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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. > 3 1 2 3 4 S 6 AI COUJ (,. /^ '» SKETCHES OF NEW-BRUNSWICK; CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE FIRST SETTLEMENT OF THE PROVINCE, WITH OF THE COUNTRY, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS, INHABITANTS, GOVERNMENT, RIVERS, TOWNS, SETTLEMENTS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, TRADE, REVENUE, POPULATION, &C. ■.2i t i • ^ /^ BY ? .'I 4^, km/.: '• Whatever concerm viy countri/, interests me i J follow nature, with truth my guide" SAINT JOHN: PRINTED BY CHUBB & SEARS, MARKET-SQUARE. ¥ V#MMWMMMMtMMM 18 25. S'-^: I- If r/ '^^"Ud.Ji^/^aXc/. Co if^t Utntitu JH-AVING at different times collected what information I could obtain relating to the Province of New-Brunswick, I in- tended, whenever I had a sufficient fund of correct materials, to publish them in such a shape as to diffuse a general know- ledge of the Country, its productions, sources of wealth. Sac, For this reason I had kept the different Counties, as well as the several subjects of which I intended to treat, separate, in order to receive such additions as I could from time to time make. But as I am happy to find that it is one of the objecti of the New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society, to publish a Geographical and Statistical Account of the Province, as soon as materials can be collected, I have given up my first design — being convinced that such a Society can collect correct information and the materials for such a desirable object with far greater facility and accuracy than an individual. In the mean time, I have given these Sketches to the public, hoping they may serve to give a faint knowledge of the Country, till a more perfect Work is prepared. It is no small matter to give any thing like a full description of a new Country like New-Brunswick, where the Compiler has but few helps — where there are but few written documents to resort to, and where neither Animals, Minerals, or Plants, have been properly arranged ; and where there are but few correct materials to guide him in pointing out the changes of the seasons and other natural phenomena, with many other things which are requisite Jf,; B IV in a complele description of a new Country. The labour of even arraniiinir the different Parislies was considerable, which the statement of the population of the Province, (had I posses- sed that document in time,) would have at once supplied. It was my intention to add a concise history of the principal transactions that have taken place in the Country from its first occupation to the present time, from such sources both written and oral, as came within my researches ; but have for the rea- sons before stated relinquished that design. The description of some of the Counties is not so full as I could wish, but it may be observed this is but an outline of what 1 at first designed ; and that the information I had col- lected of some of the Counties, was very scar y ; but that I in- tended to extend it to considerable length, i ; correct materials could be procured. Ilav'ing therefore abandoned my first de- sign, I had to contracOTclescription of some o^ the Counties of wliicli 1 had a fuller knowledge, to make the Work more uni- form ; and not to ap})ear partial to some parts of the Province, or to have forgotten others. I'ractional accuracy cannot be expected in such a brief outliue^ neither indeed is it of much consequence. I have, however, endeavoured to come as near the reality as possible, and given as full a detail as the size of the Work would allow. THE AUTHOR. *W«t*»B^ ; labour of able, which d I posses- alied. le principal am its first oth written or the rea- full as I outline of 1 had col- ; that I in- ; materials ly first de- /ounties of more uni- Province, h a brief I have, ! possible, uld allow. HOR. CHAP. I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Old Settlers on the River Saint John. — Netv-Bninsxvic/c erected into a Government, and settled by the Loyalists in 1 783-4. — Difficulties of t/ie^ first Settlers. — List of successive Governors and Presidents. i HE Province of New-Brunswick formerly formed a part of Nova-Scotia, which was the first European settlement on the Continent of North America. — The first jrrant of land in it was given by King James the First to Sir William Alexander, in 1621 — from whom it had the name of Nova-Scotia or New Scotland. It was at that time regarded by the English as a part of Cabot's discovery of Terra-Nova. The first settlers, liowever, were emigrants from France, who as early ns the year 1604 came to the Country with Ue Mont, a French adventu- rer, and gave it the name of Acadia. This country frequently changed masters ; passing from the French to the English, and back again, till it was finally ceded in full sovereigiity to the British at the peace of Utrecht in 1713. In 1760, a number of persons from the County of Essex, in Massachusetts, obtained a grant of a Township, twelve milesr square, on the River Saint John, from the British Government ; and after several delays in exploring and surveying, they com- menced a settlement at Maugerville. During the American War of 1775, they were joined by a number of other families from New England : the district ad- joining Maugerville was settled, and the whole called by the general name of Sunbury, where the Courts of Justice were held till 1783 : when the peace with America left the Loyalists who had f()llowed the British standard, to seek an asylum in some part of the British dominions. Prior to this period a number of families from Yorkshire in En<;liHi(l, iind others from Massachusetts, had settled in and about Cumberland, where many of their descendants still re- 2 main.— These people, actuated by difForent att«ichments, lived ciurinles, and return 1 I ium, Sugar, Molasses, and other produce from • c West-Indies.— A Town was built at the mouth of the River Saint John, and another at St. Ann's Point, called Fredericton, where part of two Regiments were stationed till the French revolutiim. — Bar- racks and other public works were erected in diflerent places, and the upper part of the Country settled by est'il>lishing two mihtary posts in the interior, one at the Prcsqu-Isle, eighty miles above Fredericton, and another at the Granil Falls, fiftv- two miles farther np. But the difficulties to which the first settlers were exposed continued for a long time almost in- surmountable. Having been ueared in a pleasant Country, abounding in all the comforts of life, they found themselves suddenly transplanted to a wilderness with a rigorous climate, devoid of almost every thing that could make life tolerable. — On their arrival they found a few hovels where Saint John is now built, the adjacent country exhibiting a most desolate as- pect; which was peculiarly discouraging to people who had just left their homes in the beautiful and cultivated parts of the United States. Up the River Saint John the country ap- peared better, and a few cultivated spots were found occupied- by old settlers. At St. Ann's, where Fredericton was after- wards built, a few scattered huts of French were found ; the country all around being a continued wilderness — uninhabited and untrodden, except i)y the savage and wild animals ; and scarcely had these firm friends of their country began to con- struct their cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors of an untried climate : their habitations being enveloped .in snow before they were tenantable. The climate at that period (from what cause has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained) being far more severe than at present. They were frequently put to the greatest straits for food and clothing to preserve exist- ence ; a few roots were all that tender mothers could at times procure to allay the importunate calls of their children for food. — Sir Guy Carleton had ordered them provisions for the first year at the expense of Government ; but as the coun- try was not much cultivated at that time, food could scarcely be procured on any terms. Frequently had these sQttlers to go from fifty to one hundred miles with hand sleds or toboggans through wild woods or on the ice to procure a precarious sup- ply for their famishing families. The privations and suffer- ings of some of these people almost exceed belief. The w ant of food and clothing in a wild, cold country, was not easily dispensed with or soon remedied. Frequently in the piercing cold of winter a part of the family had to remain up during the night to keep fire in their huts to prevent the other part from freezing. Souie very destitute families made use of boards to II supply the want of bedding : the father or some of tlie elder children remaining up by turns, and wnrminir two suitable pieces of boards, which they applied alternately to the smaller children to keep them warm; with many similar expedients. Some readers looking only at the present state of the country may smile at this account as wildly exaggerated, and may sup- pose that the skins of the moose and other wild animals would have been a far better substitute for bedding. But I hav« received the account of the above lacts, with many other expe- dients which were at that time adopted by the settlers, from persons of undoubted veracity, and who had been eye witnesses of what they related. It is, however, needless to etdarge upon the hardshij^s they endured, as most of the sullerers are now no more. Some indeed were discouraged and left the country ; but most of thoiie who remained had the pleasure of seeing the country improved and their families comfortably settled. Many of those Loyalists were in the'prime of life when they came to this country; and most of them had young families. To esta- blish thcise they wore out their lives in toil and poverty, and by their unremitting exertions subdued the wilderness, and covered the face of the country with habitations, villages, and towns. I have not noticed these circumstances as if they were pecu- liar to the settlers of New- Brunswick; but to hold up to the descendants of those sufferers the hardships endured by their parents ; and to place in a striking point of view, the many comforts they possess by the suffering, pei'severance, and in- dustry of their fathers. All new settlements formed at a great distance from the parent state, are exposed to difficulties, till the country becomes improved. Many of the Colonies in North America, when first settled, were more than once on the point of total extinction. The remnant of the inhabitants of some of them were even embarked to abandon the country altogether, when they were stopped by succour from home. The remembrance of the difficulties of the first settlers should make their descendants contented with their present advan- tages, and instead of wishing to change, to use their own ex- ertions to improve the country, and duly to appreciate the many blessings and privileges they enjoy. Under the judicious and paternal care of Governor Carle- ton, assisted by several of the leading characters, many of the difficulties of settling an infant and distant Country were les- sened. The condition of the settlers was gradually ameliorated ; agriculture was particularly attended to : The Governor him- self set a pattern in which he was followed by several of the leading men in the different offices, A variety of grains and 5 roots were cultivated witli success, luul considerable prorjrcss iiuulf iu ciciiiincr tlie wilderness. Darren seasons were bduic- tirn(;3 o\})eritnc«:;il, when tlie scarcity ol'l'ood was partially reinc- dietl by the exertions of the Governor, Rjsisted by several other public spirited nentlcrnen, who are now no more. At'lor having governed the i'rovince for nearly twenty year; — after havin<; seen the country fioni a desolate wilderness risinjr to a .state of importance among the surrounding Colonies — after having seen the settlers placed in a slate of comparative ctMufort and independence — and alter having in every respect enileared himself to them as their conmion lather and bene- factor — Governor Carletox, in 1803, removed to England, when the Government of the Province was administereil by the following pennons, under the style of Presidents, till his death, viz. — G. G. Lublow, from his departure till February, 1808; Edwaud Winslow, Esquire, from that period till the 24th May following; when he was succeeded by INlajor-General Hunter, who held the Government, with the exception of two sliort intervals, (during which the Government devolved first on Lieutenant-Colonel Johnstone, and afterwards on Major- Crcneral Balfour,) till 1812, when he was succeeded by Major- General Smyth; he having gone to England in 181 S, the Go- vernment was administered by Major-General Saumauez; but was resumed by General Saiytii, in 1814, who having again left the Province, the Govermnent devolved on Lieutenant- Colonel Ha/les. On the deadi of Governor Carleton, Ma- jor-General George Stracey S.^ivtii, was appointed to the Government by His Majesty's Commission, dated the 28th February, 1817. Governor JSjuyth died the 27th March, 1823, when the Government was assumed by Ward Chii'Man, Esqiiire, who administered the same till his death in the month of February following, when it devolved on John Murray Bliss, Esquire. In the mean time, Major-General Sir How- ard Douglas, Baronet, had been appointed to the Govern- ment by His Majesty. He arrived in the Province in August, 1824, and immediately repaired to Fredericton, and assumed the Government on the 28th of the same month, and is at present (1825) Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of New- Brunswick, and its Dependencies. The lively hiterest which Sir Howard takes in whatever concerns the prosperity of the Province, may be best inferred from his own words in his address to the Legislative Bod}', and his speech at the formation of the Agricultural Society, which are inserted in full iu the Appendix to this short work. •x^ ~ .-» -• C CHAP. II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. SUualion. — Exfent. — Boundaries. — Face of the Country. — Soil. Animals. — Mineral and Vegetable Productions. — Inhabitants. Religion, and Government. NeW-BRUNSWICK is situated between the forty-fifth and forty-ninth degrees of North latitude, and between the sixty- fourth and sixty-eighth degrees of West longitude. It is nearly 200 miles in length, and 180 in breadth, containing about twen- ty-two thousand square miles of land and water. It is bound- ed on the North by the river St. Lawrence and Canada, on the West by the State of Maine, on the South and Southeast by the Bay of Fundy and Nova- Scotia, and on the East by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay Verte. It is divided into eight Counties, viz. St. John, Westmorland, King's, Queen's, Char- lottec, Yoi'k, Sunbury, and Nortlnuiiberland, which are again divided into Parishes, according to Hieir extent, and will be described when I come to treat of the Counties separately. This Province is watered with several fine rivers which lay open the inmost recesses of the country, and are of the utmost advan- tage to t!ie inhabitants in transporting the products of the fo- rests to the seaports, as their chief trade consists in lumber and other bulky articles. It likewise abounds in lakes, streams, springs, and rivulets, so that there are few places unprovided with good mill seats or water conveyance. It is diversified with beautiful acclivities, hills and mountains, some of which will be noticed in the course of this work. The appearance of the country along the Bay of Fundy Is forbidding, rugged and broken, and the soil indifferent. Ad- vancing from the sea-board into the interior the face of the country becomes more level, being interspersed with gentle ris-- ings and vales, with large stnps of fertile intervale along the rivers, which being annual l\ overflowed produce excellent crops. In many places along the margin of the rivers, the banks are high and abrupt, and to a stranger the laud appears poor and hard to c short dis soil rich tlie puirt the couii beautiful buildings tervale, i Most in their the curri and gras sidered i beautify, the snov deposits Iv altered ed in so; and this soil, and growing year wit As m rivers ai rest, cov firs, spr hornbea are foui ranged the inte basswoc trees ar Astl and str sun, mi improv have ta settled The those ( in the '. cans, ported Cumb the im whicl) hard to cultivate ; but after rising the banks, and advancing a short distance from the water, the land becomes level, and the soil rich ; being covered with a thick black mould, produced l»v the putrefaction of the leaves of the numerous trees with which the country is covered. In other parts the land rises with a beautiful slope from the water, offering many fine situations for buildings and seats. The land in some parts being a second ia- tervale, and in others a good upland \vith a strong soil. Most of the rivers have numbers of fine Islands interspersed in tlieir courses, which being chiefly formed by the washing of the currents, consist of rich alluvial soil, producing grain, roots and grass in the greatest luxuriance. These islands may be con- sidered as tlie gardens of the country, which they enrich and beautify. Tiie rapidity of the rivers, swoln by the melting of the snow in the spring, tears away the soil in some parts, atid deposits it in others ; by which means their courses are gradual- ly altered ; new Islands are formed, and alluvial soil accumulat- ed in some parts of the rivers, while it is washed away in others; and this is more or less the case according to the looseness of the soil, and the bends of the river : so that a man may have a growing estate, or he may see his land diminishing from year to year without the power to remedy it. As most of the settlements arc as yet confined to the margin of rivers and streams, the country a little back is a continued fo- rest, covered with a stately growth, of trees, consisting of pines, firs, spruce, hemlock, maple, birch, beech, ash, elm, poplar, hornbean, &c. In some parts of the country white and red oak are found, but in no great quantity ; although men who have ranged the woods in search of pine, say there are large groves in the interior. The islands are generally covered with butternat, basswood, elm, maple, akler, &c. and in some places the same trees are found on them, as on the high land in their vicinity. As the climate of a new country, abounding with lakes, rivers and streams, and covered with close woods, which exclude the sun, must be daily altering as the country becomes cleared and improved : I shall hereafter notice some of the changes tliat have taken place in the climate of this Province sinqe it v^as settled by the Loyalists in 1783. The domestic animals in this Province are much the same as those of the United States ; many of the horses and oxen u^ed in the lumber business, being annually furnished by the Ameri- cans. The breed of hors^ has been improved by stallions im- ported at different periods from England and other places. In Cumberland the inhabitants have paid considerable attention to the improvement of the breed of horned cattle ; in consequenco of which, and the extensive marshes in that county, their dauies 4 i{ ■ I . ■ ^ are superior to any in tlie Province. The slieep and swine are ot a good size and various breeds. As Agriculture has been TO ich neglected in this Province on account of the great trade t\ n is carried on in lumber, not much attention has been paid to improving the domestic animals, till of late, a Society has been fc:-mcd, and cattle exhibitions instituted, which no doubt will sc on make an alteration in that part of the rural economy of til 3 Province. The wild animals are not so numerous as formerly, and some species are nearly extinct. The Moose or Elk, which were found in great abundance when the loyalists fir«t came to the piovince, were wantonly destroyed, V :!ing hunted for the skin, w' lile their carcases were left in the woods, a few only being used fo food, although their flesh is equal to the ox, and would have supplied the destitute settlers with animal food for along while, hid there been any effectual means at that time to restrain the \^c'iste of the mercenary hunter. So great was the destruction of thtjse valuable animals, that in a few years they totally dis- ^[^eared. A few have lately been seen, and a law has been en Icted for their preservation ; but they can scarcely be reckon- ed imong the present animals of the Province. The other wild antnals are Bears, Foxes, Wolves, Caraboo, Sable, Loup-cer- vicf, Peaconks, Racoon, Mink, Ground and Red Squirrels, W jasels, Muskrats, Wild Cats, Hares, &c. with that valuable anihial the Beaver. vhe domestic Fowls are Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Hens, and otlJer Poultry; and among the wild are, Partridges, Geese, Dutks, Pigeons, Owls, Crows, and Swans ; with a variety of snj;|ll Birds, which have nothing peculiar to render a particular desfcription of them ncc(3ssary. There are but few reptiles in the 'Province, and those are harmless. ^ ?ttost of the rivers are well stored with Salmon, Shad, Bass,"'' Su jkers, and Herrings, widi abundance of small Fish, such as Tr.jut, Perch, Chub, Smelt, Eels, &c. Cusks are taken in the wirier, and Sturgeon are taken in some parts, but not often. ifhe Bays and Harbors are well supplied with Cod, Pollock, Hrldock, &c. Mackerel are taken m different places at the entiknce of the Bay of Fundy, and along the coasts. ] |ut little can be said about the mineral or ibssil })roductions of i; country which is vet in itsinfliucy, and where the uidustry of tlie inhabitants can be more profitably employed on the sur- face of the earth than in ransacking its bowels. Minerals can- not )be procured and manufactured without money. To work mit ^s effectually, many things are rt'(jui.site that cannot be ex- pec'ed in a new country. Such as capitalists wlio can risk mo- ney bn experiments, and wait a long time for returns /<* ' K Cv ^,- t 6 :/- C'' 1 f /> r t. for all I I property Tlie next for the ai and at s other coi selves str ploying V and quic' country c than the of the coi and that dance; b procure any parti work. I intelligen the differ found in been disc of the Pr( stone of J particula where th to supply Gypsum Mangan( This 1 for build red in al ble, of ( have bee The y Maize, I Roots, ( The fi ries, Crc berries, i Butter 1 found ir many pli Avhich ai Ther( through M e / ^ and as \ property employed in the first working of mines is uncertain. The next thing is abundance of cheap labour — then a demand for the articles produced ; next to produce it of such a quality, and at such a price as to make it find a market : with many other cohsiderations sufficient to deter men who feeling them- selves straitened in pecuniary resources, see the necessity of em- ploying what little they possess in the way that will give a sure and tjuick return ; and to such persons, the surface of the country covered with pines, holds out a more inviting prospect than the concealed riches of the earth. From the appearance of the country, there is reason to believe it is rich in minerals, and that the mountains contain ores of different metals in abun- dance; but as no attempts of consequence have been made to procure specimens or assay them, it cannot be expected that any particular account of them could be given in this short work. It is probable the time is not far distant when men of intelligence will turn their attention to investigate scientifically the different natural productions of the Province. Coals are found in abundance at the Grand Lake, and specimens have been discovered in several other places, so as to leave no doubt of the Province being well stored with that useful article. Lime- stone of a good quality is found in different parts of the Province; particularly at the narrows, near the mouth of the river St. John, where there is not only sufficient for the use of the country ; but to supply Europe and America for ages, should they need it. Gypsum is also found up the Bay, near Cumberland, and Manganese at Quaco.^ This Province abounds in different kinds of excellent Stone for building, and other purposes. Grindstones are manufactu- red in abundance for home use and exportation. Veins of Mar- ble, of different species, have been discovered, some of which have been partially explored, and small quantities manufactured, "f" The vegetable productions are, Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Maize, Beans, Peas, Buckwheat and Flax, with a variety of Roots, Grasses, and Hortulan Plants. The fruits are Apples, Plums, Cherries, Currants, Gooseber- ries, Cranberries, Blue and Black Berries, Raspberries, Straw- berries, and small Grapes, with a number of small wild fruits. Butter Nuts, a large oily nut, Beech Nuts, and Hazel Nuts, are found in different parts of the country in abundance, and in many places serve for fattening hogs ; particularly the Beecli Nut, which after the severe frosts in the fall nearly cover the grouud. There are no disorders peculiar to the climate. The aii throughout most part of the year is very jiure and t'le inhabit- ants in general enjoy a good share of health. Whether the ob- servatioiia that have been made of the Americans sooner decay- -t. f I I r «2 /. ^ ^ J ■ \^ *^ \ L. ^ ^ I / "V \ t •».. '10^ ^ >-\^ 5 ^ ^ xurr than Europeans will apply to the inhabitants of New-Bruns- wick cannot yet be ascertained : as the Province has not been lonfj enough settled ; but there is good reason to believe that witii temperance and care the human frame will exist as long in vifTor in the latter as in Knrope. — Another remark as a proof of tlie former has been made which is that the human mind sooner arrivts to maturity in America than in Europe: but thi..; jf true may be more owing to accidental than physical causes. "^ Their earlier marriages likewise proves nothing as thoy arise from the pecuhar circmnstances of the different countries. The inhabitants of New-Bruniwick may be classed as fol- lows according to priority of settlement. 1st. The Aborigines or Indians. "f 2d. Acadians, being the descendant;; of the French who were allowed to remain in Nova-Scotia after it was ceded to the Bri- tish. They were called the French neutrals — their descendants are at present settled in difierent parts of the Provmce and are considerably numerous and will be noticed with the Indians hereafter. The old Inhabita,nts, were those fnmilies who were settled in the Province before the conclusion of the American revolution, as already noticed. They were so called by the disbanded troops and refugees who came to the country in 1783, and the appellation is still applied to their descendants. Some of those were settled at Maugerville where tiu-y had made consi- derable improvements before the loyalists came to the country. A few of the old stock are still living, having attained to a great age. Their descendants are however numerous, and by inter- marriages with the new comers, spread over every part of the Province. The next and most numerous class of inhabitants nve the de- scendants of the Loyalists who came to the Province at the con- clusion of the American revolution, and whose sufferings I have already sliorhtlv noticed. — These are the descendants of those genuine patriots who sacrificed their property and comtort in tiie United States for their attachment to tiiat Govennuent im- der which they drew their first breath ; and came to this Pro- vince (at that period a wilderness) to transmit those blessings to their posterity. For although many of them belonged to the army and were sent here to be disbanded, they had formerly been comfortably settled in the States; and when it earner to the trying point whedier they should forsake their homes or aban- don their King, the former was preferred without hesitation, although many of them had young families and the choice was made at the risk of life, and also with the change of habit from the peaceful yeoman to the bustle of a can^p.— As hov.ever the n.t. 9 — K^ I -^ ^'\ \ 5 u'-^ .>7 -^i^-y^^ I 'A. diolje was constancy. Ihc Otli Kurope. and are so again they marriages, selves in n: of society. The lasi >^egrocs.- ent parts ( are settlcc settlers, b( ))ation ; tl performinj more imp( sons, the i athletic, what have The ge the humai ergy ; hen himself fo sesses res< settled cc man with with a ho while an feels peri countries ance and man who est, as fre but simp ertions, : from the ing them from dav of depetn Henc< much na alion to '/ens, no Govern! which th < ' — e n. 5 --' ^/^'^^ 1^^ C; 11 ^^-^ cholje was made with promptness so it was persevered in with constancy. lljc other iiihabilanls are emigrants from dillercnt parts of Kuroj)e. In sonic parts they have obtained allotments of land and are settled a nnnibur of families together, in other places again they are intermixed with the other settlers and by inter- marriages, itc. are assimilating as one people : proving them- selves in many instances, good subjects, and valuable members of society. The last class that I shall notice are, the people of Colour, or Ne<£rocs. — These are found in considerable numbers in dii'Ier- ent jKirts of the Province. In some parts a number of i'aniilies are settled together as fiamers : but they do not make good settlers, beiiiij of a volatile disposition, much addicted to dissi- j)ation ; they are impatient of labour, and in general fitter lor peribrming menial oflices about houses as domestics, than the more important, but laborious duties of farmers. — In their per- sons, the inhabitants of New-Brunswick are well made, tall and athletic. There are but lew of those born in the countrv, but what have attained to a larger growth than their parents. The genius of these people differ greatly from Europeans — the human mind in new countries lelt to itself exerts its full en- ergy ; hence in America where man has in most cases to look to himself lor the supply of his wants, his mind expands, and pos- sesses resources within itself unknown to the inhabitants of old settled countries, or populous cities. In New-Brunswick, a man with his axe {uid a lew other simple tools, provides himself with a house and most of his implements of husbandry, — and while an European would consider himself as an outcast, he feels perfectly at home in the depth of the forest. In new countries likewise the mind acquires those ideas of self-import- ance and independence so peculiar to Americans. For the man who spends the greater part of liis time alone in the for- est, as free as the beasts that range it without controul, his wants but simple and those sup)iiied iVom day to day by his own ex- ertions, acquires totally dillercnt habits of acting and thinking, from the great mass of the people in crowded cities, who find- ing themselves jjressed on all sides, and depending on others from day to day for precarious su])port, are confirmed in habits of dependence. Hence tlie inhabitants of this Province arc men who possess much native freedom in their manners. Tliis, from their vener- ation to their King makes them faithful subjects and good citi- '/ens, not blindly passive, but from affection adhering to that Government under which they drew their first breath and under which thev have been reared. >^ ■ s ' * . K A. ^aei 1^ In noticlnff the state of religion in this Province, it may not be amiss to observe that the old inhabitants who came originally from New-England, where the genius ol'their church government was republican, were generally Calvinistic in their modes and doctrine ; while the loyalists and others who came to the country in 1783, were generally Churchmen, Quakers, or Methodists.— The Emigrants who have come since that period include all the above denominations. The Church of E.igland is in a flourishing state in this Pro- '-'f*-^ >V.vince ; there are nineteen Clergymen belonging to the establish- //c'>':jc., ment who are under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Nova- . Scotia. Many of them have handsome churches with numer- ous congregations. Two of them are employed as Itinerants for the vacant districts of the Province, and several of the others serve two or more Parishes — An Ecclesiastical Commissar y has the superintendence of the whole. The Catholics have a few Chapels and appear to be on the increase. Their congregations are chiefly composed of Emi- grant Irish, French, and Indians. — There are ^sij^ Clergymen in the Province, some of whom are settled and others are employed as Missionaries among the scattered French and Indians. There are but ^aiP Ministers of the Kirk of Scotland in the ^ Province; they have handsome churches in Saint John and St. 'Yfcitfn*tit^-f^t. ^ndrews,^ There are however a number of Seceders from the '' Presbyterian form of Church Government, but all holding tiie doctrines of Calvin ; several of them have commodious places of worship, and respectable congregations. There are no places of worship belonging to the Quakers in this Province. There are however, a few of these primitive worshippers scattered through the country, who joining sincerity and honesty with plainness, are excellent members of society. The Methodists are a numerous and respectable body of peo- ple. There are ftjuj. Wesleyan Missionaries in this Province, with a number of Methodist Preachers, who although not im- mediately in connection with the Missionaries, adhere strictly to the old Methodist discipline and doctrine ; and usually at- tend the Conferences, which are held once a year, either in No- va-Scotia or New-Brunswick ; where the Missionaries for the two Provinces and the adjacent Islands assemble to arrange tlie different stations of their Preachers and regulate the affairs tem- poral and spiritual of that body. At these conferences young Preachers are admitted on trial, and probationers who have laboured four years in the Ministry to the satisfaction of the Conference, are taken into full connection. The Baptists are the descendants of those followers of Mr. WniTriELD, who tbrmerly were very numerous under the de- 'it.vCit:,^^ 13 notnlnation of New-Liglits. About 26 or 30 years ago. a cliange in their forms and discipline took place ainong the lea- ders in Nova- Scotia, wlio adopted the mode of Baptizing only Adults, and the other tenets of the old Baptists whose name they also assumed. — There are however a few of the New-Lights still scattered through the country, wlio carrying the levelling spirit into their religion, do not like order of any kind. They style themselves Baptists, Christitms, &c. The Baptists on the contrary have a formula of faith comprised in seventeen arti- cles, and are very strict in church government. They are a numerous class of people, and have sev eral line Chapels ; they have however but tew settled Ministers,(jiot having as yet madfe sufficient provision to supply their meinoers with a stated Mi- nistry. They regulate their affairs by an annual association. In general a desire for the christian Ministry is increasing in the Province. — Places of worship are erecting in most of the settlements, and such other provision for the support of the Gospel provided as the abilities of the settlers will admit. "J^ The Government of New-Brunswick, like most of the British Colonies, is Royal and a miniature of the parent state. The other forms originally established in the Colonies and Planta- tions were charter and projorietory governments, which of late years have mostly given place to royal or monarchial govern- ments, after the British model. The Governor has a Council consisting of twelve Mem- bers, to assist him in the dischar.qfe of the executive duties of his station. These with the repre>:entatives from the different Counties constitute the Provincial Legislature. The principal Coui'ta established in the Province are the fol- lovvjng : — The Court of Chancery, v.hich is a Prerogative Conit, as well as a Court of Equity. The Lieutetjant-Governor, or Commander-in-Chief is Chancellor, and the Justices of the Su- preme Court Assignees. '-^^ The Court of Governor and Council, for hearing and deter- mining Causes relating to Marriage and Divorce. The Supreme Court of .ludicature for the Province is held in Fredericton. It consists of the Chief .lustice and three As- sistant Judges. The Terms are the thii'd Tuesday of Febru- ary and May, and the second Tuesday of July and October. The Jurisdiction of tliis Court is very extensive, partaking, of the power of the Courts of King's Benclt, Exchequer, Com- mon Pleas, and other Courts in England. All civil- causes of importance and capital cases are determined in this Coiut. The present Chief Justice Saunders, who presides in ti:is Court, the reader will observe, was a Member of the first Council in c / / rx» r / H r ii r' ^' / r. ^ x4, .C a^ V -" f?. /. ^ \ S it /^' /. / ^ lit 14 the Province. He has ever since been actively employed in tr.<'. first stations in the country, which he has filled with the great- est ability and integrity. He is the only survivor capable of filling a public station among all those who bore a share in the public concerns of the Province on its first erection into a sepa- rate Government under Governor Cableton.^ The salary of the Chief Justice is .£700 or ^TaO sterling. The other Justi- ces have each ^5500 sterling per annum. The Justices, be- sides attending the Supreme Court at the Seat of Government, hold Circuit Courts in the different Counties. The Inferior Court of Common Pleas consists of two, three, or more Justices, who preside occasionally. They are assisted by the Magistrates of the County. Here civil causes that do not involve property to a great amount are determined, as are also crimes and misdemeanors not affecting life. The Grand Inquest of the County attends this Court, when Bills of Indict- ment are found, which if involving matters above its Jurisdic- tion, are handed over to the Supreme Court for trial. Most of the Police of the Counties and Parishes is regulated by this Court, which is held half-yearly or quarterly m the several Counties, as the public bushiess may require. Here the pa- rish officers are appointed, parish and county taxes apportion- ed ; the accounts from the different parishes audited ; retailers and innkeepers licenced and regulated, &c. In short, this Court exercises in many respects the same powers in the seve- ral Counties, in regard to their internal police, as those that are exercised by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of incorporated Cities. Besides these Courts there is a summary mode of recovering debts under five pounds before a single Magistrate. The Legislature of New-Brunswick, like most of the British Colonies, is a miniature of the British Parliament, consisting of tlie Lieutenant-Governor, the Council, and House of Repre- sel^tntives. The Governor represents the King. The Council fonu the upper House, in humble imitation of the House of Lords in England ; aud the Representatives from the different Counties forming the lower House, or House of Assembly. The number of Representatives for the several Counties is as follows : For the Counties of St. John, Westmorland, Char- lotte, and York, four each ; the Counties of King's, Queen's, Sunbury and Northumberland, two each ; and two for the City of St. John, making in all twenty-six. This representa- tion, the reader will observe, is very unequal. The County of Saint John, which includes the City, having two more members than the extensive County of York, which includes the Seat of Qovernment ; and the County of Sunbury, which is not as large ^ 15 as some parishes in the other counties, has as many members as the County of Northumberland, which comprises over one- tliird of the Province. It must indeed be admitted that Saint John and Sunbury are far better settled than Northumberland ; but when we look at the great extent of the latter, the numer- ous settlements and great trade in that part of the Province, we must allow that the inhabitants of that part of the country have not an equal share of what may be considered the bulwark of liberty — namely, a fair representation. Six members at least, would not be out of proportion for that large County. The Assembly sits in the winter at Fredericton : the sessions continue from six to seven weeks. Its chief business is in ma- naging the provincial revenue, providing for schools, roads, &c. and making such laws as the state and trade of the Province may from tune to time require. When laws are enacted that in- terfere M'ith Acts of Parliament, they are transmitted to the King, with a suspending clause, and are not in force until they receive the royal approbation. ,' ( ti CHAP. III. Climate, — Produce. A.S New-Brunswick lies in nearly the same parallel of lati-- tude as Paris, Vienna, and other places in Europe, it would be natural to suppose the climate would be similar to those places ; butitmustbe observed that cold is found to predominate on the continent of America. Hence in places under the same pa- rallels, the differences between the old and new continents, with regard to cold, is very great, and this difference increases as you advance from the equator. This has been supposed by Dr. Robertson and others to arise from the western situation of America, and its approaching the pole nearer than Europe or Asia, and from the immense continent stretching from the St. Lav/rence towards the pole and to the westward ; and also from the enormous chain of mountains which extend to an unknown distance through that frozen region, covered with eternal snow and frost ; over which the wind in its passage acqiiires that piercing keenness which is felt as far as the Gulf of Mexico, but more severely in the Canadas, New-Brunswick, and Nova- Scotia. The prevailing winds, from October to April, are from the north and north-west, during most of which period the air, though Id frequently intensely keen, is clear and healthy. December i» a temperate, pleasant winter month. In January the heavy fells of snow commence, and the drifting storms prevail chiefly in February and March ; but tliese a»e not so frequent as for- merly, and the major part of the winter is clear, hard weather. In April the spring commences, and the winds are chiefly from the east noith-east, which occasion dull, heavy weather. The rivers, lakes, and streams break up this month. As May advances, the weather becomes settled, and the mornings are. imconmionly fine. The sun, which rises a little after four o'clock, diffuses his beams in full splendour through an un- clouded sky. Thio is the usual month for sowing and planting on the high land. The intervale and low lands are generally later in drying, and are generally cultivated in June. The pre- vailing winds in the summer are from the south and south-west, veering at times to the eastward, but never continuing long to the north-west. In the first part of June the cold is considera- ble at night, frequently attended with frosts, particularly at the changes of the moon, which sometimes injure die early flower- ing fruits: and it is not till after the summer solstice that the night air loses its chilliness. This is no doubt occasioned by the snow, w hich lies undissolved in the deep recesses of the fo- rest, as well as by the waters of the numerous rivers, lakes, &c. all which are swcin at this season ; vamI by die cold acquired by the earth during the winter, which requires the fidl effect of the sun's influence, till late in June, before it is sufficiently heated. As soon as the earth i:j so thoroughly warmed that the nights Jose their chill, vegetation becomes surprisingly rapid. In a few days, plants that appeared yellow and stunted, assume a deep green, and show a vigorous growth ; and in less than a week, should a shower intervene, the lace of the country exhi- bits the most luxurious vegetation, sufficient to astonish those who have only been familiar with temperate climates, September is a pleasant month : the air is serene and pure. The rivers and streams are usually lower this month than at any other jjeriod during the year, and the dry weather fre- quently continues till late in October. Snow fails sometmies ear- ly in November, and lays till late in April; but this does not always hold. The rivers and lakes freeze up about the i. .e of this month, some sooner and odiers later, according to their situation. It is not imconnnon to have frost in all the months in the year except July : for, as was observed before, it seldom escapes at the dianges of the moon in ,[une, and it frequently happens at the full in August, parlicf.larly on small streams. It^ however, it passes that period, it generally keeps off' till late in J?eptember. A stranger would natural Iv conclude from this ac- count, come to per lectio tener hu backwar are unc< quently seasons ( of Septe by the \> the S. A from the as it free cold is e ever the becomes noticed, nent to ward. ' ward an of the h ever, ar winter a in the t( weather moon in time to I rigor of jrreatest some tij servatioi a gradui Americi this Pr< having j proporti drought with mc depth o quantity place in For ! ing gra( succeed ved at 1 from wl V^ 17 count, that the season was too short and frosty for ciops to come to maturity ; but this is not the case. Roots come to perfection and grain gets ripe in most years ; wheat being of- tener hurt by the rust than the fro>;t. The springs are indeed backward ; but vegetation is exceeding rapid, and the autumns are uncommonly fine. The changts of the weather are fre- quently very sudden. Often in the space of two hours, (in the seasons of fall and spring,) changing from the mild temperature of September to the rigor of winter. This is chiefly occasioned by the wind : for while it blows from any of the points from the S. W. to the N. E. the air is mild ; but M-hen it veers from the N. E. to the N. W. it becomes cold and clear ; and as it frequently shifts very suddenly, the transition from heat to cold is equally short. Even in the sultry month of July, when- ever the wind changes for a few liours to the N. W. the air becomes cool, elastic, and invigorating. This, as was before noticed, is occasioned by its passing over the innnense conti- nent to the northwestward, and Hudson's Bay to the north- ward. On the contrary, when the winds are from the south- ward and S. E. they are mild and relaxing, retaining a portion of the heat acquired in the torrid zone. xThe clmnges, how- ever, are not always so violent. The weather often both in winter and siunmer, continues for weeks with little alteration in the temperature, and changes imperceptibly. The coldest weather generally felt in the country, is on or near the lull moon in January ; for it is not till after the cold has had some time to exert its full influence and chill the earth, that the full rigor of winter is experienced. The same is the case with the greatest heat in summer, lieing in July, after the sun has for some tijne exerted his full influence on the earth. — From ob- servations made by several persons, it is well understood that a gradual change hab been taking place in the clin-ate on the American continent within a century past. The change in this Province since 1783, has been very great — the summers having abated much of their former heat, and the winters grown proportionately milder. Neither are there such excessive droughts in summer, as formerly ; the seasons being cooler, with more rain ; neither does the snow accumulate to such a depth on the earth. This may arise not so much from a less quantity falling, as from the frequent thaws which now take place in the winter season. For several years prior to 1816, the seasons had been grow- ing gradually cooler — less v.'armth being felt on a mean in each succeeding year till 1816, when the cold appeared to have arri- ved at its acme ; for in that year it appeared to predominate : from whatever cause has not yet been ascertained. Borne as- m / 1^ ' 9 p IS cril)ecl it to spots on tlie sun's disc; others supposed that \m'<^c masses of ice had been detached from the sliores of Greenhuid, and floated so near America as to occasion the iincommoM chill of the air, — with other conjectures of a like nature, totally unsatisfactory. For spots have frequently been observed on the sun, and it would require an immense quan- tity of ice to produce any permanent efl'ect. — Whatever might have been the cause, it is certain the genial warmth of the sun appeared nearly lest : for whon shining in meridian splendour in the months of June and July, a cold ri^^ovous air was felt. There was a fall of snow, which was general over the Province and extended to the United States, on the Tth June, to the dej)th of three or fcnv inches in the northern parts of the country. This was folioAved by severe frosts in every month in that year. The crops were very light : fields of wheat were totally destroyed. Even the never failing potatoe Wiis chilled and (lid not yield half a crop. After this year the seasons began slowly to improve; but the shock given to agriculture, by the failure of several crops, brought great distress on the poor, and gave a check to the prosperity of the Province. So great was the distress of the country, that the Legislature applied ^6000 to be laid out in seeil aiul provisions, and advanced to such as were in want on a credit. For a few j^rs back the seasons have been favorable to agriculture; but tK extremes of heat and cold in winter and summer are not so g^t, and the rains are more generally dif- fused through tlie year than formerly. I have been thus particular in noticing the changes of the seasons, as 1 think it would be a great advantage to the Pro- vince if a correct register of the weather was kept, and the changes of the seasons particularly attended to, as it would furnish datti to guide the farmfer in his crops, by sowing more of the hardy grains, such as oats, barley, peas, &c. as the sea- sons, (judging by a comparison with former years) was likely to be warm or frosty; and not running so much on Indian corn, which always requires hot seasons. Had this been at- tended to in the cold seasons, less distress would have been felt in the country, as oats, barley, &c. generally did well, when the other crops failed. As I observed before, several causes have been assigned for flie difference between the climate of Europe and America, by persons who have investigated that subject. But the causes of the alteration that has taken place in the seasons in North America, remain yet a desideratum with the learned. Whe- ther the alteration is occasioned by the precession of the equi- noxes, or by the position of our globe -with the otlier planets, y"^:» 3 1- .< A */» w«^ %\ r. S -^--1 t 19 (for clmngcs no doubt arc taking place in tlie great system of the universe, which, though slow, must produce powerful elFccts,) or from whatever cause it may be, the effects are visible, and cannot reasonably be wholly ascribtd to the im- provement of the country, or any alteration that lifts taken place in it. New-Brunswick appears to be but little liable to t!ie <(roat con- vulsions of nature, such us earthquakes, hurricjnos, tornudo#?s, &c. There has been but one shock of an eartlii^unke expe- rienced by the present inhabitants since thev have .st'jied the country. This shock happened on the 2?J May, 1817, ,»t 25 minutes past three o'clock in the morning. The duration of the shock was about 45 seconds. It was attended with the usual rumbling noise, without thunder, the weather being very serene and pleasant. The appearances, however, usually indi- cating earthquakes, such as fiery meteors, the uncommon bril- liancy of the aurora borcalis, &c. had been frequent the winter pre coding. ^ I shall now proceed to notice the principal grains, roots, and grasses cultivated in the Province, and give as correct an ac- count of their produce, &c. as the imperljc; state of the agricul- ture of the country will allow. Wheat is sown trom five pecks to two bushels to an acre, and yields from twelve to twenty-four bushels per acre. Twenty bushels is a good crop, on new land, although it sometimei produces more, when the soil is very rich and the season fa- vourable. On old land the return is from ten to fifteen bushels ijeracre, the mean is about twelve. live is grown on inferior ands. It takes about the same quantity of seed to the acre, and gives nmch the same returns. Oats are much cultivated in this country, and generally turn out a good crop. The quantity of seed is from two to three bushels, and the produce from twenty to thirty bushels per acre. Barley is not much cultivated, although it would do well as a substitute in frosty seasons. Buckwheat is a grain that gives a large return for the quan- tity sown. It is raised on lands that are too poor to produce good crops of the other grains, and sown later in the season, so that the greatest summer heat may be past before the grain is formed in the ear ; for should there be a few very hot days when the grain is in the milk, the crop would be destroyed. The same would be the case, if a slight frost should strike it in that stage. If, however, it escapes these casualties, to which it is liable, it turns out a good crop, yielding from forty to sixty bushels to an acre. "f There is a species of wild Buckwheat which is a surer crop, but of an inferior quality. r- "-< ^-^ -V. ^-1^ i! .1 r t^i / ^0 Millet has lalely been iiitrnduced Into the Province. It is said to do well on most lai.ds, but has not been much attended to. Indian Corn or Maize, flourishes in high perfection on the intcvviiles, which are generuliy composed of' alluvial soil. It is usually plante-J in hills nearly tour feet asunder. Five grains is the usual quantity for a hiil. It is a plant that requires a light rich soil, old manure, and hot seasons; should these re- quisites concur, a good crop may be expected. It is usually hoed thrice, and produces from twenty-live to forty bushels per acre. Pease are an hardy grain, and produce from ten to fifteen bushels to an acre. Beans are usually set in drills ; they thrive well on light san- dy lands, but are not much cultivated in the country. Among the ground crops or roots, the most valuable is the Potatoe — a root that can never be sufficiently prized, as afford- ing one of tl'.e most productive and surest substitutes for bread of any known, and without which it would have been extreme- ly didicult to have colonized these Provinces. This may be reckoned the surest crop, and is peculiarly well adapted to new countries, as it thrives best on new burnt land. "^I'lie usual and simplest method of cultivating this root is by planting cuttings of it in liills, about three feet asunder. This method is pecu- liarly convenient on land iv >iy cut down, as the seed is set with the hoe between the stumps and roots with which thii ground is covered, and where the plough or harrow could be of no service. They are generally hoed once in the season, and turn out in the fall a large crop of clean, smooth potatoes, of a superior flavour to those grown on old lands. The produce is from 150 to 200 bushels from an acre ; although they some- times greatly exceed that quantity. — They are an excellent crop for improving new lands ; for as the culture is all performed with the hoe or hack, tlie small roots of the stumps are destroy- ed in planting and digging ; for wherever there is room to drop an eye, it never fails to vegetate, working under roots and around stones, so that in the autumn the farmer has fre- quently to cut away or dig under roots for his crop, which ot- ten exceeds his expectation. In some parts of the Province, where the lands have been long in cultivation, drilling is prac- tised, and the labour chiefly performed with the plough and harrow; and of Inte the Irish method of setting; them in beds has been introduced. There are many varieties of this root cultivated in the Province ; but no attention has been juiid to renewing the seed from the ball, which no doubt would improve tlie quahty as well as the produce. ^ f ^ y i^ 3 / / v-^ "' ^6 'i \ ' u ^ / - C' N k ^ i. (^ "^^ _/. -1. 