe arrived, with eight hundred men, and then the attack was renewed, and, after a spirited but short resistance, the Americans were driven from or forced to surrender on the heights. In after years a monument was there raised in memory of the gallant Brock. 166. The fortune of war continued to be on the side of Canada. Early in No \ ember United States Commodore Chauncey, with five vessels, made an unsuccessful attack on Kingston. A few days afterwards General Dearborn, at the head of " the army of the north," ten thousand strong, advanced from Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain, and crossed the boundary line to La Prairie, where the French-Canadian militia were posted, and eager to beat the invaders back. But the American militia were not at all eager to advance ; and after some aimless skirmishings the army retreated across the line, and went into winter quarters. Then Major-General Smyth, commander of the army on the Niagara frontier, burning with desire to retrieve the dis- asters of the campaign, resolved to invade and conquer 1 WAR. Ill iquer Canada off-ljaml, but the expedition was so shockingly mismanaged that a mutiny broke out, and the general had to fly to save his life from the exasperated soldiers, who blamed his blustering incapacity for the failure. While the Americans were unsuccessful on land, they gained some Tictories at sea, which soothed their wounded pride, and enraged the British, who were unaccustomed to defeat on their native element. 167. The United States government saw the impor- tance of having a naval superiority on tlie Lakes Ontario and Erie, and they had a number of large, rough, ser- viceable war vessels built in their ports there. It would have been better if the British ujovernment had ordered a number of ,such vessels to be run up sj)eedily instead of having a few carefully finished. If they had, they might have retained the naval command of the lakes and changed the aspect of the war 168. The people of Michigan and Ohio were very impatient at the presence of the British on their soil, and called on their generals to drive Colonel Proctor out of Detroit. About the middle of January General Win- chester, with a thousand men, crossed from Sandusky, and, landing, advanced upon Frenchtown, and drove its garri- son back on Brown ston. There Colonel Proctor had gath- ered a motley militia force and a swarm of Indians. In the dark hours of the morning he steadily advanced on Frenchtown, and surprised the Americans at break of day. After a short but brisk fight, with loss to both sides. Proc- tor sent word that if the Americans resisted any longer he would be unable to restrain the Indians ; whereon they surrendered. But Proctor was unable to prevent his say- age allies from perpetrating some shocking craelties. Presi- dent Madison, in his message to Congress, referred indig- nantly to them, and threw the blame on the British. He had, no doubt, cause for indignation, but the British could I, ir 112 HlSrOltr OF CANADA. ¥ 'ill I not help employing the Indians, who would not have re- mained (jiiiet ; and if they had been under no control they would have run riot in torture and murder. It was all very tine for the President to comj)laiii, but if he had been determined he could have i)revented the war, which brought many inevitable horrors in its train, When spring opened, some reiuforcemeuts arrived in Quebec from Eng- land. British men-of-war and j)rivateers blockaded Amer- ican ports, and preyed on American merchantmen. The coasts of the maritime provinces were open to the attack of American and Frencli cruisers, but the war was not brought home to them. Their legislatures voted money to aid Canada, and their seamen volunteered to fight on the lakes. The New Brunswick 104th Regrimeut was des- patched to the seat of war. Some of its companies went by water, but the others started from Fredericton in midwinter, and made their way through the wilderness to Quebec on snow-shoes, a march tliat is still spoken of as one of the remarkable incidents of the war. 169. As yet the Americans had gahied no advantage by land. Towards the end of April a combined naval and military expedition under Genoral Dearborn and Commo- dore Chauncey attacked York. General Sheaffe, admin- • istrator of the government, unable to hold it, retired with his troops towards Kingston, and left the ignominious task of surrendering it to a militia colonel. The Americans took a large quantity of valual>le stores, but did not hold the place. 170. The American fleet under Commodore Chauncey, about a month afterwards, bombarded Jr'ort treorge, which was held by Colonel Vincent and a thousand British sol- diers. A large force was landed to carry the place by assault. Vincent, unable to hold the fort in face of the overpowering fire from the ships, withdrew (March 27) to Queenston, and, calling the other garrisons from Chippewa WAR. 113 and Erie, retreated to Burlington Heights at the hoad of Lake Ontario. The day after, Sir George Pi'evost sailed from Kingston with a flotilla under Sir James Yeo, leav- ing a considerable military force, of which the 104th formed a part, to attack Sackett*8 Harbor. The intention was to take the place by surprise under cover of night, but the boats with the attacking part, owirg to the strong cur- rent, did not get into position opposite the point fixed for the landing before daylight, and then the foe was on the alert. The British drove the Americans out of the woods into their fort and blockhouse, and then retired out of reach of fire from their guns until their own Pi tillery was landed. Prevost thought that no further advantage could be gained, and ordered a retreat. The British lost 206 men, in all, in this futile affair, and they also lost confi- dence in their general. 171. On the 1st of June stout Captain Lawrence sailed out of Boston harbor with the " Chesapeake " to take up the challenge sent him by gallant Captain Broke of H. M. S. '* Shannon." In the wake of the American friijate sailed a pleasure party, to see the fight r^nd share the victory. The British tars stood in silence at their guns as the " Chesapeake " sailed proudly near. Then came the roar of the broadsides, and the grap])ling together of the ships, and the wild cheers of the British tars as they boarded, and the horrid tumult of the fight. '* Don't give up the ship," said Lawrence as he fell, but in a few minutes the British ensign was floating above the "stars and stripes." And the Sunday after the fight citizens of Halifax saw' the " Shannon " sail with the '^ Chesapeake," a prize, into the harbor, and those who bof rded them were horrified at the evidences of the bloody contest on their decks. 172. A few days after this "glorious victory" 3,500 Amer- icans, under Brigadier-Generals Chandler and Winder, ad- vanced from their camp at Forty Mile Creek to attack Viu- .n 114 HISTORY OF CANADA. cent at Burlington Heights. They rested at Stony Creek, a few miles off. At midnight a party of British, under Lieutenant-Colonel John Harvey, burst into their camp, and attacked them with the bayonet, and drove them out to the surrounding heights, and then the British withdrew, with the two American generals and one hundred men l)risoner8, to Burlington. The Americans were then com- pelled to retreat to Fort George. Colonel Vincent then grew bold, and extended his line from Burlington Heights to Queenston, and cut off supplies from Fort George and beleaguered General Dearborn. During the summer there were naval engagements on the lakes, and attacks and counter-attacks on American and Canadian strong places, but no advantage was gained by either side ; nothing de- cisive was done. CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 173. During the summer the Americans made prepara- tions to force the British to abandon their hold on the Michigan territory, and to contest their naval superiority on lakes Ontario and Erie. Colonel Proctor had been able to hold his own in the west and that was all. On May 1st he with Tecumseh, the famous Shawnee chief, and two thousand men, laid siege to Fort Meigs at the foot of the rapids of the Miami River. His cannon made no impression upon it, but he repulsed with great slaughter a sortie made by its garrison and a body of Ken- tucky and Ohio volunteers. As he was then deserted by his fickle allies, the Indians, who formed the greater part of his force, he could do nothing but return to Sandwich. By September a large American army was assembled in Michigan under General Harrison, and Commodore Perry CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 115 was in Putin Bay, the western extremity of Lake Erie. On the 10th six British sail were discovered bearing down, and Perry gave orders to weigh anchor and lioist the sig- nal of battle. In the outset his Hagshi}), the " Lawrence "^ (which carried a Hag with the words *' Don't give up the ship "), was disabled, and he was forced to leave it, and in the midst of the fight was rowed to another ship, the "Detroit." The British flagship was made a complete wreck, and the crew of its onsort, the "Queen," struck its colors after the captain was killed, and the vessel be- came unmanageable. Perry then with his whole fleet passed between the British ships, which were overpowered by his close and heavy fire. Perry sent word to the ex- pectant Harrison, "We have met the enemy and they are our.." Harrison then moved his army and crossed the river. Proctor abandoned Detroit and Amherstburg after destroying their principal buildings, and hastily retreated with Tecumseh and his braves, followed by a vastly supe- rior American force up the River Thames to Moravia Vil- lage. There he made a stand, and thcve his ranks were completely broken by the fierce onsets of the Kentuck- ians. Tecumseh was slain. Those who were not killed or captured dispersed, or made their way to Burlington Heights. 174. The situation was now very critical for the Cana- dians. Li all the west the only Britisli force was that at Burlington Heights ; the upper district of Upper Canada was in the hands of Harrison ; the Americans held the command of the lakes, and had two large armies, one on the Niagara frontier under General Wilkinson, the other at Plattsburg under General Hampton. 175. Wilkinson and Hampton were instructed to co- operate in an attack on Montreal. On October 2l8t General Hampton with 7,000 men crossed the boundary line, and in two divisions this force advanced up both banks of the 116 lllsTony OF CANADA. li Chateauguay. He was with the division that took the northern bank through a thickly wooded and hilly coun- try. In his way there stood a strong breastwork of felled trees, behind which 300 voltigeurs under Colouel la Sala- berry were posted, and from which they could securely shoot down his men. He could not prevail over his raw militiamen to attack this formidable obstruction. They preferred to crouch in the woods and keep up a tire which did more harm to themselves than the foe ; and the woods were all the time ringing v/ith bugle-calls, and in their fear they imagined that the Canadians were in great force 4ind mustering to surround them. They lost heart. The division which advanced by the southern bank was driven back by a body of Chateauguay chasseurs. So General Hampton led his dispirited army across the boundary line to its camp at Plattsburg. 176. It was November before General Wilkius^n, with a force of 10,000 men in bateaux, passed Kingston in his descent on Montreal. From tliat place he was followed by Colonel Morrison and 800 British troops, and from the head of the Long Sault this corps of observation followed the Americans on land. When off Williamsbnrg, Wilkin- son, who was annoyed at being followed by this small body, told one of his brigadier-generals (Boyd) to land with a force and " brush " it away. 3,500 Americans with artillery faced the British, drawn up in line on i field on ** Chrysler's farm," on the afternoon of the 12th. For two hours the battle raged, the Americans were unable to break the red ranks, and before the firm advance and steady fire of the British they wavered and fell back with a loss of 339 men. Wilkinson was terribly annoyed to see that the brush had fallen out of Boyd's hands, and his troops retreating hastily to their boats, and making for the southern bank of the St. Lawrence. He was worse annoyed, on reaching Lake St. Francis to learn that CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. iir 1814 Hampton and liis army were not at St. Regis, where they had agreed to unite their troops for the advance on Mon- treal. In disgust he with(h*ew his troops to French Mills on Salmon River. 177. In December there was ten*ible work on the Niagara frontier. United States General McClure abandoned Fort George on the ap|)roach of Colonel Murray and a British force, and before crossing to Fort Niagara left the town of Newark in flames. The British took that fort and laid waste the country down to Buffalo. 