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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 HJ D DI HALIFAX AND ITS BUSINESS ; ^ COKTAIMINa HISTORICAL SKETCH, Asn» Description of the City and its Institutions. AU)0 DESCRIPTION OF DiFFERBNT LINES OF BUSINESS. WITH ACCOUNT OF THE LEADING HOUSES IN EACH LINE, ,-4 ]PUBU8ITEI> BY &. A. WHITK. HALIFAX ! NOVA SOOTIA I HINTING COMPANY. 1870. Wtfs \ CONTENTS. 38 39 39 40 FAOB Historical Sketch 9 Present City 26 Public Institutions 29 Population and Taxation 32 Naval and Military 33 Travel and Transportation. 35 The Cunard Line 37 Allan Line 33 Anchor Line. Boston and Colonial Line New England r.nd Nova Sco- tia Steamship Company.... Newfoundland Winter Ser- vice Quebec k Gulf Ports Steam- ship Company 40 Anglo-French Steamship Line 41 Cromwell Line 42 Fishwick'a Express 43 Intercolonial Railway 44 Windsor and Annapolis Eail- ^''''y 45 European ai.d North Ameri- can Railway 4g Stage Coaches 4g Banking and Banks 47 Savings' Bank 52 Nova Scotia Permanent Build- ing Society & Savings' Fund 63 Halifax Stock Exchange 53 Almon & Mackintosh 54 W. L. Lowell & Co 55 Insurance in Halifax 57 Canada Life Assurance Co 62 Stadacona Fire and Life In •urar^Co 63 Commission Business 65 S. Cunard & Co 66 Lawjon, Harrington & Co 08 PAGE The Drdo Business and Drug- gists 7Q Avery, Brown & Co 72 Brown Brothers & Co 73 M. F. Eagar 74 Henry A. Taylor 75 John Z^. Bent 75 Manufactures op Halifax... 77 Moir & Co's Steam Bakery and Flour Mill 79 Nova Scotia Boot and Shoe Factory— O. S. Yates & Co. 81 Robert Taylor's Shoe Faitory 82 George A. Kent k Co 83 Macdonald & Co. —Brass Works g4 Enfield Brickyard and Pot- tery 34 Army and Navy Brev/ory 86 Nova Scotia Brewery 37 John M. De Wolf — Can iage Factory gg Rob t H. Cogswell— Watohog, Chronometers, &o go J. E. Wilson — Stoves and Ships' Castings 91 Watson k Myers — Brass Founders, Gas Fitters, &o.. 92 M. S. Brown & Co. — Jewell- ers and Silversmiths 93 J. Cornelius— Jewellery 94 Lobster Business — F. H. Baker gg Brooklyn Co.— Piano Forte, &o 96 Williams k Lei^rman— Piano Forte Manufactory 97 Jaa. Dempster -Planing Mill and Sash Factory. . ., 98 Dartmouth Rope Worka. 99 eONTEKTS. PAGE Starr Manufacturing Co 101 Steel Company of Canada (Limited) ; 102 Mayflower Tobacco Work* 103 Nova Scotia Tobacco Works... 104 Kob't Taylor's Trunk Factory 105 Minerals and Minks... 106 Coal.... 106 Gold 109 Iron, &c 109 Albion Mines 110 Old Sydney and Lingan Mines 111 Spring Hill 112 Acadia Coal Co 112 PUBLISHINO AND BOOKSELLINO. 115 A. &W. MdKinlay 115 pRE.ss OP Halifax 116 Morning Chponide 116 Beporter 117 Citiaen : 118 Acftdiaik Recorder... 119 Morning Herald 119 Christian Messenger.... 120 Piesbyterian Witness 120 Wesleyan 120 Church Chronicle „ 120 Alliance Journal 120 Mayflower 120 NoyaScatia Printing Co, 121 Dry Goods Business 122 Anderson, Billing & Co 125 Burns & Murray 126 Doull& Miller 127 Duifus & Co 120 T. & E. Kenuy 138 Peter Grant & Co 131 S. Howard & Son 132 W. &C. Silver 133 Groceries 1^ C. & W. Anderson 136 Eason k Co * 137 . FAG» J. S. Maclean & Co 138 James Scott -"Army & Navy Depot" 139 John Tobin & Co.. 140 Hardware, &o E. Albro&Co 141 Black Brothers & Co. 143 H. H. Fuller & Co 144 Pickford & Black 145 Wm. Stairs, Son & Morrow... 146 Halifax Hotel. 148 Miscellaneous , S. M. Brookfield- Builder and Contractor 150 Geo. Davidson & Co.— Crock- ery 151 Freeman Elliot — Furnishing Goods. 152 Arthur Fordham — Leather and Shoe FindingSs 153 Benjamin Godkin— Merchant Tailor 145 E. Morrison & Co 154 R. B. Mackintosh— Sugar and Commission 155 G. & T. Phillips— Bookbind- ers, &c 156 James Reardon- Paper Hang- ings, &c ........V 157 George Rent, Jr. —Kitchen Furniture 158 S. A. White & Co.— Flour, &o. 169 W. Crowe— Sewing Machines, &c 163 West India Trade 161 Robert Boak &. Son 162 Bremner & Hart 163 John Taylor & Co 164 Augustus W. West 165 Commercial Agencies 166 Future of Halifax a 163. INTRODUCTORY. T»E present appears to be a critical era in the historj of tliJs beautiral "city. It is in the power of the business men of Halifax, not merely to tctain their present relative advatitages and to repair the losses of the past, but to march forward in a career of unexatapled prosperity, and assert for the capital of Nova Scotia the position to which it is justly entitled. This fair-hfivened city, facing the free ocean, and with the wide continent behind— has special facilities for collecting and distributing the products of sea and land— of the stormy north and the sunny south-of Europe and America. Halifax is nearer Earope than New York, Boston, or Portland. The frost-king never bjrfs the harbor. It is within easy reach by sea and land^f some of the richest coal fields in the world; and it hcs almost a prescriptive right to the West India trade. With all these and many other advantages, it is impossible that Halifax should lag behind in the race of nati^-ual progress. It is the object of the following pages to give a brfef but comprehensive survey of the past, a faithful presenthtion and picture of the present, and an honest forecast of the future, of Halifax. The facts laid before tl- 1 reader have been gathered with conscientious deligence and care. No pains have been spared to secure accuracy and impartiality. The leading lines of business pursued in the city are briefly discussed, and the leading houses are described under each head. In no case, Except with respect to the press, have we attemptell to include all who are engaged in any one branch of business. Our plan compelled tts to be eclectic, and to overlook B large number of very eiccellent firms in the lines mentioned. The author's cordial thanks are due to a number of gentlemen who assisted him with information, with their Counsel, and with their pens. Aid has been received from so mftny quarters that to particularize would be Invidious. The author does not Imagine that his work will be pronounced /auWes*.- *11 he claims is that he has done his best ; and he is persuaded that notwith- standing its dofocM, he has by this publication, conferred a lasting benefit on HttHfax and its businosB interestsv I: J HALIFAX: HISTOEICAL SKETCH. Stp:p back to the second day of July, 1749, clamber over rocks, and fallen trees, and scrubby underbrush, to the top of what is now Cit- adel Hill — some 250 feet above the sea level — and you find around you wherever your eye wanders, nothing but the vast wilderness, the green forest relieved hero and there by the gleaming waters of the harbor, or by the sheen of some distant silvery lake. The lonely wild had then heard no woodman's song, and the ringing axe had hardly wakened an echo. The harbor, safe and deep as it was, had only attracted occasional notice. But, looking out from your hill summit that day, you see a solitary " stately ship" rising slowly above the horizon, emerging from the fog bank, and making her way shoreward, the cool breeze tilling her sails. On her mast is the " meteor flag of England." It is the sloop-of-war Sphinx, the pioneer of myriads of ships large and small that have since that July day entered and cleared the Tort of Halifax. The coming of the Sphinx that day meant much for Nova Scotia, and for all America, as well as for the city which was about to be founded. The struggle between Great Britain and France for ascen- dency in North America had not then been finally decided. The New England Colonies lived in almost conoiant anxiety and dread of French or Indian invasion. Franca still held large possessions ; she had many warm sympathizers along the shores of Minas Basin. Much of New Brunswick with the whole of Lower and Upper Canada was in her hands. The Old Colonies had reason to dread the aggressive- ness of a vigilant and enterprising enemy. In 1 746 the French formed a plan, and took steps to carry it out with ardor — to sweep the British Flag off the American continent from Newfoundland to Vir- ginia. The Colonies were to be subjugated or exterminated, and France was to become the undisputed mistress of this vast continent. An Armada was prepared which it was hoped would prove invincible, consisting of forty ships of war, some of them the most formidable then •on the seas, with thirty transports, and over three thousand sailors. The expedition left Brest with high hopes, under the supreme command of Admiral D'Anville, who was ordered to occupy Louisburg, reduce Nova Scotia, destroy Boston, and ravage the coast of New England. As in the case of another famous Armada, the wind* proved fatally adverse. A succession of terrific storms destroyed or 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH. dispersed tlie fleet, and on the 2nd September poor D' Anville reachctl tliis harbor with only two Ships of the Line and a few transports, ainl a broken heart. The enterprise was utterly blasted. The Admiral died six days after his arrival here, and the Vice- Admiral perished shortly after by suicide. 1,200 men had died of scurvy on the voyage. Barracks were built and attention was paid to the sick, but over 1,000 soldiers died in Halifax (then Chebucto) Harbor. Many of these are said to have been buried in the woods, and many were on the. Dart- mouth side, where their bones are supposed to have been discovered within the past few years. In course of a few weeks there were gathered in this harbor 5 Ships of the Line, and 25 Frigates aiid Transports of D' Anville's Armada. These sailed on the 1 3th October for Annapolis, intending to reduce that British stronghold and thus gain possession of the whole peninsula. They would then attack Boston, — perhapf. Howeve they met a most violent storm ofl Cape Sable. Nearly all the ships were injured, and many were lost. The result was total failure. Not one of the objects with whi ;h the Armada set out was attained. Buw the British Colonists were much alarmed. Had not the storms fought their battles they might have fared badly enough. Hence, earnest petitions were addressed to the British Government by the people of Massachusetts, leading to an investigation of the condition and advantages of Nova Scotia. The result was a de-" termination to organize the country, and make " Chebucto " a place of strength. A treaty of peace had just been completed with Franccj Cape Breton with its fortified Louisburg, had been most unwisely given up. Many soldiers and sailors to whom the war had given employment, were now idle. The King authorized the " Board of Trade and Plantations " over which Lord Halifax presided, to organize •a colonizing expedition. Thirteen transports lefl the English shores in May, 1749, and, led by the Sphinx, sailed for Nova Scotia. The emigrants were well provisioned for a twelve*month and fitted out with arms, ammunition and implements of industry. To meet the expenses of the expedition Parliament voted £40,000 sterling. Liberal grants of land were promised to all who would join the new colony. Edward Comwallis, was appointed Governor ; and a plan of civil Government was arranged. On the 12th July the transports arrived in good condition with their mixed multitude of intended settlers. The whole number that landed (including some from Louisburg) amounting to 2576. In that summer, long ago, we are told that " Chebucto Harbor '' sparkled with fish, and the coast far and near was rich in these " treasures of the sea." The new city was founded, partly at least, 1 HISTORICAL SKETCH. 11 ■fith a view to the advantages its position offered for prosecuting t!ic cc'l-fisliery. The primary object was to establish a military and naval post which would be of special advantage should hostilities be renewed between the rival nations — and in those years nothing was so sure as war ! From the first Halifax has been of great importance for military as well as commercial ends. Edward Cornwallis and his associates were charmed with the beauty, the safety and the commodiousn'ess of the Harbor. They attempted first to bnild the town at Point Pleasant, but the strength of the surf, the expected violence of south-east storms at that spot, ane shot down and scalped. Sometimes the Indians would make captives of their prison- el's, and hold ther^, for heavy ransom. Early settlei-s from Halifax were dragged aibot all the way to Louisburg to be -old to the French, who in turn sold these wretched, half-starved victims to their English friends. The attacks of the ferocious savages led, as usual, to deadly reprisals. Ten guineas were offered for every Indian scalp. Well- armed parties scoured the fonists and shot down the Indians as so many wild beasts. Tlie town was protected by a wooden breastwork all around it. Every man from 16 to 60 years of age was enrolled in the Militia and did duty in turn. The feetlo and unprotected settle- inei i of Dartmouth was twice or thrice tiie scene of tragic massacre* by the Indians ; and not till the country ras finally wrenched from Fcance did the poor savages learu that ttM Engrlish could ever be but HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13 mortal enemies, — could in fact prove true, just and generous friends. In sIk yeara the British Government expendr ! here no lesp a sum than i'415,584. Very much of this money was doubtless for war purposes; and remembering the character of the times it is not unreasonable to suppose that a considerable percentage of it never left London. Still the Government was exceedingly liberal in fostc.ing the new settlement, for its vast importance in a navnl and military point of view was early and fully appreciated. During the first five months of the city's existence it required eighteen licensed taverns to supply the thirsty inhabitants with liquoi-s ! That the business was lucative in those days may be inferred from the fact that a tax of one guinea a month was imposed on each tavern-keeper for the benefit of tlie poor. At an early period (1754) the first Chief Justice (Jonathan Belcher) was appointed. Previous to this, law courts had been estab- lished, and justice was administered roughly and crudely we may be sure, but still as well as could be expected under the circumstances. Among the early laws was one well calculated to convert the place into a " Cave of Adullam": no 'Vbts contracted abroad prior to the rettlement of Halifax, o"- to the arrival of the debtor in the town, could be recovered by legal process. Thus our fair city was in danger f becoming " an asylum for insolvent debtors." We get another curious glimpse into the morale of those early times, when Englishmen strode the boggy streets in cocked ha*;, wig knee-breeches, and big buckled shoes ; and Englisnwomen 7?alked sturdily inside a veritable HOOP (one hoop, and not the so-called hoops of our day). Men and women while alive could do something to help themselves ; but the dead what could they do but lie still where they died ! And so they !ay on, and their living friends and neighbours cared not to pjiy the last sad rites. Tlie Government had to impose penalties to compel those in the vicinity of the deceased's last place of abode to see to the burial. The triginal I'mits of the town exte.idcd south to Salter street and TiOrth to Buckingham street, the width of the town being about a quarter of a mile. Barracks for troops and store-houses for a super- abundance of arms, amunition and all sorts of war material from Louisburg, had to bo erected hastily. On the llth Sepiembov, 1749, the first execution took place. Peter Carteel was hangci, icr due process of law, for the murder of Abraham Goodsido. In dark fall and winter nigjits the streets were lighted with oil lamps. Good taste and forethought were shewn by an ordinance imposing a fin? of .£l, or imprisonment for 48 hours, on any person injuring trees within the limits of the town. 14 HISTORICAL SKETCH. A road was opened up to Windsor (Piziquid) and there was much going .and coming of Indians, Acadians and English. A knd route was established between the new capital and Annapolis, the old capi- tal. We must not allow ourselves to attempt an account, however brief, of the exciting and troublesome questions that culminated in the melancholy and tragic expatriation of the Acadians. Suffice it to say that the authorities at Halifax had exercised very great patience with the French settlers, and that the policy of the latter was peculiarly aggravating at a crisis of great naticnrd peril. War at best is cruel : and this most cruel episode in the history of Nova Rcotia, bj which 1923 souls were torn from the homes they fondly loved, — occurred in 1 755, si? years after the founding of Halifax. The act at the time met with the general approbation of all, except the sufferers and tl.eir compatriots. Murdoch tells us that the occupants of the 300 houses which formed the town in the early months 1 760, were "cheerful and convivial." They were not afraid of Indians or Frer'ch, and never unready to return stroke tor stroke, or to exact scslp for scalp. They were wont ta spend in drill one hour every Sunday morning, just previous to going to church. The militia numbered 840. Gecrgu's Island was fortified and some settlers ventured to the Dartmouth side of the harbor. Tho reward for Indian scalps was raised to £50. The French encouraged desertion, and the deserters when recaptured, as was oflen the case, were shot or hanged. 300 Germans arrived, a large number of whom were artificers ; these got 2s. a day as wages, while common labourers were paid Is. and 6d : with rations in both cases. Prices naturally fluctuated more than in these days. Lumber was at times as low ns £2.16 pr.'* 1000 feet, and at times it rushed up to £G. Lime, used fo: brick making, cost 25s. per hogshead. Meat of all kinds ra^jged from l^d. to 4d. per lb. Coffee, 6d. Tea, 7s. Sugar from 8d. to 1 Gd. In the summer of 1 750, fish was abundant, and 250,000 quintals of cod were prepared for exportation. Rum was taxed in order to raise money for a bounty on the fisheries. A bounty of 20s. an acre was given for cleared land ; 28. per cwl. for li;iy ; 2s. per bushel for nheat, barley or rye ; 15 for oats ; and 3d. per II). for hemp. Similar aid was frequently extended in subsequent years. In 1751, Halifax was divided into 8 wards, and the people autho- rized to make the following elections: 8 overeeers; town clerk ; 16 constables ; 8 -avengiu-s. The penalty for stealing fish from tho flakes was fourfold restitution and a whipping round the flakes. Theft from the beach or streets was similarly punished, — whipping fonniag i I HJSTOBICAL SKETCH. 15 an important element in the penalty. " Ridiug tlie wooden horse '' was enacted as a penalty for certain offences, by militia law. In May of this year happened the memorable massacre by the In- dians, at Dartmoutli, in which six or eight settlers lost their lives. The troops in charge of the place had become carelessly secure, and the result was a deadly night surprise of the settlement, and the murder of men, women, and children. In 1752 Governor Cornwallis retired and was succeeded by (Jov- ernor Hopson. This year many of the German immigrants vere sent to Lunenburg, where they gradually became a well ordered commu- nity, and whore their descendants flourish finely till this day. In 1 754 a newspaper was printed here for the first time. It was called the Halifax Gazetls, — a model pioneer in the field of Nova Scotia journalism. At that time, what are now the Provinc ;? of Ontario and Quebec with their three millions of population, could boast only of 65,000. There were probably a few dozen Englishmen scattered among those thousands, but mostly if not wholly as captives rescued from the hands of Indian^, and held for ransom. Nova Scotia was proportionately better peopled than the larger Provinces, and had not Halifax been founded and built up here as a centre of British influence, " Acadia " might have proved a second Quebec. £» land domineiitly French. On the 2l8t Oct., after a public breakfast, a sormon in St. Paul's Church, an anthem, and a proces- sion, the Supreme Court met for the first time, with Jonathan Belcher a^ Chief Justice. We have already al'uded to the memorable expulsion of the Aca- dians, which oocufred in 17^ o. No doubt the tragic faio of Brad- dock's expedition contributed largely to lead the British authorities to the adoption of extreme mea>)ures. Far more gratifying must it have been to the people of Ilal^fa:; in those days to have hoard of the capture of Beausejour (Fort Cumberland), and the fertile region about the isthfhus connecting Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. There were mutterings deep and many indicative of the a[)pi'oaching outburst of a dooisive war b'-tween tho rival nations. The prize was the sovereignty of a continent, and ultimately the leadership of modern civilization, and the contestants were tho Gallican and the Anglo-Saxon races. War was not yet formally proi^laimed ; but hos- tilities had virtually commenced. Several prizes were brought into Ilalifiix and condemned. This yea: batteries were established at the Lumber Yard, at the Queen's wharf, and at tho Ordfiance wharf. In 1766 a party of Indians invaded llous's Island in Mahone Bay, caught a boy and compelled him to bo their guide to tho house of an Knglishmaii, named Payzant, on a lovely island closo by. They IG HISTORICAL SKETCH. seized Payzant, killed and scalped him, killed and scalped a wonaan- sorvant, a child, and tVe boy that had been their guide, and then car- ried off Mrs. Payzant and four ch'rldren to Canada. This cruel raid led the government at Halifax to issue a proclamation, offering £30 for every male Indian prisoner, £25 for his scalp and £25 for every Indian woman or child. It was a wonder that under such cir- cumstances the aborigines were not wholly exterminated. War, whose dark clouds had so long impended, broke out in all its fury in the summSr of 1756. Next year (1757) representative government was established in the Province, — 16 members to be elected for the Province at large, 4 for Halifax, 2 for Lunenburg, 1 for Dartmouth, and 1 each for Lawrencetown, Annapolis, and Cumberland, — in all 26. A large fleet, with 1200 men, visited Halifax in the summer, but Lord Loudon, who commanded, had neither courage nor skill for any great enterprise. His operations were almost a total failure, and some were darkly disastrous. Halifax lived in daily dread of invasion. In the summer of 1758 this harbor presented a busy and heart- stirring scene. The recapture of Louisburg had been resolved upon and preparations were made adequate to the great occasion. 