4^ -» W' -) 'V / t C-->1 . A / u7 ) the be is an e larly o nip, b the coi sets in and foi out of All th. drillin Th( es, &( variety are ali The and re lands ] from t such a -^ <^^ Ov i— ^ ^->» r < o 1^ ) e^-»-? > ^ ^ C""- 1 A. ^ >> / / 7 ;^ J/ ^>' t/ '^-'V; ^ N k ".S- Several kinds of Turnips are cultivated in this Province ; the best of which is the ruta-baga, or Swedish turnip. This is an excellent root and cultivated with great success, particu- larly on new lands. They diifer from the common field tur- nip, being of a firm texture they keep the year round ; while the common turnip turns soft and unfit for use after the winter sets in* They, however, answer a good purpose for early use J' to ■• ■Jr- -o . V cV • ^ A ' S. /w : c_/ ■^ ^^ ' n/ >n, / ^^ /v'^^J. ^ ^ ? ^ - Ov23 ^j - ' ^ -^ \ -«. - I- «o c \ ' ^-- /a "fc. » ■^-'J-o ^^ ^-w the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river, thence down along the middle of that river to the 45th degree of north lati- tude, thence by a line due west on said latitude, until it strikes the river Iroquois or Cataraquy, has not yet been surveyed, it is agreed that for these several purposes two Commissioners shall be appointed, sworn, and authorized, to act exactly iu the manner directed with respect to those mentioned in the next preceding article, unless otherwise specified in the present arti- cle. The said Commissioners shall meet at St. Andrews, in the Province of New-Brunswick, and shall have power to ad- journ to such other place or places as they shall think fit. The siaid Commissioners shall have power to ascertain and determine the points above-mentioned, in conformity with the provisions of the said treaty of peace of 1783, and shall cause the boundaries aforesaid, from the source of the river St. Croix to the river Iro- quois or Cataraquy to be surveyed and marked according to the said provisions : the Conunissioners shall make a map of the said boundary, and annex to it a declaration under their hands and seals, certifying it to be the true map of the said boundary, and particularizing the latitude and longitude of the north-west angle of Nova-Scotia, of the north-westernmost head of Connecticut river, and of such other points of the said boun-* dary as they may deem proper. And both parties agree to con- sider such map and declaration as finally and conclusively fixing the said boundary. And in the event of the said Commission- ers differing, or both or either of them refusing, declining, or wilfully omitting to act, such reports, declarations, or state- ments shall be made by them, or either of them, and such re- ference to a friendly sovereign or state shall be made in all res- pects, as in the latter part of the fourth article is contained."—.. The fourth article here alluded to provides that " such sove- reign or state shall decide ex-parte upon the said report alone, and His Britannic Majesty and the Government of the United States engage to consider the decision of such friendly sovereign or state to be final and conclusive on all matters to them refer- red." — Notwithstanding these precautions on the part of the Agents of the two Governments, the points alluded to are not yet ascertained or settled.^ But to resume the description of the river. The St. Croix has two main branches, one inclines to the eastward, and com- municates with a chain of lakes, some of which are of consider- able extent, and lie near a branch of the Penobscot river. The other turns to the westward. From this branch there is a route by a succession of lakes and short portages to the waters that fall into the river St. John. The lands on the banks of this river are of good quality, and liave been well limbered ; most of the % 'il m ;i f)ine has been cut off, but there is still abundance of other tim- ber, consisting of the harder woods, spruce, firs, &c. There are mills erected on different parts of this river, >vhich furnish a great quantity of sawed lumber annually. There are several lulls in the river, which obstruct the navi- gation. There are, however, several fine settlements along its banks, and the adjoining country is fast improving. KIVER SAINT JOHN, This noble river encircles a large portion of New-Brunswick, and may be considered as the principal drain of those numerous rivers and streams with which the Province is hitersected. Winding in an irregular semi-circle, it traverses an extent of about five hundred miles, and falls into the Bay of Fundy near- ly in the same parallel oi' latitude in which it takes its rise. It mav not be improper to observe, that most of the rivers and streams in this country were originally named by the Indi- ans, who generally, by the names they give, wish to signify something peculiar to the thing named ; consequently the ladi- an name of this river, which they call *' Looshtoj-k," signifies long river." — It rises from lakes near the head of Connecticut river, between the 45th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and stretches to the northward, beyond the 4Tth degree of north la- titude, where it receives the waters of the Madawaska river, which rises near the St. Lawrence, It then inclines to the southward, and continues its course uninterrupted, receiving several large streams, till it arrives at the Grand Falls, in lat. 46° 54'. Here its channel is broken by a chain of rocks, which run across the river at this place, over which its waters are pre- cipitated with resistless impetuosity. The river, just above the cataract, makes a short bend of nearly a right angle, forming a small bay a few rods above the precipice, in which there is an eddy, which makes it a safe landing place, although very near the main precipice, where canoes pass with the greatest safety. Immediately below this bay, the river suddenly contracts. A point of rocks project from the western shore and narrow the channel to the width of a few rods. The waters thus pent up svwep over the rugged bottom with great rapidity ; just before they reach the mam precipice they rush down a descent of some feet, and rebound in foam from a bed of rocks on the edge of the fall. They are then precipitated down perpendicular cliffs of about forty-five feet in height, into an abyss studded with rocks, which nearly choke the passage, leaving only a small opening in the centre, through which the water, after whirling for some time in the bason, rushes with tremendous impetuosi- ty, sweepmg tlirough a broken rocky channel and a succesiiioii 25 of falls for more than half a mile, being closely pent up with rocks, which in some places overhang the river so as to hide most part of it from the view of the observer. Trees and tim- ber, M'hich ai-e carried down the falls, are sometimes whirled round in the bason below the precipice till they are ground to pieces ; sometimes their ends are tapered to a point, and at other times broken or crushed in difierent places. Below the falls there is another small bay with a good depth of still water, very convenient for collecting timber, &c. after it has escaped through the falls. Here the canoes and boats from Frederic* ton and diiferent parts of the river land, and if bound for M»* dawaska they are taken out of the water and carried or drawn* as well as their loads, across the isthmus to the small bay above the falls before mentioned, where they are again put in the wa- ter, and proceed without any farther interruption to the upper settlements and the Canada line. The distance of the portage, including the windings of the road up the hill is about 100 rods from water to water. Flat bottomed boats, from fifteen to twenty tons burthen, can come from St. J6hn to this place, which is a distance of about two hundred and twenty-three miles. No larger craft than canoes have as yet been used above the falls. This has not arisen from any defect in the river, which above the falls is smooth and of sufHcient depth for large ves~ sels ; but from the habits of the French settlers, who are par- tial to canoes, which they set through the rapids with poles at a great rate, and with which they shoot the cataracts and rapids with great address. About a mile below the landing place a succession of rapids commence. The first from their appearance are called the white rapids. The banks are here very high, and the water being pent up by a narrow channel, rushes through the beds of rocks which nearly cross the river, and whirling about in their passage are forced over and around the crags in sheets of foam. A few miles belov; the falls the river is increased by the junc- tion of the Salmon, llostook, and Tobique rivers, which v/ill be noticed hereafter. It then continues its course without inter- ruption, receiving every few miles some considerable streams, till it reaches the Maductic Falls. Its course is nearly south, and and its width about a quarter of a mile, occasionally widening and contracting from the Grand Falls to Woodstock, where it widens to near a mile and forms several fine Islands. It after- wards diminishes, and strips of intervale narrow its bed. At the Maductic Falls its channel is again nearly choked up with rocks. The navigation, however, 'is not totally intwrupt- ed, for rafts, boats, and small craft in their descent are run through the fails by persons well acquamted witli the cliannel; :ii m §6 and in their ascent tliey are towed through with men or horses, and but fcw accidents happen, considering the numbers that na- vigate the river. As the bed of the river is frequently encumbered with rocks and sand-bars, the navigation is very difficult at the dry time of the year. The current is likewise swift in many places, and rapids are frequent, till within six miles of Fredericton, where they end. About nine miles above Frederlcton the river suddenly widens and receives the Madam- Keswick. Here is a group of fertile islands, some of which are over a mile in length, and nearly as broad. At Fredericton the river is about three quarters of a mile wide, and flows with a beautiful unbroken current to the falls near the City of Saint John. — A number of fine Islands are scattered in different parts of its bed. These Islands are com- posed of rich alluvial soil, and produce large crops of grass and {^rain. Being formed by the washings of the river, they are ike garden spots scattered through the country. About nine miles from St. John the river widens into a bay nearly six miles long and three wide. The river Kennebeckasis falls into this bay. At the foot of the bay it suddenly contracts, and winds through a crooked passage called the narrows, and again opens and forms a small bay directly above the falls. Here the cur-« rent is again broken by a bed of rocks, and suddenly contract-. ed by the near approach of the banks which appear to have been formerly united and forced asunder by some convulsion of na- ture. From the appearance of the rocks on each side it is pro* bable that the water having been pent up in the small bay just noticed, have in their efforts to escape undermined the land and jocks at this place, and forced a subterraneous passage, which by wearing, aided by some violent concussion, has caused the rocks to fall in, when the earth being washed away by the rapi- dity of the current, has left the present passage open, and that the split-rock and the bed of the channel is purt of the former overhanging rocks. For that the bed of the channel consists of cragged rocks of various shapes and sizes, is evident from the whirlpools and ed- dies at that place. These falls make a tremendous roaring at certain periods. After passing the falls, it forms the harbour of St. John, and falls into the Bay of Fundy in lat. 45" 20' N. The spring tides at St. John rise from twenty-four to twenty- eight feet. The body of the river is seventeen and a half feet above low water mark. When the tide has flowed twelve feet, the falls are smooth and passable from fifteen to twenty minutes. They are level three and a half hours on the flood, and two and a half on the ebb, and passable four times in twenty-four hour^. ver. S7 Above the falls the tides rise four feet. At Maugerville, seven* ty miles up the river, they rise from one to two feet ; at Fredc- ricton from six to ten inches, and are perceivable nine miles above that place, varying according to the phases of the moon. In the spring, the river, sv/oln with rains and the melting of the snow and ice, rises higher than the tides, which prevents ves- sels from ascending the fulls for some weeks. RIVER MIRAMICIII. *rhis is one of the finest rivers for lumber in the Province. Its banks, as well as the banks of the nuvnerous streams that , fall into it, are covered with pines of the finest growth, which appear to be almost inexhaustable, for althoug!i lumbering has been prosecuted on this river to a great extent for a number of years past, there is still abundance found by going a little back from the water. ^ It is inileed the main source of the trade of the large County of Northumberland. One hundred and forty-one thousand three hundred and eighty-four tons of timber were shipped at the port of Miramichi in 1821<. Rafts are taken down this river with the greatest safety to the shipping, which load at different places from the mouth of the river up to Era- ser's Island. It has two main branches called the north-west and south-west, which run a great way into the country, and with their numerous streams lay open the inmost recesses of this extensive County. Several fine islands lay in the course of this river, covered with elm, ash, butternut, &c. which invari- ably denote the most luxurious soil. Its waters are well stored wiih excellent salmon and other fish, which afe caught here in great abundance. There are several settlements along this ri- ver, none of which merit a particular descripHon, the improve- ment of the country being neglected for lumbering. The branches of this river approach in several places very near to streams falling into the river St. John, which communicate by short portages. As I have never been able to procure correct information about the sources of this river or its length, I have not the means of satisfying the reader on these points, but must dismiss the subject with these few particulars, being all I couliil obtain. As was observed in the commencement of this work, this country is so intersected with rivers, streams, and lakes, that with small portages persons can go to most parts of the Province in a canoe. There is a rout from the Madawaska river to the Bay of Chaleur, and another from the river St. John by the Grand river, which is fifteen miles above the Great Falls, to ^ ^ the ilislagouche. The river Cliicktakopk, which falls into the 'A <»■(■<''/€■/ ,'1 / -I J [I ! w ,.t r- e*. J ':^ St. John near the Presque-Iste, rjins near a branch of the Mi- ramichi ; a short portage connects the route. The route from the St. Croix to the St. John is first by a chain of lakes with short portages, and next by Eel river, which falls into the St. John about fifty miles above Fredericton. There is another route from tlie St. John to the Miramichi, by the way of the Jemseg, through the Grand Lake and up Salmon river, from whence there is a short portage to the river Etienne which falls into the Miramichi ; with several other such communications where the streams of the diiFerent large rivers nearly approach each other. The Mountains and Hills with which the Province is diversi- fied, have nothing peculiar to merit a particular description, ex- cept Mars Hill, which has excited considerable interest, being supposed by the British Commissioners under the treaty of Ghent to be the height of land intended by the treaty of 1783, and that consequently the boundary line between the territories of the United States and the British Provinces should take a new direction at that place. This is resisted by the American Commissioners, who wish to prolong the line beyond that point. This is an object of great importance to the two powers, for should the hne be continued in the old direction, which at this point approaches very near the river St. John, it would cross that river a little above the Grand Falls, and would not only separate New-Brunswick and Canada, but likewise give the Americans the upper part of the County of York which joins Canada, with a large Settlement of French at Madawaska. — M ars Hill lies about six miles from the river St. John, on the western side, about one hundred miles above Fredericton. It can be seen from the high lands on the opposite side of the river, and appears at that distance majestically towering above the ad- jacent country. On approaching the mountain the woods are open and the ascent commences with an easy swell about half a mile from the main hill, after which the ascent is more abrupt, and in some parts nearly perpendicular. Having reached the crest, the spectator has a clear expanse of horizon, being com- pletely above the surrounding country. From hence he views a boundless forest beneath his feet. The hills appear like waves covered with their green foliage of different shades, from the various sorts of trees with which their brows are covered. In different places the more elevated hills appear rising above the others like towers. Facing the river St. John, ne beholds Moose Mountain at about nine miles distance on the opposite side of the river, which is nearly as high as Mars Hill, and perpendicular on the north side. To his left are a range of lof- ty hills on the ftestook ; to his right he has a distant view of 29 \ Houlton-plantation, and in his rear, as far as liis eye can reacli^* are the lotty Catardhan Mountains on the Penobscot river ; t^ intermediate space exhibitin^V an uiidlilating forest of boimdlttttf Variety of hills and vallies, lakes, &c. The whole forming a grand and interesting spectacle. The Mountain is about thr^ , miles in length, very narrow^, and divided by a hollow near the centre. A small spot has been cut down on each end of th^ hill, and a temporary observatory erected by the Commission^ crs under the treaty of Ghent. The Americans have laid out a settlement in this part of th« country, which takes in Mars Hill. The base of the mountain is washed by the Presque-Isle river, and other streams whi 3 LO r»_ V a- \ so y U ^^'^ 'W "fl"^*' ^^ '^^ upper ami lowef coves ; the latter of which has /;-, ^Vn.-.O ^/ be^'' much neglectotl till lately, Government having built a ^ \_ L ^ hail 'some range of Barracks on the point fronting the Bay of 7 Fuixly, and removed the troops, &c. from Fort Howe to that y \ /) station, it is beginning to improve. ^ ./. (^ / /'^ Ji^ / ;Most all the trade of the city is carried on in the upper part ''-2^^>^^' «- orf tli( town, where there are a number of warehouses, stores, ./^^ ■*. ui- - t '*■ wharves, and other conveniences for lading and unlading ships. //' _i s /fv/ Thi tdes rise to such a height that large ships can lay at the a- »_. — o^ // - ^ \ 1 V I /- whiuves and discharge with the greatest safety. Th^ harbour is convenient and safe, and capable of contain- ing a rreat number of vessels of the largest description. Par- triili;i Island lies at the entrance, on which there is a light-house, and ^ glial stittion, where signals are carefully attended to and made on the first approach of vessels* These signals are re- peakdat Fort Howe. Within the island there is a bar which extt :i Is from the western side, and passes the lower point of the peuiiHula, on which the city stands. It has a beacon on the outer end, and a buoy to direct vessels coming or going. The -v'^ •*• bar is dry at ebb tides, but within the harbour there is sufficient : o, /. 'Z-'' S for merchants in the city.l" Tl>e city of St. John contains two Churches on the eastern side 1)1' the river, one of which is neatly finished and has aii elegant organj t A handsome Kirk belonging to the members of the Ivhurch of Scotland ; a Cadiolic Chapel ; two Methodist ''^ Ch;i|>3ls, «fie belonging to the Wesleyan Methodists, ^ond th e- nil r m a nnrr'^^r rf tlint pn-^n ft ni n n ivhn Fgrrrl r d mith Mn E&ii:. H3a»wtr«w \ ^■'/ o > V 5 t [astern las aii Lers of thodist Other )spital, I at the ~) -^ 9 «> i 3 -i- 5 A square near York- Point, reserved for a/ Market, &'. h«s ail old building in the centre, the uppe r partJ bF which h«isery-_ ed for many years as a Court- House,y(and the under p»r/a» a flesli market ; a fish and ve^fetable market having been istely built contiguous to it, at the edge of high water mark, and « rand- some llcsh market in the Lower Cove, wliich are general i well sup})lied. King's-squnre is situated on the height of 1 i.d in , King-street, and is reserved for pubhc uses. Itb avei |)lea- ' sant situation commanding a fine view of the city and ijn'bor. It is in contemplation to erect a Court House on the Eiit side of this souare on a Hberal scale.^Queen's-square is situ Kjd m Duke's Ward, and is also reserved for pubUc uses. The Public Seminaries in St. John, are a Grammar .^ hool, the Central Madras School, and a number of Sunday Si laols. There are twotPublic Libraries in the City, a Vaceint lista^ blishment, three Printing Offices, with the following rel ;ious, humane, and useful Societies : — 1 A Branch ofthe Society for Promoting Christian Knou edge. 2 The New- Brunsw ic k Auxiliary Bible Society . Saint Johiyffiunday School Onion Society. {^ jj' } S"'"*^ l"hn l ^itliHfnin Trirt ^nf i yrty i .V/:v Saint George's, ") r^^AItioj-i, 6 Saint Patrick's, I Societies,-^ . P»-?^ b u ilding BMupicd ga a College till another one o H « an tfi il ur . gcd G e«*4 o c a n . be erectetl ; a Poor House in the vicinity of the town, on a li- beral scale ; and a Meeting House belonging to a number of persons composed of congregationalists and other sececlers from tlie Kirk of Scotland. Government House is situated a little above the upper part of the town on a convenient pleasant site, but having been a long time without a settled family it was when Sir Hoavard Douglas came to the Province considerably out of order. It wants a wing to be added to make it unilbrm with other improvements : for although when the house was built for Governor Carleton it was on a liberal scale, considering the state of the Province at that time, it has been suffered to remain without enlargement, while the country has rapidly advanced. — It is, therefore, at present neither sufficiently spacious or splendid for the Gover- nor's residence. — The same observations may apply to the Pro- vince Hall, which although always too low to make a good a])- pearance or allow a good Council Chamber, was a good build- ing considering the ctate of the country and want of revenue at the time it was erected; but is now too small and plain, consider- ing the great increase of the population and trade of the Pro- vince. Public buildings speak much, though silently, for the public spirit, taste, and importance of a country. They should, there- fore, always be on such an enlightened scale as not to be a pre- judice to it. One general observation may be made on all the public edifices in Fredericton, which is that being uniformly low they make a flat appearance, which is peculiarly striknig to a stranger coming from countries where buildings are more elevu* ted. Probably there are few finer situations for a town than the site on which Fredericton is built. A beautiful river glides majesti- cally in front of a spacious plain ; bounded by hills of gentle ac- clivity, possessing elegant sites for seats and buildings on com- manding situations. On the opposite side of the river the Nash- waack rolls its tribute to the Saint John and adds much to the beauty of the situation. Abundance of excellent water is every where found with a soil peculiarly well adapted for forming gardens, walks, &c. with a pure, healthy atmosphere. Frora 35 the hills which skirt the town the river can be seen to a great II among tlie listance winding through the country, distant Islands. Fredericton being at the head of sloop navigation is the main depot lor goods from the seaboard. It is about eighty-five miles from the sea and surrounded by a large extent of country which is fast settling. The river Saint John is about three quarters of a mile wide in front of the town, and extends upwards of four hundred miles above it. — The surrounding country possesses an excellent soil, and abounds in valuable timber, and as the whole of the trade to and from the upper country must pass Fredericton, a great part of it must of course centre there, and consequently, as the country becomes fully settled, Fredericton must improve and from its situation r«?niain the great central em- porium of the Province. Fredericton contains a Printing Office and a Public Librar\% with the following public Institutions. 1 A Branch olihe Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2 The Bible Association of Fredericton and its vicinity. 3 A Branch of the Methodist Missionary Society. 4 The Fredericton Emigrant Society. This Society was formed at Fredericton in 1819, for the relief of destitute strang- ers, being the flrst Institution of that kind formed in the Pro- vince. It expended large sums in that and the following year, and besides relieving the temporary necessities of great numbers of destitute Emigrants, enabled many of them to settle on new land, who are now in comfortable inde{)endent circumstances. It is not at present in active operation, but has funds to a con- siderable amount. 5 The New-Brunswick Agricultural and Emigrant Society. This is a Provincial Institution having branches in the different Counties. The General Society being established at Fredericton, 6 A Branch of the Society for improving the breed of Horses ><-^ / /• and Cattle, and a Savings' Bank. ^ ^ "^ "^'^ Fredericton was formed by Governor Carleton in 1785,/\w '^ v ^ > shortly after the division of the Province from Nova-Scotia, and ^ /y \ i. being considered the most eligible and central situation, was made the permanent Seat of Government. The policy of this measure has been questioned by many who overlook the gene- ral good of the country for partial advantages. Much jealousy has always existed among the Citizens of St. John in particular, in regard to this selection. Prejudices in favor of our own land, religion, institutions, &c. must always be expected, and to a cer- tain degree it would shew a want of attachment not to feel their influence ; but then it must be remembered that when we allow our own interest to blind our reason, we are prone to view > ■->.) L m tvliat concerns us with a partial eye. It is so with a person wh» being settled at the seaboard goes but seldom out ofsight of the harbor, but from what is passing before his eyes, concludes his town is the only place of consequence in the country ; and as na- ture has made it the great mart for the imports and exports of the interior, it must of course be likewise the only place fit for the Seat of Government, and every thing else of consequence in the Province. But when a person whose mind is above these mercenary considerations, and enlarged to see the general good of the country, casts his eye on the map of the Province, he will find that if the situation was as good a few miles farther up, it would still be more central. For Fredericton is only eighty- five miles from the sea ; at the lower extremity of the County of York, which extends upwards to the Canada line about two hundred miles. The large County of Northumberland joins York on the North and Northeastward, and comprises all the land from Westmorland, along the Gulf and river of St. Law- rence, till it likewise joins Canada. These two Counties form more than two thirds of the whole Province ; and will no doubt each require to be divided into two or more Counties, when they become more fully settled. Consequently the seat of Govern- ment is at present in the most eligible place for the general con- venience of the inhabitants of the Province at large, than any other situation that possibly could be selected. Diverging as from a common centre, the distance of the routes from Frede- ricton to the most important parts of the Province are nearly equal, viz. to St. John is about eighty-five miles, passing four counties in the distance ; to St. Andrews, the frontier town, about ninety miles ; to Northumberland about the same dis- tance ; to Fort Cumberland in Westmorland, about one hun- dred and forty miles ; and to Madawaska, the upper settlement on the great road to Canada, about the same distance. In time of war, its situation for a military depot is excellent, as from the direction of the routes just mentioned, the different accessible parts of the Province could be easier succoured from here than any other station. And if reinforcements should have to pass through the Province to Canada during the winter season, Fredericton and the Great Falls would always, from their situation, be the natural depots for troops, stores, &c. Neither if magazines were formed at this place could there be more danger of their being surprised and taken, than at any of the sea-ports ; for it is nearly one hundred miles from an enemy's frontier, and there must be a great want of vigilance if any body of men, sufficient to make an impression, should be allowed to approach without opposing effectual resistance, or at the worst, taking such measures as should disappoint dicm. 37 of fy's The importance of good accommodations for troops maroh« ing to Canada, at Freaericton, and the upper parts of the river St. John, was well ascertained during the last war, and should not soon be lost sight of. In short, as nature has given St. John and the other sea- ports advantages that cannot be taken from them, so Frederic- ton, from its central situation, possesses advantages peculiar to it- self. Instead, therefore, of indulging in such partial jealousies, every encouragement should be given to such towns^ as they con- tribute totheimprovementof the interior of a country from whence most of the resources that support the sea-ports are drawn. Fredericton is slowly increasing in buildings and improve- ments. It has a considci'able share in the lumber trade, for which it is well situated. Ship-building has also lately been commenced, and 'will probably be prosecuted to considerable extent as there are no want of good situations for launching an abundance of timber. If the main streets in Fredericton had been laid out to follow the windings of the river they would have formed an agreeable curve; the squares could then have been kept uniform in width) and the main streets oould have continued without a jog| the whole length of the town, which would be a great improvement to the looks of the place. SAINT ANDREWS, The frontier town of Nciv-Brunswick, lies nearly opposite Robinstown, in the State of Maine. It is a small pleasant sea- port in the County of Charlotte : being situated near the river fei'int Croix, on a narrow strip of lowland fronting the Bay of Passamaq^oddy, with a range of hills in the rear. It has twQ principal streets running parallel with the water, which are in- tersected by cross streets at right angles. The principal streets are well built up, and the town contains 2,268 inhabitants, ac- cording to the census taken in 1824. — It is conveniently situated for the fishing trade, as the waters abound with cod, haddock, pollock, and members of other fish, and there are numbers of small Islands nearly within view of the harbor, very suitable for prosecuting the fishery to advantage. — It carries on a consider- able trade m exporting squared and sawed lumber, and in ship- building — thirteen vessels were registered in the Port of Sain( Andrews in 1824, amounting to three thousand six hundred an4 thirty-three tons, aU ofwhich had been built in the County, beside^ about five hundred and ninety tons, not included in the above amount. — It contains a neat Church belonginfrto the establish- ment, and a conmiodious Kirk, built at the sole expense of Mr. Cmiisi'OPMER ScuTT, and presented by him to the members of F k ^ 38 the Kirk of Scotland. It has also a Grammar School, a Court- Huuse and Gaol j a Printing Office, with a number of fine pri- vate buildings. Here is likewise a Chamber of Commerce, a Savings' Bank, a Bible Society, an Agricultural and Emigrant Society for the County, with other public Institutions for promoting the temporal and spiritual welfare of the inhabitants. Saint Andrews being situated on the frontiers of the Province, within view of the American territories, is a place of great im- portance in the event of a rupture with the United States. Con- siderable works were erected here during the last war, which are now much gone to decay. A few troops are, however, usu- ally stationed here. — At the commencement of the last troubles with America, an agreement was wisely entered into between the Magistrates of this place, and the American authorities in its immediate vicinity, to abstain from mutual hostilities, which was strictly observed during the war, to the mutual advantage of both parties.; who were thereby delivered from the horrors of a predatory, murderous warfare, equally distressing to both nations. Saint Andrews being the shire town of the important County of Charlotte, is silently rising inimportance ; and will no doubt from its many natural advantages, always maintain its rank among the principal towns of this Province. CHAP. V. Topographical Description of the several Counties in the Pro- vince of New- Brunswick. — Their Boundaries atid Extent. — Parishes. — -Rivers. — Settlements, Produce, 8fc, — Great Roads, Sfc. ' JlIAVING, in the preceding pages, given a brief general de- scription of New-Brunswick, Isliall now proceed to give a short sketch of each County, compris'mg a view of the face of the country, principal streams, settlements, produce, &c. And as five of them lie along the river St. John, I shall begin at the head of that river, and follow it to its exit into the Bay of Fundy. The three remaining counties will be noticed afterwards. Fol- lowing this method, (which by keeping the counties and parishes distinct, will give the reader a clearer knowledge of the country than a more elaborate account, where names and situations are mentioned without method, and deocribed promiscuously) I S9 shall confine myself to brevity, at the same time endeavouring to avoid obscurity ; and have to lament that the want of correct information prevents me from making this part of the work as (jomplete as I would wish. SECTION I. YORK. This County commences at the Canada line, which bounds it on the north-west. The County of Northumberland bounds it on the north-east, on the south-east it adjoins Sunbury, and on the south-west Charlotte, and contains ] 0,972 inhabitants. Beginning at the noi'thern and uppermost part of the county, and proceeding down the main river St. John, the first settle- ment is Madawaska, situated between the Grand Falls and the Madawaska river, which falls into the St. John at the upper part of the settlement. The inhabitants are the descendants of the old Acadians, who were settled on different parts of the ri- ver St. John, and who on the arrival of the English moved up to this place, where, being joined by others from Canada, they formed this settlement distinct from the English, and have ever since been quiet subjects, and well affected to the British Go- vernment. Madawaska is about midway between Fredericton and Quebec, and is in a flourishing stats. It has a Romish Chapel, where the rites and ceremonies of that religion are du- ly performed by a Missionary from Canada, who likevise, with the assistance of one or two leading persons regulates the inter- nal police of the settlement by settling disputes, keeping the peace, &c. and so successful have they been that although there are neither lawyers or magistrates in the place, the Courts of Justice have had biit little trouble from that quarter. The land along the margin of the river is in general good, level, and un- broken ; but owing to its northern situation it is unfavourab^f to Indian corn ; but wheat, oats, grass, &c. flourish there in great perfection. The inhabitants are all farmers, and general- Hr raise more than they consume, having a surplus of grain to sell to traders in the settlement or to taks to Fredericton. Their manners and habits being simple, they expend but little on lux- uries. Their women manufacture a coarse cloth and kersevs sufiicient for their own consumption. The men are about the middle size, generally spare built and active ; the women, on the contrary, are very stout and short. They are very lively and hospitable, but very slovenly in their houses and cookery. In shor^ they appear a different race from the English. A I 40 ^^ stranger gding abdVe the Falls, finds himself suddenly among anew race of people, different in their language, religion, ha- bitations, and manners. Below this settlement the country is a wilderness for some distance, comprising the lands adjoining and below the Grand Falls. The isthmus formed by the bend of the river at the Grand Falls, was formerly cleared by the troops stationed at that post. This spot was selected at the first settlement of the Province for a military station. It served not only as a security for the set- tlers at that period, when the country was a total wilderness and almost impassable, being without roads or habitations, but also connected and secured the communication with Canada. Bar- rack,^, &c. were constructed and troops stationed at this plac* for a number of years. The works are at present in ruins ; al- though it h no doubt one of th6 fitBt interior positions in th* Province. This plate forms Otte of the great features of New- Brunswick. Here the navigation of the great river St. John is totally obstructed, and the upper part of the country disjoirj^d ^ from the seaboar' This points out the great importance of its situatioi), as the j^reat connecting point and centre for the inter- course and trade of the upper country, whenever it becomes fully settled. Its situation will no doubt soon attract a settle- meht, and in process of time a town will arise, which will be the depot for goods from the seaboard, whejl they will be exchan- ged for the produce of the upper part of the country. A canal or tunnel cut through the isthmus, will probably follow. This would be of the utmost advantage to the Province, by connect- ing the navigation and developing the re sources of the upper couiitry, which are said to be almost inexhaustible. The dis- tance to cut would be nearly one hundred rods. The isthmus being ninety rods across, from bank to bank, the descent of the water would be nearly half ari inch to a foot. Descending the Sl John seven miles below the fallJ, it fe- cMves the Salmon river, a considerable stream from the east, and eleven miles farther the Restook falls into it from the west- ward. This is a fljie river, running in a very crooked directiOft through a fihe country abounding in excellent land and well stored with timber of the first quality. It makes to the south* west and has been explored upwards of oile hundred miles, wherd it continues of a good width. It is supposed to be of great length and is claimed by the United States, although some of the British settlors have lately commenced establishing them- selves on the river and are making very free with the pine. Three miles below the Restook, the Tobique, feraed for its red pines brings its tribute to the St. John« This is another consi- they 41 i derable river being upwards of two hundred miles in length. Its banks to a good distance back have been covered with pines of the finest growth, which have been mostly cut off. The soil in the pine districts is not favorable for farming pursuits, but would require much labor to bring it to a state fitlbr cultivntiofl* There are, however, some good Islands in the course of the river, and strips of rich land intermixed with the pine districts, and the lands adjoining the Tobique lying along the banks of the Saint John are of the finest quality ; and wnerft cultivated pro* duce the most abundant crops. A district comprising ten miles extending along the river Saint John and embracing both sides ofthe Tobique is reser^'ed for the Indians. This tract is cw* tainly not inferior to any land in the Province, and it is a pity it should remain in its present unimproved state. The Indians have only a small clearing at the mouth of the Tobique, wherft they have a hut which is reserved as a Chapel, and where one of two Indiana generally sit down as they term it, to watch a small crop, and keep possession. After the peace with America in 1814, a number of disbanded m'»n of the 8th, 98th, and 104th regiments, end of the West-Indik Rangers and New-Brunswick Fencibles, were settled on this part of the river Saint John, chiefly between the military post of Pre»* qu-Isle and the Indian reserve. Many of these settlers havfc made good improvements, and have already secured a comforta* ble independency. The wilderness has been converted intd cultivated fields, covered with habitations $ and thd district form* ed into a Parish, and named after his Royal Highness the lat^ Duke of Kent. — It extends on both sides of the river from the Grand Falls to the Parish of Wak6l6eld. The land is of a su- perior quality, covered with a variety of timber of th6 tallest growdi, and unincumbered with much undergt-owth ; the trees standing in most places so fkr apart, that a man on horse- back would be but seldom incommoded by them. This is of Seat advantftgd to the settler, as it relieves him from the great jor of clearing away the uidder brush, which is so trouble- some in Bdme parts ot the country. Nor is this fine tract of land (confined to the matgin'of the river, but extends backhand i& f6und in many places to impfove te you advance into the in- terior* llie United States line approaches the river St. Joha within a few riiil^s Along this Parish, and thcv have a township laid out, embracing Mars Hill before described. It is to be regtetted that many of the settles in this Parish having former- ly beeti accustomed to the free use of spirituous liqilors, find the tempbition revived by the great introduction of them by the lumber spe % 3 rr 8 8 id« Bt a f th e CollBgo of Now Brynowioh, and itinerant Mis- ' sionary for this part ot the country. )^ ^ Prince William adjoins Woodstock on the Western side of ^ the river. The upper part of this Parish is but little improved, ,^ a large district belonging to the Chitf Justice being mostly a , wilderness. The soil, likewise, is inferior to the land above. ^_^^ The lower part of the Parish is, however highly improved, some ^ parts being interval land of the first quality. There are several fine lakes back of this parish, one of which named Lake George, has a fine settlement on its banks. This lake dischar- {res its waters into the St. John, by a stream called the Poqui- louk, which is an Indian name, signifying a dreadful place, and a dreadful place it certainly is. The water just before its exit into the St. John, appears to have been originally pent up by the high bank along the river. Through this it has forced a pas- sage, and tumbles down the rocks and precipices with dreadful impetuosity. The passage through which it passes is very nar- row and nearly seventy feet peipendicular, compassed by large t^. stones, which appear as if they had been laid by Masons ; the whole forming a sublime and terrific appearance. There is a Chapel belonging to the Baptists in this Parish. Several of the officers and men of the King's American Dra- goons were formerly settled here, very few of whom are at pre- sent alive. Some of their descendants are occupying their lands and doing well. The Parish of Kingsclear, which adjoins Prince William, has nothing peculiar, the soil being much tlie same as the latter. The face of the country is hilly, interspersed with several streams well adapted for mill seats. Many individuals of the reduced Battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers settled in this Parish, some of whom are still living and dobg well. A Baptist Cha« v/ f V u .&/ pel has lately bcon erected here, in which worship is occasional- ly performed. Opposite this Parish on the eastern side of the river is the Parish of Douglas, so called in honor of the present Xiieutenant-Oovernor of the Province. It adjoins Quoensbury, and extends down nearly to the Nashwaack. The Madam Kes- wick, a considerable stream, intersects this Parish. This is an extensive settlement, and was formed by the York Volunteers and some of the Royal Guides and Pioneers. The- settlements on the Keswick Ridge and Mactuquask lie between this stream and the main river, and are in a flourishing state. It has a back aettleraent on the Nashwacksis and another one still farther in the wilderness, called Cardigan, formed by a number of Welsh families from Cardigan in Wales, who came to this Province in 1819, and were located here by Government. Being very des- titute, they were enabled to commence settling by a subscription of the inhabitants of Fredericton, aided by the £migrant Society. This Parish has a Church near the mouth of the Madam Kes- wick, and two Chapels belonging to the Methodists and Baptists. The Parish of St. Mary's, which formerly included the Pa- rish just mentioned, extends to the County line, and joins Maugerville on the eastern side of the river. The river Nash- waack runs through this Parish, and falls into the St. John op- posite Fredericton. This stream was settled by part of the 42d Regiment and some of the disbanded corps that had been rais- ed in America during the war. It is settled tor more than thir- ty miles along its banks, having a mixture of good interval and high land along its course. About five miles from its conflu- ence with the St. John, it receives the waters of the Peniack, a considerable stream with a aetdement along its banks, and about twelve milts further up, the river /^y falls into it. There are two Chapels in this settlement, one belonging to the Metho- dists and the other to the Baptists. They have no stated Mi- Bisters, but are visited occasionally. The road from Frederic- ton to Miramichi in the County of Northumberland leads through this settlement The Parish of Fredericton adJQins Kingsclear, and extends to the Parish of Lincoln in the County of Sunbury. ' It includes the town of Fredericton, before described, with a back settle^ nieot called New Maryland, and another on the Rushagoannes. The road from Fredericton to St. Andrews passes through these i^ttlements, and is fast improving. The lands >n the immediate vicinity of the town are not much improved' Having been reserved for the College, they remain without tenants : the settlers in this country not liking to leaye f^ri9^, which are hard to clear up, when they can obtain lots for tta^s^VQS by paying th^ grant lees. A great part of the land 45 in the site of the town, likewise belongs to the College or Church, or is reserved lor Government uses, which has been and still remains a great check to the growth and improvement of the I own. The County of York is upwards of two hundred miles in lengtli. A great portion of the lands in this count} are well adapted to grain, particularly wheat. It is well stored with ex- cellent timber and abounds with navigable rivers and streams. It is settling and improving very fast, and furnishes the major part of the lumber shipped at the port of St. John. Frederic- ton is the principal Town, and situated within four miles of the lower extremity of the County. — The inconvenience of the Courts, &c. being established at the extremity of such extensive Counties are niany, and amount almost to a denial of justice to the distant settlers, who have to travel from one to two imndred miles to the County Courts. The consequence is that wrongs are frequently unredressed, and crimes, if not of a capital nature, are often mmoticed ; which if not remedied will in time have a pernicious cilect on the moral character of the inhabitants. SECTION II. S U N B U R Y .Toins York on the North West, Northumberland on the North East, Queen's on the South East, and Charlotte on the South West. It stretches along both sides of the river Saint John, and contains four Parishes, with a population of three thousand two hundred and twenty-seven inhabitants. This is the smallest County in the Province, not being over twenty miles in length. It is, however, the oldest icttled part of the river St. John. The first i,'*tablishment of any consequence on the river was made at this place in 1761, by a number of families from Massachusetts, w ho having obtained a grant of a Township on the river St. John from the British Government, after exploring different parts of the country, settled at Maugerville. Here they were joined at different periods during the troubles in America, by several more families from New -England. These settlers made improvements on both sides of the river, and called the whole district Sunbury. The first commission of the peace for this place was dated 11th August, 1766, and tor holding Courts of Common Pleas 1770. The Courts of Justice were held here till 1783, when the Ame- rican war being ended and the Loyalists having setded hi dit- G 46 ferent parts of the country, the Supreme Court was removcct to Saint John, and afterwards established at Frcdericton, which was made the permanent seat of Government, and has remained so ever since. The Parishes of Maugerville and Sheffield, on the eastern side of the river, are situated on a strip of rich intervale, which being annually overflowed, yield abundant crops and are rich in pastures. The farms arc well improved and stocked with abundance of cattle. The houses are in many parts neat and improving/ in appearance, and the settlers in general substantial landholders and good husbandmen. This is a delightful part of the Country for wheel carriages, the road being a continued level along the margin of the river, which is occasionally hid from the view of the traveller, by lof- ty trees and shrubs along the banks, which break oif the pier- cing winds in winter and afford a pleasant shade in summer. The road is, however, unsafe in many places where the freshets have scooped away the banks and indented the road with small gullies, which being neglected by the inhabitants, endanger the overturning of carriages. In the rear of these Parishes area chain of lakes which communicate with each other and dis- charge their waters into the Grand Lake, and from thence by the Jemseg into the Saint John. — Most of these lakes are envi- roned with excellent land, and have settlements along their banks. There is a Church belonging to the Establishment in Mauger- ville with a resident Pastor. — There are two Meeting-Houses in Sheffield, one belonging to the seceders, and the other to the Methodists. They have both settled Ministers and good con- gregations. The Parishes of Lincoln and Burton are opposite the Parish- es just described, on the western side of the river — they are situated on high land interspersed with intervale. They are well setUed and the farms generally well cultivated. The river Oromocto intersects these parishes. This is an extensive streani •well settled in many places, having several branches whicii wind through the country to a great distance. Some of these streams are settled, and mills are built at diffisrent places.— The main road from Fredericton to Saint Andrews crosses this river a little above the falls, where a blockhouse was construct- ed during the war for military purposes. There is an extensive tract of wild meadow along the course of this river, which yields a great quantity of coarse grass, and affisrds an extensive range for cattle, alter the water has diaincd oft' in ihe summer. The lanrl on the Oromocto and its tributary streartis is general- ly of a good quality, but in coninior. with most all the stream* : ! 47 in this Province very subject to frost. The mouth of the Oro- mocto being very deep, is a very eligible place for ship-building, which is prosecuted here to considerable extent, timber, &c. being floated down the river in great abundance. There was formerly a good herring fishery at the falls in this river, but a mill having b«en built near that place it has dwindled to nothing. — There is a Church at the mouth of the Oromocto on tho Burton side, in which divine service is occasionally performed by the Rector of Maugerville. — There is likewise a Court-house in Burton nearly in ruins where the County Courts are held. A stream called Swan Creek runs througfi Burton, but has nothing peculiar to merit a particular description. — Three va- luable Islands lie in this part of the river Saint John called the Oromocto, Middle, and Major's Island. Ox-Island runs par- rallel with Major's Island. It is small and forms shoals near it which impede the navigation. There are also shoals at the Oromocto, which are nearly impassable for large vessels in the dry part of the season. l-\ SECTION III. QUEEN'S. This County joins Sunbury on the N. W. Charlotte on the S. W. Northumberland on the N. E. and King's on the S. E. It lies on both sides of the river Saint John, and contains four Parishes, with a population of 4,T41 inhabitants. This is a good county for stock, having a number of fine Islands within its limits. The inhabitants are principally agri- culturalists who have well improved farms and good stocks of cattle. The land is of an excellent quality and in general well cultivated. The soil along the bank of the river m the Parish of Waterborough is equalled by none in the Province for fertili- ty. As the country decends to the Jemseg, the rich sediment aeposited by the annual overflowing of the river, produces the most luxuriant vegetation, and although the farmer can seldom commence his labours till June, yet so productive is the soil, that in a few weeks the country exhibits the most exuberant vegetation. Indian corn flourishes in this Parish in the highest peifection: the soil being a light rich loom and the country k- vel so as to receive the full effect of the sun. Small grain, grass, and roots are also produced here in the greatest abundance?. l*n- deed a more fertile district can scarcely be conceived thuu the land from Maugerville to the Jemseg. The observatioiis that .1 '-•' n o^ . »,l. y^ i * ^ / t- ^ 4. -^ ^' 6 V J ^ " ' I 0.. \. '•- 4S t/ ^ vere mnde about the road through Maugerville and Sheffield will likewise apply here, very little attention having of late been paid to them, and* it is probable that the statij;^ labor^is but sel- dom fully performed in any of those Parishes. There is a con- venient Chapel belonging to the Baptists in Waterborough, which has a stated minister and numerous congregation. — Af- ter crossing th^ Jemseg, the country rises, and the Parish of Wickham exhibits some well improved farms in pleasant and sightly situations. The Grand Lake, the largest body of in- land water in the Pi'ovince, lies back of Waterborough. It is nearly thirty miles long, and from three to nine wide. A large stream called Salmon Hiver, falls into it near the head. This stream is well timbered with pine. A short portage leads from this stream to the waters communicating with the river Mira- michi. This lake discharges its waters into the Saint John, by a narrow gut ca led Jcniieg, which is about thirty rods wide and very deep. The country on the Western side of this lake is in many jilaces low and marshy, having the French and Maquepit lakes in its neighbourhood which are settled in plac( s The country in the vicinity of the Grand Lake a- bounds with coal, which are found of a good quality, particu- laiiy at a creek called New-Castle, where large (juantities have been dug. A str.itum is generally found near the surface of the earth : the first layer of coal being about eighteen inches in depth, and they are found to improve in (juality in proportion to the depth of the veins. The layers are nearly horizontal, and nre probably a continuation of the strata found at Cape Breton, which has been ascertained to proceed in a Soutliwestern direc- tion from that island, to Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick. The Grand Lake is well settled, and has a resident Minister belonging to the Established Church. It has likewise a Me- thodist Chapel ; but no stated mijilster of that denomination. Another large lake called ^ashad^^ak, lies a little below the Jemseg, and is separated from the Grand Lake by a range of highland. This lake is from twenty-four to thirty miles loog, and rrom two to three miles wide. A stream falls into this lake, called the Washademoak river, which rises near the bend of the Peticodiac. It has a settlement along its banks, called New-Canaan. There is a niixture of intervale and upland a- long this settlement, well covered with timber of various kinds. The Washademoak lake is well settled, and empties into the St. John, opposite Long Island. The Parishes on tlie western side of the river are Gage- town and Hampstead. Gagetown is regularly laiil out, ancl is the county town. It has a handsome Church, with a settled Pastor ; a Court-Hou.se and Goal, with several fnie private 4^ buildings. As wns observed before, several fine Islands, lie In this count}', one of tlicm, named Long Island, is six miles in length and well improved. It has a neat Church, in which di- vine service is occasionally pertbrmed. It has hkevvise a tavern, with as good acconunodations and as well kept as any in the coinitry. The streams in this county on the western side of the river, have nothing pecuhar to merit a particular description, (iagetown Creek runs past the Township of that name, and fecilitates the navigation of that part of the country, and the Ocnabog is the tuiniel through which the waters of a small lake of that name are discharged into the Saint John. I must not forijet to notice that in front of Gagetown there is a bend in the river, which some ill natured person has saddled with the forbidding name of" No Man's Friend" although there is nothing unfriendly about the place, and it should rather be called " Pleasant Reach" as the ailjoining country is very plea- sant. A new Parish has lately been erected in this County, called Brunswick, which lies back of Waterborough and Wickham, and comi)rehcnds the settlement of New-Canaan and the district adjoining. SECTION IV. ■ t I; ; KING'S COUNTY Lies likewise on both sides of the river Saint John, and is bounded on the North by a line running South West and North East, from the South point of Spoon Island in the river Saint John. On the East by Northumberland and Westmorland. On the West by Charlotte, and on the South by the County of Saint John. It contains seven thousand nuie hundred and thir- ty inhabitants. It comprehends the Long Reach, the Kennebeckasis and Be- lisle, and is divided into the following Parishes — Westfield, Greenwich, Kingston, SpringfieUI, Norton, Sussex, and Hamp- ton. Kingston lias a Township regularly laid out, which bears the name of the Parish. It has a neat Church, with a resident Minister, and a number of neat buildings, which make a fine a])pearance. The Court-House, however, is a considerable distance from the Town. The settlers in most i)arts of this Parish have the appearance of comfort and affluence, although the land is inferior in fertility to most of the other Parishes. I'he Parish of Sussex hixs a Cjiurch witii a resideut Minister, l¥ 50 and an Academy for the instruction of the Indians, but little good has accrued to these wanderers from that Institution. A beautiful strip of land lies in this Parish called the Vale of Sus- sex, which is highly cultivated aijd covered with excellent houses and barns. — Agriculture is in general well attended to, and its effects are evident in independent farmers, good stocks of cattle and an air of comfort and cheerfulness, the sure returns of in- dustry and husbandry. The roads and bridges are in good order and well attencfed to. The great road of communication passes through this Vale to Westmorland. The river ICennebeckasisintersects this County, and falls into the Saint John, near the Boar's Head. This is a considerable stream, and has several Islands scattered tiirough its course. It is navigable upwards of twenty miles for vessels of any bur- then, and sixty miles farther for small vessels and boats. It is well adapted for Ship-building, having abundance of excellent timber in its neighbourhood, and several vessels are annually built here for the merchants of Saint John. The Nerepis another considerable stream, falls into the Saint John at the foot of the Long Reach. This river runs a consi- derable distance into the country and has a settlement along its banks. There are two quarries of excellent Plaster of Paris on the river Kennebeckasis. There is likewise a salt spring in this part of the country, from which small quantities of salt have been made by the Indians and Inhabitants settled near the place» which has proved of an excellent quality for the table, and their Can be no doubt of its possessing valuable medicinal qualities ; hht no attention has yet been paid to analyse it. Great quanti- ties of sugar are extracted from the sugar maple in this county, upwards of ten thousand pounds have been made in a year, of that valuable article in one Parish. Several of the Parishes in this county have Churches, some of which have stated Pastors, and others are supplied occasion- ally. SECTION V. SAINT JOHN. This County is bounded northerly by a line running East North East, and West South West, from the southernmost point of the Kennebeckasis Island. Westwardly by a North line from point Lepreau. Eastwardly by Hopewell Township, and on the Southward by the Bay of Fundy. It has four Pa- 51 u irisTies. The City of Saint John, Portland, Lancaster, and Saint - Martins^ It contains a population of twelve thousand nine hundred and seven inhabitants. This county has several fine harbors ; the principal of which is the harbor of Saint John, at the mouth of the Saint John river and which was noticed in the description of the city. This harbor has a valuable fishery tor Salmon, Herring, ana Shad. Formerly from two to three thousand barrels of Shad, twenty thousand barrels of herrings, and a vast quantity of Salmon were taken here annually ; but the fishery has feUen off very much of late years. A Cod fishery might also be prosecuted to advantage not far from Partridge Island, but this is totally neglected. The other harbors are Quaco, Musquash, and Dippoo harbor, down the Bay, which have nothing particular. They have water sufficient tor vessels of four hundred tons burthen. The land, in the county and along the sea-board are not so good tor farming as those in the interior. They are generally very rocky and uneven. In many places they are mere barrens being covered with a stunted growth of shrubs. There are how- ever good spots intermixed, and many places that formerly ap- peared doomed to sterility have been brought under a good state of cultivation. Great improvements have lately been made in farming in this county. Many new settlements have been formed and arc rapidly improving. Several merchants and persons of prope: ' ir> the city of Saint John have lately improved farms in I'ls ir .ty; particularly on the Marsh and at Loch Lomond. Ii ..Ai certainly be a great advantage to the Province, if men who possess capital, employ a part ot it in im- proving the country. ~ By this means many poor districts of sterile land may be reclaimed, and improved by the wealth of • the city ; to the great advantage of individuals, and benefit of the settlement where such improvements are made : as the ci- tizen will lay out from year to year, no more than he can spare from his other pursuits, and this when the land is once brought to a good state of cultivation will richly repay him : while the indigent settler will have labour brought home to his own door to enable him to subsist while he improves a small spot for him- self, which without such a resource he could not attempt. A great strip of Marsh lies contiguous to the city, some of which is dyked and yields excellent grass. The whole district is rapidly improving to the great advantage of the city. Several wealthy citizens have lately made great improvements here, and some fine seats are nearly completed. The Parish of Portland contains old Fort Howe. This Fort is situated on a rugged hill at the mouth of the river Saint John, and completely commands the harbour. Portland is well built ■■\ /re/ -^ m 52 lip, but the road near the Fort is very narrow, and in a wretch- ed state,''considerinj5 that it is the only thoroughfiyfy from the /city, to dtt Indian R*****"*; so callcii; which is situated in front of the bay just above the falls, and where vessels and boats come too, going and coming to wait for the tide, and where passen- gers from all parts of the river land, and frequently walk over the tongue of land to Saint John, which is a little more than a mile. Passengers likewise going up the river in the Steam- Boat or Sloops, usually ride or walk from Saint John to tin- In- dian HansT, and baggage and goods of all descriptions, are transported above the falls by this rout, which keeps the road continually thronged, and points out the necessity of having a good and safe communication in such a public ])lace. -.TlMire itr n f t publin plarn nfn'nrfihip in Prrrthnrl rf nny dnnnmin^tinn • ^]^p :»l..i^.f.i»ft- rnt-^rt f» tlin ^llffi^ront plnnnrwf Minii.iUip \t] f ]^^ » ; i; "^■A^'^i. ii u erected. The Maggagaudavick runs ft great distance into the country, and communicates with a chain of lakes, down which lumber is floated from a great distance^ There are several falls HI th^ MaggagaudavicH — those near the mouth are nearly forty feet Several Islands lying in Passamaquoddy Bay, are within the limits of this county. Some of them are of considerable im- portance, on account of the fisher}', and as affording harbors for shipping. SECTION vir. WESTMORLAND, • Is bounded eastwardly by the line of Nova-Scotia, and th^ Gulph of St. Lawrence ; northerly, by a west line running into the country from the northernmost point of Shediac Island ; westwardly, by a line beginningat a point in the north boundary of St. John County ; north, from Quaco head, and running north till it meets said west line ; southerly, by St. John County and Chignecto. It contains niue thousand three hundred and three inhabitants. This County is situated at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and joins Nova-Scotia. The line between the Provinces is the nar-? rowest part of the isthmus between the Bay of Fundy and Bay Verte. A small stream over which there is a bridge — forming the separating line. It contains the following Parishes : — > Westmorland, Sackville, Hillsborough^ Hopewell, Moncton, Dorchester, Salisbury, and Botsfordr A considerable part of this county was formerly settled by the Acadians or FreiK'h neutrals, whose descendants are still numerous in this and the adjoining County of Northumberland, feeing spread along tl>e seaboard, to the Bay of Chaleur, They have settlements at Memramcook, Peticodiac, Bay Verte, Cocagne, Bucktouche, Richibucto, &e. — wheie there are seve- ral large Chapels, which are usualiy supplied with Romish Mis- sionaries, who are supported by tythes from the French Catho* lies. But the most thriving class of settlers are English, chiefly from Yorkshire, or their descendants. They are in general good farmers and attend chiefly to husbandry. Indian corn is but little cultivated in this county, the climate being too cool and temperate for that plant to tJirive well ; but wheat, oats, potan toes, &c. flourish here in great perfection. This is the finest part of the Province for stock; from the extensive tracts of salt marsh which lie in thim county, many thousand acres of 53 which are dyked and produce abundant crops. Butter and cheese are made and exported from this county in large quanti- ties. T|ie cattle are superior to any in the country from tho great attention that has been paid by the inhabitants to crossing and improving the breed. During the American war nine hun- dred head of cattle, and eight hundred firkins of butter, wera sent from this county to Halifax, and other places in one year^ and although the demand has fallen off since the peace, ther<| are still large droves taken from Cumberland to Halifax, and St. John — and likewise large quantities of butter and cheese. The tides at the head ot the Bay rise to a great height. They come in with successive swells of the water called the Boar, which at spring tides roll in vith amazing velocity in waves about three feet perpendicular. The noise of the Boar is heard a great distance, and animals immediately take to the highland, and manifest visible signs of terror if near it The spring tides at Cape Chignecto, Cape Enrage, and Cumberland bason, are from tbrty-five to fifty-five feet. Comm«p tides at Cape Chig-* necto, thirty-six feet ; at Cape Enrage, forty feet ; at Fort Cum- berland, forty-five ; and at Bay Verte, from eight to ten fee* perpendicular. The shores from Cape Chignecto and Martin's Head to the JogginS) or land of Grindstones, are high, bold and rocky. On other parts of the coast they are not so elevated, but abound in most places with valuable stones of different kinds, fit for build- ing and other purposes. Great quantities of Grindstones are* made in this county, and furnish a valuable article for exprnr-' tation. Nearly twenty thousand were formerly exported front- this place annually, to the United States^ and other places, but til is branch of trade has fallen off considerably of late years. Fort Cumberland formerly called Beau-.staeiuiii', is situated on the Missaguash river in this county. It was the first posfr fortified by the French in this Province, and was for a long' while » great annoyance to the English settlers, till it was taken! by Colonel Monckton, in 1755, who placed a British Garri-^ son in it. The works are at present much decayed, a few sol" diers are however still stationed in it. The several parishes in this county are in a flourishing, sfcate. Some of them have neat places of worship ^ith stated Ministersii and others are visited occasionally. Westmorlandin general, iy well settled, with a substantial yeomanry, and although it does^ xjot make such a figure in a bustling trade as some of the othec< eounties; it':* silently enriching itself with the slow but sure re*' turns of Agriculture, and fiist rising into importance. The rivers in this county are the Peticodiac, Memraincbok^ and Missaguash with several otlier streams which run' a consi^ ^1 Ji iH ,1 S. /■■■ 56 derable distance into the country. Some of them are well set- tled along their banks. The main road from Saint John to Cumberland follows the Peticodiac nearly throughout its whole course. There are no sea-ports in this county of consequence. Dor- chester has but little trade, and Chediac is near the lines in Northumberland, although the river runs into this county and facilitates the export of its produce. SECTION VIII. NORTHUMBERLAND Joins Westmorland on the southward, and is bounded castwardly by the Gulph of Saint Lawrence, and Bay of Cha- leur. On the northwestward by the Bay of Chaleur to the ri- ver Ristigouche, and westwardly by a continuation of the western boundary line of Westmorland. The population of this county amounts to fifteen thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine. This extensive county lies along the Gulph of Saint Law- rence having a great extent of sea-coast. It includes several large bays and rivers, and comprises more than one third of the Province. It contains the following Parishes : — Newcas- tle, Chatham, Ludlow, Northesk, Alnwick, Carleton, Beres- ford, Glenelg, Saumarez, Wellington, and Nelson. It is a great lumbering county, and furnishes more squared timber an- nually than the whole Province besides : The pine is of the best quality, and found in immense quantities along the numerous streams and rivers with which this part of the country abounds. The lumber shipped from this county generally commands a better price in the British market than from any other part of the Province. The principal port for shipping is Miramichi, which is crowded with vessels during the summer and autumn. The river has two main branches called the northwest and southwest. Vessels load in difterent parts of the river, and rafts are brought to the shipping with the greatest ease. Ship- ping go up the river as far as 1 raser's Island for cargoes and farther on the northwest, where there are several trading esta- blishments. Newcastle is a considerable place for loading, and although it may be considered the county town, has nothing particular. About two miles below this place there is a trading establishment belonging to Mr. Abrahams, and two miles far- ther down is the establishment of Rankin, & Co. Indeed- ar wherever there is a convenient cove, vessels lay and load. Chatham four miles below Newcastle on the opposite side of the river, is also a rcnsiderable shipping place. It has a Church with several fine stores and buildmgs. There are but tew places along the entrance of this river but what are convenient for shipping. Upwards of three hundred sail load annually at Miramichi. The timber is paid for part in specie, and part in British and West-India^oods and provisions. A stranger would naturally suppose, that such a trade must produce great riches to the country ; and that great and rapid improvements would be made. That large towns would be built — that the fair produce of such a trade would be seen in commodious and elegant houses, extensire stores and mercan- tile conveniences, in public buildings for ornament and utility, good roads and improved seats in the vicinity of the sea-ports, with Churches, Kirks, Chapels, &c. : All these with many other expectations would be but a matter of course. But here he would not only be disappointed, but astonished at the rugged and uncouth appearance of most part of this extensive county. There is not even a place that can claim the name of a town. The wealth that has come into it, has passed as through a thoroughfare to the United States, to pay for labour or cattle. The persons principally engaged in shipping the timber have been strangers who have taken no interest in the welfare of the country; but have merely occupied a spot to make what they could in the shortest possible time. Some of these have done well, and others have had to quit the trade : but whether they won or lost the capital of the country has been wasted, and no improve- ment of any ccmsequence made to compensate for it, or to secure ' a source of trade to the inhabitants, when the lumber shall fail. Instead of seeing towns built, farms improved, and the country cleared and stocked with the reasonable returns of so great a trade ; the forests are stripped and nothing left in prospect, but the gloomy apprehension when the timber is gone, of sinking in- to insignificance and poverty. Formerly the woods swarmed with American adventurers who cut as they pleased. These men seeing the advantages that was given them, and wishing to make the most of their time, cut few but prime trees, and ma- nufactured only the best part of what they felled, leaving the tops to rot : by this mode more than a third of the timber was lost. This with their practice of leaving what was not of the best quality after the trees were felled, has destroyed hundreds of thousands of ^ons of good timber : And when this was stop- ped by permitting none but British subjects and freeholders to obtain licences, the business was not much mended as any per- son wishing to enter into the trade could, by purchasing a* small i.t ii •1 58 sterile spot for a small (rifle (provided he was a British subject) get in the way of monopolizing the woods. These are some of the causes that have and still do operate against the prosperity of tlie country. Men who take no interest in the welfare of the province, continue to sap and prey on its resources. The other sea-ports in this county are Saint Peters, Richi- bucto, and Ristigouche, at which places there is a considerable trade carried on in squared timber, &c. but they have nothing of consequence to merit a particular description. Besides the Miramicni already described, this county is watered by several considerable rivers, the principal of which is the Ristigouche^ which falls into the Biay of Chaleur, and communicates by a short portage with grand river which falls into the Saint John 6fteen miles above the great falls. The smaller rivera are numerous, some of them have settlements along their banks and others are but little known. The inhabitants are a mixture of Europeans and Americans. A number of the descendants of the French neutrals are settled in this county, particularly oa the river Cocagne where there are several villages with Catholic Chapels : they are also settled at Buctouche, Richibucto and along the sea-board as far as the Bay of Chaleur. They are generally agriculturalists and quiet orderly settlers. Having thus gone briefly through the different counties^ t shall conclude this chapter with a statement of the distances of the principal points on the GREAT ROAD of communication from Saint John to Quebec. From From F From Thence t To the /mourKska, Thenpe to Quebec, / \ to Frederic tton to the PresqiJi e-lsle to Grand F^ e Madawaska Falls. Des Caps near Isle, lileson the«astern side of the riv^ei^id p^on/)j^ the weijlcrn. .Crr 4521 2 making in the whole a distance of four hundred and fifty two and a halfmiles from the sea-board to Quebec, according to thepre-» sent routes ; nearly two thirds of which is along the great riveif St. John. ^ The great road of communication between this Province and Canada, has been much neglected, particularly about the Grand Falls where the road has been but lately cut and is but little im- proved, although this has been the route for the couriers up- wards of forty years • but as the attention of Government is now turned to that object it is probable there will soon be an alteration lor the better. In o])enin^ new roads there is not sufficient pains taken to explore the best ground in commencing. Frequently after the roads are considerably improved, and much money expended, better routes are discovered and most parts of the old road are abandoned. To remedy this where the road runs along the course of a river it would be advisable to explore the country some distance back, for as the banks of the rivers are in many* places very high the streams that run into them indent the country and form hollows and hills near their exit that are near- ly impassable ; when by going a little back the land falls and their banks have a gradual slope over which a good rond may be matle with ease. This altl»ough not a general rule, will hold good in most parts of the country. 1 1 CHAP. VI. Si ate of Learning,— <-Trade^ — Revenue. — Remarks on the Lum* ber bminess. — Population.--^Militia, 3. HE state of learning in this Province is very flourishing at present compared to what it was a few years ago. When the country was first settled tlie opportunities of obtaining a liberal education were small and confined to a few. From this cause many persons who occasionally fill important stations in the se- veral counties, are found very deficient in learning, but this from the many provisions lately made will cease in a few years, and men will always be found to till all public offices, with learning sufficient to enable them to discharge their several duties with credit to themselves and advantage to the public. Besides the College of New-Brunswick incorporated by charter, there are Grammar Schools established in several coun- ties which are liberally supported. By the bounty of the Legis- lature, twenty pounds per annum is allowed to be drawn out of the Province Treasury for every Parish where a School-HtMise is provided, and the sum of thirty pounds raised by the iuha- bitonts, to enable them to employ good and sufficient teachers, and this bounty extends to three schools in each Parish. By this liberal public provision schooling is brought to the doors-of most of the inhubilauts, wlio wiiiexejct themselves to partake of the public benefit. li! 60 \ , The College of New-Brunswick is established at Fredericton and endowed with a block of land containing nearly six thou« sand acres adjoining the town plot. The Governor and Trustees of this College having surren- dered their charter to the King, and petitioned to have the Esta- blishment put on a more -enlarged tooting ; their petition was graciously received and a new charter granted, bearing date the eighteenth of November, one thousand eight hundred and twen- ty-three. A grant of a sum of money was at the same time made to the College out of the royal revenues in this Province, to enable the Corporation to erect a suitable building for the President, Professors and Students ; and to procure a Library, and Philosophical apparatus for the same. The Legislature of the Province has likewise granted a liberal sum for the same purpose ; 4n consequence of which a building on a liberal scale, is to be immediately erected on a conspicuous part of the rising ground adjoining the town. -^ ' \ A\n The most general seminary for the education of the bulk of the population is the Madras School. The Lieutenant-Go- vernor and a number of the first characters in the Province, have the management of this seminary, which is incorporated by the name of " The Governor and Trustees of the Madras School in New-Brunswick." As most of the Parish Schools in the Pro- vince are on the Madras system of education, and under ihe direction of the corporation, I shall close this short sketch of the state of learning in this Province with a statement of that institution copied from the last report. State of the Madras School in New- Brunswick, in July, 1824, viz. Saint John, in daily attendance 197 — total entered 1222 Carleton, » 96 >» 143 Fredericton, n 60 >» 79 Douglas, a 22 91 45 Queensborough, »> 45 St. Andrews, )) 94 }) 156 Grand Manan, ,} 42 89 Grand Harbour, a »» North Head, n 40 „ 76 Westcock, n 45 ), 118 Sackville, „ 40 Shediac, »> 80 )) 63 Peticodiac, M 45 }) SO Kingston, 113 Springfield, N 24 n 81 Gage Town, ' N 25 »i 117 Sussex Vale, n 88 » 114 {W»«iFr^^ 81 Kewcastle, Noi'thesk, Chatham, Hampton, Norton, MuugerviIIe> ,» „ middle district, Fort Cumberland, Point Debute, Jolicure, St. Georges, Woodstock, middle \ district, j tipper District, Dow's District, Wakefield, middle") district, J Lower district, Northampton, Military Settlement 1 No. 1,/ No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, Scotch Settlement, J) )» »» » 99 99 )) J» 19 19 11 reported last year... SO »» 166 42 »» 66 40 i> 51 26 ») 75 »» 60 28 It 52 »» 39 49 }9 105 58 W 62 88 >t 50 88 »• 78 86 w 135 85 ft 76 t* 36 81 f> 90 81 *» 86 » 85 88 »> 140 86 » 131 84 »» 159 84 19 116 80 19 36 In Fred July erict , 1824^ on, as -.4,379 Total_4,736 In July, 1823-^,396 Increase during the year— 1,340 The trade of Ne\r-Brunswick maybe comprised under the the following heads : EXPORTS TO THE WEST-INDIES. Boards, shingles, fish, and small articles. The principal re- turn for which is rum, sugar, molasses, &c. EXPORTS TO GREAT-BRITAIN. Squared timber, masts, spars, oars, lathwood, deals, furs, &c. Ship-building forms also a considerable branch of trade at pre- sent. Some of which are built by contract for merchouts in M :i m ^% /tA^'^-C 4' Great-Britain, and others are built and loaded by mercbanls in the Province, and either employed by them in the exporta- tion of lumber, or sold in Britain. The returns tor this trade are British merchandise, and specie. There was formerly a considerable trade carried on with the United States in gypsum, grindstones, smoked salmon, &c. and for a short period in the productions of the West-Indies from the free port of St. John, (as well as from Halifax in Nova- Scotia.) But the trade in West-India produce is now totally at an end, and the other branches much tiiUen oiF, so that most of the flour, corn, and bread stuffs imported from thence is paid for in specie, which is a great drain for the cash of the Pro- vince : for there are nearly sixty thousand barrels of wheat and rye flour, and from sixty-five to seventy thousand bushels of in- diian corn, imported annually, besides corn meal, bread, &c. The amount of imports in 1 824 was five hundred and four- teen thousand five hundred and fifty-seven pounds sterling, an4 the exports in the same year five hundred ? 1 twenty-six thou- sand nhie hundred and twenty-lhree, aad ti.;^ exports from the port of St. Andrews, which amounted to about one hundred thousand pounds, besides several vessels built at St. Peters, and other places not in the above statement. The gross amount of the revenue collected at the different ports in the Province, in 1824 was forty-four thousand six hundred and seventy pounds two shillings and sixpence, New-Brunswick currency. This when the population of die Country is considered, speaks much for the trade and resources of the Province. As squared timber is the great staple of this trade, I shall set down the number of tons exported yearly at three different pe- riods, from which the reader may forui a pretty correct idea of the quantity usually shipped in a year. In 1819 the quantity was 247,394 Tons. In 1822 266,450 Do. In 1824 321,211 Do. The above is the total amount from all the Ports in New- Brunswick. The following statement will shew the total amount of ex- ports and iniports of every description in the year 1824. 63 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. PORT OF SAINT JOHN, NEW-BRUNSWICK. An account of the total number of Ships and Vessels that hdVe entered iniaards at this Port atid the Out-Bays xvithin the dis- trict thereof, in the year 1824, with their Tonnage, number of Men, and the quantity of Goods imported in the same Vessels, together "with the value of said Goods in Sterling Money. — Ex- clusive of Coasters. SAINT JOHN. 432 Vessels— 94,248 Tons— 4,192 Men. Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 32,r>\2 Coal, chaMrons, 3,703 Oak and Locust Wood, M. feet, 62 Onions, Seeds, Apples, &c. bbls. 3,016 Staves, M. *6 Shingles, M. St Iron And Copper, tons, 2,ld4 Hides, number, 7,724 Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons, 192 Bricks, M. 2i Stone Ware, pieces, Cotton Wool, bales, Slutes, M. Oats, bushels, Barley, bushels. Wheat, bushels. Tallow, hogsheads. Wood Hoops, number. Packages of British Merchan- disc, inchuling cotton, silk and woollen Goods, Sail Cloth, Ironmongery, Sic. MIRAMICHI. 32T Vessels— 94,601 Tons— 4,274 Men. Bread, ditto. 1,U88 Corn, bushels. 37,917 Meal, barrels. 3,448 Rice, cwts. 1,097 Beef and Pork, barrels. 4,719 Sheep, number. 26 Horses, ditto, 3 Peas and Beans, bushels. 1,145 Wine, gallons, 14,772 Brandy and Gin, gallons. 29,082 Kum, gallons, 310,879 Molasses, gallons. 110,579 Coffee, cwts. 248 Pimento, lbs. 9,742 Sugar, cwts. 2,988 Pah, tons. 4,G73 Naval Stores, barrels. 2,254 Tobacco, cwts. 1,334 Tea, chests, 1,415 Cordage, coils. 9,406 22,113 134 95 9,863 1,452 5,418 67 2.400 24,686 Wheat Flour, barrels, 17,285 Naval Stores, barrels. 21iri Bread, barrels. 1,003 Tobacco, cwts. 727 Corn, bushels. 17,262 Tea, chests. 280 Meal, barrels. 11,598 Cordage, coils. 1,144 Rice cwt«. 160 Coal, chaldrons. 1,003 Beef and Pork, barrels, 6,016 Onions, Seeds, Apples, Nuts, See. Peas and Beans, barrels. 1,204 Barrels, 710 Wine, gallons, 6,493 Iron and Copper, tons 125 Brand; and Gin, gallons. 23,533 Hides, number. 94 Rum, gallons. 86,977 Mahogany, Logwood, &c. tons, 42 Molasses, gallons, 23,r.33 Bricks, M. 82 Coffee, cwts. 126 Stone Ware, pieces, 60,300 Pimento, lbs. 224 Slates, M. 34 Sugar, cwts. 2,462 Barley, bushels, British Merchandise, | 200 Salt, tons, 410 packages, 3,600 4 ■i 64 SAINT PETERS. 83 Vessels— 6,143 Tons— 802 Men, Whent Flnnr, barrel*, 184 BreHtl, ditto, 3* Kice, cwt. 16 Beef and Pork, barrels, 130 Wine, gallons, 61 Brandy and Gin, galloQS| 1,078 Bunt, gallons, 2,596 Molatses, galloni, 1,675 Su|;arf cwti, 48 Salt, tons. Naval Stores, barreli* Tobacco, cwts. Tea, chests. Cordage, coils, Coal, chaldrons. Iron and Copper, tons, British Merchandise, ^)ackage«. 950 10 13 4 67 24 85 H9 RICHIBUCTO. 86 Vessels— 17,490 Tons— 830 Men, Wheat Flour, barrelsj 889 Sugar, ditto. 90f Bread, ditto. S83 Salt, tons, 080 Meal, ditto. 631 Naval Stores, barrels, 39 Beef and Pork, barrels. 493 Tobacco, cwts. 29 Peas and Beans, bushels, 135 Tea, chests, 86 Wine, gallons. 968 Cordage, coils. $6 Brandy and Gin, gallons. S,581 Coal, chaldrons, 125 Bum, gallons, 10,821 Iron and Copper, tons, 25 Molasties, gallons, 6,967 British Merchandise, packages, I,32« Coffee, cwts. 15 SHEDIAC. 19 Vessels— 4,018 Tons— 208 Men. Wheat Flour, barrels. Bread, barrels, Beef and Pork, barrels. Brandy and Gin, gallons, Bum, gallons. Molasses, gallons, Sugar, cwts. 7 Salt, tons, 60 Naval Stores, barrels, 29 Tobacco, cwt. )20 Cordage, coils, 20 Coal, chaldrons, 105 Iron and Copper, tons, 9 British Merchandise, packages. 180 17 11 23 7 2S 17Q RESTIGOUCHE. 13 Vessels— 2,226 Tons— 118 Men, Bread, barrels. 5 Salt tons. 59 Beef and Pork, barrels. 7 Naval Stores, barrels. 5 Poas and Be.«ns, bushels. 14 Cordage, coils, 33 Rum, gallont. 972 (^oal, chaldrons. 6 Molasses, gallons. 1,010 Iron and Copper, tons. 6 Siiiiar, cwts. 3 Stone Ware, pieces. 3,000 Oats, bushels, 40 British Merchandise, pack ages, 50 DORCHESTER. 4 Vessels— 841 Tons— 37 Men. Total value of Goods,. i^1W(l»WWW*WW1»WWWSW« W WWI*#W» ,.nKi£5 14,557, sterling. 65 850 10 13 4 67 24 85 H9 180 17 II 23 7 ?a 176 CLEARED OUTWARDS. SAINT JOHN. 417 Vessels— 102,300 Tons— 4,198 Men. Timber, tons, 114,116 Pine Board and Plank, M. feet, 1 1 ,634 Staves, M, 1,923 Shingles, M. 491 Masts and Spars, 1,918 Oars and Oar Raftprs, 2,103 Handspikes, number, 595 Hogshead Shooks, 4,461 Lath wood, cords, 1,435 Dry Fish, quintals, 15,10^ Pickled Fish, barrels, 9,868 Smoaked Herrings, boxct| 6,961 Fish Oil, barrels, 168 Gypsum, tons, 5,183 Grindstones, number, 6,013 gait Meat, barrels, 90 Potatoes, bushels, 710 Plour, barrels, 832 Bread do. 140 Rice, cwts. 23 Rum, gallons, 45,870 Molasses, dn, 525 Pimento, lbs. 5,442 Sugar, cwts. 166 Naval Stores, barrels, 271 Tobacco, cwts. 371 Coal, tons, 749 Mahogany & Camwood, &c. tons, 17 Apples, Oniunii, &c. barrels, 330 Smoaked Salmon, number, 3,662 Ox Horns, hogsheads, 20 Old Copper, tons, 2S Salt, tons, 245 Hogsheads of Furs, J 5 Corn Meal, barrels, 50 MIRAMICHI. 331 Vessels— 94,800 Tons— 4341 Men. Dry Fish, quintals. Pickled Fish, barrels, Smoaked Herrings, boxes, Floi", barrels. Bread, do. Rum, gallons, Naval Stores, barrels. Tobacco, cwts. Timber, tons, 141,384 Pine Boards and Plank, M. Teet, 1,256 Staves, M. 304 Shingles, M. 8 Masts and Spars, 1400 Oars and Oar Rafters, 702 HandHpikes, number, 888 i( feet, 2 Handspikes, number, 374 Masts and Spars, 5 Lathwood, cords, 29^ Value of Exports, ,.>^w.>.^.^ ciC362,043, sterling. N. B. To the value of exports may be added the following Sliips and Vessels built and registered at this Port within the year 1824-, by persons resident in this Province, either for proprietors in the United Kingdom, or sent there for sale, as remittances for British Merchandise, or for owners here, car* rying on the Timber Trade. 60 Shipsand Vessels, measuring 16,488 tons, at ^10^i£ 164,880 Total,, ,^£5^6,923 PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS, An Account of the total number of Vessels^ their Tonnage, nuni' ber of Men, with the guantitj/ and gualifj/ of their Cargoes, entered at the Port qfSt.jindrews in the Year 1821, ending the 5th Janua)-i/y 1825, 156 Vessels— 29,687 Tons— 1,406 Men. Rum, gallons, 104,259 Canvas, bolts, Wines from Madeira, pipes, 36 Cordage, coils. Ditto, Hogsheads, 46 Ditto Quarter Casks, 38 Ditto Half Quarter Casks, 10 Molasses, gallons, 20,768 Gin and Brandy, gallons, 1,391 Wine from Great-Britain,galls. 1,476 Brown Sugar, cwt. 640 Shrub, casks, 6 Coffee, barrels and bags, 68 Tobacco, hogsheads, 4 Bricks, M. 60 Naval Stores, barrels, 327 Oak Staves, M. 120^ Wheat and Rye Flour, bbU. 5,73-4 Biscuit, barrels, 727 Rice, casks and bags, 43 Corn, Meal and Grain, bushels, 12,100 Peas & Beans, & Hyc (iriun, bu». 370 Boards and Plank, M, feet. «* Made Sails, sets, Soap and Candles, boxes. Beer and Porter, barrels, Nails and Wrought Iron, kegs. Ship Chandlery, packagos. Beef and Pork, barrels. Coals, chaldrons, Paint, kegs. Tea, chests. Chain Cables, Glass, boxes, Sic, Pieces of £art hcnware&Cast Iron, 873 Cotton Wool, bales, 22 Mahogany, logs, 1 1 Green Hides 303 Linseed Oil, casks, 4 Pimento, bags and casks, 8 Logwood, tons, 1 Tobacco Pii)es, boxes, 25 159 831 3 3-,i3 lis im 13 57 ai4 439 47 10 120 Wood and Timber, fust, 22,750 Copper Bolts, cwt r. SI IS 67 Fniif, barrels, 1,090 Horses, number of Khcep, number of 200 Piano Fortes, IVlercliandize, packages, 685 Carriages, Suit, tons. 1,998 Horned Cattle, Iron, tons, 68 Furs, bales and boxes, Earthenware, crate*. 105 29 I 1 679 3 t \ I '. I PORT OF SAINT ANDREWS. EXPORTS. 175 Vessels— 33,493 Tons— 1,543 Men. 192 Plaster Paris Vessels— 13,040 Tons— 657 Men. Birch and Pine Timber, tons, 26,975 Fruit, Onions and Potatoes, bbls. 1?G hoauh and Plank, M. i'eet, b,386 Cod Fi^h, quintals, 10,540 Shingles, M. 2,H2 Lathwood, cords, 763 8parg, number, 1,559 Small Pules, number, 1,542 Sawed Laths, bundles, 172 Oars, Oar Rartets& Handspikes, 1,093 Oak, Ash and Spruce Staves, M. 284 Ship Knees, 50 Naval Stores, barrels, 234 Cotton Wool, bales, 22 pickled Fish, barrels, 8,132 Smoked Herrings, boxes, 1,067 Beef and Poi*k, barrels and kits, 69 Oil, barrels, 69 Rum, puncheons, 285 Sugar, barrels, 10 Coffee, biirrt'ls and bags, 7 N. B. Vinegar, barrets, 40 N. B. Gin, barrels, 37 Salt, tuns, 45 Iron, tons, 12 Birch, M. 35 Calf Skins and Sides Leather, no. 48 Soap and Candles, boxes, 1,212 Butter, urkins, 2 Tobacco, hogsheads, 6 Smoked Tobacco, hogsheads, 21 Merchandize, packages, 22 Wines, pipes, 26 Ditto hogsheads, 33 Ditto quarter casks, 27 Ditto half quarter casks, 1 Wheat and Rye Flour, bbls. 2,839 Bread and Biscuit, barrels, 88 Rice, casks and barrels, 22 'udiun Corn and Meal, bushels, 2,482 Peas and Beans, bushels. 22 Plaster of Paris, tons, 15,576 The Articles of Exports the Production of this Province and the Fisheries, are considered when Shipped, worth the follow- ing values, viz : Pine and Birch Timber, 20s. sterling per Ton. Lumber and Plank, 40s. per M. Shingles, 12s. 6d. per M. Lathwood, 20s. icr Cord. Spars, $ii. ' Lach. Small Poles, 2s. 6d. Each. Oars and Oar Rafters, 5s. per pair. Staves, 60s. per M. Dry Fish, 12s. 6d. per (juintal. Pic-kled Fish, 20s. per barrel. Smoked Herrings, 3s. per box. Oil, 80s. per barrel. Plaster Paris, 10s. per ton. I The whole value of the above Exports may be about jfilOOjOOO, 6a ' i From the foregoing statement it plainly appears that chief of the export trade of this Province consists of timber, which is its natural stock or capital ; and as there are many articles taken in exchange from the mother country, which are indespensibly recei^ary to the inhabitants of this Province ; it points out the necessity of paying strict attention to its preservation. In this Country there is no article, or articles, that can in any degree furnish exports equal to the pine, which is manufactured in the simplest manner, and got to market with but little trouble* So simply is the process that most settlers who have the use of the axe can manufacture it t vhe woot's furnishing a sort of simple jnanufactory for the inhabitunts, ^rom which, after attending to their farms, in the summer, they can draw returns during the winter lor those supplies which are necessary for the com- fort of their families. This being the case, the preservation of our forests becomes of prime importance to the prosperity of the Province. The evils that must arise to the Province, by allowing the timber to be monopolized and hastily cut off' are many. The timber standihg in the Country, particularly on the Crown Lands, may be considered as so m'^.ch ca})ital or stock, to secure a permanent trade, and promote the solid improve- ment of the Country. Most of the lands in this Province where pine is found are intermixed with other timber, and although the precise spots on which the pine grows, are unfit for Agricul- ture, without nmch labour ; yet there are most always spots ad- joining, where a settler may cultivate with success : so that in a lot of two or three hundred acres, their is generally enough for tillage, and a man settling on such laid could always choose his spot for farming, and keep his timber to cut at his leisure. His pine so reserved would as long as it lasted serve him as a re- source, from whence, after attending to his fanning in the sum- mer, he could draw returns during the winter, for such supplies as would be necessary for his family, and for improving his farm. To make this more evident, we will suppose a man settling on a wilderness lot — like most settlers he has but little save his own labour — perhaps he has a small family — he commences with cutting down a small spot, and erecting a hut — say in the sum- mer or fall — he then moves on his family, and looks round for sustenance till he can raise his first crop — in doing this his funds are exhausted, and he wants by his own labour to reple- nish them during the winter, and provide a few implements of husbandry, and nails, &c. for building a barn — now supposing his lot to be back from the river, and at a distance from old set- tlements where labour is wanted — what does he do? — why he re- sorts to his pine — to the simple maautactory before noticed, and 69 ftiak^s a few tons, say ti^dntjf, thirty, forty, ot fifty, accor^^ing'to bis ability — carefully cutting the under brush and timber, 8d as to put his hmd where he is working in a lair train for clear- ing — this timber he probably gets hauled to the water on shares, if he is very poor and has no learn ; the returns for which the next spring, furnishes him with supplies, and enables him to continue on his land and prosecute his farming. If he cannot do without the return of his timber till spring, he applies to a merchant, who if the man is of good fame, advances him such articles as may be particularly necessary for his family. This enables him to find labour on his own lot, and stay with his family : whereas if he has no such resource, he must leave his home, and go to a dis- tance from his fanuly, seeking labour ; and probably they n)ay be so circumstanced as not to l)e left safely alone, and he has to take them with him, which breaks up his tuniily and pre- vents him from settling. If a number of families commence a settlement together, v/here the timber has not been destroyed, but where a fair proportion is still growing on the land, they exchange labour with each other, and by their joint exertions, manufacture and transport their own luml)er to market. In this way they are enabled from year to year to prosecute their settlement and pay for their grants : the timber answering as a first crop fully grown, and a resource to make returns for necessaries. — By this method, as the pine disappears, houses and barns will rise in its place, and the country, instead of a barren waste, will exhibit flourishing settlements, peopled with a race who will know the value of their improvements ; and feel their interest identified with the country : and whose attachment to the Government will increase with their growing possessions. Their children, raised on the soil, from the strong principles of early association, will feel that interest in the welfare of the country, that no transient ad- vantage can produce ; and grow up an ornament and strength to the Province. On the contrary, if the lumber is cut off by mere speculators, tl>e land will be left in an impoverished state, much valuable timber will be wantonly destroyed, and the places from whence the timber is taken will be left an uncultivated waste ; settlers will neither have the incUnation or ability to occupy them. While the major part of the men employed in getting the lumber for the merchants, instead of making a com- fortable provision for thek families, will wear out the prime of their days without making any permanent estabUshment ; and keep their families shifting about the country like vagrants. Their children, for the want of employment, and the dn'ection of their fathers, brought up in idleness — their education and morals neglected, and bad habits acquired, v^ill be the reverse K i f ¥ ^l . 70 of those before noticed : and many of them will become a vagrant race, unconcerned or uninterested in the welfare of the country, and in many instances a nuisance to it. While their parents, afler they get unfit for the business, will be turned off in debt. In short, it will be the most direct way to prevent the settle- ment of the back lands, and to produce (what is the bane of all countries) a race of inhabitants who have no interest in the soil or welfare of the Province. Statement of the expenses on one thousand tons of pine tim- ber, manufactured on the Wabskahagan, a branch of the river Tobique : — The Secretary's, Governor's, and Survey* or General's fees of office, including the charge for writing petition, - - 110 Duty on 1000 tons, at Is 50 Less by am't included in tees, &c. 15 48 15 Incidental expenses to the applicant, - 15 Surveyor's fees for measuring the timber birth, ---.•TOO Expenses for axemen and chainmen, - 5 10 ^ Travelling expenses thence and back, five hundred miles, .--....800 Ten men at ^5 per month, and an over. seer at ^£"10, say for six months, . S60 Six yoke of oxen, at ^30 per yoke, - 180 One pair draught horses, - •■ - . 50 One boat, sail, and geer, . - - . 36 Two canoes with paddles, - - - - 6 Sleds, chains, harness, &c. - ... 27 10 Eleven mens' provisions for six months, at 85s. per head, per month, . - 274 10 Ha}^ for oxen, &c. 30 tons, at <£10, . 300 G Grain for ditto, ------- 25 00 71 10 Total expense on one thousand tons of timber, at the brow ready for rafting- 1259 Expense of rafting, anchors, cables, ropes, &c. j£l3B0 50 10 j£1380 10 Deduct for articles that may be useful another season, viz — Oxen, Horses, Boat, tackle, &c. - - 214 Canoes,sleds, harness, anchors, &C.&C. 50 264 9 Total amount of expenses,«w^l 116 10 tmm^'- [rant itry, ents, debt. »ttle- iie of 1 the tim- river 10 10 10 , VIZ — 9 71 From the foregoing statement (admitting it tb be near the truth) it appears that the expenses on one thousand tons of timber got on the river Tobique, amounts to jf 1116 : 10 : — to which is to be added the expense and risk of taking it down to Saint John, a distance of about two hundred and fifty miles— • the loss by casualties on a rapid river, where men and teams frequently break through the ice, and are swept away by the velocity of the current When all the above expenses are de- ducted from the returns of the timber, it will leave but a little for those who carry on the business, and very often involves them in inextricable difficulties. The preceding statement points out the necessity of adopting a more prudent system in conducting the timber business. Not to push the trade to such an extent — to retrench the expenses, by raising the heavy parts of the supplies near the timber dis- tricts ; and to follow up the timber trade with the improvement of the country and cultivation of the soil. Another great drawback to the prosperity of the Province is the great consumption of ardent liquors — partly occasioned by the present mode of conducting the timber business. The amount of spiritous liquors imported and consumed in tlie Province in 1824, at the least calculation was j£120,000, exclusive of the County of Charlotte ; and add to this amount the cost of the transport of the liquor to tlie interior and the enormous charges on the article in the distant parts of the Pro- vince, the cost to the consumer may be fairly reckoned at treble the amount, making in the whole the gross sum of j8360,000 for ardent liquors alone, consumed by the inhabit- ants of the Province, being near twenty gallons on an average for every male over sixteen years of age. The number of inhabitants in this Province, according to the census of last year, is seventy-four thousand one hundred and seventy-six — besides the large settlement of Madawaska and the parish of West Isles ; and as it is probable the numbers in the different parishes are taken in some instances under the real amount, the whole population may be fairly rated in round numbers at eighty thousand. The subjoined statement will shew the population of the different counties and parishes in 1824: 1 10 O 73 jpopulattoti of tiie l^tobitue of Ktio-Hrun0lni(it, 1 1 IN THE YEAR 1824. Whites. ales. I'eo 1-. ■ ■ ■■=== pie ot'( oloiif. y Male*. Fein .via les. f'eni H|l"< ■^^' s 'so -^ w 2 •> 4> I. il 3 "5 O ■^ o -3 o -3 3 o Z ■- ■^ J3 S Ji C ^ O < D < 5 < £3 < t3 .^1 rrrccleiicton. o-iy. dj2 470 39-^ 29 21 34 26 1849 Saint Miiry, 2ay ■/U 210 22u 7 b li 6 972 D.>iig!iU, 3(iJ 340 28 y 300 IQ 18 16 16 1367 Kingselear, . 220 173 19( 16^ 15 28 22 23 832 •§ J Queeii>l)iiiy, 20.. 172 141i 163 10 6 6 i:> 716 U^ 1 riiioe V\'iiliam, . 1^9 142 117 110 ^ 3 2 3 643 Xortlianijifon, 182 130 13o 123 oGH Wootisfock, 2iit 181 180 179 1 2 816 Wakefield. 21'. 270 26 < 246 1 1 1010 ^Kcnt, 64o 5i^<> 46'. 69. 2 2297 J rCity of St. John, . ^ i oiiland, Ibt district, .^ -^ Fortlund, 2(1 do. ii'ti 1731 vi36l 163. 94 72 I3f 88 4463 02- 3;'i.' 44. 34( 1 1 t' 1 1813 3bG 2-iz 2-if 20. 4v 40 4; 42 1230 •| j Lancaster, . *l L*>««i«t Murtins, 2lb 150 16 161 3b 31 2: 22 793 164 147 13- 1+8 1 583 'Kingston, . 50o 3y6 38. 366 7 5 4 3 1655 Suss^-x, ib, i6i) 41-i 4.33 11 12 7 9 1833 4 Htinipton, . 46-. 3b.i 37o 314 4 7 5 7 1559 .|^ 124 140 133 r 5 9 10 606 Waterboroiigh, . 48i: 646 40,j 44. 1 10 7 10 2023 i Wiekbam, . 300 29 < 230 2i»9 Ji 1, 1100 Hainpstead, 193 18b 164 16o 5 6 4 1; 723 <§ Brunswick, . Do. District But- SO 64 30 39 189 _ ternut Ridge, . 2i 2f- It 2e 100 "St. Andrews, 6o3 46^ 67'i 535: 12 8 13 7 2268 St. Stephen, 518 39;. 397 36^ 3 1 S 1673 St. David, , 278 23o 23( 26s 1005 *"» St. Geo.-ge, 1st district, 2i3 17.; lot 165. 1 1 745 :^ St. George, 2d district, 191 17-j 160 170 701 1^ St. Patrick, 217 2o;, lO-^i 178 762 St. JameK, , 121 IK 10' 107 463 VJ Ptnnfit'ld, . 223 12( 9L 120 2 668 Campo Bello, 167 121 12:: 9.J 1 609 Grand Manan, . 167 17( i Si- 132 1 69« ^VVest Isles, . ..S.J- _ >> 'A \U9 »72 1367 832 T16 i4^ oG« 8i6 1010 ^207 73 POPULATION, &C.— CONTINUED. i#=:^ .... W iiiiu*. i:'.-.) »le ol (Colour. J5 ' » >l.iic->. 1 Feui.ileti. I >1H les. Feinitle". '•J .| Parishes, c w it ■^ w «w '^' 1^ > fc 1 S ll b g i 3 J ~o J •a J3 C .3 w < 3 < < D < D !r^ b^ /" Mnugervillv, 15J> 11;> Hi Vi 4 3 3 3 484 J J SlieffieJd, . 'i~'t 139 18'< 150 5 9 5 7 734 § 1 Burton, 432 29C^ 324 269 4 6 4 3 133S ^ \.Linooln, •iO^ 16'. 14i 15b 1 2 670 'Dorchester, . » 700 748 611 672 8 273? •«• Sackville, . 444 46) 39o 415 6 7 4 7 174 k Westmorland, 216 20b 19> 229 2 13 II 9 883 £ 4 Hillsborough, 281 291 226 344 5 3 1152 Monckton, 85 94 hi 79 2 349 1 Botsford, . 200 21(j lOi 195 1 774 ^ Salisbury, . 171 170 147 177 1 666 ^Hopewell, . . 292 2j6 22i^ 232 IU05 ' "Newcastle, . , 641 326 377 313 1657 Chatham, . 451 290 319 382 1 2 1 1453 Ludlow, lit district, . 407 191 14- 173 913 Ludlow, 2d district, . 286 38 29 37 390 ^B Northesk, 1st district, . 931 10'< 111^ 96 1243 Northesk, 2d district, . 47 60 41^ 52 200 Alnwick, 1st disitrict, . 93 64 44! 54 245 s * Alnwick, 2d. district, . 13i 83 72 80 I 373 ^ Carleton, . Wt 42i^ 370 402 1 I96i fe Beresford, . 32; 294 225 22b 6 3 1 2 1086 i Glenelg, 323 174 175 16;i 1 83$ Saumarez, 1st district, . 29^ 209 201 234 2 2 1 1 949 Sauratirez, 2d district, . 524 44(i 408 450 1828 Wellington, 420| 393 335 406 1 1555 ^Nelson, 574 185 201 lG(i a y 1 1132 ]»?UMBER OF INHABITANTS IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES. Connty of York, County of Saint Jolui, County of Kings, County of Queens, - County of Charlotte, County of Sunbury, - County of Woatmorland, « County of Northumberland, 10,972 12,907 7930 4741 9867 3227 9;J03 15,829 Total in the Province, ^74,17S : \ '! I ■: i i I 74 The enrolled Militia amount to about twelve thousand. They are divided into twenty-three battalions ; the battalions are composed of six, eight, or more coni|7anius, accordinjj to local circumstances. The companies consist of one captain, two subalterns, three sergeants, and sixty rank and file, except flank companies, which are allowed lour sergeants. Where districts are in remote situations, and not sufliciently populous to form two companies, but exceed the number of sixty eflec- tive men, eighty are allowed to be enrolled in one company. They assemble by companies two days in a year for drill ; and by battalions or divisions for muster and inspection, once or oftener, if the Commander-in-Chief thinks it necessary. An Inspecting Field Officer is appointed to inspect the Battalions at tl:r»ir general muster. He visits the different corps succes- sively, and reports to the Connnander-in-Chief. He is paid a certain sum per annum, which is granted yearly by the Legis- lature. The Militia Law is continually undergoing alterations, and has not yet attained to that perfection, that such an impor- tant branch of our provincial constitution requires. The last year two Inspecting Officers were appointed to inspect the two great divisions of tne Province. There are abundant materials to form a good effective Militia in this Province. The youth are in general docile and order- ly, and have a great aptitude to attain the requisite discipline : there are also a number of disbanded soldiers and other jjer- sons acquainted with discipline, scattered through the country ; so that there are few districts, but where there are persons qua- lified to act as drills. The want of arms is indeed a great check to the military spirit, as nothing is more taking to boys when first put to drill, than to have arms ; and although many requisites of discipline, such as marching, wheeling, &c. can be acquired full as well without them ; yet nothing makes a young lad so alert as to have a musket putmto his hands. To get persons to excel in any thing, it is requisite first of all if possible to create an attachment and liking to it ; and to get the youth fully engaged in acquiring martial discipline, it IS a primary object to make it pleasing to them. If therefore the different corps were at their musters to be supplied with arms and a few rounds of cartridges, and taught to skirmish, it would act as the greatest stimulous to the youth, and would soon make an alteration for the better at the trainings ; by making them a recreation and time of amusement : whil'. it would make the Militia familiar with the use of arms — which is at present al- together lost sight of. The writer is well aware that many arms formerly issued to the Militia have been destroyed, and'that this might again hap- 73 pen ; but surely some mctliotl might l)e ndoj)ted to prev L. a CO » -• U -3 S = 5 « .2hJ ■jt = * s d 5 5 7 6 10 10 Total. £ s d 4 1 b 4 1 S 4 1 i- 4 1 8 4 1 8 £ * d 3 7 (j 3 7 6 3 7 6 3 7 (. 3 7 6 t d 13 4 13 4 13 4 13 4 13 4 £ $ d 1 10 10 1 10 1; 1 10 10 1 10 li) 1 \6 K' £ t d 13 4 13 4 1 4 6 1 15 S I 6 10 £ i •2 ■i 2 2 ■I lU £ s d \2 11 8 12 11 8 13 5 4 14- 4 15 2 X 80 On Grants where more tkan one person is concerned, His Ex- cellency has seven shillings )^r hundred acres ; and the public ofHces have half the above-mentioned fees for each additional name, with the exception of the Attorney-General, who has nineteen shillings and two-pence for each additional name. The purchase money (which is a sum of five shillings sterling for every fifty acr^s above two hundred, payable to His Majesty, and called the King's purchase money,) is included in the above scale of fees to the Receiver-General, ^" According to the Royal Instructions, a single man is entitled to one hundred acres of land, with an additional quantity provided he can pro- duce sufi^cient testimonials of his ability to cultivate more. A married man is entitbd te two hndred acres, with an additional quantity on proof of bis abihty to cultivate more: but no more than five hundred acres is allowed to be granted to any person by the Colonial Government. The method of laying out lots in this Province, of a nitcrow front and extending a great distance back, is very iitconvenient to the settler. Being confined to a narrow frcmt when he com- mences clearing, supposing, (which is often the case,) the land 9djoining fx> be unoccupied, he merely makes a lane through the wilderness, not half of which will produce a crop, on ac- count of its being shaded by the adjoining woods : whicu not only exclude the sun, but impoverish the land by drawing the nourishment from the plants to the adjoining trees. To obviate this, and many other inconveniences, it would be far better to lay out settlements, where the face of the country would admit er it^ in square blocks, or parallelograms ; to contain two ran- ges of lots, with roads at proper distances. The fronts of the Jbts to be extended, and their Length contracted The lots to abut on the road ; and extend back one half the depth of the block : — The rear of the lots in one range, abutting on die rear of lots in the next range. Or else, the settlements might be divided into squares and sections, tifter the method adopted by the United States in laying out new s«Ulem4(V acres. The sections are numbered from right |o kh^ and k^ to tight, as ia the following plan : — .1 I 81 six miles long. 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 ,0 15 22 11 12 18 17 16 14 23 13 24 19 20 21 30 29 28 27 24 2& 25 31 32 33 25 36 to a o — < Tlie sections are again subdivided into quarters and half quarters. A quarter section is half a mile square, and contains one hundred and sixty acres. Th« sixteenth section of eaclt township is reserved to maintain schools, and the sections two^ five, twenty, twenty-three, thirty, and thirty-three, are sold in half-quarters. By this method tlie limits of counties and parishes sre accn- rateiy defined; the settlements are every where interspersed witli roads, and each man's field, instead of a narrow strip of irregular figure and uncertain boundary, is a square laying compact and near a road, whose contents are always easily as- certained. The rectangular method of laying out settlement^ cannot always be followed, on account of rivers, &c. which will cause gores and inequalities ; but whenever it can be adopted it offers many advantages. The estates of persons dying intestate are distributed analo- gous to the eusLom of gavelkind in Kent The heir at law of such intestate shall be entitled to and receive a double por> tion or two shares of the real estate left by such intestate, (sav- ing the widow's right of dower.) The remainder to be equally distributed among all the children or their legal represeittatives^ including in the distribution the children of the half blood ; and in case tllere be no children^ to the next of kindred in equal degree, and tlreir reprexeiUatives. Provided dtat chiU dren advanced by settlement, or portions, not equal to the other shares, shall have so much of the surplusage, as shall make the estate of all lo be equal, except the lieir at law, who shall have two shares, or a double portion. , t JJJaVING for reasons stated in the commencement of this Work, given up my first design of adding a brief connected his- tory of the Province, I have i?iserted a few extracts relating to this Country, in an Appendix s as they maybe satisfactory , to the reader, and useful in conveying some knowledge of the early histoi-y of the Country, My reasons for abridging this Descrip- tion I have also stated, and have omitted many particulars ne- cessary in a full description of a Country y such as tables ofAni- mah. Plants, Minerals, Weather, ^c. as I could not obtain the necessary materials, as but little attention has been paid to these subjects by persons quali^ed for the tgsk, I have endeavoured to be as correct in what I have stated as possible, but no doubt many inaccuracies will be discovered, as the information I have collected from different sources is liable to error. But it must be remembered that in a first Work like this many difficulties will occur j and having no tract to guide me, I have frequently wa?ited the necessary it formation, The V' rk, Jumever imperfect, must be useful, as giving thefrst general out' line of the Province, and interesting to evety person who possesses a feeling of interest for his Ofvn preside. In short, persons who strike out a first tract in any thing, may be compared to pioneers wlio trace a road for others to use and improve. Up. M' 8o APPENDIX, No. I. this his- Speech of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor at the meeting of the General Assemblj/, at Fredericton, Februart/ 1, 1825. Mr. President f and Gentlemen of His Majesty's Council^ Mr. Speaker^ and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, X HAVE much satisfaction in meeting the Legislature of New- Brunswick — I am well persuaded that you will continue to pro- mote and support the Interests and Institutions of the Province in a manner that will not fail to receive from me that ready and cordial concurrence which it will be my greatest pleasure to be- stow upon all measures that may be calculated to advance the public good. It affords me great pleasure to have it in my power to con- gratulate you on the very prosperous state of the Provincial Fi- nances. The Revenue of the last exceeds greatly that of any former year, antl yields a large surplus beyond the charges in- curred, within the corresponuing period. Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Assembly, I shall direct the Treasurer's Accounts to be laid before you, I rely upon your making the usual provisions for the Ordinary Services of the Province ; and I am hajjpy to acquaint you that the state of the Treasury is such as to enable you to provide for other objects of public interest and utility, to which your bounty has already been extendi^, and also to promote other impor- tant services which I shall hereafter bring before you. Mr. President, and GejiHemen of His Majesty's Cou7icil, Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the Home of Assembly, Watching assiduously over the Public Intcresls, I shall have to submit to you, by Message, various measures which it will be necessary to bring under your consideration in the course of tli'» Session, but whiUt I reserve matters of detail for that mode of communication, important considerations and general views, v.hich require to be fully and forcibly put to tlie Country,, and which could not be properly treated in partial or very concise u n\ form, render it expedient, on this particular occasion, to lay be- fore you such a statement of public affairs, as may embrace, ge- nerally, all interests, and leave nothing in doubt as to our real situation, in the more important branches of our well being. I have great pleasure in stating to you that I find the affairs of the Province to be generally in a very prosperous condition. It will be useful however, to observe closely, how far this pros- perity depends upon adventitious circumstances and in what de- cree it rests upon our own inherent means and resources : for it is necessary to contemplate the condition in whicli the Country might be placed, by alterations in such of her transactions as may be deemed precarious, to feel, with due effect, the necessity, which I earnestly represent, of attending zealously to thu^ie in- ternal resources which are not of that uncertain description. The trade of the Province is, at pi'esent, very active ; but much of that activity depends obviously, upon external circumstances, cai the permanency of wfaidi, it were imprudent to continue to stake so exclusifdy, the well being of the Country. It will be prudent, therefore, to endeavour to open c^nnels by which we may make cnir Commeroe more general, consequently less precarious, and particokuiy to establish aoid improve commercial intercourse with our sister Colonies. Taking from thenif what we require, we may make returns by some important operations of our in- dustry, and particularly by the proceeds of an advantageous ti*ade which this transaction would greatly extend ; contributing thus to each others wants, in a way mutually beneficial : and, in an union ofinterests, promoting and consolidating i^trong and lasting ties. Other channels for commercial operations of very advantage- ous natures invite ns to cultiyate with increased activity, that rich source of wealth (one uf ottr natural advantages) which our Fisheries present ! These, if rendered more productive, wiH afford us great additional facilities in trade w'th the new States of South America : and there are favourable openhigs. in ihe li- beral policy of the present times, which should encourage us te cultivate, l^ every means, commercial intttrcouk-se with those States. By your wit-dom an >' y /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV SJ N> rv c^ "^* '<^ ss tbili^ Hiftfler which it is laid by thfe vast sums '^rhich wie pay fof our food, and irom the very disadvantageous effects which thit produces on the cost d:' labour, and consequently in all branches of our industry. Under ordinary circumstances, the high price occasioned by deficiency in the supply (tfany article in general demand, ope* rating as a premium upon increased production, has a direct and Natural tendency to remedy its own evils. This, in iUct, is an eflfect which is working here, though slowlyt to cure th^ Hialady of which we complain 5 and if other branches of industry were not in an excited, forced, and somewhat unnatural condi* tion, it would be unnecessary, sUpei-fluous, or perhaps disadvan»> tageous^ to interfere with the sources and currents of su{^ly» which ultimately accommodate tliemselVes in the most ad van* tegeous and fitsst way, to meet demand. But there are peculi* arities in the circumstances of this Country^ which must appear very obvious to all persons who have correct notions of the ex- tent of her business and dealings, compared with the limited Population and Capital we possess, which occasioning powerful competitions in other branches, would appear to demand somt^ additional encouragement and adventitious aid, to draw Labour flind Capital in greater quantities, to the cultivation of the Soil. To consider, properly, the best modes and means by whrch Vve may augment the production of subsistence, it will be prbper to resolve the question into the consideration of the elements of production, viz. Labour, Capital and Land, and to enquire in what w^y we can give to those constituent parts of production, the facilities &nd encouragement ihey require, to compete with other branches which are obviously iindet the influence of ad- ventitious excitement. ^ With respect to Land, we possess it in abundance, and m quality r^dy to yidd \vhat we may in a Judicious ttiavmer in- quire ot it ; and it \tfi\i be one of my main objects to etideavoi^^r to lay open to A^cultuml pursuits, extensive tracU v^hich hava long been locked up in reserved superabundance. Th^ IDea» sure has in one ease been, helretofoi'e, sougiit and petitioned ^| but it was not accorded to, at that titne, in consequence <^ der* Sons, soon to enter with advantage on the cultivation of the iSoii, as proprietors af Land* The poor Emigrant, for instance, wtio tomes to the eoun'try destitute of pecuniary means, and who should always be Aiet fend welcom^ with a great deftl of "Charitable att^tion and pro- tection, should be told, that to «nter on tfce 4aborious enterprise of clearing a Lot, in the wilderness, without Capital, wottkt ba to entangle himself in very -conMderable diflRcttlty. The best bourse which such a person ^n pursue, would be to avA^l himseTf of the assistance, which it should be ti main object of ail Emi- grant Socitltiiis to pN>vlde, to )M*octtre advantageous employment in which to acquire experience of the dknate, habh of Labour, tod best modes ^fcMlntc ; and whilst acquiring these, to accu- mulate his Savings HI the Savings' Banks, in the manner that jmy petson, who is not barthened with a Jai^e familj-, may doon 'do, 'm faftti service iii snmmer, and in 'Other pursuits in winter. ^ ^ !• > This object ifriH perhaps be best pttrsneA hytlie Emigratif (Societies in t^ie ^iifferent parts, taking active meastrres to be- 90 !i);. f V, I come acquainted with the circumstances and description of Emi« gi'ants so soon as they arrive, and entering in a Book, their names, age, trade or occupation, objects, and the means they may possess of pursuing these. From those entries of the cir- cumstances and condition of the Individuals, Emigrant Societies would be competent to give them counsel and protection. If tlie Emigrant's desire should be to Agricultural pursuits, which ivill commonly be the case, but that he has no Capital to com- mence with, he should be advised to put himself to Farm ser- vice, and his attention should be drawn to the facilities which i>avings' Banks provide for receiving, securing and augmenting hu< savings. If this measure meet concurrence in its objects and practicabdity, it will be received as an appeal to the Agricul- turists of the Country to keep correspondence with the nearest Emigrant Societies, tor the purpose of procuring Labourers of their recommendation. But although it may not be expedient for a person without Capital, to enter at once on the cultivation of his tract, yet it ap-^ pears to me that some inducement should be applied to excite his industry by a prospect of an advantageous location, so soon as he finds himself capable of undertaking it ; and in this View I see no diflBculty in the arrangement, and on the other hand, great public advantage, in securing for persons thus working for their capital, locations upon the Lots they may prefer, sub- ject to a condition that, within one year, the Emigrant Society in whose Books they may be registered, report favorably of their proceedings, in a nianiier to give fair expectation that at the end of a further short period, they would be able to enter upon their location, and pay a proportion of their fees, in aid of which the Society should provide some donation or loan* But when the Emigrant has pecuniary means, or is resolved to enter at once on his Land, the Emigrant Societies will be enabled to let him chuse his situation, in tl;e plans of unoccupi- ed Lots reserved for Emigrants, which plans will for this pur- pose be transmitted to the Emigrant Societies, and to whose recommendation a quick return of location tickets will be made ; and I am happy to say that this measure will be observed and promoted with much ability and zeal by the distinguished per** sons on whom it will severally depend. When we reflect that one of the greatest difficulties under which we labour in accomplishing the great purpose of inde- pendence with respect to our food, arises from the want a working population sufficient for all the operative parts of our industry, and consequently the very high rate of wages and food, which lays the Agriculturist under disadvantages of the most fierious description, in a climate where the productive powers of < a n ►f Emi- , their IS they the cir- ocieties on. If which to com- nn ser- j which nenting ;cts and ^.ffricul- nearest urers of without et it ap"t Lo excite so soon ;his view er hand, working fer, sub- Society rably of that at to enter IS, in aid )an, resolved wUl be noccupi- his pur- whose le made; ved and hed per-* »s under of inde- want a ;s of our md food, the most lowers of the earth are so long dormant, we must all concur in the neces- sity of aiding Societies by whose means so many able hands can t)e procured, and for want of properly supporting which, so ma- ny have passed to a foreign land. An increased competition or supply of labour then will be hiuch irifluenced by arrangements such as I have indicated ; whilst in its modes, intelligence and material means, it may be greatly promoted by Agricultural Societies. These, under the designation of Agricultural and Emi^ant Societies, I should wish to see formed in every County in the Province, and Sub- Societies organized under them to carry their benefits to all parts of the Country. I trust, indeed, that ere you depart, the foundation, or rather the re-ortranization of such a system will be completed, and I call upon the Gentlemen of distinction from the different Counties who are now present to concur in this measure, and when they return to their respective Counties, to engage to organize such Societies to be composed of persons who would be most likely to co-operate in this great purpose. I feel confident, that whenever Societies shall be so organized in any County, they will meet the provision which I trust will be made by the liberality of the Country for their support and efficiency : and I perceive with much satisfaction that the public spirit of the Country is in many parts exhibiting itself in the form, and for the purpose which we contemplate for general adoption. For the purpose of improving, circulating and distinguishing the modes and means most favorable to increased production, and of drawing to a focus that information which it may be de- sirable to possess here in the Seat of Government for myself and for you it will be proper that some provision should be devised for the laborious part of that purpose which will depend upon a Secretary who should be appointed to manage the correspon- dence of the Central Committee to report proceedings to the general meeting. The general meeting should be composed of all Members oi the Legislature ; of all Presidents and Vice-Presidents of Coun- ty Societies, and of all members subscribers in the regulated amount. The Central Committee should be named in the ge- neral meeting to carry on the correspondence during the recess, and to arrange the general Accounts ; but the appropriation of Public Funds should be made direct to the County Societies and subject only to the audit of the Central Committee. These Reports will thus exhibit a general statement of the sums ex- pended and whether commensurate progress has been made in the improvement of Agricultiu'al implements, machinery, modes of culture, augmentation of production, and breed of Cattle, all of wliich should be under the influence of these meetings^ !W ■'.f ?->■«( '■;? i|> I. -'l m With views such »$ th^se^ so soon as I discovserecl, in studying jour affiiirHf the disabilities and difficulties which the ProviucQ might have to contend with from deficiency in the supply of food, and aware that it would require pecuniary means, on my part, to pot into activity the plans which I then formed, find now lav before yoo, I submitted to His Majesty's Secretaiy oC State the importance of sanctioning a small grant from th^ funds at the disposal of the Crown, to meet the liberality an(l public spirit widi which I am persuaded, elsewhere and every where, the great object now under our consideration will b^ supported. I have great satisfaction in showing how readily tills has been dispensed : I will read the terms ot it, and hastei^ to say that the use I shall make of it, will be, to place a sum,^ which I hope will be annual, at the disposal of those Countv Societies that are or may be organised to meet the view^ whicU 1 here lay before you. In communicating this grant from His M^yesty's Revenue tc» the Agricultural Societies, it is however my duty to state, tha* the continuation of this grant for future years, wiU depend uppri the report which I may have in my power to make of the ad-» \antages which it may h^ve produced ; and these will mainlji depend upon the liberality and zeal with which tjiis Pirovision i| seconded in the Country generally. The Society having been formed and organized, the Presi- dent communicated to the Meeting that he had received a Mes.» sage from His Excellency the i-iEUTENANT-GovERNOB, %h^ it was his intention to attend the Meeting in person, to commu-» nicate his sentiments, on their proceedings, and his acceptanoQ Qftbe office of f^atron. Whereupon fUs Excellency entered and having taken the Chair, addressed the Society as follow : — Jifr. President, Fice^Prmdents, and Gentlemsn of the Agricultural and Emigrant Societi/, X EVINCE the satisfaction and cordiality with which I receive youp Address, by placing myself in this Chair, as your Patron,, on the very instant the distinguished Seat is ofiered to me ; and the first sentence I shall deliver from it is, to assure y0u that my most zealous exertions shall be used to promote the great obs jects we have in view, in every way that may depend upon me. I am gratified for the present, sanguine and confident for the) future, when I look around me and perceive the distinguiiihed persons of whom this Society is composed, and the interest whi«h4tha» excited ; and itia piarticularly pleaiiing ta me ta finct m Vsslf supi)orted by the distinguished person whom you Iiav« placed in tne President's Chair. I congi-atulate you, Gen- tlemen, upon such an election, and myself on having such cqs^^* jutures. The Agricultural and En^igrant Societies being now about to go into immediate, and, as I hope succecsful operation, it may not be usel'ssto express to you, and through you to convey to the Public, some appeals to those exertions which will be re- quired to realize the benefits which we here contemplate^ an4 tor attaining which, the course is now so clear. This ^ne, and as I have hitherto found it, happy Province, i^ advancing rapidly, with growth almost exuberant, to a station, the real intrinsic character and condition of which, in other times, will depend mainly upon the manner in which we who are now directing its affairs, in certainly a critical period of its advancement, when it is daily developing its resources, and forming its system^ may discharge our sevcMl duties, by doing all that may depend upon us to train, sustain and correct the principles, habits and pursuits, and to regulate the exertions, by which, unquestionably, it maybe conducted to a state of great prosperity. To consider these duties with reference to all the obligations we owe to the Country, in the several branches which contribute to its most political and statistical progress, would lead us away fer beyond the sphere of our present purpose ; I shall, there- fore, only consider the duties we have to fulfil in regard to the Institutions now completely organized. The seVerd purposes contemplated by those Institutions call upon us to promote habits of frugality, domestic economy, and useful industry, as training a rural population to settle and labour on the soil, and to assist them so to exert themselves in the modes and means of culture as to improve our Agricultural condition ; to mak i us more independent at least for our food ; and subsequendy to set free other branches of industry, which are now under great disability< The foundation of systems which may produce such benefits has now been laid. I have had much satisfac- tion in recommending and promoting them* My views have been cordially and ably seconded every where; the measures they called for have now been adopted ; and they have been libf'raLly endowed 'by the Legislature with pecuniary means to animate and quicken the system. The Savings' Bank Bill ; the organization and endowment of the Body I now address, <^en, to the industrious classes of Society, and to the interessts df the Country generally, a distinct view of the progress that may be made from foundations laid, first, in habits of; frugality and domestic ecouomy, ouM'ards, through moral and provident con- 94 ■ if 4 I duct, to security and accommndation, productive application, improvement in Agriculture, increase of population, competi- tion in labour, encouragement and developement of industry, and augmented production. The Acts and the system of this Session have laid the foundation of much improvement to the country, on solid grounds ; and seeds which should blossom hereafter, are planted in the fertile soil ; but whether the super- structure is to be raised, or those seeds are to spring, depends not on those who have laboured on the foundation, or who have provided the means that may quicken the process. Whether the Savings' Bank Bill, or this most admirable Institution are to be effectual in doing good, depends upon the degree of Public Spirit with which our exertions here, may be supported and extended in the Country generally. All Public Institutions live only by Public Spirit, in any Country ; but this is particu- larly the case in young Countries where man owes to fellow mar i greater contribution of his concern and of his aid. Look at t ij progress of an individual case. When a Settler goes, singly, to encounter the difficulties and the labour of a solitary Location in an unsettled District, and with the sweat of his own brow to shelter his family, and to clear space to receive the seeds which are to yield his immediate subsistence, we all know what fortitude, power and time are required to accomplish such beginnings. But should he undertake his enterprize on a site near to where former Settlers have experienced such difficulties, the recent sense brings to his aid the little community, to labour for him ; and by the exertions of that Public he is speedily es- tablished in a way, that he might never have accomplished by his own solitary powers. ' This is Public Spirit, So may it be with the Edifices we are now raising ! They are, in some re- spects, partially, and in others wholly, new Settlers, in this Cotntry ; and they are well deserving of public exertion to complete the useful fabric. We are here entirely dependent upon public spirit. — What can these systems do without it ? They would languish from this day, and might expire even in their cradle. This I do trust will never happen. I know not . how long I may be the witness of their progress ; but sure 1 am that th« intensitj' of interest which I feel in this Province, and which I have imbibed paternally, for the success of these Institu- tions which I have been instrumental in bringing forward, will always be felt with such solicitude as shall give me pleasure in their success ; but which from that very interest will suggest reproach, if (which cannot be) they should fail from want of public exertion. But remember that time, labour in arrange- ment and management, must be contributed gratuitously, for the Chief offices of thesa Institutions. I am confident that 9S Hcation, ompeti- idustry, of this It to the blossom 1 super- rlepends bo have Vhether ion are f Public :ed and litutions par tic u- fellow 1. ' Look er goes, solitary his own eive the ill know ish such >n a site Hcnlties, o labour dily es- shed by ay it be oine re- in this rtion to jpendent hout it ? even in now not Lire 1 am ice, and Institu- ird, will ;asure in suggest want of arratige- asly, tor ent that those sacrifices will be clieerfully tendered by the public spirit of the Country in a way that shall produce advantage to it, and reflect everlasting credit, honor and substantial enjoyment upon the patriotic persons who may offer their aid. — It cannot fail to do so > for the man who feels the real impulses of public spirit i^ usually the happiest, because he is the best of Beings. Public spirit contains in it every laudable passion, and every fine affec- tion. — It comprehends our duties towards our parents, to our kindred, to our friends, to our neighbours, to our fellow man in every degree, and to every thing dear to mankind in the public Institutions formed of them. Public spirit is the highest of virtues, and affbrds the highest degree of satisfaction. Stead- fast in good purpose ; fidelity in trust ; impartial to all ; a pas- sion to promote universal good, with personal labour, pains, and the sacrifice of every selfish feeling; to enc'eavour to main- tain Society in peace, tranquillity, plenty and security. Jt is, in short, as 1 feel it, one man's care for the many : and, as you I am persuaded feel it, the concern of every man for the good of all. This sentiment binds us together in the pursuit of public advantage to a co-operation from which I am convinced none will shrink in any difficulty which these Institutions may have to encounter; and onward let us go with a detennination that when we meet again in this place, we may receive, and record, reports which shall prov^ that our schemes have prospered. I have now the pleasure tQ announce that from the Funds which His Majesty's Secretaiy of State has put at my disposal frqm the King's Casual Revenue, I shall appropriate j£25 to each of the Count}' Societies fqr the present ye^r subject to the regulations and conditions already established ; and I will not fail to intercede for a continuance of this Royal Bounty, if I can report success in our labours^ ' . ii c *■ ' ' Ti » . t^_- t .. ■"' 5S<"f''' ■■ • ' i c *T L ( , f . f '^ . ■■ • i •»■ t ' ( - , ' • r » 1 . * . i , !-.: ) t ,' ) J >::.i ■\ ,1 ■■• ,-■ ) y J 1 1 • 96 •5 f , . ; •J W !■ ■^i I' I J;; ;i ■ , If , i: APPENDIX, Na II. B^iracts relating 16 the early tramactioni in Nova*Scoiia and Nne^Brwifwickf copied verbatimfrom papers compiled by- a gm^ tleman who intended to publish an account of New-Brunswick f but was from unexpected eircwnstances obliged to relinquish the design^ .}■ PROVINCE OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY. I^ OTICE ia hereby given, that it hath been deteimined that a s(^uftdron of His Majesty's ships and divers regiments of foot should winter in Nova-ScSotia, which will require larg« supplies of fresh provisions to be sent thither from time to time, not only for the support of the sick in the hospitals, but for the refresh* ment of those that are well ;-»-and that His Excellency Gover- lior Lawrence hath giv^n assurance, that the coasters and others trading irt refreshments of that sort, shall not only be protected by the Admiral from tiressing, but shall receive, both from His Excellency and the Admiral all manner of countenance and tegard. A. OtivfiH, Sec, Province of the Mas- 1 t» . r\ l u ai iwko sachusetts Bay. | ^«^*«"' ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^' The following proclamation being published in Nova-Scotia and transmitted to this government, was read in Council, and ordered to be published in this Province, Thos. CiiARK, D. Sec. By His Excellency Charles Lawrence, Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief in and over His Majesty's Province of Nova-Scotia, or Acadia, in America, "^^ice- Admiral of the same, &c, ^c. &c, A PROCLAMATION. tV he re as by the late success of His Majesty's arms in the reduction of Cape fireton and its dependencies, and also by the demolition and entire destruction of Gaspe, Miramichi, and of 97 Saint Lawrence, nnd on Saint John's river in tlie Bay of Fundy, the enemy, who have formerly disturbed and harassed the Pro- vince of Nova-Scotia, and much obstructed its progress, have been compelled to retire and take refuge in Canada ; a favora- ble opportunity now presents itself for the peopling and Culti- vating, as well the lands Vacated by the Fr^hcli, as every other part of that valuable Province : I have therefore thought fit, with the advice of His Majesty's Council, to issue this proclamation, declaring that I shall b^^ ready to receive any proposals that may hereailer be made to me, for effectually settling the said vacated, or any other lands within the Province a&resaid t a description whereof, and of the advantages arising from their peculiar natut^ and situation* I have ordered to be published with this proclamation. Given in the Council Chamber at Halifax, this 12th day of October, 1758, and in the thirty-second year of Hi4 Majesty's Reign. By Mis Excellency's command, with the advice of His Mft jesty's Council* ■} Charles t.Awft£:iT6l;. Cod save XHt King ! A description of the lands ordered to be published pursuant to the foregoing proclamation, which consist of more than on^ hundred thousand acres of Und, interval a,nd plow lands, pro* ducing wheat, rye, barley, Oats, hemp, flax, Sec. These have been cultivated tor more than a hundred years past, and never fail of cropS) nor need manuring. Also, more than one hundred thousand adf6s of upland, clear- ed &tid stdck^d with English grass, planted with orchards, gar- dens, &c. These lands, with good husbandry, produce often two loads of hay per acre. The wild and unimproved lands adjoining ftbound with black birch^ ash, oak, pin^, fir, &c. All these lands are so intermixed that every single farmer may have a proportionable quantity of plow land, grass land, and wood land, and are ail situated about the Bay of Fundy, Upon rivers nAvigable for ships of burdeui Propdsals will be received by Mr. Hancock of Boston, and ty Messrs. Delancie & Watts of New- York, to be transmitted to the Oovernor, or iPresideat of* the Council at Halifax. . . (Cdpy.) -. « - -. . ^. - .. It if,' 98 4S I ■ ii. His Mnjesty'L confirmation of the plan for settling the Province of Nova-Scotia. At the Court of St. James's, the .16th day of February, 1700, (Seal) (Present) The King's Most Excellent Majesty, Lord Keeper, Earl Gower, Lord President, Viscount Barrington, Lord Steward, Lord Delaware, Earl of Hyndford, Mr. Vice Chamberlain. W HERE AS there was this day read to the Board, a repre^ sentation from the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Planta- tions, dated the 30th of December last, containing an account of the proceedings of the Governor in Council of Nova-Scotia, with regard to the settling of the lands evacuated by the remo- val of the French inhabitants from that Province, as well as other tracts of land in the wild and uncleared part of that coun- try, and also with regard to the terms and conditions upon which the said Governor and Council have agreed to make grants of the said lands : and the said Lords Commissioners being of opinion, that the plan so laid down by the said Gover- nor and Council, will be a means of the speedy settling the va- cant lands in that Province, and therefore proper to receive His Majesty's approbation : His Majesty has this day took the said representation into consideration, and is hereby pleased, with the advice of his Privy Council, to declare his royal appro- bation of the said plan of the said Governor and Council, for the speedy settling the vacant lands in that Province : and also of the terms and conditions agreed upon for that purpose, and doth therefore order that the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of liis Province of Nova-Scotia for the time being, do carry thq same into execution. (Signed) W. SnAR?