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Lorsque le docurnent est trop grand pour dfre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagramnles suivants illustrent la mAthode. ■V 1 2 ' 3 i 2 3 • \ 4 5 6 » - - — *#- - • ./•' ■'i ,?> t * .UtiA-"* ■ ■■-**^-^- ^^Mi^ U^i^ *: '" HARD PLACES IN GRAIVIMAR . yy , MADE EASY "I^^'pfe^fej WITH Jf^A/y^t ALARGE NUMBER OFCAREHULLY SELECTED SENTENCES AND PASSAGES FOR. PRACTICE. *M For the Use of Teachers aJjd SruDExNts of the High Schools and of the Public School Leaving AND Continuation Classes. BY A. B. CUSfflNa, B.A. Climical Muter Essex Hich School. Toronto : THE EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1887. '■l'; J',. ' ■" .■;; » t^ ^.^■•^im-'^m: .^^ , -'■',;■■■ f-'S V; > V ■ %€f'f,f' ■ -/-i '^~t- PREFACE. After several years' experience in teaching Grammar, and realizing the difficulties that attend the subject^ both for teachers and for students, I have endeavored, by the careful arrangement of matter, by the grouping of facts, by pointed explanation and apt illustration, to throw some light pn the " hard places," and to deal with the subject in such a way as will tend to arouse more interest in the study of Grammar, and help to lessen the distaste for the subject that is only too prevalent with stildents. " This little book is not professedly a fulKtreatment o^the subject of English Grammar. As it is intended chifefly for advanced classes, much elementary^ work has bien omitted. The matter is largely that which I had prepaJed for use with my classes in* the High School. It wiy be found to contain a ftiirly camprehensi>^e treatment of English syntax, which, I consider, con^ute^S the mbst important feature of Grammar as an edJK medium. Besides syntax, considerable matter wilifbe\ found on verbs, verb phrases^ infinitives and participles, that I hope will be helpful. Sufficiemly copious exercises accompany every step of the work, and a set of general exercises will be found at the end. It is hoped that this book will be of valuable assistance to teicheri, to High School stud^ts, and to the Public School Leaving and Continuation classes. A. B. C. s^a^ap^Kii-^ ^'ti v''ii£»A*»..A W"' .f><=J f^,*l jr- ^ / S ijuj. A-r-t^ &#-^ :^ CONTENTS. -Sybwax . Syntax of the Noun . . ; ' „ - Nominative Case J pS- ''\^M"''"^^ir^' Apprtsiti^eNominaiiv'e. " .* .' '.',[ 8 Sbjectfv: 2-"; N-- Absolute, Nom. of Address. . 9 Direct, Indirect, Double' bbjective." . ". ' I? Objective Predicate. .>. . ' Objective Subject, Predicate Objective! iii; " , Adverbial Objective " ^ ^ Syntax OF THE Adjective ^ Attribute, Appositive, Predicative. ...-!." 6 Predicate Objective Adjective .„ , a Objective Predicate Adjective Comparative and Super&Yve" I « Possessive Case . . . ' 19 Syntax OF^THE Pronoun. .. . Personal Pronouns The Pronoun 'it' ^' Compound Pronouns. II Demonstrative a"^elat i ve Pronouns ....'.'.[.'. The Verb ^^» Classification andlnflexioti . : II Voice .' ' * ' Tense. . . . . Mood, Indicatiye, Subjunctive*. '.'..'.' '.'.'.*. '.V.*. ^o-,. Verb Phrases / ^^^ Shall and Will . . . . ' .""'' ' ' ^^ ' Modal VerbPhi-ases ^i Uses of ' Should ' and ' Would ' '.'. ' " " ' Ir Conjugation o^e Verb '.V.V. !!!!!!.'.* 44 The Infinitive Gerund and Verbal Noun . , . '. *. '. *. ". ". '. *. ' *. '. ' * ''.'*"■ ' i] 23 2^4 27 27 28 r^r,-.%' tr< 1, •• ^*- rt. ■ ■ - ^ ^-^ - - - -(.■*i-5l^r \^.ai5*-i f.V'4-> ■^•^ff (I fc." • .■^ > • \ ■ - • * raXTENTS. The Participle.. ' Partiople and V'erbal. Adjective '/ ' * " * * ' " ' J2 Imperfect Participle and ( -.orund . .".V .' ^ l^' Concord ot Vierbs '* • , - » . . 60 Syntax OF THE Advkrh • - Classes of Adverbs. ...... .'^!'.'. .".'.'. '.■ J ' " ' ' ^-^ Syntax Of the Prepositiox. : 66 Syntax of the Con lUNrrKiN' ^ , „ Uses of ' That ' . . . " ' ' ' ^8 Uses ot ' But ' 7o Uses of ' A-s '. . '. '. ". '. '.V.'.'. ".'.'. '.'.?.' ■ ■ ■■ ' ■ "^^s Phrases ' • ^ The'Sentence ..:'.. Classification according to Form . ' It Classification according to Composition'.*./.;;*"" gb The Parts of a Sentence. « Subject arid Object * J' Attributive Adjuncts... - T The Predicate....... " l^ Xf^^wfl^^^ Incomplete Predicat'es.'.;; '.:"" st Adverbial Adjuncts . . . , , ..*.... 05 Analysis of Simple Sehtences.' .'.'."■" " H , Ana ysis of Compound Sentences . ./^ " §„ Analysis of Complex Sentences ;;;;;;;;;;;; 90 Subordinate Clauses The Noun Clause.. '" ' ^"^ The Adjective Clause. . . ; ; " ^ ,The Adverb Clause ; '^, \ ". *. '. '. '. ; ; ; ] ] ' '. ' " ' " ^ Exercises in Analysis and Parsing ........ loi 109 / , ^-r ^1 ••••'53 . .'. . 56 . .... 58 . ». . 60 •.•.63 ....6^ .... 66 . . . . 68 , ... 7o :.•; IV ... 7(S .:. 78 ...78 ... 8b ... 81 ■ •• ^I ...82 ...84 ... 8s ...85 . . . 87 ' .. 89 .. 90 •94 • • 94 .. 96 • 99 !l 109 HARD PLACES IN GRAMMAR MADE EASY. ^ \, ' -- ~ SYNTAX.^ 1.— The word syntax means arrangement (Greek •^y. .together ; /ajr/j, arrangemem). » Syntax in Grammar is fliat part of it which dealss wi^th the relations qf words to one another in a sentence. ' , ; ' 2. -A sentence is a statementr niade about some- thing : as, "The boy runs." (i.) The something, 'bo^ is called the Subject. (n.) The statement, ' runs,' is called the Predicate. Every sentence must hav^ theseJtWp parte. (i.) The Subject is what we speaJE about. ^ (ii.) The Predicate is what we say about the^ subject./ /^^ " ^ 3. -A!ne relations existing between wwds and groups of words in a sentence may be generally^^tated thus : (i.) tlie Subject-Predicate Relation. This is that which subsists between the Subject arid - Predicate. This is the primary relation upon which all others are basedi (ii ) The Attributive Relation. Thisjs that relation which is borne to a noun'or pronoun by any word or combination ^ words which limits or defines that noun or pronoun. • (iii.) The Adverbial Relation. This is that wbi\ch is borne to a verb or adjective by any word, or combination of words, which limits it or narrows the r^ge of its signification. ^ . , * ^'4 0'^.:'^- ! ' *' P w=w I' - 8 • Grammar. Ov.) The Objective Relation. Ihis IS that which is borne by a noun or Dronotin r-Toy"^ relation is really one feature of the adverbial cfeatS.*^""^' "' "^/-PO^-ceitgetsase'ir rT=^ , SYNTAX OF THE- NOUN. The syntax of the noun is its case relations. The Nominative Case. (j.) The Subject Nominative. tivJ OaS^^**^*«T»,^ t''^ T^^t P"^ '" the Nomina- uve oase . as, "The boys (or they) came home." berS Je^s^'e ''"''' ^"^ "" charactferi^d by person, n«m- &y ^^^ Appositive Nominative. When one noun is added to explain or describe n7fh'e^^;;ors/^;2^fi^a5 "Grant, the general (or General Grant), was there." tlenSl- '"ilf "ti'^f ^^ *»»^« »«*«"> nouns, names of p«r- ^CCTft^_E«d. of the several noatis issaidto be in duJrSutivr •ppotition to the general name, thus:- a>«nDUtlve •^ * ,)4;i*;c'!.';ii?*L 'JMeKY' ^?^^p^ » >\ we must con- SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 9 " Thou speedest on thy subtle pinions, The guide of homeless winds, and playmate of the waves." This general term is often but a summary of the par- ticulars mentioned before or after, thus : — " Three firm friends, himself, his Maker, ^nd the Angel Death." Note 2.— Sometimes we have an apposhive connective, thos :— The citjigl Toronto. As a ruler h^lHs beloved by all. (iii.) The Predicate Nominative. The noun or pronoun which forms the oompletion of an incomplete predicate and modifies the subiect nominative is said to be in the predicate nomina- tive oeuse, as :— " They are good men." " I am he." (For verbs of incomplete predication, see 161). (iv.) The Nominative Absolute. A noun or pronoun along with an appositive adjective, or its equivalent, is sometimes used in the nominative case absolutely, the phrase having an adverbial force and expressing some accompanying circumstiuice or condition of the action : as,— "The sun having risen, we set out." The noun 'sun' does not have its relation to what it qualifies denoted either by case-form or bv a connecting word. It is hence called absolute (ao-from, and solvo-to cut loose) l)ecause it is cut loose or stands apart from the word it modifies. The noun in the nominative absolute and its adjuncts make an absolute phrase which has ue .'"Uy an adver- bial relation to the predicate. (v.) The Nominative of Address. JLl welcome you».goo4Ma rt^«.'~ The nominative of address is interjectional in its nature and really forms no part of a logical sentence. -a^^.fA«a.Uf A *. .5??^ *'■"**' n?-*-*- *■ H »*' rV'«.*J»»*»s?^'*''PHI r ^^ GRAMMAR. Exercise. players. (5 iii.). 7. j ^„ossed th! ^y^'^-'e considered gooti heavily. 8. Thev sleen «^h!. ? *^^ '"°«'"» the snow falling :lown/his heart he'avyw.^h3orroi "',;' il r\ • 9' "« '^X the waves. 11. HeLcam/r^ /°-..R"Je, Britannia, rule hand in hand. 13' We haveTe"; ^^J-''^' '^- ^hey went storekeeper, went by u^ day. i^,^^";'^^^^^^^^^^^ H- Smith, the 16. Hejcomes, the herald of a ^' • ^ °"' ^'^■'R'^t not my law. Brown are here (c.T) "^ 18 rT''^ \^}.^' '^' ^^^e Misse; ^9. Mr. Jones^irfo;me,fi.n?"'' ^''"*= *=«™« ^^ "ight. The Objective Case. /proLJth.?!^'7J^Zt.?^::\ ^^^^.-- °^a noun or preposition ; ^.^ "He IffT w"^'*'^^ ^^^'^ o'" »>y a books." ^■' ^ '^^^ ^'^ ^at." "He is fond of also'^v^*T;ff o^-?ct?vT*'°'P'«« of transitive verbs cenl-p^e^cXr^cl^^^^^^^^ an object in simi^Jor ?S^^mel^*' T'I" *^^ ^^ective has a ranarace/°^^ttrare;?aSci''^°^*^-^b- "He asyt^gI)'^P«'«°'^«^<^bjectit. "Come and trip it 8eS%JtSft^tatn^e^ *^^. ^^««-- a certain effeci bv fhl .•*^^^^"^^**'^P«>ducilig factitive; ^^^^ He^ walledT; "''P'^r^ '^ '^^ horse >' "Hf marched his men^; "^"'"^ ^^ ^^^) his .;, , .^ - — "'"'^ iieu Ills men." ' <^^^;«ime. fBeflexive object. Shcat heT 'j>^*.-W« ■-w r^'T' I } lilt. ^■■^•^^ ' : ,^f:- :^-. '' SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. II ative caae in xample. ened their pace. • 3- The men '• 5. We shall :onsidered good le snow falling )• 9- He lay Britannia, rule 2. They went H- Smith, the it not my l.iw. 7. The Misses ime last night. of a noun or ^'erb or by a e is fond of itive verbs I object in ective has a verb. " He e and trip it Factitive >roduciiig i is called > walk) his he sat her 9.— The Direct and Indirect Objective. The Direct object answers the question Whom ? or What ? The Indirect answers the question Tto whom ? To what ? or For whom ? For what ? Thus, He gave me a cent. What did he give? A cent. To whom did he give it ? Me. 10.— The Indirect object is usually found in con- junction with the direct ; but is sometimes used alone, as : — (i.) After the adjectives and adverbs, nigh, near, nearer, next, Uke, and unhke. For eiicample, " He is like me." These words have the prepositional value of to— (hke me=hke (to) me ; next him = next to him) ; hence they govern the Indirect object. (ii.) After verbs that usually take both the direct and indirect, as, "He paid the man," 'man' is indirect meaning ' to the man.' This is clearly seen by supplying the direct, thus : He paid the man his wages. So also, I forgave him:(his faults). 11. The Appositive Objective— (See 5, ii.). '»! gave Smith, the baker, some money." 12. The Double Objective.— There are two instances in which verbs are followed by two objectives meaning different things. These are : (i.) The Direct and Indirect, as, " He gave me that." "He made me a coat." Remember that the relation of the indirect object may be, and often is, expressed by the prepositions to or for. (See 9). But it is wrong to suppose that to or for is left out and is to be supplied. For example, it is wrong to say that "me" in the above sentence "is in the objective case governed by the preposition for under- stood" We must sav that "it is in the objective case being the indirect oDJeot of • made.' (ii.) Two Direct Objects.— Sometimes there are a substatrtives mcantttg different things, both of whid* are directly affected by the action of the verb, thus ;— " He struck me a blow." 0t^ ''1 1" Ii.-..' ■.vri'ii.fiif. i^. t '-k • , ■ -■ <. '» »*, >> «.,, <^< 12 fe: ^■ GRAMMAR. person, while the other ;! *« **5^®c* objecWthe Other examples are •— •obj.;.i "^"-^ »^ «">j. of person) his lesson (Fac,i,ve "He asked me a question. ■ , WheT'iS: °°"„t ^'i,-*'- - the Passive, becomes the subS ,h. fu^ Passive, one obier, ".e Retained oij^iffhS'" '"^'"^ ^"^^ "C r" "quSh ."S^Xr^^ l-^S"**" -- asked & • "A boo,, .as ^^'l^^^.o^ir^-J^^ fnis construction nffK^^^^. ^^^^ the obiect '^e, oaU, Kse ewr"" j^ '"^^^^ after the verbs Observe that the obiert;,, "^^ ^"ose her queen " ^«r is not governed bv.hT" °^P^°nou^wS'and 4ueen. This is true nf oU ^^ y*OK and ohoosA Predjcate. (5«^^/^f I'^'^'^Ples of fte objS Caution ^n^ . . ' ^■''- ^« «« " two ^^^bS? ""'■"« *!» coiistmciion' ooject constraction (12, it) fe^^is'flv* : ,f'Mi' ^ ik^^ vif « ?'» / -• \X jr >#'<•■ V* - •.s SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 13 »low' can be ex- ence neither is 5t object of the ^e objeot-an *'^ by, or the «pn (Factitive lie Passive, >, one object and is called i6n was asked objects. So was given a le Objective ^erned by a m. '©, and also ►Predicate incomplete object, er the verbs ^; thus, lueen." » him and call and d ohooee - objective mstruction (12, ii.) Remember that two direct oblects refer to different persons or things. Observe also the difference when made passive (15). 15.— The Objective Predicate noun or pro- noun becomes the Predicate nominative when the sentence is made passive ; as, ''^He was made captain," " She was chosen queen." (See 5, iii. and Analvsis. 155): 16.— The Objective Subject of an Infinitive. The subject of an infinitive is always in the objective case ; thus, " I made bim do it." Observe that * made ' has for its object the phrase ' him do it * , (called elsewhere Complex Object. See 155, vi.). The subject of this objective phrase is ' him,' which is called the objective subject. So also in, I want that work to be done ; Let hiTn do it ; That makes him seem foolish. It was a shame for the man to act thus. ^ 17. — The predicate objective noun or pro- noun. Care must be taken to distinguish this from object predicate. The predicate objective is always found after an infinitive (expressed or understood) of a verb which makes an incomplete predicate, as, be, seen, appear, etc. (See 151). For example : " I know him to be an expert." "That makes him seem a philosopher." The pre^cate objective is analogous to the pre- dicate nominative and results from the principle, that "verbs of incomplete predication, be, become, saem, etc., take the same case after them as be- fore." Thus, in the sentence, " He is an expert," we say that * expert' is predicate nominative because it is in the predicate relation to the nominative subject, 'he' ; so in, *' I know him to be an expert," we say that -TT®*^^*'*^'* predicate objective being inthepredicate^ relation to the objective subject 'him' of the infini-, live *to be.' t..i^^-SB -(jl •;:':iyj»|(. piliPiM.tSA '^i:!* ■ 'ii^^--:j:v'y;' *k •lA */■■""■ »--<4,'.Af :. '. , ;»,ii.«i4*«y^ ^ , '1 'vi * . ,? - 14 GRAMMAR. ^ no. «™p,„. .K","^ 4WC: „0^rve_,b« ■ ,^„.'a«, the infinit ve ' to be • nf ^. consider' but itnr^»,^t. , Observe this difference in .« r^ ^ *' ^'^ Predicate, elected him presidem. " ' "' ^ ^"*'° '^ * failure." and - Thev NoTB 2 TK J ^^Heisknowiitobeanexpert." 'V*^® "^^^'■•'"J objective aii'irjU*^«^lr*>*' 1, . «^i'4>^^^^i^,;^ ( - '^ST «r 'V 4 der8tood,4jli«, r but It completes >Piex object (see i6). active predicate. ailure." and "They ik^ the objective initiveswhen the predicate relation e incomplete verb >un that has an ^'ng instances : uns that express c. ; as, I mile." «He jo expresses the % and (rarely) ship sails tfil e It youF own dify a verb, an Vt (mod. sat), reat deal (mod. P^ in the ion. 11 objective the Qouiis. SYNTAX Olf THE NOUN. I. 15 © I. Leaving the road ke struck into the forest. 2. He told me to take that to the shop. 3. Let me d ie the death of the righteous. 4. They frolic it along. 5. He rained shells upon the city. 6. Tbe-floor ran blood. 