178. The war was not resumed in earnest until the mid- dle of the year. The people of tlie Eastern States were intensely dissatisfied with it, while the Canadians, though they had suffered much in person and property, were in good spirits and courage, resolved to defend their country to the last. 179. General Wilkinson toward the end of March made an attempt to advance on Montreal, but showed himself so feeble a general that he was superseded by General Izzard. Early in May General Drummond stormed and burned the shipping in Oswego, the most important American naval depot on Lake Ontario. In June several British regiments arrived in Quebec, the number of British ships was increased on the American coasts, and a blockade proclaimed from Georgia to Maine. In the course of the summer Moose Island and Eastport, Castine and Bangor, were taken, Baltimore was scared, Alexandria compelled to capitulate, and Washington captured and its Capitol burned. There being then a pause in the war in Europe the British government could throw more strength into the war in America. 180. There was hot work on the Niagara frontier in July. On the 3rd General Brown with 600 men crossed the river and captured Fort Erie, and advanced to Fort Chippewa. General I^iill with 1,800 men, of whom 300 118 HISTORY OF CANADA. Hi ill hi! were militia and Indians, tried to stop Brown, but was himself forced to withdraw to Niagara, where he made a stand. Brown's force remained at Chippewa. A fort- night afterwards Riall advanced towards the Falls, but was driven up the hill at Lundy's Lane, and on to the road at Beaver Dams, by the Americans. In the nick of time General Drummond arrived from Fort George at six in the evening (24th) and stayed the retreat. A close and fierce encounter ensued. The Americans made several desperate efforts to gain possession of the height, but were driven down. After three hours both sides paused and were reinforced. Again loud and furious rose the din of battle, and at any lull the solemn thunder of the mighty cataract boomed in. At midnight the Americans desisted and retreated hastily to Chippewa, and next day to Erie. General Drummond invested the fort, and on August 15th his troops assaulted it, but suffered terribly from the explosion of a powder magazine after they had entered it. A month afterwards the Americans made a sortie on the British camp, which was repulsed with great slaughter on both sides. The Americans finally evacuated, after demolishing the fort, on November 5th. 181. In September Sir George Prevost, with the finest force that ever had assembled during the war, invaded the State of New York, and advanced to Plattsbur^, where, on an elevated ridge on the southern bank of the Saranac, the Americans were strongly posted. He ordered Captain Downie, who commanded the naval squadron on Lake Champlain, to attack the American fleet in the Bay of Plattsburg. Downie was wounded and most of his ships captured, whereon Sir George ordered the abandonment of the attack on the enemy's entrenchments, and a retreat, which was made so hastily that sick and wounded, and much war material, were left behind. The Peninsular veterans, who had fought and vanquished Napoleon's BEGINNING OF POLITICAL TROUBLES. 119 finest troops, were enraged at the disgrace cast upon them. Serious charges were afterwards made against Sir George, and he was recalled, but died on his way to England. 182. In the meantime peace commissioners had assem- bled at Ghent, and the final treaty, which provided for a firm and comprehensive pracc, was ratified December 24th, Before it was known in Canada and the United States the British suffered a bloody defeat at New Orleans Janu- ary 8th. The peace was hailed with wild delight in the eastern States, and with great joy in Canada, whose people had reason to be proud of the part they had taken in the war. f CHAPTER X. BEGINNING OF POLITICAL TKOUBLES. 183. In Lower Canada, after the war, there was a lull in the disputes between the upper and lower branches of the legislature, the Council and Assembly. But it was not very long until they were at variance again. The expenses 01 the ciyil goTemment had increased, and the revenue was insuflicient to meet them ; and the governor-general. Sir John Coke Sherbrooke, called on the Assembly to make good the deficiency. At first it voted £60,000 for the purpose, but it refused to make that appropriation per- manent. 184. The revenue of Lower Canada was raised from three sonrces. By the act of 1774 (passed the same year as the Quebec Act, and not repealed after the passing of the Con- stitutional Act, 1791), the Imperial Government imposed duties on rum, brandy, and spirits, and applied the money to defray the expenses of its civil government ; they also raised a revenue from the sale of lands and lease of mines. ¥== 120 HISTORY OF CANADA. Ill : I llli I ! i.e.y the casual and territorial revenue ; and another revenue was raised from duties imposed by the Assembly on arti- cles imported into the province. The governor-general maintained that the Assembly had no right to a])propriate the money raised under the act of 1774, or from the casual and territorial revenue. The Assembly held that it had the right to appropriate the money raised from all the three sources. The Assembly had made the act rais- ing a revenue from duties on articles imported into the province permanent. In Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick the Assemblies had made the revenue acts annual, so that on any disagreement with the Council they could stop the supplies; that is, refuse to vote the money neces- sary to sustain the civil government. 185. During the brief administration of the Bnke of Richmond, the Council and Assembly had a very serious quarrel. Tlie governor-general called on the Assembly to vote £16,000 in addition to the £60,000, and the Assembly insisted on examining into the details of the expenses and cutting down some of the items. The governor-general dissolved the House, but he did not meet the new one. While on a tour on the Ottawa River he was bitten by a fox and died in great agony. He was temporarily suc- ceeded by his son-in-law. Sir Peregrine Maitland, governor of Upper Canada, who made the Assembly angry by acts it considered arbitrary and irregular. They never met to quarrel again after the first session, for in 1820 the aged and sorely afflicted king, George III., died, and all Assem- blies were dissolved, as the custom is on the death of the monarch. 186. A new governor-general met the new House. The Earl of Dalhoasie was a man of fine manners and great accomplishments, but he was proud and a rigid upholder of the prerogative of the Crown. From his time the contention between the Council and Assembly I j;eginning of political troubles. 121 grew more bitter, find the feeling of animosity between the French-Canadian majority and the British minority stronger. He called on the Assembly to make the Appro- priation Bill — the bill detailing the manner in which the revenue should be expended, permanent, but it refused, whereon the earl, on advice of his Council, drew on the money raised by the permanent revenue act and in the hands of the receiver-general. 187. A proposal was made by his Council to other holders of land under feudal tenure, to change the tenure to that of "free and common socage." Some of the members of his Council were in favor of making Lower Canada British, and a scheme of anion between Lower and Upper Canada was proposed, which if adopted would have banished the French language from the legislature and French law f "om the province. 188. In Upper Canada there were causes of dissatisfac- tion. Power, there, was centred in the hands of one class, the influential Loyalists. They held all the seats in the Executive and Legislative Councils, and all the offices which had control of the lands and the finances. Their adherents filled the Assembly, and nearly all the commerce was in their hands. They were opposed to giving the children of the peo])le education, to allowing the people freedom of meeting in public, and to granting to the press the liberty of criticising the acts of the government. They were, in short, an oligarchy, and it was called the " Family Compact." The members of it belonged to the CI arch of England, which was recognized by law. They looked upon it as the state church, and the position of superiority its clergy and members assumed aroused the jealousy and anger of the other sects. They claimed sole right to the " Clergy Reserves " the seventh of the granted lands in the townships set apart for the support of a Pro- testant clergy. In 1820 a clergy cor|)oration was estab- 122 HISTORY OF CANADA. m lished by royal charter to manage the sale of the lands and collect the rents. 189. Great conii)laint was made of the management of the Crown lands. And similar complaint was made in all the provinces. Exclusive grants of land were given gra- tuitously to favorites, executive councillors, and other officials. These cjrants were allowed to remain in a wilderness state, and where they intervened between settled districts they obstructed their progress. This evil was early seen, and royal instructions were given not to grant more than twelve hundred acres to any single indi- vidual. But the regulation was systematically evaded in the Canadas, and it was not difficult for one individual to obtain a grant of thousands of acres. While great grants were lavishly given away to favorites, the poor militiamen could not get the small grants the Prince Regent (George IV.) wished them to receive as a recognition of their services in the war of 1812-14. Difficulties were thrown in the w^ay of their obtaining them, and when they did obtain them, they were often in so inconvenient a locality and so unfit for settlement, that the angry militiamen in disgust parted with them for the merest trifle. 190. The Canada Land Company was formed in London to turn the wilderness lands of Upper Canada to account in 1826. It proposed to purchase all the Crown and Clergy reserves. As the " Clergy Corporation " objected to the price offered as too low, the company, in place of the clergy reserves, obtained a million acres in the Huron country. For 3,300,000 acres in all, the company agreed to pay £350,000 sterling (about $1,700,000) in sixteen annual instalments, and to spend money in opening up roads. The money received from the company was used to make good the deflcit on the revenue, and to help to defray the expenses of the civil government. 191. Uppe • Canada was making great advances in pop- BEGINNING OF POLITICAL TROUBLES. \% ulation and wealth, and its people felt that they were in thraldom to Lower Canada. Its commerce, as has been said, was controlled by the lower province, as there was no port of entry above Montreal, and as the duties for purposes of revenue were imposed by its legislature. These duties were distributed, at first, in the proj)ortion of one-eighth, afterwards of one-lifth, to the upper j)rov- ince, and the people oomplained that they did not receive justice. 192. A union of the two provinces was proposed by the Imperial Government as the best means of remedying the grievances and complaints. The scheme was looked upon with favor by the merchant class of Upper Canada and the British poj)ulation of the town- ships of Lower Canada, but it was bitterly denounced by the French-Canadians as an insulting measure and as de- signed to obliterate their nationality. It was withdrawn, and the *' Canadian Trade Act " passed by the Imperial Government, which imposed certain duties for the pur- pose of regulating commerce and raising a revenue, and appointing commissioners to distribute the custom duties between the two provinces. The Canada Tenures Act was afterwards passed, which gave holders of lands under feudal tenure the option to change that tenure to that of "free and common socage," and to establish the opera- tion of English law over them. 193. The disputes in the legislature of Lower Canada grew warmer. In 1824 the Assembly had a just cause of complaint against the government. The receiver-general, Sir John Caldwell, failed, and he could give no account of £96,000 (1384,000) of the money of the province which had passed through his hands. Sir John, though a con- victed defaulter, still held his seat in the Executive Coun- cil. He could not be removed by any action of the Assembly, he was not responsible to them for his acts. It 1 1 124 IIISTOKY OF CANADA. w.is said that if the roceiver-oreneral had been oblicfed to submit annually to the Assembly a full and explicit state- ment of the financial condition of the province no such loss could have occurred. 