23 line of battle ships, 18 frigates, and about 100 transports were assembled here. The soldiers numbered over 12,000, under Amherst, Wolfe, Lawrence, and other notable men. This magnificent fleet, and this strong force, sailed out of Halifax on Sunday, the 28th May, on what proved to be a tedious and an arduous undertaking. It was not till the 28th July that the gallant defendere of Louisburg were compelled to surrender, finally and forever. The fii-st capture, in 1745, was a brilliant achievement, but the advantage then gained had been impro- vidently sacrificed by a government which did not realize the value of such a stronghold. However, had Louisburg not been temporarily restored to France afler 1 745, it, and not Halifax, would probably have been the capital and naval and niilitRry headciuartere of Nova Scotia. — Next year the fleet which was to engage in 'the more daring and difficult task of besieging Quebec gathered in the port of Halifax and sailed for the scene of war early in May. The siege which lasted over two months, ended gloriously to British anus on the 14th Sep- tember. On the 2nd October, 1758, the first Legislative Assembly, consist- ing of 19 membc.s, met in Halifax, — llobert Sanderson, Esq., was elected Speaker. The members gave their services gratuitously. All the money they had to work with was a sum of £2,204.17.11, a bal- ance of duties raised on spirituous liquors. One of the earliest n^o- lutions of the Assembly was to build a lighthouse on Sambro. The Bum of £1000 was voted for this object, and a sum of £500 for a work- HISTORICAL SKETCH. 17 house. Wages were so high and labor so scarce that the pcrinlGsion of the authorities was given to soldiers to work at 18 pence a day for artificers and 6d. a day for labourers. A grant of £400 of the spirit fund w.xs made to finish the church (St. Paul's) "and £100 to the dissenting meeting house " (St. Matthew's.) On the night of the 3-4 November, 1759, Halifax was visited with a most violent and destructive gale of wind. The wharves were dam- aged, and the sugar and salt in stores close to the beach were nearly ruined. The gale extended over the Bay of Fundy, and dyke lands in all directions were overflowed. — The second Legislative Assembly met on the 4th Dec, 1759, and consisted of 20 members. The Gov- ernor's speech njfeTed to the fall of Quebec, " that barbarous metro- polis from \lience his good subjects of this Province and the King's other American dominions have groaned under such continual and unpardonable wrongs." The Assembly in their reply spoke of " Can- *ada" as the mother and nurse of the most cruel, savage enemies to these His Majesty's American colonies. The House still declined to receive pay. They appointed a chaplain, Rev. Mr. AVood, to read prayers every morning, for which service he received throe shillings a day, to be paid by the members out of their own pockets. 1760 is memorable for the demolition of Louisburg; tlie complete conquest, of Canada ; the death of Paul Mascarcne, and of that most able and patriotic man. Governor Lawrence, whose services to his country were of incalculable value. In tht same year died King George Second, leaving the throne to George Third, whose reign be- came so memorable in the history of America. The Proclamation of the young King was, in Halifax, a very imposing and elaborate cere- mony. A procession of military and civil officers, clergy, and prin- cipal inhabitants, was formed, and " His most sacred Majesty " was proclaimed at the following five places : Courthouse door, North Gate of the Town, Governor's House, South Gate of the Town, and lastly on the Parade. There was much firing of cannon and of small arms, and feasting, illuminations, bonfires and fireworks followed. Afler all this rejoicing, the town went into duo mourning for (jeorge Second. In 1761 the little Dutch Church at the corner of Brunswick and Gerrish Streets was erected, the Council voting £47.14.11 for that purpose. The third Assembly met this year and undertook to legis- late for the moral and religious interests of the people, as well ns for their temporal interests. 38 shillings were voted for Bibles. A cler- gyman was provided for Lunenburg. An act was passed for the bet- ter olraervance of the Lord's Day. In the following year, Governor Belcher pathetically urged on the attention of the Assembly the " in- asmasasmia 18 HISTORICAL SKETCH. ' 1 1 li 1 1 i t , i ; ; N i supportable load of debt " incurred. It amounted to about £4,500. The Assembly was most cautious in its expenditures, and refused to make g.ants for the relief of distress at Truro and Yarmouth, on the grouni' of this " great load of debt." The French made an unexpected descent on Newfoundland and took easy possession of St. John's. This created boundless panic in Halifax. Frequent Councils of War were held. The militia were armed. Old batteries were strengthened and new ones constructed. Martial law was proclaimed. A boom was constructed to defend the North West Arm. A chain was stretched across, and a well-armed sloop took up a position inside these defences. The French settlers all over the country were regarded with keen suspicion. The hostility of the Indians was dreaded. In autumn Newfoundland was re- conquered by the British and Halifax restored to its wonted sense of safety. This year died Abbe Maillard, once Vicar-General of Louis- burg. He had great influence with the Micmacs. He made his peace with the English four years before his death, and was buried with the greatest honors. Rev. Thomas Wood (Church of England) attended his death bed, read to him at his own request the prayers for the dying in the English prayer book, and at his funeral read the English Church service in the French language. For many years after the settlement of Halifax, close intimacy and unfailing courtesy marked the intercourse of the Roman Catholic and Piotestant clergy. The advocates of a prohibitory liquor law will read with interest a remark made by Governor Belcher in his speech to the Assembly in 1763. As to revenue, said he, " wo rely upon the consumption of a noxious manufacture, which it is the very object of the laws to res- train ; nor would it be an unpolitical wish that we could wholly pro- hibit." Up to tliis time new laws were published by being read at the Parade after notice by beat of drum. Henceforth the laws were to be printed. — Mahogany chairs were provided for the members of Assembly. — In 1764 the north end of the north suburbs petitioned that their part of the town be called " Gottingen." This was granted. Captains of men-of-war in the harbor wore appointed Justices of the Peace 1 In 1765 were heard the first mufterings of deep discontent in the colonies, arising from the "stamp act," and ending in the " Indepen- dence of the United States " This obnoxious act was partially sub- mitted to in Nova Scotia, owing no doubt to the comparatively recent date of its settlement and the numerous benefactions of the British Government. Year afler year Parliament contrived to irritate the colonies by most injudicious enactments: among the rest was the pro- hibition of native manufactures. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 19 In 176J> we read of two women, one a negro, being punished by publie whipping for stealing. — In 1770 an act was passed to rrise £1000 by lottery to improve roads and bridges. — In 1774 an Orphan Home existed in Halif^ar, in which 26 children were maintained at the public expense. Cost £250 a year. — The " Tea" trouble affec- ted Halifiix to some extent. — A proclamation was issued forbidding public met^tings. — In the autumn, 51 carpenters were sent from Hali- fax to Boston to build barracks there — resident mechanics being un- willing to work for the Crown at any price. — Trade with the West Indies commenced this year. — In 1775 the troubles in the " Northern Colonies " became serious. The contest actually commenced. This led to many "Loyalists" hastening with (lieir property to Halifax and other parts of Nova Scotia. Troubles and perils multiplied on every side : among others small-pox. — In August there were pro- visions in the town for only three weeks. Fuel also was extremely scarce. As tht; season advanced general distress prevailed. Martial law was again proclaimed. — Congress had raised 13,000 troops for tho capture of Halifax, but the invasion was delayed from dread of small- pox. — 1776, so memorable in the annals of the United States, was a gloomy year in Halifax. — All Canada had fallen into the hands of tho insurgents, with the exception of Quebec, and though Halifax was eminently loyal, there was considerable discontent throughout tho Province. A " reign of lerror '' continued till the end of the Ameri- can Avar. — In 1778 the expenses of the Legislative Assembly, inclu- ding chaplain, door-keeper ani fuel, amounted to £100. — American privateers continued to injure tho trade of the port, but occasipnally very rich prizes were brought in by men-of-war and by native priva- teers. — In 1780 the Assembly voted £1500 for a Public School in Halifax, tho school master to bo paid £100 a year, — the money for building to be raised by a lottery !— Un times of war every hour has its excitement, every day its surprise. Halifax at this period was enlivened with the constant arrival and departure of ships of war, pri- vateers, prizes, &e. — To receive tidings from London was usually a matter of from 8 to 10 weeks. Communication with other parts of the world was equally slow and uncertain. Very large numbers of Loyalists arrived in Halifax about tho clo?e of tho Revolutionary War; but many, aflcr a few years, re- turned again to their old homes or sought " fresh fields' and pastures new " further south or west. From the first settlement of Halifax, there was a strong tendency among portions of tho population to emigrate further south. — In 1784 a Roman Catholic Chapel was built near where St. Mary's Cathedral now stands. In the previous year the Legislature passed an Act allowing the fiue exercise of the R. C. 20 HISTORICAL 8KETC9. ! ! fir - 1 i' li 1 i ' ■: : ! ( i " !■ .* Religion in the colony. — Till 1784 New Brunswick was a part of Nova Sco'ia, and representatives from that Province sat in tlie As- sembly at Halifax. Tiie Assembly elected in 1770 held seventeen sessions and existed for fourteen troublons and.eventful years. Jn the autumn of 1784 a Halifax house, Messrs. Cochran and Holmes, received the first return from a whaling expedition, — a schooner with upwards of 150 barrels of oil, and a quantity of whale bone. Next year the Nantucket whalers proposed to make this tlieir headquarters. The enterprise was carried on with some success till 1792 when the whalers removed to England. — Prices were excessive- ly high at times, — flour £3.10 stg. per cwt.; beef 2s. 6d. per lb.; but- ter 5s. per lb. This was an age of " protection " and "bounties." Importations even from the United States must be in British vessels navigated by British subjects. " Free trade " was practically unthoiight of. On the 4th Oct., 1786, His Royal Highness, Prince William Henry, afterwards William Fourth, visited Halifax," where his recep- tion was brilliant and enthusiastic. Ho wintered in the West Indies and rfiturned next June. There were receptions, salutes, ilhimina- ticns, dinners, demonstrations, &c., and in about a fortnight the Prince departed for Quebec. He visited Halifax again in November, and also in the following year. — In 1788 an election riot took place, re- sulting in the death of one man and the injury of several persons. Party spirit rose in connection with charges against the Judges. Sterns and Taylor, lawyers, urged these charges which appear to Lave had no real foundation. The Judges struck both these men off the roll of attorneys. Long debates on the " trial of the Judges " took place in the Assembly of 1 789 and subsequently. The impeach- ment ended in the acquittal of the accused by the Privy Council (in 1792). — On the 23rd July the Court House, then at the corner of Buckingham and Argyle streets, was burnt. — In 1792 over 1200 ne- gros — mostly freed slaves, were shipped from Halifax to Sierra Leone, in 15 vessels. The voyage was made in 40 days and there were but 70 deaths on the passage, which was considered remarkable under the circumstance?. This was the tragic era of the Franch Revolution, and war with France broke out in 1 793. Halifax was loyal as usual and ready to do her share of fighting. Attacks by the French fleet were expected, but happily the enemy never came. — In 1794, Prince Edward (the father of Queen Victoria), visi^^ed Halifax and became a universal favorite, by his aflability, benevolence and liberality. " He gave em- ployment to workmen of every kind. He interested himself sincere- ly in the welfare of families and individuals, and this feeling continueu HISTORICAL SKETCH. 21 (lurinj; Ills life ; for long after he bade a final adieu to Halifax, Ins ex- ertions .md influence were often used to procure commissions, pen- sions, or employment for persons whose parents he had known while here. He remained in fact the ready patron of Nova Scotians nntil his death." (Murdoch, vol. 3, p. 124.) During the var British cruisers often afriverl in Halifax with prizes. On one occasion thirteen ©f those were brought in by two cruisers. Cargoes of flour, wine, fruit, &c., were often captured, and the market here was abund-itly supplied with " good things." Hali- fax was destined to hear anu but to hear the battle's distant din. In 1 796, "iSO Maroons were brought from Jamaica to Halifax, and an attempt made to utilize them on the fortifications. Numbers were located at Preston. They had been wild and desperate " rebels " in «7ama;ca,^the descendants of old slaves, living in caves and fastnesses where they laughed to scorn all efforts to conquer them, until Cuban dogs were pro«.ured to hunt them down. The alarm created by the arrival of the dogs led to instant submission. The Jamaican Assem- bly expended £41,000 on their transportation to Halifax and settle- ment at Preston. In 1800 these people, unable to earn their living in a cold climate, were sent in a body to Sierra Leone. Next year the foundations of the Law Library were laid by a present from Sir Thomas Strange, of all his professional books. The man-of-war La Tribune was lost this year at the mouth of the harbor and only 12 of her company saved.— In 1798 Prince Edward was .somewhat seriously injured. His horse fell and rolled over him, bruising his leg and thigh. Acting reluctantly on the advice of his physicians he returned to England. At the close of the Legislative session in 1799, Mr. Speaker Uniacke referred to the fact that 50 years had elapH^d since the found- ing of the city. " There are members both of the Council and As- sembly, who recollect when the first tree was felled on the spot where you now preside over a flourishing and happy colony." — On the 6th September, Prince Edward (now Duke of Kent) returned to Halifax and was received with enthusiasm. He usually resided at the " Prince's Lodge," on the west side of Bedford Basin.— Halifax im- ported this year £200,000 worth of British manufactures. The Duke of Orleans with his two brothers visited Halifax in No- vember. The Duke afterwards became King Louis Philippe of France. Another distinguished visitor was William Cobbett return- ing from New York to Great Britain. While here ho dined with the Duke of Kent. " Ho who first landed in N. S. a simple corporal, soon pat as a guest among princes and generals," owing to his wonderful 23 HISTORICAL SKETCH. J ijjjii industry and genius.— On the 4th August the Duke of Kent (Princ6 Edward) finally bade adieu to Halifax and sailed for England. Military executions were not unfrequent in those days. In one year four soldiers ytcre put to death, and on the 7th August, 1800, three were hanged at the same time, for acts of mutiny and desertion. Eleven had beea sentenced to death, but 8 wore reprieved at the foot of the scaffold. Persons guilty of piracy and murder were hanged and then hung in chains at some exposed point of the peninsula. Among the deaths of this year we note that of the first Halifax printer and publisher — Anthony Henry, aged 66 years. He was King's Printer for 40 years —Here is a noteworthy advertisement : " For sale, a likely, stout negro girl, aged 18 years, good natured, fond of children, and accustomed to both town and country work. For particulars apply at the Old Parsonage, Dutch Town." The achievements of some Nova Scotian privateers are recorded not without pride. The "Rover*' unJer Godfrey, armed with 14 4-pounders, 55 men and boys, encountered a French vessel of 16 guns, 155 men, and carried away from her an American brig, a prize which the Frenchman had captured. Afterwards the Rover gave battle to a Spanish schooner and three gunboats and utterly di«com» fited them, though the schooner mounted 10 six- pounders and two 12 pound carronades, with 125 men. 31 were killed or wounded and the rest were made prisoners. The Rover lost not one man ! ^ This is but a sample. The British Government offered Godf\*ey the cap* taincy of a man-of-war, but he preferred his wild freedom. A short and treacherous peace was patched up between Great Britain and France in 1801, but war broke out again with redoubled violence in 1803, and continued with hardly a breathing space for 12 years.— In 1808 there was a grim prospect of war with the United States.— Robert Emmett attempted to rouse New York to the fight» ing point. He wished to begin by conquering Halifax, which hfe hoped to achieve by the aid of 7000 men. The United States Gov* ernment laid an embargo on trade with the colonies, but this rather added to the prosperity of Halifax than injured it.— Aaron Burr visi' ted Halifax incognito, in a friendly way, and proposed certain pro- jects to the authorities about the annexation of Florida, &c. In 1811 misunderstandings between U. S. and Great Britain be» came more frequent. The Little Belt, 20 guns, was attacked, by the U. S. ship President, 44 guns, and badly cut up. The former hastened to Halifax for repairs. The President's officers declared that the Little Belt commenced the fray ; but this was emphatically denied, and was not likely considering the different sizes of the vessels. Next year the United States declared war against Great Britain. Numeroua niSTOBlCAL SKETCH, 23 fight» prizes were taken into Iluliiax. Privateers were active on both sides. The Americans alnost always had the advantage in size and equip- ment of their vessels, — for Great Britain had all Europe on her hands : victory accordingly largely favoured the American flag. On Sunday, June 6th, Halifax was intensely excited by the arri- val in port of the " Shannon and the Chesapeake " after their famous duel off Boston harbor. Captain Broke, cruising off Boston, in the Shannon. 38 guns, invited Capt. Lawrence, a gallant young American, who had command of the Chesapeake, to combat. The Chesapeake mounted 49 guns. Lawrence promptly availed himself of the offer, manned his ship with 440 picked seamen, and, com- pletely fitted for action, put to sea on the 1st June. Some gentlemen and ladies of Boston, went out in sail boats to witness the expected victory. The " Shannon " took position between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, and there awaited the attack. The " Chesapeake " bore down on her rival in handsome style and delivered her broadside< The engagement lasted just fifteen minutes, and it ended in the cap- ture of the " Chesapeake." Capt. Broke was badly wounded, and Capt. Lawrence was wounded mortally. The Shannon had about 90 killed and wounded. She went into action with 330 incn. The " Chesapeake " lost 70 killed and over 100 wounded. Capt. Law- rence died on the 6th June. On the 8th he was buried in the grave- yard opposite Government House. Hia remains were landed under a discharge of minute guns and were followed to the grave by his own surviving officers, all the British naval and military officers in the town, and many of the inhabitants. On the U. S. flag which covered the coffin, were placed the sword, cap and other ensignia of rank of the deaceased, and the4)all was supported by six Captains of the Royal Navy. A military band attended and 800 men of the 64t.h Regt. fired three volleys over the grave. The funeral service was performed by the Rector of St. Paul's. His remains were aflerwards removed to the U! S. A large number of American prisoners were kept on Melville ^Island at the head of the North West Arm — ^ spot where French prisoners also were also secured, and where the time often passed very merrily. In 1813 the buildings on the little islet became too small to accommodate all the prisoners brought in, and many were al- lowed to hire with neighbouring farmers. At this time the town was very prosperous. It was the headquar- ters of a vast fleet, and of a lucrative illicit trade with the United States. Prizes were swept into the harbor — French, Spanish, Ameri- can. The youth were eager to share the fortunes of war. Five Hali- fax lads rose to be Admirals in the British navy. T -^de flourished' \ 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH. Prices and rents were high. Agriculture and the fisheries prospered. From 1811 to 1815 the town and port were bright with the " poinp and circumstance of glorious war." — Many negro slaves from Mar; - land, &c., fled for freedom to tlie British fleet when the latter invaded the U. S. coasts. Tliese negroes were taken partly to Halifax and partly to Bermuda. Their descendants form b. picturesque element in the population of Halifax. — 1815 brought peace to the world, and nowhere was the success of British arms and British policy more heartily gloried in, than in the capital of Nova Scotia. In 1817 Earl Dalhousie, then Governor, proposed to establish a College in Halifax — ■" the seat of the Legislature — of Justice — of the Military and Mercantile Society " — on the model of Edinburgh Col- lege. His proposal was sanctioned by the Legislature and the Crown. The '* Castine Fund " — proceeds of war-captures — was principally de- voted to this object. The result is seen in " Dalhousie College," the corner stone of which was laid on the 22nd May, 1820. — The winter was astonishingly cold. Ice 26 inches thick was formed on the Poto- mac. Halifax harbor was encumbered with ice for weeks and the Eastern passage was closed till the 25th April. In 1818 a central Agricultural Society was formed, and much done to encourage farming pursuits. This was largely owing to a series of letters published by Mr. John Young, under the nom de plume of " Agricola." Liberal grants were made from time to time by tlie Legislature, to stimulate the agricultural interest. The representatives assembUng in Halifax were unpaid till 1819. This year they voted themselves 208. a day for 35 days. The mem- bers of the Legislative Council gave their services free for many years longer, — The only fatal duel that ever occurretl in Halifax, took place on the 21st July, 1819. Bowie; a merchant, bad challenged R. J. Uniacke and was mortally wounded. The scene of the duel was near the Richmond Railway Depot.