IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT.3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
liilM 1 2.5
li
2.0
1^
■ 4.0
MUU
1.4
.8
1.6
150mm
V
&
/,
*;
-^
*^''/
/.
^4r
O
7
/IPPLIED^ IIVMGE . Inc
^=: 1653 East Main Street
.=^ ^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
.a=-.^ Phone: 716/482-0300
.^S"-^^ Fax: 716/288-5989
<0 1993. Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved
a^
^\'
\
\
<?>
N
<i
^'
^s
%
y.A
CIHM
Microfiche
Series
([Monographs)
ICIMH
Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
f\t\
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notet techniqutt at bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted tp obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features of this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any
of the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming, are
checked below.
L'lnstitut a microfilm^ le meilleur axemplaire qu'il
lui a iti possible de sc procurer. Les details de cet
exemplaire qui sont peut-itre uniques du point dc vue
bibliographique. qui peuvent modifier une image
reproduite, ou qui peut«cnt exiger une modification
dans la mithode normale de f ilmage sont indiquis
ci-dessous.
D
D
D
D
D
n
n
n
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagee
D
Covers rastortd and/or laminated/
Couverture rcsuur^ et/ou pelliculie
Cover title missing/
Lc titre de couverture manque
Coloured maps/
Cartes giographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other material/
Relii avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may ct^u%* shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La reliure lerrte peut causar lie I'ombre ou da la
distorsion le long de L marge intaricurt
Blank leaves added during restoration may appear
within the text. Whenever pouible, these have
been omitted from filming/
II sa peut que ceruines pages blanches ajouties
tors d'une rastauration apparaissant dans le taxta,
mais. lorsque cela itait pouible. cas pages n'ont
pas M f ilmies.
/
Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplementaires:
Various pagings.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est f ilmi au taux de rMuction indiqui ci-dessous.
□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
□ Pages damaged/
Pages andommagies
□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages raataurias at/ou palliculAas
Pages discoloured, stained m foxed/
Pages dicolorAas, tacheties ou piquees
□ Pages deuched/
Pages ditachtos
HShowthrough/
Transparence
Quality of print varies/
Qualite inigale de I'impression
□ Continuous pagination/
Pagination continue
Includes index(es)/
Comprand un (das) index
Title on header taken from:/
Le titre da l'an>tlte provient:
□ Title page of issue/
Page de titra dc la livraison
D
Caption of iuue/
Titre de depart da la livraison
I j Masthead/
Generique (piriodiquas) de la livraison
10X
14X
18X
22X
26 X
XX
J
I^X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
vue
The copy filmed hara has baan raproducad thanks
to tha ganarosity 9f :
Library
Agriculture Canada
Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality
possibia considaring tha condition and lagibility
of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha
filming contract spacificationa.
Original copiaa in printad papar eovars ara filmad
baginning with tha front covar and anding on
tha last paga with a printad or iiluatratad impras-
sion, or tha back covar whan appropriate. All
othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha
first paga with a printad or iiluatratad impraa-
sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad
or illustrated impression.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — •■ (meaning "CON>
TINUED"). or tha symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Maps, plataa. charts, etc.. may be filmed at
different reduction ratioa. Thoae too large to be
entirely included in one exposure ara filmed
beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to
right and top to bottom, aa many framee aa
required. The following diagrama illuatrata the
method:
L'axemplaire filmA fut reproduit grica A la
ginArositA da:
Bibliothdque
Agriculture Canada
Lee imagea suivantas ont «t« reproduitas avec le
plua grand soin, compta tenu de la condition at
da la nattet* da I'exempiaire film*, at an
conformity avec lee conditions du contrat de
fllmsge.
Loa axemplairaa originaux dont la couvartura en
papier eat imprimte sont filmte an commancant
par la premier plat at an tarminant soit par la
derniAre page qui comporte une ampreinte
d'impraesion ou d'illustration, soit par la second
plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres axampiairas
originaux sont filmte an commancant par la
premiere page qui comporte une ampreinte
d'impreaaion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par
la darnlAre paga qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
demiAre image de cheque microfiche, seion le
caa: le symbole — » signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".
Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., pauvent itrm
filmte A dee taux de reduction diffirents.
Lorsque le document est ttop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seul ciich«, il est film* A partir
da I'angle sup*rieur gauche, de gauche i droite.
et de heut en bea. an prenant la nombre
d'Imegea nicassair* , Las diagrammes suivants
illuatrent la m*thode.
1
2X
1 2 3
1 2 3
4 5 6
ELEMENTARY BOTANY
GEORGE BELL & SONS
LONDON : YORK STREET, COVENT GARrtEN
NEW YORK: 66 KIFTH AVEWUK, AND
nOMIlAV: .... 53 ESPLANADE ROAD
CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON HELL AND CO».
s
ELEMENTARY BOTANY
BY
PERCY GROOM, M.A. (Cantab, et
R^nminerin Botany to the U.uversity of Oxford
'"""■"""■ ^''■''^^^^or of Botany at H''^^.:^;:^,
WITH 275 IIJ.USTRATrONS
Oxon.), F.L.S.
and
'fioa (China)
TOGKTHER WITH
A MANUAL
OF TMK MORE COMMON
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
OF QUEBEC AND ONTARIO.
(ADAPIKD KKOM ORaVs MANI-AL.)
BY
I>. I'. PENHALLOW, B. Sc.
TORONTO •
'HK COP.., CXARK COMPANY, LIMITED.
All Jin/htH lifisei-rcd.
AI'I'ENDfX
Entered according to Act of the I'ailianient of Canada in the rlfcr one thousand
eitrht hundre<l and ninety-nine by Uik Copi-, Clark Co]«i.anyJ.!.m,tkd Toronto
Ontario, in the Offlce of the Minister of ARriculturo.
1
'
PREFACE
facts which they obse ve To nT/ I themselves from the
without the practical exIminnTf ^f ^^'^ '^"^^ ^^ Botany
of plant-life '. JTiraT'p S tf t"his'l'"f '• '^"^^^^
designed for use during the nJo5ssrIn-^^°'S '' 'P^^'^"y
as examiner in Botany\s taueht in ,^^°"f 't'-able experience
that comparatively feriearnl-^ h" '1°°'^^^^ convinced me
specimens with the a d of a con^n '5' ¥^^"tage of seeing
the treatises usually .^iplov 'd S?,""'^ microscope, although
of such an instrument ^ Under th '"''^'^''^ ^^"^ ^'^'l^^^^ use
the following pages assumed w^^ circumstances, I have in
not employees TS tt^rTd'T' ^'^^^^P-^
instrument is quite unnecessa^v An 'i''^"^^">' ^"^^ ^"
lens should be used to afd the Lt ^ T'^ '"^^Pensive
hand, in commencing he s uSv of Xl ^"'' "" ^^^ ^^^er
microscope is absolutely needless^.ni ^ If^ '' compound
begmners, does more 'hlrm ":'n'"^;,J" %,--^e of young
Physiology has been so written^hff nA i. ^t i^^^^°" °"
histology of plants is assumed . f . knowledge of the
here introduced for the fi^t t^ %l'^ T^^^^ is, I believe,
"cram-book" for e ernenfarv l - ^•^°"^'' ^^ "^ means a
ledge of the contents of S booTTiT'' K, ^'°^°"^^ ^"°-
pass with distinction. '" ''"^hle a candidate to
and".^;h':^:JTo"silh^^^^^^^^^^ the observation of facts,
no unnecessary tecSaWermlt. ""?"'"' ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ted
of students who afterward use'" 'F^n ' ?%'^' oonvenience
appendix for use as a dSionarv h . ' / ^^^^ ^^^ed an
elementary study. ^^^^^^"ary, but not for the purpose of
VI
PREFACE
Some words of explanation may be required in reference
to the definitions i){ flowers ■w\C^ fruits. In more advanced
works we are told that a flower is a collection of sporophylls
inserted on a simple axis. This definition seems to me im-
perfect. That the young carpels and stamens are homologous
with leaves, and particularly with sporophylls, is proved
beyond a doubt. But the mature carpel with the ripe ovules
is no longer homologous with a sporophyll ; it is a sporophyll
containing parasitic and symbiotic gametophytes. The sym-
biosis of the gametophytes and the sporophylls before, during,
and subsequent to fertilisation constitutes a phenomenon which
is unique in the vegetable kingdom. Consequently, it appears
that, when judged by the facts of the case and on historical
grounds, it is at least incomplete and inexpedient to employ
to the cone of Equisetum the same term as to the flower of a
Buttercup. A single 'flower of a Buttercup is no more a mere
collection of sporophylls than a frog is a fish because it passes
through the tadpole stage. In reference to the definition of
a fruit, I have followed that given in the "Lehrbuch der
Botanik" written by Professors Strasburger, Noll, Schenck,
and Schimper. The definition of a fruit is thus brought closer
to the popular usage of the term, while we are extricated from
any dilemma in reference to distinguishing between an inferior
and a false fruit.
In conclusion, it should be stated that for the most part the
illustrations have, after careful consideration, been specially
executed by my friend Mr A. H. Church of Jesus College,
Oxford, to whose skill and care I am much indebted. To him,
also, I owe a careful revision of the proofs of this book.
Further assistance in the matter of illustrations has been
rendered by Mr A. Robinson of the University Museum,
Oxford. Students who desire a simple introduction to the
study of Microscopical Botany are recommended to procure
Dr D. H. Scott's "Structural Botany"; while those who
wish for a comprehensive work, dealing with the science as
a whole, will find all they require in " The Student's Text-book
of Botany," by Professor S. H. Vines. Finally, such students as
desire to identify wild British plants, and to do field-work,
will find Hayward's "Botanist's Pocket Book" an excellent
little work which contains all the necessary information,
CONTENTS
Part I.— General Mc^RpiioLOdv
CIIAI'TKK
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ROOT AND .SHOOT
• • ,
ROOT
^Root's"' ^'"°''' ^-'^^'■''P'' «f K^ots. S-Aerial
III. VEGETATIVE SHOOT
Adventitious Shoots, II. •
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES
Whorled Leaves. ii-Alternate Leaves, 1 2-Diagrams,"
F0LIAGE-1.EAVES .
Sheath, 15-Stalk I5-BIa<le, i6-Form of Blade, ,6
—Venation of Blade, i6-l)ivision of Blade, 17.
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES
Scales, l8-Cotyledons, 1 9-I'rophylls, 21 -Bracts, 21.
BUDS
^Estivation, 22— Vernation, 23.
IV. STEM . .
^Sders'^' ^S^'""r ^'■"^'^i'' '-^-'^^'^ °f ''i«-«^n"l
26 H^rltr ^ "^"'V^^?5-- •'^'•'•'•^"."eme.U of Branches,
Thi;ines?2r' ^^ ^'""'' ^7-I"crcase in
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS
SUB-y^-RLVL .STE.MS .
Direction of Growth, 33-Climl,ing Mants, 34-Root.'
PAGB
I
3
5
II
14
18
22
24
28
33
Climbers, 34_Twinin£T P
3S> Scramblers, 36,
ng Plants, 34— Tendrii-Cliii.l
jcrs.
viii
CONTENTS
VI.
CHAI'TKK
SUBSII^IAKV OUTGROWTHS (haIRS, ETC.)
METAMORPHOSED SHOOTS . . '
Spines, Thorns, and Prick 1,..; -,'■, t a'-,
C:ia(Iodc.s, 38. ' ' 37 -Tendrils, 38—
V. LIFE-HISTORY OF FLOWERING l-LANTS
^^Ju.,.eaUon.4.^;,^?^;;;^torv^^
VII. OYMNOSI'ERM.K .-—SCOTCH PINE
VIII. INFLORESCENCE . . ' ' '
Racemose Inflorescences ct <\. r n '
^4-Hracts, 55. ' S'-tj.nose Inflorescences,
IX. FLORAL LEAVES
PERIANTH . . ' •
Calyx. 57-Corolla, s8-Perianth, 60
ANDR(ECIUM
GYN/ECIUM " ' ' •
66. ^ ■rt.usence of Stamens or Carpels,
X. ARRANC-.EMENT OF THE FLORA!, LEAVES
CYCLIC FLOWERS ' '
Branching or Doubli^g.^^^.l^i^y -70"' ''-
ACYCLIC AND HEMICYCLIC FLOWERS '
FLORAL DIAGRAMS
Estivation, 73-Floral Formula.- and Symbols 7. "
SHAPE OF THE RECEPTACLE ' ^^•
ilypogynous Flowers, 74-lVriLrvnons vi "
Epigynous Flowers. 75-Oth " V ode^ nfT''' ^-^-^
75— Disk, 76. -nodes of Insertion,
XI. NECTARIES
POLLINATION ' " ' * '
Insect-: .olhnated Flowers. So-Self-pollination', ll
PAGE
36
39
43
47
51
57
57
60
63
67
67
72
72
74
77
77
CONTENTS
Jrils, 38 —
Life, 39 -
Vcjjetaiive
Events, 42,
riiic, 44 —
I'ACE
36
39
43
• ,
47
rescences,
51
57
57
-•ciiim, 64
Carpels,
60
Atrophy
1, 69—
67
67
.
72
. 74.
72
-s 75-"
sertion,
74
idering
. 79—
77
77
CHAI'.
X". OVUI.L
, «2
FKkTII.|.s.\Tf(.\ AVI) r-irvvrr...
FKLIT fHA.VOKS ,.V ti.K „vulK
Cla.s.sincati,.n of .Sininle Fruits So "r
94-Con,pletc l-ruits' 94 ' ^'-^-Conipoim.l Fniits,
XIII. IMSI-KK.SAL OF SEEDS
AND SEEDS . ^ '^•■'. i-KLlis,
' • .
Part II.-C,.a.ssikicat.on of Angiospickms
dicotyledons
""iSl^iilMaS-Ji^l"""^-. .07-Salionc.., ,„_
['"i.vinTAr.K, iiS-Raminailacc^ iiS r.
;3;-i.,,.„a4i^?3,XS;',^SiS
Composite', 161. ^ '-'ipntolmcoa', i59-_
MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Liliacciv, 169— Amaryllklacecp i-rri^i ■ i '
/o ^racuL, 170— Craminacca', 181.
Part HI.— Physiology
XV NUTRITION OF THE PLANT
Chemical Composition of a Phnf iSo n
the Air and Soil rnn \ ."r'- , ^-Composition of
191-ManufLr ue' of^?, Jani'^A"' Culture-soiutions.
or urganie Compounds, 192.
iX
I'Acii-:
.S4
«7
95
58
103
107
i6y
189
CONTENTS
CHAP.
XVI. ARSORPTION OF CARBONIC ACID .
Influence of Temperature, 194— Influence of Lifrht, 104
— Chlorophyll, 194. ^^
XVII. ASSIMILATION OF CARBON
Proteids, 196— Carbohydrates, i97_Fats, 197— Forma-
tion of Starch, 198— Entrance of Carbonic Acid, 199
~^/^?"^Pa''ts not producing Starch, 200— Why
Light IS Essential, 200— Transport of Carbohydrates
200— Starch, Sugar, Fats, as Food-substances, 201—
Nutrition of Plants devoid of Chlorophyll, 202.
XVIII.
XIX. TRANSPIRATION
Measurement of Transpiration, 209— Leaves as Tran-
spiring Organs, 210— Conditions influencing Tran-
spiration, 210— Function of Transpiration, 2U.
EXCRETION OF LIQUID WATER
ROOT-PRESSURE .
CAUSE OF ASCENT OF WATER
• " •
XX. RESPIRATION
Oxygen essential to Flowering Plants, 217— Conditions
affecting Respiration, 217— -Liberation of Heat during
Respiration, 218.
XXI. GROWTH ...
Essential Conditions, 219— Growth in Length, 220—
Rate of Growth in Length, 220— Influence of Tem-
perature, 220— Influence of Water-supply, 220—
Influence of Light, 221— Nutation, 221— Direction
of Growth in Length, 221— Heliotropism, 221—
Geotropism, 222— Hydrotropism, 222.
XXII. IRRITABILITY AND MOVEMENTS OF LIVING PARTS.
Periodic Movements, 224 — Irritability of Moving
Organs, 226.
APPENDIX . .
• • • a
INDEX . .
PAOE
196
203
ABSORPTION OF WATER AND INORGANIC SALTS
Absorbing Functions of Roots, 203— Influence of Exter-
nal Conditions, 204— Essential Chemical Elements
and their Absorption, 205.
ASCENT OF WATER AND SALTS . , .206
209
212
213
214
219
224
229
-39
PAGE
. 196
203
206
209
212
213
214
PART f
GENERAL MORPffOLGGV
219
224
229
^39
ELEMENTARY BOTANY
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
^^d"^:^. ^^L^S&^r r '^ -yarded
sidered as a liv ng machine desi?.lS.' ^^''"^ "^^y be con-
and consisting of definite narts" ^''"""''^ "^^'^^in work
there is allotted a pa?t cular offi?/'''^^^?'' '° """^ °^ ^'^ich
definition we naturally injure hoZZ/7f''\ ^^''' '^^'
and multiplies. ^Ve then Islnr.? i ^ f '^ ^'''^'' ^^^^S' S^ows,
by the various organs such ^^^^^^^^
This aspect of botany is termed pL^f'' ''"'"'' ^nd roots,
look at a plant simp"y as a ZcL^^ •°^-^- "^^^in, we may
or .W.i, which I^re^Lngedln a naS,"^ °';'"°"^ P^^^'
certain shapes. In fact vve lenrn^fK ^' ''''^^' ^nd have
plant without taking 'Sic %f"Lworr it T '' ''''
department of botany is termed MomiTJ? " ^°'''' I'^^^s
this point of view we find VhlT i ^^^^^}'>Sy. Studied from
and differences frim one anothef^F^^^^ resemblances t^
very unlike a Mushroom and vet hlZ '" '"n^' ''•^^''" '""""^
neither of them possesse flot Jr' On the nl^' I," 'S ^'' ^«
of Grass and a Buttercup are wMelv HJf^ l^-' ^^"^' ^ tuft
but at the same time they resemb]; t^l '" .^PPearance,
hey both produce true se'eds f^m floTers Th ""°""^^ ^^
ikeness and unlikeness amon^ nkntr In i' ^^'^ P°'"^^ ^^
latter into groups. This grounL^. ? t"^."' *° ^""^ange the
and constitutesVstemalc Bow Fn '^ '' Classification,
let us be content to divide S; -^"^ °"'* Present purpose,
namely, ^/.z,.^,>,^. ^/^,^;^e two great classes-!
first group are includTah ImTw^tT?'^ ^''"f • ^" '^^
flowers, whether they have s ovvv Tu ^""^^ seed-producing
2 INTRODUCTION
them are the Ferns, Mosses, Seaweeds, and Fungi. In this
book we treat only of flowering plants, so far as they can be
studied with the naked eye aided by a simple lens.
Method of using this book. — This book is divided into
three Parts: — Part I. relating to General Morphology (and
including a special chapter on the Scotch Pine); Part II.
referring to the Classification of Angiosperms ; and Part III.
relating to the Physiology of plants.
Beginners should first read chapters ii. to v. in Part I.,
and should practically examine the roots, stems, and leaves
described. They may then pass on . to the study of Physi-
ology contained in Part III. (chapters xv. to xxii.) ; or
they may read the remaining chapters of Part I. (omitting
that which relates to the Scotch Pine), at the same time
studying the ft^milies specially marked at the commence-
ment of Part II. (chapter xiv.). In this book the char-
acters of each family are denoted by a description of one
or more representatives which are types of that family.
While a student is reading the description of one of these
types, he must have before him a specimen of the plant
described, so that he can constantly examine and refer to it.
Should any point in the description be beyond the compre-
hension of the learner, reference should be made to the
teacher or, by means of the index, to the explanations given
in Part I. The families should not be studied in the exact
order in which they are placed in the book : the season of
the year and other considerations will determine the order in
which the types are to be examined. As examples of flowers
appropriate for beginners we may mention the Buttercup,
Poppy, Wallflower, Pea, Rose, Primrose, Dead Nettle,
Hyacinth, and Daffodil. In beginning the study of the types
for the first time, students should entirely ignore, and omit
to read, the characters given at the commencement of the
description of each family.
If the beginner has studied the systematic portion of the
book thus outlined before working at the Physiology,
he should then pass on to Part III.
Finally, when the student has acted as previously advised,
the whole of Part I. should be read over again : and the
remaining types and families in Part II. might also be dealt
with.
J
igi. In this
they can be
s.
divided into
hology (and
i); Part II.
nd Part III.
in Part I.,
>, and leaves
iy of Physi-
) xxii.) ; or
I. (omitting
: same time
commence-
)k the char-
tion of one
that family.
>ne of these
3f the plant
I refer to it.
the compre-
lade to the
ations given
in the exact
le season of
the order in
;s of flowers
; Buttercup,
ead Nettle,
of the types
e, and omit
ment of the
rtion of the
Physiology,
jsly advised,
n : and the
Iso be dealt
CHAPTER II
THE DISTINCTION OF A PLOWERINa PLANT
INTO ROOT AND SHOOT
^pJL SJi^^i^^f^-^t ordinary flowering
plant together compose the shoot .tlf' ^"^ ^^^^'^''^ ^^ the
visible and above ground %^f°^^-^y^^^^, and are generallv
ally embedded in^the "oil ' whi tTonr^ ^''T ''' '-^^^^'
above the ground on sub aiial ^^t °^^^^^^^ ^^""d raised
cannot define a root as beini ^ h u^^ P^^"^- Hence we
plant nor the shoot as beShe suh^ "T^^" P^^^ of the
herefore, be well to consider firs^vh;"^^ P^^'^^on. It will,
"root " and "shoot." Fo/ . h . ' ''^ "^"'^" ^y '^^ term
bean may be examined The '/wi"^'"'" '^^ ^^^^dling of a
axis which bears certSn structures 2 ?""^^^ ^^ ^ "^-n
on Its sides. The ascendi^J nnrtrnn^^^^^ members-
which possesses the flattre'd ^wJl ^ ^^'' ^•"'"^ '' the stem
At the tip of the stem theleave ar?' ^^"!, ^""'''^^ "^^mbeS
I bud The main stem n'v also n "?^'^"? ^^S^ther to form
branches-which are like tself Tr^^^""" ^^'^'"^^ stems-th^
I'"'" <f . • The testa has a S™ te to ^ ^ '?*"'"' """""^ *e
- ' on .ts sMe, The .hro.Te '^Z^^:^^
4 ROOT AND SHOOT
the testa is occupied by the embryo. The embryo (fig. 2) has
a small rod-like main axis, which is composed of the primary or
main root, the radicle (f) ; the primary or main stem (//) ; and
a i)art of the axis, the hy}>ocoiyl{/ip), which connects the root and
stem. The tip of the young root lies close within the pore
of the testa. No lateral roots occur on the radicle at this stage.
The main body of the embryo is constituted of the two large
fleshy leaves — the cotyledons {cot), which are attached to that
Fig. I. — Seed of Be.in.
Fig. 2. — Knibryo of Hcaii, with
Cotyledons separated.
portion of the axis which is termed the hypocotyl. Lying
hidden between the two cotyledons is the minute main stem,
which terminates in a small bud. Thus, beginning at the root,
the axis has no lateral members on its root-portion : above
succeeds the hypocotyl* with two lateral cotyledons : still
higher the axis represents the young main stem, and bears a
few lateral commencements of leaves.
When the seed germinates, the various parts of the embryo
emerge. The radicle elongates and becomes the primary
root : it grows downwards and produces lateral roots which
may branch in their turn. The little stem grows upwards
and sends out from its sides, leaves, branches, and flowers;
its branches may in turn bear, not only leaves, but also
branches of their own. We thus see that the development
of this flowering plant from its embryo consists in the
elongation of its primary axis, and the production of lateral
members on that axis. The parts possessed by a mature
flowering plant, whether it be a large tree or a small herb,
are all to be traced back to the primary axis.
* It is impossible to define exactly the limits of the hypocotyl unless
the compound microscope be employed.
) (fig. 2) has
e primary or
m (//) ; and
the root and
lin the pore
at this stage,
"le two large
:hed to that
with
otyl. Lying
: main stem,
5 at the root,
tion : above
ledons : still
and bears a
' the embryo
the primary
roots which
Dws upwards
and flowers;
es, but also
development
isists in the
on of lateral
jy a mature
small herb,
y'pocotyl unless
ROOT
"^Ve can now define a root and a shoot ^ c/ •
w/ii,/i bears lateral memher, 7i. 7 .- '^'"' '' «^' "^^'^
A Stan together withUsZ:;',^^ '' ^'^^^^
termmates in a bud ■JdZ.Tf 1 " '''''''^' ^ ^^oot
of the plant: at least parts of T^ '''" ascending portion
„. the shoot bears the flowers ^ ^'^^^'^^'^^^^y green. Lastly,
I produce leaves as ialZ inerlTol' it%r' '"'''' ^^«^^
I does not terminate in a iZ* A "L f ^" T''^"'"^^y 't
3 lateral members branches like itsdf- '^"^^' ^""^^""^ ^«
descending axis, and has no ^^^luring^t^ " '' ^
THE ROOT.
^^^^^^^t^^Z ^-le contain-
'n fig. 3, when once thr roo? h? ' '" "^^^ '"^""^''- ^^own
stmight,wecanfollov^hemXdof;ro:^^^^^^ ^^ ^-^^'
n In2 ^'^' " ""'^'^^^ °f transverse marls" ^^^°"^P'^«h
A short distance behind its anex /fin- . \ .u
a broad encircling band of finp «^r ^ ?" ^ ''''^ ^^^ ^^^^ has
As the root grows at il. ni ^^^ hairs-root-hairs (rk)
behind thetir^ictffco^ "rjr'"" '°T ^°-^-'^y
hat the youngest roo -hairs Ire fhn« "" '^^'"'^^ ^^^^^'•d, so
hairs live for a short imeonlv for th ' ''""''' '^^. '^P' Th^se
It has a root-cap, which is not possessed by a stem.
F'g. 3.
6 ROOT
apex than the last-formed lateral roots ; so that the youngest
and smallest of them are seen to be nearest to the tip of
the main root (fig. 4). The lateral roots are therefore said
to arise iti acropetal succession. They do not appear at
indifferent points ; on the contrary, they emerge only on
certain determined sides of the main root, so as to form
regular ranks or lows along the length of the latter. For
Fig. 4. — Development of a typical Dicotyledon.
example, the branches of a Wallflower-root form two rows,
while those of the Creeping Buttercup-root are ranged in
four rows.*
Adventitious Roots.— Lateral roots frequently arise on stems
— for instance, on the creeping stems of the Strawberry
(fig. 54), Creeping Buttercup, and Grasses ; or on the under-
ground parts of the stem of the Primrose or on "Cuttings."
Inasmuch as these roots do not arise in the normal method —
* One important character concerning the origin of lateral roots is that
they arise as internal growths, which push their way through the rind of
the mother-root, and eventually reach the soil. They are said to be
endogenous (arising within) in origin.
he youngest
) the tip of
i^refore said
: appear at
^e only on
as to form
latter. For
I two rows,
ranged in
ise on stems
Strawberry
the under-
" Cuttings."
.1 method —
II roots is that
;h the rind of
re said to be
ROOT
tiousand normal lateral rootVi. u if •^f'' ^^^^^■*'^^" ^^^'^'»ti-
the root-system ofZfoS' n 1 f'""''^ '^>' considering
fhe general characterisS o a J Wvf r''''''t''^^^'^- ^"^' °f
^" the seed has two cotyledon?/ 'J '' '^'^' ''' ^^^'^yo
Frequently the root-^ysten? of dTco vf ' l ^'" •' ?^^^^' ^ak).
the manner described^as occurrtrt ^^ i' ^^'"^^"^ ^^'^'
Illustrated by fig. . Tl e emhr .^ r ^\% ^''^"' ^"^ well
^____^_^J^J^^jmhryoof a Monocotyledon, on
Fig. 5--DeveiopmeT;;?r;;;;i;in^j;;;^^;;^^
ledon develops in Imannpr •'^f^^"i- °^ ^ Monocoty!
pursued by the Bean The ' '"'^ ^'^^'^''' ^'^^ that
embryo g/ows for a 'shoTt tinro^n^"'';^ ^°°' ^«) «f the
most few lateral roots, eventualv ^h^ fv^ ^'^^""^^ ^^ ^he
or later, lateral roots ariLsucceL^^^^^^^^^^^ "^^ ^"'' '''°"''
on the hypocotyl (a), then on ^1^-^^^^^"^ '^^ ''^"^' ^^'^
'" fig- 5. Consequently in f,% "" ^"^^T"'^ ^"^ ^^"^^^d
practically the whol? ro<^l^yZrnt^T'' -Monocotyledons
>s no main-root with branches It ^t^^^^^^ous^ and there
pulled the base of the sCt' dU ^^ fhe^S^] ^°"^ ^^^^
8
ROOT
Shapes of Bdots. — The roots may be thin and fibrous^ or
they may present various forms between this and a swollen or
tuberous condition. The main root of the Carrot and Turnip,
thickens and forms the swollen part which we eat. The
Dahlia-plant produces a number of adventitious tuberous
roots, which grow out from the base of the stem. As will be
shown later on, tnese thick fleshy roots serve as reservoirs in
which food is stored for future consumption by the plant.
Aerial Boots. — Some plants, like the Ivy, climb by means
of adventitious roots which, in place of dipping down into the
soil, adhere to the surface of a tree, wall, or rock. Roots
above the surface of the soil are described as being aerial
roots.
CHAPTER m
VEOETATIVE SHOOT-LEAVES
are packfd close toge'hebu'S K"'""^' ^"<'- •^' n-"h''y
elongates they become separa ed bv dt?'?"' ''"'■' "^ ""•• ^'■-™
latter (figs. 6-11) Thi,« th . ^ diitinct intervals aloni; the
n-resl L tip, Ld' h': o deHaris'l' .°' ' ''"'^^ »'™ '^
nearest its base. P"" '^ ">at portion which is
^^f^^^tt::::::^:^:^^^^ bud or a
bud are inserted lower down the stlltu "^"'"/"^^ ^^'^^'^''^ ^^ ^'^-^
and are larger than the Ta ter and Th. ' '^' ^"^'""^^^ ^''^^^<'^«.
smallest, and are inserted "eare^fhet J" "J^^'i""''''^ ^'^ ^^e
i hus /eaves arise* only in ^^ wi, !/2"^^ ^""^ °^ ^^e stem.
one which is nearest the end of fh '. >'°""g^-'^t leaf is the
•stem elongates, the lea es afe so t?'""^" i t ^^^ ^'P ^^ ^he
points, whicrarrterm:?:^, r^^^^ '^ ^'^ ^^- ^^t certain
, are separated by portions nftl , . I''''"*^ ^f attachment
are devoid of iervefbut connect'Th"''*^^ ^
I figs. 4, 5). ""^ connect the successive nodes (see
I -4-tJr Sigir " "^'^'"^^ '"-P^ - the side of the stem, and are thus
10
VE ..TATIVE SHOOT
If the young part iA .i shoot Ik- examined, it will he found
§mt m the an^le between the lapper face of each leaf and
Wu tiU:ui\ ^here is a bud (fig. 3 /;). This angle is described as
the axt/ tiif the leaf. Thus we may say that a lateral bud*
arises on a stem in the axil of every leaf These buds are the
beginnings of the lateral shoots or branches, and can develoi)
into shoots (lig. 3 ii.). ^^'c see, therefore, that lateral shoots
arise in the axils of leaves— in other words, the b ranching of the
1 .1
7
Figs. 6-11.— Development of bud of Hazel. (After Dennert.)
shoot ts axillary. A shoot possessing an unbranched .t^m is
described as sini/>le (figs. 3, 4, the two left-hand drawing-?), hvt
when the stem is branched, the shoot is said to be ov^^j'ouf.i/
(figs. 3, 4, the right-hand drawing).
Normal buds, then, are terminal or axillary. A bud does
not necessarily develop at once into a branch. It may
remain ■.; a resting or dormant condition, and is then
descri'oe( •.:; a resting-bud, to distinguish it from an active
bud.
* The bud i;,;- irt: jo an exter,/ : outgrowth of the stem ; it is exogenous.
nil l)c found
icli Iciif and
(Icsrrihfd as
lateral bud*
l)iul.s arc the
can develop
iteral shoots
nchingofthe
rt.)
bed ;-:tenri is
iwina;«i), 1)ut:
•e . oy:j'vund
K bud does
It may
d is then
I an active
t IS exogenous.
LEAVES
Adventitious Shoots -I af..rni ^ "
flowenng plants in ,,laccs o h , r Th T'' "^''>' ''''^'^ "" some
^^hoots are said to Le '^^vv L./" f "^ "' ^''''■'^- '^"< ^
shoots may burst out fn,ni 1^^^ ;on ° /T''^'^' ^^'^'^'"^'''"^nis
Ha;cels, and raise themseh v. .h ."^ ^'^M^r^, Rose-trees
Agam, .-Klveniftious shm^K , '•' ^''^' •'^"'•'"^^'^' of the soil'
^;an.leiion-roots, ^/t^ K.^lJ^T^, ^^ -^ t>aKn;:i.t:^
produce .uttings. \N-i,,„ om .1 7 ^'"^'^^^'^' ^"^^n to
^^'^ler parts of tree-trunl. H ^ branches shoot out from
-f their appearance s^^relVT °^'^'"/^i"-y bra.u'lr
of restmg-buds which vere L^",'' ^" ^'^^, '^"^d^'n ac:tiv^y
he case of AViiJow-trees from uh; 1 ^T'"" ^'^■^"'•^- J^ut in
'^^^-■n lopped, many emire v^ie v I . "'," l'^'^'''' '^^oots have
upper part of the trunk Th ''"''■''' ^"^'^ ''^''^^^ on the
which are adventitious, becLse'th^'""' °"^ ^" ^^"""^ '""^ c es
velopment of restirig ^xillarv burk'^ 't' ""/ ^'"^' ^^ ^he Je-
adventttious branching the sLot. /" .^" ^'^^'^^ ^^^es of
leaves, and therefore fre shoots ^ ""^"'"^ ^""^' "^'^'"^^ and
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES
fhes;;J:rrsZ^;&:^^:;[;-^-/^hestem. On
eaves are inserted I the same tvlf^c:,?' '''"'?"^'^> "° ^-o
Js, there is only one leaf nf . " ^ ^'"^Pl^' stem— that
;"ent is descriLd as ate'nate n"°>" ^h is leaf-arrange
--'■f'-). On other stem Z ^or Ir/f '^ ^^'"' ^^ '^^W
-^He collection o/^^^av^^^tl/Lr:^, (^^-^
angular distance^": '"""'1 ^" ^^^ I waj" hat^'tj
^^'-e. Thus, lY tlte b^ uvo \ '"" ^'^^^-^ '^'-esis he
'"Sorted on the opposite s des ST. "' '^''^ ^"^^^^ they Ire
and south sides), as in the rl i "^^ '^"^"^ ^"^y the nonh
Nettle; if there be fou Tea^^s ^^^^ ^^^' 43)^"^ Dead
our po,,,3 ,f , compaL s'v yhey ^^-"ged like the •
^^-Ieavesatanod,each^^3epar.eJ^,;:^iJ^„^^^^
12
LEAVES
by one-third of the circumference. The relative disposi-
tion of the leaves at the different nodes is equally regular.
In some cases the leaves at the successive nodes are
exactly above one another (superposed), so that there are
just as many rows of leaves along the stem (longitudinal
rows) as there are leaves at each node — for instance,
there will be two longitudinal rows of leaves if there are
two leaves at each node. But on other stems with whorled
leaves, the leaves at one node stand above the gaps
midway between the leaves of the next lower or next
higher node ; thus the leaves
at the successive nodes exactly
alternate with one another.
Consequently, the leaves of
every second node will stand
above one another. In this
case there will be exactly twice
as many longitudinal rows of
leaves as there are leaves at
a single node. For example,
the Dead Nettle, the Chickweed
(fig. 43), have two leaves at
each node, but those at the
successive nodes alternate so
that there are four rows along
the stems.
Alternate or Spiral (Acyclic)
Leaves. — When only one leaf
stands at each node (fig. 12),
the leaves are arranged in
spirals, and not in circles or
whorls. They form rows, and
are ranged one above the other
along the stem, as is the case
with whorled leaves. Each leaf
is separated from the one at
the next node, either below or
Fig. 12.— Erect shoot of Hazel with J leaf- above it, not Only by a vari-
arrangcment. (After Dennert.) ,. ' i /i 4. „
^ able distance along the stem,
but also by a certain invariable angular distance round the
stem. For example, on Grass-stems and most Hazel-stems
3
LEAVES
is attached ; cinseaulntlv i L ^ '^^ ^ff ^' ''^^ "^^^ node
stem (as we 1 argoSe^ Z!^" ? ''T'^ ^'^f'^'^y ^°""d the
at the next h4er node thi H '' '° '"^'^ '^"^ ^"^S^^ leaf
is described a beL? i ' A.l 7""^^'"' V ^^^^^^'^ ^^^^^^^^^
we have to travT^one-tl^rd of ^h'"""' ^^^^'^^^oots (fig. X2
passing from one lelf to t - ^^ ^^ '""""^ ^^^ '^'™ ^"
the divergence s safd to b .P^^^.^^^^^ ^' ^"^?"°^' ^"^
Red Currant, Pear, ^^^ !.u£\^,T'^Jt,^^
^r f:?r s^i j5i^^ ^ " t^ar a;:
gence, the leaves are ranged inTu' ^""'"^-'^^^l' ^^ith ^- diver-
with -I divergent L?hfer rn ^ '°''^^' '" ^^^ ^azel-shoots
clivergince, inTv^V.l^'^^L^ hLTcfst^T' ^^^:' '''''' ^
the fraction denotes the nunTir of f "--f H- ^ denominator of
And the numerator of the frnrH ^°"Situdmal rows of leaves.
times it is necessary to tavelro^^^^^^ thf:?"''- ''' """^^^^ °^
one leaf on a stem to thr. . -^^"^"^ ^" passing from
same time touTng'^lf'^^HrSv^ror/h^t-'ilirhj;' "t^
gives us an easy method for determin^nr^h ?^''
arrangement of a shoot. The commonest ^ ""''"' "''^'
sented by the fractions i- l^l^ T^ "'T^'^"'^^^^^ ^^^P'"'^'
remembered with ease if ^vo no£ that' ^' ''^"''' "^^^ ^^
I + 2_ 3 2 +
3+5 «' 5+«
13'
tree, or to remember thnf, hi i the. cone of a Pine-
step's of a spMsT^rcase "'™' "''= *^'*""^d "1"= *e
the'^SS^V^Z^'l^^ir* "r^^"'''"'--^^^ -" denote
or map, represent a J de view oT^'? °" T'^'*. ''>' ^ '"'•"'
14
FOLIAGE-LEAVES
on the top of the stem. We then draw a plan such as would
be seen in cutting across a bud, the outermost leaves being
those which are inserted at the lowest level, and the innermost
leaves being those which are nearest the apex. Thus the
diagram represents a sort of ground plan of the leaves and
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Stem. Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, will explain this second method
of representing leaf-arrangement by diagrams. Fig. 13
represents whorled arrangement with two leaves in each whorl.
Figs. 14, 15, 16, are diagrams of spirally-placed leaves with
divergences of },, J, and f respectively.
FOLIAGE-LEAVES.
A complete type of green leaf (fig. 17) consists of three
parts : (i.) a flattened green If/ade or Imnitia (s/>), which is the
most conspicuous portion of the leaf; (ii.) a narrow, elongated
sfa/A or Jietto/e {st), which connects the blade with (iii.) the
h as would
saves being
3 innermost
Thus the
leaves and
nd method
Fig. 13
each whorl,
leaves with
ts of three
hich is the
?•, elongated
h (iii.) the
FOLIAGE-LEAVES
outgrowths known as the ./^tl" (J^f'^^'^'^^' ^'''' ''''^ ^^^^ral
(i.) THE SHEATH.
cup";c:*Vol;al:n^^^ ^T^°P^^ (-'^- ^utter-
guishable. ^ P^' ^"^ frequently it is not distin-
JpTed^^^siot^^thf ^^^^^^^^^ ^orm of two
^^ngle leaf. A leaf possessing stipules t "^ "'" ^''''' "^" ^
0;scnbed as .//>/«/,; ^ leaf devoid of
sttpules .s said to be .x.//>,,/«/,. °Mo?t
, frequently the stipules afe small and
serve merely to protect the yo"mg ' 0"^
ing leaves of a bud : in which cal^ hlv
%f^ (^--- Pear) or shrivel as thev
unfold from the bud. But the stipules
persist as long as the leaf -blade—
, f^f- Hawthorn (fig. 58 .,), Pea (fig cf,,)
■ Violet. In the rhubarb-family, the two
^ stipules of each leaf are replaced b a
. membranous pipe embracing that Lt
;: of the stem which is near the^eaf ^
t .hi^u l^l"" S'-ass has a long tubular
i sheath which surrounds the stem but
I IS usually split down one side The lea
J possesses no stalk, so that the sheith i.
I stands out from the^ up^er faH'ThrLaf ^^^^^'^^^ ''^'^''^
1 ("•) STALK OR PETIOLE.
' in ''Ji*ht::thV'leafT -JS f V' ™^^ ^= -''-'y ''bsen,
I ^talk is attached 'o one end of ."hi'h/r*- «••'"<■•"% "«
J to the lou-cr face of tlL hminV t- jt' """^y "' ''^ fi^tcl
■■ (™™.on.y, though intrS^t^^^^iVj^Lfut;?"^'^"'-
(.Vfter Deimert.)
i6
FOLIAGE-LEAVES
(iii.) BLADE or LAMINA.
The blades of foliage-leaves exhibit great diversities of form
and size.
In form the lamina is usually a flat expanded plate or
ribbon-like structure ; but it exhibits all variations from the
narrow needle of the Scotch Pine to the circular disk of
Tropccolum. Its apex may be drawn out into a fine point
or end bluntly, or even terminate in an indentation. The
martjfin is even
{entire)
or
uneven (toothed, saw-like,
scalloped, etc.).
Venation of the Lamina.—
The substance of the blade is
traversed by veins or nerves
which frequently stand out
more or less prominently.
■ ^ The arrangement of the veins
h may be grouped under two
3 general headings — (\.) paral-
i. kl-veining; (n.) net-like vein-
ing. In parallel-veined leaves
a number of veins, approxi-
mately equal in size, run side
by side from the base of the
lamina towards its tip. The
veins are more or less parallel,
and are connected by a limited
number of smaller ones which
join them at right angles.
This type of venation is characteristic of Grasses, Lilies, and
most other Monocotyledons. In net-veined leaves the finer
veins are numerous, and form a complicated network (fig. i8).
Most Dicotyledons have net-veined leaves. There are two
sub-types of net-like venation— //«//a/^ and pa/mate veining.
A lamina which is p innately -veined (feather-veined) has a single
main vein— the mid-rib — which traverses the centre of the
blade, running from the base towards the apex ; this mid-rib
gives off from its two sides smaller veins, which are arranged
much like the pinnce of a feather— r.^,". Hazel (fig. 1 8), Pear,
Primrose. A palmately-veined leaf, in place of possessing a
Fig. i8,
—Venation of Hazel leaf.
(After Dennert.)
ties of form
id plate or
ns from the
liar disk of
I fine point
ition. The
(entire) or
i, saw-like,
.e Lamina. —
F the blade is
ns or nerves
y stand out
prominently,
t of the veins
1 under two
s — (i.) paral-
net-like vein-
veined leaves
ins, approxi-
size, run side
i base of the
its tip. The
r less parallel,
id by a limited
er ones which
right angles,
s, Lilies, and
ves the finer
v'ork (fig. 1 8).
here are two
mate veining.
.) has a single
:entre of the
this mid-rib
are arranged
fig. 1 8), Pear,
possessing a
FOLIAGE-LEAVES ,
single mid-rib, has several lar^e main v.>,-nc i • , ^•
various directions from the base ofhT ''' '''^''''" '"
margins-^.^^ Mallow. ^ '''"'"''^ towards its
Division 'of the Lamina.— The form of fi. i •
very simple, because all the spaces be ween I "^ "^""^ ^'
pletely occupied by leaf-sub tani-l^"^^^^^^ "^7 ^'^^^r'
however, inc sions of mncVi io ^;<'>- •^, <-ar, Hazel. Often,
margin, 'thus te„"din/ o co^tate iff '""^^ /T "'^
and to split it into snVilIm- „,l, • -^ ^ ^°™ °' *e lamina
the leaf 'is dividS^oti'^'arjaril'^f'''-^^"" '" ''"''''
.arge nerves, the leaf i^Tairt^' V."^;^"'(4:. X^^fJ^.
Figs. T9..3.-Div;sion of pinnately-veined lamina.
lirrS^tif't^olSfe'r Irt'T,-''^ --" *e
exist a number of disunS felar /I TT' ^"^ "lere
as expound (f,s. .^^^^'k^:^ l^ ^ 5,)f 0*^^
24
25
26
Figs. 24-27.-Divis!on of palmately-veined lamina.
a^"cLvrr™^,i:::;°t'] °f ^ t\ °' ^'-'"« -«ets
not term it a b mch a'l'n t '"^^^k'^d «hy should we
Several reasons .™ gi vl nS s'irv 't ''f "' ^ '''''''■
1-und leaf, a single lea^ and is noVa branch " "' ' '°"'-
B
1 8
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES
i
(i) It does not arise in the axil of a leaf; on the contrary,
it has a bud in its axil.
(2) Often it possesses two stipules at the base of its stalk
—e.g. Rose, Pea (fig. 59 «).
(3) The leaflets do not necessarily arise in acropetal succes-
sion on the stalk of the compound leaf, neither does the
latter terminate in a bud.
(4) The leaflets have no buds in their axils.
(5) A leaf is always lateral on an axis, but a leaflet may
be terminal on a leaf-stalk — e.g. Rose.
When the leaflets are ranged along the sides of an
elongated stalk, the leaf is said to be pinnately-compoutid
(flg, 23)— f.^JT- Rose, Pea. On the other hand, when the
leaflets spring from a single point at the summit of the stalk,
the leaf is digitate (fig. 2'])— e.g. Clover and Strawberry, with
three leaflet's (fig. 54), Horse-chestnut with about seven
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES.
Some leaves are much simpler than the green foliage-leaves.
They may be described as simplified leaves, and be arranged
under four heads: Scales, Cotyledons, Frophyils, and Bracts.
Usually they are not differentiated into .sheath, stalk, and blade:
frequently they represent merely parts of complete leaves.
SCALES.
Scales are small, simple leaves, usually with even (entire)
margins. They possess little or no green colouring-matter, but
are brownish or pale in colour. They are without stalks, and
are attached to the stem by a relatively broad base. Scales
occur upon parts of the stem which are above ground in the
form of biid-scahs, as in the Hazel and Oak, or quite apart from
the buds, as in the Scotch Pine and Asparagus. But they are
also present on subterranean stems, as in the Hyacinth, some
Grasses, and Potato-tubers. Scales are therefore not defined
by their position on the stem. A scale may represent the
persistent base of a foliage-leaf, the upper portion of which has
died away (as in some bulbs) ; in other cases the scales may
be arranged in pairs, and are merely the stipules of leaves the
blades of . 'hich never develop (as in the resting-buds of the
Hazel) ; finally, some scales represent complete leaves (as in
the bulla of a Lily).
n the contrary,
se of its stalk
ropetal succes-
ither does the
a leaflet may
sides of an
lately-compound
ind, when the
it of the stalk,
trawberry, with
about seven
1 foliage-leaves,
id be arranged
'!y, and Bracts.
talk, and blade;
ite leaves.
h even (entire)
ring-matter, but
lout stalks, and
i base. Scales
J ground in the
juite apart from
But they are
Hyacinth, some
ore not defined
y represent the
on of which has
the scales may
es of leaves the
ing-buds of the
te leaves (as in
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES
19
COTYLEDONS.
I^roduceJ foliage-leaves. TW tt [ "^ '^" subsequently
the cotyledons. fFrecmentlv fh I'ff ^'^" ^"°^vn as
seed-leaves, becausithT rre^ound "^^^^^^^^^^ "^^' ^^^"^ed
this expression seed-leavx^Ts I barf T'^"^ " '''^- ^^'
to suggest that the seed bJars rnH 1 S '' ^'T''''' '' ^eems
the stem of the embryo ns.^eThf . "/' ^'^^'^'^'^ ^' ^' ^o
belong. Cotyledons are sZle l,^ '^'"^ '^^^ ^^^'^ ^^^^ves
devoid of any incisions • o,"^''"-'' T^'^^y ^^th margins
stipules or definite ^eklhrthou^ '"''^^- ^° '^^y P««'^ss
diHtmct stalks. When the occasionally they have
^eed germinates the cotyle-
dons may remain hidden in
the soil, ,n which case thev
are not green in colour-^ .
IJean ; but in other cases
the cotyledons emerge (fiff .)
from the soil and become r
Ea7d?^- '^^^^' ^^— '
Opposed to the Dicotyle-
dons are Monocotyledons - •
Monocotyledonous emb^o ^ "P""'' "' ^mining a
.sho:™rM*«[^„ of Wheat <«& ^«).-A,s wi„ be
with a single /eefThferXie, "t he " ff' ^"'.'■^ ^ f"^'
rhe gra,n is smooth and con ' " ^ """"y-
deeply furrowed down Tl e mWdk T ,^*' ■?"" ''''I'-'' ^"d
mam mass is formed b^^ . k ? °'^ *"-' o'l'^'r side. Its
«• The emb'o k a'small bSdv' T'f '^'^ ""'-Am
,;? ^L:rLrrz3« ?- --" -^e
-.cates the position oHL^X;^ ^.-JXt "^
Fig. .8.-Vertical section through a
gram of Wheat.
20
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES
4
ir !!
complicated in form. The r 'ot-system consists of a short
primary root (r), with a peculiar sheath, and several small
lateral roots. l"hc axis (/>/) above the primary root bears
a number of alternate sheathing-leaves. But one character-
istic feature of the embryo of this and other grasses is
that, attached to the hypocotyl, is a shield-like outgrowth—
the scutelliim {sc) — which separates the rest of the embryo
from the endosperm. Botanists are not agreed as to which
portion of the embryo represents the cotyledon. There
are the three following views :— (r) The scutellum is the
cotyledon. (2) The first sheathing-leaf and the scutellum
together constitute the cotyledon. (3) The scutellum is
merely a "subsidiary outgrowth" (emergence) of the hypo-
cotyl : and the first sheathing-leaf represents the cotyledon.
Comparison behveen a Wheat-grain and a Bean-seed and
their Germination.
Grain of Wheat.
1. Is a fiuit which contains one
seed. The wall is composed of the
fruit-wall (pericarp), together with a
very thin testa, which can be distin-
guished only with the help of a
compound microscope. *
2. The space within the testa is
occupied by endosperm and an
embryo. The seed is conf^equently
described as endospcr»iic.
3. Embryo has one cotyledon.
4. In germination.
(a) The endosperm shrivels as
the seedling develops : it is
the food - supply of the
embryo. _ The scutellum
is the sucking-organ which
absorbs nutriment for the
benefit of the young plant.
{h) The main root forces its way
through a peculiar root-
sheath.
{c) The main root soon ceases
to grow, and adventitious
roots arise on the stem.
* Recent investigations tend to show
destroyed before the grain is ripe.
Bean-Seed.
I. Is a seed.
Its wall is formed by the thick
testa only.
2. The space within the testa is
occupied by an embryo only. There
is no endosperm. The seed is said
to be noii-endospertnic.
3. Embryo has two cotyledons.
4. In germination.
(a) The cotyledons shrivel as
the seedling develops. '
They contain the food-
supply of the embryo.
{!>) The root has no peculiar
root-sheath.
(r) The main root continues to
develop and produces
acropetal lateral roots.
that, in reality, the testa is entirely
SIMPLIFIED LEAVES
at
PROPHYLLS OR PROPHVLLA
two simple Icavc^s--theS^l/, //"''" ^"^ ^^'alc-hke. These
faces, the right andlJsfdfoT^" h'^^f "" °I''^°-^'^^'
cotyledons, on the other haml i '^'^ ^'"^^"f h- I" Mono-
simple leaves at the W of ' " u ""^'^ ^^"''' ^^ these
alone on the uppJrface of the br.n'h'^^"^- " ^"^ ^"'^'-'•■t^^d
which is directici towards h^ma^axi7w ''' °" '^'^ ^^'^
member these farts if xu» , ^ f'^''^' ^^^ can eas ly re-
Monocotyledons the iJIve "fir rfn'' " f^icotyledons'and
usually simplified. Tl ^fir t Ses of'th °"- ""^ '"'"^ '''
cotyledons; those of a lateral sh m n ^ P'^^^'^ ^^^^"^ ^^^
ledons the primary axis ha. tl T, P^^Pl^yHs. In Dicoty-
prophylls; i^ M^ocot ledons he 'S^ t->
cotyledon, the branch one prophyll ' ^ ''^' ^"^^^^^^^^^ ""^"
BRACTS.
foliage -leaves of the same pla'^ "th ^ ''"'"^■^^ ^^^^" ^^^
borne in the region of tht fl^ • "-'^ simplified leaves
termed bracts 1^." Li^v ^11^"^ ^S"' ^^ '^' '^^^' ^^e
majority ofcases,bmcts are smflJ?^' .^^T"^^' ^^ ^^e
by broad bases their ma^rnf^^^^^^^
may assume the form of smal" scales \. f ''^' , -^^^"^^
case of the g/u„^es of graSesVfiLr .!\f V?' l^^S'P^ ""^ ^he
the Sunflower (fig 208) TZ3^' ^A ^^"^ ^^^^^ ^^^cts of
which enclose the whole fnfloT n"^"^ ^^'^' '^?^^^^"g tracts,
also in the SnowdropT^^^d ^^f ?=1;S (f/^ ^^^^ ''-'''
positions on the p Ian anH -^ ^T'^ °''''"P^ '^^''^^" ^^'^"^^6
as by their simpl^ t;^:" ' ThafSf T" '^ ^'^^^ P^'^^^^"
-proved by /he followinrconSonT"7i\ ^^^^^^^
lateral appendages of the^stem art^d ^ ^ iaget^avr
; t
h', "
'i'.
" 1 1 ■
! K)
! I
M'-^
y
? i. tit ^
22
BUDS
and have buds in their axils. Often it is an easy matter to
cause these axillary buds to develop into branches; for in-
stance, if we nip ofT the stem of a Scarlet Runner just above
the points of insertion of the cotyledons, the buds in the axils
of the latter will shoot out and become branches, (ii.) In
many plants transitions from foliage - leaves to bracts (e.i^\
Rose, Christmas Rose), or to scales (e.g. buds of the Horse-
chestnuts), or even to cotyledons, occur, (iii.) It is possible
to cause foliage-leaves to api)ear in place of scales ; for ex-
ample, some stems (t^J,^ Potato-tubers), which are normally
subterranean, when caused to develop above ground, pro-
duce foliage-leaves instead of small scales.
BUDS.
.Estivation is the term applied to denote the arrangement
of the different leaves of a bud with reference to one another.
In the bud the leaves forming a single whorl or spiral may
not be in contact, in which case the aestivation is said to be
Figs. 29-37.— Diagrams of Vernation. In figs. 32-37 the sh.ided face of leaf is the
upper face. The leaves are transversely cut.
Open. When their edges just touch, without overlapping, the
aestivation is valvate. Finally, when th" leaves overlap the
aestivation is imbricate.
BUDS
23
Vernation is the tf-rm -,, r 1
each si„Klc. leaf is pXi, T',r' ,'" f""?' '"'^ "«"" i.. which
//«'« (figs. 20 ,,1 T, "" '""'• ^ach leaf nnv h I
the lamina may he simolv Z/ ^ .'''"'• ^ '^^" f^v., halves of
two pages of a hook ^ ^ "^"^^^'^^ ^"t^^"^''^''' ^long the mid-dh 1 U
ff^-'^- 30, 33); or
tliere may he a
number of folds
(%• 34) along
several of the large
veins, especiallv in
leaves with parallel
venation (^.,^.-. 0,^,^^
grasses) and with
palmate venation,
j^o that the young
Jeaf reminds us of
a closed fan or a
pleated garment.
in other instances
*'g- 38-— Unrolling of leave.; a / z ,
the leaf is .^S from side , • , "'
-y be rolled .owarr , e „ d°dS„e'',?fH ""'^ °' "- '-™na
Sh%tr--'>-pe^^Xtffotd:;rL^^^^^^^^^
i ■
I :
L||l
CHAPTER IV
40
3^
STEM AND SHOOT
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE CIROWTH IN LENGTH.
An ordinary stem of a flowering plant elongates solely by
means of growth at its apex. The apex may continue to grow
for a long period, so that the stem will bear many leaves and
lateral buds ; such a stem is said to be unlimited or indefinite
in its growth. On the other hand, the
apex may soon cease to grow, so that the
stem attains only a limited or definite
length. The Scotch Pine (fig. 62) has
shoots which exhibit both these methods
of growth. The main trunk and con-
spicuous branches are of indefinite growth,
and bear leaves only in the form of scales ;
they constitute the so-called long-shoots.
In the axils of mnst of the scales on the
long-shoots there arise lateral dwarf-shoots
(fi^'- 39)' Each dwarf-shoot consists of
a short definite stem, bearing just below
its apex two needle-like green foliage-
leaves (/), and below these a number of
scale-leaves {s) : the apex {a) of the stem
lies between the two needles (fig. 40).
Stem or axes of different orders (fig.
41). — A stem is an axis bearing leaves.
This definition gives us no means of
Fig. 39.-A dwarf-shoot Stating simply whether the stem be a
of Pine, inaxii of scale (,yr). main Stem or a lateral one: hence it is
ofdiuo?°" '' "^'^ "^'^ '"" advisable to adopt some terms by which
we can explain to which stem we are
alluding. The main stem (i.) is described as an axis (stem) of
the first order, or as the firimary axis. A lateral axis (11.)
24
A'
grass w
Ji(in sum
i invisible
LENGTH,
tcs solely by
itinue to grow
ny leaves and
d or indefinite
»er hand, the
vv, so that the
:d or definite
(fig. 62) has
hese methods
ink. and con-
sfinite growth,
3rm of scales ;
;d long-shoots.
scales on the
1 dtvarf-shoots
3t consists of
ng just below
jreen foliage-
a number of
:) of the stem
5 (fig. 40).
t orders (fig.
saring leaves.
10 means of
} stem be a
: : hence it is
rms by which
stem we are
axis, (stem) of
sral axis (11.)
FiK- 4'.
STEM
secondary axis is an iv/.w///,;J;^ 7^^^ ""^'^ ('"•) ^^"«i"g on a
^"t'^^;! ^-^^7 axis; and so '
nnJ^ ^V°"°^ false-Stems or sym-
podia -A snnj.lo stem bein.. !^
brajK^c^ obviously must be an ax;;
I ot the first, second, or third etc
I order. Frecjuently, branched t<S^
are formed which, at first sight, se<^
'''l>^«>niplc;thisisparticuhulvthe
^^ m plants possessing stJn s of
; delinite growth. ^ "'
. ''"';^" ^"ormation of such a falselv
simpi, stem-a s^mpodium-in^^t
: '1 >'strated by considering the groVth
t of a grass which lives fbr sct^^^i .
■ terranean shoot-svstem. Follou'-.l, n^? T^ .possesses a sub-
Horizontal under-ground sten of , ^ ^ >^''' 'i-velopment of a
-*' ■ ;;'id tfrminatcs in an inl
Uorescence. iiut the base
ot the erect i)ortion of
this stem produces a bud
which grows for a certain
distance in the soil and
presents the false appear-
ance of |)eing a continua-
t-^on of the original stem.
I his lateral axis in turn
bends out of the soil and
produces flowers as did
the first stem. A third
a-xis arises on the second
lateral axis and behaves in
exactly the same manner
as Its predecessors. Fig
,n..,K,:..-):. ,-\>- ^«;;'-';;:,''°- flowers (^Ste '^
possessed a leafy branch (11.), the
fig.4^.-.Methodofgrowthofaper;nnial
VJrass.
ir
II
•r'
26
STEM
termination of which had emerged from the soil. This
year, axis ii. is flowering, and its branch (axis in.) has just
emerged from the soil with its foliage-leaves, and will next year
terminate in an inflorescence. Axis in. has a branch of its own,
(axis IV,), which next year will push above the soil and assume
the present condition of axis in., and in the second year after
will flower. It will thus be seen that the creeping subterranean
axis is not a true axis, but is composed of the subterranean
portions of axes i., n., in., iv., apparently strung together end
to end. Each true axis is rougnly L-shaped, and the sym-
podium is made up of the bases of successive Ls.
Some of our trees, especially Willows, Elms, Limes, Beeches,
have sympodial branches, which are produced in a slightly
different manner. In these trees the terminal buds of the
branches often die in autumn, and in the following year the
highest axillary bud on each shoot grows out and behaves as if
it were the true terminal bud. Again, in the Hazel occasionally
an axillary inflorescence arises close to the apex of a shoot, and
as it develops it causes the terminal bud to die and drop off
(see fig. 131).
ARRANGEMENT OF BRANCHES.
So far as we have considered a flowering plant, we have
found that every leaf has a bud in its axil. An axillary bud
is simply a small lateral shoot which may develop into a
branch. If all the axillary buds of a plant were to grow out,
the branches would be arranged on exactly the same plan as
the leaves {i.e. in whorls or in spirals). But many leaves have no
branches in their axils ; this is due to the fact that, though the
buds are present they remain inactive. Thus we may range
buds under two heads : those which are active or growing, and
those which are inactive or resting. The disposition of branches
on a stem depends, therefore, not only on the arrangement of
the leaves, but also upon the behaviour of the axillary buds.
Racemose branching. — When a stem grows strongly and
produces a considerable number of branches which remain
smaller than itself, the branching is said to be racemose (fig. 4).
Cymose branching. — When a stem grows only for a limited
time and produces only a few branches which subsequently
develop more vigorously than the stem which bears them, the
branching is said to be cymose (fig. 43).
le soil. This
IS III.) has just
i will next year
inch of its own,
soil and assume
cond year after
ig subterranean
le subterranean
ig together end
and the sym-
Ls.
Jmes, Beeches,
i in a slightly
il buds of the
owing year the
id behaves as if
zel occasionally
of a shoot, and
ie and drop off
plant, we have
A.n axillary bud
ievelop into a
re to grow out,
3 same plan as
^ leaves have no
hat, though the
we may range
Dr grozving, and
ion of branches
arrangement of
xillary buds,
s strongly and
which remain
'cemose (fig. 4).
ly for a limited
h subsequently
bears them, the
HERBACEOUS AND WOODY
STEMS.
_ There is considerable variety
in the toughness, consistence,
and longevity of stems. A
stem may be soft and relatively
short-hved : in which case it is
•said to be herbaceous. A
plant the above-ground stems
ot which are invariably her-
baceous, is described as a
/ler/K With the exception of
our herbaceous climbers (e -
Convoh'u/us) nearly all British
herbs are plants of low stature.
Jii<e the Buttercup and Prim-
rose. Opposed to herbs are
trees and shrubs whose stems
^are hard and woodj^ and cap-
able of existing for consider-
able periods. A tree is dis-
jtinguishable fVom a shrub by
,f ' . possession of a distinct
l^m-trunk which bears bran-
ches A s/ind is usually
;|maller^ than a tree, and, in
#lace of having a main-trunk,
l^ssesses several woody bran-
,Fhes which spring fVom a
common
perry.
STEiM
point: e.g. Black-
'%S?Tr?4^.^' INCREASE IN
J THICKNESS OF STEMS.
I '^^he old part of the stem of
f grass, a palm, or almost any
flonocotyledon, is no thicker
fan the young part near the
y '-^- ^he stem of the Mono-
Vj. i
^1
,1"!
r
<~SmB
MMMU
28
STEM
cotyledon cannot increase in thickness when it has once
ceased to elongate. But the reverse is the case with Dicoty-
ledonous trees. An old part of an Oak stem is much
thicker than a young part near the apex: the older the
stem the thicker it is. After the stem of a Dicotyledon has
ceased to elongate it may be able to grow in thickness. If we
examine the trunk of an oak-tree which has been cross-cut,
we note the bark lying outside the wood. In the centre of the
trunk there is a dark patch of heart-wood, which is surrounded
44
45
46
Figs. 44-47. — Cross-sections of stems showlns; annual thickening rings of wood.
Fig. 44 is Olio year old. l''i,t;. 45 is two years old. Fi^. 46 is three years old. Fig. 47
is five years old, and shows the hark peeling off. i denotes wood formed in the first
year ; 2, the wood formed in the second year ; and so on.
by the lighter-coloured splint<vood. Still looking at the cros.s-
section of the trunk, we note that there are a number of ring-like
markings ranged round the centre. We find that in a two-year-
old stem there are two rings, in a three-year-old stem three
rings ; in fact, that the number of rings corresponds with the
number of years of growth of that portion of the stem. For this
reason the rings are termed antmal rings. Each ring denotes one
year's growth in the thickness of the stem. There are also
numberless radial lines which are the medullary rays. The
knots met with on cutting across timber are the remains of
portions of branches, which have been buried in the wood as
the stem thickened.
1
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS.
A stem may protrude into the air and be sub-aerial; or live
under water and be siibmergcd ; or lie buried in the soil and
be siihtcrra7iean.
In the case of many plants only a part of the shoot is raised
n it has once
,se with Dicoty-
stem is much
the older the
Dicotyledon has
ickness. If we
been cross-cut,
he centre of the
:h is surrounded
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS
29
!ning rings of wood.
ee years old. Fig. 47
od formed in the first
ng at the cross-
Tiber of ring-like
at in a two-year-
old stem three
sponds with the
stem. For thi.s
ring denotes one
There are also
ary rays. The
the remains of
in the wood as
b-aerial \ or live
in the soil and
e shoot is raised
out of the soil, the remaining portion bein- undemroMnrl 'n
subterranean stems are dist^uishuble f"Sm rool (i by their
po,s,ses.sion of leaves and buds; (ii.) by reason of ih Jr
tinuuy wuh axes which bear foliy-leLes: o^ by tL ads-'
Fig. 48.-B.,se of Potato-plant, showing tubers. (After naillon.)
^ing in the axils of leaves.
There are four common types of
;M.bterranean shoots-.-/j7".; J/ /'/ "" '''"' common i
i A rhizome is a Ln nr f ' T' '"'"''^ ^"^ ^"^^''^■"
>hich fre<,uen y eSs n rL'-""^^^^^^^^^
ftsstemofeXarTc its whi.hr''''"' V''^^'"°" ^" ^'^^ '^^^
'ives off advent^u ; r ta";" iTl^"^""^^ '^"' '' ""^^
-. ^or instance in Grasse. ^^^ ST SSfS
m
-i4a
30
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS
i
'I
subterranean portions being formed of the persistent bases of
successive lateral axes, whose sub-aerial portions produce
flowers and then die. The development of the rhizome of a
grass as given on page 25 illustrates the mode of formation of
the underground sympodia. The ^Voodsorrel {Oxalis acetosella)
affords an exception to this rule ; the axis of its rhizome is a
single true axis which does not emerge from the soil; the
shoots (flowering axes) which protrude into the air are axillary
branches of this horizontal subterranean stem, which bears
scale-leaves and compound foliage-leaves.
A tuber is a subterranean shoot, which consists of a short
swollen stem bearing small membranous scales. The tuber
gives off adventitious roots. The Potato-tuber is a tuberous
stem ; its " eyes " are buds which arise in the axils of minute
scale-leaves. The difference between these tubers and tuberous
roots is well brought out by a comparison between the Dahlia
and the Porato-plant. The subterranean tuberous bodies of the
Dahlia anse on the base of the stem, in positions which bear
no i-elation to the leaves on that stem ; they possess no leaves.
(They arise endogenously, and their tips are clothed with root-
caps.) In fact, they are adventitious roots. The tubers of
t!ie Potato-plant are thickened portions of lateral stems which
definitely arise in the axils of leaves (fig. 48) at the base of the
main stem of the plant; furthermore, they bear scales, and
when caused to develop above the soil they produce foliage-
leaves. (They are exogenous in origin.)
A corm is a subterranean shoot which consists of a short
thickened stem more or less invested by membranous scales.
The corm has relatively larger scales than a tuber.
Life-History of the Garden-Crocus {Crocus vermis) (figs.
49-52).— Each corm of this plant is the swollen basal part of
an axis which terminates in a flower ; but the corm does not
develop_ on that axis until after the latter has blossomed.
Examining a plant in spring (fig. 50), shortly after the flower
has withered (or even whilst it is flowering), we note that there
is a yellowish wrinkled corm, on the upper face of which is
either the stunip or the scar of the flowering axis of the preced-
ing year. This is encased in brown scales, and represents an
axis which we will term "axis 11." On its upper face there i-
also inserted the axis which terminates in the recently withered
flower (/). This is really a lateral branch of "axis 11.," and
may be
below it
limited :
basal sh
scales si
swelling,
corm, sc
r-'i.Ljs. 49-52.-
'•'1,1;. 50.— I'lan
winter-rest afte
older corm
at the expt
and also th
corm (axis
parting with
leaf of the
next year d
duce a new
above the p
hranch of i
axis II. is a 1
in the resti
several axillj
II
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS
limited nuZ'o fo, g „a™"'fo'S;r'^i '""^■^/'; "''-■h -'^ -
basal sheaths : and stm'lmvJwI„f "''■'"''•'' '■^> '"* l'™--«I
scales succeed/ A,. dVr base of Ms'flT ' '"~' ^''•'•■""''"«
swellmg, above the inserdono is love IcrfJn'V ■'''''' '"• ''
corm, so that one slender in^.JrS^^i']^:^'^
4'%~l^^l^i!:Hif ^"^^^^^^^^ Fi, ,,._p,,„, .estln. In winter
wmter-rest after fruiting. '^•^'' P'^"' ^ruuing. I'ig. 53.-Plant pr^^aring t;
older corm and the younger onp tk^
at the expense of thp fnnH ; ^^ "^''' ^o™ is growing
and also C fu Wnt^v^ic^^^f ''"''^ 'T- ^^^^ ^^'i^S-leaves!
corm (axis ii J Thrktte r . ^? 'iP'^'u^ by the mother^
l-rting\vithits%onlnts fntl^l^^^^^^^^^ "P -^
leaf of the flowerin.r stem ?n It f • ^? uPPemiost foliage-
next year develop •^.o'rflot'ng'airf.^ifv S';''-^!- '""
cluce a new basal corm. Thus each v'r.,^ "'" P™"
ahove the preceding one and rlnnt /?u new corm arises
l.ranchofS,s prefe™:™"'''b7,S i l"?7"?^L^^^^^
axis n. ,s a braml, of the shrivelled axis J : ■ "'r'^""''-'
'u the resting corm during wi.erfe':^'* 1^ '"''.'= ^'^li"
several a.,l,ary buds develop on araxta„1?Lh°Srs''i;
li .,'18
32
SUBTERRANEAN SHOOTS
corm, so that when the niother-corm shrivels up, the several new
corms become separate and form distinct individuals. 'I'he
adventitious roots are given off from the old corm, and serve
to supply water and nutriment to the flowering axis and to the
developing corm.
A bulb is a subterranean shoot which consists of a short bun-
like stem with fleshy scales. The main mass of the bulb is
made up of leaf-structures. In the case of the bulb of the
Tulip the scales are
complete scale-leaves,
and the plant has
foliage-leaves in addi-
tion. But the scales
of some bulbs are not
complete leaves, they
are merely the persis-
tent basal portions of
green leaves, the
blades of which have
decayed. For in-
stance, the single stem
of a Snowdrop, which
terminates in an in-
florescence, bears two
long, narrow foliage-
leaves, which are
to its base,
season ad-
the green
upper portions of
these two leaves decay
and their bases thicken
to form two fleshy
scales. The bulb of a
Snowdrop consequently consists mainly of two thick scales borne
on a short axis. In the axil of one of the scales is a bud which,
in the following year, will develop to form a new flowering
axis. As the latter grows, the two scales will shrivel as they
pass their contents on to the growing stem. This new flower-
ing shoot will subsequently behave just like its predecessor,
and the brown shrivelled remains of the two old scales will be
attached
As the
vances.
.F^'g' 53- —Vertical section of bulb of Hj-acinth ;
X IS the flattened axis ; // is the iiilloresce.ice axis ;
lb is an additional lateral bud forming a small bulb.
Occ
above
springing
leaves an
^k' S5.-PIf
several new
luals. The
I, and serve
and to the
I short bun-
the bulb is
lulb of the
scales are
;cale-leaves,
plant has
as in addi-
: the scales
libs are not
eaves, they
the persis-
portions of
ives, the
vhich have
For in-
single stem
Irop, which
in an in-
, bears two
)w foliage-
hich are
) its base,
eason ad-
he green
rtions of
laves decay
ses thicken
vo fleshy
3 bulb of a
:ales borne
3ud which,
flowering
el as they
lew flower-
■edecessor,
les will be
DIRECTION OK GROWTH
seen outside th„ daugl,fcr-i,ulb rr u ^^
has scales of both sons .,n, ' '"-' "y'-"^""!'!."!!. (Fm !,>
as scales (m which t'/h '" '•""= »'ale-leave» (/;i f wi
'■='!;;« (/r In al th^sx' bulbs' e?'-'"'^"' ''•™' "-'» "f t'r^'e
, o.-.~"e ^:r ™™ '"■■ — •■
Ii,ll,.l
fPnngnig from the ground-.^ n j ,•
kaves are then .aid t'o l^ij&S';^^ -'" Daisy.
'J'he
F'>. 55.-PInnt of 0,Wr<«/„, «„,,„„.^ , . , .
no suppo. up w..^1-CS^r 'l^!^:^- » - met wi.h
iH?
34
1
1
1
i
1
r
if i
il!
1.
Jjii
Fig.
Twining
Con7>oivulus
arvensis,
(After Den-
nert.)
CLIMBING PLANTS
As a rule the sub-aerial foliaged axis is of
appreciable length. It may be erect, as in the
Sunflower, or it may be extended hori//.ntally
over the surface of the. soil (fig. 55). The
"runners" of the Strawberry are creeping
stems which have long internodes and produce
tuft-like shoots and adventitious roots at the
nodes (fig. 54). Between erect and prostrate
stems various transitional stages occur.
CLIMBING PLANTS.
A prostrate trailing plant usually has long,
slender stems whic'u call in the assistance of
the soil to bear the weigiit 0.' the branches and
leaves. Another group of plants — climbers —
also require external support ; they rise above
the soil and lean against, or fix themselves to,
other plants, rocks, walls, etc. Like the
majority of prostrate plants, climbers have
slender stems, usually with long internodes —
in fact, a climbing plant may become prostrate
if it finds no external object up which it can
climb (fig. 55). Climbing plants may be
rangL-d for the present under four heads :
root - climbers, twiners, irritable. - climbers,
scramblers.
(i.) Root - Climbers. — The Ivy ascends by
means of numerous aerial adventitious roots,
which are given off by the stem and serve to
fix it to the supporting object.
(ii.) Twining Plants are those possessing
stems which twist round the supporting objects.
In most cases the twining stem twines in a
definite direction ; for example, the Bindweed
{Convolvuhis) climbs in a left-handed spiral, as
is shown in fig. 56 ; whereas the stems of the
Hop and Honeysuckle ascend in a right-
handed spiral. The differences between these
twiners and the following class of climbing
plants are not easy to explain in this ele- J|
mentary work, but it may be generally stated Jg (^..^
i
!d axis is of
'ct, as in the
horizr.ntally
• 55)- The
re creeping
and produce
roots at the
nd prostrate
cur.
ly has long,
assistance of
)ranches and
—climbers —
!y rise above
emselves to,
Like the
mbers have
internodes —
me prostrate
vhich it can
Its may be
four heads :
le. - climbers,
ascends by
titious roots,
ind serve to
3 possessing
■ting objects.
twines in a
le Bindweed
led spiral, as
stems of the
in a right-
etween these
of climbing
in this ele-
lerally stated
CLIMBINC; PLANTS
<-"'a^^,r™r»ra-r.-c-
ill
36
METAMORPHOSED SHOOI'S
II
termed temh-ils (figs. 57, 59). A tendril is a simple or
bruiuhed string-like irritable* structure which is capable of
coiling round, or fixing itself to, suitable objects. Tendrils
and other irritable climbing organs can embrace slender
supports which are horizontal in position. 'I'hc leaf-stalks of
the garden 7>opiC()Ium and of Clematis^ also the finely-divided
leaves of the Fumitory, act like tendrils and coil round slender
stems.
(iv.) Scramblers do not adopt any of the methods above
mentioned; they merely lean against or scramble over other
plants. Some clamber up by the aid of hooks or prickles, as
in the case of Galium (Cleavers) and Riibus (Brambles).
SUBSIDIARY 0UT(;R0WTHS (Hairs, etc.).
So far we have men,tioned roots, stems, and leaves, but have
given no account or explanation of the hairs, hooks, and prickles
scattered over various parts of plants. We have learnt that
roots, stems, and leaves all arise, and are arranged, in accord-
ance with certain definite laws. Furthermore, they are recog-
nisable by their structure. The hairs, prickles, etc., which are
irregularly arranged over the plant, cannot be regarded as being
roots, stems, or leaves, because they do not occupy the definite
positions assigned to these members. In particular, hairs are
lound on roots, stems, and leaves : prickles occur on leaves
and stems ; these structures are not axillary in position,, nor do
they have buds in their axils. We therefore require a term
to include all outgrowths which are neither roots, stems,
nor leaves, but are, more or less, irregularly disposed on
those members. We may term these structures ^'subsidiary
outgrowths" [In the majority of text-books "subsidiary out-
growths" are referred to under the heading of "hairs and
emergences"; but it is impossible to give the complete defini-
tion of a hair or an emergence without assuming a knowledge
of microscopical botany.]
METAMORPHOSED SHOOTS.
Stems and leaves assume many different forms, and they
may present appearances so changed, or metamorphosed, as to
* See the section on Physiology.
i
III
mi:tamori>ii(,ski) shoots
, . 37
'•'or instance, stems m.v . ^ recognise Hum, as siirh.
•sterns, Jc.av<^^/ r ,^0^71^' ''^'' '^'^^'''^^^^•^ "^ '-v-;
of spines or of ten Is ft "' "Y>'/H>|Har in the forn:
^irrangenu-nt tluit i :,,, J'- '"^■"''^' ''>' ^'^"' •^'^'*'>' ^^^ their
''suLdiaryoulgroutt." '^'"^' """ distinguish ihe.n Iron,
SPINES, THORNS, AND PRlrKLKS
(i.) Stem-s{)ines.-Thc ' '"^'"•^'^'^ subsidiary outgrowtlis.
■spines of tlie Hawthorn ""
(!'g. 58) occupy the po-
sition of branches, for
they stand in the axils of
eaves; they bear small
leaves, which soon fall
off. These spines, there-
tore, .represent stems of
definite growth, whose
growing points become
hard and woody. Certain
branches of the Pear-tree
often end in spines,
\vhich, therefore, are
metamorphosed stems,
('!•) Leaf-spines. -^The --"■■'■■"• ^-Aiter ucmen > ■ "
leaves of Thistles and of th*. T-rr.ii,. u
^vh'.h are obviously poio^ o^ 1^ 1''' ''""T. "^'^.^^''^'^vths,
plant has branched Cn^ in """•?• ^^^^' '^^rberry-
l-nce they are ntti^^rsedl^vi^'^n^^^ •'""^••^- -'- =
by the fact that on a stem of ttR i ^'^'^^'.^'^^ '' confirmed
t" see all the transition s^aL^/shf/ ^^'7 '' '' °^^^'" I^O'^-^i^^
tl^e branched spi, e Eadi t Ih- I'^'^r '^' ^''''' ^'^'-'^ ^"^
two spines occupying the no it^>nS^^^ "^'"y ^^^^^'^^^ has
the spines are mUam^'phSS'sl^uLf "^''^ ''''''''' ^'--^°-
some of'^wh'h'posser! Oorse (^. ,,,,^,,, ,,, ^,„^^
terminate stems. ^Thts in h?' f''^\"",^ "^^^^^^ ^^ ^^hich
have changed to form spinas ^''"' ^"^'^ '''''' ^^^ «tems
III
lii,
't;:4
li
38
ME TAMORPHOSKl ) SHOO'IS
(iii.) Spines, Prickles \vhi( li arc subsidiary outgrowths.—
'i'hu Iciiws anil stems of Braml)ks (fig. 57) ami of many Roses
have prickles, woody hooks, or long spines scattered over them
in indefinite positions, 'i'hese structures, therefore, represent
"subsidiary outgrowths."
TKNDRILS.
(i.) Leaf-tendrils. —The leaves of the Pea (fig. 59) are pin-
nately-compound, and have large green sti[)ules. The positions
which should he occupied
l)y the terminal leaflet and
the two or more pairs of
upi)ermost leaflets are taken
l>y a single terminal tendril
and two or more pairs of
lateral ones. The tendrils
of the Pea, therefore,
represent metamorphosed
leaflets.
(ii.) Stem -tendrils. —
The tendrils of the
Passion - flower arise in
the axils of leave-:, and
are therefore modified
branches.
The tendrils of Bryonia
dioka (tig. 57) are not so
easily understood. They
probably represent meta-
morphosed shoots, the leaves of which are absent.
LEAF-LIKE STEMS (CLJDODES).
The green feathery part of an Asparagus-shoot consists of
numerous green stems arising in the axils of minute colourless
scales. The Butcher's Broom {Rusa/s aculeatus) has short,
flattened, leaf-like branches, each terminating in a sharp point.
That these leaf-like members are lateral stems is evident from
the fact that they bear leaves and flowers, and arise in the axils
of the true leaves, which
Fifj. 59. — Compouiul leaf of Garden Pea.
n stipules ;/(J<'i leatlels ; /i>- leaflets convc-rteci
into tundrils. In this leaf the terminal icndril
is wanting. (After Deniiert.)
iCii are inconspieUoUb ;,eales.
^growths.
uaiiy RosL'S
i over them
L', rt'j)rcsL'nt
;9) arc pin-
ie positions
c occupied
leaflet and
re pairs of
ts are taken
inal tendril
re pairs of
'he tendrils
therefore,
niorphosed
Bndrils. —
of the
arise in
eaviK, and
modified
of Bryonia
are not so
)d. They
lent meta-
t.
consists of
colourless
has short,
harp point,
ident from
in the axils
CHAPTER V
THE LIFE-HISTORY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
FKEQUENCV OF FLOWERING AND DURATION OF LIFE
^<ir/,/c. Ouuosed to^ h ^^ '"'^ r ^^'■^S"'^^'^l ^« being mono-
annuals cnn^nK..^ .u^^ 1 \ ?^^- ^'?? .-^'t-'ld Pojjpy. Some
in one veccS ivri.l. ^ ''' °[ ^'^^ ^'^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^«"«ks, so that
be derived from onTnlanr:!^'"""'^^""^ of individuals may
u irom one plant : these are small herbs, and are
39
40
LIFE-HISTORY
ii
Sration n n ' T''''^' P'°P''' ^^» P^-^^uce only one
Hf. Jv.^ "'"^'''^ vegetative season, because their
lire extends over several mnnfho a r.i ^ > yt.v.ausc ineir
and vetretates m {t<^Z months. A plant which germinates
in ifc ? ^ • '^ ^""^'^"^ ^^^s«"» and blossoms and dies
i^rr^ ^'' ^ Pi'"' ''^T'' ^-^ ^^'^'^^^^^ "^ ^'^'-^ting for seve al years ?s
termed a/>eremaa/; and if it can blossom only once Tt s
described as a momcar/>/c/>ereuHia/~e.,o: some Pa ms
PolycaiDic plants are 'all perenniail ?hey vegetate and
produce flowers and seeds season after season-. rDrdehon
British trees and shrubs. '^" -^^n^^^^on,
a Dkn't Z'fln'^PT"' '° ^^y ■^'•■^•^•^ "PO" the number of times
latter ar^ la/elyTb^^^./^ K^^ intrctmlnrpTaS ^ll^h^
tbi^o?Tuits otf "' ^' '^ ^''''''' ° '-'-^' m^an^^ f^Lt
m"; 1 ve for yearrinT? T k'^ ^''^ P^^^^^"'^'^' ^^e annual
Mi^on^til^^-^ Sjt-^r^^T^ KlSytLich t
perennial m England, is annual at St Petersburg! ^'
MFJTIIODS OF RESTING.
of Sli''"'T^' """^ '"""^'^ '■'^•^t ^"""g the winter in the form
'ome annuilsTh' '''" ''"'' ^^^^^'^'^^^ "^^ans are dead Z
.omt annuals, when sown in autumn, can pass the winter in
tht-^form of young green plants. P ^ me wmttr in
vegeSe'o?.ls'Tr'' ''^"" °"^^ ^^^^^^" P^^^ions of their
vegetative organs at the resting season. There are certnin
broad distinctions between the modes of resting of herbs ^S
of woody plants belonging to these classes ^
. Resting condition of perennial herbs. -A number of neren
nial herbs retain their sub-aerial stems and gre^leavcs dun'nir"
ngSnV XTth'^^'" manyGrassfs, and Wallflt'rt
he shoot whlh . '^" '"^J°"ty of perennial herbs the parts of
tne snoot ^vhlch are above the soil die down, and only sub
earn""Sr^ '' '''' P^"^', ^^°"''""^ '^ -iLt at the /estrng
season. Herbaceous perennials may rest in the form of sub
ckweed and
;e only one
cause their
I germinates
ms and dies
e.g. Turnip,
eral years is
' once it is
ns.
2getate and
Dandelion,
)er of times
be annual,
)ngst these
lants which
rest during
ct, they act
the forma-
the annual
nnial : e.g.
y, which is
1 the form
lead. But
winter in
ns of their
re certain
herbs and
■ of peren-
^es during
'allflowers
le parts of
only sub-
16 resting
n of sub-
LIFE-HISTORV
terranean shoots :--rhi/omes (^ .r i^ a v ^
I'otato), bulbs {e.,r HvacS n ^ ^.^"^^-^''^nX tubers {e.^r,
form of roots. ^ ■^I„rhefoImvw' <'-^^' }^\^^^^)~or in \he
underground parts ind up hoo,/wh-\''?'^^^ '^'^^°" ^hese
orthe sol, a J bear folia^iatr ndt'werf " ^'^'^ ''''' ^^
Besting Condition of Trees ami ol^! l r
woody plants a considerable part of ^h ''"7^" l^^"*^""'^'
persists during winter ThpuLf . , sub-aerial shoot
covered with icales r;presen ?h ^ ' r'"' '"^ '^" b"^«' ^^^^^^
of these vvoody plants she^^^ '? -"^ '?^ «^ «hrub. Some
sets in-.,,, Hazel and Larch and nT'^-^^r , ^^^°^^ ™'-^
Others retain their green Icavi^H ' "^"f "'^^'^ ^^ deciduous.
termed evergreensleTlV.TyLT'"^.''^''\ ^"^^^^"' ^"^ are
But even he evergPc^en do nn/ ^?'^ ^"^^Z ^°-^' ^"d Heaths^
leaves for an indeSe period ''?'" '^"u^^°'^ ^^ ^^eir
drop Off, so that a green^ Sts ^^^ /^'l ^t^: yl^T ''^''
METHODS OF VEGETATIVE MULTIPLICATION
ouuSS?:?i -i^- in-se in "T^er with-
become separated from the SSZt bvT'"; °^ ''^^' ^^'""^
wh.ch connect them with the laUe" Th '^T^ °^ P""'"'
younger sections, having prodnr. J : ? ^^^ disconnected
distinct individuals pt^examle thf,^^ '^''' °^^"' ^^^°"^-'
Strawberry-runners may deca^^ank ,h ^7?/"^^?°^^^ °^ ^^e
nodes consequently become semmt V '"^ '^°°'^ ^^ ^^e
decay of those parts of the stem whth P^"""''' /^ain, the
a Potato with the mother plant h 7. h^ '°""''^ '^'^ '"^^^'"^ °f
tuber can produce a new VotTto pfan f""'"' ''f'^ ^'J '^'^
plants young bulbs arise in the ax is J/*:^!"^"^^ '"bulbous
number of little brlbs mav inn^.f -^ [ '^^^'^^ •'^^^'^«' or a
one scale; in eitb^'r casTTheT ^k'^'^.'' u^ '^^^ ^" '^'^ ^^'1 of
separation^ofthechlXbu^hs Th °/ '-^^ °'^ '^"^'^ ^^'^ds to
the Hazel, Poplar n d Rn"' I*"^ horizontal lateral roots of
the so-called 2'.-^^^^^^ g,^« ^f^rect adventitious shoots-
assume the apperrLcf o^^ rarl'^ho^Ts' ^
become separate individuals h^ 2 a - 7^,^ ^"^''^'"^ may
root and the productio.w^- ,h.^ . f • "^''^"^ °^ *^« connecting
their own Stemf '' CutuW?''"^?^ 'T '' '^' ^^««« of
'liustrate the vegetative'^Cu^Ltt^n^S ^^^'^"^^^' ^^^
i 1.
42
LIFE-HISTORY
ORDER OF SUCCESSION OF EVENTS.
,rrflu ^Ti""" n^^'u"" P'""'^ ""^ ^'^^ ^°"fi"es itself to vegetative
growth and finally bears flowers and fruits. Even in each
vegetative season a shoot tends to adopt the same course of
.^nd^'tV S "' vegetative buds flush, the foliage-leaves unfold,
and the stems e ongate, and eventually the flowers open
In some plants this order of succession in one single veieta-
Tntr'TiJ' '''''"^'u^ '^^ ^°^"^^^ "^^y appear before the
lomTcheJl^fe's." '" ''' "'' ^^'^ '^^ ""'''''' ^''"°"^' ^^
CHAPTER VI
THE FLOWER
FLOWER OF A BUTTERCUP (Figures 6o, 6i).
ronsIlTr"?'"^ the flo^^■cT of a Buttercup, we note that it
consists of four kinds of members inserted laterally upon a
_ central axis. This is
//•Ss,,-'"" ^'^tit-'n with particular
V n. JQ) ^^^^"^"^^^"^ if ^^'<^ tut the
flower down the centre
(fig; 6i).
The portion of the
axis which bears these
lateral members is
termed the receptacle
{r\
The outermost series
of lateral members is
formed by a whorl of
Dissected flower of Buttercup.
five small, green, leaf-like sepals {sp. cat)
Standing immediately within the gaps between the five
sejjais, and thus al-
ternating with them,
are five yellow, leaf-
like petals (/. cor).
Again, within
these succeed
numerous yellow
stamens {and).
Each stamen con-
sists of a stalk— the
filament (/)— and a ''■'''
head — the anther
(«)• The young
anther has four
closed little cham-
pollen- -o •-"-"""='-"u'ioi newer or iJuttercup.
wx-which contain innumerable microscopic rounded bodies
43
Fig. 6i.-Vertica! section of flower oflJuttercup.
jfr
44
THE FLOWER
ll
siyollen basal portion-tlic; ovarv (o,^ Th. „ * * "^ "' ""^
directly on thJrccei>tirl,. Th ' '' r"" °™y '" nisertcd
which containVa miim ■. \"™''^ "j™'" '' '^'"^^'-'d -chamber
attached to I floor '" '^'"g-shaped body-the ov,.le {„)-
FLOWERS OF THE SCOTCH PINE (F,cu«ks 63.67)
a„cl':nTrs.ru«u'-;e'™!.';l|.'''r' rr '-■"' '"'■'■--• '" wear.
a short taV ^^T^t^:^^'^^ ■
for they pos ess pol Ln sa- tT Y'^' 'f^^''^ ^^''^ «^^"^-"«.
simple aiis-tL rece^^^^^^^^ >k ^""'-"'n '^^"^ ^""'^^^ts of a
stamens. At its base the ~n'^^ f -""^^ "'"''""^'^'d '^^-"^^^'
short portion o the axifh'fl'^^"'" 'n ^°»ti""""« ^vith a
are attached. '^^'^-the flower-stalk-to which bracts
The carpel-bearinff flowers (TiL'- f.'y r yP\ ^ ^
present the appearfnce oTetS rt.dd.^? b^'s "ST' "^''
(fig. 65) arises in the axil of a scale i '^mni;. . ^ ''''"'
tmuous with a sho-t stnlL- . k; i u ^. ^'^'•'^ ^^ ^on-
Above these brIrN t • ' ^''^'' ^ ^^^^' tracts (..).
pecu.iarX^b;:-,-t^rSr\=h^efL^^^^^^^^^^
pe, the polleii-
ti to escape in
ly small green
portion of the
in a minute
inected by a
) — with the
fy is inserted
3sed chamber
^ ovule {<)) —
!nt in appear-
Js of flowers
those which
es clustered
e flower witli
{sc). The
bears simple
erted lateral
> pollen-sacs
ire stamens,
insists of a
iged lateral
lous with a
hich bracts
' cones, and
Each cone
xis is con-
bracts {sc).
> scale-Jike
imber con-
3f which a
upper sin-
v). These
ules. The
THE FLOWER ^^
receptacle. ' ^^^'"-^ '' ^^ntmuous with the
DEFINITION 01- A Vl.Q\\VA\
a bract (.,,. Scotch Pine, Hyac n^S Thn. tl '"^ "-''^^^ ""' ""^
\p) Ihey are often distinctly leaf-like in fnrn, (.
and^peta. of the Buttercup, stai^en. and Jp^^of ^llt Sh
arrt^STfcllj Pfandr"" 'T'^' •"^™^"'' "'h-h are
"gcu uKc leaves and assume forms intt^rmorii^f,. k >.
leaves, bractsr:nd"seS n ^ WhL^ w't:^^ 'rh'^"^^^-
numerous lateral floral menibers wh rh • ^^f'^'^^ ^^ere are
medkte between petals a "dstimLs'"' "^ '"" '"^ ^"^-
fo/ms Vr wS^he^S r r-%P-"l- abnormal
modified rsucnowersirf^ I a ""^ ^"^'^ ^^'^ ^^^rangely
"l)ouble'Bu?tercup^^^^^^ f ^^''"S ''^^''^^''^-^- I"
petals; i„ green roses l^Zl f ^ '^'''"''"' ^""^ '"^^P^aced by
^d") I nfpr.l fl!! 1 ^[ ''^ '''^''^^ appear in place of carnels
thiy ia o' budsT t • '^''^-^ 'T °^^"^^^ leavesti^hai
fli budrSo^^j^^^ -|y ^-- "^ -- monstrous
Ihus the position of a flower and the arrangement of its
HI
t i
46
THE FLOWER
Si^'fZT^ '^' f""™""-' "^fi"'"- °f^ flow r:^';
It IS apparent that there is a frn nrriiff u -^""^rcup,
carpels They are tvne. of tlf f clifference between their
flower, the HaJzel gZZT Jri'T' I ^^^^ ^^e Wall-
!|-l
!jsj
CHAPTER VII*
GYMNOSPERM^
CONIPERjE (PINE lAMILY)
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and inconspicuous naked
cLchnous Howers. The ovules are borne on open carpels
Type: SCOTCH PINE {FI^-US SYLVESTRIS).
Vegetative Characters—A tali evergreen, resinous tree
(Consult fig. 62 for an explanation of the following descr^i
CP
Fig. 62.-Diagram of branching o^ Pinus sylvestris, also showing
the position of flowers. *
i!,° W. Jk"" f'''''^l ^'■^"^^es (lateral long-shoots) are arranged
m false whorls. Ihe vegetative shoots and leaves are of two
* Beginners should omit f^his chapter.
47
i-
— "*-' r
48
GYMNOSPERM/E
(AV) ) enters into VreL'n^ ^^ ^f^ ''T' ^""^-^^^^
axillary buds form i whoHin. n ' • ^ '''"'^' beneath it the
Th.se%c.nnnaT buds" and t la^' '"" ""' T'' ''''^''^ '^"^«-
develop into cones), 'g'ow out t t! > 'foli' ^ •''"P^'"^' ^"^"'^ ^«
long-shoots. ConseauenTlv hi /«Jlo>ving year to form
lonl-shoots denotefr Lumber o?"v"' "'r''"' ^'^"'''^ ^^
stem which bears them i k . ^ '' "^ ^'''"^^'^'^ ^^ the
three to the number thui b nin r^""' "^'^^^"^^^'•y ^^ ^dd
the age of a tree becau e no fn u T ''''^' ^« ^^^^^^^te
ee, Decause no false whorls are formed till the
end of the third year of the
me ot the main stem. In fig
62 the part of the stem above
the top whorl of branches,
and opposite j. is a one-year-
old sten ; that part (11.) be-
^^^'5^'\tne uppermost whorl
and the second whorl is a
two-year-old stem, and so on.
Inflorescence and Flowers.
— Ihe staminate and carpel-
iary flowers have been described
on page 44. They arise in the
axils of scale -leaves on the
long-shoots. (Consult fig. 62.)
Ihe open flowers are found
only on the young shoots of
the current year. The car-
pellaryflowers(^,ry) are small
erect lateral cones, often two
or three together, immediately
behind the terminal bud of
the long-shoot. They occupv
positions similar to the lateral
buds which would grow out to
lorm long-shoots. But the
staminate flowers (m) are in-
basal parts of the long-shoots'^of'lh^*^'''"^ °" '^^ ""^'^
is, they are just above ?hl ''""''"* year -that
;' e just above the uppermost false whorl of
64
Fig. 64.— Stamen of ditto.
I
.'tative season
ral long-shoot
L'ncath it the
resting buds.
)ting such as
year to form
e whorls of
uwth of the
'ury to add
to calculate
■med till the
year of the
em. In fig.
stem above
branches,
a one-year-
irt (ii.) be-
nost whorl
^vhorl is a
and so on.
i Flowers.
Lnd carpel-
n described
irise in the
-s on the
lilt fig. 62.)
are found
shoots of
Ihe car-
I are small
often two
mediately
I bud of
-y occupy
he lateral
ow out to
But the
) are in-
he more
ar — that
v^horl of
CONIFERJ.;
branches,
vegetative
and occuj)y positions
')ranrhes. Above the
66
49
taken by dwarf-shoots on
spike-hke inflorescence of
65
staminate flowers, a
few foliaged dwarf-
branches are seen.
On older shoots, two
to three years old,
the spurs (/-/) or scars
of the fallen stamin-
ate flowers denote
the points at which
the latter were at-
tached. Thus a car-
pel lary flower takes
the place of a lateral
long-shoot ; whereas
a staminate flower
replaces a vegetative
dwarf-shoot.
Pollination and
'ts consequences. —
The flowers are pol-
linated bytheagency
of the wind. AVhen
ready for pollination
"1 May, the carpel-
liiry cone stands
erect (r, cP). Its
axis (receptacle)
^'longates, and thus Fig. ej.-Vertid
causes the carpels ■"'•-'otch Pine,
to separate to n f;^' ^^-""Carpei of ditto,
slight extent. The '^^^^^i^'jH^^.:!:' '-" -'■ ^^>
^; th the integLents o "he oS
^^l\htly, and carry the poHen towards fh.f'^TT^' ""^' "P
-that is, towards the bottom of th • ^ ?^ '^^ ""^"^""-^
t'^^ Pine, the pollen-grai^S r^Ict ^ Sj^^^^i^
D
•section of carpellary
r
■1
ij
i'i
i
!
SO
GYMNOSPERM.K
in Angiosporms it is conveyed only as far as the stiL'mi Aft^r
po ..KU.on the carpels again close' together, an d ^ pWe^'
scal.s beconie hard, greci, and woody. JCach cone crtdua K
set scales become brown m colour. Finally, the hard brow ■
scales separate at their tips, and allow the sc'ed to l^ set free
I he escape of the seeds does not take pl„.e till more thin a yet
after pollination ; a few seeds may escape in the Oct ur ?f .V
tret till about two years subse(iuent to pollination, when th,.
woody carpels gape apart as they dry. The fruit of ?£ Tne is
wind 'Z^'^-'r if "' ^'"^ '""^ -^'d« -*-• scatteS by 1
wmd, the wind blows the seed, causes it to spin, and so
delays its journey to the soil. In addition, the co^ne droo off
and are blown along the ground, shedding at the same dm^
any seeds they may contain ^
I (.
CHAITHR VIII
ANGlOSPERMj;
INFLORESCENCE
'oor-HKui's ^\eatlK■r-.ass O Vh ^^ ^^''^^Kc-lcaf, as in the
described as an /..>..,-,^,'^^^^ ^\ Kro»p of /bwcrs is
and an inflorescence lie^ tn fh • ''"^"^'""» '^^'tueen a flower
flower is unhranchedrwhlt^r"'"^^ ^^ ^ -
-^^"'^^hed. The axis W ^flo J^ ";^ ^^ an inflorescence is
''t> axis of an i.iflorescence bear, hi ^T^ ^'"^.'"■^ ' ^^''^^''^^^^^
hracts. We may therefore rVfin T' ''^°°^'"' "^ t'^^' 'i^'"ls of
•shoot: set apart CtheTurte^^^^^ ^^ '^^ '^^^^^'h^-d
»>y means of seeds. lie a v<' °[ '^'^°"^P'"^'^>"g reproduction
an inflorescence may h ^^n^y ^ ^"^'^"'"^' ^h^' "^^in axis of
■s'-oj, in which ca"> i ° a STo'V"? ^'^' ^""^ °^ ^ ^^''V^
and Wallflower ; or the inflor? .. ''''^/W-^,^, Foxglov,
I-f, when it is descrtd a° ^J^:;;;; "'Y -^ i" the axil^f a
Just as a vegetative stem n 1 ~ -"T' ^'''' ^"^ ^^'i^-^'l-
cyniose manner^ sSmay a renn!:i ?"'^ "-^ ^ '■^^^^"^^'^^ or a
that a flower represents \ TrL^ T ^^'■'^- ^^-memberinK
!-.sition of bud, 'i r ^sv n fi ''^""'' ^"^^' «^'^"Pi-^ 'he
inflorescences (comi^are pV aG^ "' "''^'"^"^^^ ^"^ ^>'«^o«-'
^. RACEMOSE INFLORESCENrES
-5^gM.^^hs ;fti^^Swnd £:rr^'" ^^r ^^^^^^ --
pf branches. These branch. .^n, !k ^ ^""'^'derable number
"^ the Hyacinth, in which eae "'^>'. themselves be flowers, as
ypt. Ur the maui inflorescence-axis
SI
-;t (I
' i .
m
!i^
5« RACEMOSE INILORESCENCES
may !> ir lateral inllorcsccnn s in place of flowers, as in the
71 7a
73
74
75
Fijis. 6y75. I (iagraiiis of Kacftnose inflorescencL's. Thu arrows denote the
general order of succession in the openinR of the flowers.
Parsley, and the inflorescence is described as being compound
racemose.
I. Siftiple Racemose Inflorescences. — The main axis of the
inflorescence directly bears a number of flowers.
{a) The flowtirs are separated by distinct internodes, so that
the axis is elongated.
(a) The flowers are stalked (fig. 70) = Raceme.
Examples — Hyacinth, Foxglove.
(P) The flowers are not stalked.
(i.) The main axis is not fleshy (fig. 71)
= Spike.
Example — Spikelet of Grasses.
(ii.) The main axis is fleshy (fig. 72) = Spadix.
Example — Arum.
RACEMOSE INFLORESCENCES
(iii.) Am//t/,, (IlK. 13,,^) is an inflorescence
^_ar|) diary, flowers : after floworinLr it
•siially drops off as a whole. ft
racemose m type, hut in the axils of
single, flowers, in ^,•hieh ,,., ,« the catkin
(/') The flow '' ' --on^Pound in lorescenc ■ . "'^'''
(0 TheJo.ers are «et close together .n . shortened .ain
(a) Thi; flowers arc sCiikod _ n,,^ ,
a terminal flower in ,he „floreSc! a'^
-et ;yT:r'"">- ^ -'^--s ;i„„t
{R\ Th fl Example-Ivy.
Examples — Sunflower (fig ,08 x
Dandelion (flg. .53), i^ais'f '°^^'
II. G?;«/^,^//^ /?r7^m^.fe? Inflorescences 'V\.
he mflorescence does not itsdfTe^r fl "~ i "'^'" ^^'^ ^^
branches which are inflore cences ''%',^"^^'^'.'-'^' '^"^ has lateral
>ng of the inflorescence ^?t!4wl t7 ' "?^'" '>'t^^' °^ ^^'-^nch-
inflore=ccnces winch are spikes (fig. 23,)
Example-Wheat. = °''"««'»»4 Spike.
I
Hill
54 CVMOSE inflorescences
(/^) The main axis has its lateral inflorescences set closely
together to form an umbel, and the lateral inflor-
escences are in turn umbels (fig. 73)
- Compound Umbel.
Examples— Parsley, ( 'arrot.
lit
B. CYMOSE INFLORESCENCES.
In this type of inflorescence every axis grows only for a
limited, de^m/e period, and terminates in a flower: each axis
possesses only a very few (usually one or two) branches, and
i/
79
80
these latter grow morr strongly than the inflorescence-axis which
bears them. Usuahy the flowers at the apex of a cymose
inflorescence open before those on the branches, so thai they
do not open in acropetal succession. ^
■ There are three main types of vymes
BRACTS
55
(i) Several -branched. The nnfn JmA^
more than two branTt ("fig /, «;-— --.s has
Example-Some SpiJes ^^'
(2) 1 vvo-hranched. The nviin Vnfl^
one branch (fig .78 80 g'-''™"''-'^''''' ''•'"' <>"'>■
1 he so-called sa„-J.i„id „,„e of the Borace
cha u„f . T' '■■■"'•'"'>• ''-■«»^"«' - "^ S, ■"
fig^ 80 and^8,t« "' ' ''""'°"'"'" <^™''='-
esc'enc71T .■J;err(:;i'dat"e*? "".'" ^^^^^^ ■""-
different types The m W?. ; i^' '^ "^florescences are of
a several-ll^Ln^hed cyme Ld rT""'{ ^^^ ^^^-P'^' "^ay be
and their branches uS/feKK '^''^"^"^J^^niay be dichasia,
Spurge). Frequently rLt"[nr"°'''"'' -^"^ '" ^^^^^ ^^^'^^
and the lateralinflorescenr?. . "^^^'"^''^^i'^^S^ /■'^ a dichasium
Dead Nettle family) ' ' monoehasia (as often in the
BRAn\S.
Wal^SeSmnr ti;;"lr' ^""^^'? ^T P^^^ -)• I" the
bracts. In cT, ula the .tl^^^^ '' ^'■''^"^■"^'^' ^^^^'^ of
tending bracts as in the )^r 'ru "^"^^ ^*^ ^^'■thout sub-
reached in'he A^um here at \ ^^' u^PP^'^'^^ ^'^^reme is
the inflorescenl Caniu,l ! f ^ract-the ./^//..-encloses
set collectionrof brarff a^ "T''"^' "'^"'^"^ ^'^^^^ closely-
may have I it^nvSlucr^^^^^^^^ ^^>'" single floweJs
A'.//^7^^-On mg^^^^^^^ ^•^Z";' '^■^ ^'- the Mallow.
ihefirltWof abranSh n M? already been mentioned that
-ue axis. This viell^'L u:;:Sc^b;iJ5^i;S:e". '^P^' ^"^ ''^^' ' '^^ ^'^ '^ ^
\\\m
56
BRACTS
prophylls on its sides, as is shown in fig. 08 L and is
clearly seen in the Violet Cfig i eS o\ 'ru ^ ^ I ^, ^
therefore bracts occ„pyi„^'i"fi^-,:f44„snh;fnZS
CHAPTER IX
THE FLORAL LEAVES
PERIANTH
and carpels compo e he *X2"*tk°"'"'^? "'= ■^'™«"-'
CALYX.
The whole collection of spnnio k i
constitutes the ,a/j,r. In its s^mnW "^'!i? -^^ ^ ''^^""^''^ flo^v^^r
sists of a whorl or spiral of i^^^. •''°"'^"'°» the calyx con-
cup, Poppy), whichT^e^lSt' th'f '^'^'f ^^•^^- ^""-
relatively broad bases. The cal x t^"'^'^-^^^ "•'^"^"^ ^y
se/>a/ous. Often, however tLJ^, i ^^^'' '^'^ ^o be /^//.
a more or less cup-likTcaiyx (V ^ 7n vvf ' "^ ^^"^'^ ^^ ^rm
are then described ^sh^^^^^^^
calyx ,s gamosepalous it Ts^iuX<?n m ^''"" ^^ ^^^" ^^e
number of sepals which comnrkt I ^^ ''^^^ ^° ^'^^^^t^'"" the
the cup a correspond^. nuK ^ !. ^r'"'' ^^^"^ ^^^^^ ""^ ^^
^eth, protrude. For exLnle th ''*" P^'^ions, lobes or
Dead Nettle has five lon^Te^eth lt,^^""^«.«^P^^,«"« calyx of the
The sepals may forrfsTnlVwh '?"?'' °^,^^'^ ^^P^^^-
-ore (e.,. five in\he Bmt:^) m:mbl^"%^^-'^^- i^°P^>> ^
the flower has more than one whoH nf , ^"^^'^ frequently
flower, in which the sepals fornr. u '1^'"''' ^^ "^ the Wall-
the other hand, the sepals m^vh ""'^"'j^ ^^ two each. On
In the case of ZfolTrs'o^lZTf'^ ^" I '^'''^^ "^-""-
•serves to protect the inner par^s ofT ^f'"'' '^' ^^'>''^ "merely
;s m the bud-condition. When th^-'^'," ^.°'''' '''^'^'' the latter
'— called for. h.r^us^.Zno'FT'''''''' ^"""^'°" '« "«
^ back, as in so.; tttX^^^rir^; 1'^ ^^"'^^'^
Iong(
may
the
57
m
"^^II'-IBI -■ftBRWsmK
S8
COROLLA
i
IX'Sj'/oTjir "'''" "'^- >°™g- flowers are crowded
he im-r k f Tl""" P™"-'<:'''"i on ti.e part of the ralv "
are sairl tr. 1.,. i / / / • . • •^- ^^''^^''^/•*' ^"^I ^//AWr^//6' and
of p"^/' ,'' .^; ,(r; ; :?,,' -^^ -- *;7 1-*-,, ,he fu,„.ti„„:
Woiifl r ., o " ciuract tne notice of inserts Tn th..
? «es 3 "' ' '"■" "'■ ""^ '^'l"'-' "="" 'o he sa"l kea th r
which possesses n rim).. ..f "^^'"'n ^n^. 129), the flower of
A^//... i^pbceo?t e ohx rl '" ^■"^J^.^^irS forming the
o/n..frui^y\^^^::}^:^^^ -ds in the dispersal
^//m/,'a-._Out..de tlie calyx of a flower there sometimes
rYv 1 "l^"^^f -Vl^P^^e"^')- forn^ing an outer calyx,
L < ^ V; "" , ^ '' ^"°:^'" ^s the epicalyx. The epi
calyx of the Mallow (fig. '163 i) is in ream-
o bracts. Ihe epicalyx (fig. 82 f/>) of the
Strawberry-flower consists of a whor of five
mall green members, which alternate wih
flatter: in this l^il::ir^^^3^^^^^^^^^^
flower, as it is a portion of the calyx. ^ ^ ^^'^
COROLT.A.