7. He ran the gauntlet (a sort of race), and the streets ran rivers (cognate) of plood. 8. Grace me no grace and uncle me no uncle . 9. They yawned their jaws out of joint. la' Death grinned a ghastly smile. 11. He footed it to town. He IS anxiety. 2. He hfcardbim his ^^H( I. He gave his parents no tremulous like you. 3. He taug ht me- g rammar. 4. lessons. 5. WlxaLas it like ? He did not tell us. ~© He dealt the man a blow. 7. We could raise you 500 soldiers. 8. Answer me the question. 9. His industry made him a great name. 10. Shall I tell you a story ? in. I. They call him Jackj 2. He heard the wind roar through- the trees. 3. I wis hyou t o come to-morrow. 4. I felt the air fan my cheek. 5. R is too late for travellers. 6. I like a knave to meet with his deserts. 7. He ordered the man to wait. 8: I believe it to<- be the truth. 9. They desire me to become a doctor. 10. He had me make a coat for him. II. He bade him go to the dogs. 12. They gave him greeting loud., ' • . ■ ' s IV. I. They' felt the tunb ers cratck. 2. A Roman's life, a Roman's arms take thou in charge this day. 3. They saw her crest appear. 4. I would have you cherish the goodly heritage 5. The wind sets fair for news to go to Ireland. 6. Now call me the chief of the harem-guard. 7. We can walk it perfectly ; well ; we want no coach to carry us now. 8. He. sighed a sigh and prayed a prayer. 9. From them I go this uncouth errand sole. 10. I warrant himy^ warrior tried. 11. I must not see thee, Osman's bride, ix They found the language a barbarous,, jairgon. j . . V. '■ ~~ (c) In the case of an ibdverbial objective, sjtate^he word it modifies. , /-^ VI % ■si'. , -M- '^}^%.^ ■ # liSSa^i^^'l-^ ■^u >%-ikiMi^MM r to-: ti6 GRAMMAR I. We returned another wav <, ir summer. 3. i waited daT^ZLJrJu- »'»y«d there all the jame dress summer and ^wimerTrL?^^^ t "« ''^'e the He came post haste. 6 I HnnV ^ ^' r ''"P ''■'ove full sail came night after nieht 8 ^u ''*.'''' * •'""^^ ^O' him. 7 He 9. She is six years old i?U '^""•'^ '»''» h«nd and ^ib^t travelled a da/ and a night S^r, J"*' "^ «««• M- He pounds. 13. Thev fell „?^ u- ^''^ «tone wdehed thr^^ turned out^he ?urks C J;S 1°"''^ *"d »»"• ^t fc 't matter? It matte s a good deal fl"^^' '5« Whit dS iSSn^r ' '^- ^ '^^ ^^' yof co^mTp T^ea^Ji- ^? thi^'wayi' "^^^'^^ "^°^'fi- the noun in one of ^) Attributively. i.isTe3?*S^ra^.^«yaUacHed .„,.He „„„„ A good man." _ ■> • •'s, Ov.) Atooeitively. nou„,'^„"d*^„firs''rf iL'^t^*^ --ched ,„ .he adjective ; as, P™™°**® "'^ *e predicate " He is good." sta/c"es^?thtXcl^einreniLJ?^ ^'ff-nt i„. . (^^ The prediS^ei"^^^ >s when the adjective cSmptetellf^it^^VThat modifies the suWt (noSttJ^- '^^J'^oa.te and "He IS good"- "WpcKaJiK u ^' ^ (b) TheV^c^te oWe " ^^^ ^^^ «. "'•)• wh^n an adjective completes ?hrn>5SS^^®-That's (an infinitive or particiffi L5 ^5^?0*lVe predicate subject ; thus, P^'^'^'P'^) ^d moaifies the obj^oti^ .==JiL»ant him to a^^ar deorot. " ^ =^ ll-,¥- % «. ' , 1 ■ Stayed there all the m. 4 He wore the ship drove full sail, tton for him. 7. jje iim hand and foot, my age. n. He one weighed three nd nail. 14. They • IS' What dots iow many miles did ne? I came last -TIVE. noun in one of ^ed to, the noun SYNTAX OP THE ADJECTIVE. 17 attached to the an appbsitive th the noun as the predicate e different in- Je relation, active.— That 'redioate and ",(see6,ni.). bive.— That is fe predicate be obj^otivB Observe that ' decent ' forms the completion of the in- I complete mfinitive "to appear," and modifies 'him' (see 17). Other examples ate :— " I think him (to be) foolish"; " I saw it grow dark." (c) The objelDtive predicate adjective.— That is when the adjective completes the pre^tbate (proper) and modifies the object ; thus, ^ "''He made me angary. 'V Observe that 'angry' completes the bliTe predicate ' made [ and modifies the object ' me ' (see 14). Other examples are :— " He holds the reins tiifht." " He rhbbed himself dry." 2 1[— Adjectives in the appositivQ and in the pre- dicate relation may .modify pronouns, but the attributive cannot do so ; thus, -"We are happy" ; " Bold and courageous, he was beloved by the soldiers." 22.4-The predicate adjective with adverbial ninction. Afteri some incomplete verbs, especially those ot state 4r motion, the adjective distributes its Qualifying force between the subject and predicate • thus, in 1 r , " H6 stands firm," " My blood runs cold," the adjectives not only describe the subjects, but also modify thd verbs. Such may be called adverbial pre- dicate aqjjectives. 23.— An adjective may be used as an avderb in poetry ; asy " The greSpn trees whispered low and mild." 24.— An Adjective may be used also as a noim ; as, the true ; the good ; the brave. 25.— Uses)of the comparative and superlative. (1.) The coknparative degree of the adjective is employed when twO things or two sets of things are compared ; as, *l^yamc s is ^all e r than I."^ -.-=::-.-:.rx^-^ ._ (ii.) The superlative is used when three or more- thin^fs are compared ; as, 1 . ** — [•» rf >'i'''^ ''jV'»;&''rf'^ ^ J^ .V i8 GRAMMAR •*- 'I V ' t "He is the tallest bf the boys.* (iii.) The comparative is exclusive ■ When several things are compared, the comparative may be used wh6n those things are taken in pairs thus m " John IS taUer than any other boy in the dass "' the Idea IS that Joliny when paired with each of the other boys, IS found to be taller than any dne of thenv • But we must be careful to exclude John from the other boys, else we shall compare him with himself. rhis IS done by the word ' otlier,' without which the sen- tence would be incorrect. Hence the comparative detrret- IS said to be exclusive. ^ ' (iv.) The superlative is inclusive. , " Jo^in is the tallest bby in the class." , Here John is not thought of apart, but as one of ihe ^roup. Hence the superlative degree is said to "be uic|usive. ^ crxzn, ^ (v.) The superlative absolute. Frequently the' superlative is used to express that a thing possesses a quality in a very high degree, with- out unplymg any comparison ; as, "There all around the gentlest breezes stray." (For the classification of thfe adjective, see H. S. Grammar) Exercise. 6— Point following : — out and parse the adjectives in - tbel For example— I. "For these reasons avowed and secret " .?^f. ■^.^"^''^'^'^^^'^J^^t'Ve mod. reasons appositivelv. 2. "This makes me tired.'' ^ . 1 1' y°""B' handsome, and clever, the page was the darlinEl ^ot tbe house. 2. Since he was* young, handsome, and clever.f ^the page was admired. 3. He lay down, his heart heavy with sorrow. 4. Amazed, confused, hb foutid his power expired I ,S.- ir^ }^ *•*« fiel<* the rude militia swarmed. 6. You are! a'^'w-^u t*" T'''^ 7- All looks yellow to the jaundiced eye. 8. With him lay dead (22) both hope *nd pride, g, Ibit^ld —TnowrterrlBle aM f rim. 10. Ardent and intrepid on the feldl ;^^4i^^\ ^. ; V .i--^- - ■» ;- .. V%-'*V4V.'v.^S ■ ' '.^-y^v -.Jsl^^itiT^J,^^, THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 19 iiaive. red, the comparative ) taken in pairs ; jer boy in the class," ith each of the other neofthenv. ude John from the him with himself. tiout which the sen- comparative degree Lve. ass." t, but as one of ihe| ree is said t<) be 1 to express that ai dgh degree, with] is, ireezes stray ^^ see H. S. Grammar). adjectives in • tbe| vowed and secret." reasons appositively . I objective predicate I age was the darling! adsome, and clever, f his heart heavy with his power expired.! irmed. 6. You are! the jaundiced eye.l ptuie* 9, T hai act! intrepid on the field] )f battle, Monmouth was everywhere else effeminate and lirresolute. 11. By forms unfashioned, fresh from nature's hapd. 1 12. That independence Britons prize too high. 13. Hence should one order disproportion'd grow, Its double weight must ruin all below. 1 14- Calm is my soul, nor apt to risfe in arms. 15. We con- Isidered him very clever. 16. All present thought him odd, J17. And slow and sure comes up the golden year. 18. 'Tis but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous. 19. A little ere the mightiest Julius fell. 2a She carries her head high. 21. He struck the man dead. 22. You have made your bands dirty. 23. Shame has struck him dumb. 24. The boys left the gate open. 25. I ordered him to be ready.; 26. They advised him to get married. 27. I saw it become dark. 28. I felt it grow I colder. 29. I shall speak whatever I may see fit to say. The Possessive Case. * . .. ' I 27.--The Possessive Case of the noun (or pro-^ noun)6how9 that something belongs to, or isconnecte# [with the person or thing for which it stands. Thus, r^ 'John's book.' 'John's' shows that a bookabOr longs to a person called John. I * A daVs journey. ' Day's ' shows that a jonmef^ is connected with the idea day. (For the Inflexion of the Possessive, see High School [Grammar). , 28.:^The meaning of the possessive case may be ex- pressed by means of the preposition of with the Objective case. Thus, for " My fa&er's house" we I may say " The house of my fether." 29.— Xhe Possessive Case has the value of an adjective in its relations ; thus, (i.) The attributive relation :— " John's book " ; "his work «; " my lesson." (ii.) The predicate relation :— . " The book is John's"; " The work is his"; " This lesson is mine." 9 '•vf ifii;) The obfeo^tvg pfedioate^^i^Tatloh > " He made the farm John's." / , \ ^%!r' .' i I I. i •■ *' f ■ f 2o GRAMMAR ■ts.. ^''4^''* appositive relation •_ ^u fnendofmine"; " A dog^4^ ^^^^'«"^' "^ app08itivi'S^^^3« o7 "S '^-ing Joined by the ^ " Tlie oity of T^n^^? ^^- Compare the expression, Exercise. 'book.' Say, rather, m^i^^Xli^"^ poeeessing warliorrvSS^'Utt^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ with nriest's and Robertson ai,d Rdd's office Z^lnf '"'"•'**' ^°"»e- 3- finely pointed dart. 5 Th^ earth islhiT^t"** ««dship^s Madam Lucv. mv mn^t^r'. J?-. . " *"* Lord's. 6. That k last day's SrST iT ove . T g? no7 S* 7. J»»« «e«tenant't Man's life i? cheap as best's 7o r •^'""l^-Silvia thine. 9. his and the Squire*^, wS ^ te m J » w'f ''*^° *° » »«" toy 2 came last niggt to ^ delr^SliJ*" ^"'T^^' "• Le«er, 12- T^is toil of ours shoulH^S^f^ ^^^ °^ X«>*'«»- lalo] loon \ [con |U8, thus (i pers( T comn of ad thei ^■i . \ - E V j: ^ y » 4 relation :^ ■^.. vith i jewe Dim: fh cuJiar qoii- '8"?' "A »ssessive used as a being joined by the >are the expression, ouns and pronouns of each. * 5 " I have Mary's ike of saying that case possessing lys with priest's and n-law's house. 3 J's and friendship's ord's. 6. That is 7- The lieutenant's e^ilvia thine. 9. Ken to a new toy of «nry. n. Letters 1 i?uke* of Yflik's. SYNTAX OF THE pronoun; ^| SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUN. 31.— A pronoun must agree with its anteceaent gender, number, and peraon. The oaae is -determined by the construction of the ulause m which the proittoun occurs ; thus in 5 , * ?™ going To see J5l4; he is my cousin," *he' is 3rd smgjilar, inasou%e^ in afi^reement with ante- edent John,' but in the^minative case, subject of IS ; while 'John 'ism ithe Objective case. If a pronoun happen^ to coincide in case with its ante- ^dent, It is mere accident, not grammatical agfee^ 32.— The iiominative and objective cases" are constructed as in nouns. {See Syntax of Nonn). 33.— The possessive cases have become adjectives, ind are called pronommal adjectives. {See Classi- ncatton tn High School Grammar. See, also, 29). Uses of Personal Pronouns. l«^l,^?J*~fer •^' °^^' °^®' °^®' '■<^^6'" to the speaker lalone, We, our, ours, us, refer to a pair groun or company of which the speaker is one. S^oupor L^JSt" I^^ speaker is a sovereign, an editor or contributor to a periodical, the pluTal forms we, our X^'t'^ ' w^*"Vr^ "'^"^ ^y *^^ single speaker of himself I thus:- AATe, Victoria, Queen of England." Ir^i""^ ^^^ your, and yours, refer either to a single person or t» a number of persons addressed, ^^ The old forms, thou, Jhy, thine, thee, ye, are nof in o?TaT° ""^ **"'•*,? '■^""^ •" »°^*°^" «"«» impa.8ioned forms of address, especially in prayer and in poetry. (iii.) The possessive forms, my. thv. her our vonr *^rA^."^d^ attributive adjlJifes; ?hS',^^' ! This is my house''; "I have your book." ^"L°gjggt tm m . hft r s ^ ours, yours, their s, a r e-^ ^ fit. \ - \ ^^- -T 1 "., GRAMMAR ,' - % »nPredioativ«a ^ ^^-^ andTn EngJfsS BlJ?e;^^^^^^^ in poetry silent ' h •; thus, °"°* '''*^ ^»n ^'th a vowel or Mine own ; thine honor. EXERCItjE. in '^f^S^LSTatetrt^S f '"e Pronomu, regalia formfthat «cur. ^^^ ''"' "='"S the leee holden. 6. Have you set^„°° , ,^r- '• '"'°« 'J"" «« Mf. but few (by voi4 8. I sSfkJ'v™. LT?'' ?'" ""'■'• varitfe^te'^"'^'^ P™"°"° -if has a ^ put after theT^rb «hus "'''^''''' ^"'' "''''^h rears^U. '°^ d'o^'Sla^ '*° *'^*" ' "' "-P-^ent. the or ISfci' " '" "" '^ " l-^'io" whether he wiU come (Sec Isl't)'* "" •""' *"** »>« dlHot' ooW" an aitor; thus "™"''""'" without reference to ^ It rams V«Itrs ten o'cTocP^ vi->> . ,■ -.ftJ;, '. *.,, U .1^* ^wy^mWy- un 'it' has a n it stands for a •bject, and which t ' represents the r he will come ' it stands for a feet; thus, i not oonle." helps the verb t referenoe to (iv.) Impersonal object, when it stands for no real [object ; thus, [theci^^"^^ ^"^ ^"^ ^* ^ you go"; "He walked it td^ Exercise. State the case, and give the use of it ' in the follow- ing :— I. It is not expected that they should do so. 2. This ' opinion IS just, but it is possible to rely on it too lone. %. It is easier to talk of humility than to feel it. 4. It must be owned , that he was industrious. 5. It is very hard to do that. 6. He I *"<^«** " °\«^'^e'n: 7. They footed it to town. 8. It is time to Bo.r 9. I think It a shame that he deceived us. 10. I con- ! sider It wrong to do so. 37. —Uses of the compoimds of personal pro- I . "^ words self (singular) and selves (plural) are added to my thy, our, your, him, her, it, and them, 1 10 make a class of compound pronouns. This com- pound has two uses :— , (i.),As a reflexive object; that is, an object I denoting the same person or thing as thg subject ; as. He hurt hunself"; " She is ashamed of herself." Simple pronouns are sometimes used Yeflexively ; as, " He laid him down " . - (ii.) For emphasis; thus, " I can do it myself." ' Myself is in apposition with and emphasizes ' I.' . Sometimes the emphatic f(5rm is found alone, the simple form being omitted ; thus, " None but (she) herself" Exercise. ™ «ao.— Giv€ the case, relation, and use of the c om- pound pronouns m the following : — ^ J, L ?w is)ll3««'«!Sl'Wi|VA*'<<'A i. 1, ,- %,**t • \^ .yn, '5 ■> ' t .'c > 34 GRAMMAR 5. I mvself will trn a^ ^' "^ ^°«s himself harm. Uses of the demonstratives this and that, havf ftlSintJi"'- "•^''■■Pl"«'= these, those, an/i^tXfSSi^, ir'™'== &&'- the latter, thai is1«7h?pS: FS of" '■"IJ.™'- ^'-e-V; I »ould purchase" P^*^' '""' '" this the thing Exercise. in the folfoX?-!"^^^ °'*^' *^^^t> these, those, '' rr*^*^*"?" raise- o'er instinct as you can • - He took i^d'Sri"o?"hl tn ' V*^'* •^"-- ' Virtue and ^^Tare before vou-'th" ^"'7 '^''' ^« ««fe- 3- peace. 4. Some place SebHss naiV'"'^' '^ ^'"^'y' »»>*' ^o call it pleasure, and conUn'm^n "the ^ \'° wV"^ ease ; those this : that he was acquainted whh thi.fr* ^ ^ ***' P"" ^'<^ «"« not to be, that is the\uestIon 7 fr •"*"""«• 6. To be or the enemy's line. HaTdy Sformid Nefs^n oTtEr''^ '° "'^^'^ 40^--The Relative Pronoun and Adjective cedent ; the other is that .f"'"^ relating to an ante- to that antecedJ;^^, - ^&.t^J^^^§^- ioi"i". I "#*-rf il^.:. f'-n'\'-; must go vourself. 3. e docs hrmself harm, ame but himself. 7. ^' 8. Mind yourself hyself unto me. la -w. II. Thyself Shalt is and that. lis these, those, SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUN. 25 Jh!&*=the latter, 2 for Irish slavery; IS this the thing ■r to backward B, those, in the you can • the man. this was safe. . 3. to misery, that to me in ease ; those What he said was lers. 6, To be or Eossible to break is. A.*--Kt*|i:*'«^''4 ^ GRAMMAR see^sl'and^rZ^' ^' "^" °^ *^ '^^ »>"^ -^ '«^'ative pronouns. Note (ii.)