— The naval establishment was largely reduced and important Dockyard works 'vere removed to Bermuda, grei'tly to the dissatisfaction of Halifax. In 1834 the frightful scourge of Asiatic cholera visited Halifax,* End for about two months — August and September — continued its ravage*, producing such desolation an'l distress as had not been wit- nessed in the city before, and have not since. — The sensation of the following year was the attack of Joseph Howe upon the Magistrates, his trial tor libel, his defence of himself, and his triumphant acquittal by the Jury. From that day, till death closed his eyes in the Gov- ernment House on the 1st June, 1873 — and a mourning city followed the Jiortal remains of their first native Governor to Camp Hill Ceme- tery, — Joseph Howe, the Printer's boy, occupied a prominent place HISTORICAL SKETCH. 25 much in Halifax, in Nova Scotia, and latterly in British America. — In 1842 Halifax wa3 incorporated, and it has ever since beea ruled by its own elected Mayor and Aldermen. . In this year its streets and houses were first illuminated with gas. U^AtC^ PftX* /h^'U^*^ ^ '^^S**^'y^ ^i^ On Monday, June 1st, 1840, Unicorn, the pioneer of the Cunard ^y^ ^^ *^ fleet of steamers, arrived in Halifax and was welcomed amid great Ac ^f^fn^f^At/i rejoicings. The first steamers of the regular line plying between Liv- erpool, Halifax, and Boston, — the Bnlannia, left Liverpool on the 4th July and arrived at Halifax on the 17th, in J?^ days. On June 8th, 1849, the Centennary of Halifax was celebrated. At dawn a salute of 100 guns was fired, and the whole day was de- voted to shows, processions, orations, &c. Hon. Joseph Howe com- posed a song for the occasion, which has retained its more than local popularity : " Hail to the day that the Britons came over. And planted their standard wse again is Camphill Cemetery, the City of the Dead, flat, shelterless, and unattractive, the very antithesis of Green- ■wooil or Mount Auburn. Across the Harbor, eastwardly, more than a mile avray, rises Dart- mouth, its houses white and pretty, and many of them embosomed in trees or surrounded with green fields. The Lunatic Asylum on Mount. Hope towers, massive and dull, in the di. nee. It has more of moral merit than material beauty associated with it j but its site is all that the eye could des're, and it commands the best possible view of the city, the harbor, and the outlying islands and hills. The tourist from flie hot interior of the Continent or from r.ny o its great cities, will find in Halifax much to delight his eye and tone Tip his relaxed nervo and muscle. Nothing can be lovelier than a "amincr moming on Halifax Harbor ; the water still as gla."!! -ships great and smalt slseping without fear of storm — seagulls poising them- selves easily in the buoyant air and playing with their own shadows— the rising son attended by ridi masses of white and golden and pur- ple clouds, and the waters redoubling every tint and colour and form. The Great Artist produces this pictutu very often, but always with some variation of beauty. In July and August, at noonday or earlier— often as early as 9 o'clock — comes the welcome sea-breeze, gentle, cool, and brac'ng, a friend to health and comfort. It rolls the waters of the harbor inta little laughing wavelets that break with soft plash on the thiraty sands. Children, invalids, " young men and inaideno,"-— all who h ve the pure cool air, are apt to wander towards Point Plcasasnt, and among the shady paths and nooks around it where nothing seems wanting to- complete the conditions of a happy life in summer. In the' evening the sea-breeze folds its wings s^nd seeks repose. The snowy sails of pleasure boats are furled, and the oar i& plied on the glassy bosom of the harbor. The moon and stars add new (^lory to the scene. Sometimes, however, fog comes in, and with chill touch blots out all the beauty of the landscape. It comes wet and heavy, driven by the east wind. But wait a few hours till the sun is high, or at worst, till the wind has changed to west or north, ^,A(1 then you will see a picture not to be forgotten as the fog gathers up its trailing skirts and reveals the islands, the gleaming headlands, the snowy sails of many shij^, and the wide, limitloes sen. Sometimes the fq; weeps in at nifght, and hastes away fVom the rioming sun ; somefimea it forms a great wall out seaward. Oyii of the grandest sights to be witnessed in Halifax is a storm from the south-east. Those wlio Hve for inlam) have no idea of tbv PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. might that is m the sea, driven into fury by fierce winds. A small part of the peninsula, below the I'ark, is exposed to the full force ot the ocean in a south-east storm. The big waves then come in tumb- ling, rolling, dashing madly against the beach, with a noise like thunder. The spray rises high and is driven inland. Niagara itself is not more terribly grand than this spot when the tide is high and a fill gale is blowing. Huge fragments of rock are hurled about, churned and crashed against each other as if they were pebbles. The ropr of the elemental strife is so loud that thunder or the discharge of a park of artillery would hardly be heard. The peninsula upon which Halifax is built looks as ii it were created to be the site of the healthiest and fai"3st, if not the greatest) city "n America — the sea nearly all around it — its foundation the ever- lasting rock — the ground sloping gently on all sides, thus securing facil- ities for perfect drainage — the supply of good fresh water from lakes Bupei ibiindant — and constant access to the wide wide world by sea and land. Statistics, both of military and civil life, prove that Halifax is exceptionally healthful. No serious loss of Mfe has resulted from any epidemic since Cholera visited the city in. 1834 It is noteworthy that the first European name given to the port was La ISaie Saine — '• Bay of Health." PUBIIO INSTITUTIONS. Tn 1871, when the last census was taken, Halifax had a population of 29,582. It is now probably 31,000. Tiiere is no lack oi churches, there being more than one place of worship for every 1000 of the popu- lation They are denominationally as follows : — Episcopal, 7 ; Pres- byterian, 7 ; Methodist, 6 -, Roman Catholic, 3 ; Baptist, 1 ; Freewill Baptist, 1 ; Congregationalist, 1 ; Universalist, 1 '; Plymouth Brethren, 1 ; Mission Church, (Union) 1 ; African Methodist, 1 ; African Bap- tist, 1 : in all thirty-three. Some are old and venerable. St. Paul's was bujlt a year aftvjr the founding of the town,— in 1750. Some of the churches are small, and with small congregations. There is no '' Established Church." The British Government pays the chaplain who officiates for the military in the Garrison Chapel. Schools and Colleoeb. — Dalhousie College was founded by Earl Dalhousie, and has made but slow, and for years very un .cr- tain progmss. It is now well equipped, and has over 100 students. St. Maiiy's Collkor is maintained by the Roman Catholic Church. The PuEgBVTKUiAN CoLLECK occupics a building in the north end, H.'f 30 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONC. mi !|iiii i i on Gerrish Street. There are several private academies c^ repute. The Public Schools are intenled to accommodate every schoolable' child in the city. Several of the buildings are very commodious and handsome, and are well equipped. The most prominent are Morris Street, St. Mary's, St. Patrick's, Brunswick and Albro Street Schools. These are all Fr^e Schools, to which the poorest children have unre- stricted access. These schools cost the cit' over 8(>6,000 a year. Other noteworthy institutions are numerous, and are calculated ta meet the necessities of all classes of the afBicted and the needy. On the Dartmouth side of the water is the / sylum for the. Insane, an immense structure, built and regukted on the most approved plans, and yielding excellent results. It is situated on a healthy, airy, and beautiful elevation callsd MouDt Hope. The view from the grounds adjoining the Asylum, and especially from the central cupola, is very fine, either in summer or winter. The Asylum now accommodates over 300 patients. Nestling in a quiet grove, near the first Lake, is the most recently born of the charitable institititions of Haliik^, the Inebui^ate Asylum. This institution is already making a favourable impression upon the public. It provides for a large and most unfortunate class lor whou\ sympathy is too often turncid Into hot indignation. On the Halifax side of the harbor, and beginning at the north end of the city, we find (he Oephans* Home, occupying a large building surrounded by green fields, and overlooking the Narrows. It is an attractive spot. There is a circumstance connected with this institu. tiou which well deserve] to be noted down. For the past seventeen years the average iiumber in the Home at any one time has ranged from SO to 50, and the ages of the orphans have ranged from two yeai-8 to ten or more, yet there has not been in that period a single death among the orphans! A Roman Catholic Orphanage is in th« -ame end ol the city. Coming southward, past the spacious Welling- ton Barracks, we next notice the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, — one of which Halifax is justly proud, as it is surpassed no. where in efficiency. The Deaf and Dumb are literally taught to speak, although much greater pains is bestowed on teaching them to read, and to express thenwelves coirectly and rapidly in wri- ting. The number of pupils ordinarily ranges from 40 to 50. Nearly opposite this institution is a quiet and comfortable " Home FOR THE Aged," — for old ladies who have fallen into want. Between. 30 and 40 such are here cared for from year to year. A Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is making a commencement on Brunswick Street. There is in the same end of the city a House Yhere fallen women are cared for,, and where they are afforded a I PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 31 chance of escape to a better life. Temperance Hall has long been the rallying place of Sons of Temperance and other temperance orjianizations. The Young Mex'8 Christian Association have a very hand- some and commodious building near the centre of the city, costing over 835,000. The Association is a quarter of a century old, and has been gathering strength with increasing years. The Free Masons have a fine new " Temple" nearly completed, only two blocks away from the Y. M. C. A. headquarters. The British-American Book and Tract Society has its headquarters in Granville Street. It expendj thousands of dollars annually in disseminating attractive religious literature. The Club House occupies a prominent position in Hollis Street. It is an elegant and attractive resort of the wealthy and fashionable. In the south end of the city is St. Paul's House of Industry roR GiKLS, a place vrhere young persons who would otherwise be castaways are trained to lives of usefulness and virtue. Further north is the Asylum for the Blind, occupying a handsome brick build- ing. Here a work of beneficence is accomplished for the blind, such as is done for the deaf and dumb at the other end of the city. Then comes the Provincial anp City Hospital, where the sick are cared for. Unfortunately the building is not half the requisite size. It contains only 60 beds, whereas 150, at least, would be required. In the same vicinity is the Poor House, quite palatial in appearance, and unv isely situated on the Common, which should bo reserved for the free use of the public. This " Palace" of brick is free to the poor at all times, and the inmates sometimes number over 500. The Medical College is not far away, — a neat wooden building. A Convent devoted to the Sacred Heart, whence Sisters of Charity issue on errands of mercy, is in the same quarter of the town. Here also is the Halifax Infants' Home, one of the newest of the city's nuiiny charities. Fiftv-five infants were received in the Homo durina its first year, and the lives of over two-thirds were saved. Near the centre of tiie city, and in the neediest locality, the Dispensary is lociited, — an institution which has ministered to over 2000 sick poor during the past year. At a distance of a mile from the city stands the Industrial School for Boy*, an institution that has an admi- rable record — numbers of the wildest and worst boys in the town having been transformed here into useful, respectable and hardworking men. The finest Milit*"Y Hospital in America was built by Government in 1CC8, at the south end of Gottingen Street, — at a cost of over $150,000. There is also a Naval Hospital. Halifax boasts of a Citizens' Free Library, open daily, and of I PI! [4 "■'■irii i.ii 32 POPULATION AND TAXATION. several subscription Libraries and Reading Rooms. Its finest public buildings are the New Provincial Building, with its public offices and admirable Museum of Antiquities, Geology, &c. ; the Old Pko- viNCiAL Building, with its Halls for the two Houses of Legislature, and its noble Library and Portr.ait Gallery; Government House, thv "jsidence of the Lieutenant Governor ; and the Court House, where the Supreme Court sits, (with tlie Jail in its vicinity). We must not neglect to mention the City Market and the Police Court, ugly buildings near the heart of the city ; the City Prison, a granite structure occupying far too fine and prominent a spot a mile north of the city; and the Provincial Penitentiary, in a cosy, secluded nook a mile south of the city. Happily the latter will soon be removed. f these institutions, especially of the religious and benevolent ones, we may say that they are the fair blossoms and the beneficent fruit that adorn the goodly civic tree. The tree must be watered by the Jtrearas of commerce, refreshed by the gales of prosperous fortune, and bedewed by the gentle showers of peace and charity, in oriler to bring forth abundance of this goodly fruit. POPULATION AND TAXATION. Halifax, a? already stated, had in 1871, a population of 29,582. These lived in S,989 houses. The debt of the city amounts to S51,185,648. This represents the Water Works, which are ample to supply a much larger city — the hoautiful Public Gardens which cover over 8 acres — the buildings and effects of a most efficient Fire Department — the School Houses — and valuable lots of real estate. Though there are thousands of comparatively poor men, and hundreds of absolute paupei-s in Halifax, it is unquestionably a very wealthy city in proportion to its population. Not a few men who began life without a dollar have rolled up fortunes of from $100,000 to ten times that amount. Some have reached a much higher figure than even a million. Honest labor and steady application to business have rarely failed to win a fair share of prosperity. The value of property in Halifax for the tax-gatherer's purposes is given at $19,781,280. The actual valr.e is jirobably near, if it does not quite reach, double the amount. The taxation for the current civic year is $224,.')27. This comes to $1.15 per hundred dollars of property. The school tax amounts to 34 cents on every $100. NAVAL AND MILITARY. 33 NAVAL AND MILITAEY. Halifax was, from its foundation, largely a military station. Visitors are sure to be attracted by Fort George, or the " Citadel,' a Star Fort, and one of the finest in America. It was commenced by the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, while here as Com- mander-in-Chief. It has been almost completely rebuilt in recent years, and is of enormous strength, in itself and as an essential part of the system of fortification by which Halifax is protected. It com- mands every part of the town, and nearly all parts of the harbor. Visitors are allowed to explore the works thoroughly, even to make the circuit of the fort, under ground, behind the outside wall. The barracks and magazines within the fort art bunib-proof. The place is kept in thorough order. Several points of view afford magnificent prospects of our varied scenery. Just below the portal is a saluting battery, consisting of old-fashioned guns, whose fire only breaks a finv panes of glass here and there, while if the monsters on the bastions above were to be used the destruction would be immense. Her Majesty's Dockyard occupies half a mile of the harbor at the upper part of the city. It was founded nine jears after Governor Cornwallis landed he»'e. It is fenced in from the street by a substantial stone wall. It contains a number of houses lor the ficcom- modation of the ofl[icer in charge and the various employes. When, in the summer season, the Fleet is in this port, the Dockyard, so dull at other times, presents an extremely lively and stirring appearance. Th' bands of the ships fill the air with music. Visitors are constantly going to and fro. The sailors in their picturesque costume, — polite, obliging, gleesome, frolicsome fellows, — afford constant amusement. Much work has to be done in landing and shipping stores, &c. A visit to a first-class British man-of-war is at any time interesting, and such a visit can be enjoyed almost any day in summer. The Hospital Yard lies immediately north of the Dockyard. The Wellington jBarracks are built of brick, and occupy a fine, healthy site north of the cily. South of these barracks stands the Admiralty House, a building for the accommodation of the Admir.nl on this station when His Excellency is ashore. The Naval Cemetery lies between the Admiralty grounds and the liarl)or. At the south end of Gottingen Street stand.i the Military Hospital, probably the best in America. It has been built and fitted out according to the most approved rules of sanitary science. In the same ','icinity is the Garrison Chapel, wliere all soldiers worship who belong to the Episcopal Church. Soldiers of other denominations '" ! '4 U NAVAL AND MILITARY. are permitted to worship in their respective churches. The Oudxance Yard occupies a valuable wharf property near the heart of the city — at the junction of Water Street and HoUis Street. H. M. Fuel Yard and the Queen's Wharf are a few rods further south. Still further south comes H. M. Lumber Yard, with the Engineer's Wharf jutting far out into the water. Continuing our way down along the shore, at a distance of nearly two miles from the centre of the city, we find first Fort Ogilvie and then Fort Cambridge, striking samples of the best style of modern granite-aiid-earthworks. Stronger works, or defences more favorably placed to "command the entrance of the harbor, could hardly be imagined. Down close to the shore are Point Pleasant Battert and North West Arm Battery, and the Prince of Wales' Tower crowns the summit of the Park. Tliese three " defences" are to be regarded as remi- niscences of the past, preserved for the sake of " ohl acquaintance," rather than as indispensable portions of our magnificent system of fortification; Near the head of the North West Arm, in a picturesque, cosy nook, lies Melville Island, now a Military Prison. Groups of convicts with cropped hair are to be seen working on the adjacent grounds, or on the roads. This was the principal place of dur.ince for the prisoners captured during the war of 1812-14. Fort Need- ham once towered above the Narrows and Richmond, but there is nothing to mark its site but a deep ditch, and a few mounds of earth. It was not required as part of the city's defences. St. George's Island, planted in the centre of the harbor, is very strongly fortified. Within the past ten years Fort Char- lotte, on thi' islet, has been entirely rebuilt, and brought up to the requirements of the age. On the eastern shore of the harbor, nearly opposite St. George's Island, is Fort Clarence, also a work of most formidable strength. The north-western shore of Macnab's Island is the site of another line of batteries commanding the harbor below St. George's Island. There are Martcllo Towers on Meagher's Beach and Sambro Island, and on the land side is York Ke- doubt. All in all, Halifax Harbor is fortified as none other in America, and as only Cronstadt and a few others are in Europe. More of naval and military life is seen in Halifax in proportion to its population than anywhere else on this side the Atlantic. The noble harbor is at times studded with ships of war, British, French and American. The streets are gay with naval and military uniforms. The Common, (our Champs de Mars), is ol\;en the scene of spirited reviews and sham-fights. TRAVBlIi AK1> TRAN8P0RTATI0K. 35 We should have referred to Fori Masset, near the sonth end of Queen Street. There is no longer any trace of a lort, but much military interest attaches to the locality as the site of the Soldiers" Cemetery. " The path of glory leads but to the grave ;'' and many a brave warrior sleeps here his last long sleeps Military funerals are often conducted here. There is sonaething {M'ofoundly aflecting in the- •wail and muffled thunder of the " Dead March" as rendered by the band, and emphasized by the slow, solemn tread of a thousand men,, with drooping look and arms reversed. Tlvey march thus to the grave : the chaplain reads the service : the thi-ee final salutes are fired to the sound of drums and fifes. The homeward march is ordered : the band strikes up one of its liveliest tunes, and the recent mourners soon forget their mechanical grief. An " Old Mortality," curious about