«» '■ H ! ■* Extract of a Letter from His Excellency Governor Lawrence^ to the Agent for the Province of Nova-Scotia, at Boston, dated 24ith June, 1760. ** I am ready to receive farther proposals, in consequence of His Majesty's approbation of our measures, from any person or persons who will offer themselves to become settlers in this Province ; and that all due encouragement shall be given them to the- utmost limits of the authority with which His Majesty has been pleased to invest the Governor .nnd Council of this 90 dated Province. — Nota Hene. Proposals left with Mr. Hancock, will be transmitted to the Governor at Iljilifax. • " Captain Brandon iiithrins us, that Captain Fisher in a sloop from Annapolis Iloyal, bound to Fort Cumberland, was cast away in the Hay of t undy, on board of which was Lieute- nant Tonpe, an Euffineer, with a considerable sum of money, which was lost, together with the lives of two or three persons on board. Friday last arrived here the Province ship King George, Captain Hallowell, from Louisburg and a cruize. From Louisburg, we learn that the armed vessels lately sent out thence, had been at Pictou, and burnt five or six vessels which the enemy took from us last year, and brought off some plunder; and that the Indians from Saint John, who brought the account of the five French men of war being in the Bay of Chaleur, also informed that they had landed four hundred men, in order to attack Fort Cumberland. " Arrived here. Colonel Arthidmot, who commanded ."t Fort Frederick, in Saint John's River, the year past ; also several other officers and a number of soldiers belonging to this Pro- vince, who have garrisoned His Majesty's forts up the Bay of Fundy, and now discharged, arrived here, being relieved by a number of soldiers lately enlisted in this Province, for that ser- vice. We hear that the Indians behave well, and still continue td come into the forts at Nova-Scotia, and carry on trade very peaceably." Extract of a Letter from Colonel jE^, to His Excellency the Goverrinr, dated Fort Cumberland^ C/ngnectOy March 7, 1760. Sir. — I informed your Excellency in my last of 10th Decem- ber, of the submission of the Frencl peasants residing at Mirami- chi, Richibucto, Bucktouche, PetIcodiac,and Memramcook,made by their deputies sent heie for that purpose. On the 30th of Ja- nuary last, Mr. Manack, a French Priest, wlio has had the charge of the people at Miramichi, Richibucto, and Bucktouche, and a number of the principal men of those places, arrived here, when they received their submission in a tbrmal manner, by subsciibing to articles, (drawn suitable to the case,) whereby among other things, tiiey have obliged themselves and people they represent, to come to Bay Verte with all their effects and shipping as early in the spring as possible, in order to be dis- posed of as Governor Lawrence shall direct. With the French Priest, came two Indian Chiefs, Paul Lawrence and Augustin Michael ; Lawrence tells me he was a prisoner in Boston, and lived with Mr. Henshaw, a blacksmith; he is Chief of a tribe at Richibucto. I have received their submissions, for them- % ■V Y 100 selves and for their tribes, to His Britannic Majesty, and sent them to Halifax for the terms by Governor Lawrence. I havQ h'kewise received the submission of two other Chiefs, who I dealt with as before mentioned, and was in hopes I had no more treaties to make witli savages ; but he tola me t was mistaken, for there would be a great many more npon the sam9 business, as soon as their spring hunting was over : and upon )ny enquiring how many, he gave a Ust of fourteen Chiefs, in- cluding those already mentioned, (copy of which I have in-» closed) most of which he said would come. I was surprised to hear of such a number of Indian Chiefs in this part of Ame- rica, and Mr. Manack further told me that they were all of one nation, and known by the name of Mickmacks ; that they were very numerous, amounting to near three thousand souls ; thai; he had learned their lan^^uage since he had been among them, and found so much excellence in it, that he was well persua- ded if the beauties of it were known in Europe, there would be seminaries erected for the propagation of it. How that might be, is better known to him than to those who know noth- ing of the language ; but I think I may venture to say, that if there be so many of these Indians, as he says there are, I know this Province, as it abounds very plentifully with furs, may reap a vast advantage by them, provided Canada returns not intp the hands of the French. " About the time that Mr. Manack arrived here, there cama in eight men, one of whom was a New-England man, one Irish- man, and the rest Italians and Spaniards ; who informed me they deserted from a French frigate that lay froze in at the head of Gaspe harbour. The two former belonged to a vessel commanded by Captain Malcom, of Boston, who was taken by the above frigate, as she was returning from Quebec, where sh^ had been on a trading voyage. Names of the Indian Chiefs inhabiting the coast of Acadia : Louis Frances, Chief of Miramichi, Denis Winemowet, do. Tabogimkik, Etienne Abchabo, do. Pohomoosh, Claud Atanaze, do. G^iack, Paul Lawrence, do. La Have,' Jqseph Al^imo'ire, do. Chignectou, - . John Newit, do. Pictou, Baptist La Morue, dQ. Isle of St. John's, Reni, do. Nalkitgoniash, Jeannot Piguidawelwet, do. Keshpugowitk, BAlslemy Aungualett, do. Minas, . Augu«tiii Mic£iel. do. Bicbibucto. . . , . < 101 :,r'.' A NARRATIVE Of the proceedings ofthejirst settlers at the River St. Johrif ttn- der the authority of the Government of Nova-Scotia. JLN the year 1761, a number of persons from the county of Es- sex, province of Massachusetts, presented a petition through their agent to the Government of Nova-Scotia, for a grant of a Township of twelve miles square at tlie river Saint John, they received a favorable answer and obtained full authority to survey a tract of that dimension wherever it might be found fit for improvement. In consequence many of the applicants, pro- ceeded in the course of the winter and spring following to pre- pare for exploring the Country, and t j survey such Tolvnship : they provided a vessel for that purpose, and on the 16th May, 1762, embarked at Newburyport and arrived in three days at the harbour Saint John (the 19th :) The party amounted to near twenty men, exclusive of two families, who tobk passage in the same vessel, one of whom shipped a small fraUie for a dwel- ling, and boards to cover it, with a small stock of cattle ; the frame and stock was landed the day of their arrival ; on the third day the house was finished and inhabited. The exploring and surveying party than proceeded to view the lands round the harbour and bay of Saint John in a whale boat, they brought with them : for they could not travel on the land, on account of the multitude of fallen trees that had been toi'n up by the roots in a violerit gale of wind, nearly four years previous. (The same gale extended as far up the river as the Oromocto, and most of the Country below that place, was equal- ly incumbered with the fallen trees.) — After making all the dis- coveries that could be nfade near the harbour, it was thef unani- mous opinion that all the lands near that part of the Country, were unfit for making any settlements at that time^ and in about ten days from their hit arrival, thdy set out to view the country as far as Saint Anns, ninety miles up the rlvef", where they ex- pected to find an extensive body of clear land that hatl been formerly improved by the Frehch inhabitants. On their way to that place they landed wherever they saw any appearance of improvement : all such small spots, as far up as Milk Creek; ware siipposed not to exceed one hundred acres, most of whicfar / \ I02f \-i\ had been very rouglily cleared. — On the arrival of the explor- ing party at Saint Anns, they lost no time in makhig a shelter for themselves, nearly opposite the river Nashwouk, (as it was then pronounced by the Indians,) but simce, with some variati- on, as there is in the original names of divers other rivers, lakes, and names by which the tribes were distinguished, — and they commenced their survey at the small gravelly point against Government- House, with an intention to survey a Township, to terminate twelve miles below that place, and after surveying the courses of the river about four miles downward, a large company of Indians came down about nine miles from their Priest's residence, with his Interpreter : all having pointed faces c^ divers colours and Bgures, and dressed in their war habits. The chiefs, with grave countenances, informed the ad- venturers that they were trespassers on their rights : that th^ Coyntry belonged to them, and unless they retired immediately, they, (the Indians,'' would compel them. This gave no small alarm to- a few men in the heart of an Indian Country, most of whom bad never beheld a wild Indian, but had all their lives beard of their savage cruelties and nmrders. The reply made to the Chiefs was to this effect ; that the adventurers had re- ceived authority from the Governor of Halifax to survey and ;?^Ue any land they should chuse, at the river Saint John — that tjbey bad never beea informed of the Indians claiming the vil-< lage of Saint Anns ; .but as they then declared the land there, to be their property, though it had been inhabited by the French who were considered entitled to it, till its capture by the Eng- hshy they would retire further down the river. — In answer ta this the Chie& suggested that the whole country belonged to the Indians, they had some time ago, had a conference with Gover-* nor Lakti^emc^,. ^B<^ had consented that the English should settlie the country up as far as the Griniross : from this ac- l^nowledgment of the Chiefs, the adventurers were a little relieved from the shock they received at first, and said, they vere unwillinff to dispute, and would in a few days, remove their camps towards Grimro^s. This answer did not appear fully to satisfy the Indians, yet they made no reply. The surveying party rvmov^d t}aeir camp, according to their promise almost as far down m rbe' lower end of the Oromocto Island on the east side of the river, whieuce they finished t)ie survey, twelve Qiiles below the fivst mentioned bounds: and returned to- Fort Frederick, 20^ 8, 15, where there was a vessel bound direct to Halifax, and took passage in her, with an account of aU their discoveries, and surveys, and with a plan of their Township, they had laid out into lots : hut they were so unfor- tunate as to arrive at tl^t place just at thM tlogie accounts werar »n e explor- a shelter as it was » variati- rs, lakes, and they : against ownship» urveying , a large 3m their painted heir war [1 the ad- that th^ lediatelv, no small , most of deir lives ply made had re- 'vey and bn — that fthe vil- there, to- J French he Eng- nswer ta ;ed to the 1 Gover- 1 should this ac-> a little id, they ove their r fully to urveying a1rai>st \ on the U twelve jrned to- el bound teount of of their lO unfor- nts werar lOS received, that the French had sent out a large fleet arid a body of land forces, and had taken Saint Johns, Newfoundland, and were almost hourly expected to attack Halifax, were at that time was only one man of war, the Northumberland, and very few troops. The militia called out ; public offices shut, and noJ thing to be seen but bustle and preparation for the defence of tihe town, that being the situation of Government, the agents and surveyors, for tlie adventurers were obliged to return without /(giving any account of their proceedings, or obtaining any con-« nrmation of their former order for surveying a township, or any instructions to govern their conduct in carrying on the intended Settlements. This disappointment was, in the autumn of the same year, followed by one still greater. Commissioners were «€!ntto Fort Frederick, to mfonn the former applicants for grants of lands, that the space they had surveyed would not be granted to them. On receiving this distressing information they sent a petition to the King, stating the e"xpence they had been at, in full confidence, that all the promises and encourage- ttients; they had received from Government, would be confirna-' ed. This petition was sent under cover addressed to the theip agent for the Province, most earnestly soliciting his influence in obtaining a speedy answer for their petition. He took a lively interest m their cause, and in a short time, obtained on order to the Governor to grant all such shares in the tract they had laid out, as should from time to time be settled ; and the same gentleman advanced a considerable sum for the proprietors, to defray the expence of obtaining such ordfcr, and the proprietors^ as a mark of their gratltuxle, and esteem of their patron, gave their town his name, with a small addition to it, and grants were made to all the resident proprietors, in or about the yeat* 1766. The Indians had remained peaceable froin 1762 to 1765 : in this year they assembled together, aikl gave threats of immediately commencing a new war against the English ; and the inhabitants of all the frontiers of tlie Province, were gi-eatly alarmed, and the commandant of Fort Frederich doubled his sentries on the occasion. The pretexts of the Indians were welt known to be mostly fake and frivolous, and the commandant ami inhabitants residing near the garrison, took great pains to persuade the Chiefs to lay their complaints l)efoie the Gover- nor, at Hali^«x, before they engaged in a war that would evenlu-' ally prove r nous to themselves, which might be prevented by their stating to Government all the grounds of the injuries they complained of: after littl;; consideration they agreed to the projwsal, and soon after set cut tor Htvliilix, accompanied by one of tjje inhabitants. Their business on their first arrival, '^^as, without Iqss of time, mode k^iowxi to the Governor, who 104 i appointed a timC) and place to give the Chiefs a hearing of their puniplaints. They on examinatio% could not in any degree, support their heaviest charges, and in the end, they admitted they had been misinformed. So that the result of their com- plauits, amounted to nothing more than that the inhabitants had frequently killed some Beavers, Moose, and other animals, but not tar from their houses, which the Chiefs alleged was their exclusive property ; and that it was of the condition of a for- mer treaty that the Enghsh settlers should not be allowed to kill any wild game in any part of the wilderness, beyond the li- mits of their farms and improvements. The Governor inform- ed them in his answer, that all treaties before that time, should be strictly observed^ and that if the inhabitants had in any in- stance, done any thing contrary to such treaties, they should be severely reprimanded and restrained from continuing such practices. The Chiefs replied, that it might be out of their power to pacify their young men, unless the damage before done to them should be paid. This brought on an enquiry of the Chiefs, what the alleged damage amounted to. In their answer they highly overrated as the inhabitants made it clearly appear, from their statement of the number of animals that had been killed. The Chiefs finding themselves detected in having alai-med the country without reason and of having thereby put them in distressing fear and to great expence, appeared a- shamed of their conduct, and could only repeat that the Indians of their tribe would insist on being paid the damages for the loss of their wild animals. After a full hearing a nnal answer was given them ; as follows. — That although the grievances that they had stated were by no means sufficient to justify their hostile proceedings ; yet to do them ample justice, he would order to be sent them a certain amount in clothing and provisi- sions (amount not remembered) provided they would consider it full satisfactioii for the injuries done by the settlers, and send orders to restrain them from hunting wild animals in the woods. The Chiefs accepted that offer, and the Indians Remained peaceable, till the commencement of the revolt of the thirteen Colonies, when they where called upon to aid in defence of the Province, or at least to remain neuter. They promised to do ei- ther one or the other ; for which purpose Government gave theni large presents in necessary supplies for their families. They were at the same time, equally solicited by the Americans; and as large or larger presents made by them ; and they con- tinued to live mostly at the expence of the two parties during that war. In 1779 the Indians again assembled, and threaten- ed to make war against the English ; and went down in as great a bpdy as they ceuld collect, to near Fort Howe, where they a a X tl c a P t( a C tl n P n 105 wliere met by a messenger from the Commandant, and a De- puty Agent tor Indian affairs, who appeased the Indians, with a promise ofpresents (commonly so called,) which they accepted and the purchase of a continuance of peace ; and they returned to their ncad-quarters at Opage. This was the last threat of aa Indian war. Notes. — Notwithstanding all the obstacles and discourage* ments before noticed, the nimiber of families at the river Saint John, including a few settlers on the Islands in Fassamaquod- dy Bay, amounted to between one hundred and one hundred and fifty families prior to the year 1783. Memo. — The French Priest who had been forty years em- ployed by France, as a Missionary to the Indians, was ordered to leave the province in 1763, bemg suspected of influencing and instructing the Indians to make extravagant demands on Government as commissions of their remaining peaceable, at the same time all the French families, then in scattered setde- ments on the north side of the bay were, ordered to leave the Province. They all obeyed the mandate : but in a few years, many returned, one after another, and became quiet subjects. ■ i'f'.'. i h 106 i ■ ■ • -* ' • • * ^ ■ » ' * » / »<. t.-y' 1 -• ... t. . i i . . . J ■ . .» REMARKS O/i the state of that part of ancient Nava'Scotia lying north of the Bay of Fundift now in the Province of New-Brunmick, prior to the year 17M» ■ r - vm X. HE French Goverfimfent in dt^fianc^ of former treaties con* tinued to erect forts around the harbour of Saint John, and to send troops for the defence of this past of the country (consit dering it theirs) and co employ the natives: to harrsss and mur- der the settlers in the district of Makie, thus for many y^ars pre-* venting the settlement of that part of the British dominio)>& als fer west as that district or province extended ; and the French more recently built a Fort and nam«d it Beau-Sejour, at the Bead of the bay : from which place they supplied with arms, ,J y &c. th e brib es of Indians who inhabited the coasts on the ^-1 Gulph pamt|o^awrence and the rivers that fail into the same. The Indians were also employed to check and prevent the set-? tiements of the Country called Minas, Cobequis and other parts of the Province on the Peninsula of Acadia or Halifax. To prevent the continuance of such depredations, the British Go-^ vernment sent an expedition in 1754, to take possession of this fort, which was not obtained till after an obstinate resistance from the French, who for some years after it was reduced, con- tinued to fortify their settlements on the banks of the river St. John, at Passamaquoddy, and to employ the natives in the service, to prevent the English from extending their settlemen ts eastward of the river Kennebeck and the inhabitants were con- tinually harrassed, and often murdered by savages frequently sent by the French for that purpose at Kennebeck and many miles westward for a long course of time. In the year 1758, an expedition was sent from Halifax or Boston to reduce the only remaining French forts of any considerable strength, north of the Bay of Fundy ; situated on the west side of the river, be- low the falls, within the present limits of the city Saint John. ^ But the French conunanderaf, having received notice of this ex- pedition some time before its arrival, removed all the light stores further up the river, sunk all his heavy guns as reported 107 north of •unswickp Ltiescon* 1, and to (coiisi'* md mwr- monsr a|3 i French r, at Uhs th arms, on the he same, the set- her parts ax. To itish Go-^ )n of this esistance :ed, con- river St. ts in the ttlemen ts kfere con- requently tid many 1758, an the only , north of river, be- lint John. »f til is ex- the light , reported f by Frenchmen who were present and demolished the fort. He first made his retreat only about four leagues above the falls, where he had previously erected works, surrounded by a thick wood, in order to be covered by Indian soldiers, who will never fight on open ground, nor suffer themselves to be driven with- in the walls of a garrison by a beseiging force. The French soon after retired to Saint Anns, and not long afterwards to Canada. The demolished fort was rebuilt on tlie ground of the- old one, and garrisoned the winter following, by a body of pro« vincial troops, and a company of Rdngers, sent from Louisburgh. The same company of Rangers as a scouting party, in March 1759, marched up the river on the ice as far as Saint Anns. The few inhabitants below that village had either fled beibre this party appeared, to Saint Anns, or into the woods, and no prisoner was taken to give information concerning the situation or strength of the enemy, yet they continued a forced march as far up as Saint Anns where they found the village deserted. They set fire to every building in it, and returned with great precipitation to the Fort Frederick, expecting to be pursued by the enemy. This company was early this spring ordered to join the expedition against Quebeck, the Fort was garrisoned with a campany or more of provincials, till the next or second year : when they were relieved by a ccunpany of one of th« highland Regiments. The Fort afterwards continued to be garrisoned by a company of some British Regiments, under dififereHt Commandants until 1770, when the British troops were embarked from every post in the Province, on account of some disorders that had recently been committed in Boston : the Barracks and Stores were by order of Government placed under the care of one of the inhabitants residing near the seve- ral Forts, specially authorized by Government tor that service. In ) 774, a corporal and six privates were sent to reside in the Barracks of Fort Frederick. In May 1775, a brig was sent from Boston, to procure fresh provisions for the British army then in that town, from the setdementofthe river Saint John. The same vessel was laden with stock, poultry, and sundry other articles most brought from Maugerville in small vessels and gondolas : all which had been put on board within about fifteen days after the brig had arriv- ed. While she was waiting for a fair wind and clear weather, aa armed sloop of four gjHJs and full of men, from Machias, cam& into the harbour, took possession of the brig,, and two days af* ter, carried her off to Machias ; but the first night after her ar- rival, the enemy matle the small party in the Fort prisoners, plundered them of every thing in it, and set fire to all the Bar- racks : but at that time they did not molest any of the inUa- 106 A"* .t*: AJtr >j!| ■■■; *:■ m bitants^ oh the opposite side of the river. Early nelct spring an armed brig from Machias entered the harbour after having taken a vessel from the West-Indies, belonging to Portland, which they immediately sent to Boston. The two armed ves- sels continued more than a week in the harbour and sent an ofiicerwith a boat fuilofmen to Maugerville : They did no material injury to the settlers. In 1776 and 1777 large parties of armed men came into the river Saint John, in whale boats from Machias and passed through the falls in their boats, and. took possession of several empty buildings on the west shore of the river against the present settlements called the Indian House, and occupied them for Barracks, whence they came over, every day to Portland shore, and marched along the tongue of land, between the harbour and the water above the falls ; in order to capture any vessels that might enter the river and to prevent the landing of marines, or seamen from any British, ship. In 1777, the Vulture sloop of war, was stationed in the Bay, between Annapolis and Saint John for the protection of these places, and to prevent the enemv from venturing further up the Bay to plunder the Towns of tiorton, Cornwallis and other settlements at the water side in different places, but it was soon found that these towns could not be secured from depreda- tions, as the enemy would pass by, all large ships of war in the X)i^ t and in fogs. .v tv>jjt)s,.^t i Early in the summer of 1777 the Vulture came into the har- bour of Saint John v^hile the Machias party were at their Head- Quaiters, above the falls. ■i-\i.^. f ivit-;:r x^i* Wi;s:r');y s: .-•-'i .. t A tfi Errata. — In the* Preface, page it — 16th line from the top, for a Jescrip- tion, read Ihc description. Chap. I, page 2, line 2, for sonte part, read one part. Page 3, lines 6 and 10 from the bottom, for these, read those. Chap. II, page 20, line 12, for an hardy, read a liardy. Cliap. IV, page 24, for ZjO(isAtork,read Looshtook. Page 27, last line, for Ckicktakook, read Ck'tckta-^ hawk, ^Page 37, line 16, for an, r*ad and. Page 38, for rising in, read rising into. Chap. V, page 40, line 19, (or diyoined, read disjointed i line 25, fof when, read where. Page 42, line 24, for Pehagamique, md Pekagomique. Page, 43, line 8, for Mactuquatk, read Mactuqaaek ; line 33, for compassed iy, read composed of . Page 44, line 30, for River Joy, read River Tay; line 44, for leave, read lease. Page 48, line 3, for statue, read ttatute ; line 19, for Maquepit, read Maquapit ; line 33, for Dashadmaak, read WashadC' tttoak. Page 52, line 2, for thoroughfair, read thoroughfare. Page 62, line 19, for and, read exclimve of. Page 99^ for Coluael Tjfre,nvid Colonel Frj^ -.;■ ',i -i^.u '::> 'Uiii, .-ih ^"dtki mmi uvH t^ imi •: m*'*it u % 5lct spring er havinff Portland, rined ves- d sent an y did no je parties ale boats >oats, and. i shore of e Indian :ame over, ongue of falls ; in sr and to 7 British ed in the action of g further Eillis and »ut it was depreda- arin the the har- ir Head- '■- 'I -xh di hi a Jescrip* , read one e. Chap. [e24, for I Chtckta" ead rising" le 2», for agomique. 'ompasted '«• Tat/; tte ; line Waahade- \ 62, lino i