'i'b.e whole collection of nptnl« r^f n .■ i n
narrow base • often it i. h; f • u , , ^'?^^'''t^'d by a relatively
narrow portion (./)-h: ^T^'"'"^"^'^'' "^^^ '^^'« P^^^^'^' ^ lo-e^
Ihe petals form a single whorl (<■.,. But.ere,,,, Primrose) or
„. —.—Calyx ill
epicalyx of Strawberry
COROLLA
floral leaves ;^n «^"tinuous spiral of
KiK.83,--Pee;,or plants Tc^onSolh 'T. ''"T'^^^^'^ «^ ^^'^i^'h
, ^ "*";-- W-familyral i!'e ted T^^ "^^ ^^^-
Parsley compare fig. i8t)hisar.l vv / N • f^^ ^"^^^^'^ "^ the
green ring with five minute ?^tlt^.^ ^ , '" ''^'^/°'""^ °^^^ small
petals alternating vvilh ' ' ''"'^"^ ^°"^''*t'^ "^ ^ve white
the calyx-teeth. But the
flowers of some other
representatives of the
same family, though they
possess five white floral
leaves occupying the
same position with refer-
ence to the stamens and
carpels as in the Parsley,
yet have no appreciable
nng of teeth to corre-
spond with the calyx of
this plant. It is dear
that m this case the single
..r^^l^^T^rS^,,-'!-,^^,!:;;-; of Potato :
anther; o,> = ov^ry ; sjr~.iija ' ^'"'^''""' "^
— _. i.. Lin.>, ease tne Smgle •'">'"" ; <^^ = ovary ; .r=stism-i ' ^"■=1'°"''' "f
penanth-whorl of five white AodI l.o,,
-d the calyx is absem Simt 1?"; TT'^' f' 'T''^'
"The"cJ!iTr"^-^'^^" - "b-"''(% t,/'"^^-'""'^>'' ^'^^'
consXtfs Tt^:^^^^^^^^^^^ -cier the flower
H'hen the flower does not irofirhl'" ""^ 'r''"^'' ^'''''^'^^' «")•
small and inconsoicuo.^. .^ ° ^ insect-visits the corolla is
Of absent, as Tt£e Haze pf "" '°"^" "^ ^^^' Violet,
-^t^rih^UiS^^^^
^y the attractive Z-f^.----^^
i^
6o
FLORAL LEAVES
i
■-' i
Stamens, or bright-coloured bracts Omsinn.iiv iu . ^
puureu out Dy the nectaries — ^.."-. sour of ^r. VJr.!^' t a
l^^:RfANTH.
whiS:^^i^S'';;''^? 'f °^ '^^'° °^ "^°^^ ^^°^^« «^ "^embers
wnicn are all ahke, the latter are termed perianth-leaves >.v..
iwfXVls'oi:?! ''^"^f '^ '^^^ PeL.?hf composed' o
d ffe en?k ed in^ fh ""''' ^^^^^^^jt^-t'^" ^^^1^^, and cannot be
amerentiated intu three sepals and three petals. The nerianfh
may be brightly coloured (A/a/./^), as fn Tulips Lills and
H,acmths; or it may be green (seJ>a/o/d). If the perianth
eaves be separate, they are said to bf /./i^^/n^L-.^Tuhp
of^fpl^Tr ^''^''^''' H8)-Flowers may be devoid
^, sepals ---^.^^. some Compositae; or mthout petals T^
C^fmf^s; finally, they may possess no perianth whatev"^ £
ltrsTtheV;;r'd \l ^^V^^'-^^- the stamefbl^ri .
iiuvNers oi ine Hazel and the Petty Sourpp -^rx^ tv^ f[^ r
f.„, ,„„,„,,,„„ s„,,, fl„„.^^^ c'onffi'olSy o*o„e o ror°e
stamens or carpels, or both of these, inserted upon a receptr/e!
ANDECECIUM.
« J"'' ""'^'="°" "' ^'™'"^ °f ^ «»■- ^o-titutes the
=^s:!>rSi;^.,,,:iii^£^^^
generally consists of two halves or Mes, and each half has r'^^
pollen-sacs in which the pollen-^rain ,r.t^L,f(^!'l::
Occasionally an anther represents half a compkTelnhSr 3
^liL petals
example,
re honey-
inally the
h<: honey
Li otjier
: accord-
corolla is
■e.g.
ANDRCECIUM
!'>g- Ss.-Part of a
stamen with the top „r
the anther cut off.
possesses only two pollen-sacs-.,. Mallow and Ha.el The
.,, two lobes of the anther are connected 1 v !
./ continuation of the filament, which is teried
^ the.....,../.e..(..). The connective may ;
a narrow, almost imper- — ^
H ceptible, continuation of
the filament, so that the
two halves of the anther
are close together ; or it
may be wider, and thus
cause the anther-lobes to
be clearly separated. Oc-
casionally the connective
above the rest of t;;L^:!^&:f-f
another'^rT "'"^ ^^ ,'^P^^^t.d from one
another or they may be united by their
filaments or anthers. In the Mallow (fiT
i6i) and some of the members of the Pef
family, the filaments of all the stamens in a
as to'form onf K ^% ^ S^^^" distance so -p.n. po„e„ (,,
famny (fig. T) nhlf o7 t^" T' f*^^'^ "^^^'-^ «^ ^^e Pea-
/J^g. «7; nine of the ten stamens are similarly united
"'''•*'^'*^ («^A /) by their filaments,
but the tenth is separate
(A «). In the Daisy-
family the filaments of the
stamens are separafb, but
their anthers cohere (fm
202). ^ ^'
Like the sepals and
petals, the stamens may
form one whorl— .j,r violet;
whorls in the Wallflnw,.r ^ •°'" ^"^^^^^^ ^^'horls (two
„ — • - Lonei-
tudmal dehiscence of
anther, showint; the
escaping pollen (p).
Fig. 87.-Flower of Garden Pea, with calyx-
ana corolla removed.
r m
if
62
FLORAL LEAVES
a nt
cum consist., of six stamens, of which two have shorter Hlaments
(at) than the ren.ainmg fotir (..,)• Many men.bers oTthe
rrv^ /:\^ l^oxglove— and Dead Nettle-family (figs
191, 193) have flowers with four stamens
two of which have shorter filaments!
Again, in some members of the Geranium-
tamily, the flower may possess five stamens
with anthers, and five without.
Dehiscence and insertion of the anther
— \\ hen the anther is ripe, the pollen-sacs
open in such a manner as to permit the
escape of the pollen. Usually each anther-
lobe opens by one split down the line
which denotes the junction of the pair of
pollen-sacs (figs. 85 d, 86) : its dehi.scence
IS longitudinal. Occasionally the anther
opens by small circular holes— t'.^'-. Potato
; .. r^^''/^,/''\- ^'''' dt-'hiscence \^ porous.
corolla removed : «=nec. <Joors or valves— ^.j,--. Barberry • this de
"^vL;'n=rtfrioU.'^' ^^'^^'^"^^ i« f '^^'^^/«''. When an anthei^
of the flow.r \,. J'^v"' °" ""^^ ^^""^ ^^^'^'■^^ the centre
fnserted T'Sh '" ^"°'^\^--P<'- An anther which ^
1?1 . ? u " "'"'"'■•'■ 'hat its lobes and pollen-sacs
appear to face the centre of the flower is described ^u/ro^f.
when the pollen-sacs appear to face the periphery rf the floweT
anthers hwhitr"'^' 'JP^''^'' *'-™ ^™-"^ a^hird clas° o
anthers, m which two pollen-sacs face the centre of the flower
and two face the periphery. Frequently the direttion of
an he?T. 'rt"''?™"^ "'* ^^' '"'^'^ °f insertion of the
anther, but thi.s is not invariably the ca.se' for pv»mn.
though an anther with introrse dehiscence is 'often found o
be introrse in insertion, it is not always the case.
Ifl
GYN/ECIUM
63
APOCARPOUS GVN.ECIUM.
thcy//i,7;/./, which is connected }J\i '/nT."'^ '■' ^"'"'^^'d ^y
pod-shaped ovar^, 'VlTovat ^rl'" ''"^^''^''^ ''''^' ''^'^ ^he
smgle cavity, inihich are a nnmh '/ ''^T'^ ''^''^^ ^^'^h a
part of the ovary upon vhLh tt ' °^ ''""'"'•• '^^^^ P'--^^''^^^
00 ™^^V^.^?^^'^^'-^' immediately in-
90 9, f^f.f ^'^ described as the//«i,,;.
in this case the placenta assumes the
sS.!?/ "" P^^f'-^ding Hne running
'Straight up the one side of the
ofT','"^ bearing a double row
of ovules. The carpel of the Pea
ooks^ much like a small leaf' the
X^^^^^°^^hichhave folded
along the mid-nb and joined at the
nmrg„.s, the ovules being attached
to the mcurved margins. And we
a.ssume that the carpel is a leTf
which has thus become coLen
at Its margms. Figs. 89, go qt
- ^ ^ ..c carpe,s. '^o '""T"''^^ ''^^^^ b/^hich
from a leaf with marginal ovuTes A^f """"^"^ ^^^^ ^^^'" ^uilt
an open carpel, very like ZatLt?r.T''"^^o"'~ O'^^^-has
ovaries have become fruit. % " ^^ure 89. When their
and the Winter AconraJeh'lf^''^^ S' *^^ ^'^"^^'^^^ Ro'e
In a simple closed caJpelTke tfeTfh' P ^'T" ,?'" ^^^ 9°- '
corresponds to the fused marLWn. .f J ^^^; ^-^^ ^'"^ ^hich
ve,i^ra/ su/ure (fig. ng ^^? , ' • f "^ °^ the leaf is termed the
the mid-rib is ti^^J^;;,;^^^' '^-^ which corresponds to
or^::^l£^ZfZ&; T] '' ---'-^"y Hke that
Figs. 89.91. -Single carpels.
The flower of the Pei "/^.X'''^"', "'^^'■•
Buttercup has man; ^5.c:::fi;?;:;^^{;^?-!^^i
that of the
many carpt;s • but in Lvr P^'"' ^^^^ ^^ the
y arpt,,, but m both cases the gyna:cium
64
FLORAL LEAVES
is said to he a/>ncarJ>ot(s, hrrausc it is not madf up of several
carpels joined together. V\^ 92 shows an apocarpous gynai-
cium conij)osed of three cari)els.
SYNCAKpous GVN.^,cru^^.
AVhen ;t. flow' r possesses more than one carpel, and its
mm
_ irpels cohere t(..>'lher to form a single hbdy, the gyn;t(
is said to he sviorrpoiis. Li such a g\naicium the ovule-
containing pans (ovaries) of the carpels are joined together to
92 93 94 95 form a single ovary,
which isalsodescrihed
as heing syncarjjous
(%«• 93. 94, 95)- ^ut
the st;, les may remain
separate along their
whole k-ngths (fig.
95) ; or along part of
their lengths (tig. 95).
Again, not only may
the ovaries he com
plttely fused, hut also
the Sty^js, so that only
tHfe .'^ igmas remain
distinct in the form of
stigma-lobes {e.i:;. Wallflower); or fmally, the ovaries, styles, and
stigmas of the constituent carpels are completely joined together
—e.g. Primrose. The syiu ..rpou ^ ov.^ry, represer wig as it dc es
parts of several carpels, may have several chambers, each
corresponding to one carpel.* Thus the Hyacinth has three
carpels joined to form a single ovary, whio is three-
chambered; or the syncarpous ovary ma; iavc me general
chainbei, the wall of which is formed s ral carpels
joined together {e.g. Violet).
PLACENTATION.
The mode of arrangement of the ovule-bearing portions
the placentae— of the ovary is referred to under the head of
•• Rarely these chambers of the ovary are further sub-divided by additional
partitions, so that the chaml)ers )f the ovary are more numerous than the
carpels com posing it — e.g. Labia! v, Boraginacefc.
Figs. 92.95.— A Kynaeclum composed of three carpels.
|lg. 92 is ail .ipucarpous gyn.-Eciiim ; ih iher thr.;e
figiires represent syncarpous gynaici.i.
GYN.'KCIUM
65
two parietal placentas an 1 ve i 'T'^'V'^' ''^" ^^'^^^ has
ovary is syncaVustnd 1^^ ,era T^^^^^^^ . ''''^" ^^e
are attached to the central axis n^Vh '^^"^'^^''■^' ^"d the ovules
meet), the placentation fs « J^ A" °''''^' ^^'^^'^^ ^^e carpels
chamber of\n ova y o^n'uns on 1^-^'' 'f "j^^^^^' ^^ '-
to its floor, the placenta" is / / / ""''i^'"' ''^'""^ ^'^ ^^"^^'hed
when the ivary is o "J-chaml en rf ^^^^^^^^ Bmtercup). Finally,
of ovules attached t^a s^d '^1 ''■'^- ^""T"''' ^ """^^er
^he ovar>-, the place tatiori"LS'?f"^'/T ^^' "'^'^^ "^
^^/./r«/(fig 95/,.. pHn,,ose) ^ ^^ Chickweed) or >v-
« .v^. 'xtr^f^sii^n f r^^ -^'^ -^-
u.- s:sts of seven) carpels joined Sher^^Th'^^^ ^'^'"^^'""^
enable us to le how manv r ,rn P • ^ ^"^ ^ollowuig rules
of an ovary :- - ^ ^'"'^^^^ ^"^'^'^ ^to the composition
repJiems'one'can:;. ^'^ ''''''' ^^^"^^-^^ -ch chamber
(' argins) of the camen^^^^ the jomed ventral sutun-s
of carpels. ^ ' ^""^ ^^"^''^quently denote the number
thi?i'i^£^^^:^l«^;^;^ ^''-branches, orstigma.^
carpels (see next chapter) ^^^^^^"^inmg the number of
sel'ct th:rr;etf ^^:i °^ ^^e. . n.ethods, we may
with one sty... one sH.. Jn f ^""^ * one-chambered ovary
side. ^.I^^^T^:::^^;^^;^ placenta down onl:
^s apocarpous, m spite of th^^^^l l^']^ ^^ -;!
• Exceptions to this rule occur in the Labiat. and Boraginace..
3*1
i
III
\iv
66
FLORAL LEAVES
It opens along two lines. In the Wallflower the L^yncTcium
consists of a two-chambered ovary witli two parietal V;iacx'ntr
and one style with two stigmas ; in the fruit-cindition^he o uy
opens along two hnes ; therefore the gyna-cium consists 7f
two carpels which are joined together (syncarpous).
THE ABSENCE OF STAMENS OR CARPELS.
The majority of familiar flowers possess both stamens and
carpels, and are said to be mouoc/mous (e.i,-, liutterrup \Vall-
flower, Pea, Hyacinth). But the stamens and carprof some
plants do not, occur in the same flowers, which L then de-
scribed as being dnVwous (..r. Haz.-l, Scotch Pine). A plant
having diclinous flowers naturally will possess two kinds of
flowers : sMmmife flowers, which have stamens hut are withou
carpels ; and carpellary flowers, endowed with carpels but
devoid of stamens. ^ipcis um
CHAPTER X
ARRANGEMENT OF THE FLORAL LEAVES
^^^^^^^^^^^ V-> the flora,
;" .spirals, the flower si^l ^Mna I^ Y^" they are inserted
leaves are in spirals and others in k ^' '^'°"^"■ ''^ ''^' ^oral
Ov//.fe ">osrspecies of Buttercups) "'''' '^'' ^'''''' ^' ''-'''-
CYCLIC FLOWERS.
a modd or'a"?ypll itr 'tH ^f''"" "^^>' '^ ^-cribed as
example : suppose tha a flowJrnl';' "V'^'' ^" '^^^ -^
other whorl of the flower tSeshSfr^^ ^^ each
there might be five sepals five n, . ^''^ ^^""^^ '^^^'es; so
carpels. The five petals w 11 J, ^ .^''' -^f " '^^"^^^ ' ^^d five
will be succeeded bvnno V ''^^?''"^te with the five sepals and
(which are tlfr^V^^l'^^^^^^^^^
stamens will form an inner whoH an/'^n'\' '^^ ^''^ «ther
five outer stamens (and therlfore h " '''" v^^'^^^^^ the
fiMally, the five carpels wTlInL .^^'"'1^^ ^° the petals):
^^amens. ComparatSy^w cychct "^''^ '^' «^'^ ^^^^^
the three rules laid down •thov/vVK-?''''^'''.^^^^ ^ith all
(i.) Obdiplostemonr- SomP fl ^' variations,
whorls of stamens, there bein^in .n\'''u^^r\*^^'^ alternating
of stamens as the;e are petalf n a whot°K '\'''^' ""'"be?
of stamens are opposite to th^ n 7^ ' ^"^ ^^^ °"ter whorl
with thrm T ,^f .^^*^ ^^ the petals m n krp nf -i-
vvun rncm. m addition, J' k fremn^nfi, *u ^ t akcrnating
"UH^ber of ca,pe,3 is ,k -^ S''rhS%T^,'^;;^- £
67'
68 ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL LEAVES
carpels alternate with the inner whorl of stamens, so that thev
are opposite to the petals in place of being opposite to the
sepals (fig. 1 66). Such flowers are said to hQ obdipiostemonous
{e.g. Gerafiiiim, Oxalis).
(ii.) Unequal Growth.— In many flowers the floral leaves
which form a single whorl are not all alike in size and shape.
\a.s
Fig. 96.— Vertical section of flower of Garden Pea. Fig. 97.— Separated petals of ditto.
The flower as a whole, or the whorl itself, is then said to be
irregular. The corollas of the Pansy, Pea (figs. 96, 97), and
Dead Nettle are irregular. In the Dead Nettle (fig. 191) two
stamens with short, and two with long, filaments form one
whorl. On the other hand, the andrcecium of the Wallflower
(fig. 88) consists of two stamens with shorter, and four with
longer, filaments ; but the two short stamens form one whorl,
and the four long ones comprise another, so that the andrcecium
is not irregular. When all the floral leaves of each separate
sd
w
CYCLIC FLOWERS ^
^ore, IS a special example of^?n. , '^'"^^"'"^^ •• atrophy, th-re-
examples of atrophy ?,^>f""'^"^' S^^^^'th- Staminodes are
duced their anthers LT ''™''"' ^^'^^^^^ have not pro
Umbellifera. or Co^posit^ T^^ """""'^ flowers o^hj
sented byfive rn^^.Tei^'V^Z^ ?"' V'^ ^^^^"^ ^^P^-
atrophy; ,n still others no ca Ivv';. ^ '""^^ '^ ^^^ undergone
missing, and we then speak of ,h' represented, it is entirely
In the Foxglove and tl fDead Nett^frT °^ ^^e calyx^
sepals and five petals represen^<!^ • ' ^'^f"^'"' ^^ere are five
stamens occur. In earh ^ '" ''^''^ Aower, only four
alternate with two of the peaTs^sT ^'^"^" -hich LuW
and the Iris a whole whor^ of stamr'"'^' ^" '^"^ ^""^rose
former flower, the outer whorl i.T /'/ ^"PP^-^ssed : in the
the five stamens are opposS to the'fi ^''' F' '49X so that
flower the three inner staml^.! Ave petals; in the latter
that the three carpelfare op Ssft'tn'"!.^^^^ P" ^73)! so
tiv.) Fusion or Cohesion 5? hi /''''. ^^'"^^ stamens
the sepals petals, stament or caroelf ^ ''" ""^^^ ^^at
P^ace of being separate. ' OcrasSr iilv"""^ ^^ ^°"^^'"ed in
eaves formmg a whorl are so Tndm.t!/ -""^^ °^ ^^e floral
there seen.s to be a smalL°.umbe''t^ "'"•"'^ '^S^^^er that
Thus, m flowers the corolla of whTchs^wn l'' ''f^ '^^ '-^^-'
of five petals, two of the r^eZTT ■ ^'^o-hpped and consists
closely fused that thedouble'itre^^^^^^^^ lip may be so
able. In this case we know tha?7he I n . ^ '' "°' ^^-^tinguish-
either because it is opposit.^ ?. ^ J^epresents two petals
f ^ represented a s^^e ttll ^^"sh^M T ^" ""''' '^^^-^n
sepais or two stamens (see pxl^^"^ ^''"'"^^^ ^^th two
brini^d^rt^,,- ^^^^^^^^ leaves may be
more members than is real l>4e cas^ ^^'^'^'' ^« ^^P^^sen?
stamens of the staminate Haiti flf ""' instance, the four
divided down the middle, s^Lt I'' "'^ "'"^"''^^ complete?,
imagine that eight stamens wem preset fi'^ observer might
floJ^rl 1^-:^^^^^f^ ,^,,
--byc-der-th^tS^:^---^^^
Tl
70 ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL LEAVES
there should be an equal number of floral leaves in each
whorl, and the successive whorls should alternate. Often we
are assisted in comprehending the apparent exceptions to these
rules by obsen-ing the structure of flowers belonging to plants
closely related, and therefore included in the same family (see
Foxglove-family, page 157). And again we know that a foliage-
leaf commences as a single little lump on the surface of the
stem. A separate floral leaf arises in the same manner. If,
therefore, we see five lumps grow out to form the commence-
ment of the andrcEcium of a flower, and they alternate with
five outgrowths which are the beginnings of the petals, we
can assume that the androecium is constituted of five stamens,
however the stamens may cohere or branch subsequently
Symmetry of Cyclic Flowers.— If we compare the flower
of a Geranium or Hyacinth with that of a Pea (figs. 96, 97)
^^\ '^'^'Ti\ '■^g"'^"' actinomorphic cyclic flower on an axis (<i.r) in the avil
of a bract /,:.): ^;.= lateral prophylls ; fl.^ = anterior sepal ; / = posterior peu
Ihe dotted lint down the axis and over the flower is median. ^
rig. 99.— Xhe same flower showing the various floral leaves.
or Clover, we note that, in the case of the first two plants,
all the parts are regular, and are arranged in such a manner
that the flower can be divided down the centre into two enual
CYCLIC FLOWERS
and similar halves by vertical rnfe ^ • ^'
planes (directions) ; vvhlrJas L^h ""f^ ' "' '"^^^^^ different
the parts are not reS and ^h. fl '' '"''' P^""^« "^"^^d
halved by a cut made onh ^. ^ S-'"' .^^" '^^^ equally
through the middle of ' " °"^ direction-/.,, passing
the standard and be
tween the two keel-
petals. All these
flowers mentioned are
said to be syfnmetricaL
because it is possible
to divide them into
two similar halves. The
Gera?ihim and Hya-
cinth flowers are sym-
metrical in several
planes (directions), or
acttnomorphic : the Pea
and Clover flowers
are symmetrical in
one plane (direction)
only, or zygomorphic.
/Jo:.
• hr
Fig. loo.-FIoral diagram of same flower.
by the irregular" gowthbvTnn"^'^^ "?°^^^^^^ ^"^ ^-"sed
doubling of their par f*' Vhe n^^f ''^T' ^/ ^"^^°"' «^ by
divided into two e?ua Ihalvl? i? t ?•?". ^T'' ^^""°t be
(^•i'-. some members of the Pinl f ^^'1 '°t^^ asymmetrical
to have some method of dcscribn? {^^ \ '' convenient
occupied by the parts of a flowe "fnH f. ''^"'^^" P°^^^^°"«
the latter is inserted. The half of ^k ^ ''^"^ °" ^^ich
the bract, or leaf, in the axil of u^ ulu^^'T ^^''^ ^^^^^
«aid to be the a;.W haTf Ih^ u^^f ^°^^'^^ stands, is
which faces the inZescen^^ a^'f ^.^^' °^ ^^^ ^^-^^
ihe plane dividing the flower v?.- „ ^^-^ M^erior half,
and anterior halves is thf V^ '"^ T "^ P^^^^^or
the transverse plane. Whereas
S'l- ^^ P"»'^. tat on y ,r?i,'ner"''rf"-''^"''" "»"■«" p!S« fi ve
r " 11
tk
72 ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL LEAVES
the vertical plane at right angles to the transverse plane,
and, therefore, passing through the middle of the biact
and the inflorescence-axis, is described as median. These
definitions will be understood more easily if a Pea-flower
(fig. 96) be examined. The standard is posterior (nearest the
inflorescence-axis), the two keel-petals are anterior (nearest
the bracts) : furthermore, the standard is median in position,
as It IS inserted in a vertical plane passing through the middle
of the bract and the inflorescence-axis : whereas the wings and
the two keel-petals, being on each side of the median line,
are lateral in position. Thus the standard is median-posterior,
the wings are lateral, and the keel-petals are anterior-lateral
(see also fig. 98).
ACYCLIC AND HEMICYCLIC FLOWERS.
Many of the remarks made in reference to cyclic flowers are
also true of acyclic and hemicyclic flowers. But the defini-
tions with regard to the symmetry of cyclic flowers usually
do not hold good for hemicyclic and acyclic flowers, because
the divergences of the various floral leaves are not constant
throughout the whole flower. For instance, the sepals may
be two-fifths, the petals three-eighths, and the stamens five-
thirteenths. This renders it impossible to divide the flower
with mathematical accuracy into two 'equal halves. Never-
theless, acyclic and hemicyclic flowers which present the
appearance of actinomorphic flowers are usually described as
actinomorphic {e.g. Buttercup), and those which resemble
zygomorphic flowers are described as zygomorphic (e s-
Monkshood). .'o r \ •&-
FLORAL DIAGRAMS.
In order to represent graphically the relative arrangement of
the parts of a flower, we construct maps or ground-plans, which
are known ^^ floral diagrams. The simplest method of gaining
an idea of a floral diagram is to cut across a flower-bud through
the sepals, petals, stameiis, and ovaries, and then to look down
upon the cut surfiice exposed. The floral leaves will be seen
to form successive circles or spirals. Figs 100 and 101 show
floral diagrams. The sepals naturally stand at the outside,
and the carpels m the centre (compare DaL^cs i ?. i^l It is
-s 13, 14^.
FLORAL DIAGRAMS AND FORMUL.-E
4^
we at once see which is ?he °' "'"' ^'^ «°^^'^^ ^^^d-
anterior and which the posterior
part of the flower. The diagram
v^ 111 show where suppressions, etc ^
have taken place (see figs. 102' '''^^^
194, 219). * ^ '
^Estivation. - A cut made
across a flower-bud further reveals
the nature of the aestivation of
the calyx and corolla. The
sepals and petals, like leaves of
vegetative buds, may be arranged
m an o/>en, a va/va^e (fig. 102)
or an /mAn.a^e (figs. 103, 104)
manner (see p. 128); especially
frequent is the two - fifths
aestivation of the calvx ('fip rr,A ^u n •
'°3 104
lU
Fig. 101.— Floral diagram of
Garden Pea.
Figs. ioa.io4._Diagrams of Estivation.
In the bud. tb'epTstSiortL ''''"'"■ n^' fes,en^i„^-m/.,i}J,^
the lateral petal and thf ' '"" '''^'"^ ""^^^^ ^^''^h their edges
reverse, it is ascending imblSte* °"^ '' P'"'^^^^^'>' '^'
the intnion";? lh'.fan;r„i;'T'.";, ^^ ,f ^--tion of the calyx and corolla,
should be denoted; but young bSn;;;;';.^;^^!^^':!:^"' '"^''
Ifc!
m]
m
m
74 ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL LEAVES
Floral formulae and symbols—Certain symbols and formuI-B
The sL^^Kd^Vn'"^^; '"^"'^ ^'^' -or'pholoro?alT n
int signs and | denote actinomorphic and zyKomorohic
flowers respectively; the direction of the arrow serves aZ to
how the plane of symmetry. A vertical arrow | corresponds
y.th a median-zygomorphic, and a horizontal atrow !l^ wifh
a tran.verse-zygomorphic, flower. The signs c?, 2 § deiTote
respectively staminate, carpellary, and monocinous flo™
Io)llHCn:Z'\V ^'^' ^ r^ ^ -pres^thec:!;;-
Pkced immeH^n^^i ^"f «^^^T' ^"^ gyn^^cium. The numbe
placed immediately after each capital letter shows the number
of leaves in that particular whorl or spiral. If the gynrium
be syncarpous, its number is enclosed in brackets otSs^
the number is not in l^rackets; if the ovary Te inferior a horT
zontal line IS dravvn above its number, if-it^be sipedor\L Hie
ha'n t:'elve fJoril' T "'"• ''''' ^^^" =^ '^-^'^ ^^1? mo
Floral formula of the $ flower of the Buttercun
e K5 C5 Ace Goo • P'
Floral formula of the ^ flower ofThe Pea
>!' K5 Co A5 + 5 Gl '
Floral formula of the <? flower of th" Hazel
e PO A42 GO
Floral formula of the ? flower of the Hazel
e PO (?) AO G (2)
SHAPE OF THE RECEPTACLE.
DOrtfon°^tr f^^^^f .(%• io5).-In some simple flowers the
portion of the stem which bears the floral leaves-that is the
receptacle-is distinctly elongated (... Scotch Pine figs.' 63
65 ; Buttercup, fig. 61). More frequently the internodes of the
receptacle are much shorter, though the flower-stak terminates
ma rounded convex end (e.^. Wallflower, fig. i56;PopTy fig
the' Jnefn^ '^'' '''TT' ^^^ ^«7) In suchTwers
the carpels occupy not only the most central, but also the
highest, position; and petals and sepals are inserted at
successively lower levels. The flower^is then sa d to be
Ay/ogynous, and the gynjecium is superior
SHAPE OF THE RECEPTACLE
Perigynous flowers (Cicr. io6^ tu . i r ,
some other flowers is Wlo >° j o~t to fo™, f ,! "■ "?.T"""",^ "'
urn-like concave receptacle Th IjasuMike or deep
receptacle. Ihc carpels are attached to the
('ri/£&b*;?r%l73ri:otre "r^-*/'- *e base
fig. 168), of tte conclvin whik, ,h ' ''"f' ''"'**= (•■* ^"''■''
inserted on its rim ll 'e fl^ ■'' 'uP^'" """^ ?"=>'» •'"•'-■
«yn.cium is stiuXcribed a "5;:/"'" ^-<^"""«; "-
Epigynous flowers (fig io,» ^ iZ'u .u
possessing a receptacle^lichl Lowcd';,'ta",Lr ■''""■^
flowers, and the camels nrt^ n^f /„i ' f ,^ '"^ perigynous
thus fo'rmed, but 'hey are acS^^^^^^^^ ^" !'^^' ^°"^^vity
its sides Tt th, c k ^ actually fused with and coherent to
the ovlry (J ova iesoTro^ th"^""^'^^ ? ^^P^^^^^^^ ^'^ -'^ of
petals a^pWaff hey wire i3'd''' '"' ^'.^ ^^P^^'^ ^"^
ovaries). The flower Ts tT,Jn ^ k^"P°" ^^^ ^^'^^-^ («r
gynaeciim is,Tn th ca e said to h"^-'^ '■' f'^'"'"'- ^^e
199; Daffodil, fig. 21 c) it will h?'/ K^T^'""^'^' ^g-
inferior ovary reallv cnn.i.f! J .• "^^^^^at the wall of an
the receptacle. ^ °^ P^''^^"'' °f the carpels and of
an^t:^:^S^:^^;i7^" ^ypogynou, perigynous,
on the perianth-I^a^e^S;:; ar^^i^S^^^^— ^^
;'* {,
I'!
7« ARRANGEMENT OF FLORAL LEAVES
form a 'intraul °r'''^ '"^ ='™'^"' '"" ^'^'= -""- «»
Disk— Frequently the receptacle of a flower has iinnn ,>
Th "Hi^'''""?'; O"?"'"'*., kich collect" el, form the J^i]
the disk sprr^f^c u^ "^^^P^^cit j^e.^r, xose). Very frequent y
coUectLn'of neSarf ^ '" "'"" ^'^' " '^ " "-'"^ " ^
CHAPTER XI
NECTARIES-POLLINATION
NECTARIES.
honey-gland. The oetak nf vf« w ' ? .^ ^"''"'^^ ^ '^^^^«^ or
Rose assume the fo^Stf tt' which h^"'' ^"' ^'^"'^^-
and are thus nectaries Thrfl ""^'^^^^'^^ewise excrete sugar,
'SI, 152) has on^wo ne^ries wh,°K '^' Monkshood (Igs.'
stalks and represent portSns'V^^^
which are concealed beneath th.L ^^° P°«tenor petals (//),
sepal. The two anterTor timen S^K^^'r'r^-^'^^ P°«^e"or
158) send narrow baSe process (Ji! fn^jl" "^^"^^ ^«^-
anterior petal : on earh nf iu ^^^ "^'^ ^^^ ^pur of the
denotes tL locatbn of Ihe hon^^^^^^^^^^ ^. ^P°' -^ich
or Violet, we can distiUuL hl7'^ 1 ^^'''' ^" the Pansy
portions of the stamens^and matrfh" '^ ^''^""^^ ^^^^^ ^^e
/■^..//^.Z. which is The spur of th^ . ? °"'^' ^"^ '^' «^^^^^-
the sugar manufacturedTrthenectari^^^^^ t?^ ^^^eives
gold, and in Arum narf.; nf\h '^^'^^^^^P^' I" the Marsh Mari-
whilst in the ]S1K he five nfr?^^'^""' "'' ^^ honey-glands ;
(fig..i6i .). In factTsepalf pe^l^^^^^^^^^ °" ^^^ ^^^ «^Pals
partially or wholly modiC rexc^etl^^'r °' ^^t "^"^ '^^
however, the nectaries do not renresent S ^ °r^^' '^^'^''
leaves, but are parts of the receptacle Fn "' ""^ '^' ^^^^^
flower of the Wallflower (fiL 88 r .i ^ I '^^^^nce, in the
glands, each being in the form o/^ ''^ '^"'"^^^^ * wo honey-
POLLINATION.
77
i w m
I!ll!
78
CROSS-POLLINATION
V !
.■I 1;
fi
Consequently, flowers which possess stamens but have nn
carpels do not bear seeds. Whereas flowers devoid of starSens
but endowed with carpels, may produce seed. Experimem has
shown hat the ovules do not change into seeds unlesTpolIen
grams have previously been conveyed on to the st^ma for in
Gymnosperms, into the mieropvle of the ovule). The pollen
m some way exerts a fertilising influence on the ovule
Ihe transference of pollen from an anther to the receptive
;.i;i/:!;r ''''-' °^ ^ '^^'- ^^ -^--^ ^^ under ^^
Cross- Pollination and Self- Pollination. -The simplest
method of polhnation is the transference of the pollen from
the anther to the stigma of the .same flower; this is descriS
as ..///.//,;,a//.., and the flower is said to be ..//^./S^^
When on the other hand, the stigma of a flower reci4sZlk^
from the flower of another individual-plant of the same kmd i"
IS, said to be c.oss^o//i^,o,i Lastly, pollen may be t ansfe red
from one flower on to Ihe .tigma of another flower oHhe slr^e
indmdual-plant; this h ^Iviously a stage between eras -no H^^^
ion and sel -poIIin.u,-.u, hut there is no simple word c^ite"^"
m use by which to distin:,i;;sh it.
CROSS-POLLINATION.
It has been proved that in many species of plants cross
pollination leads either to larger crops T)f seeds, or to he pro
duct:on of seeds which are better il; quality than k the e^ase'
when the same plants are self-pollinated. Accordingly manv
arrangernents exist in flowers which are calculated S^Ser
Tonrtior"" '"' '^^"'^^^ ^^^ -°- invigorating 'cios:
Arrangements for hindering Self-pollination •—
(1.) Sometimes ^/le stamens and carpels do not occur in the
sam. flowers, consequently the pollen must be conveyed from
one flower to another. The stamen-bearing (staminate) and
carpel-beanng (carpellary) flowers may oc?u on ^hTsame
individual-plant, as m the Hazel, Oak, and Pine. Or the two
kinds of flowers may be on dirferent individual-plants, a in the
Willows, in which case the stamens are borne on one tree and
the carpels on another tree. °
"i";\f^^'™?.''^' '^T'""' ""''^ ^^^^^^^ ^'^ one flower
rtp.n at different times; the consequence is that, though the
Iljpf
WIND-POIJJNATED FLOWERS yg
flower possesses both stamens and nrnpk fK n
stigmas arc not rca ly for noHinSn ^Mh ' ^'^ ''"" ^"^ ^^^'
the stamens shed tLir pX." Hon th' "T"" '"•^" l^''^'''"
receive it. thc^ flower is said to h. . ''>''"'' '' ""^^^y to
family, MalW). liu Xn L .^^^ ^'''^— ^^^^ '''''^y-
anthm are ah L to dehlce t !' tT"" ■ '\''^'\ '"' ''^
tero^^vnous. "^-niscc, the flower is descnl)ecl ro-
pollen from the sLf flow' nol 1 ' ''", ' '" '^'^'"^^ ^^'"^■^^■^^
form of Primtl^'l'n^CiSof "' ^' '^'^^ "^ ^'^^ ^°"^-^y^^"d
iloS^ri'K'cLe'o?'^^^^^^^^ °^^'^ Wind- Wind-pollinated
raised above ground o tZ^^"""""'?^ ^'"^'^ "^^'^ «-^'-^
pollen to be trLspor teS thro" h Z^^U^t^ ""''''''^y ^^^
cross-pollinated. The Dollen hnfn. ^°'''^''"' ^'■^' ^^ ^e
only rarely does th niant if^.if ' "P ^"^^'^'[^0 move unaided.
violently ^as in t l^^l,::^ ""^Jt^J '""^ ^'^^
cross-pollinated bytheSr'h-''f- l^""'"''' ''^^'^ '•^'^
polliLed flower^. Plo'l vhth'are ''' ^'T^^'^ "^ ^^'■'''^-
agency of'animals ^TalM^at'^^^ ^^^
animals which are of importance in X^tf' k "^^'" ^'^^^ °"'y
of flowers are insects -^icew™^?^^^^ cross-pollination
As examples of wind SmLt^edfln'''''"^^^^^^^^ «°^^-^'-«-
Hazds,PoiJars,andGtL"^^^ "^^l TfT
"'f ) The?: ""^^-P°^!--te^ flov^efsTittv^l be' noted ttit •'"
. They are small, mconspicuous, and unseen ed *
(11.) They have no nectaries ""^-centea.
iV ?hf ^T"" '' P°^^'^^^y' ^"d not sticky.
fre^iy^o:t':f^reio:;^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ i;i3t"^-t ^"' ^r^
or^tVreldlf ^oll T r^'^^^^^^P^d. and often feathery
!l:;
i
J
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
til
IM
2.5
1.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
150mm
6'
<P
/.
*>
^^
>>
'//
y
/
/^PPLIED_^ IM4GE . Inc
.a^ 1653 East Main Street
_^=-^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
.^='.= Phone: 716/482-0300
..:^ Fax: 716/288-5989
e 1993, Applied Image, Inc.. All Rights Reserved
|\
:i>^
\
\
-''%.
f ^
<h
s
M
o\
U^'
^e
/.A
^
So
CROSS-POLLINATION
(yi.) Usually a large amount of pollen is produced.
These characters serve to illustrate the general peculiarities
of wind-polIinated flowers. The wind-pollinated flowers of
the line differ in that the pollen is blown on to the open
carpels but here the open crevices of the carpellary cone
must be regarded as exposing the large surface to receive
the pollen.
Cross-pollination by the agency of insects — Insect-pol-
^ated flowers.-The Buttercup, Wallflower, Poppy, Pea, and
Hyacinth all possess flowers which are cross-oollinated by
the a-ency of insects. They serve to illustrate the general
features of insect-pollinated flowers.
(i.) They are brightly coloured or scented.
(a.) They usually possess nectaries, for the sake of whose
honey insects visit them; occasionally (..^^ Poppy, Potato) in-
sect-pollinated flowers do not manufacture honey, but supply
their insect-visitors with food in the form of pollen.
(in.) The pollen-grains, in place of being powdery, are usually
sticky, so that they adhere to the bodies of insects.
(iv.) There is a certain correspondence between the positions
of the anthers and the stigmas of the flowers.
_ (v ) The stigma is not feathery or pencil-like, but, as a rule
is relatively small. '
, These general statements are liable to exceptions; some
msect-pollinated flowers are inconspicuous, and, so far as we
can smell, are also scentless (e,(f. Virginia Creeper). Insect-
pollmated flowers have one advantage over wind-pollinated
flowers ; they are pollinated by agents which move in definite
directions— namely, from flower to flower. Wind-pollinated
flowers are pollinated by the wind, which blows the pollen in
any direction ; so that for every pollen-grain which reaches the
flower of another individual-plant of the same kind, millions of
other pollen-grains fall to the ground and are wasted The
msect-pollinated flower can aff^ord to manufacture less pollen
and Ls more economical than a flower pollinated by the aid of
the wind. The various colours and scents of flowers not only
serve to attract insects, but they assist the insect in identifying
the flowerit wishes to visit. For example, we often see a bee
confining its visits to one kind of plant— say a Poppy— during
the whole of a morning. The fact that honey is sipped by
insects visiting the flowers, together with the fact that wind-
INSECT -POLLINATED FLOWERS 8r
members have only sfort tongu'es " to Sy ^pects TE
*e1,:ra'br.o S""^ "TT !°"S 'ongJ^-'comequen y
incy are able to discover and obtam honey which is carpf„ll„
concealed and deeply placed. Finally, many Butterflts S
can reach ho,°"»"r T" '°"S" *an 'those'of hunfble-bees
ceakd (fig. 6i), receive relatively more visits from the shor
tongued msects — flies and beetles — thnn Ho fl\ • t
deeply-concealed honey (.,. ^^Zv.. \^^ ?65)'" OppoTeS
to these flowers which are suited to the requirenients Kanv
kinds of msect-visitors are others which are speciafy adapted
me 1 ea Vetch, Clover, and Violet have their honev so whI
can'ltt T °"^r ^!-- i"^-^« -ith tolerably l^g^ tongue
can reach the nectaries (figs. q6 tcS^- fh»,r o. r. ^ ,
Pinks and the HoneysucklL are S!p Id o'rec^l' BrnteS
and^Moths respectively: their honey'is not fullyTccessible To
Comparing the actinomorphic flowers of the Buttercun with
the zygomorph.c " Bee-flowers >■ mentioned, it w"ll be noted
hat the buttercup.flow,.r may be entered f om ay ^de and
the vtsittng msect may crawl about in the flower and recei^-e
F
I
liHJI
'!'i|
83
SELF-POLLINATION
pollen on various parts of its body. On the contrary, the
'Bee-flower" is so constructed that its honey cannot be
obtained unless the insect visits in a certain special manner ;
the consequence is that the visiting insect receives pollen
on a certain definite region of its body, and may unerringly
convey that pollen to the stigma of the flower next visited.
For mstance, in the pea-flower it is the under-surface of the
bee's body which comes into contact with the pollen and
stigma ; in the Foxglove, it is the back of the humble-bee
which is pollen-dusted and meets with the stigma. This ar-
rangement in these "Bee-flowers," therefore, not only allows
the flower to economise in pollen, but it also places the pollen
and honey in a position of greater safety in regard to the
injurious action of rain and the inroads of marauding insects.
For further illustratjions, refer to Ranunculacex (p. 121)
Papihonaceae (p. 138), Labiatae (p. 155), Scrophulariace^
(P- 157). Caprifoliaceae (p. 160), Aracea (p. 180).
I
r
t
h
c
r(
a:
C(
m
T
1^1
SELF-POLLINATION.
Although in the case of many plants' cross-pollination leads
to the production of better seeds, or more seeds, than self-
polhnation, yet some plants produce quite as many seeds,
and those of as good quality, by self-pollination as by cross-
pollination. Cross-pollination has this advantage over self-
pollination, that it frequently affords- a better crop of seeds.
But self-pollination is superior in one respect, it is easily secured
and rendered certain: the pollen simply has to come into
contact with a stigma which is ready and close at hand.
The self-pollinated plant is not dependent on the presence
of another individual-plant of the same kind in the im-
mediate neighbourhood : furthermore, it neither demands the
attendance of special insects nor the influence of wind in a
certain direction to carry the pollen to another individual.
Many flowers are self-pollinated, either spontaneously or by
the agency of insects. Insects wandering over the Buttercup-
flower frequently effect self-pollination. In Malva rottmdifolia
(see page 134), and in some members of the Daisy-family,
the stigmas curl down until they reach the pollei -laden
anthers, so that the flower spontaneously pollinates itself.
The flower of the Poor-man's Weather-glass {Anagallis), if it
;*
^
i
SELF-POLLINATION g^.
the sti.ma effect s, If nn r •^'''' .^?'"'"^' '"^° ^""^^^^'t >^^ith
f!
j
i>
1
"'.
li
|ij
III
CHAPTER XII
OVULE— FERTILISATION— SEED— FRUIT
OVULE.
An ovule (figs. 108, iii) is a more or less egg-shaped body
attached^ to the placenta by means of a stalk — the fimicle (/).
The main body of the ovule consists of a central egg-shaped
108 loQ ' no mass — the niicellus —
which is surrounded by
one or two coats — the
integuments {in). Each
integument is attached by
its base to the nucellus,
but elsewhere it surrounds
the nucellus like a narrow-
mouthed bag, which is
open at the top. The
opening at the top of the
int*'gument or integu-
ments is the micropyle
{m) ; it allows free com-
munication between the
nucellus and the chamber
In the
nucellus itself, near the
micropyle, there is a minute clear space. This is in reality
a closed bladder, and is termed the embryo-sac.
There are three com.mon types of ovules, whose forms are
best explained by the figures given. (i) An orthotropous
ovule is one in which the stalk (funicle) is in the same straight
line as the straight nucellus (figs. 108, 1 1 1). (2) An atiatropous
ovule is one in which the nucellus itself is straight, but is
inverted, and consequently .appears to be attached by its side
84
Figs. loS-iio. — Ovules. - ,
Figs. 111-113.— Vertical sections through ovules. 01 the OVary.
OVULE
85
FERTILISATION AND CHANGES IN THE OVULE.
When a healthy pollen-grain reaches a suitable sticma ffit-
s. vt*^ '.X"""f'^''M-^"'ii.g a slender tube (//) &\he
c,o:™';^'^thrt;:^h^:T.v7sac°s" -'' "-^ ""^'"-
.u ! '^u ^^"^^^qu^'nce of fertilisation is
that the ovu/e grows and becomes a seed
(compare figs. 1 14 and 1 15). The most
important change in the ovule is that
a minute _ new plant-the embryo-
^^ develops mside the embryo-sac. The
embryo-sac grows and becomes, wholly
ai or partially, filled with endosperm, which
surrounds the
embryo. This
endosperm may
be present still
in the seed, and
Fig. 114.— Vertical section ^^C Seed is Said ^ "
through a carpel and an aiiatro- to be /'^;///jc/S^^„,/- '^^
pons ovule, showing the pollen. ^'laOSpertniC ,..
tube entering the micropyie. — e.g. Grass and '•'
iS«;. Ur the endosperm formed in
the ovule may be gradually absorbed
by the growing embryo, so that in the
ripe seed there remains no trace of it •
the seed is then said to be non-endosper-
mc~e.g. Bean and Wallflower (fig. j 16)
In most flowering plants, whilst the em- - - ---
bryo-sac, the contained endosperm, and the embryo are grow-
miL™ pr ?!? Ti.T'j^i^::^ir''^ ^^ ^ ^f of . compound
the mic^yle. but pushes^"! 'ZXoJ'/h S?ubstnceTf tt ouf t^^
It reaches the embrvo-sac In thf> T>;n« 5 -""^""^^ ot the ovule till
grain itself reaches th'e ^L^^ ^d ttas'el^ra X"" *= ^"'"•
w
. Fig. 115.— Vertical sec-
tion through a fruit of
the Buttercup, with one
anatropous seed : per =
pericarp; )'j = testa ; <■«(/=
endosperm ;*w^ = embryo.
IP
M
!: I
r
86
SEED
ing, the nuccllus is being absorbed by them, and no trace of
It remains in the mature seed. In such cases the whole
of the seed within the testa represents the embryo-sac and its
contents. In some plants the nucellus is not entirely absorbed,
but persists and forms an endosperm-like layer within the
"^ "7 ii8
Kl^\,J}^?'?--^"^'^''^ ««<i'!ons of seeds: /. = scar on seed; ;« =
:ndosperm ; //« = perispei-rr
Fig. ii6. — Wallflower.
"'"T^'^.i..'''''-'^'^",^:. ^ = endosperm; //« = perisperm ; co, c<;/ = cotyledon
/i'=phinnile ; r = radicle.
Fig. iiS.—/n's.
Fig. 1 1 7. — Stellar ia.
testa: this is termed \\v& perisperm—e.g. Stellaria (fig. 117).
Ihe testa is formed by the growth and hardening of the
integument or integuments, and the micropyle of the seed
represents the micropyle of the ovule. The funicle or
stalk of the seed is identical with th^ funicle of the ovule.
1 he subjoined table represents the corresponding parts in the
ovule and seed : —
Ovule = Seed
^!il Z^^ contents of the embryo-sac = Embryo and Endosperm.
(<^) Nucellus . . . . =Perisperm.
{c) Integuments . . . = Testa.
(d) Micropyle . . . = Micropyle.
(e) Funicle .... = Funicle.
As examples of different types of seeds, the following may
be cited as occurring in both Monocotyledons and Dicoty-
ledons. ^
(i.) JVo endosperm, no perisperm: Pea, Bean, Wallflower,
Mustard, Pear, Apple, Hazel, Oak, and Chestnut (figs, i, 116).
FRUIT
87
M^iA'''!T7i\ ^7' "' Perisperm: Buttercup, Violet
/ • 'zf""'^"' ^^'' J'^^"^' ^"d Grasses (fig. nS) '
Outgrowths on Seeds.-'l^ie Violet and the Spurjie have
each a httle lump near the n.i.ropyle (fig. icS) Man"
outgrowths are concerned with the scit ering of the seed for
.ns ance the long silky hairs or the seeds of^ Poplars WHlows
a;Kl^^Vmow-herbs, facilitate the dispersal of the sSs byThe
FRUIT.
The consequences of fertilisation are not confined to the
ovules; the carpels, and frequently other parts, of the flower are
stimulated into vigorous growth/whereas the remaining ^ar?
Fig. "9-— Fruit (legume) of Garden Pea.
? f ?r f °^ ""^'^ 'P^'-^^'^y than they would have done
had fertihsa ion not taken place. That portion oflsiZe
^wer u^uch persists after fertilisation Lti thf seed are
wh,Vh' • ''' •'^1 {^'' ^"^*- '^^^'^ ^' 0"e part of the flower
which invariably persists - the ovary (or ovaries) -- this
remains to form a protective case round the ripelg seeS
ine corolla and stamens almost always wither soon and
fmk . wh '^"'"/k^ '^'y P^^y "° P^^t i" 'he formation of the
fruit whereas the calyx not infrequently persists.
on J of ^h"" ^- ' ^T' ?'. ^.^°^^'') "^^y be selected as having
^arpei, enlarges and becomes the familiar pea-pod (i\p no)
and constitutes the fruit inside which are the^seeds.^' The
' H
m
88
FRUIT
Wallflower is slightly more complicated, in that the ovirv is
rin'tK^'tlT^^^^^'? ""'^'-^ -n^^-ls; but in thirio x.
as in the 1 ea it is the smgle oyary alone which, by its growth
from T ° ''''* ''"^r^' ^''"'^ <^'^- ^^°)- '^''^« B^ttJrcup^d fm
from the two preceding examples in that every flower has a
number of separate ovaries, each representing onc^carpel Each
ov-ary enlarges and eventually encloses one seed %g i ic
This flower thus gives place to a number of apocarpous seed-
containmg vessels, each similar to the pea-pod in so far as it
consis s of a single ripened carpel. W j canVtherefore div de
fru.ts into two groups : (i.) Simple fruits, produced t as nde
(T^wIflo^:lrrTf'r°' -^(^•^1 1^-) or morrca^S
{e.g. \\ alltlower). (n.) Compound fruits, produced bv a
Thus^hetuToTT^r.^'P^^^^ ^" °"^ «°^^^'^-^- «""--P)
o^rUmt? off imi^e^S" '' ' ^^'^P^""^ ^^^^ -<^ --^'^
The external wall of the chamber, or chambers of a simr^lp
ruit IS termed the pericarp. In th^ case o^the simple fS
already mentioned, the pericarp is derived solely f?om the
carpe s; it is the original wall of the ovary, which^hasTrown
But if we consider a simple fruit derived from a single iE";
ovary (.,^. Honeysuckle, Parsley. Yellow Flag. ofchidTthe
wal of the fruit represents part of the recepttcle as well as
portions of the carpels (see p. 75). ^ ^
Again, if we examine a ripened (fertilised) Dandelion-head
fig. 129), we shall see that it consists of a number of simole
fruits. Every one of these is formed b'y the growth of a sSde
inferior ovary, each of which belongs to a separate flowlr
of'^n^STflr' " 'Tf -^^^'^^"'^ of th^fertilfsXn
ot a number of flowers. A fruit is formed from one flower
consequently the Dandelion-head is not a frui^ not'even a
compound fruit: it is a collection of fruits, o^ an i:^nJ.
of ^thrPe^ w'„fl'^''"^°"i °^ '^' P^^^^^^P «f the simple fruits
?lJ.u '■ ^^^"^ower. Buttercup, and Dandelion, we see
It IS ripe, so that the carpels are freely open : whereas on the
contrary, the fruits of the last two do n?t open of ?heir own
S iVf N^'' "°'' "^r"^" .'^^ ^^"^t «f ^ Parsley-plant (or any
Umbellifer), we note that it is formed by a single in ferio? two
chambered ovary, composed of two carpels. When the fruk
DEHISCENT FRUITS g.
(r) Dehiscent f uft he c U nruf- T'" ''^^^'^' ^'^""P« ^-
(^) Indehiscent fru ts the i n^ ^'llK-h open spontancusly.
and, if syncarpous^do tt s nru T'T'^ '""^■"^ ^^'"-'^'
classify fruits into (i) dr^fruits ^'.r^^' ^'^'^^^^^^^^
fruits. ^ ^ ^ ^"^""'^^ (2) fleshy or succulent
CZJSS/jr/C^r/OJV OF SIMPLE FRUITS
DEHISCENT FRUITS (Carpels opening)
A. DRY (Dehiscent).
(i.) C»;/.-.«^^,//«;.,, (composed of one carpel)
AconiJe) '' '"''^^^ ^''•^^- ^^''^^"y' ^^inter-
(n.) ^---^^//«^ (composed on^^^^^^^ =^^^'^«-
(«) Ihe two carpels separate as two valves rnn.
mencmg from below upwards and l^LT"
or there may be no such septum, so that th.
are present i,:.h^;S- ^ """"'".°ii^=t
' r
V\^. i.?o.— Silicjua of
WaMHowcr : re = re-
I>Ium ; /s = false sep-
tum ; o = seed ; v =
valve ; Jf= stigma.
Fir. 121.— Siliqua of
Chelidoniuin ; /-^re-
plum.
('■i
Fig. i2_'.- CapMile of
Iris dehiscing aloriR
three dorsal sutures
{(is) ; 7'.t = ventral suture ;
J = seed.
Fir. 125. — Capsule
of A nagallh dehiscing
transversely: r = calyx ;
ff=- seeds ; J<r= style.
W
F:g, 123. — Capsule of
Foxglove dehiscing along
two ventral sutures, and
leaving the seeds attached
to the axile placenta (//) ;
•y = style ; c.f= calyx.
Fig. 124. —Capsule of
Sitllaria media dehiscing
for a certain distance along
three dorsal sutures and
three ventral sutures; ex
= calyx.
Fig. 126. — Capsule of
Poppy dehiscing by
pores (w).
Some
green su
their .see
has a so
-'. — Capsule of
liscing .-(lonK
iirsnl sutures
ventral suture;
!?. — Capsule
i/Z/vtlehiscing
ely:<- = c.ilyx;
; f^= style.
DEHISCENT FRUIT
Tht
91
(111.; T7t>o or mote car/^c/s
hut / i!''"^? '' '>'"^'^"y P^^'-I'ke in Shane
morciarhi'/s '' «
W Usual,, . J,,. ue„i,,e.„t ,r„i, A,r„,od" h^'t^
«n Ui C.ISU the- sc-iKiratc valves arc- t..oth-liku
\'^y Violet, f.g. X5S; /^/,, r.g.
(Y) SplittiMii along the ventral sutures, and
cparat.ng from the partition wJlls of
the capsule so as to leave the seeds
attached to a middle axial column (e^r
(8) Splitting for a certain distance along
th?th ''"' '"^- ^^"^'•^^ sutures, so
hat there are twice as many valves as
there are carpels (especially in capsules
^^ th tooth-hke dehiscence) (..
{^') Capsule with transverse dehifcence." The ton of
he capsule separates like a lid (.. . Poor-man's
A\ eatlier-glass, fig. 125). ^ '''• '^^" ^
{c) Capsule opening by a number of little holes or
Am- in the pericarp (..., Poppy, fig ,2°) °'
(^) Capsule opening irregu)aHy. ^' ^'
^. FLESHY (Dehiscent).
Some/;///^/^^ are soft and sreen whpn fj, ^ u-
Has a so. p..a.p, ^r^H./^S^/oitSd
\m
92
INDEHISCENT FRUITS
throif rfl> , V^ ''''' ^ ""^= '''' ^ Stone-fruit,
INDEHISCENT FRUITS
ASie '•;;; . , ^'^- /?S.-Vert cal sections of the
Sunflower fh^^^f' °> ^^"'^ = '" '^^ right-hand figure
ounnower. the fnut is cut vertically through the
ventral suture (r/^) .nd dorsal sutSre : in
the left-hand figure the fruit is vertically
cut in a plane at right angles to the pre-
&ta°orseirr.:"Usw:„p--^p'
One-See^e^. ""' ^^^ (Indehiscent).
(i) Pericarp stone-like {e.g. Hazel, fig. 138). =Nut
(2) Pericarp leathery, or hard skin-like.
(a) Pericarp not adhering to the testa (e.^
Buttercup, fig. 115 ^ Daisy-famify,
l^\ P^'- ''^u' •^- =Achene.
(P) Pericarp adhering closely to the testa,
or the testa absent {e.g. Grains of
Grasses, Wheat, fig. 28). = Caryopsis.
B. FLESHY (Indehiscent).
(i) The inmost layer of the pericarp is stone-like =Drupe
{a) The outer layer of the pericarp of a drupe is like a
thin _*skin,» the middle layer is usually soft
and juicy, and the inmost layer is very hard
= Nut.
FRUITS
93
and stone-like. The simplest drupes are
composed of one carpel, with one sto^ e
enclosing one seed (.,^. Cherry, fig. i^s'
I lum. Apricot). The most complicated drupes
are syncarpous, and have several ston^es
because the walls of each of the ovary!
chambers has become separately changed into
a stone with one seed inside it. It must be
noted that the stones fe Hawthorn oTstone-
ToZt '"V'^'u ^ '"'"^ '' P^°duced from
an ovule only, whereas the hard stone of a
a\ Th "P""-'' ^"'^"^"^ ^y ^ ^^y^' of the ov"-v-wall
(^) The pericarp is soft and fleshy throi. out L
Grape, Gooseberry, Currant, Orange, Cucumi
(d The fruit of the pear and apple is quite pecuS"
and IS termed a Pome. The component five
carpels are fused with the hollow receptade
mierior (hg. 178). i he carpels are also com-
bined with one another by their sides, but
may be free towards their' centres (ventra
su ures), thus the gyn^cium is only incom
mch^'^?^l'P°"'^ ^i^' '79). In thefrufta
parchment-hke membrane forms round each
chamber, just as stones may form round the
resH t'"'^"' °' " ^^°"^-^^"^^' ^hils? the
r:i;^thr(%?^.i:-3rr^3^
SEPARATING FRUITS (SCHIZOCARPS)
These all possess more than one carnpl Tu^ «« .•
carpels .epa,a.e as closed one-seedrf cSV' ~"^""'^'
ctiamberuj parts as there are carpels Earh m!,
represents a closed carpel, and is te'med a m«i^
m
n\
1
, 1.
•1 'f
! '1 i
ii|
jl 1;
I'*'
94
FRUITS
{e.g. two - carpellary fruits of the Parsley-family, fig.
185, and Sycamore) or a coccus (if the ovary consists
of more than two carpels, e.g. Mallow, fig. 164)
//\ Tu 4. „ , . . = Schizocarp.
{0) 1 he two-carpellary fruit is divided into four one-chambered
one-seeded parts which separate as little "nuts"
Each "nut" therefore represents half a carpel (e.i^r,
fruits of the Labiata, and many Boraginacece).
COMPOUND FRUITS.
The compound fruit may possess a number of follicles
{e.g Pffiony, Winter Aconite), of achenes {e.g Buttercup, Rose,
hg. 170, Strawberry, fig. 172), of drupes {e.g Blackberry, fig
175, Raspberry), inserted on a receptacle. But obviously it
cannot possess a number of siliquae or capsules, because these
are always syncarpous fruits.
DESCRIPTIONS OF COMPLETE FRUITS.
The classification of fruits so far given refers only to the
nature and behaviour of the pericarp. A few examples will
fruits application of this classification to complete
car 'el ^^^' ^^^ ^'"''^ '' '™^^^ (legume) and is the ripened
(2) Honeysuckle : the fruit is simple (berry), is the ripened
inferior ovary, and therefore inclujjes the receptacle
(3) Dandelion: the fruit is simple (achene), and consists of
the ripened inferior ovary (carpels and receptacle) and pappus.
(4) Raspberry : the fruit is compound; the simple fruits are'
drupes ( = carpels) inserted on a receptacle, which also bears
a persistent calyx.
(5) Strawberry: the fruit is compound, and consists of
many achenes ( = carpels), and a large fleshy receptacle bear-
mg a calyx with an epicalyx.
(6) Rose: the fruit is compound, consisting of many
achenes ( = carpels) attached to and concealed in a hollow
receptacle which bears a persistent calyx.
"nuts."
CHAPTER XIII
THE DISPERSAL OP SEEDS. AND A SUMMARY WITH
REGARD TO THE PLOWERS
thousands of seeds. If every one of these seeds is to be
afforded an opportunity of
developing into a mature
plant, means must be pro-
vided to enable the seeds
to reach suitable spots at
some distance from the
mother-plant. The seeds
of flowering plants are con-
veyed through the air in the
same manner as the pollen,
in so far that they are either
violently ejected (e.g. Bal-
sam, Oxalis), or are carried
by the wind (e.g. Dande-
lion), or borne by animals
(e.g. Rose, Cherry, Galium).
Explosive fruits are not
common. The capsule of
the Violet opens into three
boat -shaped valves, each
containing a double row of
smoothly - polished seeds.
The sides of the boat-shaped
valves contract as they dry,
and fling out the seeds. To
understand this mechanism,
we have only to remember
the manner in which an
orange-pip springs out when
squeezed between two
fingers.
ill,
120.— Right-hand figure is a vertical
section of infructescence of Dandelion: br =
involucre. _ Left-hand figure is a vertical sec-
tion of a single fruit (achene) with a pappus
rrf-»)on a long beak; /c = pericarp ; //= testa
the seed; c<;/=cotyIedons ; *'=radicie.
Dispersal by the wind—To facilitate dispersal by the
'%
|!<!
11
96
DISPERSAL OF SEEDS
fii
agency of the wind, the fruits or seeds are very small- or
they oppose a large surface to the wind. The large surface
maybe merely due to the flattened form of the frdt or seed
or It may be caused by the possession of wings
or tufts of hair. It is to be noted that wl.en
truits (or their carpels in the case of schizocarps)
are closed and indehiscent, they (or the meri-
carps) are the parts scattered, and adapted to
aiu hspersal ; the seeds in this case are passively
Fig. x30.-sa.ara ''°'?^ '"'^'^^ ;^e f^^its. But if the fruit dehisces,
of Kim. or IS open {e.g. Gymnosperms), the seeds are
the parts scattered, and, as a rule, it is thev
and not the fruits which are adapted for transference to
distant spots. The following table shows the cor eponding
Mechanism or
Form.
1. Minute size.
2. Flattened form,
3. Wings.
4. Tufts of hair.
Seeds Dispersed
(Fruits dehiscent or open).
Orchid (P>uit = capsule).
Wallflower (Fruit =
siliqua).
Scotch Pine (is a Gym-
nospenn), fig. 67.
Willow, Poplar, Wilfow-
herbs (Fruits are cap-
sules).
Fruits Dispersed
(Fruits indehiscent or
separating)
Nutlets of Labiatae.
Mericarps of many Um-
belliferae (fig. 185).
Samane (fig, 130) of Elm,
Birch, and Sycamore.
The achenes of many
Composite (Dandelion,
etc.) with a pappus
(fig. 129). Achene of
Clematis with a hairy
style.
Dispersal by clinging to Animals.-Many fruits possess
hooks, or rough or sticky surfaces, which cause^hem to adhere
theTrnJ^i ^^T^Vl '''■"'^ against them. It is usually
Seeds dispersed by being transported inside Animals.-
It IS to be noted that when the seeds or fruits are scattered by
small ; or
rge surface
jit or seed,
n of wings
that wiicn
:hizocarps)
the meri-
idapted to
e passively
t dehisces,
seeds are
it is they
"erence to
esponding
dispersal
5PERSED
liscent or
^g)
at£E.
nany Um-
185).
o) of Elm,
>'caniore.
of many
)andelion,
1 pappus
\chene of
ti a hairy
> possess
:o adhere
s usually
examples
of many
"Mm, and
imala —
tered by
DISPERSAL OF SEEDS ,.
animaLs are usually pisJsLri of !?'^ ^^ ^"">^ ™'-'-'«> "'»ide
which invite a„i„';r"o notic :Xr"hJn,'' "t,'"' T^^'
and inv tes the animak whTh 7? P^"^^'^P ^^^ich is succulent
When, on the o Cr hand ,h ' '^"^ "^''^^''^^ ^^ '^'^ ^ruit.
nospe;ms and d7h scent frufts 'Tif'' ''? "^^^"' ''' '" ^>'"^-
coloured, and may We a succulen'; iW" '"^ °^^"^ '^"■^^^^^>-
an/). ^ succulent mviting outgrowth (the
Seeds Dispersed.
{a) Fleshy aril—
Seeds of Yew (Gymnosperm)
I W'th, bright- red fle.hy
;'.anl," distributed by
birds. ■^
. L
Fruits Dispkrsed, |
(rt) Fleshy pericarp—
Drupes of Cherry, Blackberry,
Kaspberry, distributed by birds
Larger drupes of plums, etc.,
distributed by larger animals
(Mammals). Berries of Mistle-
toe, Currants, distributed by
birds. ^
{b) Fleshy or coloured receptacle—
J^ose-hip Strawberry, both d
tributed by the agency of birds
Protection of the embryo in the se^d pk
food-substance inside the tesf. In ^~ ^'^ ?"'^'"y° ^"d
climatic influences whih would haTn'thr'n''^"" "gainst
and decay, and ' against at acks on th^ ^^7 disorganisation
fungi. Theemhrvn^nH f T I *^^ P^'^ ^^ animals and
by f firm hard eoa, ^S^::t:)T^^W ^^^^^^^ P-tected
travel naked, the testa is thir^T^ t^''^^^' ^"^^^^ ^^^^^
Bean). When tL fSt k Hr\ ' w t'''^"^ ^'••^'■- ^^allflower,
seed is protected by the SrSol'd .'b'"' ^' ^^P^^^^^"^' *'^^
the testa to be so thick ^nT.?v '^'^ '"-"^ necessity for
or absent (J. Grassesr Fi"^^^^^ ^' f^^J be quite imperceptible
the stonylivt ofTe tric!^^^^^^^^^ fleshy mdehiscent fruits
and the testa is thin ^wh ^ ' ^'u^^^ P''°^"'"'^^ "^^ embryo,
layer, so ha' the^esla of th'e T J"'""""' ^^^^^ ^^ "° ^^^"y
ai me testa of the seed must be well developed
98 FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE PARTS
in order to withstand the action of the digestive iuice of
animals which eat the fruits.
SUMMARY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF
FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND SEEDS.
1. The calyx usually protects the young flower bud (e.(^.
Poppy). It may also serve as a means of attracting insects
by Its colour (e.g. Clematis), or act as a factory (e.i,-. Mallow)
or as a receptacle for honey (e.g. Wallflower). Sometimes the
calyx aids in the dispersal of the seeds by the agency of the
wind (e.g. pappus of Compositae).
2. The corolla serves to attract insects which will effect cross-
pollmation. It may further bear nectaries (e.tr. Buttercup)
3. The androecium.— The pollen pollinates the flower
and is mdispensable for the production of seed. The
anther manufactures the pollen. The filaments bring the
anthers into the position which will lead to cross-pollination
by wind or msects, or to self-pollination. As good ex-
amples, illustrating the fact that the length of the filaments
IS to be explained in accordance with the method of pollina-
tion, we have but to compare and contrast the flowers of the
Primrose, of Grasses, and the cleistogamic flowers of the Violet.
The time and direction of dehiscence also, are related' to the
method of pollination; we note, for instance, the introrse
dehiscence of the Violet and of Composites, the extrorse dehis-
cence in the Buttercup when the fldVver opens.
4. The gynaecium.— The embryo-sac in each ovule is the
region in which the embryo and its food (endosperm) arise
The ovary protects the ovules. The stigma receives the pollen-
grains. The style raises the stigma to the proper height so as
to bring about cross-pollination or self-pollination. The size
shape, and time of ripening of the stigma and style bear relation
to the method of pollination (see Grasses, Compositae, Violet).
. 5- Sugar.— Sugar is excreted in flowers in order to attract
mseccs which will effect cross-pollination. Sugar is manufactured
m many fruits, and is responsible for their sweetness of flavour,
in order to allure animals (mainly birds in this country) which
will disperse the seeds.
6. Pericarp.— The pericarp protects the seeds and often
facilitates their dispersal. Often it is brightly colcurod so as
to attract the notice of animals. It may or may not dehisce.
FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE PARTS 99
.J' '^^^ *®«** f ves to protect the embryo and food-sub-
stance of the seeds. Consequently it is thin and delicate when
the seeds are adequately protected by the pericarp "
the disS oTfU '"'^/"''S ''' ''!-'^' ''^''"^*' ''^-^ to faciUtate
me dispersal of the seeds. Sometimes the hooks or spines mav
also aid ,n protecting the fruits against animals wWch would
eat them and destroy the seeds.
i
m
;|i
ill
ex-
PART II
CLASSIFICATION OF ANGIQSPERMS
f\
ill
\}
m
a
tv
sli
of
cu
m(
th(
sel
Ji(
Wl
coi
am
Co
am
Th
to
cer
Ma
cul;
bel(
the
seri^
will
ing
Cla
M
CHAPTER XIV
CLASSIFICATION
mm§mm
certain orders Th,ZZ ' I ^" ^^"^''^ ^''^ included in
will be more easuy understood SgtS thl^h^^
.ng scheme of dassifica.ion of someTthe^ngTosllt ffl'""
ANGIOSPERMS.
^"'' '■ ^nS:d°XSf' '"« ''•^%'™ ^"'^■'^'^o-- Leaves
net veined, .^^loral leaves in fours and fives.
103
m
If i
104 TLASSinCATION 01 niCOrVLEDONS
CiAss II ; Milii^kyledons.— SeodlinK Hus mk- cotyledon
Leaves para I Icl- veined. Moral leaves in threes.
Class I. : DICOTYLEDONS
Sun-CLASs I. : APETAL/K. Petals absent.
1. Cupuliferce. Flowers epigynous diclinous. $ flowers
'h ^u ^"""'^ indehi.scent one-seeded. Trees or
2. Salicaccce. Flowers hypogynous diclinous. $ flowers in
catkins. I-ruit dehiscent with many seeds. Trees or
shrubs.
U- Euphorl>iace<r* Flowers diclinous. In the fruit the three
(sometimes t\)o) carpels separate and open ; one or two
seeds in each chamber.]
Sub-Class IL: POLVPKTALyf:. Corolla polypetalous.
L Thalamiflorae.—Flowers hypogynous without
a well-developed disk.
(a) GytKccium apocarpous.
4. Rammculacecp" . Stamens indefinite,
(b) Ovary syncarpous with parietal placentaiion.
5. Papaveracoe. Flowers actinomorphic. Sepals and petals
in twos 01 threes. Stamens indefinite.
6. FumariacecB. Flowers zygomorphic. Sepals and petals
m twos. ^
7. Cruciferce\ Flowers actinomorphic. Sepals and petals
tour each. Stamens two short and four long
8. Violacece. Flowers zygomorphic. K5 C5 A5 G (3).
(c) Ovary syncarpous. Placentation free-central.
9. Caryophyllacec^\ Flowers actinomorphic. Stamens ten
or fewer.
but* Kniilv"k nl!^J^r ■ '^' >^tic posit^o of the Euphorbiacea^ ;
DUi the lamily ,s j)lacecl h.-e -let. ise it is easier for becinners to identify
plants belonging to it when it is classed amongst the ApetS
14.
T5-
CLASSIFICATION OF DICOTYLEDON- ,05
(d) 07'rn' syncarpous. Phucntation axile
corolla. Anth,.. onc-lobed ^ ''"'" '" "^'-'
n. Disci^ora.. Flowers hypogynous
number of se.d. in each chamber '""'"-™'' "'"' "
HI. Oalyemor». Rowers perigynous or epigynous.
«aklyperigy„oir"LST;P'':',hTffiir"?
CarpTo^"^"' °^ °- -P--e f-m 'he"othl;r rr
^Tfi:;;e,!r;;;?^;tTsr'"'^ ^'^"^-^ --"^ ^"-
(b) Efigym,,!. Gy,mcium svmarpom.
UmMl.fera^'. Flowers acinomorphic in umbellate in
florescences. K3 or Co A5 G ,1). Fruit a schl^L;"
Sun-C..ss III. . GAMOPETA..^:. Corolla gamopetalous.
(a) FLOWERS HvPOGV^ous. Gyn=ecium syncarpous.
(.) N,men ac<ino„,orphic (stamens equal in number to the
petals; corolla regular.)
.6. Primulacea:'. Placentalion free-central Stan,
number to the petals opposite ?n Sem '"' '""'" '"
'1- Conm/m,/ace,e. Ovarv t\vYl /thL \ u v ,
,3 .ainfntnl:;^^ '^vIl.TnVbrbs'™ "'''-" ^'^ ->-
trhamtr^'-"-^''^"'^---- ^>'"" --•- ovules in
14.
15-
m
ill
I) \'i
n .
21
22.
23-
io6 CLASSIFICATION OF MONOCOTYLEDONS
19. Boraginacece. Ovary four-lobed, four-chambered, with one
ovule in each chamber. Fruit four nutlets.
(2) Flowers zygomorphic (stamens fewer than the petals :
corolla irregular).
20. Labiat(^\ Ovary four-lobed, four-chambered, with one
ovule in each chamber.
Scrophuhinacece. Ovary two-chambered, with several ovules
m each chamber.
(b) Flowers Epigyngus. Gynascium syncarpous.
Caprifoliace(B. Ovary two- (three-) chambered. Leaves
opposite.
Cot}ipositce\ Inflorescence a capitulum. Anthers united
Uvary one-chambered, with one ovule.
Class II.: MONOCOTYLEDONS
I. Perianth Petaloid. Ovary syncarpous.
(a) Flower adinomorphic (perianth regular, ovary superior).
24. Liliacecc. Stamens six.
(b) Floiver actinotnorphic. Ovary inferior.
25. AmaryllidacecB. Stamens six.'
26. Iridacece. Stamens three.
(c) Flower zygomorphic. Ovary inferior.
27. Orchidacecs. Perianth irregular. Usually only one anther
present ; it is gynandrous.
II. Perianth small or absent,
(a) Flowers ? c? on a spadix usually in a spathe.
28. Aracece.
(b) Flowers usually $ in spikelets invested by chaffy
bract-scales.
29. Graminece.
[It will be well for young beginners to confine their attention
to those families which are specially marked with the sign ° in
the above list.] ^
ONS
, with one
)etals :
with one
ral ovules
DUS.
Leaves
rs united.
iperior).
e anther
iffy
ttention
;ign ° in
APETAL/E-CUPULIFER.'K
DICOTYLEDONS.
CUPULIPER^ (Oak Family).
apetalous. Periantnmal lien n'''? "^^"' ^"^°"-^Picuous,
three (rarely four or ^,\-?' ^ ' °' ''''•"''"^- ^""'l'^^^ two oi^
or thrL-chambe ed ova ' ^^^^^^^ ^"^'-^"°'-' "-dually with a tw^
Fruit one-seedeTinSscem ^C a^^T " r^d ^'^"^'^^'^-
endosperm. ^ "^'- ^eeds without
Type: HAZEL (C.;;,./.,. a^,//^;,^).
Vegetative Characters.— Shmh ■ ^k^
up into several larger banche a " short T? '^'T ^'^""^^
ground. The main root present in th.T h ''"''^ ^^^''^ ^^^
a short time; it gives off sev.r^ ^n the seedhng grows only for
-ntally close beS tfe X of'tre^J'^Th'^';"" ^^^"^
roots (or the basp nf tK^ . w °''- ^ hese horizontal
adventitious shoo s4Lt..v"i^- k'^"'"^^^ P^°^"^« ^^-"der
These shoots, in °urn can XTh '''/'°^. ^"^^^^^"X upwards,
own at their ba"e lnd^,?Kf '"""^""^ adventitious roots of their
from the motSant bv r^^'^"'"'^^ may become disconnected
ing parts. XsVhe Ha.^T-''" i ' ^"'^^ °^ ''^" "^""^'^^^-
Ras^berry cLes and Rose tr"Y) ""^'^^'^ '^ ^"^'^^^ ^^^I--
suc'i;roynrttirj^^^^^^^ ^T -?' - - -gorous
the margin is twice ser ate if Tl '''P"'^'' ^^''^^^^ soon fall ;
condition the two halves of ^ ^'i r^' "°>'^ '^'"' ^" '^^ »^"d-
the mid-rib7the one half of fh^ eaf are folded together along
other and overlaps tL'?au:r7n'rhe bud ^'^''^ ^"^^^ ^^^" ^^'
prcSuc^^SSlltg bi:^^ ^??'^^^^^^ ^l^^-g^te. and
in pairs on oppisito sid'^^ff i^ ^'^ bud-scales are arranged
I ']
io8
DICOTYLEDONS
f
*
•I
i
f^
resting-buds are similar, but they have in addition two scale-
like prophylls inserted below the remainder of the scales.
Within the scales are hidden the young foliage-leaves. In
February or March the plant blossoms before its vegetative
buds unfold ; when the latter become active their scales drop
off after being forced apart by the growing stem and by the
emerging foliage-leaves (figs. 6-11). Inasmuch as these scales
were set close together, after they have fallen their scars form
small groups; whereas the fallen foliage-leaves, having been
separated by longer internodes, are represented by scars which
are widely separated along the stem. Consequently, on parts
of the stem which are from one to three years old, it is
easy to recognise which portions bore scales. Each such
group of scale-scars represents one winter. We can, there-
fore, tell the age of a tolerably young stem by counting
the number of its groups of scale-scars. Thus, if we com-
rnence at the apex of a resting vegetative shoot, the por-
tion of the stem which connects it with the first group of
scale-scars represents one year's growth. Again, travelling
farther down, that part of the stem which connects this first
group of scars with the next Jower group represents another
(previous) year's growth, and'hence it is two years old, and
so on.
Inflorescences. — The stamens and carpels do not occur
together in the same flowers. The staminate flowers are
arranged in pendulous spike-like inflorescences — catkins.
The carpellary flowers are grouped together in small bud-like
inflorescences, which can be recognised by the tufts of red
stigmas which protrude from their tips. Both kinds of inflor-
escences are borne upon certain axillary dwarf-branches. In
order to understand the arrangement of these dwarf-branches,
we will follow the growth of a vegetative bud which com-
mences to sprout in spring. The bud opens, the stem
emerges and grows during the summer, and bears foliage-
leaves. In the axils of these leaves three varieties of buds
arise — vegetative buds, buds enclosing the young carpellary
flowers, and buds destined to grow out into branches bearing
the staminate inflorescences. The first two forms of buds are
externally similar ; they are resting-buds, and remain dormant
during the follnwing winter. But the third type of bud
grows out at once and develops into a dwarf-branch. This
wo scale-
e scales,
ives. In
'egetative
ales drop
id by the
2se scales
:ars form
ing been
irs which
on parts
old, it is
ch such
,n, there-
counting
we com-
the por-
group of
travelling
this first
another
old, and
ot occur
wers are
- catkins.
bud-like
s of red
of inflor-
:hes. In
tranches,
ich com-
he stem
5 foliage-
of buds
;arpellary
; bearing
buds are
dormant
of bud
h. This
APETAL.4^.-CUPULIFER^ 109
branch has no foliage-leaves, but it bears on its basal parts a
number of scales, whilst its ^
terminal portion is a staminate
inflorescence (catkin). In ad-
dition, lateral catkins may arise
in the axils of one or two of
the higher scales of this dwarf-
branch. The scales soon drop
off. Thus, when we examint;
the Hazel-trees flowering in
February (see fig. 131), we find
the stami:-ate catkins (c?) are
arranged, usually several to-
gether, on short branches of
the previous year's stem: the
catkins rest naked through the
winter. The buds ( ? ) enclos-
ing the carpellary flowers now
show that they are not vegeta-
tive resting-buds, a tuft of red
stigmas protrudes from their
tips. These buds also stand
laterally on a part of the stem
which was formed in the i)re-
yious year; also occasionally
in the axils of the basal scales
of the dwarf, branch which
bears the catkins.
Staminate Inflorescence
(fig- 131 c?). — The inflores-
cence consists essentially of a
number of bracts and axillary
flowers, which are spirally ar-
ranged on a long axis. There
is one flower in connection with
each bract. Two prophyll.s
(fig- 132, J^r), representin;r the
first two leaves on the flower-
stalk, are present, but are
fused with the bract (dr), for
no flower-stalk occurs. The staminate flower (fig. 132) con
^i
Fig. 131.— Shoot of IhwL-] bearirif in-
flore.sce:h:w. 'J-he stem from ihescale-scars
(..sOw.-ii; produced in the previous year. The
dotted leaves have fallen oiV ; 7-= vegetative
no
DICOTYLEDONS
in
sists solely of four stamens, which are attached to the bract
place of being on a flower-stalk in the axil of that bract.
Each stamen is halved almost
to the base of its filament,
so that at first sight there
appear to be eight stamens,
each of which possesses only
half a complete anther. The
anther is crowned by a tuft
of hairs.
The bud
branch (fig.
produces the
florescence is
described as
florescence.
of the dwarf
134) which
carpellary in-
often loosely
being the in-
The bud is
Fig. 132.— Staniinate i flower of Hazel
inserted on bract 0r), with wliich two
prophylls (/>) are fiisetl.
Fig. 133.— Diagr.ini of ditto.
really the commencement of
a foliaged branch which terminates in an inflorescence; but
the foliage-leaves do not unfold till
after the flowering is over. On the
axis of this bud the most elcternal
and lowest leaves are two prophylls ;
then succeed three to four pairs of
scale -like stipules (sc), and within
these two to four foliage-leaves. Thus
so far the bud is like a vegetative
bud; but above these foliage-leaves
follows the true inflorescence. The
carpellary inflorescence consists of
four to eight spirally -placed bracts
(dr) with axillary flowers, which are
borne on a shortened axis. In the
axil of each bract (fig. 135) there
stand the buds of two carpellary
flowers, so that the whole inflores-
cence possesses eight to sixteen
flower-buds. But only a few of the
flower - buds develop into mature
flowers. Each carpellary flower has
minute, indistinctly lobedj ereen
a minute, indistinctly lohedj green Fig. i34.-Vertiral srrtion of
perianth (J>e), which is inserted on the ''"'' ?S H^ «' terminating in a
^ \r /J >-»»^ carpellary inflorescence.
the bract
lat bract,
ed almost
filament,
^dit there
stamens,
;sses only
ler. The
3y a tuft
le dwarf
) which
illary in-
i loosely
the in-
bud is
ement of
mce ; but
h
sc
sprtion of
lating in a
;e.
APETAL^:— CUPULIFER^:
III
^t^-c^^'^^':!r'' '^'^yPr- ''^^ -^->- ovary
thread-like stills (tr- thuTthf ' '^ '"° ^""^' purplish-rec^
b <^>^ Ks^) , thus the gynascium consists of two
Fig- 13s.— Two carpellary
flowers of Hazel in the
axil of a bract (6r).
Fig. 136.— Diagram of ditto.
^37
useless to look for ovn p. W ^ ^n-^^.) ; consequently it is
of the ovary (Z) then canT.f P°"^"^^^«"- ^^^h chamber
base of each^flot^r (uleZT "' °'"'^^ ^^^^ ^' ^^e
insertion of the ovary) there is a
little cup-hke envelope (^a/)— an
involucre. It is well to note that ^^-
his IS not a calyx or a perianth; J
It IS a collection of bracts.* "
Fruit.— After pollination the
ovules are produced, but, as a
rule, only one ovule in an ovary
develops fully so as to form a
seed. The fruit (fig. 13^) is a
nut contaming the one seed. The
involucre originally investing the — '•
the nut is the seed; it has a thin xf ^^^ ^^'"^^ of
possesses no endospe'™. "^he^ ^^^^ X^fSe^td'l'
are also prophylls. The dia/rani xU^ i • ^^ree joined bracts which
een/l^-'?,^ -Vertical section of re-
cen ly po hnated gyna^cium of Ha/el
HaJt'l^ ^^ ^'^""^^ '=''''°" of""' of
I i" '
m
il-
Ml '
fili'
i 11'
iffi
112
DICOTYLEDONS
constituted of the two large fleshy cotyledons (cot) of the
embryo. Dissemination. — The fruits merely fall to the grovnd,
or may be carried away by animals (especially squirrels) for
future use.
Pollination. — The flowers are wind-pollinated. When the
staminate catkins have ma-
tured they bend down, and,
as their bracts separate, the
anthers dehisce and drop
pollen on to the bracts below
them. The pendulous cat-
kins are easily shaken by
the wind, and the pollen
may reach the tufts of
stigmas.
(i.) Note the inconspicuousness of the flowers which are not
visited to any appreciable extent by insects.
(ii.) That a large amount of dry pollen is produced, and
easily shaken from the flowers.
(iii.) The large filamentous -stigmas.
(iv.) The absence of nectaries.
All these are common features of wind-pollinated flowers.
Fig. 139. — Two nuts of Hazel invested
with cupule.^ (</).
•m'
t) of the
e ground,
irrels) for
Vhen the
lave ma-
iwn, and,
irate, the
nd drop
cts below
lous cat-
aken by
e pollen
tufts of
h are not
iced, and
flowers.
APETAL^E-CUPULIFEK.E
Table Illustrating the Fiorat r^
Othpp r Characters of
UTHER CUI'ULIFER.E,
"3
I^IRCH {Be/u/a).
<? Inflores-
cence.
Catkin: 3 flowers
"1 the axil of I ""]
bract
Oak (Q/,t;ri,i). Br.'Fcir ^/,', \
cluster
Catkin, pendii- I Ilead-Iike
""^•- ^ 'I-'wer I pendulous
c? Flower,
Perianth 2 — 1.
Phyllous. Sta-
mens 2, halved,
therefore
ap-
parently 4 ^.
anthers.
9 Inflores-
cence.
? Flower
Catkin : 3 flowers
in the axil of
each bract.
Note that the
bract is fused
with two pro-
phylls.
Perianth absent.
Ovary 2-chani-
»ered, each
L'l Tiber i-ovu-
late : styles 2,
Perianth 6-7-
lobcd. Stamens
6-12.
J^rect head -like
fpike : I flower
in the axil of
each bract.
Usuallynopro-
phylls visible,
but a basin-like
cupule occur:
Perianth 4-7-seg-
niented. Sta-
mens 4-12.
'llead-likecluster,
2 - flowered,
erect.
Perianth 3 + •^.
Ovary 3-cham-
"ered, each
chamber 2-
ovulate : style
I. stigma I,
I -seeded winged
achene(samara)
No cupule.
Perianth ^ + ;^.
Ovary 3-cham'
bered, each
chamber i-
uvulate: styles
3-
Acorn = a nut
with a woody |
cupule. Note
that of the six
ovules in an
ovary, only one
develops into a
seed. '
The 4 . valved
cupule encloses
the infructes-
cence of two
fruits. Fruit
(from one
ovary) is a
3 -angled, i.
seeded nut.
y 77 ! seeded nut.
i
H
I ' ; "i
!r
ir . li
AM DICOTYLEDONS
SALICACE-ffl (Willow Family)
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate stipulate. Dicecious.
The inflorescences are catkins. The staminate flower consists
of two or more stamens and a disk. The carpellary flower
consists of a hypogynous disk, and a syncarpous superior
gynjecium composed of two carpels: ovary, two-chambered,
with many ovules on two parietal placentce : stigmas, two.
Type L : COMMON SALLOW or WILLOW {Salix caprea).
Vegetative characters.— A tree or shrub, with alternate,
stipulate leaves. Each resting-bud is completely encased in
Figs. i40.i45.-InfloreRCence and flowers o^ SaUx cafrca (Willow). Fig. 140 -Vertical
K. \, .y""""'^ .nflorescence Fig. ML-Staminate flower inser^te f on a br-^t
rJnelHr;"^ '^'■•"" ?^ '''"\ * 'g' ,,.'43— Carpellary inflorescence. Fig? 144 -A
carpellary flower inserted on a bract. Fig. 145.— Diagnim of ditto. '•'g-M4. A
two bud-scales. Many of the terminal buds of the branches
die m late autumn and drop off during the winter, and in the
APETAL^_SALICACE/E i ,5
ere"crnotpen5 lour Each /r^"'- '" •'^'"''"^ "■'''^■'> -'
from the, bauds'* TlU^nl°'T,^■°'." "'^ foHage-leaves emerge
a fav scate .TnH i I ' °' *" '"""■■escence bears at its bate
The sLnmate ( °) flower ffift, J" *" f" f '="'''> '"■^'"•
^n°'i™bra;f(:)-rd 'F'^<^^^^^^^^^^^^
and has one chamh.-r Jhil '^ . ^ "^ °™'>' <""> '' ^"'""-'d,
two parietal phcem^ Th "" "'"u "'"">' °™'«^ ""^'^h'^d to
a two-armed stfemaT;.'^ ^he ™gle short style forks above into
the flower and Teinltserd beTorth" '''^'^'f ""' P"' "'
described as i^ypZnouT T^^IJir'''^! "l? """'^ i»
fruit is a two-valvercapsule ,™ch^ltw? hr'*''°''--;''^
numerous minute seed? tL I T *" *-'"="?<= °f *e
and each see™ possessed of a1nft„1-'"-L^^^ ^^ *<= ""'d.
the sailing mechaS °' ""'>' ''^'■=' ">>'<='' f°™''
Type II. : POPLARS (/'oM«s).
catSr;lSinat'?Lt" whh'?'°"%'" ''™"« ?»<'""'-
nectaries tho?mh tJ Moreover, the flowers have no
P0.1inated;wIereI^tX;rafJSp;iS^^^^^^^^^
•I if
' i
IjS
ii6
DICOTYLEDONS
Iriiiit
IlfiSli
|1 '■
ance with these facts we note that the catkins of the Willow
are erect, its flowers produce honey, and its pollen is sticky.
Ikit the catkins of the Poplar hang loosely and are easily
shaken by the wind; the flowers produce no honey; the pollen
is dry; and finally the stigma, being lobed to a greater extent
than in the Willow, it off"ers a larger surface for the reception
of the pollen.
EUPHORBIACEiE (Spurge Family)
Plants sometimes having a milky juice. Flowers usually
apetalous, diclinous, hypogynous. Perianth small or absent,
(iynxcium, syncarpous, with a lobed three- (rarely two-)
chambered ovary, having one-two ovules in each chamber.
Fruit a capsule. Seeds endospermic.
i
Type : PETTY SPURGE {Euphorbia fep/us).
Vegetative characters. — An annual herb containing a white
milky juice and with simple leaves. Inflorescence : the stem,
which is simj)le or has two largy branches, terminates in a
compound inflorescence, which is an umbel-like cyme of three
Fig. 146. — Cyathium of Euphorbia feflus,
branches. Each of the latter is in turn a two-branched cyme
(dicUasium), the branches of which may again be forked
cymes (dichasia). But throughout the whole inflorescence the
actual termination of each shoot is formed by a peculiar
inflorescence termed a Cyathium, which looks like a simple
flower (figs. 146, 147).— The cyathium has a cup-like in-
EUI'IIORiiiACEK ,,^
junction of four of these hricL r f' ' '"'' ''^
Fig. .47.-Vertical section of cyathium of ^u/Aorfiia >■//«.
flower <'fiK T .s\ . K f'i'^^'L'-lol)cd o\-ary (o7>). Staminate
stalk. A jo^ tL^^^^^^^^^^ T'"'' '''''''''-^ °" ^ "°^^-
a^whicH t e fi.. ::i fL^i^jsr r ^i^ "^^ ^^^ ^^^"^
S and dl^n . ''°^.'^' J°'"^ ^"^ ^'^^' flower-stalk
to S V' .u^ " "^ P'^"^ "^^'^h '■« closely related
Thf fln ?? '^"''; ^' ^ ^^"'^^ P^^"^"th at the joint ]
I he floral formula s KO CO A1 TO -n ■'
stamen-like flowers are arranged in five S
opposite the five bracts* (fiLTs iao tcM PoT I
these radial lines of stai;in':;J^fl^o;;^rf ^ep^^^ems
an inflorescence standing in the axil of a bract
diagram 149). CarpeUaryflower (figs. X46 147)
the sino- e renfml o-,,.,^^: _ _•./ P , ■+"' ^47;
the single centra gynrecium with kl ^f Vl' ^'i^'-'inate^ flower
renresents n c,',..r,i 1 , ^ ^ ^^^ ^°"g ^^alk °f Euphorbia
represents a simple naked flower composed of H^'i'^ ^"^ ■'"'
three carpels. In some spurges there isTd stinct ^"' "^"^
hypogynous perianth, consisting of three or S^T • \u ,
even n the Pettv Snum^ tv. • ^''^ penanth-leaves :
The ova. ^l "^^^^ ^ ^t^^^l^^t^^
!a!fyrl " "■""'-")'«» in a large cyathium like ,ha, o, J!„M.Ma
Ii8
III
DICOTYLEDONS
ovule (o) in each chamber. There are three forked styles
'.vith stig) -IS (.s;v) on the .summit of the ovary. The iloral
formula i.s KO (minute) CO AO C, (3). Fruit.— The three-lohed
ovary forms a three-valved capsule. Seed.— Endospermic.
We see therefore that the cyathiuni (figs. 149, 150) is a
cymose inflorescence consisting of one terminal carpellary
FiK. 149.— DiagMm of cy.ithium
of Kupliorbia. i, 2, 3, 4, 5 .nre
br.icts.
Fiff. 150.— Scheme of cyathium
of huplwrbia. i, 2, 3, 4, 5 are
bract
flower and lateral staminate inflorescences arising in the axils
of five bracts which form the involucre.
RANUNCULACE-ffi (Buttercup Family)
Usually herbs. Leaves alternate (except Clematis). Flowers,
usually showy, acyclic or hemicyclic, regular (except Monks-
hood and Larkspur), hypogynous. Sepals polysepalous,
often petaloid. Petals polypetalous or absent. Stamens
numerous. Carpels usually more than one, apocarpous,
superior. Seed endospermic.
Type L : BUTTERCUPS {Ranunculus acris, R. bulbosus,
R. repens).
Vegetative characters.— Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
simple, deeply divided. Stipules are absent, but there is a
leaf-sheath at the foot of the petiole. In the first two species
i'()L\'i-i; rAL/i<; kanunculaci: .k ...j
the stem is erect, and in M. Imllmus it is swollen at the base.
In /v. npcns the stem is not erect, hut forms creeping runners,
which are iixed to the soil l,y adventitious roots given off from
W " U-, ^"^°'««^«»c« :-cymose ; the axis ends in a
In';}; .1 1 V •''';'''"'' '^r '^'^''■^^^ inflorescences are two-
branched (d.chasia) or one-branched (monochasia). Note the
wo small prophylls on each lateral axis of the inflorescence,
s ilif' \'! '^' ^'f'^" "^ ''''' ^"^'^■^■'^ ^he leaves are
simphhed; they are bracts. Flower (figs. 60, 6i).-The
^r^?l A '"•' ••''■'' T^' °^ ^""'-•^^"J^ '^^^' ^^^ ^'•'<''' th^it one
genera description will suffice. The flowers are hemicyclic
monoclmous ( 9 ), regular, and hypogynous. Sepals (J, sp)
five, separate, green />./,^^• (.or, p) five, alternating with the
epals, sej^arate. Note that there is a little pocket -the nectary
(/0-at the base of the mner face of each petal. Stamens (and)
mimerous (oc), hypogynous, spirally arranged, separate
Carpels {}iyn) numerous ( ^), apocarpous, superior, spirallv
arranged on a conical receptacle (r). Each carpel contains one
basal ovule (^) ,n its one-chambered ovary; style, very short :
tigma, knob-hke Fruit :-compound, consisting of numerous
achenes (fig. 115) upon a common receptacle. (Each achene
IS derived from one carpel.) Seed endospermic (end) with a
minute embryo (e;nl>). Pollination, -The outermost stamens
ripen before the inner ones and before the carpels. Their
anthers dehisce towards the petals. At this early stage the
flower IS practically staminate, for the stigmas cannot be
pollinated because they are not ripe, but are covered by the
closed anthers of the inner stamens. Gradually the rest of the
stamens ripen and dehisce, but the stigmas are ready for
pollination before the innermost stamens have dehisced.
Ihus, when it first opens, the flower cannot be pollinated.
subsequently it can be either cross-pollinated or self-pollinated
Many kinds of insects (beetles, flies, bees, and butterflies) visit
he flowers for the sake of the scarcely-concealed honey or for
the pollen, and act as pollinating agents.
Type II.: MONKSHOOD (Aconltum napdlus).
The Monkshood differs from the Buttercups in the
t. "^i^ y^^^^Y ■—■l^^r^orcsccjice, a terminal raceme. Calyx
{J>s, as, Is) blue, petaloid; of the five sepals the posterior
i
120
n I
DICOTYLEDONS
one (/>s) is hood-like; irregular. PeAr/^ ^.mht • tu. .
posterior (//) paals arc'long-cWd n^L c^n eded undl?
pa rS'l ovu r.-nth ■"■" ''P"''?,!f '•"^•■''- '■"* «ith many
fol cS Th, fl "'=.°™'-J'- , J '»=/"«/ consists of three
tolliclcs. Ihe flower is irregular, and is zvomorohic in ^
median plane. Pollination._Th; flower is^ZSrous;
as
Figs. I3T, T52.-Flower of Monkshood : <^^=bract ; ^r=prophylIs,
fmol'^slhlP ^l "' °'^r P°"^". ^PP^^^^ t° ^e thus rendered
Kd^f hnJrr"'"'T ^l ^^^0"^Pli«hed exclusively by
flit V ^""^'^'e-bees. As the humble-bee alights on the
flower, It uses the two lateral sepals as a platfo m and the
consequence is that the lower surface of the bee'sSdv comes
into contact with the anthers and stigmas. In freshlyCned
flowers It IS the anthers against which the insect strikes ^Tu^
m older flowers the stamens have bent back, and the sdgmas
b e atT Tl "ff' '^^'^^ ^'^ ^°"^^ ^"^^-^ °f the body oTthe
bte at precisely the same spot as do the anthers in a younger
POLYPETAL.E-RANUNCULACE^
121
p^ w£%s^^r i.5:r ^^°^^-p°"'-^^^^^ The
lowest flowers, and travels up he in fl'' ^°"^"^^^"^^e.s at the
polHnation b; the poHen even nf .r'"''""''' ^" ^^^'^ "^'^^nner
The long-stalked neSes are rnl ^. f"'" P'^"^ ^' ^^'^^rted.
side view, nor can thdr honev h ^ '/'^^ ^°"^^^^l^^d from out-
difficulty by any insec X^'th^nTu^W f^'^^'^P J^^^ ^reat
hood-flower is a flower esDeciallv nHn . r"^''"''" ^^^' ^"^^o^ks-
agency of these particular wl^ ^ '"^ ^r pollination by the
those regions of the earTh vvhlh ' "^^^^l^^^^^^y it is absent from
Com/ansou betzveentke l]/// ^'"^ ''"^°"' humble-bees.
is actinomorphic, and if dl^^pi '^ ^''"°7 buttercup -flower
nectaries arj feebfy conceded In. f ''"•?'• ^""^'""^^ as its
with quite short toLues cl ditn '^''^L ^^^^■'^^i^le, insects
The flower is therefort Sited bv^/ ''""'^ '^' ^'°"">''
of insects. These alight l''h J S's ^oTon '.'^ "'^^^^ ^^"^^^
may cause cross-pollination nr.«if n ° °" ^^^ carpels, and
hood-flower is Cm^phfc and' t " ''r . ^
Its honey is carefSlly concealed nnV"?""^ '? '^^ ^^"^on-
specialised insects ca^n dTscover anr, ^T"'"^' ^° ^^^^^ ^nly
pollinated exclusively by one ^oun o/'"'^ ''• J^'^^ ^^^^"^^ ^s
which visit in one partkukTr wav '. I "^sects-humble-bees-
pollination as they go £rDran^%o i"?''^''^' ^^^^^ ^^oss-
^mpossible in the Monkshood fln ^'''^u ^elf-pollination is
Buttercup-flowers tK ustmt Tf. 7^^ ^^nkshood- and
shapes of flowers are as ocSed wkh tL '' -^'^ '°^°"^^ ^"^
which visit and pollinate thTse flowers %^''T''' °^ ^"^^^^«
irregular zygomorphy is a mean. 7,^ i )^ ^^'° '^^ ^hat the
insect to deal with the floTer l 2 T^'° '""^^ ^^^ ^^^i^ing
ensure cross-pollination. Snalli^^Ce S t^'""'^ ^° ^^ ^'
flowers are associated with cer ta n Hn«! f -^"^ ^ygomorphic
'he Buttercup. .i.H ™„/vS;^'?''re°:ir;isr '=
f M 1
3
Jj(!l
[T
ARLE
122
DICOTYLEDONS
M
U
<!
O
<
Pi
u
b
o
w
H
U
Pi
<!
(J
o
p:)
Climbing by means of
the stalks of the oppo-
site leaves. Achene
blown by the wind,
and possessing a per-
sistent feathery style.
O
3
"o
>
a
Honey excreted by the
bases of the carpels.
Transition from foliage-
leaves to bracts and
sepals.
2i
o
3
>
c
rt C
.
Ji
c
XI
'J
*
1)
c
x:
<
tn
jo
"o
i
Id
PL,
i
■4-1
a
<
c
<5
c
0)
<
.§1
CU3
<
tn
'C
tj
u
"3
XI
3
■4-1
ii > B 5 .
CL 3 o G -^
^ 71 U) 71 CU
<!
a.
U
-i
3
*-•
|3
a,
>- c c
'o
IS
■4-1
■3 3
U .. Oh
<J"3 >-
3 t/3
-.is
10
h
>
CD
e
©
©
©
©
->
1
i
2>r
J!
o
(^ .
i
O
QJ ?! ~
Ui
P'
C
m
er
m]
witl
soli
two
2 +
the
are
the
Car^
{oi)
plac
man
from
of thi
POLYPETAL/E-PAPAVERACE^
PAPAVERACE^ (Poppy Family)
I^'jf^. "j^^i"^- ^.L--^ exstipulate.
123
usually showy, "^^lai: hypogy,:oT TelSf 1™ &
carpLls, Ironi 2 to 00 , syncarpous : ovary onc-charaljered with
rndoV™',?. "" '""^""' '""^-'- ^■™" dd,isce,«.n:ds
TVPE I : FIELD.POPPY (P„J,ave,- r/mas)*
Vegetative characters.-Annual herbaceous platit with
mtlky jutce (latex) and bristly hairs. Leaves alterna^rsmlSd,
Fig. I53-— Vertical section of flower of Poppy.
without stipules simple, pinnately cleft. Flower (fig ir,\
solitary, termina lactiuomorphic, hypogynous. Sef^s (seJ)
two, separate, falling off as the flower opens. PSaL (7)
2 + 2 separate, arranged m two alternating whorls of two eafh '
the outer wo also alternate with the two sepals. The Ss
are crumpled m the bud ; each petal may have a black spo a
the base of Its mner face. Stamens numerous ( oc), Y^Zgynous
Carpels from eight to twelve, syncarpous, superior ^Ovarv
M one-chambered, with from' eight o twelve panetd
placenta (//) protruding inwards from the wall, and Cni
many ovules on their faces (also fig. i c r ). StiemasTfia TcTl
from eight to twelve, sessile, form'ing^'.llve^jTandf fadi^ttn'^
11
.:'{|l
?!
124
DICOTYLEDONS
from the centre of the roof of the ovary. We should expect
the stigmas to lie above tlie gaps between the placentne,
because a stigma usually stands above the dorsal suture
(mid-rib) of the carpel to which it belongs. But in the
Fig. 154. — Gynaeclum and
one stamen of Poppy.
F'S- 'SS- — Cross-section of
ovary of Poppy.
Poppy the stij;mas stand directly above the placentae, instead
of alternating with them. When stigmas are thus superposed
on the placentae they are said to be cotnmissiirnh Fruit
(fig. T;ib) a capsule, opening by lateral pores which alternate
with ihe stigmas. Seeds minute, and easily transported by
the wind. Pollination : the flower has no nectaries, but is
visited by insects desiring its pollen.
Type II. : COMMON CELANDINE {Chelidonium majus).
Herb with yellow juice and yellow flowers. Its flowers differ
from those of the Poppy in that the gynaecium consists of two
combined carpels, with two commissural stigmas surmounting
a one-chambered ovary possessed of two parietal placentas.
The fruit (fig. 121) is a siliqtia, which has no septum; conse-
quently the persistent placenta {r) {repluin) forms an empty
frame which bears the ovules.
Uses, Peculiarities, etc. of Papaveraceae. — The latex of
Papaver somniferum is the source of opium. Eschscholtzia
is a familiar garden plant, with flowers tending to become
perigynous.
CRUCIFER.ffi (Wallflower Family)
Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Inflorescence, race-
mose, usually without bracts. Flower, regular, hypogynous.
I'0LYPETAL.4i_CRUCIFER^.: ,35
no endSper™''" ™"'"°"'- F™'' "--"/ aliliqua/S,
TVPB I, : U-AIJ.FLOWER (CMraMus ckeinX*
* .am
■56 "157
"+T''seDarSL°^Trf ''"™ 7 J""'™' ^«'eet-sce„ted. &w.
whor sTtwo eaS,''^ The't'J^^'lT T^^f '" '™ ^"«™^ng
whorl, and are Inserted hiilr n S' ''P^''' ^ '°"" *e inner
our. median sepa^TK^er:^ Z^Tl^J^^Z
llifl
I .
126
DICOTYLEDONS
and pouched at their bases : the little pouches act as recep-
tacles to hold the honey poured out by the nectaries. Petals (/)
four, separate, arranged in one whorl alternating with the four
sepals. Note the blade {la) and claw (cl) of each petal
(fig. 83). Stamens {f{gs. 156, 88) 2 + 4, hypogynous, separate.
There are two short stamens {at) and four long ones {am).
The two shorter stamens are opposite the inner (lateral) sepals,
and are inserted at a lower level than the four long stamens.
Therefore the two shorter stamens form an outer whorl, and the
four long ones constitute an inner whorl of stamens. Nectaries
(figs. 156, 88) : a green nectary {n) is situated at the base of each
of the two shorter stamens. Carpels (figs. 156, 88) two
syncarpous, superior. Ovary {ov) : the two parietal placentre,
bearing numerous ovules, are connected by a delicate parti-
tion (septum) which divides the cavity of the ovary into two
chambers. When an ovary is divided into several chambers,
and contains numerous ovules, the placentation is usually axile;
but in the Cruciferae the ovules are attached to the walls, and
not to the axial partition. It is for this reason that the
partition is regarded as not originally a true part of the
carpels, and is therefore termed a false septum (fig. 156).
The short style is surmounted by two commissural stigma-
lobes {s). Fruit (fig. 120) a pod-like siliqua. It is
necessary to distinguish between the persistent placentae
forming the replum {re) and the false septum, {fs). Seed
(fig. 116) contains no endosperm, the embryo is bent. The
seeds are compressed, and are easily carried about by the
wind, and are thus able to reach the tops of walls, on which
the plants frequently grow.
Type II.: SHEPHERD'S PURSE {Capsella bursa pastoris).
This plant is an annual little weed, in reality an ephemeral,
flowering at nearly all seasons of the year. The inflorescence
and flowers are constructed on the same plan as those of the
Wallflower. The length of the four long stamens is such as
to occasion regular self-pollination. The fruit is of peculiar
shape, and is a shortened siliqua.
Uses, peculiarities, etc., of Cruciferae.— Though they appear
sc diff'erent. Cabbages, Cauliflowers and Broccolis, Brussels-
sprouts, Turnips, Rape, and Mustard are plants all belonging
to the same genus — Brassica. They are placed in one single
?OLYPETAL/E-ViOLACE^
^ J27
genus, because the flowprc fr,„-f j
The Cahhase(ZsTaZl'':i;\Tt^^^^^^^^ closely alike.
Its large leaves. The Brn..!T. i . ""^^"^ ^°^ ^^^ sake of
cabbage producing many wf^^; -f, ""T^y ^ ^^""^^^y of
the edible portions. The cfulE ^''^i^'S ^"^' ^^'^^ form
varieti^.sof\hecabbage?cui?vated for ?h"^ ^^^^f ^ ^f^ other
branched inflorescence th7i ^°^th^jaJ<e of their much-
colourless, the flowers bo ,v! r f ''^'"^^ ^'■e fl^'shy and
."heart" of a clZZ.l^'^f ZTc:' is\T"^'^'-^- ^'^^
inflorescence. The Turnin //> "^ branched terminal
possessing a tuberous m"f ioot'Zw r"^''''''^ '' ^ biennial
The Swede is a variet^of the T. ^'^ T "^' ^' ^ vegetable,
sake of its swollen tan root T^ p'P' "^ '° ^"I^ivated for the
ofB. .«.../.././., and from ks sled'. ?' '%'' " ^"^t^^"- ^^"-"ty
seeds of the Black MustTrd ^^l '^:°'^ x^' °^^^"^^^d- The
the condiment mustard ^^f^ff^.f^^^) ^^^ ^^e source of
White Mustard (BrassL JIa) Tth ^°""^. P'^"^'^ ^^ ^he
this is the Mustard cultivated withV ?"lP°^'fion of salads ;
cress." Cress (ZeJ^Zti^^A ' ?' ^° ^°'"^ " "^""^^^^d and
The edible part of tlTnor ^R^^ ^ff ^^ '^^ Crucifer.x.
the rhizome'(not the roS~itt o^^^^^^^ "''"^?^-) -
stipulate. The swollen red tubprr.f ?! ^^^ ?orse-radish are
fW) are formed ma nfv bvh.h^' ^'^''^ {Raphanus
i^asturtuon o^anafeUhl belong fjThif 'f ' '''^'T'^^^
Cruciferae are cultivated in gaSs fo fh ''"''^- "^ ^^^
flowers: such are the <^tnnLn I °^ *^^ '"^ake of their
flowers). '^' ^^°"^^' Candytuft (with zygomorphic
VIOLACE^ ^Violet Family)
Herbs. Leaves alternate Qfi"r,„in*. t-i
irregular, hypogynousSe?'akri, ^'°T" °fe" ^^h^T,
one-chambered, with three ™S,i ,''''' '>'"'''"'P™^ J °™ry
ovuJes. Fruit, 'a Are ^^'el^psule;''""'" ^'"""^ many
T^™- PANSY (r/,,/^/,/,^/^^)
leaf-Iike. Leaves rolTe7L ^^t'ir ™ ^^ V ^"P.-'^f '"«'
Inflorescence.— 'I'ho flower isToi,-,, ^R '^'^'^'^ '" "«= bud.
i
' -I, I
ill;
I
r>id
Hj«]
128
DICOTYLEDONS
the flower-stalk. Flower median-zygomorphic, hypogynous.
Se/>ais five, separate. Note the prolongation of the sepals
below their points of attachment. Fcta/s five, separate,
irregular. The anterior petal is produced into a long spur
Fig. 158.— Pansy. 1. Vertical section of flower : s= sepal ; //= lateral petal ; sfi=&p\it
of anterior petal ; a/=appendage of one of two anterior stamens. 2. Floral diagram,
3. Flower-bud, showing aestivation: j = descending process of sepal. 4. Fruit: //=
placenta. 5. Flower with calyx and corolla removed : a/ = appendages of two anterior
stamens; /■= filament ; = anther ; c = continuation of connective ; j = swollen end of
style ; z' = shutter of stigm.i-cup. 6. Gynaecium : <w=ovary. 7. Seed with lump (c).
8. Vertical section of seed: ca = lump: ;« = micropyle; /= testa ; « = endosperm.
(i-o based on Kny's figures of Pansy.)