quaint epitaphs, would do well to explore Fort Massey Cemetery TRAVEL AND TEANSPORTATION. With the broad ocean highway in front ©f her, and connected by recently completed lines with the boundless continent at her back,. Halifax enjoys unsurpassed advantages in regard to communication with the wide world. The harbor is safe, and easily accessible in all •orts of weather. It is ever open, being in no more danger of ob- struction by ice than the Delaware or the Chesapeake. It lies close to the route of steamers plying between the United States and European ports, and it is no unusual thing for ocean steamers,, short of coal, to call here for a fresh supply. Sailing vessels leave HaKfax for all aones and climes. Often the^ harbor is white with the sails of departing craft woomi» the northern breeze. The fishing trade, the West India trade, the lumber business, the coal trade, &c., are chiefly carried on in sailing vessels. But it is no unusual thing for six or eight ocean-going steamers to leave port on the same day. Travellers, on business, or for health and pleasure, usually prefer the certainty and swiftness of steam to the uncertainties of the sailing packet, — just as they prefer the railcar to the old stage coach. There are drawbacks r we confess it : still we prefer the new — the newer — the newest ! A few coasting packets and two lines of stage coaches still centre in Halifax, — just enough to remind us vividly of the " good old times." But the city has now the benefit of nine linos of steamers, and two lines of railway. Year by year the vestiges of the old civilization are pressed inta smaller and still snoaller quarters. m ifW 36 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. Ml 1> HM Nova Scotia has been called the wharf of North America, ami a firm-built structure it is — well fitted to stand the wildest assaults of Atlantic storms. Halifax occupies, as nearly as may be, the central point of this " wharf." Its situation is peculiarly advantageous and commanding. It has direct communication fortnightly, all the jear round, with Great Britain, by means of the Allan Line of steamers. During the summer the vessels of several other companies call here, monthly or oftener, on their way to other American ports. It has weekly, and often semi-weekly communication, with Portland, and via Portland with Montreal and the interior generally. There is now a steamer plying regularly between Halifax and New York. In the summer months boats ply weekly between Halifax and Boston. There is monthly communication by the Cunard Line with Bermuda and the West Indies. Whiie navigation is open in the St. Lawrence there "'- weekly communication via Pictou, by means of the Quebec and Guii Ports Line, with the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Steamers also ply regularly between Halifax and Yarmouth on the one handf and Sydney, St. John's, and St. Pieire on tlie other. Halifax is connected by stage coaches with St. Margaret's Bay, Chester, Mahone Bay, Lunenburg, LaHave, Bridgewater, Liverpool, Shelburne, and Yarmouth, — a distance of over 200 miles. Anoiher line of stage coaches runs down the eastern coast, — to Musquodoboit Harbor, Tangier, Sheet Harbor, &c. The two railway Jines that lead to Halifax are the " Windsor and Annapolis," (which will shortly be open to Yarmouth), and the " Inter- colonial," which connects with the railway systems of the Upper Provinces and the United States. The Pictou Branch of the " Inter- flolonial" joins the main line at Truro, and opens communication with the Eastern Counties, and Cape Breton, and in the summer with P. £. Island. THE CtlNA-RD ILilNE. Ml ! i;!i On the first day of June, 1840, the first ocean steamer, the f7ni« corrif arrived in Halifax harbor, and was welcomed with delight by the people. On the 4th July following, the Britannia steamed down the Mersey, the first regular boat of the Cunard Line engfiged in the transatlantic mail service. On the 1 7th of the same month she arrived safely in Halifax, after a voyage of 12J days. In another day and a half she reached Boston, where her arrival was hailed with the greatest enthusiasm, the significance of the event being fully appreciate(f. Mr. Cunard was a passenger on board the Britannia. Halifax honoured iiioi as one of her most ontetprising citizens, and Boston showered TRAVEL IND TRAXSPORTATIOX m upon liim, in twenty-four hours, no fewer than 1800 invitations to dinner, and presented hiin with a service of plate. The " Cunard Company" consisted of Messrs. Burns, of Glasgow, Messrs. Maclrer, of Liverpool, and Mr., afterwarda Sir Samuel, Cunard. Mr. Cunard had contracted with the British Gov8rnment to carry the mails to Halifax and Boston for a subsidy of £55,000 sterling a year. The first trip solved the whole problem, and made success a certainty. Four steamers, the Britannia, the Acadia, the Caledonia, and the Coluinbia, each of 1200 tons and of 440-horse power, performed the service. By 1848 the fleet was more than doubled, and performed more than double service. Traffic increased steadily and rapidly, and with it CLe r "r./ing power of the Cunard fleet. Up to 1352 the steamers hsvd been built of wood, and were pro- pelled by padJ'o wheels-; but in course of the next half-dozen years an important revolution occrrred, wood giving piace to iron, and the paddle wheel being superseded by the screw. Every improvement that could add to the strength, the comfort, the safety, or theswiflnesa of their steamers, was promptly adopted by the Cunard Company. The Company's ships rendered very valuable service to the British Government in the transport of troops, first to the Crimea, and then, at the time of the " Trent Aflair," to Haliiax and Quebec. Since 1840 the Companj has built 122 steamers. As at present constituted their fleet consists of 49 vessels,, having an aggregate tonnage of 90,500 tons, and of 14,457-horse jxiwer. Twenty-four vessels are engaged in the Atlantic mail service, a id the rest ply between Liver- pool and Glasgow and various European ports. The valtte of the whole fleet is estimated at, say £8,000,0(0 sterling. The greatest vigilance is observed in keeping the vessels in perfect repair. The ofHcers and crews are kept in a state of the strictest discipline. To these facts are due, under J'rovidence, the unexampled exemption of the Company's ships and past engers from disaster. It is recorded that only two instances have occur 'ed of passengers receiving bodily injury on board the boats, and in loth cases the fault was their own. The Cunard Company require the service,' of at least 8,500 men afloat, and they give employment to probably 5,000 ashore. For many years the arrival of " the steam ar" n ^^t in Halifax the arrival of the fortnightly mail -steamer of tie Cunard Line. A visit from any other was in those days a rare cin umstance. In recent years the Cunard Line is represent'-d in Halifax by the *' Halifax, Bermuda and liH. Thoina»" Boyal Mail Steamers— 'the :i % in fHAVEL IKD TAANSPORTAflON. Alpha unA the Beta. One or other of these fine boats sails from Halifax monthly for the sunny south, reaching Bermuda otilinarily in three and a-halt days, and St. Thortas in other four days. They coh- nect at Stv Thomas with other steamship lines sailing to the principal |)orts of the West Indies and Sout'i America. The direct transatlaaiic mail .ervice is new pei-formed by the Ilii Df which S. CONAftft & Co. are the Agents in Halifax. The Allan Company, at the head of which stands Sir Hugh Allan, ot Ravens*' craig, has its headquarters at Montreal. In 1858 this Company TOtamenced a weekly service between Quebec and Liverpool, a subsidy being paid on postal account by the Canadian Government* They were the first to appreciftte the valttc ot " covered in" decks> but their example is now widely followed. Their fleet consists of 26 steamers, many of them among the finest afloat. The steamers of this line leave Halifax fortnightly for Liverpool, and arrive fortnightly from Liverpool, carrying Her Majesty's Mails. They furnish frequent opportunities of xjommunication between Halifax and St. John's> QuebeC) Portland^ and Baltimore. THE iLNCHOR IjINE. T. A. S. DeWolf & Son are Agents in Halifax for this important tine of Atlantic steamers. The Anchor Line has earned and steadily sustained a first-class reputation. The owners are Messrs. Handyside ■& Henderson, of Glasgow, " self-made men,'* who commenced life x)n a very small scale, and rose by their own intalligence and industry to thr very high |>osition they now occupy in the world of commerce* Thei: f* rst ventures were between Glasgow and the Mediterranean in the f ttit trade. In 1856 they inaugurated The Anchor Line^ eonsisting then of only three small steamers. From that date the progress of the Line has been more than the most sanguine could have expected. About twenty steamers, ranging up to 4,500 tons 'each, have been built for the Atlantic trade, and about thirty for the Mediterranean trade. Two steamers per week •of this Line leave Glasgow for New IToi'k, and New York for Glasgow ^ one leaves each week for Mediterranean ports { one n^^nthly for India ; and from March to September one or more steamers ran monthly from Glasgow, Liverpool, and London, to Halifax and St. John. It has steamers on the North Sea, plying between Scottish and Scandinavian ports. Great attention is paid by tbe owneni and 'agents to passenger traffic as Wdl as to freight. 9/ TRAVEL AND TRAKSPORTATlOXi 89 their special arrangements with subsidiary an() connecting lines of steamboats and railroads, the passengers by this ]>ine can be booked and forwarded on through-tickets to and from any seaport or railway station. They also declare their ability to deliver safely and with despatch any parcel to any city in the world. The Lint has grown %o it* present dimensions without any subsidy from any Government. The steamers of the Anchor Line bring vafuable cargoes into the port of Halifax. Their vessels are favorites with emigrants from Scotland and Ireland whose destination is the sea Provinces. It is, we under< stand, the intention of the proprietors to bend their steamers more frequently to this port whenever the opening of the entire Intercolo* nial Railway and the quantity cf freight offering will warrant such a step. We subjoin the names of some of the " Anchor " fleet sailing between New York and Glasgow : Victoria, 8,242 tons ; California) 8,287 tons ; Utopia, 3,700 tons ; Bolivia^ 4,260 tons ; Ethiop'o. 4.260 tons. THE BOSTON «Sc COr.ONIA.2L. LINE. R«gular communication by a line of steamers was established in 1864 between Boston, Halifax, and Charlottetown) P. £. I. Franklinf Snow & Co. were Agents and Managers, and hence it was popularly spoken of as the " Snow Line.'' In 1868 it passed into the hands of F. Nickerson & Co., who are also proprietors of a line of steamers running between Boston and Savannah. J. F. Phelan is the Halifax Agent. The " Boston and Colonial Line" commenced with the Commerce, making fortnightly trips. The Commerc0*Qid good service, and con« tinned on the route till 1878. Other boats were added as the rapidly increasing business demanded, The Greyhound, the Franconia_ the Alhamhra, the Oriental, the Somerstt, the Carroll, and the Worcestef were in the service for various periods. Two steamers, the Alhamhra and the Greyhound, weis lost on the coast •, but no life has ever been lost on the line, althouga the passengers to and from Boston have been very numerous, this being, in its season, a favourite route. THE NEAV ENaijilLND AND NOVA. SCOTIA eTEA.M8I£II» COMI>A.NY. This Company, which is popularly spoken of as the " Halifax and Portland Line," was established in 1867. Its chief owner and manager is Captain J. B. Coyle, of Portland. With him arc associated such men as T. C Horsey and H. J. Libby. They are proprietors ol other important steamboat lines, such as the In' jrnational, between St. Johnf Eastport, Portland and Boston} the Maine Steamboat Co., whoatf IIIJ 40 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. boats ply between Portland and New York ; and the Portland Packet Co., operating between Portland and Boston. These Companies hf,ve a highly creditable record, extending over one-third of a ceniury. The Carlotia was the first of the N. E. & N. S. Co.'s boats from Portland to Halifax. There were added from time to timo the Chase, the Falmouth, and the Bermuda. Connections are formed at Portland with the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and with the railway and steamboat «ystenis of the United States. Geop.GE P. Black is the obliging and energetic Agent in Halifax. The Company's boats have performed their work safely, swiftly, and to the full satisfaction of the commercial and travelling public. NE^VI^OXJNDIjA.NZ) -winter SERA7ICE. For four months, — January, February, March and April, —a Bttamer, specially fitted to encounter ice and all the terrors of winter* plies between Halifax and St. John's, Newfoundland, crirrying passen- gers, mails, and goods. The boat at present engaged in this arduous service is the Newfoundlmid^ of the Allan Line. The Agents at Halifax are S. Cunard & Co. QUEBEC -A^ND GXJ3L.F I»0»T8 8TEA.MSH:II» COMF.A^NY. Starting from Halifax by rail the traveller can at Pictou step on board one of the well-officered, safe, strong, and handsome steamers ol the Quebec and Gulf PortfcpCompany. You are then one thousand and twenty-eight miles from Quebec. It is a long voyage, but rarely or never a tedious one. Pictou is sta. extremely pretty port to siart from. Then as you pass up the Straits of Northumberland you keep within sight of the noble Cobequid Hills on your left, and on your right are the low -lying green and gold of P. E. Island. The soa is rarely rough. Thft ports of call are frequent. The air is at all times bracing and pure, and almost always clear. You call at Shediac, Newcastle, Chatham, and other points of interest in Now Brunswick. You come Bay Chaleur with its " Old Woman" column of rock, its Roche ertc, its love!/ towns of Dalhousio and Paspebiac. The hills inland f tower high and blue and coc' in the summei air. Gaspe Bay is one of the most picturesque and beautiful in the world. No wondt^r Jaotpies Cartier was charmed with it when ho landed hero in 168\. The scenery rather increases in beauty as you go up the magnificent St. Lawrence. You pass the mouth of the gloomy Saguenay ; you pais many scenes famed in story,-— many a white village with its tall TRAVEL AND TRAN8P0ETAT10K. 41 chapel towering high above all surrounding habitations, — little " milky- vraya" of French cottages amid the g^en Selds. By and by you see the peerless fall of Montmorenci : you pass the " island,'' and you behold Quebsc sitting (queenly upon i:er crags. We know not where else you can, with the same comfort, enjoy such a feast of scenic love- liness. The (irst steamer on ihis route was the Lady Head which came and went, in a fortnight. Business increased so rapidly that soon a weekly service was needed. The Company now own seven first-class steamers, — the Canima, Secret, Bsrmuda, Alhambra, Miramtchi, Hadji, and Flamboro. The Secret and Miramichi are intended to ply between Pictou and Quebec, touching at all intermediate points. Other boats, starting from Montreal or Pictou, call at Chai lottetown and other intermediate porta. The Cawma carries mails, passen- gers and freight fortnightly, between New York and Bermuda. This route is a favourite one with invalids in the winter. Large quantities of flour are landed at Pictou, and carried thence by rail to New Glasgow, Truro, Halifax, &c. It is hoped that the Pictou coal basin will in time be dmwn upon for return freight to Quebec, Montreal, and even Toronto. The Halifax agents for the Gulf Ports' steamers are F. D. Corbett &Co. -A^NGHjO-FRENCH STEA-MSHIP XilNE. Communication with the French Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, — calling at Sydney and North Sydney, — has been estab- lished by the Anglo-French S. S. Company. This company was formed in 1874. The'diiectory is as follows: Hon. R. Boak, (Prcst.) W. J. Lewis, H. H. Fuller, and W. P. West, of Halifax ; and E. Levilly, M. Prima, V. M. Dupont, and J. P. Frecker, of St. Pierre. The George Shaliuck made the first trip, leaving Halifax 25th July, and since that time the steamer has performed her work regularly making fortnightly trips to St. Pierre, Miquelon, (carrying the French mails) V and calling at Sydney, North Sydney, and Arichat. This boat is well fitted up, and can ai-commodat3 83 cabin and 22 steerage passengers. She is commanJed by Capt. R. A. Guildford, one of the most competent pilots on the coast. In September, 1674, the Company mac'e the experiment of going through St. Peter's Canal into the Bras d'Or Lake, intending, if suc- cessful, to continue the service, calling at Arichat, St. Peter's, Baddeckt Sydney, and North Sydney. Unfortunately, in consequence of the very bad stp .3 of the Canal, the steamer suffered serious damage, and 42 TRAVEL AMD TRANSPORTATION. the idea of continuing the route under the present state of the Canal was given up. The Company unwillingly abandoned it until such time as the Canal is improved. The enlargement of the Canal is under con- sideration of the Dominion Government, and we trust tlijft very shortly the Shattuck will be able to resume her trips through the Lake. The enterprise has not, thus far, been a paying one to the Com pany, and neither the Local nor Dominion Government has aided the undertaking, though its aim is to foster and extend the coni' mercial relations of Halifax and Cape Breton, with the Jslandi" of St. Pierre and Miquelon. It would be a matter of serious regret if, for luck of encourage- ment, such a valuable undertaking should be discontinued. When communication can be had through the Bras d'Or, the trip will be a favourite pleasure trip with tourists during -be s >^ ler season. The George Shattuck co\\& &t Sydney t \ ^ j< .:. Sydney as late in the fall as navigation permits; and as early in the spring as practi- cable. During the time she has been on the route she has missed but ono trip, and that was during the month of February, 1875, when she encountered such fields of ice jammed around St. Pierre that she was unable to get to Halifax ; however she proved herself a strong, as well as a good sea boat, and will be found a safe conveyance for freight and passengers. The George Shattuck leaves Halifax every alternate Monday upon arrival of the English Mail Steamer, except during the months of February and March, when only one trip per month is made. The General Agent is Mr. JosKi i S. Belcher; oflloe, head West India Wharf, Halifax. TIXID CROMWiTiijlL. 11,1 N"33. This is an offshoot of the old Cromwell Line between . ,r York and Now Orleans. Last autumn the Line was extended to J OifaXi and is intended in summer to embrace Sydney, C. B., and St. .JohnV, Newfoundland. There are two staunch, commodious, and comfortable BteaniLTs on the route, the George Cromwell and the George Wa-thington They make the run from New York to Halifax in from fifty to sixty hours in winter. Still bettor time will bo made in the summer, and it will bo a great convenience to travellers and persons engaged in business. This is the first line of steamers established between Halifax and the great commercial metropolis of the United States. Ii is to bo hoped that as trade brightens and extends the Company will reap an ample reward for its enterprise. The Agents in New York are Clark & Skamax, 80 West Street ; in Halifax, Wood & Rodbutbon, Water 8tre«t. HP TftAV* AXjD TRAXStORTATIOJf. 43 ifo sooner were the first fen miles of the public railways opcncund for Newcastle, N. B., reached this side ant all the principal stations to tho loading towns. At Amherst connection is made with the " Eastern Express Company." Mr. Fishwick has offices at Charlottetown, and at St. John's, Newfoundland. He has connections in Ontario and Quebec, in th« United Statcei, and iti <«reat Britain. In 18G!) ho purchased the steamer M. A. Starr, to supply a long- felt want along the coast. By means of th^i Bteataer ke not on],7 I tl!lilii!