194. The Earl of Dalhonsie would concede nothing to the Assembly, and he brought things to a crisis. He de- nied the right of the Assembly to di8j)ose of the Crown revenues, he called upon it to make permanent provision for the judges and other officials, and on its refusal, with- out its sanction, drew on the receiver-general to pay their salaries, and he showed himself personally hostile to some of the leading men of the Assembly. After a general election he refused to recognize M. Louis Papineau, the French-Canadian leader, who had been chosen speaker of the Assembly, and dissolved the house. Legislation was then at an end, the Constitution of 1791 was suspended. The people gathered in excited meetings, and petitions to the king and parliament were drawn up, recounting their grievances and praying for the recall of the proud earl, and received numerous signatures. Agents were ap- pointed to present them. CHAPTER XI. NOVA SCOTIA AXD NEW BRUNSWICK. 195. Nova Scotia during the long war — 1792 to 1814 — had great prosperity. Halifax, the chief British naval station in America, increased rapidly in population and wealth. The prosperity was mainly caused by large naval and military expenditures which promoted trade and brought many people to inhabit the city. When the war came to an end, and Halifax was no longer the naval station, the extraordinary expenditures ceased, and its NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 125 1814 naval II and naval e and le war naval ad its prosperity declined. Tlie whole province felt the effect of the change. In the city, trade languished, many of the inhabitants left it, and hundreds of workmen were thrown out of employment. The Earl of Dalhouaie was governor of the province from 1816 until he went to Canada in 1820. During his term the Council and Assembly did not quarrel very much ; attention was given to the improvement of the province. The letters of "Agrricola" (Mr. John Young) awakened an interest in agriculture, which had been much neglected. Something was done for educa- tion ; a parish school system was inaugurated, and Pictou Academy and Dalhousie College were founded, but the people did not support them. 196. On leaving the province, the Earl of Dalhousie wag presented with £1,000 to buy a sword and star. But he declined this testimonial of respect from the Assembly because that body had not shown proper respect to the Council, and had neglected to carry out suggestions he had made for the improvement of the militia and road service. Besides, the province was too poor to make costly gifts. 197. Cape Breton, which had been a separate govern- ment since 1784, was, in 1820, October 19, formally incorporated with Nova Scotia. 198. New Brunswick had a regularly commissioned gov- ernor in 1818, Major-General Sir George Tracy Smythe. During his time the Legislative Council and Assembly quarrelled over the old bone of contention, the control of the revenue, and there were two dissolutions, one (in 1820) consequent on the death of George III. Governor Smythe died in the midst of the session of 1823. Until the regularly appointed governor arrived, the government was administered by the president of the Council. Hon. Chris- topher Billop, senior executive councillor, issued his proc- lamation as president, but being old and infirm, he was superseded by Hon. Ward Chipman. He met the legis- 1820 126 HISTORY OF CANADA. 1824 latiire in Jfinnary, 1824, but ho died on the 9th of Feb- ruary. Hon. Jami'8 Murray Bliss then V)ecame president until the arrival in August of the new governor. 199. Sir Howard Dou|2rlas was a man distinguished in arms and letters. He took a fatherly interest in the .advancement of the province. He was of opinion that far too much attention was given to lumbering, and. far too lit.tle to the culture of the soil. He encouraged the people to pursue a better system of agriculture and of road-making ; the roads then went u]) hill and down dale, and were not well adapted for traffic and travel. Through his influence King's College (University of New Bruns- wick) wa;3 established and o})ened on Jan. 1, 1829 ; on that occasion he founded the Douglas gold medal to remain as an incentive to virtue and learning, and as a permanent token of his regard and good wishes. 200. A memorable but disastrous event occurred in 1825. The summer of that year was very hot and dry all over the American continent. In New Biunsw^ick the long drought was painfully felt ; there were several flres through- out the province. On the 1st of October, fire swept over the country between the Nashwaak and the Miramiehi, and north to the Bay Chaleur. In Miraraichi towards evening a pitchy darkness overspread the sky, through which shot tongues of fire; then a hurricane of flame burst with a fearful roar, and rushed over New- castle and Douglastown, destroying churches, and houses, and ships upon the stocks. The people flew to the river for safety, and even wild animals crept to its banks. Its lurid waters were tossed about in wildest commotion, and vessels with their rigging afire were torn from their anchorage and driven ashore. A hundred and sixty per- sons perished during that awful night. A quarter of a million pounds worth of property w^as destroyed, and the loss by the destruction of the forests was incalculable. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT, L. C. 12T Feb. dent d in tithe inion * , and raged nd oi dale, rough ininM- " n that emain lanent 1 1825. II over i long rough- swept nd the ■amichi le sky, ane of • New- louses, river s. Its and their :ty per- jr of a md the 3le. 3n, H ' 201. In 1827 tlie Americans made trouble in \he ** dis- puted territoiy." The governor of Maine marshalled his militia along the frontier. Some filibusters made a dash into the Mudawaska district and hoisted the American ' flag. Sir How ird Douglas moved troops to the frontier to resist invasion if necessary. A New Brunswick constable drove into Madawaska where the " stars and strij)es" were Hying, levelled the stJilf, bundled the flag under his arm, seized the ringleader, and drove off with him to Frederic- ton jail. The governor of Maine was very angry, but the excitement caused by the incident soon died away. The governments of Great Britain and the United States re- ferred the question of the disputed boundary to the King of the Netherlands. 202. Great Britain in 1830 threw open the trade of the "West Indies to the United States, and this concession in- juriously affected the maritime provinces. A report that the British government intended to repeal the duties on Baltic timber, and consequently to withdraw the j)ro- tection under which the lumber trade flourished, caused intense dissatisfaction in New Brunswick. Sir Howard Douglas, who was recalled to England to give information regarding the "disputed territory," wrote ably against the " repeal " of the duties, and the " repeal " bill in Par- liament was for the time defeated. Sir Howard's services were gratefully remembered in New Brunswick, but he did not return. Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell was his successor. CHAPTER Xn. KESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. — LOWER CANADA. 203. The petitions from Lower Canada, and also from, the upper province, received an attentive hearing from f 128 HISTORY OF CANADA. h!l fc I the British Parliament. A committee, known as "the Canada Committee of 1828," was formed, who examined a number of leading men of both provinces, and of all parties and sects, on the statement of grievances in the said petitions. The committee drew up a "Report" in favor of concessions and reforms, and this report was, at first, enthusiastically received by the party of " refonners," an they were culled. It is sufficient to say that the report recommended that the duties raised by the act of 1774 should be placed under control of the Assembly, on condi- tion that it made permanent provision for the salaries of the governor-general, the executive councillors, and judges ; that judges and bishops and archdeacons should not sit in the legislative council ; that the executive and legislative councils should be made more independent, by the intro- duction of gentlemen who were not officers of the Crown, but who represented all the interests of the province ; and that in Lower Canada, in making new appointments, no invidious distinction should be made between British Protestants and French-Canadian Catholics. The re- port censured Earl of Dalhousie for taking £140,000 ($560,000 in all) out of the treasury without the sanction of the Assembly. And in reference to the failure of Sir John Caldwell it recommended that proper securities shi^uld be taken before the appointment of receiver-gen- eral was made, and that all accounts should be regularly examined by a " board of audit." An extension of repre- sentation in the legislature, and the establishment of English law over lands held on the " tenure of free and common socage," wore suggested as remedies for the grievances of the British population of the townships. 204. The unpopular Dalhousie was recalled, and Sir Jame3 KemptJ from Nova Sc©tia, was appointed in his room. The new governor-general recognized Papineau as speaker when the Assembly met. For a brief time there RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT, L. C. 129 "the nined of all in the rt" in v^as, at mers" report i 1774 condi- iries of judges; >t sit in Tlslative e intro- Crown, ce ; and |ents, no British 'he re- 140,000 lanction e of Sir curities ver-ficen- egularly )f repre- English common ievances and Sir d in his •apineau [we there was peace, and the Assembly gave its attention to the business of the country. The British government, to carry out the suggestions of *' the Committee," placed at the dis- posal of the Assembly all the revenues save "the casual and territorial," called members of the Reform partyj ten of whom were French-Canadians, to seats in the Executive Council, and so remodelled the Legislative Council that out of thirty-five members only seven were officers under the Crown. The Assembly did not do its part to carry out the suggestions of " the Committee " in a right spirit. It re- modelled the electoral districts of the province, but in such a manner as to increase the already too great French- Canadian majority. The Assembly soon grew angry because the British government would not give it control of the casual and territorial revenue, and it refused to make permanent provision for the judges and councillors until that reserved revenue was handed over to it. 205. In fact, no concession at this time, short of giving them absolute control of the government, would have sat- isfied the French-Canadians. If they had that control they might fill all the seats in the councils with men of their own nationality, make what laws they pleased re- garding schools, roads, and lands, decree that all proper- ties must be held under the feudal tenure, and hamper British commerce by imposing high duties. They became so hostile and aggressive that the small British Reform minority, which up to this time had acted with them, withdrew, and sided with their own Tory countrymen, for it became a question of nationalities. Tb.e speaker, Papineau, with fiery eloquence, inflamed his peoi)le against the arrogance and tyranny of British power, and enthi^siastically lauded the republican liberty of the United States. The "Canadien" newspaper denounced the Brit- ish as usur})ers and foreigners, and the British press stigma- tized the French-Canadians as inirrates and rebels. Lord f ■ HISTORY OF CANADA, Ayliner succeeded Sir James Kempt in 1830. The contest between the two branches of the legislature was very warm. In the year following the Assembly refused to vote supplies, or to provide for the judges and councillors, unless all the revenues were handed over to it. The salaries re- mained unpaid, for the governor-general could not draw on the receiver-general, as Dalhousie had done. Then, in 1834, the Assembly gave expression, in ninety-two resolutions, which, in short, were the enumeration of all its grievances since 1820, and made demand for certain concessions. These ninety-two resolutions w^ere embodied in an address to the king and parliament. The British minority presented a counter-address, setting forth its grievances. Its members hoped that the British govern- ment would give a decided refusal to the demands of the French majority, and were angry when it took a concili- atory course, and appointed " a Commission of Inquiry," of which the new governor-general. Lord Gosford, and Sir Charles Grey and Sir James Gripps were the members. The French majority had no faith in committees or com- missions. They absolutely refused to vote full supplies or pay four years' arrearages unless concessions were made, which the governor-general was not empowered to make. Affairs came to a deadloclt. 