(fig. 1 58-1, sp) which conceals the two nectaries and acts as
a honey receptacle. The petals are arranged in the bud con-
dition in the manner known as descending-xmhnaxiQ. Stamens
(fig. 158-5) five, hypogynous. Anthers (a) introrse, arranged
close together round the single gynaecium. The connectives
are continued above the anthers, and form little flaps {c). The
Dgynous.
e sepals
separate,
•ng spur
-"s
I ; j/=spur
il diagram,
•'ruit : />/=
ivo anterior
ien end of
ti lump (c).
endosperm.
acts as
»ud con-
Stamefis
irranged
nectives
). The
POLYPKTAL.'E-VIOLACEyK
(^^) into thT^^uroAhf .trb^Sf ^^^^^
(^^e-) onc-chaXred w nf "f? '' '"P'."°''' ^^"^bincd. Ovary
(./^) on theanterio'rsur^fe e of its u'n;^^ '' \^\
a capsule splitting down the dor™ture ' l^fth^ '^f'^
contract and jerk out the smooth se^ds Seed ^i^ « '^^
endospermic, with a lump (c ca\ np^r th • ^V^ ' '58-7-8
tion.-The anthers dSe towardT hi "^^"^"P>''^'- P^Uina-
time as the stigma ripens AtS ^'^^ 8^"'-^^'""^ at the same
pollination is ineWtaSe and ndeed''.^ 1 '' u^'^''^'' '^''' '^^^■
place in the whitish-ydCl^rc^.^K 'j^^^^^
( V. tricolor var. arvensi^\ R„«- ;., «.u i ^'i'^'^v or the Pansy
i>sy, which vo"£^-Jl^,il^!::^T7''V'''^' °f
hindered by a verv neat mirh^nf -ru" ''^ f-Po'l"w"on is
little shutter or flap (fe^sf^-hr' ^ ' ^'■fc™''-™P has a
A bee visiting the flo«; a&ht'sln thT "l' '•" "' '°7" ^*'=-
tl^rf^o^S -r r -* ■" C™nt-S -; '"r
bee's ton u^is ^uVbld To t"^^^ O^'- '", .
pushed farther towards x\l HI ^"S["a-cup. As the tongue is
time into contacfwith he noHen'h^ T "'?"''' "?^' ^"^ '^^ ^'^^
and in this way the fonlf belongmg to the flower itself;
own poU^" When the bee haT2'' T'^ "f^ ^^^ «-^'-'«
ceedi to withdraw Lton.ueth.° 1 n'^l T' ^'^^^^^ ^"^ P^^'
latter closes the shutter nf /J .•^"'^'^ movement of the
SSeer^OrroIerPCd"^^ *«^ ? "^^ -^'
vellowish-whiteflowerfnf h i ' '•" ^^^ '"^^" y^^^^^ o^
i3.oreeasi,yac"e:SLl°f*^s:*:nir^^^^^^^^^^
I
:!!<'
|i:
130
DICOTYLEDONS
by insects with shorter tongues (beetles and flies) as well as by
bees. It IS well to note that the yellow-flowered form has more
accessible honey and a wider circle of visitors than the blue-
flovvered form which is a " bee-flower " ; and to compare this
with the case of the yellow Buttercup and the blue Monkshood
borne of the flowers of the small-flowered variety do not open
but pollinate themselves. * '
The Violets belong to the same genus (Viola) as the Pansy
and have their flowers constructed on the same general plan •
but the structure of the stigma varies in different species'
Many violets have two different kinds of flowers In the
springtime they produce the familiar white or blue flowers •
but later in the year they bear a second crop of flowers which
are minute and bud-like, and incapable of opening. These
c osed flowers pollinfite themselves and are hence said to be
cleistogamtc.
CARYOPHYLLACE-ffi (Pink Family)
Herbs. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence cymose. Flowers
regular, cyclic, hypogynous. Sepals four or five. Petals four
hve (or none), polypetalous. Stamens usually eight or ten'
often obdiplostemonous, usually hypogynous. Carpels from two
to tive, syncarpous, superior; ovary one-chambered: ovules
many, on a central placenta; styles from two to five. Seed
perispermic, embryo curved.
Type I. ; CHICKWEED {Stellaria media).
Vegetative Characters.— Annual herb, much branched in a
cymose manner (fig. 43). Note the line of hairs on one
side ot each internode, continuous with a fringe of hairs
on the bases of the leaves. Leaves opposite, exstipulate
simple, entire; lower leaves stalked, upper leaves sessile.
Inflorescence axillary, commences as a two-branched cyme
^ichasium). Flower (fig. 159) ^ regular, cyclic; small, white.
I he flowers vary considerably, but a complete typical flower
will be described first, and then the variations will be noted
^^/a/.y(^^) five, separate, /'.^/'a/j (^^) five, separate. Note the
deep division of each petal. Stamens 5 -f- 5, hypogynous.
1 he stamens composing the outer whorl {af) are opposite to
the petals : whilst the five inner stamens (as) alternate with
them. The flower is therefore obdiplostemonous. Anthers
POLYPETAL/K_CAR^'OI>HYr.LACE/E
131
introrse. Nectaries {„) five, very small knobs standing outsid
the five ,nner stamens and, therefore, opposite tht ^
o
Fig. i59.-Vertical section of (lower of Steliaria media.
Cr^^A/x three, syncarpous, superior: styles three • ovirv ^..a
one-chambered, with many ovules on a centril Sema^
f^l ^^\ " "'^u "'P.^"^'^'- °P^"'"^^ ^y ''^^ valves. Seed k / A i
Ci '^^?,!;f y-^^^P^d' J'th perisperm. Variations ^ in" the
flower.— I he sepals and carpels ®
remain constant in number (ex-
cepting that very rarely the sepals
may be six in number). In
some flowers the five stamens
which should be opposite the
petals are wanting : in others
there are only three stamens,
which are opposite three sepals :
in still other flowers no stamens
are present, so that the flower is
carpellary. Again, in some cases
the petals are wanting. Pollin-
ation.— The plants are found in
flower throughout the year.
The honey is accessible to .-.
short-tongued insects, and the flowers are cross - pollinated
:"i<
Fig. i6o.— FIor.-ii diagram of
^'te'liiriu media.
w
HH
•(- :
mlj
■ .,
ifliS
■^m
iifl
n
^32
DICOTYLEDONS
;l
y he agency of ma.iy knuls of insects (bees, beetles, flies,
etc.). Self-po iMuit.on often takes place in open flowers
n..cause the stu,'nnis come in contact with the anthers ; but k
also oanirs m flowers which rcnai.i closed. These closed self
pollinating ilowers are merely ordinary flowers which fail o
Ks^ji^vioir "-^ ^"' ''''-' ^' -^ ^'^ ^^^^^^^
The flowers of these plants differ from those of the Chick
weed more particularly in having a tubular gamosepalous cX
and long-clawed petals. Their honey is conse< uently con^
cealed at the bottom of a long tube, ancJ cannot be reached by
hort-tongued msects. These flowers are exclusively pollinated
by insects with long tongues-/... mainly by butferfli s and
mohs. J he comparison between these flowers and those of
^/.//«^/.^ gives us additional evidence for the view that the
shapes of insect-pollinated flowers bear relation to the so ts of
nsects which pollinate them (see pages 8r, 82 and 110 121)
It IS important to note that Pinks are pollinated by but?erflies
flying during the daytime, and that !hey often have a pink
colour and delicious scent. Contrast this with the w1 te
col.ir of the flowers of Z)r/.,«> mA^V.a, ^. hich open 2
dusk, give out their strongest scent It that time, S are
pollinated by night-flying moths. The white coloir renders
flowers more conspicuous at night. f«-"utrs
MALVACE^ (MaUow FamUy)
r..^i7^l°' '^'"^'- .^^^''"^^ alternate, stipulate. Flowers
regular, hypogynous, often showy. Sepals fi e, gamosepaloSs
valvate Petals five, nearly polypetalous, joined to Thrst^amens
fvU n ^'? ^''T'' """^-'•O"^' filaments united. Amhers
With only tvvo pollen-sacs each. Carpels from three to 0^
chSrs" ^°^^P°^^^P°-)- Ovary wilh from three to man^
Type : MALLOWS (Ma/va sylvestris and M. rotundifoltd).
POLYPETAL.].:_MAIA\\CE.E
^33
Vegetative characters — ir.rh^ with »,.,.- t
stipulate, simple inlm.tlv , • i , , 'i''"'- I^^'^vcs alternate,
style: the s.a„,eMs and pct!I are rl=;/2ear^ '^''■•'' 'P'"'>--^ (''")' ^"^ P'->rt of
epicalyx (/..). ^Flower Tfi. . f' '-"'"'"^ ^"^ ^"°^^" ^« ^'^^
showy \S.W/ Xfiv. \ ;^- ^^^^"^'^"lorphic 9, cyelic,
^../Lv. fiJe pitf on ?h >' hn ""^'^l' ^'"^"^^^ ^'" the bud
by hairs on the nnr n-n ^T ?^ '^'' ^'" ^'^P''^''^' P'-o^ected
five, contor ed '-n U fl ud '^^r^'^'^M ^^e petals. />.,./,
another and to tL stanle '' by^h./tts'^^v"'^^"' '^ °"^
ous, united by their mamrnt. fr! f -^^^me^s numer-
petalous. The nur^ m i .. ^°™. ^ ^^^^^^ W, epi-
Each anther h'as ^^^^l^^ ^^^<^ ^^^ Petals,
a complete anther -it k ImV?.V" u '^"<^ //prc^^ents only i,al{
(figs. i6i, i6. sewr.) c '^'"'^''P''^ ^^S- 162). Car/!>e/s
6 I, 103; several, syncarpous, superior. Ovary (ov)
iii J3
7i
'4\
134
DICOTYLEDONS
with several chambers, each representing one carpel
and containing one ovule attached to the axile placenta.
Style (st) one, which divides above into as many branches
as there are carpels and ovary - chambers : each branch
of the style is stigmatic on its inner and upper surface.
Fruit (fig. 164) a schizocarp
splitting into one-seeded cocci
(cc). Pollination. — In both
these species of Mallows the
stamens ripen before the carpels,
and their opened anthers form
a group round the closed erect
style-branches. As the stigmas
ripen and commence to separ-
ate, the filaments gradually
bend backwards and outwards.
In M. sylvestris the anthers are
carried completely out of reach
of the stigmas, so that the
But in M. rotundifolia the
anthers are not borne so far backwards, whilst the style-
branches gradually curl over and bring the stigmas into contact
with the open anthers : thus the flower can regularly pollinate
Itself. I1ie flowers of M. sylvestris are more showy, and are
visited more frequently by insects which cause cross-pollination.
Thus we see that of these two flowers which are so much alike,
the more conspicuous is more frequently visited by insects, and
consequently more extensively cross-pollinated. This tends to
prove that conspicuousness of flowers aids in attracting insects.
On the other hand, the less conspicuous flower of M. rotun-
difolia is more often self-pollinated. This fact goes to show
that the more perfectly cross-pollination by insects is ensured,
the more precautions are taken to avert self-pollination ; and
that, on the other hand, when cross-pollination is not ade-
quately secured, the flower makes provision for the formation
of seeds by self-pollination. Putting both results together, we
see that flowers are conspicuous in order to attract insects
which shall effect cross-pollination.
164.— Fruit of Malva sylvestris :
i/ = sepals ; <rc=cocci.
flower cannot pollinate itself.
pri
pal
Ini
cyr
bul
ulti
cha
in
Flo
POLYPETAL^-GERANIACEy^: 135
GERANIACE^ (Geranium Family)
cnambered. Fruit possessing a "beak."
Type: HERB ROBERT {Geramum ro^er^/anu;;A
Vegetative characters—Herb, strongly scented erect or
ine leat is m the first place incompletely divided into three
..'-^^
tig. 165.- Vertical section ot flower of Herb Roljert.
™.v^.. ui i.owcroi Jierlj Kobert.
mlS S?h';h ""fi '''°"'"S *^' "^-^ ™'""°" i» essentially
Id flif^ Qvii ^<" 4-u 1 ^ -'-^ "• "^>''''' iiower wnicii arises
xiower (hg, ,6s) actmomorphic, ?, cyclic: purplish-red.
:
136
DICOTYLEDONS
Sepals (^) five, imbricate. Petals (/) five, separate. Stamens
5 + 5, with their filaments slightly combined at their bases.
^ The stamens {pa) forming the
outer whorl are opposite the
petals (obdiplostemonous) and
are shorter than those {sa) op-
posite the sepals ; anthers, in-
trorse. Nectaries {n) five lumps
opposite the sepals, and lying
p between them and the five inner
stamens. Carpels five, syncar-
pous, superior. Ovary (ov) five-
lobed, five-chambered : each
chamber contains two ovules
attached to the axile placenta.
Style single, but dividing above
r ■ « T., , ,r— i"to five branches with stis-
P .g. .66.-Floral diagram of Herb Rober.. ^^^^sg). It IS important tOnOtC
that the ovary-chambers and five style-branches are opposite to
the petals. Thus the five carpels
are opposite to the petals instead
of being opposite to the sepals :
this is an additional peculiarity of
many obdiplostemonous flowers.
Fruit (fig. 167).— The main single
part of the style elongates, and
becomes a strong " beak," Only
one ovule in each chamber forms
a seed. When the fruit is ripe,
as it dries, the five carpels separate,
one by one or simultaneously, from
below upwards in such a manner
that the five seed - containing
chambers (cocci) are carried up
by elastically curling strips of the
" beak," and are thrown off. The
fruit is a peculiar schizocarp,
because the carpels do not
open whilst still attached to the
mother -plant. In some of the
British species of Geranium the ^'s- >67-— I'ruitofHeVbRobm,
.."Sg
POLYPETAL^-PAPILIONACE^ ,37
OXALIDACE^ (Woodsorrel Family)
iB^B?^^^ i: - --ace,. T,e
are more than two ovules in each of fh^ fi ^V 9^^''" ^^^^""^^
ovary, (iii.) There are five s les Hv f "^u' ''"^'^' "V'"
has no "beak." ' ^ ^•'' ^^^ capsular fruit
Type: WOODSORREL (aw/. ...,,,,//,).
symp'ode-^Th: Ltf ' f' '^ ^ ^^"^^^^ -^ not a
leaflets. Notftherdav .nrl ^^"^ ^'S'^"'*^' '''''^ three
350). Inflorescen e i"c;^^^^^^^ "lloweTm" v? ^''f\ ''^^
petals are contorted in the bud ^ iT Th®/^''"' ^'.^ "^^^
opposite the petals, and lie between hJmanr.rT""' """^
stamens, (iii.) The nlant nrn^„o ?, ,^"^ ^^"^ ^^^ outer
in addition^ 'ooA^' ^^:Z:r\^TT^^^^
capsue dehiscine- nlnni tK^ ^ , ^ "'' ^"^ ^^^^^ is a
ejected viotnt^yfromTbv^^^^^^^ •''^^ '''^' ^'^
fleshy coat which envelops eal." ^r''''''°" T^ ^ ^^^^^^
outer testa. envelops each seed separately like an
PAPILIONACEiE (Pea Family)
pou'!,?^FLwe7ste.u^^^^^^^ --"X -m-
five, gamoseTalous S weakly perigynous. Sepals
standard, tr"ngs,'^:n1 a ke'ef 'It^' 'T^^^^"^ ^^ ^
perigynous; filament^ of all or of JuT'' '""' T'^^'^
eXerm?c. ^~ ^"^ -">' " ^e^n^^' sLtr.'
TvPEs: GARDEN PEA (P/sum sativum): WHITE
CLOVER {Tnyoiium repens).
Vegetative characters.— Herbs w,>k nu
stipulate leaves Th^riA,, • ' -- ^^^ern.ate compound
(4. .5. .t) s;^^tz^as:^is:^:^
if'!'
i.li
138
DICOTYLEDONS
each. The pea is a 'imbing annual with pinnate leaves
(fig- 59) and large green persistent stipules (n) ; some of the
leaflets are converted into tendrils (dr). Inflorescences
axillary: capitulum in the clover; peculiar, two-flowered in
the pea. Flowers (figs. 96, 97) median-zygomorphic, irregular,
? , cyclic, perigynous. Se/>a/s five, combined to form a five-
toothed cup. feMs five, polypetalous, irregular. The
posterior petal (sd) is the largest, and is termed the standard
{vexillum)) the two lateral petals {w) are termed the wings
{al(£) ; whilst the two anterior petals (/&), which have separate
claws, cohere by their blades, and form the boat-shaped
keel {carina). The aestivation (fig. loi) is descending-imbricate
(see page 73). Stamens (fig. 87) ten, weakly perigynous.
The single posterior stamen {pa) is separate, but the filaments
of the nine others <?ohere to form a tube {an. t), which is open
only along its posterior face (as well as at the summit).
Though the ten stamens represent two whorls of five each, all
ten are inserted at the same level on the receptacle. The
stamens lie hidden inside the keel, and they in turn conceal
the single ovary. The base of the inner face of the staminal
tube acts as a nectary. Carpel one, superior ; ovary {ov) one-
chambered, bearing a double line of ovules on the parietal
placenta; style one; stigrna {sg) simple. Fruit (fig. 119), a
legume. Seeds non-endospermic. Pollination. — Like the
flowers of all the Papilionaceae, these flowers are specially con-
structed for pollination by means of bees. The bee alights on
the flower in such a way as to use the alse as a platform. This
depresses the alae, which in turn drag the keel. (carina) down.
In this manner the upwardly directed stigma and the pollen
inevitably come into contact with the under-surface of the bee's
body. _ The bee thrusts its tongue into the slit on the upper
(posterior) face of the staminal tube and sips the honey which
accuniulates between the base of the ovary and the base of the
staminal tube. When the bee flies away, the two alte and the
keel rise up again and assume their former positions. The bee,
visiting flower after flower, may thus eff'ect cross-pollination!
The flowers may self-pollinate themselves. In these flowers we
may note: (i.) How completely the alae and carina protect the
honey and pollen from rain and marauding insects, (ii.) The
honey can only be reached from above (from the posterior face
of the staminal column), (iii.) The aloe, when forced down.
ite leaves
ne of the
•rescences
)vvered in
irregular,
•m a five-
ir. The
standard
he wings
: separate
at-shaped
-imbricate
:rigynous.
filaments
h is open
summit).
each, all
le. The
I conceal
staminal
ipv) one-
parietal
• "9), a
^ike the
iaily con-
lights on
n. This
a) down,
le pollen
the bee's
le upper
ey which
se of the
and the
The bee,
llination.
3wers we
3tect the
(ii.) The
■rior face
;d down,
POLYPETALAC^-ROSACE^: 139
drag the carina with them, because they are inter-locked with
the caHn ' °rT^"^"^"y J°^"ld to {e.g. Clover), the sides of
the carma [Try and see what causes the wings and keel to
return to their places when the pressure of the bee is removed.]
OTHER TYPES OF PAPILIONACE^.
filament^ ^7S^f '\' ^'^^^^ ^"^ .^°^"^ °^^^^ Papilionace^ the
tilaments ox all ten stamens are joined together, but there still
remams a small wmdow-like opening on each side of the base
of the posterior stamen. These two openings render the
stem ^ th'T'^^H p ^^^f\. ^^" ^^^''^ Clover has a creeping
stem ; the Broad Bean {Vicia faba) is an erect plant ; the Pea,
llaSf' V^^'/^'c "'r^ ^y tendrils, which are modified
?ftK^75;^'^ the Scarlet Runner (/%aW...) has a twining
Oeft-handed) stem by which it climbs erect slender supports
Ihe Papihonaceae have on their roots peculiar swellings or
tubercles, which are caused by microscopic fungi. The com-
pound leaves of many types display day- and night- movements.
ROSACEAE (Rose Family)
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually alternate, stipulate.
Flowers regular, usually perigynous. Sepals usudly /or 5
1 etals usually 4 or 5 polypetalous. Stamens usually numerous,
ben inwards in the bud. Carpels, from i to cc , usually apocar:
pous, usually superior; styles more or less separate ; often
verv' iftH? n '" '!,'^ "^'P'^- ^^"^' ^^"°"^- Seeds with
very little or no endosperm.
Type I.: DOG ROSE {Rosa canina).*
wh7rr.*t*'Tf ?l^ajacters.-Shrub, with numerous prickles,
which are "subsidiary outgrowths." Leaves alternate, with
K -P^^^'i- P^""^tely compound with a terminal
^S^l^^T'"! °^ '^^ ^^"^ '^^^'-^^^" ^'^''^'^)- Inflorescence
wo c K- ^^^^°^e^ terminates a branch; in addition, one or
wo subjacent bracts may have a flower in the axil of each.
PWnwV t',^"^^tions between the foliage-leaves and bracts.l
scenTed Hjf\ ^,f ^"^^^^P^^"' ?' ^^^^^^ ^ ^^'^^^^^ and
uT%^. f ' ^'""^^ ?''^- ^^'^ '"P^'-^ ^-'^ imbricate in the
oud. Ihe two external sepals have "beards" on both lateral
* Any Rose, save a double variety, may be selected for examination.
?
l!!ll
140 DICOTYLEDONS
margins; a third sepal has one exposed margin which is
'^^ 169
Fig. 168.— Vertical section of flower of Dog Rose
Fig. 169.-A carpel of ditto, with the ovary cut down the centre.
bearded, and the other margin concealed
and not bearded (entire); finally, the fourth
and fifth sepals are completely overlapped
by the others, and have both margins even.
Pe^a/s {cor) five, separate. Stamens {and)
numerous, perigynous, curved inwards
in the flower-bud. Receptacle {re) [often
termed the calyx-tube'] deeply hollowed, so
as to be urn-shaped, with its opening
narrowed above. The sepals, petals, and
stamens are inserted round the margin
of the opening ; they are all perigynous.
A disk {d) clothes the lips and coats the
lining of the receptacle-tube above the
insertion of the carpels. The disk has
not been seen to pour out honey. Carpels
numerous, apocarpous ; the many separate
ovaries {ov) are concealed inside tube Fig. xyo.-Verticai sec
or the receptacle, and are inserted on its "°" "^ (compound fruit of
base and sides. They are superior, because "f" a ^sFrnpie^fruif;" /'=
they are not mdistinguishably fused with i-ri^'colciTe ^/crpuckr
which is
.^■rc
rtical sec-
id fruit of
= pericarp
uit ; is—
- embryo
iptacle.
POLYPETAL^:_ROSACE^.
141
the receptacle. Each one-chambered ovarv ('ficr t^. \
one ovule (.), and is surmoun'tTby a S stv/T^^^^^^^
emerges through the mouth oF the receptacubr ^
bears a simp e stigma (s'^r\ p-,,,-^. A ^^^^^P^acular tube and
sisting of numerous achnes^^cellfd "I^X^'^'^T^^ ^°"-
receptacle, which bears a peSsJent ca Ivx ^Fn'h'^'^K^^"^^^^^
course, developed from on? !.? i ^ ^^^^^^ ^^hanQ is, of
having no enlTperr Z^^^^^^'^'^^^^'t^ '^^^«
scattered by the a^pnrv nf k- i , : , ^^ achenes are
receptacle /nd'^^cSSl/'di lo^ t^tcS/' *^ -^
colour serves .0 render .he fruit ealy risiMelXds. ' '"^
Tv^E II.: STRAWBERRY (Fragariu vesca).
ine sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to Fig.17r.-A
the nm of the saucer ^r^^ n,-c. t-U c '^'-'•'^>-"ea to carpelofStraw-
Numprn,i« I^Jt ' ^^^ therefore pengynous. berry, showing
^umerous apocarpous carpels are inserted on fh^ '^ ""^^^ '^"^
central outgrowth Th^ S/-/, /v\ .'"v, on tne down the
^„j T ""'•b^^*^'-"- ine ^/W/C' (af) 2s like a r na midd e.
.^-^ ./l^. ^. and IS a nectary. Each carpel (fig
Iv.y ^r '? l^^'^^ ^'y) attached to
the Side of the ovary (ov) The
ovary contains one ovule (0). rruit
(%• 172). -After pollination, the
central mass of the receptacl^ (re)
enlarges greatly, becomes first white
in colour, and finally changes into the
red, sweet, juicy "strawberry'' which
we eat. Each carpel remains small
and forms an achene (ac) with one
Of the strawberry, —ItrdtL'^^^^^^^^
Fig. I72.--Vertical section of
TOmpouiid fruit of Strawberry
i (
1 1
142
DICOTYLEDONS
inserted upon an enlarged fleshy receptacle, to which the calyx
{sj>) and epicalyx {ep) still adln re. Dissemination.— The fruits
are dispersed by birds, which eat the juicy receptacle and
incidentally swallow the little dry achenes. These achenes have
indigestible hard 'pericarps, and consequently pass uninjured
through the bird's body. Vegetative characters (fig. 54). —
Note the "runners," also the stipulate leaves with three leaflets.
Types III. : BLACKBERRY {Rubus fruticosus) and
RASPBERRY {Rubus idmis).
The flowers (fig. 173) are structurally very like those of the
Strawberry, the only important distinctions being that there is
^73 174
Fig. T73. — Vertical section of flower of Blackberry (in the figure, the
terminal part of the receptacle {f-p) drawn more spherical than it is in
reality).
Fig. 174. — Cross-section of a ,ngle ovary of ditto.
no epicalyx, and the carpel contain two ovules each (fig. 174),
After pollination the behaviour is different, however. The
central outgrowth {rp) of the receptacle which bears the
carpels does not develop into a large fleshy mass ; it remains
relatively small. But the carpels enlarge considerably and
become one-seeded stone-fruits (drupes), which conceal the
receptacular lump in their midst. Thus the fruit (fig. 175)
of the Blackberry or Raspberry is compound : it consists of
a collection of small stone-fruits {a) inserted upon a receptacle
which bears also a persistent calyx {sp). Dir ^mination. — The
fri
Stra
seed
Tvp]
P,
flowf
consi
same
of t.h
there
carpe
two (
bottoi
recepi
{re) o;
After
great (
the t
Pninu
Rose
recepti
Prunu
and
carpel
POLYPETAL^^ROSACE^
fruits are distributed bv birds in tu^ c
u oy Dirds in the same manner as in the
^ 176
strawberry, bm the stony endocarps (fig. ,,6, .«^ ,„o,ect the
TVPBS IV : CHERRY, PLUM, ..„ APRICOT (/•„.,„)
flofr"(fii"^.',tr ''' '""'"'■ '■'"-' ^'^ ^^P*-t) has
constructed on the ' ^
same plan as those
of the Rose; but
there is only one
carpel, containing
two ovules, at the
bottom of the deep
receptacular tube
i^c) of each flower.
After pollination
great differences in
the behaviour of
Primus and of the
Rose set in. The
receptacle-tube of
Primus drops off,
and the single *''^- *77— Vertical section of flower of cherry
carpel grows greatly and becomes a one-seeded stone-fruit
i|
»'■
f
i:
■a
!*
f%
i
14
1
t'
'
ii
'.
11
i
1 Ml
144
DICOTYLEDONS
(drupe) (fig. 128). Thus the fruit is simple, and consists
of one drupe. The stipules of Primus are not persistent, but
drop off.
TAni,K SHovviNt; some Distinctions between different
Species ok Frunus.
I
. Leaves rolled [^^^ ^^uj;, '7"'^' ^'''^V\^^r..^<Prunu: domestica).
((5) Fruit velvety, yellow.— Apricot (/>«««jar;w«/fl<ra).
Ua) Fruit black, red, or"j
(convolute) ->
in the bud. I ,
II. Leaves folded
(conduplicate)
yellow, smooth, J-Cherry {Prunus cerasus).
without "bloom." J
in the bud. ' ]<^^*'''";^^„'P'J'''= °;J^rt Vc^ch (Prunus J>ersica).
I vplvPtv ' ^"^ y j(A smooth variety of the Peach is
V vcivciy. J known as the Nectarine.)
Types V.: APPLE and PEAR {Fyrus):
VL : HAWTHORN (Crafcegus).
The genus Fyrus includes both Apples and Pears. The flower
(fig. 178) of Fyrus possesses five sepals {ex), five petals {cor\
numerous _ stamens [a), and usually five carpels (fig. 179 cp).
Not only is the receptacle {re) hollowed to form a cup (as in
the Rose), but the outer faces of the carpels are fused with the
lining of the receptacle-tube. Thus the flower is markedly
epigynous. _ The five carpels are also united to one another
by their sides, and, at the most, are only free from each
other along their ventral sutures and styles; consequently, a
five-chambered inferior ovary is produced. In the flower of
the Pear the five styles are separate, but in the Apple the styles
are united at their bases. Each of the five ovary-chambers
contains not more than two ovules. As the fruit (figs. 180,
181, 182) ripens, the lining of each chamber of the ovary
becomes a parchment-like endocarp {cp). The portion {re)
lying outside this core of five endocarps enlarges greatly, and
is responsible for the production of the large, fleshy part of
the Apple or Pear fruit. The fruit is a peculiar inferior fruit
known as a pome. Dissemmation. — ^The fruits are adapted
Fig!
Figs T78.i8i.-Apple. Fig. 178.- Vertical section of flower Fie .8n n-»
of frutt. F.g. x„.-Cross.sectio„ of ovary. Fig. .^:-vL^}t.T^ ""
MS
lii^
M.
■■
'
H
^u.^^l
l^H
m
146
DICOTYLEDONS
I !i
... ", -82. — A parchment-
like chaml)er removtd from
fruit of apple, containing a
see J : /,f = testa of seed ; cot-
coiyledons.
to invite the visits of fruit-eatin.' beasts, which inadvertently
•swallow the seeds as they eat the fleshy
ixirts of the fruit.
The Hawt horn (0^//,/-,.^ oxyamn/Zm)
has flowers very similar in plan to those
of the Apple and Pear ; but the ovary
consists of two carpels only, and has
^"^ two chambers. In the fruit the endocarp
around each chamber becomes hard and
stony (not parchment-like), so that the
fruit IS a stone-fruit with two stones
Birds are responsible for the distribu-
tion of these red fruits, which are
commonly called "haws" or Hawthorn-
frnit.^ Th. 1 /^errie>* (though they are really stone-
f uits) Ihe leaves (fig. 58) have large stipules (/A and in
the axils of some leaves protective thorn-branches (i) arise.
UMBELLIPER.ffi (Parsley Family)
Herbs Leaves alternate. Inflorescence simple or compound
umbel. Flower usually regular, cyclic, epigynous, small. Sepals
five or none, small. Petals five, polypetalous. Stamens five
Carpels two, syncarpous ; ovary inferior, two-chambered, with
one ovule in each chamber; styles two. Disk, epigynous
truit a schizocarp. ^ 'b/"uus.
There is such a uniformity in the general habit of the Urn-
bellifen-e, and in the structure of their flowers and fruits, that it
is unnecessary to select any particular type. The CARROT
(Daucus carota), the COW-PARSNIP {Herackum sphondyliunt)
may be mentioned as easily obtainable and recognisable
Vegetative characters.— The stems are hollow. The leaves
are alternate, deeply divided, with broad large sheaths In-
florescence a compound umbel. There is usually a eeneral
inv-olucre at the base of the whole inflorescence (main umbel)
and a so small involucres at the bases of the secondary (partial)
"?• u •.•i" '°'"'' P^^"*' *^^ ^'^^^ °f ^" umbel ends in a flower
which differs m colour from the rest of the flowers. In the
Larrot this central flower is red, whereas the other flowers are
white. Flower. - Usually ?, usually actinomorphic. cyclic
usually white or yellow, l-'loral formula is K5 C5 A5 G(T). In
nadvcrtcntly
tt the fleshy
oxyacanfha)
Ian to those
It the ovary
ly, and has
he cndocarp
ics hard and
so that the
two stones,
he distribu-
which are
Hawthorn-
.'ally stone-
'«), and in
arise.
compound
all. Sepals
imens five.
3ered, with
epigynous.
'f the Um-
iits, that it
CARROT
hondylium)
ble.
rhe leaves
aths. In-
a general
n umbel),
y (partial)
n a flower
>. In the
lowers are
ic, cyrlic,
G("/. In
i'OLYl'KTAL.K-UMBELUFRR F
47
rs
y
an
■Sf
Fig. ,83.-Vert!cal section of a marginal .ygomorphlc flower of
Jlerackuins/ihoiuiyliui,!.
present the calyx is smarand If ;' V^^ " "^ """"^ "^^^''^
presented by Ave teeth; in some Umbel-
liferre the calyx is absent. Fctals (a/, pp)
five, separate, often bent inwards at th^;
tips. Stamens {an) five, cpigvnous, sepa-
rate a ternate with the petals, bent in-
wards m the bud. CarU two, s nca -
Vou., inferior; ovary two - chambera ,
vith one ovule m each chamber: styles
)vo, short. Z?/.£_The fleshy disk ^Z
lies on the roof of the ovary'chamber
this d sk 'pf A^r^' '° ^"^^^^^^^ f^°"^
rvi / ■ /. ^^•'''^ ^^ ^ nectary. Fruit ... --^
— Ihe fruit (figs. l8?, l86) is a Schi/nr-irr. .f'^'-'S^.-Floral diagram
cr^^■ft,•.,^ • ^ r^ "^ ^/ ^^ ^ '^cniZOCarp of zjKomorph c flower of
splitting into two one-seeded closed meri ^^'''■^^''""'' W«^"v4%.
carps, which remain for a time attichorl t.. fK
th.n portion of the axi. (.,) O^i^i^/^^forthf ftuT'^S
,!1,
•
148
§
DICOTYLEDONS
i w
fruits have oil canals (v) in their walls which are ribbed.
- — s^ The oil -canals of the mericarps
1^ of the Cow -parsnip are of a
characteristic club-shape (v). Seed
(sd) endospermic. PoUination.—
The flowers are small, and there-
fore not conspicuous, but they are
crowded together in order to form
a showy mass of bloom which
shall serve to attract the notice
Fig 185. -Fruit (schizocarp) of ?[. ^^^ects. In the Cow-parsnip
/feraae«»tsMon<iyiiu„i:r=nhs; this showmcss IS further enhanced
;rpt"^'^=^-^''^-=^^— by the enlargement or the petals
Tu^ fl ^ , ^^ *^e margin of the inflorescence
exDosedTnM ^''/^' ""''' P"^^ ^^S^^^^' ^^^^^ honey so freely
exposed that msects possessing even the ^
^ortest tongues can sip at the honey. ''" -"^
1 he consequence is that these flowers
are largely visited and cross - pollinated
by short -tongued insects, especially by ..
flies beetles, and wasps; but are largely Jr^ckr^^'of-^er^^jJ,
neglected by long-tongued insects, such ^J^J"""^yJ'»"' cut across .-
as moths and butterflies. ''^='"''-
USES, PECULIARITIES, etc., of Umbellifer^.
The Carrot and Parsnip {Fastinaca) are cultivated for the
sake of their large tap-roots ; Parsley {pitroselinum)^\lT^^
Cr. k^'^T ^^^f ^ Sraveolens) for its partially etolated
leaf-stalks and stem-base. The Hemlock (cl/^,«) and ome
other Umbelhferae are poisonous. '
PRIMULACE-ffi (Primrose Family)
Herbs. Flowers regulai. hypogynous, often showy. Sepals
five, gamosepalous. Petals usually five, gamopetX
Stamens usually five, opposite the petals, epipetalLs. Ca S
superior, syncarpous; ovaiy one-chambered, with many ovE
capsuir'' P ''"''^ ''^^^ °"^^ ^^^Sma simple. Vruit a
ire ribbed.
mericarps
are of a
iy). Seed
lination. —
and there-
It they are
2r to form
3m which
he notice
3w-parsnip
enhanced
the petals
orescence.
' so freely
— Part of
Heracleum
cut across :
i for the
■ its green
etiolated
nd some
Sepals
petalous.
Carpels
y ovules
Fruit a
GAMOPETAL^:_PRIMULACEyE
149
TvPE I. : PRIMROSE {Primula vulgaris).
i^eaves radical, exstipulate, simple. Inflorescence
it'
ill
ll
♦1
lil:
an umbel at the summit of a bare inflorescence avis R,,.,.
cyclic, hypogynous. Two different forms
of flowers occur on different individuals.
^epals {ex) five, combined. Petals (cor)
five, combined to form a corolla with a
cornltn T?^?"""' ^^"' '""'^'"'^ °" the
corolla. The five stamens are opposite
(not alternate with) the five petals.
Anthers with introrse dehiscence.
tar/els five, syncarpous, superior.
Ovary (.^;) one-chambered, with many
campylotropous ovules on a free-central
placenta. Style one. Stigma knob-like
As there is only one style, a simple stigma,'
and the ovary is one-chambered with a central placenta, it be
i , i
Fig. 188.— Flora! diagram
of Primrose.
I
150
DICOTYLEDONS
m
' 1 1^
y ■ i
■ 1.
ex
comes a matter of difficulty to prove that there are five carpels.
The facts that the capsule opens by five double-teeth, and that
in "rnonstrous" flowers five leaves often replace the single
gynaecium, suggest that the gyngecium represents five carpels.
rruit (fig. 189) a capsule dehiscing by five double-teeth. Seeds
shield-like in shape, endospermic. Pollination. — The flowers
of some Primrose plants have stamens inserted in the throat
of the corolla, so that the five anthers form
a circle just within the mouth of the corolla-
tube ; in these flowers the style is short,
the stigma is hidden deep down in the
corolla-tube : this is the short-styled form of
flower (fig. 187, left-hand figure). In other
plants the relative positions of the anthers
|i and stigma are just reversed, and a long
style raises the stigma to the mouth of the
corolla-tube, whilst the shortness of the
filaments and their insertion lower down
the corolla-tube cause the anthers to be
hidden inside the tube : this is the long-
styled form of flower (fig. 187, right-hand
figure). Comparing the two forms of
flowers, we see that the anthers of
at just the same level up the corolla-tube
as does the stigma of the other form (see fig. 187). Honey
is excreted by the base of the ovary. An insect with a
sufficiently long tongue, when it goes from one form of flower
to the other, will accurately transfer the pollen from the anthers
of the one on to the stigma of the other in each case, because
the pollen is deposited on a particular part of the insect's
tongue. Spontaneous self-pollination is possible in the short-
styled form.
Type II. : POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS
{Anagallis arvensts).
A small annual herb with red flowers. [There are very few
British plants with red flowers.] Flowers solitary in the leaf-
axils. The flowers are constrnrt'.^d on the same plan as in the
Primrose, but with a shortened tube : K5 C5 A5 G(5^. There
Fig. i8g.— Fruit of
Primrose.
one form stand
e carpels,
and that
he single
i carpels.
h. Seeds
le flowers
he throat
tiers form
e corolla-
is short,
n in the
i form of
In other
3 anthers
\ a long
th of the
3 of the
er down
Ts to be
the long-
ght-hand
brms of
:hers of
•olla-tube
Honey
; with a
of flower
2 anthers
because
! insect's
lie short-
5S
very few
the leaf-
as in the
. There
GAMOPETAL.^— SOLANACE^
151
is only one form of flower however. The fruit (fig. 125) is a
capsule with transverse dehiscence. Pollination. — The flower
closes in dull weather ; it also opens by day and shuts in the
evening. It has no honey, but is visited for the sake of its
pollen. If it has not been cross -pollinated after opening
regularly for three days, the flower finally closes, and the
stigma is brought into contact with anthers which are couted
with pollen. Thus self-pollination is inevitable in the absence
of cross-pollination.
CONVOLVULACE^ (Convolvulus Family)
Twining herbs with alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves.
Flower regular, hypogynous. Sepals five. Petals five, gamo-
petalous. Stamens five, epipetalous. Carpels two, syncarpous,
superior; ovary usually two-chambered, with two ovules in
each chamber; style two - branched ; stigmas two. Fruit a
capsule.
Type I. : BINDWEEDS (Convolvulus).
In addition to the family characters given above, the follow-
ing are worthy of note \—Convohndus twines in a left-handed
direction (fig. 56). Flower.— &/rt/y five, separate. Petals
five, combined, plaited and contorted in the bud. Stamens
five, with anthers shaped like arrow-heads. Ovary two-
chambered, with two ovules attached to the base of each
chamber. Disk ring-like with angles, and surrounding the
base of the ovary : it secretes honey. The flowers close in
the evening.
SOLANACE-ffi (Potato Family)
Herbs. Leaves alternate or paired, exstipulate. Flower
usually regular, cyclic, hypogynous. Sepals five. Petals five,
gamopetalous. _ Stamens five, epipetalous. Carpels two, syn-
carpous, suptjrior; ovary two - chambered, with many ovules
on an axile placenta.
i
lit
'L
M
^ —
11
15^
DICOTYLEDONS
Fig. 190.— Floral diagram of
Solanuvt.
m
Type : NIGHTSHADE {Sohinum nigrum).
Vegetative characters.— Annual herb. Leaves exstipulate
alternate, but near the flowering portion of the stem the
ft leaves are seemingly arranged in
pairs of one large leaf and one
smaller one at a node. The branch-
ing is really cymose, and each in-
florescence appears to spring from
the side of the stem, yet not to arise
in the axil of a leaf.* Inflorescence
cymose ; note that no prophylls are
visible on the flower-stalks. Flower
(fig. 84) actinomorphic, 5, cyclic
hypogynous. Sepals {ex) five com-
bined. Petals {co) five, combined.
Stamens (a) five, alternating with
„ , , , t^e five petals and inserted on the
corolla-tube; the anthers are close together in the centre
of the flower, each opening by two pores at its summit
Carpeis two, syncarpous, superior. Ovary {ov) two-chambered
with many ovules on a thick axile placenta. Style one. Stigmi
{sg) one. [Try and see that the two carpels are not median
or transverse in position, but are oblique.] Pollination —The
flower has^no nectary but is visited for the sake of its pollen.
Fruit a berry. Seeds kidney - shaped. Dissemination. -
In spite of their being poisonous, the berries are eaten bv
the seeds """"'^^"^"^^^ ^'^ responsible for the dispersal of
The Potato-plant {Solanum tuberosum) has flowers so similar
to those of the Nightshade that they may'be selectTfor exam t
ation in place of the latter. The plant is a perennial with
subterranean tuberous shoots. The unequal size of the leaflets
composing a leaf is specially worthy of note (fig. 48).
USES, PECULIARITIES, etc. of Solanace^.
Many Solanacete contain powerful poisons, some of which
are used as medicines. Belladonna is obtained from Atropa
* This chararfcristic method of branching, and the neculiar mirpH
arrangement of the leaves, cannot be explained in this book? ^
stipulate,
5tem the
inged in
and one
2 branch-
each in-
ing from
t to arise
trescence
hylls are
Flower
, cyclic,
ve com-
)mbined.
ng with
i on the
2 centre
summit,
mbered,
Stigma
median
a.— The
5 pollen.
<tion. —
aten by
)ersal of
I similar
examin-
ial with
leaflets
" which
Atropa
: paired
GAMOPETAL^-LABIAT^ 153
Srr^ ^^^^ Tobacco-plant {Nicotiand) contains a poison-
for thl . J ' "^Tf' ■ ^/t" ^^T'"" ^Ly^op^rsicum) is cultivated
Z^,^ aI '^'""'f^}^'''^^' ^^y^""^ P^PPe^ is obtained
from he red fruits of Capsicum. Some Solanaccc-e are orna-
mental plants grovvn n. gardens-..^.-. Petunia, Datura (with
prickly capsules), Nlcotiana. ^
BORAGINACE^ (Forget-me-not Family)
exsSl°^'nfl''^'^ stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, entire,
rS ? f Inflorescence, a scorpioid cyme. Flowers regular
^^i; hypogynous. Sepals five, gamosepalous. Petals five
garnopetalous._ Stamens five, epipetalous. Carpels two, syn^
carpous, superior ; ovary four-lobed, divided into four chambers
?n,?r iT T?u °"^ °''"'^'' '^y^^ °"e' inserted between the
fouJ nutos. ''^""^' ^^'"^^ ^ ''^^'°'"^P ^^P^^^^^"g i"^°
Type : SCORPION GRASS, FORGET-ME-NOT {Myosotis).
The flowers exhibit the characters given above. In addi-
JTu- ^^^^''^'^^ that the scorpioid cyme is a curved cyme
looking like a raceme : the best method of regarding this
inflorescence is to consider the axis as a sympode (see fifs. 80,
?nlrh 7^°^^ number of monochasia (one-branched cymes)
rornn?. 7'' ^^ ^^^^-k]) Five little scales attached \o the
corolla and roofing over its mouth. These form the corona
which protects the pollen and honey, (ii.) The five star^ens
a e hidden in the corolla-tube, and have introrse anthers
(111.) The honey IS excreted by the fleshy base of the ovary
and collects at the bottom of the corolla-tube ^
hof hnn "^!;?i.''°P^ {Heliotropium\ commonly cultivated in
hot-houses, differs in having an ovary which is not lobed.
LABIAT-ffi (Dead Nettle Family)
exsSt."' ?'f ' ^''^ io^,x-Aei stems. Leaves opposite,
Sr • ^"florescences opposite, axillary, cymose clusters
seoabu, Tf'f 'r^'"' hypogynous. Sepals five, gamo-
sepalous. Petals five, gamopetalous, usually two-lipped
Stamens two or four, epipetalous; if there be four, two are
longer and two shorter. Carpels two, syncarpous ; ovary four-
ill
f
I
ill
■m
.■I
■ji
154
DICOrVLEDONS
Pf'-i
I,
lobed and divided into four chambers, each containing one
ovule; style attached between the bases of the four lobes of
the ovary. Fruit a schizocarp of from one to four nudets.
Type: WHITE DEAD NETTLE (l.mium album).
Vegetative characters.— Perennial herb with a foursideH
stern.^ Lea^-es opposite, exstipulate, with scalloned or s.v'-like
margins. Inllorescence.— Each iijfloresence which stands in
the axil of a i-af is a dichasium with a terminal flower and
two lateral one - branched
:^ymes (rnonochasia). Flower
(lig. 191) median -zygomor-
phic, ^, cyclic, hypogynous.
Sepals {ex) five, combined.
Petals {pp, ip, ap) five, com-
oined to form a two -lipped
corolla. In order to under-
stand that there are five petals
represented in the corolla, it
is necessary first to remember
that the petals alternate with
the sepals. It will then be
seen that the three-lobed lower
lip represents one anterior
petal \ap) and two lateral
petals {ip) alternating with
two anterior sepals. In like
manner the upper lip of the
corolla represents two pos-
., ., ^. terior petals (//), one on each
side ot the median posterior sepal (see diagram fig. 192). The
slight notch in the apex of the upper lip also denotes that the
atter represents two closely joined petals. A ring of hairs (/?)
lines a zone of the corolla-tube. Stamefis four, the two anterior
stamens having longer filaments than the other pair, inserted
on the corolla. In order to understand the androecium we
must again remember that the stamens should alternate with
the petals. There should, therek - , be a median posteriov
stamen, but no such stamen i.« x- ent. We therefore cc;
elude that the median posterior stamen has been suppressed :
Fig. 191.— Vertical section of flower of
Dead Nettle.
I
com-
GAMOPETAL/i^:— LABIATE 155
and clu. other four stamens alternate with the petals (see
'Hagnuji). The anthers are in pairs close together under the
arching upper lip of the corolla: they have peculiar diverging
anther-lobes C^rA/x two, syncarpous, superior. The ovary
Kov) IS four-l6bed and divided into four chambers, each with
one ovule (o). The style is attached to the ovary at the base
of the junctions of the four lobes : it (sy) is single, but forks
above and IS capped by two stigmas. The two stigmas
indicate that only two carpels are represented in the gyntecium.
Ihus the ovary should be two-
chambered, but each chamber is •
further divided into two halves by
a false septum. The two stigmas
are median in position, thus indi-
cating the two carpels a're median.
Nectary {n) a fleshy hypogynous f
outgrowth of the receptacle lying '
at the ante'rior face of the ovary.
Fruit. — Each chamber of the
ovary becomes a one-seeded in-
dehiscent nut-like body (nutlet).
The fruit may be described as
a peculiar schizocarp. Pollina-
tion.— We note— (i.) The flowers
are not erect but point obliquely upwards, and are median-
zygomorphic. (ii.) The upper lip protects the pollen and
honey from ram. (iii.) The honey is deeply placed and
concealed ; it collects at the bottom of the corolla-tube.
A ring of hairs in the latter acts as a rampart to protect
the honey from marauding insects which would not effect
cross-polhnation. (iv.) The flower is specially adapted for
cross-pollination by the agency of humble-bees. The humble-
bee alights on the middle lobe of the lower lip, pushes its head
down the tube in order to reach the honey which is at the
anterior face of the ovary. The back of the bee thus comes
into contact, first with the anterior stigma, and immediately
afterwards with the anthers. The consequence is, that pollen
lodged on the bee's back by a previously visited flower is
conveyed to the stigma of n flower before the pollen of this
latter is touched by the humble-bee; and cross-pollination
results. We note how perfectly the humble-bee fits into
Fig. 192.— Floral diagram of
Dead Nettle.
iS6
DICOTYLEDONS
s Do^r.^ y^^'" i^^""" '' ^ g°°d ^-^^"^Pl-- °f one which
s polhnated by pol en conveyed on the back of a bee In
the Pea-family, on the other hand, the pollen is tranSerred
from flower to flower on the under surface of the beTs body
In accordance with this we observe that in the' Dead Nett
ovary a'nV'thrrf^ °" ^'^ ^°"^^ ^^"^^""-) '^^^ ^fTe
ovary, and the bee has, so to speak, to crouch down to
be reached on"?h'; "'"^^^ ^" ^'A^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ -" "%
both t^. P f uPP^' (posterior) face of the ovary. In
corolln n . "^ '"^ !^^ ^""^ ^^"^^ ^he anterior part of the
corolla acts as a platform on which the bep nlUfc t^k
Purple Dead Nettle^has a corolla with a shorter tube and may
be polhnated by ordinary bees, as well as by humble bees ^
ySES, p:tc. of Labiate. '
fnr^y ^''^''''^'^ ''°"^^^" "^^'■o"^ ethereal oils which are used
S famnk?Trvm; ,Ei!^--\°j;^of Peppermint and Thyme
are lamiliar. Ihyme {Thymus), Mmt {Mentha), Sage (Salvia)
':i:t^:^:^l^l^,^-' ''-' aromlis Ut/I^l
SCROPHULARIACE^ (Foxglove FamUy)
five"^Lmoserrai^nr'p7?''i''' '^'^''' ^ypogynous. Sepals
nve, gamosepalous Petals five, gamopetalous, often two-linned
Stamens usually four, often two shorter, two Ion Jlr /sor^e
imes_ two or five), epipetalous. Carpels two sfncarpo^s'
pS^. :;?' r"'T?"^"^%r^^ n.Ly ovubs o'nanS
placenta , style one. Fruit usually a capsule.
Type I. : FOXGLOVE {B/^ita/is purpurea).
Vegetative characters.— Tall herb. Leaves- lower ones
S^oTescrcl'^aV"' 'f^'""' "PP^^ -- alterna^eries'sn:
^omorDhic Vn""?^^ 'if'"""- ^^°^'^ (fig- ^93) median-
zygomorphic, ?, cyclic, hypogynous. Sepals (l>s cx\ fivp
combined. Petals {cor) five, combined to form a laSe tube
with five short, broad, free lobes; the anTerk)r part of
attached ?o the -o^ ?wo%tTm^f witfSn^^r ^S^^^^^^
GAJ^0PETAL.4i-SCR0PHULARIACE^ 157
than the other two; the medium posterior stamen is absent
(see Labiatoe for method of proof); anthers incHned together
n pairs, and with divergent lobes. Disk {n) forms a ring round
the base of the ovary; it is a nectary. Carpels two, syncarpous,
superior. Ovary {ov) two-chambered, with numerous ovules on
an axile placenta. Style {sy) one. Stigma two-lobed. The
Fig. 193.— Vertical section of flower of
Foxglove.
Fig. 194.— Floral diagram
of Foxglove.
carpels are median in position. Fruit (fig. 123) a two-valved
capsule, leaving the numerous seeds attached to the thick axile
placenta (//). Pollination.— The stamens dehisce before the
gynaecium is ripe : that is, the flower is proterandrous. The
flowers are cross-pollinated by the agency of humble-bees only.
Ihe humble-bee creeps bodily into the flower (we notice that it
just fits the flower), and its back comes into contact with the
stigma-lobes and anthers. Thus, as in the Dead Nettle the
pollen is conveyed from flower to flower on the back of the bee.
THE SUPPRESSION OF STAMENS in the Scrophulariace^.
The andrcecium of different Scrophulariacete is interesting^ in
showing the gradual suppressif m of special stamens The MulTein
{Verbascum) has a nearly regular flower with five stamens,
which alternate with the five petals (fig. 1 95). The Snapdragor!
k
m
158
!!
I
DICOTYLEDONS
{Antirrhinum) and the Tr>n,i(in^ , ;- • -x
flowers, have four stam'^n.^' .^/^^''H with irregular
median posterior
^•x
i
^
»9S 196 ,97 ^8
Figs. i9S-i98.-Diagrams of the a..drf^ciu,n of
n>.Tophul,iriace»,
in:
IS
in posit ir- '" 5).
in th< i-igwort {Scro-
phularia) the same
arrangement is found,
but the median pos-
in the form of a sca!>-like sHm.'n^^ ?"°f ^1^"^*^" exists
many other tvoes the nn!f ^^ ?^''' ^" *^^ Foxglove and
appeared so tha mly^?oirsM^'""'" ^"^ ^""^p'^^'^^>^ ^is-
F-ally, in the sjeed Jl/^L^ J^Lt^o^f" ' ^'^' ^97)-
have also vanished sothitrhrT ^ ° anterior stamens
•stamens (fig S ' Thffln ^°7^ P^^^^esses only two lateral
lipped; V^r. ve^' 'sC t I'P^^^^^^^^
«r petals are so l^lZ^l.^1^ ^
In the Scrophulariaceffi we can ser fhnf fK^ • j r
flowers pollinated by insects are fnh. , ^ \^T^ ^°™^ "<■
the insects which po Hnate then ° ^.f^f^Pl^^^f ^f /^serving
.^..j.^^.), with o^pen 'sl^l flo ""h^^i'fa '"^T"'
corolla-tube and easily accp<;<.,-hl^ k^ • ^ ^ .'^''^ ^^O''^
pollinated by certaTn Ls-Wo fli •!'• '' ^^^^^^^"y ^^oss-
The Figwort (6-.i/a;r,^T?^^^^ •" '^ '^ ^ ^over-Jly-flower.
flow^ersf and easyvisihr^^^^^ ^hor^ .viae chocolat. oloured
by wasps: it" rS^^^ "C F^^'t ^-rP°"inated
and Toadflax posse^flor's Jh inn*".'^ °''^^
deeply-placed h^ney; the vrs^ing""^^^^^^^^ -^
tube, and its body must fit the flower" cros™i - "^
floors/ i^e ^^::^^'Q^.,^^^^^^^-
strong insect can push its way in and reach th- hn °"1^
pollen and honey are consequently tdl protttcd .TV '^'
and marauding insects. p™iev,rca against ram
irregular
i, and in
aller, and
posterior
^ ,^6);
ort (Scra-
pe same
is found,
lian pos-
n exists
love and
•tely dis-
ig. 197).
stamens
'o lateral
not two-
he two
a single
S AND
orms of
•serving
K short
■ cross-
■floiver.
)loured
linated
^agon,
s and
o the
is to
i 'Ollin-
;e-bee-
)nly a
r\ the
It rain
GAMOPETAL/E-CAPRIFOLIACE.'Ii
CAPRIFOLIACE^ (Honeysuckle Family)
159
Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate or with
mmute stipules. Flowers regular Vr irregular, c^ epigynous
Ssfiv''' ^"'''^"' f^o^^-p^^lous (with three to live lobes.'
i^ua Ivth^Thr r"% '''"^'-■"^ ^"■^'' ^'P'l-talous. Caries
usually till. ( (three to five), syncarpous, inferior ; ovary with one
endoTi'tie:'"'"^' '°"'"""^' ""''^ °^ more ^vules^ Seeds
Type I. : HONEYSUCKLE {Loniccra pcndymcmum).
Vegetative characters.- Woody climber with opposite ex
f irumbe Tth^ Inflorescence -^Head-like eyme?Enate
Pinw^ /r H "PP"'" branches; small bracts are present
Flower (fig. 199) median-zygomorphic, two-lipped. \ ^cvSic'
TT'^'At / T'' ''-^; .--b-^'d to form a fivc'-toithed L ;x
{ex). Petals live, combmed to form a corolla with a very long
Fig. i99.-Medmn vertical section of flower of Honeysuckle : i'=disk.
S^f./'''''^' '"""^ two lips; the upper lip has four teeth, and
^Z A^ represents four petals (//); the lower lip i not
oott^ed, and represents the single anterior petal («/). ^ Stamms
^lI^'cTTTt "" '^' '^orolla-tube, alternitin^g with t"e
petals Carpels three, Syncarpous, inferior. Ovary (^r) thr e
chambered, with .everal ovules in each chamber on an axile
S^siSnalr^^^^d ^;s ^t ^:- ;-sLr^^J;r-
Wote that the head of flowers forms a cluster of fruits (in-
d
i
1 60
DICOTYLEDONS
f uctescence. f.g. 201). PoUination.-The honey is secreted
along the posterior middle line of the corolla (,/) by the fleshy
part of the base of the lube, and collectsShere A he
corolla-tube is long, the honey can be fully reached only
Fig. acxj.— Floral diagram of Honey,
suckle.
Fig, 201.— Infruct.
escence of Honey,
suckle: i»'«= bracts ;
5-^ = calyx of ef»ch
fruit (ov).
me^Td mls'^rt ^°"gHe«-tI^-t is. solely by butter-
tl! ^ t « ° V ^^^ ^°'''^^ 's cross-pollinated chiefly bv
he night-flying hawk-moths. The light colour and swee^
of'l^ntH P''S^ '''°"? ^' "'g^* *™^' '^^^ t" attract tSe notice
nnii^ r'- J^u ^°'"'°" °^ *^e stigma obviously renders self^
pomnation by the flo^yer itself well-ni|h impossible^ [Endeavour
.to follow out the dehiscence and movements of the stamens.]
Types H- and III. : The ELDER (Samfiucus ni^rrcx) and
GUELDER-ROSE {Viburnum opulus) ^
Although the flowers of these two_plants are constructed on
uckTeThfv"diffl^^^^^ ^^l^^ ""^ ^('^ > ^' *^°^^ «f th- Honey-
Shanes' Thel fli "" '^' ^^"'' ^"""y ^'^^^^y ^« reg^^ds thir
Shapes. Their flowers are erect and regular, and their corolla-
tubes are very short. Accordingly, we find that theirTnsect
visitors are widely diff^erent froi^ Vhose of thrHonTysuckk
The honey is freely exposed in the Guelder-Rose, whHst the
Elder flowers, though they secrete no honey, are highly-scented
and are vis.ied by insects desiring their poflen. Thus b both
these plants, the insect-food is verv easily .cc^^'hi"'' Tnd -e
chief pollinating agents are short'-tongued" beetles '^ and fli?
tU
le
fli-^.
GAMOlM'/rAL/K— COMrosrr.K if)i
'I'lie sccd-produciiig flowers of both plants arc small and
relatively ineonspicuous ; yet, heitif;; grouped together, they
form showy masses of hioom. The iiilloresceiice of the
Cluelder-Rose consists of two kinds of flowers: (i.) Those in
thr centP', which are normal in structure, each hi-ing endowed
with perfect stamens and carpels, and a small regular corolla;
(ii.) others ranged round the margins of the inflorescence,
having their stamens and carpels so reduced as to be usekss,
yet each possessing a larg(; and conspicuous corolla. The
marginal flowers are incapable of taking any direct share in
the production of seeds ; their sole office is to attract insects
to the central blossoms, which alone make seeds. The
"Snowball Tree" is an artificial variety of the Guelder-Rose :
all its flowers are changed into the non-productive marginal
flowers with showy corollas.
COMPOSITE (Daisy Tamily)
Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Inflorescence
a capitulum with an involucre. Flowers small, regular or
irregular, cyclic, epigynous. Sepals small or al)sent, sometimes
replaced by a pappus. Petals five (or four), gamopetalous,
valvate in the bud. Stamens five (or four), cpipetalous ;
anthers united. Carpels two, syncarpous, inferior; ovary
one-chambered, with one basal ovule. Seeds non-endospermic.
Tvi'K I.: DANDELION {Taraxacum officinale).
Vegetative characters. — A i^erennial herb containing a milky
juice, with simple radical leaves, and a bare inflorescence-axis
terminating in a capitulum. The Dandelion has a tap-root
surmounted by a short erect rhizome. The rhizome is a
sympode._ Each year the visible axis, which bears the radical
leaves at its base and terminates in an inflorescence, dies down
nearly to its base. A bud in the axil of one of the radical
leaves on this persistent basal part grows out tlie following year,
and produces a similar radical tuft of leaves and a terminal
inflorescence. This in turn dies down to near its base, and an
axillary bud on it grows up in the next year to produce a new
flowering axis. Thus the rhizome is made up of the per-
sistent bases of all these successive branches strung together
to form a false axis or sympode. The rhizome is pulled
I 62
DICOTYLEDONS
nf; ' .
ll,
underground l,y,the contraction of the roots, and consequently
the leaves are, m each year, pressed close to the surface of
the soil. Inflorescence (fig. 253).— The part which is popularly
spoken of as the "Dandelion-flower" is an inflorescence, and
consists of many (100 to 200) flowers inserted close together on
r^^''^^^' a dilated terminal part
of the stem. This state-
ment is easily proved
by pulling out one of
the flowers from the
capitulum, and seeing
that it consists of suc-
cessive whorls of floral
leaves. The inflor-
escence-axis bears, im-
mediately beneath the
insertion of the flowers,
a number of bracts
forming an involucre,
which surrounds the
collection of flowers.
The dilated terminal
part of the inflor-
escence-axis is often
termed the " recep-
tacle " ; but it must be
remembered that this
has no connection with
the receptacle of a
single flower. Within
the general involucre
the central bracts have
been .suppressed; and
only the outermost
series of flowers stand
in the axils of bracts
;. 1 „„ . which form the irreen
volucre Ihe capitulun. (r.gs. 253, 254) of the Dand"
I o displays movements. It closes in the evening or in
duU weather, and opens in the morning or in sunlight. In
addition, the intlorescence-axi. execute's certain movements
is a'?nmnl"7^J°"'^'' "rDandelion. Left-hand figure
section. '^ ' • '■'^^'"•''^'"'' ''g"'-e is a vertical
(lAMOPETAL/E— COMl'Osrrj^ 163
when flowering and fruiting. Flower (Hg. 202) mcdian-
zygomorphic, ^, cyclic, epigynous, yellow. Ca/rx, repre-
sented by a circlet of silky hairs forming the /a/>/>us
{/>/>). Petals five, conihined to form a corolla con-
•sisting of_ a short tube {ct\ which expands on the anterior
(outer) side into a strap-shaped lower lip (cor). The
strap has five teeth at its termination,
and thus shows that the corolla con- w
sists of five joined petals. In the ^ -. ^
central flowers of the capitulum the
lower face of the strap is coloured
like the upper flice ; but the lower ^
face of the strap of the marginal t
flowers is of a darker tint than is \
the upper face. Stamens {an, fi) five,
inserted on the corolla-tube; the five
anthers (««) united to form a tube
round the style. The anthers dehisce
marginally in such a manner that the
pollen is poured out towards the style,
thus dehiscence is introrse. Each lobe
of the anther has a small pointed tooth-
like process from its lower end : the connective is also con-
tinued upwards to form a membranous curtain. The filaments
{fi) are separate. Carpels two, syncnrpous, inferior. Ovary
{ot^ one-chambered, with one basal ovule {o) standing up
from the floor of the chamber. Style {s\^ single, but forked
al_)ove to form two branches bearing the stigmas {sg). The
stigmas only line the upper faces of the two branches of the
style. The circumstance that the style has two branches
serves to denote that the gynaecium does not consist of one
carpelonly, but is constituted of two carpels and is syncarpous.
Especially worthy of note are the hairs on the upper part of
the style and on the lower (outer) parts of the branches of the
style. Nectary {n) a ring-like disk round the base of the
style._ Fruit (fig. 129, left-hand). — The fruit is one-seeded
and indehiscent (achene), and is surmounted by a long beak
bearing a circlet of many silky hairs forming the pappus. If
the pappus be regarded as a calyx, the fruit (Y)nsists of an
inferior ovary (with receptacle) and a persistent calyx (pappus).
We note that the fruits together form a capitulum of fruits
Fig. 203. — Floral tliagr.-im
of JJandelion.
Wi<\
% .1
164
DICOTYLEDONS
I'
■') ;
I
(fig. 129, right-hand): this collection is an infructescence (not a
compound fruit), because it is formed by a number of flowers
(not by one flower only). Dissemination.— The fruits are dis-
persed by the wind,
and the pappus
forms a parachute.
Pollination. — The
flowers are prote-
randrous. The
anthers dehisce
around the style be-
fore the latter has
attained its full
length, and whilst
the two terminal
arms of the style
are still applied to
each other (fig. 204).
The style then elon-
gates and the hairs
^, ,, . , . <^" ^^^ sifitis brush
the pollen out of the tube formed by the ring of anthers
(fig. 205). Inasmuch as these hairs serve to hold and
carry up the pollen, they are termed "collecting-hairs"
Ihe style thus acts like a brush employed in sweeping a
chimney. Insects now visiting the flower to sip at the nectar
touch the pollen thus carried up on the style. Soon the arms
of the style separate and the stigmas on their upper faces are
ready for the reception of pollen (fig. 206). An insect dusted
with pollen, and visiting flowers at this later stage, will
transfer pollen on to the stigma, and thus may effect cross-
polhnation. But if the stigmas are not pollinated, the branches
of the style continue to curl downwards, and even execute
complete curves at their ends, so that eventually they touch
the collecting hairs (fig. 207), and are self-pollinated.
Types II., III., IV. : DAISY (Bc//is perennh) : SUN-
J'LOWER {Ifi'/iniif//Ns a/nii/us) : QX-EYE DAISY
( Chrysaiithcmu m h'licaiithcmum).
These three plants also have capitula of flowers (fig. "08)
which differ from the Dandelion-hcads in that they possess
Figs. 2o.(-2o7. — Dmgrammatic figures of tlie behaviour
of the anthers, style, aiul .stigmas ul Dandelion.
'
GAMOPETAL/E-COMPOSITyE 165
two sorts of Howers. In the two Daisies the numerous central
flowers-termed the disk-Jlowcrs~-^r<, yellow ; whereas the
margmal flowers-termed the ray-flowers~ioxm a sinde white
series immediately within the involucre. In the Sunflower the
conspicuous ray-flowers arc ydlow, and form a single series
protruding: afyo.fngerdilk'flo^e'r.wth^nZ'rU'sll'V^''''^' '"'" "'^^"'^>-
mrd^Kr"'"^ '""" "^^^ ^°"^^°^^^^ °^ "^«^bie
The disk-flowers (figs. 210, 2ii)._Each flower is regular
and has a tubular five-toothed corolla {cor\ within which suax^ed
five epipetalous stamens with united anthers (a) • in the centre
IS a gyni^cium {ov, sy, s^) like that of the Dandelion-flowers
Ihere is no pappus m the two Daisies, but the calyx is re-
presented by epigynous scales (se/>, s) in the Sunflower. Thus
m their general structure these flowers agree with those of the
Dandelion but they diff-er from the latter in being uctinomorphic!
Jhe ray-flowers (figs. 208 r/, 209), though superficially more
rHff rr ''^'^^ .l^^ndehon, are in reality constructed on
a different plan. 1 heir calyx is absent in the case of the two
kinds of Daisies, but in varieties of the Sunflower there are
from one to five minute scales (ex). The corolla is tubular at
the base, and represents at this point five petals (judging bv
comparisons with the other flowers) ; but above the tubukr part
the three more anterior petals grow out to form a long strap'
Ihat the strap thus represents three petals is feebly denoted
by its terminal teeth in the Ox-eye Daisy, but is much more
ri;iiliik.
ii '
i66
DICOTYLEDONS
the SonHower and I^uisy are\;ort3Ld^^uheir endf "!l>..f
209
210
211
212
COK.
CX-
/.=testa; .<;■'= cotyledons ;"=^radicl^' "-^-V^""^-' -^"t.on of achenc : A = perkarp:
the strap of the Dandehon represent, five joined petals and
the flower may be described as a ^rue /L^/S. stranhkel
^ower; whereas the strap of the corolla belong t oZ^
sfgma, though an empty ovary-tube is present ^ "
escence-receptacle of 'th^t^^^I^ki^i^: nl'e ttr^^th V^'"
Iion, on.y has those braets which form the involucre
GAMOPETAL/t:-COMPOSnV|.: 167
the^Sd\S~?h''^^^^ '' accomplished much as in
me l^andchon The flowers are proterandrous, and the nollen
IS carried out of the corolla-tube of the disk-flowers by cdlec
ng-ha.rs on the unopened style. The hairs, however are
lonTiV^'^T '"^^"^^^ °^ '^' style-branches: and so
long as these latter are not separated, ihe collectinir. hairs
form^a tuft somewhat like a paint-brush. This termhal
brush sweeps the pollen upwards. These collectrng-hai™ are
absent from the style of the carpellary ray- flower? because
Po!L"%t"°"^![ ""^"^ ^° ' '''''' ^^hi^h producer no
poutn. 1 he ray-flowers serve to make the inflorescences more
conspicuous ; m the Sunflower this is the only service Thev
render to the plant (compare the Guelder-Rose). ^
Type V. : CORN-FLOWER (Cen^aurea minus).
. The Corn-flower has no strap-like flowers. Its canitulum
s composed solely of tubular flowers. The centra' flowerT
Da^i^f b^"'-;." '°^°"^' ''' ''^y '^' ^he disk-flo!: s oT he
Daisy, but with a pappus of hairs. The marginal flowers are
large, somewhat irregular, and are devoid of stamens stvTe
stigma, and ovules. Pollination. -The collect.ng'hairs are
arranged on a globular swelling of the stvle just beneath the
point a which the latter forks." In freshly-opLed flo'vtrs the
touS fo 'th ^rr.' -Pidly contract IhL the anthe" are
touched for the first time, and consequently the pollen is
suddenly exposed on the collecting hairs ^
GENERAL REMARKS on the Composite.
are^'\iTTn?f fl'^' Compositre the chief points to note
are-(i.) Tne inflorescence - receptacle ; its form: the ores
ence or absence of scale-like bracts ^amongst the flower
^L CuiTlT^ r^ t^^"S .---en^^nts of the capi i
cnit^owth of ^^J.ecf:^^^,,:^^^':!:::
le i; t^T^"'"-"' -¥ "'■^^"^•^-J'"es on the arms of ?he
s^>le and the disposition of the collecting-hairs, (viii ) The
presence or absence and the form of the pap,,us on he frui
i
m
Ill ■; !■
i68
DICOTYLEDONS
(cSSwhtr^^^^^ or the Chicory
source of ^he su{:^lncT^c^^^^^^^^
adulteration of Coffee The T .1^ / r^ '' v"'*^"^ "^ ^he
ligulate flowers. Thl: tubers of th' ^f"'''f^ ^^"^ y'^"^^
(^./m////.^, /,,^,^^,,/,) 'are ' nhf.r^ "' Jerusalem Artichoke
sumed as vegetabb^ But t^XZt" ofT /f 1'/' '-^^ "^"-
thick adventitious roots. The Aitkl,,lc?. ^ ^^'^ ^'' ^^'^^
fleshy capitula which are ediL T a/^^''??'> possesses
has carpellary disk -flowers nnH . '^ Mangold a^/.«^«/,,)
produces se^La kS of ?nn- "^^".f ^ ray-flowers : it often
The so-called doubevarties of 'n '^r '""? ^'^florescence,
varieties of CW^wf"' -^f'^f' ^"^ ^^e cultivated
been artificial y-'con^^^^^^^ plants whose disk-flowers have
familiar garden phnts at r? • ^'^^^'''^'' ^''^''''- Other
^..../A EverfaX'^o.^r&?;^^^^ ^^^^^-^Z^^-.
of
ULIACE/E
3 Chicory
ers, is the
d in the
as yellow
Artichoke
are con-
t are very
possesses
'alendula)
: it often
rescence.
:ultivated
''ers have
Other
'a//iopsis,
169
MONOCOTYLEDONS
LILIACE-ffl (Lily Family)
Tvpe: garden HYACINTH {Byad,M.s orienlalis)
-d.ca,. long. „a„ow, ',4h 'l^^^, ^^^^ZS
Si!*'!
170
MONOCOTYLEDONS
■i I
.; t
bracts. Flower (fig. 213) actinomorphic, ^, cyclic, hvno-
gynous. _ PenM (P,^) 3 + 3, brightly coloured, comb ned^to
form a single tube with six free segments. Stamens (a) , + ^
inserted on the perianth-tube ; anthers introrse. Carl/s three
syncarpous superior; ovary (ov) three-chambered, placenta axile,'
with a number of ovules in each chamber; style, one; stigma
three-lobed. Pollination. -The flower-buds are directed up!
noskL of it^y^"^ downwards as they open. This pendulois
position of the flowers serves to protect the pollen. Apparently
no honey IS excreted ; probably long-tongued insects stab the
fleshy par s of the perianth and suck the juice. The stamens
and carpels ripen simultaneously. Fruit a three-valved capsule
dehiscing dong the dorsal sutures. Seeds numerous'Tndo-
spermic. Dissemination. -After pollination, as the fruit ripens
each flower-stalk once more bends upwards and straightens
Ihe ripe capsules consequently become erect, and the seeds
do not drop down immediately round the parent plants (as
UK^y wou d If the capsule were pendulous), but are wafted away
OTHER TYPES, USES, etc. of Lill'
i\CEJb:.
The Asparagus has certain slender green stems and definite
green branches, which might be mistaken for leaves The
eaves assume the form of minute pale scales, in who^e axils
the green branches arise. The edible parts of the Asparagus
are the succulent basal shoots which just protrude above the
.rHnnl. ,fT'T' ^f '""^^ ^°^'"'"-^' ^^'h^^h are frequently
diclinous ; its fruits are berries. The Lily-of-the-Valley (Col
vallana) possesses a sympodial rhizome and a raceme of
pendulous AV'^iite flowers, which, in their main features, agree
with those of the Hyacinth. Onions and Garlic are cultivated
for the sake of their bulbs. The Bluebell, Tulip, Lilies Frkll
famii; ^^^'°" ^'^ ^""^"^''^^ P^""^-^ belonging 'to thJs
AMARYLLIDACEiE (Daffodil Family)
The characters are practically the same as those of the Lily-
faimly, except that the flowers are epigynous : P3 -f 3 A3 -f 3
G(3).
TRIDACR/E
ic, hypo-
ibined to
00 3 + 3,
^e/s three,
:nta axile,
; stigma,
;cted up-
endulous
pparently
stab the
stamens
i capsule
is, endo-
it ripens,
aightens.
he seeds
lants (as
ted away
171
definite
i. The
)se axils
jparagus
)ove the
iquently
y (Con-
eme of
% agree
Itivated
5, Fritil-
to this
ie Lily-
A3 + 3
In the DAFFODIL (Mtrassus />seu^o.mrassus) (fig. 21 c)
and in the Narcissus we note-(i.) The spathc : (ii.) thi pctabid
Fig. 215.— Vertical section of nower of Daffodil
of ^the^lol^^V'^'^^^; (f^''^'^"'^^"' ^"■^-^>). the bulb consists
of the swollen bases of the two foliage-leaves of the previous
year mserted on a short axis. The plant has only twj foliage
eaves each year. The inflorescence-axis bears a spathe and a
-single pendulous flower. The two whorls of the perianth are
composedof separate perianth-leaves; the outer whodT^ffJ.s
in appearance from the inner whorl, so that we may spe'ak
definitely o three sepals and three petals. The stamen are
not ins^erted on the perianth, they are epigynous. Each rnther
opens by two terminal pores. (See als6 page 32.)
lEIDACE.® (Crocus Family)
Perennial herbs with rhizomes or corms. Flowers usually
- u. ^Laii,..n., i.xxcc, v.uh exlrorse anlhers. Carpels three
syncarpous ; ovary three-chambered, with many ovules ori
axile placent^ne ; stigmas three. Fruit a capsule.
I
17:
MONOCOTYLEDONS
i
1
1'
n
4
i
.1
t
1
'(
■
! 1
i
h
j
TVPE I.: YELLOW FLAO {/ris />seudacori:s)*
Vegetative characters.-A perennial herb with a creeping
sympodi.U rhizon^e. Th. leaves are mostly radical, sword Hkl?
and overlap in an a/uifa,U manner. Inflorescence.— The main
type of branchmg is cymose. Flower (figs. 216, 217) actino-
' ' niorphic, 9,
cyclic, epigyn-
ous. Perianth
3 + 3, united to
form a long
tube, j)etaIoid,
yellow. The
free parts of
the three peri-
anth - leaves,
which represent
the outer whorl
(P), are bent
downwards,
and each has a
FiB. .i6.-Flowe7;f Yen,.,,. Flag T^?"'"^ ,^^"^ 9^
middle line. The free portions of the inner periaiXl^vef ('l?
are smaller and incline upwards. Stamens (a) 3 + o, 1nser fd
on the perianth opposite to the outer whorl of perianth-leaves
anthers extrorse. Car^e/s three, syncarpous inferio tlj
Snti"^ !i-e-chambered, with m'any 'ovules on an' ax!
placenta. The style (.v) is single below, but above it divides
nto three broad flattened petaloid branches, which are opposite
to, and arch over the three stamens (see also fig. 218). On the
thin'Th i T'^ ^r^-^^^' ^^^"* °^ ^he style Ihere is a small
thin shelf {sg) whose upper face is the stigma. The three
chambers of the ovary and the three branches of the style
are opposite to the three stamens. This fact convinces us thai
he three carpels do not alternate with the three stamens
Why are the carpels thus opposite to, or superposed on, the
tamens ? If we bok at a floral-diagram of a Liliaceous plant'
and compare it with that of the Yellow Flag, we note th^t the
IRIDACR/K
I a creeping
, sword-like,
— The main
217) actino-
rphic, 9,
lie, epigyn-
Perianth
3, united to
m a long
^, petaloid,
ow. The
parts of
three peri-
h - leaves,
;h represent
outer whorl
are bent
v^n wards,
each has a
3w band of
i along its
-leaves (/)
o, inserted
ith-leaves ;
irior ; the
1 an axile
' it divides
e opposite
). On the
is a small
I'he three
the style
:es us that
: stamens.
!d on, the
ous plant,
e that the
sufficiently
173
two an- alike, except that the inner whorl of stamens is missini:
from the latter. If we now add these three missing stamens to
the Jns-diagram,
all the successive
whorls of the
flowtr alternate in
the usual manner.
VVe therefore suf)-
pose that in the
Yellow Flag (and
other Iridacene)
the inner whorl of
stamens is su{)-
pressed ; and, con-
secjuently, in a
floral diagram (iig.
219) we put dots
to represent the
missing whorl, and
write down the
andrceeium as
3 + (not as
three). Fruit (fig.
122) a capsule
splitting along the
dorsal sutures.
The numerous flat
endospermicseeds
are dispersed by
the wind.
Pollination. —
[In order to under-
stand the method
of pollination, a careful examination of the flowers themselves
IS absolutely essential.] The honey is excreted by .ne 'inner
face of the base of the perianth-tube, and collects round
the base of the style If an insect is to obtain honey, it
must therefore be able, in some way, to reach down nearly
to the bottom of the long perianth-tube. Consognentlv
only insects with long tongues can sip the honey. The Yellow
Flag has two varieties of flowers. The one variety is especially
21S 217
Fjg. 217.— Vertical section of flower of Yellow Flap
i-ig. 2i8.-St;imen with the overhangint; arm of-
style and itigma (.ly) of ditto.
il
il
.t \\
■-■tt! j
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
If E
■ 3.6
2.5
2.2
L2 12.0
1.8
125 iu
1.6
150mm
V
V
/
^ >
J^".^'^"
//
O^y
w
/APPLIED ^
_£ IIVMGE . Inc
=ar 1653 East Main Street
=-^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
^= Phone: 716/482-0300
^ Fax: 716/288-5989
© 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved
«.■
,\
ri\
<^
^^9,^
O'
'1.''
>?^^ o
^
<:■ W?rt A ^J
/J
/-
174
MONOCOTYLEDONS
lis- 219.— Floral (Jiayraiii
of Iris.
suited for pollination l)y humble-bees; and has the three
branches of its style cjuite a noticeable distance above the free
parts ot the three outer perianth-leaves, so that a humble-bee
can creep under the arms of the style.
The other variety of flower is adapted
to a long-tongued hover-fly {Rhim^ia
rostratd); and its style-arms stand so
close above the outer perianth-seg-
ments that a humble-bee cannot crawl
under them. Either insect visiting
the flower suited to it alights on the
reflexed portions of the outer perianth-
leaves ; and as it crawls under one of
the arms of the style, it touches with
Its back, first the stigma, and secondly
an anther. It then pushes its tongue
down the perianth-tube, sucks the
honey, and finally backs out of the
flower. The stigma is not touched
if ;« ..-fMn. A .u ^ ^^'^ retreating insect, because
It IS situated on the upper face of the ledge which is
pushed upwards and backwards as the insect withdraws In
v.'rf'T"" ri ^^^■^■'^-P°"i»^^io" is ensured and self-pollination
averted. Ihe flowers of the Yellow Flag again illustrate the
principle that the shapes of insect-pollinated flowers arc to
be associated with the kinds of insects which pollinate them
Flowers of diff-erent shapes are adapted to diff-erent Seles of
insect-visitors The Yellow Flag, in^articular, has both "Bee-
flowers " and "Rhingia-flowers."
Type II. : CROCUS {Crocus).
The underground shoot is a corm (figs. 49-;; 2). fDirr ud
Crocuses at different seasons of the year, Zl obseWeMle
method of development of the new corms on the old ones!
1 he leaves are not eciuitunt. The flowers are constructed on
the same_general plan as those of the Yellow Flag: P,3 + ;]
A3-f (J(;i). The flower-stalk is short, whereas the perianth-
tube IS extremely long. The branches of the style are not so
conspicuous as those of the Yellow Flag: they are band-like,
but are coiled to form tubes.
I
las the three
ibove the free
a humble-bee
IS of the style,
i^er is adapted
r-fly {Rhingia
irms stand so
perianth -seg-
cannot crawl
nsect visiting
ilights on the
uter perianth-
under one of
touches with
and secondly
les its tongue
:, sucks the
3 out of the
not touched
ct, because
^e which is
hdraws. In
If-pollination
llustrate the
wers arc to
linate them.
nt circles of
both "Bee-
I. [Dig up
)bserve the
: old ones.]
structed on
ag: p;j + ;}
e perianth-
are not so
band-like,
ORCHIDACE/E
ORCHIDACE^ (Orchid Family)
75
i-\-T,, petaioid. Usually on v one fertile «fnm,.r, ... < ^
gynandrous. Carpels three, syncar^ous ovary ontchaX'l^^
with three parietal placenta.' bearing many 'ovue Fruit a
capsule containmg innumerable minute seeds.
Type: EARLY ORCHIS {Orchis mascula).
Jxl^Z.^^'^y'"^'~\ P"T'^"^ ^^'^'^ ^^^h oval sub-
errancan tubers Ihere are two tubers visible : one is darker
^h nM T'k"^ terminates above in the flowering axk I
IS the older tuber at the apex of which there originally occurred
a bud which has now developed into the flowering axL At he
base of the latter are inserted spirally - arranged leaves with
s abs "'Thrf'* '"a}T'^ '''•'''' leaves are'meresheatWng
scales. Ihe second tuber, origmally developed in the axil of
he lowest sea e, is lighter in colour Ld firmer in texture than
the mother-tuber When the inflorescence-axis decays the
older tuber shrivels up, and in the following vear the voun^er
tuber will in turn produce another stem beting foHal^^^^^
and flowers, as well as an axillary tuber destined to fl^r in
he third year. Each tuber thus lives for two vegetative
seasons only. Although a tuber arises as an axilhry bud on
Its predecessor, it is not wholly constituted of shoo^i s La
CZ.1 "^''\"P f ''''''' «^^hy adventitious roots S
are closely combined. An Orchid-tuber, therefore con^iVt.
Flower 7fi"s,,o''''"^^ ^-^P^^" ''''^ «"^^" bracts.
xiower (tigs. 220, 221, 222) median-zygomorphic ^ two
K'^atTiTr: )r'r ^^'^"^ ^^^^^ p-kish-pur^; t^wS:
li / .0 • ' ^'^- ^) 3 + 3- i he six perianth-leaves are combined
on y at their bases. The free portions of five of them ["£
fl?t . centre of the flower is occupied by a short
thick mass-the r./..;;.;,_which is formed by ^he cohesion
directly upon the inferior ovary. Looking at the centre
R'l
176
MONOCOTYLEDONS
H
1
IN
K
of the flower We see, immediately over the entr-inco tn th
occur rJ:2, .tL^f Soudan hLft, "^T'" /'T^'
possesses a sliort stalk— the ccwc/ic/e (A TK ^^^/TT'^'^^^^
shaped like a litHp Iinul /i\ ^'"'J^^/t {c) ihe roslellum is
Thi r-Vr 1 oo\vl(.^), and contains a Kummv mi^.s
ri nf .K ''■' ^'^^ ^"'^^'^^^ ^y '^'^^' bases to two small Id s
(^ of this gi.mmy substance. The ovan' is one ch^n h. n h
insects pierce th^Sal hn" 1^ I^J^^^^IZ^^^^^ ^
from the wound. The flower is visited irbee and flies ' ^'T
labellum acts as a platform on which theisec al "h^ A h '
^otiri'^h"""^ ^"^° ^^^ ^P- --^^ -f necJslity'^iouduhe
rostellum; the consequence is that one nr hnH. ; „■ •
transferred to its head where they adl^e by menn oT ""',"
hesive bases of their caudicles Af fitcf m ^ • " ^'^'' ^^"
>.„.,,» .,.„ be rT\™e' xs^"^f 'rsi^^r'^
ca.,es *e ^^^^'^^ ^7 ::ZZ'^^'C
■aiice to the
•sligma-lobes
ructure — the
hird stignia-
tive stigma.
h"an .stamen,
nvhat broad
amen there
lodes (s^) —
■ two lateral
id dehisces
chambered,
lor to form
23)— which
oslellum is
mmy mass,
small balls
:hambered,
ree parietal
the flower ;
k the juice
flies. The
ts. A bee
' touch the
•ollinia are
of the ad-
^tand erect
ind slowly
a result of
sd against
W'er. Did
ibility, be
■: so that
lie bee in
misting a
spur; the
lovements
flower. —
ityin the
;s growth
- in fact.
221
"nfortuimely, the fetter /•'""• i '>• "3.-One pel iniur-,^^', °'^ °''«. P°'''"ium, also
oftherostelli'm.)' ''"" ^ '^ "^^^ ,0 denote the'^S "'as wilM^' T'^ ^^^Ji^' '^^
' ^" ^^ "'e bowMike part
1/7
178
MONOCOTYLEDONS
to twist so thit the true anterior part of the flower occupies
a ijostenor position. Thus the labellum is in reality i
median posterior perianth-leaf, and all the other floral-leaves
have their true positions reversed in the same manner. The
tlower consists thus of six perianth-leaves, the
median posterior being
the labellum ; three
gynandrous stamens,
only one (median an-
terior) of which is
complete; a gyna^cium
composed of three car-
pels, syncarpous, with
three stigma-lobes, the
anterior median lobe of
^yhich no longer func-
tions as a stigma, but
is the rostellum (see
fig. 224 for further details). The floral formula is P.3-h3
Al-h2 G(3). Fruit (fig. 225) a capsule dehiscing along the
dorsal sutures anc allowing the innumerable minute seeds
to be dispersed by the wind.
[In place of Onhis masat/a, other British species o^ Orchis
may be selected for examination, and the various points
described above will be easily seen.]
Fiff. 224. — Flcjral diasram
of Orchis.
Plff. 225. — Fruit of
Orchis iiiascula : b =
subtending bract ; j =
seeds.
i ';
ARACEJE (Arum Family)
Smooth herbs with leaves which are often broad and net-
venied Inflorescence a spadix with a .sj^athe : no bracts
subtending the separate flowers; no prophylls in the inflores-
cence. Howers small, inconspicuous. Perianth small or
absent. Fruit, a berry.
Type
THE CUCKOO PINT {Arum maculatum).
Vegetative characters.— Herb with a corm. Th- leaves
are radical, each possessing a basal sheath, a petiole, and a
net-veined spotted lamina shaped almost like an arrow-head
Inflorescence (fig. 226).— A large sheathing bract— the sf>athe
i 1^
ver occupies
in reality a
floral-leaves
anner. The
. 225.-Friiit (;f
■s iiiastula : />~-
ndiiig bract ; j =
: is P3 + .S
f along the
nute seeds
s of Or^/i/s
ous points
i and net-
no bracts
le inflores-
small
or
ituni).
r'h3 leaves
>le, and a
rrow-head.
the spathe
ARAC.EW':
179
f "r^ T^^fl!;- ^ ^^o flowering axis which hears the
above the point of insertion '
ofthe spathe bears-(i.) At its
base, a zone of many sessile
ovanes(..);(ii.)hi,Lr^j^
an encrchng band of incom-
plete or rudimentary ovaries
W)', (in.) still higher, a belt
of numerous sessile anthers
\'^)', (IV.) above these again
a zone of hairy structures (./' /
the hairs of which span the
•space between the floral axis "'
and the narrowed portion of
the spathe-sheath. Finally,
the purple-tinted terminal pan
of the axis (..r) is thickened,
but devoid of any lateral
structures. This axis, with
Its stamens and ovaries, does
not represent a single flower,
or the ovaries are inserted
below the stamens on the
convex axis. It is an inflor-
escence consisting of many
carpellary and staminate
flowers borne on a fleshy
axis. 1 his view is shown to
be correct by the circum-
stance that in some other
Araceffi each of the numerous
little flowers of the spadix
possesses a small perianth of
Its own The carpellary
fnlT f^' "^) ^<^"«istS
?K ^ °f 0"e single carpel.
1 he ovary {ozi) is one-cham-
oered, and contains several
ovules {<y) attached to its
^vall The stigma {s^) is
sessile. Above these fertile ^'%::^^{Z^iT^-' ^^^ --'^
jj-iri 01 spattie oi Arum tiiaculatum.
m\
HL .
*(' Hi
I ill
;| I
I 80
MONOCO'I'VLEDONS
Fig. 227. — A sta-
ni L' 11 of A r 11 III
iiiaculatiDii.
p L' 1 1 a r y (lower of
Arum iiiacu/attim.
carpellary flcnvcrs arc a number of sterile carpellary
flowers is/) without ovules. The staminate flower consists
of a small group of three or four stamens (or at the very
base of the staminate region each flower may have only
one or two stamens). The anthers are ^
sessile (liu. 227). Above the staminate (jV
band of hairy stru(-tures repre- "
sents a belt of sterile flowers
(sf). Fruit.— After pollina-
tion each ovary gives rise to
a single red berry (fig. 229).
Thus the carpellary inflor-
escence produces a cluster \j /
of berries (fig. 230), which
is an mfructescence, because
it is formed by several flowers,
and not by one. Pollination.
—In spite of their incon-
spicuousness, the flowers are insect-pollinated; the inflor-
escence emits a peculiar odour, and the ])urple tip of the
si)adix aids in alluring the small flies which
effect cros.s-pollination. The whole inflor-
escence forms a trap to catch these minute
flies, which creep down the s])athe into the
chamber formed by the tube of the latter.
The ovaries mature before the stamen.s, and
at this stage of
flowering the pali-
sade of hairs span-
ning the mouth of
the spathe - tube
does not prevent
' the entrance of the
midges, ihough it
hinders their de-
parture. If the
flies have come
from another
spathe, they bear
^ ,, . pollen and pollin-
ate the stigmas of the o^'aries which are now rea
Fig. 22q.— A htrry of Arum
iHiunlaititn cut open.
Fig. 230.— Infruct-
escence of Arum
maculatum.
tvidy. After a
carpellary
wer consists
at the Very
' have only
ig. 228.— Car-
la r >• Hower of
»i viacii/atuni.
the influr-
tip of the
230. — Infruct-
2 of A rum
%tum.
After a
(iKvVMINACK/K
f "d pour out their pollen w ' ^v\ ''", "^^' ^^'^'''•'^■^ "pen
become sprinkled. Fina ,! 't,,: ^^ ;'', ; '''^\ ^^H'tive-insicts
for the hairs forming the ,, ^1,?'.. ' ''?"" ''''' '""■^^'f'.
o escape dusted ^Wth poK t I l'"'^' '''"^^' ^'^"-^ ^^'-^
therefore specially c,(;nstr c Vl\o ^' ''^"^''^ '"florescence is
Polhnation ofthe^flower::^;;!,;^-,- —^P^sh ^ cross-
GRAMINACE^ (Grass Family)
Le!:!^^iten;:;:: &rtk^,^-^ - ^^^ -odes.
;o the base. I'bwe^ n nl^J^^ , ^ ^i! M "^-'f >' ^'^"' d""'"
lowers regular, inc..nspXs V '•' '"''' "^^^^^>' '^'•^^^^s-
(or perhaps represente^r Avn ' ^^'"""■'- ''^'"^'^"th absent
^^' Th:":" t™^::jr '?"«^f ;•" '™ -- '"""« .he
have pro„,i„ent ril^"°' TheT;, ."f i'i-'T"?'' '"«' "^"y
stem m the form of a sheath wl,," I • " '"'^ »"rro„„ds the
down one side. At their reSonr' '"' •" "'°'*' ^''»'-''^. ^Ph't
h.el<e„ed, and thus caue the nod, /m '"''''" ''''•' '''''-•'''h^ are
leaf has a li.n./e (see page , ,) J^Th , '"/"-r ?"""'^"- Each
-S^:;^ ^'-'--- aid '.^^Sorhi-^tr^Cli'n^
ra<^T,l:ef 't ^^5?^^ ""'^^"'^ '" "^ -* "^
through the envelo,.ing sheaths rH""""^ '^^'^hes burst
underground for some di 'tanre L h"^ ' l"""'"S horizontally
l>od,al rhizomes with sea -T?/ "'' '^""= fo™ation of sym-
On the other hand \hettS ^hich ""'"''' °" P^«« =5-
the radical leaves may at rmZl j "i""® '" 'he a.xils of
through the surroundr4 shea^ or n"?'- """-I ?'*^^ "'"rsting
ng Sheaths or pushing their way between
I Mi
1S2
AIONUCOrVLKDONS
l''i«. 232.— A spikflet of Wheat.
method of hranch-
iiiK, together with
thu (Hrcclion of
growth of the
lateral slioots,
which determines
whether the i)ar-
ticular (liass will
form a siiupk: tuft,
a series of tufts, or
a mat-like layer.
Soiue (brasses
are annual (e.^.
Wheat), cnhers are perennial (.•..'•. Couch-Cirass)
Some annual (Irasses, when sown in autumn,
l)ecome biennial in that they rest during the
winter and do not flower until
the following spring.
1^1. Inflorescence.— The flowers
are arranged in small si)ikes
which are termed spike/efs.
' A liead of wheat (fig. 231),
for instance, at flrst sight looks
, hke a spike with two rows of
sessile flowers : whereas, in
reality, it is a spike of s])ike-
lets. A spikelet (figs. 232,
233) consists of a stem bear-
ing a few alternating bracts
arranged in two rows, and
a small number of sessile
flowers with prophylls. The
lowest two bracts (G, ^tf) on
the spikelet axis are termed
"'^ A'//mes; one of them, the
/07i>er glume (G), is inserted -
nearly opposite to, but at a slightly lower level than the
other, which IS the u/>j>er ghme (g). These two glumes'have
Fig. 231.— In-
florescence
Wheat.
Fig. 233-— A scheme of
a spikelet of a Grass.
'UiiiL' (Irass-
iiiay occur
f Wheat,
ich-(]ra.s.s).
1 autumn,
luring the
scheme of
a Grass.
lan, the
les have
(ikAMINACK.K
»«3
,,'''■«• -■ )4. - A nuwer „f
\V ical cMcluscl in its two
pale.i;.
-7, -' I3- — l>iM«rain of
fI<nvLr of Wlieat.
no flowers in their 'ivilc • fi, .
- ^^'-^•f"-tgir'--.'i;;;;.,:x:r
1\ orn. two rows, ha\e single llowers in
iMeir axils an,l an; termed Jl,nvcnmr
liitter alternate as ^
do the glumes, so ^
that the first or
lowest of them {I\)
•stands above the
lower glume (6') :
the .second {P,,) is
inserted on thcM)])-
posite side of the
iixis and is alxne
tlif ui)per glume
{:<)' The fl(nvering
c glumes, and less
[inlTrillloa'iaSr"!;!™^' "'"■ ""^-^ "-■'■' "''^■""» ™"
I here are from three to five
flowering glumes and flowers
"1 a si)ikelet of the wheat
1 he flo7ver-stiilk is scarcely
perceptible, hut, as is usual
amongst Monocotyledons, ii
bears a single propJiy/l (/)
which is typically on the fact"
(posterior) towards the in-
florescence-axis. This pro-
phyll is scale-like, and is
termed the upper pale or
upper pa/en. Each flower
(ng- 234) lies partially hidden
between its prophyll (the
upper i)ale) and its sub- ^^
tendmg bract (the flowering ,^{'"g; =36 -iJissected parts of fl,nver of
mat each flowering glume ■''''"^''■'* one ovule (0;. •*'
^s on the axis of the spikelet, and is usually one-ribbed:
'It
.A
%. i
til '<
184
MONOCOTYIJCDONS
inserted two minute sciL 'h //• ^^"^ .^W^' Pale, are
Pyranth; others a'e Jol.l^^^^^^ - ^in.ple
divided bract, in which cis th L ^ represent a small
flower proper 'Phi Plnil, ^ •''"■''' ""' ^ 1'"'-^'"" of the
stan>eni inieried I ow tl^ ova^r"''' f '^^^■^" ^^^-•'>' ^->
anthers; together w h LmeXmber'd i^««'^^-""K .^-^Kling
parietal ovule, and surn ounted Tv tl^^"''"^
•stigmas. It is usually suZsed that th. "'''''•^' ""' ^'^'^'^'y
one carpel, the style'of iS\^l^S"'T],^^Vry^^']^^
correct, it musi be described a/k.;.-.? ^^ ''''' '''^'^^' ^^■
Different types of arassl? ^Mr^^.fl'^^^n^ous.
i" panicles or h. sj^Lr 7^^-, i^^,^^^^^ "->' he arranged
more flowers. The lodiculefm v K ^''''' "^''^ ^^^' ^"^^' «••
accompanying table (eeonnosiSl. f "'""l "'^ ^'^•'^*-^"^- ''''^^•
in son/e co'mmon t^,; fof Kes Cat th ''' f.'"'"' ^^^'^'^■"'•^
is the same throughout as reS. ,>i ^''^ ^^."^ Kynrecium
Pollination of OmssL in "'"' '^""•"^^'^"^'°»-)
others) the upper a^d bwer IT ^'^''f ^'•'^' ^'^^ -"d
separate considerably the ant^. ''^ ^"^^'^«P'%' ^ flower
quickly, and the sti^nv . c ?' ^T'^"" ^"^ dehisce
which'cause tLe o^; ^kT^-.n IJ% '""^ ^l^^/^'^
lower paleai. After a timp h? i ^ • , ^ ^'^'■*^^ ^^ck the
consequently the pa4 dose In°n^^^^ '^'''''^ "P' ^'^^
scarcely open mdthfJr. "^^ ^^her grasses the palea.'
As thi' lorcul^faJe^o^'^a'erupof t;!''? (-^^-^'-y)•
apart, they are absent Jr TiL^K^ x ^°''^*' ^^^ P^^*-'^
(^..C. Foxtail-grass) The ^ra.ir^"^''^''^ °' ^^^^ '"'""te
agency of the wind • th. f^ I ""'^^ cross-pollinated by the
anthers, are eL^stktb^^efS^^^^^^^^ ^^^ll ^.-'«^"^g
brush-like or feathery stifrmZ !i? . ^ , breezes, and the large
the wafted pS Mlr'^rl? ^^ "" ^''^' ''"'^"^^ ^° ^^^^''ve
(e..,. Wheat,^Barley Oa?s)^ ^'''''' "'" ^^^^'^^^X self-pollinated
to^rtr^:^^^^^^- :J:;;^ -ry gives place
but the seed is so closelv nHhl! II f ^ ^'^^ ^" ^^hene ;
wall of the ovary)! aJdl'etus'othTn '^^ F'"''-''^ ^'^"^''"^^
to distinguish the testa anH 1 • ' 'i^^ '^ '^ impossible
B me testa and pericarp without the aid of a
"ipinvptihk;
( Irasscs, on
pale, arc
M3. 236 /).
ig a simple
ent ;i small
tion of the
rarely two)
ig clan^Ming
taim'ng one
or feathery
represents
liis view be
'0 arranged
' be one or
ient. 'I'hc
-■ral details
Kyna,«ciiini
ition.)
Poa and
a flower
dehisce
lodicules
back the
up, and
lie palea,'
feathery).
le paleoi
S minute
i by the
dangling
the large
3 receive
ollinated
es place
achene ;
(original
possible
d of a
compound microsc,,,,,, ,„
pletely destroyed before tl
KUished under tl
<il<AMlNACi:/K
'T: '!■' "'""V ^-'lU'Mtly, the testa i
'«5
iL' fruit is ri|H-. 'I'lijs /
(fig. 28)
i<^ name of cun'of^sis, A
th
and
e ov
'. or a so-called grass-seed
s com-
mit is distin-
Krain of wheat
ary takes })art in its I
■•"""lue to envelop th
IS in reality a fruit, I
H'cause
grooved along one side (ventral
"rmatum. Often the paK.e persist
^ npe Iru.t. Usually the fmit
IS
"Imuly W.:„ ri.,,.H,,J'7„ ::";'. 'ff: S"«. - This has
1 "11 llie iiiiiiii
I InlloresceiK.' '
axis.
On the axis
of the Spike,
et.
O" llic axis of
l''io«er(«y„a.,:
omitttMl),
the
ium
NaMK AM. VwiKTAT.v,.
eUAKACTKUS.
SvvL.el.scentcd Vernal
< Tass (Anlhoxant/uan
\ Oihnitum). A tufted
grass ; perennial.
Meadow l'-(,.xtail {Ah-
{yrV!" P'-'^fi'llsis).
VV 1th lon^; scale-IieariniT
rhizomes J jjerennial.
'f\
•r
3
X
•-H
A
Wheat
ffare).
( Triticum
Annual.
Couch-},rrass [A^i^ropyr,,,,,
rc/^cns). l-erennial,
with elongated scaly
rhizomes.
Annual Meadow Grass Panicle ,->,,,
{Poa annua). Tufted I " I 3-7 I i
annual. J
\J oa fratensis).
!' i
<
r
!-' H !
I ■ !
!
WH > ilfi
m
If
PART III
PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER XV
THE NUTRITION OF THE PLANT
1. A Plant absorbs (feeds itself).— If healthy seeds be sown
under suitable conditions, they germinate, and finally give rise
to plants much larger than themselves. A small acorn de-
velops into a huge oak-tree : a tiny turni2>seed produces a large
turnip-plant. The plants obviously weigh more than the seeds
from which they have developed, and they must therefore con-
tain more matter or substance than was originally possessed by
the seeds. This substance gained by the plant during its
growth has not been created out of nothing ; it must have been
derived from matter previously present outside the plant. Thus
it is certain that the plant takes in, or absorbs, substance from
the outside world— that is, takes food from the soil or from the
atmosphere, or from both.
2. What does a Plant absorb ? A seed, or a whole plant
IS composed of solid substance and water ; in addition it con-
tains gases, which we will not discuss for the present. If we dry
a seed, or a plant, at a temperature slightly higher than the
boiling-point of water (ioo° Centigrade), the water will be
driven off in the form of steam, and only solid substance
will remain. An ordinary seed, though it appears to be quite
dry, contains at least one-tenth of its whole weight of water
whilst there is still more water in growing plants ; for instance'
nine-tenths of the weight of a turnip - plant is due to the
water. If we weigh separately a plant and one of its seeds,
both before and after drying them, we find that there is more
water and more solid substance in the plant than in the seed.
We thus see that as a plant grows it absorbs not only water
but also other substances.
3. Chemical Composition of a Plant.— In order to learn
what substances, in addition to water, are taken into the plant
we must find out what simple chemical substances (elements)
are present in the plant. If we still further heat a completely
dned seed or plant there will be an additional loss in its
weight, because some of the substances composing the plant
i8q
ii
■Sf
1 9©
1
il
i!:
il
I
NUTRITION
wa er. etc.). There remainT beh^^.l ^^''bonJc acid, ammonia,
cabled the as^. Examin ng the"^ie ' i:h' u''' ""'''' ^^ «"^'d
ash which remains, we leaVthat thP S '^ -P^'' °^ ^"^ ^he
always present in pIants:_C^bon ^C ffj^ ?^^"^^"^« ^^e
(O, Nitrogen (N) Sulnhiir /g\ iv^' ■^y**'*'*^®^ (H), Oxyijen
(Na), and Chlorinl (C ).? Sr.s <S.'?il ^'1 ^^^'^' fSodium
occur. These elemems Ire coS eH^ ''^^^'" "''"^'"^^ ^''''^
chemical compounds of which the nln.- ^""'"^ ^^^ ^^"OJ-^
grown-up plant contains T larger aua"^^^^ ^^^P^^^^' 'I'he
elements than did the seed from ThtlX ""J T^ °^ ^hese
growing plant, therefore mn«f k i^^ ^^ developed. The
from the'soil ir froml^ arospt^e^'"^'^' ^^^^ ^'^---'^
4- Composition of the Air =,,7. ^^
Pheric <,/, consists mawr^f*frl''l.'''« SoU-The a.mos-
oxygen (O) very little carb!fn,cadr(CO??" (N)* and fee
(NH,,), and water vapour (H O) ''' "" °f '"nmonia,
an.on'gst;lLrtS a^ ^ ^pLrc! '""'^^ ^ ^^s,
water. The grains of soil conta n Si k"^k'^ ^>' ^^^ ^"d
water: thus the water in the soTis not n^^'''-"':^^ "^^^^'^^^ i"
of certam salts. These soluhinni. P"'""' " ^^ a solution
required by the plant n adSn'T'" '1^ '''' ^^^''^^^^'s
decaymg remains of dead plants and a' 'i', '°'^ f °"^^^"^ ^he
accompanying table sh )ws wh"ch are Z7 ' ""' ^''''""' ^he
salts dissolved in the water of the so I T'"''""'' "^^^g^"'^
the absence of carbon from this list Particularly note
Name.
Common table salt
Clypsum
Glauber's salts
Epsom salts
Traces of chlorides, ni^
trates, and phosphates
of calcium, magne-
sium, and potassium
Symbol,
NaCl
Ca SO^
NaSO^
Mg SO,
oxygen.
Elements Present.
Sodium and chlorine
Calcium, sulphur, and
aodium.
Magnesium, ,'' "
Chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, calcium, mag-
nesium, and potassium.
we'dltttr 'iti^S -^ io-iCr " *= "-^ °' "'"=«». •«c.u.e
M
CULTURE - SOLUTIONS
gen in the
, ammonia,
i«s of solid
iff and the
-ments are
I). Oxygen
Potassium
[Sodium
nents also
'e various
5ed. The
of these
•ed. The
elements
le atmos-
and free
Lmmonia,
T grains,
air and
3luble in
solution
slements
ains the
s. The
lorganic
■rly note
5. Cultivation of Plants in Arti-
ficial Soils or Solutions. -1 he
soil contains all the chemi-
cal elements re(iuired by a
plant, but the atmospheric air
contains only four* elements
(N, O, C, H). Those chemi-
cal elements present only in
the soil are obviously ab-
sorbed from that source. But
with regard to the four elements
present in the soil as well as in
the air, experiment alone can
decide whence the plant obtains
them. In order to decide this
question, and to ascertain which
elements are absolutely essential
to the existence of plants, we
cultivate plants with their roots
dipping in water containing only
certain definite salts dissolved
in it (fig. 237); or we may
make a simple artificial soil by
pouring this nutritive solution on
pure insoluble sand.
A good nutritive .solution
(termed a "culture solution")
can be made up as follows : —
191
' .<
^'g- 237-— A grass-phnt
grown with the aid of a.
culture-solution.
Water -
I'otassic nitrate
Calcic sulphate
Magnesic sulphate
Calcic phosphate
tSodic chloride
Sulphate of iron
Mktkic SvSTENf.
1000 cub. centimetres.
I gramme,
i „
h „
A trace.
English Measuric.
S pints (loo ounces)
45 grains.
25 „
25 „
25 n
25 „
Trace.
becau
se
common sS.^ ^'^"''- ^^^'^^'°"^">-' ^"-. ^he air has impurities such as
plaSaiThy' '^'°"'^' '" "°^ absolutely necessary, but serves to keep the
192
NUTRITION
may develop into a plan wklf ^^^^^^ ^*" ^"^n
of carbon which read.^clhin,'^' chiefly of compounds
the seed and the plant^amrT from ?h "'^^'"•- Comparing
amount of water in he lint Z - ! ^^''^,' '""^^^^ ^" ^he
the composition of the \wo is .h "'•°'' """^"^^ ^'^^^'^^^"^e in
quantity of the organic carbon ^ ' """"T^^ ^^^^^'°" ^o the
the ''cuIture-solution"de?crird th?n^^^ ^"'^'^'"^^^ ^''^h
food at its command; in Xt^ular i.f ^^'^ '""^g'-^"'"'^
IS available only in the form of th' u ^^^jbon-containing food
i'? the air. Anbial canno bu W ,m °"''-"''^ ^^^^") ^'-^^^"t
s'mple inorganic food; tr p'otr KS r/Sf ^ ^^"^
Jer .suital)le
if-h in turn
The plant
c (carbon)
'lid matter
mainly of
ompounds
-omparing
ase in the
ference in
on to the
ated with
inorganic
ning food
L') present
nds from
s.
CHAPTER XVI
ABSOBPTION or CARBONIC ACID BY THE
GREEN PLANT
^^netZ!:^^^^^^^^ branch, be placed in a closed
carbonic acid cJ;.tainedtn ?c alTi':;;-' 'i '!!'' ^'^^t, ^'e
appear and an equal volume of ' ''"^'"./he bottle will dis-
shows that ^,reeu /m.^Tr'n' /3? T" '?^''' ^'' This
^ar/m^ from the carbonic add o/T '^ ^ ^^^'^''^' '^^^ obtain
bottle and the contained I atef bf nf"-. ^^' >"^'^'-' ^^e
carbonic acid will not disappea? Th^"^ •" ^^rkn^^., the
the fact that /kht is reoJrFI)!: ^ ^ ^is experiment illustrates
of Plants to obtain ^^rb^iZ. "Jl/^-'^'i^ ''' ^^'^^^ P^rl
leaves be killed (by steamingTeez nt T '^'''^' ^^^^'""' ^^ ^^e
chloroform) before they are nl p!3 •^' l'^''"^'' ^^ Poisoning by
acid will not disappear even^t ,h '" ' ^°"^'' '^^ ^^^^onic
demonstrates thatThe ,4rAt-/?'"/''- °'-''^^'' ^^'
ohatn carbon from carbonic acid of 7, ^'T^^ '^ *^'y "^' io
placing green parts of plants t {\. f T.' ^"' ^^' ^"^^ead of
out the green colouringCt 'er suJh .,°"^? ^ P"' P^'"^'^ ^^'^h-
from carbonic acldfo, t.ltls'thar^ ^^'^^ ^^-^^^^^
oxygen appears in the atmosDhe p ,^" "^^"^^ ^°J"^^' of
^c'd. This is most easnrXwn Z ^^"""-^^ '^^ ^^^bonic
submerged water-plants "^ If '" by experiments on green
such a water-plant/and I'eavet in th'"' T""'' ^^^ ^^oot of
a stream of bubbles will ale frn ^\^''^^' exposed to light
(fig. 2Z^\ These bubh les "onstt of '"' "^1 °^ ^^^ ■^^--
exhaled by the plant. No bubbles of n"''^^'" ^t^^^ ^« being
ouDDles of oxygen will be given off
if"
194
NUTRITION
i.
Fig. 238. — Evolution of
bubbles of oxygen from the
cut end of ;i stem under water.
(Based upon A. M.iyer's figure.)
in darkncs.s, nor if the plant be killed, nor if the water con-
tains no carbonic acid, nor if the root.s which are without
green colouring-matter be u.sed in.stead
of the green .shoot. Consequently we
conclude that the oxygen is given off
only from the parts which are receiving
carbon from the carbonic acid. In
other words, the living plant exposed
to the light takes in carbonic acid by
means of its -green parts, it retains the
carbon as food but gives the oxygen
back to the air.