|:il ill II t Ml ill {I: u TRAVEL AND* TRANSPOMIATIOK, accommodate 1 the travelling public, but did a valuable Expreas- business between Halifax, Lunenburg, Lnverpool, Shclburne, and- Yarmouth. In 1874 he purchased the steamer Edgar Stuart, but she was not available for his business till 1875. This year one of his* steamers will ply between Halifax and Yarmouth and the interme' diate ports. The other will run to Charlottetown, calling on her way at Arichat, at the Strait of Canso ports, and at Fictou. Thus has Mr. It'ishwick devv.ioped the Express business not only on the land, but along the coast, east and west. Mr. Flshwick forwards goods to< all parts, either in bond or duty paid, as may be desired. He is also- Manufacturers' Agent. intebcoi:jOnia.x. ba.iil,^vay. Halifax is the ocean terminus of Bailway system of the Canadian' Dominion. The idea of a railway uniting alt the Provinces of the* Dominion was broached many years ago, and was advocated with great earnestness and eloquence by Hon. Joseph l^^owe. It was not till the political union of the Provinces in 186-7 that declnve steps were taken to secure the construction of what is ealled the '' Interco' fonial Railway." It was one of the conditions ir> the B. N. A. Act,- and the Koad has accordingly been constructed as a Oovernnoent en-- terprise, and it is held and operated as Government property. It has been felt that fi. Railway was as much a political as a commercial necessity. There was some difficulty in determining the route to be followed. The one actually selected coincides in the main with that surveyed by Major Robinson in 1849, — "the North Shore Route.'' From Halifax to Aulac on the New Brunswick border, the distance is- 144 miles ; thence to Moncton 4S miles. Moncton is the poin*^ of de^ parture for Campbellton and Riviere dn Loup. The distance fronm Moncton to Campbellton is 185. From Halifax to the l. &2 miles, and to St. John (from Monc ton) 89 miles, are also managed by the Dominion Government. Other branches are projected and are likely to be built by private enter- prise. The Intercolonial is pronounced by competent judges to be one of the best built roads on this continent. Its total cost will not fall short of $35,000,000. The managing headquarterH of the line are at MonC' ton, where the workshops and repair shops employ over 800 men. TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 45 The road passes in the main through a fertile country, and it will be of very great value in developing the resources of the territories which It has opened up. In case of any difficulty with the United States, it secures to Canada easy access to the sea. "WIIsriDSOR AND AJNNAJPOJ^Xa RA.IIL.AVA.Y. In 1864 the Government of Nova Scotia with a view to further the extension of the Railway system of the Province from Windsor, the then termiaus of the Provincial Line, voted a money subvention, and several other valuable concessions to ibduce private capitalists to undertake the construction of thia road. After considerable negotia- tion and delay a company was formed in London to build and work the line, the right to theee concessions was vested in them, and they commenced operations in the summer of 1867. On the 18tb August, 1869, 70 miles of the road were opened, and on the 18th December in the same year, the whole line was completed aad ready for traffic. It was originally constructed on the 5 ft. 6 in. gauge, but in the sum- mer of 1875 the gauge was altered to 4 ft. 8^ in. The cost of con* ^truction, as stated in the first reports of the Company, was about $2,560,000; but like u.08t coitractors' roada, further heavy c oendi- ture was entailed upon the Compnny in order to bring the line into its present state of efficiency, so that on the ii.M June, 1875, the con- siruction account stood at $4,070,000. The line is 84 miles in length, and from' Annapolis, — beautifully situated on a fine inlet of the Bay of Fundy, the oldest settlement on the continent north of the Gulf of Mexico, once the capital of British North America, and still a to"n of considerable importance, — it ex- tends eastward through the fruitful valleys of Annapolis and Corn- wallis, and the Grand Pre Dykes — the " land of Evangeline,** to Windsor, a commercial and seaport town, on the Avon River, at its entrance into the Basin of Minas. The Avuu is spanned at Windsor by one ot the fineot iron lattice-girder bridges on the continent, 1130 feet in length. It is of nine spans, resting on stone piers, and was -erected at a cost of $160,000. In 1872 the Company availing them- selves of certain chartered rigbtf*, leased from the Dominion Govern- ment, and became exclusive operators of the branch line from Wind- sor to Windsor Junction — 82 miles, and conjointly with the Govern- .nent work over the Government Trunk Line, thence into Richmond, 13 miles ; so that they now control the erllte continuous line of Rail- way from Halifax to Annapolis, a distance of 124 miles, passing through and accommodating the earliest settled, finest, and most pro- ductive districts of the Proviuco. A lino of steamers working in con- iTrrwdfT 46 TRAVEL AXD TRANaPORTATIOy. junction with the Railway, runs between Annapolis and St. John,. N- B., thus connectin'T directly with New Brunswick and the New Eng- land States and forming a route to or from Halifax, shorter by 88 miles than by the Intercolonial Railway. In connection with this it may be here observed that a road which is virtually an extension of the Windsor and Annapolis Railway is at present under construction from Annapolis to Yarmouth, and is ex- pected to be completed in the course of 1876-77. When this exten* i'ion is opened for traffic, the Railway from Halifax to Yarmoutli, and steamei's tlience to Portland, the great point of departure to all parts of Canada and the United States, will form by far the 8lM>rtest and (pickest possible route from Hailitax to the west. ETJROX»EA.lsr A^TSro NORTH AMERICAN »ATILiAVA.Y. ': 11 This line of Railway connects with the " Intercolonial " at Mono- ton, extends thence to St. John, and from St. John to Bangor, Maine. It also connects by steamer with the Windsor and Annapolis Rail- way. It is an important link in the grand all-rail route from Halifax to San Francisco. The E. & N. A. Railway was projected as early as 1850. The first sod was turned in St. John in 1858; but it was not fully completed till October 1871. By this road i nd its auxiliary lines Halifiix and St. John are brought into connectioi. with T'redt'ric- ton, Woodstock and numerous other important localities ; but its great value to Halifax is as a through line to the United States^ STAaE COA.CIIE8. ilii Tourists or travellers who have a tasto for " coaching " and " sta- ging " can have their taste gratified very pleasantly in any one of several directions. There are mail coaches or waggons running to a greater or less distances for all the leading Railway Stations, cast p"d west. Archibald's stage leaves Halifax for Tangier and Sheet Harbor every Monday, Wednesday and Friday morning, and runs 84 miles. It passes through much picture8(][ue scenery. Lavers' coaches leave Halifax daily for Yarmouth by the Western Shore Route. The whole distance i» 205 miles. This long ride offers many attractions to the lovers of the beautiful, — stream and river and quiet lake and shl.iing beach, beetling crag and grassy slope — lonely forest and thri* ving villag,o.. i BANKING AND BANKS OF HALIFAX. Halifax has a successful banking record, and there are few com- munities on this continent \(here the business of banking has been so w^ll and profitably nianaged. While almost every other city in America lias furnished exanjples of Banks going into insolvency and causing distress and wide-spread ruin among shareholders, and the public generally, not one of the Halifax Banking Institutions has ever been subjected to serious suspicion. Panics and depressions in other countries rarely aftected the Banks of Halifax. Even in 1837 when every Banking Institution in America, with one or two exceptions, suspended specie payments, these responded to all demands made upon them for coin. It is only within the past five or six years that Halifax has been affected by the pulsations of the operations of the great financial centres. Previous to the assimilation of the Nova Seotia currency to that of the Dominion of Canada, very Tittle occurred to disturb the ordinary flow of financial transactions. Few people, even among ordinary men of business, knew anything of the course of exchange, and not on' in fifty ever thought out the relations of Halifax currency to Sterling Money, or to the currencies of the United States and the larger Provinces of Canada. The rate for Sterling Exchange seldom varied from 12^ per cent., or " par*' as It was termed, and even when the rate in New York or Montreal was at 7 or 8 per cent., bills on London seldom fell below par. Then with regard to exchange between Halifax and the United States (little was ortion of the coin had been expended in Rochefort for needed iupplies for the settlers, little was lefl for the purposes originally intended ; so the Governor M. de Brouillan, who had obtained a wrinkle in Canada, tried the plan of raising the needful by the issue of paper based upon the credit of the colony, but the French Govern- ment vetoed the scheme and cancelled the issue. Nearly a century later a considerable issue of paper money was made in Halifax by the Provincial Government, and their scrip circp- lated as of equal value with bullion. In the beginning of the present century Govenior Wentworth wrote to England that a Bank was projected in Halifax with a pro- posed capital of £50,000 in 500 shares of £ 1 00 each which amount could be doubled in case of need. Seven Directors were to be appointed and the Cashier was to have £300 per annum, with a fixz house and fuel. The bank was to have the privilege of issuing notes and discounting paper, but aiming at being a monopoly the House of Assembly gave it the three months' hoist, and the project fell through. The Committee of Trade tried to revive the undertaking some ^ears later, but without success. In these good old days of which we hear so much, before the era of railways, steamboats and telegraphs, when Halifax was bounded on the north by Jacob Street and on the south by Spring Garden Road, when Dutchtown was an outlying suburb and the Common an alder swamp shot over for snipe, and when the harbour was crossed by the antiquated " teamboat" — banking business in Halifax was conducted on ancient principles, but which in some respects were an improvement on the mode of financing now in exist- ance. Specie payments were the rule, cash on the fall of the hammer the terms of credit. Mercantile houses placed their own valuation on the current coins of the day until the year 1811, when a number of merchants met and fixed the rate at which guineas, doubloons, crowns and dollars were to be taken. Every merchant had a bank in his own office in the form of an iron chest, bound and studded with bars and riveta (some of which have not yet given place to Edward's or Milnnr's safes) in which the doubloons and dollars from the West Indies or Spanish Main were deposited. Scales and weights were necessary adjuncts to every office to weigh the several classes of coins, so that any sweating or filing might be guarded against, and to determine whether the money was of the standard weight. When an Irishtown merchant had to pay for a cargo of fish to an uptown dealer his trusty clerk, bearing a heavy bag of doubloons or * I M BANKING AND BANKS OF HALIFAX. 49 dollars accompanied by a friend with a stout cudgel, trudged the crooked side paths of the not over safe Water Street, and duly counted and weighed the coin, which was then consigned to the custody of the iron chest. Previous to this, paper money was almost as unknown as it was despised. Sometimes stray Bank of England notes found their way across the Atlantic in the wallets of passengers in the Falmouth packet, but the old inhabitants having visions ot the " continental scrip" gave all paper money the cold shoulder. A limited amount of Provincial currency had been issued towards the close of the Eighteenth Century, and this, in 1812, was augmented by the sum of £12,000 ; and a further emission took place seven years later when £10,000 was issued to the farmers of Annapolis and King's Counties on tho security of their farms. T^roni this time it became quite a regular proceeding of successive Governments and Assemblies to authorize and emit new issues of Provincial Notes when the public purse became depicted. The last issue of paper money by the Pro- vince of Nova Scotia was to pay for the erection of the new Custom I^Sj House in the City of Halifax. ^" This paper money was practically irredeemable, but though issued and kept in circulation in defiance of sound principlcb f finance as now understood, it rendered an important service to the city and country at various periods in their history. It helped to construct railways and public buildings, to make roads and bridge Rivers, to assist the farmers and fishermen in seasons of depression and failures of land and sea harvests, and though kicked about from Bank to Bank, though sworn at by Bank Tellers, and anathematised by those who vainly endeavoured to obtain specie for it, worn and torn to rags and at last quietly burked by the Dominion Government, yet on the prin- ciple that the end justifies the means, the old Province paper served its day and generation faithfully. Besides the Provincial currency, in 1820 a number of Halifax merchants put in circulation a large issue of shinplasters of the denom- ination of Is. 3d., 28. 6d., and 5s.; also an unlimited amount of copper coins, some of which latter continued in circulation till the Canadian cents pushed them off to P. E. Island — the receptacle of all the odd coins of the Maritime Provinces. The scrip was voted a nuisance when some of the issuers failed to respond to demands for money in exchange ; and speedy enactments at the next Session of the Legisla- ture put an end to the issuing of private notes of a lesser denomination than £l 6e. — the Provirtce reserving the right to issue notes under £l. Beamish Murdoch in his admirable history speaks of a coaster from Lunenburg pasting a stick of cordwood from end to end with the !; Hi : l> I 50 BANKING AND BANKS OF HALIFAX. small notes of one prominent merchant, and thus presented the obli- gations with a demand fur coin. Happy days of childhood when everybody could raise the wind without running to a Bank, and when notes could be turned into money without submitting them to a Boanl of Directors 1 In 1825 eight gentlemen started a private Joint Stock Bank which for seven years had a monopoly of the banking business in Halifax. The names of these pioneers of banking are H. H. Cogswell, William Pryor, Enos Collins, James Tobin, Samuel Cunard, John Clark, Joseph Allison and Martin Gay Black. This Bank was a close corporation ; it had no charter ; its capital was not known ; the amount of its notes in circulation and its liability to the public were matters of speculation ; but, notwithstunding, the old Bank, or as it became better known as Collins' Bank, speedily worked its way into the favor of the business community to whom it furnished the means of conducting their banking operations with comfort and safety. Sev«ral attempts have been made to rob this Bank, one or more of which have been successful, but the amount of loss has never been known. The Bank of Nova Scotia was chartered am', commenced operations in 1832, and being a Joint Stock Bank with a large body of shareholdci-s it proved a formidable rival to tlte Halifax Bank- ing Company. This Bank had a Charter granted by the Legislature of the Province, which limited its business to woU defined principles of banking. The early attempts of the Bank of Nova Scotia to found country agencies were not successful, and the branches cstab* lished at St. John, N. B., Liverpool, and Windfor, resulted in heavy losses to the Corporation. The agencies which were subsequently located at Pictou in the East and Yarmouth in the West, turned out much better and yielded handsome profits to the Bank, besides doing much to, build up the coal trade ot Pictou countv on the one hand, and the great shipping interests of Yarmouth on the other. Other agencies have been opened at New Glasgow, which w,as for many years tho place lor conducting the business of the coal districts; at North Sydney, the shipping port ot the General Mining Association ; at Kentville, the head quarters of the Windsor and Annapolis Railway, and a centre for the beautiful and rich farming districts of the Annapolis valley; at Amherst, the County Town of Cumberland ; and lastly at St. John, where it has recently opened a branch institution which is growing in favour with tho meroantilc,classes of that thriving city. A short time subsequent to the opening of the Bank of Nova Scotia, BASKIXG AND BANKS OF HALIFAr. 51 the Directora of the Bank of British North America which had recently lieen organized in London, under a Royal Charter, opened » branch in Halifax. From its connections with the mother country this Bank enjoyed the patronage of the Imperial Government officials, which gave it a prestige which the other Banks did not at first enjoy. Then by means of its branches m »U the business centres of the Canadas, New Brunsvick and Newfoundland, it was able to monopolise the exchange business of Halifax, and thus vcaped a rich harvest. A very large amount of the stock of this Bank is held iu Halifax. As monetary capital inc^nBed >n HaVifax, and accumulated faster than good investments could be obtained, capitalists found that there was room for another Bank in order to work the rapidly increasing business of the city and country. In some cities thfs surplus capital wouW be risked in enterprises, the issue of which might be doi>bt'ful, but the canny Scottish element, which enters largely into the commercial and financial classes of Halifax, seeks out investments which yield moderate returns, and are of the class known as safe. In this way Halifax has slowly but siirely grown to be a rich city; what she gained from year to year she held. As the offspring of this cautious policy, a large amount of ttie accumulated surplus was in 1857 thrown together in the Union Bank OF Halifax, an institution which was always famed for its conser- vative policy of Banking as a result of which owing to its comparative freedom from large losses, it was the first local Bank to pay a regular dividend of ten per cent. 1 he only agency worked by this Bank is one in the old cnpital of Nova Scotia, where M de Brouillan, nearly two hundred years ago made the unsuccessful attempt to float an irredeem- able issue of scrip. Seven years subsequent to the opening of the Union Bank, a number of capitalists who had kept their own counsel so well that few persons in the community were aware of the movement announced the founding of the Merchants Bank. This Institution was at first a private Bank, like the Halifax Banking Company, its capital was unknown, but as the means of its projectors were ample its standing was never questioned. Under an active, vigorous and responsible management, the Merchants Bank flourished, and as the gentlemen who formed the proprietary had large business connections, it at once grasped a large portion of the monetary transactions of the city^ whence it extended its business to various parts of the Province, where it has valuable connexions which feed the parent tree. Since the entering of Nova Scotia into the Dominion of Cauada, tho ii ij iilliM l|i 52 BANKING AND BANX8 OF HALIFAX. Merchants Bank has conformed to the requirements of the Banking Act, and become a joint stock institution. This Bank has agencies at Antlgonish, Bridgewater, Pictou, Sydney, Truro, Maitland and Weymouth, also in Charlottetown and Summerside, P. E. Island. Closely following the founding of the Merchants Bank came the People's Bank, and as its name would indicate it was avowedly a rival institution to its immediate predecessor. The People's Bank at once formed a arge and influential connection, and has been popular with a large section of the mercantile classes of HalifaK. It has valuable connections at Wolfville, in King's County, and Lockcporti in Shelburne County, which locality has a considerable trade with the W^t Indies. Two or iihree yeara ago the eld Halifax Banking Company emerged into a joint stock Bank, working under the requirements of the Dominion Banking Act, and having thus been lifted out of the groove in which it had run for nearly fifty years, it had taken a fresh fitart, and bide fair *o rival its competitor:!. ro agencies have beea opened by the Halifax Banking Company, t Truro, the other at Farrsboro', a«hipping port on the Basin ot xuinas. The Bank of Montreal having engaged to transact the business of the Dominion Government, opened an agency in Halifax, «hortly afler the incorporation of Nova Scotia into the Dominion of Canada, and in additioa to acting as Financial Agents for the <]irOvernment, it has mtide tor itself a large and valuable connexion. Within the past year or two considerable amounts of stoek have beea taken in this Bank by citizens of Halifax, so that though not strictly a local Bank, yet the number of shares now held in Halifax almost •entitles it to be considered a local institution. There are also four private Banking Firms, whose combined operations are probably equal to that of one of the Joint Stock Banks. These firms do a regular banking and exchange business, and also the buying and selling of Stocks, at the Stock Exchange, of which they are members. These are W. L. Lowell & Co., Farqvhar, Fok- «EST & Co., Almon & Mackintosh, and J. S. Macdonald & Co. >; i 1 ■ I I ' I I'll ;i mm i! ■ '; I lil:iill! THE 8A.viNas' ba^nk:. Previous to the Act of Union by which the several Provinces now forming the Dominion of Canada were confederated, the Govern- ment of Nova Scotia had in successtu! operation a Provincial "Savings' Bank, and for many years this institution was the only regularly organized Savings' Institution in Halifax, though, at several times, temporary oi;ganizatiofi8 were in operation. Under the Saving^ BANKIKO AND BANKS OF HAUFAX. 63 Bank Art there are Postal Savlnga' OfBces all over Not» Seot'ia, but in Halifax the Bank is (^uite separate and distinct. Interest at the rate of five per cent, per annum is allowed on de' posits, and permanent investments in Dominion Stock can be made by depositors at any time. This Savings' institution ba» m very large constituency, and the money being received on the credit of the Dominion Government gives it a credit and stability even higher than that of the ordinary local Banks. The Banking Oilice, wbieb is daily thronged with depositors of all classes, from the poor labwer and artisan up to the highest class of the city, is in the Custom House, and fronts the Market Square. THE NOV>i^ SCOTIA. TEBMA-NJENT BXJIIjlD- INO BO€?IETY cSc 8A. VINOS EXJND. It is now over a quarter- oi a century sinee this institution made its debut to the public. I< jbject is to furnish a safe and profitable mode of saving the- surplus capital of those who are frugal and indus* trious, and, on the other hand, of loaning it to others desirous of borrowing sums of money fur building purpMes. Since the commencement of this Society, in August, 1850, near' ly three roiUions of dollars have been received in subecriptions, while tho total amount paid to borrowers and members amotfnts in the same period to 9d,118,2M. The past year, thongh one of great depression, has been successful to the Society, the subscriptions and dues received amounting to upwards of 9200,000. Hundreds of mechanics and others have, by this Society, been aided in erecting honses in many parts of the city, and its operations have been a great blessing to those who have freely availed fhem' seWes of its ample privileges. THE HAI^IEAX stock: EXCHANGE. Previous to 1874 Bank Stocks and other investments were handled by one or two persons who acted as itinerant Brokers and once or twice per month, anction sales ot Stocks and Bonds took place in ♦he Merchants' Exchange Reading Room. These " Stock Auctiona*' were very unrefiaebic to parties having investments to sell out, as the state of the weather frequently had a greater effect on prices than the condition of the money market. On stormy days the attendance would be limited, and as some of the younger and more speculative portion of the oommunity would b« present, stocks woidd H EANttI!»0 AN*D RANftS OP HALIPAi. 