206. The concessions demanded by the French majority, if granted, would have given it full control of the gov- ernment. The chief demands of the majority were the surrender into its hands of the casual and territorial revenue, which would give it the command of all the revenues, to expend them as it pleased ; the making the Legislative Council an elective body, in the same way as the Assembly was; the conversion of the Executive Council into a ministry, responsible to the people in this way, that, on receiving their appointments from the Crown, members would appear before the people for re- RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT, U. C, 131 ntest very J vote Liiiless .es re- draw len, in ty-two tion of certain ibodied British )rtli its govern- 8 of the , concili- nqniry^" )rd, and lembers. i or com- pplies or e made, to make. election, and that they should remain in power only as long as their acts were sustained by a majority of the representatives of the people in the Assembly. 207. This system of responsible government, as it was called, was what the people of all tht provinces were, as it will be seen, striving to obtain. Each province had some grievance peculiar to itself, but their j)eople were all united in their endeavor to break down the monopoly of power in the hands of the Executive and Legislative Coun- cils, whose members assumed the position of a privileged class, holding their seats for life, and acknowledging no responsibility to the people for their acts. CHAPTER XIII. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT — UPPER CANADA. 208. The Reform party of Upper Canada hoped that the suggestions made by the "Canada Committee of 1828" would lead to some change in the composition of the Ex- ecutive and Legislative Councils by introducing members into their ranks who represented the feelings and opinions of the people of the province. But the " Family Compact" kept their ranks unbroken. In fact, that report only made the Reformers more dissatisfied, as it awakened hopes that were doomed to disappointment. Major-General Sir John Colborne, the governor-general, was altogether in sympathy with the dominant party. 209. In Upper Canada two nationalities did not divide the province as in Lower Canada ; but the question of origin in the British province was almost as exasperating as that of nationality was in the French. Persons emigrating from the British Isles, or coming in from the United States, to the province, were looked upon by the loyalists 1828 i| m 132 HISTORY OF CANADA. ^11(1 first American settlers as strangers and aliens. They were placed in a position of inferiority, and they found it almost impossible to advance or to rise. Even Americans who had settled in the province after 1783 were looked upon as aliens, though many of them had fought for Canada in the war of 1812, and had held office and pos- sessed land. The dominant party would have subjected them to the indignity, as they considered it, of taking the oath of allegiance, and submitting to a formal seven years' residence before they were admitted to the privi- leges of British subjects. This alien question raised very angry feelings, and made j)eople hated the dominance of the " Family Compact." 210. The members of the " Family Compact," many of whom were men of high character and talents, were firmly of the opinion that the preservation of the pro- vince to the British crown, and the maintenance of the British Constitution, depended upon their upholding the prerogative of the Crown and their own privileges, and on their resisting the encroachments of the people. They were therefore resolutely opposed to all change, all inno- vation, all reform, so called. The Reformers were divided into two sections, the moderate and the extreme. The Moderates, represented by such men as Robert Baldwin, Marshall Bidwell, Judge Rideout, desired to make the Executive Council responsible to the representatives of the people, to sweep away the insidious privileges claimed by the Church of England, to promote a better system of Crown land management and settlement, to give educa- tion to the children of the poorer classes, and, generally, to establish a less costly and more economical government that would spend less money on high salaries, pensions and sinecures, and more on roads, canals, and other works of utility. The extreme section, whose representative man was William Lyon McKenzie, wanted all that the Moder- RESPONSILLE GOVERNMENT, U. C. V6S :hey . [id it leans oked t for . pos- ected ig the seven privi- raised inance lany of ,, were le pro- of the ing the and on They lU inno- divided e. The aldwin, ake the es of the Amed by ystem of e educa- enerally, ernment pensions er works ^tive man e Moder- atcs wanted, and more. They admired tlie government of the United States, and envied the amazing progress and prosperity of the country, which they attributed to its political freedom, and they wished to model Upper Canada after that pattern. 211. McKeuzie was a native of Dundee, Scotland, and had emigrated to Upper Canada when a young and poor man. He first engaged in trade, and afterwards started a journal, the "Advocate," in York. He criticised sharply the acts of the Executive Council, anrevent any more executions. The tem})er displayed by the party in power united all parties and sects outside its ranks and its religion, and made them determined to obtain some con- stitutional change. ' 230 The state of the Canadas had the earnest attention of the British government. They appointed Earl of Dur- liani governor-general of all tlie North Anieriean colonies and high commissioner to adjust certain important questions concerning the future government of Lower and Upper Canada. The earl was a man of much ability and many accomplishments, and a Liberal, and in sympathy with reform. He was said to be very decided in his opinions and to hate contradiction, and to be proud and sensitive. Unfortunately for his peace of mind, his political opponents in the British parliament viewed his appointment with jealousy, and were disposed to criticise all his acts very keenly. He arrived in Quebec on the 21st of May with a large and gorgeous retinue of servants. He formed a special council of live, none of whom had been members of any previous council of the province. He had on his staff several gentlemen of great ability, and he sent them through the Canadas and to the maritime provinces to gather information concerning the political grievances and the general condition of all. He called on the United States government to stop the hostile demonstrations of the American sympathizers, and he caused the frontiers to be put in a state of defence. The disposal of the politi- cal prisoners was a difficult question to deal with. It was ifiiiT 146 HISTORY OF CANADA. useless to bring them to trial, as the British and French were so exasperated against each other that no jury could be found to convi.t a prisoner or agree upon a verdict. He pardoned all minor offenders, and issued an "ordi- nance "banishing Dr. Wolfred Nelson and eight other leaders to Bermnda. The governor of that colony objected that he had no legal authority to detain these men. This " ordinance " was .sharply criticised in the British parlia- ment, and an act was passed disallowing it, but indemnify- ing — freeing from blame and penalty — thr earl who had issued it, and his officers who had acted under it. The Earl of Durham felt very sore and angry. He published the act of indemnity but proclaimed that as the Impei'ial Government had disallowed his " ordinance " the pardon he had extended to all minor offenders was extended to the nine, and in fact to Papineau and all other great of- fenders. He then returned to Eng-land with all his retinue, and left Sir John Colborne again in su])reme command. 231. Late in autumn there was a renewal of insurrec- tionary risings in Lower Canada, and hostile demonstra- tions on the frontiers. The rising which caused most trouble took place in La Prairie County, at Napierville, where Dr. Robert Nelson, brother of Wolfred, collected a large body of insurgents and proclaimed the independence of Canada. On the ap})roach of a British force under Sir James MacDonnel he retreated towards the boundary line in the hope of being joined by American sympathizers. His advance-guard was intercepted by two hundred mili- tiamen and j)ut to flight, and then the victors fell back on Odell-town, and, on the approach of Nelson and his main body, threw themselves into a church, and from that church he could not dislodge them. After suffering a loss of a hundred men killed and wounded, the insurgents crossed the line. After that there was no other rising. The British soldiery and the militia laid waste the counties ill LORD DURHAM, 1838. 147 rench could ;rdict. < ordl- saders \ that This pavUa- lunify- 10 had . The Wished iiperial pardon ded to reat of- •etinue, land. isiirrec- .oiistra- most lerville, Elected lendence ider Sir lary line Ithizers. m1 rnili- I'll back md his )m that Ig a loss Jurgents rising. kounties south of the river St. Lawrence, and crusluMl out tlio rebellion. 232. In November, nuMubers of the " Hunters' Lodges'* — which were secret societies formed with the object of upholding republicjin institutions in America an:uren very tardily issued a proclamation to warn the American })eople not to give countenance to hostile enterprises against a friendly n.^tion. But this proclamation did not prevent " Hunters " in the west from crossing from Detroit one December morning, with encouraging cheers from the citizens of that place, and attacking Sandwich. They were thoroughly beaten, and roughly treated, however, by the militia under Colonel Prince. 288. The year 1839 opened with the prospect of still further trouble. It will be renu'mbered that the question of the ** Disputed Territory" was referred to tl King of the Netherlands. His Majesty gave his awar \\ 1831, but as that award did not please the people of the United States the territory still remained in dispute between Maine and New Brunswick. In January some law- less parties made their way into tliis territory to cut lumber. The governor of JNiaine sent a sheriff and a body of con- stables to expel the invaders and seize their lumber. They encountered a body of New Brnnswickers, and in the fray 1839 r:mf 1..., '■m 148 HISTORY OF CANADA. wliich t'olloweil, a Maine land agent was seized and carried off to Fredericton jail, and a New Brunswick warden captured and taken to Augusta. Tiien the governor of Maine sent a party of soldiers to aid his sheriff. Then the governor of New Brunswick put out a proclamation asserting t) e right of Great Britain to guard the territory in disj)ute. Tiien the governor of Maine issued a counter- proclamation denying tiiat right, and calling out ten thou- sand militiamen. Then the governor of New Brunswick sent an army, composed of two regular regiments, and a ■body of St. John, York, and Carleton voiunteers, into Madawaska to watch tlie Maine militia. There was great excitement in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. In the States there was an anti-British party who roared for war. But President Van Buren and the body of the people were cool. General Winiield Scott was sent to Maine with full j)ower to settle the difficulty, and he opened up correspondence with Sir John Harvey in Fred- ericton. The excitement died away. These two veter- ans, who at Stony Creek and Lundy's Lane had fought against each other and knew what war really meant, soon came to an agreement, and the difficulty was settled by Maine consenting to withdraw its militia, and Great Britain undertaking to expel, in case of necessity arising, invaders of the disputed territory. 234. But the difficulty was not really settled until 1842, when, by the **Ashburton Treaty," the larger and more valuable part of the territory was ceded to the United States. CHAPTER XVI. UNION OF THE CANADAS. 235. Lord Durham submitted to the Imperial Parliament a "Report" on the political grievances and general con- UjMON of the can ADAS. 149 irried arden lor of Then aation •ritory (unter- i tliou- aswick and a s, into [•e was ia. In roared of the sent to and he n Fred- veter- fought t, soon tied by Great arising, til 1842, id more United 1839 Irliament jral con- dition of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotin, and Prince Edward Island. He suffijrested a confederation of these provinces, and the building of an intercolonial rail- wny-. As it was impossible to carry out such a large scheme at once, he advised tho establishment of a legisla- live union of Upper and Lower Canada, and the recognition of the principle to the responsibility of the P^xecutive Council to the representatives of the people. The Re- formers read Lord Durham's report with the great- est satisfaction, and called it a monument of wis- dom ; the Tories were angry at it, and spoke with con- tempt of the suggestions made in it. The Imperial Gov- ernment acted on the advice gwen in it, and sent out Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson as governor-general to bring about a union of the two Canadas. 