Influence of Temperature on the
absorption of carbonic, acid and on
the evolution of okygen by green parts. — If the experi-
ments just described are to be successful, the green parts
must be exposed to a proper temperature. If the bottle or
the water be kept too cold, or too hot, there will be no absorp-
tion of carbonic acid, and no evolution of oxygen. There are
three important temperatures— (i.) the lowest temperature, or
minimum, at which the plant can still absorb carbonic acid and
exhale oxygen ; (ii.) the highest temperature, or maximum, at
which these processes still go on ; (iii.) the best or most suit-
able temperature, or optimum, at which the plant is perform-
ing these processes most rapidly. Of course, the optimum
temperature lies between the minimum and maximum.
Influence of the intensity of Light on the absorption of
carbonic acid and evolution of oxygen by green parts. — Light
is essential to the process. Commencing with darkness, as we
increase the intensity of the light to which the plant is exposed
the two processes become more and more active. This may
be illustrated by a simple experiment made on the cut shoot of
the water-plants. We note that near the window, exposed to
the sun, the bubbles of oxygen come off rapidly, but when the
plant (in the water) is transferred to a gloomier part of the
room the bubbles appear more slowly, till in absolute darkness
they cease entirely.
Chlorophyll, or the green colouring-matter.— The substance
which causes the green colour of leaves and stems may be
termed chlorophyll. Placing leaves in water, the chloro-
phyll IS not removed from them, for it is insoluble in water.
water con«
re without
ed instead
luently wc
! given off
e receiving
acid. In
it exposed
icacid by
etains the
tie oxygen
3 on the
d and on
le experi-
reen parts
bottle or
no absorp-
There are
erature, or
c acid and
ximum, at
most suit-
5 perform-
optimum
n.
Jrption of
ts. — Light
ess, as we
is exposed
This may
it shoot of
xposed to
when the
irt of the
I darkness
substance
s may be
e chloro-
in water.
CHLOROPHYLL ,^^
'^^r^\^:^Z l:'^^;^fy^^ -ay be obtained by
leaves in t^lohecomj '^.^^^ •''^ methylated spirits. The
becomes coloured ^rhc.S; '" '°^°"'"' ""^ ^^e solution
we look through "it • wh^-r ° •?" '" ^^'''" '" ^"'""'- ^^hen
we inspect itXi nia' h k f ^PJJT'/" '^"' '^^^^^'^^d if
decomposes the ch^ ^^f \'-ckground. Light
plucked leaves themseTve This if alf' hT ^r"' '^''^^ ^"
because chloronhvll doP« nnf / • n ■ ^^^"^ curious
thelatterbeexpS to 'he ih^^^^ ?T""S ploiits unless
has whitish orUlowi-^h leav! V I'.'^"^«^«\^•'^ >" darkness
into the light, tlK leaves ^0^ "^^'"^^ ^^''' \^<^^<^d plant
-supply the Lt i b rmes Lec-n'"'\h"' 'f ^''^^°"- " "■<= "°-
for the formation of ch orophv 1 l^nT'" 'T •" "''"■'■"'
becaLe of the W ,rp:,l*'p^^^^^^^^^ °f "" chlorophyll
N:
'jii
/ I
1 ;.l
j.;;
Jll
'[! « !
hi
CHAPTER Xv^II
ASSIMILATION OP CARBON
In the previous chapter it has b.een shown that the green
parts absorb carbonic acid and return to the air the oxygen
contauied in the carbonic acid. The green parts, therefore, act
as a reducmg mechanism,* and it follows that in them some
organic compound is formed at the expense of the carbon
obtained. For let us remember that our definition of an
organic compound is a carbon-containing body which is capable
of combining with oxy-cn. The first step, in following the
career of the absorbed carbonic acid, is to ascertain what
organic bodies are found in the plants.
First, there is no pure free carbon found in plants, so that
the absorbed carbonic acid does not simply lose its orygen,
and thus lead to the formation of jjure carbon. There are
three universally present and important classes of organic
compounds found in all flowering plants. They are Proteids
(Albuminoids), Carbohydrates, and Fats or Patty Oils. These
show their organic nature in being able to burn— that is, they
are able to combine with the oxygen of the air and give off
carbonic acid.
I. Proteids are very complex compounds of carbon, con-
taining also hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and some-
times phosphorus. The white of an egg is a good example of
a proteid, and the " lean " of meat is mainly proteid. Proteids
stam deeply with many dyes : they assume a yellow or brown
colour with iodine. There is one substance which is mainly
composed of proteids, and which is the most important part of
a plant or animal— in fact, it is the only living part of living
beings, and is termed protoplasm. Continued growth of a
livii^ ' ing (plant or animal) implies an increase in the amount
of protoplasm. Hence, if a plant is to continue growing, it
• By a "reducing mechanism" is meant a mechanism which wholly or
partially deprives certain oxygen-containing compounds of their oxygen.
ASSIMILATION OF CARBON
: the green
the oxygen
erefore, act
them some
the carbon
ition of an
1 is capable
lowing the
rtain what
Its, so that
its orygen,
There are
of organic
e Froteids
ils. These
lat is, they
id give off
rbon, con-
md some-
jxample of
Proteids
or brown
is mainly
int part of
t of living
)wth of a
le amount
rowing, it
h wholly or
oxygen.
fju.ld up protoplasm. In idduW^n f '"'^'^'^ ^'^ required to
n flowering pul„ts the ving otinhfn?'''''", '""^^'"-^ ''''''■
by the aid of the compound^ ^roS^^^^ T", ' •^^"^^'^.-"'y
as a colourless, transr an-nf ' .^^^^P"- It then reveals tself
granules in it : 'i 1^^ c'apXVo^ ^^'^'^ '^"'^^
about. All the compli^t^o,vs,l ;^' "^'"ll'"^' '^'^ "^"^ing
to the action of ,Tro op/a m 'iV'r t'"'""^ ^'^ ^'^''''' ^'^ due
^vithout the aid of rcontTound ^^^^^^^^ '" •'^'"^>'"^' J^'^-^^ts
engaged ni learning the pr^l^sTf thi"^!^ T ^''^'^y
. protoplasm. piuptriics ot this living substance—.
•soluble in water.^ The suuar u^< H '^'^^^y^'^\^' which are
Cane-su^r,,^ (C\.. H f) f ^^^ domestic purposes is
(notedly in Suglr-I^'iple^s^i;:'^^ ^^^^''^i" "^4 plant
(C« H,, 0«) a\so are foun^S'ptT'^^T"^^^^
sugar IS to warm Fehlinir's hl,£ ," .-^^ ^^'^ ^""^ S^-^Pe-
addition of grape-sulr fofm ,f ^^tion, which, on the
(c« H,. of) is a'Sid'rd^^aTsS^^^^^ '*^^^^
By the use of dilute acids or ^f . nsoluble in water,
niay be converted fntosuWr S?' k" ^ ^^"'•'"^-'"tV' starch
by its character of becomhi^fhln ""'^u '' ^^'^^^ recognised
A drop of iodine! Xd 1 the -Z'^' f dition of iSdine.
tuber, on ground rice or corn causes . T ""Z °^ ^ P°^^^°-
showing that these bodies contain .t f ^^J^l"^ 'P°^' ^^us
solid framework or skelSn of . ni f"^^' Cellulose—The
of cellulose, or bodies InLd tJiu /' "''^"'>' ^^"^tituted
solid, colourless substance nfm ki ^^^""'^^e. Cellulose is a
with sulphuric acTd rsvvell ?n 'J"/'"'''^'- ^^^^^" ^^^ated
starch-paste, and Then k w 11 ^urn bll?'"'.' '"^^^^"^^ ^^^^
iodine. More orolnncrt.^ f 1 • "^ ^^'^en treated with
the celluire to' c&in^T^^^^^^^ "l'? '""S '^'"? ^^^^ ---
stained yellow by iodhfe VooSl ^^f'^^^S.^d cellulose is
be regarded as pecuHarlv mlS fi.H '^rf^'' ^°' '^^ Present,
familiar carbohydraS are ^^ celluloses. Thus the
convertible into sugar' ^^^'' "'^ substances easily
Of carbon, hydrogen, and U^n'^^^^ol'Z^o'ZZ^^^^
I '!?
198
NiJl'liiflON
Imnnf.!; ^T''' • '" ^^y^^'V^'^^^" are carhohydratos. Tlu-y
will not dissolve in nor mix with water ^
Fonnation of Starch at the expense of the carbonic acid
absorbed by leaves. ^U wc cultivate a hcan-scccllM7w h t, ,
aid of the inorganic culture-solution mentioned on paRe i
but keep It constantly in absolute darkness, we shall find £
he organic substance in the seedling is not greater in .,uant "y
Ian ,t was in the' seed. This is dJe to tht fact that in e
absence ofhght, the plant cannot absorb carbonic acid T e
plant IS starving. If we now pluck s„ ne of its leaves, put them
in methylated spirits to decolorise them, and finally p'lice them
in a solution of iodine, the leaves
will assume a yellow colour. They
contain no starch. If we now
expose the plant to the light for
several days the leaves become
green, and soon absorb carbonic
acid; and when we treat these
leaves as we did the others, they
assume a deep blue colour (appear-
ing black) in iodine. Therefore
these green leaves contain starch.
In the bean-plant f^e absorption
of carbonic acid by green leaves
crposed io the light causes starch to
u manufactured. If we expose
only the roots to the light, starch
will not appear in the starved
plants: this illustrates the fact
that chlorophyll is essential for
the formation of starch at the
expense of carbonic acid. Again, if
we ( xnose the leaves of the starved
plant -. the light, but remove the
Carlson.' t'- froi.i the air sur-
rounduig he plant, no starch
will^ upper. fhis pr'^^s that
T , ^^ ^s *'i' t 'r'jonic acia which
supplies the carbon essential to build up the starch. The
same experiments may be performed on a green bean-plant
which has been grown in the presence of light but subse-
•""'g- 239-
ites, Thuy
trbonic acid
iig with the
1 page 191,
ill find that
ill (lUiintity
that, in the
acid. 'I'he
.'s, i)ut thcni
place them
, the leaves
)lour. They
If we now
o light for
es become
b carbonic
treat these
ithers, they
ur (appear-
'rh(!refore
ain starch.
absorption
"■een leaves
cs starch to
-ve expose
?ht, starch
le starved
the fact
lential for
:h at the
. Again, if
he starved
imove the
- air sur-
10 starch
oves that
id which
:h. The
lean-plant
ut subse-
AS.SLMILATION OF CARBON
199
quently darkened for some davs A r.r^,.
be made on a .single larire , .f r ^/'^"^ ^'^Pt-'nment may
be encase<l in tilji and W^ .r ""^?"'"'' ''''^^' ^""''^ ^^ould
the upper farcM)f the tJnt-r-P,Vn''^^^"""L''^'" ^'"' «"^ ^^^ni
^; light " in capua!'£:. m ^ "C^^:^^ 'J «^-^^ "
left for some days (still attached to he Lf tI'-^ T"'' ^''^
moved and tested tor starch .n 1 ! m,', ^"9" ^' ^^ ^'^^''^ '■^'-
treatment with niethv lat^^ '.irit '" ' ''"' ^"^'"^^ th^t. ^i<ter
the pattern will be ! u^kt^ ' darM '1''' ''-•'-'
the leaf will be yellow in col , r n \' ''''''■'■^■' ^'^^' '■^'^t of
which have been c-xpos to thili.! 'I ^' '^^"'^^ ^T' °^ ^'^^' ^^^^^
(Hk. 239). If we use a nhn t n , ''"'• '"^^""^^^'tured starch
have patches of whitl^ ^ft! ll ^'^^T^'^/^'d leaves which
Uays,ind then expo L ' ^to th'"^' ^^o haves for several
find that starch is^re u)t r^ v i , tt '""''^'^' ^"' °"*-' ^^>'' ^'*^
Th s again iHnstrJ^^^^^^^^,^'^ P^^ts of the leaf,
carbonic acid and build uMstirrh TK'^'-f '''''' ^^''^^ absorb
leases they will not "nlanr/lLr^'sta^ci^ '''' '' ''^ ^^" ^'-
we^lt" S i ^^ aTtt if ' r r''^ *'^« ^-- ' If
it in connection witTtltrtj^^^^^^^^^ f^T'' ^"^ ^^^^
given in figure 240, and we hen suck
at the tube, the suction drains a"Sy
the a,r from above the water in the
bottle, and we see bubbles of air com-
ng from the cut end of the leaf-staTk
to the surface of the water. We can
conunu. this experi- .e.t for a con-
air uhi.'hl 'kv' /•"";' i'™'''"^' that the
air which bubbles from the leaf-stalk
leat,butthatithascomefromtheatmos-
phere outside the bottle, passing i^by p.v ^
the lamina, and travelling down the leaf-stall- tI*,^
majority of ordinary plants absorh . i ^^^ '^^^e'' °^ the
surfaces, and only sl^ht^y or not .T^^^^^^^ '^''. ^>' ^^^^^ '^^'^^
Hence a leaf coated vv^th vaseli eoveH I J .^"'' ^PP"'" '"^^^«-
only its lower face does nn7^? r '''''°^^ ^"'"^ace, or over
of carbonic acid 'b" ir^o l^hc uor " ''"r^^' ^^ ^'^^ ^^P^^
painted with vaseline the rnrhn^ P^Jr"" '"'"^^'-■^ «^ the leaf be
face of theleaf, an "Safch Su rppe^r^^^ ^^" ^"^^ ^^ ^^^ lower
■i
j.Ji
200
NUTRITION
'< I
Green parts which do not produce starch.— Some plants
produce little or no starch in their green leaves. The onion
for instance, produces sugar. Some other plants produce oils
at the expense of the carbonic acid.
Why is Light essential to the production of organic matter
at the expense of Carbonic Acid?— If we apply a light to
organic material (say wood) we know that it will burn We
make the burning wood (or leaves or coal) do work by setting
it to drive an engine. The work is do'ne because heat is given
out by the combination of oxygen with the organic material
Ihe oxygen and organic material combine and produce
compounds including water, carbonic acid, and ammonia
Now, if we want to make these latter substances once more
torm organic substance, we must remove the oxygen with which
their carbon is combined. In order to remove the oxygen it
IS necessary to restore the heat (or its equivalent) which was
given away when the organic matter combined with the
oxygen. In other words, to tear the oxygen of carbonic acid
apart from the carbon, force must be applied ; and this force
(or, more properly, energy) is supplied to the leaves in the
form of sunlight. The green part of a plant is a machine for
collecting and holding sunlight, by the aid of which to force apart
the oxygen and carbon of carbonic acid, zvith the object of build-
ing up organic matter (starch, sugar, fats, etc.). Put into
rough words, a leaf is a "trap to catch a sunbeam."
The transport of Carbohydrates in a Plant.— Starch and
sugar are not only found in the green parts of plants, but they
also occur in parts which have not been exposed to light and
which do not contain chlorophyll. For instance, the subter-
ranean tubers of the Potato contain much starch : the fleshy
roots of the Beet and Dahlia are rich in sugars. Starch and
sugar can appear in these underground parts even when the
plant has obtained its carbon solely from carbonic acid Yet
we have learned that if plants be compelled to obtain their
carbon trom carbonic acid, starch and sugar are formed only
in the green parts exposed to light. This proves to us that
the starch or sugar in the roots or tubers must have been
derived from the organic material manufactured in the green
parts ; it 13 therefore evident that organic material can travel
inside the plant. This is easily shown by simple experiments
on leaves which manufacture starch. If we pluck some leaves
me plants
rhe onion,
oduce oils
lie matter
I light to
Lirn. We
by setting
It is given
material.
produce
ammonia,
nee more
nth which
oxygen it
^hich was
with the
onic acid
this force
5S in the
■xchinefor
'rce apart
*: of build-
Put into
irch and
but they
light and
e subter-
le fleshy
irch and
k'hen the
id. Yet
lin their
led only
I us that
ve been
le green
.n travel
sriments
e leaves
ASSIMILATION OF CARBON
20I
which we know to be rich in sfTrr-h nr,ri i, .u
or u™ days in a .oi., dark plac': we' ^,aU T, .Thf/Jch
w 1 dsappear, but an equivalent amount of sugar wnianSr
Ifwe nel"™,?,"'"' ""?'' "^ '=""'«'•■'' into solu^te E ■
pant rjTar h'u^rd™'"' °" t '^'"f ^'"' »"="=hed to 'the
travel „.rougl „^ pn:., t^},eft°XZ7 1.":^'''"''''"'"
n^lf nT'^K ^^^''' ^'"'^ ^**' ^'® food-substances.-We at once
seed there is much starch, and somV^ro'tefcelPrs " itt
cellulose. If we germinate this seed in darknes wi^h the S
of an morganic culture - solution (page iqt) when fhp If^
Scrb'ut'h^fl 7 f'^" «"^ tL^t^'olbsTit 'e%"
starch, but has relatively more cellulose, sugar, and nrotoid.
than was possessed by the embryo inside the sp J tv'
in idcr, tne starch in the seed is changed to sugar and trivel^
ood to^l^r"?' T' °^ '^' ^^°°^ ^"^ ^°°t' -nd there Ic'Ia
food to the developing organs. Similar observations can be
made on potato-tubers which contain starch. ZZTthl
seed contains much fat (or oil), as is the case wifhTe castor
oil seed. It is the oil which disappears and aiVk in ff.«
struction of new plant-substance All fhK- , ^"^ ''''"■
qS^in— -p-artl '^^^^'S: ^ TV^'^
#
i<;^i<
( 4
202
NUTRITION
described as resen)e-substances. The proteids, starch, and oil
stored up m seeds are reserve-foods, to be used lat^r on by
the developing seedling. Swollen subterranean stems and
roots are storehouses of starch {e.g. Potato), or sugar (.Tr.eeO
'^Jnr^ ""'^H't '^' ^P^°"^^"^' -^^^^^ i» the fo^o^^dng y^ar ^'
Nutrition of Plants possessing no cMorophyU. - Some
cfchTll r ^""^^ r'u *'^ ^«^d-' -e^evoid of
chlorophyll. Consequently they are .incapable of obtaining
their carbon from carbon dioxide : they require supplies of
organic carbon - compounds. Some of these plants absorb
pr^; "S l'°'tH"".°^'^^K"r^ P^^"^^' "Pon whicfth y
prey. They are then described as parasites (e.^. Dodder
Broom-rape). Other plants which possess no green colouring:
matter obtam the needful carbon-compounds from the dead
IHaTon'S^W "'%''h^^T -A-™^1« ' these are desc^b'd
as saprophytes (e.g. Bird's Nest Orchid, Momfro/>a). It must
be noted, however, that some parasites, such as the MistlSoe
and some saprophytes, have green leaves ^^l^stletoe.
Ml
-h, and oil
Iter on by
stems and
{e.g. r^eet),
i^ing year.
il Some
devoid of
obtaining
upplies of
Its absorb
t'hich they
■. Dodder,
colouring-
the dead
described
It must
Mistletoe,
11 'l
CHAPTER XVIII
ABSOEPTION OF WATER AND INORGANIC SALTS
Plants take in and £.ve out water.-If flowering plants be
not supplied with water, they not only cease growing, but thev
droop wither, and finally die. This familiar f ct demonstrated
that the plants both absorb and give off water ""^""^"'^'^^^-^
water^o7h! T" *^' ^^ter-absorbing organs.-If we supply
water to the leaves and stems of an ordinary flowering-olant
but keep the soil dry, the plants -—^^~ Bering piant,
wither. This proves that the
shoot is not able to absorb suf-
ficient water. It is easy to show
that roots absorb water; we
merely have to watch the diminu-
tion of the water from culture-
solutions in which the roots are
growing. By the aid of the
simple apparatus given in fig.
241 it is possible to measure
exactly the rate at which the
roots are sucking water in.
The roots also absorb salts
dissolved in water.— This state-
ment is easily proved by observ-
mg that the salts in culture-
solutions decrease in amount as
the roots absorb water. w..„.„„„a.u.
Salts can be taken in by a root only when thev are dis
tne use ot the compound mirro«rone • hnf thr-^ — ^ - •
illustnfp fhf. f-r„fV, Tf • ^-'-j"-'-'!'^; ^'■^^ three cApcnments
Illustrate the truth. If, instead of growing seedlings with the
help of a culture-solution, we give !hem 4ter to whi^h hive
been added insoluble salts of all the chemical elemenls required
203
r.M i^' r4J--A thin, bent glass-tube
filled with water, and a plant, are
ixed, as figured, by means of an air-
A u • '"'° ^ ^'^"'^ f"" of water.
As the root absorbs, the rate at which
the water IS sucked along the tube is
noted by the aid of a graduated piece
of cardboard.
I
204
NUTRITION
water in the form o hL ^a, ules n^^^^^ suspended in the
red colour pass into he root Thn/'^H "'"^^' "^'^ ^^'^" ^"^
the root because it is dfsso ved in wat^r th^''" P'''''' ^"^°
outside the root because it i.. Si 1 ,' ^ carmine remains
in solid bodies '"/'nas or gases : it cannot take
over and againse a slab of marble in time "Ihev^^^ '° '™"
absorbing part (see neii n.rnl M ^^^?^"^W^r against the
possession of numerouf C-hai " whfch awtn th" ""^ **
ofabsorpton. Sometime.; fh^ r^^i- a " ^*^^ process
this is often the case )^th nln ? '^'' "°u P°''^^^ root-hairs;
s^2^HeSHniS^'^=---
of roits the plant is liable to Sfe, ^°""«'' '""'""' P"'^
CO.B,TIONS ™FI,U|NC«G ™e^,bS0RPTI0N OK
ABSORPTION BY THE ROOT ^05
l^piration—Again, carrying the plant into a hrtt,.r
lighted spot, or where there is a drier atmosphere absom on
increases in rapidity (see next chapter). ^°'''""'-' absorption
CHEMICAL -,^™>-TS^ESS^:^TU.^TO PLANT.UPE,
elements carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen ul, hur nhos
phorus, ,ron, calcium, magnesiura%otasLmV,4ll a coir m^^^^
a t, wh,ch the plant can dispense with). Every plant reouTes
conS: ;:^^,reTnd" ro?'^ iit^'t i°T "'f"" "~
rhSh",7Th'''^-{ '4"^^^'^-^^^^
^P f ^ r^t.s-mr fe-btS« tl Z
absorbedT'theT" "°/ ''T"'*- '" *^ -""osphere they are
oxStreTaltti Twlrm O) ^Buio"- "^''^Sen'and
^ro^^^h-rilr "oTrrS ITV^I te^rSTd
irom tne air or from the soil, as they occur in both Th^^
SSigL'^"" ™* '" ^ ^"'"- ^''^P-- Tte 0T.I;
Absorption of Nitrogen—Does the plant absorb the fr^.
nitrogen from the atmosphere by its shoot, or does it take
nitrogen in by its roots ? If we take away all the combined
nitrogen (nitrates) from the culture-solution already described
and endeavour to grow a seedling of a Sunflower'n^he cukure'
solution thus impoverished, the plant remains stunned and oon
2o6
I
dies (fig. 242). It dies
NUTRITION
„i '^' .A*'- —Sunflower-
plants. The two left-hand plants
lave been cultivated in a soil
containing combined nitrogen
"1 the form of potassic nitrate.
i he two right-hand plants have
been cultivated in a soil similar^
excepting that there is no com-
bined nitrogen in it. (After
A. Mayer.) v.fi"er
for want of nitrogen, though it has
an inexhaustible supply %f free
nitrogen in the air around it andTn
solution "^^'^ ^" ^^^ -^-e
solution. This proves that the plant
cannot obtain from the air the nitrogen
n requires The plant must have com"
bmod nitrogen-preferably nitiogen
containing salts^supplied to its roots
Hence the roots absorb all the
elements required by the plant w th
the exception of carbon.* The
members of the Bean-family (£e<rum.
ShTrrl iTtT t"^"^ ^^-p^-""«
ings on their roots - the so-called
^ul>en/es or /W../.._which are caused
by microscopic fungi or bacteria.
Ihese Zegumi,iosce can live and grow
vigorously when the nitrogen^ h
supplied to them only in the forrn
of free nitrogen gas. ButiftherooS
ot a leguminous plant are not infected
with the tubercle-bacerium, the r5ant
remains stunted and soon dies when
not supplied with nitrates or other
wartrt ^^"^t^°ge"- In some
Dlants tn 'V^ '?^^^" leguminous
food ^""^ ^^ ^^^ "^^'°Sen as
CURRENT OF WATER AND SALTS UP THE STEV
TO THE LEAVES. ^^^
If we observe the amount of water ^hc:r^rK«^ u .u
dipping in a culture-solution, we Tee that 'i?t ^ '^^ '°°*'
-eav.. as . sHo^XTt^.r, *: "^S^ S t
no, Me r«S?'TcH °* "«'"'' '"''""-■"Pounds, though they «„-
ASCENT OF WATER ^^^
elements absorbed only by the roots are found in the stem
and leaves The water travels up the woody part o a stem
This can be demonstrated by cutting a ring of bark (rfghi
Pig. ^".-Branch of a tree from which a ring of bark has been
cut, with Its lower end dipping in water.
down to the wood) from the stem or branch of a tree (see
fig. 243). In spite of this injury to the stem the water con!
inues to travel up as s evident from the fact that the eaves
attached above the ring-like cut do not wither (see nSt
wate'r \t'?s not' '"' f'""' ^^T '' ^°°^ continues rabsorb
water J nn T % *° E'T '^^' '^^ '^^'' dissolved in the
^ater go up the wood with the water. But we can illustrate
iiifi
2o8
, NUTRITION
the process by putting the cut end of a branch in a coloured
watery solution (say of eosin). The colour gradually passes up
the wood, and finally extends along the nerves of the leaves :
thus showing that the colouring-matter travels up the wood
with the water in which it is dissolved. If the branch has no
general woody body, but possesses separate strings (vascular
bundles) of woody tissue, the water and colouring - matter
will travel up the isolated bundles.
CHAPTER XIX
TRANSPIRATION
If we measure the amount of water absorbed by a green plant
grown by the aid of a culture-.olution, we see that it soon
exceeds the volume of the whole plant. This proves that no"
only does the plant absorb water by means of its roots, but
hi; ^n?u-^r' ^°"^^ "'f '''■ ^'^""^ to the air by the aid of its
shoot. 7 his fact is also shown by the familiar experience tha'
a p ant, or a cut shoot, withers if it be not sujjplied with water'
In these cases the water passes off in the form of an invisible
vapour: it is evaporated from the shoot of the i^lun^ The
evolution of water in the form of a vapour from those parts
of livmg plants which are in contact with the air is termed
transpiration. It is important to note especially that transpir-
ation refers only to water given off in the form of a gas, iid
that It does not include water which exudes in the form of
drops. As we shall see later, the leaves of some plants, in
addition to transpiring, excrete liquid water
How to measure transpiration.— (i.) J/,///,;,/ ^/ ,,,,/,./,/,,.._
We take a potted plant, cover the earth in the pot around the
base of the plant's stem with a piece of tinfoil, and now weigh
the plant, together with the pot and its contents. We wei-h a
second time after the lapse of an hour or two. The wc^-ht
has decreased because the plant has lost water by transpiration.
Ihe loss of weiglit does not exactly represent the weight of
water transpired, because the plant has become slightly heavier
by reason of the carbon which it has absorbed from the atmos-
phere. But the gam in weight due to the absorbed carbon is
soexcessively small, compared with the weight of water tran-
spired, that we may neglect it and regard the loss of weight as
measuring the amount of water transpired. The tinfoil is
placed over the soil in the pot in order to prevent water from
evaporating from the surface of the soil. [This experiment is
best performed on a fine day or in a dry room : see later 1
209 o
210
TRANSPIRATION
Cobalt paper method. — If
soak some white filtcr-
; chloride, and dry it near
a fire or in tlie sunliglit, tlie pajjer will assume a blue colour.
When this blue paper is brought into contact with damp air it
gradually assumes a red colour, and the damper the air is, the
quicker does the red tint appear." Therefore, held near a
transpiring leaf, the rate at which the blue paper turns red
affords us a means of judging the speed at which the leaf is
making the air around it damp, or, in other words, it shows us
how fast the leaf is transpiring.
Leaves are the chief transpiring organs of a plant.— If we
compare (i)y weighing) the rate at which two branches of a tree
transpire, we find that a branch bearing many leaves transpires
much faster than the branch having few leaves. Again, if we
cut the leaves off a branch, we ascertain that the branch tran-
spires very much more slowly than when the leaves were
present. We therefore conclude that the leaves, exposing a
large surface to the air, are the i)arts of a i)lant which are
mainly responsible for transpiration ; a green stem does tran-
spire to a certain extent, but a woody stem scarcely transpires
at all.
Usually the lower face of a leaf transpires more rapidly
than the upper face. —We can easily prove the truth of this
statement by experiments by the cobalt method on leaves of a
plum, cherry, pear, oak, etc. The leaf is placed between two
pieces of glass, with a piece of cobalt paper on part of each
face. The cobalt paper in contact with the lower face soon
becomes red, whereas the piece touching the other face
remains blue for a longer period. This rule generally holds
true only for leaves which are extended so as to have one
surface pointing upwards and one facing downwards; leaves
like those of the onion, which are nearly erect, transpire
equally on all faces.
The rate of transpiration varies with the temperature of
the air.— A plant placed in a warm position in a room tran-
spires more rapidly than in a cool position in the same roc*n.
A rise of temperature causes a plant to transpire more rapidly,
and a fall in temperature retards the process.
Light favours transpiration. — This may easily be illustrated
|)y comparing the rate of transpiration of a plant or leaf at first
placed near a window for a time and then taken into a darker
part of the same room.
■rRANSl'IRA-riON 3,,
■soon bcg,^t1mSi:i:.' . ; '!■ :!'^t"ut^,h «"n '""■^"
saturatiid Willi moistur,. ■ «h, T •<•' '^'^•'"'''^ '"i; air biconius
be suspended n",r hi .,iai'r ''■"-■''''-■' °' .'^^^'^'""^ -^bloride
n.ann^r, [.ra fa^'lL '^ae „ LSf 1^ S"' /','« T"'l
transpire n,or*°^;ii1;;1.:;„rtrj a'C^^o "^^^^
because^f Z'^ib ence oMi. h/ '»'>■"■»'«!; '■'"ion is slower
j;.* .be bo. afr^-usl l^airi:! Se! £f ^^ ^bL^on.t
Function of Transpiration.— \\x^ have seen th-.t th
the trouble .o d^kln'^o tuc watS-''^^ y i u,>''l: .'b™,' ""^'
and then throw most of it n«-,v? i-, ^ ■ .'■ ""- ''^''^'-'s,
cot^d not aK\te„^''Trrc°s .It'rtir he°"f ?= "°'^
celled tn iKc^rK o ^ "^^ rtsiur is that the plant is com-
Sb/„ 'Llrit^re^uts^-Thl^^tT^^rtrn-ii","^*/ ^^
order that .he plant Vy have thell!^ WheVthJSuL'n"
212 EXCRETION OF WATER
has travelled up to the f..;tories of the plant- the leaves— the
water has performed its carrying work and can he thrown
away to make room for fresh supplies of salt-solutions. In
the second place, transpiration heli)s to draw the salt-solution
up the stem, and even causes the root to ahsorh Vu\ukh more
(luickly. It is easy to show that tra^ispiration influences the
rate at which the root takes in water : for if we place a glass
bell-jar over a plant fitted into the apparatus figured on page 203,
the root will gradually absorb more
and more slowly as transpiration is
retarded l)y the increasing moisture of
the air under the bell-jar. Again, if
we remove the bell-jar and transfer the
plant and apparatus to a well-lighted
window, the roots will absorb more
rapidly than ever, because transpiration
has been accelerated by the strong light.
We can indeed use this fact as a rough
method for judging of the rate at which
transi)iration is going on, merely measur-
ing the speed at which absorption by the
root, or the cut end of a stem, is pro-
ceeding. It is important to remember,
however, that the root does not neces-
sarily absorb the same quantity of water
as the leaf transpires. Plants not
watered, and plants whose roots are
kept colder than the shoot, are liable to
fade— that is, to lose more water than
they absorb.
EXCRETION OF LIQUID WATER
FROM LEAVES.
Early on a summer morning pearl-
like drops of water may be seen glisten-
ing on the leaves of many plants.
These are usually described as dew-
drops— that is, they are supposed to
have been derived from the air. Frequently, however, this
description is incorrect, because the drops have been pumped
out from the leaves. For instance, water is thus excreted from
Fig. 244. — Apparatus for in-
ducing the excretion of drops
of water from cut shoots. The
clear space below tlio plant-
stem is occupied by water
inside the short arm of the
glass-tube : the water is being
forced into the stem by mer-
cury (which is shaded in the
figure).
ROOT-PRESSURE „3
from tlK-^'leSs o? o L^'Tr"' '^"-"^V "■^«'""^' ^^^'^y)
ooze from 1 e Lv^s f fh 1 '"°'' ?'"' '^' ''^''^' ^•'" "ot
from the pUnt/even i t erlT^^^^ "•■ '^"^hes arc removed
However, wc foce water ,n h ^ '''^' ''i-''^]"^^' '" ^^■^^'^•^- ^^>
of a column o mercmy ^ ,^' Lw^^^ "^ ^'^'^ •^'^''^' ^^ "^-^"«
or less rapidly come fmm th l ^^^ '-^4' ''''^'^■'" ^^■'^ "^"r^'
root in s )me ^w^,usl esth '^^^^ ^'"' '"^'^^'■'^^■^ ^'^^' the
out of the leaves ^R,^^•^^^'''' ^ ^^^^ '^^^^'" ^^"^ ^"'•'^^^•■s it
even if the l^u^s ar"e en^ryfrl^/'r'^'^'^ ""^ ^I^I--
^s., ,u. as su.ar-soluti-X^";j;^of r:;^.;Lt
ROOT-PRESSURE.
If we cut across the stem of a Vine in earlv
Tr'^ot win^fbrl"^" °' '^^ stump TttacheS'to'
isioJ^flfoftlt'liinlS-^tiyfS
si tht'n"-' *"b^: ^° the stem, as fn fig 245 w^
he tut TH°°' '' "^'\^° P"^h the wattr hfgh up
the tube. The power which the root possesses of
forcing water upwards is termed roofJnssZ If
we warm the roots the root-pressure rranidlv
rTsel sowlv n'' ""^ '''''' remains stationary J;
rate at ,1' 'h th ^,°"t-pressure depends on the
rate at which the root is absorb ng water If th^
rthe'L'n."^"^' "^ transpiring^apldly and we
cut the stc-m across, we shall see no "bleedinp^"
there is at first no sign of root-pressure, though 1^ -- ^-
many plants it wi 1 aoneor nftnr n f,- "-J'^^b" m
warm and transpiJJioTbe I^'Scd ♦ ""■' "°'^ '"^ '''^'P'
F'g- 245.
■"!■ :.
i
214 ROOT-PRESSURE
CAUSE OF THE ASCENT OF THE WATER UP
THE STEM.
So far nothing has been said concerning the forces which
cause water to travel from the root-stem up to the leaves.
This question cannot be fully answered. There are two forces
which aid the process — (i.) Root-pressure pushing the water up
from the roots ; (ii.) transpiration pulling the water to the
leaves. Beyond these two bare statements it is impossible to
go at present.
m\ ,i
^ifii
p
CHAPTER XX
RESPIRATION
.ta'lhe'slXrr pC'^f'^ described we have assumed
anses "Does the plant requi^^ofusl't f^^^ZTo/Z
means of airS ^^oaI Itor , ' "'"/'' "'' '='°'''= "P ^V
a" We6S{r ^"^^ '" - - -»
was at first A? ,?'^°°"^^ ^^^^ »" the contained air than there
bottle and thrust a lighted t^perTnSV TK ?'" -^^ °'''"'
extinguished : a fact Ihkh pCes that fh J f' '^^'^ ^' "' °"^^
the bottle has, wholly or nartS ^ ^""^ ^^^^^en inside
ments illustrate the fac? tf^i- fr ^'- «PP^^''^' ^^^^^ ^xperi-
oxygen and S^l^l^^^S '7:Zi''rZ~'
sS,C;ia?e^ -fa ve"s:S^: ^ "^ ^^^^^^^^^^ --^"^"l^the"
hydrate; L also fitVS STubf intot'°" f.^'''^''''
246) and pour a coloured liqufc^^Lto the tut Th^ ^•^•
stand at the same level in hnth T f l ^- . ^^^ '^^l^^d will
the cork into thTbottle Thern rh ' °^ '^"i"^^" ^^ ^^en fit
of the bottle will be consLntlv r r^^ Pu'^^^^^
hydrate. Now if the ^tT ^ absorbed by the potassic
out takingTnV otr /as fronTj; '""' T '^'' ^'^ ^i^^^-
inside thf bottle^ wouU^JemlhH^^^^ ^^'' the amount of air
experiment and the linuid ?nfh" . ^^me throughout the
-ain a. .Ke sa J,'r (Foft^l^a^r^^L'tor S
215
2l6
RESPIRATION
gas due to the absorption of the minute amount of carbonic acid
present in the air at the commencement of the experiment
would be imperceptible.) But we find that, on the contrary,
the liquid rises in that arm of the
tube which is in direct communication
with the air inside the bottle (see
fig. 246). This proves that the seeds
are absorbing gas from the contained
air. The absorbed gas is oxygen.
The evolution of carbonic acid implies
th .t the organic substance of the plant
is being split up into simpler con-
stituents, one of which is carbonic
acid. Though it is not capable of
simple proof, water is also produced as
a result of this decomposition. The
fact that the plant loses some of its
solid substance by this process is
well illustrated by the following
experiment. Seeds or potato -
in darkness, being supplied only
Growth continues for a
Fig. 246.
! 11 h\
tubers are germinated
with air and pure (distilled) water,
time, but the plants are growing at the expense of the reserve-
foods contained in their substance, for they are receiving
no food capable of building up organic matter. After they
have grown for a time we examine them chemically, and
find (by calculation) that they contain less organic substance
than they did in the seed- or tuber- condition. They have
lost substance, particularly carbon, because of the evolution
of carbonic acid gas derived from their organic substance. All
the facts above cited prove that in actively-living plants there
is a process going on by which the organic matter of the
plant is being broken down and carbonic acid is being
evolved, and that the decomposition is accompanied by an
absorption of oxygen. This process is termed respiration.
It will be noted that the process of respiration involves an
excretion of carbonic acid and an absorption of oxygen. The
assimilation of carbon by green parts exposed to light involves
processes which are just the reverse. Hence it is not easy to
prove that green parts of plants exposed to light are respir-
ing; for, carbonic acid is being absorbed much more rapidly
RESPIRATION 2J7
respire lY &beTf '• ^'\ ^''''^ P^^^^ ^^" ^e shown to
respire ir tliey be kept in darkness. Respiration is iKvnv«
going on m actively-living parts, and in all pSts of the p lant^
in1r:er;Cs\i;^^^^^^^ P^'^"^ only tikes' ^e
Thfre is inother nlff ^ ' vf " '^' P^'^' ^'^ "'^P^^^d ^o light,
ktinn nf o K ?^^^'^"^? between respiration and the assfmi-
lation of carbon from carbonic acid. The volume of oxv-Z
absorbed is not necessarily equal to the volume of carW
tTr^ltrpk'anr'TP'"'r-"^ ^^^^' '""^ plant ma^ foT a
time respire and evolve carbonic acid, when it is not x,rn
yided with oxygen Whereas, when carbonic ac d absorbed
in the process of assimilation, an equal volume of oxvL.en
IcidtTbsS!'' ^"^ "° ->'^- ^^ '-^-^ unLf carbS
&ol7tinTllZ'' ?^^^^*^^1.*° "^^i^t^in the active life of a
nowenng plant. -Oxygen is not only absorbed by a plant
tra e this t"''1^ mdispensable. A pretty experii^ent^ m !
trates this. Two bottles are obtained. Into one a little w.l .
IS poured,_and into the other pyrogallic acid " ''"'"'
dissolved in an equal amount of water. Two
small moist^ sponges are selected, and cress
seeds sown in the small holes of the sponge
Ihe sponges are now suspended from the
under-surface of the corks, which are fitted air-
tight into the two bottles (see fig. 247, which
shows the complete apparatus). The seedlings
soon germinate on the sponge which hangs
n the air over the water. On the contrary,
the seeds suspended over the pyrogallic acid Fig. .47.
iygen ffom thf ^- ^^^ P>^^°g^"^^ ^-^ has absorbed all the
oxygen trom the air and so prevented growth. If we olace a
he" eLT^^^r'"^ 'r/' °' '^y^'^' ^" th- movenfen s of
next chaoter wT"" '"^''^ "'V-'^"^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ase (see
next Chapter). We can now explain why land-plants which are
SwhS dnv . '\.u '^' earth becomes saturated with
water which drives out the air conta ned in the soil and in
oScXn.^'^ -ts cannot obtain sufficient o^yg^en' a^d^d"
Conditions affecting respiration. — (i.) p/an/s resMre in
hght and darkness, (ii.) O.^^en. In tL absence of ^gerC
I'
t
M:i
2l8
RESPIRATION
respiration continues for a time, but finally stops. This
proves that the adsorption of oxygen increases respiration
(ui.) Temperature. A rise in temperature up to a certain
extent favours respiration. This can be proved by keeping
germmatmg seeds in a cold place, when they will respire slowly
(iv.) Rapidly -groiving parts respire vigorously. Any circum-
stances (fall in temperature, stopping supply of oxygen) calcu-
ated to stop growth, retard respiration. This is really putting
_ the cart before the horse," because the stoppage of growth
IS largely caused by the arrest of respiration, not vice versa A
passive resting-seed or fiber respires very slowly indeed
but when growth commences, its respiration is rapid, (v ) Only
living parts of plants respire. This is the most important fact
of all, though not easy to prove. We can illustrate it by
killing moistened
seeds by means of
boiling water, and
comparing their
effect on the air
in a closed bottle
with the effect pro-
duced by germin-
ating seeds which
are living.
Respiration
causes a libera-
tion of heat from
the plant. — If a
thermometer be
plunged amongst
a number of ger-
minating seeds or
young flowers, the
.. 1 . , , mercury will rise,
thus showing that the seeds are warmer than the surroundin-
general atmosphere. If the seeds be killed, there will be no
appreciable change in the level of the mercury of the thermo-
meter, thus proving that the rise of temperature is dependent
on the parts being alive. In general, any conditions which
retard respiration will cause the rise in temperature to be
Fig. 248.— Apparatus, to show the rise of temperature
during respiration. A ihermometer-bulb is surrounded bv
germinating peas which are in a glass funnel. Outside is
twjf fv, .u"""' °^ ^''°°'^ ?■■ c-'i'-dtoard, through a hole in
wnich the thermometer-tube passes.
)s. This
'spiration.
a certain
^ keeping
ire slowly.
^ circum-
-n) calcu-
y putting
:)f growth
')ersd. A
'■ indeed,
(v.) Only
rtant fact
ate it by
loistened
means of
ater, and
g their
the air
2d bottle
ffect pro-
■ germin-
is which
ration
libera-
eat from
i. — If a
ter be
amongst
■ of ger-
seeds or
vers, the
vill rise,
ounding
11 be no
thermo-
pendent
5 which
i to be
CHAPTER XXI
GEOWTH
Definition.— It is not easy to say exactly what we mean by
the word growth. It does not denote simple increase in size
or change in shape. A dead, dry bean-seed will swell when
supplied with water; but if the dead bean-seed be dried
once more, the bean shrinks to its former dimensions. If we
supply water to a living bean-seed the latter does not merely
become larger ; a great change in the form ensues. The little
embryo develops roots and stem and leaves. We know
perfectly well that if we take away the water from the bean-
seedling we cannot once more change it into a bean-seed.
Growth is a permanent change in the form of the plant, and
can take place only in living parts.
CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO GROWTH.
(i.) The plant must be living, (ii.) Only parts of a plant
which are in a youthful (embryonic) condition, or can be
brought into a youthful condition, are capable of growing.
This statement can be proved only by the aid of the compound
microscope, but it may be illustrated by examples. We
know, for instance, that we continue to grow in height only up
to a certain age. Again, the young growing points of roots
and stems are the only parts of them which grow in length.
In the grasses there is an apparent exception to this last
statement, for the tissue just above the old nodes can grow ;
but this tissue really remains in a ''youthful condition" in
spite of age. (iii.) A supply of water is essential. Water is
required, first,_because it is a constituent of the living substance.
Furthermore, it is a food-substance. In the third place, it serves
to carry the nutrient substances to the growing parts. Finally,
it keeps the fresh green parts of plants in a stiff and extended
condition, as is proved by observing the process of fading or
withering of drying parts of plants, (iv.) Oxygen is required
219
■m
220
RATE OF GROWTH
I Hi!
'i.- :-l
for respiration (see previous chapter), (v.) Appropriate food
material is essential. The plant must havl. some foS bod^t
con ku in'rt,r';"r ^";^P-^°P^--^ -^d other substancL
i-mn th t^h !??^' f '^'" ^^'°^^''"S parts. This does not
mply that the food-bodies must come from outside the grow-
ing plant. Ihey may be already there, stored up as reser e
material. _ Growth does not therefore necessarily Tmi^y an
ncrease in the amount of solid substance composing the pknt
^X^'J" ^T ^'"'"' '^'^' '^''^ '' "° increase b the dry
weight of seedlings grown in darkness and supplied with on y
uilblf'A'n^ rf"-. f'-^ '^^^^ temperature must T
'" not'gri'^'"' P^"'' " ^'° ""'' °^ ^°° -^d - PJ-e
GROWTH IN LENGTH.
It is more convenient and instructive to study growth in
leiigth of stems and roots than to follow their growth^n thick-
CIRCUMSTANCES INFLUENCING THE RATE OF GROWTH
IN LENGTH OF STEMS AND ROOTS.
Temperature -If we keep a plant in a very cold place its
tem will not elongate; if we gradually raise the temSu^e
a point IS reached at which the plant is just warm enough
lowiT. ^°"l"^^"f to elongate. This is the mmmum o
lowest) temperature for growth in length of the stem of that
particular plant. Warming the plant 'still furthetThe stem
elongates faster and faster as we raise the temperature up t^
a certain point. At this particular temperature^he growth n
length IS most rapid ; it is the best, or the oJ>^/mum, temperature
for growth m length (for that particular plant). If vTSS con
tmue to place the plant in warmer and warmer pice every"
rise m temperature above the optimum causes growth to be^
me plant. Finally, a temperature is reached which is the
tel^L'ure th''' 'T T ^^-g-^^-^^is is the Z:SJ^
temperature P acmg the plant m a place the temperature of
which IS higher than the maximum, the stem does nofdongatf
Effect of water supply.-If we do not supply water to a
riate food
3od-bodies
substances
does not
the grow-
as reserve
imply an
the plant,
n the dry
with only
must be
i a place
growth in
in thick-
ROWTH
place its
iperatuj-e,
lough for
'mum (or
n of that
the stem
re up to
;rowth in
iperature
still con-
es, every
:h to be-
irheating
1 is the
aximum
rature of
elongate,
ter to a
^er and
DIRECTION OF GROWTH 221
Effect of light.— We might expect that astern exposed to
the light would grow more rai)idly than one kept in da.kness
But our anticipations are not realised. Light retards the
growth in_ length of a stem. In the case of the majority of
plants which possess stems having internodes of easily per-
ceptible length, the stem grows more rapidly in darkness
Ihe plants grown in absence of light have thin stems with
long internodes and small leaves ; furthermore, they are devoid
of chlorophyll. Such plants are said to be etiolated In
the cas J of plants like the Iris or Onion, with more or less
erect radical leaves, the stem does not elongate abnormally
in darkness, nor are the leaves dwarfed.
Nutation.— Even if every external influence (light, tempera-
ture,_ etc.) be kept unchanged, a stem does not grow evenly at
Its tip. Just behind the apex it grows more rapidly on one
side than on the other, so that at this region the stem becomes
a httle longer on the more rapidly-growing side, and therefore
bends over towards the opposite side. Soon the elongating
part of the stem proceeds to grow more rapidly on another
side, and the bend takes a new direction. Thus the end of the
stem may be said to nod slowly, and the word nufafum (nod-
ding) IS used to denote this phenomenon. Each growing part
of the stem, which was originally bent by nutation, finally
straightens itself before ceasing to elongate, so tha^ a mature
stem does not show the zig-zag course which it executed. This
nutation of the stem may be seen especially clearly in twining
All these variations in the rate of growth in length may be
followed by usingthe method of making equidistant ink marks
along the elongating parts of the stems (see page 5).
CIRCUMSTANCES INFLUENCING DIRECTION OF THE
GROWTH IN LENGTH OF STEMS AND ROOTS
Various external agencies influence not only the rate at
which stems and roots elongate, but, to a certain extent,
determine the direction in which those organs shall grow
^ Heliotropism.— If potted plants be left for days undisturbed
in front of a window, we know that their stems tend to point
towards the window-that is, towards the light. Ordinary s^ems
o flowering plants tend to grow towards the light, and to
place themselves in a straight line with the source of the light
,1.l|!
fci.',.
i22
DIRECTION OF GROWTH
directly away f^Thel ^'o "feh? Th ^ ^'T' *'^ S™'
rf/rerf/OToftheravsofliX,m?,,,T V- ^^ '""'"•'nee of the
parts of Pian.ri'^fcc^b crr.l^S''°r?^«T* "i
stems thus alTected ire ^aJH .„ K fv f ' . ""■ '■°°'' ""d
described as ZmJv Ae&/.:Z> , '•"•'"■"P" : the stem is
the light, whtCfl . rnnf t ^'S' .'"'?"''' " g™"^ '°«rds
becaufe tgrow, direct n„n T ^^ l""^""'"''^' '■'"'"rotk,
Many roots,To;iverdSs^p.a7T„,yX*LTTan:' h'f •
This behavioL S^f e ,™n^\ oT^lu" dTv"th:T''^-"P"^^^^^^
of-sii;' r .atrrte'r:,!'/' ~ V Si^
">ercury which kmShheavfa thai S ''V^J ^°™ ""»
plants is describfruTdeTfte Cd :..Sr °i ^™"* °"
said to h^ negatively geotropic, because they tend to nl.n^
it^frthV :„:l:ro'f' The-L^^jh ^t:." "[«-"'"- tw
le direction
;y tend to
rts) in the
they grow
ice of the
growth of
roots and
e stem is
s towards
heHotropic,
of hght.
ny, helio-
positively
ed to the
brce also
•oots. If
whatever
wn wards,
upwards,
ve influ-
le end of
ight, nor
solutions
wn into
■an-seed-
he roots
because
1. The
)wth on
lin root
ce itself
irds the
ixes are
3 place
It grow
I lateral
inot be
DIRECTION OF GROWTH 223
In all these directive effects it must be noted that it is onlv
ltht'"Sr''''^\P^'^^"''^' ^^-'^^^^"^ '- -^--» "'fl---
(light, gravity, water), by curvatures or continued growth in
d'cfiora:';. d"f "' '' ""^^ ^^ "°^^-^ that thf ultima e
direction assumed by a stem or root depends on the sum of
all these influences (together with others not treated \Zl
water on rS-.r ""^T. '''"^ \^^^ '^"^ "^^^^ '"A^ence of
water on a main root frequently overpowers the directive in-
fluence of gravity, If the two influences are not work ng in the
same direction. The consequence is that the root mav not
grow vertically downwards. ^ "°^
m\
iH;
in the
I. I •!
CHAPTER XXII
IRBITABILITY AND MOVEMENTS OF LIVING
PARTS OF PLANTS ^^vijm»
the case when dead hod ie are acTed ?.n. '' "w '^ ''"V'^^' as is
this statenient hy an exam^J Sn .fn "^ ' ^^ ^. "'^^ ^""s^^-^te
a tahle, we notice two S wifh f ' ''"^ ''" P"'^^' ^ ^^°°k alon^
the hook, (i) The amount of '""""" '°. ^'^^' behaviour of
tionate to eaci ^u^h w^X STtT"1 '•\^"^^^'^ P^^^^
direction of the push \vlnnJz ^f °''- "'°^''' '" t^^"
ating on a living? omani.m % ''°"''^^''' ^^ influence oper-
enter the windp^e ^? ^ m,, i"^'' " ^'">: P^^-^'^l^' of food^ to
violently that ma'ny of tl" mu c^s^of hi: h' h"'" ^° ^^^^^^ -
play by the paroxysms ThZ t n ^"^^ '''■^' ^^"^^^ i"to
insignificant disturbs extern"? cause^tr^^''?-"? ^''^''''' '^'^
P'pe) and the very great response A 1'^^ ^-f '^' J" ^'^^ ^^'^"d"
seedling on moist'efrth inTda k plac'eTn t 7 P'""' ' ^^^"-
its mam root and main stem i£ k • """^ "" "'^""^'" that
begins, the end of the tern u?^! benH "''';;'"'' ^'^^'" S'-^^^'^l^
root will curve down;mrds Thn. th "P' ^''',-'^'' ^'P °^ ^^e
(gravity), acting in ^le direction "''.h' "^'^'"'^'"^ cause
occasions a different and even ZosT. . '°°' -^"^ ^^'^"^'
parts of the plant. This proiTertvTf !! '^'P^"'? "^ ^'^^ ^wo
manner to external changes^ an J lf.\^^^^^ ^" * P^^'^a'
living plants and animaS is te^l. '' poBsessed only by
turbing external influence which T ,7^*^^i"*y- A dis-
response is termed a "SL. '' '^'' '° ^^" ^^^th a
PERIODIC MOVEMENTS OF LEAVES AND FLOWERS
difflmtomThorThicrttv'a^'^ "^T^'^'' ^ P-^"-
execute movements to a Lin tH^-r"'^ ^^""S '^^ ^^V' and
tion. These J^e::^^,^^^^^^^^^^^
224 '^-^ "^^ s^t^" in the cotyledons of
iRRriAlULI'IY
225
CVINO
incc in the
iniple as is
y illustrate
Jook alon^,'
haviour of
ly propor-
^cs in the
;nce oper-
3f food to
cough so
ailed into
ween the
the wind-
e a bean-
nner that
1 growth
ip of the
ng cause
id stem,
the two
peculiar
only by
A dis-
forth a
ERS.
;50stures
ay, and
;ht-posi-
ions of
Kig. uso.— Ditto: nii-ht. position.
ccrta m pi t.us (..,^ s.cdhngs of the SiuUlower and (,f SteUana
mdui) whuh ...thcr nse or sink as night sets in '\Z
lohagc-lc-avcs of Stcllana media also nun-e : at night he
opposite leaves at ea.:h whorl inrline t,,war,lseaeh other
w.th the.r t.ps pouuing n.ore or less towards the a,^x of the'
"■^'^ 350 stem : at daytime these
leaves diverge and stand
out more nearly at right
angles to the stem. In
compound leaves the move-
ments of the leaflets are
even more striking. By
day the three leaflets of a
leaf of the Woodsorrel
{Oxalis acetosella) are fully
expanded and horizontal
(Hg. 249); hut at night-
verticaUy downward,, »„„K.,l,i„g X^ J^^ "t^l^
251); but at night thii
three leaflets composing
a leaf bend and fold so
that the terminal leaflet
forms a roof over the two
lateral leaflets (fig. 252).
The pinnate compound
leaves of many Legum-
inosae either rise or sink
at night-time, and the
opposite leaflets bend to-
wards each other in pairs
either upwards or down-
wards.
Many flowers and some inflorescences have different dav-
and night- positions. In most cases the flower or inflorescence
7^. .^^M^'^''54); but each flower has its own onening nnd
c o.ing ime. fhe accompanying table shows the openinl^ and
closing times of some flowers and inflorescences; it^air^ho vs
poSon.'^''~'^°"'''°""'' ''''''' °'' <='°^"= day.
Fig. 252.— Ditto : night-position.
m
m
226
MOVEMENTS
Fig. 253.— Capitulum of
J>an(Ieli()n open.
Fig. 254.— Ditto closed.
Name.
Capitulmn of Tra^o/o^v,, /raceme
( (j.j to bed at noon ").
Capitulum of JUraxaam officinale
(Dandelion).
I'"Iower of Anai^anis arvensh (Scarlet
Innpernel, IV r- man's Weather-
glass).
Capitulum of Calendula arvensis
(Mangold).
Flower of Zjr//«w vespertina (Evenine
Lychnis). ^
IRRITABILITY OF MOVING ORGANS.
nnJ^flf '■^g^^^^^y/ecurring (periodic) movements of leaves
and flowers are liable to be disturbed by changes in th^
temperature or moisture of the air, or by change n the
illummation of the plant. These changes a^ct a; " Hn. J an^
cau.e -znaucea movements:^ If at daytime . pt.t a Clov""r
IKRITAJilUTV 227
and the cupitulu of the hitter will dose- un Ilrr.. H J. n
jvn.val of li,ht acts us a stinu.Ius, anci thll'lrrlt! I^^ I ' li;!
' p' t, tt K leaves and iiinorcscenees open. Auuin if we nnf -,
i^:;':;;d the wS^i,7'" ^^^^^ " ^^^>-^^"^^ ^^ ^'- - ^^
tn/.!'';?!''. "^°^*^''"^"f%'"duced by stimuli enable us to ilhis-
trate the meunmg of irritability. If we kill tlie i.lant. h'
fore trying these experiments, the leaves and fl we wi not"
he fact that only iv,ng plants (and animals) are irritable But
Nc can render plants non-irritable without killing them "
or mstance, we expose them to chloroform-vapour oT'ke^o
hem in a cold place, or in darkness for a con derablc tim?
hey are rendered incapable of responding to stim i hevT^^^
™SrS v" ''"^°""^' tfese plants to their /^rdlna"
surroundings, they may soon re-acquire their irrit ibilitv and
execute movements when .stimulated by ligh S e 1
I hese experiments incidentally show us that St and heai
niay act on a green flowering plant in two d^ffea'^t manners
o to p' ak t d tlf' " M '^"^ ''''' ^° '^^^P '^' plant heahh;;
so to .speak, and thus enable it to respond to stimuli A Pronn
plant immured in darkness for a considerable time or kepf in a
cold place becomes ill and loses its irritability. Thus we mav
ay that heat and light exert a /.../. influence on plam<f In^he
second iMace, when the plant is in a tonic (heaUhy) eon^t on
sudden changes m temperature or light act as stimuli and mav
^riXrc^oTthe^pt t!^^^^^^ -' '-' ''- — ^- -^--
I-
I
iiii
APPENDIX =*
ON TECHNICAL TERMS
PLANT.
I. Arboreous or arborescent plant = a tree. Fruticose or frutescent plant
= a shrul). Sufifraticose or suflPrutescent plant =an under-shrub, a sub-
shrub— ?.t\ a plant having deciduous herbaceous upper parts and a perennial
woody base. Bush = a low much-branched shrub. Terrestrial = growing
on land. Aquatic ^^ growing in water. Parasite = a plant growing attached
to, and deriving food from, another living plant or a living animal. Epiphyte
= a plant living attached to another plant, but deriving no food from the
latter. Saprophyte = a plant feeding upon decaying animal- or vegetable-
remains.
ROOT.
II. Root-fibres = the slender elongated portions of roots. Tap-root=a
stout vertically-descending main root, with or without small branches. A
root IS fibrous when it is devoid of a tap-root and consists of a number
of long fibres. A root is tuberous when it is thickened to form short
swollen masses termed root - tubers. Fusiform = spindle - shaped.
Spongiole = the root-tip. Pileorhiza= root-cap. Coleorhiza=an addi-
tional sheath encasing the root and root-cap of a grass-embryo in the
seed. Endorhizal = having the root of the embryo encased in an additional
sheath. Exorhizal =not having the root of the embryo encased in an
additional sheath.
STEM.
III. Tigellum = the main stem of the embryo in a seed ; sometimes is
used as a synonym of the word plumule, which denotes the shoot of the
embryo in the seed.
IV. Adjectives denoting the direction of growth of stems which are
above ground. — Erect = upright. Flexuous = zig-zag. Procumbent or
prostrate = trailing along the ground. Diffuse = procumbent and copiously,
* This Appendix is intended merely for use as a Dictionary in c.-ise of necessity ; on no
account should it he studied : for it contains not only many terms which are useless or
obsolete, but also some which are actually incorrect or misleading.
229
I ^
230
LEAVES
'f:
^"n'the"s'?Jn'^\^K!^L';^°,r^^^='T '""S and giving off adventitious roots
horrzontl^e ontt "rhizonS"^ -also .so,.etime.s applied to sul.terranean
^z^^y ^^^ -"r=ri^-^s;i- gf
V. Characteristic types of stems.— FlageUum or ninn«r-
or descending branch wh'chdpsn.o" he oU "ulrivef frj" ''.v"'^
.cc^.L';;t* eL \^^\"hfoLi rr • i;s^^ra^t„r1Tr«
Sr^ ""^i'^"'"? T"'"'"'^ ■■""-« i° r'icknes^ ; a'^'ZSt'a
.i.ei«,y)fti»i«,„k„„dLicr;LS,teVzr'''' '^'"" "• '"='" ■"
\ 11. A ])lant is acaulescent when it iin««.>..i;»c M„ <■ 1- 1
appreciably above the ground. Root-stoc^k = rhizome. "^""^ ''"'" """^
LEAVES.
sive nodes al.e,na<ing. VertlSlaS '= wh<,ric5 IclSerw -"1'""^
four, five lont-icndinal rows respect[velv 0S1C 1 '"'>' ""' ""•>-■=•
radical leavestare leaves inserSKa Ilis.in^S' rialt.'em' °'''"'"'' '°
Jk ^nfebiS^'Ssrerat^S-raLr-in?--^^^ '^= '-f
cu^.t, .he nrarghr's '^^IL^iS'S^l^'Zl^^^^^Z^^^J^
&SS1~? ^^^S:aS,-^e-^^he^
completely unfolds from tLLpeMisLntT.^ ''^'" ^'^^ ''^^f
parts of the leaf feraistent = lastmg as long as the other
usul{lySld7ffSr^'^"^"^' ^^^'■"'^^' P^^-'^ °f ^ ^-f which is
LEAVES
231
ntitious roots
Huhternmean
a nunihcr of
t = cliinl)ing.
-a, creeping
t the nodes.
1 = a trailing
adventitious
stem rising
ital stem or
e organs by
h they live.
>f a grass,
ole length,
ne foliage-
bils = small
me distinct
undergoing
JC()tyled(jn.
xogeu is a
-ndogenous
to them in
item rising
h only two
he succes-
alternate.
vo, three,
)posed to
;, the leaf
orming a
le base of
er. De-
e stem as
e. Axil-
the leaf.
adjacent
'tcm ; an
the leaf
the other
which is
XII. Shape of the lamina.— CapiUary = thin and flexible, like animal
hairs. Filiform = thread-like. Aciciilar (fig. 264). Linear (fig. 265).
25s 256
SubiUitte = awl-shaped. Lanceolate (fig. 255). Oblong (fig. 266). Ellipti-
cal (fig. 267). Ovate (fig. 256). Orbicular or rotund (fig. 268). Angular=
havmg three or more angles. Deltoids like the Greek letter A. Obovate
(fig. 262). Cuneate = wedge-shaped and attached by its point to the petiole.
Spatliulate(hg. 261). Cordate (fig. 257). Obcordate (fig. 263). Reniform
(hg. 258). Aunculate, when the base of the lamina assumes the form of
two ear-hke processes (auricles). Sagittate (fig. 259). Hastate (fig 260)
Ensiform= sword-shaped. Falcate = sickle-shaped. Peltate = shield-like
(as m TropcBolum).
XIII. Apex of the lamina.— Aciuninate (fig. 269-iv). Acute (fig 269-111)
Obtuse (fig. 269-11). Truncate = ending abruptly as if cut across. Emar-
Fig- 269- Fig. 270.
ginate(fig. 269-1). Mucronate = ending in a special pointed prolongatioi
of the mid-nb. Apiculate r= ending in a short small point.
XIV. Margin of the lamina.— Entire (fig. 270-1). Serrate (fig. 270-11).
Dentate (fig. 270-1 11). Denticulate -:: with very small teeth. Crenate (liir'
270-1 V). Sinuate == wavy. Ciliate= fringed with hairs.
XV. Division and lobing of the lamina.— Cleft, or termination -fid,
m\
H<
. 'A 'tj ,
;'
t
!
« I'
I '
i
if*
(I ' H ii
WM I
232
SURFACE, HAIRS
SdiS^'rS i^?\^^>i^-S!>' -■ ^° ^ „.dd,e of the leaf
towards the base of the leaf (J r K \y ft' ^iib-divisions directed
comb-like manlK-n Parted ^'t ?" tel"Lf'^'"*'°^*^TP'""^^'''"^ '" ^
incisions reach more than h^'lf ^.,/ . ,*'^""'"ation -partite = when the
the distance, to tS niSX ^f/';.^^^^^^ ""' more than three-quarters of
Pinnatipart te 4 22) PaSatS^t*f"/V^''''i'; " i^^° Partitions:
-sect=when the indsion 'reac^r^or? Sn!f .1,^ ^^ ^^^- ^^^ termination
towards the middle TrheirniinT/nV,^?'-"'-'^"^''^^''' °f ^'^^ ^''^tance
not yet leaflets L^ate-Cl--^ ^'^^ '"to segments which are
manner with a longTerminal sub d^ sub-divided in a pinnate
and irregular inciii:" 2 a tir^mbe^Tu Jr ' "'f ^ ^^'^P
Lobed: in some books a lamina divirlnf?. f ""^"l^'^l sub-divisions,
that the sub-divisions have ronriHi • ^-7 '^T^ ^" ^"^^ a manner
divisions are loTes " pSteiv ite/'^^^^^ to be lobed : and the sub-
pinnateiy compound • Schia Snhia^^**®^^"^".''^'*- ^i^aate-leaves =
leaf which coTespondsw^S^^^
impanpinnate='pinnate"y con-:;^" d with a te^^^^^^^^^
= pmnately compound without a term n^l (.ill f*"^ ' Panpinnate
twice pinnately compound klmafev^in^'S' bipiimate = doubly or
havingnhreele'afletsj^utateJha'ng^
-i'^ tLu^p2S?o?ti:iS?foi:3;d t''°' = "^^ ^'^'- '^' 3^)- Reclinate =
XVII. Vernation and aestivation.— IndupUcaterficr , I \,..i, ,u ,
are open or valvate, and have th^.V ^"" ,y F".^^) ^^"^n the leaves
I ;■ 3
TEXTURE-CONSISTENCE OF PLANT PARTS
easily
leathery.
SURFACE, HAIRS, Etc.
scattered long soft ha^r^nSte - w h n , n ''^"" '^^"•■'^- Klose^with
Hairs adpressed^when hiZTt~^^-^Lfr'Z"^''''^ rather soft hairs,
•shining close-pressed h^iAV^LC ^ '"'■^'''^''- Silky^with long
Woou|=with^crrly wod^Hke STa?rs S^^^
Set08e = with very stiff bristles io^t.^^^V^^ sH'fbristly hairs.
FLOWER
le of the leaf
bifid (iifr. 25).
ons directed
)innatif]d in a
5 = when the
e-quarters of
> partitions:
termination
the distance
ts which are
n a pinnate
led by deep
uh-divisions.
h a manner
ind the sub-
ite-leaves =
y compound
nerved leaf ;
paripinnate
= doubly or
ternate =
Keclinate =
St the lower
Jlaitea (fig.
1 the more
(fig- 35);
1 the leaves
Equitant
le fits on a
S.
lin, easily
leathery.
ny rough -
086== with
5oft hairs,
with long
soft hair.s.
stly hairs,
hed with
Liiul08e:=
ith many
parallel
lines, either slightly raised or specially colo
o.„*„.- :wilhjxiraliel rib^ or ridges. Winged ..with h.ngitudinai
oured
Sulcate :
233
with parallel
furrows. Costate
fev^*" ri'^"' ''"'""''-' ^'''-' ^;-''"''- Scabrous trough. Viscous .-=^scid -
.sticky. Glaucous = co\ered with a whitish vi.scia-
INFLORESCENCE.
XXI. Bracts. -Bracteo].es = the bracts on a single fiower-still- in nn
ouuJ^Jd' !"'!-^'''''""''-T°®''*"^^*^^^^'^hflowersopeningfromthecentre
, I ™l T * ■ "'"">'»)■ eiomerule = a crow<l«l mm^ inflorescence
rcse.nblmg a capituliira or a slioncned spike. Vertlcma!ter",n if,n
Ibo^tthetm^^rveT"' ^" '"' ^' ^'^ '^^^^^'"^ '^^ ^^^^ inflorescence^r^cT
FLOWER.
chimvdeoS'-^wTvf ??"' " .T'''' ^ P-"'?""'^ consisting oft wo whorls. Mono-
cmamyaeous- with a perianth consistmg of one whorl AchlamvdPmia -
naked = without a perianth. Asepalous = with<n.tsep s . cCle^e^-^^^^^^^^
all four kmds of floral leaves. Incomplete --= not Lvinc^ aU four Tim Is o^
^'''''}l;J"^ormc = hiiymg monoclinous flowers of three kind>^
».n«Vo ■ '^"'"'^f ul parts.— A flower or a whorl is di-, tri- Vetra ind
penta-merous when its floral leaves are in twos, threes fm.r's ami Vfves
respectively. Isomerou8=in number equal to the'sepals .'.r peuls forming
4 ,
i
,' i
234
FLOWER
--in numhcr une.jual to sepals and petals which
one whorl. Aniaomerous:
form one wliorl.
flowfopenl ' " ""''^'"''^ '" """ ^^y- Caducou8 = falling as X
RECEPTACLE.
CaSiLr--7h.T*^*r°'"' = T'P'''^'^'^- Calyx.tube = concave receptacle
SHAPE OF THE PERIANTH (including the Calyx
AND Corolla).
combined p<>nion Tthe tube tie ^^n'T^^'^f °\g''^>""P'^t''^l«»s the
re^^f ^n..i.:.S^S,;td^;^^-r;;;^\i^ -^ ^^^
anulatV-i' . P ■"■, ^°™s.-Rotate:=wheel.shaped (fig. 271). Camp-
anulate-bell-shaped or cup-shaped. UrceolateJpitcher^haped, witSTe
tube swollen in the middle and narrowed at the ton rfifT oj.\ ma^^
,1.; ••, ? r^'"'^' "^"'■'•egular forms. -Calcaxate = spurred = having ^
A\\. Irregular forms.— Bilabiate = two-liDned Pino-oTit
lippca gamopctulous corolla when the entrance tn thf ti,l, . ie 1 1 1 1 1
projection-the palate-from one of the i!;r(::,f Snapdl^gonr ' "
petals which
ring which a
Idling of the
klarcescent^:
fruit forms,
lling as the
'c receptacle,
hetween the
'w, Parsley),
•f a stalk is
appus of the
ALY.X
d; dialy- =
row claw it
)etalous the
lb, and the
i)- Camp-
;(1, with the
FLOWER
ANDRd-XIU.M.
235
51addery=
nel-shaped
er-shaped.
= having a
V rounded
aping, is a
nee to the
to a two-
cked by a
XXXI. Male parts or organs of a flower = stamens.
_ XXXII. Nmnher of stamens.— Isostamonous--: equal in number to a
single whorl of the perianth. Diplostemonous^ having twice as many
stamens as there are memliers in ono whcjrl of the perianth, and the
stamens alternating correctly. Mon-, di-, tri-, pent-, dec-, or poly-
androus = havmgone, two, three, four, f,ve, ten, or indefinite (more than
twelve) stamens r-spectively in a flower.
XXXIII. Length of the filaments.— Included = with the anthers not
reachnig beyond the corolla. Exserted := with the anthers protrudinn
f)eyond the corolla or corolla-tube. Declinate = with the stamen- ex-
serted and all bent to one side. JJidynamous = when the andrcL-cium
consists of four stamens, two of which have longer filaments than the
other tw(x Tetradynamous = when the andr.ecium consists of mx
vvvT^" * ^"""^ ^'^'"^ ^""•^''-''^ filaments than the other two.
X.\\I\. Cohesion.— Men-, di-, tri-, or poly-adelpbou8 = with the fila-
nients united to form one, two, three, or many bundles respectively.
Syngene8ious = with the antheis combined.
XXX\ Anther,— Cellar the chamljers of the mature anther. Quadri-
locular- four-celled, when the four pollen-sacs remain distinct in :he ripe
anther. Eiloctnar = two celled, when two cells are formed by the fusion
in pairs of the four poller -sacs. UnUocular = one-celled, usually because
on y halt the anther is present and its two jjollen-sacs combine. Theca =
anther-lobe. Dithecous = with two lobes, therefore being a coir.plete
anther. Monothecous-wiih one anther-lobe, therefore representing only
half an anther. Dimidiate = having only one lobe, because the other
IS suppressed or nearly so. Adnate = dorsifixed = when the direct con-
tinuation of the filament appears to run up tiie whole length of the anterior
or posterior surface of the anther: the anther is therefore either introrse or
extrorse in insertion. Innate = basifixed ^ when the continuation of the
lilament appears to run up the centre of the anther, and the anther seems
to com.titute the actual end of the stamen : dehiscence is usually marginal.
VersajUe = when the anther is attached to llie filament only at a single
point so that it can swing freely. Apiciflxed = suspended = when the
anther hangs so as to appear to be fixed by its lop to the filament The
direction of the two anther-cells or two antlicr-lobes is either parallel or
diverging at an angle. Divaricate = when the two lobes diverge so much
that they appear to be placed end to end. Didymous = when the two lobes
combine at a point above their middle. Two-homed = when the two erect
anther-lobes diverge above. Sagittate = when ihe anther-lobes divertre
.elow so that the anther is shaped like an auow-head. Appendiculate =
bearing appendages. Sutural dehiscence = longitudinal dehiscence. Oper-
cular dehiscence = valvular dehiscence.
GYN.ECIUM.
XXXVI, Pi8tU=gynoecium : in some hooks, however, the term pistil is
used to denote a single ovary with a style and slicma, in which rase ihf
l>uttercup-llower, for instance, has a number of pistils. Female parts or
organs of a flower = carpels. Mono-, bi-, tri-, and poly-carpellary =
gyna^cium consisting of one, two, three, and many carpels respectively.
,.ii'
i !
m-'k.
236
SEED AND FRUIT
Lateii^ventrit^itaSlTo U,'^^'''? '"V \" "'^" '"P "^ ^l-- "vary,
to the base c,f thJ. o;ir"'"i3S^a;^sic -^hl' h """^■- , ^«"^r = a,.achcll
"I'^-s In.t only one sinHe "S. Si^V ' ?''Y^ ''•'^^ ^ *'i^tinct
XXXI " o;' !t'"\TSi*'*' = "'''"« '" '^ round J'l,ead.
Pluri- ormulti.locular = havin«one two n,r .','. f ' *''^' '^"*'*'^^-' =^"''
re,s,3ectively Dissepiment sepSJ^Stiu'^^' '^^'"'■' '"'' '"^"X^haml^crs
Hilum^the region of Schrient of h? V ''' ^^^/'f the nucellus.
Rhaphe^theriV which deSmcithllse of. h '? ^'^'i ^""''^^•• ^P^«'
inverted ovule; it connec's X h lum nn;T '^''"'u'''' "''^'''-' '"J'-' "f'-i"
when it is on 'that side of the ov c^£h'^f^^^^^^ '^V"^'^'' ■'^ ^^^t''*^
.se.,uently is between the placenta and n I f''^''' '^'^'^ placenta, and eon-
the side away from the plSta so /n 1"^^'' ' '",' **°"*^ ^^^^^" " is on
the placenta and the rXl;]h?.f,:S- "^^'ri-W'^' >s -^ituate.l between
the ventral and dorsal^sitio^ ^ pSe'lt'^stT?.^
Secundine (teLnnen) -the inn,.r i^, '^"™i°e (testa) = the outer inteinniient.
-that is, blnvie n i7atrm ous and St'Son ^P^,i*"P°^« = l'alf-'nverteci
from the floor of the ova y ch.mbe^ ^Z.H•^''"^=•''""^^'"g "P^ig'^t
upwards from an axiar^ par eil ni.'f^'T^'^^Tx"^;'''^^^'"^ oblkjuely
horizontally from an axial L ^ • ^^'T'''"''''- horizontal = directed
obli,uely d'owr;;;.; ?ron Z xLT o ' "i^r^!^- ^JT^' = '"'^^
han,Mn« vertically downwards fronfthe rornhe c!var;SambeT°''' =
POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION
bo'l^io^rfof jSllnS'^'i^^ '-■" "-^1 in man^.
cross-pollination. ^ OeiCgamy JpTnatTon l!;°"'" n""- r ^"^^^y-
flower on the same individiml plant Enln^Jl^-, '"'"' '' ^''"'" ^""'hcr
Anemopliilous .-. wind - porhnated Dictov - th' ."^^^^-"inated.
stamens and carpels of Ime flower at Snfumes "'''""'"^ "^ "^^'
SEED.
Albumen = the en'dolp:™ or per per'nf VtlT'V ^"'^oPl^^a.
Albuminous = possessiniTalln,men%^ou-^ together, m a seed.
Aril = a speciaKacceiwv e^ v^^^^^^^^^^ Exalbummous = devoid of albumen,
a seed. StrophioTe an] c™Sa -'',•''" '-'^^ ""^ P^^^'"'^")' ^■"'^^sin^r
U\^. Violet). caruncula-pecuhar single outgrowths on seeds
FRUIT.
VARK^US PARTS
^37
1 as synonyms
'f lIiL' ovary.
mar=:aUached
ievcral distinct
'- base of the
Compound =
quadri-, and
lany chamlicrs
Clialaza=thc
' the niicellus.
icie. Raphe,
the side of an
)he is ventral
nta, and con-
when it is on
ated between
t lies between
r integument,
half-inverted
iding upright
ng oblicjuely
al = directed
ius=: directed
Suspended =
ber.
sed in nian\'
Allogamy::^
om another
t-pollinated.
ing of the
It he double
indopleura.
in a seed,
f albumen.
Ily encasing
hs on seeds
as being- the ripened seed-cont
wh
aining carpels of a single flower, and fruits iMt(
ose comiM.sition other parts enter are described as
fruits (t- .--. Strawl
]<
Tlu
pseudocarps or fal,'-
pericarp ^
a.nci.uo iwooruiree iayers ; an outer one— the epicarp or exocarp • an
'Th Z«7" «^*l?*'f'^P= '-^"'l ^J'^-n ^ lJiir<l layer is present, a mid.ile „ne
ythe mesocarp. Putamen^a stone-like endocarp. Pyrener^a stone of a
I ''«'pntiP^n?^''l^® '''"; '""-'""'""'-^l dehiscence along the ventral sutures
is septicidal ; along the dorsal sutures is locuUcidal; and finally, when
«lt,-f^^'„f ^i'^' ^^'^ '"'^"-'' •'^^'►^''^'•'^^'^ '■'■"•" the partitions of the ovary it is
soptifragal. Pyxis = pyxidium-a capsule with transverse (circumscissHe)
dehiscence. Lomentum^a pod-sluiped fruit which breaks transversely int.,
closed ont--seeded jouus. Glans:=a nut with an involucre. Cypsela^an
mferior achene like that of the Compositie. Nucule =: nutlet {e.r. Labiat;v)
Cremocarp -= diachenium .. the schi/.ocarp of Umbellifene. Carcerulus =
an indehiscent several-cham])ered dry fruit (£?.-. Lal,iat;e). Pepo = a berry
like a cucumber or gourd. Hesperldium = a berry like an orange. iEterio
= eteno.= a compound fruit like that of the Buttercup (an .eterio of achenes)
or that of the Blackberry (an seterio of drupes). Drupel = a drupe of a
coinp<nind fruit. Cynarrhodium - a compound fruit like that of the Rose
Syconium or syconus^an infructescence like the "Fig-fruit " SoroBi8=
an infructescence like a " Pine-ajiple " or a " Mulberry."
TERMS APl'LIKI) T(^ \ ARIOU.S I'ARTS.
^^^^^•."^^<'"**®="^''^"t lil^e a bow. Ari8tate = having a thread-like
usually stiff, termination or appendage: having an awn. Articulate ='
jointed. Elongate = at least three times as long as ])road. Globose =
approximately spherical. Inflexed^bent inwards or towards the upper
face. Reflexed = bent outwards, backwards, or towards the lower face
Rostrate = ending in a straight elongated beak-like process.
tiye fruit =
t is defined
I.'
m
INDEX
Ahsorption, 190
— of Carlxjnic acid, 193
— of Oxyf^en, 2 1 5-2 1 7
— of Salts, 203-206
— of Water, 203-205
Acaulescent, 230 \ii.
Achene, 92
Achlamydeous, 233 xxiii.
Acicular (fig. 264)
Aconitum, 72, 77, 119- 121 (ligs.
151. 152)
Acropetal succession, 6, 9
Actinomorphic, 71, 81 (fig. 98)
Aculeate, 232 XIX.
Acuminate, 231 Xlli.
Acute, 231 XIII.
Acyclic, II, 12, 67, 72.
Adnate, 230 x. , 235 xxxv.
Adpressed, 232 xix.
Adventitious
Roots, 6, 7
Shoots, II
Aerial roots, 8
/Estivation, 22, 73 (figs. 29-31, 102-
104)
/Eterio, 237 xliii.
Aggregate fruit, 236 XLIII.
Agropyrum, 185
Aloe, 138
Albumen, 236 xui.
Albuminoids, 196'
Albuminous, 236 xlii.
Allogamy, 236 XLi.
Almond, 42
Alopecurus, 185
Alternate, 11, 12
Ainaryilidaceic, 170-171
Amphitropous, 236 XL.
Aniploxicaul, 230 IX.
Anagallis, 45, 150, 151, 226, 227
(%• 125)
Anatrupous, 84 (figs. iot|, 112, 114,
"5.)
Andrdcium, 60, 98, 235
Anemone, 122
Ancmophilous, 236 xi.l.
Angiospcrm, 46, 51-185
Angular, 231 xii.
Animals
dispersal of seeds by, 96
food of, 192
pollination by, 79
Anisomerous, 234 xxiv.
Annual, 39
Annual Meadow Orass, 40, 181,
185
Annual rings, 28 (figs. 44-47)
Anterior of flower, 71 (fig. 98)
Anther, 43, 60-62, 235.
Anthesis, 234 xxv.
Antirrhinum, 158, 234 XXX.
ApetalK, 104
Apetalous, 59
Apical growth, 5, 9
Apicifixed, 235 xxxv.
Apiculate, 231 xiii.
Apium, 148
Apocarpous, 63
Appendiculaie, 235 xxxv.
Apple. See Pyrus
Apricot, 143, 144
Aquatic, 229 i.
Aracere, 178- 181
Arboreous, arborescent, 229 i.
Arcuale, 237 XLIV.
Aril, 97, 236 XLII.
239
$ '{
m
240
INDEX
i
1 •'
)[
1 ■'
'i
i ?
Wm
ArislaiL', a;; \i.iv.
Arraii'^'i'iiiciit nf
l)raiichL'.s, 26
floral Iciives, 67
Mowers, 51-55
lateral roots, 6
leaves, 1 1
Articlioke, 16S
Arli('iilate, 2,57 XI. iv.
Artillcial .soils, lyi
Arum, 21, 56, 178.1S1 (tiys. 22(,
^ 230)
Arum family. See Araceiv
Asceiuliiijj ovule, 236 XI..
Ascendiiijr-iin 1)1 irate, 73
Aseeiit of sa]), 206
— of water, 206, 214
Asejjalous, 233 x.Miii.
Ash, 190 '
Asparagus, 170
Assimilation, 201
— of cariion, 190-201
Asymmelriral, 71
Atropa, 152
Atrophy, 69
Auiicle, auriculate, 231 xii.
Autoi^amy, 236x1.1.
Autumn tints, 195
Axil of leaf, 10
Axile pkicentation, 65
Axillary stipule, 230 x.
Axis, 5
Bacteria, 206
Balsam, 91, 95
Barberry, ^j, 62
Barley, 184
Barren flower, 233 xxiii.
Basal placentation, 65
Basilixed, 235 xxxv.
Ba.silar style, 236 xxxvii.
Bean. See \'icia
Bean family. See Papilionacea'
Beech. See Fagus
Bee-flower, 81, ^82, 130, 138, 158,
_ 174
Beet, 197, 200-202
Beetle.s, 81, 1 60
Belladonna, 152
BelJis, 40, 164-167, 213, 227
Berry, 93
j Betula, J 13
Bmuii.ellary, 235 XX.WI.
Intimial, 40
Bitiynou,, 236 XXXVI.
Bilahiate, 234 XXX.
Hi ■ciilar anther, 235 xxxv.
— ovary, 236 XXXI.X.
Bindweed. See Convolvulus
liiparous, 233 XXII.
BifMnnate, 252 xv.
Birch. See Betula
Mirds, 141, 142
Hird's Nest Orchid, 202
Bisexual 233 XXIII.
Mla.kherry. See Kulnis
Black Mustard, 127
Uladdery, 234 XXVIII. (fi^r. 373)
IJladeot leaf, 16, 17, 231, 232
— of petal, 58
Bleeding, 213
Bloom, 233 XIX.
Bluebell, 170
Boraginacea', 153
Box, 41
pnict, 21, 55, 233 XXI.
Kracteole, 23} x.\i.
Bramble. See Rubus.
Branching, of floral leaves, 69
— of root, 4-6
— of stem 24-26
Brassica, 126, 127
Broad-bean, 139
Broccoli, 126, 127
Broom, 139
Broom-rape, 202
Bru.s.sels-sprouts, 126, 127
Bryonia, 38 (fig. 57)
Bud, 18, 22, 23, 26 (figs. 6-1 1.
, . 29-38)
Bulb 32 (fig. 53)
I'Ulbil, 230 V.
Burr, 96
Bush, 229 I.
Butcher's Broom, 38
Buttercup. See Ranunculus
Buttercup family. See Ranun-
culaceie
Butterflies, 81, 132
C.VBBAGE, 126, 127, 233 XIX.
Caducous, 230 X., 234 xxv.
INDEX
Ranun-
Cxspitose, 230 IV.
Calciiratu, 234 \Kt\.
Ciilemlula, 168, 226
Calliopsis, 168
Caltha, 77, 122
Calyciflora', 105
<-''ilyx, 57. 98
Calyx-tuhe, 140, 234 XXVI.
l.ampanulate, 234 xxviii.
Campion. Sw Lychnis
CamnylutroptMis, 85 (figs, no, 117)
CandytiiA, 127
Cane-suf ■, 197
Capillary, 231 xil.
Capitate, 236 xxxviii.
Capitulum, 53 (f.trs. 75, 208, 253)
Caprifoliaccr, 159-161
Capsella, 40, 91, 126
Capsicum, 153
Capsule, 91 (figs. 122-126), 2?7
xi.iii. -^^
Carbohydrates, 197, 200
Carlronic Acid
absorption of, 193
evolution of, 215-217
Carcerulus, 237 xi.iii.
Carina, 138
Car]>el, 44, 63-66
Carpellary flower, 66
Carpophore, 234 xxvi.
Carrot. See Daucus
Caruncula, 236 xi.ii.
Caryophyllaceiv, 130-132
Caryopsis, 92, 185 (fig. 28)
Catchfly, 132
Catkin, 53, 109 (figs. 131, ,40,
Caudicle, 176
Cauliflower, 126, 127
Cauline, 230 viii.
Cayenne pepper, 153
Cedar, 50
Celandine. See Chelidonium
Celery, 148
Cell, 23s XXXV., 236 xxxix.
Cellulose, 197
Centaurea, 167
Central placenta, 65
Centrifugal, 233 xxii.
^ _.„i, J „xil.
Chalaza, 236 XL.
241
Cheiranlhus, 6. 40, 56. 66, 68, 77,
»S, 89, 125, 126 (fi-s. 83, 88,
CU ,'/^'.'2°'J56. 157)
(.hclidoniuni, 89, 124 ((ig. lai)
Chemical comijosition of
air, 190
plant, 189
soil, 190
Chemical elements, 189, 205
Cherry, 42, 143, ,44 (f.g,. ,28,
Chickweed. See Stellaria
Chicory, 168
Chlorophyll, 193, 194^ 202
Choripetalous, 234 xwii.
Chorisepalous, 234 xxvii,
Christmas Rose. See I iJlleborus
Chrysanthemum, 165-168
Cichorium, 168
Ciliate, 231 xiv.
Cineraria, 168
Circinate, 232 xvi.
Circumscissile, 237 xi.iii.
Cladode, 38
Classification, i
Claw, 58
Cleavers. See Calium
Cleistogamic, 83, 130
Clematis, 36, 96, 122
Climbing plants, 34.36 (figs. 56,
57)
Clover. See Trifolium
Coccus, 94
Cochlearia, 127
Cocksfoot Crass, 181
Cohesion, 69
Coiled vernation, 23
Coleorhiza, 229 n.
Collecting hairs, 164, 167
Collective fruit, 236 xi.m.
Column, 175
Colza oil, 127
Commissural, 124, 126
Complete, 233 xxiii.
Composita-, 59, 61, 69, 161-168,
237 XLIII.
Compound leaf, 17 (figs. 2^. 27»
— fruit, 88, 94 ■^ ^'
— ovary, 236 xxxix.
— shoot, 10
— racemose, 53 (figs. 69, 73)
'II
242
INDEX
Ir I
Compound spike, 53
— umbel, 54 (fig. y^)
Conduplicate, (figs. 30, 33)
Cone, 44, 233 XXII.
Coniferoe, 47-50,
Conium, 148
Connate, 230 ix.
Connective, 6 1
Contorted, y;^ (fig. 103)
Convolute (fig. 37)
Convolvulus, 34, 151 (figs. 55, 56)
Convolvulacete, 151
Cordate (fig. 257)
Coriaceous, 232 xviii.
Cork, 197
Corm, 30 (figs. 49-52)
Cornflower, 167
Corolla, 58, 98.
Corona, 171
Corylus. See Hazel
Corymb, 233 xxii.
Costate, 233 XIX.
Cotyledons, 4, 19 (figs. 2, 4, 5)
Couch Grass, 181 -185
Cow Parsnip. See Meracleum
Cratcegus, 15, 37, 146 (fig. 58)
Crateriform, 234 xxviii.
Creeping, 230 iv.
Cremocarp, 237 xliii.
Crenafe, 231 xiv.
Cress, 127
Crocus, 30, 41, 174, 227 (figs.
49-52)
Crocus family. See Iridaceoe
Cross-pollination, 78-82
Cruciferae, 55, 124-127
Cuckoo Pint. See Arum
Cucumber, 237 XLiii.
Cuhn, 230 V.
Culture solution, 191
Cuneate, 231 xii.
Cupuliferte, 107-113
Currant, 13. 97. 213
Cuttings, 6, 41
Cyathium, 116- 11 8 (figs. 146-150)
Cycas, 63
Cyclic, leaf-arrangement, 11
— flower, 67-72
Cymose, branching, 26 (fig. 43)
— inflorescence, 54 (figs. 76-81)
Cynara, 168
Cynarrhodium, 237 XLlli.
Cypress, 50
Cypsela, 237 XMii.
Daffodil, 171
Daffodil family, 171
Dahlia, 30, 168, 200
Daisy. See Bellis ,
Daisy family. See Compositae
Dandelion. See Taraxacum
Datura, 153
Daucus, 8, 15, 146
Dead Nettle. See Lamium
Dead Nettle family. See Labiatse
Decandrous, 235 xxxii.
Deciduous, 41, 234 xxv.
Declinate, 235 xxxiii.
Decurrent, 230 IX.
Decussate, 230 viii.
Definite growth, 24
Dehiscence, of anther, 62 (fig, 86)
— of fruit, 89-91 (figs. 119-126)
Delphinium, 122
Deltoid, 231 XII.
Dentate, 231 xiv.
Denticulate, 231 xiv.
Descending-imbricate, 73
Development of
bud, 9 (figs. 6- II)
Dicotyledon, 4 (fig. 4)
floral leaf, 70
grass, 25, 181, 182
leaf, 9, 70
Monocotyledon, 7 (fig, 5)
root, 5-7
Diachenium, 237 XLiii.
Diadelphous, 235 xxxiv.
Diagrams of flowers, 72
— leaf-arrangement, 13 (figs. 13-16)
Dialy-petalous, dialy-sepalous, 2^^
XXVII.
Diandrous, 235 xxxii.
Dianthus, 132
Dichasium, 55 (figs. 43, yy)
Dichlamydeous, 23J xxiii.
Dichogamy, 236 XLI.
Dichotomous, 233 xxii.
Diclinous, 66
Dicotyledons, 7, 19, 21, 28, 56,
104-168
Didymous, 235 xxxv.
INDEX
Didynamous, 235 xxxiii.
Diffuse, 229 IV.
Digitalis, 82, 156-158, 213
123, 193, 194)
Digitate, 232 XV.
Digynous, See Bigynouji
Dimerous, 233 xxiv.
Dimidiate, 235 xxxv.
Dimorphic, 233 xxiii.
Diplostemonous, 235 xxxii.
Direction of growth, 33-36,
229 IV,
Discifloras, 105
Disk, 76
Dispersal of seeds, 95-97.
Dissepiment, 236 xxxix.
Distichous, 230 viii.
Dithecous, 235 xxxv.
Divaricate, 235 xxxv.
Diverging, 235 xxxv.
Division of lamina, 17
Dodder, 202
Dog Rose. See Rosa.
Dorsal raphe, 236 xi..
— suture, 63 (fig. 119)
Dorsifixed, 235 xxxv.
Double-Buttercup, 45, 59
Double varieties, 168
Doubling of floral leaves, 69
Drupe, 92, 97 (fig. 128)
Drupel, 237 XLiii. (figs. 17c, i
Dry fruit, 89
Dwarf-shoot, 24 (figs. 39, 40)
EcHlNATE, 232 XIX.
Elder, 160
Elements, 189
Elliptical (fig. 267)
Elm, 26, 96 (fig. 130)
Elongate, 237 xi.iv.
Emarginate, 231 xiii.
Embryo, 3, 19, 20
Embryo-sac, 84, 85
Endocarp, 237 xliii.
Endogen, 230 vi.
Endogenous, 6, 230 vi.
Endopleura, 236 XLli.
Endorhizal, 229 11.
Endosperm, 19, 85-87 (figs. 68, i
iiS)
Endosperrnic, 85
243
(figs.
221,
76)
iS>
Ensiform, 231 xii.
Entire, 231 xiv.
Entomophilous, 236 XLI.
Ephemeral, 40
Epicalyx, 58
Epicarp, 237 XLiii.
Epigynous, 75 (fig. 107/
Epipetalous, 75
Epiphyllous, 75
Epiphyte, 229 i.
Equitant, 172, 232 xvii.
Eranthis, 63, 77, 122
Erect, stem, 34, 229 iv.
— ovule, 236 XL.
Eschscholtzia, 124
Eterio. See ^terio
Ethereal oil, 156
Etiolated, 148, 221
Euphorbia, 87,. 116-118 (figs. 146-
150)
Euphorbiaceae, 116- 118
Everlasting Flowers, 168
Exalbuminous, 236 xlii. (fig. 116)
Excretion
by Roots, 204
of Carbonic acid, 215
of Oxygen, 193
of Sugar, 213
of Water- vapour, 209
^ of Water-liquid, 212
Exocarp, 237 XLlil.
Exogen, 230 vi.
Exogenous, 9, 230 vi.
Exorhizal, 229 11.
Explosive fruits, 95
Exstipulate, 15
Exserted, 235 xxxiii.
Extrorse, 62
Fading. See Withering
Fagus, 19, 113
Falcate, 231 xii.
False fruit, 236 xliii.
— septum, 126, 155
— stem. See Sympodium
Fascicle, 233 xxii.
F'at, 197
Fatty Oil, 197
Faux. 234 XXVII.
Fecundation, 236 xi.i.
Fehiing's solution, 197
244
INDEX
IT*
i
ill III
Female, 233 xxiii., 235 xxxvi.
Fertile, 233 xxiii.
Fertilisation, 85, 236 XLi. (fig. 114)
Fibrous, 8, 229 11.
Fig-fruit, 237 xijii.
Figwort, 158
Filament, 43, 235
Filiform, 231 xii.
Fistular, 230 v.
Flagellum, 230 v.
Fleshy fruit, 89
Flexuous, 229 IV.
Flies, 81, 160
Floral diagrams, 72
Floral formulae, 74
Floral leaves, 46, 57-75
f}°Y^' 43-46, 57-85, 225, 233
F o ded vernation, 23 (figs. 30, 33, 34)
Poliaceous stipule, 230 x.
Foliage-leaves, 14-18
Follicle, 89
Free-central placentation, 61; (fie.
95)
Forget-me-not, 153
Forget-me-not family. See Bora-
ginaceoe
Food-reservoirs, 8
Foramen, 236 XL.
Foxglove. See Digitalis
Foxglove family. See Scrophu-
lariace«
Foxtail-grass, 181- 185
Fragaria, 18, 34, 41, 94, 141, 142,
. .213 (figs. 54, 82, 171, 172)
Fntillary, 170
Fruit, 87-94, 236 (figs. 1 19-130)
Frutescent, fruticose, 229 i.
Fuchsia, 213
Fugacious, 234 xxv.
Fumariaceoe, 104
Function of
calyx, 57, 58, 98
corolla, 59, 98
gynrecium, 98
leaves, 193, 210
outgrowths on seeds, 99
pericarp, 98
root, 203-205
root-hairs, 204
stamens, 98
testa, 99
Fungi, 202
Funicle, 84, 86
Furze, 37
Fusiform, 229 il.
Fusion, 69
Gaillardia, 168
Galanthus, 32, 171
Galium, 36, 96
Gamopetalre, 105
Gamopetalous, 58 (fig. 84)
Gamophyllous, 60
Gamosepalous, 57
Garlic, 170
Geitonogamy, 236 XLi.
Geotropism, 222
Geraniacea;, 135, 136
Geranium, 135, 136, 234 xxvi.
(figs. 165-167)
Germination, 4, 19, 20, 201
Gibbous, 234 XXIX.
Glabrous, 232 xix.
Glans, 237 XLlii.
Glaucous, 233 XIX.
Globose, 237 XLiv.
Glomerule, 233 xxii.
Glume, 21, 182-185 (figs. 231-236)
Gooseberry, 213
Gorse, 37
Gourd, 237 XLlli.
Grain, 19, 92 (fig. 28)
Graminacese, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21,
23, 25, 40, 181-185, 213 (figs.
28, 42, 231-236)
Grape-sugar, 197
Grass, Grass family. See Gramin-
acete
Gravity, 222
Green colouring-matter, iee Chlo-
rophyll
Growth, 219
Growth in length, 5, 9, 220-223
Growth in thickness, 28 (figs. 44.
47)
Guelder Rose, 160, 161
Gymnospermre, 46-50
Gynaecium, 63-66, 98, 235 (figs. 89-
^ 95)
Gynobasic, 236 xxxvii.
Hairs, 36
INDEX
Hastate (fig. 260)
Haw, 146
Hawthorn. See Crata-gus
Hazel, 26, 61, 69, 74, io7.ii2(fiL's,
12, 18 131-139)
Heart-wood, 28
Heat, evolution of, 218
Helianthus, 21, 164-168 (figs. 127,
208-212) "
Helichrysum, 168
Helicoid, 233 .\xii.
Heliotrope, 153
Heliotropism, 221
Helleborus, 22, 45, 122
Hemicyclic, 67, 72
Hemlock, 148
Heracleum, 146-148(183-186)
Herb, herbaceous, 27
Herb Robert. See Geranium
Hermaphrodite, 233 xxiii
Hesperidium, 237 xLiii.
Hirsute, 232 xix.
Hispid, 232 XIX.
Honeysuckle. See Lor; ir era
Honeysuckle family. See Capri-
loliacea;
Hop, 34
Horizontal ovule, 236 xl.
Horse-chestnut, 18, 22, 92
Horse-radish, 127
Hover flies, 81, 158, 174
Humble-bees, 81
Humble-bee-flower, 81. 120 icc
^ 157, 158 ' ^^'
Humus, 190
Hyacinth, Hyacinthus, s^, i6q, 170
„ ^(figs. 53, 213, 214)
Hydrotropism, 222
Hypocotyl, 4 (fig. 4)
Hypocrateriform (fig, 275)
Hypogynous, 74 (fig. 105)
Imbricate, 22, 7^ (figs. 103, 104)
Imparipinnatc, 232 xv.
Imperfect, 233 xxiii.
Included, 235 xxxiii.
Incomplete, 233 xxiii.
Indefinite growth, 24
Indehiscent fruit, 89, 92, 93 (figs.
28, 115, 127, 128)
Induphcate, 232 xvii. (fig. 31)
245
Inferior ovary, 75 (fig. 107)
Inflated, 234 xxvui. (fig. 272)
Inflexed, 237 xi.iv.
Inflorescence, 51-56, 233
Infructescence, 88
Infundibuliform, 234 xxviii. (fi.^
274) ^•
Innate anther, 235 xxxv
Insect-pollination, 79-81, 'i^S, iSo
Integument, 84, 86
Internode, 9
Introrse, 62 ^'
Involucre, 55
Involute (fig. 35)
lridacea% 171 -174
Iris, 172-174 (figs. 118,216.219)
Iron, 195 ^'
Irregular dehiscence, 91
— flowers, 68 (figs. 96, 97)
Irritability, 224
Irritable-climbers, 35
Isomerous, 233 xxiv.
Isostemonous, 235 xxxii
1^7. 8. 34, 41, 53
Jerusalem Artichoke, 168
Keel, 138
Labellum, 175
Labiatre, 96, 153-156, 236xxxvn.,
^237 xliii, '
Laciniaj, 232 xv.
Laciniate, 232 xv.
Lamina, 14, 16-18
Lamium, 12, 57, 154-156 (figs, 191,
X92) -^ '
Lanceolate (fig. 255)
Larch, 41, 50
Larkspur, 122
Lateral bud, 10
— root, 6
— style, 236 XXXVII.
J'caf, 3, 5, 9.23, 224, 230
Leaf- blade. See Lamina.
Leaflet, 17
Leaf-sheath, 15
Leaf-stalk, 14, 11;
Leaf-spine, 37
Leaf-tendril, 38 (fig. 59)
Legume, 89 (fig, 119)
246
INDEX
I''"
Leguminosre. See Papilionacese
Lepidium, 127
Lettuce, 168
Life-history, 39-42
Light, 193, 194, 200, 210, 217, 221,
227
Ligule, 15, 181
Liliacece, 16, 169-170
Lily, 18
Lily family. See Liliaceae
Limb, 234 XXVII.
Linaria, 158
Linear (fig. 265)
Lobe of anther, 60, 2^1; xxxv
(figs. 8s, 86)
Lobed leaf, 232 xv.
Loculicidal, 237 xliii.
Loculus, 236 xxxix. i
Locusta, 233 xxfi.
Lodicule, 184, 185
Lomentum, 237 XLili.
Longitudinal dehiscence
of anther, 62 (fig. 86)
of fruit, 91 (figs. 120-124)
Long-shoot, 24.
Long-styled, 150
Lonicera, 34, 94, 159-160 (figs. 199.
201)
Lychnis, 132, 226
Lycopersicum, 153
Lyrate, 232 xv.
Male, 233 xxiii., 235 xxxi.
Mallow. See Malva
Mallow family. See Malvaceae
Malva, 17, 55, 61, 132-134 (figs.
161-164)
Malvacete, 132-134
Marcescent, 234 xxv.
Marginal, 62
Marigold. See Calendula
Marsh Marigold. See Caltha
Meadow-Grasses, 181-181;
Meadow-Saffron, 170
Measurement of
absorption of liquid, 212
growth in length, 5, 9
transpiration, 209
Median plane, 72
Medullary rays, 28
Membranous^ 232 xvin.
Mentha, 156
Mericarp, 93
Mesocarp, 237 XLiii.
Metamorphosed shoots. ^6-^8
Micropyle, 84, 86
Midges, 180
Mignonette, 40
Mint, 156
Mistletoe, 97
Monadelphous, 235 xxxiv.
Monandrous, 235 xxxii.
Monkey-puzzle, 50
Monkshood. See Aconitum
Monocarpellary, 235 xxxvi.
Monocarpic, 39
Monochasium, 55 (figs. 78, 80, 81)
Monochlamydeous, 233 xxui.
Monoclinous, 66
Monocotyledon, 7, 16, 19, 21, 27,
56, 106, X69-18S
Monogynous, 236 xxxvi.
Monopetalous, 234 xxvii,
Monosepalous, 234 xxvii.
Monothecous, 235 xxxv.
Monotropa, 202
Monstrous flower, 45
Morphology, i
Moths, 81, 132, 160
Movements of flowers, 225-227
(figs. 253, 254)
— leaves, 224-227 (figs. 249-252)
Mucronate, 231 xiij.
Mulberry, 237 XLlii.
Mullein, 157
Multilocular, 236 xxxix.
Multiple fruit, 236 xliii.
Multiplication, 41
Mustard, 19, 126, 127
Myosotis, 153
Naked, 60
Narcissus, 171 (fig. 215)
Nasturtium, 127
Nectarine, 144
Nectar-receptacle, 77
Nectary, 60, 76, ^^, 213
Net-veined, 16
Neuter, 233 xxiii.
Nicotiana, 153
i-I'>ghtshade. Sec Solanum
Nitrogen, 205
INDEX
Node, 9
Nodule, 206
Non-endospermic, S? (fie nfi)
Nucellus, 84, 86 ^ '
Nucleus, 236 XL.
Nucule, 237 XLiii.
Nut, 92 (figs. 138, 139)
Nutation, 221
Nutrition, 189-214
Oak. See Quercus
Oak family. See Cupi-liferoe
Oats, 184
Obcordate (fig. 263) •
Obdiplostemonous, 67 (fig. 166)
Oblong (fig. 266)
Obovate (fig. 262)
Obtuse, 231 XIII.
Ochrea, ochreate, 230 x.
Offset, 230 V.
Oil, 197, 200, 201
Onion, 170.
Open aestivation, 22, 73 (fig. 102)
Opercular 235 xxxv.
Opium, 124
Opposite, 230 VIII.
Orange, 237 xi.iii.
Orbicular, (fig. 268)
OrchidacejE, 175-178
Orchid family, 175-178
Orchis, 76, 175.178 (figs. 220.
225)
Organic compound, 192
Orthotropous, 84 (figs. 108, in)
Ovary 44, 63-66, 236 (figs. 92-95)
Ovate (fig. 256) ^-^
Ovule 44, 84, 236 (figs. 108. 1 14)
Oxalidaceae, 137
Oxalis, 30. 83, 91, 95, 137, 225
(figs. 249, 250) ^
Ox-eye Daisy, 165-167
Oxygen, 215-^17, 219
Palate, 23f xxx.
Pale, palea, 183 18?. 233 xxi.
Palmately lobed, 2 ?2 xv.
— veined 16 (figs. 24-26)
Palmatifid, 231 w. 232 xv. (fi-r
^25)
Palmatipartite, 232 xv. (fig. 26)
Pansy. See Viola
247
Panicle, 53 (fig. 69)
lapaver, 123, 124, 213 (figs.
I apaveraceit, 123, 124
Papilionaceiu, 61, 137-170
225 ■ ^'
Pappus, 58, 163. 164 (figs.
202) ^
Parallel-veined, 16
Parasite, 202, 229 i.
Parietal, 65 (fig. 93)
Paripinnate, 232 xv.
Parsley family. See IJmbellifer*
Parsnip, 148
Parted, 232 xv.
Partitions, 232 xv.
Passion-flower, 38
Pastinaca, i^U
Pea. See Pisum
Pea family. See Papilionacece
Pear. See Pyrus
Pedicel, 233 .xx.
Peduncle, 233, xx.
Peltate, 231 xii.
Pendulous, 236 XL.
Pentamerous, 233 xxiv.
Pentandrous, 235 xxxii.
Pentastichous, 230 vm.
Pepo, 237 XLiii.
Peppermint, 156
Perennial, 40
Perfect, 233 xxiii.
Perfoliate, 230 ix.
Perianth, 57, 58, 60, 234
Pericarp, 88, 98, 237 XLiii.
Perigynous, 75 (fig. xo6)
1 eriodic movements, 224
I'erisperm, 86 (fig. 117)
Persistent, 230 X., 234 XXV.
Petal, 43, 58-60
Petaloid, 58, 60.
Petiole. See Leaf-stalk
Petroselinum, 59, 148, 234 xxvi,
Petty bpurge. See Euphorbia
Petunia, 153
PhaseoluS; 139
Phyllary, 233 xxi.
Phylloclade, 230 v.
Phyilode, 230 xi.
Phyllotaxis, 230 viii.
Physiology, i, 189-227
126
206,
129,
i'-*
f . t
m
mm
m
248
INDEX
Pileorhiza, 229 li.
Pilose, 232 XIX.
I'ine. See Pimis
Pine-apple, 237 xi.iil.
Pink, 132
Pink family. See Caryophyllacece
Pinnate, 232 XV.
Pinnately-lobed, 232 xv.
— veined, 16 (figs. 18-22)
Pinnatiful, 231 xv., 232 xv. (fig. 21)
Pinnatipartite, 232 xv. (fig. 22)
Pinus, 24, 44, 47-50 (figs. 39, 40,
62-68)
Pistil, 235 xxxvi.
J'Jstillate, 233 xxin.
Pisum, 17, 35, 38, 63, 65, 70, 72,
7.-, 82, 87, 94, 137-139 (figs-
59, S7, 96, 97, loi, 119)
Placenta, 63-i,'6
Placentati )U, 64-63
Plaited (fig :,\)
Plane, 23, 232 xvi. (f^^gs. 29, 32)
Plicate (fig. 34)
I'lum, 143, 144, 233 XIX.
Plurilocular, 236 xxxix.
Poa, 185
Pollen, 44, 60 (figs. 86, 205, 206)
Pollen-sac, 43, 44, 60-63 (figs- 8>,
86)
Pollen-tube, 85 (fig. 114)
Pollination, 77-83, 236
PoUinium, 176
Polyadelphous, 235 xxxiv.
Polyandrous, 235 xxxiu
Polycarpellary, 235 xxxvi.
Polycarpic, 40
Polypetala>, 104, 105
Polypetalous, 58
I'olyphyllous, 60
Polysepalous, 57
Pouc,93, H4(figs- 180, 181)
Poor-man's Weather - glass. See
Anagallis
Poplar. See Populus
Poppy. See Papaver
Poppy family. See Papaveracere
Populus, II, 41, 96, 115
Porous dehiscence of anther, 62
(fig. 84)
— of fruit, 91 (fig. 126)
Posterior, 71
Potato, 22, 30, 41. 62, 152, 200-
202 (figs. 48, 81,;
Potato family. See Solanacc;!^
Pra.>foliation, 232 XVI.
Prickle, 38
Primary axis, 24 (fig 41)
Primine, 236 XL.
Primrose. See Primula
Primrose family. See ]'riiiuilac(;[E
Primula, 6, 16, 64, 69, 149, 150
(figs. 187-189)
Primulacr.:e, 148-151
Procumli-i,f, 229 IV.
Prophyll, u: I , « 5
;-9 '-'•(%. 55)
■;bryo, 97
^S7
144 (figs. 128,
Prostrate, 34,
I'rotection of e
I'roteids, ig-S
Proterar.'lrou;;, 79,
Proterogvnous, 79
Protoplasm, 196
Prunus, 42, T43,
177)
Pseadocarp, 236 XLiii.
Pubescent, 232 xix.
Punct&,i:e, 232 XIX.
Purple Dead Nettle, 156
Putamen, 237 XLiii.
Pyrene, 237 XLill.
Pyrethrum, 168
Pyrus, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 37,
146 (figs. 17,38, 178-181)
Pyxidium, pyxis, 237 XLiii.
125)
144.
(fig.
QuADRiLOCULAR, anther, 235
XXXV.
— ovary, 236 XXXIX.
Quercus, 13, 17, 28, 1 13
Quinate, 232 xv.
Raceme, 52 '^g. 70)
Racemose, 2 1-54
Rachis, 232 x . , 233 xx.
Radicle, 4
Radish, 127
Ranunculacese, 1 18-122
Ranunculus, 6, 15. 17, 43, 45, 57,
63, 74, 81, 8h : 8, 119, 121,
213, 237 xu, igs. 60, 61,
115)
Rape, 126, 127
1 '
I.I. 62, 152, 200-
84}
ee Solanacox
XVI.
fig 41)
rimulii
See I'rinuilaceoe
34. ^9. 149.
)
51
IV.
150
■•^'- (%• 55)
. 157
. 144 (figs.
128,
CLIII.
X.
le, 156
II.
17, 23, 37,
38, 178-181)
237 XLIII.
144.
(fig.
AR, anther,
235
tix.