— Remember that the relative i.i,» .u nouns, does not agree in case with tLtre'dem'^Se'e 31)!"" whef itTs'^objecti^^t L~'"^- omitted, frequently "There is the man (that or whom) I saw " Occasionally when it is nominative ; as Here is a boy (that) can tell us about it "' Note—For full treatment of relative ' that,' see 134. iii. ^"i77''!i?°*®5®*^®^* 's sometimes omitted • as Whom the gods love die younij." ' ^' S^etmies it is implied in a poslessive adjective • as ^ as pra.se ,s lost who stays till all commend " ' ' Who has for antecedent 'he' implied ilT^Srs.' Exercise, use of^h in ^^^®°*iv®^ ("•) C.ive reason for the deUe o? ndeSni l'. (W^^t^^^L^^^^'^r ^^^^^^er the clause that each intmduces fv^?- ^"1 '■"'^^'°" °^ relation of each • ^vi \ ^^^^u '/^'^ ^^T^ ^^^ ^^^e and n 01 eacn , (vi.) Supply relatives where necessary hewL.^dSi'^Tl7now'''r'!^^i^*^"^**^y- '• I^-^-hat wrof*. ^ r- . • ^V 5- We found the person of whom wr«, one tLt iSk will t. ^° "*'" ^''*' *"" **°" ^ 'S. I h.ve -., ^:^%';>^.-.;i^^. •..**.. !,-i-^ as relative pronduns, ive, like other pre- cedent. (See 31). nitted, frequentU [ saw." ^e ; as, 3Ut it." ^at,' see 134, iii. s omitted ; as, ive adjective ; as, commend." ied in ' his.' ut the relative e reason for the Show whether d and relation of ive the case and k'here necessary. y- 2. I saw what le was not there, son of whom you the truth of this, one but knows it. r the day that he will defend me. 13' What is it oes? 15. I have THE VERB. THE VERB. h? 46. — The Verb (Latin verdum, a word) is that part of speech by means of which we make !an assertion. Classification. 47.— Verbs are divided into two classes, tranisitive and intransitive. V (i.) A transitive verb denotes <1n action or feeling that passes over from the doer of the action to the oblect of it. • "The man did this"; " He dislikes me." More briefly :—A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object. (ii.) An intransitive verb denotes a state, feeling, or action that does not pass over, but which termin- ates in the doer or agent ; as, " He nms"; " The flower smells sweet." (iii.) All transitive verbs may be used ^ltransi- tively, while intransitive verbs may be transitive in some cases. {For these cases, see 8). Inflexions of Verbs. 48.— Verbs are inflected {i.e., changed in form) to mark voice, mood, tense, number, and person. Voice. 49. — Voice is that form of the verb by which we show whether the sublect of the statement denotes the doer of the action, or the object of the action expressed by the verb. "~6ty.-^rhere are tWo voices - the Aotiv© and tHe PcusMdve. -'• I J ■-. Xl V \ .K Lf^^\'^^'«t.>/k^'i.-'.f'f€*'^*f>f'''^j'^^-^^ I / *r »a GRAMMAR object of the act/o/rihus "'''^" stands for the ' Active "Wft + ' wood is out by hSJ? '^^ ^°°^" Passive^" The -;. These verbs thr. i ' ^""^ ^«"s wdl." meaning" ^^''^' ^''-S'' «»-e in forn,. are really passive i„ e-^v;-^lSl^^ used in .he but If an intransitive verh ho ^° ^^^^* object- positional phmse, thJ object of ^^'^ "^ '° '* ^ P^^' be(jome the subj^t of tS vLh ^^^ Preposition may the preposition; ° «Th^f ^i'^'^^^^^ded with comes "He^vas Jauffhfdat^ 'h^.'^""^^®^ ^' him" b^ , action expressed in ^]aughe;i at ' '"^^ ^I'" "'^J^^* "^ the - f fi^^tt^-r^^^^^^^ -tHer the dix^ct otW .mams and is ^1'^^:'"^^^^ ^^^o "Spmon^^^^^^^ Passive- mofley." ' « ''^" "^"^ . She was given some verb^the foU^ StotS^PT''^ ™'- of the auXry verb be, foHoS byt ^^ct SlSpJ^^^ Tense. indiPte~the W^^'^f./^^^.j'^ch the verb takes to State or condition of that actLo^^^"*' ^^ ^^^ the /.- \ Tu- Zn ' ^"^t action or event h^ti'v-Aj' *j •, 4, THfi VERB. nds for the doer of 'ject stands for the Passive— "The of middle voice: — ills wdl, " are really passive in >t be used in the ' ^^t Object; ached to it a pre- ■ preposition may apounded with ned at him" be- i the object, of the either the direct subject, while the tamed object. ley" Passive - ' was given some ve voice of the aoteristios ;__ its object the consists of the participle. \ig verb takes to , and also the IL orftituro. (li.) The state or condition may be indeflnite* Iprogressive, perfect, or perfect-progressive. /^ ' ir „^;— Hence in the actfveand passive there are tfce followmg tenses of the verb 'give,' I. active. Present Indefinite give " Progressive am giving Perfect have given /Perfect Thave been \ Progressive (giving Indefinite gave Progressive was giving Perfect . had given (Perfect / /had been \Progessive \giving 9. Future Indefinite 3- (( 4- (( S- Past 6. u 7- (( 8. (( passive. am given\ \ am being given, have been giVenl (wanting). was given. was being given. had been given. (wanting). 10. II. |shall(orwill) /shall (or will) be I give \given. Progressive{^=^l.(-«i") („a„.i„g). Perfect /shall (or will) fshall (or will) (have given Ihave been given. 12. » /Perfect /shall"(orwill) ^"y ".""* \ Progressive! have been giving (wanting). Exercises on Vole© and Tense. I. I ^^S^'T^'""^ *^^ y°^°® ^"^ *®^® of the verba and verb phrases in the following :— * "» *im tri/'V^'wIi^u ^"'^ S^^? li^^^y delighted with their "es perf- ^^ dehghted-Verb phrase, passive vesterdT/ ^^f^T^ ''*k'"^ t 11°"*^*^ ^"- ^' ^he wrote me yesterday 3. They have had a good time. 4. It has been rammg a I day, 5 W. shall he taken to the hall. 6. ThS battle had continued for three hours. 7. The troops were now 9. The hall had resounded with acclamations. lo. The door opens and a straaRer enters. (See 50 Note), n. HeX ■»5 5 ,A. _ r ¥■ >h .^ »i' f^. i--' ■■■^^'J'-m 4 • 30 GRAMMAR. 16. They have been havin^a to«H"^^"^«etedat*^treal driven ,0 the lake. 18. i?r t)fd^s S \ ^7- We^ihall ij /9. He had written a^ e St on « f ' '"^'"^'"8 »° »''«1 taking a drive. 2,. Th ' L^" JYT^K-. 20. w3 front. nooD. * -aSeTTSV^cne^^^^^^^ °^^^e verb is t,J presented to the mLd" ^^^^ ^^ "^^ ^^^b is| modesTn w1[rch*u!fs?af^?°f^ ^'•''•' "-"^'^^ manners ori .^cjJ- --^---^^^^^^^^ ' I am tired ^\ <* Hf» aoi*^ u The SubiunctivA t5??^^^^ ^^ t""ed." supposiW but not ata'tr- '^ " POB«ibility o!^ "1 betrred"' "T^ ,' poverty." '" ' ^"^^ "<" sl«P, lest thou oome to by P^^i&^^'Zt f^ '^ ? fS™ "f "•' verb ««ing the relS'S^U?!!,'!' T""' '<»■» of th. ..bj„„c.i„ {de< sul exj ten cap ^vhfwe*asTom*rthi„g thought oif imp toh shoi I thini ofth [- 1 w< .Qrf; THE VERB. 31 ldirS+"iII^J?^°**^^® ""^^^ '^ ^^«n the work of feSS ^^'?? "^ ^^^^^'"^"t, dnd it speaks of actual ract^ The subjunctive mood is the mood of asser- rth'l'^inH 7i^^ ^ njodification given to the assertion by the mmd through which it passes. \u ®2. -The subjunctive mood has for some time been graduaUy dying out. It is becoming Zre Tnd more common to see the indicative mood where the subjuncjve would be more correct. "If that wSs to happen,'; mstead of " If that were to happen." StHI the sub;imct.ve ought to be used to express' Soubt, possi^ ?^^%®''?P°?'t'°°^°°^«®q^®'l^e (which may or not h^W^ ot Wish, all as .noods of \h^ mind of the 1^^ ?3.— the, subjunctive cafinbt be used in a simple declarative oV mterrogative sentence. It is called the subjunctive orVjoining-on mood because (except when I expressing a w^h) it is only employed in COmplexTea tences where oi^e statement is subjoined to another. 64.— The chief uses o*" thb subjunctive mav hp capitulated as follows :— ""juncpve may be " T-J" ^'ui^ sentences to express a Wish ; thus, "Thy wil be done"; ^' God save the Queen." ' This is called the Optative subjunctive fo>/o, I wish). (11.) In subordinate clauses of oomplexsentences im|L deX^tf °^7^* oonditionaJclause which to w' ( =^is^i[:^s5 '^ "^ ""^ ' ^°"'' ^^^'^ ci, 7/ °"^''°'"^^ .^'^^ "<^t fa^en (which he did) we should noMjave missed.the train." ( = past conditionil). Note.. -In the preseht condition implying denial (or some- . thinfir co;^rary to fact), observe that the pasi indefinite SS^ I^^S??^™^Jl"ilir^:' "Ifhe were here '-]L_ ^ GoS^uttd ^;,J*"^»*«™ «^°«"«i al«> in French, Q 4\ if i k rf^>?f'i>^mt'^&i t^i^^^i^^ it^' V ^^ '•••^ t"'"' " . 4 \"-''^ "^^ ' — •''t'*?' ^' « 32 ■\Wi] I *•,'■,-■■:''■"'' vJ' ■■."'t?4''"''' yi'm^*'' GftAMMAR. impli^JiL^PtS'ty'" P^'' ^°nditional clause, whicl-j , " {f ttt^^l^rS L%" rtf?' r-^presentJ (past). « ^ ^^^^ * d'd'nt understand you." («nd I ,h,„k i, ^„, , „„ „°^^^_|^^.j ^__^If that „„^,|„ ^A "Ifit rain I shall not ga"-. sho„M'b1%r°d5?^°'^'» go„orwe^'to% away 1 ■^ "^Tl!l''^^*"^.°P"°esmV6 clause- as ' unpun'i^h'eT''™'' '"° '" '>-''• *' wTci/d%ha,l „c. be| se,luen<^;"aT "■"■'"'"« * '^*"™ "^"1* -^ oo„- " I shall wait till he return." 'M lL» "'^1^" ""pressing piippose • as ' .urb)y:!;?!' "^''^ "° "-- l->ratoi,Tor should dis- as, '"^ '" ' '=''"^^ expressing a wish oontr»rr to feot ; ffi!rTh'"'^*"'T"' "' "i'h he would oome" •enc^^tllcl •^sf^SS?'£^"= ^" ^ oondItion.ST^. ftiture and oSnttamit „/.„'" I' '''^"^ '" "^ is cases the auxiliarief^ul^^Sd^H »• uAu ana WogLd are generally *?5S^*fe.4.,'Uj*o ' 1 ' . • THE VERB. itional clause, whiclJ re result or oon- 33 HngeLcyf''''"'ffn'J''«'^°Y^^ «««" (future con- Pt ?m Jibing deS^t "^^^^ "^^^ "^^" Lhr^""^°'' ^Jie SH*>Junctive forma of verbs and verl, khrases, see conju^ration (89). ^ * ^eros ami verb Exercises. I. and mood of the following in the ^•— (^ive the tense lerbs and verb-phrases : J^rhiln'^r'uT ""' ^•"'^ ^' *"»'"g- 3. Though he «n jank,r,g. ,4. Though he should hav^s'truck^" ic Exfe fod be with him. 16. Lest she forget her duty n uT jiould do so, I should despise him. ^' ^* " '^^ II. \>\Sl\^^'l'^ ^^^ "^^^ °^ '^'^ subjunctive I. "Now tread me a measure, "said young Lochinvarf 6^ im ^. S§''°'"t'°'""' 3. Though he slay^ri?, y^^[, 7; /J: im. 4^ Were I a man I should be honest K WoZfthllT hrXn'\ ?J,»^«?jf''ibewithyou^' Tlf't'c^ol^ 1 Shl'U nTt"t-eIl'mJirshTl?e"m: ^a"c^''''°" Tt VERB PHRASES. ..^ ■II''; ..'■:^ / ,. £-MM^--^i^: W*" fifji :''ti',"<-;ttX, ' >~%»'•" '*HeehaUgo.-'*;-rheyahaI .hey.are «ol^Z^^-=-'S^;y^^^^ Uv (/.tf. have aa independent meaning), makin] "aotional: IwiU (part «He •Site's t* ■^ :.::ii'l<-r-fi;K ■'S^-i y TH« VERB. 35 es. he auxiliary do aiK ;" They are so-callec e statement is mad« sr, and in questioni neaning. ^.^•. "ifJc IJut whether emphl >plies to all phrase J >t tense thp auxilianj )f the auxiJiarv shal rhus, " I shall go. tense forms of sht, anditional sentences >uld see." Here tf^ vill as mere auxiliarieil s the following para] mn, 3 sentences, used in the flrs1 jeoond and thirc 7 ; arid is called the will ha there." in the second an^ romise or deter] phrase is called 3." " They sha] ry emphaticallj ing v erb s but an meaning), mafcine St,';in!lr''£l^'*'^f •.'^''^y ^° '^o* then express a Utare but a present .dea.- In this case will in the -•et person expresses determination, e.^. " I wiU do ^;s"onf f n°^ y°"'' Shall in the se^Sd and^iM jersons expresses obligation on the part of the person pok^n to .or about. ..,^. " You (or he) shall do u" rhese are the original meanings of shall and will lid which are wholl^^ost when the verbrare useTas 11 a* Note that c. differs from h. in two respect*. 2* inMholf "'!,'' ^n*""' *" *=• '*•« t«"«<^ » present. 2. In c. shall and will are more emphatic than in b. (ii) In uaterrogative sentences. •ni ^^^ '^ ^^u P''°P^'" a^'^'J'ary for the first person. . lU should not be used here as in (i.) b., for it is absuS iHen'J?" ShSy'r ^^T ^"f:^?-" vvil/or'determinS [Henc^fe Ohall I go ?" not " Will I go > " nd JS ut^T°,?'?ll"'* V^^ P^'"^^"^ the use of shall "^i ^^"trolled by the answer expected. Thus, ,ot) ^o^^" y^"^*' ^^P^^ts the answer "I shall (or shall JO. " ^'" y°" ^° "^expects the^nswer " I will (or will not) (iii) In subordinate sentences '^- IcorrlsZd'tn^fh^n^^"^^ insubordinate sentences ■correspond to those m principal sentences. The chief landThr'TJ?,^ "oted are in(a). Reported speech |and (b). Future conditional clauses. J^ ' a. In Indurect or Reported Speech. lTmi?^^i'^ "^^^ '" all persons to express mere fiituritv l^SSll JS^ 'ir-- deLrmina^ "^^t^ Iwrite."^ *^'"^' ^^ ^^ """'"•" ""^^^ say you shaU These are the parallels of the direct speech. I« H. CO "S 3^ "^"^^ " ^"^ " I ^^ write." But, JHe^ysJbe mlL wnteJ' "J^Oii say yeu.^^HH.wiu"," r^re the parallels of the direct speech " I ^wEurhe""^^^ '1% >. '^\ ^4 ' itv - ^' I'^l J 36 GRAMMAR, and m aU persons. ^J/'^'^'^y^ sHaJl is sometimes used "Whosoever shfljff'hr l- commandments andteach men so^ hi u^'u t^'^ ^'^ ^^ese cases. Thiis, common than shafl in such '" If he should be detected etr" fK^ o/^^ Moreover the Dresftnf . u^ • ^^^^ ^)- ed," (62). °"«^««<1. (04, „, b.), or " If he is delect " TfcfJT " ™^^ operative - J*! ""dents wiU leave the room » ^,_^J To express continual orhabitraction i„ p„«,„, nothing"? "^ ^■"f '» school day after day and do hJiuIl """■'^^ persistent action in addition ,0 ^ J^TheStl X°s;'"iS2^;? verb phrases given express future time »rregrular combinations that . ^ Thi SS^'S^.^iKl/- • a* »bout to go. u-'^i.Cjnji ._ <,^^. ^-"^•^-sr^T'W^"^ ' ■s^. THE VERB. 37 5 of shall and Will genindial infinitive "to eo» in th^ ^a u , tion to the participle ^ ^ adverbial rela- pre^^tioT-abouW^^^^^ T"'^^ "be," the fivi^togo" in th?obje^crersl''' ^"^^^^ ^^- the Exercise. of shall uses and will in the 73.-State IfoUowing : — ■shill hinder. 4. Will vou »o? 1SX i . !'"' *°"' ""M wall be found out he shall h. „..-: 1, j '.. "• " '"Y O"" fc« 10 Ihi, matter. I. The,rtnCf ™!?V .t'" ^"^ "'"' ""^ bt ac. ^B-BP ^^ " "• "» f'clpck when it will be heht Ti /t.-n '^'^ 5^ ^*>"e ** «x lasting name that shaUnot I^ cm 'off l[ ^f! ""'"I *" 'L*"' he jol,«ofyourfeet shall treaShaU b^^^of r^ iS'''^ll['*"'' lie angry when vou w 11 ^^ k^i* ^''** "''*" "^^ '"««'? ^o. armed awiinst fh*.* »i,,ii ""™°"'* , 20. No weapon that is |is3agaiW?hLi in n.H P'^'Pu"' *"*^ *=^"y tonguTthat shal I -gainst thee in judgment thou shalt condemn. nodal Verb Phrases. ^Pdal verb pt^^Pfe^!!? ^' ^\^^^^ others called , u pnrases. These are ph^s that express '^s^^^^^^r^^^ These are of Note.-The« are no. dtainct „«^,. ,h^ „. .iJ^S ■*< f 4i -^-r* ^TTkflvf^i^m^^' 38 GRAiMMAR. ideas that may apply to a verb phrase in addition to thJ indicauve or subjunctive idea. For*^ instance, a potential verl ^ phrase may be either indicative or subjunciive aaSrdhiv action or state is viewed as a fact or as a mere suppositwr /unct^vc. 7se"koJ.):"' "'""' '^°^^^"' '^ ^^^^^^ •"* 76.— Conditional Verb Phrases. ^^Tr .f ^ formed by the auxiliaries should ani would fo lowed by the infinitive. They are found " no"t}il'5Sll^^"*^!i'^'u^ii ^^^' the condition i not ftllfllled or doubtftd (64, ii., a, d) ; thus, \' «li.l5^°P^^ylshouldorwouldgiveit.» 1 moil Jt I had (or had had) money I should or woulJ 'nave given it." "v»i*iu , 3-^ * If I should have money I should or would give. 1 m i" ™^ ^ r® ^f""^ examples of conditional sentence! in the present and past tenses respectively, in both d which It ,s implied that the condition # having money 3 Ts^doubtftiL ^ '^"'^ '" ^"^""^ ^""^ the conditio! In.allsuch conditional sentences the verb is in thi subjiinotive, and the phrases with should or WQUld are called conditional verb phrases. ^ oi,J??~?^°???^ ^"/ would are past tense forms . snaU and will, and, like the latter, always convey , ^^«i-^\ i" ' ^"•'^v'' °^ *^^ preceding examples, th P^?^ '^ ftlture with regard to the having ; and in " bo h tTie having and giving are foture Hence , follows^ that conditional verb phrases are, in the conjud /I?" SL^^^^ ^^^^' classed as ftituTe subjunotivf ^ (bee otJ). ■" 77.— Remember, however, that we have conditiona sentences with verbs in the indicative and withot ^ .,^ ■ ^o-^^^gq conditional ve rb phrases. Comp ari> tl -wboveexanipleswithTlTefonowihgreaclitoea^^ 1. " If I have money, I give it." '^^^J-sk ...;?u .'ifcw < i ^ ' -ij. »■* MODAL VERB PHRASES. 39 rase in addition to thJ astance, a potential verl ibjunctive according: as a mere suppositior wever, is always sub ases. iciliaries should and They are found il that the condition i] . a, d) ; thus, r would give it." ^ I should or would I should or would conditional sentence !Si^Ctively» in both n # having money ii re and the conditio! ! the verb is in thJ should or W0til{ ses. past tense forms er, always convey eding examples, thJ having ; and in e future. Hence i are, in the conjugal LTe subjunctive ve have conditional tive and withoi tses. CfimpajDt icli to each. 2. " If I had money, I gave it." 3. " If I have (or shall have) money, I shall (or will) {give it." I ]p these cases nothing is implied as to the non- ftilfilment of the condition, and all verbs are indicative. Uses of Should and Would. , 78.— Should and would were the past tenses of ! Shall and will, when the latter were notional verbs. Even now when shaU and will are used as in (71, i c) would IS the past tense of will ; thus, " jiyp" °^ he) will" has for its past " I (you or he) Shoutf is not now in the same way the past of shall. •' r - ^Q.— But, as shall and will are now regularly mture auxiliaries, they have, as such, no past tenses (for a past future is a contradiction), and the corres- pmidinnforms should and woiild are taken to express a future that is doubtftd, conditional or merelv supposed. (See 75. ^ 80. - Would and should, therefore, follow the rules of shall and will when employed in parallel cir- cumstances. Hence we have the following uses of should and would in conditional sentences. as. (i.) In a conditional predictive ftiture (71, i., a); I should Thou wouldst i i frW OUld^^=^ 1 write if I (thou or he) had time. ft-;; ■.'■ . /^f.\^f,:A i'ii<^; t ii. , - I ^'J.^ ^i^P^^^i *?, opinion in a mild and unemphatic kay, I should thmk that he is mistaken (if I miffht [enture an opmion)." . ^ (ii.) Would in all persons may be used :— a. To express oustoihary action in past time ; as, " He would come to our place at night." b. To express determination in past time ; as, " He would do it in spite of m6." c. To express a wish : as, "Wo uld that he were here." u •^ 1 . **TKe e^il that I would not? that I do." S^^I^L'^Uj. - 'tl-^iTli^v, C*^J.\W1^J>.U .' ^WW^^^M A2 GRAMiMAR. " I wish hp Txroiil/1 ,1 wish he would come." Exercises. " . foIlo^*n7t"^ ^'^ "^^^ ^'^-^<^ and would in thf" For example-x. •' If he should come he would se. " I ..p^^:^:i:^r ^- - -du J? ::L.e J J. One should always coAciliate. " . Should IS used to express duty. J;, " ^« tJjougW that he would go " Would is the past tense of mH in reported speech. reproha"%nrd ^4^^"'^ ^^^^^-- "«"' your place. 4. Would thilTh. ^L ^o« should have been ii would be a m,Tma7d fat ? 6 Rlel^'^r '■'',%'■ 5- m< 7. I«'"uldn'tdothatforan^*hinr «^v ^ ^''' ^ *''«"W go. I would do anything for some hSf.ao?*^ X"" '*'^'" »" ''''"k thaj she would Ro.'. 10 WhyToSunT^^ r9 She though, proper (condiu-onimprd) 2 V^u'^*';, "' ^' wouldn't Ih matter much. 13. It is too h^1\u ,^'"'"''' '"^y »hat it doesn't 14. I almost wi.fcd mVroi 1 ''''. ;°" '^""'*J »« doing thij would do better rbeSd,«""T'''*r"''^ '^'«^»»»- "f H •^.-i ■■-"-^.-■*- Vf- '-S'-^i.' ■ssingthe object as. ' 1 and would in thj le he would see. " :onditional sentence t| ; predictive sefis^. ported speech. 2. If he were utterlJ should have been id been there. 5. ^Vhl ; I said I should goJ '»u seem to think thai a eat. 9 She though] II. It wouldn't I J I say that it doesn'l >h.>uld l>e doing thisJ »ul Phrased. 43 0Q;_Potential verb phrases express especially the )88ibilit7 of an action or state. (Potential mean* iving power), (i.) The present potential phrase. This is made up of the auxiliaries can or may and Ithe infinitive ; thus, " 1 can go " ; ** he may be going. (ii.) The past I potential phrase. This is formed. by the past tense form of can or may, viz., could or might and the infinitive ; thus, "I could go "; " He might have gone." I^ote.-^Might and could often make a kind of conditional verb phrase, diflferent from those formed by should and would because of the added potential idea; thus, " He might do this if he could "=" He would possibly do this if he should be able." , 87.— The difference between may and can. (i.) May indicates either permission or mere possibility ; thus, " I may go**- 1. "I am pemutted to go," 2. " I shall possibly go." (ii.) Can indicates a possibility depending upon the power of the subject ; thus, . " I can go " = " I have the power to go." Note.— This distinction applies also to might and could. >*■ ObliEative Verb Phrases. 88.— An Obligative verb phrase is one that ex- presses obligation or duty. ■ » This is formed by the auxiliary must, ought, or should (-ought to), and the infinitive ; thus, " He must go>" " He ought to go," " We should .jBiJte." jL '^ >if Ir {4 compute conjugation ofthtvtrb will here ie given): &i^f^i.'i%, ',).. .jitfji.'^r,^ 1 ;'*'/■' ''° ^ jif^'tS? 'If ^' jIj 8 3 B •O a o 2 «S -"SO 2 ^ •=» * ?, V a M CO -a , rs^r 'i^ '^^1 «" ■^, ■%»;■ /.■? ,''*?l>Ms^f^ 46 •RAMMAR. 1. Present Active Indefinite-^z,., and Z./^^. ^•e.4 ''""*• '''='^^'' P^ogrcsive-^, ^,W„^, .„d ,,, 3. Present Passive Indefinite^Ar ,i^en, and /.^ Ar^" J *« '«?!!^^u"' tense forms often do duty for th*» f.if..r« 84, ii. "a, note). >"'" ' "''?"'<' S°" ■•■■' i* r 'J THE INFINITIVE. 47 ire also a few in thJ 5«f ?i»*«, and /^^ Ar^V^fJ -A conditional verb phrase, trans, act. subj. Would see. . predic, etc. I. The hair is dressed in the Grecian style. 2. It becon^es better to refer you to what h6 has there written. 3. She luld notremember a finer head or face. 4. I hope thou w^lt \t lie offended. 5. He has beeti having his breakfast. 6. It ay interest you to learn this. 7. She had been studying him, kd her first impression was now confirmed. 8. It may be bscrilted as follows. 9. What shall be done with such a ^ture. 10. The confession must be made. 1 1 . The men may ive been ignorant of this. 12. He must have been riding lickly. 13. Were that to happen, we should be worse off than sfore. 14. Had I known that, I should have been as willing go as the rest. 15^ I shall try it again as soon as I am able, Batever the consequences may lie. 16. Might one wish bring liin these pleasant hours, would I wish them here?' .■4 (• \ THE INFINITIVE. 93.— The Infinitive has the characteristics both of le noun and of the verb, but cannot rightly be classed IS either. This two-fold value is apparent in every base, no matter in what fomi the infinitive appears. Yet It is not a verb, as k does not make an assertion ; nor is It a noun, seeing that it has not the inflections nor the kame modifiers as the noun. i 94.— The proper definition of the irxfinitivcy seems to 5e :— A pajrt or speech "which names action or condition in the manner of a noun, and includes a measure the function of a verb. VARIOUS FORMS. 95.— (i.) The Rooli^Inflnitive. This is the Eiimplest form, and is found most frequently after the auxiliaries do, shall, wiU, may, can, must, might, could, would^ and should. — =34»ese verbs were fo r i nerlv t r ansi t i ve and feHow e ^^^ j;^'".-^ o^ a preposition , purpose of readine^ ' anH?c n '^^ ^° ''ead ' = ' for thJ the preposition 'to ^ and ill .'k^"^ ^P'^''^^^ made un J «"t 'to' is no lonL Took^H •^^'' '^^ root-infl^tiW J^n, but as a parf of the Ifi^v ^' ^ ^'^'inct m^pl^ Gerundial liflnith/e is ^"'i"V° ^^'^^ th^nan I formed from the Anglola^^f ^;"' ^^^^ '^ has bee ' ^ . in other cases the 'to' hJi ^^ ^*^' * ^mere symbol; ..^, ^'' ^° Preposition value, but "e hkes to rA«ri / ■,. vahi#> . K^u ^ r S'ood for e^o me ' "f«'' kl Tn 'Tn^'^^'Ve have the ge>Sa{ i^fl "-^-^P^^'^'O" has n^ '^^^ .'^ P'easant' = ' S^ .i^flnitive. But 5?s the same form aTSe?mn?j'' ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ing. It , ^-mct fW,m it in ^ynS^Si^^^- /qui^ _ \ 'n«nltive Phrases. ■»a r^ ,:j apparent than tHtt INFINITIVE. ^9 \J^"^^P<'^^^ng}o 'to give ' ari ,-to be giving • |v^ ^''^°' ^ b« firiven; to havf b^n c. Corresponding to ' edvingr ' are : -havine (riven • Bing given ; havingl>een given. ""^^^^^^ ' USES OF THE INFINITIVE. 97.— (i.) The Root-Infinitive is used as b. The objective predicate ; e.^., ' He made me go"; " I saw him run." ^See 16) e. Subject (wre) 5 <^« Better dweU in the midst of iniis than reign in\his horrible place. ' (ii.) The Simple-Inflnitiva with "to" is used • a. Siriyect, predicate nominative, and object : e^ , "To Bee IS to beHeve"; " I love to read." '^" b. Objective prediCdtfi ; e.g., bi'bSt""" " *"■" **'^"' " "^^"'d "■« "ridge t Object after the prepositions *«/, txapt, and :^*'>^-'—-*- 50 ■■*>-;( i GRAMMAR, c. The Oerund is used as :— 2. Object after aU nmr^.;,;^^^ . . '"'''^**"« '"'s. i!'<^bject after ^ prepositions ; e.^., «,-v?^ ? ^°"^ o^ reading novels"- making baskets." ""^^^^ "oveis , He lived bi uses of the infinitive thj ^P' — Some idiomatic require special notice. to-morrow ''*H«f??s'''i^'; " «« ''"«<» con. .meaning Ms .ptSfntid '^nd « itf owf ^^ V?'"P'«'« P'«d'"'«1 2. I heard him speak." «•».'«.— u j •Speak* is the objec'fve predicSe (t.t i'V^\^^. when the sentence is made issive h« thf ^i* '* **> '**"^' Hence 'to speak 'is the ai«i.!uf«A«»" the value of a nou predicate iSminaUve ^ «fin»*»ve with • to ' used in tl When the .e^e^^J fs ma?e pati^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ »«», *«• ^ plete simple infinitive with «»n'-!^ ^ i ^°'"" *'» *"co" the predicate nomiMtive case ' SZT ^""ir * ""PT '-il jpow dark." and •• T? V-- «^ Compare, •• We observed i •• W- ml J!! u* ^^ ^** observed to arow dark." W^a (Sll%":fd%5r"^'''" '"' "HeSJmi:%,» when the "nten"e1^^a£ n-. " ^'^li'"" object whicll object.JsSxa«^^^^^ '' becomes the retained work iu*°§.i'~'"" .•."*» ^" "^ aone' is the obj«:tive*ib,ect being * work ' (x6). " 8. " It u k.,d to di..- ■■ I thiak i, |»rt ,0 difc» -n .■%pi,i'«V- "/.vli^ij .„.:^^ .« -r THft ^NPlNlTlVtt. the infinitive tha St [imple infinitive with «to,' used first as the ifeal wbiect ^ndly a, Ae real object, • it ' being reprcent.U " ^3%! Exercise. khiS'oT-^lf^r^,, *^-^ infinitives and infinitive ihraaes in the following. Say wnether theyTe traSi! I. We have to learn the infinitive this w«>#^W t t »,- j .1. I .)^ u^ } ^.°^° '•'**^ "«*t week ? c. Can vou think of |oth,ng but skating? 6. He bade me go to ^am^r^yTsson Lli Tw .r'".'*^"*- ^- I did nothing lit e^eninlbui iTln ?' • fK'""*^u" e*^ ^°' *»»« health. 10. He heW the ban tobem the right, u. He held out his hand to be curS e;is"'°^1f'l*''''"T.^°"^T"- ^3. WeeompISedhTmt; lesist. H. She would not allow it to be observed ic He itiZ^'Z ' T? n '" •" '^r "• '^- ' -*» endeaiJur": cmemDer tftis. 17. It may interest you to know the sMr« x> ■**.^» le'v^rSSXiiS i^Sr^^ *^« ^"^d from ^nm^^"^u'*'°''il'" ""^^^'■^ P"''^ "ouns, though derived >om verbs. These are called verbal nouSs ?hev KtiT *?,^^^d in having lo?t XverbS T?o^t iLj\^r'";rr/'^^"'^ ^« ^^^'d« whether le lorm m -mg has verbal funct on or not To di^ritii^ lis question consider the following points : - (i.) Whether or not it e-ovem.^^^^s ^ftd^r^Sl^^o^e;" tef l^^rattiv^ve^b"^^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^--« 1. .^1 \J -1 <^-f u-^''-. '^»i4.^!!!* A |:"*i5 ' ift.'ttffei i 'ii^ -v. \ »*«r ■ i^ S2 GRAMMAR. (ii.) The Modifiers. a virbt&*T^; " "'' '^ "^"' therorm inking. iZ^^il^^i^^ ^^°^,'^P®«'^°& yesterday." If adverbs, irw.ll be the gerind ; eL I prefer speaking last." m,.iS"^*~?Ku2*'"°*^' however, is found with adJectiJ wd the?! ".^' • ^**"'' •'''•• *°^ ^^« demonstratives th.] " Th^t ihi,%r °fj"?: ''y*"*^ ^*»*^ examination ? " 'Reformatio^:'' "™'°* ^' ^^^'' «"" »»'°"«ht about tl (iii.) Wheth(^r or not the Simple Infinitive with to can be substituted for the fo^ in^ng^ 7? "Reading maketh a full man." ' ' the verS'noSn' "' '' "^^' '^'■•^' '^^^^ '«^*'--^' "' (iy.) Whether or not it can be inflected fo- th« plural, a gerund cannot have a pluralS^Thus w have a verbal noun in » The doings 5??at tl'iiil^Mffi ■ *«< V-llf -'-V ^■f I from the verl THE PARTICIPLE. 53 THE PARTICIPLE. . 102.— A Participle (Latin participor—to partake IS a species of verbal adjective -ah adjective that nrtakes of the nature of the verb. 103.— There are two kinds of Participles, (i.) The Imperfect or Present, expressing incom- Dete action ; as, going, seeing, working, sitting. I . * characterized by the ending -ing. lip The PerftjCb or Past Participle expressing Jete action ; as, gone, seen, worked, sat. ^is has a number of endings ; as, ed, d, t, en, n lometimes it is found without an ending, as in sat. Uses of the Participle. 104.— The Participle has the following uses :— (i.) The Predicative Use.— The participle, like the djective, is very commonly in the predicative relation ' the subject. . ?^\J^^ Imperfect P«urticiple, with the auxiliary hrb be, is used to make progressive active verb phrases "He 'is going," "will be sending," "has been IS > n b. The Perfect Pcuiiiciple, with the auxiliary verb if IS used to make passive verb phrases (89) ; as Blecrted"* ^^*"' "^^ ^^^ ^^" ^^®*^"' ""^ "^''^ ^^ The Perfect Participle is used with the auxiliary ive to make perfect active verb phrases. "I have done it"; "I had finished it"; "I shall ^*ve completed it." (89). (ii.) Both the imperfect and per fect are usgd in„thr *>'^ *fc4'!*(a *.<;..»: />AiKt*-A.-.-'. ^/^ fou!i ;. "^ ^^^ us laughing > " They set him free wShom h^^**"" P'*^P*>*''ions J ^.^ SeesimiJar„seortLTfi°nSi?(rrbr''-" I He came runnine'"- " h«. i -T' ^*°*' 0- ^r '^^^^^'i^lVt. fh^>«'«..ha. often .he f. Absolutely ■ r ' ^'^^ <■"'">•" sid^^Xi'y. „.hU J__u,e -".■ "Co„- -™.?SdSi,hrus;s°i&'ir^;« ^"-^'<' 'o- iGopomif WM^wouodeii^ *-:r i»»4efci j^s£;.: ,'ji-'rf h^en, and (b) the perfect pasdive— /iawVijf beengive^. ■I*: '"»?■'' -'■^i; '4v — v« * A Participles of Incomplete Predication. \pO-— Participles formed from the incomplete vfrbs a, become seem, appear, etc., are incomplete pai^ Jciples, and have the ordinary predicate adjective or loun to complete them. (98, 3). It " Being late for school he was reprimanded." f The participle, * being late,' is made up of the incom- • llete participle being and the complement iate, in |<^ective m the predicaFe relation to ' he,'4hile the phVsSe ■ \ ih the appositive relation to ' hfe> ^g^^n, "Becoming a man he put^way childish things." t-ii?-.i* ''^ case the complement of the paitietpte is the- predicate noun 'man.' . -' »;4fr>**T^> i . -m .'7, !«■ ^.^,^1 i' -. If i-.»«tened on. 20. Mttle careless, he made a mbut!^ ' "*• "'' "•"'»« ^^^^ « I a Ve^f SjL^^f^i^firuish a Participle from genI.!Sly^Sn^'itdT!!?^ «^Jecti^e are ,:. 'i« in the objective predi ?i-*"-.5 ,j- ■' ^f^yy^ THE PARTICIPLE. 57 (i.) Whether the form in question governs a direct ^bjeot. Thus, V Seeing the man, he accosted him." ^ Seeing' Governs the direct object 'man.' Hence it has verbal lotion and is a partioiple. (ii.) Whether the form expresses merely a quality )f the otyect, or whether it also suggests an a^ionor state a^ existine in time. Thus in " He has a pMasihg manner," 'pleasing' is merely a iescripfive word, and hence is a verbal amective. But in " He kept firm hold of his running horses," running,' besides being descriptive, also suggests 3tion, and, therefore isia participle. (iii.) Whether the fonn admits of comparison. A verbal adjective may be compared by using the idverbs mord and most, less and least, better and )88t, etc. Thus, in " That forsaken creature," we might say I" That more ^or most) forsaken creature." A participle does not admit of comparison. (iv.) After the verb be, whether the form helps to Imake a passive verb phrase or not. I In "He was killed by an I ndiarjj" 'was killed' is a I passive verb phrase, because it denotes the enduring [of action, and ' killed' js a pei^ect participle. But in " He was discouraged m consequence of failure," ' was discouraged' is not passive, because it de- i notes a condition which is the result of action. Hence , ' discouraged 'is a verbal adjective. 'f ftt Sf!J v «■ *.' I: 109. EpCERCISE. Distinguish between the participles and verbal adjectives in the following. Deal with parti- ciples as in preceding exercise.. I. He saw a drunken man. ^ring him dead or l iving. ac(}uainte4 wltH it. <;. He kept U9 waiting wbii« }i« bad a oi|l» 2. He is drunk with delight. 4. He miut jnake hiagM^£- ^iLiM^'f^^-^'i ^^itjm ^ "i ^^%i X.' . ij^^f s^a; ';tt;'^7«'>>^' y-^'^*' V ■m ^ GRAMMAR. «afely lodied 8 Can Jtorfed^,' 1°""^ ««,'«cued inmates mansion ill the fleeU JXlZ %*°S^^^ her ..pas .he was Ja^S^^a^a Mac^^n'^^X^" ^ '°" FoirTl^." '?ngthening lake were spied Four darkening specks upon the tide, That, slow enlarging on tht view, * our manned and masted barges irew And. bearing downwarda from Glengyle Steered full upon the opening isle. ^ "■»*.. -^t fi'st the infant AnT&K^^ PlJ^'^JS '" the nurse's arms. Made to his mmress- eyebrows. ' °"""' tioipie from the°(^r^ «*« toperfept Par- 97ji^^- ■^"^ ^'^'^d ^'^y^ has a noun value (.ee Sy the posSve .John's.' P'*'"^"'™ °f'' ""d modified (see''i0^'iir*°'P'^ ^"'>" ""^ "" ""J^'i™ value pa.^<;;p^^^;dif?i;,"!%t^aX:sv'&;L^*"= governed by the prepSsition' Of.' ^' "^ *"" ^^'""^ has its^sui^ScP'i7an5^S4:^tr^.J-;^^ -me' b. The gerund cannot have a subject ^r',^' ,'4^«k .'i.T r .„,> /''g«d tp an; < . 'It ft 4 'W :f<^' - ' J^ ► 1 . mem. 4. IsawthespiriV^JendJ^'^""!' «=>»«« of governl asking him for • book.*^ 6. WhafSfv ifnl??*' • 5- I wrote J no beucr than instigating murdJ' 7 S?"^ '«^ng war waJ *e best way of spending hdidaU *'« Ti7"'*^. 11 ^^ «n| flocking to sec 9, We have nuXr. «> V^* °«8hbor8 cam J See ihat n,.n climbing up the iS? of chmhing plants. lol feed the crows. 13. Sir Henri t-?i* ^"J»a^« tl>ec handed t.L ^'eguJations, showing tS S cSr/lU?*^ the Inlaiid RSrenueBpli -corded in the stoct book iiSS !?*«"°g a distillery must b^F A-resoIution, calliri u^n th??^h ?' 1"°^ *^^ »*'« »«"«• H pide7^hT£VoSrSiiS8. ^^^'^^^^^^ -' '^" say. What his polic^ ^^^f^^^ I^tThls^'^J-Sg pli^/ CONCORD OF VERBS. Bon in^d n^g^^Xs ^^^^ -'»h its subject in per- the verb occur with pronoillS only.^^''^ P""°«« ^H pn>n"ut7h?^^Tnd n^^li^ ^•"''Jf^^ ^ ^^ative antecedent rS^ number ,s decided by the He that^hts Or./..«^.) a„d runs away," etc " The council were not ag re e d." liiiv$S* b^a^ -M^^ «5. ' i 5i^?!^4'>? ' ^•^'r CONCORD OF VERBS. 6t ^1 Here the speaker is thinking of the individual mem- ;rs of the council ; but, (ii.) A oolleotive-noun takes a singular verb, if the idea of unity is in the mind of the speaker ; as, " The council was adjourned." (iii.) Th(ft, verh is sinfiniiar when the subject has a [plural form and singular meaning ; as, " Twenty miles is a good distance," (iv.) Two or more singular subjects joined by I* and Make, a. A plural verb, if they represent more than one notion^ thus, " jAn and James* are in t'^e field." b. A sing^ilar verb. 1. When they represent the same subject ; as, " The saint, the father, and the husband prays." 2. When they are almost synonymous ; as, " Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings." 3. When they denote things closely connected ; as, " Brandy and water is his favorite beverage." / 4. When they express different aspects of the same foot ; as, " To recover Silesia, to humble the dynasty of Hohen- zollem to the dust, was the great object of Maria Theresa's life." 5. When taken distributively ; as, •' Every man and woman is expected to be loyal," (v.) The singfular by attraction. Two or more subjects may take a singular verb when the verb is attracted by the singular subject which is nearest ; as, " Her knights, her datnes, her court is here." .«:*, \' ^a• '■« ,1 V- * Twa^' mo r &HBingukt r s ub je e ta t akea fojt- gular.verb. ^t; M> ^!^f \.*^'"M. W-' r- *■ - r 63 Grammar. ^™tely,,.,., Joined by or or nor 'I a. If taken /hus, .xc.^'^ -™-V, .. wen as his anxiety, w« hl,h,> E»:oeption —if th affinnedofboth;theplu7ans^emi?'^'' meant to be] ;* Pompey, as well as cJ!» ^ "^^"^ ' ^^"s, '^ , Here ' as well as '=1^^^^"' "^^^ ^^at men." ., EXERi^SES. K„ ^ *.'^! *" °°e language Vth* fc *"* P*<*P'e >» one. and S^Tbe pubUc are often deSKf^ £,"5°;°" ^ '°«^«^ VHogisiSu fleet IS under orders to sai »%k ^if?^*«°ce*- 6. The -*^^^»•^i^ltentio?^ or TR s ne«nn. "^ •iiese persons are uncertain. 2. »**»<.- ^^ r^ .■■-?>!: ■, L ' _i^r£— :A^-i'5S; 1-1 *, SYNTAX or tut ADVERBS. ' 63 ned by or or nor •B*' "^ J**" "**' Henry were at church. 3. Eithei he or I are* '^in fiiult. 4. Neither of tliem are better than they ought to be. 5. Our own conscience, and not other men's opiiuons, con- stitute our responsibility. 6. Where was you aU last night ? 7. No sound but thd^own voices were heard. 8. Good order, and not mean sa^ ' ^*'***^ * - the pens yours ^MMBI^BKil^tk't cold his course delay. la. He has ever lived. mpany you.' 8^ wanted," s the mind to take '^'ety, was highly reprinting. 1 1 was one of the w >s meant to be a ; thus, great men." person of the ^that have appeared B animals that have P«op'e is one, and in sect was founded f logical syllogism. «Mances. 6. The f». nation has not » sin is death. 9. h *"<' became at "cs and vices of nths of the misery ."•A laggard ii) Jr Elienlf brave forms in the oiated iivfeach *When there I sons, the verb shoiuL is, or I am, to blameT ,^,^ niore pronouns of different per*#fl sOpjJlied with each ; thus, •• Either h^ uncertain. 2. SYNTAX OF THE ADVERB. llO.-rAn Adverb limits or modifies the meaning of a verb, an €ui1ectdve, or another adverb ; as, (i.) "She sings brilliantly." Here 'brilliantly' modifies the verb.;,' sings.' ' n^'^' " ^^** '* ^®^ good." ' Very ' mod. the adjective (ill.)/' She spoke very clearly." 'Clearly' mod. spoke/ and ' very,' * clearly.' Note (i.) Only adverbs of degrecJiAx. ii.) can qualify adjective* and other adverbs. W^ . Note (iu) An adverb may also modity^ a participle or inflnitiv^ ; thus, " To rise early Is a good practice "; •• WalJHng rapidly. 1 soon overtook him." Special Uses of Adverbs. 120^— ^ " He walked up to me." * Up ' modifies the phrase to me.' So, also, m " It was greatly above his reach"; A. nail was driven deeply into the wood," > Ttj^niodify a phrase madcTip of theramcle«^lHi;' or the, and a noun:^ " That is just the reason.'^ it- 'I - y K tJif, ^ j^,^_*«?*4fek^'^''S ^"''^ t '"' '-^^^4' '&: ?>!?; ^v.*'" >(. f '- * . ..# J (^ GRAMMAR. '^7^: ^. i^. t^ i*^l« ,■» " He U only a nlo5|n''o^1„,-,°^ordiJ^lf^^\^'^'-'b which merely modifies the " Bol^^lt^^r^^P " ^'^ »- »« «- ? " has'tJoX^tSnT*''* " »«'*«™ Adverb, which whi'ch^{'oc'?,S^!?■thetestVt^e""*f" "^ ^""-^ » went Wher^he Jiked" h . ! sentence. Thus, " He connectf rclL etith Kat'vl h"".*^' '"K""" examples are .-" He knew h,IS ^'\ T"'' O'her went lo the station whe^^C^K^'^^'J".''^''" " They ' wnere they boarded the train " : a wo^S'^'S^Sl^^.r-SS-^'I Mr^,«'^»y8 modifies totroduoea »''*) m the olauw wWoh it and their compounds. ' ^ *'''• ""»">«. whUe, hiw, /r\ ckt-ka ' "''^ftJAttue, wktmuM* daam^^u^ r ■C3'-' SYNTAX OF THE ADVERB. 6C «- * Verjf, marly, almost, quick, much, mare. Once, twice, single, %te />y one, first. (d) or Degree : the, {/y4, iv.), etc. > (e) Of Number : second, etc (0 OfModalit^r : (1) Affirmative .Surely, certainly, indeed, etc. (2) Negative : Not, noways. (3) Potpntial: Perhaps, possibly, probably, etc. (4) Causal : Hetue, therefore, accordingly, etc. .K IS°^«-r¥<^** »«?vert>s are those that show the way in which the thought is conceived by the speaker. ^ 122.— Responsive Interjections. .nm?^ uT"^^ ^?®' y;®*' °?' ^y- ^'^^ ^a"ed adverbs by some. But as they do not modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs, and as they are used alone t^ resS t o ?n^^tiin! '^"^^ "^"^^ ''' ^^^- '^ Responsive 123.— The Introductory adverb, ' there. ' The adverb there has a peculiar use. We employ it l^acerthu^s?*""""'' ''"^°"* ""^ '"^^'""^^ '° *^^ '^^^ °f /•There was once a good king"; "There came a- vo.ce from heaven"; "What is there that heVanT?' adverb" ''^'"' '" ^"^^^^ ^" introductory Exercise. 124.— Parse the adverbs in the following :— For example, " Surely he will come quickly " Surely, a modal aflSrmaiive adv. modi, •come.' f^ulcUy, an adv. of manner mod. • come.* • dav'* ?*^°'«^'»"«I»«*'P«^ing. 2. She sang here yester- V SheifT?hTn7.'^ °°i • '".! *° *^ '^''- 4- He live, there. whr,.,„, '',f,PL'*'*,'**'«'*«'»« www h«PPy- 6. He had no JsSlI nX^'i^n-^- Laftly there came the king. Thc ■='. \ /4i I ..•f h Xi .i^ i I '.«., i» ■y^Vf «\ X 66 GRAMMAR. ??1^nL '^' H^topl^ the up train. 17. Where did he go? 18. I know not where he went. 19. He is only a child. lo He « an only child. 21. There's a long time between th^n ^ now 22. He showed me how many he had. 23. While he was here the matter was attended to. ^ Did you stand nwr him ? Yes. 25. He worked so well thaThe was highIy^?ai?S SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITION. ..u}^^'Z^ Preposition is a word that shows the wo^'*?!; ,^^^^^^" ^ ^O^n «»■ Pronpun and some other word m the sentence. Prepositions may show relation between nouns or pro- nouns and, ^ (i.) Verbs— " He went to the city"; " They came from the country." ^ ' "*=y "ame . (ii.) Adjectives-'- This is enough for me "■ " He IS good to me." . ' '^ r;Ji"i?i?"?® "^ Pronouns-" A man from the city"; 1" The dog m the manger." theifecttveTe.'"" ^°''""^" ^ "°"" ^^ P^°"-" '" Oftus, in « He came to me," 'me' is in the objective case governed by the preposition ' to.' . But sometimes the object of a preposition is, tinn^'.i^"."*™* PJ™?*' made up of another preposi ^^U^ZZiwf- '""" "•"*" ""' '•O'-^'i 'till Note 2.— T he wor d " of "gometimen ln«i.. its^ , ^^W^comes a mere appoBitrve connecti^vTX "Thecnmeofmurder"(5, ii., notea). ^ 4«» n'Jl *"iJ- ,t'#: t f^'- h forme"; "He man from the the adverb phrase SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIMf. g- . ^?*^~P''epositions (Latin Srae h^fr^r^.j. place) generatty stand before ?C%^rAllt' '^'""'' ^ but they may come after therJJ ^"^^ '^^^ ^°^«"^ 5 theworidSver'5'^ "^•' :^^^ fi^'^^ '"^ong"; "Look verb^^STh^'^^e^^^^^^^^ come forP" " i«k„ • .i. "*""* ',f'<^"' Wliat did vou come ror f John is the name that Jie answers f^^^ But when they are put after, theirVbieSs Jr. r ' horse to nde on"; "Your ratP choit k ' ■^'' , ^ ?°°^ "Nothing worth shaking Off" ^^^^^ ^^^^"^^^ *^"' Note. - For phrai^ prepositions see 143. ( v. ). ' Exercise. exam^k'"^ SpnH /h ^ P^-^Pf itions in the following. For ' example, Send the parcel to town in the eveninf » ^ to-a preposition, relation ' town ' and ' send ' in- a preposition, relation ' evening ' and 'send.' I. ^ney mock the air with idle stat#» t wu t. • ^ ^ at Heaven's command, arose' from out' *t ^*'«" ^ruam first, was sensible of the tnahS this ZiS^i*^^^^^^^^^ 3- I:. was consented to. c. It Llrlt^^^' ■ tJ^l Rcnerous advice country were the firs^t prindSe of^.Hn ^"^ '*•** *^= ^^^ »»>«' even for their own wke^ S*^ n ^°" '° '"*'." ^^ business, but never disp^ of %' Thi hT/ T'" ^^^'^^ »"*1"'«<^ int« face in. 8. ThTtrierf L^ k » • ''' ^^ "*'"'' •«"" »ho'» my matter over, at Si ,? fe,*;"\ '" T?'"" 9- He looked thi of. II. The sound 'seemed^r/n2?'°" *! '°*'^« "'^ «<^~»nt ' She sat near the lake (Jri? T, ^^ ""?" t*** «<>«'• 12. 14. We were delayed^n LoLt nl,„ T?"'» '••^* * "<>"«'• nothing but play, ifi ThTt-n-l? ° »cc'dent. ij. They do E:^J^Ze)^''^' ^''^'''' ^ /»-^-«-^^. ... 148, ■*.v '>„ '1 ? T - if. $i«t| - -^Jf . -^ • «'^^'"^ ^^ 'WJ^V . • ^ '■f*!^^^ ,ffw;5'^/*^IS*l %,'! 6S GRAMMAR. K SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCTION. ' " They listened, but they could not hear." (i.) CJo-ordinative Conjunctions are those that ioin together sentences or clauses of equal rank "'^^•'°'" These are subdivided as fo»ows--\ Clause to another. Such are :~and. also' likg-uiiL «r well as, further, moreover, now, welL ^"^^"*' ^ b. Alternative—Those that offer a choice of two or .more-thmgs Such are -.-or, nor, either, f,e!ther,Z. . c Correlative. -Alternative and alsocooulativp r^r. junctjons may be correlative ; that it be S t^geS ^tr^Jiifj^^r""' ""' ""^""'^ "'"• —'*'- ^^^^soX» '■'-^'^'' '*"'■""■'' ""^f"' "«'■ £ OanaaL-Those that.denote cause, such as/»r. JTote a.-Combination8 of some of the ahow A«ni.«^.ua «reccmmop, thu.. but then, but y^^MtTx^^';^ X,'n^>tftn4. % ,*>■ 1 0:- fiV*" '.Jt^.i ^ i.) Co-ordina- SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCTION. I. l>ut ..h.n, «,d yet. .Vd th«.fo "' ^"""P'" "' '"ch .„ •That' W^t"" r-'''.*- ^he c6uld.5^ ' T • couM'to'wouldgo.' ' Jo'n? the clause I 'he „JiU'""''"""'^"''J"""i'»">-^ ">e following L. There ^re conjunctions, if! 2r £*■''*• «"*'''■''♦ «"4'«^ (-1.) II»monstl^tii|e (iii) Pemonstrfid^i „ ' 'i,)t'Belative ProntftLttl ^ou speak of." l^!y^- ""u^ ' ^^.** ' «^Wys introduces an adieotive M^m ^ J "^^^^ "^^"^^ "'^^'^^^ the decedent ; thus, *^®°^^^ :|3 1 "^ m^i " We came the day %t he was hurt (on) »' Here -' ' ' J? n' r^K-'''^' ^^ ^^^ htfr modifies 'day °and '"a? b. " He is not here that I know of H*»r« tu^ ««* ' ^te"nU%iz^ ?S.^S^*T 4^^ -plied i'ul;^ mat r^Ce'dbyVof??" '"'"^ ^',^,'^ ""^ '^H^' i^ objective .'" aiteVoZJtdf '"^^H. '^1!' ^' Multiplied that hasten 2iS • *1 ^ - . ^^* ^^e antec^ent of ' that ' is im- . . phed m the possessive adjective ' their.' ' u ^' lu "^ "^''^^ ^°^es that he does not mock me » ■^ ^^^J^'^^'^'^^^ inadleTb'ne^;' \^i"!- f P' J ^"^^ '^ objective governed bv nre- poiUion at ' underst09d at the ei;d of the clause. ^ (iv.) Subordinate Substantive Conjunction "intri?** '^ ""^"^"^ ^ substan^ve conjunction when' it a. Subject of verb. b. Object of rverb. c. Predicate No d. In as there'is certain." that she was iU» ith is that he did it." t that ('/ wirx .A- ■y-t uses : — Cthat." man." V the person in a^eotive » (on).»' Here /,' and * that ' position ' oil ' ere the ante- in the main ' is objective that hasten that * is im- mock me." k'erb ' never ' led by pre- use. unction. ion when it most of the that 'that' wing, ^¥here *is certain." was /■//.'' b ^ didst." Wns=, • ■»' ,1'> ^ . ^NTAX OF THE CONJUNCTION. 71 .- e. Object of a preposition. ««YoU err in that y^w shed innocent biood.^' "wu^w \jj' 4^v®^J>ial objective. " I am sorry that she dtd not comeJ' ^ ^^.k ?^^^^» objective. " I think the cause to be that M was idle." \ Nomihative absolute. " Granted that he did so, what follows ?" ' * (v.) Subordinate Conjunction of Purpose. "He died that ( = in order that) we might live." " , (vi.) Subordinate Conjunction of Cause. "Now that { = since or ^^fa«j^>^ou mention it, I remember." " * m » (vii.) Subordinate Conjunction of Result or Con- sequence, a'i^ -«^ 1 yjyju. " What were you doing that you did not come?" «^iLfc\ ^''V^' ^""^ i^"^' '*^**' always introduces adverbial clauses of purpose, cause, and result respfectively. ' «««*i/ Exercise. ^i^ParseJthat • in the following sentences':— I. Let us go early that we may get seats. 2. There is no need that she be present. (iv.. f). 3. On the day that thou eatest thereof, etc 4. This is something that I mSt euaSd against .5. That wine is dear. 6. Is hi an orade thK should ook up to him? y. He wai so weak fhat he fell (vii.). •fhe dai .hTr**h/'°'** '*'? ""**• I went early. 9. I ,eme\nber the day that he^ore it. la For thos^ that fly may fisht ri^SJ?P*^*^^' do that's slain, n. The triumph of 1 1« th« l^fm,^. That there should be such a likeness Which T/*H<^* ?r:**« that that that should have h^l ?hiv m^t His praise IS lostthat. stays till all commend. ^. They m^e« bargain that thej^vould ndveif forsake eath 6ther. w™nillTO#a8al;reat poet. ^ Kwledge is «oud io fflori? >*"n«■ 't 72 GRAM^fAR. » - <^«; fiirther examples of the uses ot 'that.' ice exerciMs under clauses, 167, X71, 175). ' ■«««««»«» Omission of 'Tliat.' ^ 136.— In clauses of all kinds the connective * that ' whether relative pronoun or conjunction, is oS omhted. \ and^p1Se~il." '^' ^«"°^'"^'^^"PPly ' ^^t ' where omitted «ll f '..1*'°","*?'''^^ *"* *'*''"• *• No wonder you are deaf to all I My. 3. I do assure you I would oflFer Wm no IwT A The moment my business here is arranged, I mu?t xt oS* t Now I thmk on thee my hunger's gone. 6 Take »£ «^ fi?' ^ ^.f"«'VJ?'" y/Here^findTatcaLTjoSSvS^oft o befoie. 8. There be some spbrts are painful. • ^ *•' "** P" 9. And you may gather garlands there Would grace a summer queen. , % ' Uses of • But.' ^ „ 137.^The word ' but ' hai^he following usei :- ' o JdlaSTiis'^e'e/P"^^^^ watchedand tended, l^t (iii.) Oo-ordinEte Adversative Coniunoti6n- t^2 " He was honest, but he was not este«2e?° « ?li but he had fled "; « Brave but tender." ' (iv.) Ne^tive Relative Pronoun (-Mo/, w/) " There is not one but knows it" i'pl ~ tive claST ^ /*«^«^. introdacing « ijic. ;-^i!i:y>„SL,.siM-^- «Aiifr«*pt ■" . II t,' Ke exerciies where omitted SYNTAX OF THE CONJUNCTION. 73 a. Preposition (= excep/), governing a noun clause. 3. Subordinate Conjunction (= un/ess), introducing an adverbial danse of condition. u-fr,l^*^^®^** of degree (=on/j^); "He is but a child.'^ Exercise. 138'~Explain the grammatical uses of ' but ' in the following : — I. There is no fireside, howe'er defended, but has one Ta«nt chair. 2. There is rarely a great gathering but some acadent occurs. 3. Not but that I might have gone if I had, chosen ( = 1 would not say anything but that, etc.). 4. Death but emombs the body. 5. Kings should groan for such advan- tages^ but we, humbled as we are, shotiild yearn for them. 6 Had^seen thee sooner, lad, but had to see the hounds kennelled tint. 7. abort his caree^ indeed, but ably run. 8^ Not but yat they thought me worth a ransom, bht they were not safe /when I was there. 9. Man never is but always to be blest. iuJ'2']**'**'"ll°®'****y to believe it. 11. Whence all but he bad iied. 12. There is'nt a girl in the class but remembers ». 13. They love him not as king but as a party leader. 14 bay where greatness Ues ; where but among the heroes and the ?ilf .: . '^* ."«,.'«'0»jd have gone but for his lameness. 16, Don t imagine but that he has done his best. 17. As regards this matter, I can but say this. 18. He aU but fainted. 10. He says I have wronged him ; but so far from that I have done him an the good I can. 20. All our ambitions death def< " but one. Vaes of « As.* 180.— The word 'as* has the following uses :— (>0 j^4v©rb of Degree. " It is as good as mine." y N hnU -The second * as * in this example is not an adverb. |iihction^(see belowj^ ' (iiO Belative Pronoiin. a. Aftei- the correlative ' such ' or * same.' t ' H <»■'' tl II St* r- i t%i> *•: j-r 7.- • -«■■ GRAMMAlt. b. When the ahtecedent is a sentence " He is ill as we-know" ; » He is JSe as (i§) ul&al." c. In the phrases 'aato' and 'to fot.' oe / u^°ux^^* ^ cannot say " (= I cannot saj<(anything) plrtrJlan'!"^ P'''^'"' '° '^^*^- "As for me I L nS Th^se phrases are the result of contraction, and ifes alniost impossible to supply in some cases the necessartr words. Perhaps ' asfor me ' = ' as Js for me.' But it is safe to cpnsider that 'as' in such cases is the subject of some verh^formerly expressed, but now only implied But see. c, 2. ' a# ^ ' d. After the correlative 'as.' " He is as worthy a man as ever lived." ThiW, perhaps, the only instance of a definite relative pronounl^ introdUong an adverbial clause (42, iii.). I \a ^"U S^l>ordinate Oonjunotioo, introducing an* 4dverpy;lause, '4^ * f CHPTime. "^s^w them a^ Ahiy were passing^ &• Of Obusq. ^^As // was Past the time, I let c. Of Maimer. "He did^u^ told him.'' ,f P^ ^^"^P^'^^^ij " 'T^ey are not as idle as they in lir"ti^+!^'^^^''*^'"^*^ tojun^idn,-is oftei^found m an 5lllPtlfi^^sentence, wKer^ if the ellipsis be ^"I?P^'ed^a8,i»^m found to intrdXce an adverb claus^ \.r.v^W^W '^'^'^ as^mine (is good)." The same ,...\- " ^e lotfks as (he would look) if her were tired (in.), c. c. « He put it of f as long as (p utting it off was) « possibte."* firi;)7a: ' d. « He as (he is) a teacher should be patient." (iii.,b«) i'A^i 4l^%-'->« ^ ■^'isl' ri^y-,.' ',-7 /»'.-«. < , , f "^1 .!'%►(« '^r CONJUNCTION. 75 e. "(Although they are as) poor as they are, my friends are honest." (iii.), d. f. "You must act so aA (one would act) to gain ajquobation." (iii,), c. g. *' He inet,aB it werp («as be would meet if it were) the lion in his den." (iii.), Ci (v.) But tlrereare jA>ecial idiomatic phrases where it is hardly possible to fill out the ellipsis so as to give 'as' its prot)ei' meaning. , , ^a. Somietimes ' aa ' = ' in the character of,' 'in the light of,' 'with respect to' ; le.g.^ " He did this as a pre- caution"; "As a rule he was very attentive." Here ' as ' is most like the preposition and may be so con- sideredii . b. Appositive Connective. When the noims or pi^onouns connected by ' as ' refer to the same person or thing, ' as ' is called an Appositive Connective ; e.g., They like him a*^ minister"; " As a riiler he was loved.'! In such cases ' as ' is most like the co-ordinate junction. c. In Compounds. I. In Compound Conjunctions ; e.^., " He looks as t|iough he were tired." ' As though ' is used in the same sense as ' as if ' ; while if the ellipsis were |||]tf d out ' though ' could not begin the conditional clau^'^ *" '" (iv.), b.. ,S*,„|i 1 \ m 2. In Compound Pre^sitions. * As to ' ani ;^t||i|- tor (Sec. ii., c) are often considered compound prepositions, and in some cases, indeed, ' as ' can hardly be taken as a ^%^tive pronoun ; g.j^., " He was doubtful as to which it wz^s." S In Compound Adverbs ; e.g., come 9S yet." Exercise. They have not Tii the formwrfff ^emencesT=^~-" I. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. 2. Such a one ;* M lY: '-','* ''I '' w^"' " 'x;'"-'. ■'"^A'ST"^ 76 r.RANfMAR. ^ •. 4'- N M he can succeed. 3. As we live so we die. 4. Thincs will be but as they were. 5, He settled in Boston as a place of cul- ture. 6. B. appears to-night as Hamlet. 7. They are spoken of as the elder godS. 8. Bad as his actions are, there irstill hope that he will reform. 9. He was as good as his wortl. 10 His fame as an orator was great. 11. He did his duty as chairman. 12. They loved him not as king, but as .a party leader. 13. I cannot lend you so much as a dollar. 14. They are spoken of as thieves. 15. He looks as if he were tired. 16. Work as he may he will fail. 17. Mu;ch as I would like to go, I will stay here. 18. My gbide. as a matter of course, did t»ot know the way. 19. As for me, I gave way to him as to a earned man. 20. I gave that as an answer. 21. Nothing has l^endone as yet. 22. The ship was lost, as you are aware 23. He IS the same as he was. 24. He is such as I admire. 25. I shall remember it as lojjg as I live. 26. He spoke as h.Uows. 27. As to that I will say nothing. 28. He governed wisely, so as fo gain attention. 29. I cannot do so much as wad. 30. I am not such a fool as to believe that. PHRASES. 142.— A phrase is a combination of two or more words (not including a subject and predicate) having in a sentence the va:lue of a smgle part of speech. Compare the definition of clause (163). ' Note/fche words subject and predicate here do not irioltide the objective subject and objective predicate {i6 : qjA bV as " I saw him go." ' Him ' and « go ' are related a^soVt of sul^ect and predicate, as the action of going is indin^tly predi- cated of him. Yet such combinations are nolPclauses, but phrases. In the former the subject is in/the nomtna- tive case and the predicate a finite verb/in the latter the subject is m the objective case, and the p^dicate o-n infini- tive or participle. 143.— Grammatical 'Valuef>(of Phrafites. A phrase may have the value (i.) A noun. ---^Aa iheatibfect^^Mlteg shoeBishi s busines i? b: As the object—" I saw him go (or him coming).' c. Aft (ii.) A In "The predical No^e.- note ortb is an adjec another ad (iii.) / we reachc phrase m^ Obser adjective fies 'we.' Like express ^ No^- monbr ma( /(iv.) ^ s§nt." / For f ciple phi (v.) A his idlene •way of, b^ of, in reg (vi.)y of these andjurt^ Point phrases i I. Thi her course — waaa mat 5. They j has been %. '?P»^^v»^7^y^^^^^^^T^^ t l(H(f»*JTBT -T--S«fc-' I V" PHRASES. 77 ' ■:\>il as " Making a . . . affair ' of the affair ' is c. After a preposition — " I am tired of doing this." (ii.) An adjective. "The store at the comer." In "The house is on the hill." 'Qif the hill' is a predicate adjective phrase. y^ Note. — One phrase may include aiu»tner ; note olTthe affair, he departs." ' ^king is an adjective phrase modifying 'Mt,' while another adjective phrase modifyjrfg ' note.' (iii.) An adverb. "Proceeding from that point we reached a river." ' B«)m that point ' is an adverbial phrase modifying the^rticiple 'proceeding.' Observe that tKis adverbial phrase is part of the adjective phrase/proceeding . . . point,' which modi- fies 'we.' Like the^ simple adverb, the adverbial phrase may express ^ime, place, manner, etc. Notcr^ — Adjective and adverbial phrases are most com* monUrmade up of a preposition and its accompanying; noun* "verb. " He is going." " He has been For full treatment of verb, infinitive and parti- ciple phrases see 89, 96, 106. (v.) A preposition. "He failed on account of his idleness." Some df these phrases are : in front of, by way of, because of according to, from out,, instead of out of, in regard or respect to. (vi.) A conjunction. " He as well as 1;" Some of these phrases are : in order that, seeing that, but yet, andjurther (131, note 2). :krcise. Point out anfil<;^j|^iye the grammatical value of the phrases in the following j I. Things went on with little variation. 2. She pursued her course with a certain quiet, curious humour. 3. Her face -waa a matter of conjecture. - — 4r 1- knew th e name at -th e e o d^ 5. They are in close alliance (See ii.). 6. A new card-plate has been engraved. 7. Things can be said in the dark that ■'M ■■^'j'z.t ^^V^r' #'r ,'i.' ."3^ »>;\'^, vt'' £) / 'P'^ ■ \ 78 GRAMMAR. would shrink from speech in the broad Tight. 8. I am keeping you because of this. 9. " See here." he s^^d, returning one? more to the charge. 10. The situation, in ^ John's opinion. Having reached a climax, there was nothing for it but to wait results, n. He executed the orders of his superior to the very letter. 12. For the first time he- looked behind him. n! JNearer and nearer it came, dancing to the tufte of a man's brisk walking. 14. Yet there was only wie way to silence him, and* hjft way this great-hearted fellow, if his simple instinct, trusted to providence. 15. He tramped up and down, beating off the cold with his wiry arm§, and stamping his booted feet, strikinc^ T Au'^t-™, ^^^ frozen ground. 16. I jm not exactly sure about the hilarity of the occasion, even. now. iff. The Spanish fleet, with broken sides, lay round us all in a ring. 18. The speech of Lord Stafford upon hisvtrial, is. in my opinion, one of tne most simple, touching, and nible in ourjanguage. 19. All • being in readiness, they departed. 20. Inslfcad ofdoing this, ne began to make apologies. 21. I came in order that I might be pr«-sent at the opening. 22. According to this, be failed^n account of his indifference. ,^ . ,» . . THE SENTENCE. ■ ' \^^ 144.— The sentence has been d«fineci as a stated*' inent made about something. We shall now proceed to. stiidy the CLASSfriCATiON'and analysis of sentences Classification of Sentences. A. According to Form. >■ 145.— Sentences 'differ in the form th^t they take- On the basis of forin, sentences may be classified,, as '(i.) A£»sertive. . - -^ . " She goes to school." " " f^e^is not at home." (ii.) Interrogative. ' • , ' - -^ "Have you received my letter ?'k "Where has he gone.?" g.' ,(iii.) Bxolamajjory. 4- ^ , "How earnest he .is in his vsprkl^ 'J What a fine specimen this is "' ; ^J„ '■' , Am* m-' J :>Mij-'^ In the . usual ord( assertive "You "Hei • (iv.) ] " Sir, the field. Inim In the fir the real « (v.)( "Thy •^he mood. I ■f-. dfcss I. Ho .or wealth, strain. 3 4. " Com Thy will iriend. ; right. 9. hearth m; with Sam 13. Let n far that' li be forevei 17. How -,from you Pet»6h tb« can com< way? • iie= r-^y jj: keeping ing once opinion, to wait the very m. 13. n's brisk im, and« , trusted oflF the striking n tly sur.c Spanish 8. The » one of 19- All >K this, [mi|*t. iled^on .# take: ed„as as he I fine , > •- ^jp, ' THE SENTENCE. 79 <;- In the cases of inljerrc^ative and exclamatory sentences, the usual order of words » changed, and they should be put in the assertive order for the^purpose of analysis ; thus, '• You have received my letter." " He is how earnest in his work." (iv.) Imperative. " Sir, look to yoiir manners." " Consider the lillies of the field." ' . fH , In imperative sentences th^ subject is usually omitted. In the first sentence, ' sir' is nominative of address, and the real subject, 'you' or .' thou,' is not expressed.' (v.) Optative, expressing a wish or invocation. " Thy kingdom come." " Oh, could I flow like thee ! " ^he verb in such a, sentence is in the subjunctive mood. (See 64,, i^ ' * i^ ExEkciSE. ■• ■ classify *the following sentences according to form : I. How seldom, friend, a good, great man inherits honor or wealth. 2. For shame, dear friend, renounce this canting strain. 3. What wouldst thou have a good« great man obtain ? 4. " Come, tread us a measure," said young Lochinvar. , 5. Thy will be done. 6. Eternal blessings crown ftiy earliest iriend. 7. What does it matter? 8, Be sure that you are right, g. Take no thought for the morrow. 10. , Aroutid his hearth may guardian saints attend, ^u. Fill high the bowl with Samian wine ! 12. Where is tlR Pyrrhic phalanx gone ? 13. Let music sound while he doth niake his choice. 14. How far that' little candle throws his beams ! 15. Awake, arise, or be forever fallen. 16. Shall Rome stand under one man's awe ? 17. How come you thus estranged ? i8. ^art we in friendship ,from your land. 19 Some heavenly power guide us. 20. Petfeh tbe thought. 21. So Heaven decrees ; with Heaven who can coriilest? 22 Wherewith shall a young man cleause hk way? 4 . ■ ^ 23. Curse not thy foeman ^ow ; MarK on his pajlid brdw •' Whtyse seal is set. 24. How sleep' the brave, that sink 4o .rest By all their country's w1sh/# blAtS ^ \ \ 1 H •!i"i# =•=?= i^£= '...J^^I^ (.> fa i. '§ •<* 80 r^ GRAMMAR. B. According to Composition. 146.— There are four kinds of sentences accordinj? to composition : «»^v-"iumg Co^i^' ^°°^P°^^ Complex and OompoTind- ' aniioke pStl"""''"'' '""^""^ ^^'^^ °^« ^"^>^' "I ejitended the range of my observation." (ii.) A Compound Sentence contains two or more simple sentences of equal rank. "*w« "My brother told me, and I believed him." . (iii.) A Complex Sentence is a statement that con- d«n«S5!JPr^°'P^ '^"^^""^ ^"d °"^ "'^ "!«•■« sentences dependent upon it, which are called subordinate sentences. »*»**«*v«» " I saw whart he was doing." +«r^''"^ ^ Compound-Complex Sentence contains retuZd home."'' "'' "'"' '^' ^° ^^^^°^^^^' ^"^ ^^ey Exercise. ^^ Classify the following sentences accordirtfr to form and composition : s lu lurm For example v — " What foolish notion possesses you ? " Kind— Simple Interrogative. "The-men who were working here have gone away." Kmd— Complex Assertive. .^ '• •J..S"'' *"??' *P*** *'»«" ^ """^er or robbery had been m.T'"f • «fv; ^^^ •".»**' "" «» ""'y, and we csteemSl Wm much. 3. Where IS the took that I gave you? 4 TakethS fsTKfeTu.t^''*"-. 5 Thflady'whotichesmJsk IS a Skurul artist, but her pupils are not making much progress 6. May heaven their simple lives prevent from luWj^nu'- K«5L^*5' r *^'''' of, voyages and travels txcame mv .f' • N I f >."t TTW THE PARtS OF A SENTENCE. 8t (As a supplement to this exercise, let the student classify the sentences in some,piece of ordinary prose composition). THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE. 147.— The parts of a sentence are as follows : j> iy The Subject ; (ii.) The Attributive Adjuncts of the Subject ; (lii.) The Predicate ; (iv.) The Ob- •!® ^ 'X-^ '^^^ Attributive Adjuncts of the Object : (vi.) The Adverbial Adjuncts of the Predicate. Note,— The essential parts of a sentence are the subject and predicate ; the other parts may or may not be present. Subject and Object. 148. follows : (i.) A Noun : as, " Canada is our home." " (ii.) A Pronoun : as, " It is the land of the free." " Wejlove it." (iii.) An Adjective used substafeively, i.^. with a noun value : as, ^di ^*^ *^°^ ^^^ respected.' "fcl^ praises the etu- (iv.) A Gerund : as, ' ^^ , Learning grammar is hecessai;^^ He likes learn- ing grammar. (v.) A Verbal Noim : as, * "Wheelingr is good exercise." "They heaixl the striking of the clock." (vi.) a. A simple Ii^pitive with ' io as, "To see is to helieve" « I Jove to see that " b. A Simple Infinitive without * to ' : as, *' Better dwell in the midst k/ ^cm$ ' I had rather stay iff borne** -The kinds of subjects and objects ^re as We^ove Canada." !■**..{ y •^r L r«F^ II j nil ijiijli 'jliillfini W; .1^ 1 -l^-Jrf!' i* ^ A GRAMMAR. ,*i \ \ (viu) A Quotation : as, \ '■ " 'Ay, ay, sir ! ' burst from a thousand throats." We heard his last " Good bye, Tom." V^viii.) A Noun-Clause : as, VThat he was a tyrant is generally admitted." " Wi^ knew that he was a tyrant. Note (i.) W^e frequently have the Representative subject or object ' It,' '^is,' or ' that^' followed by a real subject or oHicct • AS • •• It is hard to die "; " He thinks it hard to die "; " This ruined him, his indrdinate love of riches." « Note (ii. ) There is also the Impersonal subject or object 'it.' The pronoun ' it ' sometimes stands, not for the real sub- ject, but helps to indicate that Some concclition or action exists or is goine on ; as, "It rwns"; " It is dark "; " He footed it to town." Note (iii.) Sometimes the subject or object is Componnd ; as, , , ' ^ "James and John went to town "^ '< He has wheat and Corp." • Note (iv.) Sometimes, especially in poetry,, a redundiuit pronoun is put in with the subject, as " My banks, they are furnished with bees." EXERCIs£, Point Qut the subleots and objects in the following- sen tences^ and state tlieir kind : .; I. It is too bad that he did not come. 2. The army means to be$iq;o us. 3. He said that^ he would go. 4. Digging trenches is hard work. ;. The prosperous are tometimes cold- hearted. 6. Gome and trip it as you go. 7. " AH is well that ends wjbU " is a famous saying. 8. They want to drive to to«|rn. 9. I saw the hanging of the crane. 10. Studying is tiresome work. . " Attributive Adjwicts. 149. —The Attributive Adjunc^tfl of the sujUject or of the dbject are of the following kmds : , (i.) An adjective- ot)e orfnore. > "That little bid man was here to-day." . - ; ' "> ,.• '.. •■ ; ■• . ^/ . " ■' '■'■■■ ■'" ' . (ii, . %"■' ;«i '\ . (iiA| An Adjective Clause. "TO I le one that I saw was like this," (iii.) A Nounr-one or piore in apposition. " "Sandy, thfc hedger and ditcher, went by this ttiprning," (iv.) A Noun. Clause in apposition. " The fact that he did it is enough " ^ (v.) Noun (or prortoun) in possessive^ "Jim'^ (or his) hat flew off." \vi.) A Phrdse. ' ' The driye to town was* pleasant. (vii.) A Participle (or a phrase beginning w^jjth a parti<;iple)i "?> "Shis, dying, gave it to me." 'ipaving found the lost mon'ey, he returned tt." (viii.) A aerutfdial Infinitive (97, iii.). # " There was no bread to eat. " "I have work tO do. " Note (i.) A subject or an object may have aevfi^I attri- butive adjuncts of various kinds ; eg:, ''Tike old (i.) man. White, (iii.) suffering from i'iieumati8n#(vii.) ended his days in irfsery." Note (ii.) An attributive''adjunct may be itself enlarged. Thus in thf sentence above, 'from rheumatism ' 'Modifies • suffering.' i • EXERCISE. ' /' Point out driattribiltive'^juncts of ihe subjects and objects in the following, and state the nature of those ^idjimcts: ' .' ^ t 1. James, the miller, has a browit horse. 2. A man of weak health (Sannot have the happiest life. 3. Does your uncle, the doctor, know the meaning of this H 4. Coming home, I saw an oflScef with a drawn swdrd riding along the street. 5. Willdng alon^ the street, we saw a house to lei .6. paving finished the work, wctook a long waljc on the beach. .7. john'i hat has a big hole , in- it. S. He told a long »tory about' bis broUwd. .9. Thd»e bdys have work to 'dof •N -y 'a* m u'- ■ i,^ if, , •^'k'.V' ^^Vi'R'.?'' 'fH^\ ..^! .ISt*'-- 8 '^ fj GRAMMAR. ' The Predicate. 160.— The following kinds of predicates occur : (i) A verb or verb-phrase making a complete predicate. . This may be either : - ' (a) An intransitive verb ; as, " He runs"; "God is"; "They ar^ singing." : (b) A transitive verb ; as, <■ '^' He makes a wagon." - '^ Note..— Ijp gne sense 'make^' ^ not complete without the objective noun 'wagon,' and is bf some called an incomplete predic4te. But it seems more satisfactory to leave the term incomplete ''fot the following. (ii.) A verb or vel*b-phrase making an incomplete predicate. Th.^maybe: . a. One of the intransitive verbs : de, seem, appear, become, etc. (161), having for its completion one of the following: (i) A noun (or pronoun) in the predicate nominative case. " He is a farmer"; " I am he." L^iA"P^®*^°**® adjective or adjective phrase, as They seem good"; " He is without friends." (3) A noun clause : "The triumph of my soul is that I am." b. One of the transitive verbs : make, call, choose, elect, etc., having for its completion one of the following : (i) Ofcrjeotive Predicate Noun (14 ; 165, y.) "They made him king"; "They chose him bap- ,tain . (2) Obj^tive Predicate Adjective (20, iii. c): " He drove the man insane " ; " He made me angry;" 161.— The following is a fairly complete statement of the verbs that make incomplete pl:^edicatee : (i.) Intransitive verbs : a. The verb be; thus, ' v .,'■"' "^She was a heroine "1 " They have been soldiers." b. B€ " His c. Re "He< d. S€ _ "She' e. Sc *^lt sme f. Vei go, moT runs sm« g. Th followed objectiv player." (ii.) T are the ir course th : " I m znake th dicate wii 162. in the foil I. He have wealt been givinj are consid( They chos She is sew 15. Wesh 17. He tui that he wa students. ' , 153.- Adjuncl (iJ Ai "The :-» ^-^: :JSS ,i' f'V.^ THE PREDICATE. ^'^ b. Become, grow, get, turn, and the like. " His face grew black " ; 'M becamQ ill." c. Remain, continue, stay, ^nd the*like: " He continues grateful " ;, " He remains a fanner." . d. Seem, appear, look. " She seems a goddes^s "; " This looks good. ' e. Soimd, smell, feet, taste. "It sounds hollow.'' *^It smells syveet.". - f. Verbs of state and motion, such as stand, sit, go, move, etc. "The door stands opem" "The water runs smooth.'' , • g. The passive of verbs which in the active are • followed by an objective predicate, (](.5) or predicate' objective (17 note 2). "He is considered a good' player." " He was made president.", \ (ii.) Transitive Verbs. Make, call, choose, electy' are the most common, but there are many others. OJf course these verbs arg not always incomplete, as ; " I make book^' '^ake' is here complete, but in I make the bopks i-ed. 'Make ' forms an incomplete pre-/ dicate with its objective complement ' red.' 162. — Point out and show the nature of the predicates in the following sentences : 1. He remained faithful. 2. It appears good. 3. 'We have wealth. 4. They are men. 5. It grew dark. 6. It has been giving trouble. 7. He has been an engineer. 8. They are considered good men. 9. He made-the itick straight. 10, They chose him captain, n. We shall have a good time. 12. She is sewing. 13. We shall beCortie old. 14. They got wakin. 15. We shall have been faithful. 16. "^he r6se smells sweet. 17. He turned red. 18. They sat still. 19, The ireason was that he was idle. 20. They call him Jack. 21. We are called students. Adverbial Adjuncts. , 163. — There are the following kinds of Adverbial Adjuncts. ^j^An Adyerb. "The matter was done quickly." " They run fa«t." .'■W '•AA^^sSifeM- „^ttj^' *^"e^"iE*tti" ' I t ■ .. . .v. U\ *>**.' S6 GRAMMAR. ■\' (ii.) An Adverbial Clause. " He goes where he likes." " He comfes when he wishes. (iii.) An Adverbial Phrase. " The man speaks with great effect." " Look for it."' (iv.) A.Gerundial Infinitive. "I came t6 see." " He is good to go." ' (v.) A Noun in the Advei%ial Objective. " He stayed all day." " He came last night" (vi^ Mq^tly all Absolute Phrases. "The sun having risen, we set out'." ' Exercise. -> 164.~Point out the adVerbial adjlttncts in the following, and state the kind in each case \ I. My .soul turn from them, turn we to survey. ° Where rougher climes a nobler race display. 2. The boys were pulling switches from tlje fallen tree. 3. The shades of night werrffaUing fast. 4,' Bring that paper from the desk. 5. Cannot you stay a day or two ? 6. This said, he sat down. 7. The war being ended, Caesar hastened into Italy. 8. How dearly I abide that boast so vain. 9. The book costs' five cents. 10. Pride may b^ pampered while thjs^esh i^ow\ lean. 11. Since my country calls me, I obey. 12. Hd lay down, his heart heavy with sorrowi 13." He did nobly. 14. He was paid in bis own coin. 15. This wais sai^ wkh much emphasis. An^sis. It will be obs(E;rved from the fo'egoinj; that a sentence has necessarily t^o pajrts— the subject and the predi- cate, and that it may have four additional parts, the nature of which has been set forth. It will now^ in place to put into-practice the principles lafd down/^ the preceding sections (147 to 168;. C^^ ^ - • ^ '-J» \ l.> ANALYSIS, "^C'P^ « Analysis qf the Simple Sentence. 166. — The analysis of some simple sentences will now be set down, and the student should observe the scheme of analysis and make lise of a similar one in writing out the analysis- of the sentences in the exercise given below. (i.) " Have those little boys finished their Latin exercises daring my absence ? " \ Kind — Simple Interrogative. ^ 5«^«-^— ' boys.' Jtt., Adj. of Stfbj.—i. 'those'; 2. 'little.' Predicate — *^ have finished.' Object — ' exercises.' Att. Adj. of Obj.—\. 'their'; 2. ' Latin.' > Adv. Adj^ of Pred. — ' during my absence.' (ii.) "Having ridden up to the spot, the enraged officer with a sinfjle blow, of hi^ sword." Altwdf— Simple Assertive. * \ Subject— ' o^sxx: ^ . » "' » Att. Adj. ofSubj.—x. 'the*; 2. 'enraged'; 3. 'having . . . spot.' /•;7r€/iVa/*-' killed.' ^ Object— ^tOAn.' • '^^ Att. Adj. ofObj.^i. 'the': 2, ^'^ortunate. ' Adv.: Adj. 0fPred:-{ '' .*"?**'* 'P°' ' '> ■' ^ V 2. ' with a . (iii.) "It is . sword.' A'i«*^w I - '% '% >A ^m£i. ^ tPPw I? ;i 88 GRAMMAR. .7 ? (v.) "They made him king." ^ >« A'mrf— Simple Asserlive. 5«/^Vr^— ' they.' />«^. I ^^-'yadc • (150, ii.. b). I C/. C. — King.' Oijeci-' him.' - ^?^*-— ^' ?• "^ 01>Jective Complement. This u the model scheme for such verbs as aire in 151, ii. (vi.) " Will he make me do that." > Kind — Simple Interrogative. Subject— '\ic: Predicate— '^ will make. '' f Objective Subj.—' me ' (16). Complex Obj. {Objective Pred.—' do ' (97, i , b) {Object of O.P.—' \h9X: " How pleasant it is to feel the sub's warmth." /Tind— Simple exclamatory. f /^ep. Subj.—- it ' (148, note i.). / /i^ea/ Subj. —<■ to feel the sun's warmth.' Pred /^-^-'is.' ^'^"'- l^.C.-' pleasant.' Adv. Adj. of Pred.— * how.' (viii.) «« May the morrow bring you success." JCind — Simple Optative. Subject — * morrow.' Att.Adj.o/Subj.—*{he.' PrediccUe— ' may bring. ' Direct Obj.— ' sncce&s.' Indirect Obj. — ' you ' (g). (ix.) " He thinks it'hard to die." ' AiW— Simple Assertive. Subject— 'ht:^ PrediccUe—' thinks.' (Rep. Objective Subj.— ' ii,' Complex Real *' " — ' to die ' .«>" y.>.-^^„.. {^f4^.^,,.|,«.,m..b,. (x.) " Heis considered a good player." Kind— Simple Assertive, S,4bject-'k^,' ■ • ^ hh "i '1 ANALYSIS, F9 the Pnd. U'^' '» considered.' dsi.g.). \S.C. — 'player. ^ Att. adj. ofCompt. — i. «'a', 2, 'good.' a, 2, EXERCISjE. 'J/fk, f 166.— Analyse the following sentenc^Pcording to the foregoing scheme, applying the principles laid down in sections 147 to 163, inclusive. I. Coming home, I saw an officer with a drawn sword riding along the street, 2. I shall most likely hear from you to morro^^ 3. Hoping to find an easier road, we left our companions a» the bridge. 4. The wine tastes good. (151,6. 155, iii.)- 5. How' much money will be enough for you ? 6. What foolish notion possesses you ? 7- A man of weak health is incapable of the thorough enjoyment of life. 8. He struck the man dead with a single blow. (155, v.) 9, He was considered a fool for his pains, 10. They made Clandius .Emperor. 11. You have made your hands clean. 12. The whisper came soft arid low to our ears. (151, f;)* 13. What is the Use of making such a ftiss? 14. A Roman's life, a Roman's arms, take thou in charge this day. 15. He se^ms a good player. 16. What arrant nonsense that foolisfr'man talks ! 17. The shower has left the myrtle^nd inkif sp fresh. (155, v.). 18. Sooner shall he drink the dry. (19) They all with one accord began to make violet ocea excj^se. Analysis of the Compound Sentence. 167.— A Compound Sentence has been defined as one that contains two or more simple sentences of ^ual rank. These simple sentences are always joined by co- ordinative conjunctions (131, i.)- The conjunctions do not enter mtoanyof the six parts of the sentence, (147), unless they have adverbial function, (131, note i.), when they belong to the adverbial adjunts of the sentence in which they,occur. 168.— The analysis of a compound sentence requires no special discussion. All that has to be done is to analyse each of the co-ordinate clauses separately. The analysis of one sentence will be sufficient to illustrate the scheme. •»>... •««' \ t: .H * .»!.. ♦• » % ^ 1&4 % ft* ( /■ !*. \ ; i3 « ^ X \- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 IT lifi "= 2.0 JJf ^0 1.8 L25 IIIU 1.6 ^.iT'* VS'?' -' - ,#-^ V <^ /; ^' Sdaices Corporation . i ^ "-^^^ -"o ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) •72-4503 * f «, . - K \ « ! «' \' / * * ,/ «• # 4 1 \ •■■ J H " an > f , • « ■ -. ■%■■' 1 t"* • ■ • • ' y 1-^ - a ^ ^ ■ g J ^ • m . , . „, . ,, # . i.-:^'--^ 1 ..... %-t- r:-- <^- . ■ ' . ■&•- , '.• 'J.. . "-^^ ! -f ,^ - ■ -'-^'^^ - ii*^ ^1 i 90 GRAMMAR. a. > ■5^ ■1^ -ili^u-, I.. " The people of England made Henry IV. kins, bat he was not the lawful heir." u. ■«* »c A't'ftd-^Compovind. Sentence A. — ' The people king.' *^' Kind- Simple A^ertive. Subject — ' people. '^ Att. Adj. ofSubj.—i. 'the'; 2. 'of England'. ^'^' \ aC.-'4cing.' Objec/—* Henry IV.* Sentence B.—* he was not the lawRtl heir.' A'i>rrincipal sentence or any noun or pronoun is an Adjective Clause. (viii.) A subordinate sentence that modifies a verb, adjective or adverb is an Adverbial Clause. (ix.) When one subordinate clause depends on some word in another subordinate clause, the latter in- cludes the former. For example, see analysis of sentence (i) below where a includes b and c. (x.^ Relative pronouns and adjectives and relative adverbs are conjunctive words which must be put in their proper place in the analysis ; but other cox\]unctions, all interjections, and the Nomina- tive of Address have no place in the analysis proper, and may be explained by an added note. See sentence (ii.) below 162.— Examples of Analysis of Complex Sentences. ^.) " Thro' the black Tartar tents he passed which stood clustering like bee-hives on the low black strand of Oxus, where the summer ikwds o'er flow, when the son melU the snow in high Pamir." i' \w^t^'K'^*"?^^ m if V * ♦•■ ^* GRAMMAR. ■/pW— Complex Assertive. Predicate—' passed.' ^'iv.aa/. '//V.^.-" Thro'.... tents which.... Pamir.' ^"^^ v-":;'^^**.*^** ««^- •• -Pamir." ATfif',' ; . •■ '■''*■ ^ * • I.J ^^^i^ " ' -• ■ —yyv — i' ,■ - ■ ,. . - , ANALYSIS. « (ill. ) ^ e told the person who called that you were ennsed. " Here « person may be called the Indirect Object, and the noun clause ; that . . . .engaged ' the Direct Object, ' who call- ed IS adjective md person. Jiv.) "The fact that he said so makes me think that he knows where it was lost. " . ft. J?.*' *ni!?* °?H" ?'""'« ' 'bat he said so ' is in apposition with tact. The objective part is like 155, vi. The n6un clause tiiat . . lost IS the object of * think ' and contains another noun clause • where .... lost ' the object of ' knowsT^^ (v.)r "Since he has suflFered this, we, that are his friends, must see that he does not bear alone the trials that misfortune . brings. ' A7«%:■% *^ r 3> ■t" iL' V *."• SUBORDlNAluAkuSES. ie3.-A Subon^te OlwiB^s a combination of words, including a subject and predi^e, which has in a sentence the value of a single part of spWh. /•• JJ^''farejfchree kinds of clauses: (i.)S^ Clausea (u.) Adjective Clauses, and (iii.) Advk^^ ^^ The Noun Clause. 