1 ft-cqijpntly be " sl.iiijjhtered" at very low prices. A few days ftftCf another sale would take place on a fine day with a fall room of b'.yei*^ When from five to t6n pef cent, bcttcf prices would be realized than oh ihe stormy day. In onler to systeiflatisic the brtying And selling of Stocks and to pi-ovide a reHy market for all classes of good investments, the Halifax Stock Exchange was inaugurated in the beginning of 1874, and despite sevtsral defects in the carrying out of the rules, the institVition has fiourished and has gi"en sr.tiifaCtion to the greater portion of the community. To make tVay for the starting of the Stock Board, Mr. John D. Mash, the x;el«brated Stock Auctioneer, sacrificed a lucnttivOi business for which he was gratefully remembered by the Brokers, who At his deatk a year ago isado a public announceiHent of this fact. Though the depression in general trade has been very great since the comm'3r>ceinent of the Stock Exchange, the transactions will not I'aH short of two niillions of uollars, which is probably six-fold more than the volume of business under the old system. The meet" ings are held on Monday, Wednesday and Fridf / of cac'' week-, a^ ten mir.utes af^er the fi>Hng of the neon gan. A regular list of Stocks is called over, comprising nine Banks, two Fire Insurance, three Marirc Insurance, six miscellaneous Stocks, besides Government, City, School and Municipal Bonds. Transactions at the Board and between meetings are noted and are published in the daily newspapers. Two meetings of the Board in each week are open to the public. Transactions are made only by the Brokers. H. Ilartshorne, Esq., is President, and J. C Mackintosh, Esq., Vice-President > and the Board comprises eight Brokers. The price of a seAt at the Boiird is 9200. A-XiMON cSC MA-CKlNTOeH. Tills firm consists of Mr. Mather B. Almon, son of t1ie late M. B. Almon, Banker and President of ttic Bank of Nova ScotiA, and Mr. J. C. Mackintosh, late assistant cashier of the same Bank h) which he servfid eighteen years, leaving with Iho esteem and good will of the directors. Mt?sftr9. A. & M. commenced business as B;inkei's> Brokers, and Financial Agents in 1873, in Ordnance Square ; but on account of their growing business, they shortly removed to 166 HoUis Street. Their Banking business is condirctcd on the same principles ns a chartered Bank. They have regular depositors to whom thoy offer the usual Bank facilities. Interest is allowed on special deposits and nil kinds of uncuiYent money are bought and sold. Thoy are large buyers and sellers of oxclmnge on Iionden, New York, Boston and BAN'lClN^Cf AKD BANKS Of HALIFAX. 55 the principal cities of Cr.nada, and their extended co^nct•tion^3 all over the continent afford the best faeiiities for a collection biisiaess. Messrs Altnon ?\nd M.ackintosh are niembera of the llalifiix Stock Exchange and are prepared to make prompt investments in local and other stocks. Daily telegrams are received from New York and Mon- treal of the movement of the vr^rious stocks of the United States and Canada, and the investments maile by them are only of the most solid character, as they decline to touch any kind of " wild cat '* stocks. They are prepared to negotiate loans on approved collateral securityj to accept drafts drawn against shipments of merchandise and other property and to negotiate good commercial exchange and promissory notes. In addition to their monetary and financial business they represent the Guardian Assurance Company, of London, one of the most reli able and honorable English Fire Companies. It ha.s a capital and reserves amounting close to tMrenty millions of dollars and its standing is first-class. Its losses are met promptly and without deductions ami delays of any kii.d. Messrs. A. & M. also effect Marine Insurance on ships and cargoes in the best Halifax offices. They are General Agents for the Canada Guarjtntce Company vrhich becomes suivjty for employds in Banks, Government oflicials« civil functionaries and all persona who are required to furnish bonds for the security of their trust. They arc the Halifax Agents for the Intercolonial llailway, which is acknowledged to be the fiiicst on the continent, and are prepared to furnish tickets tu all points. The reputaticn of this firm for safe, faif and prompt dealing stands high, and in the substantial resources which inspire public confidence it ha3 the necessary backing. Its success in the short period of it9 history gives every assurance of a prosperous future, •w, Xi. loaVetjIj .sto CO* Messrs. WiUuMii L. Lowell, of Maim*, and Nntlian Iluse of Ver- mont, camo to Halifax in 1860, and engaged in the purchase of wool for exportation to the United Sta'ai. This businem wlncii wnfi tjuit^ extensive thers in lumber operations, which, in giving employment to hundreds, have converted the pine and spruce of the Nova Scotia forests into deal for exportation. In all the financial and industrial relations of this house it has acquired a well-earned reputation for integrity, honour, and enterprise. This house is the local representative of the Connecticut Mutunl Life Insurance Company, of which Mr. H. N. Fairbanks, of Bangor, is General Agent for Maine and the British Provinces. It is one of the oldest, soundest, and the second largest institution of the kind in the United States, with assets approximating 940,000,000. I INSURANCE IN HALIFAX Insurance is divided into three great classes, and numberless small ones. The three leading interests to be insured, Life, Property by Land, and Property on the Sea, have for many years been guaranteed by Associations and Organizations, generally termed Underwriters, who, for n sum of money called a premium, undertake to indemnify the insurer against loss. It must not be supposed that this Insurance in either of its branches is a haphazard speculation ; on the contrary, every class is governed by well known laws, a careful observance of which brings about an anticipated result, unless interfered with by some extraordinary occurrence, such as an epidemic, a vride spread storm, or u large conflagration. In this latter half of the nineteenth Century, civilization has made such rapid progress that the principle of guaranteeing against loss by payment of premiums has been carried to an extreme. Fidelity of employees is guaranteed, lives of animals are insured, accidents are now an insin ible contingency ; plate glass is replaced when broken, by an Association, and so on ad in/imtum until the very multitude of insurable objects bewilder the imagination. In Halifax, this extreme is not carried out, the Local Associations of Underwriters confining themselves principally to insuring property against loss by fire on land, and by shipwreck at sea. Life Insurance is conducted on an extended scale, by the representatives of a large nuinber of foreign offices, and one Mutual Life Association of which we write further on. Maritime Insurance, or as it is termed Marine Insurance, is the oldest known fotm of Underwriting, and dates back to tlie dim ages at the commencement of the Christian era. Claudius in a time of dearth guaranteed the importers of corn against loss by storms, and though some of the " Guilds," or ancient combinations of our English forefkthers in considerations of payments into a common fund, gua- ranteed their members from loss by fire, water, robbery or other calant\ty, yet the first fixed And defitiite Insurance Companies were formed to carry on Marine Underwriting. In a speech from the Throne, the representative of " Good Queen Bess," alluded to the wise merchant who gave part of his property to have the rest assured. From her position fucing the great Atlantic, and nearly surrounded 5 « i 4 1 m .;;t| i i^ 58 IK8URAK0E !K BkUFAX. i j : i : 1 1 ^ 1 ^ ji,; : i 11 f.'r. i hi y i iii by water, Nova Scotia is essentially a ship-owning country, and having no less a sura than twenty millions of dollars invested in ship property, Marine Insurance becomes a necessity, so nearly every port in the Province has one or more Associations of Underwriters. Halifax, as the capital, of course occupies the front rank. Though other ports own more shipping in proportion to population, yet the principal part of the Underwriting is done in the Marine Insurance Companies and Associations of the Metropolis. Somewhere about the year 1824, Henry Yeomans, Senior, and Joseph Dolby effected insurances on ships and cargoes by means of what were called " outt^ide policies," a sort of mutual underwriting^ If a sum was required on a vessel these brokers would go to A. B. G. D. £., all of whom would sign their names to a policy of insurance^ bearing each a proportion of risk and receiving equal shares of the premiums. The Nova Scotia Marine Insurance Company is tho oldest, char* tered Company, having gone into operation in 1884. Its paid up Capital is S40,000, which is considered ample to meet any losses that may be made. Tb'} Company has for 42 years transacted a large business, and during this period it has adjusted losses to the extent of several hundred thousand dollars. Its affairs arc adminis* tered by a Board of Directors, composed of leading business men, and its management is in the hands of an experienced broker. Four years subsequent to the formation of the " Nova Scotia," a second Company was found necessary to cover risks which could not be taken by the first nameJ, and the "Union Marine Insurance Company " was chartered, and has had a successful career- The paid up capital of the "Union" is $00,800, and last year a divi* dend of $12,000 was paid to the shareholders. The trade of Halifax continuing to expand, and the old compa- niea not being able to overtake all the business offering, not only from the City but from all parts of the country, which was now making rapid strides in the building of splendid ships, an Association of Underwriters was formed in 1868, called the " Merchants' Marine Insurance Association." Subsequently this Association was re-formed M a Joint Stock Company, with a capital of $200,000, of which $25,000 is paid up. In its eight years of business this Company has met its losses successfully, and though these losses have been excep' tionally severe, yet the revenue of th^pompany has hitherto withstood the claims upon it without touching the capital. Six years after the starting of the " Merchants," forty gentlemen connected with the shipping interests of the City, organized an Under* iKStRAITCB 1!? BaUPAXv 59 writers^ Association called the " Ocean Marine Insurance Association" Which havinn; forty good customers, at once entered upon a large and fkirly remunerative business. Each UnderTrriter takes i'^ per cent, of every risk, the engagement being entered into by one for himself and othen «he loss being rateably borne b/ the several Insurers. As an example of the fluctuations of this class of insurance viewed from the standpoint of profit the Underwriters of the " Ocean" were in 1874 called on to contribute f 800 each to meet losses made, and with^ in one yea* this amount was not only returned but an equal sum was given as profit to each Underwriter. llie youngest of the Marine Associations of Halifax is the "Atlantic Association" which commenced business in 1872. Ibis Association is somewhat like the " Ocean,'' being composed of 50 Underwriters, eaci of whom assumes 2 per cent, on every risk. Though not four year old the " Atlantic" has a successful record, and bids fair for an ex- tended business, as it has an influential connection among the ship- owners and other mercantile classes of Halifax. Marine Insurance in Halifax is not undertaken so much for profit «s for mutual protection in case of loss. For some months past the rails upon the several Companies and Associations have been very heavy, as quite an unusual number of vessels have been wrecked* This is the best testimony to the great value of the system of Marine Underwriting to a large shipping port like Halifax. The business of Fire Insurance in Halifax is conducted by about eighteen Companies most of them being agencies of loreign organiza- tions. Ten of the most solid British Comprnies are lepresented, vis : fioyal, Queen's, Guardian, Imperial^ Fhecnix, Northern, North British and Mercantile, Liverpool, London and Globe, Lancashire and Commercial Union. The American Gompanis are represented by the *' £tna " of Hartford and the Hartford Fire of the same city, well known as two of the leading Companies in the United States. Eight Companies from the Western Provin«:es of our own Dominion com- pete for a portion of the Fire business of Halifax, vix : The Stad- acona, Royal Ganadi«n, Provincial, British America, Isolated Risk, Citizens, Agricultural of Montreal, and National. There are two strictly local Companies doing business, and to these more especially we confine our remarks. Pi-evions to 1809 there was but one Fire Insurance Company doing business in Halifax. This was the old Alliance Company, which aAera long career closed its business «ome years ago. That there was a necessity for Fire Insvranee is apparent from the (act that in 1802, a large number of tnoeadiAry fires took place which ■i u mm 60 INSURANCE! IN BALIPAXw- became stich a serious matter that the Executive Cotfncil met on ai Sunday to take measures to stop further loss of property by fire, and a military patrol was kept up every night for six months for that purposci. Several suspected persons were compelled to leave the city and a boy who confessed to an attempt to fire the Dockyard was transported. In 1816 a lai^go fire occurred in Water Street at Grassie's Wharf which destroyed a large number of buildings ; and in 1821 24 houses near the Masonic Hall were destroyed. As many persons were completely ruined by these fires, public att<^ntion was called to the subject of Fire Insurance, and as early in fhe present century as 1809, an association was formed called the " Halifax Fire Insurance Company,'' which in a somewhat different shape exists at the present day. The avowed objects of the founders were stated to be mutual protection and the facilitating of Insurance on buildiiTgs without going to England. The Capital of the old JTalifax office was £50,000, in one hundred shares of £500 each, £100 of which was paid up, the renminder being secured by bond and mortgage. In 1819 this Company was incorpo' rated by Act of Parliament. The first Board of Directors composed, Hon. James Fraser, George Grassie, James Foreman, John Pryor, John A Ibro, John Merrick and Michael Tobin. The first Secretary was William Newton^ and the office was kept in the Exchange Coffee House, vhich stood on Hollis Street, opposite the present Jerusalem Warehouse. To show the profits of fiic insurance in these pioneer days we note that dividends of 10 per eent. was paid in 1820, jn 1881, 25 per cent; 1832, SO per cent; 1884, 20 per ceni; 1835, 80 per cent. In 1842 a bonus of ' '5 per share was declared aiid paid. Losses were frequently met with, but were promptly paid ; in 1821 over $6000 was lost, and every year more or less was paid to insurers. This old Company which for so many years stood nearly alone, was almost crushed by a very large fire in 1859, which destroyed three of the most valuable blocks in the City, reaching from Hollis and Water Streets to Barrington Street. > A little over a year 1 iter the block on which the Custom House stands, with the whole of the large block to iho south, and a portion of u. third block were destroyed by firc« causing a heavy loss to the Company, but Phoenix like it has arisen from its ashes, and still continues to transact a large and profitable business. Its capital is now $400,00l[), one half paid up, and its last dividend was ten per cent. In 1862, the " Acadia Fire Insurance " was chartered, and under »Q able Board of Directors,, it has year by year been very sue' IN8URANCB IN HALIFAX. 61 cessfully managed. The Capital Stock of the " Acadia Fire Insu- rance Company'' is $400,000, $125,000 of which is paid up. The rate of dividend for the past year was 15 per cent. In 1871 the Nova Scotia Mutual Fire Insurance Company was chartered, and had a capital stock of $200,000, one half paid up and with an influential Board of Directors did a very successful business. This Company amalgamated with the Royal Canadian Insurance Company in June, 18G4, and continued the business here with the «ame Board of Directors and the same success has continued with a large increase of business. A large amount of the stock is held here, therefore the Royal Canadian is essentially a Local Company, as well as a General Com- pany, — in 1874 the stockholden received a bonus of 28 per cent, in stock and a dividend of 10 per cent, was declared on last year's busi- ness. Of late, years the Fire Department of Halifax has been so effici- ently managed, and the -supply ot water for fire purposes is so powerful that no large conflagrations have occurred since 1861. There are three first-class Steam Fire-Engines and several Hand Engines which are rarely used, as the water supply from the Hydrants is generally sufficient to drovn out any incipient conflagration. Hose Reels are stationed all over the City, and a Fire Alarm Telegraph is in efficient working order ; apd this effective apparatus in the hands of a large body of active and energetic Volunteer Firemen, has reduced the losses of the Insurance Companies in the City to a mere miniuium. A salvage corps called the Union Protection Company composed of mJ Firemen render efficient service in saving moveable property. LiFK Assu£ANOe^ — That active, aggressive, self-evident, ubiquitous form of Insurance which has reached a perfection of working in this present day, viz : the principle of Life Assurance, has not passed Halifax by on the other side. On the contrary the ground has been fully covered by Companies and Associations almost without rumber. Of Companies combining Life with other branches, there are the Stadacona, North British s\nd Mercantile, Queen, Royal, Guardian, Travellers. Of purely Life Offices the Canada, Confed- eration, Scottish Amicable, Standard, Star, Life Association of Scotland, Phoenix, Eagle, Connecticut Mutual, Globe, Mutua), Equitable, Metropolitan, Union Mutual, New York Mutual and Citi- zens Mutual of Montreal. The only local Life Institution is the Acadia Provident Association which was ii;corporated in April 1873. An active and influential 62 INSURANCE IN HALIFAX. Board of IMrectors, comprising severa! of the leading gentlemen of the community, with Lieutenant-Grovernor Archibald as President, has the .nanagement of this Association. S>. far its operations hare been successful not one claim having yet been made on its funds, irhich fact speaks volumes for the eare in selecting lives of insurers. •i i I ■ li'i.l: r I I'm CANA-DA. 3L.IFE ASSURANCE CO'II?ANY. Thb record of this Company, the oldest in the DomiDion, having been established in 1847 with « capital of $1,000,000, is one whooe steady success gives evidence of excellent management and in the large amount distributed to the families of deceased insurants, adds important testimony to the beneficent workings of Life Assurance. The Company's management is modelled on that of the best Scottish offices which have a world-wide fame for their solidity and thrift. A wholesome scrutiny is exercised in the selection of risks and the great'iist care and caution used in the inviistmentW its funds. The rates are fcni- pnted tn the view of giving the assured as large a policy as is consistent with sound management and nnquestionable security, and the returrs of surplus by way of profits will compare favtHably with any other institu- tion. The Company aims to aflbrd every possible advantage to its policy holders — among which are lower rates thaa with British or foreign offices — premiums payable annually, semi-annually or qaarterly — allowance of thirty days grace — policies lapsed through unintent'onal non-payment of premium renewable at discretion of Directors — an arrangement by which, in case of need, insu rants may keep their policies afloat by means of a loan, without being obliged to surrender for its cash or paid up value, as is the case in most foreign offices — endowment policies convertible into paid up and non-forfeiuble— five years' old policies will be purchased by the Com- pany at their cash value, or exchanged for others of reduced amount, ex- empt from payment of further premiums, or loan will be granted tbereon to nearly their surrender value — three-fourths of the profits on participa- ting policies are divided among their holders every five years, who have their choice to receive them in a bonus t* be added to their policy, or their equivalent in cash, or in reduction of future premiums. These profit bo- nuses are larger than given by any other Canadian Company ; and it has occurred that when applied to the reduction of premiums, they have not only extinguished them but yielded th holder an annual surplus. Such are some of the leading features of this Company whose increas- ing business bears witness to the pnblic confidence reposed in it, and whose success is attested by the fact that its death claims are more than met by its receipts on interest account alone. Its beneficent work is appa. rent in its distribution of 91|1S0,000 for death claims among the represeu- tativet of the assured. INSURANCE IN HAUFAZ. 