28, 113
70)
-54
233 XX.
8-122
5. 17, 43. 45
5i, !r8, 119,
li'. igs. 60,
,57,
121,
61,
INDEX
249
Raphiinus, i::r;
Rapiu;, 236 XL.
Raspberry. Sti; Ruhus
Rate of j.i;rowt.h, 220
Receptacle, 4 ,, 44, 234
Receptacle of inlivjrfiscence, 102
Reclinate, 23^1 xvi.
Isefle^.d, 2-'/ XLiv.
Regul r, 6c)
Renitorm (-iq;, 258)
Replum, I') (figs, i::o, 121)
Reserve subiianeei;, 202
Respiration, 215
Resting
bud, 10, 26
methof.k i)f, 40
Revolute (li^'. nfi)
Rhachis, 2y-'. \v., 233 xx.
Rhaphe, 236 xl.
Rhingia, 174
Rhizome, 29
Rhubarb family, 15
Rigid, 232 xviii.
Ringing experiment, 207
Root, 3, 5-8, 203.205, 217, 220-
223, 229
Root-cap, 5
Root-climber, 34
Root-fibre, 229 ir.
Root-hair, 5, 204
Root-pressure, 213
Root-stock, 230 VII.
Root-tuber, 229 11.
Rosa, Rose, 11, 17, 18, 38, 41, 94,
I39-I4I, 237 XLIII. (figs. 168-
170)
Rosaceae, Rose family, 139-146
Rostellum, 176
Rostrate, 237 XLIV.
Rotate (fig. 271)
Rotund (fig. 268)
Rubus, 36, 38, 94, 142, 143,
XLIII. (fit s. 57, 173.176)
Rugose, 232 A y.
Runcinate, 2V -
Runner, 34, jo v. (fig. 54)
Ruscus, ;;'];
SaCCA.S, 234 XXIX.
Sage, 156
Sagittate (%, z-,r\): 235 xxxv.
237
Salicacea;, 114-116
Sali.\, II, 26, 96, 114, 115 (figs.
140-145)
Sallow. See Salix
Salvia, 156
Samara, 96
Sambucus, 160, 161
Saprophyte, 202, 229 I.
Scabrous, 233 xix.
Scale, 18, 30-33
Scandent, 230 iv.
Scape, 230 v.
Scarious, 232 xviii.
Scarlet Pimpernel. See Anagallis
Scarlet Runner, 139
Scattered, 230 viii.
Schizocarp, 93
Scotch, or Scots, Pine. See Pinus
Scorpioid, 55
Scorpion Grass. See Myosotis
Scrambler, 36
Scrophularia, 158
Scrophulariaceas, 156-158
Scutellum, 20
Secondary axis, 25 (fig. 41)
Secundine, 236 XL.
Seed, 85-87, 95-99,236 (figs. 115.
118)
Seed-leaves. See Cotyledons
Self-pollination, 78, 82
Sepal, 43, 57-58
Sepaloid, 60
Separating Fruit, 89, 93
Septicidal, 237 XLiii.
Septifragal, 237 xliii.
Septum, 236 XXXIX.
Serrate, 231 xiv.
Setose, 232 XIX.
Sheathing, 230 ix.
Shepherd's Purse. See Capsella
Shoot, 3
Short-styled, 150
Shrub, 27, 41
Silene, 132
Silicula, 91
Siliqua, 89 (figs. 120, 121)
Silky, 232 XIX.
Simple
fruit, 88-94
leaf, 17 (figs. 18-22, 24-26)
ovary, 236 xxxix.
:lr '
lU' if
m:i J
|i»f
1 li
250
INDEX
52. 53 (fiys. 70-7;
Simple
racemose,
74, 7i)
shoot, 10
Simplified leaves, 18-22
Sinuate, 231 xiv.
Smooth, 232 XIX.
Snapdragon. See Antirrhinimi
Snowball tree, 161
Snowdrop. See Galanthus
Solanacea', 151-153
Solanum 22, 30, 41, 62, 152 (figs
40, 84. 190)
Sorosis, 237 xi.iii.
Spadix, 52, 179
Spathe, 21, 55, 178, 179 (fig. 226)
Spathulate (fig. 261)
Speedwell, 158
Spermoderm, 236 xlii.
Spike, 52 (fig, 71)
Spikelet, 182 (figs. 232, 233)
Spine, 37 (fig. 58)
Spmose, 232 XIX.
Spinulose, 232 xix.
Spiral, II, 12
Splint-wood, 28
Spongiole, 229 11.
Spur, Spurred, 234 xxix.
Spurge family. See Euphorbiacea;
Stamen, 43, 44, 60-62
Staminate, 66
Staminode, 60
Standard, 138
Starch, 197, 198, 2CX), 201
btellaria, 12, 40, 130-132, 213 (figs.
43. 117, 159, 160)
Stem, 3, 5, 24-38, 220-223, 229, 2^0
Stem-spine, 37 (fig. 58)
btem-tendril, 38
Sterile flower, 180, 233 xxiii.
(fig. 226)
Stitchwort, 213
Stigma, 44, 63-66, 236
Stimulus, 224
Stinging Nettle, 79
Stipitate, 234 xxvi.
Stipulate, 15
Stipule, IS, 230 X.
Stock, 127
Stolon, Stoloniferous, 230 v.
Strawberry. See Fragaria
Striate, 232 xix.
Strol)i!us, 233 xxn.
Stroj)hiole, 236 xi.ii.
Style, 44, 63-66, 236
Sub-aerial, 28
Submerged, 28
Subsidiary outgrowths, 36
Subterranean, 28
Subterranean shoots, 28-^'i
Subulate, 231 xii.
Sucker, 41, 107, 230 v.
Succulent, 232 xviii.
— fruit, 89
Suffrutescent, Suffruticose, 220 i
Sugar, 98, 197, 200, 201 '
Sugar-cane, 197
Sugar-maple, 197
Sulcate, 233 XIX.
Sunflower. See Ilelianthus
7^) °''"'^' ^'^' 75 (figs. IDS,
Superposed, 12, 124
Suppression, 69, 154, 155. 157.
158, 172, 173
Suspended anther, 235 xxxv.
— ovule, 236 XL.
Sutural, 235 XXXV.
Swede, 127
Sweet William, 233 xxii.
oycamore, 94
Syconium, Syconus, 237 XLiii
Symbols, 74
Symmetrical, Symmetry, 70, 71
Sympetalous, 234 xxvii.
Sympode, Synipodium, 25, 55 (figs.
42, 81)
Syncarpous, 64 (figs. 93-95)
Syngenesious, 235 xxxiv.
Synsepalous, 234 xxvii.
Systematic Botany, i
Tap-root, 229 11.
Taraxacum, n, 29, 41, 88, 94,
161-164, 226, 234 XXVI. (figs.
129, 200-207, 253, 254)
Tegmen, 236 xlii.
Temperature, 194, 204, 210, 218,
220, 227 '
Teniril, 36, 38 (figs. S7, 59)
lenlril-chmbers, 35
Terminal inflorescence, 51
INDEX
251
36
S-33
5se, 229 I.
ithus
1 (figs. 105,
155. 157..
SiXXV.
XLIII.
70, 71
iS. 55 (figs.
?5)
r.
88, 94,
XVI. (figs.
54)
210, 218,
59)
Terminal style, 236 xxxvii.
Ternate, 232 xv.
Terrestrial, 229 i.
Tertiary axis, 25 (fig. 41)
Testa, 3, 97, 99, 236 xi.ii.
Tetradynamous, 235 xxxui.
Tetranierous, 233 xxiv.
Thalaniiflora;, 104
Thalamus, 234 xxvi.
Theca, 235 xxxv.
Throat, 234 xxvii.
Thyme, Thymus, 156
Thyrsus, 233 xxii.
Tigeilum, 229 in.
Timothy Grass, 184
Toadflax, 158
Tobacco, 153
Tomato, 153
Tonic influence, 227
Toothlike dehiscence, 91
Torus, 234 XXVI.
Tomentose, 232 xix.
Tube, 234 XXVI I.
Tuber, 30, 175 (fig. 48)
Tubercle, 139, 206
Tuberculate, 232 xix.
Tuberous root, 229 11.
Tubular, 234 xxviii.
Tufted, 230 IV.
Tulip, 32, 45, 170, 227
Turbinate, 234 xxviii.
Turnip, 8, 40, 126, 127
Tragopogon, 226
Transpiration, 205, 209
Transport of
carbohydrates, 200
salts, 206
water, 206, 214
Transverse, plane, 71
— dehiscence, 91 (fig. 125)
Trees, 27, 41
Triadelphous, 235 xxxiv.
Triandrous, 235 xxxii.
Tricarpellary 235 xxxvi.
Trifolium, 17, 18, 137-139, 225,
226 (figs. 251, 252^
Trigynous, 236 xxxvi.
Trilocular. 236 Xxxix.
Trimerous, 233 xxiv.
Trimorphic, 233 xxiii.
Tristichous, 230 viii.
Triticum, 19, 20, 181-185 (figs. 28,
231-236)
Tropaolum, 16, 36, 213, 231 xn.
Truncate, 231 xiii.
Twining stem, 34 (fig. 56)
Two-horned, 235 xxxv.
Typical Plower, 67
Ui.EX, 37
Umbel, S3 (fig. 74)
Umbelliferte, 59, 69, 81, 88, 96,
146-148, 237 XI.III.
Unguiculate, 234 xxvii.
Unilocular, 235 xxxv.: 236XXXIX.
Uniparous, 233 xxii.
Unisexual, 233 xxiii.
Urceolate, 234 xxviii. (fig. 273)
Valvate, 22, 73
Valvular dehiscence, 62
Vegetative multiplication, 41
— shoot, 9-38
Ventral raphe, 236 xl.
— style, 236 xxxvii.
— suture, 63 (fig. 119)
Verbascum, 157
Vernation, 23 (figs. 29-38)
Veronica, 158
Versatile, 235 xxxv.
Verticillaster, 233 xxii.
Verticillate, 230 viii.
Vetch, 139
Vexillum, 138
Viburnum, 160, 161
Vicia, 3, 139 (figs. I, 2)
Venation, 16 (figs. 18-22, 24-26)
Vine, 35, 213
Viola, 61, 73, 77, 83, 95, 127-130,
213, 236 XLII. (fig. 158)
Violaceae, 127-130
Violet. See Viola
Violet family. See Violacea;
Virginia Creeper, 80
Viscid, \'iscous, 233 xix.
Wallflower. Ser T' .iranthus
Wallflower family, ^lee Cruciferse
Waltmt, 92
Wasps, 81, 158
Water, 203-205, 209-213, 219, 220,
222
M
asa
INDEX
Watercress, 127
Water Lily, 45
Wheat. See Triticum
i^M •'''* C'o^^''"- ^''ee Trifolium
A^u- '^ ,^^'"' ^'-'"'«- '^'ee Laniiuiu
White Mustard, 127
Whorlcd, II
Willow family. See Salicacecc
Wind, dispersal by, 95
— influence of, 2; r
Wind-pollination, 79
Wings, 138
Winged, 233 xix.
Winter Aconite. S(- Kianthis
VVithering, 203, 209, ^n
Wood, 197
Woodsorrel. See(Jx.ilis
VVoodsorrel family, 137
W(jody stem, 27
Woolly, 232 XIX.
\'h:u.o\v Fr A(j. See Iris
j Vcw, 50, y 7
I
Zyoomori-;i:c, 71 (figs. 96, 97)
W. H. WHHE AND CO., LIMITED, RIVEKS.DE PKESS, EDINBURGH.
APPENDIX.
,1
1 wM'^ <'
'"",
i|ii
1^.,
A MANUAL
OV THK
MORE COMMON
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
OF
QUEBEC AND ONTARIO
FO/i USE JN CONNECTION WITH GROOATS BOTANY.
(ADAHTRD KKOJI ORAY'S MANUAL.)
BY
D. P. PENHALLOW, B. Sc.
./I
U "i
TORONTO :
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED.
1899.
Mi i^
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand
eitrht hundred and ninety-nine, by TiiR Copp, CIjARk Company, Limited, Toronto,
Ontario, in the Offiue of the Minister of Agriculture.
Pi
Pi
if one thousand
IMITKD, Toronto,
AMLyTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Bkanch I— SPEBMATOPHYTA.
Cass I. AI^GIOSPEBM^. Pistil oonsisttag of . „w,vary.
Cotyledons only two.
Sub-class I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. Stems witl.
bark wood and pith; leaves netted-veined ; embryo wTh two
cotyledons ; flower on the plan of four or fiv'e.
Dxv™ I POLYPETAL^:thecalyxandcorollaboth present;
the latter of separate petals.
A. Stamens nuneerous, at least more than 10. and rnore than trvice the
sepals or lobes of the calyx.
1. Calyx eiUirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils
Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle pa„.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. . 1?.=/ T
Pi^ils more than one. separate, not encbsed i^ th rCr""
Stamens mserted on the calyx, distinct ^'^''^Ptacle.
Stamens^united with the base of the petak, mo'nadelphour''^
Stamens inserted on the receptacle. * ' ' ^^'^''^^<^^^'
Filaments longer than the anther.
Flowers dioecious ; twiners with alternate leaves
Flowe;spe;fect: if cHmbe., the lea;es op;'^:™''^^""
Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. . Ranunculace^
Leaves peltate ; petals persistent. ^^culace^
Pistils several: thei; ovaries cohering in^^^^^f I™--
Pistilsstrictlyoneastotheovarv. fl,« o^ 1 * i ^^^^^^<^^^^ ^0
several. ^ ' ^^^ ^^^^^^ «^ stigmas may be
Leaves punctate under a leua with transparent dots.
Hypericace^ 38
76
66
40
11
o
U
J!
•if ■;
.ii
1
r
'•'{
' 1
i
I
1-1 f
X
''1
h
li'i
Jftft
I I
VI KEY TO THE ORDEUS.
Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.
Ovary simple, 1-ceIled, 2-ovule(l. . . . Rosacea
Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled
placenta.
Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected.
.... RANUNCULACEi*;
Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta.
PORTULACACE.E
Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentaj.
Calyx caducous ; juice milky or colored. . Papaverace^
Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. . . Cistace.e
Ovary compound, several-celled.
Calyx valvate in the bud, and
Persistent ; stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled.
Malvaoe^
Deciduous j anthers 2-celled . . . TihiACKM
Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.
Aquatic or''marsh herbs ; ovaries many, *
On 5 placentae in the axis. . . Sarbackniace.*
On the 8-30 partitions. . . . Nymph^ace^
2. Calyx more or less colierent tvith the surface of the (compound)
ovary.
Ovary 8-30 celled ; ovules many, on the partitions ; aquatic.
NYMPHiEACE^
Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. . Amelanchier, in RosacejJ-i
Ovary 2 -5-celled.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. . . Pomeae, in Rosacea
Leaves opposite, without stipules . Some SAXiFRAGACiiiE
Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base.
POBTULACACE^
B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opjiosite them.
Pistils 3-6, separate ; flowers dioecious ; woody vines.
MENISPERMACEiE
Pistil only one.
Ovary one-celled ; anthers opening by uplifted valves.
Berberidace^
Ovary one-celled ; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Style and stigma one ; ovules more than one. Pktmula{j!e.e
Style 1 ; stigmas 3 ; sepals 2 ; ovules several. PoRXULACACEiE
G6
37
16
28
40
41
16
13
13
80
67
80
37
11
12
37
I
sacejK 66
ovuled
CACE.E 37
.centfe.
RACE^ 16
1TACE.-E 28
3d.
,VACE^ 40
:.IACB^ 41
jiacejE 16
JEXCEM 13
«ACE.E 13
)SAC£^ 80
)SACEif5 67
.GACF.^ 80
LCACE^ 37
te them.
MXCEJE 1 1
[DACE^ 12
LCACEiE 37
c.
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate. . Vitacf^
Calyx 4-5.cIeft, valvate in the bud ; petals involute.
Rhamnace^
stamens not more tlutn twice as many as the petals, when of rust
the number of the petals then alternate with them.
vii
49
48
45
2
85
85
3
1. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. , the ovary wholly superior.
* Ovaries 2 or more, separate.
stamens unconnected, on the r.ept^le, f'ree wtr/yr ^^^ '''
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . . . /^;^^_
Leaves not pellucid-punctate. ^UTACEiE
Herbs, not fleshy. . t,
!5tamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx
Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical).
■v„. • . . 1 * , * ' ' • • • CrasSCLACEvE
^ot just the number or twice the number of the pistils
Leaves without stipules. . «,^.„'
T „„,„„„.., ^. , ... oaxifragace-« 80
Leaves with stipules. r,
^ ^ ^ Kosace.« 66
Ovanes 2-5, somewhat united at the base, separate above
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . . . Uvtackm 4-^
Leaves not pellucid-punctate. -^.utace^ 45
Shrubs or trees with OTjposite leaves. Sa«tx-t.. ,„
Terrestrial herbs j the carpels fewer than the petals.
^ ^ ' Saxifraoace^ 80
Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style.
Geraniace^: 42
* * * * Ovary only one, and
t Si7nple, with one parietal placenta. Lequminos 'e
fi Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentce, styles,
r, „ , ^^ stigmas.
Ovary one-celled.
Corolla irregular ; petals 4 ; stamens 6. . . Fumariace^
Corolla irregular ; petals and stamens o. . . Violace^
OoroIIa regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary ; shrubs or trees ; stigmas 3. Anacardiace^ 54
56
17
29
■"■it '
VIU
KET TO THB ORDERS.
\
IK- 5i
Ovules solitary or few ; herbs. Some anomalous CRUCiFJKiB 20
Ovules more tliaa one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.
Petals not inserted on the calyx. , Caeyophyllace^ 32
Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentae.
Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. Hypericace.e 38
Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. Droserace^ 86
Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. . . Cistacb.e 28
Sepals and petals 4 ; stamens 6. Anomalous Crucifbr^ 20
Sepals and petals 5 ; stamens 5 or 10.
Ovary sessile Saxifragace^ 80
Ovary 2-several-celled.
Flowers irregular.
Anthers opening at the top,
Six or eight and 1 -celled j ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled.
PoLYOALACEiB 55
Ten and 2-celled ; ovary 5-celled.
Rhododendron, in Ericace^ 133
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stamens 5-8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.
Ovary 3-celled Sapindace^ 51
Ovary 5-celled. . . Impatiens, etc. , in Geraniacr.e 44
Flowers regular or nearly so.
Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals,
Triadelphous ; petals 5 Hypericace^ 38
Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) ; petals 4 ; pungent
herbs Crucifek^ 20
Distinct and more numeroua than the petals. Sapini>aoile 61
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each celL
Herbs ; flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, etc.
,. . . GERAMIACEiS 42
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate
and fruit a berrj\ . . . Sapindace^ 51
Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.
Calyx not minute ; pod colored, dehiscent ; seeds
enclosed iu a pulpy ariL . CELASTRACEiE 47
Calyx minute 5 fruit a berry-like drupe. Ii.icine^ 46
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many iu each cell.
Te
Div
Ovai
20
ACE^
32
ae.
ACE.E
38
BACE^
86
ACE.B
28
!IFER^
20
ACE^
80
ACE^
55
ACEvB
133
0.
ACE^
51
ACE^
44
etals,
ACE^
38
ngent
FER^
20
AOE^
51
JLCZX
42
nnate
ACE^
61
seeds
ACE.E
47
^NKiE
46
1.
KKY TO THE ORDERS.
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but
they are caducous). . Staphylea, in Sapindace.*
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3
inversely heart-shaped. . Oxalis, in GEBANiACKi
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.
Style 1 undivided. . . .' . Ericace^
Styles 2-5, separate. . . . Carvophvllace^
Stamens distmct, inserted on the calyx.
Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 iu fruit. Saxifraoace^
2. Calyx-tube adheren to the ovary, at leant to its lower half,
TendrU-bearing and often succulent herbs. . Cucurbitac^
J^ot tendril-bearing.
Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. Portclacace^
Ovary 1-ceUed, with 2 or 3 parietal placenta. Saxifragack^
Anthers not opening by pores.
Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary.
Q, * ■ . ' , CELASTRACEiE
btamens mserted on the calyx.
Eight or four (rarely five) ; style 1.
Five or ten ; styles 2-3, distinct.
Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.
Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many),—
„, ^a^'ely in Crataegus, in Rosacea
btamens 2 or 8 ; style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed ; herbs.
Perfect stamens 4 ; styles 2 ; shrub. . Hamamelidk^
Stamens 4 ; style and stigma 1 ; chiefly shrubs. Cornace^
Stamens 5 ; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.
Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity j style 2.
-,*..,* *, Umbelufer^
±ruit berry-hke ; styles 2-5, separate or united.
Araliace^
Division II. GAMOPETAL^ calyx and corolla both pros-
ent ; the latter with its petals united more or less into
one piece.
A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary i-coiled with one parietal placenta. . . LEGUMinos^
Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placenta).
Onagrace^
Saxifragace^
Adlumia, etc., in Fumariacb^
IX
53
44
127
32
80
91
37
80
47
88
80
79
88
87
100
93
98
56
18
i
k
X KEY TO THE OHDEKS.
Ovary 2-cellecl with a single ovule in each cell. . Polvoalace-h 55
( )vary 3-many-celle(l.
Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla ; style single.
EiucACE.i: 127
Stamens free from the corolla ; styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniaok^: 44
Stamens inserted on tlie base or tube of the corolla.
Filaments monatlelphous ; anthers l-celle<l, kidney-shaped.
MALVACEi« 40
Filaments in pairs at each sinub ; anthers 1 -celled.
Caprifoliace.*: 101
B. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and
opposite them.
Ovary i-celled ; pod several-roany-seeded ; style 1. Primulace^ 137
C. Stame7is as many as the. lobes of the corolla and alternate with
them, or fewer.
1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).
Tendril-bearing herbs ; anthers often united. . CucurbitacejE 91
Tendrils none.
Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.
Flowers in an iuvolucrate head. , . . CoMPOSiT.f: 108
Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular.
LoBELIACEit: 125
Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as
its lobes ; stipulos none ; juice milky. . Campanulace^ 126
Stamens separate, inserted on tt;e corolla,
Four or five ; leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves whorled and without stipules. "^ ^
T .. Ill] xu i.- 1 ^Rubiace^ 105
Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. J
Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with
stipule-like appendages). , . Caprifoliace^ 101
2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior).
* Corolla irregtuar ; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or
only 2,
Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style risingfrom between the lobes. Labiat^e 164
Ovary not iobcd, the style from its apex. . Vkbbknace^ 165
Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.
LACE,«
55
CACE.B
127
UAOK.«
44
)ed,
VACK^:
40
-lACE^:
101
lla and
LACE^
137
le vnth
tacejE 91
'osiT.E 108
JACK.*; 125
any as
LACE^ 126
lACE^ 105
s with
lACE^ 101
BIAT^ 164
iAC&M 163
KEY TO THE OUDERS.
Ovary and pod 1 -celled,
With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placenta, ; stamens 4
Ovarv aiirl »^^„l*o „ ii J ■ , ' • • • OrOBANCHACE^
uvaiy and pod 2-celled ; i)lacentie in the axis
Seeds rarely few, not ou hooks, with albumen.
\^ SCROPHULARIACE^
Corolla sometvhat irregular; stamens fwith anthers) 5
Stamens free from the corolla ; anthers with their cells openin. by
a hole or chink at the top. . Rhododendron, in EricaceI
Sitamens maerted on the corolla.
Ovary not lobed ; pod many-seeded.
Tilaments or some of them woolly.
• Verbaacum, Scrophulariace^
* * * Corolla regular.
+ Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.
Ovaries 2, separate ; their
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one
Filaments distinct ; pollen in ordinary grains. Apoovnace^
Filaments monadelphoua ; pollen in masses. Asclepiadacr^
Ovary one, but deeply 4.1obed around the style.
Leaves alternate. . t>
T„ .. Borraoinace^
Leaves opposite. . \i^„+u • t
Ovary one,' not deeply lobld. ' * ' ^^^'^^^^^ ^ ^-— ^
One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. . P.antaoinace^
One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentae
Leaves (or in Menyanthea three leaflets) entire. Gentianace^
Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound.
Twototen-'celled. Hvdrophyllace.*
Leadets parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in Convolvulace^
l^eaves when opposite without stipules.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style I. Ericace^
Stamens almost free from the corolla ; style none. Ilicink^
btamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,
Four J pod 2-celled, circumscissile. . Plantaginace^
±our ; ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules solitary. . Verbkkack^
l^ive or rarely more.
Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. . Borraoinack^
•rrua a few-seeded pod.
^'onW f ' '*^^' ^- "'^ 2' f ^^^''^ "'' 2-cleft ; seeds largo,
only one or two in a cell. . CoNVOLVULAcli
XI
161
154
133
156
140
141
147
166
171
143
146
152
127
46
171
163
147
: (I
'! 11
I. ill
M 1
150
m
xu
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.
Style single Solan ace/e 152
+ t Stamens fewer than the lohea of the. corolla.
Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary 2-4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . Vkrbenack^. 163
Stamens only 2 with anthers ; ovary 4-lobed.
Lycopus, in Labiate 167
Stamens 2, rarely 3 ; ovary 2-celled.
Low herbs ; corolla scarious, withering on the pod.
Plantaoinack^ 171
Herbs ; corolla rotate, or somewhat fnnnelform, and slightly
irregukr. . . . Veronica, in Scrophulakiace.« 158
Division III. APETALxE : corolla (and sometimes calyx)
■panting.
A. Flowers not in catkins.
1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.
Ovarjr and pod inferior (i.e., calyx-tube adherent to the ovary).
Six-celled ; stamens 6-12. . . . Akistolochiace^
One-celled, with parietal placentjB.
Chrysosplenium, in Saxifragace^
Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),
Two-celled, 2-beaked ; flowers capitate ; tree. Hamameltdk^
Ovary and pod superior, i.e., free from the calyx.
Two-celled or one-celled ; placentae central.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,
Opposite the sepals when of the same number.
Caryophyllace.«
One-celled, with one parietal placenta. "^
Ovaries2ormore, separate, simple. / ' -Kanunculace^
2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.
* Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.
Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules. . Rosacea
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in Rutace^
Leaves not dotted.
Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like.
Ranunoulace^
* * Pistil one, either simple or compound.
174
83
87
32
2
66
46
B.
VNACK^ 152
SNACE^K 163
ABIAT^ 167
tNACE^ 171
slightly
RIACfL« 158
ry),
aiACE^
174
..GACZM
83
ELTDK^
87
.LACE.« 32
rLACRiS 2
)9ACE^ 66
rTACE^ 46
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfee; or pistillate fl^wer!^:"'"'"™
Mostly woody plants ; style or stigma one. entire ; ovary l-celled
Stigma terramal, with or without a style
Not parasitic above ground ; anthers on filaments
'TuhTo^h'^^'" r '-'''' ^" P~*'-" ^^^^^^
tube, or the base of It, so as to seem inferior.
Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.
Leaves alternate, pinnate t»\. •
Ovarv nlainlv fr^^ f ^t. , ' ' ^°*e"»m, m Rosacea
Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wantin.
St^ules (ocreaa) sheathing the stem at the nodes ^'
Herbs ; calyx present and commonly petal-like. Polyoovace^
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none. ^^«o^^ace^
Not aquatics, herbs.
Ovary 10-celled ; berry lO-seeded. p„_
Shrubs or trees. Phytolaccace^
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary
Fruit 2-ceLed, a double samara. A;erine., in Sapikbace^
Ovules single in each cell of the apindace^
Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. . . Rhamkace^
SiTB-ci^s II MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGFNS
Stems without distinction of pith, wood and baric W«
usually parallel veined ; embryo with one cot;ieZ
flowers on the plan of three. ^-^tyieaon ,
fleshy a.^s, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx aZcZZ
are on a spadvx), and also without glumes (hush, scale.)
Leaves sometimes with netted veins ^ ^^•
^'":3S blade^peSet ' '''''' "^^"^ ^^^ ^ ^^^-t netted-
Ajbace^ 198
B. Petaloideous Division. Flower. ««/ ..«;/. * ^
Xiil
87
175
76
173
172
61
48
ill
I
t
II
xiv
KEY TO TUE OUOERa.
8! :!
1, Perianth adherent to the vhole surface of the o'nry.
Flowers perfect ; ovules and seeds usually numerous.
Stamens only one or two ; flower irregular, gynandrons.
ImCHIDACE^
Stamens three.
Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. . . Iridaoe*
2. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentoB mostly 3).
Perianth not glumaceoua or cliaffy ; flowers not in dense hea<ls.
Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.
Terrestrial, not rush-like ; seeds with albumen.
Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly "l
colored. , |
Perianth of .3 foliaceous and green sepals
and 3 colored withering-persistent petals.
Trillium in
177
180
LiLIAOKiG 190
ACE>& 177
ACRJE 180
atls.
A0£^ 190
SIGNS COMMONLY U8ED.
Bearing only stamens or antheridia.
Pistillate or bearing archegonia.
? A mark of doubt.
1 A mark of affirmation or authentication
. to 10 lines i. ^e.^:J^i^;:~:ztz^:j:^r-^^ '-
6
9
fB.'t''i'l!|
h'
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
{r
A
V^
1.0
1.1
12.8
2.5
2.2
buu
11.25 iu
1.6
150mm
<5>^
^>
^}
irl
%
^> >
VI
^. V
/
^V
^ ^^
<?^
/.
ARRUEn^ IIVMGE . Inc
sssz 1653 East Main street
.s^s r^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
-^g*^ Phone: 716/482-0300
'=^.:^=. Fax: 716/288-5989
© 1993, Applied Image, inc.. All Rights Reserved
#
r\
iV
'^
l\
^2'^
'ii^
APPENDIX.
Branch I.~SPERMAT0PHYTA.
Plants bearing flowers, with stamens and pistils, and Dro-
ducing seeds, which contain an embryo. ^
Class I. ANGIOSPERM^.
Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules
and forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
Sub-class I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a
ayer between the other two. increasing, when the stem con
tmues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new la '
withaT 'r'*'^'^^'- ^™«tted.veined. Embryo
with a parr of opposite cotyledons. Flowers having the^r
parts usually in five or fours. ^
Division I. POLYPETAL^.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla; the
petals not umted with each other. (Several genera or speciel
belonging to Polypetalous Orders are destitute of peta^H
have them more or less united.) '
A. THALAMIFLOR^. stamens and" petals hypogynous (free
both from the calyx and fro„x the superior ovf^)upon a
usually narrow receptacle (not glandular nor disc'id.ToL
times stipe-hke>. (Stamens and petals upon the partly nferior
ovary ,„ Nymph^ace..) Apetalous flowers' occur inT
KaixanuulaceaB aua Caryophyllaceje.
1
1i'1:
Ml
rW
2
RANUNCULACEiE,
! . '!!
Okdek 1. RANUNOULACE-ffi (Ckowfoot Family).
Herbs or some woody plants, with a colorless and vsnalhj acrid juice
polypetalons, or apetalom loith the calyx oftm colored like a corolla,
hypogynom; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few
(rarely single) pistils all distinct and unconnerted. - Flovrera regular
or irregular. Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens
indehnite, rarely few. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenes),
or berries. Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the'
rhaphe dorsal), with hard albumen and a minute embryo.— Leaves
often dissected, their stalks dilated at the base, sometimes with
stipule-like appendages. (A large family, including some acrid-
nar .(.tie poisons.)
Synopsis of the Genera.
Tribe I. CLEMATIDM. Sepals.normally 4, petal-llke, valvate in the bud, or with
the edpres bent inward. Petals none, or small. Achenes numerous, tailed with
the feathery or hairy styles. Seed suspended. -Leaves all opposite.
1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.
Tribe IL ANEMONM. Sepals 8-20. often petallike, imbricated in the bud
Stamens mostly numerous. Achenes numerous or several, in a head or spike'
MwhorUd^'"''""''""^' ^'*^^'' *■'""**« <"• "'^''^^' the upper sometimes opposite
* Petals none (rarely some staminodia). Seed suspended.
t All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. Peduncles l-flowered
2. Anemone, involucre leaf-like, remote from the flower. Leaves compound or dis-
sected. Pistils very many.
3. Hepatlca. involucre close to the flower, of 3 oval bracte, calyx-like. Leaves
radical, simple and lobcd. Pistils several.
4. Anemonella. stigma terminal, broad and flat. Radical leaves and involucre com-
pound. Peduncles umbellate. Achenes 4-15, many-ribbed.
1 1 Leaves alternate, compound. Flowers panicled, often diceclous.
6. Thallctrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish. Achenes few.
* * Petals evident. Sepals usually 5. Achenes many.
6. RanunculUfl. Petals 5, yellow or white, with a scale or gland at bas^. Achenes
capitate. Seed erect.
Tribe III. HELLEBORRfi. Sepals imbricated in the bud, rarely persistent, petal-
like. Petals often nectariferous or reduced to staminodia or none. Pods (follicles)
or berries (m n. 10) few, rarely single, few-many-seeded.-Leaves alternate.
• Ovules and commonly seeds more than one pair. Herbs,
t Flowers regular, not racemose. Petals inconspicuous nectaries or slender or none.
Sepals tardily deciduous.
r. Caltba. Petals none. Sepals broad, yellow. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.
8. Coptls. Petals 5-6, small, hollowed at apex, white. Pods long-stnlked. Leaves
radical, trifoliolate.
Family).
ly acrid jnice^
like a corolla,
many or few
)wers regular
ig. Stamens
ike (achenes),
spended the
ryo. — Leaves
letimes with
some acrid-
the bud, or with
0U8, tailed with
■d in the bud.
head or spike,
lecimes opposite
I.
)wered.
impound or dis-
x-Iike. Leaves
involucre com-
ious.
)asn. Achenes
rsistent, petal-
Pods (follicles)
ernate.
nder or none,
undivided.
Iked. Leaves
RANUNCULACEiE. o
9 A«„n-^ V.^"""*"''""*'"'P"'-"'*P*'^P«''^«'-«^>".each6.
10. ActOMl. Flowers In a single short raceme. Pistil single fom.-
berry. ' ' ""'" smST'ei rormmg a many-seeded
1. CLEMATIS. L. V.RoiK's-BowEE
s:^:i;,„^-Lr£:^ *«. '.-*;. «...
1. 0. Virginiana, L. Common Virgin's-Bower Sm, «fi,
«xver s, etc., common, climbing over shrubs. July, Augu..
2. -xNEMONE, Toum. Anemone. Wind-e.ower 'V- -VI
peduncles l-flowered, soht.r,' or nmbelWe. (The ancient oZt
and Lahn name, from i.,,^. „, ,« .^.^en by the „Tnd)
§1. AIJEMONE proper. S<„,„ A,,,, „„, ,,„^,, ^^^^^^
ixone,
'^^^^-^<^-^elylon,.u,oolly,annpressed;in^^^^^^
f Stems several; sepals 5-8; style filiform.
1. A. parviflora, Michx. Stem 3-i9')„\.i, f^ , ,
stock, l-flnwered • root leav V ,\\ '^^ ^''''"' ^ ^^"""^^^ root-
a.^on,„enato.i„ri'::;:^7r;ol'Z^ IBJI
«, 'ij
1 1'l
*l
iJ
RANDNCULACEiE.
• '
i
ii ■■
ore, oval, white; head of fruit globular. -Newf. and Lab., Lake
feupenor, northward and westward. May, June.
ff Taller, comnwnly branching above or producing two or more
peduncles y mvolmrul leaves long petioled; sepals 5-8, sUkv or
downy beneath (4-6" lo^ig), oval or oblong ; style subulate.
2. A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate • in-
vo ucral leaves 3, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lameolate, pointed
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted. the middle S-cleft ; ieduncles
e ongated the earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel
at the middle repeatedly proliferous ; sepals 5, acute, greenish (in
one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or oblong.-WoL
and meadows ; common. June-August .-Plant 2-3° high • the
upright peduncles 6-12' long. '
**Achenes rather few, nearly naked, ovate-oblong ; stems slender,
1-flowered; leaves radical.
3. A. nemorosa, L. Wind-flower. Wood A. Low smooth
ish; stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock ; invohccre of
3 ong-petioled tnfoUolate leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or
oblong, and toothed or cut, o.- the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia)
2-parted; a similar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the
rootstock; peduncle not longer than the involucre; sepals 4-7
oval, white, sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside ; carpels
only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak.-Margin of woods. AprU
May.— A delicate vernal species ; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.) '
3. HEPATICA, Dill. Livek-leap. Hepahoa.
Involucre simple and S-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to
resemble a calyx; otherwise as in Anemone. -Leaves all radical,
heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the
winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers, which are
single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the
hver in the shape of the leaves.)
1. H triloba, Chaix. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse or rounded
lobes; those of the involucre also obtuse; sepals 6-12. blue nur
push, or nearly white ; achenes several, in a small loose head, ovate-
oblong, pointed, hairy.-Woods ; common from the Atlantic lo Mo
g
d
d
Lab., Lako
wo or more
•-8, silky or
date.
labrate ; in-
^te, pointed,
peduncles
3d involucel
freenish (in
tfir.— Woods
high ; the
ms slender^
w, smooth-
nvolticre of
■shaped or
^quefolia)
yiroxa the
epals 4-7,
e ; carpels
3s. April,
Eu.)
CA.
sr, so as to
kll radical,
rough the
which are
nee to the
' rounded
blue, pur-
ad, ovate-
ic to Mo.,
RANUKCULACE^.
)wering soon
snow
Minn., and north war
ground in spring. (I
P«-s int., the ot,.er Ina ,1 tttj^r "'" " ■"*"-
i. ANEMONELLA, Simh.
terete, strongly 8-10 ribbpd J I Acheuos 4-15, ovoid,
1 A *i,-T i. . , ^'^'"'^^•^ '^^^ f'J'aical, compound.
roundish, «„,„e„h.t 3.1„Wd »t tt e„ "'^, "'""'""""' ' '""fl*
petiuluLta, those of the tsl' a i .; T ? •"' '1'" '""°' '""«■
flowers seven.1 in an un.WU^l.Z^a^" '"^'T" »-'"- i
not early deciduous rThal.Vt. " "8> '^ly pinkish),
con,„,„nf *o„erh,g in I^ ," ™ 'wTth T '""' ^•"«->-^^°'"".
considerably resembling it R, ITL ,"'°"° "°'"°™''' »""'
leaflets. ^ ** '"'l'"'» »" 3-lol»d like the
5. THAllOTBUM, Tourn. Meabow-R™.
unilateral. rd*;isSr-Pe;:™ii'';s'r 'r '"■ '"«"-
lately compound lei™, .1.. -f^renmals, with alternate 2-3-ter.
petiofes diUted at LT FW^rir'n"^ '"'"'"^ ^"''•"' ^
polygamous or dioeoiou. (DeSioroZ'ulo " '^"'"'^^-"^
a,ul grooved '^""'' '"'^' »"*"«. *""!''!/ «»rae.«,W
g.a«-'2^- h"-: leltsTo 3r,rf "■ «■"-* -" !»>« »'
drooping, rounded and sl kWd J «"""'. P*"'-; l-Aets
dicecious ; the yellowish J '°'^''' ."""'"^ P"^"* ""<! Rreeni.,1,,
finecapiU;,yfi,ltl"T„I"t' "'""°"°''' ^'""^"^ °»
xvocKywoods, etc.; common. April, May.
4-» f
6
RANUNCULACRiB.
aIo u- ?°^3^««°^'>°»' Muhl. Tall M. Smooth, not glandular,
4-» high ; stem-leaves sessile ; leaflets rather iirm, roundish to
oblong, commonly with mucronato lobes or tips, sometimes puberu-
lent beneath; panicles very compound; flowers white, the fertile
ones with some stamens; anthers not drooping, small, oblong,
blunt, the mostly white filaments decidedly thickened upwards.
(1. Cornuti, ilfrtu., not X.)- -Wet meadows and ahmg rivulets, N S
and Lab., to Ohio and southward ; common. July-September.
3. T. purpurascens, L. Purplish M. Stem (2-4° hi^di)
usually purplish ; .tem-leaves sessile or nearly so ; leaflets more
veiny and reticulated beneath, with or without gland-tipped or
gandless hairs or waxy atoms; panicles compound ; flowers (sepals
filaments, etc.) greenish and purplish, dic^cious ; anthers linear or
oblong-hnear, mucronulate, dro ping on capillary filaments occa-
sionally broadened at the summit—Dry u,)lands and rocky hills
(J. and Ont. , to Minn, and southward. May, June.
6. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base
maide. Achenes numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed •
the seed erect. -Annuals or perennials ; stem-leaves alternate.'
Flowers sohtary or somewhat corymbed, yellow, rarely white
(Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more than 6
Stamens occasionally few.)-(A Latin name for a little frog ; applied
abound^) *° ^^^'^ ^^""^^^ ^^^ ^'^^''' ^^^""'^^ ^'^''^'"'^ "^^^"^^ ^^^g«
§ 1. BATRACHTUM. Petals xoith a spot or naked pit at base,
winteor only tlie clato yello^o; achenes marginless, transversely
im-mkled; aquatic or sub-aquatic perennials, with the immersed
foliage repeatedly dissected (mostly by threes) into capillary
divisions; peduncles l-fiowered, opposite the leaves.
* Receptacle Jmiry.
1. R. aquatilis, L., var. trichophyUus, Gray. Common White
Water-crowfoot. Leaves all under water and mostly petioled,
their capillary divisions and subdivisions rather long a^id soft
mually collapsing more or less when vnthdrawn from th-^ water'-
petiole rather narrowly dUated.-Common, especiaUy in slow-
RANUNCULACEiE.
■ glandular,
roundish to
los puberu-
the fertile
dl, oblong,
1 ui)W{irds.
mlets, N.S.
ember.
2-4° hii?h)
iflets more
i-tipped or
era (sepals,
3 linear or
lents occa-
ocky hills,
rERCUP.
; the base
, pointed ;
alternate,
sly white,
e than 5.
j; applied
here frogs
t at base,
'ansversely
immersed
capillary
>N White
■ petioled,
aiid soft,
■e icater;
in slow-
flowing waters, the eastern form with more soft and flaccid leaves
•iune-Auguat. (Eu.)
§ 2. HALODES. P,tah yellow, with nectariferous pit and scale ;
carpets thin-walled, striate, in an oblout, head ; scapose, spreadim,
by runners.
2. R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Seaside rRowFoox. Glabrous •
scapes 1-G' high, 1-7 flowered; leaves clustered at the root and on
the joints of the long rooting rmuiers, roundish heart-shaped or
kidney-shaped, crenato, rather fle.shy, long-petioled ; petals 5-8 -
Sandy shores, from N. S. along the Great Lakes, and westward ;
also at salt springs. June-August.
§ 3. RANUNCULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base,
yellow ; achenes nerveless.
* AcJienes smooth ; mostly perennial,
f Aquatic; immersed leaves jiliformly dissected, as in § Batrachium.
3. R. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water-Crowfoot. Stems
floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into
ong filiform divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud (perennial
by rooting from the nodes, if at all) ; emersed leaves with shorter
and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and
sparingly lobed or toothed; petals 5-8, deep bright yellow, 4-6"
long, much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a round head, pointed
with a straight beak.-C. B., and westward. May-July.- Out of
water it is often pubescent.
^^i Terrestrial but grooving in very wet places, glabrous or nearly so-
leaves entire or barehj toothed, all or else all bnt the lowest lameo-
late or linear; carpels forming a globular head. (Spearwort.)
4. R. Flammula, L. Smaller Spearwort. Stem reclining
or ascending, rooting below, leaves lanceolate or linear, or the
TT^r. T^'-°^^«"g t« lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly peti-
oled (1-2 long); petals 5-7, much longer than the calyx, bright
yellow, carpels small, flattish but tnnjid, mncronate with a short
abrupt pomt.-On\y a small form (var. intermedius) met with in
this country (sliore of L. Ontario, and northward), a span high
With flowers 3-5" in diameter, passing into
Mill
• RAVUNCULACEiE.
y»r. reptana. E. Meyer. Creepino S. S.nall. Hlendur, the
fijform creeping stems rooting at all the joints; le^voH linear, spatu-
kte, or oblong (^-1' h.ng) ; flowers BniaH. -Gravelly or sandy banks ;
Newf. westward. June, Sept. (Eu.)
f t + Terrestrial, but often in xoet places ; leaves mostly cleft or dinded.
tRoot-leaves not divided to tl^ very base; achenes marginless.
6. R rhomboideus. Goldie. Low (3-8' high), hain, ; root-leaves
roundish or rhombic-ovate, rarely subcordate, toothed or crenate •
lowest stem-leaves similar or ;^-5-lobed, the upper 3-5-parted'
almost sessile the lobes linear ; carpels orbicular with a minute
beak, m a globose head ; petals large, deep yellow.-Q. and Ont
westward and northward. April, May.
6. R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered C. Biennial, glabrous,
branching, 6-2 high; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or
kidney-form, barely crenate, the succeeding often 3-lobed or
3-parted ; those of the stem and branches S-S-parted or divided
subsessile, tlie divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-form, mostly
toothed ; head globose ; carpels viucromte, unth a minute curved
beak; petals pale yellow, shorter than tlie small reflexed calyx.-Shady
hillsides and along brooks, common. April-June.
Var. micranthus, Gray. Pubescent, roots often fusiform-thick-
ened ; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped, some 3-parted or
3-divided; peduncles more slender and carpels fewer.— Q. and
westward. '
7. R. sceleratus, L. Cursed C. Annual, glabrous ; root-leaves
3-lobed, rounded; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely
cut and toothed, the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes
oblong-linear and nearly entire ; carpels barely mucronulate, very
numerous, m oblong or cylindrical heads; petals scarcely exceeding
the calyx.-Wet ditches; N.B., westward ; appearing as if intro-
duced. June-Aug.-Stem thick and hollow, V high ; juice acrid
and blistering ; leaves thickish ; flowers small, pale yellow. ' (Eu.)
XI Leaves variously cleft or divided; achenes in globular heads (except
n. 10), compressed, with an evident firm margin; hirsute or
pubescent.
\\ Achenes with long recurved beak; root-leaves rarely divided.
Ravunuulacej:.
louVOH
8 R. recurvatus, Poir. Hookei, C. Hirsute 1 m- i.i.,
goucrally in waste grouuds „u„r til . , ' T " '''■■•"""'» !
fro... Europe, b„t iL^lu: :L";;:r °"'' "^'-""^ """^-'-•'
l..u™, leafy Jr :! ^2= rr,"''''"t'^-''''"'''''« W-tl,
compound, tl.e .talked 1 alt^^t 'irs" 1^::'"'^'"''"'' "'
toothed, acute , flowers inconspirur '^eV t ' fl^''! '' T'T''
carpel, oblon«.-Wet places, eomn,„„iutrAug' ''"^ °'
11. R. bulbosus, L. Bulbots r «- tj
«^em erect fnnn a U^ikellTri^t ^'J.'^]'^^^^^' Hairy ;
the lntpr.,1 ri- ■ • , ' "'^"' radical leaves 3-dividcd •
w:d eXetT/t 3 't':, "r"""^, '''''' ^-^ ^-p-^^t ^^^^^
round, wed'e shap d at ba! ' ^'« ""''^^ '"''^^"^^ ' P^^l«
aveiy shorf beak Field ' ' '''^ '^ ^^''^ ' '"'^"'^ ^^PPed with
Oat May Ju?v T ' "^''^ ^^""'^""^ ^'^ ^' ^^^^^^ England-
(Nat. from E?.) ^ ' ' '"'""* "^°^^ *'^^" -" "^«h broad.
12. R. acris; L. Tall C. or BuTTF«rTrp« n •
2-3° high) ; leaves 3 dividp.l • Ja 'T™^^^^^' Hairy ; stem erect
parted. Ih ir segments c^tt , "T"" "'^ "^""^^ ^"^ ^-^^'^t or
peduncles not Xoter "^^^^^^^^^ ^"^es ;
spreading calyx -Filll'. To ' '"' ."'"'^ ^""^^^ ^^^^ «»«
Aug.-Flower nearfv! ? ' T' ««P'^"«"y eastward. June-
The%.x?ra^v:sirvi^^^^^^^^^^^
•^r even blisterincr juice whiVh ^^'^ "" '''',^''""^ "^ ^'^'eir very acrid
a,in.wl.en.l,e-la::;at:tt':ri^/'— ^i-^
n
'I M i
.^il^iiij
. ni
10
KANUNOCLArE,*:.
I |: / ''
L::ll
7. OALTHA, L. Marsh MAiuaotD.
Sopala 5-9, poUl-like. Potiils none. Pistils 5- 10, with Hcarcoly
any Htylo8. Po.Ih (folliclo.s) comprossod, Hpruudiny, iimny-sooaed.—
(JlabrouH poreimiiilH, with round and hourt-Hhapud or kidnoy-fonn,
laiyo, undivided loiive.s. (An ancient Latin nanio for the common
Murig(jld.)
1. 0. palustris, L. Stem liollow, furrowed; loaves round or
kidney-shaped, either cronato or dentate or nearly entire ; sopaln
broadly oval (bright yellow).— Swamps and wet meadows, common.
April, May.— Often called incorrectly Cojr.s/(>,<; used as a pot-herb
in spring, when coming into flower.
8. OOPTIP, Salisb. GOLDTHRRAD.
Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5-7, small, club-shapod,
hollow at the apex. Stamens 15-25. Pi.stils 3-7, <m slender stalks,
r Otis divergent, mombranaccous, pointed with the style, 4-8-8eeded.
—Low, smooth i)erennialH, with ternately divided root-leaves, and
small white flowers on scapes. (Name from Kd-xru, to cut, alluding
to the divided leaves.)
1. 0. trifolia, Salisb. Three-leaved Ooldthhead. Leaflets 3,
obovate-wedge-form, sharply toothed, obscurely 3-lobed, scape
1-flowered.— Bogs, abundant northward, extending south to Mary-
land along the mountains, and west to Iowa. May.— Root of hmg,
bright yellow, bitter fil)res. Leaves evergreen, shining. Scape
naked, slender, 3-5' high. (Eu.)
9. AQUILEOIA, Toum. Coumbine.
Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 6, all alike,
with a short spreading lip, produced backward into large hollow
spurs, much longer than the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles.
Pods erect, many-seeded.— Perennials, with 2-3-ternately com-
pound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large and showy, termin-
ating t!;a branches. (Name from uqiiileijus, water-drawing.)
1. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. Spurs nearly straight,
stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals.— Rocks, common.
April-June.- Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow insit^g (or rarely all
over), nodding, so that the spurs turn upward, but the stalk
becomes upright in fruit.
MRNlHPKRMArK^.
11
with acarcoly
iiy-8ouilod. —
kidnoy-foriii,
tho uoiniiion
'es round or
ittiru ; so])ii1h
IVH, COIIIIIIOII.
IB u pot-herl)
club-shaped,
Jiider stalks.
4-8-soedod.
>Ieaves, and
:iit, alluding
Leaflets 3,
obed, scape
th to Mary-
loot of long,
mg.
Scapo
5, all alike,
arge hollow
nder styles,
lately coni-
wy, tennin-
rly straight,
8, common.
)r rarely all
k the stalk
10. AOT^A, I. IUnkukulv. r„„,„,,
Rop„l. 4 or .,, f„||i„,, „,r „|,„„ ,„„ „„„,„ „„,„,,
-l..u,l„r „Me„ ,il,u„ „i„. Pi, , ,t "■. „H "'I""";'""' "'"'
1. A. splcata, L,, v«r, rubra, Ait. Rk„ Bavk«,,kv n„
2. A. alba, Bigel. Whitk IUnfkpupv t « x
and shar,dy toothed ; ._ .. ™::i; ^^^t:;; t^^^
wfnte.-Uich woods, flowonng a week or two J^.ter than the otlier
and more common westward and southwanl -White b rries r relv
occur with slender pedicels, also red bei-ries with thick edce"^
but these are perhaps the result of crossing. ^ '
OR.EK 2. MENISPERMAOE^ (MooNSKKn Famxlv).
Woody dnnbcrs, with palmoie or peltate alternate haves ,^
^- ;t I'S. rV ^"'""'Z'""'' ^^"'^"^' ^-^-Jy-ons; fruit a Vseeded
the stigma at the ^v^^z:::::!^ i.^]:t^c'^^ji^
^I^r'^'^ are bent into a crescent or ring.-Si^;'!^!
1 M«r„ '''^"'^'■■'-•''P'^t''''' present. AntherM-eellcI. SeecHncurved
1. Menlspermum. stamens 12-24, slender. Petals 6-6.
1. MENISPERMTJM, L. MooN.BEn.
Sepals 4-8. Petals G-8, short. Stamens 12-24 in the sterile
flowers, as long as the sepals ; anthers 4.celled. Pistils 2 4 in the
• (\
1'
• ;f
if
t
1' '
t i '
fill
Hi
.
Si!
12
BERBERIDACEjE.
fertile flowara, raised on a short common receptacle ; stigma broad
and flat. Drupe globular, the mark of the stigma near the base,
tlie ovary in its growth after flowering being strongly incurved, so
that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone takes the
form of a large crescent or ring. The slender embryo therefore is
horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons filiform.— Flowers white, in small
and loose axillary panicles. (Name from fi^, moon, and Jnip/ua,
seed.)
1. M. Oanadense, L. Leaves peltate near the edge, 3-7-
angled or lobed.— Banks of streams; common. June, July.—
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe iii September, looking like frost
grapes. ^
Ordeii 3. BERBERIDACE-ffl (Barberry Family).
Shrubs or lierbs, with the sepals atid petals both imbricated in the
bud, nsuallg in two rows of 3 (rarely 2 or 4) each; the hypogynous
stamens as many as the petals and opposite to tliem; anthers opening
by 2 valves or lids himjed at the top. PistU single. Filaments short.
Style short or none. Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or
several, anatropous, with albumen. Embryo small, except in
Berberis. Leaves alternate, with dilated bases or stipulate.
* Petals and stamens 6. Fruit few-seeded.
1. BerberlB. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair of glandular spots on the
base of each petal. Fruit a berry.
2. CaulophyUum. Herb, wHh greenish flowers; petals thick, much shorter than
the sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked.
1. BEBBERIS, L. Barberry.
Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-« bracelets outside. Petals 6, obovate,
concave, with two glandular spots inside above the short claw!
Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1-few-seeded
berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument.— Shrubs, with
yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers in drooping racemes,
sour berries, and 1-9 foliolate leaves. Stamens irritable. (De-
rived from Berberys, the Arabic name of the fruit.)
B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry. Leaves scattered on
the fresh shoots of the season, mostly reduced to sharp triple or
branched spines, from the axils of which the next season proceed
rosettes or fascicles of obovate oblong closely bristly-toothed leaves
; stigma broad
near the base,
jly incurved, so
stone takes the
ryo therefore is
rhite, in small
>n, and Jnip/ia,
he ed^e, 3-7-
June, July. —
>king like frost
Family).
mcated in the
the hypogynous
mthers opening
laments short.
Seeds few or
kU, except in
pulate.
dular spots on the
mch shorter than
lis 6, obovate,
e short claw.
1-few-seeded
-Shrubs, with
ping racemes,
ritable. (De-
scattered on
larp triple or
aason proceed
oothed leaves
NTMPH^ACEiE. ,«
in E. Ne» E„„. „here it 1,?.^ 1 "■'<! ™te ground.
Oat May, JuL'. (nT. LTe'T""' '"' """ ' *'''' '°
2 CAULOPHYtLBM, Mich.. B.„ Cohosh,
bodies, w rshortcfiw ;„;; ""T*"'? '"<'-y*«M» hooded
baseo each 'f2,„sC 7 '''?''•■'"*'■'' ^"P"'"' <""= ■" *«
after flowering bv the orol,H , "'"'f ""•' > "''^'y l""»ti"g soon
withering awL t t Sill?"'? ""'"■■P"* «'=<'d^ ".d
Stalks, WlcinJ ike druX LT« h "w' °" "'"'^ """" -="■
albumen horny.-l nerennid !, ^ '' 'ff "'""' '""""« "»» i
rootstocks, sendi„,r„n. * '""■''• "'* »■"'"■■'' "">»"?
terminated W ma7ra „ ^ "^ '""7 "/'"*'' "'"' -''»<! »tem!
and . little bLwI rCa 1" H' ° f ^"•"""'-8^-' lowers,
(whence the name Z?.!' rrtntrrr'??"""^'
kerning to form a stalk for the gr^tleaf) * ' '"'^' ""^ ='™
.tems°iJ^tSetstte„e^^f.,rt3rrr---
biternate leaf often -it tl,« Kn. ^'^/^f »«-f""»' 2-3-lobed, a smaller
While the leaf ^y^ l^Ve p^'lHti^T 377^
common westward. April Miv W1. i i V / ^"'^ ^^
young, as also the seeds.'^L^i:;;:;'* afl*'""""' ""'"
OKn„ 4. NYMPH^ACE^ OVatzk-L,z,v P.„:.v)
the side, orbLlZJfrj'^'.'^'-''''' "" ov^*' Une „,
!f.(
ijl
[■^
14
NYMPHiEACEiE.
SuB-oRDER I. Oabombeae. Sepals and petals each 3 or some-
tiniea 4, liypogynous and persistent. Stamens definite (3-18).
Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and indehiscent, 1-3-
seeded on the dorsal suture.— Stems slender, leafy, coated with
mucilage. Flowers smuU.
1. Braaenia. stamens I2-I8. Carpela 4-18. Leaves all peltate.
Sub-order II. Nymphaeaceae proper. Sepals 4-6, and petals
numerous in many rows, persistent or decaying away, either liypo-
gynous or variously adnate to the surface of the compound 8-30-
celled ovary, which is formed by the union of as many carpels ; the
numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells,
except at the ventral suture. Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit
baccate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick
rootstock.
2. Nymphaa. Petals adnata to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.
3. Nuphar. Petals (very small and stamen-like) and stamens inserted under the
ovary.
1. BBASENIA, Schreber. Water-Shield.
Sepals 3 or 4. Petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18 ;
filaments filiform; antliers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little
club-shaped indehiscent pods; stigmas linear. Seeds 1-2, pendu-
lous on the dorsal suture !— Rootstock creeping. Leaves alternate,
long-petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating. Flowers axillary^
small, dull-purple. (Name of uncertain origin.)
1. B. peltata, Pursh. Leaves entire, 1-4' across.— Ponds and
slow streams. June-Aug. (Asia, Africa and Australia).
2. NYMPH-ffiA, Tourn. Water-Nymph. Water-Lily.
Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in mj^ny
rows, the innermost gradually passing intt stamens, imbricately in-
serted all over the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary,
the outer with dilated filaments. Ovary 12-35-celled, the concave
summit tipped with a globular projection at the centre, around
which are the radiate stigmas ; these project at the margin, and are
extended into linear and incurved sterile appendages. Fruit de-
pressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed petals,
maturing under water. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril.— Flowers
ach 3 or some-
lefinite (3-18).
lehiscent, 1-3-
Y, coated with
t-G, and petals
y, either hypo-
inpound 8-30-
ly carpels ; the
e of the cells,
Poppy. Fruit
3 from a thick
its Bummit.
nserted under the
lELD,
;amens 12-18 ;
forming little
ds 1-2, pendu-
aves alternate,
)wers axillary,
s. — Ponds and
lia).
ATEU-LlLY.
reus, in ro.'^ny
mbricately in-
l on the ovary,
I, the concave
ientre, around
argin, and are
es. Friiifc de-
scayed petals,
iril. — Flowers
NYMPHiEACR^. jg
Tot ^tXn:;;.:?'™• ™'^ ■"°"^- '"'-''-'^ -^ *» «-",
3^1fUPHAR,S™th. y..„.w Po».L,„. Sp......d<.,
rounS tlTT'ir '"°"'°' ''°'°""' " P«"y«^e„ ouWo,
like o, soL eX La** ;r;r-- ""■»" »■'<! tWcki*, stame,,:
the receptacle .nd^ °e„var'tt "'"''" ■''™' ''""' ''°'"^"'' <>"
mved SBs„?„ .n„ ^' ' «"PM»uig the disk.Iike 8-24-
myea sessile stigma, persistent and at length recarved Vr ,
ovoid naked usually ripening above water. Iril no," Rootft I
summer. 'Z::jZ^ ^Tj^ r^"' """"" "
.l^-.:r:e"sitH„g\Hf:r«itk*rdi;rt '^*^ ""••' "•»
nearly entire. 10-24.ra^ed, pile ::^ r a!; aLd S Vf ""^
w:s"eirrrent'r''t'"'° ^ -'"'"' "-'^' '^r Jis
(«2- .„ng);Y„rr„;rh'T„^:rrat::'„r 'T""*
open, or closed or narrow -Vp™ ! "«' ""^ '""'"
water; stout and coarraowISlenrM' "" f 1 ■"• ""«"-""
«ATUM, Eiigelm.). '"'■"^ ''""■P"^'' f™--- VARII!.
stotkfLult^L*!™! '''■^f'"'.'^' """ """ "-«« -o-"-
-o...d. darkTe^ r^ ' S:tr"tr: rrr^^ ^
Ml'l
k.
16
SARRACENIACEiE, PAPAVERACEiE.
Euti
iJ^.Mi
diameter). (N. luteum, var. piimiluin, Man.)— M&ine and Newf.,
to Penn. and Minn., and northward.
Order 5. SARRAOENIAOE^ (Pitcher-Plants).
Pohjandrous and hypogynoits bog-jilants, with hollow pitcher-form
or trumpet-shaped ^eaws,— comprising one plant in tlie mountains
of Guiana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the
following genus in the Atlantic Unit.>d States.
1. SARRAOENIA, Tourn. Side-saddle Flower.
Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals
5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous,
hypogynous. Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a
short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and
petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-ahaped body ; the 5 delicate
rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas.
Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded pla-
centae in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a
small embryo at the base of fleshy albumen.— Perennials, yellowish-
green and purplish ; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on
one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked,
1-flowered ; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of
Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a
botanical account of it, to Europe.)
1. S. purpurea, L. Sidesaddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant.
Huntsman 's C up. Leave j pitcher-shaped, ascending, curved, broadly
winged ; the hood erect, oi)en, roimd heart-shaped ; flower deep
purple; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish-yellow
style.— Varies rarely with greenish -yellow flowers, and without
purple veins in the foliage.— Peat- bogs ; common from N. Eng. and
Lab. to Minn., N.-E. Iowa, and southward east of the AUeghanies.
June.— The curious leaves are usually half filled with waiter and
drowned insects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stifi"
l)ristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a
foot high ; it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape
and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.
Order 6. PAPAVERACE.ffl (Poppy Famij.y).
Herbs ivith milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in
twos or fours, fugacious sejmls, pohjandrous, hypogynous, the ovary
FUMARIACEia!.
17
le and Newf.,
'lants).
V jntcher-form
lie mountains
'nia, and the
Flower.
jteiit. Petals
18 numerous,
>wned with a
sry broad and
the 5 delicate
i)ked stigmas,
y-seeded pla-
opous, with a
lis, yellowish-
ith a wing on
Scape naked,
in honor of
ipecies, and a
cher-Plant.
rved, broadly
; flotoer deep
senish-yellow
and without
N. Eng. and
AUeghanies.
h water and
led with stiff
on a scape a
sen its shape
T.Y).
. the parts in
IS, the ovary
wh.nl i "^ "^'^ P<^rietalplacentce.-Sepah 2, rarely 3, fallin.
when the flower expands. Petals 4-12, spreading imbricated anJ
often crumpled m the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few
as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod. Seeds nu,r3rous,anatro
pons, o^ten crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fle'shytnd
oily albumen. -Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles
mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.
1 ti^r,U^^ *"^^' "°* "'"""Plert '" the bud. white. Pod l-oelled 2.valved
1. Sangumaila. Petals white. Leaves and l.flowered scape from^Vhorttotatock.
Petals i, crumpled in the bud. Pod Z-valved or more
t Pod 2^.valved. the valves separatins: to the base from the placentas. Leaves pin-
natoly parted. Flowers yellow.
2. Clielldoillum. Pod linear, smooth ; style almost none ; stigmas and placentas 2.
1. SANOUINARIA, Dill. Blood-root.
Stf^n' I r o!^' f ~^^' «P'^*"l*t«-oWong, the inner narrower,
furl Z o- ff «'-r*=5«tign-2-grooved. Pod oblong,
turgid, 1-celled 2-valved. Seeds with a large crest.-A low peren^
nial, with thick prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with*
red-orange acrid juice sending up in earliest spring a rounded
paimate-lobed leaf and a 1-flowered naked scape. FWer white,
handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from
the color of the juice.)
^1 S. Oanadensig, L. Open rich woods ; common. April,
2. OHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine.
ft w '' '^'"'^''' '"'°°'^'^' 2-valved, the valves opeLg
from the bottom upward. Seeds crested.-Biennial herb with
brittle stems saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-
pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a
pedunculate umbel ; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from
XeMduv, the swallow, because its flowers appear with the swallows )
1 0. aajus L. Celandine. Waste grounds near dwellings.
N.B. to Ont. May-Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)
Order 7. FUMARIACILffi (Fumitory Fa^ihy).
^ Delicate ^ooth herbs, ,mth vvttery juice, cmnpound dissected leaves
^rre^ular flowers, with 4 aon^what united petals, 6 diadelphyvL
'r 1^ :
18
PUMARIACEiE.
Stamens, and 2-merons pods and seeds lihc those of the Poppy Family
-Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed; the
4 peta s in two pairs ; the outer with spreading tips, and one or
both of them spurred or saccate at the base ; inner pair narrower,
and their callous crested tips united over the stigma. Stamens in
two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger petals, hypogynous ;
their filaments often united ; middle anther of each set 2-celled
the lateral ones 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded and iade-'
hiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placentae and deciduous
valves -Leaves delicate, usually alternate, without stipules
felightly bitter, innocent plants.
*Corolla bigibbous or 2.8pTirred. the 2 outer petals alike. Pod eeveral-seeded
*■ '^^ks^*" ^^^^^ ""'*^ '"'° **^"^ persistent subcordate corolla. Seeds crest-
2. Dicentra. CoroUa cordate or 2.8purred at base, less united. Seeds crested.
* * Corolla with but one petal spurred at base, deciduous.
3. Corydalls. Pod with few to many crested or arilled seeds.
' 4. Fumaria. Fruit a globular l-seeded nutlet. Seed crestless.
1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory.
Petals all permanently united in a cordate-ovate corolla, becom-
ing spongy-cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded
pod. Seeds not crested. Stigma 2-crested. Filaments ^onadel-
phous below m a tube which is adherent to the corolla, diaa«lphous
at the summit.-A climbing biennial, with thrice-pinnate leaves,
cut-lobed delicate leaflets, and ample panicles of drooping white or
purphsh flowers. (Dedicated by Rafinesque to Major Adium.)
1. A. cirrhosa, Raf. Wet woods ; N.B. to Wise, E. Kan
and southward _June-Oct.-A handsome vine, with delicate foli-
age, chmbmg by the slender young leaf-stalks over high bushes •
often cultivated. '
2. DIOENTBA, Borkh. Dutchman's Breeches.
Petals slightly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurred corolla,
either deciduous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and
sometimes 2-horned Filaments slightly united in two sets. Pod
W-20.seeded. Seeds crested.-Low, stemless perennials (as to our
wild species) with ternately compound .and dissected leaves, and
racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bracted. (Name from Af
FUMARIACKiE.
oppy Family.
, cloaed ; the
I, and one or
air narrower,
Stamens in
'^ypogynoua ;
set 2-celled,
led and iiide-
id deciduous
ut stipules.
eral-seeded.
la. Seeds crest-
9 crested.
3.
oUa, becom-
few-seeded
ts imonadel-
iiaaolphous
late leaves,
ng white or
idlum.)
, E. Kan.,
elicate foli-
?h bushes ;
'ed corolla,
rested and
sets. Pod
I (as to our
saves, and
I from cJ/f,
19
tmce, and Khrpov a .i>nr ; -accidentally printed Diclytra in the
hrst nistanco which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards
clianged into Dielytra.)
* Raceme simple, few-floimred.
1. D. OucuUaria, DC. Dittchman's Breeches. Scape and
slender-petioled loaves from a sort of granulate bulb; lobes of
eaves linear ; corolla with 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ;
oest of the mner petals minute.-Rich woods, N.S. to Ont , espe-
cially westward.-A very delicate plant, sending up in early prin..
fTsc ^' f if H ""'r'"'-'^^^ ^"bers crowded together in Ihe W
of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and tlie slender scape, bearin.
4-10 pretty, but odd, white flowers tipped with cream color
2. D. CaJiadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Subterranean shoots
bearing scattered grain-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of
Indian corn, yellow) ; leaves as in n. 1 ; corolla mereh, heart-shaped,
the spurs very short and rounded ; crest of tlie inner petals conspicn-
om, projecttng.-UxoYi woods, N.S. to Out. April, May.-Flowers
greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.
3. OORYDALIS, Vent.
Corolla 1-spurred at the base (on the upper side), deciduous.
S yle persistent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled
Flowers in racemes Our species are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and
pale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek name for the crested lark.)
*^<em strict; flo^vers purplish or rose-color with yellow tips.
1. C. glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. Racemes panicled :
spur of the corolla very short and rounded; pods erect, slender
elongated.-Rocky places ; common ; C'-2° high. May-Aug.
**Low, ascending; flou-ers yellow.
+ Outer petals merely carinate on the back, not cu td
.h^' ?\T®?' ^^'"t Golden C. Corolla golden-yellow,'*' long,
the slightly decurved spur about half as long, shorter than th^
pedicel ; pods spreaaing or pendulous, becoming torulose ; seeds
obtuse-margined—Rocky banks, Q. and westward.
4. FUMARIA, Tourn. Flstttory.
Corolla 1-spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indehis
cent, small, globular, l-seeded. Seeds crestless. -Branched and
20
CRUCIFERA
leafy-stemmed annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and
smoke )"''"'' "' '*'""'' ""■ "^'^""' ^^"""'^ ^'°'" >'«"^^'
olat/a*.*f "r"^' ^' .^"""^^^ Fumitory. Sepals ovate-lance-
olate acute, sharply tootlxed, narrower and shorter than the corolla
Cj^hich 18 flesh-color tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched-
Waste places, about dwellings, Q. and Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)
Order 8. CRUOIPERiE (Mustard Familv).
Herb, unth a pungent watery juice and cruciform tetradynanmcs
floroersifrmt a ^liqr^ or «i7.cie. -Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4
hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their
spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6. two of thL inserted
lower down and shorter (rarely only 4 or 2). Pod usually 2-ceIled
by a thm partition stretched between the two marginal placent«
from which when ripe the valves separate, either much longeTtha,;
broad (a ^%ne), or short (a sUlcle), sometimes indehiscent and nut-
ike inmumentacem^s), or separating across into 1-seeded joints
{ormntaceoxui) Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled by
the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various ways • i e
the cotyledons accumhent, viz., their margins on one side applied to
the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus o= •
or else '^u^umhmt viz., the back of one cotyledon applied to the
ma "b' }Z 1'- '" "r ^"^^ ^'^ ^«^y^«^-« -- Pl-« ; but they
may be folded upon themselves and round the radicle, a^ in Mu^
tard where they are co^^uplicate, thus o> >. Leaves alternate
rarely bracted.-A large and very natural family, of pungent or
acrid, but not poisonous plants. (The characters of the genera are
Series I. Pod 2.celled, regularly dehiscent by 2 valves
•Pod compressed P-UeUo the br^ partition. Seeds flat or flattish. orbi^Uar or
oval , cotyledons accumbent or nearly so.
t Pod linear ; valves nerveless. Seeds in one row
ORUCIPERJE.
I leaves, and
from fumus,
ovafce-lance-
II tlie corolla
r notched.—
aEu.)
radynamaus
Petals 4,
pairs, their
em inserted
»lly 2-celled
i\ placentae,
onger than
nt and nut-
3ded joints
n, filled by
ways: i.e.,
> applied to
J thus o= ;
lied to the
; but they
w in Mus-
altemate,
i; pedicels
>ungent or
genera are
vers being
lives.
, orbicular or
3k plaoentas,
<l8 wingless ;
21
1 1 Pod linear, or oblonH-. or orbicular ; valves Lnerved or nerveless. 8ee,ls In 2 rows
(except in species of n. 3).
^' ^^^\ I'od lonjf-linear. the flat or flattish valves more or less Lnervecl e«ls
wn^redorwini^less. Flowers white to purple. Stems leafy, at leLt Sow
4. Draba. Pod oval to narrowly oblong or lanceolate ; valves flat or flattish falntlv
nerved or veined. Seeds wingless, numerous. ""t or nattlsh. faintly
-Pod terete or turbid, or 4.angled by the prominent nu.lnerves. Seeds wingless
more or less turgid. *
t Pod linear (or oblong or even glol)ular In n. 6).
} Cotyledons accumbent.
6. Naaturtluin. Po<l often short; valves strongly convex, nerveless. See^fs small
in 2 rows in each cell. Flowers yellow or white fee<l8 small.
"" " Flolt^yelfow. """''' '"''"'' ^'^'^^'' '*"'"^'>' ^•'--''- «-« '" 1 -w.
1 1 Cotyledons incumbent or partially so.
7. EryBlmuin. Pod 4.Hided; valves strongly l-nerved ; stigma broa<lly 2.1obed.
Pubescence of appre83ed2-.S.parted hairs. Flowers ydlow """"^ ^ lobed.
1 1 1 Cotyledons conduplicate.
^ ^S?v,p^~* 'T?'^ '"■ P°'"*"* ^'^°"'* '^' ^"'^ *" *•»« ^*'v««. or tipped with a
rigid style, nearly terete, or 4.8ided. Flowers yellow or whitish.
•*Tod short; the boat-shaped valves conduplicate or much flattenea contrary to the
narrow partition. Flowers wliite.
** ^?en*t^ P<'dmany.seeded.obcordate.triangular. wingless. Cotyledons incum-
10. Lepldlum. Pod 2..eeded. flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accum-
Semes II. Pods indehiscent, continuous or transversely jointed ;
joints l^celled.
H.Caille. Pod short. 2.Jointed ; joints l-seeded. Cotyledons plane, accumbent.
12. Raphanus. Pod elongated, several-seeded. continuous, or constricted between
the seeds and moniliform. Cotyledons conduplicate. ""ciea between
1. DENTARIA, Toum. Toothwort. Peppee-root.
Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine. Style elongated. Seeds
m one row, wingless, the stalks broad and flat. Cotyledons
petioled, thick and very unequal, their margins somewhat infolding
each other. -Perennials, of damp woodlands, with long, horizontal
fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed rootstocks, of a
pleasant pungent taste; the simple stems leafless below, bejiring 2
or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle Ind
terminatad by a single corymb or short raceme of large white or
■J'
m
^1
r
ttt!<
t.
il '^
1 ^
"v
^ill
M
!
*
1 f
23
CRUOIFER^.
purple flowers. Flowers larger, ptKls broader, and seeds larger
than 18 usual in Cardaniine. (Nunio from dem, a tooth.)
* Bootstuck elongated ; leaves Z-fuliolate.
1. D. diphylla, L. Rootstock long and continuous, often
branched, toothed ; stem-leaves 2, similar to the radical ones, close
together ; leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, shortly petiolate,
coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute ; petals white.— Rich
woods, Maine to Q. and Ont. May.— Rootstocks 5-10' long, crisp
tasting like Water-Cress. '
2. CARD A MINE, Tourn. Bitter Cress.
Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elaatically from the base ;
the valves nerveless and veinless, or nearly so ; placentas and
partitions thick. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wingless ;
their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent, flattened, equal or
nearly so, potiolate. -Mostly glabrous perennials, leafy-stemmed,
growing along watercourses and in wet places. Flowers white or
purple. (A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some cress, from its
cordial or cardiacal qualities.)
* Root perennial ; leaves simple.
1. 0. rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress. Stems iipright from a
tuberom base and slender rootstock bearing small tubers, simple;
root-leaves round and often heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves ovate
or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petiolcd, the upper almost lanceolate,
sessile, all often sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, pointed
with a slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-
oval— Wet meadows and springs ; common. April-June.— Flowers
large, white.
Var. purpurea, Torr. Lower (4-6' high), and usually slightly
pubescent ; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier.— Along streams
in rich soil. K. S. and Ont.
♦ * Boot mostly biennial or anmtal ; leaves pinnate ; flowers mnall,
white.
2. 0. hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Cress. Glabrous or beset
with scattered hairs ; stems (3'- 2° high) erect or ascending from the
spreading cluster of root- leaves ; their leaflets rounded, those of the
upper leaves oblong or linear and often confluent, all either toothed,
CRUCIPRR^.
23
Btyio variable.— Wet places ; common. May-July.
3- ARABIS, L. Rock Cress.
Pod linear, flattene<l ; placentas not thickened ; the valves nlane
or convex, more or less l-nerved in the nuddle or l^^^Z^
r^iittl ir 'r'^""'"'"'"^'^^^' cotyledons Lumben'
pun^e. (Nan.e from the country. Arahia. See Linn. Phil. BoL
§ 1. ARABIS proper. Seeds in p,^ row in each cell, orbicular or
maHyso, more or less wing-nuirgined ; cotyledons strictly accrm-
""^T/w v'rf ^'"fy-'^'^^^^d hiennials, with sin^ple leaves, Me
orwhMjlowers, narrow but flattened ascending or erect pods
and nearly wingless seeds. ece-^oas,
1. A. hirsuta Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish
or toothed, partly clasping by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-
shaped base ; petals (greenish-white) small, but longer than the
oray^',pM and pods strictly upright; style scarcely any ; imma
ZXr^^ ^-rowed.-Rocks, common, N.^B. ^.tw J.
* * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (1-3= high), ,vith smaU
Whitish flmcers, rrcurved-spreading or pendnlmcs flat pods (3-4'
long), and broadly winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the par-
titiony root-leaves rarely lyrate.
iJ' ^' Jf'l^^**' ^''"- ^"^''^^ and glaucous, upright; stem-
leaves partly rasping by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear,
aTv?.t;T *'!? '"^ ^^*^-n-tals scarcely longer than the
mli;r r^ «'^^^.^«»--«^^, recurved-spreading on ascending or
merely spreading pedicels. -Rocky places, Maine and Q. to Ont.
§ 2. PSEUDARABIS. Seed. oUong or emptical, ^.ry sn.^1, wing-
less, m one row; cotyledons often more or :ess oblique. Biennll
or perennial, branching from tlie base.
mi
u
CRtWfrip^,
il
3. A. Isrrata, Ij. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatljid
root-leaves; Btem-loaveH scattered, Hputulate or linear with a t<»per-
ing base, sparingly toothed or entire ; pi-tuls while, much longer
than the yellowish calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, asconding or
spreading. — On rocks or sandy shores, Q. and Ont. to Minn., and
northward. April-July.— Usually biennial, but southward iii the
mountains decidedly pereniiiaL
4. DBABA, Dill. Wm-rtow Grass.
Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat ; the valves plane or slight-
ly convex ; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2
row* in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent Filaments
not toothed. — l^w herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white
or yellow flow. , pu' ^ence often stellate. (Name from cJ/aa/?^,
applied by Dioscorides i - some cress ; meaning unknown.)
§ 1. DRAB^ A. Pet .< not notched or cleft ; perennial or biennial,
leafy-stemmrd ; flowers white; pods twisted wlien ripe,
1. D. incana, L. Hoary-jrubescent, bieiuial or somewhat
perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching ; leaves oblanceolate
or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire ; pods
oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, often pubescent, on
short erect pedicels ; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Anti-
oosti and N.B., and far westward. (Eu.)
"Var. arabisans, Watson. Caut?f x much branched ; pod gla-
brous, acuminate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct
style. (D. arabisans, Afic/ix.)— Anticosti and Lake Nipigon.
5. N A S T U R T I XT M, R. Br. Water Cress.
Pod a short silique or a silicle, varying from oblong-linear to
globular, terete or nearly so ; valves strongly convex, nerveless.
Seeds usually numerous, small, turgid, marginless, in 2 irregular
rows in each cell (except in N. sylvestrt/ Cotyledons accumbent.
—Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow ox !'"i.' lowers, and com-
monly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, usuail • ^> .reus. ^iVame from
Nasals tortus, & convulsed nose, alluding U. tho lite; of its pur»;.;aut
qualities.)
§ 1. Petnh white, tvme the length of the calyx; 2>ods Ur^ar; leaves
pinnate.
ite-pinnaiifid
'ith a tftper-
nuch longer
iHcundiiig or
> Minn., and
wurd in the
ne or sHght-
keruuB, in 2
Filaments
I, and white
from fipajit}^
n.)
or biennial^
»
somewhat
>blanceolate
ntire ; pods
ibescent, on
ocks, Anti-
; pod gla-
;er distinct
jon.
18.
g-linear to
nerveless.
2 irregular
recumbent.
, and com-
'f ame from
ts purij.ient
«r; leavea
CnUClPElUB.
35
§ 2. P,W, yah,, ^ai.nn,l^ Mm, m,uA exceedhu, m cal^ ■
,^u^, „.„„„ ^ «„ _, „ ^,^„,„^_. l^ ^^.
* Atirmal or biennial, rardv tttrenntaJ f?\ .«,•/». • t ^.
cut-toothed ; W^cei. a6a,.< as Zc..r«//;e wV/ . ""^'
|.n,e. ... the oblong, ellipsoid, o^r "JvSd S^sXh::^ ^^^
places or m shallow water ; common. June-Sept. -Flowers onlv
i"l S w'r; '"'; r^'-^'^ ^^P^^^ ^— ^*»^ X pels
IB rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common.
6. BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter Cress.
Pod Imear, terete or somewhat 4.sided. the valves being keeled
by a mjd-nen.. Seeds in a single row in each cell, 7^^^
Cotyledons accumbent-Mostly biennials, resembling N^Tu^um-
flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Ba^barT) '
KOCKET. Sn.ooJc , lower kaveslyrate, the terminal division round
and usually i^rge, the lateral 1-4 pairs or rardTwanlnr
leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatiiid at ^1:^2212^1
7. ERYSIMUM, Toum. Teeaclb Mustard.
Pod Imear, 4.sided, the valves keeled ^vhh « -t..„„ ^:.,„.. . •
broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each 7«il " .^K^ ' '",^*
-^T"
26
CRUCIFERiE.
r''
yelW flowers ; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed
i- J-parted hairs. (Name from epico, to draw blisters. )
' ^- ^- cjieiranthoides, L. Worm-seeb Mustard. Minutely
roughish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ;
flowers small ; pods small and short (7-12" long), very obtusely
angled, ivscending on slender divergent pedicels.-Bauks of streams,
July. (Eu.) '
8. BRASSICA, Tourn. Brassica and Sinapis.
Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-
seeded beak or a rigid style ; valves 1-5-nerved. Seeds globose,
1-rowed. Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle -
Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly
lyrate, mcised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of the Cabbac^e
bmapis IS the Greek crivam, which is said to come from the Ceftic
nap, a turnip.)
1. B. Sinapistrum, Boiss., or Sinapis arvensis, L., the English
Charlock, with knotty pods, fully one-third occupied by a stout
2-edged beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves
barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain fields, from N. B. to Ont
(Adv. from Eu.)
2. B. (or Sinapis) alba, Boiss. White Mustard. Pods bristly
ascendmg on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied
by the sword-shaped 1-seeded beak ; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds
pale. N. B. to Ont. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.)
3 B. (or Sinapis) nigra. Koch. Black Mustard. Pods smooth
a long), 4-cornered (the val.es only 1 -nerved), erect on appressed
pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent
style; seeds dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the
last ; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral
ones. -Fields and waste places, N. S. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. B. campestris, L., in the form of the Rutabaga and the
lURNip, sometimes persists a year or two in neglected grounds.
9. OAPSELLA, Medic. Shepherd's Purse.
Pod ohcnrdate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow
partition; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous.
CRUCIFBRiB.
3 of appresaed
I
D. Minutely
cely toothed ;
v^ery obtusely
is of streams,
IN APIS.
ith a stout 1-
leeds globose,
16 radicle. —
leaves mostly
the Cabbage.
)m the Celtic
, the English
3d by a stout
upi)(jr leaves
N. B. to Ont.
Pods bristly,
igth occupied
atifid ; seeds
Pods smooth
on appressed
ut persistent
than in the
small lateral
om Eu.)
GA and the
jrounds.
SSE.
the narrow
I numerous.
27
MoX^r^'^'^^'^^' ^''^'^^- ^«°t-leaves clustered, pinnati-
fid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. -Waste place •
the commonest of weeds. April-Sept. (Nat. from Euf '
10. LEPIDIUM, Tourn. Peppbhwokx. Peppkuobass.
Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition •
the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary Leachen'
sman wT> '"''"'''^'^^ """"^'^"^' ^^ - - 1 —bent ! ";
the small flat pods.)-Ours are annuals or biennials.
'^'^Zlyl'tfl " ^''T'f ""/ '''' ^'^^^^ linear orlanceolate and
enU,e, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid •
pods orUcular or oval, .^th a small notch at the topTZ^e
minute or none ; stamens only 2. ^
J; a^nd^!ef?tw^' '^'^° P^^^-^<>«^««. Cotyledons accum-
maLnelrl7""'^^r7^-g^^«'i' ^«^ -^-rginless or obscurely
flowers. JunlVT' ^a ' P''''^*' '^''^' ^" «°^«« ^^ *'- ^^ter
whrh-ttSdfrizTerrur^ -^^' ^^ - -^••
wise nearly as in n. l.-Dry places, from western N.S. to B.C
11. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket.
1. C. Americana. N„tt. American Sea-Rocket. Leaves
On ?.! '^ . T^'"" ^''''' ^""''''^^ ^"^ tlie apex. N. S. to
Ont. July-Sept. -Jomts nearly even and fleshy when fresh the
upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked w^il dry '
m
i
\\\
t i.
yi'
28
CISTACEiB.
i!:.i!li
12. RAPHANUS, Tourn. Radish.
Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-
seeded, continuous and spongy within between the se ds, or
necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper
partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and cotyledons condupli-
cate, as in Brassica.— Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek
name from /Sf, quicMy, and (paivu, to appear, alluding to the rapid
germination.)
1. R. raphanistnim, L. Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.
Pods necklace-form, long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough;
petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny.— A troublesome
weed in fields, N.S. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.)
Order 9. OISTACEJE (Rock-Rose Family).
Low shrtibs or herbs, vnth regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous
mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3-5-valved
capsule with as many parietal placentae borne on the middle of the
valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds. — Sepals 6 ; the two exter-
nal much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting; the three
others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the
opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short,
innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or
many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long
and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen ; cotyledons
narrow. — Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually oppo-
site, and the upper alternate. Inert plants.
1. Helianthemum. Petals 6, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma
nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.
2. Hndsonla. Petals 5, fugpacious. Stamens &-30. Style long and slender. Pod
strictly 1-oelled, 2-6-seeded. Heath-like.
1. HELI.A.NTHEMUM, Toum. Rock-Rosb.
Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none
in our species ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo
curved in the form of a hook or ring.— Flowers in most N. American
species of two sorts, viz., primary or earlier ones, with large petals,
indefinitely numerous stamens and many-seeded pods ; and second-
ary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters, with
small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3-few-seeded
VlOLACEiE.
29
icent, several-
the se da, or
ith no proper
ons condupli-
mcient Greek
; to the rapid
SD Charlock.
iped, rough ;
I troublesome
ily).
^(i hypogynotis
led 3-5-valved
middle of the
ihe two exter-
g; the three
ivolute in the
nthers short,
Ovules few or
Embryo long
1 ; cotyledons
usually oppo-
r none). Stigma
ing flowers.
id elender. Pod
Rose.
short or none
ed. Embryo
N. American
large petals,
; and aecond-
ilusters, with
3-few-seeded
pods. The yellow flowers
their petals by the next day. (Name from
flovier.)
open only once, in sunshine, and cast
'7'^wf, tJie sun, and aude/Li,
lOV,
1. H. Oanadense, Michx. Peost-wmd. PM-bmHna ikmrs
near y sessile ; calyx o£ the laige flowers hairy-pubescenl ofS
small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side ofthe tL 'latt
oblong .aave.-Sandy or gn.velly dry soil, Maine and Ont 7 nt
Aug—Stems at flrst simple. Corolla of the large flowers V widT
r x™s ' "^ ""^ ' '■"^ "' '"' ™''"- "-- -' C"ha:
2. HUDSONIA, L.
Petals 6, fugacious Oasting but a day), much larger than the
^lyx. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender; stfgma^Lte
Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly l-celled with 1 or o
Totat^'^tT'^''^'''''' ^^^^ nerve'likepwitr eJ;
coiled into the form of a closed hook.-Bushy heath-like S
shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered aU over wL the slil ^w
shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves rTLTn
numerous (smaU but showy) bright yellow flowers I Id^^^^^^^^^^
^eT/nSh^S"^^- (-.edinhonorof ^..t;^^,
streams inland. May, June. ^
Order 10. VlOLACEiE (Violet Family)
Herbs, with a some^what irregular l-spurred corolla of 6 petals
^hypogynorytarnen, ..ith adnute introrse antlers coHTol;
thepM, and a l-celled S-valved pod vnth 3 parietal ZZ^-
thTr lora^Tb^^^^^ !r' T'-"'''-' ^" ^^« '"^ «^-- with
tneir short and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells
:l:l^r^!!:tr^^ -?,°'^- .«^yi-suauy dui^Ltd:
- „ !...pi^ „tigma Lurnea to one side. Valves of the caDSMlfl
, ii,"
30
VIOLACEiE.
■(
m
.
N it
the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat,
and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen ;
cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary,
nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.)
1. Viola. Sepala auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 lower
spurred.
1. VIOLA, Toum. Violet. Heakt's-base.
Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal,
the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding
the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other ; the two lower
bearing spurs which projeqt into the spur of tlie corolla. Besides
these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in spring, others are
produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter
peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves ; these
never open nor develop pet.ils, but are fertilized in the bud, and
are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient
Latin name of the genus.)
§ 1. Perennials ; stipules never leaf-like, the loicer more or less scarious.
* Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from
runners.
t Stigmu small, naked, often beaked or pointed.
X Bootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor prodiicing runners ;
fbivers violet or purple (rarely white); lateral petals bearded.
1. V. palmata, L. Common Blue V. Glabrous to villous-
pubescent ; early leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely
crenate, the sides rolled inward when young, the latter very
various, palmately or pedately or hastately lobed or parted, the
segments obovate to linear. (V. cucullata, var. palmata, Gray.)—
Moist or dryish, especially sterile, ground ; very common.
Var. cucullata (Gray). Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed,
(V. cucullata, Ait.)—Lovr grounds ; common everywhere. Both
forms are very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and
sepals, and in the size and color of the flowers, which are deep or
pale violet-b)ue or purple, sometimes white or variegated with
white.
' J I Bootatocks long avd filiform-, extensively creeping.
\\ Flowers blue or purple.
VIOLACEiE.
lard seed-coat,
the albiitneu ;
owers axillary,
tinct, the 2 lower
EASE.
nvhat unequal,
y surrounding
the two lower
•oUa. Besides
ig, others are
), on shorter
leaves ; these
the bud, and
(The ancient
>r less scarious.
tockorfrom
led.
icing ru7iners ;
Is bearded.
lis to villouB-
n and merely
a latter very
>r parted, the
lata, Gray.) —
aon.
te, not lobed,
where. Both
16 leaves and
h are deep or
•iegated with
ping.
31
2. V. Selkirkli, Pursli. Cke^t-spurred V « n , , ,
cate ; the filiform rootstock fibrose-Lf od ? . """^ ^""■
smooth, except the round^rZl, ' TT '^"^' ^^'"""^ '
minutely hairy on tJie urn Irf ^^ ^ .T^^ ^'"^"'' ""^''^ ^re
sinus; Ipur veluZTtS T A? ''"^ ^"' ~ " ^^^P ^''^''rowed
beardless pX vi I fp^^^^^ '''' T) 't"°^' ^^ ^°"^ ^ «-
and northward- r.re IZ T^ ^",^ '^'^"^^ '""' ^'^- '- O"^.
iivv.iru, r.ire.— bc!ii)os and petioles 1-2' the leaf i ll' i
thin ; tlie spur 3" long. (Eu ) ^ ^ , cne leat ^-1^ long,
conjluent. omraiess. i^pecies apparently
3. V. blanda, Willd. Sweet Whitf v n i ,
leaves round-heart-shaped or kidnev f I-! ^^7>«"n]y glabrous ;
the lower strongly ve nod -D^^^^^^^^^^ Petals mostly beardless,
faintly sweet-scented ^'""P P^-^b, everywhere. Flowers
II II II i7owers yelloio.
and marked S brS; J f''"'"^^^^ '"''"" P""^ '^-''■'-d
and Q.-Smo„SlLtrea r S "r '*-°°^' ™*' ^•^•
4' in the summer, then iZ fla °t It ™'?*'.'"™''^"« *" * "-■
♦ ♦7- ^ ^ "8""'™ "le ground, shining above.
Leafy..UMmed; all perennial mth short rootdocks.
Stigma beakless, pnbesce7it.
t Stems naked below; flowers yellmv.
5. V. pubescens, Ait. Downy Yeitow v c r.i
t»»^„ ^ea/, a,ulprol.^e,, ; J,„,„., „ute orp.^W,
6. V. Canadensis, L. Canada V. Unri»htri 2-1, >f ,
heart-shaped, pointed serrate. .»■ , '"S^M^-^ high) ; leaves
petals whL or wSh Zl M r " """"-'""-<"»'«. "ntire;
violet beneath, tUutrTu£^Sr:''-'T'''' ""«'" "'"^
wardandalongtheAlIeghan . May X °°""°" "°'*-
I !•
jW
M
32
CARYOPHYLLACKiE.
ff Sterna erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent) -, ttipules
fnnge-toot}ied; spur oblong to cylindrical ; stigma naked.
I.V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii, Gray. Doa V. Low
(3-8' high), mostly glabrous ; stems ascending, mostly simple, from
the base at length producing creeping branches ; leaves heart-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly
pointed ; stipules lanceolate ; spur cylindrical, half the length of the
light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked.
—Damp or wet shady places j common. May-^July. (Eu.)
Order 11. OARYOPHYLLAOEiE (Pink Family).
Herbs, xoith opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4-5-meroTts flowers,
with or without petals; the distinct stamens no more than twice the
number of the sepals, either hypogynmis or perigynous; styles 2-5
(or rarelyunited into one); seeds several or mually many, attached
to the base or to the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3-5-celled)
pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curvedaround the outside of mealy
alhumer,, in Dianthus nearly straight. -Bland herbs ; the stems
usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate.
Leaves often united at the base. Calyx pereistent. Styles stig^
matio along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropoua.
Tribe I. BILENEA Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in
the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stock of the ovary, the former with
slender claws, to the base of which the corresponding filar lents often adhere in-
eluded m the calyx-tube. Seeds numerou8.-Stipules none. Flowers often l^e
and showy. *
* Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped ; embryo curved or coUed.
1. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.
2. Lychnis. Calyx 6-toothed, io-nerved. Styles 6, rarely 4.
Tribe n. ALSINE^. Sepals distinct or nearly so. imbricated in the bud. Petals
when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted
at the base of the sessUe ovary, or into a little disk. Pod splitting into valves or
teeth, several-manyseeded. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in num-
ber.— Low herbs.
* Stipules none,
t Styles opposite the sepals, or. when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in
the bud.
X Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles ; valves often bifid or 2-parted.
8. ArMiaria, Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid, or
4. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usuaUy a. Valves bifid or a-parted.
CARYOPHYLLACEiE.
33
are exterior In
1 J Po<I cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many teeth as styles
5.0era8ttmn. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.
* * Stipules present. Pod short.
6. Buda. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite.
1. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Campion.
Calyx 5-toothed 10-many-„erved, naked at the base. Stamens
10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celIed at least at
he base, opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex.-Flowers solitary o
bladr?N f ""? "^"'"' "^^^ ^ ^'^'^ ^' "- ^-e of the
stem!" ^T'^"^ ] ' '"''^"' '^°^ '^'^ ^i'^"d «^»dation on the
I luTesT .. "^^ '' T^ ^P""^- ^^^ ^"«"«h name Catchfll
alludes to the same peculiarity.) "^^
* ^«^^^«^ »^o« m/aK ea:oe^« 6j/ i/^. enlarging pod ; anmutls.
f Gahnn^s, a porUon of ea^l. joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink.
1. S. antuThina. L. Sleepy C. Stem slender (8-30' high) •
leaves l^n^eolate or U>^ar ; flowers small, paniculate ; calyx ovoid'
pe als obcordate, crowned, opening transiently in s^nshine.-Dr;
Sept. ''''"'"°" ''^ '''''*' ^^''''- ^"^""^ ^"^ ^'««*^^*^d. June-
ttFisarf-^„6«,cen«; flowers rvhite or nearly so, opening at night,
sweet-scented.
a%L??'*i"*°'*'/- ,N'«='^-^^«™i^« C. Viscid.hmry,tM
(1-3 high) ,. lower eaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate •
ovoid, with awl-shaped teeth ; petals rather large, 2!parted
crowned.-Cplt,vated grounds. N. B. and westward. '
2. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cockle.
tee?/^''fh '"''^^ ^' 'f P'^ "P''^^"^ ^^ ^' ^^^y ^' ^^i«e «« many
eaf liL b""'.r"'^ "^ ^" ^"^'^^ ^^^^^ ^» -« species with
leaf-hke lobes (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored
species, from U^vo^, « light or lamp.)
1. L. Githago. Lam. Corx Cockle. Annual, clothed with
ZVr1\,"T""i ^"" ' ^'^"^^^ long.peduncled ; caly.-lobes
s^n.^lar toiheUn^ and hvear leaus^ .ux-passing tlie broad and crown-
less pnrple-red petals, falling oflF in fruit. (Agrostemma Githago,
L.)-In wheat fields. (Adv. from Eu.) ** '
34
CARYOPHYLLACEjE.
2 L. nos-cncuU, L. Ragged Robin. Perennial, erect,
slightly downy below, viscid above ; leaves narrowly lanceolate •
flowers m loose panicles ; calyx short, glabrous ; petals red, 4-lobed,'
lobes linear.— Moist or marshy places ; N.B., New Eng a id N Y
(Adv. from Eu.) ^ u-^^.x.
3. AR EN ARIA, L. Sandwort.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarelv
wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as
many sepals. Pod short, splitting into as many or twice as many
valves as there are styles, few-many-seeded.-Low, usually tufted
herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small white flowers
(Name from areim, sand, in which many of the species grow )-The
following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.
§ 1. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way down
tnto 3 or at leivgth into 6 valves ; seeds many, naked at the hilnm.
1. A. serpyllifoUa. L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Difiuselv
br^ched, roughish (2-6' high) ; leaves ovate, acute, small ; cymes
leafy ; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-5-nerved, about equalling the
petals and 6-toothed pod.-A low annual ; sandy waste places.
J\.fc>. to Ont. June- Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. ALSINE. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds
many, xmmlly rough, naked at the hUum ; flotvers solitary and
Urminal or cymose ; root in our species perennial
* Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.
2. A. vema, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted4 glabrous or
(var. HIRTA) somewhat pubescent, 1-3' high ; leaves narrowly linear
or awl-shaped ; flowers loosely cymose ; sepals lanceolate, pointed
J-nerved, shorter than the pod. Lab. to B.C. (Eu.)
* * Leaves soft and fuirbaceous, Jiliform-linear ; petals retxm <yr
notched.
3. A. GroBnlandica, Spreng. Mountain S. Densely tufted
from slender roots, smooth ; flowering stems filiform, erect (2-4'
high), few-flowered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, nem?m.— Summit of the
Shawangunk, CatskiU, and Adirondack Mountains. N Y nf the
higher mountains of New Eng., and northward; alpine or sub-
CARYOPHYLLACK^. -g
alpine. June-Aug.-Leaves and peduncles 3-fi"lnn„ a
in proportion. P««uncie8 cf-e long ; flowers large
§ 3. MCEHRINGIA. Parts nf th. n
i'>^-<^ /accirf 6roX Z^ ^ ^ ' "^ '"'""^' ^^^'"'^«.
2- (rarely 3-4) flowered nnn^ k , ^*"^ ^'"'^^ ^ peduncles
Pod ovoid, 1-celled openinrhv^ ' ""^^"^''^ ^ '"^"'^ ««P«^«-
styles, several-man^^^^^^^^^^ '^7^ \"r^ '''''' '' ^^^^ -«
ta:. or ey.ose, ter;'i::r:^pX"t r^^^^^^^ ^t^> -^^■
of the stem from the upper axils Tn 7 ''^ *^« Prolongation
allusion to the star-shapedTowe;! ^ ^ ' '"" ^^^"'*' ^ «*«'' ^
;>«6e.enM^ne.; W. ovate or oblong, ^2^' .^^ " '^
1. S. media, Smith. Common Chickwped Anr, i
so ; loiver leaves on hairy vetioh. • «7/ / . ^' "*^ °'' "^*'*^
erect, Beak, often with rough andes /H IS' *.™™7""^- Stem
oo»un„„, especially northward' June J^r (E„o ^^ "^>
what glaucous, very smooth • /. ""^"^^l. ®' ^l^'ni^g or some-
'~e„... ac.; ..^rr ;X"::rf ^ijr;t ^rizi:
'?■•■
. if;
«l!
36
CARYOPHYLLACEiB.
few-flowered, the long pedicels strictly erect ; petals longer than the
calyx ; seeds smooth.— N. S. to B. C. (Eu.)
^ 4. S. Uliginosa, Murr. Swamp S. Stems weak, decumbent or
diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usuaUy sessile
cymes lateral; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny; petals and ripe
pods as lomj as the calyx; seeds roughened.— Sw&mpa and rills,
N. S., westward. (tHu.)
5. -OERASTIUM, L. Mouse-eak Chickweed.
Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely
entire. Stamens twice as m.-^ny, or fewer. Styles equal in number
to the sepals and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated,
membranaceous, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as'
there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough.— Flowers white, in
terminal cymes. Our species have the petals 2-cleft or obcordate,
the parts of the flower always in fives, and the exserted pods more
or less curved. (Name from Kepag, a horn, alluding to the shape of
the pod in many species.)
1- 0. vlscosum, L. Mousb-ear Chickweed. Annml, hairy
and rather clammy, nearly erect (4-9^ high) ; leaves ovate or obovate
to oblong spatidate; bracts herbaceous; Jloivers small in close
clusters at first, pedicels even in fruit not longer than the acute sepals •
petals shorter than the calyx. (C. vulgatum, L. Herb., and Man )
Grassy places, N. S. to B. C. May- July.— Stamens often 5. (Nat
from Eu.)
2. 0. vulgatum, L. Larger M. Perennial ; stems clammy-
hairy, spreading (C-15' long) ; leaves oblong; upper bracts scarious-
margined ; Jloivers larger (sepals 2-3" long), at first clustered, the
irmtmg pedicels longer, the earlier ones mostly much longer than the
obtuse sepals; petals equalling the calyx. (C. viscosum, L. Herb
and Man. C. triviale, Z«ifc.)-Fields and copses ; N. B. and Ont '
perhaps indigenous. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. C. arvense, L. Field Chickweed. Perennial; stems
ascending or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4-8'
high), tiaked and few-several-fioivered at the summit ; leaves linear
or narrowly lanceolate; petals obcordate, more than twice the
length of the calyx ; puds scarcely lorujer than the calyx.— Dry or
rocky places, Lab., westward. May-July. (Eu.)
PORTULACACEiE.
37
ger than the
jcumbent or
isually sessile
Us and ripe
s and rills,
ileft, rarely
I in number
/ elongated,
ly teeth as
rs white, in
obcordate,
. pods more
he shape of
nual, hairy
t or obovate
'l in close
mte sepals;
ind Man.)
1 5. (Nat.
I clammy-
B scarious-
itered, the
er than the
L. Herb.,
and Ont.,
[ ; stems
ider (4-8'
wes linear
iwice the
— Dry or
8. BUD A, Adans. Sand-Spurrey.
Sepals 5. Petnls 5, entire. Sfamens 2-10. Styles and valves
tit\C:nT\rt '' ''''' '^'^'y ^' -'-" ^»- -Ives alternl
with the sepals ! Embryo not coiled into a con.plete ring.-Low
what fleshy op^,,,8ite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in
the ax. s ; a ip.l.s scaly-niembranaceous ; flowering all summer
SLrlj 7 '""^ "" ""''' ^^ called.)-«e„„sLo known as
lissA, Adans., fePERouLARiA, Presl., and Lepioonum, Wahlb.
1. B. rubra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the
prostrate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals uLt
glandular-pubescent; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy; st pul I
lanceolate, entire or cleft; pedicels longer than' the bracts ;y.
calyx, seeds ronyh wUh projectuuj points, semi-obovate or gibbo^cs-
wedge-sJtaped, wuvgless. (Spergularia rubra, PresL)~Dry sandv soil
near the coast, but rarely maritime. N.S., N.B. and Q (Eu.)
2. B. marina, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the pre-
ceding erect or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules,
terete leaves and pedicels 2-4" long ; sepals usually becoming 2-2*''
long, little shorter than the pod ; petals pale ; seeds obovate-LJed
and ronghened with pomts, wingless or narrow- winged. (Spergularia
S^^ N r^N T' rr^' ^ ^-^^-Brackish saL, el.^l^t^f
■Lab., N.b., N.B. and Q., and southward. (Eu.)
Order 12. PORTULAOACE^ (Purslane Family).
Herbs, ,vith succulent leaves, and regular but nnsymmetrical flavors
whmufth same number, but often indejinite; otherwise W, «.
Chickweeds -Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. StameS
mostly 5-20 Styles 2-8, united below, or distinct, stigma"
a ong the inside Pod 1-celled, with few or many campylotropous
seeds rising on stalks from the ba.se. Embryo curved around mealy
albumen.-Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla-
opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling.
1. POf tUiaca. Stame.m 7-20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid
^' ^^h^^'^r ,®*'""'"' *" "'""■'' "^ '^' f'yPOffynous petals, and attached to their
base. Calyx persistent. Pod S-fi-seeded.
I. '! ■'!'
38
HTPBRICACEiK.
1. P R T U L A A , Tourn. Pdmlanb.
Calyx 2-cleft ; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals
5 rarely 6 inHerted on the avlyx with the 7-20 stainenH, fugacious.
Style moHtly 3-8 parted. Pod 1-celled. globular, many-seeded,
opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the
calyx) separating as a lid. -Fleshy annuals, with mostly scattered
leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)
1. P. oleracea. L. Common Purslane. Prostrate, very
smooth ; leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sea.ile (opening
only ,n sunny mornings) ; sepals keeled ; petals pale yellow ;
stamens 7-12 ; style deeply S-C-parted ; flower-bud flVt and acute.
-Cultivated and waste grounds ; common. Seemingly indigenous
west and south westward. (Nat. from Eu.) «igenous
2. OLAYTONIA, Gronov. Sprino-Beauty.
Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5. adhering to the
sZltdTl 7:'^\ Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod Lelled,
illjfl 3-6.«eeded.-Our two species are perennials, sending up
simple stems m early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a
pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers.
Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one
hlL-rT '".;""' "^ ^''- '^"'^^ ^^«^*«^^' «"« of our earliest
vtS) """^ ^"^ Gronovius the materials for the Flora
1 ^'x^'tJ^?^^*' ^' ^^""^^ linear-lanceolate, elongated (3-6'
wa" d ""^^ '''*'^' '■ '''"""°"' ^•^•' ^«^^^*^^ ^"d south-
2. 0. Oaroliniana, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer-
leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1-2' long) -N S o'
and E. Ont., and southward along the Alleghanies. " '
Order 13. HYPERIOAdLffi (St. John's-wort Family)
Herbs or sJmcbs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stiprUes,
^gular hypogymns flowers, the petals mostly obliqm and convolute in
the bud, a,ui many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more
chcstersor bn^l^ Pod l-celled with 2-5 parietal placentce, and as
many style,, or 3-7.celled by the nnio^x of the place^L in thl centre •
deh^scen^ mostly septicidal.-Sepah 4 or 6, imbricated in the bud'
iiypbricach;ii;.
39
ow. Petals
I, fugacious.
aiiy-Hoeded,
part of the
\y scattered
rate, very
le (opening
le yellow ;
) and acute.
indigenuuH
•ing to the
»d 1-celled,
sending up
bearing a
iy flowers.
I than one
ur earliest
the Flora
ated (3-6'
nd south-
id fewer ;
-N.S., Q.
milt).
stipules,
Hvolute in
i or more
ae, and as
t€ Cc/lircy
the bud,
herbaceouB, perB.stent. Pet^ds 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Style.
P«r.s.Ktont, at first somotimeH united. Seeds numerous, small
anatropous. with no albumen. En»brjo cylindrical. -Plants with
a resinous juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually
smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solit;»ry or cyniose.
• Pftal8 oblique, convolute, yellow ; hypoRynous glands none.
1. Hywrloum. Sepal, 5. alike. PetalH.y Stamens usually many and in 3 or 6 cl».te«.
1. HYPE RIO UM, Toum. St. John's-wort.
Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the
bud. btamons commonly united or clustered in 3-5 parcels • no
interposed glands. Pod 1-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds ust.'ally
cylmdrical-Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An
ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)
§ 1. Stameris very numermis, obscurely if at all clustered ; styles 3 more
or less united into am, the stujmas not capitate; sepals Inostly
foliaceons. "
* Perennial Iierbs or a little woody at the base.
t Pod 1-celled unth 3 parietal placentce.
1 H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (10-20'
high obscurely 4-angled ; leaves spreadu^, elliptical-obliyng, obtuse
usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin ; cyme nearl^
naked, rathered few-flowered; sepals oblo^u, ; pods ovoid, very obtuse;
seeds minutely striate.- Wet places, N.S., westward. July, Aug
—Petals light yellow, 3" long. **
§2. SUtmensvery many, in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3, separate and
usually diverging ; pod S-celled; calyx erect; petals and anthers
with black dots ; perennials.
2. H. perforatum, L. Common St. John's-wort. Stem much
branched and coiymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners
from the base); leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pel-
lucid dots ; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate
cw«Je sepais; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes.-Fields, etc
KS. to Ont Ju„e-Sept.-Too well known as a pernicious weed,
which It is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)
3 H. maculatum. Walt. Conspicuously marked with both
black and pellucid dots ; stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves
H
40
MALVACBiB.
oblong or lance-ovate, the base either obtuse or somewliat clasping;
fiowers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the
oblong sepals, styles mostly not longer than the pod. (H. corym-
bosum, Muhl.)~Bam]) places, N.S. to Ont., common. July-Sept.
—Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in the last ; petals
2-3" long, marked witli black lines as well as dots. The ordinary
northern form differs from the typical southern one in the shorter
style and the more oblong less clasping leaves.
§3. Stamens 5-12, distinct or in 3 clusters; pod 1-celled, with 3
strictly parietal placenta; styles short, distinct, with capitate
stigmas ; petals oblong or linear; sepals narrotv, erect; slender
annuals, with 4=-angidar tranches; flowering all summer.
*Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to o'vate, spreading.
4. H. mutilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6-20' high) ;
leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved';
cymes leafy; flowers 2" broad; pods ovate-conical, ratlier longer than
the calyx. — Low grounds, everywhere.
5. H. Oanadense, L. Stem strict (0-15' high), with the branches
erect ; leaves linear, Z-nerved at the base, obtuse ; cymes naked •
flowers deep yellow, 2-3" broad when expanded ; pods conical-
oblong, usually much longer than the calyx. -Wet, sandy soil ; com-
mon. June-Oct.
Order 14. MALVAOE.ffl (Mallow Family).
Herbs or shnihs, unth alternate stipidate leaves and regular flowers,
the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numero^is stamens
monadelphous in a column, and united at base ivith the short claws
of the petals, l-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seed^.— Sepals 5,
united at base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of
bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers
kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries
united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little
albumen ; embryo curved, the leafy qotyledons variously doubled
up. Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-
vemed leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary.
Tribe L MALVE*. Oo!..««r„ of .taniens anther bearing at the top. Ovaries and
carpels '5-20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which
they separate after ripening.
TILIACE^.
41
it clasping ;
r than the
^H. corym-
July-Sept.
ast ; petals
le ordinary
bhe shorter
?dl, ^v^th 3
h capitate
't; slender
ler.
preading.
-20' high);
5-nerved ;
onger than
) branches
38 naked ;
Is conical-
ioil ; corn-
er y^oioers,
Its stamens
'wrt claws
Sepals 5,
whorl of
Anthers
ie ovaries
nth little
Y doubled
lalmately-
Ovaries and
from which
•Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles; carpels l-seeded. falling away
separately.
1. Malva. InvolucelofSbractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.
1. MALVA, L. Mallow.
Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx
Petals obcordate. Styles nn.nerous, stigmatic down the inner side
Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many l-seeded and
indehiscent round kidney-shaped blunt carpels as there are styles
Radicle pointing downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek
name, M^UxTf, having allusion to the emollient leaves.)
* Flowers fascicled in the axils.
1. M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Stems procumbent
from a deep biennial root ; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long
petioles, crenate, obscurely-lobed ; petals twice the length of the
calyx, whitish ; carpels pubescent, even.— Waysides and cultivated
grounds, N. S. to W. Ont., common. (Nat. from Eu.)
** Flowers only in the upper axils, sometvhat racemose or paniculate.
2. M. moschata, L. Musk M. A low perennial, with the
stem-leaves 5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into
linear lobes, faintly musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white
(If m diameter) on short peduncles crowded on the stem and
branches, the fruit downy.-Escaped from gardens to waysides
common. (Adv. from Eu.) ' »
Order 15. TILIAOE^ (Linden Family).
Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark
valvate calyx, etc., of the Mallow Family ; but the sepals deciduoJ
petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and
the anthers 2-ce«ed Represented in Northern regions only by the
genus, "^
1. TILIA, Tourn. Linden. Basswood.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous • fila-
ments cohering in 5 clusters with each other (in European species)
or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each
of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celied ovaiy, and 2 half-anatro-
pous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma
Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming l-celled and
If
1 V
1 !
42
GERANIACE.E.
1'2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin,
5-lobed, crumpled.— Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very
fibrous and tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate
alternate leaves (oblique and often truncate at the base), deciduous
stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary pe-
duncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract. Flowers
cream color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name.)
1. T. Americana, L. Basswood. Leaves large, green and
glabrous or nearly so, thickish ; floral bract usually tapering at
base; fruit ovoid.— Rich wc ds ; N.B., westward. May, June.—
Here rarely called Lime-tr§e, oftener White-wood, commonly Bass-
wood — the latter name now obsolete in England.
2. T. Europsea, L. The European Linden, several varieties of
which are planted in and near our cities for shade, is at once dis-
tinguished from any native species by the absence of the petal-like
scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family
name to Linnaeus. N.S. to Ont.
B. DISCIFLORiE, Stamens as many as the petals or twice as
many or fewer, inserted upon or at the outer or inner base of
a more or less tumid hypogynous or perigynous disk, which
is cushion-like or annular or divided into glands, sometimes
obscure or minute (or none in Linum, Eex, some Geraniaceee
and Polygala) ; ovary superior (or half-inferior in some Rham-
nacese) ; sepals more usually distinct. Petals wanting in some
RutaceaB, Rhamnaceae and Sapindaceje.
Order 16. OERANIAOE-ffl (Geranium Family).
Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypo-
gynous flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or
commonly twice as many, and the lobes or cells (l-few-omded) of the
ovary as many, as the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit persisting.—
Seeds without albumen except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly 5-merous
and the sepals usually distinct. Leaves never punctate. An order
not easily defined, and including several strongly-marked tribes or
sub-orders which have been regarded by many botanists as distinct.
Tribe I. OERANmffi. (Grkanium Family proper.) Flowers regular. Bmerous f.hp
Bepftis iiubricafce in the bud, persistent. Glands o( the disk 5, altnnate with the
petals. Stamens somewhat united. Ovarj- deeply lobed ; carpels 6, 2-ovuled
oad and thin,
8 wood, very
(d and serrate
le), deciduous
1 axillary pe-
•act. Flowers
Latin name.)
J, green and
J tapering at
lay, June. —
nmonly Bas&-
il varieties of
s at once dis-
bhe petal-like
B the family
1 or twice as
inner base of
disk, which
8, sometimes
J Geraniaceee
some Rham-
iting in some
viily).
i>etrical hypo-
as many or
Willed) of the
persistiiig, —
tly 6-merous
I. An order
ced tribes or
i as distinct.
r, 6-tneroufl, the
crnate with the
Bis 6, 2-ovuled,
OBRANIACBiE.
43
e^CSdrx'J^^Sv.S:"''*''^ "'*' '^«"- '""^ «^y'««. -hen mature, from the
• ^^e^:::;r^;;rss:^- — --^s o. the .t.es
^eJt^epaS'^S- ZTn'ri^'Z^ T '"' ^•~'- '"^ ''^'^^'•
capitate. Fruit a S-cellJ WnV ", , ^T ^' °"^" ""'**** »' ^'^- Stigmas
bryo straight „ aSe flP^f "?'P^^'"0'^'^««): cells o-several-seeded. ^^.
species); fuice sCm ' """"'"-^^'^^^^ °°'"P°""'^ (^-foliolate in our
'■ ''^iylS^Lt?'''"*^- ^'^"^'-^^^'-'a.ves not falling away. Ua«ets
the larger sepal wU^treo' '^ToTf '""' '"'>"-•'-. deciduous,
ehort. Fruit a fleshy S-ceni LI r::,.'^'T'^' T'" ^*^'"^"' 5, distinct.
3. Ixnpatiens. Lateral petals unequally 2.1obed P«l h..„«- , . '^"'*''-
valves. *^ ^'- ^°° bursting elastically into 6
1. GERANIUM. Tourn. Craxesbill.
Stamens 10 Csometimes c.ly 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers
the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate wkh The peS
Styles smooth inside in fruit when they separate from the al
Stems forkmg. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. (An old SreekTml
from yenavoc, a crant • fJi^ i« e -^ ^ . «ieeK name,
resembkthebmX'tbW, "' '™'"'^"''« "^ ">°°«'" «»
* Eootstock perennial.
* * Hoot biennial or annual ; fiowers small.
ll'eavestermtelymuch-dmected; heavy scented.
j. O. Robertianum, L. Hbhb Robert. Snarselv h^.w
diffuse, strong-scented ; leaves 3-divided or pedatel/s d^Ld T^
divisions twice pinnatifid ; sepals awned, shorter than the (red
purple) petals : carpels wrinUe^ . „_^„ ' ^ ,, J.**" ^"® ^^®d.
shaded ravines • N S nnf" 7 ' "f ^f'^""'— ^oiat woods and
uea ravines , JV.b., Out. and westward. June-Oct. (Eu.)
1 1 Leaves palmately lohed or dissected.
I ;ir. :i
ft ;; '
44
OERANIACBiE.
I
^ 'I
I-
3. O. Oarolinianum, L. Stems at first erect, diflFusely branched
from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and
cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes ; peduncles and pedicels
short ; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-
colored) petals ; cariDels hairy ; seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely
retictdated.—BHrven soil and waste places ; common. May-Aug.
2. OXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel.
Sepals 6, persistent. Petals 6, sometimes united at base, wither-
ing after expansion. Stamens 10, usually monadelphoua at base,
alternately shorter. Style^ 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membran-
aceous, 5-celled, more nv less 5-lobed, each cell opening on the
back ; valves persistent, bemg fixed to the axis by the partitions.
Seeds 2 or more iu each cell, poudulous from the aras, anatropous,
their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo large and straight
HI flesliy albuni-n ; cotyledous fiat.-Herbs, with sour watery juice,
alternate c ladicai le.ives, n.ostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which
close and droop ab nightfall. Several species produce small peculiar
flowers, precociously fertilized m the bud and particularly fruitful ;
and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous
in the relative length of the stamens and styjes. (Name from b§vg,
sour.)
*Stemless perennials; leaves a^id scapes arising from a rootstock or
bulb ; leaflets broadly obcordate ; flowers nearly 1' broad; cells of
tlie pod few-seeded.
1. 0. Acetosella, L. Common Wood -Sorrel. Bootstoch
creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered (2-5' high) ; petals
white with r.ddish veins, often notched.— Deep cold woods, N.S.
to L. Superior, and northward. June. (Eu.)
3. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed.
Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable
Sepals apparently only 4 ; the anterior one notched at the apex
and probably consisting of two combined; the posterior one
(appearing anterior as the flower hangs on its stalk) largest, and
forming a spurred sue. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed (each
consisting of a pair united). Stamens 6, short ; filaments append-
RUTACEiE.
45
isely branched
jions cleft and
and pedicels
ke (pale rose-
very miniitely
I. May-Aug.
i base, wither-
houa at base,
>g, membraii-
ening on the
he partitions,
I, anatropous,
3 and straight
watery juice,
saflets, which
small peculiar
arly fruitful ;
L trimorphous
me from o^vs,
a rootstock or
road ; cells of
Rootstock
igh) ; petals
woods, N.S.
VEED.
tinguishable.
at the apex
asterior one
largest, and
Mobed (each
3nts append-
untd Ml- ""^ '^'' "'"'' ''^^' '^' S ««^1«« -"nivent and
united over the st,gnm ; anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary
a-celled ; st.gma sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, andl
h ck bearing several anatropous seeds, S-v^lved, the valve!
coxhng elastically and projecting the seeds in bursting. Embryo
stipules, m our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled
Flowers axillary or panicled. often of two sorts, viz.,-the wt
ones whxch seldom ripen seeds ; and very siual ones, wl ich fre
fertilized eariy m the bud ; their floral envelopes ne;er expand
butare forced off by the growing pod and carried upward on" t
apex. (Name from the sudden ],ursting of the pods when touched
whence also the popular appellation, Tov.1.m..Lt or SnapZld^^
1. I. pallida. Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Floroers pak-vellow
spar^ngly dotted with brownish-red ; s.c dilated anHe^ry oO
broader than long, tipped with a short incurved snur -^Mo st
July-September.-Largor and greener than the next, with larger
flowers, and less frecpient. ^
2. I. fulva. Nutt. SroTTKn Tottch-me-not. Flo^vers oranae-
wanting. Spotless forms of both species occur.
Okder 17. RUTAOiLffi (Rue Family).
Plants nnth simple or compound leaves, dotted vnthpelhmd alands
andahoundurg with a pungent or Utter-aromatic acrTdZmeJ
prod^^^ngKypo,ynous almost aln>ays regular 3-5-n.. Jjote , ^
nmefotjs), the 2-5 ptsttls separate or combined into a compom^
ovary of as many cells, ramd on a vrnlnvnni; " n ^^^'pourM
alandvlnr r?.\l- V 1 '-«»»»« prniongatiun oj the receptacle or
albumen. Style, commonly united or cohering, even when the
m
46
ILICINEiE.
ZZr^T' ^^"^^ --"^ -P-lar. Leaves alternate or
:rr jrnt::;.7^. ''-'' ^^-^"^^ ^^^-^ «^ ^^« -^^ ^-j
1. XantHoxylum. Flowers di^ious ; ovaHe. 3-5. separate. ,onn,„, «esh, pods.
1. XANTHOXYLUM. L. Phicklv Ash.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species Pp^.I
4 or 5, imbncated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterne fl^
alternate with the petals. Pistils 2 fi «! "'/''^^^^"^^ A^^ers,
conniving or slightfy united l^dsl^^^^^^ «^>-^-
1-2-seeded. Seed-coat crustaceous, bk k s'lth tn'^T '^'
Embryo straight, with brdad coty edo„ . -sT 2 or t^^^^^^^^^
mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the W . i J '• Tf ^
^ZJT' "'^"" "' '■""'^' ^^^^TX'r:i.
1. X. Americanum, Mill. Northern Prickly Ash Tnn-rxr
3i:2ts'Trair T'-'^ '-''- ^^^^^ "ritui'z.
pods short-stalked.lLky wo^dfand rLrb t"''' '*^'" '
Montreal and Ont. April, Mly ^"'^^^ ' ^°^"^«^'
Order 18. ILIOINE^ (Holly Family).
Trees or shrubs, with small axillary 4-8-»w^ri,„ ^
caZvx free from fh^ A_fi ;; ^ ^ »i€roM» >wjerrf, a wwmfe
7r.Z.J ^-celled ovary and the 4-8-seeded berrv-like
6as«.— Corolla imbricated in the burl A^t-u • , ^
l.nex. Petals or corollalobes oval or obovate. Pedicels mostly clustered
2. Nemopanthes. Petals linear. Pedicels solitary. ^ '''^'"^■
1. ILEX, L. Holly.
Flowers more or less dioeciously polygamous CaTv^ ^fi * *,, ^
Petals 4_fi oon„~,fp -^r ,.. -^ ^ , ^gamous. l.alyx 4-6-toothed.
CELASTRACE^.
B8 alternate or
bhe Old World
igr fleshy pods.
Ash.
lecies. Petals
iterile flowers,
ifc their styles
ihy, 2-valved,
and shining.
)r trees, with
talks prickly.
yellow, and
SH. TOOTH-
Kibellate clus-
downy when
jnder styles ;
a ; common.
irs, a minute
led berry-like
nost or quite
to their very
f lengthwise.
is suspended
' embryo in
owers white
jred.
l-e-toothed.
or obovate,
> containing
47
t^i:Tt:'7i^r ""'^t^- ^^^^'^^ ««-- -^^-^ ^o i.
theaxL '" "' I-rtly sterile flowers to be clustered in
y;.«,o . ^ ^ flowers commonlu in sixes frarph, V,.
fives, seven, or eigUs); nutlets smooth and even ; shZs "
* Leaves deeiduous ; floroers in sessile elusters, or the fertile solitary •
fruit bright red. '
1. I. verticiUata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberrv t
2. WEMOPAKTHES, Eaf. Mo™.^ Holi...
axillary peduncles, solitary or sparingly clust^d ^n!"" '.k'
the author to mean "flower with ^luf \ ^^^^ ^^'^ ^^
probably composed of .^,:: t::^^^^^^ Sl''^ ^
!«.«.,._ ' i>/wt, anc .^aog Jiotver.)
1. lf.fasciculans,Ilaf. (N. Canadensis D/^\ n ,j
N.S., Q., and Ont. May. *"*'*^^«^«' ^^•)-I>amp cold woods,
^--- 19. OELASTKACEiE (SXA.K.XREE Familv).
man, a« the petals a.ui oZnateM " ^T^f ^''"^ ^^«"^^"^ «^
y??Z« ^Ae hottorr, of thelaZand ' """""'^'^ "^ ^ ^^"^^ ^^^'^^
-M. Ovules one or wr ?'"'''"'" '^^'^^^ ^'" ''^«^^^- ««
tropous ; styles uTted inj t Prultf "S !? r' ^^"' ^"-
calyx. Embryo lar^e nfl K if ^-S-celled, free from the
:i!
48
BHAMNACE^.
•m ■
1. OELASTRUS. L. St.kk-xhkk. Shkhbbv BmKa-.swK.T
of the calyx. Pod globose (orange-color and berry-like), 3-celled
3-valved, locuhcidal. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, enciosedt
a pulpy scarlet aril.-Leaves alternate. Flowers small gelnti
m raceme-hke clusters terminating the branches. (An anW
Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not ) '
1. 0. scandens. L. Wax- work. Climbing Bn^ER-swErx
Twmmg shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate ZnZ
Abng streams and thickets, Q.. Ont.. and'^westward. ' jte"!
The op ng orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet covering
of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn. ^
Order 20. RHAMNACEJE (Buckthorn Family)
r,olt7^' "" Tf *T' '"''^ '^^^' ^''''''' «^«« «'«^ regular flowers
(^metmes apetaous)with the 4 or 5 perlgyno^^ stamens as SZZ
the valvate sepals and alternate with them, accordingly oppZZZ
ariWerf -Petals folded inwards in the bud. hooded or concave
inserted along with the stamens into the edk of tb^ IT ! ?
which lines the short tube of the calyx and fon^ im^s uS ft
the lower part of the 2-5-celled ovary. Ovules solitaraltVo
pous. Stigmas 2-5. En.bryo large, with broad cotyTedons t
sparing fleshy albumen. -Flowers often polygamous. «tims
dioecious. Leaves mostly alternate; stipules small ;r obso LT
Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent • the tuli
often mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drfstic.)
* Calyx and disk free from the ovary.
1. Rhanmus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, ornone Dr,,.,. k ,-,
2-4 separate seed-like nutlets. . "^'''*""°"^- ^^Pe berry-hke, with
** Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary
ACeanothUB. Petals long-clawed. hooded. Fruit dry. at length dehiscent.
1. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn.
Calyx 4-5-cleft ; the tube campannlate. lined with the disk
Petals small, short.olawed. notched at the end. wrapped around
the short Siemens, or sometimes none. Ovar; frer2^ ceUed
VITACEiE.
49
BiTTEa-SWEKT.
nd stamens 5,
lines the base
like), 3-celled,
3t, enclosed in
lall, greenish,
(An ancien*;
at.)
JlTTER-SWErX.
3, pointed. —
'd. June. —
.rlet covering
hily).
gulcir flowers
IS as many as
f opposite the
ach cell, not
or concave,
» fleshy disk
3 unites it to
ary, anatro-
fcyledons, in
, sometimes
or obsolete,
it ; the fruit
ic.)
)erry-]ike, with
scent.
t the disk.
)ed around
2-4 celled.
Drupe berry-like (black), containing 2-4 separate seed-like nutlets,
of cartilaginous texture.-Sliruljs or small trees, witli loosely pin-
nately veined leaves, and greenish polygamous or dioecious flowers,
in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek name.)
§1. RHAMNUS proper. Floivers usually dmcious; nutlets and
seeds deeply grooved on the hack; rhaphe dorsal; cotyledons foli-
aceous, the margins revolufe.
* Calyx-lubes and stamens 5 ; petals wanting.
1. R. alnifolia, L'Her. i low shrub ; leaves oval, acute,
serrate, nearly straight-veined; fruit S-seeded.— Swamps, N.b!
to Ont. and westward. June.
2. OEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root.
Calyx 5-lobed, incurved ; the lower part cohering with the thick
disk to the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals
hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Fila-
ments elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels
when ripe.— Shrubby plants ; flowers in little umbel-like clusters,
forming dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-
branches ; calyx and pedicels colored like the petals. (An obscure
name in Theophrastus, probably mis-spelled.)
1. C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, more or less pubescent, often
slightly heart-shaped at base ; common peduncles elongated.— Dry
woodlands, Ont. July.— Stems 1-3° high from a dark red root ;
branches downy. Flowers in pretty white clusters, on leafy shoots
of the same year. The leaves were used for tea during the Ameri-
can Revolution.
Order 21. VITAOE.ffi (Vine Family).
Shrubs with watery juice, usually climbing by tendrils, tmth small
regular flowers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete,
and the stamens as many as the valmte petals and opposite them)
Berry 2-celled, xmmlly 4-seeiec?.— Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypo-
gynous or perigynous. Filaments slender; anthers in'trorse.
Pistil with a short .stylo or none, and a slightly 2-Iobed stigria ;
ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect aiiatropous ovules from the base of
each ceU. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base of the
I
60
VITACKiE.
J- Vltis. Corolla caducous without exnanriinn. «
with the stamen. Fruit pu^pyLrvelalmpi?'"''""" ^"""" '' '""-*«
2. AmpelopalB. Corolla expanding. Leaves digitate.
1. VITIS. Toum. Grape.
Calyx Terv short ,„,,r.l ^i ""''">en'»"-y ovary), 5-merous.
"»' ieneath,, ncUely hbed or m^ivided
sinus, acuminate, ooalttd !hatfv' "t^lt. "'I"- ' f'" '""''
inflorescence ample, looj; Zti„7Xutf ' 1 ?"''' ''""" '
"cerb, ripening after fros s , nZ^TlTL^ f""^' ■'^'^
preminent rhaphe. -Thickets' and JZLu '^f'^A M '
Neb., and southward. May, June. "•»•. Q-, Man.,
2- V. riparia, Miohi. Diaerini from th« l..* • .i ,
and more persistent .tv,-l- /" ""l ^' '" ""» '"W
nsuallv <! lih^j 1 ■'•'.P'''" <- ■^ 'ong), more shining and more
usually 3.1obed leaves wth a broad rounded or truncafe sinus Z
■IK ,
SAPINDACK*.
les deciduous,
tendrils and
reenish, con\-
.)
» climbing: by the
n«'3 6, alternate
t the dilated tips
^ect flowers,
I, 5-merou8.
none at all.
i expanding,
e with the
like base. —
3. Flowers
umbellate-
(The claasi-
^s forked;
Mlly on the
s. Leaves
ieep acute
les small;
ling, very
e, with a
Q., Man.,
ihe larger
»nd more
sinus and
51
large acute or acuminate teeth, smaller compact infloroHcenco, and
hemes 4-5 broad) with a bloom, swoot and very juicy, ripening
from July to Sept. ; seeds very small ; rhaphe indistinct. (V. c.r
difoha, var. riparia, G'ra y.)_Stream banks or near water. N.B
late ''^^^''''''^- Efistward the berries are sour and ripen
2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Crbepbr.
Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding
before they fall. Disk none. -Leaves digitate, with 5 (3-7) oblong
lanceolate sparingly serrate leaflets. Flower-clusters cymose
Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by dilated sucker-like
disks at their tips or sometimes without disks. (Name from
ifiTTEXor/, a vine, and 6i>ir, appearance.)
1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. A common woody vine, in low
or rich grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well
as by Its disk-bearing tendrils, blossoming in July, ripening its
smaU blackish berries in October. Also called Atn^rican Ivy, and
still less appropriately fVoodbim. Leaves turning bright crimson
in autumn. Q. to Man.
Order 22. SAPINDAOEiE (Soapberry Family).
Trees or shriibs, with simple or compound leaves, mostly utisym-
metrxcal and often irregular flowers; the 4-5 sepals and petals
tmbncated m (Estivation; the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (per-
yynous or hypogynous) disk ; a 2-3-celled and -lobed ovary, with 1-2
(rarely more) ovides in each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea)
curved or convolute, xoitliout albumen.— X large and diverse order.
Sub-order L Acerineae (Maple Family). Flowers (polygamous
or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsymmetrical. Petals
often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair of ovules
in each ceU. Fruits winged, l-seeded. Embryo coiled or folded •
the cotyledons long and thin. -Leaves opposite, simple or com-
pound.
L Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple.
Sui;-order IL Staphyleae (Bladder-Nut Family). Flowers
(perfect) regular ; stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1-8 in
each cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen.
SBfinJ
I-,
If
-^
fi2
SAPINIMCK/E.
I
til J
1. AOEB, Tourn, Maple.
Flowers polygamo-dic^cioua. Calyx colored, 6- (rarely 4-12)
w: ^' J- u ' T^ ^ '""'^ "''"'"' ^^ ^"^' ^"^^rt^'^l «» ^J^e margin of the
^IJ. Ovary 2-celled, with^a pair of ovules iu each cell • stvlea 2
fTo. n f f "; ""'^' "^'^ ^^^•^^' «^'«"-*- down th t d!'
From the back of each carpel grows a wing, converting til W
into two 1-seeded, at length sepa, .ble aamats orkey' Em Wo
variously coxled or folded, with large and thin cotyledol -Trer
or sometimes shrubs, with opposite palmately-lobed leaves Tnd
small flowers. Pedicels not iointed tTh^ i • i *
the Celtic ac, hard.) ^ ^^' ''"''^''^^ "'^'"«' ^^°"^
* Flowers in ternnnal racemes, greenish, appearir^g after the leaves;
stameihs 6-8.
1. A. Pennsylyanicum, L. Striped Maple. Leaves 3-lobed
at the apex hnoly and sharply doubly serrate, the short lobes
ot:rs:-ttur t^-' ^-^^-^^ ^'•-^'^^'^' ^-^^
ooomte fruit with large divergmg wings.-Rich woods, N.S O
and Ont. Juno. -A small and slender tree, with li^ht ^reen Wi;
^nped with dark lines, and greenish flowers'ald fr f llTc u ^
iytriped Dog-ioood and Moose-vx>od.
2. A splcatum, Lam. Mountain M. Leaves downy beneath
3- (or shghtly 5) lobed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-pored-
racemes upr.gh dense, somewhat compound ; petals llJarI2dl '
fruit with s.nall erect or divergent wings.-Moist woods St
Man. June.-A tall shrub, forming clumps.
** Flowers in nearly sessile terminal and lateral umbeUate-corymhs
greemsli-yelloiv, appearing with the learns
3. A. saccharinum, Wang. Sugar or Rock M. Leaves 3-6
lobed, with ronpde'l sinuseo o,. i • ^ ^ i-eaves iJ-D-
lobes either h \ u T ^"'"^^"^ sparingly sinuate-toothed
lobes, either heart-shaped or nearly truncate at ihe base, whitkh
and smooth or ft little ch
SAPlNDACBiE.
tht
03
f,.r,.n..„i 1*1 , , ''^'"* beneath ; flowers from
tern unal leaf-hear.ng and lateral leaHoss buds, drooping on very
Blonder luury pedicolH ; calyx hairy at the apex; petals none;
I2t1 n\ \ T^' "'"'"^ '^''^^'''' ^liverging.-Rich woods
^ ewf. to Ont., and along the mountains southward. April Mav -
A large and handsome tree. ''
Var nigrum, Torr. and Gray. Black Suoak-M. Leaves
Hcarcely paler beneath, but often minutely downy, the lobes wider
often shorter and entire, the sinus at the base often closed.-With
the ordnmry form ; quite \ ariable, sometimes appearing distinct
* * * Flowen in umheUihe dnsfers arishuj fnnn separate lateral buds,
and innch preceding the leaves; stamens S-6.
^ ^'i\ dasycarpum, Ehrh. White or Silveh M. Leaves very
deeply 5-lohed ^yith the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and
when young downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-lobod
and toothed ; flowers (greenish-yellow) on short pedicels •
banks ^7n"T' f^'T'''' ^'"'^ ''^^" ^'^^^^'^'"^ wings^Kiver
Danks , JN.B Q. and Ont; most cnunon southward and wcgtward.
March-Aprd. -A fine ornamental tree.
5. A. rubrum L. Red or Swamp M. Leaves 3-5 lobed, with
acute amuses wlntish underneath ; the lobes irregula. ly serra e and
notched acue, the middle one usually longest ; petal. La r-oblong ;
flowers (scarlet cnmson, or sometimes yellov ish) on very shor
pedicels ; but the smooth fruU on prolonged drooping pedicels -
Swamps and wet woods, common. April- A small tree, with
reddish twigs ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright
crimson in early autumn. ^ ^
2. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-Nut.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes erect, whitish. Petals 5, erect
W th!'b""'f m'" ''r '""f" "' '^' '''^'^ I"'^'''^^"^"-^ ^««k which
kiies the base o the calyx. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Pistil of 3 several-ovuled carpels, united in the axis, tiieir long styles
lightly cohering. Pod large, membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed 3-
celled, at length bursting at the s,mimit ; the cells nontainir^ U4
bony anatropous seeds. Aril none. Embryo lav.o and straight,
in scanty albumen, cotyledons broad and thin.-Upright shrubs
54
ANACARDlACEiE.
wifch opposite pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white
pointei ^wlL^' •'^''^^'''^ Blabdeh-Nut. Leaflets 3, ovate,
£1 IftTn f ''';, '" ™"^'' ««^^- M°"treal and Ont. May.-
fehrub 10 high, with greenish striped branches.
Order 23. ANAOARDIAOE^ (Cashew Family)
weaves and small often polygamotis, regular, 5-merous flowers but the
cated 111 the bud. Fruit mostly drupaceous. Seed without afbumen
boriie on a curved stalk that risesfroni the baseof theceU St pJes
none. Juice or exhalations often poisonous.
1. RHUS, L. Sumach.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5. inserted under the
edge or between the lobes of a flattened disk in the bottom of the
calyx Fruit small and indehiscent, a sort of dry drupe -Wes
usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or^yello^sh. (The
old Greek and Latin name.) ^
§ L RHUS proper. Fruit symmetrical, with the styles terminal
ir.f^T'^-T' ''' "" ^''"^^^ thyrsoid panicle; fruit globular,
clothed w^tha.^dcrimsonhalrs; stone smooth; leaves odd' pinnat^
{Not poisonom.)-{>^ Sumac, DC.) innmite.
1. R. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach. Brwaches and .Mh,
dense y.el.ety hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, ^Zgrnee:^^
Tm'Cri'^'''' laciniate.-Hillsides. June.-sLuTor tee
w-dO high, with orange-colored wood.
** Flowers polygamous, in loose mid sle^ider axillary panicles; fruit
fei: L' 'T' ^'''^^^^<^--^'0^ored; t^/ stone ^^
«tDa)^ '"''- ^^«^---M§Toxxco:
bvl?M f ^''^'^d^^f '°°' L. Poison Ivy. Poisox Oak. Climbing
ana erect, leaflets 6, rhombu-ovate, mostly pointed, and rather
a, and white
the branch-
in ffro^v/lr/, a
3ts 3, ovate,
nt. May.—
iily).
ess alternate
wers, but the
'etals imbri-
ut albumen,
U. Stipules
i under the
torn of the
e. — Leaves
^ish. (The
rminal.
it globular,
Id-pinnate.
and stalks
lanceolate,
ub or tree
:les ; fruit
e striate;
§ Toxico-
Climbing
imes low
d rather
POLYGALACE^.
55
downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or cut-lobed,— high-
climbing plants (R. radicans, L.) having usually more entire leaves—
Ihickets, low grounds. N. S., to N. W. T. June.
Order 24. POLYOALAORffi (Milkwort Family).
Plants with irreg^dar hypogymus floivers, 4-^ diadelphous or mona-
delphx)us stamens, their 1-celled anthers opening at the top byap<yreor
chink; the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod.
1. POLYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort.
Flower very irregular. Calyx persistent, of 5 sepals, of which 3
(the upper and the 2 lower) are small and often greenish, while the
two lateral or inner (called wi,igs) are much larger, and colored like
the petals. Petals 3, hypogynous, connected with each other and
with the stamen-tube, the middle Oower) one keel-shaped and often
crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 ; their filaments united below
into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above ; anthers 1-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by
a hole or broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single
anatropous ovule pendulous in each cell; style prolonged and
curved ; stigma various. Fruit a small, loculicidal 2-33eded pod
usually rounded and notched at the apex, much flattened contrar^
to the very narrow partition. Seeds carunculate. Embryo large
straight, with flat and broad cotyledons, in scanty albumen—Bitter
plants (low herbs in temperate regions), with simple entire often
dotted leaves, and no stipules ; sometimes (as in the first two
species) bearing cleistogamous flowers next the ground. (An old
name composed of 7roA{,f, rrnu^h, and yd^, mUk, from a fancied
property of its increasing this secretion.)
* Perennial or biennial ; flowers purple or white ; leaves alternate,
f mowers showy, rose-purple, conspicuously crested; also bearing
inconspicuous colorless cleistoga^nous flowers on subterranean
branches.
1. P. paucifolia, Willd. Perennial; flowering stems short (3-4'
high), from long, slender prostrate or subterranean shoots, which
also bear concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-
hke, scattered, the upper ovate, petioled, crowded at the summit •
w
1i 'W^\^\
fl
56
LEGUMINOSiE.
fhe fHn„ ' 7? Pedancled ; wings obovate, rather shorter than
the fnnge-crested keel ; stamens 6 ; caruncle of 2 or 3 avvl-shapeS
lobes longer than the seed.-Woods, in light soil, N B to Ont
and southward along the Alleghanies. May.-A de ile piant'
wj^h vexy handsome flowers, 9" long, rose-purple, or rTrelyture
white Sometimes called Flo^er^.^g WinUrgrL, but more appro!
pnately Fringed Polygala. ^^
root, mostly simple, ascending, very leafy (6-9' high) • Uave,
o^-^^f-t^ or oblong; terminal raceme loosJly'rnanyJoJeredTe
broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ; stamens 8 ; radical
carTrieTral Z ^'t ^^^^^-^ -nners ; lobes' of the
N S tn O V ' "\""''' '^"^ '^' seed-Dry sandy soU ;
iN. 5s. to Ont., common. July. j °^^ ,
t f Flowers white, in a solitary close spike; rume cUi^ogammts.
^hL 7f*?',^" ^^"""^"^^ Snakeroot. Stems several from
thick and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (6-12' high) • leaved
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolace, with rougl margins ; wLgs round
obovate, concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as lo^g asfhe seed
-Rocky soil, N. B. to R. Mts. May, June ^S ^« ^^e seed.
""' ""t^T^T^f ^'^^'^ "^^^^ ^^^^^"^^ ■' ^^^ -dnate to the
base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous : petals and
semens on the calyx, perigynous or epigyifous, the^va^ be "g
often mferior (hypogynous in Drosera and Parnassia, nearly sf
insome Leguminosae and Crassulace^). Apetalous flowers in
Orders 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, and 36.
Order 25. LEGUMINOS-ffi (Pulse Family).
Plants toith papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely
5 and som.t.m.s many) monadelphous, diadelpuJ, or rarely iS
stan^ns, and a single simple free putil, bec^y,, \ legum/inlZl
Seeds mostly roMout albumen. Leaves alternate, with stip^2s, t
«% compo^.^d One of the sepals inferior (i.e., next tfe b a t •
one of the petals superior (i.e., next tlie axis of the inflorescence)'
-A very large order (neariy free from noxious qualities), of which
the prmcipal representatives in northern tomp^rlt^ regions blli^
to the first of the three sub-orders it comprises' '^
r shorter than
r 3 awl-shaped
N. B. toOnt.,
ielicate plant,
)r rarely pure
t more appro-
the bieri/nial
high) ; leaves
'-flowered, the
ns 8 ; radical
lobes of the
sandy soil ;
stogammis.
several from
igh) ; leaves
wings round-
[ as the seed.
dnate to the
; petals and
ovary being
ia, nearly so
is flowers in
r).
5, 10 {rarely
rely distinct
%e in fruit,
ipides, usu-
the bract);
orescence).
), of which
ons belong
LEGUMIKOS^.
57
SuB-ORDEE I. Papilionaceae. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or Jess
united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the
calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less dis-
tmctly papdw^uiceo^cs, i.e., with the upper or odd petal (vexillnm or
standard) larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud
usually turned backward or spreading ; the two lateral .nes (nnnaj)
oblique and exterior to the two lower, which last are connivent and
commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming
the carmaov keel, which usually encloses the ^^.nlen8 and pistil
Stamens 10, veiy rarely 5, insert,ed with the c . . monadelphous,
diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tub- . ..u is cleft on the
upper side and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally
distinct. Ovary l-celled, sometimes 2.celled by an intrusion of oi>e
of the sutures, or transversely 2-many-celled by cross-division into
joints ,. style simple ; ovules amphitropous, rarely anatropous.
Cotyledons large, thick or thickish ; radicle incurved. -Leaves
simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually
opposite, the rest alternate ; leaflets almost always quite entire
Flowers perfect, solitary and axiUary, or in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. '
1. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5).
* Anthers uniform,
t Leaves digitetely (rarely pinnately) a-foliolate ; leaflets denticulate or serrulate-
"' '^uZ.eUZZ:^''- ^°^« --^~s. l^-seeded. Petals adhe-
2. MeUlOtUS. Flowers ra<!eraed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, l-2.8eeded
3. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1-few-seeded
1 1 Leaves unequally pinnate ; pod not jointed ; not twining nor climbing.
: Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (Galkob.e )
II Herbage not glandular-dotted ; stamens mostly diadelphous ; pod 2.valved several
seeded ; leaves pinnately several-foliolate ; flowers racemose
a. Flowers large and showy; standard broad ; wings free; woody: leaflets stipellate
i. Robinla. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.
b. Standard narrow, erect ; pod turgid or i.iflated ; perennial herbs
^' '^wf .^"^- ^''' "°* "PP''^ ""'^^ " P°'"* °' '^"P appendage. Pod with one or
both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the ceil lengfhwiseTntTtwo
6. OxytropiB. Keel tipped with an erect point ; otherwise as Astragalus.
i t
58
LEGUM1N0S.E.
f 1 1 Herbs with pinnate or pinnatelv 1-q fnUni.*„ i
to 1 such joint. (HBDV8ARE*.) ^ "*' '"dehiscent. or sometimes reduced
2-lipped. Podseveral-jeintecri^LLaSof oL"°"r'''S'°"' '^'°"- ^'"y='
atipellate. '^'°*^"'*" «' ""e sort and complete. Leaflets
t tt t tTwining (sometimes only trailin.*) herbs • i«<..»<. • .
oliolate; no tendrils; peduncles o^rfloie,^ Z^r!"lT' f' ^"''''' ' °' ^^>
(PUASBOLM.) "owers axillary , pod not jointed, Z-valved.
, II Leaves pinnate.
il- AplOS. Herbaceous twiner : leaflets 5 7 Ko^i i ^
toiled. ' "^^ ^^- ^^«' «'«nder and much incurved or
1. TEIPOLIUM, Toam. Clov.„. T,«™„. .
C«lyx persistent, 6-oleft, the teeth briatle-form ri„n„1,
withering or persistent; the claws of allthe peSs „r„7 n ''
re^:iT:7shrr;ur -rthr^^""-^^^
petiole, Flo^ersinheadsorS^ta fNal" " "T""" ""■ ""■
/rfiTO, a leaf ) "^ < ™'' '""" *"'■ 'hree, and
■"Sis— "'=-==^.-ri
t Calyx-teeth silkv-plumnup^ lo^wer th/i~i ih - ., j •* • »,
. ^ _ .., lo.^er than the whitish corolla; root anntml.
3 ; pod transversely
sometimes reduced
»lyx 5-oleft. Pod
us below. Calyx
)mplete. Leaflets
bristle; stamens
(ViCIEiB.)
I a tuft or ring of
kttened upwards,
[rarely i or 5-7)
Jinted, 2-valved.
ich incurved or
yellow.
; keel almost
lext the grounc^
OIL.
rolla mostly
>f all except
w with the
lore or less
1 the calyx,
>s.— Tufted
i pinnately
with the
three, and
, withering
or less co-
ot armtml.
LEQUMlNOSiE. gg
1. T. arvense, L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Ornr»i» en
soTt^^/alV'' '''T' \T'' "^^---'ThLds^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^fZ r"^' ^'""^'i T^*' "" ^'"""^'^ '^^9 in the ihroat, shorter
than the rose-purple elmgated-tubnlar corolla. (Short-lived IZ
ennials ; flowers stveet-scented ) ^
***^«'«".h^p^Mleiinclo«heads,reflexedwhmold; corolla
^ruiarilecom«uih.ml-slu.ped; annuals.,, fl. ir summer
*■ T. agrarltun, L. Yeliow or Hop r «„.„ n.- i
what „pHsht (6 1^ high) .. .„^,. :Ll2n,'7:t:)rnt
It /Z1--^T T: '*:';'""■' * "«**-^ndy fields «^t z
p.aes , JV. Scotia to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)
5. T. procumbens, L. Low Hhp c «<.„^
ImSI r.tr i;r "tr^-r '"a*; ^^-"^'^
rnnn Vo^ „ . > . • ^^^^"^J' "ulds and roadsicies, com-
mon -Var. minus, Gray, has smaller heads, the standard not
much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.)
■'■ i
60
LEOUMINOSiB.
2. MELILOTUS, Toum. Meliiot. Sweet Clover.
Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small ;
corolla deciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, cori-
aceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehhcent, 1-2-
seeded.— Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in diying, with
pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. ^Name from iikli,
fwney, and /mtoq, some leguminous plant.)
1. M. officinalis, 'Villd. Yellow Melilot. Upright (2-4°
high); leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow; the petals
nearly of equal length.— Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv from
Eu.) J
2. M. alba, Lam. White M. Leaflets truncate ; corolla tvliite ;
the standard longer than the other petals.— In similar places.
(Adv. from Eu. )
3. MEDICAGO, Toum. Medick.
Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1-several-seeded, scythe-
shaped, incurved, or variously coiled.— Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
leaflets toothed ; stipules often cut. (MtiSckt^, the name of Lucerne,'
because it came to the Greeks from Media.)
1. M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. Nonesuch. Procum-
bent, pubescent, annual ; leaflets svedge-obo\ate, toothed at the
apex ; Jloivers in short spikes (yellow) ; pods kidney-form, 1-seeded.
—Waste places, Q. and Ont., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv
fromEu.) ^
4. ROBINIA, L. Locust-tree,
Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and
rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel
Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined
on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-valved.— Trees or shrubs,
often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the
ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf -stalks covering the buds of the
next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry
IV. of France, and his son Vespasian BoUn, who first cultivated
the Locust-tree in Europe.)
\
5T Clover.
acemes, small ;
d ovoid, cori-
lehhcent, 1-2-
diying, with
me from f^e^t,
[Jpright (2-4°
w; the petals
. (Adv. from
corolla white;
imilar places.
eded, scjiihe-
ly 3-foliolate ;
3 of Lucerne,
i. Procum-
thed at the
w, 1-seeded.
Mo. (Adv.
•d large and
?s and keel,
id, margined
I or shrubs,
)innate, the
in hanging
buds of the
sfc to Henry
it cultivated
LEGUMINOSJQ.
61
I
1. R, Pseudacacia, L. Common Loctot or Faise Acacia.
Branches naked; racemes sletukr, loose; flowers white, fragrant';
pod smooth.— S. Penn. to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly
cultivated as an ornamental, tree, and for its valuable timber ;
naturalized in many places. N.S. to Ont. June.
5. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. Milk- Vetch.
Calyx 6-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow ; standard
narrow, equalling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides
reflexed or spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several-many-
seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or botli.Rutures usually project-
ing into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity
lengthwise into two.— Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-
pmrate leaves and hpiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are
UHu.Uy necessary for certain identification of the ^pecies. (The
ancient Greek nane of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-
bone ; but the connection between the two is past all guess.)
I. Fod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of
the doi-sal s^iture, Hie ventral suture being not at all or less deeply
inflexed. — Astragalus proper.
* Fod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membramtis, dehiscent.
t Pod completely 2-celled, sessile.
1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall and erect (1-4° high), smmiohat
prxhescent or glabrate; leaflets 21-27, oblong ; floioers greenish cream
color, very numerous, in long dense spikes ; pods crowded, oblong
(6" long), glabrous, terete, scarcely sidcate and only on the back,
nearly straight.— River banks, P.Q., and far westward.
1 1 Fod not completely 2-celled.
2. A. alpinus, L. Diffuse (G-12' high), smooth or slightly
hairy ; leaflets 13-25 ; flowers vioht-pnrple, or at least the keel
tipped with violet or blue ; calyx campanulate ; pod narrowly
oblong, short-acuminate, black-pubescent, triangular-turgid, deeply
grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usually rather
exceeding the calyx.— Rocky banks. Lab., north and westward.
6. OXYTROPIS, DC.
Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage ; other-
wise as in Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the
' il'l
I ill
^■^!
62
LBOUMINOSjE.
intrusion of the ventral suture.-Our species are low, nearly
acquiescent perenmals, with tufts of numerous very sho;t stems
f om a hard and tluck root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate
stipules ; pmnate leaves of many leaflets ; peduncles scapelike
.:tz:X7 '"''' '''-' '' '''-" '""^ '- ^^^^''^^-'
* Leaves simply pinnate.
1. 0. campestrls. DC. var. carulea, Koch. Pvhescent or
^otk.h; leadetB lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue
sometimes pure ;hite ; pods ovate or oblong lanceolate, of a thin or
papery texture.-Lab. and N. B., westward
7. HEDTSARUM, Toum.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel
nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, Lg;r fhan
the wings Stomensdiadelphous,9andl. Pod flattened, composed
midr P '"'"fl' r-^^^^ --'i-h joints connected in the
Si' TlT'T- ''' -ves odd-pinnate. (Name composed
or vovg, sweet, and apw/w, smell.)
1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceokfp
nearly glabrous ; stipules scaly, united opp^ite theVJeTrlt;
of many deflexed purple flowers; standard shorter'^han the keeT
Eneld Vr' ' V' r^''' -^-^^^«<^-I^ab. to northern
westward ' "' ^' ^"P^"^'' ^^ "°^*^ -d
8. DESMODIUM, Desv. Tick-Trbpoil.
Calyx usually more or less 2-lipped. Stanaard obovate ; wings
adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate ierby
Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat.
reticle; "\ ? ''r "^'^^"' «^P^^^^^"^ '-'- f- - --y fla
ret culated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked haii;, by
?eennM^/f'".*u '''' ^'''' °' ^'^^^^^ ^ ^ clothing .-
Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely l-foliJate)
^aves, stipellate. Flowers (in summer) in axillary' or temfr^
purplish, ofte, turning green in withering. Stipules and Lets
LBGUMINOSiE.
ire low, nearly
jry short stems
th scaly adnate
icles scapelike,
:om 6f{»f, sharp,
Pvbescent or
violet or blue,
■te, of a thin or
equal. Keel
1, longer than
ned, composed
inected in the
ime composed
>r lanceolate,
tiole ; raceme
(lan the keel ;
. to northern
d north and
DIL.
ovate; wings
icate keel, by
of the latter,
iv. Pod flat,
or many flat
ced hairs, by
clothing). —
1-foliolate)
or termir
t, purple or
i and bracts
63
scale-like, often striate (Name from .^ea,6,, „ iorul or Mn, from
the connected joints of the pods.)
S 1. fod raised on a stalk (.stipe) many times longer than the slightly
toothed calyx a^ui nearly as long as the pedicel, draightish on the
upper marg^n, deej>ly dnv^te on the lower; the 1-4 joints nwstly
half-obovate and co^icave on th^ back; stamens m^nadelphom
below ; plants nearly glabrotcs ; stems erect or axce^^h^ ; rL„ie
terminal, pamcled ; stipules bristle-farm, deciduous.
s^i;7.^*/°"**"*?T: ^^- ^'''"'' "" ^^^^'^^^ «* <^ "^^rnU of
sterde .em.; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath
ZT, IZ "V '^'''"^'^ ^"^^^^ ^'^J^'' «^"^^ or scape from
the root, 2" long—Dry woods, common, P. Q. to Ont.
J']^' ^°''°'^^*T' ^^' Leaves aU crowded at the summit of
the stem, from whreh arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle-
leaflets round-ovate, taper- pointed, green both sides, the end one
round (4-5 long).-Rioh woods, from Canada to the Gulf.
^ § 2. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx ; racemes panicled.
* Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly diciduous ; pods of few
roundish or obliquely oval or som^Mm^s roundish-rhomboidal
jomts, 1^2^" long.
t Stews erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous; racemes densely
flowered.
3. D. Oanadense, DC. Stem hairy (3-6° high); leaflets ob-
long-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish
veins, mveh longer tJmn the petiole (lf-3' long) ; flowers showy,
larger than in any other species (^i' long).-Dry rich woods, N.B
westward to Mmn. and Kan.
9. VIOIA, Toum. Vetch. Tare.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or
the lowest longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of
7f\t : u ^T"^ ™°'^ ""' ^''' diadelphous (9 and 1) ; the orifice
of the tube oblique. Style filiform, hairy aU round or only on the
back at the apex Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-several-seeded. Seeds
globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in
germmation.-Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril
§:■
«4
■iif
14
I it
MB 1 1
LEOUMINOSiE.
at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half -sagittate. Flowers
or peduncles axillary. (The classical Latin naiao )
* Anmud; Jlou,ers 1 or 2 in the axUs, nearly sessile, large, .nokf-
purple.
1. v. satlva, L. Common Vetch or T*«if <a« u .
pubescent, »te™,i.p,e, ,eafl„t, B-7 ^V va^yt^ f JZlt
oblong to Imear, notched and m„cn,„ate at U.a apex, p„^u^^°"
^overal..eeded,-Cultivatea Jelde and w»,te plal. '(S Z
♦ ♦ Annual, de,uUr; peduncles elongated; Jlou«r, snuUt.
2. V. totrasperma, U Pedmu^s 1-2-ilmvered ■ lo«fl«t. a »
p.n«, Hnear-oblong, obt„,e , oalyx-teeth une^aT L rtutut
Z.7rZ'lT • ~"*-^-'» «"-- ^«- I^«i- »a On\'
♦ ♦ ♦ ftrenmoJ; „eA„u.!e» elongated; calyx-teeth un^guat; pod
several-seeded.
3. y. Oracca, L. Downy-pubescent ; leaflets 20-24 oblonn
lar^eolate^^ strongly mucro^^te; spi,.s densely maZ-flcered, 1^'^!'.
thanTn "k' '"S"! P"'P^^' ' " ^°"S' '«fl«^«d ; caYyx-teeth shorter'
10. LATHYRUS. Tourn. Vkxchx..o. EvBHL^xmJ Pk.
aW th« ' ^^''.''^ """^ ^^''''^ ^""*^ ^"'^^^d) above, hairy
along the inner side next the free stamen) Sheath of fL Ti
ments scarcely obli.ue at the apex. Otherwie l:^ ^ ^Y^
-Our , ecies are perennial and mostly smooth plants, the rhad is
of the leaves m some not produced into a tendrU. (AdevpTl
leguminous plant of Theophrastus.) ^ ^ '
* Tendrils present; stipules large and broad; leaflets 3-5 pairs
1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. Beach Pea. Stout no hi„K
2t'/rt''r''' o.«.« and halberd-shaJZ^'J^^^Z
ltZTtl\ '7"./''^ '''''' '^"^ "-^'^ coarsely "ootid
eaflets thrck, ovate-oblong (1-2' long) ; peduncles a little shorter
than the leaves, 6-lO.flowered, flowers large (9" long) «Zl s!^
shore from Lab. and B.C. to the Arctic Sea -T' ^ ^*"
Lakes. (£u.)
on the Great
itate. Flowers
e, large, violet-
I. Somewhat
from obovate-
X ; pod linear,
(Adv. from
rs small.
leaflets 4-6
rolla whitish ;
PtQ. and Ont.
inequal ; pod
0-24, oblong-
ered, l-sided ;
teeth shorter
y., Iowa, and
«
ASTiNG Pea.
above, hairy
> of the fila-
' as in Vicia.
, the rhachis
(AdOvpog, a
•s 3-5 pairs.
(1° high or
y as large as
ly toothed ;
ittle shorter
urple.~Se&-
n the Great
LEOUMINOS^. ^,
00
2. L. OchroleucUB, Hook, stem slender ri-S" h,V^^ ■ /• ,
ward. ' !««"»a-„.W(e.-P.Q. „„„h .„i „„t.
• ♦ T,nirUs present ; .«,>,^„ „„,„„,, „„,.^„;„„,.^ „„„^ .^^^^
+ Jita«r»p,„5^e; leaflet, mral pain.
11. APIOS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean
12. AMPHIOAEP^A. Ell. Hoo Pb...„.
Wr ones commonly subterranean and fle.shv oW™t. '
•haped, ripening „,„».„ but one large t^l^'ZlZ'
lil
IS^! !
Mf'
.'4j!
66
ROSAnKjB.
porennmlH ; the twining ntemH clothed with brownish hairs. Leave«
pmnately a-foholate ; leaflets rho ubic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers
rln 7 .7 ««"»P<'»n*l racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent,
round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Nauie from
a//0s both, and Kaf>rr6i, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods )
1. A. monoica, Nutt. Leaflet, thi„, f-2' long ; racemes nod-
ding . calyx of upper flowers 2" long, the ovary glabrous except the
ha.ry marg.n ; pod 1' long ; ovary and pod of the rudimentary
flowers hairy. -Rich dan.p womllands, common. Aug., Sept.
Order 26. ROSACEA (Rose Family).
Plants with reyulnr Jlowch, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens
rnsertedonthecal,,x, and l^nany pistil., which are quite distinct, or
{m the last tribe) united and combined wth the calyx-tube, deds
(anatropom) 1 /e,, in each omry, almost always without albumen
Embryo straight, with large a.ul thick cotyledo>is. Leaves alternate]
vnth stipules these sometimes caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting
aT^bfh 7. """"^^ ^'^^ '^'P"^' ^'^' "^'^ «"« «"P«"-), united
at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside
Petels as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated
n he bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk
that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. -1 ,a ge and
important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and p o-
ducxng the most valuable fruits. Very intimately coiin;cted with
Leguminosae on one hand, and with Saxifrugace* on the other.
I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx-tube at maturity
*Oalyx deciduous, without bractlets ; pistil solitary, becoming a drupe
Tribe I. PRUNM. -frees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves oin,lP« 9
pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal '
l-Prunua Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 6. Stone of the drupe bony
Calyx mostly persistent ; pistils few to many (rarely solitary).
t Calyx without bractlets ; ovules 2-raany
^^rJI-ren^ThS^- ^'"'^ "^"^ «'•—'"- ^-eral-seeded follicles. Shrubs
a. Calyx short. Scleft. Petals obovate, equal
"''^eoTZZe''''^''''''^'''''- ^"^^^-valved. Herbs or shrubs ; leaves
3. riiysbcarpufl. Pods inflated. 2-valved. Shrub ; leaves palmately lobed.
b. Calyx elongated, 6-toothed. Petals slender, unequal.
airs. Leaven
te. Flowers
» persistent,
(Name from
i of pods.)
ncomes nod-
18 except tlie
rudimentary
, Sept.
'inct stamens
e distinct, or
tube. Seeds
nt albumen.
es alternate,
or wanting,
'ior), united
lets outside,
imbricated
fe of a disk
i large and
3, and pro-
lected with
• other.
it maturity.
drupe.
es. Ovules 2,
le drupe bony.
y).
idea. Shrubs
tirubs; leaves
)bed.
ROBAOEiK.
67
4. Rubu.. ..iHtllH „u„.erouH. flenhy in fruit. or„wde<I upon . «p„„,y ^eooptaoU.
5. DaUbarcU. P,.til« 6-10. m the .K^ttom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.
f f Calyx-lobes mostly with broctlets ; ovule solitary
Tribe^^V. POTBHTILLm "...I. ,.w-„„„y, ,..„„.,,,„„„,„.„, „„,..
.. St,l„ ,„„l.,„„ .„,, „„„„,„, ,„^, ,„,^^,_^ ^^^^ ^|_^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^
b. styles not elongated after anthesls, mostly deciduous
7. Pragarla. Flower aa in Potentilla. Receptacle n,uoh enlarged and pulpy ,„
on a dry reoontaclestl-r'* *'*''""'' ''"'""°"^= ^^' '''"" heaped
enlarKing ilS ' '""""'^ '"""^ °' ''^ ''*^«'-'". ^^'^^'^^ous or not
II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube
'■ "'^^^^^::::::::r' - --" — P-^>es. Stan.e„s ...
'■''^ J^^sh'lJ^Teshrot xTu7e' wTh 7 ""1!; ^''''^"^^' ^"^'''^^'^ '" *"« '^"^''-
8tan>ens nmnerous. ' '"'""*''"'' "^ P«"'«- ^^'^'^ «°n«Pi' -us-
n. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.
Tribe VII. FOMEM. Carpels 2-5, enclosed in and coalescent with fho a i.
a. CelW the compound ovary as many as the styles (2-5). each 2- (rarely several)
12. PyrUB. Pome containing 2-5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.
.'■ cT7T '°'"^'™P^-"''^' ^^•'^•^ '-' ^->- atones or kernels. Usually thorny
68
ROSACB^.
'! i
:(
1. PRUNUS, Toum. Plum, Cheery, btc.
Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped or tubular-ob-
conical, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens
15-20. Pistil solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy
with a bony stone.-Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible
fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)
§ 1. PRUNUS proper (and Cerasus). Drupe m^oth, and the stom
smooth or somewhat rugged; floivers (usually white) from separ-
ate lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding (yr coetaneous
with the leaves; the pedicels few or several in simple umbel-like
clusters.
1. P. Americana, Marshall. Wild Yellow or Red Plum
Tree thorny, 8-20° high ; leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, cmi-
spicuously pointed, coarsely or doxMy serrate, very veiny, glabrous
when mature; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low orange, or red, H' in diameter, with the turgid stone more
or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more
m diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins; pleasant-
tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin. -Woodlands and river
banks, common.
2. P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Tree 20-30°
high, with light red-brown bark ; leaves oblong lanceolate, pointed,
finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides;
flowers many in a cluster, on Ion- pedicels ; fruit globose, light
red, very small, with thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. -Rocky
woods, Newf., and westward.
§ 2. PADUS. Drupe small, globose, without bloom; the stone turgid-
ovate, marginless; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches,
therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spHng.
3. P. Virginiana, L. Choke-Cherby. A tall shrub, with
grayish bark ; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very
sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender tr.th, thin ; petals
roundish ; fruit red, turning to dark crimson ; stone smooth.-
River banks, Newf., westward. -Fruit very austere and .stringent.
A variety with very short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish
fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass.
ROSACEii;.
69
4. P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. A large tree,
with reddish-brown branches ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong,
taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callom teeth, thickish,
shining above ; racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; fruit purplish-
black.— Woods, N. S. to Ont., west to Minn., E. Neb., and La.—
Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor.
2. S P I B i£ A , L. Meadow-Sweet.
Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbri-
cated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Pods (follicles) 5-8, not
inflated, few-several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose
coat and no albumen.— Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or
pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or
panicles. (The Greek name from aireipdu, to twist, from the
twisting of the pods in the original species.)
§ 1. SPIR^A proper. Erect shrubs, with simple leaves; stipules
obsolete ; pods mostly 5, several-seeded.
1. S. salicifolia, L. Common Meadow-Sweet. Nearly smooth
(2-3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly-serrate ;
flowers in a crowded panicle, white or flesh color ; pods smooth.—
Wet or low grounds, N«wf., westward.
2. S. tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush. Stems and
lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly;
flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose color,'
rarely white ; pods woolly.— Low grounds, N. Scotia to Ont.
3. PHTSaOARPUS, Maxim. Nine-Bark.
Carpels 1-5, inflated, 2-valved ; ovules 2^. Seeds roundish,
with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen!
Stamens 30-40. Otherwise as Spiraea.— Shrubs, with simple
palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-hke corymbs of white flowers.
(Name from (pvaa, a bladder, and Kapno^, fruit.)
1. P. opulifoUus, Maxim. Shrub 4-10° high, with long re-
curved branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous
thin layers ; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped ;
the purplisli membranaceous pods very conspicuous. (Spiraea opu-
lifolia, L. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. and Hook.)— Rocky banks of
70
EOSACEiE.
northward. Often
streams, P. Q., Ont., and west to the Pac
cultivated.
4. RUBUS, Tourn. Bramblk.
nu^'t,!"'Th'"''"'n"''''*^- P^^-J«S' deciduous. Stamens
-PerenlTh't' '^^^"""\«-^" ^^P- ^ ^^yles neLy'^erminal.
reddi hH ! ' 'I '7.7'"' '^'"'^^^ ^^'^''' ^^^^ ^'"te (rarely
:Stl'^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"' ^'^'^^ ^-^"^'- ^^'^ ^-- --' kindred'
^ ^" i!;?' T 'T''"" "^"'^ "'^^"''^^''' -^^^^^^^^ off whole fro.r the dry
*Leares simple; Moers large; prickles none; fruit and receptacle
flat and broad.
shrybtn^^l'^T^ ^- ^""^^"^^ ^-owehino-Raspberky. Stem
appendage , ^fai, „„„«. ^,„.^,, ,„„™ ^ . « -™J^
JN. S. to Ont., west to Mich, i«uuisn.
* * Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3-5 ; petals small, erect, ^hite.
iStems annual, herbaceous, not prickly ; fruit of few separate grains, "
celdit!tl2T\f'''''r^r- ^™- ^ASPBERKv. stems as.
cendnig(6-12 high) or traihng ; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5) rhombic
ovate or ovate-Wolate, acute at both ends, coL iy doliv
n 1:^ rp.T^^ Pf ""^^^ l-3-flowered.-/wooded hinsTde^
Lab. to the Pacific. Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. This appears
to be more properly a blackberry. ^^ *'®
ff Stems biennial and woody, ^ prickly; receptacle oblong; fruit
hemispherical.
3- B. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspbkrbv «
«..%«, ».,d with the ,Wk., etc., 6..« ^mZZ^M ^Z
orafc. bec,„„i„g weak hooked prickle,), glandular 2en y~t
»umcw„ao glaucous ; leaflet, W, obl„„g.„vat«, pointed, cut^errrt;'
ROSACEjE.
71
ward. Often
une, kindred
whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile ; petals as long
as the sepals ; fruit light red— Thickets and hills. Lab. to the
R. Mts.
4. R. occidentalis, L. Black Raspberry. Thimblebekry.
Glaucous all over ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc. with
hooked prickles, not bristhj ; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed,
coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral
ones somewhat stalked; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit
purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. Common,
N.B. to Ont.— An apparent hybrid (R. neglectus. Peck) between
this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate
between the two, and growing with them.
§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy jyro-
longed receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly
and flowers white. — Blackberry.
5. R. villos^^^, Ait. Common or High Blackbehry. Shrubby
fl-6" high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved
prickles; branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy
and glandular; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally
serrate, the termhial ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously
stalked; flowers racemed, numerous; bracts short; sepals linear-
pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.—
Borders of thic vets, etc., common, N.S. westward, and very variable
in size, aspect, and shape of fruit.
6. R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. Shrubby
extensively trailing, slighthj prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5-7), oval
or ovate-lanceolate, mostly ponited, thin, nearly smooth, sharply
cut-serrate ; flowers racemed, with leaf -like bracts.— Dry fields,
common ; Newf., Ont., west to Central Minn, and E. Kan.
7. R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp-Blackberry. Stems
dender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with smaU re-
flexed pricMes; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish,
mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward
the base; peduncles leafless, sevcral-flotvered, often bristly; flowers
snudl; fruit of few gmias, black.— In low woods or swampy grassy
ground, N. Scotia to Ont.
%:
72
ROSACEiE.
Si ill
5. DALIBARDA, L.
Flowers 1 „r 2, „hite, o^ L;:".t ^'l™ ™ *f »' .P««oIes.
6. OEUM, L. AvKNs.
numerous, heaped on a conlT ^.®^"^«»« "lany. Achenes
tails. Seed ere/; -^S ^pTr ^^^^^^^^
or lyrate leaves. (A name used bv PW of u„kn ' ^^ """'"
8 1 nPTiMT « ^' ""known meaning.)
M. 6EUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the mi^J ,1
upper part deciduom and mostly hair., li. i ' *^
kooJced, becomin, elongatet^!^ TflltselZ'jT l'""
calyx-lobes rejlexed. ^'^ *^ ^«^2/«'
* Petals „«<, „, ^ ^ee„«-„*,„, ^,, ^„,^^ „^
stipules small. '
with a L ».!nu;eT^r„: !;" :, t'.:: '-T "1 r""^"-
3-dmded or lobed or onlv ,„„tt f T • ' °^ °' "» "=">
6™%*„..._B„rder. o? woods! 0^:':!^ Ma^ '
i>e««fc joifa „e«„„, c„„.^ic,„„, iroa<«,-<,6„«(., ««<i4 «e
"•'y; d,inU,slarg,r and aU deeply chI ^
2. O. macrophyUlun, Willd. Briatly.hairy stout M q- I.- ,,>
root-loaves Ijratoly and interruptedly pinnate „Tl, H , ^? ^'
fca^( wry large and ro,.,ui.keLJaZ uLlfl "'\ 'T'""*
Stem-leaves 0-4 »..;.+ ^i ^"oi^ea, lateral leaflets of the
-_ .ea^es .-4, mmute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobZ
ROSACEiE.
73
^tniT^J^ ''"'^''' ''''P'^<^i^ -early nuked N S r ,
^. Mg. to Mmn., Mo., and westward. jLI l^f "^
^- O. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairv Ci fio V u^
interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wX ^ °^' ' ^°«*-l«*ves
Moist meadow , NeTfa.7w«T ^''^^-«^«/ receptacle doni,^
petals erect. ^ ""^^^ ' '^2/'*' ^^^^^ «^ spr^diruj;
4. O. rivale, L. Watrr ,.,. d
"■uptodly pirniate, jh„,^ J, " ^ , root-kaves lyrate and inter.
petals dilated-otevatrrl '■ ' 7l ''"'""**« "■■ ^-'obed ;
orange, head of Cl .tfod fn";^^'' """ " "''"'■ P"n>li»h.
Mis erect in fruit. (Eu.) """"""d.-Flowers nodding ; pedi-
7. PEAOABIA, Tourn. Stb^^bbeky,
JTir-ren^Citdtit/^^^^^^ '-- --
on scapes. Leave, ;adS Iflete T „ """ """^ °^"'"'« """^^
serrate, atip„,e, cohering w.Tthri'"''"™^''*''*''*™. '=°'"»'"^
the scapes are usually LT 7n , *" P'"*^' »Wch with
fruit.)_FWeri„g In ,^Z' ^T ""' '"^^"""^ <" *«
caUedWuDSTEAWBEray.) ''"'°"'' "^^ indiscriminately
/Ji4Il?,^rwh,r„.uaufr '""*'"' '■•' "'" *"»"'-' ^''«
ing erect a4r fl,^„eri„' "ml " ""■"■""■ "•^'''' ' '^^'^ '«'«<'">■
whe„su,i.oorunrcX"'zr;;' r "■" ■-"^ --^'-'^
»~.-Moist oTrich .,.2X1^, r ; ^ot^ *" "'"'
spreading or refiexod ; hJvn on th« «? ' ^ ' "*'-- remaining
on.epedice,sappres;ed,;r:Crver-;t^^^^^^
74
ROSACEiE.
l*!:!
( '<
ir :>
-rked by the veias.-Fielcls and n.cky p,.ecs ; less co,„„.o„.
8. POTENTILLA, L. Cxnqc;k-po,.. Fivk^oeu.
Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many hnctlpt, ni- fh^ •
thus appearing 10-cleft Pr^..l, . *"^,,'^''''*^^*^ ^<^ ^'^^ sinuses.
many. ^Lhen^s 'na^y c^, L ^fT'^T '**"""^
I^beseent or hai, ree^t:;^T:t^irh:e:7 , Z^/ZJ^^I
Rj|d.le supenor.-Herbs, or rarely shrubs, v vh or.^i^tZ
.ml solitary or cyniose flowers ; their parts rare?, in f..^ r]^l2
a dn.,nuUve from potens, powerful, origi.ui'y .,X( ^T
Anaenna, from Its once .eputed medicinal ;,owar:)
§ 1. %'^e. thickened a>ul gUuulular ...or, tke lose; a^henes
glabrous, numerous; inflorescence cpnose
^ Style terminal; fou^e^s small, yelJo. ; leaves 'pinnate or ter.^ate.
t Annual or Inennial ; leaflets incisely serrate, not Me-tonuntose ;
stamens 5-20.
1. P. Norvegica, L. Stout, erect, hirsute (^-2° high • leaves
We; leaflets obovate or olJong-lanceolate ; c,„., .fL ^^
leafy ; caly. lanjc; stamens 15 (rarely 20).-Lab. westward. (Eu J
§ 2 Styles filiform, .M cjlaMar at base, inflorescence cymose. '
Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous peren-
mais, vnth rather large yellow flowers.
t Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets; tonuntose or villous.
2. P. argentea, L. Silver y Cinottf-pott qh-^
panicidately branched at the suJ^Z^^,::::^:
leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the bte'
ben" n T k""°"'' ^"^^ "^«^«' -hit« -ith silvery wooi
Wath.-Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to Ont. Junlsei;!
* * Style lateral ; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) son^
^^^^^peu.^e>.t;disk thick and hairy; achenes gU. .1^ ^
receptacle becoming large and spongy. ^
3. P. palustris. Scop. Maush Five-Fingek. Stems stonf
"l-^^f b r %^^^«"-^-^ -^-g P-nnial base H" t^y
Blabrou. below ; leave* pinnate ; le.riets 6-7, oblong, serrate.
KOSACE^.
; less common.
VE-FINGEK.
76
base ; achenes
Pacific. (^< ^ <' '""'^' '*''* P^'Pl" i.«ide.-Lab. to th,
"i"""^-; woody perenuiah.
margins rovolute • «./« . ;; , ^ ^'^'"" ^''^"^'^t'l a»d tlie
flowered , ,.„„„ ^,.L,, . T^iZTj^Tu'' """"'1'' ""'"■"'■
thick, c„,„„.,j, !>-iootk,dntT„L 'l:!':?-; "="^ '"■"-""•
receptacle ...y hairy.-I.,,, ,,JCi lelwd '' "'"" ""'
§3. %fe j(,y„,.„, fa(„^,^.^,^,_^,^
toithydlowjiower,. "'»««»"*. ''erkaceom pe,e„nU„,,
Often pro, ./,,:L''™„r'°" "'" '"*"«■ ^^^-'"■^-
:). AGBIMONIA, Toum. AoEmoNv.
i.ooker:;t;er'at:ri' r'rT' "' "'° '"■•"»'- >--' -*
SWm ..^ Styles fLfT f "J """""«• P-^^^ «•
styles terminal. Seed suspended. -Perennial
di!
i
I
76
ROSACEiE,
herH with interruptedly pi„„,te leave,, and yellow (lowere in
1. A. Eupatorla, L. Common Agrimony, Zeo/Ze^, 5.7 ^th
m^nnteones intermixed, obLny-otovate, coarsely toothed pett
10. POTERIUM, L. BuKNBT. -
Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat persist
ent; the 4 broad petal-hke spreading lobes imbricated in trbud
deciduous^ Petals none, Stamens 4-12 or more, with flacdd fila!
ments and short anthers. Pistils 1-3 ; the slenker termTnal sfyle
ipped wxth a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene ^iLonl
ohary) er^losed m the 4-angled dry and thickish closedT^;^
tube. Seed suspended. -Chiefly perennial herbs, with uneouaUv
pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, ardlairoftn
po ygan^ous or dioecious flowers crowded I a dense heldr sp^^
2bracteTarfT^' '"' '^"' "^'^'^ P^'^""^^^' -«»^ bracteate'and
2 bracteolate. (Name .or,pcov, a drinkv,u, crip, the foliage of Burnet
having been used in the preparation of some medicinal drink )
1. P. Oanadense, Benth. and Hook. Canadian Burnet
Stamens 4, long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole
of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3-6= high lelfle
numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate obtl!
heart-shaped at base, as if stipeDate ; ;tipules 1 ar^C-d
wet meadows, Newf. west and northward. ^
11. ROSA, Tourn. Rose.
int^t'^'iVrfT^' ""''''''^ "' '''' "^«"*h' becoming fleshy
m fruit. Petals 6, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the manv
stamens into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the cXx'
tube and withm bears the numerous pistils below. Ovariel ha^v
becoming bony adienes in fruit. -Shrubby and usua ly s^ny ^^
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering wkh the
petiole ; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glal Mat
of the species are veiy variable in their characters, and are ^ten
inde^minable upon imperfect specimens. (The 'anden 7^.
ROSACEA.
77
* styles distinct ; sepals conniveni nft^r. 41
, often present.
1. R. blanda, Ait, Stems i 90 i • ,
Hionally with a %w or very raVelv T' ' '''^"^^^ ^°«'*-
c^^-^a^eci, naked and entire/or J ll" 177', '"^'^"^ ' ^^^>^*^«
5-7, usually oblong-lancedate tL' f f "^'^'^^'^'^ ' ^^«^^-
solitary; sepals hispiU, entireZZZ^lTf T'"'"^ ^'
westward. ^^ ^"^ ^'^^'^y shores, Newf.
** Styles distinct; sepals spreadina nfu.- ^« •
i-frastipraarspiLnsZiTZeTonr^^^^^^ "*"" ^^*''^">
sirnple;Uescencefrl:t::C::!. ''''''' ^^"""^ ^^^^■'''- ^-^^
t Xea>#« mostly finely many toothed.
2. B. Oaxolina, L. Stems usually tall n ^= k- un • ,
straight or usw.Uy more or less cuved spilt «/' ' 1''^ '''"*^
very narrow ; leaflets dull green TCj^Tl '^"^'' ^""^ *"d
oblong and acute at each end and n K f "^ ^?' "«"^"y narrowly
usually pubescent beneath.-LrdLT'^''' '"' '"'^^ ^^^^er,
to Ont., and westward. '"^^'"P' ^'^^ «*r«*™«. N. S.
"^ "^ Leaflets coarsely tootlied.
3. R. lucida, Ehrh. Stems r.ff«« + 11 j
to e- high), »:m a( 4ri,° "J"" ""?, "°"' (« '«>' in*™
dart greel rather tu:;:'':^^,';:;:;*'^''. ''*" ^"-"^ ^)
«orymboae or solitaiy, outer seDat f/ !t "* '^''"''' """^^
.obe.-Margi.„r«i„^:si-:rtw7tJ>:^ ™-"
Naturalized species.
4. R. rubiginosa, L Sweetbrier f
resinov. beneath and aromatic, and do^d>ly]trr7e\^Tl' ^.^''^
and pinnatifid sepals hispid Clnol p "^"^"^'^ the short pedicels
aromatic, with oblong fruit and ITk ""*;^'^"*^"- ^Hh; less
Ont. to S. C. and TeL "tlnTfrf f Eu^ ^'^^^^•^-''- '^^^^^^^
78
ROSACEiK.
1 ■;.!
Calyx-tube
12. PYRUS,L. Pkak.
Al'lLE.
f'x-tuhe urn-shapod, tho ]i,„b 6-cloff P . i
obovate. Sbunens numerous. 8^25% ^^^'''"''""dish or
like ; the 2-5 carpels or cells of .V "" ^^'^^ ^'^ b«rry-
2-seecled.-Tre.. or sir, b" w th T'T '' ^'^^•^'^•■'^'"-"« texture,
cymes. (The classical n:;;:o;i^:::::v''^"" --^^^«^
§ 1. ADENORHACHr.S r
fruit lernjZe, 2naU '''""'' '"'''" ^^'^^^ «^ ''«-;
h4^tr!S!;:;^Voblar^^^^^ «^-^ -"y 1-
finely .landular-seLe, ^i::^' C:!^'':^ ^ r"''^''''
flowers white or reddish ■ frn,> ,. beneath , cyme tomentosc ;
Var. melanocarpa Hoot at^. i
green ; cymes brge and flat • bLT Tu r""'^' '"o*. bright
*m pea, ; fc„y.j°^ ^^""^ ' "T"™ glob*, bright red, not larger
Swamp, and LuntaCS/'t'r """ 7"T'»* ^'"«"°''»^
rated. ' """'•• "estward. Oft™ <,ulti.
^^^^:::!::^^ Lea^s o^on,, .,,,
doubly) with more spreadi ,: eU ff ^^T'"^' ^^"""^^^ ^"»"-^tly
smaller; flowers and'berr's^ ! J' f'" f^^ ^^"-^^ ' «y'»es
young ovoid, at length glot se S/, .' "" ^'" '^"^'^> ^^^^^
wise nearly as the piecedL ^llb t ^r^"''^*'^ ^""•^'' "^^er-
^-'uperiur, and westward. ----- ^.. ang. and Lake
HOHACV.M.
70
lis roundish or
loshy or borry-
,'inmi.s toxfcuro,
8 in corymbed
•Irib ulandnlar
mited at htm;
' usimlly 1-3°
or acuniinate,
e tomentose
>se when ripe,
nip tliickets
"1., 111., Mo.
ighout, with
»parently the
'^oitaleir'Jets;
rnall.
I. T-3e or
ajiets 13-16,
;eetli, brigJit
i> not larger
glntmons. —
)ften culti-
blong, oval,
[•ate (mostly
ith ; cymes
road) when
'■'■y; other-
. and Lake
13 ORAT^OUS, I. FUwTHoKK. Wh,« Thok«.
of zrood') '"'""^' '"""""■ °" '"••"°'"" "' ""■ '"«*'«"
* G<»-ymbs mnny-flowered.
^Fr^nt large (^V long), red;flou.rs Urge; sU,Us and stones evenin
b~w°: ~ Mfl": ^"""7" *i opines, tout, chestnut,
calyx JalTn.T '" ."'" *"•■'■'• «'»■«""«■• I-l™«l<'«. ""d
dukr H , ' "'""''"' "■• «"'"■■"»'» »' "-Me, acutely k1»„.
dUM ,„„thecl, soiiietnnes cut-l„l,e,l ■ ,!„„„» -o»l f., V ^
.■ed, globose or obov.te, V b„,„d._Ne»f w" tw. a ' "" """'■
a„L°: !hZ*"„e/- , *'"™''" ^™^' '""'^ "'* "'™" S"y
no^eTle^vri' "e IT ' "T "''°-l""'-=<'nt ; glands
.ob^l^c^nt. tea.t„:ltn^^
A n J^ ^^'''' ^^^J/-^-Q"«bec to Ont. and south to Ga
a .,„ I. .. " .", ' f-'W-^Oovur. an;;, orHanceolate, tanerina infn
rJaTrtlrtirT '""" *' ■""""»' ftuitglolr, duU
^•-1^5^ oroaa;.—iiackets, common. Ont.
60
SAXIFHAGACE.I3,
It AMELANOHIEE, Medio. J™„-„„„„v.
l-alyx 5-cloft ; lobes downv wifhin t> * i i.,
Stamens nu.norou., Bhort Vvt g „!td 1 """' t"^'*^'^''^'
celled, each coll ^-ovuled bufc TT • \- "'"*• ^^''''y ^■
each and forms a fie ctuit h ^ ^'^' ■" «'""' ^'""^ *»»« '^"•^'k of
thus 10-celled, ^iTorTllT'^^ T^'n"" ' "'^ berry-like pome
tree, or Bhrubs ^irsiml ","t ««"(-''-«» -pen). -S.nall
Savoy.) (^"'^'""c^er is the name of A. vulgaris in
1. A. Canadensis. Torr. and Gray. SHAP-BrsH S.»
BERRY. A tree 10-.3n° hu,h ,. i ^- Srrviok-
purplish, sweet and edible rVar BnH^tT t ' ''"'"«"" «^
Dry open woodlands ; I^lwf and Onr f"; "• ""^ '^"^•>-
Var. RoTUNDZFouA (Torr I ndTl ^ ^"^ "^'""'^ '" J"'^«-
leaved form. ''^^' ^^'^''*^« *« ^e only a broad-
Var. (/) oblonglfolia, Torr. and Grav A «moii .
6-10- high,, the young ,,.„«, li'Zn^t In e I t-JV'""'
tose i leave, oblong or »„,„„time8 rather brotuvrili ? t ""
mostly rounded «t base, finely serrate 1 2' Cfl' °°"'"'
and shorter racemes • nela f S° l u, * ' '"""' "' '""»'""■
.imflar but more r^i,!:^!"^,, edtr-STmlr ' ''!,"
orswampy,o«is;N.S., westward. I-"" ">»"' ground.
icat-es, mwi t,ma«w no stimiU. th. 1, ^ alternate
adherent, usuXtiZtTw^erin^;:! 'Z """°%"^° "^
J^most alwa^n^erted on the clyrrura„rp::."" ""*
HAXIVHAQACKJK.
81
MJERRV.
!ong, olongated.
<m. Ovary 5-
roni tlio back of
berry-like pome
I ripen). —Small
.V08, and white
A. vulgaris in
«H. Sbrvick-
8 ; leaves ovate
pointed, very
sry long silky-
acemes ; petals
^se, crimson or
•. mid Gray.)—
'ni»g in June.
5 only a broad-
tree or shrub
white-tomen-
Hptical, acute,
«^ers in denser
itulate ; fruit
noist grounds
Family).
m Rosacese by
as alternate
^nite, and the
or partly so,
>ither free or
ns and petals
us.
B in n. 8). Pniit
distinct oarpfils.
Petals fi. Stamens lo. Sewli numeroui, with «
1. Sazlfraga. Fio»«r« perf».t.
close coat.
••Ovary l-celle.!. with 2 parietal ,,l«cent«, alternate with the .tlKn.a..
Sterile fitunienn none.
'^x"':;ta's,r::::i''^"'^°""*''^'*"^--^ ^-'-""- ^^amanno.
'■ ""lut n« 10." '""'^' "*"""^ ^"" '•'^' •'^'"''-" -•-^- '•«'*>• •"-./. V.nnati«d.
4.^0hry80Bplenlum. Caiyx-tul. coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamen, 10.
Ovary I-celled with 8-4 parietal ..la.enta, opposite the sessile sti^n.aB. A cluster
of unite<l sterile fllame..t8 at the base of each petal
BJamassla. Sepals, petals and proper stamens fi. Peduncle scape-like. l.flowere<l
"^?:e^etrff^:„r^--;r-^--^
'■ ^^^Ki. ''*""""" """*"' '° ''' '•°^"'^' °^'*'^- P'-'"^- 2. parietal, n.any
1. SAXIPRAOA, L. Saxifraob.
Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovarv 5-
cleft or parte.1. Petals 5, entire, i.nbrioated in the bud, commonly
deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled
opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate
follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.-Chiefly perennial
herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly
alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break ; manv
species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)
* Stems asce^uling; haves alternate; calyx colierent hdaw with the
capsule.
1. S. alzoldes, L. Yellow Mocntain-S. Low (a-6' high) in
tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers ; leaves linearAanceo.
late entire, fleshy, disbuitly spinulose-ciliate ; peUth yellow, spotted
with 01-ange, oblo7ig.~Uxh. and Anticosti, west to R. Mts.
* * Leaves clmtered at the root; scape many-flowered,
erect, clammy-jmbescent.
t Petals all alike.
2 S. Aizoon, Jacq. Scape 6-10' high ; leaves persistent, thick,
•s.atulate, with white cartUanimms toothed margin..; nol„^ pa-..-
adherent ; petals o],ovate, cream-color, often spr ^ed at the^^base ~
Moist rocks. Lab. west, and northward. (Eu.)
82
SAXlFRAGACEiE.
3. S. Vlrginiensis, Michx. Early S. Low (4-9' high); leaves
to If/IJT- r':^"''' """"'^^^'^ "^^" ^ ^^»^d Petiole, crenate-
toothed thickish ; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length
open and loosely panicled ; lobes of the nearly free caly:c erect, not
hMfthe length of the ohlong obtuse {white) petals; follicles united
^^ I ^^^''J"'''^ divergent, purplish. -Exposed rocks and dry
hillsides ; N. Brunswick, westward, common. April-June.
2. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre- wort.
Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals
5, with claws entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2
Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved ; the valves unequal,
beeds few, ,t the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth.^-
Perenmals ; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from ndpa, « tiara
that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-woH properly belongs )
1. T. cordifolia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer
runners heart-^iaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely ha""
above aowny beneath ; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves
Rich rocky woods, N. S. to Ont. April, May.
3. MITELLA, Toum. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap
Calyx short coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
rver^IhoT S ^"r'f • ^'^"^"^ ' ^'^ ''' -^^"^S Styles
!; r! h r , ^^'"^' '''""'' ^■^''^'^' l-^"«d' ^i*^h 2 parietal
feeeds smooth and shinmg.-Low and slender perennials, with
round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or.runn;rs on
^eiider petioks ; those on the flowering stems opposite, Tany
Flowers small, xn a simple slender raceme or spike. r;uit soon
^.^sessUe with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a^fcTm;
"^m!:: Lntr May-.""^^^^^^ ^" '''' ^'^ ' ^^ ^^ ^-' -*
SAXIPRAOACEiE.
83
(4-9' high); leaves
1 petiole, crenate-
tvhich is at length
ee calyx erect, not
s; follicles united
^ed rocks and dry
pril-June.
5-WORT.
5-parted. Petals
ender. Styles 2.
e valves unequal,
sbular, smooth. ---
L-om Tidpa, a tiara,
stil, which is like
>roperly belongs.)
took or summer
d, sparsely hairy
ith 1 or 2 leaves
en subserrate. —
!ishop's-Cap.
> ovary, 5-cleft.
ncluded. Styles
, with 2 parietal
at the summit,
perennials, with
ik or. runners, on
pposite, if any.
ke. Fruit soon
alluding to the
d, acute, some-
stem 2, opposite,
lite, in a raceme
!. and Ont,, west
2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender ; leaves rounded or Jcidney-
form, deeply and doubly crenate ; stem umcdh, leajless, few-floivered
very slender (4-6' high) ; flowers greenish ; stamens 10.— Deep
moist woods, in moss, N.S. to the Pacific and northward. Mav-
July. ^
4. OHRYSOSPLENIUM, Toum. Golden Saxifrage.
Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary ; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow
withm. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a
conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or
2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placenta?,
-valved at the top, many-seeded.-Low and small smooth herbs,
with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed
flowers. (Name compounded of xpvo6g, golden, and onlfp, the spleen;
probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)
1. 0. Americanum, Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and
forking J leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-
shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed ; fiowers distant, inconspicuous,
nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple).— Cold wet
places, N. Scotia to Ont.
5. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.
Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and
sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5,
veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud ; a
cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base
of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent -
anthers mtrorse or subextro.-se. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting
parietal placentae ; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentte.
Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentas on their middle
Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat
and httle if any albumen. Embryo straight ; cotyledons very short.
—Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers
on long scape-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf.
Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from
Mount Parnassus ; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)
1. P. parviflora, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx
(3" long); sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate
or oblong, tapering at base.— Sandy banks, Lab. and westward.
If. :;
84
SAXIPRAQACE^.
'ill;
2- P. palustris, L. Scanes <i-in' I,- u i
flower nearly 1' broad ; ,Jls sessu'.^^^ L^^ ^htT'^' ''
as the last. (Eu.) ' ' ^^^»^<^«^-— Same range
^^^{S^L^;^ !:^- r° ^^^^^^ flower 1-1^^
veined; sterile Jila:r::ZV'^2T^^^^^^^^ --'
&«-; leaves thickish, ovate o' It^ 1^^^^^^^^
usually but one low do^n on tho Ln« . !. ' i " ^eart-shaped,
N. Brunswick. Ont. ^ """^ clasping. -Wet banks,
6. RIBES, L. CiTREANT. Gooseberry.
Calyx 6-lobed, often colored • fho f„K„ u
Pe«s 6, i„,e,*ed in the tw;„\\r it^'I ^S :'"' °™T
alternate with the npfnl^ n,, i „ , •^*' *'™'*"- btamens 6,
and 2 dUtinot or u„M stvles V ' """ ^ ""^'^ •''"°»'^
into a gelatmom ou^/r "'r^"*"" "' "'« numarom saeda stalling
n^inuta' at 1"^:;^" Xr T""'™' °»^- ^■»'>-^°
shrub., with alternate and Z^lZ7l^' T"""'^" '""""^
plaited in the bud fexcant in '^"""'"T'"''^'' '«™'. "Wch ara
branches, the .mauZTrVfrorthr''* ,"""" '""=''=''"' °" ««
ate lateral buds. (fZ „trar '"' "'''"' °' '""- '''^P^'--
ourrant. Gro^ularil Z:^t;:ZZZ. Th"'" T""^ '"' *>■'
for the genus.) ^ " '" '"™ ''««n adopted
^'' a^TwriJ^r^T , "''•" '^"' "-^^ «"-
heart-^lmped, 3-5.lobed. •■"UMwH.
* C^V-'o'"!) dtcidcUy shorter that, th. i„h. . i ■
J J, . ■^ ""^"^"'l^tube; herrmiapttobeprldcly.
.i.nt,.b~i>X!rxr^^^^^^^^^
axeiy smooth—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Man.
B« roundish-
' CRASSULACE^. g-
acute, do„bl/.semte; I°t, ^"f:,''' r°°",'' ""' '""" """^o-
rooks, Lab. to the Rocli/jlta. * "°°''' "'"'
*. E. floridum, LHer. Wi.i. p, .
»oe., ,.„. .„-- i!;;rL:r^i-;::r;
(green or purplish); fmit mZ "','^' "■""J""?, calyi flat
da„,p woods. VstoXe^m:? ' "'-''""'' '"'S' '""'
Okd«28. OEASSULAOEiE (Okp,... F..™.v)
:n:;:s::';s:re;^^^^^^^^
gene,., being qLe disj ^^1 iLr"* <'"-"«' °' *»
perigynous disk, there are usuX Ht , ^°' "'""■■"' <>' "
one behind each carpel, p," "dry au 17'" Tm " '"""P**"'''
cles) opening down th- „.., '" , '^ "''"' ' *'" P°'"^ ('»'«-
Stipule, now. Flowers'^sui^.r °' ""'"•''-■''"'y few-seaded.-
aessile. """""j' "y""""'. ™»"- Leaves mostly
iti
I f
86
DROSERACE^.
* Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.
l-Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistUa 4 or 5. Stamens 8-10. seeds many.
1. SEDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.
seeded, a little scale at the base of each.-Chiefly nerenni-il
smooth, and thick-leaved herbs with fh« fl ^ perennial,
sidpd P«f.ic 1 f , ' "® flowers cymose or one-
sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed rNamo
rom sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which^hese plains fix
themselves upon rocks and walls. ) ^
+ Flowers yellow.
mossfikri;^' ^"^^^ ^r--««o-- Spreading on the ground,
noss-hke ; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the
branches, ovate, very thick ; petals yellow. --Escaped rom c J'
vation to rocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu )
* * J^77 ^^ « frrninal naked and re^xdar cyme or ch^ter, «.o.-e or
^esspeduncled; lea.es flat, olo^ate or oUong, mostly alteCu
i Flowers perfect, b-merous, lO-androus.
Stelste^f (2^'S tout'^ir^ ''TT ^^ ^^^ ™.
compound ; ^c!!? ^^^ ig^::::ti:r%"s!:' 'rr
po,Ued witK a sKort %/.-Ilocks\ndt:t;%sCd fr: m!^
tivation m some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.) ^^'^ ^''^'^ *'^-
^ ^Flowers dioecious, mostly 4-merons, and 8-androtcs.
3. S. Rhodiola, DC. RosERooT. Stems erect (5-10' hi^h^ •
leaves oblong or oval smaller than in the preceding ; flow rsn
Throughout Ai^tic America, extending southward to the oast of
Order 29. DROSERACILE (Sundew Family)
J<>9-Mrbs, mostly glandnlar-huired, with reanlar k,pogvn.L flowers
pentan.roru.audwU,^rin,j.persi.tent caly^, corolla, an^ stamer^the
IIAMAMELIDE^.
87
«n/^m/..«Z h, the Muldh and turned outward, and a l-celled capsule
Ferns A « .m . ' "^' ^'""' ^^'^ ^^'^^ *« *'ie base, as in
^erns. A small family of insectivorous plants.
1. DPOSERA, L. Sundew.
face C-i™nl« q A 1 A , ' «^'S"iatose above on the inner
only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants ylld a purl
stain to paper. (The frlands „f fl,^ i , 7 purple
shaped, the coat loose and cliaff-like ; flowers whifp ihl r. I
.o„,eti,„es insixes.- P«.t.b<,g,, Lab. to'the pIc flo.^d 'Ju hw^'
common. July, August. (Eu.) u soucnward ,
2. D intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DO. Leaves spatu
Z«c-o6^on, tapering into the Ion, rather erect \raked petTZ -leel
oblong with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (D Wifo"^^
Gray, Manual. )-Bogs, N.B. to Man. June-Aug. (Eu > '
OKnEK 30. HAMAMELIDE^ (Wxxch-Hazk. fIu^v, '
flowers m heads or spilrs, often polygamous or mona^cions ■ af^Z'
coker^ny ^th tke tase oftJ.e orary, 'LicJ. consists 7^^'^^^
or involute in the bud, or often nonr::^;r^t=^;;^:t
8S
onaohace^.
»t™ghMn scanty albuma„,oot„edZr;ad.„dr ''' '""
• «~ . ^.. -^^^^^^ ...,.:„,.„....
1. HAMAMELIS, L. W,icb.H^zei.
like. Styles 2, short cJ.T , ' "^f^''^ "^d scale-
the leaves ™ ^C a J^ ^.^Trs^ds thV" T"""' """^
Damp woods, N.S. to Out. ™'" summer.-
O^ZK 31 ONAOEACM (EvB^o-PaBtaos. F.m^v)
<»a»y M the petals or c«ii,x.!„i« inserted o^tC^ ... ™
calyx-tube. Stylo single, slender -"tW,!: Tj ! T""' °' "■"
Pollen grains often conUted ly ^bSbv thtd*""'. ""'"""'■
pous, small, without albumen ^Mriv^ ,.."''' ™'''°-
altemate leaves. Stipules none or^Sulaf"' "^ °^''°^'"" °'
* Parts of the flower in fours or more,
t Fruit a many-seeded pod. usually loculicidal.
X Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (.eareely «o in n. 1> and d..H..«,,
from It. Flowers 4-merous. ---Joj»
OKAORACE^. g.
1. EPILOBIUM. L. Wzu^w-h™.
many of ifcg species „f diiBcult limitat „n Z "^^ «"""»■
nim>, and ;d,5„,„, <, J,«(,^^,,.) "■»"""»■'• (Name composed of hi,
8 1. Moivers large, purnk ■>» « 7
stigm. ofi lo,^ M„. ' "' ""^ ''"'<' ^'^"-'My dejh^ed;
.ioula^e, acnte, na^^o'wtdT tr^ r '^ISSer fl'" " "' 'T
...ora or less nodding , peduncle, shorter fcn tl L' I ""'"'
«Mnap nd,e. , oomacinnamon-coi^.^l'lltr^Lr:
pe,uiaged at the ajM-x. ^ ' '><'oddm,j ; seeds ap.
t Seeds papillosed-rotighemd.
•
'»l
1, 'UJ-
!' '
90
OVAOKACEiE.
part.)-Lab. to N. w"t (Eu.) ^ "^ '' '^''- ^^"^*'^' ^^"'^-'^-^
2. (ENOTHERA, L. Evknino Pkimkose.
iicA«.u. jrccajs 4. htamens 8 : anthers mnaflir i;, i
tile Puno,,!^ ^11 aiitaers mostly linear and versa-
un.„o.™„ea„i„;rX;ciero7E,XrM- ^"" °"' "-" °^
§ 1. «.<,«»«» W A (.^ . ,„,^.,„j^ j,.^^,, ^, ^.^^^^
at the throat; anthers linear
above.
erect als^'h^n'' ^^ ?.''"'^'''' ^^"^^^« Pkimkose. Rather stout
dves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2-6' lon^^i
.ong^cap,„,e ™„. or less p„We„t „. hi4e,-£:^htl
IV; , "«-^-^''™ ™i."' »» tl« type, but „„t so common east
y wianceoiate , Jtoivers loosely spiced • cornnn 4_i o" i
s L_, „ o ^oiig, aessile or on a short
slightly dilated
ghtly narrowed
CUCURniTAPE.K 01
3. ffi fruticosa, L. SUNDROPS. Biennial or perennial erect
often ta 1 and stout (1-3^ lugh), villous-pubescent or pub x^ulon «;
nearly glabrous; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, LZZlZ
Zinad r '^''''"-.'[T ''"'^' 1'''°"""''"% ribbed and stro.u,ly
ringed.— Common, variable. N. S. and Q.
3. OIRC^A, Tourn. Enchantkr's Nightshade.
Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped
d:s.decxduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-
vithb ? rr '• '^™^' i"^«hiscent, sxnall and burr-like, bri'lv
wxth hooked hairs, 1-2-celled ; cells l-seeded.-W and incon
pxcuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposit hTn
leaves on sleuder petioles, and small whitish flowers L racemes
produced m summer. (Named from aVce, the enchantress )'
tooth!!; ^^^f^""^' \ Taller (l-2» high) ; leaves ovate, slightly
toothed ; bracts ,iam; hairs of the roundish ^-celled fruit bristly -
Very common. N. S. to Ont. (Eu.)
h^art-shaped th^n sinning, coarsely toothed; hracts ^r^l; hairs
of the obovate-oblong l-cdledfrnii soft and slender.-Deep ;oods
N. S. to the Pacific. (Eu.) ^ '
Order 32. CUOURBITAOILffi (Goxtrd Family).
Mostly s^^culent Ms vnth tendrils, dic^cious or rn^y^iox^ (often
gar^petal<n.s) flowers, the caly^-tube colder u.g rcith the iJZZ
omn, an^ ^^e 5 or usually 2| star^ens (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2
wi h 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous
anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy or
sometimes membranaceous.-Umh of the calyx and coroi; usui y
more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat
anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf like. Leaves
alternate, palmately lobed or veined. -Mostly a tropical or sub-
--P orctc. , xcpresuiicod m cultivation by the Oottrd (Laof-
NABiA VULGARIS), PuMPKiN and Squash (species ..f Cucurbita),
fi I
■I
92
CrcURBITACE^.
MtrsKMELON (C1TCUMI8 Mklo), Cucumber (C. sativus), and Water-
MKLON (ClTRULLUS VtJLQAKIs).
•Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual
t Ovary 1 -celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.
1. Slcyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, fi.lobed. Fruit indehiscent.
1 1 Ovary 2-3-oelled. Seeds few, erect or ascending
2. SohlnocyBtlB. Corolla of thesterlleflowersflatandsprea<linK.O,,arted. AnthersS.
Fruit bladdery, 2-celIed, l-seeded, bursting at the top.
1. SIC Y OS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber. •
Flowers moncecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped
or flattxsh crolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary l-celled
wxth a single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit
ovate dry and indehisctent, filled by the single seed, covered with
barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached. - Clinibine
annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers • the
sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, f,.; /.;-mer corymbed
the latter m a capitate cluster, long-pedunch- -. uireek name for
the Cucumber.)
1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heux ..imped, S-an-led
or lobed, the lobes pointed ; plant clammy-hairy. -River banks
and a weed in dump yards, N.II. and Quebec to Ont., west to
Mmn., E. Kan., and Tex. July-Sept.
2. EOHINOOYSTIS, Torr. and Gray. Wild Balsam-Apple.
Flowers moncecious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into
an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united Ovarv
2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell ; stigma broad. Fruit
fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the
summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds
large, flat, .with a thickish hard and roughened coat.-Tall climbinir
annual, nearly smooth, witn 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very
numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound
racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from
the same axils. (Name composed of Kxivog, « hedgehog, and kvcus,
a bladder, from the prickly fruit.)
1. E.lobata, Torr. and Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 6-lobed •
fruit oval (2' long); seeds dark-colored,— Rich soil .-.lon^ ri-ers'
N.fcJ., westward. Also cult, for arbors. July-Oct. ° "^ '
I
i), and Watbr.
UMBELUFERiE.
93
OhDER33. UMBELUFElliE (Pa isley Family).
Ihrhs, mth^,dl Jiover. in vmhds (or mrdy in heads), the calyx
entuely adhern., to the 2.c.ned and 2-„rHled oranj, the 5 petal.. aL
o stamens m.ertnl on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds
the base of the 2 styles. Fruit co^mstiny of 2 seed-like dry carpds.
Limb of the calyx cbsolete, or a mere o-toothod lu.rder. P,.tals
either imbricated in the bud or valval c with ho point infiexe.l.
riie two carpel« (called meriearps) coli, nng by their inner face (the
comm^ss^cre) when ripe separating from each other .uul UHually
suspended from the sumnnt of a slender prolongation of the axis
(carpophorcy, each carpel m.trked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs,
and often with 4 intermediafo (seeovdary) ones ; in the interstices or
m^ermis between them are cmimonly lodged the oil tubes (nV/cr)
which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, contain-
ing aromatic oil. (These arc best seen in slices made across the
fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous
with a minute embryo in hard all,umen.-Stems usually hollow
Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or
sheathing at base ; rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually
compound, in which case the secondary ones are termed nmbellets',
the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general umbel is the
involncre, and those of the umbellets the involncels. The base of
the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called the
stylopodium. In many the flowers are dichoganwus, i.e., the styles
are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop
-an arrangement for cross-fertilization. -A large family, some of
the plants mnocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid
narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the
fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small
diversity. The family is consequently difiicult for the young
L Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and
armed with barbed or ho.)ked prickles, the primary ribs fiU-
form and bristly.
1. DaUCUB. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fi-uifc flattened dorsally. Seed-face f!.at,
IL Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each
carpel).
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
fe
{^
y^
1.0
I.I
1.25
!r 13.6
1.4
2.0
I 1.8
1.6
150mm
V
<P
/,
^>
O^
^a
/.
y
/APPLIED J IIVMGE . Inc
.^= 1653 East Main Sireet
.s^= r^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
^^=-^ Phone: 716/482-0300
.^='-=: Fax: 716/288-5989
© 1993, Applied Image, Inc., All Rights Reserved
#
r\
^\'
<^
^
^iisf'yt^
'^.
C^
»
^ '^^
pli.
r, :h
I!. II
<:i
94
UMBKLLIFKKJi;.
* Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.
t Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.
t Lateral wings closely contiguous ; oil-tubes solitary ; stylopodiuni thick-conical.
2. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs fllifonn, the broa^l wings with a marginal nerve Oil-
tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.
1 1 Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers.
3. Pastinaca, Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.
** Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly,
t Ribs all conspicuously winge<l ; stylopodium depressed or wanting.
4. Thaspium. Tali perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow
flowers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary.
* * * Fruit flattened laterally.
t Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally ; flowers white.
} Seed-face flat ; fruit short.
(Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic
perennials.
6. Slum. Fruit ovate to oblong ; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.
II II Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary. Perennials.
6. Clcuta. Ribs Hattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate
leaflets, the veins often running to the notches.
U Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no
oil-tubes.
7. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound
leaves.
} } t Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.
8. Osmorrhlza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete,
1 1 Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.
t Seed straight, not sulcate ; umbels simple.
9. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbictilar, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials,
in or near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.
**** Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.
10. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves
palmate.
1. DAUOUS, Tourn. Carrot.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally ; stylopo-
dium depressed ; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4
winged secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of
barbed prickles ; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on
the commissural side ; seed-face somewhat concave or .almost flat.—
Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound leaves,
UMBELLIPEHiE.
95
numerous. Aquatic
foliaceous and cleft involncral bracts, and white flowers in com
pou,^umbels winch become strongly concave. (The ancient oZk
1. D.Oarota, L Biennial ; stem bristly ; ultimate leaf-segments
lanceo^n^e and cuspdate ; rays numerous.-Naturalized eve^^^^^^^^^^^
2. HERAOLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip.
t,-n?^^l''!'*'l.™'"?*'- ^""* ^'■^^^"y °^^1 «r «bovate, like Pas-
T^^tTTt: ) 'T^ ^^y^o,oaiun., and the c^nspLoJs
obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle -Tall
stout perennial, with large ternately compound leaves, broad
umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leJved involucel , wWte
^-cleft. (Dedicated to J/t'rctties.) j b ^
Ip.if^V^^^f*!'"' ^''^''- ^"""^5 stem grooved, 4-8° high •
leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed. -Wet ground, Newf. to the
Pacific, and southward to N.C., Ky., and Kan June.
3. PASTINACA, L. Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsallv •
dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings7wh ch
are strongly nerved toward the outer margin ; oil-tubes small, soli
ed.-Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves
mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin
name, from 2}astus, food.)
1. P. sativa, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong,
cut-toothed. -Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)
4. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened
dorsally ; carpel Mith 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged • oil
tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium
SpTi ' ; l-g--P--ennials (2-5° high), with ternately
divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed
leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name
a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of 'J'hapsus.)
96
UMBELLIFEliiG.
! 5 51
UBsia: I
1. T. aureum, Nutt. Glabrum; root-leaves mostly cordate
serrate; siem-learest simply ternate (liuely biternute) ; leaflets ovate
to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate ; flowers deep
yellow; fruifc globose-ovoid, about 2" long, all the ribs enmlly
winged.— Thickiita and woodlands, N.B. to Ont. Fl. in summer
and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable.
5. SIUM, Tourn. Water Parsnip.
Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with
prominent corky nearly equal ribs ; oil-tubes 1-3 in the intervals ;
stylopodium depressed; seed-face plane. — Smooth perennials'
growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or
pinnatifid leaflets, involucre end hivolucels of numerous narrow
bracts, and white flowers. (From alov, the Greek name of some
marsh plant.)
1. S. cicutafoUum, Gmelin. Stout, 2-6° high ; leaflets 3-«
pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate,
2-5' long (lower leaves sometimes submersed and flnely dissected,'
as in th'3 next) y fruit U" long, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare,'
ilftc/ia;.)— Throughout N. America.
6. 01 OUT A, L. Water-Hemlock.
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, gla-
brous, with strong tiattish corky ribs (the lateral largest) ; oil-tubes
conspicuous, solitary ; stylopodium depressed ; seed nearly terete.
—Smooth marsh perennials, very poisonous, with pinnately com-
pound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usually none, involucels
of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin
name of the Hemlock.)
1. 0. maculata, L. Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root.
Beaver-Poison. Stem stout, 2-G° high, streaked with purple ;
leaves 2-3 pinnate, the lower on long petioles ; leaflets lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate (1-5' long), acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins
passing to the notches ; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very
unequal; fruit broadly ovate, to oval, 1-1 J" long.— Throughout
Canada. August.
2. C, bulbifera, L. Rathrr dvndcr, 1-3° high ; leaves 2-3-pin-
iiate (sometimes appearing ternate) ; leaflets linear, sparsely toothed
UMBELLIFER^. .
"w.iinp.s, JN. hcotiH, westward
7. OOWIUM, L. ,>„„„, i„„^,,
Oalyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit nv.,^.> „
sicles, glabrous, with pronll^ ^^^y Z-I^^'^J'''''''' ^^ ^^«
layer of secreting cells next th« « V , ' "^^-^"''^''^ """«. but a
narrowly concavoLpoi.orl Wen! / " r' ''''" '' '^^^^^ '^"^
decompound leaves withTZla^^^^^^^^^ ^^-^ ^-«e
involucels of narrow bracts and ITT ''*' "»volucre and
name of the ITeudock bTC. 1 T"''- ''"^'""'' *^« ^^eek
put to death at Athens.) "^ """""^^ "'^ philosophers were
plal'es^ToSr"' '• ^^^-^'^''--''^"«I^^-opeanherb,^
8. OSMOBRHIZA, Raf. Swekt Cxcklv
v-alyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear f« i;.
nent caudate attenuation at ba rC 'rtl; "? "'* """"'■
oil-tubeaob,o!oto; see,I.face concur rth^' :'*.<"i'"'' ^1" i
leaves, ovate variously t,x>th.d Sc- 1 fl 'T'"'^ ~'"P'>"''''
j-voluee.,, ana white I.e." ei^^^L^^^^r. /"T'r" "'<•
(Name from i,,/,, „ .,„,(, „,j .,,,„_ /^^ "nJ '— frmted umbels.
.iteL'irrfr t ^_^: ,o,!^rmra:^1'Tr «"•' ^
caudate attenualio,,) C" Ion:- sZTr ' ?" <""' "'"'"'''"S «'»
N. Scotia westward to tl:!' Z'm:^^^'"'' i"'"^-^'™"
deeply and broadly colve,^'! L'.'C^r,:!'^ --■'- »-
ft HYDEOOOTYLE, Tourn. W.™„p,„„„,,
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit «frnn„i « .x , ^""^^RT.
iar or shield-shaped ; the ^::^rSe!t::^ '^''''f''' ^^''^"■
and often forming a thickened n.arlfn JiUuL! "" "^ ^^^-^^^
a conspicuous oil-bearing layer bene:," the pitrmr^^ ""'"^
smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials w^h i^ T '^'''^' '""'"^
and round shield-shaped 'or ki W ^^^^^^^^
f or Kwney-form leaves, with scale-like
98
ARALIACEiB.
stipulen. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, whicJi
are either suigle or proliferous (one above another), appearing all
summer. (Xanie from Mc,p, water, and Kori??,, a flat cup, the peltate
leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)
* Pericarp nmfornUy corhj-thkkened ami ribs all filiform ; leaves
not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles.
t Fruit small, ivithout secondary ribs or reticulations ; involucre
S7nall or none.
1. H. Americana, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping;
leaves thm, round-reniform, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate
shuung ; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile ; fruit less
than 1" broad ; intermediate ribs prominent ; no oil-bearing layer •
seed-section broadly oval.— Common, N. S. to Ont.
10. S A N 1 U L A ; Tourn. Sanicle. Black Snakekoot.
Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not
separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.— Perennial rather tall glabrous
herbs, witb few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the
root longpetioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers
(greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with
stemmate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved
(Name said to be from sano, to heal ; or perhaps from San Nicolas.)
1. S. Marylandica, L. Stem 1-3° high ; leaves 3-7-parted, the
divisions most sharply cut and serrate ; sterile flowers numerous
and long-pedicelled ; fruit 1^2" long, the styles longer than the
prickles.
Var. Canadensis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-
pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles.
(S. Canadensis, X.)— With the last, but westward only, Ont.
Order 34. ARALIACE.ffl (Ginseng F.\mily).
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with m,xcch the same characters as Umbelli-
ferae, but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few-several-
celled drupe.—Alhmnen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed.
1. ARAL I A, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the
ovary, the teeth very short or almost obsolete. Petals 6 epigynous.
>ns ; involucre
ARALIACR^.
99
oblong or obovate, lightly i,„bricated in the bud, deciduous
Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with the petals Stvlfil ^ITT
Jstinct and slender, or in the sterile Cers Sltd 'un^^^
(^^vary 2 5-eeUed, with a single anatr..p„us ovule suspended m
p.n.. ^wers^s:^:;:-— rc^^;:rr^
bark, fruxt, etc., warm and aromatic. (Derx.ation obscure )^'
§1. ARALU. Floivers monoecioushj pohjgamous or perfect the
^eU usually in conjrnls or pa.uc J styles a^J^t^
{hlakordark purple) fruit 5 ; stems herbaceous or woody :J^
mate dimions of tlu leaves pimiate. ^
* Umbels nu^,^ro.,s ir. a large compound panicle ; leaves very large,
decompound.
6mtti'1L7?f';^-/"r""^^- ^-^— / ^tem .widely
oranched, leaflets hea, Novate, pointed, doubly serrate s^iahtlv
downy; umbels racemose; styles nnited.~Rict\Jl^nds Ti
to One., south to the mountains of Ga. July. Well known 1 1
spicy-aromatic large roots. *v eu Known for its
** Umbels 2-7, corymbed; stem sJwrt, samewhxt woody.
f>tem (1-2 high) bristly, Uafy, terminating in a peduncle bparJn^
3. A nndlcaulis, L Wnr, SAjtsAPAmLLA. Stem scar„ly rinru,
or1v!lt rr *"'"' '''* ^-' ™''^'»; leaflets obioLovfte
(fte .frf or redduhfrmt 2 or 3; ,(em h^n-m„ lom sin^df
Z7 " '"'r'/ ' "'""'"""■' ^'>'««'» '=-^ IZ'aT^l
umhel on a slender peduncle. simpie
if
i *l
i r
100
CORKAGES.
4. A. qumquefolia, Decsne. and Planch. Ginseng. Root larne
a^tdsphulle-Jutped, often forked (4-9' Iohr, aromatic); stenx r hiyh •
leaflets long-stalked, mostly 5, largo and thin, obovate-oblong, pointed '
styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright rerf.-Rich and cool woods, Q. and Ont '
south to the mountains of Ga. July. '*
Ordeu 35. CORNACE^ (Dogwood Family).
Shrubs or trers(rardy herbaceous), imth opposite or alternate simple
leaves the cahp-tube coherent with the 1-2-celled ovary, its limb min-
ute, the petals {mlmte in the bud) and as many stamens borne on the
rmrgm of an epigynous disk in the perfect flowers ; style one; a single
anatropous omde hanging from the top of the cell; the fruit a 1-2-
seeded drupe; embryo nearly as long as the albumen, with large foli-
aceous cotyledons—Inclxxding two genera, of which Nyssa is partly
apetalous. Bark bittei' and tonic.
1. ComUB. Flowers perfect, 4-merou3. Leaves mostly opposite.
1. CORN US, Tourn. Cornel. Dogwood.
Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calvx
minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 :
filaments slender. Style slender ; stigma terminal, flat or capitate
Drupe small, with a 2-celled and 2-seeded stone.-Leaves opposite
(except m one species), entire. Flowers small, in open naked
cymes, or in close heads surrounded by a corolla-like involucre
(Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)
§1. Floivers greenish, in a head or close cluster, surrou,vded by a
large and showy, 4-leaved, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish
involucre ; fruit bright red.
1. 0. Canadensis, L. Dwakf Cornel. Bunch-berry. Stems
low and simple (5-7' high) from a slender creeping and subterranean
i-ather woody trunk ; leaves scarcely petioled, the lower scale-like
the upper crowded into an apparent whorl in sixes or fours ovate
or oval, pointed; leaves of the involucre ovate; fruit globular —
Damp cold woods, Atlantic to the Pacific, and the far north. June.
§2. Flowers white, in ojpen flat spreading cym^s; involucre none;
fruit spherical; leaves all opposite {except in n. 5).
* Pubescence woolly and more or less spreading.
CAPRIFOIilACEiE.
101
2. 0. circinata, L'Her. Round-lf.aved Counef, or Dogwood.
blirub 6-10° higli ; brnnrhes greetmh, warty-dotted ; Imres ronnd-
(mxly abruptly pointed, woolly beneath (2-5' broad); cymes flat-
fruit lnjhtblue.-Coi>seH, in rich or sandy soil, or on rocks, N. S.'
to Ont. June.
3. 0. serlcea, L. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Shrub 3-10»
high; branches purplish; the branchlets, stalks, and lower mrface
of the narrowly ovate or elliptical pointed learrs sillni-dotony (often
rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate;
fruit pale blue.-Wet places, N. B. to Ont. June.
**Pubescenco closely appressed, straight and silky, or none.
4 C. stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Branches, espe-
cmlly the osier-like shoots of tlie season, bright red-purple, smooth;
leaves omte, rounded at base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with
a minute close pubescence on both sides, whitish underneath; cymes
smaU and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth ; fruit white or lead-color.
— Wet places ; common, Atlantic to the Pacific, northward. Multi-
plies freely by prostrate or subterranean suckers, and forms broad
clumps, 3-6° high. June.
6. C. alternifoUa. L. f. Shrub or tree 8-25° high ; branches
greenish streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends
ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at base, whitish and minutely
pubescent beneath; cymes very broad and open j/rw/i deep blue
on reddish stalks. -HUlsides in copses, N. S., Q., and Ont. May
June. *"
Division II. GAMOPETAL^.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the
latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamo-
petalous.
Order 36. CAPRIFOLIAOEffi (Honeysuckle Family).
Shrvhs, or rarely herbs, 'unth opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules,
the calyx-tube coherent with the 2-B.celled ovary, the stamens as many
as (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular
or rotate corolla, ayid inserted on its tube.— Fruit a berry, drupe, or
pod, l-several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo' in
fleshy albumen.
hi
',
w
; \
m
I
i
102
OAPRIFOLIACE^
Tribe I. SAMBUCES. CrolU wheel-shaped or tirn-shaped. refpilar, deeply B lobwl.
HLiuuiiui 3 5, seasilo or nearly ho. Inflorescence torniinal and cyniose.
•Shmlm, with stamena as many ati .orolla-Iobes and flowero In broad compound cymes.
1. SambUCUB. Fruit berry-like, containing: three sniall seed-like nutlets. Leaves
pinnate.
2. VlburnUDi Fruit a 1-celled l-see<ied <Irupo, with a compressed stone. Learet
Blniple.
Tribe II. LONIOEREA Corolla tubular, often Irregular, sometimes 2-lipped.
Style slender ; sliifma capitate.
* Herbs, with axillary flowers.
8. Llnnaa. stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 8-oelled,
but only l-seedcd. Creeping, with lonK-Muneulate twin flowers.
* * Erect or climbing: shrubs, with scaly winter-buda.
4. Dlervllla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-oelled
2-valved, many-seeded, slender. '
1. SAMBUOUS, Tourn. Elder.
Calyx-lobes minuto or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with
a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 6. Stigmas 3. Fruit a
berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.—
Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves,
serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in
compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from aa/i/Jiz/c^, an
ancient musical instrument.)
1. S. Canadensis, L. Common Elder. Stems scarcely woody
(5-10° high) ; leaflets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often
3-parted ; cymes Jlat; fruit black-purple. -Rich soil, in open places,
N.S., westward. June, July.— Pith white.
2. S. racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder. Stems woody (2-12°
high), the bark warty ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, downy iinder-
neath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (r&rely
white). (S. pubens, Michx.)--Rocky woods, N. S., w sstward across
the continent. May ; the fruit ripening in June.— Pith brown.
Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3-5 linear-
lanceolate 2-3-cleft or laciniate segments.
2. VIBURNUM, L. Arrow- wood. Lauresxinus.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5.
Stigmas 1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1 -seeded drupe, with .soft pulp and
a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.— Shrubs, with simple
I'll \
CAPRIFOLIACE^.
103
loaves, and wliito flowurn in flat compoiuul cyinoB. Potiolos B..me-
tinies bearing little appundayes which are evidontly stipules. Leaf-
l.iids naked, or with a pair of Boales. (The classical Latin name, of
unknown meaning.)-
§ 1. Cyme radiant, the inarffinal flnwera nmtral, imth greatly en-
larged flat corollas an in Hydrangea ; drupes coral-red timving
darker, not acid ; stone mlcate ; leaves pinnately veined ; wiyiter-
buds naked.
1. V. lantanoides, Michx. Houble-busii. Ameukan Wat-
FAMNO-TREE. Leaves (4-8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed,
heart-shaped at tho base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlota
beneath with the stalks and l>ranchlets very rusty- scurfy ; cymes
sessile, very broad and flat.— Cold moist woods, N.B. to Out. May.
A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often ttvking root.
§ 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2 ; drtipe light red, acid, globose;
stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmatehj veined;
tointer-buds scaly.
2. V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Nearly smooth, upright
(4-10^ high) ; leaves 3-5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-
shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly
toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands
at the apex.— Low ground, along streams, from Anticosti and N.B.
far westward. June, July.— The acid fruit is a substitute for cran-
berries, wlience the names High Cranberry-bush, etc. The well-
known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder Rose, is a ci^^ivated state,
with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)
3. V. pauciflorum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves
glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally
serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the sunmiit ; cyme
few-flowered ; stamens shorter than the corolla.— Cold woods, Newf.
and Lab. , westward to tho Rocky Mts.
§ 3. Cyme never radiant ; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at
maturity.
* Leaves S-rihhed from the mund^d or subcordate be
3-lobed; stipides bristle-shaped.
svrnei
104
CAPHIFOLIACKiB.
n
4. V. acerifolium, L. Dockmaokib. Arrow-wood. Shrub
S-6° high ; loavos soft-downy bonwith, tho pointed h;l)08 diverg-
ing, unoqually toothod ; cyinus small, Hlondor-poduncled ; stamonH
exserted ; fruit crimson turning j)urplo ; nUmo lenticular, hardly
sulcate.— Cool rocky wooda, from N. Brunswick westward.
** Leaves (loith base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, pro-
minently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly snbidate; no rusty
scnrf; fruit ovoid, blue or pnrpk ; the stone grooved; cymes
pedtmcled.
f Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.
6. V. pubescens, Pursh. Downy A. A low, straggUng shrub ;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovato, acute or tui)er-i)ointed, the veins and
teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, tho lower surface
and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit
dark-purple ; tho stone lightly 2-8ulcate on the races.— Rocks, etc.,
Q. to Man. June.
1 1 Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally ; leaves rather slender-petioled.
. 6. V. dentatum, L. Arkow-wood. Smooth, 5-15° high, with
ash-colored bark ; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-
toothed and strongly veined ; fruit 3" long ; cross-section of stone
between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.— Wet places, N. Bruns-
wick to Out. June. —The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the
axils of the straight veins.
*** Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not promi-
nent; stipules none ; whole plant glabrous or vnth some minute
rustij scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet; stone very
flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.
fOymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3" long;
shrubs 5-12° high, in swamps,
7. V. cassinoides, L. Withe-rod. Shoots scurfy-punctate ;
leaves thickish and ojmque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with
obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1-3' long), tvith iwirgins irregu-
larly crenidate-denticidate or sometimes entire ; peduncle shorter
than the cyme. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. and Gray.}—
Newf. westward. Flowers earlier than the next.
+ 1 Compound cyme sessile, 3-5 rayed ; drapes oval, 5-7" long.
HI'BIACEJB.
105
aoaid, 3" long;
'-.u tha At,»,.ti„ „„„„„, „,„, t„,^-'- ™' .':;^;,;;f •'-"■.
3. LINN^A, Oro„„v. TwiN.ri.„WE».
».™;:!n;:xii:;:"':;;;::
toward tl,o b„„ „t tl,„ c" , ' ( r ;°"; ''""■""■• "'""•'"'•
3-ouIled, but onlv 1 ,„eL,l . *■ "'"' "'° "'""" '^'y l-"-!
ovu.e,.lA .lent ■■;,,>:«,!! i"* ' "■' "'"^ "•■"^'-
h«iry, with r„u„d«I.„v, I .;,X -iTc "fa r " °™""°""' """'°"'""
baso into «h„rt notioles ,u„ t . > T '""" "'""■^'"l «' th»
into 2 pediol at t he't f "'?'? •''''" "''"sW l^dunolo. f„rki„g
no.ldi„gfl„«r 0„ ni '' T r'"'« " ''""'-•"'« ""d '"'grant
.»a with WW... tbi, „.tt. .irrt":::;:!, iTLt. tT'--
4. DIERVILLA, T„„„.. B^b-Ho^vsucel..
i«e™««, „„„ ,^„g,., ,, ,,„,„ c„..a,L :„ il.^Zt""' *° '^•
Anticosti westwfiril. Jime-An.r Pi , ^ oeaicea.— Kocks,
.» ..e tHe .apa...e ..e.: ctfe'-triTrJr^r^^^^^^^
OKDEit 37. EUBIAOM (Mii,„H. FAm,,v)
'h-\i
Si
J
i :;i
IM^fi
yfli
I
106
RUBIACK.13,
regular coroUa (4-5), (ind inmrfrd (»h itn fiihc. — Flowers perfect, but
often dimorphous (as in Mitchellii iin<l lloustonia). Fruit various.
Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty
large, in copious hard albumen. — A very large family, the greater
part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and
Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.
I. CINCHONE^E. Ovules numerous in each cell ; leaves opposite.
1. HOUStonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few,
thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.
II. COFFEINEiE. Ovules solitary in the cells ; leaves mostly
opposite,
t Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncleJ head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.
2. CephalantbUB. Corolla tubular ; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, •2-4-8eeded.
1 1 Flowers twin ; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.
3. Mltchella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.
1. HOUSTONIA, L.
Calyx 4-lobed, persistent ; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla
salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-
lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4 ; anthers
linear or oblong. Style 1 ; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-
shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free
from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across
the top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-
shaped or globular-thimble-shaped, pitted. — Small herbs, with short
entire stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the
leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are
dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short
included style ; in others the anthers included and the style long,
the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston,
an English botanist, who collected in Central America.)
* Small and delicate, vernal-flowering ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla
salver-form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lohed pod
free ; seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the
inner face.
f Perennial by delicate flU form creeping rooistocls or creeping stems ;
peduncles flliform, 1-2' long.
s
t ^ VI
rers perfect, but
Fruit v.irious.
)minonly pretty
iiily, the greater
the Coffee and
leaves opposite.
Seeds rather few,
; leaves mostly
t dry. Shrubs,
jramidal, •2-4-8eeded.
2-eyed berry,
rb.
listant. Corolla
than the calyx-
lena 4 ; anthers
elled. Pod top-
r upper half free
loculicidal across
Itate and saucer-
herbs, with short
red bases of the
vers. These are
others and short
id the style long,
•. Wm. Houston,
rica.)
flowered; corolla
ewhat 2-lobed pod
i}ity occupying the
>r creeping stems ;
RUBIACEiE.
107
1. H. caerulea, L. Bluets. Innocence. Glabrous; stevis
erect, slender, sparingly branclied from the base (3-5' high) ; haves
ohloHg-spatulate (3-4:" long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla light
blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much
longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx.— Moist and grassy
places, N.S. westward ; producing from early spring to midsummer
its delicate little flowers.
2. OEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-bush.
Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 4-toothed ; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-
form, much protruded. SHgma capitate. Fruit dry and hard,
small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-ceIled, at length splitting from the
base upward into 2-4 closed 1-secded portions.— Shru^ ^rith the
white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads.
(Name composed of Ke,pa/J/. a head, and aveo^, a flower.)
1. C. occidentaUs, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves petioled,
ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes,
with short intervening stipules.— Swamps and along streams, Q.
and Ont. July, Aug.
3. MITCHELLAjL. Partridge-berry.
Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed
Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded
mside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stylo 1 ; stigmas 4, linear.
Fruit a berry-hke double drupe, crowned with the cal: x-teeth of
the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.
—A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate
and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers
often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless)
berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3-6-
merous, always dimorphous ; all those of some individuals having
exs6rted stamens and included stigmas ; of others, included stamens
and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr.
John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnaeus, and an excellent
botanist, who resided in Virginia.)
1. M. repens, L.-Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees,
especially Coniferaj, throughout our range and southward. June,
108
COMPOSITE.
m'} ;l
July.— Leaves often variesated with whitish lines. Rarely the two
flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.
Order 38. COMPOSITE (Composite Family).
Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botan-
ists), on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5
(rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a
tube (si/nf/eHmoKs;.— Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the
limb (called s. pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles,
awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent.'
Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular ; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed,
valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes.'
Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit
seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatrojjous seed,
with no albumen.— An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly
herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious or
diojcious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligidate) corolla
are called rays or ray-flowers ; the head which presents such flowers,
either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers
compose the disk ; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be
discoid. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture,
are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the
receptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are
wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked.— The largest order of
Phsenogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into
three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern
United States. The first is much the larger.
Systematic Synopsis. '
Series I. TUBULIPLOR.ffi.
Corolla tubular in uU the perfect flowers, regularly 6- (rarely 3-4)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when
present are either pistil! .te only, or neutral (with neither stamens
nor pistil).
Tribe L EUPATORIACE^. Heads discoid, the flowera all aUke, perfect and
tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped,
Obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent ; the stigmatic lines indistinct.
* Pappus of slender bristles.
t Achene 5-angled ; bristles of the pappus roughish. .
• '!\
COMPOSITiE.
109
s, monoecious or
J- EupatOrium. involucre of more than 4 scales anH t>,« «
Stems not twining'. ^ **•* "'"'«" 'e^» or many.
o^.^a.e3a^ J^^^
I. Kay flowers ye ow(.n one specieso, So.ida,o whitish, or sometime, none at al,
t Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.
II Pappus simple.
2. SoUdagO. Heads few-many-flowered : ravs 1-lB p»,.,.
and equal capillary bristles. ^^"^ "' numerous slender
» 2. Ray.flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
8 4.t«r rT°'""'""°"^'°"«^*"'^«»P'"->'»'ri8tles: receptacle flat.
^- ^ieif r:iz;^si;\:2 -^s- ^^^ r- — •
copious. ^cnenes flattish , pappus simple (rarely double),
4. Erlgeron. Heads many.flowered, on naked peduncles InvoInor» ^,
». OMphaUmn. H,^. .„,„„„ n„„^.^„„, P.pp„. .„ „p„,.^
8. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit l-seeded
*"• ""btl^'p; " r'^ '^■■^^"'^^ '''^'^•«--« -" perfect and "fertil. ..,,.^
t Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
no
COMPOSITE.
f 1
t Chaff scale-like, cmbracinff or subtendinff the aohenes.
II Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.
9. Rudbeckia, Uays neutral. Achenes 4.8ided, flat at the top, marginless.
II II Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.
10. HeUanthUB. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales
•3. Rays few neutral, or wanting. Achenes oboompressed. i.e., flattened parallel with
n.' a^H » r •"^■°"'°- (--'>' *-«*«)• I"volucre double ; the outer spre^
mg and often fohacoous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.
"■ ^S: ''''''"" °' ' ""■ """■' "''"'' ""'' P'"'''""* downwardly barbed awns or
Tribe V. ANTHEMILEiE. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or
u Mar Ah' r""' *'"^'"' '°'"^*""^^ «*""« '^"'1 the pistillate rarely
letes^uette?"^"'"^ Pappusashort crown ornone. -Mostly strong-scented;
» Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.
12. AchlUea, Achenes obcojnpresscd. Heads small, (.ampanulate or obovate.
* * Receptacle naked,
t Heads ratlier large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless
13. ChryBanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.
1 1 Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.
"■ '"^ow?""' "''*^' ''°'"^'"'^^^- A^h^ne ^ith broad summit; pappusashort
Tribe VI. CYWAEOIDEiE. Flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre much
™ umtd obt " '•'"'?• 'T^-^^^-^^^^^^ ^* «P- Style-branches Tort
or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below
Pappus mostly bristly. -Leaves alternate. ^
* Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike,
t Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.
Series II. LIOULIPLORJE.
Tribe VII. CICHORIACEiE. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all
the flowers perfect. -Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.
* Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.
15. Cichorlum. involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scalea
* * Papjnis plumose.
le. LeontOdon. involucre calyculato. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical,
* » * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. '
t Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.
J Achenes not leaked.
II Flowers yellow or orange.
COMPOSITiE.
Ill
irdly barbed awns or
y bristle-form scalea
17. Hieraclmn. involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.
U Achenes beaked. Flowers yellow.
18. Taraxacum. Scapose. involucre calyculate. Achenes 4-5.ribbed
1. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Thokouuhwokx.
or conical, naked. Coroli; 5 t^ hed ^ A \ \ Receptacle flat
^U., .HO . .« eo Have J!:^^^^^:: ::^Z^
§1. EUPATORIUM proper. Beceptacle fl^.
lanceolate, potatedX':,™; t'Z; :*°">/'"™^-»™'» -
mth spotted or unspotted, ofL dotted stems e^\^^";
seve^ nominal species.-Lowt,rom.ds, comZ'. ""'•■-'"""'^g
** Beads a-20-flovxred -.inmlucre of 8-15 more ^!,. ■ k^ . .
tiea»« ,„^ o. ^„^„, »*„„„„„„ ^, «^,^
heads mostly h-flowered.
II ieaves opposite, clasping or united at thp hn.. 7
stern (connate-nerfoHRi-«\ fo^ • T' , ^^^ ^"^^ arownci ^/le
separated and truncate atbale'' """° °' °" <" ""^ ''"™
ii
112
COMPOSITiE.
2. SOLIDAGO.L. Golden-rod.
Heads fow-n»any-flowered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate,
fecalea of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herba-
ceous tips (except n. 1). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes
many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary
bri8tle8.-Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like steins and nearly
aessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or
clustered ; flowers both of the disk and ray (except in n. 3) yellow.
(Name from solidics and mjo, to join, or make whole, in allusion to
reputed vulnery qualities.) Flowering in autumn.
Conspectus of Groups.
Heads all more or less pedicelled.
Involucral scales rigid, with spreadinj,' herbaceous tips j
Involucral scales without green tips.
Heads small, mostly clustfered in the axils of feather-veined leaves . . 2 8
Heads mo8tlysmallormiddle.si.cd;inflorescencepaniculate(sometim'esthy«oidaJ)
Leaves S-nbbed; heads in l-sided spreading panicled racemes.
Pubescent or scabrous
12
Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.
Heads large ; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore . . , . g
§ 1. VIRGAUREA. Bays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers ; heads
all more or less pedicelled.
* Scales of the much imbricated and ri(,id involucre vnth abruptly
spreading herbaceous tips; heads in dusters or glomerate raceme,
disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-likl
compound spike.
1. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout (3-5° high), hairy above •
. leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatnlate-oval and tapering into a
margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or
acute; disk-flowers lG-24, the rays 12-16. -Rocky and wooded
hills, N.S. to Out.
** Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed.
f Heads small (3" long), clustered along the stem in the amis of the
feather-veimd leaves, or the upper forming a ihgrse.
X -Achenes pubescent.
COMPOSITiE.
113
simple or paniculate-branche.l (l-3» high) ; Zea... W^/we or
enrf., (thin, 3-6 long) ; heads ni very short axillary clusters, or the
chjsters smneu'hat prolonged at the end of the branches ; rays 3^
—Moist shaded banks ; N.S. to Ont.
1 1 Achenes glnbrmis ; itijtorescenee more thyrsoid.
3. S. bicolor, L. Hoary or grayish vnth soft hairs ; stem mostly
simple ; leaves ol, ong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or
the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate ; clusters
or slurH ra^e^^u^s frmn the axils of the npper leaves, forming an inter-
rupted spike or crowded panicle ; scales very obtuse ; rays (5-14)
srmll cream-color or nearly white.~Y^r. concolor, Torr. and Gray
has the rays yellow.~T)ry copses, N.S. westward.
1 1 Heads srmll or middle-sized, panicled or s^times thwsaidal, ,wt
xn a terminal corymbifarm cyme ; not alpine.
t t Leaves more or less plainly Z-Hbhed ; heads in cme-dded spreading
or recurved racenm, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.
II Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrm^.
4. S. Canadensis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3-6»
high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost
entire), more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small •
rays very short.-Bordovs of thickets and fields; very common-
Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and
leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate •
--in var. procera, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. scabra
also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.
6. S nemoralis, Ait. Qathed vnth a minute and close grayish-
hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence ; stem simple or corymbed at
the summit (1-2^ high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate oblong the
lower somewhat crenate- toothed and tapering into a petiole ; racemes
numerous, dense, at length recurved, foir..ng a large and crowded
compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side •
scales of the involucre linear-oWong, appressed ; rays 5-9.^-Dr^
sterile fields ; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning
early m August. ' s 'S
Hi
:!! ^ fi
111
114
COMPOSlTiE.
3. ASTER, L. Starwokt. Aster.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ray-flowers in a single series,
fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with
herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes
more or less flattened ; pappus simple, of capillary bristles— Per-
ennial herbs, with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads ; flower-
ing in autumn. Eaya white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow,
Ws^'^Te^J; P-ple.-(Name ..,,. « star, from the Liat^
Conspectus of Groups.
S«Ue« closely Imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous ; leaves cordate, serrate l 2
Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. As™ proper. •
Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate
Involucre (and brunchlets) viscid or glandular';" leaves not" 'cordate. mLiy
entire, the caullne all sessile or clu. ping
Lower leaves all acute at baee ; not glandular nor viscid nor silk^^K^anescent
Remammg species ; branches erect or ascending.
Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; invo-
lucre lax . .
6
§ 1. BIOTIA. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped ; the scales regularly
tmbruxited tn several rows, appressed, ,uarly deditute of herb-
aceous t^ps,rays 6-18 (wUte or nearly so); achenes slender;
pappus sUgUly rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped,
petwled, coarsely serrate ; heads in open corymbs.
th^: ^ Cf^^OSUS Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves
tUn snu>oth^h, coarsely a^^ unequally serrate with sharp spreading
teeth taper-pmnted, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but thf upper-
most heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles j'^^ay.
pLTTI^I'^T ' .?"^"^'^"' ««P««i^% northward. July, Aug.--
Plant 1-2 high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder Ld
less ng,d extenor involucral scales, and thinner lelves than the
next ; not rough, but sometmies pubescent.
2 A. macrophyUus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2-3° high) • leaves
^to/., .o„A closely serrate, abruptly pointed the lower har
fbW ^ '^""'^ "-'' "^'^^' ^-^-Petioled; the uppe^ vate or
oblong sessile or o„ margined petioles ; heads in ample rigid
corymbs; ra,. 1(^15 (white or bluiah).-Moist woods; comrno^
'EK.
n a single series,
ited, usually with
3olate. Achenes
y bristles. — Per-
;e heads ; flower-
the disk yellow,
rom the radiate
late, serrate . . i, 2
: proper.
4
)rdate, mostly
3
y-canescent.
e base ; invo<
5
scales regularly
estitute of herb-
ichenes slender;
e, heart-shaped,
b zigzag ; leaves
iharp spreading
but the upper-
i petioles; rays
July, Aug. —
s, rounder and
saves than the
J° high) ; leaves
e lower heart-
ipper c vate or
n ample rigid
ods; common.
COMPOSITiE.
118
Aug., Ser.t.-Inv(,lucre ^' broad ; the outer scales rigid, oblong or
ovato-oblong, the iiinennoHt mucli larger and thinner.
§2. ASTER proper. Scales imbricated in varimis de<jrees, with
herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirehj folinceous;
rays nuynenms ; pappus simple, soft and nearly unifm-m (.mrser
and nwre riynl in the first group) ; achenes flattened. (All flow-
enng lato in sununor or in autumn.)
* 1. Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandu-
lar, well xmbncated or loose ; pubescence not silky ; leaves entire
{or the lotver with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping ;
rays showy, violet to purple.
f Heads larger ; imolucrul scales spreading, in few or many ranks.
3. A. Novffi-Anglise, L. Stem stout, hainj (3-8° high), corymbed
at the summit; leaves venj numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, aun-
culate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence, 2-5' long ; scales nearly
equal, Imear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as the branch-
lets ; rays violet-purple (in var. koseus rose-purple), very numerous ;
achenes hairy.-Moist grounds ; common—Heads large. A peculiar
and liandsome species.
* 2. Lower leaves heaH-shaped and pdioled ; no glandular or viscid
pubescence ; heads with short and appressed green-tipj^ed scales,
mostly snmll and numerous, racemose or panicled.
t Bays 0-20, involucral scales appressed or erect.
I Leaves conspicuously serrate ; heads small ; rays pale blue
or nearly white.
4 A. cordifolius. L. Stem much branched above, the spreading
or diverging branches bearing ve.ry numerous panicled heads; lower
leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles ;
scales of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tim>ed with
very short green points,- obtuse or actt^ts/u -Woodlands ; very com-
mon.-Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and
eaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the
leaves all narrower.
*3. Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and Imver all
acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nm- silky,
canescent.
•l^if' . ^
f\
116
COMPOSITiE,
t Involucre various, the hextds when nunwrous densehj or loosely
paniculate on evert or ascetulin<j branches.
X Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-pctiole-like
base or auriculate-clmping ; involucre lax.
5. A. puniceus, L. Stem tail and stout 3-7° high, rough-hairy
all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above ; leaves
oblong-lanceolato, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled
base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough
above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed, heads 4-0" high, subsessile-
scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows ; rays
long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade). -Low thickets and
swamps ; very common.
4. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane.
Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the
narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow,
equal and little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-
tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened
usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillarjJ
bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short
outer pappus of little bristles or chafiy scales. -Herbs, with entire
or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed
naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple
(Name from 7]p, spring, and yipo^v, an old man, suggested by the
hoariness of some vernal species.)
§ 1. ERIGERON proper. Hays elongated, crowded in one or more
rows,
* Leafy-stemmed perennials ; pappus simple.
1. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Robin's Plantain. Hairy, pro-
ducing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing
few (1-9) largo heads on slender peduncles ; root-leaves obovate
and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-
oblong, partly clasping, entire; rays (about 50) rather broad, light
bluish-purple.—Copses and moist banks ; common. May.
2. E. Philadelphicus, L. Common Fleabane. Hairy stem
leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thhi, with a
broad midrib, oblong ; the upper smootliish, clasping by a heart-
one or more
COMPOSITiE. 217
.Upod W, mostly „„ti,e, the I,™c.,t „,,„t„:„to, to„,,l,„,i . ™,,,
ZZ T """•"'"• •■"«-'«"•"' "■• '""-'.-color.-M™
giouiul; common. Juno-August.
5- ANTENNARIA, Oaertn. EvKULA.sTixa.
imhr catid R . '" '''^ "'"^ '^'^*'"''"""' ^^■'''^" ^^ colored,
imbricated. Receptnclo convex or flat, not chaffy Antliers
b mtlea m the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall
nd corv f r^?'"" 1 :'»t-^"o"y J'-K with entire leaves
and corymbed (rarely single) lieads. Corolla yellowish (Name
spreading by offsets and runners, low (3-18' high) ; leaves silkv
woolly when young, at length green above and hoarrb nelth •
appressed the radical obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled ample
white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower n
the fertile plant.-Sterileknollsandbanks; comn.on. Ma ch-Ma"
6. ANA PH A LIS, DC. Evekla.stino.
no^tirw T?//''''""'*"'' ^"' '^' I^^PP'- "' the sterile flowers
not thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the feTtiL
flowers not at all united at base ; fertile hea.ls usually wh a few
perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be ^ ancienT
Greek name of some similar jjlant ) ^
JJtem erect (1-2 high), corymbose at the summit, with mnny he-ids
leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, tap;r-pointe 's 1'
soon green above; involucral scales pearly-wliL, very n in ero L
ii. Ifr.)- Dry hills and woods ; common. August. (N.E.Asia.)
7. GNAPHALIUM. L. Cudweed.
Heads many-flowered ; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate
and very slender, the central perfect. Scales 'of the invoCdr^
4*1
Iff
lis
COMPO
^> ,'■
and liiriotw^ wlnte or colored, imUncatod in several rowg. Rocep-
tttclo flat, luaked. AiifhoiH ouudiito. Achono» terete or tliittish;
piippuHa Kin^'li ,-,,„ >f aipiihuy rou^h briHtloH.- Woolly horhs, with
su.sHilo or docuiTeuL 1,; vos, nud climtorod or coryiuoed hoiids ; tl. in
sunnuer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yollowlHh. (Name from
yi>nil>ahtv, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccowo down.)
§ 1. GNAPHALIUM i)ropor. lirUtlen of the papims distinct.
1. O. polycephalum, Miohx. Common Evkrlastino. Erect,
woolly annual (l-;{° high), fragrant ; haves lanceolate, taperintj at
the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ;
heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches,
ovate-conical before expansion, then obovato; scales (whitish) ovate
and oblong, rather obtuse ; perfect flowers few.— Old fields and
woods ; common.
2. O. uliginosum, L. Low Cudweed. Diffusely branched, ap-
prenaed woolly annual (3-0' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or
lia. r, not decurrent ; huds (smdl) in terminal sessile capitate
clusters subtended by loavos ; scales brownish, less imbricated.—
L( .v- grounds ; common, N.S. to Ont., and northward ; perhaps
introduced. (Eu.)
8. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Raoweed.
Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same
plant ; the fertile 1-3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or
bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile
involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7-12 scales united into a cup,
containing 5-20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff
intermixed, or ii- ne. Antiiers almost separate. Fertile involucre
(fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene
(usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and
enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elon-
gated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid ; pappus none.—
Coarse homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected
leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and
autumn; ours annuals. (The Greek and later Latin name of
several plants, as wt " as of the food of the gods.)
§ 1. Sterile heah ■ . ^ >.',;' 3 or pmicled racemes or spikes, the
■ CO.'
regid
■ar.
Leaves many o///;';i; Utrnate, all u v? or tvnce pinnatifid.
composite:.
119
^1 rows. Rocep-
'ote or Hiittinh ;
•oily herl>H, with
iod hoiulH ; fl. ill
li. (Nttiuo from
)wn.)
uppna distinct.
AHTiNO. Erect,
Utte, tapering at
loothish above ;
imbose brunches,
9 (wliitish) ovate
-Old fields and
'■y branched, ap-
-oblanceolate or
sessile capitate
18 imbricated. —
I ward ; perhaps
ED.
(Is on the same
.xil of leaves or
3 lieads. Sterile
ted into a cup,
ih slender chaff
ertile involucre
)ling an achene
II one row), and
only ; the elon-
pappus none. —
Jed or dissected
;e summer and
Latin name of
r spikes, the
ipinnatijid.
1. A. artemiaiafolia. L. Uomas Wormwood. Hoo-wefi. Brr-
TKH-WKKD. Mucl.bnu.chod (1 ^.o ,...,,^^^ ,,,,,.^ ,,^ r..u,,hish.pn ' ,os-
couti eaves tkn, tmce-plnrntlM mun>t\n,h above, p.Icr r,r hoary
beneath ; fnnt obovnid or Klobular, armed tvith about .short acute
teeth or j/nn...- Waste places, everywhere.-Extremely variable,
with finely cut leavos, ,.n t h. flowering branches often undivided
rarely the spikes b,.ur all fei ill., heads.
9. RTJDBEOKIA. L. Cone-flower.
npdsnmny.flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the
uivoiucro I.,f nl<e, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle coni-
cal or columnar; the short cliafi- concav., not ri^id. Achenes
4-angular (in <,ur species), snmotli, not ma.gii.od, flat at the top
with no pappus, or a minute crown-like bonier. -Chiefly ..erennial
herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads ; the rays
generally long yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of
UpsfJ7 ' ^''^'''' '""^ '""' l^»-«^l«««««or8of Linn^usat
*Disk columnar infr^nt chdl yreenish-yeWno ; leaves divided and cut.
1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (2-7^ high) ; leaves
smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 6-7-cut or 3-lobed
eaflets ; upper leaves irregularly 3-5-parted, the lobes ovate-
L-tnceolate pointed, or the uppermost uiulivided ; heads long
peduncled ; disk at first globular or hemispherical ; chaff truncate
downy at the tip ; rays oblanceolate (1-2' long), drooping.-Low
tlnckets ; common. July-Sept.
**Disk hemispherical to oblowj-ovoid in fruit, dark purple en- hrovm.
+ Leaves undivided, rarely lariniately toothed.
2. R. hirta, L. Bien^iial, very rough and bristly-hairy throush-
oiJt ; stems f-imple or l^ranched near the base, stout (1-2° high)
■ '>edabovt '>;aring single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the
tWer oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved
T^iX ^7^ ('^boufc 14) more or less exceeding the involucre';
chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish.-Dry soil • now
common as a weed. June-Auw. '
m HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays several or many, neutral
Involucre mibricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or
120
COMPOSlTiE.
nil
rrrT~""i
l\
fl
i
m
convex ; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-8ided and laterally
compressed smooth aohenos, which are neither winged nor margined.
Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin cliaffy scales on the principal
angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.— Coarse
and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays;
flowering toward autuum. (Named from ^hoc, the mn, and avOog,
a Jlower.)
§ 1. Perennials ; receptacle convex or at length low-conical ; lower
leaves usually opposite.
* Involucre loose, the scales acuminate or elongated orfoliaceous ; disk
yellow {anthers dark).
^: Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not Z-nerved, scabrous both sides;
heads rather sttmll ; scales loose, attenuate.
1. H. giganteus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3-10° high), branched
above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire,
green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile';
scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciUate.—
Low thickets and swamps ; common.
+ 1 Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved.
I Heads larger; rays usually over 10 ; spreading by creeping rootstocks.
\\ Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.
2. H. divaricatUS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at
the top (1-4° high), smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate,
ovate-lanceolate, S-nervcd from the rounded or truncate sessile base
tapering gradually to a sharp point (3-6' long), serrate, thickish,
rough both sides; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate
equalling the disk ; rays 8-12.-Thickets and barrens ; common. -
Disk 6" wide ; rays 1' long,
WW Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly
broad ; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate.
3. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (2-6° high), smooth
below ; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly con-
tracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated
loosely spreading, sometimes fuli.iccous, the outer longer than the
disk ; rays about lO.-Copses and low banks of streams j common
COMPOSITE.
121
no-conical ; lower
>rfoliaceous ; disk
ens ; common.
errate, commonly
11. BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold.
tacle flafctist the chaff r. 'T"""''''''' "'^ ^"^''^-°-- I^-^^P"
crowned with 2 or no a r^^^^^^^^^^ "'^ ^^^"^^^ ^^^ 4-sided,
wardly barbed -^nZln P^f^^^ent awns which are down-
leavesfand nJstl/;erw;Xrta^^^^ ^^'^^^^^^ ^^^^
^ J- yeiiow nowers. (Latm, 6irfen.s, two-toothed.)
Achenesjlat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre
fohaceous; annuals.
* ^''•''"-■ect, nearly rc^yles,; lea,e.moMypHiMate.
dMded; leaflets vwsZZ'aa^ ^^''^' '"■""<='>!»«; i6ai-«, 3-6-
outer inVolu^elthCfttrl.'T'?'-""'"''^'"*'^'''
the summit). iMoItwaaterii' """'' '^°'""""8 "^l" """•
achenes, ,s n theoolrl^.^ ju °°''"' troublesome weed, the
retro^ai, barted awt: Tu^X^'^^^ '" *"■'"«' *• ^^ «-
- fc i,rfi„ie,. outer scales longer tit i^h'Tr/f *"""•?'
obtuse ; rays none, acKenes r^rrlly X-/ m 3 (2!' J
t t H«i» ,^^t „^.„^^ ^__^^_^^ ^_^.^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^
undivided. '
rS'Vv ?^"'?*' ^- ^^'^^^ Bur-Marigoli>. Nearly sn ooth
(5-3 high) ; leaves lanceolate, unequallu serraf. ;
^ead. nodding, ^..•^/. ,, ^t^o^t {li^TXlVl T ' ""7'^ '
longer than the hp^rl • « i ^^^^0^-) *«!/«/ outer involucre
margins do™t^dltTlU^'\^^^^ ^--^^ ^^e
Sept-Rays, if an/, sm^ler Thl in^nTut^hTr'- r^"
more leaf-like. (Eu.) ' ^'^^ ^'^^^^ involucre
t^ '(■ '
iMt^riM
i
122
COMPOSURE.
4. B. chrysanthemoides, Midix. Larger Bur-Marioold.
bmootli, erect, or reclining at the base (0'-2° liigh) ; leaves lanceolate,
tapering at both ends, more or less connate; regularly serrate:
outer involucre mostly shorter than the shoiL^j golden-yelhrn (V lonn)
ray.; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly
barbed margins ; awns 2, 3, or 4. -Swamps ; common. Aug.-Oct.
12. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.
Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involncral
scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chafly,
flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.-
Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because
Its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)
1. A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. Stems
simple; Zeaws twice-pinnatelij parted; the divisions linear, 3-5-cleft
crowded ; corymb compound, flat-topped ; involucre oblong ; rays
4-5, short, white (sometimes rose-color). -Fields and hills ; common
Aug. (Eu.)
13. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Toum. Ox-eye Daisy.
Heads many-flowered ; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Re-
ceptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube
Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus —Peren-
nial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single
or corymbed heads. Rays white ; disk yellow. (Old Greek name
Xpvaav6t:/xov, i.e. golden flower.)
1. C. Leucanthemum, L. Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-
weed. Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a
single large head ; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly
clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; scales of the involucre with
rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, iam. )-Fields
and meadows ; common. June, July. A pernicious weed, with
large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or
tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)
14. TANACETUM, L. Taj^sy.
Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile the
margmal chiefly pistillate and 3-5-toothed. Livolucre imbricated.
COMPOSITE,
laa
J efted hart "^ " " ''',"'' """-atto and acnd »tr,.,„..
1- T. vulgare, L. Common Tansy Sfp.n r^^" i • i \
leaflets and the .i„,. of the Pet;:.:it!:::;i^e^; ^Z !
pistxllate flowers terete, ,vith obli,ue 3-tooth d li n • paZs'
5-lobed -Var. cm.vvu has the leaves more c„t and r s3
Escaped fron. gardens to roadsides ; common. (Nat W T)
Hea'f' ^^^,^/»IUM, Tourn. SrccoKv or Chzcok..
Heads several flowered. Involucre doul>Ie, herbaceous, the inner
of 8-10 sc..^., the outer 5, short and spreading. Achen^s stdZ •
pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, fornung a shl cro n '
together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue varvin/to
pZ ) '^ '"'' ^'^"^- ^^''''^' ^-" "- A^abianirj thl
clasping, the lowest runcmate, those of the rigid flowering
WEuO "^^""^^-^°^^^^^-' --^-^-e. July-'oct. (Nat'
16. LEONTODON, L. Hawkbit.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated b„f wifh
several bractlets at the base. Achenes spiLlX 1 .trial all
nilrf TT ^^""^ '^'^ base-Low and stemless peren-
nuls, with oothed or pmnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one
or more yellow heads. (Name from ^e.v, a lion, and 66o6c a loth
in allusion to the toothed .leaves.) ^^ ooov?, a tooth,
1. L autumnalis, L. Fall Dandelion. Leaves laciniate
toothedor pmnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branch^ 6 S'
high peduncles thickened at tlie summit, scaly-]>racteate
Meadows and roadsides ,.N.S. to Ont. June-^v. (NaJJromEu"^
17. EIERACIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed
Heads 12-many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated
Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; ".
i I,
COMPOSITE.
single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.— Hispid or
hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed
leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers ;
summer and early autumn. (Name from u'p«f, a hawk.)
§ 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate ; achenes
oblong ; pappus not copimis.
1. H. Oanadense, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at
the summit (1-3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong,
acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the
uppermost slightly clasping.— Dry woods, N.S. westward.
§ 2. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.
* Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature ; panicle
not virgate.
2. H. scabrum, Miohx. Stem rather stout (1-3° high), leafy
rough-hairy, the stiff panijle at first racemose, at length rather
corymbose ; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40-50-flowered
involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves
obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.— Dry open woods ; common.
18. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.
Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape.
Involucre double, the outer of short scales ; the inner of long linear
scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform,
4-5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very
slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus.
—Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate;
flowers yellow. (Name from rapdaao,, to disquiet or disorder, in
allusion to medicinal properties.)
1. T. officinale, Weber. Common Davdelion. Smooth, or at
first pubescent ; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.)
—Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur north-
ward and in the Rocky Mountains. April-September.— After
blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak
elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming ; the
whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked
fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)
LOBELIACE.E. i or
Orher 40. LOBELIACE^ (Lobelia Pamixv).
iierfis with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves and scatfer.rJ ^^ .
an irregular monopetalons 54ob,'d corolla- .Z' 77'«^''^'f >«'«'•«•
the corolla, and united into a t^iZ^^^l^'l'^^^'T^^'V'''''^
always hy their an^;....._Calyx ubTX enf f ^ "^ ' ""^
Two of the anthers m our species bearded at the top. Pod 2 ceZf
many-seeded, opening at the top.-Flowers axUlary or eS
in bracted racemes; in summer and early autumn m 7- Tf^
Matthias De VOM, an early Flemish hTuiist ) ^"^"'"'^^ '"
* Flowers deep red, large; stem simple
iiKe Dracts.— Low grounds; common.
* * Flowers bhte, or blue variegated with white
t Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5-6" long), spi^te-racen^se ;
stems leafy, 1-3° high ; perennial.
t Leaves ovate to la,^ceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous
^yriong)pedic:La^:trrt.;^^^
W^;.ncaZ.-Low grounds, common.-Flowers light blue, rarely
1 1 Flowers smaUer (corolla-tube not rrurre than 2-3" long)
X Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flower, loosely racemose ■
nnuses of caly. not appendaged; annual or biennia! '
li^ves chiefly lir^r, entire or denticulate; pod n^t inflated.
h
i I
m\
I
i
3
126
CAMPANULACEiE.
3. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly love (4-18' high), minutely
angled; pedicels Jill form, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts
but as long as the flower, minutdy 2-bracteolate or 2-(jlandular above
the middle; cabjx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of
the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod ;
corolla light blue, 4-5" long.— Wet limestone rocks, Anticosti
westward.
WW Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly
inferior.
4. L. inflata, L. Indian Tobacco. Stems paniculately much
branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1-2°
high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf -like bracts, which
exceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers ; calyx-tube ovoid. — Dry
open fields.— Corolla only 1^2" long. Plant poisonous and a noted
quack medicine. *
Order 40. CAMPANULACEiE (Campanula Family).
Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers;
calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped,
valv((te in the bud; the 5 stamens usunlly free from the corolla and
distinct.~8tyle 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above ; stigmas
2 or more. Capsule 2-several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small,
anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers
generally blue and showy.
1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bellflower.
Calyx 6-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, o-lobed. Stamens
5, separate ; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base.
Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod
opening on the sides by as many valves or holes.— Herbs, with
terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive of the
Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)
* Style strai{)ht ; openings of caps^de below the middle.
t Slender perennials, mostly glabrous ; flowers one or few, on slender
pedwncles.
1. C. rotundifolia, L Hakebell. Slender, branching (5-12'
high), 1-10-flowered ; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly
KRICACEiE.
127
inflated, tvholly
toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; stem-leares
numerous W or r^rroui, lunc.olate, entire, Inootl ca^.Z2
Mi! 1 ? •' 7 ! ^^^'Muuj.-^Rocky shaded banks, Lab. to R
Mt8.-A dehcate and pretty species, but with a most inapT,ropriate
name, smce the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu )
^* Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate
c^oUa; opemnys of the cap^^e close to the Jmmit; infloresclt
2.0 Americana, L. Tall Bellflower. Annual- stem
mostly s.n.ple (3-6° high); leaves ovate and ovate^anc Ze! tape"
Order 41. ERIOAOEJE (Heath Family)
Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so •
stam.r.asmany or twice as many as the ^Jobed or 4-71 aWeJ
corolla free from but inserted Mit; anthers 2-celled, coTwl
app.^daged, oropenln, by terrr^,,a chinks or pores, intrJsT^Ztt
m Sub-order 3); style 1; o^ury S-lO-celled. Pollen compound o
4 united grams (except in Sub-order 4^ C5«.^ ""'pouna, ot
Ji-mbryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen -A larae
family, very various in many of the characters, comprising fou
well-marked sub-orders, as follows •— P»i«ing lour
Sub-order I. Vaccinieae. Whortleberry Family. Calyx-
tybe adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or be^-
ing ^at the apex.-Sh.-bs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly
SuB-oRDEK If. Ericineae. Heath Family proper. Calyx free
froui the ovary Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous h^^^^^^
gynous.-Shrubs or small trees. ^ i' O'P a^ous, nypo-
: t»
128
ERICACBiE.
Tribe L ANSROMEDEf.
deciduous.
Fruit a loculioidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla
t ■?
* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.
4. Epigsea. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.
* * Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.
t Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.
6. Oaultheria. Calyx 5-oleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at
top.
Tribe IIL RHODODENDREC. Fruit a septic.dal capsule. Corolla decidHous.
* Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.
t Flowers not from scaly buds ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.
6. Kalmla. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving
as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.
t t Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.
7. Rhododendron. Flowers usually Smerous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form,
lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.
8. Ledum. Corolla regular, ' aU 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5-10. Leaves
evergreen.
Sub-order III. PyroleSB. Pyrola Family. Calyx free from
the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud,
opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with
a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.
Tribe I. PYROLEiE. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains
compound. Capsule 5- (rarely 4) celled.
9. Chimapllila. stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely
spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on
the edges.
10. Uoneses. Scape l-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted ;
stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.
11. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading.
Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.
Sub-order IV. Monotropese. Indian-pipe Family. Flowers
nearly as in Sub-orders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-
parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of
Beech-drops. Seeds as in Sub-order 3.
* Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals ; calyx imperfect or bract-like.
12. Uonotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.
1. GAYLUSSAOIA, HBK. Huckleberry.
Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped ; the border 5-cleft.
Stamens 10 ; anthers awnless j the cells tapering upward into more
ke in n. 6). Corolla
pendaged.
Dinted sepals.
er-shaped.
t.
nthera 4-awned at
'olla deoiduoiia,
'P-
iaceoua.
I pouches receiving
cts caducoua.
ed or funnel-form,
1 or evergreen.
lens 6-10. Leaves
Jalyx free from
16 in the bud,
?). Seeds with
in the nucleus.
tge. Pollen-grains
d. Petals widely
capsule smooth on
straight, exserted ;
(videly spreading,
'ebby on the edges.
[ILY. Flowers
rbaceous, root-
li the aspect of
ict-like.
across the top.
BEERY.
)order 5-cleft.
i^ard into more
ERICACEiE.
129
or less of a tube, opening by a chink .at the end. Fruit a berry-
bke drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. -Branching shrubs
with the aspect of Vacciniuni, conunonly sprinkled with resinous
dots ; the flowers (white tinged with j.uri.le c,r red) in lateral and
W ) '*''""''■ ^^^"""^ ^"' *^' ^^'«^"'^'»i«hed chemist. Gay
* Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinMed more or less vnth resinous or
waxy atoms.
1. a. resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Blac k Huckleberry. Much
branched, rigid, slightly jncbescent when young (1-3° high) ; Zeat-^
oval, oblong-ovate, or oblong, tliickly clothed and at first clammy, as
well as the flower^, vnth shining resinous glohides ; racemes short,
clustered one-sided; pedicels about tlie length of the flowers
bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and derklnons; corolla ovoid-
conical,orat length cylindrical with an oj.en m,.uth ; fruit black,
without bloom (pleasant, very rarely wliite).- Rocky woodlands
and swamps, Newf. westward. May, June.-The common HncMe-
berry of the markets.
2. VAOCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry.
Corolla various in shape ; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens
8 or 10 ; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separ-
ate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the
apex. Berry 4-5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8-10-ceUed
by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the
placenta. -Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers •
the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure
derivation.)
§1. CYANOCOCCUS. Blueberries. Corolla cylindraceous to
campanulate, b-toothed ; filaments hairy; anthers inclx,ded
atmless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom
completely or in^mnpletely lO-celled ; flowers in fascicles or shm-t
racemes, short -pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with
or befoi'e the leaves.
* Corolla rather short and broad. Blueberries or Blue Huckle-
berries.
1. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry. Dwarf
(G-15' high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves
130
ERICACEiE.
Ifmceolate or ohlon>f, distindhj serntlntp, vnth brisflf -pointed teeth,
smooth ami shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib
imderneatli); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped ; berries bluish-
black and glaucous.— Dry hills, Newf. to Sask. The lowest and
earliest ripened of the blueberries,
2. V. Canadense, Kalm. Low (l-2°high); leaves ohlong-lanceo-
late or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded
branchlots ; corolla shorter ; otherwise as the last.— Swamps or
moist woods, common.
3. V. corymbosum, L. Common or Swamp-Blueberry. Tall
(5-10° high); leaves ovate, oval, ohUauj, or elliptical-lanceolate ;
corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-um-shaped to
oblong-cylindrical, 3-4" long.— Swamps and low thickets, Newf. to
Ont. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the
latter part of the season'.
§ 2. OXrCOCCUS. Corolla deeply 4.-p>arted or -cleft, with linear
reflexed lobes ; anthers exserted, aimiless, with very long terminal
tubes ; berry 4:-eelled ; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on
long filiform ped icels.
* Sterns very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire,
whitened beneath, evergreen ; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored
flower nodding ; corolla 4-parted ; berries red, aad— Cran-
berries.
4. V. Oxycoccus, L. Smaxl Cranberry. Stems very slender
(4-9* long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2-3"
long) ; pedicels 1-4, terminal ; filaments fully * as long as the
anthers.— Peat-bogs, Newf. to Pacific and nor"thward. June.—
Berry 3-4" broad, often speckled with white when young; seldom
gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)
5. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large or American Cranberry.
Stems elongated (1-4° long), the flowering branches ascending';
leaves obloiu/, obtuse, less revolute (4-6" long); pedicels several,
becoming lateral ; filaments scarcely one-third the length of the
anthers.— Peat-bogs, Newf. to Sask. and northward. June.—
Berry ^-1' long.
3, CHIOGENTES, Salinb. CREEPiNa SNowBErtRY.
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent.
Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted
BRICACBiE.
131
ided, inserted
nL?r ;^ ' filaments very 8h.,rt and broad; anthor-cells
mTdd^ ^ the apex, and opening l,y a Inrge chink down to the
midcUe Berry wlufce. globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.
-A trailing and crooping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely
woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on
short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower
surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers
very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with
2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from" U, ^:., and
> ^ poi , offsprtmj, in allusion to the snow-white berries )
bright white. (C Juspidula, Tan. and (?.a</.)_Peat-bogs and moss;
woods Lab. to R Mts. and northward. May.-Plant with the
aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.
4.EPI0-ffiA, L. Ghound Laurel. Tuailino Arbutus
Corolla salver-form ; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-
ancoolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens
10, with slender filaments ; anthers oblong, awnless, opening
lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort
of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of
the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 6-lobed, 5-celled, manv-
seeded. -A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly
with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and
heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-
colored flowers m small axillary clusters, from scaly l>racts. (Name
composed of e:rl, ,,pon, and yy, the earth, from the trailing growth )
1. E. repens. L. Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in
the shade of pines, Newf. to Ont.-Flowers appearing in early
spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and
stamens and subdioecious. In New England called Mayflower.
5. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen
Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 6-toothed.
btamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit
opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 6-lobed, 5-celled'
5-yalved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which
thickens and turns fleshy, so a^ to appear as a globular red beny
132
ERK'ACKili.
Jl
;
. !i fis
0^^ r '^'
II
i
lb
Shrubs, or Jiluiost hcrbncoous plivntH, with nltenmto ovorKroon
Ifiivos juul Hxillury (noiirly white) flowers; pudicolH with 2 hnictletH.
(Dodic'itt'd by Kiihu to "7>/'. GauUhinr," of Qucboc.)
1. O. procumbens, L. Creepin(i Winteikirekn. Stoma slender
Hiid oxtensivoly creeping on or bohjw tlie Hurfuce ; the flowering
branches ascending, leafy at the sununit (.'$-5' high); leaves obovato
or oval, obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils,
nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens,
Nowf. to L. of Woods; also far northward. July. — The bright
red berries (formed of the calyx) and the fcdiage have the well-
known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called
Jl' itdergreen, or sometimes in the interior Ted-berry. Eastward it
is often called Checkerberry or rdrtridije-berry (names also applied to
Mitchella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry.
6. KALMIAi L. Americax Laurel.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped,
5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are
severally lodged ; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule glo-
bose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs,
with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds,
and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linneeus,
who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century,
afterwards Professor at Abo.)
§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered luiked iimhel-like corymbs ; pedicels
from the axils of struill and Jirm fuiiaceoiis persistent bracts; calyx
smaller than tJie pod, persistent ; leaves and branches glabrous^ or
nearly so.
1. K. angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. LamBkill. Wicky.
Shrub 1-3° high ; leaces commoidy opposite or in threes, pale or
whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse,
petioled ; coi'ymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered ; pod depressed, nearly
smooth ; pedicels recurved in fruit. — Hillsides, Marit. Prov.; com-
mon. May, June.
2. K. glauca, Ait. Palk Laurel. Branchlets 2-ed{jed ; learrs
opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, w^ith revdute
ERICACEif:.
i;{3
rjiato t'V(>ryr«on
with 2 brnotlotH.
•)
, Stoma Blonder
; tlio flowering
; loiivos (ibovato
rle in the axils,
3 of evergreens,
ly.— The bright
) have the ■well-
Usually called
nj. Eastward it
a also applied to
HEU
md bell-shaped,
i 10 anthora are
Capsule glo-
smooth shrubs,
es, naked buds,
upil of Linnaeus,
the last century,
corymbs ; pedicels
tent bracts ; calyx
\iclies glabrous, or
BKILL. WlCKY.
I threes, pale or
obloiuf, obtuse,
le shoots of the
epressed, nearly
rit. Prov.; com-
} 2-edtied ; lean's
ih, mith revolute
i
rmrr,im ; corymbs terminal, few-flow,) ..l, smooth ; bracts largo ;
flowers A' broad, lilac-purplo ; p.-d ..v,.id, Hmo„th.-Cold poat-bc.ga
and mountains, Nuwf., Paciflc, and northward. May, Juno.—
Straggling, jib<jut 1° high.
7. RHODODENDRON, L. Rosk lUv, A/alka, etc.
Flowers almost always 5-merons. Calyx mostly small ,.r minute.
Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifico), l,.l)od or cloft,
or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as
few as the corolla-lobes, more conunonly twice as many, usually
decUnod ; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule
5-cellod, 6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-liku. -Shrubs or small
trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire
leaves, and lar^o and showy flowers in umbellod clusters from large
scaly-bracted terminal buds. ('Vo,W,vo,Hn>, rose-tree ; tlio ancient
name.)
§1. AZALEA. Leaves deciduous, (jlaiuhdnr-mucromte -, stamens
(5 to 10) arid style more or less exserted ami declined.
* Flotver-buds of rather few and enrbj caducous scales; corolla
irregtdar, ivith short or hardly any tiihc, anteriorly divided to
the base ; the limb eqmdliny the 10 stamens and style.
1. R. Rhodora, Don. Young parts si)aringly strigoae-hairy (1-2°
high) ; leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent ; corolla hardly
1' long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with tlie posterior lip 3-lobed,
the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite dis-
tinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)— Cool bogs, Lab and Newf
toQ.
8. LEDUM, L. LABKAnoR Tka.
Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading
distinct petals. Stamens 5-10 ; anthers opening by terminal pores.
Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded ;
placentae borne on the summit of the columella.— Low shrubs, with
the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath,
persistent, the margins revolute ; herbage slightly fragrant when
bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly buds ; bracts or scales thin and caducous. {\>]6oi,,
the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)
lU
ERICACE^.
Ktt
i '
,i'|;,|!
1
:i
1. L. latifolium, Ait. Erect, 1-3° high; leaves oblong or
linear-oblong (1-2' long), mostly |' wide, very obtuse; stamens
6-7; capsule oblong, acutish, — Lab. to Pac, and northward, in
cold bogs and mountain woods.
9. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.
Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10;
filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle ; anthers as in Pyrola,
but more or less conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inverse-
ly conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular
ovary ; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border
6-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex
downward, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herba-
ceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen
thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along
the short ascending stems ; the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers
corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. (Name from x^'i^f^fi,
winter, and (pueu, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names,
viz., Wintergreen.)
1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. Leafy,
4-10' high ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted ;
peduncles 4-7 -flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet. — Dry
woods. Nova Scotia west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)
10. MONESES, Salisb. One-floweeed Pybola.
Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped,
naked; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style
straight, exserted ; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and con-
spicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers
occasionally tetramerous. ) Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as
Pyrola ; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed
of fiovog, single, and ^ffif, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)
1. M. graudiflora, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded
and veiny serrate thin leaves (6-9" long) clustered at the ascending
apex of creeping subterranean shoots ; the 1-2-bracted scape (2-4'
high) bearing a white or roae-colored terminal flower 6" wide. (M.
uniflora, Crai/.)— Deep cold woods, Labrador westward. June. (Eu.)
I
ERICACEiE.
135
aves oblong or
obtuse ; stamens
d northward, in
SSEWA.
f. Stamens 10;
ers as in Pyrola,
ry short, inverse-
it of the globular
ed, the border
g from the apex
w, nearly herba-
s, and evergreen
scattered along
purplish) flowers
fame from Af£J/wa,
popular names,
(issEWA. Leafy,
,te, not spotted ;
ers violet. — Dry
Su.)
) Pyrola.
»nts awl-shaped,
2-horned. Style
larrow and con-
aked. (Flowers
Otherwise as
(Name formed
itary flower.)
?ith the rounded
at the ascending
icted Bcape (2-4'
it 6" wide. (M.
ird. June. (Eu.)
11. PTROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Sjhin-leat.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less
converging, deciduous. Stamens 10 ; filaments awl-.shaped, naked ;
anthers extrorse in the bud, bub in the flower inverted by the in-
flexion of the apex of the filament, more or leas 4-celled, opening
by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by
inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long ; stigma 5-lobed
or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 6-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved
from the base upward (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebljy on the
edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a
very loose cellular-reticulated coat. — Low and smooth perennial
herbs, with rurming subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of
rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of
nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape.
(Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied
resemblance in the foliage. )
* Style straight, much narrower tJmn the jyeltate 5-rayed stigma ;
petals aiixd stamens erect a)id connivent; anthers not narrowed
below the openings.
1. P. minor, L. Scape 6-10' high ; leaves roundish, slightly
crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole ;
flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color ; calyx-lobes triangular-
ovate, very mucli shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style short
and included. — Cold woods, Lab., White Mts,, L. Superior and
northward.
2. P. secunda, L. Subcaulescent, 3-6' high ; lear^es ovate, thin,
longer than the petiole, scattered, ^neri/ serrate ; racemes dense and
spike-like, the numerous small (greenish -white) ^//ouws all turned to
one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter
than ttie oblong-oval petals ; style long, exserted. — Rich woods, Lab.
to Pac, and far northward. July. (Eu.)
Var. pumila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6" or
little more in diameter, and 3-8 flowered scape. — High peat-bogs,
Lab., west and northward. July, August.
* * Style strongly declined, the apex curved upxoard, longer than the
connivent or spreading petals ; stigma much narrower tJuin the
136
ERICACK.E.
truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style ; anthers contracted
below the openings, farming a short neck ; leaves denticulate or
entire.
t Petals and leaves wUcvlar to oblong, very obtuse.
J'j ^' ''!^°!?''*i*' ^''*'*^'- ^'''''' '"^^^ (^'l°"g)' roundish, thick,
dull, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, naked (5-8' high) '
colyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short ; tlie elliptical petals convemin.'
(greenish-white) ; anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck ; style
little exserte(l.--Open woods, Lab., westv/ard. June, July.
4. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shlv-leaf. Leaves thin and dull, elliptical
<»• obovate-oval, longer tfmn the ^nargined petiole ; raceme many-
flowered ; cahjx-lobes ovate, acute, not one-fourth the length of the
obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) ^e^«i« ; anther-cells blunt.
— Kich woods, N. S., westward. June.
5. P rotundifolia, I,. Leaves orbicular, thick, sfuning, usually
Shorter than the petiole ; scape many-bracted (0-12' hi-di) • raceme
elongated, many-flowered ; calgx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate
acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one h^lf or one third the
length of the roundish-obovate ratlier spreading (chiefly white)
petals ; anther-cells nearly blunt.-Damp or sandy woods, throughout
the continent. *
12. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.
Calyx of 2-5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4
or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals
which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous'
Stamens 8 or 10 ; filaments awl-shaped ; anthers kidney-shaped!
becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar ; stigm^
disk-hke, 4-o-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8-10-grooved, 4-5-celled,
locuhcidal ; the very thick placentae covered with innumerable
minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.-Low and fleshy herbs
ta^vny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decom-
posing vegetable matter like a Fungus ; the clustered stems
springing from a 1. dl of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with
scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1-several-flowered ; the summit
at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of /n>voc, me, and
rpdKog, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)
PRIMULACE^.
ithcrs contracted
's denticulate or
obtuse.
roundish, thick,
ced (5-8' high) ;
stills coiivergin<r
)ict neck ; style
0, July.
d dull, elliptical
raceme niany-
ie length of the
ther-cells blunt.
hining, usually
high) ; raceme
long-lanceolate,
' one third the
[chiefly white)
ds, throughout
Pine-sap.
. Corolla of 4
lie-like petals,
ily deciduous,
tidney-shaped,
mnar ; stigma
d, 4-5-celled,
innumerable
I fleshy herbs,
ng ondecom-
istered stems
irnished with
; the summit
tovo^, one, and
le side.)
137
§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, l.flou.rnl • cal,. of
Ant. and N. S west to ^^^^ ^'^'''^^-^^^ «"d pme woods, from
o. west to Unt. June-August. (Eu.)
nnth a central free placenta rising froTthehnl f "^ ""''^
inany seeds. -CaWx free fromTl,; '■ """^'"^ ''"'^"^ '^
TWbel. PRIMULM. Ovary wholly free.
included. salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens
* * Stems leafy; corolla rotate ; leaves entire
TH Jt!r"".'''"''"' '""'^"'' "' '''''''' °' '"^^"■-'>-. -o«tly globose
^'stmeT- """"^ '■^"'^- ^^- ^'-'^^ «t«ni„odia between the fertile
^•I^acma. CorollaS^-partedorS^-petalled. Staminodia none. Leavesdott«l
1. PRIMULA, L. Pkimkose. Cowslip.
138
PRIMULACE-E.
''.
i' 'If
inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, inchided. Capsule many-
seeded, splitting dt the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low peren-
nial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple
scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of
prirmis, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)
1. P. farinosa, L. Bikd's-eye Primrose. Scape S-Ky high ;
leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side
and the 3-20-flowered involucre, etc., covered imth a white mealiness,
at least when young ; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Marit.
Prov. to R. Mts. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)
2. TBIENTALIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen.
Calyx mostly 7 -parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed.
Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments
slendex', united in a ring at the base ; anthers oblong, revolute after
fl.'wering. Capsule' few-seeded. — Low and smooth perennials, with
simple erect stems, besiring a few alternate usu.iUy minute and
scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veinv leaves at the
summit. P^iduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate
whito and star-shaped flower. (A. Latin name, meaning the third
yAvt of a. foot, alluding to the height of the plant.)
1. T. Americana, Pursh. Star-flower. Spreading by very
slender elongated rootstocks ; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering
to both ends, petals finely pointed. — Damp cold woods, from Lab.
to Sask. May. — Rootstocks often 1-2° long (Hitchings).
3. STEIRONEMA, Raf.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply
5-parted, the sinuses rounded ; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed,
erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen.
Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla,
alternating with 5 subulate staminodia ; anthers linear. Capsule
10-20-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the
ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly
in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender,
axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From a-elpog, sterile, and vfijia,
thread, referring to the staminodia.)
1. S. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect (2-4° high) ; leaves lanceolat^e-
PRIMULACE^E.
[1. Capsule many-
teeth. — Low peren-
ihe root, and simple
,me a diminutive of
i in early spring.)
Scape S-Ky high ;
late, the Imver side
ih a ivJidte mealiness,
yellow eye. — Marit.
WiNTERGREEN.
■lanceolate, pointed,
at tube. Filaments
l)long, revolute after
oth perennials, with
usually minute and
veiny leaves at the
:, beiiring a delicate
J, meaning the third
Spreading by very
■lanceolate, tapering
Id woods, from Lab.
'ditchings).
f.
)roper tube, deeply
!, cuspidate-pointed,
3 around its stamen.
at base of corolla,
3rs linear. Capsule
abrous except the
pposite, but mostly
Peduncles slender,
Of, sterile, and vijfia,
) ; leaves lanceolate-
139
ovate (2-6' long), tapering to an acute point, rminded or heart-shaped
at base, all on long and fringed petioles ; corolla lomjer tluin tite
calyx. (Lysnnachia ciliata, i.)-Low grounds and thickets, com-
mon. July.
2 S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stem erect (10'-2° high) ; leaves Imice-
olate, varying to oblong and limar, narrowed into a short vumjined
petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long peti-
oles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, TFaii.)-Low grounds and thickets,
Ont.
4. LYSIMACHIA, Toum. Loosestrife.
Calyx 6-6-parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute
m bud. Filaments commonly monadelplious at base; anthers
oblong or oval ; staminodia none. Capsule few-spveral-seeded.—
Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-
dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from Uatc, a release
from,, and fidx?!, strife.)
I § 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Qn-olla yellow, rotate, and very deeply
parted, and with no teetl. between the lobes; staimns more or h'ss
monadelphous, often imeqwd-, leaves opposite or wlwrled, or smae
abnormally alternate.
*Flmvers (small) in a virrjate terminal raceme or in the vpper axils;
corolla darl-dotted or streaked ; fUainents conspicuomly monadel-
phous, unequal.
1. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy ; stem simple (1-2° high) •
leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes'
rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate ; /o«;er5
on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the
corolla ovate-oblong.— Moist or sandy soil, N. B. to Ont. June.
2. L. Stricta, Ait. Stems 1-2° high, often bearing oblong or
moniliform bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very
leafy ; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each
end ; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5-12'), leafy at
base ; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.— Low grounds, Newf. to
Sask. June-Aug.
**Flotvers {rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves;
corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked ; filaments slightly mona-
delphous.
if h
M '^
'if
140
APOCYNACE^.
3. L. nununulana. L. Moneywort. Smooth ; stems trailing
axnwTT' ^T^^,.^^""'^^^'^' «"^^"' Bhort-petioled ; peduncle!
axillary 1-flowered ; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse,
longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.-Escaped
J^^™g*^^«"«'"to damp ground, Newf. to Ont. July-Sept. (Nat.
§ 2. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6-7) p.^Hed into
linear dwmons (somewhat purplish-dotted), vnth a small tooth in
each smm ; filaments disti^iet, equal ; leaves oppodte, the lowest
• ^" i^Vj^^'"^**'*' ^- ^^^'^^'^ Loosestrife. Smooth ; stem
simple (1-r high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the ax'k
of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or
spike-hke clusters of small light yellow flowers.-Cold swamps
JN. b. westward, June,' July. (Eu.)
Order 43. APOOYNAOEA' (Dcgbane Family).
Plants almost all vnth milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite)
leaves wdhout stipules, regular 5-merous ami 5-androus flowers ; the 6
lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the hui ; the filaments
di^tirwt imerted on the corolla, a^rd the pollen gramdar; calyx free
from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming
foUicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.-Seeds
amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in
spanng albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose). -Chiefly a
tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens
by the Oleander and Periwinkle.
1. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla hell-shaped, appendaped within Filament,
short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Wes opposHe
1. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp.
Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft,
bearing 5 triangular appendages below the throat opposite the
lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla ; filaments flat,
shorter than the arrow-shaped anthers, which converge around the
stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style none ; stigma large
ovoid, shghtly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2-7') and slender follicles.'
beeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex.-Peren-
vithin. Filaments
ASCLEPIADACEiE. jij
niiL^^'l'''' ""''^ "P"ft branching stems, opposite mucronate-
pomted leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose
poserof" r "'"'f " ^^""^"^ "^'"^ ^' ^^« Dogbane 'com-
posed of aro, from, and kvuv, a do<j.)
1. A androsffimifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane. Smoo.h
or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above ; hraru^lu^s divenjently fori
^ng^, leaves ovate d^stinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreadLg, mostly
longer than the leaves; corolla (pale rose-color, 4" broad) ^m-ft^
sk^ed, ^threvolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed
dim^ns of the caijyx.-Bordera of thickets ; common. June, July
W ^/.''T^^'''''"''^- I^^^^He>^. Glabrous or more or
ess soft pubescent; stem and branches upnght or ascending (2-^"
high , terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are
usualy shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to Oblong and
even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, withrounded or obscurely
cordate base; corolla (greenish-white) v^th ^^arly erect lobes, the
tube not longer than the lanceolate dimsions of the cnlyx.-Moht
grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July,
Order 44. ASOLEPIADACRffi (Milkweed Family).
Plants with milky juice, aiyi opposite or whorled (rarely scattered)
entrre leaves ; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connect J M the
stjma}senM properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which
theyd^ffer^n the commonly valmte corolla, and in the singular con-
nect^on of the anthers vnth the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into
unx-hke or granular masses (poWuna), etc., as explained under the
typical genus Asclepias.
*Stem8 erect or merely decumbent
'■ ^ftKn^incu^'iV""''.' 'T'^' 'P'*^*^- ^^°^^- «' '■^'--'^ fl-hy bodies
opposite. """" " *'' "*"*^ "' '^"^ ^°<^- ^--' "--^'y
1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed.
Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla
deeply 5-parted; the divisions valvate in the bud, roflexed, decidu-
ous. Craum of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens
142
ASCLEPIADACEiE.
I:-' '^
each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 6, inserted on the base
of the corolla; iilamcnts united in a tube which encloses the pistil ;
anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped
with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened
pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass; the two cortiguous pollen-
masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender
prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on
the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and
directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins
the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles ;
the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk coi imon to the
two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceo-
late. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft jf long silky
hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large
placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo
large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen.— Perennial
upright herbs, with thick and deep roots ; peduncles terminal or
lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple
many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of JEscula-
pius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)
§ 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angviute-triincate
and salient at base ; horn conspicuous.
* Flowers orange-color ; leaves mostly scattered ; juice not milky.
1. A. tuberosa, L. Buttebfly-weed. Pleurisy-root. Rough-
ish-hairy (1-2° high) ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branch-
ing at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a
terminal corymb ; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or
slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange) ;
hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange scarcely longer than the
nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary, erect on
deflexed pedicels, — Dry fields, common, Out,
♦ * Corolla bright red or purple ; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on
the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 2) ; leaves opposite, mostly broad.
t Flowers small ; hoods 1" long, erpmlling the anthers ; veins ascending.
2. A. incamata, L. Swamp Milkweed. Smooth, or nearly so,
in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on
GENTIANACEiE.
143
ngvlate-truncate
the branches of the peduncles (2-3° higl,), very leafy ; leaves oblong-
lanceolato, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at
base; flowers r<.se-pt.rple ; hoods scarcely e.iualling the slender
needle-pointed horn.— Swamps, common.
***Flotoers greenish, ydlmmsh, white, or merely purplkhMmjed;
leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.
f Follicles echinnte with soft spinous processes, densely toinentose
large (3-o' long), ovate and acuminate, erect on dejlexed pedicels-
leaves large and broad, short petioled ; umbels terminal and
lateral.
3. A. Comuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed
Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oblong (4-8'
long), pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles etc •
corolla lobes dull purple to white, 3-4" long; hoods rather longer
than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short
claw-like /wm.— Rich ground, everywhere. '
Order 45. GENTIANACEJE (Gentian Family).
Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire
and simple leaves(except in Tribe II) without stipules, regular flowers
with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convo-
lute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a l-celled
ovary with 2 parietal placentae, or nearly the whole inner face of the
ovary omliferous; the fruit usually a 2.mlved and septicidal many-
seeded capsule.-Flo,yeTB solitary or cymose. Calyx persistent.
Corolla mostly withering persistent; the stamens inserted on its
tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen.
(Bitter-tonic plants.)
Sub-order I. Qentianeffl. Leaves always simple and entire,
sessile, never alternate. Estivation of corolla never valvate.
* Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.
t Style stout and persistent or none ; anthers remaining straight.
1. CkJntiana. Corolla funnel.form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the «in.,«es with-
out spurs or glands. Calyx 4-5-cleft. '"" '
2. Halenia. Corolla 4-5-cleft, campanulate, and 4-5-8purred at the base.
• * Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud ; no appendages.
144
QKNTIANACEiB.
SuB.oR„ER II. Menyanthea. Leaves all alternate and nu.Htly
pe loled. scMuetunes trifdiolate or creuate. ^.tiv^tum of corolla
mduphcate-valvate. Marsh or acjuatic perennials.
3. Menyanthea. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves S-foliolate.
1. (JENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian.
Calyx 4-5-cleffc. Corolla 4-5-lobed, reg.Uar, usually with inter-
mediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the
anuses Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule
oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds either borne on placenbu
at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the
whole ,„„,r face of the pod.-Flowers solitary or cymose, showy,
in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria
who used some species medicinally.) '
§ 1. GENTIANELLA. Corolla (ru^t rotate) destitute of e.te^^ed
plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses ; root anmml.
* (Fringed Gentians.) Flowers large, solitary on long termirud
pedmicles, mostly 4.merons; corolla campanulate-fnnnel.form
tts lobes ustmlly fimbriate or erose, not crowned j a row of qlaiuis
bettveen the bases of the filaments. Autumn-fl^werhig.
1. O. crinita, Froel. ^t^ral-2-high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the
4-cIeft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-
shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the lobes of which are
wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit ; ovary
lameolate.~Low grounds, Q. and Ont.
♦ * Flowers snuiller, 4^5.merous; corolla somewlmt funnel-form en-
salver-form, tts lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal
and lateral on the acute-angled stem.
2. O. AmareUa, L. Stems 2-20' high; leaves lanceolate to
narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins
mmutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4-5) foliaceous, lanceolate or
linear ; corolla mostly blue, *' long or more, roith a fimbriate crown
at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sem7e.-Var. acuta
Hook. f. Calyx almost 6-parted: crown usually of fewer and
sometimes very few set^.-Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and
northward.
OKXTIAXAriCyE.
146
§ 2 PNEUMON. NTIIE. r..,, (f„n,,^.y^„,,, ,,
m^^ ^/.»-,n.n/>mua.... :..,hed or U,.,l ,Uit. in //..■ J.Z^
no corn .or ,ln,uls ; r„j..le st;,ifnt,: ; auUnnn.j!ou:eriu„ perZ
* Anther, cohenn, in a ring or short tul. ; Jlo,oers in ternunal and
often axillanf clusters
iCalyMes and tracts ^Mate-scahro.. ; ser^ ,,-^
learns romjh-numjined.
trunoH o most y blue corolla, which is closed at the mt h t
|>ro,.r .?,... W.^era^«Z. the apparent lobes consisting of'h" broad
frmge-toothed and notched appendages. -Moist gr'>und, Q a"d
Ont. Corolla blue with white plaits, or son.etimes all white
2. HALENIA, Borkh. Spuhked Gentian
Calyx 4-5-parted Corolla short bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, without
fo ds or fringe pn.longed at the base undernelth the erect lobes
mto spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2 e sHe
persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds ratlier nume ou '
oblong.-S,nalI and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish
C:^rt.7""" ^''""' '"' ^"'" ''"^^"' ^ «^""-
^ 1. H. deflexa Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9-18' high)
simple or branched above ; leaves 3-5-nerved, the lowest oblong
spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spufs
cylindrical, obtuse curved, descending, half the length of the acutely
4-lobed corolla.-Damp and cool woods, Lab. west, and northward
3. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short fun.iel-fonn, 5-cleft, deciduous
the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the
margin, turned mward. Style slender, persistent ; stigma 2-lobed
Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coai
hard, smooth, and shming.-A perennial alternate-leaved herb with
146
IIYDUOI'HYI.LACK-K.
M i.,
a thickish creeping rootstock, shoutliu.l by thu inomhmnous Imsos of
the long Indoles, which boar 3 oval or obh.ng loivHots; tlio flowers
racemed on the naked scape (1° liigh), wliite or sliglitly reddish.
(Tlie ancient Theoi)lirastian name, pn.lml)ly frr)ni ,u/,>, month, and
iiSog, a flower, some say from its flowering for at)oufc that time.)
1. M. trifoliata, L.— BogH, Newf. and far north and westward.
May, Jifne. (Eu., Asia.)
Order 46. HYDEOPHYLLACILffi (Waterleaf Family).
Herbs, coninundy hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-mer-
oua and B-androus flowers, in aspect between the foreyoing and the
next order; but the ovary entire and l-celled xmth 2 parietal A-nmny-
ovuled placcntie, or rarely 2-cellcd by the unlun of the 2>lacenl,e in
tlie axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-vahed 4-^nany.
seeded cajpsitZe.— Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small
in copious albumen. Flowers cliiefly blue or white, in one-sided
cymes or fals. racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from
the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of
plants of no marked properties; some cultivated for ornament.
Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEffi. Ovary and capsule l-celled. Seeds pitted or reticu-
lated ; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.
•Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentae, which enclose the ovules and seeds
(in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.
1. HydrophyUum. stamens exserted ; anthers linear. Calj . unchanged in fruit.
1. HYDEOPHYLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf.
Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus,
early open in the bud. Corolla bell-sl.iped, 5-deft ; the lol es con-
volute m the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinjil linear
appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, whUe
their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove.
Stamens and style mostly exserted ; filaments more or less bearded ;
anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family) ; the
2 fleshy placentas expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the
cavity, soon free from the walla except at the top and bottom, each
bearmg a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1-4
seeds, spherical.— Perennials, with petioled amnl.. loaves, and white
or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of Mo>p, water,
and <i)vl7^ov, leaf; of no obvious application.)
ibmiious baKOH of
[luts ; tlio flowers
sliglitly reddish.
I lii'iv, month, and
it tlmt time.)
th and westward.
LEAF Family).
S.S, rvijnlar 5-mer-
'(m'(joi)ig and the
f>uriet(d 4-manij-
' the 2)lacc)il(e in
2-V(tli'ed 4-m(»ni/-
. Embryo Bmall
ifce, in one-sided
1 and coiled from
A small order of
r ornament.
Jeds pitted or reticu-
iiinatc. Style 2-cleft.
1 the ovules and seeds
unchanged in fruit.
ATERLEAF.
ge in each sinus,
; the lol es con-
igitudinal linear
iir middle, while
riferous groove,
or less bearded ;
the family) ; the
id nearly fill the
nd bottom, each
Lile ripening 1-4
ijaves, and white
>d of vdup, water.
U0KKAOINA<;K/t:.
147
• Calyx with minute if any appnxdmjeH ; roohtorks creeinmj, scaly.
toidhi'd.
2. H. Virginicum, L. Smoothi.ih (1-2° high); Imvoi, jrinnatehf
divided; the divinons 5-7, ointe-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply
cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-partod, the uppermost conflm-iit ;
peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper loaves, forked ; calyx-
lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliato ; flowers 3" long; anthers
oblong-linear.— Rich woods, Q. westward. June- Aug.
Order 47. BOREAaiNAORffi (Boraoe F.v.mily).
Chiefly rmigh-hairy herbs, xdth alternate entire leaves, and sym-
metrical flowers with a 6-parted calyx, a regidar 5-lobed corolla,
6 stamens inserted on its tid)e, a single style and a usually deeply
Uubed ovary (as in Lahiatm), fortn i ng in frtiit 4 seed-like l-seeded
nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four l-seeded nutlets.—
Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle pointing to the
apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla
imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on
one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or
raceme, which ia rolled up from tlie end, and straightens as the
blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often ,. .otless. (A rather
large family of innocent, mucilaginous, an-l slightly bitter plants;
the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)
Tribe I. BORRAGINE^. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-
seeded nutlets in fruit ; style rising from the centre between them.
* Corolla and stamens regular.
t Nutlets armed, attached laterally ; ( orolla short, closed by 5 scales.
1. CynoglOSaum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered
with barbed prickles.
2. EchiUOSpermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with
barbed prickles.
1 1 Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.
} Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy -bracteate, except in n. i.
3. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and (hroat crested.
4. LithOSpermum. Corolla salver-form to fuimel-form, its rounded lol)es spreading ;
the throat either naked or with low crests.
1. CYNOOLOSSUM, Tourn. Hotjno's Tongue.
Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx,
and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens
^l
m. t;
i! -^
I
.JLimi^k ma vt
148
BORRAGINACK/E.
included Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the
apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed
or hooked pnckles-Coarse herbs, with u strong scent and petioled
lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above
usually bracted at base. FI. all summer. (Name from /c,W « doa
and y?.a>a<ra, tu^igm ; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)
LC Officinale, L Common Hound's-Tongue. Biennial ; c^»M
imth short soft hcurs, leaf.j, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate,
closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes
nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat
on the broad upper face, somewhat margined. -Waste ground rnd
pastures ; a familiar and troublesome weed ; the large nutlets
adhermg to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)
with spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, fetv-leaved (2-3° high)
stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped
base ; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduZes
bractless -corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex.-Open woods'
jS. ±s. to bask. '
2. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm. Sxickseed.
Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat
closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect
fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular
orcompressed the back armed all over or with 1-3 marginal rows
of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise'naked!-
Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers
in racemes or spikes ; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all sum-
mer. (Name compounded of i^lvo,, a hedgehog, and ..ip^a seed )
* Hacemes panicled lcaf,j-bracteate at base ; slender pedicels recurved
1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. Beggar's Lice. Stem 2-4° hi.h •
radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline
(3^ long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both
ends; loosely paniculate racemen divaricate; pedicel and flower
each a line long: rmtUts of the globose fruit e^^u^y shyrt-glochidiate
BORRAGIVACK/E.
149
o^-erihe whole back. (Cynogl.^sum Morisoni nC) "Rn.] r
woods and thickets, Q. to Sask. ^^' O-Borders of
3. MYOSOTIS Dill «.,.
pressed, tod ::^:\^ ^1^^;^^ f '"«'« --«'. co,u.
hairy herl„, with entire livel Zse " |?rf "" "'"',"■"»")' """-
small flowers in nikwl «/ ™.°f ""> ^'"n ^essilo, and will,
occasi„„a,,/„i^:f„tt'::sT„':in * "^ ""'"'^ '^«''"-«. "■■
and straightened "nW P !f ""' "'" >"«. P'-<''»%'«I
of the short and soft 1p.....c. • ' '^""«i"» to the aspect
MoxrsE-EAR.) '" ''"'' '^""^^' ""^ I^"P»^- »-"'ei«
* Caly. open in fruit, its lu.irs appressed, none of th.n hooked
or glandular.
1. M. palustris, Withering Trtt^ V^^r,^^
stems ascending ,r„„, an obu^le 1";^:^^ ffl "20"; ' M T""/ '
branched, smoothisli: leaves rood, ° ° , <„ '"sl'), loosely
ground, probab y only escaped ,r„,n cultivation' (S™. Euf
lanceolate'„hlong„;son i":^^^^^^^^^^ '■" ""'"'"-='■ '-™
tube, ,in,bof eo*rol,a2rs'tri' r^^nr-^rw'T^'"'^'
laxa, *a,.)_]„ water and wetgro^ C:^ ol^'' C' ""
^essill leaves , fl— 1" -—:: ^^S :„1
». iti
■ \
150
CONVOLVULACE^.
leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and
length of style. (Name formed of Wog, stone, and ankp,ia, seed, from
the hard nutlets.)
§ 1. Nxdlets tuberded or rough-wrinkled a7id pitted, gray and dxdl ;
throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds
or appendages.
1. L. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. Minutely rough-hoary,
annual or biennial; stems erect (G-12' high); leaves lanceolate or
linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than tlie calyx.— Sandy
banks and roadsides, Q. and Ont. May-August, (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-
white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct jnibescent scales in the
throat; perennial.
2. L. officinale, L. Common Gromwell. Much branched above,
erect (1-2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a
few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath ; corolla
exceeding the caiyx.— Roadsides, Q. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)
Order 48. CONVOLVULAORffi (Convolvulus Family).
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some mUky juice, with
alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-a)idrous flowers, a calyx of
5 imbricated sepals- a 5.plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted
%n the hud (imbricate in n. 3) ; a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in
one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell,
the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition bettveen the seeds, so
becomings-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous
albumen.— Fvnit a globular 2-6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly
showy, on axillary peduncles ; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted.
(Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for
its edible farinaceous roots.)
Tribel. CONVOLVULM. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.
1. Ipomoea. style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2-3-fflobose.
2. Convolvulus, style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, Hnear-flliform
to subulate or ovate.
Tribe II. CUSCUTEffi. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, n«ver green.
Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.
3. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.
in)f herbs, never green.
COWOLVULACEiE. J5J
1. IPO MCE A, L. Morning Glory
Jrfrc^'u'^'T'V' ^'''' ^""^ ''" ''"^^^ sepals commonly
he iTmh p" ' '-"'TfT' ""' f-"-l-^--- to nearly campanulate^
the limb entire or ^xghtly lobed. Style undivided, terminated b;
a smgle capitate or 2-3-globose stign.a. Capsule globular, 4-6- (by
ftm r r "t'' f'"'^^^"^^- ^^^'^"^^' -'--^^"g t- Linn Jus!
trom cij, a Buidiveexl, and b,wco^, like ; but .> is a ^oonu.)
§ 1. IPOMCEA proper. Corolla funnd-f arm or nearly campamdate,
^ contorted xn the bud ; stamens and style not exserted.
(Morning Glory.) Lahes of stigvuv and cells 3, sepals long and
narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below; corolla purple
blue, and ivhite. * ^ '
1. I. purpurea. Lam. Common Morning-Glory. Annual-
stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire]
peduncles long umbellately '^-S-flowered ; calyx bristly-hairy
below; corolla funnel-forn. ' ,g) purple, varying to white.-
iiscaped in cultivated groun . I'rop. Amer.)
2. CONVOLVULUS, Tourn. Bindweed.
Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style
undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to
subulate or ovate. Capsule globose. 2-celled, or imperfectly
4-ce led by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, <,r by abortion
1-celled mostly 2-4-valved. -Herbs or somewhat Lhrubby pll ts
either twining, erect, or i,rostrate. (Name from coZoL, to
entwine.) '
.§ 1. CALYSTEGIA. stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2
broad leafy bracts.
1. 0. sepium, L. Hedge Bindweed. Glabrous, or more or
ess pubescent; stem tu>ining or so^r^timcs trailing extensively;
eaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed
the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or
smuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonlyac^^
li. Jir.)~Moist alluvial soil, or along streams. (Eu., etc )
Var. Americanus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink* or rose *
purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly )_
Common, across the continent.
.' i|
152
SOLANACE^..
:W|ffp
§ 2. StiymasJUifor^n-, no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.
2. 0. arvensis. L. Bindweed. Perennial ; stem procumbent or
tmnjng and W; leave, .vate-oblon,, arrow-shaped,lith rh.Tobe
at the base acute; ped^.ncles mostly l-flowered- bracts mlnZT
3. OUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder.
sha^nS"" b'nT^'^ ? ''"''' "' "^ ^ ^^P'^'«- ^-^'"'-^ globular-urn.
shaped bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border ™
(rarely 4) deft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often frl^Jd
rarely united. Capsule mostly 4.seeded. Embryo thread shanpd
spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute "Xs^
fhl .Tl r ^^'"^""^> '" ^^'^ soil. -Leafless annual herbs with
LX of CeT '' "'"'1 ''''^'' ''^^""°" ^ ^-^ minute's:
mraScon hJb 'wTT^ ^''"^ '^' ^^^""^ '^^'^^"^i'^g entirely
fo wl ^ ^ rr .u"'^ ''^ ^""^^^ ^"^ ^^^"^« «» ^l"ch they twine and
n cc^lct ^"pro^" '" r"^ '' ^"^'^^^ '^^^^«P^^ on'theruWrce
in contact FWers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white • usually
§ 1. Stiginas capitate; capmle indehiscent.
+ Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.
1. C Gronovii WiUd. Stems coarse, often climbing hish-
corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply camDanuTte t.f '
places, N. S to L of W. The commonest of our species. Flowers
very variable m size and compactness of clusters.
Order 49, SOLANACE.E (Nightshade Family)
rJ^tTl"?'' t"''^' r'' col^^less juice and alternate lea.es,
regular 5-mc.au. and o-andrm^s jiowers, on bractless pedicels; the
■se of the calyx.
m procumbent or
13(1, with thfi lobes
; bracts minute,
lish.— Old fields,
IR.
Ila globular-um-
iding border 5-
ke often fringed
vies distinct, or
) thread-shaped,
;e of cot-'ledons;
the plumule) ;
ual herbs, with
vr minute scales
coming entirely
they twine, and
1 on the surface
■P^hite ; usually
supposed to be
nt.
latter enveloped
'' loose panicled
slimbing high;
panulate tube;
!.— Wet shady
icies. Flowers
amily).
Ifernate leaves,
pedicels', the
►*^OLANACE^,
153
Placenta, i„ the axis, „fte„ prlc ,t ,,n f „""'' IT^ '"'''"■
but very few indigenous i/^j'l.tjel '" ""'^ '" *^ ''"'""»•
0«I /• «O^AN0M, Tourn. Nightshade
S|.mens e.s„rt„d; Lll ,". ^S •'': th! ?'' " '"""""'"'"•
the style, oiiening at the tin bv .w„ . """'«"<=•»""«■■« around
2.ceUed.-Herbs,° or shrul f„ I! "" r" f'"''- ^-■7«™«"y
often accompanied bya siller J T.""""' "'" '"--i.'""- '-™
a>»o nrostlylteral a^d T.t 1^ -T^f ."" ° ' thepedunc.es .
warmer region., including the PoiATcfrg Ij" ^T"' "'"""^ '"
PLANT (S. Melongem)- whurt^. T "''^^^'"'"OM.d the ECG-
™) is eiosely ^la/ei'irrof^rrrCST ^^""■
-PerennrnZ, c-Zmftrnj^ or tmning.
1. B. dulcamara, L. Bittersweet Mn.. i
leaves ovate-heart-shaped the m^ ,' n f '''' ^''' P" descent;
ear-like lobes or leaflets at bl-^S ^^^^'/^^^-'^^^I-^^ or with twJ
cymes; berries ovarred ^^oLt 7"^ ^^"^^^^^
June-September. (4t Lm eT^ " '"""' '^"^^"^"^«-
2. S. nigrum, L. Common NioHTSHAni. t
-e. drooping, c.,^,-rr«a:er,;ai:rr-^
154
SCROPUULAHIACE^.
m
lar, W«cA..-Shaded grounds and fields ; common, appearing as if
introduced, but a cosmopolite. July-Sept.
2. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.
Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length
much inflated and enclosing the 2-cellod globular (edible) berry.
Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube
marked with 5 concave spots at the base ; the plaited border some-
what 5-lobed .or barely 5-10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect ; anthers
separate opening lengthwise—Herbs (in tliis country), with the
leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding
peduncles extra-axillary ; flowering through the summer. (Name
<l>v(7r-^.i(, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.)
* CaroUa large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with
almost entire border ; pubescence simple.
1. P. grandiflora, . Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves
lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1-2' wide when
expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat; f. utin^ calyx
globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry.-Q. to Sask.
Corolla lurid greenlsh-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre
3-10" broad. '
■ t Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glaUtdar simple
hairs; frmtiug calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled
closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry , ^ eaves ovate
or cordate.
2. P. Virginiana, Mill. Perennial, diff-usely much branched
and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes obk.ng
repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9-12" broad
5-angled or 5-10-toothed ; anthers yelhrv. (P. viscosa. Gray, Man '
nob i>.)— Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. "'
Order 50. SCROPHULARIACE^ (Figwort Family).
Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect
stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2.lipped or
more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the
bud; frmt a2.celled and m^wMy m-any-seeded capmde, with the
plo^nti^ m the axis; seeds muitropous, or amphitropous, with a
SCROPHULARIACEiE.
155
, appearing as if
^-ark centre^ with
m,an embryo in copious aZb^men. -Style single ; stigma entire or
^-lobetl. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but tlie flowers not
terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.— A large
order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.
1. AJfTIRRHINIDE.-E. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla cover-
mg the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in
Mimulus, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal.
rtlbel. VERBASCE^. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.
1. rerbaacum. stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments
Tribe IL ANTIRHHINM. Corolla tubular, with a p-, ur or sac at the ba.se below,
the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in
9 _J"^Pl"'-'«;«'»'^^, or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.
i. Llnaxia. Corolla spurred at base ; the palate seldom closing the throat.
™?nV°^ ^^^^- C""-""^ t"''""^'-, or 2.1ipped. not spurred nor saccate he-
low Capsule 2-4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of
small axillary spiked or racemed or umbeMike clusters or cymes, or when reduced
to a smg e flower the peduncle mostly 2-bract6ate. stamens 4, and usually a rudi-
ment of the "fth.
3. ScrophiUaria. Corolla inflated, globular or obtong, with four erect lobes and one
spreadmg one. Rudiment of the sterile stomei a Pcaie on the upper lip.
4. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. SteriJe stamen shorter than the others.
Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.
^^ 7*. ®^/^'nOI^- Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule
2.valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves; peduncles naked.
Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.
* Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.
6. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, S-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated
II. RHINANTHIDE^. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the
corolla covering the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly
loculicidal.
Tribe V.DIGITALM. Corolla wheel-shaped. salver shaped, or bell-shaped. Sta-
mens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2.celled
'■ '^^^.fo^f' """Y *'t'"'' '"'^ '"'''""'■ ^°'"°"'^ wheel-shaped or salver-shaped,
almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flower^
racemed.
™^„y^«?^^?^'*- *^°''°"'' "'^^ ^ spreading and slightly unequal S-lobed
alternate ^PP'Oximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost
*CorcU bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.
7. Ctorardla. stamens strongly unequal, included.
Tribe VU. EUPHRASM. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped ; the upper lip nar.
row. erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.
* Anther-cells equal. Capsule many-several-seeded.
ir J
1 'I
1 <\
'H
166
SCROPHULARiACEiE,
lis :
8.PedicuIan. Ca,.x„oti„«ated. Capsule ovate or ewora.hape., .«,« win,...
Anther-cells equal. Capsule l-4-see,le<l.
0. Melampynun. Ca.y.4.c.en. Ovar. 2.eel.ed. 4.ovu.e,.. Capsule «at. ob.l.ue
1. VERBASCUM, L. Muu.ein.
thfl r ^;^'''.''^- ,^'''"" ^■^"^^^' «P«" «r ««n«avc, wheel-shaped,
the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stan ens 6 ■ aU tho'
Capsule globular, many-soedc-l.-TaU and usually woolly bielki
h rbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem seLlo o decnr nt
FWrs in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral, in summ^ '
(The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascnm.)
1. V. Thapsus, L. Common Mullein. Demdu it-nnih, n j.
«. ,• .<«» taU .,^^, *,,,,™,ea by thrdriftbZt
the oblong acute leaves, >,„„ (yellow, very rarely rtiteT la
a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.) ow, or whue with
2. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax
i' iax, w hicJi the leaves of some spi ^.'es resemble )
small blue flowers m a naL d termiml raceme.
^0^1 -^ .^^"^**ensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6-
ZS^'' ^''^"^' <^-2" -^^«)' P«d-elB erect, not Lnger tht
he fihform curved spur of the corolla. -Sandy so'il, common
Perenmal, erect (1-3" 7.;,;,,), .Ubrn^s, ^i(k narro.o .nlire and
alternate pale leave., and yellow flankers in a terminal racZ
ped ; seeds wingless.
SCKOPIIULAKIACE^. j r,^
2. L. vulgaris. Mill. Ramstei,. Buttee asv Egos Leaves
inoar or near y so. extremely numerous ; raceme dense conXl
long or more, .ncludin, the slender sul.ulate spur ; seeds We^^^
Fields and roadsides, N.S. to Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)
3. SCROPHULARIA. Tourn. Fiowokv.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube-
he 4 x.pper lobes of the short border erect (the two nppe longer) '
he lower spreadmg. Stamens 4, declined, wich the anther fe Is
ruclnnent at the sumnnt of the tube of the corolla C.r. 7
many-seeded.-Rank herbs, with mostly ,pos te e^
«mall greenish-purple or lurid flowers in'^loo e^yl Trmin„ a
t^m^l narrow panicle. (So called because a re/uted rfni:^!:
ra-^^;.®;.?,'*"'*; ^' ^''^'•- Manlandica. Gray. Smooth perennial
(^5 ngh) ; stem 4-sided ; leaves ovate, oblong, or the unn-
anceolate acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarVwt sha^^^^^^^
at base.-Damp grounds, Q. and Ont. (Eu., Asia, the type.)
4. CHELONE. Tourn. Tuur^E-HEAn. Sxake-head.
wifh'lf ""^ S distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular
w:th the mouth a httleopen; upper lip broad and arched, keeled
n the middle, notched at the apex; the lower wooUv-beardedln
he^throat, 3 lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smS. s'am^^^^
a^dt fifth'f •, r"'' "^' ^"'^ "^""y heart-shaped antWs
and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds manv'
wi„g-margined.-Smooth perennials, with upright branch 'g stems'
opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers whTch
rTunTottr"^ '" Bpikes or clusters, and cLfy iniSd 'S
round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets rNnm^ f .
tortoise, the corolla resembling in shapeti:e ^.'^^.^ulZ^r ^
acuminate, serrate wit! «harp .n pressed f;.^ ^' f "'"^
usuallv inf« o , u ~ -^r '^PP^®ss«« teeth, narrowed at base
usually into a very short petiole ; ftmc^s not ciliate; corolla white
<yr hardy t^nged with rose.-Wet places, Newf. westwird. '
.71 f
1- : .
Ml
158
SCROPHULAHIACEiE.
t'^ir
I n
5. MIMULUS, L. Monkey- FLOWER.
Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, tlio uppor tooth largest.
Corolla tubular ; upper lip erect or rofloxed-sprouding, 2-I(d,ed •
the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed'
the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous. -Herbs, with opposite leaves!
and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless
peduncluH. (Diminutive of mimua, a buffoon, from the grinnine
corolla.) ^ *
* Erect frmti a perennial root, glabrous ; leaves feaHicr-veined ; corolla
violet-purple.
1. M. ringens, L. Stem square (1-2° high); Imves oblong or
lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate ; pe-
duncles longer than the flower ; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly
equal; corolla personate.- Wet places, C.B. to Sask ; common.
July-Sept— Flower 1-1^' long, rarely white.
6. VERONICA, L. Speedwell.
Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-
shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted) ; the lateral lobes or
the lower ones commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2
one each side of the ipper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-
cells confluent at the apex. Style entire ; stigma single. Capsule
flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few-many-seeded.
—Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue
flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful ; perhaps the flower of
St. Veronica.)
§ 1. LEPTANDRA. Tall perennials, loith mostly whorled leaves;
racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the
cm-olla longer than its limh and much longer than tlie calyx; both
sometimes 5-cleft.
1. V. Virgi Jca, L. Culver's-eoot. Culver's Physio.
Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2-6° high); leaves
whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed
finely serrate; spikes panicled; corolla small, nearly white]-
stamens much exserted : capsule oblong-ovate, not notched open-
ing by 4 teeth at the apex, many seeded!— Common ; July, Aug.
SCHOPnULAKIACEiE.
VER.
tooth largest,
wling, 2-Iobed ;
tignia 2-lobed,
pposite leaves,
' and bractless
1 the grinning
■veined; corolla
fares oblong or
, serrate ; pe-
lointed, nearly
isk J common.
ed or salver-
teral lobes or
Stamens 2,
irted; anther-
gle. Capsule
many-seeded,
flowers blue,
the flower of
horled leaves;
'; tube of the
le calyx; both
r's Physio.
tiigh); leaves
ite, pointed,
jarly white;
'tched, open-
uly, Aug.
109
§2 VERONICA proper. Corolla n^heeUhnj^U; capsule .nor. or
less notched, stronyUj flattened e.cept in n. ^a^d sflL CZ
Perennials, stoloniferons or rooting at b,.e,^th opposite usually
serrate lea.es; racen.es axillary, mostly opposite; JoLj.Ue J..
t Capsule turyid, orbicular, niany-senled.
2. V. Anagallis, L. Water Spekdwfit «. .i
1 1 CtpmU strongly /latleMd, Mt»r«;.««
much broader than long, notched at both ends or didymo- -b1 '
common. June-Aug. (Eu., Asia.) "^ "ous. -Bogs,
5. V Officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. Pt^hescenf' ^^^r.
6. y. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwptt tit u
branched at the creeping bas«. .earlu ^nr\ . . '^T^^^ ^"^^
and simple (2-4 high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely cren-it. h.
lowest petioled and rounded f],« „,,^ • . "^ creii.it.., f/ie
/- im rounued, the upper passing into lanceolate
s «
IGO
SCROlMll'I.AHIACKiK.
bracts ; raceme loose ; corolla wliitish, .,r palo ])liio, with doepor
Btripes; cHpsule r(.undo(l, ])roador tlmii I.mij,', ol)tu«oly iiotchod.—
Roadaidos and fiolda, common; introrluced and indiuonouH. Mav-
July. (Eu., ' m.) '
7. OERARDIA, L.
Calyx bell-Hl.aped, 5-toothod or 6-cloft. Corolla campanulate-
funnel-form, or somowhat tubular, swelling alx.vc, with 5 more or
loss unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upj.er usually rather KUialler
and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynanious, included,
hairy ; anthers api)roaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel,
often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly eidarged and flat-
tened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-
seeded.— Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-
leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the upi)ermost reduced
to bracts and subtending 1-flowered peduncles, which often form
a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow ; in late sum-
mer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John
Gerarde.)
§ 1 . GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color {rarely white);
calyx-teeth short; anthers alikr, nearly pointless, pubescent;
catUine leaves linear or narrower, entire.
*Anniuils; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 9).
+ Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capmle.
1. O. purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia. Stem (1-2° high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leans linear, acute,
rough-nutrgined; flowers large (1' long), bright purple, often downy';
pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp'-
pointed, from very short to about half as long as the tube.— Low
grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great
Lakes. Very variable.
^i Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at
base.
2. O. tenuifolia, Vahl. Slender G. Leaves narrowly linear,
acute, the floral ones mostly like the others ; calyx-teeth very short,
acute; capsule globular, not exceeding Ih^ calyx; corolla about ^
long. — Low or dry ground, common.
oi{ohan(;jiacka:.
161
v; ill late ruui-
lerbulist, John
linear, acute,
rs cuspidate at
8. PEDIOULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort.
Calyx vuriuuH. Corolla sfron.rlv o i;,^., i ^i
...no., ... 1 ..a :r!;:^ri'^:;::':r':rt:^'
2-creHtccl above, 3.1ol,e.l ; l..(.es oonuuonly spreading, the late a!
onen rounded and larger. Stanxen.s 4, un.ler the uppe^lip J ^
tran«ver,se ; the coIIh e,ual, pointless. Capsnle o ate or a /o 1 "
."OS ly ol,h,ue, Heveral-seoded.-Perennial herbs, with o i Hy '
natihd leave., the floral bract-like, and rather u-«o fl r^ a
sp^ke^ (Name fron. peUiculus, a louse ; of no obvi;.^ .!;;L':tion.
1. P. Canadensis. L. Common Louskwokt. Woot Betonv
Hairy ; stems simple, clustered (5-12' hi-di^ ■ /,.... T h TJ'
dense; .«,,,,, ,,^,,,,^ ,,,,,,,., „^,,^^^^ ^;^^.^ ^..^^^-In^.
Con e an r I. "''" ' c-P-Ie /"^ somewhat su^rd-skaped.-
Lopses and banks, common. May-July.
9. MELAMPYRUM. Tourn. Cow-Wheat
Calyx beU-shaped 4-cleft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube
of conjlla cyl.ndncal, enlarging al>ove ; upper 1 p arched c^
pressed, stnught in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconv"
apptxij;!^ ^""''T '' ""'^^ *'^^ "pp- 'i^ -^^-
approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy • the Pn„..l . ii
?:ri?fl^tt"t V'-- ""-' ''''' ' ovuie^inTa: :
Capsule flattened, oblique, 1-l-seeded. -Erect branching annuals
base Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from ^.v«f
black, and ..,6,, n,I.at., from the color of the seeds of sorspeci?;
as they appear mixed with grain.) ^ *
t.,«fl^'l^®rf^T; ^^''^'^' I^«*^«« I'^nceolate. short-petioled
he floral ones like tlie lower, or truncate at base and beset with a
ew bristly teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shapc.l not half ^ w'l
of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow c<,rolla (5" long) -
Open woods ; common, from N.S. westward. June-Sept
Order 51. OROBANOHACE^ (Broom-rape Family)
Hrrhs destihdc of green J^Uaye (root-parasites), rnonopetalons
didynamous, the ovary one-celled loith 2 or 4 parietal pla2^;^d
162
OKOBANCHACEiE.
i
•;^l
mii
very rrmny-seeded ; seeds mhmte, with albumen and a very minute
em6n/o.-Calyx persistent, 4-5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular
more or less 2.hpped, ringent, persistent and withering ; upper lip
entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, Sidynamo^
inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celi:d, persistent
Ovary ree, ovoid, pointed with a long style ; stigma large. Capsule
lulled 2.valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a
pair. Seeds very numerous, minute. Low, thick or fleshy herbs
bearing scales m place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish
throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.
» Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panieled branches
1- Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla j the lower fertile with
the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous. '
* * Flowers all alike and perfect ; st«ms mostly simple
regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.
1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-drqps. CAxcER-nooT.
Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the
upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and
style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla wliich seldom
opens, but IS forced off from the base by the growth of the pod •
«lac nt! ^"^f" 'r^"^^ '' ''" "P«^ ^'"'^ 2 approximate
placentae on each valve.-Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-
brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6-12' hi^h
(Name from .... upon, and Hrk, t)^ Beech, because it grows on the
roots of that tree.)
1. E Virginiana, • Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers
whitish and purple. 6-8" long, curved, 4-toothed. -Common unde"
Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots ; N.S. to Ont. Aug.-Oct.
2. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-kape
Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-
spicate Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped • the
3^obL'^ ^r''^'''iT:i'^'"^ ''^"^ ^■^"^"'' *^^« Wr spreading,
fnlJ? P Stamens mclucled. ^tigma broadly 2-lipped or crateX
PW 5^"P^"'^,^^*^ 4 placentae, equidiBtant or contiguous in pairs.
Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and
VERBENACEiE.
a very minute
Jorolla tubular,
ing ; upper lip
, didynamous,
tid, persistent,
irge. Capsule
3 placenta or a
r fleshy herbs,
or brownish
•aiiches.
ower fertile, with
163
le.
id spicate.
led.
Calyx
fCER-RoOT.
ranches ; the
filaments and
which seldom
1 of the pod ;
tjma capitate,
t approximate
ar yellowish-
6-12' high,
grows on the
erile) flowers
mmon under
ig.-Oct.
[-RAPE.
nd thyrsoid-
■lipped ; the
iv spreading,
i or crateri-
lous in pairs.
iUowish) and
naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from « nriva
tive and ^W.Ao., foliage, .llndin^ to the naked stalkT) ^
'^Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, ^,itkont bractlets'
corolla ^th a long curved tuhe and spreading Med limb
1. A. uniflorum, Gray. Oxe-flowered Cancer-root <?/.«,
^-^^^r-nean or nearly so, very skort, scaly, often brancL eS
branch senjng up 1-3 slender one-flowered scapes (3-5' high)
wnicn is 1 long, with two yellow bearded f.^Ids in the f hrn.f o a
IpX^r--^^"^^ woodlands, Kewf., welt^^ P^fl:!!
Order 52. VERBENACE^ (Vervaix Family).
Herbs or shrubs, v,ith opposite leaves, more or less 2.Upped or irrea
IcTllT f'-rf '^^■'^^— ^'^— , the 2-,.celled%nmZl
1-celled) frmtdnj or drupaceous, usually splitting wha^HpeZ
order m the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style tlierefore terminal
lith a 7 T "f " ''°™^*^^ °^ ^"-^^^-^ - volatUe oi Iseei
with a straight embryo and little or no albumen.
Tribe L VERBENE£. Ovary 2-4.oellpH «,it», „
cell. ^ '^' *'*'' *" ^'^^ anatropouB ovule in each
1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads Palw t.,K, i r, •
nutlets. ^*'^'' *"*'"'*'"• Fi^it splitting into 4
Tribe II. PHRYMM. Ovary l-celled ; ovule erect, orthotropous
2.Phryina. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical. 2-lipped. Fruit an achene
1. VERBENA, Toum. Vervaik.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the
others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form ; the border
somewha unequally S-cleft. Stamens included ; th; upper pair
Zt?m-"''T'T''""- «^^^-^-der;stig„;a mostly 2lbS
Fruit sphtting into 4 seed-like nutlets. -Flowers sessile in sinde
or often paiucled spikes, bracted ; produced all summer Th!
Latin name for any sacred herb ; derivation obscure )
§ 1. Anthers not appeMaged ; floroers small, in n.^rroiv .pihc-
*Spuces filiform, ^ith fiou-ers or at least fruits scattered, .u^lced, the
inconspicuous bracts shinier than the calyx.
.■: 1
164
LABIATiE.
■TS
»
1. V. Urticafoha, L. White V. Perennial, from minutely
pubescent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3-5" high); l.^1Z
or oUong-ovate acute, coarsely serrate, petM ; spik s at Teng
much elongated, loosely panicled ; flowers very 'mall, ^hu!^
Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.)
** Spikes thicker or densely flowered; the fruits crowded, rmstly
overlapping each other; bracts incompic^cous, not exceeding the
flowers ; pevennml. ''
2. V. angustifolia, Michx. Low (6-18' high), often simple •
leaves narrowly lanceolale, tapering to the base, sessile, rongLh
shghtly too hed ; spikes few or single ; the purple flowers crowded
larger than xn the next.-Dry or sandy ground, Q. and Ont.
3. y. hastata, L. Blue Vervain. Tall (4-6° high) • leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, ;e^jr
he lower often lobed and so.netimes halberdshaped at ba e ; " .;
linear, erect corymbed or panicled; flowers blue.-Waste grounds
and roadsides ; common. grounas
2. PHRYMA, L. Lopseed.
tee^^lff"'""\ ^'^^i'' '^' "PP^^ ^^P «^ ^ bristle-awl-shaped
teeth; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lin
no ched; he lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens' incTudeZ
Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of th^
calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. CotyJ
dons convolute round their axis.-A perennial herb, with slender
branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-
petioled ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender
termmal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-
color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)
1. P. Leptostachya, L. Plant 2-3° high; leaves 3-5' long,
lun; calyx strongly ribbed and d sed in fruit, the long slendf;
(E LaO '' *^iP-Moist and open woods, conunoj
Order 53. LABIATJE (Mint Family).
Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, rrwre or
I^s2-Lppedcorona^!dyrumu>usordi^.drons sta,n.ns, and a deeply
Uobed ovary, whv^h forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or ocheL
LABIATE.
165
from mimitely
jh) ; leaves oral
pikes at lengtli
small, white. —
crowded, mostly
it exceeding the
often simple ;
issile, rough ish,
owers crowded,
tid Ont.
high) ; leaves
srrate, petioled,
at base ; spiles
Waste grounds
itle-awl-shaped
)ed; upper lip
lena included,
bottom of the
pous. Cotyle-
', with slender
he lower long-
and slender
rplish or rose-
33 3-5' long,
long slender
ds, common.
).
iaves, more or
and a deeply
its or achenes,
surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent
calyx, each filed with a single erect seed— Nutlets suu.oth or barely
roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe
Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria)';
radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or
sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the
tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axiUarv
chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikc-s
or racemes Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containinc. a
volatile od, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of The
plants of this large and well-known family.
T. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obli.iuely or ventrally;
ovary merely 4-lobed.
Tribe I. AJUGOIDM. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. ,„ostly exserted from
the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5-10-norved. »« lea irom
* Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down
or very short ; stamens exserted from the cleft.
I. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.
II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; soar basal, small; ovary deeply
4-parted.
'MbelL SATUREINES. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting- anthers 2-
celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave. '
* Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorLs, axillary or spicate
t Corolla not evidently 2-lipped. but almost equally 4.1obed. small. Stamens erect.
distant.
2. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.
3. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.
1 1 Corolla more or less 2-lipped.
t Stamens ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging.
4. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose
Tribe IIL NEPETE^. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower"
ascendmg or diverging. Corolla 2.1ipped; the upper lip concave or arched th^
lower spreading. Calyx mostly IS-nerved. r arcnea. tne
^^ Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent;
filaments ascending, not exserted.
5. Nepeta. Calyx inore or less curved, equally 6-toothed.
"^afp""-, S5^.TELLARINEiE. Stamens 4. ascending and parallel. Calyx hilabi-
ate. dosed .n fn.t; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upperlip
6. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.
*
I
166
LABIATE.
*^'''^^''«"''»late.veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit
7. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, B-toothed, the lower deleft.
Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly S-lO-nerved or striate, S-lO-toothed.
t Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.
^ stamens often defloxed or contorted after anthesis.
'*'"^^'- ^^'^^ ^^'tr'onf TVr^"^ ^•*°°*^^^ "^ *^« ^ "PP- ^-^^ -'ted
into one. Nutlets rounded at top.
1. TEUCRIUM, L. Germa:nder.
Calyx ^-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal
oWoug, turned forward, bo that there Beem« to be no upper^hp!
left wV ' n '"^^" ''^"^"^ ^' ^--^^^ ^-- ''« de P
conttuent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)
1. T. Canadense, L.' American Germander. Wood Sage
Wrthtr kT'"'^^^^^^^
longer than the oblique unequaUy-toothed calyx; whorls aboni
6-flowered crowded in a long and «hnple wand-liL spike ; c<Z
corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (G" long).-Low
grounds ; N. B. to Ont. July-September.
2. MENTHA, Tourn. Mint.
Co?!lr >f "^l^l or tubular, 5-toothcd, equal or nearly so.
whltP 11 \ ::' "'^"'''^ '"^^' *'^^ ^«^l-haped border some-
Stein^ "^ t ' '^."^^^^^ '"'^ '^^^^^«^' -^-« - -^ohed.
Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. -Odorous perennial herbs • the
smal flowers mostly in close cluster, forcing axillary cl .itet
whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes, produced in
summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the'stamfns in mos
species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adven-
tive or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (M/..,
of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been
changed into Mint by Proserpine. )
• Mowers pedicellate, less croivded, in mtermpted leafless spikes, or
some in the ypper axils; leaves petioled.
LABIATJE.
167
ler the galeate or
rved, not 2-lipped
lit.
lower 2-cleft.
-10-toothed.
jrolla.
pper teeth united
nearly equnl,
lo upper lip;
'orn the deep
anther-cells
Wood Sage.
olate, serrate,
ioral scrcely
(vhorla about
spike ; calyx
one acutish ;
long).— Low
' nearly so.
)order some-
or notched,
herbs; the
ary capitate
produced in
ens in most
>stly adven-
ds. {MivOjf
have been
* spikes, or
1- M. piperita, L. Peppermint. Glabrous (somewhat hairy in
var. subhir^uta), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to
oblong lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate ; spikes narrow, loose.—
Along brooks, escaped everywhere.
Flowers in glohnlur whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves,
the ujtpennost axils not flower-hearing-, leaves inore or less
petioled ; toothed.
2. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint. Leaves varying from ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; calyx oblong-bell-shaped,
the teeth rather short ; hairs on the stem not conspicuously re-
flexed. The commoner form is more or less iiairy, and has nearly
the odor of Pennyroyal.— Wet places, across the continent, and
northward.
Var. glabrata, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the
former sometimes very short petioled ; scent sweeter, as of Monarda.
— Similar range.
3. LYCOPUS, Tourn. Water Horehound.
Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed.
Stamens 2, distant ; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or
wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins.— Perennial low herbs,
glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed
or pmnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than
the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers ; in summer.
(Name compounded of ^Kog, a wolf, and 7rovs,foot, from some fancied
likeness in the leaves.)
* Stoloniferous, the longfilifortn runners often tuberiferous ;
leaves only serrate.
f Calyx-teeth vsuallij 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets.
1. L. Virginicus, L. Bugle-weed. Stem obtusely 4-angled
(6-2° high); leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire
toward the base, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled ; calyx-
teeth ovate.— Shady moist places. Lab., across the continent.
* Not stoloniferous ; leaves inoistd or pinnatijid.
2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1-3° high, acutely 4-angled ;
leaves oblong or lanceolate (lf-2' long), acuminate, irregularly
'
168
LABIAT.B.
incised or lacimate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate
maments slender conspicuous, with globular or spatJlate ti^s. I
Europaeus, var. smuatus, Gray.)— Common.
4. HEDEOMA. Pers. Mock PRNNYROY.ir.
Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower . .1e near -. base
13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped • uni,er bn "? f...f] i'
th^Wr 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lippei ; u^r ii;r:tXt":"S
at the apex, tt.e louver spreading, 3-ch ft. Fertile stamens 2 • th.
upper pair reduced to sterilo tHament. or wanting. -Wodorou
annuals, wxth small loaves, .od loo.e axiUary clLlers I flowe"
On summer), often forming te.nu.na1 l..fy rac^.oes. (Altered flm
>j<^vo.^ov, an ancient name of Min^ from its sweet scent.)
* Sterile filaments. nanifest: lea., ^'^lony-ovate, petioled, somevMt
serrate.
1. H. pulegioides. Pers. AMEKICA.V Penxtkoyal. Erect
bra.ohmg hairy; whorls few-flowered ; upper calyx-teeth triangul
lar, the lower setaceous-subulate ; corolla (bluish, pubescent)
scarcely exserted (2-3" long) ; taste and odor neari; of the true
Pennyroyai (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe.-Common from C. B L
5. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint.
diuff- ^ry^' ''^'"'' ^'''"''^'^' °^^^^"«^y 5-toothed. Corolla
dilated m the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave
notched c>r 2-cleft; the lower spreading, s'-cleft, the mMdlelob:
Xiif tTe i ''^•''^- '^^"^^^ '' ^^^^^^^"^ -^- ^''
r !,?.'• '' P^"" '''°'*^'"' ^"*^^«^« approximate in pairs
thecals divergent-Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thoug ;
to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city. ) ^
rui^iecZ sp^.s<»- racemes ; upper floral leaves small and brj-like.
1. N Cataria L. Catnip. Downy, erect, branched; leaves
heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath
corolla whitish dotted with purple, ^Near dwemngsVaveTcol'
monweed. July-Sept. (Nat. from E;.; veiycom-
M!
LABIATiE.
nerely sinuate,
ijudate ; sterile
ilate tips. (L.
OYAl.
near ''m, base,
lip 3-too tiled,
, flat, n(>' Aeii
tamena 2 ; the
-Low, odorous
3rs of flowers
(Altered from
It.)
led, somewhat
YAL. Erect,
eeth triangu-
, pubescent)
'■ of the true
from C. B. to
id. Corolla
her concave,
middle lobe
g under the
ite in pairs,
me, thought
rming inter-
bract-like.
shed; leaves
inderneath ;
a very com-
1G9
Leaves all alike; the axillary dusters loosehj
I
§2. GLLCvtOMA.
few-Jh,^rt red.
6. SCUTELLARIA, L. SK.a.cAP.
Calyx belJ-shaned in flower 2 ll■nr^orl . +i t
mens 4, ascending under the upper l/n- whlf ^ ''"
pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of 2' ""^''^^^^I^P^'^^""''^*" in
§ 1. Ms^in,U„, ,nosa,j maujMe,,, on a W gynoUs,.
m„.rs s,naU (3' lo.uj), U a««„n, „,., ,^,,,„„ J,^.„„, j.^y^_^
racemes.
1. S. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog SKULrrAP «.., ^u .
and spreadin^V^uf ,t 7 *'■ *""" "'«''>' '>''™'"^
170
l.AniAT/E.
i
i
1 1
. j;
!
; ''
'i
1
■ I,
i
; j
shaped (6-8" long); corolla 2-4" long.-Sau.ly banks, N.S. to
•Sask.
_ 3. S. galericulata, L. IIerb>ic.eum; Hubterrnnmn stolons not tuber-
tferous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1-2" high), simple; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and sliglitly hourt-Hhapod
at base (1-2' long); corolla violet-blue, 8-9" long, with slender
tube, the large lower lip nearly erect.~Wet shady places; common
especially northward. (Eu.)
7. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Self-heal.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat lO-nerved and reticulated-
vemy, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in
fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short
teeth the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at
the throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped ;
upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexed-spreadin<r, 3-
oleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave,
denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; filaments
2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the antlier ; anthers
approximate in pairs, their cells diverging. -Low perennials, with
nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in
the axUs of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, im-
bncated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be from the
German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a
reputed remedy.)
1. B. vulgaris, L. Common Self-heal or Heal-all. Leaves
ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, haiiy or smoothish ; cor-
oUa (violet or flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the
purplish calyx.-Woods and fields, Newf., westward across the con-
tinent. June-Sept. (Eu.)
8. STACHYS, Tourn. Hedge-Nettle.
Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the
upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at
the throat ; upper lip erect or ratlier spreading, often arched
entire or nearly so ; the lower usually longer and spreading,'
3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens
4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after
PLANTAOINAOE^.
171
iks, N.S. to
t^uncate.-^\horl8 2-many-H„were,l, approxinrnto in a terminal
racorno or sp.ke (whence the name, from ...^., « spik.) F b w "
purjjle or roae-red, in summer. J^ lowers
* Hout perennial ; stem erect,
i Leave, obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled.
1. S. palustris, L. Stem 4-angleil (2-3° high), leafy Inr.nte
rei JL r ""', « -rt-petioled, oUon,- or ovate-lanceolate,
(--4 long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile
calyx; whorls 6-10-flowered, the upper crowded into an interrun d
Bpike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat sly iS
the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit ; npper Up \f li^
pubescent-Wet ground, Newf., westward across the continent.
Order 54. PLANTAGINACE^ (Plantain Family).
Chxefly stendess herbs, with regular ^-merous spHced flowers the
stan^ns inserted on the tube of the dry and .neJranacLs IdZs
rrtiLTnTg^^^^^^^^^^^
1. PLANTAGO. Toum. Plantain. Ribwort.
Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry mem-
branaceous margins. Corolla salver-fonn or rotlte, withS^ing "n
the pod, the border 4-parted. Sta.nons 4, or rarely 2, in all or
some flowers wxth long and weak exserted filan.ents, Ld f ugac ou
fef St7e d ""r^ ^-J^''^^^ -^^^ 1-veral ovules in each
2 elled f ^ ^"?,^^^"y ""^^ «i"gle, filiform. Capsule
fa Is off 1 r''rf "'. f ' f^^'""'^ transversely, so that the top
seeds) faUs away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen -Leaves
nbbed. Flowers whitish, s.uall, in a bracted ,^,ike or head, rXed
on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)
§ L Stamens 4 ; flowers all perfect ; corolla not closed over the frtcU
Flawers proteroyynous, the style flr.t projecting from the ur^opened
c^olla the anthers long-exsert.d .fter the corolla has opened:
seeds not hollotved on the face {except in P. lanceolata).
it I
II il
l> !|
172
PHYTOLACCACE^.
+ Corolla (jlahrom ; haven dr /,-(-■ Mf . , perennial.
I Bibs of the leaf f re ;•> th- cin.lrcded base.
1. P. major, L. Common Pi.ANrAiN. Smooth or ruthor hairy,
rarely rougliish ; lenres ovate, ohUmg, oval, or sliglitly heart-sha[.od,
often toothed, abruptly narrowc^d into a chaniiollod petiole ; spikl.
dense, obtuse ; sepals round-ovate or obovato ; capsule nm^'rf '"rum'
scissile near the middle, S-iS-secdrd ; seeds amjled, /. cculatcd.— Way-
sides and near dwellings cverywhom Doubtless introduced from
Eu., bub native from L. Superior and N. Miiui., northward.
2. P. lanceolata, i. Rxuorass. Rippleojiass. English Plan-
tain. Mostly hairy; .scapo grooved-angled, at length much longer
than the lanecolate or lanee-oblong leaves, slender (9-2° high); spike
dense, at first capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious,
brownish ; aeeda 2, hlloived on the face.— Yery common. (Nat
from Eu.)
f i Corolla-tube extemalhj jnibesccnt ; leaves linear m- filiform, fleshy,
indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2-4; maritime, often wool I, / at base.
3. P. maritima, L. Perennial; spikes dense.— Coast of Mass.;
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greeidand. (Eu.)
Order 55. PHYTOLACOAOEiE (Pokeweed Family).
Plants with alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the
general characters of Chenopodiaceae, but usually a srceral-celled
ovary composed of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a
berry in fruit.
1. PHYTOLACCA, urn. Pokew . i>.
Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary
of 5-12 carpels, united in a ring, with as ir-xny short separate styles
in fruit forming a dopressed-globose 5- 12-celled berry, ^ith a single
vertical seed in each cell. Embryo curved in a ring around the
albumen.— Tall and stout perennial herbs, with Li: ■ pe.h'oled
leaves, and terminal racemes which become later;-' md o{ -.osite the
leaves. (Name compounded of (^vr6v, plant, ano 'he ' rench lac,
lake, in allusion to the .rimson coloring matter hie. le berries
yield.)
i. P. decaudra, L. Common Poke or Scoke. Garget.
Pigeon-Berry. Stamens and styles 10.— Low grounds. July-
POLYOONACEiK.
173
"nnial,
>
rather hairy,
hoint-shapod,
potiolo ; sjiikc.
vni'^ '•rum-
Infcd. — Wfty-
'odiicod from
ward.
VGLISH PlAN-
inuch lunger
high); spiko
pals scarious,
iiuon. (Nat.
lif arm, fleshy,
lij at base.
st of Mass. ;
Family).
rs, having the
M nral-celled
ndformrmj a
.D.
>-30. Ovary
■arate style-,
vv ith a single
g around the
rgo petioled
opposite tlie
^'rench lac,
le berries
!. Garget.
nds. July-
Sopt- A amooth phu.t, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very
iurge poisonous root, often 4-0' in <Iian>et.r, sending up stout
stalks at lon.h (^9° high ; calyx white ; ovar'y ^...' Z^
long racenioH, dark-purple and filled with crin.son juice, ripe in
autumn. •* ' i " '"
Okder 56. POLYGONACEiE (Bt'okwtieat Family).
m^-bs xvith alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the farm of
sheaths (ocvoa; these sometimes obsolete) a6or. the svoll en joints of
the stem- the floaters mostly perfect, u-ith a more o, hss persistent
calyx, ^1 celled mary heariny 2 or 3 st.jtes or stiymas, and a sinule
erect orthotropons seed. Fruit usually an achene, .npres«ed or
3-4-angled or -wmged. Embryo curved or straighti.sh, on the out-
Side of the album.n, or rarely in its centre. Stamens 4-12
inser ed on the base of the 3-.;.cleft calyx. (Juice often a.rid'
some nnes agreeably acid, as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb,'
sometimes cathartic.)
'^'lowers without Involucre ; stamens 4 to 8.
t Stipular 8h. ,ths manifest ; ovule er ot from the l.aso of the cell,
t Sepal. 4 or 6, the ,. r row r. flexr.I, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.
1. Ruirex. Sepals 6. St.i,inas3. Aoh'-ne S-an^'led.
1. RU^' ?3X, L. Dock. Sorrel.
Calyx of 6 sepals ; ihe 3 o, r herbaceous, sometimes united at
base, spreading in fruit ; tJ ' inner larger, somewhat colored,
enlarged after flowering (in fruit call. 1 ra/n.) and convergent ova;
he3.angled achene, veiny, often bearu.g a grain-like tubercle on
the back. Stamens 0. Styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Embryo .slightly
curved, lying along one sifle of the albumen, slender.-Coarse
herbs with small and homely (mostly green) llowers, which are
crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the petioles
somewhat sheathing at base. (The ancient Latin name : of un-
known etymology. )
^ 1. LAPATHUM. Dock. Flowers perfect or monceciously poly,
gamous; herbage not sour or scarcely so; none of the leaves
halberd-shaped. {Flowering throvgh the summer.)
* Ferennials, 1-7° hujh, mostly n:ith fmiform roots ; valves ru>t
bearing bristles.
174
ARI.STOLOCHIACK.K
I
+ Valves smdln; on. or vunr. of tJnui rompimond,, umin-hmmu,.
X ImlUjvnnu, ; lva,'i'H not wav>j, nonv hart-sfuiped, ejrrpt the lowest
of n. 2.
/I ^Qo^ ,«*"cifoli"S, Woiinnan... ^Vhitb Dock. Rather low
(1-J luyh); r.,ot whito ; h;,r,'s n„m„r/,j or Unmr-hurn'olnte, or the
Imvosfc ol.Iong; wh.nis much crow.lo.l ; pvdicvh murh shorfrr than
*^efru,tnu, cnhjx', vahea drlfoid-orah; chtusi.sh or /iculish (al,u„t
IS long), one, two or 8ometiino8 nil with a con.si,icuo,.8 often very
large gram ; otherwise n.urly as n. .'l-Salt n.ar.slies, from Newf
far wustward. ''
2. R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock, liuthur tall (3-5° high) •
leaves lanceolate or ol.long-lanceolato, rather obtuse, thickish pale-
groun, the lowest often heart-shaped at base ; racemes nearly leaf-
less, elongated, loose, the whorls crow.led or the lower ones
distant ; fruit-bearing i«c//o<.Z« slauln . dub-shaj.d, ahrupthj reflextd
3-4 times longer than the fntltuuj cahjx; vahr, dilated- rhomhokl
obtvsehj somewlmt pointed, stromjly rvgose-reticulated, each bearing
a very large grain,— Wet swamps, common.
t I Naturalixd European weeds; hmer leaves mostly heart-shai)ed
at base.
3. R. crispus, L. Cuuled Dock. Smooth (3-4° high) ; irnrcs
uydh strongly wavy-cnrled nutnjins, lanceolate, acute, the lower trun-
cate or scarcely heart-shaped at base; n-horls era tvded in prolonged
wand-hke racemes, leafless above ; valves ronnd-heart-shaped, obscurely
derdicnlate or entire, mostly all grain-bearing._In cultivated and
waste ground, very common.
§ 2. ACETOSA. Sorrel. Flowers cUcecions, small, in a terminal
luiked panicle; herbage sour; some leaves halberd-shaped; smooth
perennuds, spreading by running rootstocl-s, flowering in spriiuj.
4. R. Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Low (6-12'
high) ; leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, halberd-form, at leas"t
those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ; pedicels jointed xinth the
flower; vahes scarcely enlarging in fruit, imite, naked.— Abundant
everywhere. (Nat. from En.)
Order 57. ARISTOLOCHIACE^ (Birthwort Family).
Twining slirubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the conspicnmxs
lund calyx valvate in bud and coherent (at least at base) vnth the
SANTA LACKiK.
r grain-livnrinff.
Kcspt the hnmst
Rather low
iirtolttte, or the
h sharfir ihtn
Jiciifinh (ahdiit
lous i.ftoii Very
a, from Nowf.,
nil (a-o° high);
thickish, pale-
ea nearly luaf-
J lower Olios
•^iqithj rejiexed,
ited-rhomhtiid,
each bearing
/ heart-shaped
' higli) ; leaves
10 lower tnin-
l in prolonged
'■ped, obscurely
iiltivated and
n a terminal
oped; smooth
ing in spring.
Low (f)-12'
>rm, at least
ited iinth the
. — ^Abundant
Family).
! conspicuous
ise) vnth tlie
175
ud.Ue, eZZlL::^:;'] "" ""f'' "''' ''"^ ^^'^l anthers
Seeds Inatrous w th :'/"'''T'^' '"''"' ■•^'"'I'^''^ '^"^ -'^•r-
in fleshy aCr ^ i^rSi^; : rc^ :^ '^ "''""^
m.,noti,nos aromatic i.lantH. ^ btttor-ton.c or stimulant,
.. A-aru^ S..,.,. herba Sta.nen, I, wiU. .or, or .. ..utinc. „,.„e„e.
. ASARUM. Toun.. A..U.B..,,. w... Oixokh.
^iilyx regular; the limb .3-cloft or Darto.l «f ,« .
scales, then 1 or 2 kidnov . i^ 1 ^ootstooks bearing 2 or 3
^^:^^^::£^-'^^^^^^^^
wuiujiuy sproacling, brown-purnla inHiMo tt;ii -i • . ,
woods; common, especLlynorthwTrd """^"-"'"-^^- - -ch
Ohi,kh58. SANTALACEiE (Sandaxwooz, Family)
-5;^>7«, .A,.h6«, or trees, with entire leave. ■ the 4 5 ,•/./•/ .7 ; .
..ooma.-,.. F,..e„p.„., ,„„„,.,„,. „,^.^ u..„uc»,..^„^
i I
Ml
, i .
I .
176
SANTA LACE.E.
1.00MANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
Flowers perfect. . Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined
above the ovary with an adherent disk wliich has a 5 lobed free
border. Stamens inserted on the edge of the disk between its
lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle of which the
anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, tlie cavity
filled by the globular seed.— Low and smooth (sometimes parasitic)
perennials, with herbaceous stems from a rather woody base or
root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white flowers
in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from
«W, hair, and &v6psg, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on tlie
calyx-lobes which are attached to the anthers.)
1. C. Umbellata, Nutt. Stems 8-10' higli, branched, very leafy;
leaves oblong, pale (I'long); peduncles several and corymbose clus-
tered at the summit, ' sever al-Jlowered; calyx-tube conspicuously
continued as a neck to the dry globular-nrn-shaped frtiit ; the lobes
oblong; style slender.— Dry ground, common. May, June. Root
forming parasitic attachments to the roots of trees.
2. 0. livida, Richardson. Peduncles slender, axillary, 3-5-
ftoioered, shorter than the oval leaves ; calyx-tube not continued
beyond the ovary, the lobes ocate; style short; fruit pulpy when
ripe, red.— Newf., west and northward.
k6
Sub-Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS oii ENDOGENS.
Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith, but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads
which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue ; per-
ennial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly
parallel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom
separating by an articulation, almost always alternate or
scattered and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in
threes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of
the plumule alternate.
ORCHIDACEiE.
177
D-FLAX.
i-shai)ed, lined
a 5 lobed free
ik between its
le of which the
Fruit drupe-
3es, tlie cavity
imes parasitic)
voody base or
L-wliite flowers
(Name from
e hairs on the
ed, very leafy;
orymhose clus-
conspicuously
mit; the lubes
June. Root
axillary, 3-5-
lot continued
:■ pulpy when
DOGENS.
, wood, and
s or threads
tissue ; per-
aves mostly
•ase, seldom
ilternate or
Jommonly in
le leaves of
Order 59. ORCHIDACILff: (Orchis Family).
Serbs, clearly distinguished by their perfect hregidar flmcers with
6-rmrous perianth adnate to the Vcelled ovary, with innumerable
ovxdes on ^ parietal placentcB, and wiih either one or two gynandrons
stamens, the pollen cohering in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved
capsule, with innumerable minute seeds, appearing like fine saw-
dust. Perianth of 6 divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer (sepals) mostly
of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3 inner
(petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc-
tion, etc., from the rest, and is called the lip; only the other two
takmg the name of prtals in the following descriptions. The lip is
really the upper petal, i.e., the one next to the axis, but by a twist
of the ovary of half a turn it is more commonly directed forward
and brought next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the
flower, 18 the cohomn, composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripe-
dium of two stamens and a rudiment of a third, variously coherent
with or borne on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; anther 2-celled ;
each cell containing one or more masses of pollen (pollinia) or the
pollen granular (in Cypripodium). Stigma a broad glutinous
surface, except in Cypripedium. -Perennials, often tuber- bearinc.
or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all
alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape
solitary, racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, -in all
arranged for fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of
unaided self-fertili.^^iition.
Tribe L EPIDENDEEiE. Anther terminal, erect or inclined, operculate. Pollinfa
smooth and waxy, 4 or S (2 or 4 in each cell), distinct, or those in each cell (or all
in n. 3) united at base.
* Green -foliaged plants, from solid bulbs, with 1 or 2 leaves.
t Column very short ; leaf solitary.
1. MlcrOBtyliS. Flowers racemose, minute, greenish. Petals filiform.
1 1 Column elongated ; leaves radical.
t Whole plant (except the flowers) green.
2. Uparis. Leaves 2. Raceme few-flowered. Lip flat, entire.
8. CalypBO. Leaf solitary. Flower large, solitary. Lip saccate.
Leafless, with eoralloid roots ; whole plant brownish or yellowish ; flowers racemose.
4. Corallorhlza. Pollinia 4, in 2 pairs. Flower gibbous or somewhat spurred, and
lip with 1-3 ridges ; sepals and petals 1-3-nerved.
178
ORCHIDAOE^.
M
■b m
2 or 4 dehcate masses, and attached at tho apex to the beak of the stlt^ma.
• Anthers without operculum, erect upon the back of the short column.
Flowei-8 small, in spikes or racemes.
5. Ustera. stem from a fibrous root, 2-foliate. Lip flat, 2.1obed
C. Spiranthea. stems leafy below, from tuborous-fascicled roots. Flowers 1-3-ranked
ma tw.sted spike. Lip embracing the column below, with 2 calloriZ at Ze
'^^z^i!^::^Ss:''''-''^'^- ^'^ -«-■ '- '- ^he coium„.
Anther terminal operculate. incumbent ; column elongated. Stem scapose
or fow-leaved ; flowers large, solitary <,r few
'■ "^^oliir- ^£:t '"'^^ ^°"*^^^- ^'•' ^-^^'^- ^^« ^- '"'^•"e"' to the linear
'"wS^aithetrSinrr""- -^ '--d. stalked, free. Column
Zll^T\.T' "'"""'""''■ ^^'P --'«'' ^-«- Column davate. PoUinia 2.
of the column and often continuous with the beak of the stigma. Pollinia 2 o^
ZT 'm:zT "'r- ^'"'"^ ''''' ''-'' ''"•^-"•^•^■•'^ '-« "' -talk ; rvi^^^s
gland. Flower (m ours) nngent and spurred, spicate upon a leafy stem
n. Orchis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch
12^ Habenaria. The two glands naked, either approximate or widely separated
?, 7; CTORIPEDIEiE. Perfect anthers 2, lateral, the sterile one formine a
matt ' ''"''''^' ^'"^^ ^'^^ *^"^"^' ««^-' ^»"- .ranuiar. Tt'i :
13. Cyprlpedlum. stems more or less le.fy. Perianth spreading; lip an inflated
1. MIOROSTYLIS, Nutfc. AdderVModth.
Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, .pread,
ing. Lip auricled or ovate at base, not tuberoled, entire or aiearly
so. Column very small, terete, with 2 teeth or auricles at tlie
summit and the erect antlier between them. PoUen-masses 4, in
one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy, with-
out any stalks, threads, or gland.-Low herbs, from solid bulbs
producing simple stems, which bear in our species a single leaf and
a raceme of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed of ^cKp6,
small, and m-v?Jg, a column or style.) ^ '
tjT-\Vr 7/ ^"^*::^"^i^^--^l' racanes spiked, lo>u, «,^
■^^M,, p^icch not lony^r than the Jloivers; lip long-pointed.-
Cold wet swamps, N. B. to Ont., and northward. July. (Eu.)
lumn at the Huinmit,
■0 or less cohering in
tlie stigma,
hort column.
Flowers 1-3-ranked
callosities at base.
!e from the column,
Stem scapose
herent to the linear
ifl, free. Column
te. PoUinia 2.
adnata to the top
nia. Pollinia 2, of
• a stalk to a viscid
fy stem.
ouch.
ily separated.
le one forming a
granular, not in
r ; lip an inflated
OUTH.
inear, spread.
;ire or nearly
iiricles at the
i-iiiasses 4, in
, waxy, witli-
solid bulbs,
ingle leaf and
sed of fiiKpdg,
Hit Bheathina;
id, luiig aiui
g-pointed. —
y- (Eu.)
OliCHlDACKyK.
179
2. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem
ovate, clasping ; raceme short and oUnse; pedirds mnrh l„n<ivr than
the flower,; lip ti'uncate-3-lobed afc the summit, the middle h.be
very small. -Low moist ground, N. S. to Sask. July . -Pollinia
(at least sometimes) only 1 in each cell.
2. LIPAEIS, Richard. Twayblade.
Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like
spreadnig. Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles alcove the
base. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther
lid-hke, terminal ; pollen-masses 4, in one row (2 to each cell)
slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or gland.— Small'
low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a lovv
scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers.
(Name from hTrapd,;, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or
unctuous leaves.)
1. L. Loeselii, Richard. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblong
keeled; Up obovate or oblong (2" long), mucnmate, yellovnsh-green,
shorter tJuin tlie linear uneqiial petals and sepals.— Bogs, N. S. to
Sask. (Eu.)
3. CALYPSO, Salisb.
Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceo-
late, pomted. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped,
inflated (9" long), 2-pointed underneath the apex. Column broadly
Winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing the lid-like anther just below
the apex ; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a
square gland. -A little bog-lierb ; the solid bulbs producing, a
single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in Aplectrum,
and a short (3-5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and
showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from
the goddess Calypso.)
1. 0. boreaUs, Salisb.— Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs
resting in moss, with * coralloid root beneath ; N. S. west and
northward. May. -A very local and beautiful plant. Lip some-
what resembling that of a Lady's Slipper, woolly-hairy inside
(Eu.)
Perianth somewhat ringent, oblique and gibbous or obscurely
spurred at base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly
180
ORCHIDACE^.
1
1
!i
T i
'.
i
1
1
1
!■
:
1
I
,;( '
III
t:
alike 1-3-nerved, the upper arching; the lateral sepals ascending
tljeir bases with that of the lip forming the gibbosity or short spur
which IS mostly adnata to the summit of the ovary; lip sli.rhtlv
adin rent to the base of the 2-edged stiaightish cohimn, bearhig a
pair of projecting ridges on the face below, spreading or rocurved
at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely
incumbent, soft-waxy, free. -Brownish or yellowish herbs, desti-
tute of green foliage, with much-branched and toothed coral-like
root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a simple scane
with sheaths m place of leaves and bearing a raceme of rather
small dull-colored flowers ; fruit reflexed. (Name composed of
KopaMtov, coral, and plCa, root.)
§1. Small spur or sac adnate to the summit of the ovary ; floioers
smMl; Up whituh or purplish, often mottled rvith crimson.
1. innata, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yel-
lowish (.3-9' high), 5-12-flowered ; pedicels very short; perianth
J-J^ long; Up somewhat hastately 3-lobed above the base, the lamellae
thick and rather short; spur a very small protuberance; capsule
oval or elliptical (.3-4" long).-Swamps and damp woods, N S
westward. May, June. (Eii.) ' '
i.-\>.^\Tf^f°''^' ^'""- ^^^""^ purplish, rather stout (9-18'
high), 10-30-flowered ; perianth 2^-4" long ; Up deeply S-lobed,
with a short narrowed base and with prominent lamellae; spur
mamfest and protuberant; capsule oblong (6-9" long), short pedi-
celled.— Dry woods, Atl. to Pacif. July-Sept.
5. LISTERA,R. Brown. Twaybladb.
Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip
mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 2-cief t. Column
wingless ; stigma with a rounded beak. Anther borne on the back
of the column at the summit, erect, ovate ; pollen powdery, in 2
masses, joined to a minute gland. - Roots fibrous. Stem bearin<^ a
pair of opposite sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or raceme
of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to
Martm Lister, an early and celebrated British naturalist.)
* Column very short; sepals ovate, rcfhxed; plants deia^ate,
4-8' high.
ORCHIDACE^.
Is ascending,
3r short spur
; lip slightly
n, bearing a
; or rocurved
4, obliquely
lerbs, dcsti-
3d coral-like
imple scape,
le of rather
omposed of
ary ; fioivers
tnson.
nish or yel-
t ; perianth
the lamellae
ce ; capsule
'ods, N. S.
tout (9-18'
oly 3-lobed,
ellsB ; si)ur
short pedi-
!Xed. Lip
b. Column
n the back
dery, in 2
X bearing a
or raceme
dicated to
)
licate.
181
shaned' r^vT' f " ^"'''"''' ^'"'^^ ^ound-ovate, somewhat heart-
snaped (i-1 long); raceme smooth; Jiowers minute, croirded on
TetaTs r: rr "r *'' '-"-^^ ^'> ^"'^••^^' ^-- - ^-^^' ^^
So. 'rne ": '''' '' '''-' ^-clef,^CoUl woods, Atl. to
** Column longer, arching or straightish.
ro,td^Y'°''?"^'°''*''' ^""- ^^''^"*= ^-^' ^^S^' 1«^"'«« ^'VHl or
roundish and sometmies a little heart-shaped (l-lV lon.r) • raceme
Inatld^'f ''''"'; r^'^f '^^"^^^' ^'P ^«dge-oblong, 2-i:b;d at the
^hi T"; r, '""'^''^ "'^ ''"^ ''''' ^' ^he base, nearly twice
the length of the narrowly lanceolate spreading sepals, purplisl>, J'
long.— Damp mossy woods, Atl. to Pacific.
6. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tre.s.sks
and petals all narrow, mostly erect or connivent, the three upper
pieces sticking together more or less, the two lower covering the
base of the hp. Lip oblong, short-stalked or sessile, the lower
rlr f'7rrf ^''"^™' '''^'"''^' ^ callous protuberance
on each side of the base; the somewhat dilated smumit spreading
or recurved, crisped wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column
shor^, oblique, bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the
anthe onthe back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), narrowly
obova e, each 2-cleft, and split into thin and tender plates o^
granular pollen united by elastic threads, and soon adhering at base
to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland, which is set in the slender
iVtZTMa r. '.^""^"^^^"g «- «°I»n-- After tlie removal
of the gland the beak is left as a 2-toothed or 2-forked tip. -Roots
clustered-tuberous; stem n.ore or less naked above, leaf-bearing
belowor at Uie base. Flowers small (ours all white' or greeniZ
wh te), bent horizontally, i-3-ranked in a spike, which is commonly
more or less spirally twisted (whence the ,.a^nc, from cr;r./pa a cJl
or curl, and Mog, flower). '^ ' ^'^
■Flou
■ers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close
has? of the stem present at tl
"^pikr- ; leaves at the rout and
1. S. latifolia,
12') high, smooth ;
Torr. Low; naked stem
e jiotvering season.
or scape 4-9' (rarely
ceaves all next the base, oblong or lance-oUony (1-4
182
ORCHlDACEiB.
long, 3-9" wide), 3-5-nerved, contracted into a sheathing bivse-
spike narrow (1-3' long) ; flower, small (2-3" long); lip quadrate-
oblong, yellowish on the face, not contracted in the middle, thin
wavy-crisped at the vory obtuse or truncate apex, the small caUosi-
ties at the base oblong, marginal and adimte for their whole length ■
gland and beak of the stigma short. -Moist banks, N.B. to Ont.
2. S. Romanzoffiana, Cham. Stem leafxj hehw and leafy-braded
above (o-15' hij/li); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-
luiear; spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1-4' long); perianth
curved and the summit manifestly ringent, pure white (4" long), the
sepals and petals all conni vent in the upper portion or galel; the
hjo ovate-oblong, contracted below the rounded wavy-crenulate much
recurved summit, otherwise entire, the callosities at base globular
and smooth ; gland oblong-linear and the 2-horned beak of the stimna
short. —High and cool bogs, Newf. west and northward; July, Aug
(Ireland.)
3. S. cemua, Richard. Stem leafy below and leafy-bracted above
(6-20' high); leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4-12'
long, 2-9" wide); spike cylindrical, rather dense (2-5' long) and
with the white fragrant flowers either pubescent or nearly smooth •
perianth horizontal or recurving (4-5" long), the loiver sepals not
upturned ov connivent with tlie upper; Up oblong s.n^ y^vy ohtme
when outspread, but conduplicate or the margins much incurved,
w?.vy-crisped above the middle, especially at the flattish and re-
curved-ppreading apex, the callosities at the base prominent, nip-
ple-shaped, somewhat hairy; gland of the stigma linear, in a long
and very slender beak.— Qommon in wet places. N.S. to Ont. Sept.,
Oct.
7. GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain.
Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at base.
Otherwise as Spiranthes. — Root of thick fibres, from a somewhat
fleshy creeping root-stock, bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves,
usually reticulated with white veining. Scape, spike, and the
greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy. (Dedicated
to John Goodyear, an early English botanist.)
jj 1, Jjip strongly saccate-iiiflatcd mid ivitk a short spretuUng or re-
curved tip; anther short, borne on a distinct filament attached to
OHCniDACE^.
183
e, and the
the l^ck of the short column, blunt; gland-bearing tip or beak of
the stujma very short. "'
1. a. repens. R. Br. S„,all (5-8' high) and slender ; leaves
ovate, more c,r loss white-reticulated (about V Uu.A • ^ ,
m a loose l-suled sp,ke; lip with an ovate recurved tip- sepals
ovatpWoods. under evergreens, connnon northward' ' X
2 G. pubescens. R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-reticu-
tip of tho globular hp verg short; otherwise like the preceding and
too near to it.-Rich woods, Newf. to Ont.
8. ARETHUSA, Gronov.
Flower ringent ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike
united at base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dUated
and recurved-spreading toward the summit; very slight^ j^ us
the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approxunate cells : pollen-
masses po.^ery-granular, 2 in each cell. l-Beautif ul low Wbs
«mg of a sheathed scape from a globular solid bulb, tennin!
ated usually by a single large rose-purple flower. Leaf solita^
hnear nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape, protruding ^
flowering. (Dedicated to the nymph Arethusa. ) ^
1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single (rarely 2), erect (1-2' long)
with an entire hp recurved at the apex and bearded-cited d"wn
the face.— Bogs, Newf. to Ont.
9. OALOPOGON, R. Br.
its WnMl* '"' '"'"^ " '''"^ ""' '"^^'^"=' ^^-«f-« I-esenting
ts hp on the upper or mner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike
ZZnT- r ^'"^^' '''''^'- ^'P «I-^^-^' distant ftm the
column, raised on a narrowed base or stalk, dilated at the summit
strongly bearded along the upper side. Column free, sCe '
winged a the apex. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessik ; p'len
masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powd«.v .rain- M^Hlv '- 7 ^
Z t^f r Tt-'^^^v^"^ ^^-^^ -^^ ^ib;;h^h:d i::;^
by the base of the grass-hke leaf, naked above, bearing several
184
ORCIIIDACEiE.
large flowers. Bracts minute. (Name composed of KaU^, beautiful,
and TTuyuv, beard, from the bearded lip.) '
1. 0. pulcheUus, R. Br. Leaf linear ; scape about 1° high
2-6-flowered ; flowers 1' broad, pink-purple ; lip as if hinged at the
insertion, beautifully bearded toward the dilated summit with
white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs.— Bogs, Newf. to Ont.
10. POGONIA, Juss.
Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or
3-lobed. Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther
terminal and lid-like, stalked ; pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell)
powdery-granular. (Uo^yo>vcag, bearded, from the lip of some of the
original species.)
§ 1. Sepals and petals nearly^ eqiuil and alike, pale rose-color, some-
, times white.
1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem
(6-9' high) bearing a single oval or lance-oblung leaf near the
middle and a smaller one or bract near the terminal flower, rarely
one or two others with a flower in the axil ; flower 1' long, sweet-
scented ; lip spatulate, appressed below to the column, beard-
crested and fringed.-Bogs, Newf. to Ont. June, July. (Japan.)
11. ORCHIS, L.
Flower ringenfc ; the sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip turned
downward, coalescing with the base of the column, spurred below
Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering in numerous
coarse waxy grains, which are collected on a cobweb-like elastic
tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a
slender stalk, the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky
disk of the stigma, the two glands contained in a common little
pouch or hooded fold, placed just above the orifice of the spur
Flowers showy, in a spike. -Our species with low scape-like stems'
with 1 or 2 leaves at baso, from fleshy-fibrous roots. (Opxis, the
ancient name.)
1. 0. spectabiUs, L. Showy Okchis. Root of thick fleshy
fibres, producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (3-6' long) and a few
flowered 4 angled scape (4^7' high) ; bracts louMike, lanceolate :
sepals and petals all lightly unitel to form the vaulted galea or
OnCHIDAOEA!.
185
imn, beard-
upper lip pink-purple, the ovate undivided lip white -Rich
woods, N.B. to Ont. May. "
(& J higli) from a slender creeping root.st(,ck ; leaf varying, from
almost orbicular to oblone (1 i-T lnnr,^ . a vaiying irom
I-, 1 ""s» v^i'*^ ^ong; ; flowers rose-purnle tim lii*
dilated and 2-lobed or strongly notched at the summit (4-6" lon-O
aepcnaing spur. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Iiichardson)~mnu,
woods and bogs, Q. west and northward. '^ ^
12. HABENARIA, WiUd. Reix-Okchis.
nak d and'elf V"'' ^'" "'"' ''" poUen-masses are attached)
naked and exposed, separate, sometimes widely so (becomin-
fn ectsi' T" '" '""l ^^"'"^^•^' ^"^^^« ^« ^^- f'- or held o1
rom one blossom to another) ; otherwise nearly as in true Orchis •
the lateral sepals, however, mostly spreading. (Name from ttena'
specLT ""' " '""''" '' ''^ ^'^^^ ^' ^'^ "P - spur oftome'
t/mr glands therefore conhguo^c.. (Appendages of the stigma in
7ap7dT '" " ''"^ ""' ""' '^^^^"^ ''' oUong'rZZ
1. H tridentata, Hook. Stem slender (6-12' high) with a
single oblong or oblanceoUe obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 mall
ones like bracts above; spike 6-12-flowered ob Ion,, H
ifh or inhiiu-h 77 ,. *^^'^"' oolong ; powers f/reen-
§ 2. PLATANTHERA. Cells of the anther ^netl^ ,„ralH «w.
Sfa A „,.» «.,re or ;.» d«„„(. («„, , ,,,^<^^ j J"
or ttibermu-thkkened.) ""j Jimes,
not longer than the entire or rr.re'y notched narrow 4^rIZ
cells almost parallel, wholly admde ; stem leafy
186
ORCHIDACE^.
!
■!ii
!('
ii
,i
w;|
iSpur short and sac-Wee; tJie 3 sepals and 2 lutrrow petals erect;
nlands small, rather widely seimrated.
2. H. bracteata, K Br. Sfom G-12' higli ; lower leaves obovate,
the upper ol-long and graduHllv reduced to lanceolato acute bracts
2-4 times the length of the green flowers ; spike l()-30-fl()wered ;
lip oblong-linear or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-tootlied or
lobed at the tip, more than twice the length of the wliite spur.
(H. viridis, var. bracteata, lieidmih.)—ha.m^ woods and meadows,
N. B. west and far northward.
impnr slntder, incurved, about equalUng the entire lip; lateral
sepals sprcadimj.
3. H. hsrperborea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (G'-2° high); leaves
lanceolate, erect; spike dense (2-15' long); lower bracts lanceolate,
longer than the (greenish) flmvers; Up and petals lanceolate, some-
what equal, the latter spreading from the base ; anther somewhat
overhanging the transversely dilated stigma; glands orhicvlar; stalk
of the pollen-masses very slendc' riud weak.— Peab bogs and wet
cold woods, Newf. west and noru.w.vjd. June, July. (Eu.)
4. H. dilatata, Gray. RuKG^nbio^ u. 3, but usually more slender,
with narrower commonly ?iHertrL.'.v,-;/„u-er3 tvhite; lip lanceolate
from a rhomhoidal-dilated base, entire, its base with the bases of the
petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells
almost parallel ; glands approximate, large and strap-shaped, vertical,
nearly as long as the pollen-mass and its short flat stalk together;
stigma narrow ; a trowel-shaped conspicuf)us beak between the
bases of the anther-cells,— Cold bogs, Atl. to Pac.
* * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked
scape, 2-leaved at base ; spur longer tlmn the narrow entire lip ;
anther-cells widely diverging, their narrowed beak-like bases
projecting fortoard; stalk of the pollen-mass laterally affixed to
tlie baciv of the orbicidar gland, the viscous face of which looks
obliquely inward.
5. H. Hookeri, Torr, Leaves orbicular, spreading (3-4' broad);
scape mostly naked (^-l" high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yel-
lowish-green flowers in a strict spike ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; lip
lanceolate, pointed, incurved, longer than the lance-awl-slmped
OttCHIDACEiB.
1«7
2>etals erect;
xves obovate,
acute bracts
30-rt()worotl ;
3-tootht3d or
white spur.
id meadows,
lip ; lateral
high); leaves
s hinceohite,
'ecjlafe, some-
av somewhat
iadar; stalk
ogs and wet
(Eu.)
Kjro slender,
ip lanceolate
bases of the
anther-cells
r>ed, vertical,
Ik together ;
•etween the
, on a naked
') entire Up ;
k-like bases
y affixed to
which looks
3-4' broad);
sessile yel-
eolate ; lip
-awl-shaped
petals; spur slender, acute, ahont I he length of the. mvin/ (nearly 1'
iong).-I)amp wuods and borders of swampM, N. Scotia to Ont.
6. H. orbiculata. Terr. Leaves very large (4-8' wide), orbicular,
spreading flat on the ground, shining above, silvery beneath ; scape
bracted (1-2 lugh), bearing many spreading qreenish- white Jlourr.
ni a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, th. lateral ovate; lip
narrowly lu^ar and slighthj spatnlate, ohtusr, drooping, nearly thrice
the length of the oblong-lanceolate and falcate obtuse petals; spur
curved, slender (about 1 h' lonj:), gradually thickened toward the
blunt apex, troice the length oj the ovary; anther-cells strongly
projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly I' apart) -
Kich woods (especially coniferous), Newf. westward.
* * * (Fhinord Orchis.) Floxoers several or many in an npen sjnke
with mostly foliaceoua bracts; aten (rather tall) leafy; spur
thread-shaped or scarcely cluh-shaped, lom,Pr than the fringed
cleft, ordmected lip; anther-cells widely separated and umalh,
diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported by the arms of
the stigma, strongly projecting for unrd or partly upward.
ttt(PtTBPLE Fringed-Orchis.) Lip fan-slutped, ^-parted above
thestalk-hke base, the dirisions erosely fringed; flowers purple •
anther-cells widely separated, little divergent, the orbicrdar glands
obhque; ovary contracted only at the summit; the long curnnq
spur sonmvhat clavate.
7. H. psycodes, Gray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper-
most passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; nu^erm cylindrical,
demely many-flowered ; lower sepals roniwi-oval, obtuse; petals rvedqe-
obovate or spatidate, denticulate above; divisions of the spreadim^
lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe.- Wet
meadows and bogs, common ; Newf. to Ont. July, Au<. -Flowers
short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4-10' in length' small, but
very handsome, fragrant ; lip short-stalked.
13. CYPRIPEDIUM. L. Lady's Slipper. Moccasin-flower.
Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them
united into une pnd^r ^i>'> 'iii t> f i '• ■> i.
le i.n.j.^r ...0 xip. xetals spreaaing, resembling tiie
sepals but usually narrower. Lip a large inflated sac. Column
declined ; on each side a fertile stamen, with its short filament
J
i I
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
150 ""'==
,56 13.2
2.5
2.2
m 12.0
1.8
125 iu
1.6
150mm
^/
<$>
/,
/
>>
ts^ ^
//
&>-
'/
W
/APPLIED A IIV14GE . Inc
i^ 1653 East Main '^'reet
=r^ Rochester, NY 14609 USA
F-= Phone: 716/482-0300
^= Fax: 716/288-5989
1993. Applied Image. Inc.. All aighls Reserved
#
.•\
k\
%^
^"^""^ ^^J^'^y
188
0UCH1DACKA2.
bearing a 2-ceIled ahther ; the pollen loose and pulpy or powdery-
granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like but
thickish body, which answers to the fertile st^uncnof other Orcliids
and covers the summit of the style; stigma terminal, broad, obscure-
ly ^-lobed, moist and roughish (n(,t smooth and viscid as in the
rest of the order). Pollen in most of our species, especially in n 4
exposed by the conversion of the faco of tlie anther into a viscid'
varnish-hke film, which adlieres to whatever touches it, carrvin'^
away some of the poUen.-Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves
large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers
solitary or few, large and sliowy. (Name composed of Kr^pc,, Vemcs
and 'rrdSco,, a sock or hmkin, i.e., Venus's Slipper.)
§ 1. Two of the sepals united into one under the Up.
* Stem leafy to the top, l-S-Jloioered; lip slipper-shaped or 'roundish,
much inflated, horizontal, and with a roiu^ed open orifice..
■ + Sepals and linear wavy.twi.sted petals hrommh, pointed, longer
than the lip.
1. 0. parviflorum, Salisb. Smallek Yellow L Stem 1-2°
high leaves oval, pointed; sepcds ovate or ovate-lanceolate; lip
flattish from above, bright yellow (1' long or less); sterile stamen
triangular.-Bogs and low woods, Newf., westward. May, June
-Flowers fragrant; sepals and petals more brown-purple than in
the next, into which it seems to i)ass.
2. C. pubescens, Willd. Lakoer Yellow L. Stem 2° high
pubescent, as are the broadly oval acute leaves ; sepals elongated-
lanceolate; Up flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above
lf-2 long, pale yelloiv.-Bogs and low woods; same raiure as the
last.
ff Sepals and petals plane, rounded, ivhite, not longer than the lip.
3. C. spectabile, Salisb. Showy L. Downy, 2° high • leaves
ovate, pomted ; sepals round-ovate or orbicular, rather lon<4r than
the oblong petals; lip much inflated, ivhite, pink-pnrple in front
m long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate.— Peat-bogs, N. S. to Ont
July. -The most beautiful of the genus.
** Scape naked, 2-leaved at base, 1-flowered; sepals and petals
greenish, shorter than the drooping lip, which has a dosed fissure
down its tvhole length in front.
IHIDACEi*;.
ISO
roscpurple (,„ruly ivliitrt iioi.lv 9' T ' ' ^ "'''""8.
inm.t„„li„ 2 sets, tke (nf^i^.!;, t, ftt '^''r*''' ~'""'"''
or mure leaves or bract r.^t',"''''^'"™ " "i"'"'» "'2
parting of the style-li uC.es. CaSel , ?'''',°' " ''^ "'"
soeded. Seeds anatr,,,,,,,,. , '"'• '"""'""W"', ■■■«,,■.
llooutoeks, tuberorlr, .::;7a:rR '" ""'"^ ""'""-■
1. iris. o„,„ d,v,„„„, „, tte p.rt„,h ,„„„ , "•"•
■ • Bmnche. ol lh« .Hl« »■.._, i -.t ' "'S"»" JWaliike.
1. IRIS, Tourn. Flower-de-Luce
branches of the style brZ th7f ^ ! '*^="'''^' <"^ ^^^"^"^
lip or plate under the apxTt^^^^^^ ''^ '"" ^' ^ ""^
tube of the perianth. Ca 'urL T f ^'^ "^""'^'^ "^^^ *'-
depressed-flattened n.u^lwZo ^"^"S^^^^' coriaceous. Seeds
withsvvord-shap^lVri^; e^^^^^ ""' ^ ""' ^^'^^-^--nials,
with creeping and more or ]/ T^ ^"^" «ho wy flowers ; ours
m».6o., a'ncx'ent^ "Xd J^^^^^^^ OP'C, the
and vaned color^ ^'""' "^ *'^'^""* «^ ^*« ^ri«'»t
* Stems leaf I, and rather tall (1-3° hiah\ A-. .7-7 ,
nh,ch are 6«,-,«.„ „,^ crJleTZT, ''''"'"'"'■
190
LIIAACKJE.
t Flowers viulc.t-hlm, variegated tvith (jr,.en, yellow or u-hite,
and piirple-i-eined.
1. I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag. Stem stout, angled
on one side; leaves sword-shaped Q' wide); ovary obtusely trian-
gular with the sides fiat ; flowers (2^-3' long) short-peduncled, t!.o
funnel-form tulie shorter than the ovary ; capsule oblong, turgid,
with rounded angles.— Wet places, Newf. to Out. May, .June. °
2. SISYBINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Gkass.
Perianth G-parted ; the divisions alike, s])reading. Stamens
monadelphous to the top. Stigmas thread-like. Capsule globular,
3-angled. Seeds globular.— Low slender perennials, with fil)rous
roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branching 2-edir d or
winged stems, and fugjacious umbelled-clustered small flowers from
H 2-leaved spathe. (A meaningless name, of Greek origin.)
1. S. angustifolium, Mill. Scape (4-12' high) winged or wing-
less, sim'ple, the spathe solitary and terminal, its oi^ter bract more or
less elongated ; flowers delicate blue, changing to purplish (rarely
white), the divisions of the perianth more or less notched, bristle-
pointed and ciliate ; mature seeds globose, large (^" broad), faintly
pitted or ncarhi smooth. (S. Bermudiana, var. muci-onatum, Gray,
excl. descr.)— Moist meadows, etc., among grass; ^ on every-
where. June-August.
2. S. anceps, Cav. Scape (6-18' high) usually brawohing and
bearing 2 or more peduncled spathes ; seeds more ovate, much
smaller, deeply pitted. (S. Bermudiana, var. anceps. Gray, excl.
descr.) — Similar localities ; common.
Order 61. LILIACILffl (Lily Family).
Herbs, or rarely ivoody plants, with regidar a?uZ symmetrical almost
ahvays 6-androns flowers; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the
chiefly 3-ceUed ovary; the stamens one before each of its divisions or
lobes (i.e. 6, in one instance 4), with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few-
many-seeded pod or berry; the small embryo enclosed in copious albu-
men. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous (orthotropous in Smilax).
Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer and inner
ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally
similar, except in Trillium.
LILIACEiE.
(TW or white,
m stout, angled
obtusely trijin-
b-pedunclecl, t!io
oblong, turgid,
May, June.
D Grass.
iing. Stamens
aijsule globular,
tls, with fi])rous
ling 2-edg d or
lall flowers from
origin.)
oringed or wing-
!r bract more or
piiri)lish (rarely
lotched, bristle-
broad), faintly
i-onatum, Gray,
<■ on every-
brai.ohing and
'e ovate, much
jps, Gray, excl.
imetrical almost
m, free from the
its divisions or
s; fruit a few-
In copious albu-
loua in Smilax).
3uter and. inner
and geuerally
191
Si-B-ORDER I. Liliaceae proper. Never climbii.g by tendrils
Very rarely dioecious. Seeds anatropous or amphitropou'
fc^ERiES A Floral bracts scarious. Stamens peric^ynous on the
usuad,^, i ^,^^^^^^^^
Style undmded, mostly persistent. Fruit a loculicidal caps" k
or a berry. Leaves transversely veined.
•Leafy sterna from running rootstocks- fmif n Ko„ i
flnu , : "^' '^"''^^ '^°"'»te to lanceolate;
floweru white; pedicels jointed. '
t Perianth (famophyllous, 6-lobed
1. Polygonatum. stem leafy. Flowers axillary; perianth cvlindrical
•2 R.nn».. ^ Pf -'*h.seg,nents distinct, small, spreading, ,,ersistent.
2. Smilacina. stem simple, leafy. Flowers 0-parted. racemose or paniculate
3. Malanthemuxn. stem low. ,. leaved. Flowers 4.mcrous.racemor
or J;, ^'r' 'fT'^ """ °^ '"^^•'^^^°-- «t--n« hypogynous
or at the base of the distinct semnont<»nff] ^ -i •'^^^•^^"""^
CjersistPnf ,-n n in 7i ^"'^'"^"^^ «* " '' -deciduous periunth
(persistent in n 11); anthers extrorse or dehiscent laterally
Style unaivided, dec duous (.stigmas sessile and persistent hi
n.ll) Fruit a locuhcidal capsule or a berry. Veinlets anas
tomosmg (transverse in n 4, 5-7).
^Fruit a berry; stem o^scape from a cr'eeping "rootstocl. ; leave, hroad. alternate or
radical . flowers narrowly campanulate.
4. StraptopUB. Stem leafy. Flower^ -xillnrv «n ».. * j- ,
acute ; filaments deltoid or subulate ' ' '''*'"='^" ^"'^'^'^ ^•^'''^*'^-
5. Cllntonla. Flowers umbellate en a scape, few or many.
.-, , . . ** Fruit a capsule.
capsule ew-seeded.
6. Uvularia. stem terete. Leaves p°rfoliatn vi«..,„ * . .
3-lobed. eaves p.rfoliate. Flowers temunal. Capsule truncate,
7. Oakesia. stem angled. Leaves spmiIp i,'i„,.
acutely 3-winged. ^^''^«'« ««««'le. Howers opposite the leaves. Capsule
8 R^„ ^l ''"" " """"" '"■" " ^"'' °' "^'^ ' '"'P^"'^ 'nany-seeded.
" "^^tS: ob:S'°'" ^ -"^ '^''' -'^ ^ -'r - 'eaves. Flower solitary.
9. mum. stem leafy from a scaly bulb. Seed« horizontal, flattened.
Fruit a berry; stem from a ^iber-like rootstoclc. bearing l or 2 whoris of leaves-
flowers terminal ; stigmas sessile. '
10. Medeola. Leaves in 2 whorls. Flowers umbellate Ppri.nfh
eoiofL-d, deciduous. "moeiiate. Penanth-segments similar,
11. Trmium. Leaves (3) in a terminal whorl. Flower solitar- • „, .
persistent. solitary ; outer sepals leaf -like.
192
LILIACE^:.
1. POLYOONATUM, Toum. Solomon's Seal.
Perianth cylindrical-oblong, 6-lobed at the summit ; the 6 sta-
mens inserted on or above the middle of the tube, included ;
anthers introrse. Ovary 3-cell«d, Avith 2-6 ovules in each cell \
style slender, deciduous by a joint ; stigma obtuse or capitate'
obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue; the cells 1-2-
seeded. -Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, from
creeping thick and knotted rootatocks, naked below, above bearing
nearly sessile or half-clasping nerved leaves, and axUlary nodding
greenish flowers; pedicels jointed near the flower. (The ancient
name, composed of noUq, many, and y6vv, hnee, alluding to the
numerous joints of the rootstock and stem.)— Ours are alternate-
leaved species, the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh.
1. P. biflorum, Ell. Smaller Solomon's Seal. Glabrous, ex-
cept the ovate- oblong or lance-oblong nearly sessile leaves, which
are commonly minutely p,ibescent as u-dl as pale or glaucous under-
neath; stem slender (1-3° high) ; peduncles 1-3- hut mostly 2-flowercd;
perianth 4-6" long-, filaments pajnllose-romjhened, inserted toward
the summit of the perianth.— Wooded hillsides, N. B. to Ont.
2. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal.
Perianth 6-parted, spreading, withering-persistent (white). Sta-
mens 6, inserted at the base of the divisions; flkments slender,
anthers short, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell;
style short and thick; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular',
1-2-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with simple stems from creeping or
thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved mostly sessile leaves, and
white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or
compound raceme. (Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which, how-
ever, these plants bear little resemblance.)
* Flowers on very short pedicels in a terminal racemose panicle;
stamens exceeding the small (1" long) segments; ovides collateral;
rootstock stout, fieshy.
1. S. racemosa, Desf. Fal3E Spikenard. Minutely downy
(1-3" high); leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper-
pointed, ciliate, abruptly somewhat petioled; berries pale red,
speckled with purple, aromatic— Moist copses, N. S. to Sask.
LILIACK.f:.
s Seal.
t ; the 6 sta-
be, included ;
in each cull;
» or capitate,
:he cells 1-2-
? stems, from
ibove bearing
llary nodding
(The ancient
uding to the
ire alternate-
1 fresh.
xlabrous, ex-
leaves, which
lucmis nnder-
ly 2-fluwercd;
3rted toward
to Ont.
Seal.
white). Sta-
jnts slender,
in each cell ;
rry globular,
creeping or
leaves, and
d simple or
which, how-
riose panicle;
es collateral;
tely downy
)late, taper-
H pale rod,
) Sask.
19.3
^*Flou^rslaryrr (2-3" long), on solitary, podicrh in a ' i .
-Muiat b„„J, Lab' ^kZZZ iZTy'"'- ''"•""''»'•«•
3. MAIANTHEMUM, Wi,.,,
a>"'er.) ^ '^"'^^ ^"^""^ ^^«^"«. May, and a.fl.^„.,
1. M. Canadense. Desf. Pubescent or glabrous Ci-r. , •' ,
leaves lanceolate to ovate cordaf« -.f » \ fe^^^^ous {3-o high);
sessile or very shortly pet'ioledn .? "" ' ^''^ "''""^ «"'"«'
lacina bifoliaf var. CaLdet l' ^f^'f -^^^--^^ 1" l""g. (Smi-
Mts. May. ^^"*<1«"«>«. Gray.y-Moist woods, Lab. to R.
4 STREPTOPUS, Michx. TwrsxEn-SxALK
arrow-shaped, ejttrorse, fixed nej,/ 'I T ."''''"'• ^""«'>
aiajaent,, tapering abo™ to a Z er :„t ror , kft^'^r "
With many ovules in each cell- ^. , ^"'''^^^'^-^^^^t'Point. Ovary
one. Berry red, roundis^'^atr^^^^^^^^^ ''%''''''''^^
stout stems from a creer.ina ' "^ "f ^''TT^'"^"' '''*'^ ^^^her
branches, ovate and taTer XeT t^^^ /"'^"^ ^"^ ^^^^-^
leaves, and small (extL^^^Tottf ^^^^^
pairs, on slender thread-liL pedunclpTTTV /"^'^"^ ""' ^"
contorted near the n.iddl (whe"^^^^^^ '^^^I'^^^ ^-t or
and Trove, foot or stalk). ' ^'"'" '''■^''''■'^^' ^"''"'e'^,
J. S. amplexifolius. DC Stpn. 9 •?• i • i. , ,
Si.y ciaspnig, /ow'er greenish-
1U4
LILlACEiE.
vhite (4-6" long) on a long abruptly bent pechmclo ; anthers taper-
ing to a slendor entire point; dioma entire, truncate.-Cold moist
woods, Lab. to Pac. June. (Eu.)
2. S. roseus, Michx. Loiver haves green both sides, Jineh, ciUatr
and the branches sparingly beset with short bristly hairs ; >irc,'
rose-purjie (3-4" long), more than half the length of the slightly
bent peduncle ; antliers 2-horned ; stigma 3-deft.-Coh\ damp woods,
Lub. to R. Mts. May.
5. CLINTONIA, Raf.
Perianth of 6 separate sepals, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous-
the 6 stamens inserted at their base. Filaments hmg and thread-
ike; anthers linear or oblong, extrorsely fixed by a point above
the base, the cells opening down the margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong,
2-3-celled; style long; stigmas 2 or 3, or in ours united into one.
13orry few-many-seeded. -Short-stemmed perennials, with slender
creeping rootstocks, bearing a naked peduncle sheathed at the base
by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliate leaves; flowers
rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt
tknton.)
1. 0. boreaUs, Raf. Scape and leaves 5-8' long; .mbel 3-6-
fl<mered; perianth greenish-yellow, somewhat downy outside (3-4"
long); berry ovoid, blue; ovules 20 or marc-Cold moist woods.
Lab. to Sask. '
6. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort.
Perianth narrowly bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous; the 6 dis-
tinct sepals spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely gibbous at
base, with a deep honey-bearing groove within bordered on each
side by a callus-like ridge. Stamens much shorter, barely adherent
to their base ; anthers linear, much longer than the filaments,
^nate and extrorse, but the long narrow cells opening laterally.
Style deeply 3 cleft; the divisions stigmatic along the inner side.
Capsule truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at the summit
Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a thin white aiil.-Stems
rather low, terete, from a short rootstock with fleshy roots, naked
or scaly at base, forking al)ove, bearing oblong perfoliate flat and
membranaceous leaves with smooth margins, and yellowish drooping
LIMACE.fi.
195
nthers tjvper-
— Cold iiioiat
fiwhi cilinte,
hairs ; fluver
tlio slightly
damp woods,
, deciduous*
and thread-
point above
void-oblong,
Aid into one.
ivith slender
I at the base
ves; flowers
to Be Witt
iimhel 3-6-
•utside (3-4"
loist woods,
; the 6 dis-
gibbous at
red on each
ly adherent
) filaments,
ig laterally,
inner side,
he summit.
lil. — Stems
oots, naked
tte flat and
sh drooi)ing
(Name "from
'
flowers, in spring, solitary on terminal peduncles,
the flowers hanging like tho noula, <,r palate.")
1- U. grandiflora, Smith. Yellowisli crvp,.,, . * i
naked or with a sin^do leaf beh.w iT f f ; ' f ""•""•^' ^^^^
beneath usu-illv « '^'^^^^'"^ «'« fork ; leave, u-hith/,.jnibe,ceHt
woods, Q. and Ont. ^ ' '^''^'^''•)— Rich
7. OAKESIA, Watson.
momWanou., eUiptioal, aculish at o»d, end t Wr v „S
t„,,„etro,u and acutely wiu.-ed, very tardii; det 't t«S
8. EEYTHBONIUM, L, Doo'.-to„™ Volet
tooth „„°each side of U^TU l! "7 "™""^ """ " "^■"'°'"
the p„rp,e.flowered Eutopeautpecies' ;:;; H^Zlt ""™ '"^
6-9 h,gh; leave, elhpticaManceolate, pale g„e,, ...otiled S
196
LILIACEiC.
urphHh and wh.t.sh and comnu.nly minutely dotted; j.rinnih
h'jht vdUn., „ftou Bp<.tted near the base (10-20"^ long) ; t/le ub
shaped J stuj^nas nnUed.-RuA, ground, N. Brunswick tc, Out.
9. LILIUM, L. Lily.
Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colore.l, of distinct aepals
spreading or recurved above, with a honey-bearing furrow at t ^
base decKluoas ; the G stamens somewhat adhering to their bas
Anthers hnoar, extrorsely attached near the middle to the tap^H g
apex o the long filament, which is at first included, at Lmth
versatdo; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly in'trorso in
S^do elongated somewhat club-shaped ; stigma 3-h,bed. Capsuk
oblong, containing numerous flat and liorizo'ital (depressed) soft
coated seeds densely packed in 2 rows in each cell, 'b ."slcl
producing simple stems, with numerous alternate-scattered ';
whorh^d narrow sessile leaves, and from one to several large am
oZi f:;:] ' -^ ^"'"•"^•^- ^^^- ^^-^-^ ^^^^- '--^^ ^- the
* Flowers erect, the sepals narrowed helow into claws;
bulbs not rhizomatoHs.
1. L. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Oranoe-red Lily. Wood
LI.V. Stems 2-3° high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, .ohorled or scat
ttLZr Vi -^""f '-'' "P-^«"-«^ape'd, redlZZe
spotted with purplish ins.de ; the lanceolate sepals not recurved at
* * Flojvers nodding, the sepals sessile; bulbs rhizomatom.
2. L. Oanadense, L. Wild Yellow Lily. Stem 2-7° hi^h •
lea.es rerMy whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins'
btll-shaped, the sepals recm-ved-spreading above, yellow or oranee
usiially spotted with brown.-Moist meadows Ln'd bogs! N.Tt:
10. MEDEOLA. Gronov. Indian Cccombbr-root
Perianth recurv'^d, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike
pale greenish-yellow), deciduous. Stan.ens 6; anthers shower
than the slender filaments, oblong, extrorsely attached above the
5
LI LUC K^.
107
)<l ; perianth
; Ntylo club-
;o Out.
itinct sepals,
im»\v at the
thuir basos.
the tapering
i, at length
ntrorso lino,
ed. Capsule
ressed) soft-
Bu'bs scaly,
cattered or
il large and
e, from the
ws;
'Y. Wood
led or scat-
Idish-orange
recurved at
y or sandy
%toris.
2-7° high ;
le margins
id, oblong- '
or orange,
5, N. S. to
lOOT.
and alike
rs shorter
above the
base but the Ime of dehiscence of the closely contiguous j,arallel
ells lateral or slightly introrse. Stign.as, or styles, stign.atic d,.wn
the upper side recurved-diverging from the globose <,vary, l..n. and
hreaa-form, deciduous. Berry glol,..He (dark purple), .^-c^llod,
tw-seeded.-A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (1-3'
"gh, clothed with flocculenb and deciduous wool), rising from a
horizonta and tuberous white rootstock (whicli has the taste of
cucumber), bearing near the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lan-
ceolate and pointed, sessile, lightly paralled-ribbed and netted-
veir y, thin leaves ; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller
ovate ones at the top, subtending a sessile umbel of b„.h11 recurved
mTSalS:^)'^"^^ the sorceress^..., for its supposed great
1. M. Virginiana, L.-Rich damp woods, N. S. to Ont. .June.
Wake Robin. Birthroot,
11. TRILLIUM, L.
Sepals 3 lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3
larger, withering in age. Stamens G ; anthers linear, on short fihJ
ments, adnate, usually introrse ; tlie cells opening d.,wn the
margins Stigmas sessile, awl-shaped or slender, spreading or
recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovary
^-angled. Berry ovate, usually 6-anyled or -winged, 3-celled
(purple or red). Seeds ovate, horizontal, several in each cell. -Low
perennial herbs, with a stout an^l simple stem rising from a short
wwfr/r' tuber-like rootst, .1, naked, bearing at the summit a
whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more ,.r less ribbed but
netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower ; in sprin«
^ame from tr!pl,.m, triple; all the parts being in thri "^
Monstrosities are not rare with the calyx and sometimes petals
changed to leaves, or the parts of the flower increased in number.
* Ovary and fruit 6-an<jled and more or kss winged
f Flower pedicelled; connective narrow, not produced; leaves sub-
sessile.
t Pedicel lo^iger than thejlower; filament shorter than the anther.
3. T. erectum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic (2h G' wide)
or decimate ; i>etals ovate to lameolate (9-18 " long), brown-purple or
198
AHAOBiR.
M
often wh.tu ur greoniN), „r pinkish ; Btamons o.iimlling <,i- oxcoodinR
tho stunt d..tu,rt sjnynUing or recmrd stU,mn,; fruit ..vate, 1' lonu
recl(lish.-Rich woods, N. Scotia to Ont. Floworn iil-scontod.
nf*^'^' .f ^'^^^^O"^' ^^^'^^'' T^^'^vcM loss bro;ully rhn.nhicovate
UA-4 wulu) ; ptMhcul cruet or nscondinj,' ; petnh oUnncolut,', often
broadly «o(li-2i' long), white turning rose-color or n.arked with
green ; «<,,„„,,.« with stout filaments (persistently green ahout the
fruit) an.l anthers, exccdin.j the very slender emt or snberect and
somevhat coherent stiymas; fruit, globose, ^-1' long.-Rich woods,
y. and Ont.
tt Pedicel short, recurred or strongly dedinutv ; Jilnments slender,
about equulliny t/ui anther.
3. T. cernuum, L. Leaves very broadly rhombic-ovate (2-4'
broad) ; petals white or pink, ovate- to oblong-hmeeolate («i-12"
lung), wavy, recurved-spreading ; stamens with short anthers
shorter than the stout recurved distinct stigmas ; fruit ovate -
Moist woods, N.S. to Ont.
** Ovary and fruit 3-lobed or anyled, not winged; filaments slender,
about equalling the anthers; pedicel erect or inclined; leaves
petiolate.
4. T. erythrccarpum, Michx. Painted T. Leaves o^'ate, taper-
pmnted; petals orate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, xvavy, widely spread-
ing 'White painted vith pnrple stripes at the base, shorter than the
peduncle ; fruit broad-ovate, obtuse, 7-9" long. -Cold damp woods
and bogs, N.S. to Ont.
Ordkr 62. ARAOE.ffl (Arum Family).
Plants with acrid or pmujent juice, simple or compound often veiny
leaves, and flowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded
by a spathe. —Floral envelopes none, or of 4-6 sepals. Fruit usually
a berry. Seeds with fleshy albumen, or none, but filled with the
large fleshy embryo. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage
abounding in slender rhaphid.s.-The genuine Arace.-e have no
floral envelopes, and are almost all momeeious or dicjecious ; but
the genera of the second section, with more highly developed
flowers, are not to be separated.
• Spathe surroundinif or subtending the spadix ; flowers naked, i.e.. without perianth.
ARACRiC.
I9y
{ or uxcooding
iiviitL', 1' long,
•scontod.
•lioiiibic-ovnte
icvolutf, of toll
iiiiirked with
an al>()iit tiio
mbercct and
-Rich woods,
ne)Us tiltmder,
c-ovate (2-4'
'olute (<»-12"
ort anthers,
I'uit ovate. —
Wilis slender,
ined ; leaces
ovate, taper-
dely si)read-
ter tlian the
damp woods
I often veiny
< surrounded
Vuit usually
ied with the
Horbaye
ixi have no
ecious ; but
developed
hout perianth.
I. ArlB»ma, Klowcm mon.B,Jou.H or rli.iMiouH, oovirintj only (he banc of tli.. Mpft.lix.
•J. CaUJl. Flowers perfect (ut Lant tho low.-r con), covtrli.if th.- « l,.,)i- of the -hort
Mjiiulix. hpiii ho ojiiii iiiiii Biirradiiitf.
• • Sputhc Hi.m.u,..lh,;, the npa-liv i„ „. .1. ,mno or In.porfe.t in the r. st ; flowern « ith
acabx orptriunth un.l pcrfi.t, .•..wiii.K thr whole Hpa.lix.
3. BymplocarpUB. Spa.lix K-lohukr. in tt fleshy Hhell-Hlmp,.! npathe. SteniUw.
1. ARISiEMA, Martius. India.v Tcunip. Dkm.us Aium.
Spatho convolute below and mostly archi-d ;.bove. Flowers
nioncuciotis or by abortion di.ecious, covering only the base of the
sp.i<lix, which is elongated and naked above. Floral envelopes
n..no. Sterdo flowers above the fertile, each of a cluster of airimst
sessde 2-4-ceiled anthers, opening by pores or chinks at the top.
Fertde flowers consisting each of a 1-celIed ovary, tippe.l with a
depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ..vules erect
from the base of the cell ; in fruit a 1-few-seeded scarlet berry.
Embryo m the axis o' albumen. -Low perennial herbs, with a
tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a simple scape sheathed
with the petioles of the simple or ccmipound veiny leaves. (Name
from u,>,r, a kind of arum, and a///«, blood, from the spotted leaves
of some species.)
1. A. triphyUum, Torr. Indian Turnip. Leaves mo,tl,/ 2.
divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed Icajhts; spadi.v mostly dioxiom,
dnb-sliapcd, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe, which is flattened
and mcurved-hooded at the ovate-lanceolate, pointed summit —
Rich woods, N. S. to Ont. May.-Corm turnip-shaped, wrinkled,
farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice; spathe with the petioles
and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and
whitish stripes or spots.
2. CALL A, L. Wateu Arum.
Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly jjointed, the upper
surface white), persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with
flowers ; the lower perfect and 6-androu8 ; the upper often of
stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments slender ; anthers
2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, with 5-9 erect
anatropous ovules ; stigma al„u,sb sessile. Berries (red) distinct,
few-seeded. Seeds with a conspicuous rhaphe and an embryo
200
ARACE^.
nearly the length of the hard albumen.-A low perennial herb
growing ,„ cold bogs, with a long creeping rootstock, bearing heart-
shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary scapes. (An ancient
name, of unknown moaning.)
1. C palustris, L.-Cold bogs, N.S. west and northward.
June.— beeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)
Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.
3. SYMPLOCARPUS,
Spathe hooded-shell-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decay-
ing m fruit. Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely and densely
covered with perfect flowers, their 1-celled or abortively 2-celled
ovaries immersed in the fleshy receptacle. Sepals 4, hooded
^stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with at length rather slender fila-
ments ; anthers extrorse', 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style
4-angled and awl-shaped ; stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended
anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the en-
arged and spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath
the surface which is roughened with the persistent fleshy sepals
and pyramidal styles. Seeds filled by the large globular and fleshy
corm-like embryo, which be .rs one or several plumules at the end
next the base of the ovary ; albumen none. -Perennial herb, with
a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat alliaceous •
a very thick rootstock, bearing a multitude of long and coarse
fibrous roots and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny
leaves preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes,
which barely rise out of the ground. (Name from cr.«.W. con.
nechon, and Kapr.6,, fruit, in allusion to the coalescence of the
ovaries into a compound fruit.)
1. S. foetidus, SaUsb. Leaves ovate, cordate, becoming 1-2°
long, short-petioled ; spathe spotted and striped with purple and
yellowish-green, ovate, incurved j fruit (in autumn) 2-3' in diam
in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4-6" long —
Bogs and moist grounds, N. Scotia to Ont.
ennial herb,
earing heart-
(An ancient
northward.
lBBAGE.
eshy, decay-
and densely
^ely 2-celled
4, hooded,
slender fila-
i^ise. Style
, suspended,
I of the en-
ust beneath
•eshy sepals
V and fleshy
3 at the end
i herb, with
i alliaceous ;
and coarse
ntire veiny
le spathes,
iir'koK^l^ con-
ice of the
iming 1-2"
3urple and
J'indiam.,
^" long.—
INDEX.
synonymns, are in ordinary type. "enera, as well as popular names and
Acer.
Paok
5'2
A. dasycarpum ,0
Var. nigrum it
A. Pennsilvanicum .... ! co
A. riibrum xt
A. saccharinum .". ?,
A. spicatum ^5
ACKRINRiB °f
Achillea \"\\ j°J
A. Millefolium ." ." lo.t
Actsea " '^XX
A. Alba.... ■...■.■;■;; ]]
Var. rubra *'. \\
A. spicata \ ,i
Adder'H-Mouth ,,;
Adlumia "-l
A. cirrhosa \%
Agrimonia i?
A. Eupatoria " i,^
Agrimony L\
Ambrosia J.^
A. artemisiiefolia,. .! ■^^a
Amelanchier en
A. Canadensis o^
Var. oblongifolia so
American Laurel 100
Anipelopsis it
A. quinquefolia. ......' =1
Amphicarpjea 05
A. monoica. .. .
ANACARDIACE^ ...".'.■■
Anaphalis
A. margaritacea.......* .".'." ii'?
Anemone A
A. nemorosa 4
A. parviflora o
A. Virginiana ." .' 4
Anemonella '.'.'.'.'." 5
A. thalictroides k
ANGIOSPERM^ '.'.'.'.'.'.'."." \
Antennaria ii"
A. plantaginifolia........'.." ijr
Aphyllon jgg
A. uniflorum i«q
Apios ::.■:;::;;■ 65
A. tuberosa «k
APOCYNACE^ .'.'.'...'■■.■.■ 140
Apocynum "" j^q
A. androssemifolium ,'."'. . .' ' 141
A. cannabiimm !....!. Hi
Apple 70
Aquilegia .'.!.'".."".!!!'.;".'.' ' 10
A. Canadensis 10
66
54
nr
Arabis P*«?
A. hirsuta! ! ! ! ! ! H
A. lajvigata.... ■.■.■.■.■.■.'.■. gS
A. lyrata ^f
ARACE.E .'.'.".'.".'.'.;;.■■■ 198
98
Arni'a.
ispida
-: .ludicaulis. .. ??
A. quinquefolia iXX
A. racemosa ^
AUALIACE^... . ®2
Arenaria ^°
A. Oroenlandica..! 2!
A. la .eriflora ... 0?
A. serpyilifolia 1°.
A. verna 5*
Arethusa, .. ,r?
A. bulbosa. ...'.■ ; Iff
Arisaema ,™
A. triphyllum ".' \^
ARI.STOLOCIIIACE.E. ^74
Aromatic Wintergrecn iMi
Arrow-wood \i%
Asarabacca '.'. {^^
Asarum ". /i^
A. Canadense. . '.'. \i,\
ASCLEPIADACE.E lif
Asclepias
A. Cornuti .
A. incarnata
A. tuberosa.
AHter ...
A. cordifolius 1 ,f
141
143
142
142
A. cor.vmbosus 1 j?
A. niacrophvllus .' .' nl
A. NovsB-Anglias ur
A. puniceus ,,«
Astragalus \'' i?
A. Canadensis .' q\
A. alpinus J:
Avens y^
201
Balsam
Baneberry n
Barbarea !..'!.'!.*!. "'
B. vulgaris ....".'.'
Barberry
Bastard Toad-flax !,!,...".'
Biisswood '
Beech-Drops -.oa
Bellflower V^A
BERBERIDACEiE ...;"'. ". '. . '. '. '. ". '. ". '. '. '. "2
44
26
25
12
176
41
202
INDEX.
I I
BerberiB ^.^
B. vulgaris ...'......'. 12
Bidens !,!!...!![ 121
B. ceriiua .....'.....'.'. 121
B. chrysanthenioides ......... ] 22
B. connata ] ' _ 12I
B. frondosa ' ' ' j 01
Bilberry 1-^9
Bindweed ifti
Birthroot 197
Bishop's-Cap ........". 82
Bitter Cress .........,' 22
Black Snakeroot ....'. 98
Bladder-Nut 53
Blood-root .'..'.....'. 17
Blueberry " i''9
Blue Cohosli ...........'. 13
Blue-eyed Grass ion
BORUAGINACE.K '^^.'.'.'.'.'."" 147
Bramble _" 79
Braseriia '.......'. 14
B. peltata X .'. \\
Brassica ' _ ' _' 26
B. alba .......'. 20
B. campestris '"' 26
B- nigra .'...'."."..' 26
B. Smapistruiii 2(5
Brassica and Sinapis ] 20
Brunella ......' 170
B. vulgaris ........'.". 170
Buckbean " 145
Buckthorn 48
Buda ....'. 37
B. marina .'.'..'..'..'. 37
B. rubra \ \ 37
Bur-Marigold ....... 121
Burnet [_\ 7(3
Bush-Honeysuckle .' 105
Buttercup ' ' q
Button-bush \ 107
Oabombilb 14
Oakile .....'. 27
C. Americana ' .' 27
Calla ,' 199
C. palustris ' 200
Calopogon ;." 133
C. pulchellus 184
Caltha ". 10
C. palustris . 10
Calypso 179
O. borealis 179
CAMPANULACE.E .■.'." i-26
Campanula 126
C. Americana " . 127
C. rotundifolia 126
Campion 33
Cancer-root ' 162
CAPRIFOLIACEyE '.'. loi
Capsella 26
C. Bursa-pastoris 27
Garduminc ... 22
C. hirsuta '.. 22
Var. purpurea 22
C. rhomboidea 22
Carrot 04
CARYOPIIYLLACE^. '..;■■ 32
Catchfly \ 33
Cat-Mint .'!.!.".!..!!.* 168
Caulophyllum ........... 13
C. thalictroides .......'.'. 13
Ceanothus ' ' ' 49
C. Americanus ...\ 49
Celandine " 17
CELASTRACE/E .....'.'.....'. 47
Celastrus '.....'. 48
C, scandens \_ \ 4^
Cephalanthus '...]!!! 107
C. occidentalis .' [ 107
Cerastium 3^
C. arvense ". 30
C. viscosura 36
C. vulgatum '. 36
Cholidonium ' 17
C. majua 17
Chelone '[ 157
C. glabra Ihl
Chickweed 3,)
Chickweed-Wintergreen ........"."... 138
Chimaphila .' 134
C. umbellata , . '. 134
Chiogenes " 130
C. serpyllitolia 131
Chrysanthemum ". 122
C. Leticanthemum .' 122
Chrysosplenium ." §3
C. Americanum 83
Cichorium 123
C. Intybus .......!..! 123
Cicnta Qg
C. bulbifera !!!..!.' 96
C. macuUita ....'.'. 96
Cinque-foil !.....! 74
Circaea ..!."..' 91
C. alpina 91
C. Lutetiana " 91
CISTACE.E .■.■.'.■.'; 28
Clay tonia 38
C. Caroliniana ' ' 33
C. Virginica 33
Clematis \ 3
C. Virginiana S
Climbing Fumitory 18
Clintonia ■. . ." ....'. 194
O. borealis .'..'."'. 194
Clover .'..!.'....!. 58
Co(!kle .'.".".."!.' 33
Cohosh !.".!.!.!'.!!! n
Columbine !."."!!!'.,...!! 10
Comandra ..!.'!.!.!! 176
0. livida ."..'!!!'..'.! 176
C. umbellata 17«
COMPOSIT.E '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 108
Cone-flower ." 119
Conium ...'...'.'.'.'.'..'. 97
C. maculatum , 07
CONVOLVULACE^C .' 150
Convolvulus \' 151
Var. Americanus 151
C. arvensis 162
INDEX.
Paor
. 94
. 32
. 33
. 168
. 13
. 13
. 4!)
. 49
. 17
. 47
. 48
. 48
. 107
. 107
, 36
. 36
, 36
. 36
. 17
, 17
157
157
3.')
138
134
134
130
131
122
122
83
83
123
123
96
96
96
74
91
91
91
28
38
38
38
3
S
18
194
194
58
33
11
10
176
176
176
108
119
97
97
150
151
151
162
203
10
10
17!)
180
C. sepium ^\V!
Coptis ^^^
C. trifolia . . .
Coiallorhiza...
C. innata
C. niultiflora nn
Coral-root i-„
Cornel ■;; }•'"
C. altemifolia Jm
C. Canadensis .... mn
C. circinata
C. sericea
101
101
_ C. stolonifera \ct\
Corydalis ^,i
c.aurea .'.;;;; jp
C. ^lauca ,Q
Cow-Parsnip . ,. . . Ae
Cowslip ,„
Cow-Wheat if.i
Cranberry '.V. J,i
Cranesbill ^7,
CKASSULACEiE .'.'.'.' H
Crataegus °g
C. coccinea ^n
c.crus-gaiii ;;;;; 79
C. punctata . " 79
C. tonientosa 79
Creepiiijj Snowberrv ^^n
Crowfoot fl
CRUCIPER^ ; ; r,n
CUCURBITACE^ '.'.'.[ m
Cudweed 117
Currant 84
Cuscuta ....'.'...'.'..'. 15'J
C. Gronovii '.'......... 152
Cynotrlossum 147
C. officinale 143
C. Virsrinicuni '.'.'..'. 54^
Cypripedium ." jg7
C. acaule 139
C. parvifloniin igs
C. pubescens igs
C. spectabile [ 188
Dalibarda 72
D. repens .'.".'.".'!."..".'.'! 72
Dandelion ' _' 194
Uaucus 94
D. Carota 95
Dentaria ]!.!!.! 01
D. diphylla ..'..'.
Desmodium
D. acuminatum !."..... 63
D. Canadense 03
D. nudiflorum ' .' «•{
Dicentra 13
D. Canadensis .........'. 19
dicotyledons' or exoqens : ' 1
Diervilla ., 105
D. triflda 105
21
22
62
Dock.
173
Dodder iff
100
24
24
24
Dogbane ^\%
Dog's-tooth Violet ] 10,
Dogwood
Draba '.!".!!!!!]
Var. arabisans ..........'
D. incana
Dragon Arum ,52
Drosera '.'..'...[ a?
Var. Aniericiina 07
D. intermedia 07
D. rotundifolia . . 07
DROSKRACE.t: |I
Dutchman's Breeches ......[[[.[...'. ig
Echinospermuni 140
E. Virginicuni uu
Enchanter's Nightshade. ..'. 91
Echinocystis no
E. lobata ^i
Epis*^- ::::::::;:;:: m
131
89
E. repens
Epilobium
E. angustifolium „„
E. coloratuni oq
E. palustre ^
Ejjiphegus .'.'.".■;.'.""■ 162
E. Virginiana ' icp
ERICACE.B. ^
Erici.nk.is
127
127
Erigeron :;;: if'
E. bellidifolius '.'.'.'.'.'.'".' m
E. Philadelphicus n«
Ervsimum 35
E. cheiranthoides .' ofi
Erythronium '..".".'.'.'.!'." 195
E. Americanum lot
Eupatorium J,?
E. perfoliatum .....'. in
E. j)urpureum ii 1
EveningPrimro.se on
Everlasting 1 J;
Everlasting Pea 64
False Solomon's Seal 199
False Mitre-wort 09
Figwort .■.".■ 157
Five-finger 74
Fleabane jje
Flower-de-Luce ion
Forget-me-not ijn
Fragaria 70
P.vesca.
73
F. Virginiana 73
Fumaria ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." 19
F. officinalis on
FUMARIACE.E . . . 17
Fumitory 19
O AMOPETAL^Ii; mi
Gauithei'ia ...'.'.'..... 131
O. procumbens 132
Gaylussacia 128
O. resinosa -i.m
GENTIANACE.E '.'.[ 143
Oentiane£ 1^
' l^o
204
INDEX.
Paok
144
G. Amareila '. '. '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. [ '. '.'.'.'.'.'.'..', ul
Oentian .
Gentiana
G. AnfJrewsii..
O. crinita. . .
OERANIACE^ "
Geranium
145
144
42
43
166
72
72
G. Caroliniaiium 44
G. inaculatuin 43
G. RobertianuiH aq
Gerardi " j^^
G. pu. , irea I60
G. tenuifolia -tan
Germander [
Geum
G. album '.....'.'...".,'
G. macrophyllum .....". yo
G. rivale >,q
G. strictum. 73
Ginseng ' ' gg
Gnaphalium ^ ...... ...... I17
O. polycephalum ' ' iia
G. uliginosum iio
Goodyera " ' Jgg
G. pubesoens .'..'.'.'. laa
G. repens ioq
Golden-rod ■..■;;;;; jjo
Golden Saxif nure . . oo
Goldthread. . 77. .'.'.'.'.'.'. in
Gooseberry [l\l 04
Grape .....!'.!.] 50
Grass of Parnassus... 00
Gromwell ■■40
Ground Cherry ...'.'.'.'.'. I54
Ground Laurel joi
Ground-nut ••.....,....... 66
Habenaria jgg
H. bracteata 186
H. dilatata I86
H. Hookeri ..'.'.'. ige
H. hyperborea ......'.." ise
H. orbiculata 137
H.psycodes .■.■.■.■::::;;;::: w
H. tridentata jgs
Halenia ['[ J45
H. deflexa -iak
HAMAMELIDE^ .'!." !.".'."" ' 87
Hamamelis .'!.'.'.'!!"" 88
H. Virginiana 88
Hawkbit _' J23
Hawkweed 123
Kavvthom '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 79
Heart's-Ease !..!.!!.... 30
Hedeoma ."!."..'!.".,"*" les
H. pulegioides !!!!!.! ifis
Hedge-Nettle ." J70
Hedysarum ." " j " ^2
H. boreale .'.'.'.".".'..".'.*' 62
Helianthemum !."!.'!.'!.'".'.' 28
H. Canadense 09
HelianthuR '.'.','.'.'. IV
H. di varlcatus i ..!.!.!!!. 120
H. decapetalus. ■■•••. ^^^
H. giganteus .[..... l-JiQ
Hepatica ^*°J
H. acutiloba k
H. triloba ;::; I
Heracleum 05
II. lanatum " ." or
Hieracium .........' 123
H. Canadense 124
H. scabrum vii
Hog Pea-nut «r
Holly 1°
Hound's-Tongue 147
Houstonia ,„/,
H. CBsrulea y,-.
Huckleberry. . . ioL
Hudsonia.. .■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.'.■;.■;■■'■ iy
H. tomentosa ... oq
Hydrocotyle '..'..'.'.]'.['.'.[ 97
H. Americana ... no
HYpilOPH YLLACE/B ! ! . i .' ! ! .' 146
Hydrophyllum {H
„H. Virginicum 147
HYPERICACE^ . . t^
Hypericum gS
H. Canadense 40
H. elliptioum .'.'.'.'... ' 39
H. maculatum ] 39
H. mutilum 4^
H. perforatum '. 39
Ilex.
40
vertioillata ' " ^7
ILICINEiE
46
Impatiens !?
I.fulva ti
I. pallida '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 45
Indian Cucumber-root iqb
Indian Hemp ^4^
Indian Pipe joo
Indian Turnip . . . .' JXX
IpomoBa if:
I. purpurea '.".". ', , c,
IRIDACEiE ill
iria ::::;:; m
I. versicolor '.'.'.'.'." 190
Jewel-weed .
44
June-berry !.!.!!!..' 80
Kalmia.
132
K. angustifolia 100
K. glauca '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'. 132
LABIATE ^f^.
Labrador Tea i?t
Ladies' tresses {a?
Lady's Slipper .' ,Si
Lathyrus.. [\\ ^^
L. ochroleucus ." Si
L. maritimus [ S?
L. palustris S;
Laurestinus ,^
'-eduni y] „-
L. latifolium iil
LEOUMINOS^ .... ^ii
Leontodon !..[.".'.'." 123
Paor
4
.. 6
4
. 95
. 95
. 123
.. 124
. 121
. 66
. 46
. 147
. 100
. 107
. 128
. 29
. 29
. 97
. 98
. 146
, 146
147
88
39
40
39
39
40
39
. 46
. 47
. 46
. 44
. 45
. 45
. 196
. 140
, 136
, 199
151
151
189
189
190
44
80
132
132
132
164
133
181
187
64
65
64
66
102
133
134
66
123
INDEX,
205
L. autumnalis
Lepidium [[[[
L. intermedium ,'..... . . '.
L. Virginicum
Liffuliflorte
LlUACKiE "■.'.
Lilium '.'.'.'...'...
L. Canadense ]
L. Philadelphicum. . . . . . "
Lily
Linaria •'• i .".'!.'!.".".'! .
L. Canadensis .'!!'.!!.".
L. vulgaris .'!.!"
Linden ..!.',.'
Linnsea ""..."!.'!.'!."
L. borealia
Liparis
L. Lceselii '.".",'.
Listera
L. convallarioidesV.
_L. cordata ,. "
Lithospermum
L. arvense !!.!..
L. ofBcinaJe
Liver-Leaf
Lobetia •"..........
L. caxdinalis ......'."
L. inflata
L. Kalmii
L. syphilitica
LOBELlACEiE ['.
Locust-tree !..!.!!!!
Loosestrife ..'.!...""
Lopseed
Lousewort ..!.!!!."]
Lychnis ..!..'.'.'..'!!.'
L. Flos-cuculi !!.!!!!.!
L. Githago .".".".'
Lycopus ".'...*.'.!".
L. sinuatus ...'.'
L. Virginicus
Lysimachia
Ij. nummuiaria. . .........
L. quadrifolia
L. striata
L. thyrsiflora
Paok
.. 123
.. 27
.. 27
.. 27
.. 110
.. 190
.. 190
.. 106
.. 196
.. 190
.. 1,56
.. 156
.. l.';7
. . 41
.. 105
. . 105
,. 179
. 179
. 180
. 181
. 381
. 149
. 150
. 150
4
. 125
. 125
. 126
. 126
. 125
. 125
, 60
, 139
104
161
33
84
33
167
167
167
139
140
139
139
140
Maianthemum jno
M. Canadense mo
Mallow ^^f
Maiva .■;;.■;.'::■■■■ *}
M. Moschata
41
M. rotundifolia t}
MALVACE^ .■■■■■■■ Iq
52
10
Maple
Marsh Marigold
Meadow-Parsnip Ac
Meadow-Rue "2
Meadow-Sweet «q
Medeola ,°"
Medicago „i
M. lupulina „„
Medick 6"
M. Americanum
Melilot
Melilotus.,..
M.alba .....'■; '.".]['. [[['.]"
M. officinalis
MENISPERMACE^. ..■.".■
Menispennum " "
M. Canadense ....
Mentha
M. Canadensis
M. piperita
Var. glabrata
MenYANTIIE,*!
Menyanthes
M. trifoliata
Microstylis "'
M. monophy lios .. V. ...'." .'
M. ophiogIos8oide.s.
Milk-Vetch „,
Milkweed . ,°J
Milkwort....; "}
Paob
. 161
. 60
. 60
. 60
. 60
, 11
. 11
12
106
167
167
167
144
145
146
178
178
179
Mimulus
M. ringens . .
Mint
Mitchella . . . . .
M. repena . . .
Mitre- wort
Mitella
M. diphvlla. .
„M.nuda .„
Moccasm-flower. . "is?
Mock Pennyroyal ..'.'. i^
Mnnoaoa J.UO
55
158
158
166
107
107
82
82
82
134
Moneses.
M. grandiflora. ,0.
Monkev-Flower itt
MONOCOTYLEDONS Or) ^
ENDOGENS. . 7 176
Monotropa ,„„
M.Hypopitys .■.::.•; .'i I ;:.•.■;: J^?
M. imiflora ,07
MONOTROPE^E in'a
Moonseed ^f ,
Morning Glory. ..'.'. .iJ
Mountain Holly .... ^^i
Mouse-ear Chickweed tL
Mullein -?^
Mycsotis J™
M.laxa : ]ll
M. palustris '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['..'. ill
Naked Broom-Rape. . . -lat,
Nasturtium ... . ■'"f
N. officinale..... ■.■.■; St
N. palustre f,"
Nemopanthea .' ", f 2
N. fascicularis ?»
Nepeta " ,!l
N.Cataria J°?
N. Glechoma i^^
New Jersey Tea . . Vq
Nightshade .[,[['. .,to
Nine-Bark.
153
Melampyrum ;;;;; jf? v S-'^r"" 16
^61 I w. Kalnuaiium ;.
206
INDEX.
W' .
Nymphaea ^'^jj
N. odorata is
NYM1>H^ACE.«. . : , o
NYMPUiEACKiE 14
Oakesia
]!)5
177
184
186
184
86
<). sessilifolia 10=
OEnothera '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."" m
CE. biennis qq
(E. friiticosa of
Var. Grandiflora '. ' ' ' nn
<E. pmnila ^
ONAOUACE^ go
OneHowerud Pyrola . 13?
One-seeded Btir-Ciicuniber '.'.'.'.'. 9>
OROIUNCHACE.E . i«r
ORCHIDACE.E. ^
Orchis
O. rotundifoiia
O. spectabilia .
Orpine
Osmorrhiza V* 97
O. brevistylis .' . .' 97
O. longistylis .[[ 97
Oxalis ' ■ ■ ^^
O. AcetosoIIa 44
Ox-eye Daisy -,00
Oxy tropis ' ' ] ' ^t
O. cainpestris
Var. cserulea
PAPAVERACE/K ig
Papilionack* 57
Parnassia ■•........'...... 83
P. Caroliniana '. j^a
P. palustris ..] 04
P. parviflora 03
Parsnip „-
Partridge-berry jn?
Pastinaca ' yg
P. sativa ..." or
Pear ;;.;; 2|
Pedicularis 161
P. Canadensis ] 61
Peppergrass " . '. 27
Pepper-root ...,'.' 21
Pepperwort 97
Phrynia '.'.'.'.'.'.'..["" 164
• P. Leptostacli^a
Physalis
62
62
104
1 r,4
P. jfrandiflora .' i.-,4
P. Virjfiniana 154
Physocarpus \ gg
P. opulifolius 69
Phytolacca 172
P. decandra i7.>
PHYTOLACCACE.*: .■.■.:.■.■ ." .' .' ." 172
Pine-sap i^g
IMpsissewa 101
.ipsissewa
PLANTAGINACE^
Plantago
P. lanneolata
P. major
P inaritima
134
171
171
172
172
175
Plantain i !. i !.!!.!.! i ! 171
I'AGR
Plum, Cherry, eto ' *^
Poironia ,^
184
87
74
76
I . ophioglossoides '1^4
Poison Hemlock " ' ' 07
Pokeweed „.,
poiygaia .■.■.■.■;.■.:.:: ^li
p. paucifolia 55
P. polygama ••••...
P. Senega ?2
P0LYGALACEJ3. .. . '.'.'. ^
POLY'GOiVACE.E 173
Polygonatum 109
P. biflormn {qo
POLYPETAL^ 1
Portulaca '" [ gg
P. oleracea 00
PORTULAC ACK.E . . . .'
Potentilla '"/'
P. Anserina !.!....'!!
P. argentea .....!.!]! ' 74
P. Canadensis !.'..!..'.."" 75
P. f ruticosa !.!!.'.'! 7s
P. Norvegica ..........' 74
P. palustris [ 74
P. tridentata ."."..'.' 75
Poteriunj ..'.!!'.!! ^a
P. Canadense
Prickly Ash ...'."
Primrose ' j3y
Primula 137
P. farinosa 1 00
PRIMULACE^ £37
Prunus 68
P. Americana 68
P. Pennsylvanica .'...'. go
P. serotina gg
P. Virginiana go
Puccoon j^
76
46
Purslane .
38
Pyrola ;;;•••• jT.
P. chlorantha 'jog
P-e'!ip"ca .■.■.■.■.■.:; 136
P. mmor jgg
Var. pumila .'!!!.'.!.." 135
P. rotundifoiia '..'.'.".".!..' i3g
P. secunda ' . .' 135
PVROLB/E lou
pyrus .'.'.■.■.■.■;.■;;.■'.'; 7$
P.Americana 70
P. arbutifolia !...!!.!!!! 78
Var. melanocarpa '.'.' ' 7"^
P. sambucif oUa .'..'..'.'.*.. . . .' 73
Radish 03
Ragweed 1 10
RANUNCULACE^ '.'.'..'. o
Ranunculus '/_]' a
R. abortivus .'!.!!!.!!.' g
R. acris ."!.'!!.'!!.'.! 9
R. aquatilis .'.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.' a
R. bulbosus .."....!.'.'.' 9
R. Cyiribalaria .'!!.!!! 7
R. Flannnula ..'.!..!!!! 7
Var. Micranthns o
R. multifidus 7
Paqi
.. 68
.. 184
.. 184
.. 97
.. 172
.. 65
.. 66
.. 66
.. 66
.. 65
. 173
. 192
. 192
1
. S8
. 38
. 87
. 74
. 75
. 74
. 76
. 75
. 74
. 74
. 76
. 76
, 76
, 46
, 137
137
138
137
68
68
68
69
68
149
38
135
136
136
135
135
136
135
128
78
78
78
7G
78
28
118
2
6
8
9
6
9
7
7
8
7
INDEX
207
28
2S
R. Penn8>-lvanlou9 ^""l
R. rwmrvatiis o
R. rei)en8 „
Var. Reptans .".' a
R. rhoinbokieus .'.'.' 2
R. sceleratua f
Var. Trichophyllus. ..." «
Raphanus " \
K. raphanistrum ...."".
Rattlesnake-Plantain . it
Hed-Root, ■'°„
Rein-Orchia ,*"
RIIAMNACE^.. . ,..'.;; ^f °
Rhamnus ^^
R.alnifolia '.[','.][ !q
RhodcKlendron ... iJ^
R. Rhodora . . . . ,„
Rhus ;;;; 1^3
R. Toxico<lendron el
R.typhina k?
Ribes. .... 6*
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
Cynosbati it
floridum zt
oxyacanthoides. ok
prostratum '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 85
"■' 85
rubrum
Var. Subfflanduiosuni .■.■.■.:.■.■ §?
Ribwort ,2?
Robinia .'.'; ^'j.
R. Pseiidacacia . . ; «;
Rock Cress Si
Hock-Rose OQ
Rosa : 23
R.blanda. '.'.'.'.'". I7
R. Carolina ." ." iL
R. lucida 77
R. rubiginosa iji
ROSACEA ^
Rose :.;;::: ^
Rose Bay, Azalea, etc. 111
RUBIACE.E . . . . . }f^
Rudbeckia iV„
R. hirta .■.■.'.■.;.■■■■;.■ {{a
R. laciniata na
Eubus '.;;■;; ^l
B. Cana(lensi8 ..,[ 7,
R. occidentalis
R,
R.
ix, DtiiKuoug t^f\
71
. odoritus 7(,
. hispidus .'. ." i,
8trip08U8
R. triflorus ^n
R. villosus ;"
Rumex , i
R. Acetosella.... ■■.;.■■ Jyf
R. crispiis jl?
R. salicifolius .".',' jit
R. verticillatus li;
RUTACE^ .".'.'.".■.■'.■;.■.'.■;■ 45
Sambucus jj^o
S. Canadensis .','."' jnn
S. racemosa jq|
racemosa ,,,.,
Sand-Spurrey ,,
Sandwort f.
Sanguinaria ............'. 17
S. Canadensis ?5
Saiiicle i'
.Sanicula „2
Var. Canadensis ««
a Marylandica om
SANTALACK/E.... „t
SAPINDACE^ . . %?
Sarracenia ?,,
S. purjiurea . . . . ,»
SARKACENIACE.t: . ,«
Saxifrafe'a '"
S. aizoides ['[[ ||
S. Aizoon ..* [ 01
S. Virginiensis... !.'!.';,"■ o,
SAXIFRAGACE.1-: Sn
Saxifrage 5"
Scorpion-grass.. .". .'.'.'.'. ,4a
Serophularia ... („
Var. Marilandica. isi
S. no<iosa . . J^i
scRoPHULARiAck.E '. ! ! ' ! .' ill
Scutellaria ,,,q
S. galericulata.. . .[ ,?„
S. lateriflora.... Ha
S.paivula :; i^l
Sea-Rocket "^
Scfhim
27
s. acre. ...;::;::;: |^
S. Rhofliola .... S?
S. Telephium .' .' o«
Self-heal . ... ,2®
Shepherd's Purse ■.'.'.■ .' 9«
Shin-leaf Ji
Shrubby Bitter-sweet ! " "' la
sicyos :;;•;• *»
„ S. angulatus 09
Side-sa'"'"" ^^ "^
Silene .
S. antirrhina ,
IdleFlower .;;;;;. jg
"■'.'. 83
". noctiflora 55
Silkweed -°f
Sisyrinchium i^
s. anceps i.;;;:;.;: }^
S. angustifolium ion
Slum. ••;• 19«
S. cicutajfolium... "■ S
Skullcap ,»«
Skunk Cabbage ■.:;::;:;;:•• m
Smilacma fxx
S. racemosa ini
S. stellata i^,
,s. trifoiia :;; Ill
Snake-Head |?2
SOLANACE^ ill
Solanum ™
S. dulcamara.. ■.■.■; {„
^s. nigrum) ;;:: i°t
Solidago....' }?3
S. bicolor is
S. Canadensis .' , j,
S.latifolia li^
S. nemoralis iii
S. squarrosa ili
Solomon's Seal iig
««"«» ::::.::;;;.;;;;S
208
INDEX.
Spatter-Dook ^i^
SiK'wlwell ,ix
Sl'KRMATOPHYTA ?
spirsea ;';;; „^
8. salicifolia ." ; .' gg
S. tomentosa «n
Spiranthes jS;
8. cernua ,2o
S. latifolia .;.■.■ Jli
8. RomanzoJflana lao
Sprints- Beauty. .
Spurred Gentian
Stachys •,•.■.:; "'^
8. palustris ,;,
Staff-tree ".I
Staphylea !°
8.trifolia t?
STAPIlYLEiB R?
Starwort '.".',' qk' i?;
Steironema "* ' ,.«
S. ciliatum ;,a
8. lanceolatum ..'...." iZa
Stellaria ^^k
S.longifolia .' 2?
S-'""*^'^' :■ 85
8:,
1S2
88
145
S. m
S. uliginosa .' q«
Stickseed ,?"
Stone-Crop .' ." .' ^|°
Strawberry ." 2"
Streptopug -.g.i
8. aniplexifolius . ." ioq
S. roseus ,0?
St. John'8-Wort ,9
Succory, or Chicory 100
Sumach ^ij
Sundew °;
Sunflower ,,q
SweetCicely .' ^X
Sweet Clover .'.■.■.■■ ^q
Syniplocarpus ofj,
s.f(Btidus. ;;;;;;;;;;; 200
Tanacetum jo,
T. vulgare .','/. i^X
Tansy ;•;;; y^
Taraxacum " io7
T. officinale '.'.[ (9!
Tare ^^*
Teucrium ,«„
T. Canadense ifi„
Thalamiflone . . . . ,
Thalictrum '.'.'.'.] i
T. dioioum ...'. g
T. polygamum .'.', «
T. purpurascens «
Thaspium „V
T, aureum q^
Thoroughwort ' iT?
Tiarella "J
T. cordifolia .■.".■ tt
Tick-Trefoil ^^
Tiiia ....".".'.'!;.".;.■;.■■
T. Americana
T. Europtea .■;■;.■.■.■.■;.■.■ 42
62
41
42
£8
69
69
TiLTAOEiE ^^°?
Toad-Flax ,il
Toothwort ^g?
Trailing Arbutug. ...'.'.'.'. -.o.
Treacle Mustenl \5f
Trefoil .; j°
T. agrarium
T. arvense..
T. pratense "i^
T. procumbens m
^T.repens ^"
Trientalis ,^i
^ T. Americana .■.'.■ ,22
Trifolium •• ^^
Trillium •■ ,™
T. oernuum '.] ixl
T. erectum :°S
T. erythrocarpum ■..'■■. ino
^ T. grandiflorum i^t
Tubulifloras ]^°
Turtle-Head i^°
Twayblade •.;•.•.•.•.•.•. jLk- J"
Twin-flower . . "^' ifl
Twisted-Stalk ■".."..". i !!!!! i!!! 193
UMBELLIFER^ o„
Uvularia ^^
U. grandiflora ." ." '. '. '. '. [ '. '. [ ', .'.'.'.',,[[ [ Jjg
Vaccine* .„
Vaccinium ." ixL
V. Canadense. . . . .' ion
V. corymbosum ] Joa
macrocarpon ion
Oxycoccus ion
V. Pennsy'---= — ^^°
Verbascum ,
V. Blattaria ,-„
V.Thapsus ?f"
Verbena. ^^^
V.
V.
. ^.-j .-,v.x,»_,nci IXfl
. Pennsylvanicum ." .' 100
156
V. angustifolia.
163
V. hastata ' jSt
V. urticffifolia ipj!
VERBENACE^ ] f^l
Veronica ' j^u
V. Americana ila
V.Anagallis ;; ^
V. officinalis !?q
V. scutellata J^q
V. serpyllifolia .'.'. ,=0
^ V.Virginica i::;;-- Jsg
Vervain }„%
Vetch ■'^
vetohiin» : ;::;:::::.; ' ' ^
Viburnum ,^15
V. acerifolium .'.■.■ i^l
V. cassinoides -i)^
V. dentatum ].'.'."."."";.'" " 104
V. lantanoides ino
V.Lentago tos
v.opuiui ..:.!:..::::::;::: m
V. pauciflorum " " jno
^.v^pubescens ::-::::::io4
V. cracca . . .■.■.■;.■,■.■; .■;;;;;;:;;.:;; e*
INDEX.
209
Paor
41
156
21
US 1,1
™ 26
68
69
60
69
"» 69
69
138
' 138
68
197
198
197
T"ra 198
'"> 198
108
157
179, 180
105
193
*^ 93
194
185
127
129
130
"» 130
"> 130
, 130
icura 129
..'. 156
166
If 6
163
164
164
164
163
158
159
159
159
159
159
158
163
63
64
102
104
104
104
103
105
103
103
104
63
64
V. 8aHva.. . ^*2J
V. blandi".;. ?'.'
V. Canina l\
Var. ciuMillata....'; ^r.
Var. Miihlt-nberKii l,
V. palmata ?,;.
V. pubescens {J?
V. rotumlifolia . . IJ,
V. Selkirkii .,]
vjoLACE^: ■■ :A
yu„,„ia Creeper.' '.'..'.'.'. ??
Vimn'8-Bower ... .;
viTACE^ .;;
vitia ::; 49
V. oprdifoiia ::;.;:. ■::::.•; m
V. nparia rx
'**'*• ou
Wake Robin ,ot
Water Arum ?SA
Watercress ^"^
Water-Uemlock '.'.'.'. gj
Water rroiPhound .... \m
Water-Lily '. ""
Water- Nvnipli f ?
Water-Parsnip ,,2
Water Pennvwort... X?
Water-Shield . . . V.
White Thorn ... li
Whitlow Oraas... iV
Wild Rnlsain-Apple .'..'. i.
Wild Bean ..... "^
VVildGinRer .'.•. ,1*^
Wild Sarsaparilla . . .'. A2
Willow-Hefl) ... . ^
Wind-Flower ,
Winter Cress at
Winterereen '.[ ,,?
Witch-fiazel ^^
Wood-Sort«l ; °°
44
Xanthoxylum ^g
X. Americanum .'.'.'!.*.!... 46
Yarrow ,™
Yellow Pond-Lily ....■.'.■.; '. '. '. '. '. ". ; ; fg