164.— A subordinate sentence that fulfils the\functidn of a noun is called a Noun Clause. \ • \ Introductory Words to Noun Clauses\ •r n 1^-— A Noun Clause is introduced in one of the lollowing ways : \ 1':^ ^^/^"o^?^®^^*® Relative Pronoun, Adjective , or Adverb (42, u.). •' " I know what the matter is "; « I understand which one^you meari ": " She told me when he came." (ii.) The Substantive Conjunctions 'that,' 'whether' and (sometimes) ' if (131, ii., !.). Thus, ^"«"»«'' • " ^o",fay that I am to blame »; " Tell me whether It js true. The conjunction tha1;^is frequently omitted i as, " He says (that) I am to blame." The Relations of the Noun Clause. 166.— A Noun Clause may have one of the follow, ing relations : (i ) The Subject; as, " TAai he did ^o is certain." I here is frequently the representative subject 'it,' and' sometimes tlus' or 'thai'; as, "It is tie truth that he went"; ''lAts I know thtit he was here.** (ii.) The Object of a transitive verb ; as, " He knows what he is talkint; about'' ; " J saw who 'twas:- It may be the Retained Object (13) ; thus, * 1 w^& told that you were there." "( *^ .*5*£ —"fl!. TpE NO,UN CLAUSE. <)5 Nominytive; as, "Things fact /Ao/ ^ jo/V/ as, " Say nothing )j as, "He made (iii.) the Predicate are not wh(vNlhey seem." (iv.) The Appositive ; as, " TJ^e so IS sufficient." (v.) The Obsjec^f a preposition but what is true." (vi.) The Predicate bbjedtive (1 . it appear /Aat / was _gut/tjfj^ (vii.) The Nominative J^eolut^; as, "Granted Mat thists //«^ ( = that this is trufe.being\ granted), what follows?" Here the participle *g>anted\' modifies the \noun clause * that this is true.' Such^ ckuse, with its modifying participle, mak^s an adverbial^unct. (^l) The Adverbial Objective (IsB Like the noun, the noun clause has often value, and may be attached to : Id) An Adjective ; as, " I am sorry A^ Such adjectives ai glad, pleased, sorry, ven annoyed^ and several othei;s, are frequently followed by this kind of a noun clause. \ (b) Some intransitive verbs ; as, " I don't care how {why, wheniar where) he got ft." (c)« Some nouns ; as, " We cherish the hope that he wt'It^ceed." This is a peculiar construction of thXnoun clause Observe that the clause ' that he will succeed\is attached to *hope,' yet it is ncA a<^ective, for *th^' is not a relative pronoun, whicb it must be to intre cannot omit 'hope' without destroying the sense, ih * ' The fact that he said so is enough,'* we can omit either fact' or 'that he said so,' and still h^ve a sensible state- ment. This is true in every case of apposition ; but in the former sentence we shoul^ destroy the sense bv (»nitting ' hope.' •Tlie clause, then, hardly modifies the noun 'hope,' adverbial •itis^ ^ i, afratt \ \ ■J »'y^i«jiJi.i'j. u."i .m^^ .^Sjl .^ !;£. ^ 'V^f „t'>.s'K. t,' -V^5r 1'+ ir" \ /,,: i'\ ,r\..V 96 aiUMMAR. r0^ rather it modifies the adjectival idea which the noun imphes. Thus, we might s'ay, "I am hopeful that he iili,w^?*^V. "f."^^ ^^ say •* -s a noun clause in the adverbialobleotive. Other examples are, "We have fears that it is lost"; "There is no need that she be . present. Exercise. 167.--(a) Point out the noun clauses in the foUowine and state their relation. ^ (b) State the character of the introductory word. (c) Analyze each sferitence fully. I. When I set out is uncertairt. 2. He asked me whether I was hungry. 3 The idea that I. shall give my consent is ^a5 Th. ^.S'^^^'rV" ^°°* '^^' '^^'^"^ ^^^ '«» Israel ^A- ^' . *" . " ^^ ^°*» nonvor^. 6. Remember that an adjective clause IS always introduced by a reladve pronoun or Its equivalent. 7. She has spqken what she should not, I am dau^ o 4iet^PI.TrJ.!S^!S^^ noun anH ?i,K& P\l^^^^^^^^>»^"'»^^^^^*c^tiyc pronouns «who' ;«** TS^^^^f*'T'^*^**^^°"° clauses should be ob«jrv«l. Jo^-Jt*nrnile of syntax that a relative pronoun agrees with Us ^cedent m persen and number, u. He madeh dwr that the plan was ,mpo«ubIe 12. I am afraid that he win S IS?! ceed. 13. He was vexed that you did not come. The Adjective Clatise. r \P^'—^ Adjective Clause is one that fulfils the function of an adjective by modifying-a noun. Introductory Words. 169.— An Adjective Clause may be introduced by • Adverb^ Definite Relative Pronoun, Adjective or '*He Went to the station, where he took the train." (l^'\-^ *"^ ^Ut. when 'used as relatives (138, iv.), 14 jtJ^ t% ,• '2.'^ ' THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. 97 " This is the same as that (is)." , (»'•) A Belfttive understood (43). " The book I read was interesting." imppili^i^^'' "***"^'°*" *>«"««'"«» "o» exP'e«ed hut " His shaJl be the reward who wins the race. " ShI tl^?* *°*«*??1t w sometimes a sentence. He u Mck as (or which) we know." Uon^?a?hT;S.'°''™'"^*"^*'"*" P^*'*^^^"' '>y * P'epos- •*TK° """^ ^' **'*'" **" '^^^o™ thw misfortune falls " Classification OF Adjective Clauses. ^iffoi^T^^r*'"'"^'"*^ "^"^ ^^j"'^'"" ^'^"^«« tJUiJSS^^'^'!^ ' ^^^^ '^ ^h«" the clause limits or ^^b,S^t?Pi:*'%*'°" of the antecedent. -^JS; H^r«fK« ? .^ <'*'^ ^^* ''^ ^^^''^^ is very studious" t^«ni S*" *"'^ '?'*' orrestricts the antecedent 'brother ' * , tha ,s d.stmgt,.shes this brother from the other brothe^ deiS^lSfSJJKSy? '' l^^'t ^^^" *he clause simply ("1.) Descriptive Oo-ordinatin]? : This is when ence »„T K '"^^'^"y ^ ' ' ,* , -3 99 As one and is THE ADVERU CLAUSE. (iji.) An Adverb. "He leams as well as one could extecP' could expect adverbUr clause modifyin/' well correlative with adverb ' as.' , Classification. »k ^'^^"^^^'^'^^^s of Adverb Clauses corresDond for the most part, to the clashes of Adverbs """"^'P^""*' '^'^ (i.) Time : as, "We shall come when he return," SverL^l?'" ^'1^ ^^^'" ^*^her with ooi^i^'ottve adverbs «/A*», «,>i^««,^^, pr the ooniimotiorwSf <»/«r, zw*,/^, «>,^^, gre, until, etc. *^'*"°^'°'^' ^'f"^^. Oy Place : as, « He remained where I left him » iuncT^v?ldveJS.^''i'^''"'*^"^?l ^^ *^^ relative orcon- junctive adverbs, where, whithir, whence, etc. 0..) Manner : as, « He did as he was told- rela?ive"Idlefb"'.r"'" '°""°"'>^ '"^^^^-^^ '^y ^he (iv.) Degree : .«»»/. iAs X mougnt (he was tall) ' co-ordmate with the demonstrative ' so.- if ^^Smenct"' '^"^^PO-ding to 'so- (or .,) iflhe tkal(LfJ^]^T She ?S .'-v'^"' «.»*'./<"• . : ..s ..^'U'ife ;.5.-' • ./ H .-?fi 'tf- %-^ .^" - - --,< %r=";.iA^,^_7.j It lOO GRAMMAR. .1 'J Pr: (vi.) Puipofle : as, "He works hard Ma/ A^ may succeed." ThesQ cbuses usually begin with Mla/ / couldrit walk.'* These are introduced hythat ( = sd that). ' So ' isjipt always expressed thus. ., *«iw " ^^ ^ * ^°^ ^^ ("*^ ''*'»'') ''^*' f (viii.) Condition : a^ "/// were you I should go." .Clauses of this kind begin with the conjunctions // " uniess ( « if not) so (in old writers). Thus; " I am content so thou will have it so." " I shall not go unless you do." Note.— Sometimes the conditional clause is inverted and the conjunction is omitted, as " Had he conu (aif he had come) it would have been well." This is called the Inverted Condi- tional CUnse. (ix.) Ooncesfidon : as, " Though he slay me yet 'will I trust him." \ ^ This kind of Adverb Clause begins with either (a) though or althoughy or (b) an indefinite pronoun or adverb compounded with 'ev6r' ; as, who fz/^r, how ever^ etc.: as, '* Whatever you do make no mistake in this " ; or= Although it be, etc.). "Much as P^^sire it I must hot ask it." (= Although I desire it as much»as I do, etc.). Here observe that the conqessive clause coiitains an adverb clause of degree ' as I desire it.' - Exercise. ■■;#;■■ ^rt* 175.— (a) Classify the following Adverb Clauses According to meaning and §how the relation {i.e. the word or words each modifies), (b) Give fMll analysis of each sentence. # y\ fFS'^^-"' '^''^ -■-''^'W ''^'^S. *i:- It' H^.j^ ' "'^■t" ^'■-^T'i'^34*'"^-- ^ ^ THE^I>VERB CLAUSE. Ibl " wu' ''*»*<** •»". «»?»>ey he would never be happy amin a Ki!!^«- K 5"u' *Wch move, to the other. 4. thoach' hMd Join in band the wicked shall not be uMUnUhed c I wouljf not believe it unle» Iww it. 6. B«r «,X TcSram^. S^.hf? fi iS' J- P«»'«» »>»ey ar«^ my rcUlions are res pertaWe. 8. Work a. he may he ca:inot succeed in this, ' gTl ,,.early that we may get a seat. 1 1. See to it Ihat ( =so that) thi. doe. not occur agafn. I, He ran so fast that he was oit of MlexiStJ? ,S i^^l « .^ffS*"*'- y- It turned ou? M 1 expected. 18. Before he finished speaking the time was ?P- '9: It >• three year, (see adv. obj.) SLce f saw £' m He punuhed the boy whenever he dSd wrong. 21 He ^ ?ot^ml ""* '?"^^- **• ^^'^ I go ye >. t -4^< :.A fir I. " We have seen that what we call the ' boiling*'^ of water is caused by the rapid turning of the water into steam, and the quick escape of this steani from the surface of the water. It* is the heat which is constantly turning^ - the water into steam that drives this steam upwards. Buty while the heat is forcing the steam upwards, the weight of the air is keeping the steam down, and the water cannot boil*^ till the heat is able to overcome^ the resistance of the aii". // follows from this that the boiling- point of water— or the heat necessary to make \i7^xtx bou^ - — is greater when the weight of the air is increased, and less when the weight of the air is less . If we stand at the level of the sea, we have all the air above \x%y and con- sequently it takes more heat to boiP water by the sea- shord'than it does in any other place, unless, indeed, we %o down into a deep mine in the earth." > >tOo'. ** It * il not the representative subject here, but the ordinary ^taoBOQiiratiTe, being the antecedent of the relative •that.' 'KH.*. •97.1.. a. ■97.. W- •97.1. b. ^97. >"• *• < To boil ' here iS'Mlifiei ' takes. *• J- i- ■■ ■ ; • - ■ -1 ^ K^&l^''^'^ ■ '■»"■<: -3SB' /<•- I"*" ."'*'*■' "^1 O EXTRACTS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. lOJ II. "All places ikai the eye of Heaven visits, Are, to a wise inan, ports and happy havens: Teach thy necessity to reason^ thus j There is no virtue like^ necessity. Think not the king did banish thee ; But thou the king. Woe doth the^ heavier sit Where it perceives.it is but faintly borne.. Go, say I sent thee forth //? ^z/z-fAaj^ honour, And not the king exiled thee ; or suppose ^ * ^ Z?«/M" ITr jt;^''^?*'*'- "/^^P'-. -:"h 104 GRAMMAR. IV. . • " They came /••. jajisi'^-^a ■"'■*',5P\,' %^.'k •*4. i«-, g. EXTRACTS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. 1 05 VI. ^As hills seem Aips,^ when* veiled in misty shroud. Some men seem kings, through mists of ignorance ; Must we have darkness, then. anAUmtdon cloud, To give our hills and pigmy kings ^hance ? Must we conspire to curse^ the hunOUng*' light, Ijsst some one, at whose feet our fathers bow d, Should^ suddenly appear, full length,^ in sight, Scaring to laughter the atloring crowd ? Oh, no ! God send"^ u.« light !— who loses then ? The im^ of slaves and not the king of men." 'fc*., when they are veiled. •97, Hi., a. *io8. •18. VII. "But the most J/rriftmg' peculiarity of these trees consists m the parasite plants by which they are en- velopedyond jvhich hang from their branches : <«w» to ^e ground with tendrils of wonderful strength. These ISJ^ites are of various kinds, the fig being the most omtrate with its embraces. It frequently may be seen /^ the original tree has departed whoHy out of sight, and I shoutd imagine almost wholly from existence ; and ,Men the very name is changed, and the cotton-tree is called a fig-tree!* v\i\. "The two great events of Edward the Black Prince's life, and those which made him famous in war, were the two great battles of Cressy and Poitiers. I tuill not now go into the origin of the war, of which these two batUes formed the turning-points. // is enough for us to remember that it was undertaken by Edward III. fo gain the trown of France, a claim, through his mother, which he bad solemnly relinquished, but which he now resumed to satisfy the scruples of his allies, the citizens of Ghent, who thought that their oath of allegiance to the * King of France' would be redeemed'^ if their leader did but bear the name." *" r 1 I ' 1 1 ^l^'|j^^^»|v.!Sd^ //.:i<.|-i^4 s .. St: ^. ''..:■' to6 GRAMMAR. ^{ I' \' IX. "Every reader of Virgil knows /A«/ the Greeks were not mere/y orators, Aut that with a pair Of com- passes they could describe the movements of the heavens and fix the lising of the stars ; but when by modem astronomy we can^ determine the heliacal rising of some well-known star with which the worship in some given ancient temple, is known /*^tf* no misgiving is, rely Upon the genial sense of youth : Glad ^mr/j/ T^V^Mir/ reproach or blot, Who do thy work and know it hot ; Long may the kindlv impulse last ! But thou, if they should totter, teach them to • standfast/" ■•■■ » • > The antecedent of 'who' must be supplied. •184. if. ' "lax, I,, b; zao, iv. ^^1 \\ '.^'i 9.1- / ■^'tii* EXTRACTS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. : I07 V ' XI. To j^rj* a sudden flood, of mutiny. {Je)Athat have done this deed are honorable • «^^/ pnvate gnefs they have, alas ! I know not I ^« J ' ^ ^^y "^'^^ '^^sons answer ^o«. ^ I come not, friends, to steal ^.^ay your hearts • I am no orator, , r *»;-5 • •: ■ ^^ V V ^'- ■ - v,_4'- . C - , . _ , I ^1^;^ „-4},'iviV''d../;4 v/. f'j. '-"Art*- /-* Wf' n '/•^'■\:-/yf^:^u.;^^%''%^^ M ' * # io8 Ms- ^ - do CRAMMAR. XIII. thrilled the Trafal- ring -*-i. Thoroughness in work is the chief end of all edtica- tion, whether that education is displayed in mental or in manual labor. ' Whatsoever thy hand iindeth to do, do It with all thy might.' That i3 the gdlden rule which ought to be engraved on the heart of /every man, . whatever be^ his condition in life, and whatever the work he is called upon to do. Nelson's last signiflr-' England expects every man to do'^ his duty'— wWcP " " Hearts of our British sajlors before the victi gar, does but express the' idea which is th of §11 true greatness, whether national namely ^^ thoroughness in work. " »The subjunctive here is most like 64, ii., hi •97, iL, Ik BAdverb mod. the phrase • thoroughness in work.' ' XIV. " If • better^ were bettir indeed, and not ' worse* I might go ahead with the r«/, But many a gain and a joy is a cursey . And many a grief for the best : No I-^uties are all the ''advantage* I use ; < I pine not for praise nor for pelf, A. , • " " And as to ambition, I care not /^ choose My A^//*r or worse for myself!" * ■ ^, ' ■ XV. . - / " A motion from the river won Ridged the smooth level, bearing on My shallop thro' the star-strown cahn, Until another night in night " I entfer'd, from the\clearer light, Imbower'd z/a»//^ of pillar'd palm, ' '■ '* Itriprisoning sweets, which^ as they clomb Heavenward, were su/d beneath the dome Of hollow boughs. — ^A goodly Am;, For it was in the golden prime '\ Of good Haroun Alraschid.* "Th Do He Th« Be/i The Liki Fro And Thei Clea lake And Tpti ^•Li prepositj *•% K y\ y ' t^- EXTRACTS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. XVL " The poet in a golden clime was bom, With golden stars aboite ; Dowet'd^xxS^ the hate of hate, the scorn of sconi. Toe Ara/^ of love. He saw thro' life and death, thro' good and ill He saw thro' his own soul. ' The marvel of the everlasting will. An open j<:/v//, Be/ore him lay : with echoing feet he threaded The secretest walks of fame ; The viewless arrows of his tho^ights were headed And wing'd with flame,; Like^ Indian reeds i^own fronti his silver toneue. And n t-i* * '• . <"/-^ --5i,«, 'fM >N "SCHOOL HELPS" SERIES ^'. '-J' 5 ^^ f », CAMA»!AH HISTORY NOTBS. for 3rd. 4th, and 5th Clas^^s By G. E. Henderson, Editor of The Canadian Tkacher and The Entrance ; and C. G. Fnuer, Assistant Master in Glad- stone Ave. School, Toronto. PHbe, 15 cents. BRITISH HISTORT NOTES, fo^*3pd, 4th, and 6th Classes By G.'E. Henderson and C. G. Fraser. Price, 15 cents. „ GEOGRAPHY NOTBS, for 3rd, 4th. and 5th Classes By G. E. Henderson, and G. A. Fraser, Hawkesville, Ont. . Price, 15 cents. >. 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