63 The namber of policies ootstanding is 8869, insnting $13,011,310. Last year 1776 policies were issued, representiog $2,693,811 insurance. The now yearly income was $75,829, making the total rerenue from premiama and interest $582,734, and the assests were increased during the year bj over ?350,000. The death losses were rising $113,000 upon a palcnlatad mortality of over $177,000. The profits during the past five years araoanf to $517,748 — divided three-fourths among the policy holders and one- fourth among the shareholders. The head office is at Hamilton, Ont., under the control of an able man- agement, with branches in the principal cities of the Dominion. The Hali- fax Branch was established in 1^69, of which J. W. Marling, Esq., at 166 Hollis Street, is General Agent for the Maritime Provinces, to whom ap- plications for insurance, sub-agencies, or information may be directed. $50,000 have been paid out for death losses througli this agency. The Directors of the Halifax Branch are John Silver, Esq., Hon. Sir Edward Kenney, Hon. John W. Ritchie and Sandford Fleming, Esq. STA.X)A.GONA. FIRE ies were issued. The Halifax Branch was established in November, 1874, at 1P9, Hollis Street, in charge of Mr. George M. Greer, General Agent for the Province of Nova Scotia, with sub-agencies throughout the Province, and has been eminently successful, having issued over 60J policies with an insignificant loss of $800. The directors are Messrs. H. H. Fuller, Henry Lawson, J. S. Maclean, J. J. Bremner, and M. Dwyer — names that well justify the confidence accorded to this vigorous and substantial Company. The .branch has muny of the advantages of an independent local Company — applications being made to, and policies issued directly by it, the head office confirming all risks accepted by the Local Boards. I ! m^ m COMMISSION BirSINESS. Commission Merchants, strictly so called, have not had by any means a monopoly of the commission business in Halifax. Leading merchants have been ready at all times to accept consignments of foreign and 'lomestic goods, and to receive and execute orders either from abroad or from country districts. In fact, every merchant in the city is engaged, more or less, in a " conmiission" business. Those who confine themselves to this line exclusively are mucli fewer than in days gone by, and their transactions are neither so extemiive nor so lucrative as they were wont to be. The Tea trade, years ago, was exclusively " Commission." The Honorable East India Company had a monopoly ot ^he trade, and S. Cunard & Co., were their 3ole Agents The granite warehouse on the Cutiard wharf was built for the accommodation of this trade. The same eminent firm did a large commission business in British and foreign manufactured goods, such as our merchants now import direct for themselves. For many years afler the monopoly of the East India Company had ceased, tlin " Colonial Tea Company" continued their importations direct from China. The teas were disposed of on " e •"mmission" by the late F. Charman, who also received consignments of British and Foreign merohand-se. Up to within twenty years ago the commission merchants trjftisacted very much of the business now in the hands of wholesale grocers ant' wholesale dry goods merchants. Consignments, principally from manufacturers, came regularly from Great Britain, from the Continent, and from the United States, and these were disposed of ai retail dealers either at private sale or at regular weekly auctions. This line of business still survives, but in very limited proportions compared with •>ther days. The fish trade with the West Indies, British as well as foreign, was at one time, to a great extent, a commission business. Orders were regularly expected and received, and several large houses participated in the business, of^en a very profitable one. A commission business in this line exists with the Unitfd States and the Upper Provinces, and it is steadily and rapidly growing. The completion of the railway system will, no doubt, accelerate and confirm its progress. The trade in bread stuffs appears to have a peculiar aptitude for the " commission'' system, which holds more strongly ii. that line tha> I|fr "■ m 66 COMMIBSION BVLZNBS8. in almost any other. Still imfrartations direct, by persons regularly in the trade, are increasing from year to year. It was customary, not very long ago, to have weekly sales of breadstufls, either at public auction or by private bargain. Auctions are still occasionally heard of but sales are now generally made through brokers. The same, indeed, holds true of other merchandise, the general broker having made himself and indispensable intermediary between buyer and seller. To Mr. Edward Lawson belongs the credit of introducing this mode of effecting purchases and sales. The sale and chartering of vessels was wont to be a matter for the merchants : it is now almost exclusively in the hands of brokers. Large quantities of merchandise of various kinds are still disposed of at public auction, and all our auctioneers receive goods on con- signment and dispose of them as best they can, either by private or public sale. Another phase of the commission business is that which is in the hands of the Manufacturers' Agents. These Agents have had a recognized existence in Halifax for very many yeai"" ; but the system of ordering by sample, and ordering direct from the manufacturer, is being more fully developed, — some persons doing a very large trade in this line, in both British and Foreign productions. The manufac- turers of the Upper Provinces also show no inconsiderable enter- prise in 'jposing of their goods by sample — card, uid pattern. As the population of the Province increases, as our coal, iron, and gold mines gather around them busy hives of men, the commission trade of the capital will necessarily increase. The leading manufacturers in this Province have A^ncies in the city, and all of them will see the necessity of such Agencies to win publ:'> attention to their products. Much of the manufacturer's success necessarily depends on the class that undertakes to form the connecting link between the produce* and the consumer. The commission business, in all its phases, rec^uires the services of trusty, energetic, live men ; "^nd such men find in it ample scope for their exertions, and, at least, a competent reward for their pains. There are in Halifax a large number of houses of high standing in this line* We, however, must confine ourselves to the two following : S. CTJNAJRTt dfc CO. Here we come upon a historic name, — a name associated with one of the most signal triumphs of modem enterprise. This House is almost as old M the city and was originated by Mr. Abraham Canard, father of Sir COMMISSION BU8INFJBS. 67 Samael Cunard, Baronet. It still occupies the old stnnd where Abra- ham Conard made his modest vcntares in the earlier years of the Bona- parte wars when Halifax was known chiefly as a naval and military sta- tion. Early in the present centuiy Sir Samuel was taken into partnership with his father. When he became head of the House, his tact and singular bnsiness ability speedily won for him a high position in the comraercii.1 world. The transactions of the Arm with Great Britain, the United Statos and the West Indies were exteniive. It had the ageccy of the East Indm Company, and besides prosecoting other branches of commerce, it Tea- tured upon the South Sea Whale Fishery. Occasional changes in the personnel of the firm took place from time to time, but Sir Samual Canard continued to be its senior till 1863, when, ripe in years, and rich with the rewards of industry and enterprise, he re- tired. The business was continued by Mr. William Cnnard and Mr. James B. Morrow. The latter had been brought up in the service of the firm, and the former had been a partner since 1844. In 1873, Mr. Wil- liam Cnnard, having removed to London, also retired from the bnsiiess, which is now carried on by Mr. Morrow, and by two grandsons of Sir 8. Cnnard, Mr. George £. Francklyn and Mr. Thomas S. Petes. This House, from the first, has been interested in shipping, in the days of its West India trade it owned or controlled a fleet of forty ves- sels. The introduction of steam and the inauguration of the Ocea i Line of Steamers, so well known as the Cunard Line (see page 36) na:urally led to an entire change in their style of business. Piles of fish re tdy for export have given place to huger piles of coal. The machine sliop and the strong armed steam engine have superseded the fish-screw and .he coo- per's shop. The Inmber crafV, the coasters, the East India men of other days had to make room for magnificent ocean steamers. At the moment we write there are lying at Cnnard's wharf (i locality as well known as the " Battery " in New York) the Allan steaner Moro' vian, just in from Liverpool with the English mail ; the Beta o . the Cun- ard Line, with steam up ready to sail for Bermuda and 3t. Thonas so soon as the mail is put onboard; the Allan steamer iVew/bun(/^r80,- 000 to $100,000 worth of canned lobsters, aal.non and mackerel. ThiF firm occupies premises on Commercial Wharf, which afford am • pie accommodation in wharves and warehouses, admirably adapted to the management of their large and increasing business. By their intelligent enterprise they are ivoli known abroad, and occupy a high pos»*ion in com- mcrcial circlci« ^ i!!ftf iMIlii THE DRUG BUSINESS AND DRUGGISTS. HAbiVA^t, now so Well supplied with drugs and medicines, could hot boast, sixty years ago, of a solitary druggist^s shop. Medical men imported and supplied the medicines they required in their practice. A few grocers kept some of the mora popular drugs. 'J^he first drug flhop opened was owned by Or. SAA::UEb Head, in Granville Sti'eet> Dwelling house) shop, and surgery were all under one roof. The first regular drug store was opened by Dr. Macara in 1822, in a building on the site now occupied by the Poet Office. He brought t>ut a large stock fVom England, and made a very large reduction below usual prices. Bi)t even his " low '* prices were high in Comparison with present charges, l^ou can get Well drugged At oncfourth thvi money it would cost yoU in the days of Ma^ cara. But Macara had a great run — cheap pliysic like cheap EWeotmeats— always creating a large demand. Salts which had beeit sold at dd. a dose Weid reduced to l|d. Hence !Gpsom Salts became fashionable. Macara made a handsome fortune. He built a large Btone store and dwelling house in Granville Street, and remained there till his death. Mu John KaYlor, who was a clerk with Dr. Head, became in time proprietor of the establishment, and i6r many years did a largo business. On retiring he sold his stock to BroWn^ Brothrrs St Co. Jambs Hi^mpiirkY, who had come to Halifax as ft clerk f( ' Dr. Macara^ set up for himself, and being supported by Dr^ Avery, did a flourishing business. Humphrey gave up the busines8> and went off to Mexico> whore he won high military honors. His brother T'.iomas succeeded him in the business. Mr. Gkorok E^ Morton succeeded Macara. Afterwards he became associated with Mr. FoKSYYH, and a good business was carried on at "Morton's Corner," Granville and George Streets. This business was subsc* quently sold out to Mr. H. P. Burton. Mr. FoRstTU, associated tirith Mr. Coas^KLL, did a large business in Hollis Stieet A number of other noteworthy names have become identified with the business in recent years \ but space will not permit u? to expand in this connection. There are in all 17 retail drug shops in the city. The splendid establishments, gorgeous with marble and gilded fittings, to be seen iit most of the large United States cities, have no counterpart here Probably the medicine-buying public is quite as well, and more BUm BUfllNESS AND DBUOOlSTS. 71 cheaply, served in consequence. The druggists of Halifax arc not wanting in knowledge of their business, or in careful attention to its management ; mistakes and accidents in the dispensing of medicines are of very rare occurrence j fatal ones are almost unknown. The business is conducted with that quiet assiduity cliaracterlstio of Halifax trade— and with a good degree of success. If lew fortunes have been made, several druggist have attained a modest competence < and failures have been few. Here, as elsewhere, the retail druggist offers to his customers a variety of wares besides drugs,— as patent medicines, perfumery, homeopathic Medicines, and toilet articlcs< The ubiquitous Soda Fountain dispenses its cooling streams during the hot davs of our brief summer. The wholesale houses add to their more legitimate business in drugs, chemicals and medicines a considerable trade in spices, oils and lighter groceries. Faints atid glai!s, though generally dealt In by druggists in the United States, are not handled by the trade in Halifax { but the larger concerns deal in dry colours and varniahes. The sale of gaf- den seeds is almost exclusively in" the hands of two or throe of the druggists, as is also the greater part of the trade in grass seeds. The druggists in Halifax have not the distinction, like their breth'' ren in St. John, uf giving a Governor to theif Province and a Mayor to their city. Two of th»ir number however, Messrs. Ta.tlor and FonsYTH, now occupy the more tnodest enMiencc of Aldermen. Iln^rossed with their business the druggists have, until lately, given but little at ntion to organization amongst themselves, or to the ad' vancement ul pharmacy, or the more professional aspects of their call* ing. But an attempt of a few cf the medical profession two yeafS ago to obtain by Itgislalion contiol over the druggists, and to com- icl them to submit to <^xamination at the hands of the Medical Board, lused the druggists to lorabined resistance. Recognizing the impor- tance of union amongst themselves, and of making provision against the accession of incoinpetont tyros to their ranks, they have recently formed the Nova Scotia Pharmaceilthal Society, which includes most of the druggists in the Pravince, and proposes to establish a system if i m . '"a : .i! •WTT 72 DnUG BUSINESS AND DRCGGISTS. In this forward movement the druggists of the capital have natu- rally taken the lead. It is right to add that they have been cordially supported by their brethren in the country. Druggists already in business have personally nothing to gain from such legislation, and their endeavour to elevate the standard of their calling and so promote the welfare of the community is an evi- dence of public spirit which is deserving of all praise^ A. VERY, BRO^WN «Sc CO. lr!illl.:.:1 FnoNTiKO the General Post Office and standing on one of the chief thoroughfares of the city, is the long-established house of Avery, Brown & Co. It was founded more than half a century ago, by Dr. James F. Avery, whose name la identified ^ ith many important enterprizes for the public benefit. Mr. Avery, after preliminary study with the late Dr. Almon, (father of the present Dr. W. J. Almon) prosecuted his education at Edin- burgh, at the Ecole de M^decine and Hosptals, Paris, and in due time obtained the much-coveted " M. D.," of the most renowned medical school of the day. He returned to Fn'ifax and commenced practice as a Physician in 1821. In 1824 ho established a retail Drug Store on the premises in George Street, that still bear his name and are now occupied by his successors. His business soon came to include a small wholesale trade. In 1841 he took his nephew, Thomas A. Brown, into partnership, and the business was conducted under the imme of James F. Avery St Co. This arrange' ment continued eleypu yem, Dr. Avery gn;dually dropping his practice and giving more and more time to the work of the firm. In 1852 Charles £. Brown, another nephew, was admitted into the firm, which become known as Avery, Blown & Co. In 1868 W. H. Webb, who had been in the establishment thirteen years, was admitted as a partner; and in 1873 Dr. Avery, the founder of the house, retired, leaving as his successors the brothers Brown and Mr. Webb. The original promises in George Street becoming too small for the steadily increasing business of the firm, the adjoining store was purchased in 1869, and used for the retail business. Their stock is stored chiefly in theii* large warehouse on O'Connor's Wharf. Their business is mainly jobbing and wholesale trade in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Dye Stuffs, Spices* and "Druggists' Sundries," — Brushes, Sponges, Soaps, Combs, Perfu- mery and Dental Instruments and appliances. They deal also in Groceries, Dry Fruit and Teas. They make a specialty of perfectly pure ground Spices, and their brand has an established reputation for excellence tlirough- bat the Province. Their stock of Chemicals is probably the amplest and most varied ,in the sea provinces. Like all Druggists they deal largely in Patent Medicines; for example, within the past five years they have disposed of over 920,000 worth of " F«uw.?8' Compound Syrup " alone. 18 an evi* "DniTQ BCSINESS XN© MtiGGlSTS. 73 T"hey ate the largest impoflers of seeds in the Province, supplying not •merely the local demands of martcet gardeners and amatenr horticulturists, l)ut Agricultural Societies and traders all over thecountry> They have over forty correspondents in the chief centres of their varied lines of trade in Ettgland, Scotland, France, Qermany and other European countries. The best quality of goodii is thus secured on the most advan* tageous terms from first-class manufacturers and producers, and with nmple means at their command the firm are thus able to 'meet the sharpest competition and give the fullest satisfaction to their wide'circle of customers' Their trade extends not merely to the best dealers in Nova Scotia, Sut it reaches New Brunswick, P. E. t^and and Newfoundland. Besides the partners who give close {personal attention to the business, there are usually fourteen hands employed by the firm. BROAVN BROTlTERS JSfc CO. In 18S8 the lat« Mr. John Naylor, long tend favourably known in hn ^establishment in Granville Stfeet, retired from business, and ^is stock and "" good will " were sold to Avery, Brown & Co. The stock was removed to a wooden shop wtifcli stood in what is now the " Pentagon " block, and the business was carried on under the superintendence of Mr. C. E. Brown, under the style of Brown Brothers & Co. In the disastrous fire of 1859, this building, like so many others, was burnt doWn. Dr. Avery shortly afterwards erected on this site (he handsome five story brick block, appropriately named the " Pentagon." The chief portion oi the block is occupied by Brown Brothers & Co., in their wholesale and retail Druggist business. The retail shop is fitted up in the most medern style, and well stocked with carefully selected medicines, &c. The Dispensary is tho^-oughly organized. These departmenu, and ali the rest, have the advantage of the systematic supervision and scientific knowledge and training of Mr. W. H. Sim8on> a graduate of the Philadcipiiia College of Pharmacy. This house, in addition to its full lino of Drugs, Medicines, i^ruggists^ Sundries, Toilet Goods, Sargical Instruments and Appliances, etc., have 3 in the calling to which ho has devoted his best years and from which the civic honors that testify the esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens, has not been able to divert him. JOHN IC. BKNT. TnE stand at 145 Granville Street has a pleasant record of nearly forty years in the Apotliocary line, associated with the names of old Dr. Almon, P. G. Fraser, the well-known Chemist and assayer, and John Hichardson, Jr., through whom it has come down to the present occupant. Mr. Bent, son of Di^. W. L. Bent, of Digby, well known in a succossful practice of forty years, entered the service of Messrs. Avery, Brown & Co., tn 1849 I he subsequently had an experience of five years in aBo-itoa house i» DRUG BUSINESS AND DRUGGISTS. and returning here was chief clerk for Br'* wn Brothers & Co., and con* ducted their North Ferry Drug Store till 1867 when he set up in Granville Street. In addition to his long experience in the business, he has industriously studied to enlarge his professional knowledge beyond the immediate re quiremcnts of his vocation, and has taken courses of lectures in a regular medical college in Chemistry, Botany, Anatomy and Physiology, Surgery, Obstetrics, etc., besides a two years attendance upon the Provincial and City Hospital. His business is wholesale and retail in Chemicals, Drugs, Dyestuffs, Spices and Seeds of which he keeps fresh and reliable articles. In essen- tial oils and other oils usually found In his line, he deals largely, as well as in Aniline Dyes. In the miscellaneous small wares and toilet goods, his •tock presents a liberal and excellent assortment. One of his specialties is the supply of the gold miners with mercury, crucibles, &c. Mr. Bent has given considerable attention to pharmaceutic prepara* tions, several of which have acquired a wide reputation and sale. Among these may be mentioned his Cough Balsam, Liniment and Pills, whose re- medial agency has been successfully tested. He also deals in the most appro- red popular patent medicines, and has a steadily increasing city retail and country jobbing trade. In the Dispensary line, for which his study and experience peculiarly fit himi he does a thriving business. MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. The Province of which Halifax is the capital, possesses unsur- passed facilities and advantages for prosecuting successfully a great variety of manufacturing industries. Coal is superabundant, vast beds of it lying near the surface of the earth. Iron ore of the best quality has been found within easy distance of the great coal beds. Water power is available in innumerable localities. The principal harbours on the Atlantic coast are open to the world all the year round. The forests are still capable of yielding the material for lum- ber of all sorts. In short, the country possesses element?, in mineral wealth, and in position relative to the markets of the world, which mark it as destined to be at no very distant day one of the chief centres of manufacturing enterprise in America. Coal and iron are elements ot assured national wealth, — especially when they are found near the sea, that glorious and free highway of the nations. It is a mere commonplace to remark that the most has not yet been made of the singular advantages which the country possesses. Still, a beginning has been made, and there is already progress enough to show what can be done, and what we may fiiirly expect. Coal is raised, principally for exportation, but an increasing quantity finds a home market in heating factory furnaces. At Truro, Pictou, New Glasgow, Amherst, Windsor, and other places which we might enu- merate, manufactures of various kinds are rapidly Fpringing up. The advance made in the last ten years has been quite remarkable, and affords the best proof and illustration of what a hive of industry the whole country is destined to become. There is one species of " manufacture " to which the people resort, and to which they have adhered with the utmost pertinacity, — namely, the building of ships. The result is that a population of less than 400,000 own over twenty million dollars' worth of shipping. Nova Sootians boast of more than a ton of shipping for every man, woman, and child in the country. In this line of industry the Province is, in proportion to numbers, in advance of any country on the face of the globe. This fact should be borne in mind when dealing with the manufactures proper of the country and its capital. The sea has been the source of a large proportion of the wealth of the people. They view it almost daily ; they breathe its bracing gales ; they love it, though so many of them go down to its depths to return never more. M' 'A 'J ■ 78 MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. Few faniililies^but have a son or near relative on board a ship in some capacity or other. During prosperous years it is a money making business, — this building and sailing of ships : but reversos, sad and sore, and long-continued, are not un-xpecteJ. Economists feel and declare that too much of the country'.-* wealth is locked up in one industry, whose risks are great, a»»d successful efforts have been made to open up other profitable avenues of enterprise. One of the pioneci's in Nova Scotian manutacturing industry was Mr. W. H. Davis, (now of Pictou), who managed an Iron Foundry at Albion Mines as early as 1830. The first pig iron manufactured in the Pwjvince was produced by him. IIo also made the engine for the little steamer Richard Smith, plying on Pictou harbor, —the first marine engine made in the Province. He was alsi) the first to make a locomotive in the Province. His Foundry at Pictou is increasingly prosperous. In Yarmouth, Messrs. Johnson & Buuiiii.L have a large iron fcumlry a' " machine shop, in which are produced stoves, ship's castings, &c. . Robb has an extensive foundry at Amherst. At Truro there are shoe factories, a peg and hist factory, a woollen factory, a foundry, dye-works, tanneries &c. Mr. Logan has a large tannery in Pictou County, and there are similar establishments in other parts of the Province. Cheese factories, lubster canning estab- lishments, woollen mills, potteries, brickyards, &c., are far " too numerous to mention." Coming now to the city and its vicinity, we find a goodly develop- ment of manufacturing industry, — perhaps largely in excess of what a superficial observer would suppose. Furniture and wooden-ware of excellent quality are producod in such establishments as Goudon & Keith's, A. Stf.phen's, &c. Pianos are made by several firms* Moiit's Bakkky bears comparison with any in the Dominion. There are two large and very productive boot-and-shoe factories. The Starr Manufacturing Company produce the " Acme Skate," an article of world-wide reputation, and many other useful articles in the hardware line — such as nd 14 horses are required for trucking, and the delivery of bread &c. Mr. Moir has n factory at Nine Mile River forsupplymg packing boxes for his biscuits. In this factory over 280,000'feet of boards arc used' up into boxes annually. Besides these bo.ves, barrels are largely reqtifred for packing. We need hardly say thai the sum total of the products of an establishment employing so many hands and so mueh machinery, and using up so much raw material, must be immense. Mr. Moir had a partner for several years, and hence the fkm name of " Moir & Co." which is still retained. The greatest care is taken in providing the best stock, and the Liio«t improved plant, and no pains is spared to maintain audeven to extend the reputation of the House. Mr. Moir has seen the age of manuaT })rocesie8 and toil in the Bakery superseded by the age of machinery driven by steam; and in this change he has borne an important part. With continued prosperity there is the prospect of a still furHier enlargement of the establishment which will thus be a magnificent proof of iudiviidat^ eatorprise, and a ceedit to the City and the Pcaviocc. h MANUFACTtmES Or HiklilFAX. f^ are- th:e nova. SCOTIA. BOOT ATsrr> 8tio:e facv. TORY (aEORGE 8. YATES a limited scale, of boots and shoes. He at fust cm- ployed about forty hands, and produced some fifty diiFcrent styles off boots and shoes, mostly women's and children'n wear. At this stage but little ma- chinery was used to aid manual labour. Succcs« stimulated and still rewarded enterprise. Ever increasing busi- ness required ampler accommodation. In 1871 Mr. Taylor built a largo and substantial brick factory on a prominent, central site, at the corner of Brunswi('k and Duke Streets. It is 60 x 40 feet, and four stories in height. Its rooms are ai ry, spacious anfl arranged en the most approved plan, 80 as to afford the best facilities for carrying on successfully the work of the establishment. Machinery is ready to perform overy item of work that can bo assigned to it. The solo .sewing machine (invented by Mr. Mackay, a Nova Scotian) is here doing duty to the fullest extent. The heeling machine of the same ingcniond inventor is hero hIsq, There arc at least twenty-four sowing machines. The pegging, heavy cutting, beat- ing out. rolling, Nplitting, &c., are all done by approipriatc machinery. One fiteam engine was at first sufficient for the work of the o.^tablishmcnt, biut Bs machinery accumulated the task became heavy enough to tax the ener- gies of two nino-horse-powor «ngine9. The factory presents a scene of busy industry— o«|wcialIy where two •dozen .sewing machines li«m and whir under the fingers of as many women. The "mii'sic" of this room is the "air" of the piece, while the heavier ma- chinery furnishes t\\Q " buss." On an average one hundred and forty {lands are omphiyod ; and there are at loaet two hnodi'cd and thirty difVcr- «nt styles of work manufacturo'l, ranging up from the little child's .shoe ts the heavy and substantinl boot for the sturdy Newfoundland fiijiiorman. Tlus last beuf k lunde by baud aud its strength in material aud make sfienrn MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. 83 worthy of tlie brave and hardy men who gather in the wealth of stormy seas. The Factory turns out about three thousand pairs per week. A market for these is found chiefly in Nova Sootia, but there is a steadily growing trade with New Brunswick, P. E. Island, Newfoundland and St. Pierre. The stock used is obtained mainly from tanneries in the Province, and the finer materials are imported from the United States. Mr. George F. HilU is manaffcr of the Factory, and Mr. Larkins has charge of the machine rooms. Tiie sample room is at 153 Granville Street. A better regulated establishment than Mr. Taylor's or one producing more reliublc goods would be sought in vain GEOKGE A.. TCENT retail trade. In the retail line this firm has acquired a high r(;,,"»ntion for the ox- coUonce of their goods, to the selection of which the senior meinouj Imi gi'cn special attention and carefully exercised his superior judgment as to quality and style. The establishment has consequently secured a largo patronage of the best city trade. Their stock consists of the finest goods, largely imported from England and the United Slates, and embraces a full and varied line of ladies', gentlc- nion'f., and children's wear. While the English walking wear, which is to bo comnieudod for its substantial make and its comfort and health preser- ving qualities, can bo always obtained in this esiabli-sliment, those wlio have need of, or fancy the lighter and more artistic makes, can be suited aa well. 'I'hey also sell largely of the manulacturo of Mr. Robert Tayior, sped- ally adapted to their trade. A full line of Hats and Caps is always kept on hand, cliictiy imported and from the best ninnufacturers of England and the United Htat«s. '.,'1 S I ' i 84 MANUFACTURES OP HALIFAX. Their Fur goods are from England and the Upper Provinces, and com' prise the clioicost kinds and qualities, made up in the best style. The ri- gors of the climate will ever give these goods an important place among thQ necessities and luxuries of ladies wear. In the Rubber boot and shoe line, this house represents the best n.akers of the Upper Provinces and the United States. Besides the ahovc mentioned leading lines, they keep on hand a large assortment of Trunks, Valises, Satchels and the usual smaller wares which make up a well-appointed boot and shoe store. 11* J.;-—!- \>\l 1 ,■ « llil 1 iiiii ! : h'M Jii ■i ! ! ! ' ' 1 " ; ' M^C730N'>\.lL.r) «Sc CO., BRA.SS "WORKIS, One of the most noto-wo.thy industrial enterprises in Halifax U to be found at from 'GO to 172 Harrington Street, where the above firm have their workshops and warehouse. The firm h composed of Henry A. Mac- donald, Thomas O. Power, Alexander Macdon^ild, Rufus Bayers, and Roderick Mdc:l'.iald, by the first four of wliom the establishment was started in 1865. They < ommenced in the old brass foundry at 88 Bar- rington Sfrcel, i^ connection >vith a workshop on Cronan's wharf. The 01 iginal partners were ell thorough workmen and masters in their several lines, arH by their combination of skill, Industry and intelligence, have !)uilt up a flourishing business and developed a home enterprise un- surpassed in ext" t 'n the Dominion, and unexcelled in its varied produc- tions bi' English or American manufacture. Previous to ihe organization of this cfcuiblis.iment nearly all kinds of brass and copper work were impor- ted from England and the United States, in compcHtion w!th which this manufactured havs taken, and almost exclusively hold, the market. The premises occupied are one hundred and fifty feet on Bnrrington Stioct, consisting of throe flats, with storeroom for roofing materials in tho vicinity, and in ordi.uiry seasons seventy hands are employed in tho v.u'i- ous departments of work, — presenting •• rare scene of animated industry. The mo.ild'Mg and casting room is admirably organized for its work, and is in titc hands of skilful artisans ; and the finishing shop, equipped with steam engine, numerous lathes, and other necessary machinery, is on an extensive scale, producing work of exquisite perfection. The high reputa- tion wliiih tho establishment has acciuired is due to the strict scrutiny of every piece ol work by tho experienced proprietors, by whom, if blemish it found, it is consigned to the crucible. Wo have not space to onumorata all the products of this establishment, but tho loading lines embrace tho manufacture of Engineers', Plumbers' and Steam Fitters' Brass goods, and the heavier kinds of Brass and Cop- per work (or Steamships, Railways, Tanneries, Lighthouses,, Vessels Fast- enings and Fittings, and in fact all the appliances in oop]>er or composition which pertain to a ship. Besides numufacturiug and dealing in every description of Fittings for MASUPACTUflEfe 01-^ HALIFAX, 89 Steam, Water and Gas apparatus, they fit tlie same in public bttJldlngs and houses in all parts of the Maritime ProtJnccs, having a corps of ex- perienced workmen for the purpose. All kinds of ship's pitimbing is also iti their line. "The greater part of the steam-heating apparatus used in the Province has beeti put in by this establishment. Their share of the plumb- ing in the city and country has been very large ; while In hot isater heat" Jng apparatus, to which they hate given special attention for several years, their work, with scarcely an exception, is in all the conservatories of the city, which are warmed by this method, and in some of the ptiblic institu- tionq and better clnss of dwellings. They manufacture of the best metal a variety of Hand and Power pumps for -nrious uses, as well as very juperior ships' pumps, suitable fof bilge or fire purposes. They import and deal in cast and wrought iron pipe ; Engineers' rnb* ber goods, steam pumps ; rubber, leather and canvas hose; and common honse pnmps, and arc sole agents in the Province for the sale and applica* tion of Warren's Felt Roofing and RoofinOTTEliY. Imont, libers' (^op- Fast- hsitiun Igs for TiiESB works wefe initiated by Robert Malcom, about twenty yeafj ajo, and were purchased of his estate by J. H. Johnson and Aubrey Smith, who operated th^m a short time. Mr. «tohnson then retired, and Joseph Kayj joined Mr. Smith, forming the present firm 1870, from whtch time the enlargement and improvetnent of the works date. They are located at Enfield, on the Intercolonial Railway, 28 milea distant from the city. The property embraces about twenty-five acres, •butting on tile Shubenacadie riVer, containing an ininiensn deposit of brown clay in a stratum from eight to fifteen feet thick, underlying the whole area. The main building is of brick, 175 X ?0 feet, of two stones, equipped with all the requisite machinery for the manufacture of Chimney Crocks, Pipe Stones, Vitrified Drain Pipe, Flower Vases and Pots, Earthenware, Stoncwai-o, and fine Claywaro of every description. In the middle portion is the workshop, whore all the turned ware Is raiidc. The moulding i^join is in the second story. The straight Drain Pipe Is made on the first floor; aud In its manufacture a Clayton Pipe Mitehino is used, which is from throe to fifteen inches in diameter, and itl sections of two feet in length, the Junctions, Traps, Hends and Syphono being wrought it; the moulding rooni< Thii plpf> after tliorough drjrlngi 80 MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. I bSUffil U (y is subjected to a fierce heat in the ovens for three days and nights, by which It acquires great toughness. It is largely used for maiii sewers, and for house drains. There arc two circular kilns for stoneware, of thirty feet in diameter. The clay for the manufacture of this ware is brought by rail from Shubenacadie, thirteen miles distant. The kiln for the brown, or earthenware, is twenty-four feet iq diameter, in the building is a wareroom in which the various products of stone and earthenware are kept in stock. From twenty-five to thirty men are here employed. In H separate building the manufacture of earthen Drain Tile is carried on. The tile'* are made in round and sole form, from two to six inches in diameter, and in thirteen inch sections. This tile has come into very gene- ral use by western agriculturists, and occupies an important place in adapt- ing wet soils to successlu' cultivation. No intelligent agriculturist wlio desires the boat resulta^ can afford to forego the use of this valifablo auxiliary. In the rear of tlie Pottery is the Brickyard, with three machines opera- ted by shafting connected with the steam engine of the Pottery building, which supplies with steam power all the machinery on the premises. These machines are capable of turning out 10,000 bricks per diom. Their pr',;duct is Binali and pressed bri"' and slock brick used in the Government works. Last year 2,000,000 were iiold. The mniket is principally Halifax. Prom thirty io forty men arc Ciuployed in tiie summer, and a thousand cords of wood arc used annually in brick burning. In the manufacture of earthen and atonewuvo 15U0 ions of real are con.,;mcd. Their market is found in all parts of Nova Scotia, New BrunsA "ick, Prince Vjdwwd Island, and to some extent in tlie States. The taanufrtiture has acquired a high reputation, the sales are constantly increasing, and the works can be greatly augmenlt;d in capacity to meet the denvand. The firm have also on the premises a store for the supply of the workmen, a large boarding-house for the brick men, and several dwellings which they let to otliar operatives. The city oiijcc is Ml Harrington Street, (now extension), where samjtles of the products of the works may bo seen. Ur "TJIK AHMY AND NAVV llRI^-^VKRY" Haltd'aX lum lohijf been famous fot* the production of wholesome and nutritious ale and portflr, and its reputatlur,' in this respect lias been dc Cidedly piomntid by the ubovp named antcrpriso. The " Army und Navy Brewery" oi'i;;i!iutert with Mr. Johvi Oland, an Englit,;! gentleman, Who came to Ha!'t ISflC, and in company with Mr. G. <^. Ifarvcy, n nicr- charit of Ualitax, f-.iid Major DeWiiiton, of the British Army. The site v->f the Brewery is " T'lrtio Grove," on tho Do'-'mouth shoio, opposite tho llichmond Uail.va, Depot, a chariiiJ":; Mi'l y^eti;. vsf^a lot, commanding A flue view of the Imrlior and city, ^''u.r.i ' ! \ ianij 'P'H te ostublishmcnt U popularly called th« " Turtle '( the city. The internal appliances of manufarture have kept pace with the out- Ward enlargement oi Mmctsions; and the most approved maichinery has been introduced ftfom tirte to time. The works are thoroughly organized in every department, and though producing Ale and I'orter in large quan- tities,' has a capacity for greatly increasing the production. During the eight cold months it yiekla at th» rate of 180 hogsheads per week) nnd fof the wartr,,;; r.,ur months of the y«ar, 240 hogsheads per month. The annua* consumption of Barley for malting purposes isoveV 1.5,000 bushels. The barley is obtained from Canada and Printe Edward Island) ttesides an a'crage annual purchase of ov«!r 3000 bushels of Malt from ("an" ada and Scotland. Of Hops, about 300 bules «re used annually — obtained from Canada, the tTnlted Ptatea and England. The op*> Hting power is a steam engine of twelve horse-power, nnd a ¥oore of hand."* are coattantJy employed. It has a large tooperajTe, ^i^ '>itr occupation to levcral workmen. The cellarage is extensive and dagged with irS^no, and the Bottling iepartin«nt it on an pxtonstve scale. The product /I ibf crtablishnMMt has made for itself a wide ntarket at home •nd abroad, largely sttp^jri«f the i-etatl houses in the city, and the military ciitUeen« wf Hal^^tx, B « fw a ^ his trsi^toz !a it a* Edinhurfrb, and at twenty-two years of age Joined im father, fofoatog th« irm of Alexandet Keith & Son, in 185Sv The worthy wmiot J^rwaaaJ in 1878, stace which umti hit «oii continiiei %he busiiieMv ca ih UCi I i i ;')' '"T-li KANUFACTUREfe OP HALIF.iX. 89 |r, nnd a , j,nvinjt (lapffcd . The .11 homo Imilitary |h father^ rs of ni^e I in I858i OAREIAGE MANUFAOTUEE. Previous to 1859 there was no complete carriage factory in Hali- fax, and as a matter of necessity carriages of any pretension were im- pcft-ted from England and -the United States. In the case of the more common vehicles, such as heavy wagons, one 'shop usually made the wheels, another shop the body, and the blacksniithing and painting were done at still other shops, ao that the work was the product of several independent industries. Mr. Gkokgk L. O'Brien, who learned his trade in Ireland, was about the first who did anything in the carriage Kne. He commenced about 1820, having his shop in Duke Street and making wheel-bar- rows and coarse vehicles, and occasionally turning out a carriage ot more pretension, patterned after the English style. He continued the manufacture till his death a few years ago. William Stevens was neariy contemporary with Mr. O'Brien, and continued the manufac- ture till his shop was burnt in 1866. Several others, also, figuren- tablish and develop tl>s industry, and put it on such a basis as to ob- viate the necessity of depen«ling ufwn f8lii|i of eiuht years in tlio carriage liusiness, at St. Rli'plien, N. H,, had thit advaningK id' cnntAct with Ameri- i'i\n \vurkiniumlii|). Thcuoo he went tn St. 'ilolin, and was einfiluycd in the I'XtutUlve factury ut Mr. Ilarriaon lur tiirue ur four years, till iti dettriK^tion liv fire. Ha had hu oHur to join a company for thti ro-««tabltiihment of th« worki, hut, i'uneluding to aeuk a new Held, for his eiiterpriw^ came to Hiidgetown, N. S., where lie set up n factory with Mr. iMvt'n and contin- ued about tv»o yetti'8. Having made somo acquaintance with IlnHfax in coimrttion with tlio aale of hia carriages, and l)ecomin{<; convinced that the city ofTored a Krid whichnhould be occupied by his cntur{iri6C, ho romuvcd thither ia w 90 MANUCACTUREa OF UMt^AX, 1859 and set up an establishment in Grafton Street, where he eontintfed for ten years. Not being able to obtain the requisite adjoining real estatct for the enlarfi^ment of his works, be removed and set up his present es-' tablishment at the Corner of West and Robie Streets. The premises consist of three large three-story frame buildings, coii> taining some seventeen thousand feet of floor room, and admirably adap- ted and equipped for the proiiecntion of the various departments of carriage manutacture. In the blacksmith and wood workshops, th« best of mate' rials are employed, and with the skill of the best workmen of this and the old country, the lightness of wood is united with the strength of iron and steel, by which are developed that grace and durability which characterize tl)e modern carriage, and distinguish it from the rude and clumsy mechau'' Ism of former years. The trimming ehop and the painting and polishing departments are also in skilful hands, and of the thirty workmen usually employed in the establishment, not one is wanting in the work assigned him. Mr. De Wolfe's specialties are Fliactons, light Buggies, T Carts, Concord Wagons, Sleighs, etc., and among the heavier carriages are found Barouch' es, Landeaus, Clarences, Full and Miniature Broughams, Coupees, be- sides all the varions carriages in common use in the Province. His market is principally in the Province, and largely in Bermuda and the West In- dies, and he has filled orders for England and Ireland. Mr. DeWolfe has had thiriy-twO years' practical experience in the business, to which he has enthutiiasticatly devoted his energies and skill, and with a laudable ambition to excel, in which he has been eminently •uccetsful. For this purpose he has made nnmeroutt visits to the leading in«ni*factor)es in the United States, and was the first to hitrr dnce improve- ttents, and has continued to make his work progressive and fully up to the I>est workmanship abroad. lie has demonstrated that home manufac- ture in his line is equal to any demand that may be made upon It At the Paris Exposition in 1867, Mr. Do Wolfe took a prise for a Phae' ton, and his productions has been honored at Provlui^lnl lilKhibithns, and three or four specimens of hk work will be exhibited »l the Plilltntelplilit Centennial. CHRONOMETEllS, ETC, Mb. Cooswkll, at 175 Barrington Street, is soeeessor to William Crawford, who learned his trade in Glasgow, and estatylished himself here in 1830. Mr. Cogswell bought out his predecessor in 1865, ami muili enlarged and improved the premises since they came into his posBession. He deals in Chronometers, Watches, Chclra, