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Las'idftiil* da cat axamplaira q^i sont paut-«tra uniquat du point da vue bibliographiqua, qui pauyant nutdif ier una image raprod^ta/ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dans la mMioda normala da f ilmaga sont indiqu«s ci-danous. □ Coloured pages/ i- Pages da cttuleur / □ Pages damaged/ - Pages endommagias □ Pages restored and/or lamiittted/ Pages restaurtes at/ou pellicultes 0Pages discoloured, stained or fpxe^/ Pages dteolortos, tachatto ou piquies *•■■ □ Pages detached/ Pages ditachies ^_./ ' (lack)/ ou noire) Jistortion ire ou de la I may appear these have IS ajoutias lans la taxte, lages-n'ont 0Showthrough/ Transparancejg □ Quality of print varies/ Qualita inigala d* rimpression Continuous pegination/ / Pagination continue | □ Includes index(es)/ i Comprend un (des) inde|x Title on header taken frO^:/ Le titre de I'en-tlte provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de le livraison I I Captijon of issue/ Titr« de depart da la livraison Masthead/ Ginirique (piriodiques) de la livraison I 1 Masthead/ hacked below/ m indiqu* ci-dessous. 1«X ^="^^ 7 ^J^^ •000'^T =ajF =^i^ =36*= U 20X 24 X 28X 32 X TlwjeopV filmtd h«rt^ hM bMn'^raprodue«d than^ to th« OMcrotity of : ^\ % ' -LIbrary'of tht Nattoniil ' ", Arehivts of Caracia )-■> -'#■-■ - . ' ■ « * ' . ^ th« imogos oppoaring horo aro tha boat quality poaafMa eonaidarilnfl tha cdndMon and tagibility of tha original eopy^ aiid in .Icaaping* with tha . /filming contract apactflcationa. Original co#iM in printad papar eovara ara fVmad baginning with tha frontcovar and apMHng on, tha laat paga with i printad or Hluatiatad Impraa- aion. or tha bade eovar whan appropriata. All othar original eopiaa ara filmad baginning on flia f irat paga with a printad or Wiiatratad impraa- aion. and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illuatratad impraaaion. Tha laat racordad frania on aach mieroficha ahaN aontain tha symbol ^^^ (maaning "CON^- TINUED"). or thf symbol ▼ (maaning "END"). wIMchavar appliaa. Mapa. plataa. eharta, ate., may ba fNmad at diffarant raduetion ratioa. Thoaa too larga to ba antlraiy includad in ona axpoaura ara fHmad baginning in the uppar laft hand comar. iaft to right Jbnd top to bottom, aa many framaa as raquirM. Tha following dlagrama illustrata tha mathod: 1 2 t "'■ ^ 2 V , -_ . A / ■ 4 5 : ' ■ ■ '^ « * ,«;, ; y thanks ■lity bility \ on. omthm m 0"). It tob# Id ft to w ith« <^ L'M«mplair« film* fut rtproduit grici * la . gAnArotit* d«: / ^^' U biMiotMqut dM ArehivM nstioiwiM du Canada y Lm imagM auivantas ont At* raproduitat'avac <• piui grand aoin. compta tknu da la condition at da la nattat* da raxaAiplaira film*, at an conf ormM avac laa conditions du contrat da fllmaga. ^ >j| ' , • , • " • ■ Laa aMamplairaa origihaux dont la couvartura an papiar oat imprim4a sont filmis an commanpant par la pran^lar plat at an tarminant soit par la. . ^amiAra paga qui comporto una amprainta d'imprasslon ou dlllustration. solt par la tacond plat, aaion lo caa. Toua laa autras axamplairaa originaux sont fUmAs^aneommon^nt par la pramMra paga qui comporto umi amprainta dimprassion ou dlllustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporto una talla amprainta. • : ". ; Un daa aymboloa suivan^ apparaltra sur la damiira imaga da chaqua microficha, iaion Jo, «^ cas: la iymbolo ^^ signifia "A SUIVRE". la symbolo ▼ signifio "FIN". . ' .,.. _ , ■, ,-/ ; ■/•. . - ■ :-':-..■ : Laa cartaa'. planchaa. taMaaux, ate. pauvant Atra filmAs A daa taux da rAduction diff Arants. Lorsquo lo document oat trap grand pour Atro raproduit an un soul cHoM. H ast filmA A partir da I'afigla supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita. at da haut an baa. an pranant la nombro d'imagaa nAcassaira. Laa diagrammas suivants illustrant la mAtbodo. ek» 6 6 n ItV w. hu\ V ^ l^ A i I fe .M, ' «^. (•<• !•' II \i /G) rjf^m.^ it m *^ . 1 ^i^iiliiLfc ii^ !♦ I ' jiy-iffl g' riij u 'V i (*%*: ■ -'I . I' i a*'' ■1* '-,/•• /. ;,'" '^IPS^ vis- * . ■•' "^1 •~»« eJ' ""i'-teSi ■J tS,'. M, i' ..^ ':~y 'V^-. Vv ¥-k w !/■ 'i: g. fe ■ vv. ^ V, r* \ ■ -\l / I ' 4; •'%«■■ v "1 V ■i''d\ ■ .. w • 1 / t. J J ^ '"■■— — y mm ^^« i^ ^&|2^.. }4kUbi<..Vit. .L , -. . « di^^skt^^ b^'^^&&i l>U$iSl i^ A PRACTICAL TREATISE ' » WITH IMPORTANT FORMULiE AND INFORMATION ■'t, . ^ -^3^ MARCH, i8g8. THE BEHEHAL ENBIREEBINfi COIFAH OF ONTARIO (LIMITED) 80 Canada Life BuiLnmq/ Toronto i'^Fl if- * " % if M -7-- * . .• Entered aopovding to Act of Parluiinent of Caimda, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety-Eight, by Ti^s Gkneral Engineering ' Company of Ontario. Limited, at the Department of Agricultur*. TW» PHIGE, fn CENTS. Imrie, Graham & Cq., Printers, 31 Churoh°St , Toronto. »,,■•( ; 3 t was and mint striv prev . num . *Und ' trtily othe maki they from < In shoui f&ct • shov resul <, thee l>e. In thani ., ^tok( « thee ofth< as t< Its re ■*.¥ .■«^- % iliouaand RING KONTO. C / ) / ..■ J \ N \ the engi^^rs and of them, aiurvho as to the merits its reputatioid.- rt^ 3T is bver ibo years ago since the first mechanical stoker was made. In 1785 James Wattr|}atent«d a device for pushing the cofti from the front end of the grate, after^t was coked towards the bridge wall. . It was wprked by levers and thf; prime object was to prevent smoke when using bitu- minous screenings^'^ \^ '' ' -'' Since then the best inventive genius in the worid' has been striving to perfect a smokeless furnace. The number of smoke prevention devices which have been invented is legion, and the number of failures also legion, and it was not until the Xones 'Underfeed Mechanical Stokefr was put on the mariilet that a truly smokeless and economical device was obtaiiiable. All,, other devices, such , as' st^un jets, down draft and similar ' makeshifts, which are dependent upon the skill with which ^ey are o(>erated, b^ing more orte^riTjIkilures and certainly far frbm being economical or satisfactory. In ali power plants where steam is used the greatest economy should be observed In the boiler-room, and as it is a welllfitiown f&ct that there is a difference between good firemen and coal shovellers of about 40% in the coal consumption for certain results, it stands to reason where skilled labor is very scarce the coal consumption must be higher than it 6t|)erwise would |>e. , . . ' ■ ' , ■ 'In presenting diis small treatise to the public' %e wish to^ thank, those who have appreciated the value "of the Jones' JStoker by having their plants equipped with thedm^ and.«lso (o firemen who have had the practical woridfig by simply giving their ll«ictt> •||tttf«B(_ of the devibiB have.assisted inSiwUblisluQg ••t ■^ c 6 • ■ - ' Where ititelligence is associated Wfth the stoker the results cannot be approai^hed by any other device. 'Tis true that the Jones caKl b? nuule to smoke, yet this can •ttly be done by g^ross carelessness, inattention, or by design, whereas with pther so-caUe J. M. 4% V . '.^I- ' , > «5-. \l =a^ IS rt h{ ei yei oi a fo Cf th a1 CI w tc a( St ai j« T fc «1 /•■ , ■ '■*■ ■ • V 1 • . ■ •"-, r . n i 4^ is to undertake ONLY such construction a^ will insure reliability, permanency and economy. J ^^~ has been of such practical nature as to enable us to]$ivoid engineerings errors frequently made by less experienced reneineers. only after thoroughly investigating ALL the conditions which exist. '"■■ - '.•■ .' ' for the cbinplete installation of hig^ grade plants dnul criptions, electrical and mechanical. TfTSl B'O'PBZi'VTeiSl / the installations of plants of j^l descriptions. Since we have absolutely no connection with any manufocturers or agents we can furnish ^ . - ' IITZ>SIPAlTC>BlXTa7 JLS'VXOai whidh is a matter of vety great importance in these days. "W^Bl JLZIS FRS1PJLSB2D to decrease expenses in many power plants in operation. -WSl DOXT'37 Z13CFB]XlX2d.^XTa7 at the cost of our clients. We have got over the experimental stage. New methods are only adopted after every possible argument for or against has been brought >forward. jump at conclusions. ^ Then to avoid mistakes ^ ^ 00±TSX7Z/r TJS for aU y«a Wlial t« km«W on any engineering Atbject electrical,, mechanical, or otherwise. THK QKMKRAL ■NQINBKIIINQ Oa or OMTAino^ (kJiHinD) Tom^ii>,omr, ..,6J HlSTORlGAb. as we do. as water melted into aS into water aga|n. to have used isteani in IhiH \ , \ ith the invention\ofthe ste^m vebeen known \i,ooo yesirs wr, i^tatoiy an^ idolatrous 917 B.C. — H^er spoke of si 390 B.C— Plato described si hea^ which could be compi 332 B.C.-— Archimedes is jjaii defiHnive engines. ijn B.C. — Hero 19 associated ei^jiae aMMM^ it appears to before his time. He invented engines. .. 1543*— DeGarjr, a Spaiiish cap ain, proposed to ptopel shi| by steam. . ' •■ \ \ 1601. — Porta, the inventor of tl e mag^c lantern, showed tl relative volume and force of stea n in raising water. 1612. — De Caus showed the p ower of the sun on iponfined water by lenses, to increase the : un's effect, water waii forced up six feet m pipes. . ^1618.— David Ranis^y obUinM a patent for an engine to * plough without horses, to raise ^atei- and propel ships and td raise water by fire froih deep ,and tide, and to fertilize the 163^— Branca describes a grinding dnigal 1648.— The suggestion of flying by high pressure steam ai laige' wings was made. 1651.— Marquis of Worcester pumped wat«r by steam engiufe. IT***'— Savary states, •• My engine raises a full bore of waler sixty or seventy feet b^h, and if strong enough. I would i^se water 500 to 1,000 feet htgh." Savary was the first io 'iise gauge cocks. It is related that Savary accidentally discovered the force of condensation of steam from a mne flask— not quite empty— beil^ thrown on a fira and producing steam. When he took it off the fire and immersed its mouth below cold water, which condensed the steam and filled the flask by atm o hp l i e ric pt 'essurer ts^ move ships against wine ry steam engine he used fof • put Ne it a otfa use I rea cos I I ste I I loo the I diff pou I imp den est! I' I' on 1 I and vah clai use I' cuk asi wit] ni« iTOS*'— Nf«wcomen employed the air to perform the work ot wai .'■* ^'^:^ ships ItUe J pumping water and' steam only used as an au»liary.- Newcbmen, by condensing' the steam below ihe fMston forced it and that end of the beam down, whilst th<^ elevaticm of the other end raised water from the mine. Ste^m was therefore used merely to raise the piston, and air to doj the work. 1740. — Experiments made at Newcastle aire said to have realized an evaporation of eight pounds water for one pound coal. ■ -• ,'■' ■:.','"- ' / -'■ '\-':' ;'-■";"-'■'■ 1757. — Fitzgeralfl added the fly-wheel to this eilgine. 1762. — Dr. Black investigated the propeijties of heat wsnir steam attd propounded the doctrines of latent heat; . . ' 1766.— Blakely introduced tubular boilers. \ ' ; 177a — Cugnot,. French engineer, made a n|Odd of a steam locomotive, and the Fcench Govemmoit coiistructed oae at the Paris arsenal and tried it in T771, and theii " hud it aside^*^ 1772. — Smeaton determined the relative stemming values of different coals. Smeaton realized a duty lOf 112,500 foot pounds for one pound coal. . v 17JO-1819.— The great defect of Newcomen's engine as improved by Smeaton was the loss of heat arMng from con« densing the steam in the working cylinder.U James Watt estimated this to be nearly 35%, and in \t ' 1769. — Watt.patented the addition of a separate condenser. . 1782.— ^att invented the double acting cylinder^ using steam on both sides of the piston. \\ 1799.— Watt's assistant, Murdock, introduced tl^e eccentric and slide valves. Watt invented the governor and throttle valve. To overcome a parent un&iriy obtained through one Qf his workmen, Watt invented and used the \ 1780. — Sun and planet wheels in place of the cra^ik. Watt claimed the crank was part of his design, but to avoi<| litigation used this arrangement. 1776. — Watt introduced the expansion of steam. He cal- culated when cut off at half stroke the performance would be as 1 . 7; at j^stroke as 2.4, and at 1/7 as 3 in economy as coinpared with stQaning the whole stroke. Watt was the first to t«c4g- the importance of gaining some knowledge df the the result of his dForts. \ } 19 ij'jS. — Bushnell proposed a screw propeller for ships. 1778. — Watt erected at ShadwicH waterworlcs^ an engfine working expansively. i78t>.-~Watt by imprpved flue and other arrangements obtained '8.6 ]|k>iuids evaporated water per pound coal, or nearly 1Q% better thtui Smeaton. i78i.-^Homblower patiMited the same principle, expanding the steam into a second cylinder which led 1782.— Watt to patent his single cylinder plan of expansion. It cost Boulton, Watt's partner, $400,000 to defend his patent rights and introduce his engines before any profit was realized. 1784.— James Ruihsy exhibited on the Potomac a boat propelled by machinery. He exhibited a boat in which a pump worked by steam powe^ drove A stream of water froi^i the stem and thus furnished the motive power; v ? 1786. — Symiii^oh tried to combine Ne^omen's atmospheric engine with Watt's separate condenser, yet ^ade the patent, but failed to do so. ' Symington construct<^ the first paddle wheel steamboat of the modem class.' >' f vV 1791. — Street dropped turpentine on hot iron a^d exploded the vapour formed below a piston to produce motion. 1797.— Cartwrigfat used metallic packing. 1790-1816. — Trevethick erected in connection with Watt's former workman. Bull, several engines -with double-acting cylinders. This able engineer introduced high pressure steam and expanding to a low pressure. So marked was the economy that the Court of Spain sent him with regal honours to tlie silver mines in Peru to drain them. i8oa — Bell fitted a four H. P. engine in a small vessel and sailed from the Clyde to the Thames at seven miles an hour. • 1803. — Trevethick patented a road locomotive iR^ich was successfully tried near London. ' 1804.— Improving on this he comfdeted a locomotive to draw coaL It worked well, drawing ten tons of iron at five miles an hoar. Trevethick was the inventor of the first modem locomotive. 1804. — Oliver Evans showed wonderful grasp of the science, hut for waut o f uiwney he oc j uld not oarry out his ideasi ptig= used the exhaust steam to heat the feed water, he worked with vil i -<^- j r\ ->^, J / /" »«T / J- If hijph s J^!M propellc »8ure steam. Mhe writei:^ opinioi; Evans has not I credit he deserves. - Stevens, of Hq1>^, with a Watts engine 4>i x 9 with steam froi*^4 boiler consisting of eighty^ne Ucop(«^ tuK^. one inch diameter'and two feet long la steamboat four miles an hour by a screw. lo^— Fulton isuccessfuUy introduced steam boilers on _ — HuclsonV • '^^' 1815.— Ralph bodd put a fourteen h. P. engine into a seventy. five ton boa| and made a trip of 758 miles in 122 hours myer^ stormy weather. J^'~-^- DeRiivix_moyed a locomotive carriage by ▼eaeplodiiiga mixtiireof hydrogpnand air in a cylinder by el6ctnicity. J813.— Blackett demonstra^d tha^ the enormous weight of the adh^ion between the smboth rails and th^ equally smooth wheels would suffice to prevent the wheels of a locomotive from sliming. 1814.4-George Stephenson ran his locomotive " Blucher" on the Kiliingworth railway. , i8i8.^N^pier successftiliy prosecuted steam navigation and m ! i822.--The ^' James Watt " of 100 H. P. and 440 tons burden ran from Leith to London at ten miles per hour. * 1824. — Brunei tried a carbonic acid gas engine .1829.— Stephehson obtained the prize of ;£5oo for construct- ing and running his locomotive " Rocket " over a distance of thirty miles in two hours and seven minutes. ^ This test was between the " Sanspareil " buUt by Hackworth, and the "Novelty" buUt by Ericsson, and was to be a^ run of thirty miles at not less than ten miles per hour backward and forward along a mUe level with a load three times the weight of the engine. The " Novelty " after running twice along the level was withdrawn, owing ^o the failure of the boiler plates. The *• Sanspareil " traversed eight times at a speed of nearly fifteen miles;^ hour and was stopped owing to the machinery being deranged, "yhe Rocket was the only one to stand the test. um speed was twenty,iiWlllll«r pgf"Bour"aifd the"" minimum twelve. One of the conditions of this test was the " .. .' It <, -■ '/'.; '.'