236. Mr. Thompson arrived in Quebec on the 13th of October. Soon after he published despatches from Lord John Russell, which pleased the Reformers everywhere even more than the report. They had been debarred from holding seats in the councils and high offices by Family Compacts, — now Lord John gave them ho])e that " men of character and ability would be free to wan posi- tions of honor, trust, and usefulness." Lord John insisted that it was necessary for the maintenanee of the unity of the Empire that the Imperial Government should have control over the affairs of the colonies; that the colo- nial secretary should send instructions to the govern- ors. This "dictation from Downing Street," as it wms called, greatly displeased the extreme Reformers. In our day the Imperial Government has almost ceased to inter- fere in the affairs of the provinces. It has been proved, as Lord John acknowledged in 1839, that the attachment of the I dople to the Crown is the best security for the per- manence of the union between the parent state and the colonies. He cautioned governors and assemblies against 150 IIISTOUy OF CANADA. the exti-eme exercise of the prerogative oi clissohitioii on the one hand, and of the right to stop supplies on the other. Tliat tiiis caution was necessary the history of all the British North American j^i'ovinces from 1791 to 1839 had abundantly proved. 287. In a despatcli on the tenure of office he laid down the rule that members of the Executive Council and chief officers — "heads of departments" — must consent to hold office dependent on the will of the sovereign, or his repre- sentative, and not for life ; and that they must regard a motive of policy, or the appointment of a new governor, as a sufficient reason for chanijjinu: the members of execu- tive councils and heads of departments. 238. Mr. Thonij)son found it very difficult to overcome the opi)osition of the Tory i>arty of Ui)per Canada to the proposed union, but he did overcome it by ai)j)ealing to the loyally of its members. The Union Bill was passed by the legislature. A s|»ecial council was called in Lower Canada, which also passed it. Mr. Thompson thought it useless to ask the consent of the Fivnch majority to a measure which they looked upon as a scheme to destroy their nationality. Finally, the Act of Union of the two Cana- das was pnssed by the Im])eiial Government in 1810, and became law in 1841. 289. This Act provided for one Legislative Council of twenty members, and one Assembly of eighty-f(jur mem- bers, with equal representation in both branches for the two provinces. The legislative councillors were apj)ointed by the Crown and held their seats for life. The demand of the Reformers for an elective Legislative Council was thus not granted. An Executive Council of eight mem- bers was formed, and those members of it who held seats in the Assembly went back to their constituents for re- election, to test whether they still had their confidence, and the Council was to hold office only as long as it com- UNION OF THE CAN A DAS. 151 mauded the support of a majority in the Assembly. A permanent civil list of £75,000 currency (*800,000) was established. The control of all the revenues was given to the Assembly, and the right to introduce all measures in- volving the exj)enditure of money to the government. The use of both the English and French language in debate, and in recording the proceedings of the legislature in the journals, was prescribed. 240. Mr. Thompson (now Lord Sydenham) opened the first session of the })arliament of the united Canadas in Kingston on the 13th of June. A number of im- portant bills were introduced to establish municipal insti- tutions, and a system of common-school education, and to promote the building of public works, and extend the canal system. 241. Lord Sydeuham died from the effects of a fall from his horse on October 13th, and after a time he was suc- ceeded by Sir Charles Bagot — in 1842 — who called to his council four prominent Reform members, Baldwin, Hincks, Dominic Daly, and Lafontaine. lie died in the May of the following year, and was succeeded by Sir Charles (afterwards Lord) Metcalfe. At this time a Conservative government was in power in England, and this fact had something to do with the reaction to Toryi ' i which set in. 242. The Union did not put an end to conflicts between Tories and Reformers, or betw^een British and French. The British members of the two Canadas had now a majority in the Assembly. But the French-Canadians, though tlie minority, were not weak, for in contests between Tories and Reformers, by throwing their strength on one side or the other, they held what is called " the balance of power " in their hands. 243. The Tory party had never accepted the new order of things, the principle of the responsibility of the Executive 152 IllSrOIiV OF CANADA. V i to tliG Assembly, or the rules concerning the "tenure of office " laid down in the liussell desijatch. They looked with great hope to Sir Charles Metcalfe, who had all the Tory feelings against responsible government. It was not very long until he raised a ferment by making two appointments to office without consulting his Council. He said that he was responsible to the Queen and parliament for his acts, and as representative of Her Majesty he claimed the right to make appointments to office. This was not the doctrine held by the advocates of responsible government. Baldwin and Lafontaine, two Reform mem- bers of his Council, requested Sir Charles to give up the right he claimed, which Sir Charles refused to do, and then they resigned. A general election followed, and the governor's action was sustained, for in the new House the majority of members were of the Tory party. A Tory government wfffe formed, of which Mr. Draper was the leader. The stand taken by Sir Charles Metcalfe was applauded by the parties in all the provinces who were opposing reform. The British Government elevated him to the peerage. He was soon compelled by grave illness to resign, and he returned to England in 1845. Major- General Cathcart was his successor. 244. The Draper government proposed a measure to indemnify persons in Upper Canada who had lost property dirring the rebellion. The French-Canadian members sup- ported it, on condition that persons in Lower Canada who ](ad tnken no part in the rebellion should be indemnified for their losses. An act was passed in 1846 which pro- vided for the full payment of the Upper Canadian losses and a small portion of the Lower Canadian ; which thus left unsettled a question which aroused the angriest feel- ings, and revived the war of races, — British against Frerch. 245. The Liberal government of Lord John Russell UNION OF THE CAN ADAS. 153 1848 ssell came into power in 1847. Tlie colonial secretary, Earl Grey, wrote a despatch confirmiiiij^ tlie Kussell des])atch on the " tenure of office." Lord El^^iii, a son-in-law of the Earl of Durham, came out as Ooveriior-C^Jeueral. He also was a Liberal, and in sympathy with reform, and a states- man of great ability and eloquence. During his term respoJAsible goveruineut was llrnily establislicd. In 1848 a general election took place, and in the new House the Reformers and French-Canadian party, which threw its strength on their side, had a large majority. The Draper government resigned, and a Reform govern- ment, of which Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine were leaders, was formed. They brought in a bill to authorize the government to raise £100,000 to pay individuals in Lower Canada for losses incurred in the rebellion, which had not been met by the bill of 1846. This "Rebellion Losses Bill" %vns violently denounced by the British party, who carried their opposition so far as to threaten to break up the Union. They prayed Lord Elgin not to assent to it. But as, according to the established principles of respon- sible government, he was now bound to assent to it, he did assent to it on April 25th, 1849. As he was leaving the parliament buildings, he was hooted at and his carriage pelted with rotten eggs ; and in the course of the night a turbulent crowd carrying lighted torches burst into the building, broke up the Assembl}', and set the houses on fire. They, with the fine libraries, were utterly destroyed. The Imperial Government approved of Lord Elgin's assent to the bill. The British Loyalist party was for a time almost beside itself with rage, and agitated for the annex- ation of Canada to the United States. 246. Montreal was deprived of the honor of being the seat of government, and the course was adopted of trans- ferring it to Quebec and Toronto every four years alternately. 154 HISTORY OF CANADA. CHAPTER XVII. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT IN NEW BflUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. / / 247. In Nova Scotia and New HruiiHwick there was also political agitation. In fact political agitation was at this time " in the air," as the saying is. It was felt in Great Britain, which was in the midst of the contest which ended in the passing of the first "lleform Bill," by which classes debarred from voting were admitted to the privilege. It was shown in France by the famous "Three Days' Revolution" (July, 18B8), by which the absolute Bourbon dynasty was overturned and a constitutional king was enthroned. The feeling of the peo})le of the maritime provinces against the system of government under which they lived was probably as strong as the feeling of the people of Upper and Lower Canada against their system, which was very similar. But among the first-named people there were no differences of nationality or origin to rouse very bitter, rancorous passions. 248. In the maritime provinces the Executive and Legis- lative Councils formed one branch, and combined the func- tions of making and administering the laws. In Nova Scotia the government was quite after the model of the " Family Compact " of Upper Canada. All the principal offices were in the liands of a few families, and the sub- ordinate places were filled by their adherents. The Church of England was dominant, and all the members of the Council were members of it, save two who were Presby- terians. The bishop had a seat in the Council. And the Council sat in a sort of secret conclave with doors closed against the members of the Assembly. 249. In New Brunswick the feeling towards the Council was not so hard as the feeling in Nova Scotia. The .iL RESPONSUiLE aOVEHNMENT, N. 11., N. 8. 155 members of it fairly represented the province at large (whereaw the ineinbers of the Nova Scotia Council were all residents of Halifax), and they did not shut the door in the face of the representatives of the people. 260. Major-Genei;il Sir Archibald Caiiipl)cll was, as be- fore stated, apjiointed governor of New Brunswick in 1831 ; Major-General Sir Colin Canij)l)ell, governor of Nova Scotia in 1834. Both were soldiers of somewhat similar character., and had no sympathy with political reformers. 251. New Brunswick toolt tlie lead in reform. In 1832 the Legislative Council was made n separate branch from the Executive. The reason given for the change was that a channel of communication would be opened up between the Executive Council and the Assembly by ap])ointing members of the latter body to seats in the first. But, as no addition was made to the oriuinal five members of the Executive Council, the change only made the members of the separated Legislative Council jealous. But no doubt this change helped on reform, as the ]>osition of distinction in which the five nieml)ers of the Executive Council were placed made members of the A8seml)ly (who felt that they had been " taken in," but not in the sense they looked for) more determined to break down the " compact," and change it for a gov^'nment which would be responsible to them, the representatives of the ])eople. The great grievance of New Brunswick was the Crown Land Depart- ment. The system of granting lands favored the rich man as against the poor man, the large lumber operator as against the small operator. The head of the department, " the chief commissioner," Thomas Baillie, was an official appointed by the Crown, who enjoyed a salary very large in proportion to the salaries of other officials, and who held himself quite independent of the ])eople and their reiMvsent- atives. From the proceeds of the sales of lands and lease of r 156 HI STORY OF CANADA. U 1832 mines, which was culled " the casual and territorial revenue," were paid the salaries of the governor, judges, and other officials — the civil list as it w^as called — and a surplus remained over after these salaries were paid. The Assembly- had no control over the department or over this revenue, but they claimed they had the right to control and appro- priate all revenues from whatever source. 252. The Assembly, in the session of 1832, prayed the governor to submit to it detailed acconnts of the moneys received and expended by the Crown Land Department. The request was bluntly refused by Sir Archibald, and then a delegation of two of its members, Charles Simonds and E. B. Chandler, went to England to negotiate for the surrender of the "casual and territorial revenue" into its hands. The negotiations failed. Four years afterwards the Assembly made inquiries into the state of the department but could get no satisfaction. Again they appointed a delegation of two to go to Eng- land, — Messrs. Crane and L. A. Wilmot. 253. Lemuel Allan Wilmot was a Loyalist by both sides of the house, and he was then a young lawyer of great talent and promise. In this session of 1836 he made his first appearance in the Assembly, and by the force of his brilliant eloquence he took the lead of tlie reforming party. • 254. The delegation was well received by Lord Glenelg, the colonial secretary, and the draft of a " Civil List Bill " was drawn up. By its provisions tlie net amount of the " casual and territorial revenue " was placed at the dis- posal of the Assembly on condition of its making a perma- nent ])rovision of £14,500 ($58,000) annually for the sup- port of the "Civil List." The management of the Crown lands was vested in the governor and council, but they were commanded to submit detaibd accounts, fourteen days after the opening of each session, to enable the As- 1836 RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT, N. B., N. S. 157 seinbly to maintain a supervision over the department. The principle of calling members of the Assembly to the Executive Council was recognized, but no peremptory rule was made ; and the selection of members of the Leg- islative Council from the ranks of gentlemen representing the various interests of the province was recognized. All grants and leases of land, unless sold at auction to the highest bidder, were declared null and void. 255. The members of Council, who were, of course, anxious that the old order of things should stand, raised a number of objections to the Civil List Bill, The governor was of one mind with them, and he did not think it safe to trust the Assembly with the expenditure of the casual and ter- ritorial revenue, and the large surplus, amounting to £171,222 currency ($684,818). The bill was passed by the Assembly and Legislative Councils by large majorities in the session of 1837. But Sir Arcliibald repeatedly refused to give his assent to it and allow it to become a law unless a " suspending clause " was attached to it ; the effect of which would have been to keep the act from going into operation until the will of the king concerning the sugges- tions made by the governor and council should be known ; and it might be to destroy the act. During the session a member of the Council suddenly left Fredericton for England. The Assembly was startled, and thought this secret mis- sionary meant no good to the })ill. It passed an angry address censuring the Council, and demnnding the recall of the governor, and sent off their two former delegates, Messrs. Crane and Wilmot, to present it. Lord Glenelg told them that Sir Archibald had already sent in his resig- nation, and that no change would be made in tlic bill. This Civil List Bill, in fact, was the basis of the Constitution which the Imperial Government proposed to extend to Upper and Lower Canada and Nova Scotia. But the ex- treme Tories of tliese provinces thought it conceded too 15^ HISTORY OF CANADA. much, and the extreme Liberals thought it conceded too little, and it only pleased the moderate Ref-^rmers of New Brunswick. 256. The new governor. Ma jor-General Sir John Harvey, gave his assent to the bill, and it became law on the 17th of July, 1837. Under his rule there was harmony in the legis- lature. In Nova Scotia in this year, 1887, a man entered the Assembly who soon caused the doors of the Council to be opened, and who also caused many things in the Council itself to be changed. This was Joseph Howe, the son of a Loyalist, and at this time the editor of a paper, called the "Nova Scotian." In 1836 the Board of Magis- trates, who managed, or mismanaged, the affairs of the town of Halifax, prosecuted him for libel, for printing in his paper accusations against them of neglect of their duties, and of corruption. He pleaded his own case and most ably defended himself and was triumphantly ac- quitted. His conduct on this occasion made him very popular, and he was elected to the Assembly. He was resolute and fearless, able and eloquent, and the Reform- ers saw in him " the man for the time." . 257. Howe's first action in the Assembly was to move a resolution calling upon the Council to throw open the doors. The Council derided him and his resolution. Nothing daunted, Howe moved twelv^^ resolutions, in which the demand for open doors was repeated, and the members of Council were accused of being exclusive and intolerant to all classes and sects outside those of their own ranks and of their own religion, of being opposed to the s])read of civil and religious liberty and education among the people, and of retarding the trade and com- merce of the province by their selfish policy. These res- olutions excited the wrath of the Council, and trouble be- tween the two branches was only avoided by their with- drawal. But as the resolutions were combined in an address RESPONSIBILITY ESTABLISHED, N. S., N. B. 159 1 too New irvey, 7th of ; legis- edthe to be ouncil son of called Magis- of the rinting ,f their ise and itlv fi<^- in very :Ie wns lefovm- move pen the ilution. on 8, in nd the live and f their osed to ucation d com- se ires- ible be- lir with- address to the king they accomplished the object they were then intended to have. They drew attention to the political grievances of the people. Lord Glenelg extended to Nova Scotia the provisions of the New Brunswick Civil List Bill, and commanded the Council to open their doors. But these concessions by no means pleased Howe and the Reformers. CHAPTER XVHI. RESPONSIBILITY ESTABLISHED IN NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK. 258. The appearance of Lord Durham's Report hud an influence on the course of events in Nova Scotia. It encouraged Howe and other leading Reformers to seek to establish the principle of responsiblity in their province. And they were still more encouraged by the appearance of Lord John Russell's despatch on the " Tenure of Office." In the Assembly a resolution condemning the course of the Executive Council (what is called " a vote of want of con- fidence " ) was passed by a large majority. The object was to force the members of the Council to resign. But Sir Colin Campbell refused to be guided by the Russell despatch. He was quite well pleased with his advisers, and did not see why he should change them because the members of the Assembly were not. He chose to be governed by the despatches of Lord Glenelg, 1836, at the time of the passing of the " Civil List Bill " in which no such rule was laid down that members of the executive must resign their seats when the majority of members of Assembly voted no confidence in them. Howe raised a great commotion. An address to the Queen was passed praying for the recall of the governor. And he went through the province and held meetings and made 100 HISTORY OF CANADA. 1840 speeches denouncing the governor and the Council, and in praise of " responsible government." And Tory lead- ers held meetings which were also crowded and excited, at which Howe was denounced for inciting the people to rebellion, and as being no better than a Papineau or a McKenzie. Mr. Poulett Thompson (Lord Sydenham) ar- rived in Halifax in July. He had consultations with Howe and others, and he reconstructed the Executive Council by putting out some of the members who had seats in neither branch of the legislature, and taking in Howe, Uniacke, and McNab, Reformers, thus forming a coali- tion government. The new members accepted office on the understanding that they would hold their seats on the tenure of responsibility. 259. Though Sir Colin Campbell was, as a governor, un- popular with the Reformers, in his private capacity he was esteemed by them. He now retired, and he parted pleasantly even with Howe. His successor was Lord Falkland, a Liberal in politics. He came to Nova Scotia with a reputation something similar to the reputation which preceded Sir Francis Bond Head in Canada. He was hailed as a friend by the Reformers on his coming, and execrated as an enemy on his going away. 260. The Coalition Oovernment was not a success. The members did not agree well among themselves. The views of Mr. Johnstone, leader of the Tory section, and those of Mr. Howe, leader of the Reform section, clashed. They diff ;i2d on the question of education; the former was "^ favor of denominational colleges, supported by grants • ^' public money ; the latter of a provincial university. The people of the province were agitated over this question, and a number of Reformers were displeased with the view of it taken by Howe. Lord Falkland was now suspected to be under the influence of Johnstone, and without con- sulting Howe, he dissolved the House. In the new House I RESPONSIBILITY ESTABLISHED, N. -S., N. B. 161 I, and r lead- [cited, »ple to I or a in) ar- ,s with 'cutive d seats Howe, I coali- lice on on the lor, un- city he parted Lord Scotia utation a. He oming, The le views Ihose of They was ^ lants The lestion, le view jpected lut con- House .8 that met after the general election there was a small ma- jority of members who supported the policy of the Tory leader. St/Drmy times followed. 261. Lord Falklaud made the angry Reformers still more angry. He held that as governor he had the right to make appointments to office, and he gave a seat in the Executive Council to a Mr. Almon, one of Johnstone's friends, who had a seat in neither branch of the legisla- ture. This appointment was very displeasing to the Reform party, and Howe and his colleagues resigned their seats m the Council. The governor offered to take these colleagues back if they would desert their leader and their principles, and, like the Tory members of the Council, scout at the idea of their being responsible to the people. But they refused his insulting offer. Lord Falkland was now seen in his true colors. He wrote despatches to the colonial secretary to create an unfavorable impression of Howe and other leaders. And Howe, in the press, wrote articles and poems to make the governor odious and ridiculous. The people of the country were against Lord Falkland and his government. He was constrained to give up his office, and he was succeeded by Sir John Harvey, late governor of New Brunswick. The " Political Pacifica- tor," as Sir John was called, attempted to form a coali- tion government, but Howe and the Reformers would have nothing to do with it. They bided their time. The Imperial Government was now in favor of the principle of responsibility. A copy of Earl Grey's despatch con- firming the Russell despatch on the "tenure of office," was in the hands of the government on the eve of a gen- eral election, and it was published after Howe and his party won the victory. The long fight was over ; responsible government was established, and Howe became the leader of the new administration. 262. In New Brnnswiek under the popular rule of Sir 162 HISTORY OF CANADA, John Harvey there was tolerable political harmony. Party feeling was not so strong there as in Nova Scotia. Far- ties in favor of and against change in its form of govern- ment were so equally divided, that a resolution to give effect to the rules concerning the " tenure of office," given in Lord John Russell's despatch, was defeated in the Assembly by the casting vote of the Speaker (who only votes when there is an equal number of votes for and against any measure). The Speaker wns Ch.'irles Simonds who went on the first delegation to England (1832) to negotiate with the British Government for the surrender of the casual and territorial revenue. He and others who were Reformers up to the time of the passing of the " Civil List Bill," stopped short and would not have " the new and improved Constitution" (as Sir John called it), as put down in the Russell despatch. Sir John Harvey was appointed governor of Newfoundland in 1841, and before leaving New Brunswick was presented with a handsome service of plate. His successor was Major-General Sir Wil- liam Colebrooke. The province did not seem to have profited much by the surrender of the casual and territo- rial revenue to the Assembly. The large surplus was all spent, and the province was in debt, and the government was seeking to borrow money. The colonial secretary, Mr. Stanley, told the government that the bad financial position of the province was owing to the improvident way in which the members of Assembly voted away the revenues. In their hands was "the initiation of tlie money grants" and he thought that the government should intro- duce all measures involving the expenditure of money, as the government of the Canadas now did. But it was not imtil 1855 that the Assembly surrendered its right. 263. In 1842 a general election took place, and, the Reform Party was beaten at tlie polls. When the legislature met addresses were passed in which member? of both AFTER RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. 163 Wil- liave errito- iras all iment etary, incial wav the money intro- ley, as as not branches united to praise Sir Charles Metcalfe for the stand he had taken. It was not very long until the gov- ernor acted on the right claimed by Sir Charles. Hon. lYilliam Odell, who had held the office of j)rovincial secre- tary since 1818, died in 1844 on Christmas Day. Sir William then appointed his son-in-law, Mr. A. Readc, to the office. Some members of his Council said the governor had the right to moke the appointment, but they did not like this particular appointment. The others denied that the governor had the right, and claimed that all appointments of honor and emolument should be given to natives, and settled inhabitants of the i)rovince. The- colonial secretary did not sanction the appointment, and it was given to Hon. J. Simcoe Saunders. 264. In the session of 1848, Mr. Charles Fisher, one of the members of York county, moved a resolution exi)ress- ing approval of Earl Grey's despatch on the " tenure of office," and it was carried by a large majority. So, also, in New Brunswick, "responsible government" was establislied. Messrs Wilmot and Fisher, the leading Reformers, entered the government. Sir William Cole- brooke was, in this year, appointed governor of British Guiana, and he was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head, the first civilian regularly appointed to the office. CHAPTER XIX. AFTER RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT. 265. By the establishment of responsible government the people of the British North American provinces became free men; they had a voice in the direction of affairs, who would reform old abuses and pass new, beneficial acts. And, after 1 848, they had not only fr^ j constitutional HISTORY OF CANADA. government — they were commercially free - *ree to trade with any part of the world, and to ir any articles they pleased from any country. The ^, perial Government no longer regulated their commerce oi showed them any favor. In 1840 the British corn laws were repealed, by which duties had been placed on wheat f lom foreign countries, and Great Britain entered into free trade with the whole world. So that the provinces were in the same position as the United States and foreign countries that could send their wheat and agricultural produce, their lumber and other products to any port in the United Kingdom, where no d' ies were levied upon them. And in 1849 the Briti.ii uavigatiou acts were repealed, and the vessels of American and foreign shij)- owners were placed on the same footing as vessels built and owned in the United Kingdom and the provinces, and were perfectly free to compete with the latter in carrying manufacturers' products to and from Great Britain and its colonies. 266. The people of British North American provinces complained that Great Britain was casting them off. The Imperial Government instructed Lord Elgin to negotiate with the government of the United States in order to establish free trade between that country and Canada and the maritime provinces. The negotiations ended satisfac- torily in 1854, and on the 5th of June the Reciprocity Treaty was concluded at Washington to continue in force for ten years. The United States participated in the rich fisheries of British North America, but gave them nothing equivalent in return. But though the Americans had the best of the bargain, the treaty was a great boon to the provinces. 267. In the Canadas the people had long felt that they ought to have the control over their local affairs. In Upper Canada in 1849, and in Lower Canada in 1850, AFTER RESPONisIliLE GOVERNMENT. 165 3 to any )erial !e 01' laws vheat free were )rei£jn iltural ort in upon were 1 shi])- 5 built winces, :ter in I Great vinces . The rotiate iler to \ii and itisfac- [)rocity force le rich )thing lad the Ito the It they [s. In 1850, " niuuicipal institutions," similar to those in the United States, were established. The maintenance of the poor, the schools, roads, and bridges ; the building of court-houses and jails, and many other matters in the cities, towns, vil- lages, and townships was put upon the [>eople, who were directly taxed. Since 1854 municipal institutions have been established in several of the counties of New Bruns- wick (and of Nova Scotia), but the people still look to their legislatures for the main support of their schools, and of their roads and bridires. 268. The construction of a system of canals was com- menced in 1817-1824, to overcome the obstructions in the St. Lawrence from numerous rai)i(ls and falls, and to open up an uninterrujjted course of navigation from Lakes Erie and Ontario by the St. Lawrence to the Gulf and ocean. The Lachiue canal, and the Welland canal on a small scale, were constructed. After the union of 1841, the Williamsburg, Cornwall, and Beauharnois canals were built to overcome the obstructions in the St. Lawrence from Prescott and Lake St. Peter, and the Welland canal was enlarged. The canal system was finished so far in 1846, but it has since been greatly enlarged and extended. A mania to build railways seized on the people of Canada and the maritime provinces. Lord Durham recommended the building of an intercolonial railway. Attem})ts to carry out the project were made between 1847-52, with the view of making it a joint undertaking. Negotiations were renewed three times between 1852 and 1864, but were on every occasion frustrated by some misunderstanding. Not until the provinces entered into confederation (1867) was the building of the Intercolonial Railway made cer- tain. 269. The first great railway projects commenced in the Canadas (1850) were the St. Lawrence and Atlantic line, connecting Montreal with Portland, IT. S., the Great West- rf 166 HISTORY OF CANADA. am between Sarnia and Niagara, and the Grand Trunk (1orion carry I Con- eader, it was cither siness L good leaders a coa- Itlier a of all from lives of In of a (embers jermis- ll their llluring led the CONFEDERATION CARRIED. 175 smaller legislative union from their mind. Important events followed. 289. On the 10th of October, a Monday, twenty-one gentle- men — the leading members of the government and opi)o- sition parties of the four. maritime provinces — met the twelve members of the Canadian government, in a cham- ber in *he legislative building of Quebec, to draw up a scheme of confederation. They sat day after day with closed doors. Their labors were finished on the 27th, and the members of the conference parted with the under- standing that they should keep matters quiet, and that the different o:overnments should submit the Quebec scheme, as it was called, to the then existing assemblies in the pro- vinces, and carry it through the legislatures without permitting the slightest alteration in its form. But the understanding was not kept. 290. The people in the Provinces were taken by surprise* Many liked the idea of the union of the provinces, but did not like the scheme. There was great opposition to it in the maritime provinces. In New Brunswick the House was dissolved, and a general election took place to test the opinion of the people on the qaestion. Before it was held the Canadian Parliament met, in February, and reso- lutions embodying the scheme were submitted to the Legislative Council and the AssemV^ly. In the midst of the discussion the government received intelligence that the sclieme had been defeated in Xew Brunswick, and that a strong anti-confederate government had been formed. The government put a stop to the discussions. A vote on the resolutions was taken, and they were carried by a large majority. An address to the queen based upon them was drawn up, and a delegation appointed to proceed to England to entreat the Imperial Government to use its influence to induce New Brunswick to reconsider its deci- sion. wmBf 176 HISTORY OF CANADA. m \\ 291. If New Brunswick had lielcl out there would have been no confederation. Prince Edward Island and New- foundland dro|)j)ed the scheme, and in Nova Scotia oppo- sition to it led by Joseph Howe grew very strong. 292. The civil war came to a close in April, 1868. The Southern Confederacy was broken up — the South van- quished and slavery abolished. The end was marked by a tragic deed. President Lincoln was assassinated as he sat in his box in the theatre, by Wilkes Booth, an actor and Southern sympathizer. After the war the people of the North were still angry at Great Britain, and not well-dis- posed to the British North American ])rovinces. They put forth the " Alabama " claims ; that is, they demanded compensation for the damage done to their commerce by Southern cruisers sailing from British ports. Southern des- peradoes found refuge in Canada during the war, and or- ganized raids against frontier American towns. The people of the North were in so bad a mood that they refused to renew the " Reciprocity Treaty," which ended this year, on equitable or acceptable terms. And at this time bands of marauders, "Irish patriots," members of the Fenian Brotherhood, whom the peace had let loose to commit acts of violence, were threatening to invade Ireland and con- quer Canada. In the winter, while the New Brunswick legislature was sitting, a body oi them seized Cam- pobello, and threatened to assault the province by St. Stephens and St. Andrews. But they dispersed quickly on the appearance of the military and volunteers. 293. The colonial secretary, Mr. Cardwell, used his influ- ence to break down the opposition to confederation in New Brunswick, and he was aided by Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council, whose members were in favor of it. The anti-confederate Smith-Hathaw\ay government was constrained to resisjn. A confederate government was formed, with Mr. Tilley as leader. A general elec- 1S66 NORTH WEST TERlilTORY. Ill have New- oppo- The I van- i by a he sat >r and of the ell-dis- They Landed rce by rn des- md or- people ised to 3 year, bands Fenian lit acts con- iswick Cam- Qce by uickly i influ- in New 3n and IV or of rnment rnment al elec- tion took place, and tliis government was sustained by a very large majority. The Quebec scJieme was then passed through the legislature. 294. The Conservative government of Nova Scotia, led by (Sir) Charles Tui)per, then appointed delegates to i)ro- ceed to London, and, along with tlie delegates from Can- ada and New Brunswick, to perfect a measure of union. To London also went the leader of the anti-confederates, Joseph Howe, who endeavored to turn the British govern- ment against confederation, but his arguments were an- swered with telling effect by Dr. Tupper. The delegates met in the Westminster Hotel, and made a few amend- ments to " the Quebec scheme." The " scheme " formed the constitution embodied in the "British North American Act," which was passed in the Imperial Parliament on March '27, 18G7. 295. On the 1st of July the provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united by royal procla- mation in one Dominion, under the name of Canada. In December the Dominion Parliament met in the new build- in l,5(IO,OOU in money, grants of land around their posts ecpial to fifty thousand acres in all, a right to the twentieth part of the land laid out for settlement south of the northern branch of the Saskatchewan Kiver, and it retained all its privileges of trade. 301. The great northwest territory, which h'gures so largely in the contemporary history of Canada, was little known till a few years before the time of confederation. The Reform party in Upper Canada was bent on acquir- ing it in order to increase the influence of the British element in the parliament of the two Canadas. To join it and British Columbia to the confederation was the settled policy of the statesmen who took a leading part in brin2[inay. Here their goyernor ruled over an immense force of trad- ers, clerks, servants, voyageurs, in the several districts in which the territory was divided. The Indian hunters brought their furs to the different stations, and exchanged them for guns, ammunition, blankets, tobacco, and other I 180 IIISTOPiY OF C AX AD A. articles. Tlio company enjoyed great and uninterrupted j»rt)sperity for many years. 302. In 17H4 certain Scotchmen of Montreal formed the Northwest Company, and liad tei-ritory iijranteany also enjoyed great j)rosperity, until their employes engaged in a bloody feud with the emi)loyes of its rival over the disputed territory. 303. In 1812 the Earl of Selkirk purchased from the Hudson Bay Company a large tract of country along the courses of tiie Ked and Assiniboine rivers, and sent out a party of Scotchmen, and afterwards of Norwegians and French-Canadians, to form a settlement. This settlement the "Northwest" people said was an encroachment u]»on their territory. And the feuds between the rival com- j)anies grew more bitter and more bloody; and hi these feuds the peoi)le of the Red River settlement suffered very severely. In 181G Sir James Drummond, then governor- general of Canada, sent out a regiment to Red River to I)rotect the settlers and keep the peace. While their employes wqvc fighting the i)rofits of the rival companies dwindled dowm to nothing. Then they saw the folly of their quarrel, and they joined partnership under the name of the Hudson Bay Company, and their prosperity returned. 30 1. After the Red River settlement was left in peace from liuman foes, its peo])le endured much from the i)lague of grasshoppers, the floods, and extreme frosts, but they increased in numbers. In 1867 they numbered 12,000, and they formed too large a settlement to be governed by a company, and a portion of them commcn(*ed to agitate for annexation to Canada. But some, especially the French- Canadians, w^ere very averse to this movement. The Dominion Government opened up negotiations with the yoirni west TEiiiUTOUY 181 . Hudson Bny Cuin|t;uiy, which, as before stated, were eK)setl ill isTU. 305. In that year a new province was organized in the Red River country, tlu? seat of the Selkirk settlement, called Manitoba, and added to the Dominion. The pro- posed organization of this new British province was opposed by a party in the lied Kiver settlement. Louis Kiel, .M. Lepine, and others took forcible charge of the iiovcrnment at Fort Garry. Riel was elected President, and he com- pelled the settlers to obey his despotic rule. He threatened to take the lives of some who disputed his sway. He had an U]^per Canadian, Thomas Scott, tried by court-martial and shot. This outrageous deed excited great indignap tion throughout the Dominion. The Hon. William Mc- Dougall, who was appointed governor of the Northwest in 18C)1), on entering the settlement, was met by Riel and his band of consj>irators and compelled to retire to Pembina in the United States. It then became necessary for the British Government to put down the rebellion, and assert its sovereignty over Manitoba. The Red River expedition was organized, — composed of 1,'200 men, British regulars and Canadian militia, under Colonel Garnet Wolseley, — and, accompanied by a large party of boat- men, voyageurs, and Indians, left Thunder Bay, on Lake Superior, in June, and, after a most toilsome journey of live hundred miles, reached Fort Garry in August. Riel and his council fled, as the van of the expedition, the advanced companies of the 60th Rifles, entered the fort. When Hon. A. G. Archibald, the governor of Manitoba, arrived at Winnipeg (Fort Garry) he found no difficulty in establishinof his i2:overnment. 306. At first, it may as well be stated here, the whole of the Northwest Territory v/as attached to the government of ^Manitoba, and its government was instructed by the lieutenant-governor and a council of twenty-four mem- ^ <>>^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .^O :/j 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ S* 140 ^128 12.5 2.2 M U III 1.6 P^ <^ /2 o e\ 'S^^<^^ ^^ t. % &- f 182 ULSTOHY OF CANADA. »: m If bers. In 187G it was separated into two divisions, the easterly division, which was named Keewatiu, was placed under the jurisdiction of the governor of Manitoba ; the westerly division, which retained the name of the North- west Territory, was j)laced under a separate government consisting of a governor and council. In 1881 the prov- ince of Manitoba was enlarged by the addition of a por- tiDu of the Northwest Territory. And, in 1882, the ♦vesterly divisiou of the Northwest Territory was divided Into four provinces: Assiniboia, Albert, Sasltatchawan and Athabaska. 307. In May of 1870 the Fenians assembled at dif- , ferent points on the frontier of Canada and threatened invasion. One party crossed the line and marched a few miles into Lower Canada, but it was checked by a body of British regulars and Canadian militia, and beat a hasty retreat. This was the last of the " Fenian scares." Since 1865, Canadian lives had been lost in repelling the raiders, and Canadian property had been destroyed, and the Canadian Government made claim on the United States for compensation. On the 27th of May, 1871, a Joint High Commission met at AVashin((//. S, or e«, as in mee^ e, as in met. 5, as in bout. 6, us in y>()/. 00, as iu niuon. 1, us in pint:, I, an in jtin. a, us in mute. u, us in nu^ or turn. a, u, e-tt, — see Note. 1^, always hard, as iu yo. J, as y in yin. zh, as z in (curc;. fi, the French nasal sound, softer thau ng. S49 V *54 j $60 I .864 f L865 \ ^867 ; 870 871 873 878 1879 1881 1882 Note. — The letter represents the French "mute e," somewhat like u in but. U and ew, in italics, repre^eut the French somids of tliose letters, which have no English equivalent. The sound of ug or of u may be used instead of the French nasal. Abenaqul . . Acadie, or Aca- dia .... Afi:ricola . . . Aix-la-Chapelle Albanci . . . Alt^unquin . . Allouez . . . Alluinette . . Ainsidour . . Antilles . . . Assiniboine . Aubry . . . Avalon . . . Baccalaos . . Baigneux . . Basque . . . Baudet . . . Beaubassin Beauharnois . Beau port. . Beaus^Jour . B^cancour . . Benoit . . . Bergler . . . Blard, Pierre Biencourt . . Bigot . . . . Boia Blanc Boscawen . . Bouchet . . . . Ah-ben-ah'kee. ) Ah'kah-dee, or i A-c;i'di-a. . A-gric'o-lah. Aks-luh-shah-pel'. . Al'ban-el. . Al-gon-kaii'. . Al-oo-u'. . Al-u-niet'. . Ah-niah- loor'. . An-teelz'. . Afl-sin'e-boin. . O'bree. . Av'&-lon. . Bac-a-lah'58. . Ban-ytfW'. . Bask. . Bo-da. . Bo'bah-safi. . Bo-ar-na'. I Bo-por';^7ifif. Bi)'- ( port. . Bo'sa-zhoor'. . Ba'kahfl-koor'. . Ben-waw. . Bair'zhe-a'. . Pe-air' Be-ar'. . Be-afl-koor'. . Be-go. . Blaw Blahn. . B5s-kaw-eu'. . Boo-sha'. I Bouquet . . ' Bourbon . . I Bourgade . . Breboeuf , . Bressaui . . Bretagne . . Brouuge . . Brougliaiu Brouillan . . Brul^, Etienne Burgoyne . . or Sa- Cabot . . Cahia^ue . Callieieg Canadien . Canceau, Canso. . . Cap Kongo Caraquette Carignan litres . . . ) Carillon. . . . Cartier, Jacques Cataracoui . . Censitaires . . Chaleur . . . . Chainplain, Samuel de . Charles . . . Charlesbourg Royal . . . Boo-ka'. Boor-boft'. Boor-gahd'. Bra-beuf. BrCs-sah'nS. BrQ-tahn'yti. Broo-ahzh' Broo'am. Broo-e-vahn'. A-te-eu' Brn-ia. Bur-goin'. Kab'ot. Kah-e-ahg'. Kah-le-air'. Kah-nah'de-afi/. Kahfl-so', or Kan'- so. Kap Uoozh. Kar-a-ket'. Kar'een-yahn Sah-le-air'. Kar-t^von'. . Zhak kar-te«*. Kat'ar-ak-oo-fc'. Sahil-se-tair'. Shah-lcMr'. .Sah-m«-el' dQ Shahfi-plafi'. E. Sham-plan'. Sharl; before a vowel, Sharlz. Shar-lQ-boor Rwaw-yahl'. 198 n::- 1 i - I ^ 11 194 Chariiiaay, D'Aulnay . Cliateairguay Cliautliure . . Chauncvy . . , Chebiicto . . Chepudy . . , Ciiippewa . . . €liouaf;eii . . , Clirysler . . Colbert . . . . Colburiie . . . Coiniuuuaute Oontl^ . . . . ContrecoBur . . Coudres, Isle de Courcell js . . . Coureurs Bois . Coutuine Paris . Crevecoar msrORY OF CANADA. -Tl ) Do-na' Sbai 'iie I zS.. , Shah't5-ga'. , Sho'de-air'. , Cliahii^see. . Sbe-buk'to. Shep'o-de. , Chip'pe-waw. , Slioo-ah-zhafl. { Kri8-1< 'T, or I Kr '1-. Kol'b. '. K5l'buiu. Koiii'«-iio-ta'. KonHlfi. K6n-tr-keur. Eel M Koo'ch*. Koor-sel'. ) Koo-ivHi- dw , ) Hwiiw. de ( Koo-tMiu d'Pab- . ( ree'. . . Kraiv-koor'. du D'Ailleboust . . D'Anville . . . D'Arcy M'Ge« . D'Argenson . i Yiscointo ( D'Avaujfour . . Davoiist . . . Dearborn . . . De Caen, Eiuery De Chastes . . D|» la Barre . . D^ la Rocbe . . De I^ery . ^jp .^ De Monts '. » ,. De Roberval . . Delaware . . . Denonville . . Deny 8, Nico- ( las . . . • ( Deschamps . . Desert, Mount . Des Meules . . D'Estournelle . D'Ibervllle . . Dieppe .... DIeskau . . Dnchanibon . Dueliesneau . Dupuys .. . . Du Quesne Du Thet . . DuVlvler . . Dab-yH-boo'. Dabfi-veel'. Dar'se INla gee'. Ve-kiji'it' J)ar- zbabQ-sofi. I)ab-vo-goor'. Dab-voo'. Deer'burii. Aim-n / dtt Kabfi. DU Sbabst. 1)' lab Barr. D' lab Kosb. Dtt La- re. Dtt Mon. Dtt Ko-bair-vabV. Del'a-wair. Da-n5fi-veel'. ' Ne'ko-lali' Da- nee. Dft-sbabn'. Dfi-zert'. 1)5 men\. Dfi-toor-nel'. Dee-bair-veel' De-ep'. Dc-es'kow. D(t'-8babn-bon, DM'-sbai-no'. D?«-pwee'. Dm Kain. D« Ta. Dm Vee've-S'. Elgrln .... £n ii*anc alleu . El/gin. f Ahn-frabfi-kab- \ leti. En selgneurie . Abn-sfm-yeM-ree. Eric Baude . . ftr'ik ItSd. Etienne, Claude Klod A-te-en'. Fleurs-de-lis . . Fle«r-(iQ-lee. Fraufois . . Frobisher . . Oabarus . . . Oalissonniere Ganpe . . . Genessee . . Ghent. . . . Gilbert . . . . Girouard . . , G ode rich . . . Grand Fontaine Grandpr^, or > Beaupr6 . . 1 Guerclieville . . Guiliaume . . Frahfl-Bwaw'. FrOb'iab-er. Gab-a-roos'. Gab'le-sOii'e-air'. Gab-»pa. Jeij-es-see'. Gent. /'/•. Zbeel-baii'; Kng. Gil'bert. Zbe-roo-ar'. God'ricb. Grabn FOrt-taiu'. Grabfi-pra, or Bo-pra. Gairsb-veel. Gee-yom'. Havre de Grace Hab-vr dtt Grabss. Hebert Henri ,. . . Huguenot . . Hyacinthe . . Hypotheque . Ignace . . . Iroquois . . Isle aux Noix A-bair'. Habfi-ree', on-rf. ov . HQ/gB not. . /'V. li-ab-sant. . . ^-po-taik'. . Ken yabss. . Ii-'o-kwaw. . Eel'o-uwaw. Jean Zbabii. Joliet Zbol'e-a. Jonquiere . . . Zbofi-ke-air'. Juuionville . . Zbu'nion-veel'. Kennebeca!)is Kirl(t, or Kertk Kondiarc-ak . . Lachlne .... La H@Te . . . Lalleinant . . . L'A8K)oinption . Lauson . . . . Laval Le Caron . . . Le George . . Le Jeune . . . Le Moyne . . . I^csearbot, Marc Levi L'Omeron . . . Longueuil . . . Loudoun . . . Louisburg . . . Lousson . . . Ken-e-bek-a'sis. Kirk. Kon-de-a-ronk'. Lah-sheen'. Lab Hav. Labl-inabfi'. Lah-somp se-ofi'. Lo-zofi. Lab-vabl. Ltt Kab-rofi. Ltt Zorzh. Ltt Zbeun. Ltt Mwawn. Mark La-kar'bo'. La-vee. Lo'nm-ron'. L6r\-eeu-ey''. Loo'don. Loo'i9-burg^»^ Loo-sofl. M. for Monsieur 'MoB-yeti' Madawaska Magaguadavic Maisonneuve Manf.n, Grand Mad-a-wOs'ka. Mak-a-dil've, ori- ginnlhf vritten, Magaquaduvle. . Ma-zon-n(^'7/v'. , Grand MSu-ftu'. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 195 -air'. ail'; bert. tain'. or Grabss. Int. • r. iw. ir'. veel'. Ic-a'8i8. -ronk'. n'. in'. p se-ofl'. 1. rofl. 1. n. wn. i-kar'bo'. fin'. on -ey '/. )urjN^ ,v6s'ka. . la've, 0''*- lif irritten, quatlavie. Mau-ft"'. Manitou . . Marguerite . . Marquette . . . IIIu8cai*ene . . Masse, Kneinoiul Maugervillo . . Mazarin . . . | M'Doiiough . . Meiubertou . . Menneval . . . Mesuard . . . Mesy MichilUiuack- ) , inac . . . ) Miliceteg . . . Miuen .... Miquelon . . | Mirainichi . . Mouongahela . Moutealiu . . . Moiiti};iiy . . . Montmorency . Naehouac, now Nashwaak . Narragaiisett Nepisiguit . . Ojibaway . . Onondaga . . Oswego . . . Ouigoudi . . Papineaii . . Pembina . . Penouiil . . Perrot . . . Petite guerre Pontchartrain Pontgrav6 . . Pontiac . . . Poutrincourt Presqu'isle Prevost . . Prideaux . . Man'T-too. Mar-gH-reet. Mar-kef. Mas-kS-reen'. A-na-nioil' Mahas. Ma'jer-vil. MSz-a-reeu', 07' Mah-zah-rSn'. Mak-don'ah. Mem'ber-too'. Men-vahl'. Ma-«ar'. Ma-zee. Misli'il-e-mak'i)i- Mil'T-aeets. . Meen, or Mi'uSs. i Meek-lofi', or \ Mik-6-lCn'. . Mtr-a-niish ee'. . Mo-n6n'ga-he'la, . jNloiVkahni. . Mfifi-teen'ye. . M6ut-nio-reu'se. I Nash'wauk. . KSr-iiVgau'set. . Ke-pTz'I-gwit. . O-jib'S-wa. , Ou-on-daw'ga. . Oz-we'go. . We-goo'de. . Pah-pe-no'. . Peni'bT-na. . Pen'oo-jl. . P6r-r8t'. . P^teet gair. . Pofi-shar-trafi. . Pofi-grali-va'. . Pon'te-ak. . Poo'trSn-koor. . Press-keel'. . Pra-vo. . Pre-do. Quint Kftn. Rabat . . . . liadlsRon . . . Kasle Raudot .... Razilll, Isaac ) de . i . . ) Recollets . . . Renggelaer, Van Richelieu . . . Riviere du Loup Rochelle . . . Roggignol . . . Rygwlck . . . Rah-bah. Rah-dee-son'. Rahl. Ro-dr». E-zahk' dB Rah- zee' ye. Rfl'kol-iV. Ren'sel-er. Reesh'le-ew, Fr. Re-ve-air' du Loo. Ro-shel'. Ro8'seen-y01'. Ris'vik. Sachem . . Sagamore . Saguenay . Sasliatcliewan Sauit Ste. Mai Selieiiectady Schultz . . Schuyler Seneca . . Shippegau . Sic-ur . . . Simon, De . Sioux . . . Soissong, Comte de SoiiriquolF Stadacon^- . St. Croix St. Ktienne St. Kustachc Ste. Foye . St. Germai en-Laye . St. Malo St. Michel . St. Pierre . St. Sauveur St. Sulpiciug Ste. Tlieregc Siibercage . -I Tachf^^T . Tadouggac . Tantramsi ' Tecum geh . Tessonac . Theopliilut; Ticonderoga Tourment . Troig Pigtoleg Troyeg . . Utrecht . . Vaudreuil . Vendome . Ventadou' . Verazzani . Verger . . VergaillPK . Vegpucci, Ame- rigo VIger . . . Vignau, Nl cnlag . . Villebon Ville Marie I Vimond . . Wyandot . ie Sa'kem, or Sa'- cheni. Sag'a-uior. Sag'5-na. Sas-katch'C-wan. So Sant Mall-re'. Skeu-ek'ta-de. Shoolts. Ski'ler. Seii'e-kah. Ship-pc-gan'. Se-^ur'. DO See-nioft'. See-oo', or Soo. Kofit dtl ,S\vaw- sofi'. Soo'rl-kwaw. Stali'dah-ko-ua'. or Stad'a-jco'na. Sent Kroi ; Fr. Safit Krwaw. Sant A'te-en'. Sant A^us-tahsh'. Sant Fwaw. Safi Zhair-maiV- ahfi-La'. Safi Mah'lo. San Mee-shel. SSn Pe-air'. safi So-veur'. Sent Sul-pish'e-U8. safit Ta-raiz'. Su'-bair-kahz', Tah-sba. *- Xaftoo-sak'. -mar'. h'Bll. . tesffoo-ak'. . The-oph'Mus. . Ti-koii'dor-o'ga. . Tdor-mahu'. . Trwaw-pP stol'. . Trwaw. . C-trekt'. . Vo-dre«-€y''. . Vahn-dom'. . ^'ahfl-tah-door'. . Va-rah-zali'ne. . Vair-zha. ( Ah-m(? r«^g» "V^s- ) pootch'ee. . Vee-zha. I Ne'ko-lah' Veen- j yahfi. . Veel-bon. . Veel Mah-ree'. . Vee-mofi. . Wl-an-dot'.