■'/ f.. f ^// ', ^// ■/■' f// '///\u%mmm\'. .'.'■'/ ^ '^' \ %^ swt ^t' » !f ■ 14 locomotive had to consume its own smoke. Owing to the fact that the Improved Jones Underfeed Mechanical Stoker was not va the market at this time the smoke was overcome by buminir coke. Stephenson made a splendid reputation, ai^d projections of aU kinds, together with young men, asked his advice and counsel This he gave cheerfully, except when these youths were " aflFectedly dressed," and put on " airs ".contrary to his notions of propriety. To one youth applicant of this stamp he said : " I hope you will excuse me, I am a plain-spoken person, and am sorry to see a nice-looking and rather clever young man like you disfigured with that fine patterned waist- coat and all these chains anCfang-dangs. If I had bothened my head with such thinJrs when at your age I should not be #here I am now." 1829.'— Ericsson introduced hot air as a competitor with steam. From 1829 until the present date the history oh^^ locoi^dtive » a vast series of improvements in details, far to6 various and numerous to mention here, until now it is o^f of (lie most perfect and beautiful of all the machines with which the engineer has to deal, and of which he is justly proud. V i889.-Joiieg|aTmted the Vndctrfeed Stol^er. an IttirMtiM whidi FMiln «rtheii«Mi of «ii the jraiid«rf«d temttoiit of the diir . . f IVS FLVS VLTRA. '/ / J 16 DESGRIPTIOIV^ DT HE Stoker consists of a steamcylinder or ram, with Hopper X fat holding the coal, ou^ide the furnace proper, and a, Retort or Fuel Magazine, insijkif he furnace, into which the jjreen fuel is forced by means of^ the nam; Tuy<;re Blocks, for the* admission of air, bein^ placed on eithef side thereof; the Retort containinrAtits lowestpoint, and, at a fioint where the fire never rea^h^, an auxiliary Ram or " Pusher " by meatus of which ap^en distribution of th* coal is obtained. Bynie^s of the ramf|, coal is forced nadenicafh the fire, ea9hrcharg:e of fuel raisings the preceding char^ upward, until it reaches the fire ; which point it does not reach until it has been thorougfhly coked, when in its coked state it is forced upward into the fire. The gases being lib^ted VBder the fire, and at that point mixed with air, must necessarily pass through the fire and be consumed, thus giving the benefit of al^dbattlMeaiaitterliitlMAiel. ^ Air is forced, at a low pressure, through the Tuyere^locks,* ■M^ fhe tamiac ftie|» by means of a Blower, operated by an independent engine,, or from a line shaft, if such arrangement can be made. ■ ■ . ; Your attention is called to the illustrations herein, showing the Stoker and its application to different types of boilers. Features of the Stoker. Y I HERE are some desirable points «in the construction and^ J- <^>eration of the Improved Jones Underfeed Mechanical Stoker that are i^>predated by the enjffieer and 'firemen and the man wiio pays for the coabN FiHir. BeonaMy in the use of fuel brought about by liberating iflil the gases from the fresh fuel ailder ^^ the burning fuel and by causing all the gas from . ■ ,^ same, thoroughly^n^^^ed with air, to paM through "a^ body of burning coke at a high temperature thereby /■ /. 'I • I 18 " i^sumingr all the heat producing: elements, and also by avoiding the waste of smaU particles of uncon- • sumed fuel that unavoidably pass throug'h the ordinary grate bar. . Sbcond. A^APtaMll^ A furnace adapted to the use of " ~ir-r]T any kind offuei and Moro especially MBreeBingg «B \ .V Jis^ i.:.. and piston entirely outside of the furnace, "getat- able " at aU times. A furnace of few parts and of solid construction . Fifth. fimp^^tf. A -funjace that can increase the steaming: capacity of tbe boiler fbom 50 to 75% above , its rating with the.p(;^st quality of coal, and with good ecoilomy. Ajfumace t^t can increase the steam pressure j|jstetitly, no matter what the cir- cumstances are. ..■•v ' -'- % -■ ■-■■ Sixth. SMOkelMmeM. A furnace that gives a prac- tically smokeless stack without skilled labor. A furnace that enables the flues to be kept cleaner, there being nd smoke. Seventh. 0«wbnitlMI. A fomace in which the proper quantity of air caii always be diffused through the burning coal, thereby producing perfect combustion. .*» A furnace in which the escaping gases are only a , few degrees aboT© that of the steam. A furnace in which the c^ is ptit where and When it is M • . neec" - -^ Operation of the Jones Stoker. E wiU stoppose that the furnace is being finid without steam in the boiler. The retort is first filled with coal, level, or a little above the tuyere blocks. Fire is then started by pUcing kindling pr greasy waste, lighted, along each side, of the retort and opening wide the air chamber' reaching to the tuyere blocks. As soon as sufficient steam is raised to run the btewer, air chamber opening is ctosed, blower is used for furnishing air j and fire will be built up very rapidly. Coal being in the hopper, and the ram plunger at its forward stroke, when more coal is needed the ram plunger is shifted by moving the lever.; coal then faUs ip front of plunger/ and upon return mbveM«miiTorc«ri5!oTIiil*tort, tMsm^veinent bel^ rqyeated until sufficient fuel isjjn the retort. After fire is ■9* - 23 "-«*• -vf^^j' y properly started, mtWVtmaMlt ■§•*« tlHUI IWO ebargM •f the nm at a tiMet as by tto doings greem coal is forced fire. combustion which consequently fimoke. Air, St low pressure 'being, admitted into the air chamber and thrpug^ the tuyere blocks, over the top of the green fiiel in the retort, but wMler aM llir««itli the hanUng tael ; the result is that the heat from the burning fuel over the retort slowly liberates the gas from the green fuel in the retort. TljiS gas being thoroug^y mixed with the incoming air before "^passes through the burning fuel above, results in a bright, dear fire, frM fireM IBMike, and the complete consumption of all the heat-produ<^ng elements in the fuel. The retort being air tight from below, and the fuel being in a compact mass in the retort, the air will find its way in the direction of the least resistance, wHiich is upward, consequently combustion takes place only aheire the air slots, hence the castings of the retort are always cool and not subject to the action of the fire. The incoming fresh fuel from the retort, forces the resulting ash and clinker over the top of the tuyere bl6cks on to this side plates, from whence they may be removed at any time without in the least interfering wjth the fire in the centre of the furnace, resulting in a high, even temperature at all times. To secure the best results a heavy body of coke should ^tr^^ all times be carried in the furnace, as nearly like the illustra- tion as possible. The amount of coal consumed is regulated entirely by the quantity of air forced in the furnace, so that when little steam is needed the quantity should be reduced. What We Claim. *L] S we intend to be conservative in all our estimates, and Qj L as we da aeit latead to make any promises that we cannot fulfil, before we can set forth our claims regarding any particular plant, it will be necessary that we know a|l the conditiomi under which the plant is operated. To this end we invite correspondence or a personal interviewiVom allparties operating steam plants of any kind, belie^ngthat we can show W-' *•' 88 1 show ' % " V /■i • . ^;_,,,_;,_.,^i^^,.,l,..._^.;_^^. * "■':. r.' . , ' ^, '■ : ■ * >. 8< v^ you that it will be to your interest to at leastfgive our device a careful investigation. " , It is not safe to assume \hat we-can show the same com- parative results in all.cases and under all circumstances. We will say m a general way, however, that in plants already equipped with our device, a saving of from ten tO forty per cent, kas been ShoWn. depending upon various condi- tions. We will state, moreover, that our device will bum any kind of bituminous or lignite, slack or screenings, and wilf fully utilize all the heat-giving elements therein ; and that, whether good coal or refiiSe slack, or screenings are used, our device insures a substantially smokeless stack. " Our device, furtheAnore, wiU increase the capacity and ^ efficiency of your boilers, and by its even and non-fluctuating heat saves wear and tear of the boilers and adds to their dur- ability. The use of the device requires no change in the boiler proper, the only change being in the furnace. If you are equipping a new plant your furnace can be arranged to accom- modate our device without any additional expense over what It costs to arrange it to receive common grates for hand firing, and sometimes less. ' We Base Our Oialme on the Following Orounds : Ours is the Only furnace designed and constructed upon thoroughly scientific principles; it is the only one in use in which the gas from the green coal is liberated under a mass Of incandescent eoke. This gas. after being thoroughly mixed with the proper amount of air, is caused to pass up and through this intensely heated body. Can you imagine a more simple or a surer plan of burning all the gases, as well as all the coke, thereby secur- mg all the heat there is in the coal ? In other words, in the arrangement of our fire the green coal IS always covered with a body of incandescent coke, the heat from which generates the gas from, the green coal, and as fast ^ It IS generated we force the proper amount of air over ( t o p of t lio gpccn e o al, but u nder the coke. T he result ^ IS that a mixture of air and gas takes place under the coke. • ^ CroM Section Showing Furnace In 0|»eratlon.D I r i I. 96 , and as it! passes thr*Mcli the cokd* is bnnight to a hi^h iemperatiire. A combination of the oxyg^en of the air and the gBs from the coal takes place at once under the most favonMc condition^ ;' the result is that the iBCMldesceiit ffokf) ' generates the gas,"and the gas, after its mixture with thi air, bums the «okc. Hence we feel justified in claiming that it is tJie tlMpfMt and mo8t«e«B«llll«lil combined' g^ producer and consumer in •■eftiMrb^x. \ Gompetitive Vs.. OWinary Tests. TrN •makii^g comparisons betweeri mechanical stokers and <2l hand firing th^^ conditions should be kept as nearly as possible the iwme as during ordinaiV rumiing. With stoker firing as far as ordinary running andlcompistitive tests go the results are practically the same, there being not one per ceiit. difference, whdreas with hand fii;ing thk>re is at times over 20%. In COMpetMve tests the Jones iUnderfeed Smoker fired boiler in ^knost every case shows 15% better faults over the y«sry 4>est harid^ringr and with ordiifai^ conditions the results are from 20 to 35% better than haiid firirtg. V / It is the oHUnary mnnliis tibit coluiti, not the competitive test, made for a few hodrs only and can't be kept up. A good firemap is worth his salary, and a gtiod one at that, but there is a vast difference betwebna good fireman and a coal shoveller. The latter being more numerous, as a matter of fact, than the former. The jgreat difference shows up^ monthly in the. coal bill. Good firemen are 5barce, very scarce," therefore knowing that, you can readily understand that the " average results obtained from indifferent firemen will certainly be poor. * , As already stated there is a difference between the Jones Underfeed Mechanical Stoker and exceptionally gdod firing of about 15% in favor of the Stoker, and between 'ordinary and good hand firing also 15%, and between drdinary and pool- hand firing we have at least 10%, making a difference between the Jones Underfeed system and p^r luUid flrlBC of 40^ - wh i ch l a • ctu ally the c a a e; " ' . ' ^ '■ _^~ — ifc- to a high lir and the . favoraUe lit cokff th the air, ? that it is I producer >Hers and nearly as ith stoker tts go the per ceiit. over 20%. ►ker fired over the; le results ' / . ■ not the t be kept od one at iman and a matter ' lows up ^ y scarce,' that the ' certainly lie Jones firing of lary and ind poot- between of 40°/. 37 Ha &ztnnuL Sncineerinc Co. v@ I® fl Slie of apeulas to Boiler Frost f Beeelve the JouM Stoker. iid; i: With hand firing it is possible to get fair resuhs if the boilers are run just to their rating, but if you try to force them the evaporative results are exceedingly poor With the Stll ZTo^T "''"'''''- ^ --P^-^vSy eas7:'^ttfr?; orte 4tdri:.lt°'"f '° /^^ "'^^^'^ ^^^'"^-'^'^ exceptional^ good results. From this you will ?ee that in power plants pensabie. u |g tfce Ordinary ranninir tbat connts t>z.: ;^4^' -c ^^-- -- ' ordinal;::;-- High Ghimneys With Natural Draft, Vs. Jones Underfeed System. ^ 6\riGH chimneys have been truly characterized as -monu- _/\jnents o folly." and are absolutely unnecessary in plartts fitted with t^he Jones Underfeed Stokers Let us consider the difference in cost between f^poweV plants say of 2.000 H. P. one with high chimnev. natural drift and plam furnace., and the other fitted with th; JonrUnde ' feed Mechanical Stokers. The cost of the first p ant'xclusrve of «.bu.ld.ngwouW be approximately boilers, inc d bg settmg. $36,000, and the chimnev sav 100 feet h:.rh k "^ diameter) $40,500. In the sec^d p"Lt7t s necetai^ toTt '"' only eight boilers to get the same rL.ts l:^^^^ cerned, leavmg out of the question for the present tTeTc eased efficiency and a short stack of from twenty to thirty fe^t^h bemg sufficient The cost of the ei^ht h«i • . J. .he s..«„^, „„„„ ^ ,.s.^:':„,x .t^h^r^rs Stokers and the chimney, makes a total of «« ««^ ' > in the first cost of $4,7Co?which is mor h!f th^' WffThf ch.,„ney. There is also a reduction in interest, taxes ec winch must be placed to the Stoker's credit. Th;re -sAlso a reducfon in boiler repairs which will more than offirjg^: t,; coal'^ff r/j'^^'""''"" ^'—e next to th^srvLg") s^ifieHn bo, ^f ^^^^ Taking our plaTa, abte ^' .f: ". ^^^/l ''""""g ^y 400 pounds/per ho..r , " an,^...,t: k^ . ■ ° -^ T"^ f """My per nour each. ^^^.A^.^-ia^rwemytotis per day of /feiTwr^^^ finng agamst eight boilers burning the sle quantity per bc^Ier h' M: ':. if the boilers ce them the the Stoker, ter to force icceptionally >wer plants s are iiidi.sir t conntg. try running' i -i> ■ »~ 1 ■ ■■ -1' ■ ■ een proved 1 .', ,'•'." ' ' 7' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 }nes Stoker ' Xr v ' ^l''^ - ■' ' .-'' '.'• to 40% and e it clearly TV * , - ' '■'■'Mm could have " -^^^H the Stoker ,' , ''"ii^^l A ■*>( ■ ' '^P^^^^^^^^l ,< ^ .f:' ■ -'- 'fl^^^^H : ■;- 9 :r-^^H cer and ''^^^1 r'li'was ;:"^!^H j1 M open \ ' '^..jI^^^H on small t-^r^l^^H ifl^^^^^l tkh smoke " ^^^P mi^^^^H the boilers .. ."''^^^^^^1 run up to i n '-" ,.^^^^^^^^^^1 to fire as . t'.^i ''^ii^^^H sndure it. ^ ^-- - "^'^^^^^^^^^^^M »g ifrates, • ' '^^^^1 :rease the « . ^^^^^^^^^^^H J capacity '''-l^^^l r of coal. \a,^^^H L ; experi- ' ' "^'^^'^^^H B. Shak- f . ■-' ^^^^^H the work '*• ^"^^^^^^^^^^^1 vhen you ■ ■'■ .'■^.'"'^^^^iliil 1 must be ■*-T, ■--.-" ': ''-.: -' •"" > -U-. -'U ie, and it ' ^ . attempt ' 1 ta/>*« ««*!4U ic -V J ...Llll •* ■ \ » ■ * "I or otber idevioes »!^Ms-^^-^_t- ».ii&liik»!llHi*>ii jUMit^ t— ^ was the g sw ma l bielief that this could be acoof». pushed, but after years of experimenlinflb and a mukiMdi» of devices have;, been examiAed and the tnost pnMiMsifl^tri«i|; with the fN^fular conohisiaa^ that smoke conamptUi ia.a .dehiaiafi. and further, that •^MMaOcMl tat hj f Hoke preTentloB. i- \ .." •». - .? .. M i #• Power. % HAT is technically spoken of among Engineers as a horse j>ower is the rate of doing work corresponding to 33,000 foot pounds of work, i.e.. lobo lbs. lifted 33 ft. in one minute, ^nd the power of engines is always calculated on this basis. Watt pressed this unit, and his method of arriving at it was as follows : — He took the ordinary ILondon dray horse and found that it cxaal^ do about 22,000 foot lbs. work per minute and being an hondst man, like All good Scotchmen, anxious to give the purchasers of his engines good value, added 50% to the amount. \ ** The hone power exerted by an engine >s equal to the total mean pressure on the piston in lbs. multiplied by the distance in feet travelled by the piston in one minute divided by33i«». ' Let H.'P. = Indicated horse power. N. = No. of strokes per m'in. = revs. X 2. L. = Length of stroke in feet. A. = Area of cylinder in square inches = diam, « x . 7854. P. = Mean effective pressure in lbs. per square inch. P. X A. = Mean pressure on the piston. L. X N. = Distance4ravelled by piston in ohe minute. P.L.A.N. P.L. diam.2 x N. H.xP.=— : — — = , . " t 33000 42000 P.= L. H.P. 33000 H. P. 42000 L.A.N. L. diam.x x N. H.P. 33000 H P. 42000 A.= P.A.N. iP. diam.«x N.^ H.P. 33000 P.L.N. I *r H.P. 33000 H.P. 42000 I'i 1% P.L.N. X.78S4 P.L.N. To find the horse pommotu compoiilid. triple. 87 oV quadruple expansion engine, calculate by the above rule the horse power of each cylinder separately, and then add the results. Treat each cylinder as if it were a separate engine. Example i.— An engine ^having a cylinder 12" dia.,' liET stroke, running at 300 revs, per minute, and the mean effective pressure is 45 lbs., what is the Horse Power ? Example a.— A triple expansion engine having cylinder ratios as I : 2.6: '7 runs at 100 revs. The stroke is 4ft., and the diameter of the high pressure cylinder is 18", and the mean effective pressure brought to a basis of the low pressure cylinder is 10 lbs., what is the H.P. of the engine and also the M.E.P. on the* high and intermediate cylinder? Strain on Cylinder Bolts. "^'^'t X OES the admission of steam to a cylinder increase the ^ J stress on the cylinder bolts ? ^^- Is there any more stress on the Wits wliich secure the*cylinder head wl^n the cylinder is under pressure th^n when it is not? | Steam Consumption Per 1 H. P. Per Hour. *;^)ULE.— -The cubical contentT^of cylinder in feet x no. of r^ strokes per hour x weight of one cubic foot of steam at ^—^* point of cut off or where computation is made, and divide by the H. P. * : Example:— Engine stroke 18", ^iai of cylinder i^, initial ab- solute pressure 100 lbs. cut f^t^t 1/6 stroke, revs. 250 per minute, back pressure 16.3 11k. absolute. Calculate M.E.P. the H.P. and the steam consumption per H.P. per hour. Another method of finding water or steam consumption : — Take «^ny point in the expansion curve of the di^g^^m between cut off and release, calculate the volume in cubic inches to that point, multiply this volume by the pressure measured frbm vacuum, then divide by 14.7, multiply this quotient by the num- "Ber of strokes in an hour and divide by 1728 which gives the cubic feet of water per hour, and this multiplied by 62.5 and ^tttv'.-, . tS%uf.f ,, ... ■■■ ■v.v^ t^-.-:% ■■ -,88,: V ■-■.■:;:: ^v- - »-^ -i:- divided by thfe H.P. of the engine, gives ponndS water per kone powerper hour. . Fonnala : — " ,Cub. ft. of steam per hour V.P. ■■'■"■■ '^' ■ '' ■ "^ — > ^•-:.l. _ll-i 25400' / Pounds water per H.P. per hour. AT.P.N. ' • H.P. 7oo,OQO Where y.^ Volume of cylinder in cubic inches to point of com- putation. ^ P. g pressure measured from vacuum at point of com- putation. -^ - N. = No. of strokes per hour. H.P. = Horse power wed for in estimating its heat value. According to analysis one pound of perfecUy dry peat wiU give about 10260 heat units. In a test made between ReynoldsviUe screenings and patent peat fuel at the Metropolitan Street Railway, Toronto, the relative value of the fuels was as 100 : 92 or 100 pounds peat equal 92 poHndacoal. «■ ;^- W—k when recently cut is of very little value as fuel " , ^ *.w utids of wood are equivalent to one pound of 'coal. ' ^ lllBend oils contain aliigher per centage of hydrogen than the/other fuels, and .although their use for steam gener- ating' purposes is not yet well established the result^! obtained', are very promising, and there is no doubt that the use of this kind of fiiel will become lextensivei especially in oil districts. Ugnlto occupies a position between peat and bituminous coal And is believed to be of later origin, li is inferior to the • poorer qualities of bituminous coals. Coal is by far the most important and in its ordinary state ' is more extensively used than any^other fuel. Steam coals are divided into two main varieties known as- bituminous and anthracite. -BitlliaillOlM coal contains a high per centage of hydrogen and oxygen, and produces more or less smoke. Anthracite coals 'aire, composed almost wholly of carbon. Cannel coal is a variety of bituminous coal, very rich- in carbon. Xt kindles readily and eihits a bright flame like a candle. It is valuable as a gas coal but it is very little used for steam purposes. Semt-bitumtllOIU.is softer than true •anthracite and contains more volatile matter. When pure it is almost free ^ x 2% = 12 pounds' of n air must pass through the furnace, assuming the whole of its ' oxygen to enter into' combustion. In practice this never holds .. good, and tKe actual quantity of air required f(> pass through the furnace will seldonrbe less than fifteen pounds to each one pound df carbonaceous fuel. In locomotives and other fur- naces with strong draught the average quantity of air may be taken at eighteen pounds, and in furnaces with sluggish draught about twenty- fivepounds pftr pound of doal burned. A pound of air at average temperature and atmospheric pressure occupies thirteen cubic feet, and in the ordinary working conditions of the furnace 160 to 300 cubic feet of air will be required per pound of coal. Jhe heat available for the generation of steam depends upon the mean^ taken to prevent the heat developed from being otherwise abstracted, and the ohly means whereby it can be dissipated are, by its radiation into the atmosphere from the furnace,, and by the waste gasds or products of combustion scaping into the chimney at a higher temperature than that at which they entered the furnace. Furnace radiation can be A gases can never fall below that of the steam they are heating. » ' «1 ■'V ' ^ ,■ Consi A quahl . .they shoul ' aboV4 previ from ., .' burnt f-. • ul. ■ _ / Consequently, the .heat utilized dependi! mainly" upon the quantity of the waste g^ses and upon their temperature which #tHey pass frbm contact with the boiler, which temperature should never exceed 600 de|n-ees Fah., or about 550 degrees above that at which tlvey were received irtto the furnace previous to combustion. ' For example, the heat derivable from a pound of g(>od coal is 14,000 units, and if this coal be' burnt with fifteen pounds of aiF^ and the products of combustion discharged up the chimney at a temperature of 690 degrees . Fah., it is ^uite clear that the heat left iV these sixteen pounds of wste gasek is lo^t, so far as thfe generation of steam.goes. The products of combustion will be composecl of carbon di-oxide, oxygen and nitrogen irt quantities of 3% pounds, % pounds of coal and 115^1 pounds respectively. Miiltiplying these weights by their specific heats we get 3.7 x .2i7=.8o29, .7 X 2.18=1.526, and I i;7x .244=1.2.855, and the sum of these . results is 5.184 units, which is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of the whole weight of discharged gases one degree Fah, But these gases are discharged at 600 / degrees Fah., or 550 degrees above their initial temperature, therefore 550 x 5.184=2850 units is the entire quantity carried off by the products of combustion, leaving ",1^0 units for generating the steam. In^the same way when' twenty-five pounds of air pass through the furnace for each pound of coal burned there are twenty-six pounds of products of combustion discharged into the atmosphere at the same temperatyre,*6oo ' degrees Fah.,, leaving 10,600 uni^s for generation of steam. . With the Improved Jones Mechanical Stoker the air required per pound of coal is from 175 to 200 cubic feet, or an average of fourteen pounds of air, anc^the gases are discharged at from . 340 to 375 degrees Fah'., an average of 360,^ from which we get only 800 heat units carried off and wasted, leaving »3»*oo^ units available for steam generation. ^ - Comparing this with the above when twenty-fiVe pditinds of / air are required, we have a difference iafiiivorof the^'Underfeed Stoker of -roa ^13,200—10,6001 1^ 10,600 J / ^*^ ■ \ i '^ i- *? Wood as Fuel. > rX>ERFECTLYdry wood contains.about 50% of carbon, J® the remainder consisting: almosti entirely of oxveen _ and hydrogen in the proportions which form wkter The proportion of ash is f^m one to five Jer cent. The totl heat of combustion of aU kinds of wood When dry, is almost t( 3^ Yellow Pine. 2,000 White Pine.. 1,900 i< K << it (t l< <( << (( « foJr" *^! "•**»^* •* « ««" that 100 pounds of wood'equals v^ue per pound as pme^ assuming botfe to be dry. A cord of wood 4 X 4 X 8= ,38 cubic feet. About 56^ solid woodi the remainder interstitial spaces. 5«»/o solid 6oal^ Consumption in the Jones Stoker. f\lVER 1,300 pounds of coal per hour can be burned with ^ economy m one Jones Underfeed Stoker. This on a boiler where the grate surface was primarly 6x5 equals thirty square feet, gives us forty pounds coal per square foot of grate surface per hour, a result that canndt be obtained by ord^ry hand-finng with good results where natuml draft is used, tw^^v *^"^:'^""«^ ^'^«" *he coal consumption goes abovfe twenty pounds per square foot, there is a decrease in the evaporative performance by actual tests from 8. 75 pounds from and at 313 to seven rtrt..«i^o ^..u 1 ? .... pounds Wh f n burning thtf ty -five pounds or 20%. Whereas with the Stoker the results are almost identical, 1 \ 7n ' carbon, ■ oxygen n water, he total I almost ollowihg* ts given .^ ai ' : ./ equals :alorific Z solid 3ker. id with s on a thirty fgfrate dinary ■■-;■;• ----r^ .;:. •- ' '^■■,,,,.48 .-.^:_ : ■ ■ •?.■, . , showing, without douKIt thV^normous range that i| can be' put to. With a very light bla>st lOO to 150 pounds per hqtuf can be burned with far Bett«: rdsults than shaking grates pr any other device. -".v^ Banking with the Stoker. ■m **! T is possible to shut a boiler down» say on ^Saturday at v ^ noon, with too pounds gauge pressure^ and without - touching the furnace, there will be fifty pounds pressure on the boiler on the following Wednesday, and the -fire ready for starting^up. Steam can be got up to the Vequisite pressure, 100 poltnds, in less than five minutes. Is this possible with any other devite? It is not. ' . , f Duty of an Engine. ^ THE DUTY OF AN ^NGINE is the number offoftt pounds of work done by the consumption of 109 pounds of coal. A new unit was recommended in 1891 by a committee of the A. S. M.>E^viz., foot pounds of work per million heat units furnished by the boiler. This is equal to the old unit when the coal ignparts io,qpo H. U.- to the water in the boiler^ or to aj^ evaj^ratipn of jo.35 pounds, from and at 212 de^;rees per pound of coal. Taking the old unit, the duty of a pumping engine ,that will do ibb^^jop^poo foot pounds fiM*^ every i(^ pounds coal burned is said to be ioo niillion. Example i. — An engine requires four pounds coal per cme H. P. What is the duty? . ' Example 3. — The diameter of a pump plunger is twelve, inches, and , the length of stroke two feet, number of double strokes 10,000, coal burned 800 pounds, gauge pressure on main pipe shows sixty pounds, and the height of the' ig^uge is twenty-four feet above the water in the well. Find the duty ? '.v-i, ^Ss I I 4m ,m .,,■.-■ I * . AA- ■ ■ - • ■ ■ - •« t ' ' • . , ' '■'..■. ■ ' ' . * ■ . ■ ■ ," Factors of Evaporation. -ro facilitate calculations of boiler tests factors of evapom- .1 t.on are usually determined which show the ratio of heat atlrr" '* '"' ""'""'^^ """^^ ^••^'«-- *° *»>-» of «*-«•" atmosphenc pressure. The formula for obtaining the factor is — where H is the toUl heat of steam at the observed «^r;^;tV'. ?M^*"' *•"** °''""'* "**«••• ^"^^he divisor 9«bemg: the latent heat units in steam at atmospheric pres- Jhe following table has been calculated by the above formula and . sappl.cat,on is 4 follows : Example : In a certain boiler S .^""^r**'**" P^'-PO^nd of coal was eight pounds from What ,s the equivalent evaporaUon, supposing feed water W^s a.j degrees, and the steam was *t atmo^heric presll^e ? 68^e„?I7f * "Ir"" of temperatures until you come to 6^. then look along the' same line under column of pressures b^ thef : T*^"*"^' ?'°" "'" """^"^ ••^«98. this multip«ed i^mLda? '^r'**'^"^^^ evapoJuion irom and at 212 degrees, or 9.5 pounds. . To fia4 the fMtora for intermediate DremnpM ^ySSj 6s, 7S pounds, etc.,.take the mean betweenTandfc' feces' Fat'- TT"" u ?^ ^^""^^ ^"^^' ^^^^ ^^ *- ^^ Sci tl£^f Lf \,' * *' '^^ *^**^'°''' '^^''^-^^ «"•" of the fac- tofcs of 90 and 100 pounds, .divide by 2, or ri.7S2+ 1.1773) The diflFerence m the factbr corresponding to a difference of one degrees temperature is .00,^, therefore. if the factor for any mtermedw^ temperature dap be easily obtained. by sub- t«ctmgfnj,m the higher or adding to thelower number this amount foi^ every degree. Example: Feed wate«temp^ture 95 degrees, gauge pressure ,00 pounds, what is\thefector? a^ve .-. .00104+ 1. 1649= 1. 1680. y^ • , » » •«* " ' I -- , , I. J 0^ d^ ; h u. -*— - 32 I. 38 .1. 44 I, 50 I. S6 I. 62 i- 68 I U I. 8^ I. 9^ I. ge I. 104 I. I to I. 1^6 1 I. ' 122 I. /128 I /»34 I, / 140 I ) 146 I IS2 I •.S8 I )!64 I 170 i 176 I 188 I V I 194 i aoo ■t: 206 I 212 I -!. I >« /<• i FHotora of Evaporation. r evapora- tio of heat >f steam at e factor is observed >e divisor - eric pres- re formula ain boiler mds from Is gaug-e. k^ater Was ure?. come to pressures nultiplied iporation ssiirM, ) and 60, ter at 80 the fac- rence of ictor for by siib- iber this' >^rature factor? h ' u. 32 38 44 SO 56 Gauge Pressurbs. ttO 1.12144 I. '2082 liosi i.bss 1.1896 60 1. 2175 1.2112 1. 2019 I.I988 1. 1926 1.0773 1. 07 10 1.0648 V«*S8S 1.0522 i.0460 »-o397 I -0334 1. 027 1 1864 l802 1708 T677 Y6I5 >553 1490 1428 1366 '303 YO 1.2202 1.2 140 1.20^8, 1. 2015 «»9S3 '89 1829 1767 1704 164^ m8o 1.S18 1455 '3931 »33» 1.1241 I- "79 1. 1 1 16 »-io54 1.0991 1.0929 10866 1.6803 1. 0741 1.6678 % 1.^15 1-0553 1.0490 1.^27 1.0364 1. 0301 80 1.2227 1. 2164 1. 2102 f.2040 t.1978 1. 1605 1.1542 1. 1480 1.1418 ••1355 1. 1268 i.i2.»253 1:1191 UI129 1.1066 i.roqi i.0941 1.0878 1.0816 1.0753 1.0690 1.0628 1.056; 1.0502 1 .0339 1.0376 100 110 1. 2271 1.2208 1.2146 1.2084 1.2022 1.1960 1. 1898 >.«835 «.»775 1.1711 1. 1649 1.1586 1.1524 1.1462 1.1399 I-1337 1.127s 1.1*212 I.II50 1.1087 1. 1025 1I0962 1.0900 1.0837 1.0774 ,0712 .0649 ,0586 0523 ,0460 0397 1. 1980 1.1917 '•'855 ».»793 1.1731 i.i6i5S 1.1606 1-1544 1.1482 1.1419 11357 1.1294 1.1232 1.1170 1.1107 1.1044 1.0982 1.0919 1.0857 KO 1.2309 1.2247 1.2185 1.2123 1.2060 11998 1.1936 1.1874 1. 181 2 1-1749 1.1687 1.1625 1-1562 1.1500 1.1438 1-1375 11313 1.1251 1. 1188 1. 1126 1. 1063 1, 1000 1.0938 1.0875 130 1.2326 1.2264 1.2262 1.2140 1.2078 1. 2016 1.1954 1.1891 1 I 1829 1767 1.1705 1.1642 1.1580 1.1518 1.1455 1.0794 1.0813T.0830 1.0731 1.0669 1.0606 10543 1.0480 1. 0417 ,0750 .0687 .0624 .0562 .0499 •0436 11393 1-1331 1.1268 1. 1 206 1.1143 1. 1081 1.1018 t-0955 1.0893 1.0767 1.0705 1.0642 1-0579 1.0516 J. 04.53 ■.^"i". J - From and at 212 Degrees. < ♦ol* . ■ ^ ' customary to consider the evaporation as takmg: place at atmospheric pressure, i.e. 2,a dei^^s F th^ lent evaporation from and at 212 degrees. A pound of water at a.a degrrees requires 966 heat units to evkpomtrir^to •team, this is caUed the unit of evaporation. The following formula is given for finding the equivalent evaporation of atmospheric pressures- equivalent W'(H-h) 966*^ \ ^*"*^* "nr*'''*'!"' *^»P°"»«<»" f"^™ and at a,a degrees. W . =Ob«,rved or actual evaporation from temjSrature of teed. I "^ , ' H. = Total heat in steam. / hs Temperature of feed. j \' '" ' ■'^ ExAMPLE._In a boiler test the actual evaporation per pound iBo degrees Fah; Gauge pressure 100 pounds. What is the ^Cnl'""""'"" '"" a„4 at a» degrees P Answer! -The Lmrrft of Speed. T"L^ J'^i^f ''*' "^ not grown with their I weight and s,^. There is a natural lawwl^ich stands Jfreel. the adhesion and consequent capacity for drawing toads .s also^oubled. Reasoning in «„ 'analogous wa^ft may be alsj/said that if we double the circumference c^ he ihisbed^Mie ,t wOl require twice as much power to turn the large ones as was used for the small ones ; and we then encounter^the natural Uw that Ih^ r^i,t«nrP \nrvj».,7l^Z square Of the speed, and probably even greateTr^ veiy high f*--.- *"^^r*' ^17 velocities. At sixty miles an hoyr the resistance of the train is four times as grreat as it is at thirty miles. That is, the pull on the draw-bar must be four times a» g^reat in one case as the other. But at sixty miles this pull* must be exerted for a given distance in half the time^at it is at thirty miles, so that th6 power exerted and the amount of steam generated in a given peHod mu^t be eight times as great in the one case as the oth^. This ni#ans that the capacity of the boiler, cylinders, etc., must be greater, with a corresponding addition to the weight of the machine. Obviously, if the weight per wheel is limited, we soon reach the size of the driving wheels, and other parts cannot be enlarged, which means that there is a certain, proportion of wheels, cylinders and boiler, which g«ve» us a maximum speed. Steam. (^ ENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT. Heat given to a ^\ substance, and warming it, is said to be MBtlbls in ""^'''-^^^ the substance. Heat given to ii iubstance and not warming it, is said to become latMl(<--- ■ ; : ^^efet^ the temperature of evaporation. Fro^J thik we see that since the tempei-ature of the steam is raised the latent heat diminishes only .7 of the increase in the ,^ sepsible heat, it is therefore obvious that the total heat increases. For all temperatures above 212 degrees the latent :, lieat is len than 966, for all temperatures below 212 degrees, the hitent heat is greater than 966^ . r« When the latent heat is found, at any temperature, the totaf > heat of evaporation is easily determined. / V /Total heat of steam = Sensible + latent heat.. ■'■■ ■■'-^;^■ \^ ■¥;;;■■' '■■''.■■:,-^'- =(1-32°) +966-.7 (t- 212) ' .' ■'* 1^^.J.: ' ' '■•■ .^'- * ='083+ ,3 1. '..:-'. , ,,: Example.— What is the latertt heat of steam at 90 pounds pressure, the temperature bejng 320° Fah. , also what is the total heat of evaporation ? /ml_ . • ' / " • '■■-.■41'' '^H^f^^vWlli. 5^7 Regnault made extensive tests for the French ./// i^Vemment and fnttnA tUat civemment and found that Jf Whei^ p = absolute pressure in pounds per square inch. t = temp, of boiling water in degrees Fah. and from this wc^ get =^ ^*>47ip-40. lis is veiy nearly ^rrect, for absolute pressures betweeiT 6 and 60 pounds, and ^ove that add one to the result. aporation. e sensible d of water erature of units, and the latent irrees into lits. The )66=ii46. 2 degrees iecreases. nperature' steam is se in the >tal heat the latent degrees, the totaf 3 pounds the total > ' '■ French r'' 49 James Brownlee has given us an empirical formula, foHows: as ■:t Approz. =s6.2 , From which, we get - ' H - ' " ■ 0-372 .l6.2-logpJ 37a The following table, giving the pressures, log of pressure, and fifth roots, from 40 to 175 pounds wiU facilitate calculations for finding the tehiperature of steam from the steam pr^nure by the above methods. LiM. Fmss. Abu. 40 45 SO 60 OS ^ 70 75 « J^ I.,6o3 »-6S3 1.699 1.740 1.778 1.813 1.845 «.87S SthRaot 2.091 2. 141 2.189 3.229 2.268 *-30S 2.339 2.37a Lbs. Pfess. Abso. 80 l9s 95 too »oS no "5 lao 125 Sth Root 2.605 2.627 Lbc IVett. Abio. ^30' *3S 140 HS 150 »S5 160 165 170 175 Log 2. 1 14 2.130 2.146 2. 161 2.176 2.190' 2.204 2.217 2.230 »-H3 sth Root 2.647 2.667 2.687 a.705 2.724 2.748 2.760 2.776 2.783 2.810 The following examples wiU iUustrate the working of the formula. First Method;— Steam pressure lop po\mda gauge. Rnd temperature 100 pounds gauge= 115 pounds absolute, fifth root = 2.583. Formula 1=147 f/p- 4a / r = 147x2.582-401 > : , =339° Fah. , " r' J'-fT::.. , 2940 t=< V-372 Second Method. 60 Properties of SaturatecPBteam. Latent Heat. jWgbt. of i cuh. Uniti jft. Steam in lb*. .00299 •o«373 .02641 •03794 .03868 05070 06253 07420 08576 09721 :3S^ « - »' f ^ » 863 906 wo »3 336 • .1^ 1 }8o '23 [66 ■ 1 ' .:_.„.. no •« ■53 m ■ C-: » ■ " ' • AbtoluM Pnts. in lbs. per -Ufcln. 100 102 104 106 108 no 112 114 116 .118 120 122 124 126 128 •30 132 '38 140 iSO 160 170 180 i90 , ^00 220 240 260 • 280 300 Tami iperal fitu iture \ 327 329 330. 33»- 333- 3345 335-9 337-2 338.S 339-7 34»-0 342.2 343-5 344-7 345-9 347-1 348-2 349-4 350-S 351 •» 352-8 358.2 3633 368.2 372.8 377-3 381.6. 389-7 397-3 404.4 411. o 4»7-4 Total H«at abowaso i-ah. JntheWaU^ 298.9 300.4 301.9 303.3 304.7 In tfM Steam 3»%8 3»4.« 3>s.a 316.6, 3>7.8 3»9-i 220.3 321 5 323.6 323.8 325.0 330-6 335.9 340.9 345-8 350.4 354.9 ^2.2 370.0 377-4 384-3' 390-9 1181.8 1182.3 1182.7 1183.1 1183.6 185.2 185.6 I 185.9 1186.3 1186.7 1187.1 1187.4 1187 8 1188.3 ri88.5 1188. 9 1189.3 1189.5 1191. 3 1193.7 1194-2 "957 11970 1198.4 1200.8 1203.1 »205.3 1207.3 1209.2 Latent Heat Units 882.9 881.9 880.8 879.8 878.8 877.9 876.9 875.9 875-0 874.1 873.2 872-3 871-4 870.5 869.6 868 867 < 867 866, 865, 864 860. ?5- 853 849- 846.6 843-1 838.6 833-1 827.8 823.0 818.3 ft.T ■ of'xcuk. •minlbi. 2296 23*7 3382 2425 2467 2510 2553 2596 2638 2681 r^ 2809 28s 1 2894 2936 2978 3031 3063 310S 3147 3358 3567 3775 3983 4i9«/^ 443of 4852 6101 65*5 ' . ,j--... . ■.^- :' - \ '-■''* — -. , '-11 ' ■ K- - ' ". . V ■/; #■ * m « * > • - 1 #' sa Capacities afid" H^^e Powers of .Bfowers. SMhmrWyth Ooaipensumptlon i»M-hour. 34|Z. I^REISSURE. V Requiied tol*II^i;^*.*^If ^'*'^ P**'^" *~ ■*«»» Mo^er shaft, to this add engine friction. . ' ^rfojir ounqe pressure, the poy,^ re^yAr^ is three times tlTesiirr!!"'*'' '^'^'^ '^^^'^ •••• per minute is 1.5 tinM»,that oftwoounc6. * * ^Howtoopterateth^vtable. A boiler plant ^^AWsting of four bo.lersbumsatthemaximuoa4oopoundscoalpe,'hour: Wh^t size ofblower would be necessary? . »~ , '"^- ^*»' Look under two ounce blast in column " Colli Consumption >:Sr^^r '^^^ !«*.^' «-- »»»' corresponds to.- |4^. )wers. ■ > ■ ' r. RE.' H,P. Required 3'S 5- 8.75 13.5 »S- 21. 24. 4«lt. r shaft, e times i is 1.5 • » of four What . mption nber to 8 to, — et > .■*• * Pressure in Inches of Water ^ISP^^???* CbwwpoDdingiittr Vclocitjr dtd to . prMMiein (•ttperaunnte. Don't ' Because you cant se6 through a things or tim once, don't condenift it; the trouble is with youi tU^r'^J^"^"^ ^°"'' '^*""'""*" *'°^" *° »•>« »^9^«t notc4 Pay them good wages. you'U get better work a^ more ofit If Tt^n TT^ «P«»«1 commence wSTboiler room by ThlffV „^^~""* ^^*^ Underf J/Mechanical StokeS^ The eflfectw.II be probably your coa^fou cut in two. Horse Power Req of for Different Sjpeeds *• T"fw ^*!]!!L'v"^'^i^"^ ^"'^'•" '^- V A^ y iHg^a^the-cube' of • the soeed. Vm^Xn A\if^.m^,. . . ... the speed speeds it may vary^ y 'WMrily 4afcw I, birt/fn diflfeAn ary irom a.8 powe diflfeftnt vessels and at diflTerent " power to the 3.5 pow#r, depending * >*'• upon the efficency of the eogineis^ropeller. etc., and the lines of the vessel. Taking: ten knots as unity, the foUowing tabter shows the relative powers for the different rates of increase. ^ 8 ei w SpaMl.„ Knots Pet Hour. ■I £ S2.8 S2.9 f ^• S3. 1 83.8 S3.3 S3.4 S3.S •S3S •524 .S»2 .501 490 479 .468 .458 I. I. I. I. I. I. I. 1.666 1.697 1.738 1.700 1.792 1.825 1.859 »-893 2.565 3.7*9 5. 185 6.964 ^095 3.908 5.499 7.464 9,841 2-653 3.908 5.499 7... i«.744 4.096 5.832 8.000 io.ife *.838 4.293 6.185 8.574 10-52 2-935 4.500 6^559 9.>89 12.47 3.036 4.716 6.957 9.849 13.59 3.139 4.943 7.378 10.56 14.60 »2475.i8i 7.824 1 1.31 15-7921.4228.34 'I 11.60 12.67 i3'-82 »5-09 16.47 17.98 19.62 «S-24 15-97 17-58 »9-34 21.28 23.45 25.70 4 ft. the rat coi The following examples wiU illustrate the working of th«r ^ table: »> A vessel of certain form and tonnage has a speed of ten knots an hourandtheengine indicates 200 H. P. What will be * the ho«e power if the vessel is sped up to fourteen knots per * ^ hour, the power varying as the cube of the speed? On the line S3, under ten knots we get one, and qnder four- teen knots we get 2.744, showing that at fourteen knots the power IS 2.744 times greater or w. 200 X 2.744=549 H. P. #. In a certain vessel it was found that the coal consumption per day was fifty tons and the average speed twelve knots per hour, and the furnaces were afterwards equipped with the Improved Jones Underfeed Mechanical Stokers, and it was found [that ^e. daily consumption was fifty,five tons, and the average speed fourteen knots per hour. The power was otaerved to ya^y as 3. 1 power of the speed. Find the savine - effected by the installation of the Jones Stoker. ^ On the Une S3, i we get under twelve and fourteen knots, the horse powers are as t.760 : 2.838 or 100 : 161. For fifty tons _wej[et 100, a nd for fifty - fiv e tons w«h^^6^T^^howiln; that for F whi and tim< the same co^ consumption we get three H. P. indicated at the " T volu to til =dwk { displ the lines ig table r ease. «« «S-24 15-97 1758 »9-34 21.28 «3-4i 25-76 ^«,28.34 i of thr '* ■■ - . t" " ■ ■ ■, * . ' . ' of ten willbe * >ts per r four- ts the iption ts per :h the : was and r was Aving^ s,the tons It for t the W engine a|t«r th6 installation of the Stokeri, as compared with two H. P. before, or a saving of 50%. \« Horse Power I^equif^for Vessels JJnoTHER example wai not b^ out of place to show how Q/ J- the rate of increase may be calculated. A vessel makes twenty knots pfer hour and indicates 597 t^; U P k!' ^?^'T ''"?'" '^^ ^^"^ "• P- •" 440. What wm the H.^P. be when the vessel is maWng twenty-tWb knots, the ^^f mcrease of HJ P. with i„c|reas« of speed remaining Let X = rate of increase. i8» : 20« : : 442 : 600; ' x(Log2o-logi8)=log6oJ)-log442. X (0.30103 - 2.2552^) = 2.775^7 ^ a.64345. , \.. , , ■x=2.9.:. ::^ p :;■ '-.^. ■ Showing that the H. P. a '^x =2,^ From the above table we get under tw^ty knots 7.464 which would give us at ten knots ,i 1 '*^ tSfn ' J \ ■•:..:-■' =8oH.P.'-^'T-:,: :":.,■■-■•■">/■ Vli .- ^ •> "7.464 . ■ :■, -'■' \and we also find that at twenty-t«fo knots the po^er is 9.841 times that at (jien knots. ( w^ • 5^«»' ■ ; V ••• *>^ 9-841 = 788'h. P. if 22 knots. At ^etlcnots per hour =8oi H. P. » ;* ' * -'' -''^^ " " =440 H. P. .■■•■^■'■"-^ "v. t' '.^■■■■■-■-■-■'° . *' " ■ =591 H. P. \ .-J' W'-'^ -■'■''■:■' Jw -. ; :.. ^ ■ -■•'; " .—.i. „ _^: - w ■ ■ -,,,- ^ :.. The ^lililaeeiieiit of a tcsmI is the. weight of the volume of water which it displaced. - For sea water it is eqUal to the volume of the vessel beneath the water line in cubicV^t, divided by 35, and tef ti|tah wat«>r the divisor is 3^0^' ^ displacemerit is measured in tons of 2240 pounds.' T rWr Don't think jmm know it alL There are others who per- haps know considerably more than jmm do, but have the good sense to hoM their tongue. }:<:. -f^The Horse Power of Steam Boiljers^ ^ THE horse power/as applied to steam engiifts is equal to 33i00O feet pounds per minute, but in the case of bmlers the term horsepower is the evaporation of thirty P««Mlfl water per hear at !•• fUi. late steaai at lereaty peanas, gauge pressure. Some engines to-day would give neariy three indicated horse power for tl^rty pounds ^ter con- sumption, others would toke as high as forty pounds water .per H. P. The number of heat ^its required to convert thirty pounds of water at loo* Fah. into steam at seventy pounds is 33,305, and is equivalent to 34^^ potmds water evaporated from and at 212 degrees. a) Example i.— What is the horse power of a boiler that evaperate|t at the rate of 2000 pounds of water per hour, tern- pei»t«»re' of feed fifty degrees, steam pressure 125 pounds Ngauge.^. : "-^ ,' ■ \EXAMPLB af.— How much water at 200 Fah. should be pimped into a boiler so that witH^gange pressure of 150 pounds, the horse power developed would be 70. Example 3.— How much. coal per horse power would be required if an evaporation of nine pounds from and at 212 degrees per pound coal is obtained at the boiler when the indicated horse power is 100, while the steam consun^ptidn is twenty-eight pounds per H. P. per hour. Heating of Feed Water. DUE regard for economy in the production and saving ot .ii RP^®*" ™^"'"'' ***** *hat contained in the he^itof exhaust applied to sonli Useful purpose, and as a rule is best utilized in raising the temperature of th e f e ed w a ter to th > uigU ^^ t hea by i plai I per ^ 1 the inc de{ ! / dej i ^ Wl fin m vtel Fi point of which it is economically capable. To effect this the fe I J I< r m heater is used ; and when in addition to this,dut^ it b posriUe by its use to eUminate the impurities contained in the water, its great vahie to an economical steam {riant will be acknowled^^ '*'^nd appreciated. ' r ": < Hut the feed water is a most important featuife in a steam .^ plant can beveiy ea«ly proved by the following : — . Boiler pressure 60 pounds gauge, feed water 40 degrees before and 200 after it goes through the heaiter. What is the - per centage gained by using the heater ? ^ Temperature of steam at 60 pounds pressure. 307 . Latent heat units in steam at 60 pounds. 899 ^ Total heat units 4..... .j^^... ........ 1206 The total heat supplied pei^'fJound of steam is 1206 .-40 if there were no feed watej^'^fi^ter 1166 heat units; but Heater increases the tempei^kCure from 40 to 200 degrees, or 160 degrees gain in heat. ^, i .'.160x100 =13.71% ' - V By increasing the temperature of the feed from 40 to 200 degrees there is a gain of 13.71%. ** [• To find the pereentave ffaln by heatlBK feed water. Rule. — Divide ibo times the differience between the final and the initial ^eed temperatures by the'to^l heat units in the steam, minus the initial temperature of the ned. - • * \ FORMULA. — » Final temperature of feed - initial tiemperature of feed I- It< 1 Total heat units in steam - initial temperature of feed Example i. — Initial temperature of feed 45 degrees, final • temperature 280 degrees, steam pressure 160 pounds gauge. Find % gain. Thft fnllnwing table b Howh the par caot i mving hy hfwtirty feed water. Steam 60 lbs. gauge. ,-., -.,:.„:. .■ /^.... ^p~ 68 if-TTin loitHil Tiimp.ot Peed. as 45 5» 55 6o 6s 7° : II 8s 90 95 100 110 I20 130 140 'SO Final Tempjuuturb of Fkbd Water. 180 200 1«0 7-as, 6.8s' 6.45 6.05 5-64 4.82 4.46 3'SS 3.1a 2.68 2.24 1.80 •90 .00 1140 1«0 8.96 f.57 8.17 7.71 7-37 6.97 6.56 6.15 5-74 5-3« 4.90 < 4-47 4.04 3.61 2.13 i.84» .92 10.66 aio.28 9.90 s^so 9-p6 8.72 8.32 7.91 6.63 6.26 5-84 5-42 4-55 3-67 2.77 1.87 •94 . .00/ 180 12.09 1 1. 61 ".23 ,io.8s 10^46 10.07 9.68 8i28' 8.87 8.46 8.06 7-65 7-2 6.31 5-52 4-64 3.75* 2.8^ 1.91 .96 .00 14.09 I3,7« iJ-34 i3«oo I3'6o 12.20 tl.82 "•43 11.04 .10.65 iO-«5 9.85 9.44 9-03 8.20 736 6.99 5'62 4-72 3.82 2.89 1.96 .00 «M 18.34 »7.99 17.64 17.28 16.93 16.58 16.20 15-83 15.46 15.08 14.70 14.32 13.94 13.55 12.76 "•95 11.14 10.31 9.46 8.59 7.71 6.81 4.85 ExAMPLE.-Initial temperature of feed is 55', and the final^ temperature is 176. Find percentage gai„ed if gauee pressure 60 pounds. ANSWER.^See above table). T' The Safety Valve. HE CANADIAN STEAMBOAT ACT provides that every safety valve must have a lift equal to at Ifesist one garter of Its diameter, and that its area must equal one-half inch for every square foot of grate sur&ce. Rule of r.S. Supenrisloii Inspectors of Stemn VoitelS as —ended 18»4. Uyfer safety valves to h^ - y C ■■ ',#■ .•*,'■' :• ■■•-,. ,- s» '#■ i^, c -one square inch t6 two square feet of gfrate surface, and the seats of all such Safety valves shall have an inclination of 45° to the centre line of their axes^ Spring loaded safety valves shall be required to have an area of not less than one square inch to three square feet of grate surface, except as hereinafter 4 otherwise provided for^ater tube, or coil, or sectional boilers, and each spring loaded valve shall' be supplied with a lever that will ' raise the valve from its seat a distance of not less, than that equal to one-eighth the diameter of the valve opening, and the seats of all such safety valves shall have an angle of inclination to the centre line of their axes of 45°. All spring loaded safety valves for water tube or coil, and sectional boilers required to carry a steam pressure exceeding 175 pounds per square inctr,"shall be. required to have an area of not less than one .square inch to six square feet of grate surface. Nothing herein shall be construed so as to prohibit the us« of two safety valves on one water tube, or coil and sectional boiler, provided the combined area of such valves is equal to that required by rule for one siich valve. - f^ Sale in Phtladelplila OrdtanicM. Barean of 8teMB Bncliie and Boiler laipection. Every boiler when fixed separately, and eveiy fet or series of boilers when placed over oine fire, shall have attached thereto, without the interposition of any other valve, two or more safety valves, the aggfregate area Of which shall have such relations to thelkrea of the grate, and the pressure within the boiler, as is expressed in the following Schedule A. Schedule A. — Least aggregate area of safety valve (being the[ least sectional area for tHe discharge of steam) to be placed upon^all stationary boilers with natural or chimney draft f '^Pl 22.5 area of grate in square feet Areas I { Gauge pressure per square inch to be carried +8.62 Note. — When boUers have a forced or artificial draft the ai*ea of the grate must be estimated at the rate of sixteen poands of fuel burned per hour for every square foot of grate surface. Let v= weight of valve in pounds. PTTTrPrc^wirP nf t : ' From which we get the followingf formula :— To find the weight.— * • " 1. A. P. -1. v. -w.d. *:-.--W.= — ■ ' .) • I .■ ^ 1 (A! p. -v.)- w.d. To find the length Of lever.-^ 1. (A. P.-v.)-w.d. : '.L* — ^- — ::;.■. v_-p:v;,.-.:-. ■ .••- w. To find the pressure.—^ ' • '- ' ^"■- :-. , .,_:_2:. . _W. JU + w.d. + i.w P=- Tq find the ^^ 1=- 1. fulcrum to centre of valve. h L. +w.d. A. P.-v. \MPLE.— Fmd the weight to be pUced at the end of a [iniform lever ao" longr, weighing 15 pounds, valve 3" diameter, weight of vilve and spindle 6 pounds, acting at 2" from ful- crum. Steam pre^s. 60 pounds. i •' ever In le. •1 table of bogarithms: NV; Log. S«/707S 5/ 7»6o S3 7H» fS^ 73*3 i)S 7403 of a - eter, , I ful- 33aa 22 3424 23 3617 34 3802 «S 3979 a6 4149 27 4313 28 ,4471 29 4623 30 477» 31 39«3| 32 5051 33 S«8S 34 5314 S440 i Na Log. S6 59 60 7481 7SS8 7634 7708 7781 7853 79*3 8129 8512 8750 9084 9»38 9190 133 9^42 9*94 No Log. lor 102 103 104 105 0043 0086 0128 0170 02 1 1 No. Log. T" Si X78 52 i8i 53 '^>847 54 »87s 55- »9q3 i^i a3»9 7* 2355 73 2380 74 2405 75 2430 76 «455 77 2479 78 « 2504 255a S 2576*3 2600 2i: 81 82 83 2624 84 2648 85 2671 251 399^ 252 4014 403* 4048, 4065 4082 4099 41 16 259 4«33 260 4149 261 4166 262 4183 . 263 4199 264 4216 265 4232 3344266 3364267 3384268 3404269 3424270 4248 4265 4281 4297 43»3 326 229 230 271 4329 '3272 4345 '3273 4361 3502274 4377 35**275 4^3 3541276 4409 3560277 4424 3570278 4440 3598279 4456 3617280 4471 3636J28 232 233 234 235 3654 3673 3692 3710 4487 W2 4502 283 4517 284 285 No. Log. No. Lot. 36 37 S" 38 5797 39 5910 40 6020 41 6127 4i^ 633a ,43 6334 44 6434 45 6533 46 6627 47 6720 48 68i2 49 6902 50 6989 86 87 9344 No. Ug. 136 9395 137 89 90 91 9» 93 94 95 9444 ^3 954a 9S90 9637 9684 9731 9777 99 100 9822146 9867 9912 9956 0000 138 '39 140 141 142 *43 144 145 1335 / ' 1430I 1461 148 149 »50 >49a «5a» »553 1583 1613 1643 '673 1702 *73i 1760 No. Log. 186 \U 189 190 191 193 »93 »94 «95 196 »97 198 »99 20b 2695 2718 2741 2746 2787 2810 2900 2922 .2944247 2961 248 No. Log. 236 37«9?86 m 3747 238 3705 239 3783 240 3802 No. Log. 2988 3010 241 242 243 244 ?4S 246 249 250 3891 3909 39*7 3944 3962 3979 288 289 290 3820 291 38^8292 3856293" 3873294 295 296 299 300 4563' 4578 4593 4608 4623 4^38 4653 4668 4683 469S 4712 4727 474a 4756 4771 , To multiply by logarithms, add the logarithms together and find the corresponding number. To divide by logarithms, subtract one from the other aiid find Che corresponding number. To extiact the root, divide the logarithms by the Index of the root and find the corresponding number. To raise a number to any power, multiply the logarithms by the index of the power and find corresponding number. m- To Gut the Strongest Be|m from a bog. Divide the diameter, a d, into three equal parts, ab, be, cd. From c dn|w the line be at right angles to ad, and from c draw cf, also at right angles, but to the opposite side from c.f. Join ac, cd, df, af, then acfd is the cross section ofihe strongest beam. FbRMULA.— Depth" x breadths maximum. T»C«ltll6— divide the diameter info fo..r ••^ . '^r % 1 yoi < unl I ■1 s 9 S doc \ I II h A per C B witi I •■] instead of three parts, arid proceed as above Depth 3 X breadth = maximum. * Mr S for han Formula.— Ft Log. 5^ ■ 4 Co^ of the Jones Stoker. QWING to) the feet that the conditions vary in each plant it ^-^ IS impossible for us to issue a price list. Bysendingrjus, in writing, the following data we will send - you our figure for equipping your boUers, together wth our guaranteed savlpg. Oiir figure inchides the. complete installing of the Stokers, unless otherwise specified. . * , Number of boilers . ^^'. .... Type or types of boilers . . ..... Pimensior^ of boUer^ ........ .^orse power (buUder's). Size of grkte surface .length...,, .width. Maxiniun^ quantity of coal burned per hour pounds. (This amount should be carefully determined). Forced o^ natural draft.............. i (If f<^rced, give size of blower and maker's name). Style of /frdMt.f . .% Give sketch with dimensions of doors and/ position of same What i^ the natui^ of the floor? Is it n^essary to have separate engine to run blower ?...... ' If S6, ^ve location of same. Kind of fuel used Cost of same. Amount used daily... Give number of hoiira run ^ per QAjr ••••••«■«,•••• Can a cheaper grade of coal be obtaiiied?. . . What price?. .. Rough Sketcheis showing the position of \he boilers, together wiUi the proposed location rtion ot ' forced, ing sur- ace free ections, Iraft re- ' :,v^ ■ ■ . ■ •- '. «■ ■ by firing a little smbky fuel ;and immediately clbising the damper. The smoke will then escape throdgh the leaks. I IV.— Have an understanding with the parties in whose in- terest the test is to be made as to the character of the coal to be used. The coal must be dry, or if wet, a sample must be—g dried carefully and a jletermination of the aUtountof moisture ' in the coal made, and the calculations of the results of the test corrected accordingly. ft v.— In all important tests a sample should be selected>.for . chemical analysis. ^ -VI.— Establish the correctness of all apparatus used in the *- test for weighing and measuring. These are :— i , Scales for weighing coal ashes, and water; 2, Tanks or water meters for measuring water. Wat^r meters as a nil^h^uld only be used as a check on other measurements. For accurate work, the water should be weighed and measured in a^j^tank.* 3, Ther-/ mometers for taking the temperatures of air, atdam, feed-water, waste gases, etc.; 4, Pressure guages, draught glides, etc. VII.— Before beginning a test the boiler and chimney should be thoroughly heated to their usual working temperature ; if the boiler is new, it should be in continuous use at least a week tftifore testing so as to dry the mortar thorou^ly and heat thewaUs. ; ^ VIII.— Before beginning a test the boiler and connections should be free from leaks, and all water connections including blow and extra feed pipes should be disconnected or stSpped with blank flanges, except the particular pipe through which j^ water is to be fed to the boil*- during the trial. The bi'ow-oi**' pipe should remain exposed. ' ^ ^ Starting and ttepplns a tfst ' 4 IX.— A test should last lo hours of continuous rdnning. and twenty-four hours whenever practicable. The conditions of the boiler and furnace in all respects should be, us nearly as ^ possible, the same at the end as at the beginning of the test. * The steam pressure should be the same, the water level the same, the fire upon the grates should be the same in quantity and condition, and the walls, flues, etc.. should be of the sam«» \ •.!>. temperature. To secure as near an approximation to eyact uniformity as possible in conditions of the air and in temperature - ^ * - . --*--. --^ 4 ,-. .-----,--M^- Mit, and nasonry v 90 \ I im of the walls and ftues the foUowinjf method of starting and stoppings a test should beadopted :-— X. Standard Method — Steam being raised tb the wo^ ingr pressure, remove rapidly all the fire from thie grate, dose damper, clean the ash pit, and as quickly as possible start a " new fire with Weighed wood and coal, noting the time of start- ipg the test and the heightW water level while the wateir is in a quiescent state, just before lighting the fire. At the end ot , the test remove the whole fire, clean the grates and ash pit, and note the water level when the vfAt^r is in a quiesceint state ; record the time of haiiUtig the fire at th^'end of the test. %he water level should be the same as at the begfnning: of the test. If it is not the same £i correction should be nnade by compu- tation and not tn^ operating the pump after test is completed. XL—ALTBRN'TbE M^HOD.>-Instead of the SUndard Method above described the following may be employed whei/e local conditions render it necessary : At the regular time lor slicing and cleaning fires, haVe then? burned rathervlow, as is usual before cleaningv. a^d then thoroughly cledned ; note the amount of coal left in the grate as nearl;^ui can be estimated ; note the pressure of steam and the heij^t of the water level, which should be at the mediufli ' height to be carried throughout the test at the same time, and note this time as the time of startii^ the test. Fresh coal which has been weighed should now be fired. Tl^e:;^h pits should be thoroughly cleaned at once aftier sUrtinir. Before 4he end of th^ test the fires should be burned low, just as before the start, and the , fires- cleaned in such a manner as to leave th^ same amount of fire, and in the same condition on the grates as at the start The water level and steam pressure .fchould be brought to the same point as at the sUrt, and the l^time of the end of the test should be notied just before fresh coal is fired. * Durinc th« T««t. XIL— Keeping the Conditions Uniform.— The boiler should be run continuously without stopping for meal times or for rise or fall of pressure .of steam due to change of demand >;»»- for steam. The draught being adjusted to the rate of evapor- ation or combustion desired before the test is begun, it i^ould be retained c6nstant during the test by means of the damper, A *■ <- fc,^ ..* \ '.*. ' . If Ihe boiler is connteted' to a main steam pipe with other boilers, the safeity ;Halve on the boiler being tested should be set |i f«w pounclp \bigher than those pfthe other boilers, so ' that in' case of ^ rise in pressure the other boilers may blow ' off, and -the pressure be reduced by closingf their dampers, allowing^ the damper of th6 Jx)i}er being tested to remain open and (inng as usual. .. ' '• . ^ AU/khe Conditions should be kept as nearly uniform as possible, ' sucWas. force of draugfhi^ pressure of steam,' and height of water. The time of cleaning the fires will depend on the char- ^ acter of the fuel, the rapidity of combustion, and the kind of^ grates. WJ^ ver|r good coal is used and^the combustion not tc^ rapid, t^ten hour test may be run without any cleaning of the grates, othier than just before the banning and just liefore the end of the test. '" ^^ ' XIII.— Keeping tub REcbiiDS.— The coal shoul^^ weighed, andjdelivered to the firtpmen in equal portions, each sufficient for.ab6ut one hour's run, and a fresh portion should not be delivered until the previous one has all been fired.* The time required, to consume cmch portion should be noted, the time being recorded at the -instant of firing the first of each even portion. < ■ - XIV.— Priming Tests In all tests in which accuracy of results is important, calorimeter tests should be made of the per centage of nMnstVlte in the steam, or of the degree of- super-heating. 4^ least ten such testis should be made during ' the trial of the boiler, 0r as many as to reduce the probable average-error to less than one^ier cent. ,i»nM4. the final records of the boiler test correctjed according to tlteliverage results of the calorimeter tests. .On account of the difficulty of securing accuracy in these tests, the greatest care shouJlTbe taken in the measurements of weights and teihperat'ures.^iQie therr . mometer should be accurate within a 'tenth of a dejgrree, and , rthe scales on which the water is ~wdghed to^ within one hundredth of a poiind.' , *^ ""^ Analysis of Qasss. lisasMrsmsntaf Air Supply, ^c* , HV.^I n-tests fCT-pur poHes of gcientiflc feseftrch, 4^1 Wlliich the determination, of all the variat^es entering into the test is .desired, c4Nrtain observations should, be made which are (n » ,4 ^ A ^• W" by i^l^i^n, of the amount of infiltnt||^ of «'i^||!Pigh the' ^^^ settij^kiie direct deterininati0n b3[ciluuiineter expet^sfaeMi,of, th htetmg valM|<^of Um fuel, 'ahd^^r condelwitii if' V of Ihe total. heat impart^taM'^"^f iVk4 ' V .0 qtietfaoS^'^dpIr «t- i^apV%speciaUy Valua^e : ii*^;*^X^ oC diiferent methods X :s. In^ making; these i^V ten to procure averag-^ " - apt ttf ' Vary at diflfenent, pointPpf thlii i^i^iiiitiq th#:analyses Should be entciist^ only to ' ft thon>Mgkl^dmp(eAe!hf^heni^ who is provided with complete)^ , accui s, ipLs the d^l e tiot nicely td^|b undertaken except 'by engineers of high 'M ^i^Ufic''attaini^nts, it is not»dipeimfed advisable to include i^^^ , i^ny 9pecifijC directions for jnaking |:hem^ ; ' ^ . Ik, A • RaooM of>Mt. , ".v > ■•' '. ''/^\ -A log' of the test sliould'lbekep!^ on p^perly prepared ^ V' blanks containing bladings jps. follows;-^ , ' > lratuq»|' ,CJ ition qlf the^ther variably mentioned above Feed Watev ■'tf^' ethods • \. ; tl^se "^^, \ rerag^^'^- ■ flfenent^l mly U tnpletei above r high' ude in ipared EED , ATEg I Si,- n. ' ■' Reporting th« Trial. .—tlie final results should lie recorded upon a property •P«"epar||«|fblaiik, andshould include as many of ihe following lare adapted for the specific object for which the trial The items marked with a * (bay be omitted for ^^^ trials, but are desirable for companson with similar* °k!from other SQuh:es. ' '. • / Flesults of th« trials of a I Boiler at ...^.....,..... To determine *■ . . , « • •. • • • « ^1. Date^of trial. . ^ ...... . 2. Duration of trial .. i ....... . . ' . .\ ^ ..... hours Dimensions and Proportions. (Leave space for complete description ) 3. Grate surface . . yride . . long . . .area sq. feet 4. Water heating surface sq. feet . S. Superheating surface. . .* „ . . . . sq.' fee? ', ■ 6. Ratio of water heating surface ^^grate sur- face . . . , V . ........... , sq. feet Average Pressures. .-:. ' 7. ' Steam pressure in boiler by gauge ..... pounds *8. Absolute steam pressure pounds *9. Atmospheric pressure, i3«r bwrometea .... ,,in. 10. Force of draught in hiches ofrwater .• . .in, Average Temperatures.' *ii. Ofextemafair deg. *i2. Of fire ltx>m ................'...........".. .deg. •13. Of^team /-....'. ...... '] !deg! '14- Of escaping gases .... .......;..., .•. deg. .15. Offeed water ..... ,...4.. .njM«#,.deg. K «iE-®yp^A-- ft- ^^' ' ?f*' m k 16.^, Total amount^ «dbl consumed.; M^. , piu^ds «7-. JJoisture in oAgll. . . , . . ... * j. . . . . .per cent. l8., Dry coal contAmed . . i . .\ . . . ipoundjt - 19 . Total rcfuaodt y .... poi • ' 20. Total combu^ible (18 - ig) . r» ,,*. . T' -0 .'.jiounijls 21. ,D(^|r«>al consumed per hour. pounds , *22 CompuMilil^ consumed per hour pouod** '■> «• ■^ -V/ > • • • !;•*■* .'*■ ' J^ -Ji m^ J-rUeaXttmrnmn -lA'.Jfc«? W.'awafcV^Wftww v viua^w^.-. 70 I 1 1 i. Results of Calqrimbtric TBs;rs. n 33. Quality of steam, djpy steam taken as unity 24. Per centage of moistur^ in steam . .7. 35. Number . .pounds 38. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 313 degrees F .....pounds *39b Equivalent total heat derived from fuel in B. Equivalent water evaporated into dry steam from and at 3i3 degrees F. per hour. . .pounds Water actually evafiorated per lb. of dry coal from actual pressure and temperature, .pounds (Equivalent water evaporated per pound o^ dry coal from and at 312 degrees F ..pounds 33. Equivalent water evi^iorated per pound com- , bustible, from and at 3 12 degrees ¥.... pounds *34. Eiqiiiialent water evaporated ber lb. of dry coal at 70 lbs. gauge pressure from 100 degrees F..... .4. pounds '35. Dry coal actually bgmed per sq. ft. of gyrate surtace per hour . . .1 . . .».,.. .pouhds 36. Water ^evaporated frem^nd at 212 degrees F. per sq. ft. of heating surface per hour. .{K>unds ' per sq. ft. of grate sui-face . . pounds persq. fl. of water heating surface. ' .....^.....pounds per sq. fl. of" least area for draft * pounds 37- ■ 'tA'Jv Water evaporated per mur from, temperature of 100 degrees F. into steam of 70 lbs. gauge pressure.... Commercial Horsb Power. 38 On basis oi'thirty lbs. of water per hour evapor* ated from temperature of 100 degrees F. mto steam of 70 pounds gauge jiressure H. P. 39. Horse ppwer, builder's ratmg, at sq. ft. ler horse povtrer. H.P. 1 in , Pwr cent i developed above , and below rati ng I «'^ * • • A- • ti.'ti*- •■•ti IvJ /i' \.- ' '^ \ ./ , TORONTO, ONT. 1ST No. 6 3 !00 589 ffanH Test No. 7 /ones //and Sep. 3 Sep. 6-7 10200 75190 »58 >4S 13*? 89 1600P 130912 1214 7.37» 8- '82 r .;'!" Sep. 6-7 15800 112106 160 146 1868 7 095 Aggregate yimes Aug. 25- Sep. 7 94.2 74447 621080 156.2 144.7 6158 8.342 //and 81770 593945 •5S& '43 5 8998 7.262 -t.s» •;#•■" ■ «!*^' \ »Jf% r^ Aug. 25- ; Sep. 7 S 93-75 ! . - \ -X-..;-^ ,.» » ■» / -:-. .,..;■- 1. t ■ ^♦■" . -,- ^. , - ,..,..,.. 1 1 ■ 1 7 ft «-, V*-' 'i«L '* ..A #***?^ .^"-#^ ?«. ^''' ■ ai f .•^r, ./:. . COMPETITIVE *''A. ■ , *^ ' . ■ MAQE AT . THE TERAULEY ST. STATION OF THEf TORiNTO JLE( Test No. 4 \\ Points Observed m» <.■ tc? Date of Test. Duration of Test in hours . . Total coal ihcluding wopdl equiv^Mtt' ........ ..../ ^otal waAer"~evaporatedatY 2 . temp, o^feed / mverage prc;ssure .... . . . . . Average feed t^p. I''ah . . . il ash: . .^:. . . .■ '??'.-.. ^ h I -fe~ / - ^4 zT/TlVE TESTS MAQE AT --*?■ ■*. S.j 9436 8400 9600 13200 15000 16200 10200 16000 15800 74447 81770 59394^ »9 68160 70886 71990 110141 107609 86589 7S»90 130912 1 12 106 621080 »S2 »S6 156 158 158 . 158 158 160 160 156.2 ''"^•^1 .,. '. r»47 143 143 141 '*'i »4S >45 146 146 144 7/ »43.^ 932 738 925 1089 l||9 1^28 1214 . 1968 6158 8998 [6 7 329 8.439 7-499 8-345 7.|| W^-^ 7-37» 8.182 7 095 8-342 7.262 - .-.■■ .-^^^^ ■. ■ ■■,,.; „*-;:;^|;,:"^-"-'-" ■■• - f ■ - .' j: . ■ ' , ,■ ... ' -. ■' ■''' ; ! ' ,':'-■■ ■ .-- ■■■■-''■" ■ \ ,■-. "■ I : ■ ■ ■. ' ■.,■-■■ ■' ' ■ ; '. ^ ;. ■-■■■ ,/,... V^ ) 1 / , .// -.';.:/, ..A.: v^- 1 ! 1 * .," ■•'■ ■ ' "- ■■ - '■ h. I ^ - / u [ NTH. h« stnpeci fbrcei Pumi! jfeneral-us*? t fact, that wat when the va part , of the. Duke of T<>t failure wa« a that the wati to about tha hence the c limit thus « Galileo was for this limit air had wei caused it tc pupil, const experiment took a tub« mercury,, a« tube with i mercury. immersed ii stationary end of the i • water the i top of the t tube beeni The 9p« water, hen to the wc 30Xi3.6-r vacuum b] Since a • fftftt of -me <- of merfiui • 71 ^ ' Pressure of Air. • ' UNTIl. h«ar the middle of the 17th century it wa^not even suspected that air^wessed either, weight or elastic te: Pu^ps being an earlier invention had come into tfeneral-iKKSforrtilsing water, and practical men had.noted the fact tha;t water r««e:»tbove the natural level in the PU'nP t"^ when the valve or bucket had withdrawn the air froih tlmt oart of the tube. A pump was ererted at Florence for the Duke of Tuscany, and it failed to raisp any water, and .ts failure was a very unexpected result. It was then ascertamed that the water was 33 «?*t from the pump valve and only rose to about that height, but not within the action of the pump, hence the cause of the failure was apparent, but not so the limit thus assigned to Nature»s abhorrence of a vacuum. Galileo was consulted, but was unable *<> ^i^^""/ T*!'** ""^f^?" for this limit at the time, but on reflection concluded tl?at the air had weight Aid that the weight pressing on the water caused it to rise. Following out this reason, Tomcelh, his pupil, constructed the first barometer, and to detennme by experiment the relative weight and pressure of a«r. Tornce I. took a tube about 3^- long, closed at one ^nd and AUed rt with mercury, and putting his fingers to the open end mserted the tube with its open end in a cup containing both water and mercury. He then withdrew his finger while the end was immersed in the mercury, when it flowed out until it ^^anae stationary at a height oi:>m>m about 30 inches When the end of the tube was raised out of the mercury and opeato the • water the mercury flowed out. aft^ihe water rushed mto the top of the tube' showing that it^buld have risen higher had the tube been longer. . / ' . . ^, . The specific weight «r mercury is 13.6 times h.»v.er than water, hence the weigKt of a column of w^|er equal in weight to the weight of ^ column o^•nerc«.^^h•gh would be 30X,3.6-ri2 = 34 feet, which water ^^« •" a perfect vacuum by the pressure of air on its ^ilH^fc^ Since a cubic fpot of Water is equal to iS&> owices, a cubic fnnt .If fn"f rcury would be equal to 13.600 ounces, and one^mdi r: i^ of mercury would be equS to TpSb-ri7«=7.»7 ounces. H UT, ■ .72 ,. \ : '. :, therefore 30 x 7.87 -j- 16= 14.75 pounds would be the elastteforce of the ail! at the ses^ level. ;v . Measures of Pressures and Weights. 1 piOund per sq. inchs: ■' ■■■I.'' ■■ 1 '^144 pounds per square foot. s,: 2.0355 inches of mercury at 32° Fah. '■ '2.0416 inches of mercury at 62° Tah.^ 27.71 inches ot water at 62° Faji. ■vv ' . ^ /14.7 pounds per square inch. ' v ■ ' .'. . _■ _ ti9.9* inches of mercury at 32° Fah.,1 ._' I, Atmospheres ;.,^,.s=^^^V;^^^g^ of mfer^ury ^,62° Fah. -^^^ 133.^7 feet df water at 62° FabiSl : ! ; foo. of v^ter a. 6.- f^lg/^Cll^ Pp^ljH^^-g^ , ' V j ran. . . . . . .-. - ^^gg^ inches of mercury at 62° Fah. ■ s k «• 1^49 pounds per square inch, t inch of ■ mercury at'J 70, ' ' ■:\4 62° Fah. 56 pounds per square foot. • 132 feet of water at 62° Fah. 58 inches of water at 62° Fah. '*.'■'■■■•■ ■' '.* Weight fipf one Cubic Foot of Pure Water. At 32° Fah. (freezipg point) 62.418 pbundS. ^ , ^r * 39.1° Fah. (max. density) 62.425 pounds, a " , " .^^ , ' 62° Tah., standard temperature, 62.355 pounds, i 1 2" Fah., bbiling point, under atmosphere, 59.76 pounds. American gaUon = 23i pubic inches of water *at 62° Fah. ='• 39unds. m BritisT tllon=i^7.274 cubic inches of water at 62° Fah. The fjfrlldwing formula i* given by Raskin" for finding' the weight' of water per cubic foot at any temperature :— "» \ Let'W = Required weight or density. ' * , . ,T = Tempcraturfe of the water of which tl)9 yr^ight is- required. ,. Max. density =62.425 pounds* k ' - ' £ • * Formula = . a. max. densHy.' ' '^'' A ,,4f.^'4%^;^'*:»-'--^i:; ^T+461 ; 461 +39.1 ._ " 46i+39n T + 461 « 'M\h Mil «.».;, f 4 V ,<■• ■ 'An 3» I 'i ^~- i^ .li:'^;' '*. .-V \ ■ '■ ?!'. e-force ' Fah. *' "Tah. 1. fah. 1. h. • ■■ • ■■ ; '"•'■ ■- • f' '■■, "■•'< ti.' ■■..;, 'ater.. ^V^-.. ,■■,■■ tounds. Fah.= ° Fah. ng' the ight is 'ih «.».; V. , '•4 134.85 T+46I I 500 500 7+461 ^ EltAMPLE.— What is the >l^eight of a cub}ci foot of water at. 175° Fah. ? Answer, 60.66. I.- Weight of \yater per Cubic Foot. ' Frorti 32° to 500° F. 1. ft in lb».^ ' ' « ..#. iinjrteating by Electricity.^(Miine) ■ nPHE heat'produced in a conductor is directly proportioned I- (ji) tp the square of the current ; (2) to the resistance of the condil^or I and ^(3) to the trnie the current is flowing, or^ f where J a: J6ule'^ Mechanical Equivatent. 4V ^ s= No. of heat units. ' " , . . , x3=Current in amperes. *'-' •#' ■^>- •^ '^ R'= Resistance of conductor, t =tinie current is flowing in seconds. As I H. P. =33000 foot pounds per minute=55o foot pounds per second =746 watts and one British heat unit = 772 foot 77a -:• pounds, therefore i degree Fah.= — =i;403 H. P. v , .550 Or 1047.3 watts. Th)is will represent the value of J when dealing with B, H. units. r ^. ; C.»R. t. C. E. t. E-'t. V H= — _ =^— — = . ' : ■ 1047 M. F. Where 'E = E. jm. r. 1^ In the best of lighting and power plants it takes a consump- tionTif 2^^)Ounds coal per indicated horse power per hour; and allowing- 90%, efficiency in the engine, 93% in the generator and 90% in the circuits, we get say 75% combined efficiency^ or for every horse podver generated at the engine we woul^ get ^ H. P.. at the heater on the .consumer's' premises, which is equivalent to 3.3 pounds coal per E. H. P. In many elec- trical plants where poor engines and poor geri'erators are employed, together with a lack of copper, this amount of coal would be more than doubled. * For a coal consumption of 2^ pounds we get C.»iR. t. . H= -— ^I9it6 or 770 H. U. per pound of coal. In good hot watfer or steam heatinj^ systems an average ot 9500 heat units are utilized per pound coal. Thte relative economies would therefore be 770 : 9500, o^ i : 1x5 ; that is to say it would cost 12^^ time$ more to heat by electricity than by steam. In plants where the coal consumption averages say 4 pounds we^avethe relative economies i : 20. Where small quant'ties of heat are required, and orify momentarily, the ielectric heater is more economical thah anything else, but we may never-expect electric gating to take the place of hot water or steam heating, >here coal has to be use* for the genet^ation of steam to drive tlje engines j ^nd it is questionable even where there is plenty of water p6w6r whether companies would 16ad up their generators and mains with a '' heating ioad '* for. such a small revenue for the power*(delivered. . *•} m Tl 8to1 2, grea 3 firinj _"" 4 mak S worl . 6 ^v 7 ofd 8 furn ic stoh II K chir ■\ ii hea I, gas I' Tnsi I . wit I anc 2 are =,^ H 78 Summary. n^ iHproTcd JoHM tBderf««. *?■' *■■' N t77 '>^ inada. 3 skill of noke, no lean out; - , .■■^-. Ba / IDA. * , ;-' I by aU ider is 40 icuum 1 1 . friction, a heigfh^ )W many • from 32 n. • How ' '°"- % ind state * jr a levei^ I centre irf Omitting ation, at rding^ to r a i^veii pressure essure is * TOO pounds absolute per square inch, and cut off takes place at % stroke, determine the terminal pressure and also the mean pressure for the whole stroke. 6. What is meant by "clearance" and "cushioning;" What effect has clearance on. the diagram ? 7.„Cylinder of an engine 20 inches diameter/ crank 12 inches long, connecting rod' 4 feet long, steam pressure 60 pounds. Find the turning eflFort on the crank -shaft when the crank is at right angles to connecting rod ? 8. Taking steam at 60 pounds absolute, sketch 3 ^iagrams , showing the amounts of work obtained from-a given weight of' steahi ? (i) Wheh used in an engine without expansion or conden: ■ sation. \ • , . ■ „ ^r ,(2) When steam is cut off at half stroke, but not condensed.? (3) When stekrn is cut off at half stroke,^but condensed. Q. What is the latent heat of steam at 2 12-degrees expressed in foot' pounds, if one pound of steam ^t 212 degfrees is mixed with 10 pounds water, at 60 degrees Kah. Find the resulting temperature'? ^ . ■ ■' %• '10. Why are the longitudinal joints in cylindrical boilers usually double rivetted, wlule the tranverse joints are only single . rivetted. Prove your statement by calculation. 11. What is the object df a separate expansion valve and where is it placed ? If a gridiron expansion v^al^ has a t^ve) of I inch and the ports^i2 Inches wide, how should the ^ve be constructed so as to gfive a maximum opening oi % square foot? . * , *•. 12. What is the indicated H. P. of an engine running at 120 ^revs. per mijjjite, M. E. P^.J 25 pounds per square inch, cylinder lb inches diameter, stroke \% inches. V 13. The diameter of a safety Valve is 3)^ inches, the leverage 1 1 ; I.. Find the. pull on the' end of the leVer when steam ^dssure is 100 ppunds above atmosphere. - . , , 14. A weight of 5 pounds is hiihg at the end >of a uniform bar, which is balanc,pd oyer a knife.edge at a point 14 inches from the end at which the weight hangs.' Find the length of the bar if it weighs 30 pdunds"? ., ■ ^ ■ 15. A wrought iron bar |y( inch diameter has a niodulus of **■ n •»• 'Sii t-if^'-i elasticity ci 28^000,000 pounds per square inch. Its length is° 23 inches. Find the load under which the bar will extend .bi5 of an inch. Find also the stress per square inch ? li^ A gauge in a water pipe indicates a pressure of equal to i^Q pounds per square inch. -/ What is the height of the water Above the gauge ? ', 17. A beam of timber 2 inches broad by 3 inches deep and 4 feet long rests upon supports at its ends; The breaking load 'on the centre is 2,000 pourtds. What would be dite bre£king load.if tt^e beam was 4 inches deep. 2 inclies broad and 4 fleet ' between supports but Joaded i foot from the end. »'^^f''' 18. Define kinetic ehetgy. How does it differ from pot^ial energy? . . « 19. A shiaft runs at ioo revolutibns per min^t^fAnd- carries k 22 inch pulley vfhich drives a 12 inch puUfe^ t%^h a counter- shaft. On this'shafl is a cone pulley having ^teps 8, 6, and 4 inches in diameter respectively, which gives motion to a siti lar cone on a lathe spindle. Find all the speeds of the l^t^ spindle, and i'f the lathe is back geared, the wheels having teeth and the pinions 25 teeth, find all the speeds the latfc ^ spindle can make. J: . 20. Slide valve has 2^ inches lap» Lead j4 inch greatest <^ningfto steam i^ inches. If the stroke of the engine is 34 inches, Bnd the position of the piston at cut off. 21. A pound of coal has a calorific value of 14,000 B. T. U. Assuming the boilep-«(^tilize ^ of this heat in evaporating^ water, how many pounol^Bf stea]m at 250 degrees would be generated per pound coal if the feed water temperature was 1 10 degrees Fah. 23. Sfeam is admitted to an engine cylinder at 50 poimds pressure and is cut off at 1/5 stroke, back pressure 5 poun^l^ -piston speed 300 ft. Find the diameter of the piston so that the engine shall indicate 30 H. P. ? Hyp. log=- 1.609. 24. Write down the formula which connects the weight of the fly wheel, its radius of gyration, the number of revolutions per minute, and the number of foot p«Mnds of work stored up in the wheel. 25. Find the brake horse power and the working efficiency of' the following engine : Cylinder diameter, 8 inches ; stroke, 18 ■'■m ■ir.; \- J t» &m length ia° II extend ^' f equal to fie water !ep and 4 ing load , hveSking \^ ltd 4 feet v.. potei|lial L:arries a counter-- 6, and 4 . o a siml- the l^t^e aving- 63 he lathe greatest fine is 3^ , T. U. ipocatmgr^ irould be 1 ture wa«- r pounds ; pound*, 9 that tl rht of the itions per up in the 'U , ^r iciency of itroke, 18 inches ; number of revolutions per minute, 150; M. E. P , 35 . poinds ; brake wheels, 2.5 radius ; effective load, 294 pounds. ^. The sum of the areas of diagrams from the two ends of'k cylinder is 3.5 square mches, and the scale is 1/30 pounds. The diagram is 4X inches long ; diameter of cylinder, 18 inches; ■ ^troke 2 ft. Find the I. H. P. of the engine when running jat^ «> Vevs. per minute. « ' I * 27. In a cyiindric&l steam boiler prove the formula for the ' forces tending to produce rupture of the material in the'circuhij- ferential and longttlidinal directions.. V > ~ iS. Find the number of B. T. U. required to convert i pound . water at 6o^degree« Fah. into sfe^m at i36potinds pressure, the temperature being 347 degrees Fah. Howmany thermal units* ■4- are rendered available for the burning of i pound coal in evap< orating 8 pounds water at 60 degrees into steam at 60 pounds pressure? ' " "" . i ' . ■ 29. Given Unwin's proportion for the diameter oif a rivet] as | 1.2 Vt where t = thickness of the plate in inches. Find the pit^ ' and diameter of rivet when the plate is ^ inch thick, single,\ double, and triple fivetted joints. 30. What is the percentage of strength of plate to that of the original plate in fiq. 29, also the percentage of strength of 1 ivet to that of the plate of the single, Rouble and triple rivjietted joints? Show clearly how you arrive at your results. m , 31. A shaft having a four-stepped cone revolving at 180 revs, connected by a crbssed belt to ano#ier shaft, having a similar stepped coAe. The diameter of the largest step of> the cone on the driving s^ft is 16 inches. The driving shaft is required to run at 480, 300, 169, and 90 revs, per minute. Peternijine the diameters of the remaining stei» of the two cones. !>f v '* 32. Determine the H. P. which may be transmitted by a leather belt 3 feet wide by ^ inch thick running at 75 feet per second. The tension of the slack side being equal .4 that of the tight side. Maximum stress 300 pounds per squatte inch. 33. Travel of valve 8^ inches, outside lap 2^ inches, inside lap, X>nch, angle of advance 35°. Find position of crank at admission, cut oflT, release compression, and also the amount of lead. •34; In a boiler 25 feet long, 7 feet diameter, having 2 flues 30 Sili \ / J f ■' .:■'.■' 'W "'V ' ;r ■'■■■■:■;.. , ;,,,. ' .'.■■ "'■ ' ' ' ■ '■ ' - V ^ ■ ** '■ inches diameter, ultimate, strengfth of double fivetted joints 35,000 lbs. per.sq. inch and sing'lertvetted 28,000 tt>s. per sq. inch. Find^he bursting: pressure in. longitudinal and transverse seams. ' . • ♦ 35. How would ypu combine into one diagram the indicator cards from twd cylinders of a compound engine {* What data do youVequire in addition to the actual cards ? 36. In a boiler test made' recently between hand firing- and t}ie Jones Underfeed Stoker, the observed conditions were as follows :— r ^ '■.._:_L:i^^.^^^..i ^i.^^L:j.. . • HAND, ^ JONES. Duration of tests , >...,....... lohrs. lohrs. Coal burned.. I... ... 3,800 lbs. „ 5,000 lbs. Total water evap'd from temp, of feed . . 26,600 lbs. 42,500 lbs. Average steam press .....'........ 93 lbs. " 100 lbs. Average feed tertip ...; 165 deg. i5odeg. > Find the relative evaporative performance and the saving in coal by the use of the Jones Underfeed Stoker, also the H- P developed aqd the ration of the work performed by each. . 37. The high and' low m-essure cylinders" of a compound engine are respectively 50 Aches and 90 inches diameter. The stroke is 3 feet and it mafles 80 revs, per minute. The steam pressure is 80 lbs. by thwauge and the vacuum is 27 inches. The rate of expansion is j\nd'Yie steam is cut off iii the high pressure cylinders at 3/5 stroke. Receiver pressure, 22 lbs. Determine the point of (Ait off in the low pressure cylinder^ calculate the indicated H. P. and combine into one diagram the ndicator cards from the two Cylinders. 38. What would be the difference in the indicator diagpffiis of an engine working with steam at 120 lbs. absolute pre^sureL cut off lit '.;I5 of the stroke when the volunne of the total cleai^ ance space (in cylinder and passages) is equal to-i/i6 and^ }i. respectively of the contents of the cylinder. 39. Two engines, one having a surface^j^id the| other a jet condenser, deliver fdr condensation thciii^me weight of exha^ust steam at a temperature of 150 (legrees F. The circulation and injection water have the same\ temperature of 60 degrees P., and the hot well has a temperature m 105 degrees F. , while the circulation water leaves the condenser at 90° F. j Find the t. w^ \-j /- , vv ., ^,v.#^^^& , >. ^ .K;^^ ■, ;:^, -'^^ ■■".,.•«■■.' amount of c6ndensation water per pound of steam rcMJuir^dby^ the respective engines. • " " v • . \ 40. Investigrate the fomiulse as given^with Wilson Pyrometer.\ ' t;=62(t3-.ta) + t3 \; 41. It was found In a boiler test that the aven-at^e evaporation for 10 hours was 4,000 lbs. water per hour an4 the average coal consumption Was 400 lbs. / The feed, water ,at 40 degrees F; was pumped through an exhaust steam heater which raised the temperature to 200 degrees F. before entering the boiler. The -.average gauge pressure was 150 lbs. If the calorific value of jrthe fuel was 12,800 B. T- U. per lb., calculate the efficiency-of "^ the boiler, and what horsejpower is the boiler developing, taking the centennial standard as VQur basis ? . What is the equiV^lent > t evaporation froip and at 212 degrees? What is gained by having the feed watei) heater ? Temperature of steahi at 150 ;v; lbs. pressure is 366 degrees F. , " 42. The diameter of a fly wheel is 20 feet, depth of rim 12 ' inches, width of rini 18 inches,' 80 fevs. per minute. Find centri- /. fugal force and bui^ting stress. , Take the radius -of gyration as being 9.5 lbs. Find also the maximum no. of^rev?. this wheel cauld make per minute, taking-the tensile strength of good cast iron as being 20,000 lbs. per sq. inch. ' By sending 25 cents in stamps to the. General E^neering ' Co. of Ontario, an answer to any of the above will Sbnailed. Equivalents Qf Units of Measurement. ' . , ■ Lengtha. - .■''■ ^ UNITS. - EQUIVALENTS. /"» . ) I mil ,,...... ..= ■ .025400 millimeter. / ,/ - -■■ - ■ " ...... ....-i^. i-.:V.—r»-- --■^001 ■ inch. • , "^ ''"]">'"*■. '-^":^- I miUimeter •= 39-3708 r^iils. >'^ ' ' , " •• = •0139371 inch.^"""" TT?'^* * I centimeter .....= . ^3^708 inch. xM, . '^ \^ ' '"Chi. • — = 2-S399-> centimeters. * ^ -' ^ ' 1 foot. ...... i.. ..;= .30479 ■ meter. , « *-^, ' Jpferd.... ...... ...=y ;9r438, meter. I' % . "^ » lTOeter,,V,... ..,..■..« 39.3708 . inch^. V^ • ^. » »■■■ .. ■ ■*■ -• • ■ ' ■,;■. -■ '. .,,.-*. ■>.■ ■■ ■'">' " . ■ _^ , ■ • ______i_^ BbLJ|t:dl-. L vf-- V: ■ \ ; ^ I'i 'f i- m III • ^'^"- *° Mm , ' ^* ^^'.•. . 82 ■ ■■" ^ imeter. .;• „ ■•./.«■ 3-28089 feet. <• '!..= ' I •09363 yards. _ . UNITS. EQUIVALENTS. I sq. mil ; - .000645 sq. millimeter. rt ',, = ' .000001 sq. inch. . ^ x .. ,1' sq. millimeter . -. . . /. . . = iSSO- ' sq- mils^ \ - '• .,!....=* .001550 sq. inch, t 8q.|centimetfr. ;.v. .= -iSSox sq- «nch. •>• isqJinch..^... ...>.« 6'45<4; sq. centimeters. ^nr sqlfoot . ;..7. ; ; .^r /. .y^"929.TO sq. centimeters. ^ I sqf yard . .'..../..= .83610 sq. meter. 1 sd, meter .... :^": .... = 10.764 s^' ^et. ,* . I" .. .., — 1.1960 sq. yards. 1 simile .*....." = 640 acres. j«' ......j. ;..,.= 2.5899 sq. kilometers. UnJE™, ! '" f EQUIVALENTS. I cubi^^HBeter ...... = ,061027 cub. inch. I ^^K^B ~ .0021135 pint. «i ^WBtm ■ ~ 16.386 cub. centimeters. • '•^f = > .034632 pint. I fluid ounce. = 29.572 cub. centimeters. « ..= 8 fluid drachms. . • • ■ \ I pint ......>/ .....= 473-'iS cub. centimeters. » (t . = 28.87^ cub. inches. ■ u *.;....,..= , t6 fluid ounces: , I quart... ...... ...•-••^ 94|-3 ' cub. centimeters. «< = 57.75 cub. inches. 1 gatlon ... . =*;j;785.2 cub. centimeters. • " ** '• = 231.00 cub. inches. ^ » « ....v.'.v,;.v.;=s t ^13368 cub. foot. % I cub. ,f<*t . ..........= 28315.3 cub. centimeters " . = 29^922 '. quarts. , " ......... . =• 7.*8o5 gallons. , " I cub.* yard..... *...= 201.97 "gallons. It ,.. = .76451 cu'b. meter.' . - I cub. meter. = 2%'9 gallons. * " :..r...= 35-317 ;cub..feet. ft 88 > T^^ \- ' \ > ,/ V TS. ers. ers. V ers. Weight. UKITS. * EQtriVAt.ENTS. i.tnilligTam .-...' . ,.,,'..*: .015432 grain. .1 grain . . .\. = <" 64.799 milHgninJs. I gram. =? «5-4323S grains. I ounce Avoir = 437,5 grains " .•'■■= a8.349S gramsr I ounce Troy ,...•= 480 grains. **' "••= a^-'oaS Jframs. ► ••' = i»os>7' dunces Avoir. I {>6utid Troy ..... ^ =^.5760 grains. = 12 • ounces Troy. " = .82286 pound Avoir. .-; ..,.•..'.= .37324 kilogram. I pound Avoir. = 7000 grains, ■ •* = 16 ounces Avoir. ....=! " i.?i«»5 'poundsTroy. J- ; • ~ '45359 kilogranrf^ 1 oet or short ton = idoo pounds Avoir. ^ " »/ = .90719 metric ton. = .89286 long ton." I metric ton. . . ..". ..... S2204.62 ; pounds Avoir. " • i -,• V «s' ^ 1. 1023 short tons. " • ....=? .98421 long tQ,n. J,' I gross or long ton. .. .. =2240 pounds Avoirri '^ = r. 1200 short tons, j " ■ = 1.01605 metric tons. \ .ers. ers. /. ^^-. Weighto and Surfaoeif. I'NITS. ^ EQUIVALENTS. « 'pound per squai^ inch =^ .068044 atmosphere. * • *" = .07031a klgr. per square cent. _, I atmosphere = 760 millimetensjofntefcury.^ - • • - = 33.901 feerwater • • • = 14-696 poundsper square inch. • ••= it^333; . metres water. Specific gravity mercury = 13.596 (I 11 / .^^ "^S^T^ ^ # \ f m 1-€ / -*>l>Ir-» t' -^1 , ( y. ■*-• •iWt^" -, -■ .,^ " 'i.-^.'- "■' ''•*:•' '^■'■■4 .' 'i;:.. ■t ■ ^ , y ■ •* t , " ^ , A. ■ . ■ • ■■/ - -'. ■ t^ ~ ',' '. % ■ '^'^"" ;-.;\ '1:.: ■■.'- ; :v-,:^| ' ' v^' ■ : I' , ■ >r hL ■■■■■' ^ ■■■■1 ■■■■■ ^v' . >~- I .v,*. / •N IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ ^>. ■*^ /^^>^ %^ ^'^-^^ .^ ^o r 'f*»-. ■* / .,•{■ .'-f l*W 1^^^ "''* 1.1 11.25 Hi Ui2 2.2 2.0 1^ y < !• ?, ♦' ♦ r'i. r' 'A A Fl]ulugi'4iiic .Sdmoes x; ^^ ^ ^^4? V i\ aSWISTMAINSTIMnT' WIISTni,N.Y. l4StO ^ '^ ■ ;i;\ ' ■ 4 ^0 ^ t*"*". 1 s ■'* ^'' .^. / 'f«.~*Ji|. ■J \,SJ\ :,'*•.. ^ .7: d ■ \ K V », • » *> 1 U" -; ■i • » ■ * *■■■■ ■■"..' ^< ■ ''. inch- cent, ). inch.. ooU cent. :rs. 3nd. te. id. ite. - d. cond. r minute. -K«!7/- %-'^ UNITS. I erg:. ■I gram centimeter.. it f' ■ • I foot gfrain I Joule, or . 1 volt coulomb or. . ; . . , I W^tt per second or ^ r I volt ampere' per^ — r ' second I fo0 pound . . . . «« • i--^': I- pound Centigrade = 1.8 " pound Fah. " , ......= »'S*3Sa Watt hour. ««' " = . .0007018 horse power hour. Power. -UNITS. BQUIVALBNTS. I erg^r second . ....=; .0000001 wattss I Watt = I volt ampere = iooooooq . ergs per second. «« :^i Joule persMec= 44.2.^94 foot lbs. per minute. •« =1 volt coulomb = 6. 1 1622 kilogramm'trspr.min " ,per second,. = .0318360 lb. Centigrade., »« ' i» ..= .0013406 horse-power. I foot lb. per minute. . =226043 . ergs per second. _ «» «• . . != '0226043 -Watts. M , «' ..= .000030303 horse-power. - 1 horse-power .....»...= 745>94 ^ •o' e^K® P^"" seco'"' J " = 745-941 Watts. i »• ^ = 33000 foot lbs. per minute. , «• =. 42.746 lbs. fah. heat uriits * ' % . per minute. ■ M = 23.748 ' lbs. Cent, heat units per minute. ' I lb. Fah heat unit pfer t • minute: ...= i7-4S05 Watts. •• «« = •023394 horse-power, ."^, I lb. Cent, heat units per r' minute,^. , = 3>'4»09 Watts. ^ T • •» = .042109 horse-power. ¥< ,i ■ Slip of the Screw; IF a screw worked in a solid, unyielding nut, then thesis- tance'Sravelled by the ship in a giveti time would be equaV-o the number of revs, made by the screw in that time multiplied by the pitch of the strew. But the water which forms the nut ft>r the screw propeller is not unyielding. The result is that the ship does not progress a distance equal to the pitch of the screw for each revolution. The difiTerence between the speed ' of the ship and the speed of screw is termed the " slip " of the ^ lOur. ond. minute, rspr.min ie.. ;ond. ond minute. sat units e. ■ eat units e. ■^ ^'M ■■ ■■4 ;" I the\dis- ! equal '.o nultiplied IS the nut s that the :h of the he speed p" of the ■•f r^- « screw. This, however, is only the ftp|larf9|t Slip : in orderc; to find the rCAl slip the velocity of the stream of water which always follows a ship, and in which the screjiir works, must be known. , .„ When a coniimon screw vroiks in a solid nut,' it advances for each revolution a distance equal to thef oitch of jhe screw, and the nut remiiins stationery ; but when the nut is fo^ed of a yield- ing mcidium, such as water, then the screw slips. The water do^s not remaiq stationary during" the rotation of the screw, but is projected backward by the screw in a direction dpposite to that in which the slip is travelling. The aCtUal velodty of this column of water thrown back by the screw represents the tfiie or rMll slip of the screw. ^ * Thrust of the Screw. WHEN a screw steamer I's moving forward at ^a uniform speed, the reaction of the mass of wAter projected bftck* ) wards by the propeller i$ exactly equal to the resistance opposed to the forward motion of the vessel. -A is, therefore^ absurd to Mtempt to geta screw to wor^ without any slip, forifthere was no ' real slip, then there would tie no resultant propelling reaction. To calculate the thnut of a Jet, paddle or screw In pounds. • • Multiply togfether the transverse sectional area in square feet of the stream of water driven astern by the propeller, the speed of the stream relatively to the ship in knotSf'Yhe real slip or part of that speed which is impressed on that strekm by the pro- peller also in knots ; and the constant 5.^ for sea water, or 5.5 for fresh water. '' • ' ^ ^<^f ' • ;f? > Thus Let A = area of stream driven back in square feet. S = speed of screw injcnots per hour. * y. s = speed of ship '• .*. S-s= apparent slip. -^I' ■ ^ Then the thrust i»pounds= A X S (S - s) 5.6^ Example.— Find the thrust of a screw propeller ao ft. diam- eter, having a hub 4 ft. diameter, when driving a ship -at 14 Jmota an hour, slip of screw being 10%. ^ <* ,. 88 / % A=ir(i^- ia)c=3 1416 (io» - 2» ) = 301.6 square feet.\ 8=14 knots. S = - 14 X 100 po >S-5S .•.=AxS(S- s)s.66. # =301.6x15.55(15.55-14)5.66. s4i;i43'pQunds. The above formula may be eifpressed as follows : — IfW = wei£fht of water acted in pounds Ti^r\S= slip of screw in feet per second. — — '- ^ , ^ g'= acceleration due to g^vitys: 32. 2 feet per second. \ \ys , " , ■ . ■ Reactibn = in pounds urging^ the vessel forward. jlst :-^ BiBSt Diameter, Revolution, and Pitch ; '• ..■" of Screw. ' . THE engines exii^t onl? to drive the propeller, and should be subordinated to it, therefore in designing the propelling machinery for a new vessel,' the thing to start out with is the size of the propeller, and nol the size of the engines. Having therefore a given speed of vei^el and a given horse power to start with, fix upon the diameter of the propeller, then upon the revolutions suitable for it. With these fixed it is then an easy matter to find the size of the engine. It-is therefore an entire reversal of the proper process to say " I will run my engine at such and such speed and. ntake my propeller to ^uit." Take the data frOm an actiial propeller driving a ship of cer- tain proportions which is knpwn to givQ,.^^ good performance, and treat the same as a model for the new vessel having similar dimensions. TlM dlaweter to prvportl^Bal to the •'I.a.p., MidlBTenely prepartlonal to the Hioarerootof the cahe or the speed. \; r\ < t$ \ i. =5.0 feet Example.— " ► Let d 2= diameter of model propeller D= ° " required " /piil.H.P. of model *• \ . =670 P = I.H.P. of required " =1800 v = speed of vessel with model propellers 18 knots. V= " " reiiuired •• '=20 •• r\ Then D = _V P V3 d» X — X — p V» \y %/" 1800 183 . ^ ' 5» X X = 7 fe« 670 20» feet. -"D */"? V3 Or— = ^ — X— rrl.4 \ ..; d 1? V3 /■ ■ i : ■ : -^ ,.; .'. D^i.4d = 1.4x5=7 feet. / " The reToimioBi per Mlmite are prop4|rtieiial to Ibe speed aa^ Inrenely propertioaal to the fHaaieter ■ .■'.■;■ .:■,/■ I"^. ;. '.'\^ y * Let rsrevdlutions per minute of model propeller =^200 R= " " required " s ■ ■ ■ ,V d . ' .« . \ < ThenR=rx — X— | \ 20 S :aoo X — X — = 159 revolution^. 18 7 ■ :\. \ If the model used is larger the .ratios are reversed. The piteh of the propeller sh#aM thea be nade the same ratio to the dlaseter as la the Model. The pitch should never exceed 2% timers the diameter. > ■>' Jet PropuJiion. . THE theory of th« jet-propeller is sinnlar to that of the screw- |^ \, profiler. If A^area of the jet ih square fiiet, V=th«^* "^ r " velocity tn feet per second/ with reference to the orifice* v=*^ » ." 's ■ .'•■ ■■■*.- ' ', ■". » * •* - .vvih?' .J-~ 'i '. ■ \ 0. ' ,-. '< ■t .,•;, /:. , ,/ '. ..' '^' v ■ ^ • * 1 . * ■ " ^,' A ■ ■* ■ «' « -_ ^ "■ ■ ' * • -K-l^::'- — r— , ■■■;■ ■■ B9BBS J-.-" r- / I- *-;.-.^ velocity of U|e ship, then (he thrust of the jet is a AV (V-v). The work done dn the vessel is 2 AV (V-v) v, and the work Wasted on the rearward projection of the jet is AV (V-v>» . The V ^ ■ ; 2v ■ ' ■'• effi(;iencyis- — This is equal to unity when the velocity oJ '■'■'^/?^:'"' V + v ' ^ m jet is equal the velocity of the ship in reference to the earth, or V=v{ this is only the case when V-v^o, or when the thrust of the propeller is o. The ^rreater the value of V com- jmred with v, the less the efficiency. \ Rankine showed in 1867 that the greater the quantity of water operated on by a jet-propeller the greater the efficiency. Experiments with Jet Propulsion have all resulted in failure. The " Waterwitch " built by the British Government gave an efficiency of only i8%. The "Squirt," a small torpedo boats built also by the British Govemn»ent, gave a speed of 12 knots per hour as against^i; knots by a sister ship, having a screw and equal steam-power. ^ . , In defiance of theory and of the earlier experiments and of the opinions of jnany naval engineers, two experimental boats were built in New York, viz., •p>rima Vista" and the "Evolution." in which the jets were made very small, an4 the pressure 2,soo lbs. per square inch. Over $300,000 were spent, but as was predicted, the whole thing was a failure. Rankine sums up the whole thfsor)^ of jet propulsion in the follqping words: — • > ^^ "That propeller to the beit, ether thingi being cimal. which drives tttern the lantest body of im- water at the lowest Telocity." it is practicaUy ....- possible to devise any system of lyrdraulic or jet propulsion which can compare favorably, under these conditions, with the screw or the paddle-wheel. -. . AV (V-v). d the work V-vY . The velocity of > the earth, when the of V corn- quantity of ■ ■ efficiency, in failure, nt gave an pedo boats >f 12 knots g a screw ments and periitienta) & " and the Jl, an4 the rere spent, Rankine foUqping' 01lQ|pMr Ks being body of ically im- propulsion I, with the Water Gonsumption From the Indicator Diagram. IF an engine were driven by any liquid weighing i lb. per cubic inch it would consume 33; 760,000 inch pounds per hour. As there are 62.5 lbs. water per cubic foot, we have therefore, 27.648 cubic inches per Ibi of water. ' If we divide 23,760,000 by 27.648 we get 859 375 lbs. of water at i lb. M. E. P. to develop one, horse power. If, however, the pressure b^ more than 1 lb., then the power< ''developed will be proportionately greater for the same con- sumption and will consume proportionately less water in proportion as the water for the steam used is less in volume than the steam ; it follows that the constant 859,375 divided by the M. E. P. of any diagram and by the volume of its terminal pressure will give the rate of water consumption per I. H. 1^. per hour. The termmal pressure is the pressure that would be in the- cylinder if rele^ue did not occur until piston had come to end of the stroke.' ^ -^ , 859,375 Or- '_ Water consuniption per I. H P^ per hour,** ^ M. E P. X vol. of terminal (jressure Example. — M.E.P.=62n>. Terminal pressure =3S lb. Relativevolumeof steam tothatofwateratthatpressure=: 726 859375 ^ .% =i9lb+. 62x726 Instead of taking the terminal pressure in'the diagram it may be advisable to take any point in the expansion curve. Sup- pose we have a diajgram 4^ inched' loiig and a certain point in the curve measures 90 lbs. from vacuum, and that the distance from this point to the admission id t^ inches, then the numbier 859375 is inulti{flied by the length of the consumption line {iji incheljatnd divided bv the M.E.P. x volume x length of the ■fj.'tK . • .8s937jKi;<'' diagram, or «i9l^ + 62x398x4^ 398 being the volume of steam at 90 lbs. ab8olMt«. The' foUowing Ubie of constants has been calculated to e^ble calculations of water consumption to bfe qidckly made, the constant being pqual to the number 859375, divided by the volumes at the various pressures:— Ttrminal' PreMure Absolute I a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 '3 •4 «5 16 '7 18 »9 20 ai aa *3 24 as ■ Twrninal TermiiMl Consunt PrcMure CoiMtant nvasnrff Abwhite AbMlute li:? a6 906.1 51 27 939.6 52 117.4 t a8 973 0. 1006.3 1039.4 S3 1534 '89.3 ' 29 30 54 55 225.4 31 107a. 6 56 260.4 32 tio6.o 57 .2954 33 1 138.6 58 329.2 34 1171.6 59 364 .2 <3S iao4.8 60 ¥•2 36 1237.4 61 465.8- 37 ia7o.i 6a 499.2 38 1303.6 63 . 522.7 39 '3353 •64 533. i 567.5 601.4 40 1368.0 65 41 1401.0 66 42 1433.8- 67 636.4 43 1467.8 68 670.0 44 1498.0 69 704.3 738.0 n ».S3».4 70 1561.3 71 770.1 ♦7 . 1591.2 72 805.4 48 * 1634.5. 73 : 8390 . 49 1657. I 74 872.5 so . 1690.0 75 Example in woricing the table : M.E.P.=62'lbs. ; terminal pressure, 35 lbs. -water consumption?' Find constant corresp6n4ing to the pressure ac ConsUnt Example 2.— .Xi / - • ■• '1204,8 ' , the M*E.P., or -m 19.4 lbs. + 62 "Consumption line a', leni^h of dia^i^ 4*. [.E.P.sr.io lbs. Pressure at point in Curves 45 |bs. Find ftlsr consumption. y «S3'-4X2- 30x4 ■=25.5 lbs. ■ THE ultimate strength of ordinary bark-tanned single leather beltingf varies from 3000 to 5000 pounds per square inch j/of cross section. / .. The (|iis|kness of single belting: varies from 3/16 inch to 5/16 incli, and^gn 3/8 to 5/8 inch for double beltingf, and by takings th6 m^n ^^nesses we get the breakingr stresses from 750 td 1250 pounds per inch of width for single belts and 1500 to 2500 pounds for double belts. The sai'%Wirklnc toltti«ll should ne^er exceed -OBe- llfth of the strength of the joint which is about one-third the above values. From this we find that by taking 1/5 of 1/3 of the breaking stress, or 1/15, the working tensions are for single belting, 50 to 80 pounds > for double belting, 100 to 160 pounds. \ Belts will run with the minimum of attention for many years, -if the tensions do not exceed 50 pounds for single and 80 pounds for double belts per inch of width. 'TA i 4 HorM Pow«r ^hflkt leather Belts vvJII Transmit p«r# inohofWldtKatVsi^ousSpssds. v \' Velocity^ BcfilnfMt ' Per MinuM. B«it Oak Tanned H^liiu Veiockv of Bek in feet 1^!r Minute. 2100 Bctt Oak Tann«d B> lit. ■SilHtto. DouLla. Heavy DouUe. . SfaifleY L^ht Double Heavy UMIib. lOO •15 .21 a; 3.18 4.45 S.73 290 .'30 •}* ' 55 2200 3-33 4.67 ^.00 300 ', -4^ •s* .82 2300 3:49 4.88 6.2^ 400 .61 .SI •<>9. 24UO ^•64. 5 04 6.5s • S? .76 1.36 2500 3.79 5.30 600 .9« 1.27 1.64. 2600 304 5- 52* 7.09 5S 1.06 1. 21 1.49 1.70 '9' 2.18 2703 4.09 4.24 5.73 S7 36 5-94 ^64 990 1.36 1. 91 a 45 296S 4-39 6. IS 7.91 1000 I.St 2.12 ».73 i - 300c 4 5° 6.36 8.18 • IIOO , 1.67 2-33 300 3>oo * 4. -60 6 s8 8.45 1200 1.82 ^.55 3.27 • 3200 4.69 6.79 81. 70 1300 1.9* 2.76 '3-55 3300 4-77 7.00 8.86 rT 1400 2.12. 2.97 3-8« 3403 4.84 7.21 '8.96 •500 ■ 2.27 3.i8 409 3SOO 4.90 7-3« 9.06 1600 2.44 3.39 '4.36 3600 4-95 7.40 '916 1700 2.58 3.61 4.64 3700. 4-99 7.48 9.i4 >; 1800 lU 3.«a 4-9« 380Q 5 03 7-54 9.29 1900 .' 4.03 S.18 3900 5 05 7.60 9-34 2000 303 4.24 "545 4000 S.08 7.64 9-37 References^ ' ? rE Improved Jones Underfeed Stoker and Smokeless- Furnace has been installed in the l>est plants iaCanada and ' the United States, and the following' partial list of users in Canada will impres^ those interested to a far greater degree than copies t>f testimonials. -''''.' We would refer- all interested in the reduction of their fuel bills to any of ihe^ollowing :— - , WiNdspR HotEL. Montreal, Que. Bell Telephone, Co., Aqueduct St.^'. . " ' " Dominion Oil Cloth Co. . ,. •• " Montreal Rolling Mills..., .' «• «« w-«.' Crescent Qement Works • ♦♦ «• C. P. R. Oalhousie Square Station •• " nsmit p«r •v. Tanned B> In. .iirhi Heavy IMubb. oubl« 45 s.7i .67 ^.00 .88 6.2^ 09. •30 6.J5 er82 •94 \7 36 'S64 •«.S 7.91 •36 8.18 • s8 8.4S 79 8.70 .00 8.86 .21 '8.96 •31 9.06 .40 '916 .48 9.i4 •S4 9.29 .60 9-34 .64 9-37 Smokeless- Canadii and ' of users in ater degree >f their fuel » il, Que; « «• ".„.-. '■ 14 ... V i ?i '■( »*!».■ ^w. ; Hull. Que. , London, Ont. 4« U E. B. Eddy Co. . .\ > London EL^brRic Light Co . . . John LAbattV. . . ^ The Riokdan 1\*iiER Miles — MTerritton.-Ont. OrilLia Asylum, Ontario tiovernment. .Qrillia, Ont. . y^ KiNGSTOfJ Penitentiary, Doih. Gov't. .,. Kingston, Ont. J.Campbell., .,..'.. /. St. ThdthaH,'Ont. O^Kb^fe BRBWfeRY Co ..... . .J.Toronto, Ont. Taylor Bros^ Pai!^r Mills TkE T. Eaton Co .'. , The Foresters Temple ....... The New Municipal Buildings •• Water Works, liigh Level lumping' Station. ^ .^H.. . rr^r^ -^ '* TorontA Electric Light Co.. 7^ ♦ ■ Ontario Power an6 P-lats- Co., ■ - Niagara St. ...../.. .'' '"' V M ^ The ^tearru Jacket. THERE is a great diversity of opinion as to the efficiency of the Steam Jacket. Numerous tests on va^ous engines with 4Fid without jackets show results varying from 30% down to zero,, and in some cases an actugJ loss. Professor Unwin says that Jhiare was no trustworthy engine test which showed a greater ' steam . consumption with than without the Steam Jacket. He considers that in all cases, and on all cylinders, the jacket is useful, providing ordinary and not superheated steam is^used, but the advaritages may dimin- ish to an amount not worth the interest on the extra cost. The jacket is most useful in cases where the initial conden- sation is g^reatesf, such as in small and sl<^-sp^ed engines. ^ The jacket is the least useful in engines which are most scienti- fically designed and of the highest cla.ss. Ekperimehts made with Corliss engine? demonstrate that the jackets effect a 1.5% saving. \ Profes^r Cotterill states, experience snows that the steam jacket is advantageous, but the a^mount gained varies aceerd- ^ w ll i ii.V ^/, ^ Iff! ing to'circiutisttioces. In many cases it may be that the ad- vantage is small. Great cau^n is necessary in drawing- conclusions firom any special set of eixperiments on the in- flu^ce of the Steam Jacket. Professor Witz made very accurate experiments with a com- pound engine of 600 indicated h.p., with jackets on both cylinders, and also on the receiver. « The total condensation in the jackets was i3%of the steam used, and yet the saving was only 4%. In another test made by Carpenter of a.Qx 16 x 14'' stroke 100 h.p. engine, there was very little saving made |>y the jackets, and when the engine was running above its rated load the jackets were detrimental, the saving being a minus quantity. As the load was reduced the jackets showed^oh- siderable saving. From this we can see that the various results obtained by t(ie different experimenters jnay be due to the fact that the loads were not altogether of a suitable nature to get the best effiects from the jackets. It would acppear^ however, if %he engines were properly designed, the jacket is of little use, and it is not by meani^ of the jacket that the wast4| due to cylinder condensation cai^J>e got rid of, or the Ugh^t economy reacKed. . ' . ' i ■^. Cteaning Fires. THAT doe? cleaning a fire mekn? It means a great deal. It fieans sometimes the steam pressure will fall from 100 to 60 poinds or evefi lower and that it is an im- possibility to raise it untU some of the load is taken off; which is not always possible. In some {riaces it means that when a clinker has mn all over the grates the fireman has to let one side of his fire "out '* to let its grates cool down before the clinker can be removed, which also means exceedingly hard work for him trying to keep the steam iip on his other boilers. No matter how hard he wdrks or how hard he swears, down goes the steam, and by and by *'we hmre to ilint d«wa." -^ With the J(Mies Underfeed sjrstem the cleaning of the fires is » very iiPPle «n*tter. In plants where 300 to 400 poundscoal ftt the ad-^ 1 drawings on the in- rith a com- ( on both ndensation the saving' F a.9xi6x ig made |>y e its rated g a minas owed^oh- he various be due to ible nature Id appi»ar^ \ le jacket is t the waste he high^t IS a g^eat | urewiUfaU ' t is an im- taken off, is mn all 1 fire "out 'V e removed* I trying to r how hard steam, and ' the fires is pounds coal .1 " -s:.-- %■ •7 are burned per hour per hotter, it is only necessary to clean them once a day. The operation, however, is so simple that it scarcely .enters into consideration at all. A furnace can be com- , pletely cleaned in 1 1^ n;inutes. All that is necessary is to pull out 'a clinker on each side of the retort and the job is done. The clinker dOCS not and caUDOt StICk to the dead plates as it does to grate bars.^ It fonqs all along the dead plate and comes out all in one piece- Steam pressure cannot fall, it invariably goes up. It is possible to run boilers ioo% above their rating, and clean fires yrithout the steam pr^ ssure'varying. This is done right along. Can this be done with any other device known? ■, -^^ ' Enquire from parties who are usiing the Stok|Q|as to the . great ease in cleaning the furnaces, or better still, go and see them, and investigate for yourself and after that have the Stokers installed. . / ' y-- ■t. , t...._ "^■j I !■ ■. ■-T-tW W MaSWSJW f; lifn i'l I ' y:i^tyr^i ^-\ 98 Gontents. Air, Pressure of . 7' Air Required for Combustion 40 Apparent Slip ^.\ 8| Asylum, Orillia 3^ Bankings with Stoker 43 Beams from Log ' 62 Behavior of Fuels r • ■ 39 Belting, Horse Power of 93 Best Beam from Log ,62 Boiler Te^ts, Rules for 64 Blowers, Capacity of 52 " Hor^e Power of . . .•• 52 Brownlee's Formulae .'. .'........ 49 Business Policy, Our '. . .. '... . 7 Capacity of Blowers 52 Claims .'..... '. i2 96 v •■^•- 39 ••••" ••• 42 : ••■. 38. 26 Cleaning Fires Coal Coal Consumption Combustion Competitive Tests Consumption of Smoke . . Cost of Stoker Cylinder Bolts, Strain on . Data for Boil^ Test Data for Tender Description of Stoker. . . Displacement of a Vessel , Don't . . . . . Duty of an Engine Electricity, Heating by. Engine, Duty of . ...... 33 63 37 69 63 16 55 .S3 43 73 43 K5f*Y^ i' ' ' • Y ' "•■- - .'■ - X-' ■ V ■■ ; ■> . ■; \, •' * V ■ , ■■; H— — -- - •• 7' 40 87 .3» 43 * . . 62 •• 39 93 ,62 64 52 ....... 52 ........ 49 7 ;,:;:.: 11 ■ 96 •v'- 39 ...... 42 . . .38 26 33 63 37 - 69 63 16 55 53 43 73 43 . 1 ■' * - -' ' ■ '/" ii'Mn^i ii ■.^■■* n Equivalents Examination Questions Evaporation, Latent Heat of " Total Heat of Factors of Evaporation Table of, to Find Features of the Stoker Feed Water, Heating of Fifth Roots Table of. Fires, Cleaning of, Fonnulae, Rrownlee's From and at 212 Fuels Grant, G. W, &Co Heat Equivalents . Heating by Electricity Heatingf of Feed Watigr Heat Without Smoke Hijj-h Chimneys Historical Horse Power of Blowers ofBoilers " .of Engines. " ' of Vessels Jacket, Steam. Jet Propulsion. ... , Measures of Pressures . . Weights.*., Milne, James Oils .. .. 95 89 72 72 12 lOI Oils as Fuel , /_ »_ Operation of Stoker ^ Ordinary Running Tests , . . . ^5 Orillia Asylum. '** ,, p«^ : ..!!'!!'.'!" 38 Policy, Business , » Power Equivalents \^^ ^^ I • If I ■ ; ■ Irl 111 e^i K i' it'' H' i' . I 1^- T^f CIACc •• ••••■•/•••• Pressure of Air » . . . . Properties of Steam . Propulsion, Jet Pulleys .. References . ., 100 ■X- 5 7« SO 89 63 94 Rules for Boiler Te^ts ./• 64 " Safety Vsrtves ... Safety Valve /. . . Screw, Slip of . . . ./ •* Thrust of . / Shafting ......'../ Speed, Limit of . J. Steam [ • " Consumptijon . ., " Jacket " Propertie* of Stoker^ Banking with .^ t« 59 • 59 .... 86 .... 87 63 .... 46 47 • • • • 37p ^5 50 .... 43 Claims of ^ 22 63 16 li 20 75 82 87 Cost of . . / • • • • • • • • Description of Operation of . . . ^ • • • -. Summary Surface Equivalents . . ........*. Thrust of Screw ^... . Velocity Equivalents 84 Vessel, Horse Power for S3 . " Displacement 55 Volume Equivalents • 84 \yater Consumption from Diagrams ... y 9' " Pressure in Inches .-jit 53 Weeks, Charles Lord '. '. 102 Weight of Water at Different Temperatures . 72 Weight Equivalents 83 Will Pay You 75 Wilson Pyrometer 81 Wood ••> • 38 Wood as Fuel 4* \york Equivalents , •'• ^^ 101 K-y--^ Geo. W. Gf?AHT 6t Co. 43 WaiiU^flQTON ST. EAST ^. Phone 2368. f ^*^^T0t?0flT0 ENGINEERS' C^ENERAL SUPPLIES FINE LU^RICATINQ OILS ^ND QREA8ES MONARCH DARK ivLINDER OIL VALVONE AMBER CYLINDER OIL GRANT'S ENGINE OIL UNIVERSAI^ ENGINE OIL IDEAL DYNAMO OIL - .^ n LDBRICATING GREASES Beaver Boiler Compound, Cotton Waste Lace Leather, Steam Packing of all kinds, Oil Cops, Lubricators, &c. OIWI«| SOUeiTED. CORHESPONDEIICE CNEEIIFULI,Y ATISWEREO. > ■# 102 s Chas./Lord Weeks, b.8.;m.8 Einbet aSoBtqit^^^'^vU £n0fneer0 , Lately with NoRTta Metropolitan Sewerage Commission, State of Massachusetts; The Massachusetts Highway Commission ; Street Department, - . City OF Boston. ^ V CONSUL'TiNG. Engineer P' 1 i PLANS, SPECIFiCATIONS, SUPERINTENDENCE, ADVICE ON THE FOLLOWING Specialties: CAISOM AND HEAVY FOUND A TIONS TUNNEL AND PNEUMATIC IVOR/C ROADS, STREETS ANDPAVEHENTS SEWER ABE SYSTEMS AND SEWER ABE DISPOSAL PLANTS. ill' MJ 80 CANADA LIFE BUILDING / TORONTO >■ :-v\ ['a „.._. c. 01 1 MaO* OMMISSION, USETTS . EER ;, ■ Advice )MS ¥TS NQ I'a / \ MEMORANDA. ■«?■' .^_\^._ r . N, _ • # {' .|4, IM ' MEMORANDA. 1: : ti h Wv" it' Ji: , lie' _«, ■l, ■■■■ i,^■■W tr-*.: X t . 106 •■ Y \ MEMORANDA. ^ -§5' #" •'V* • W 4i^ ^m ""l^^l li \t f" 111' lilt 111 / 109 MEMORANDA. J T'l [* I}' I ! ^- ^ \ 1- 107 MEMORANDA. ■qPV -m- }*t^ J #i ... ...\ •> # MEMORANDA. K / , 't • ll*? '1 1^ . ,1 ki ^^ .^' ^ -i^p^ 4te V. W' H .■' ■i, r^ V il'l X <{^ pi!«' . «''-•' el'VWi "^ > ■'■a- »!* ■ . ■• ij I ■ .■ I .■ ■■'■'■■■-■■■,.,; MEMORANDA. ;l JJL_iL ■1 :,.■■ 1 Jfi^ -iiM •i^- «•'!"■-% ■*(!« i ^r. %!» »"'■■■"'■•■■■■•■.. MEMORANDA. 'm T \ :tf- /^ ^-'^- V [„ A 1^- '*■;, 'i ^^'^agtyCT^»^^HggWiS^ Ig^^iy^l'' ")^J' -=TP T-rj 112 Jaaaes T^lne ember Can. Soc. Civil BtiQineete , tATE Generai. Superintendent Toronto Inc^Cndescent Light Co. Teacher Electrical Encinh»ring, Sr^jfiTAND Steam Engines. Toronto Tbchnk:*!; School. CeHsaume Engineer / PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, SUPERINTENDENCE, ADVJCE, ESTIMATES ON STEAM, HYPRAULIC AND ELECTRICAL PLANTS. Specfaitfea: Steam and the Steam Engine, incuuding Evapo- rative Tests. Efficiency Tests of Steam, Hydraulic and Electrical Plants. Central Station Management, Reports Care. FULLY Prepared, i 80 CANADA LIFE BUILDING TORONTO J»» _S^^^^^1^^!^^^ -** " i-^j- f ^^l^pf! / llLNE I ■ NIZ^NDESCKNT LiGHT Co. I AND Steam Engines, lOUL. NSINEER ONS, ADVJCE, MVI, S. ncuuding evapo- Tests of Steam, Plants. Reports Care. JI^DING 3 ■.-.»-I%S> ^?^fe /^-^ji ^«i eMBMa.«tg^7«¥»';BW!SWgWg-' i / ^ .^ Cj. 4, "■^ IP. I; ,-.•'■ ■f* -» €(» ■"X " # &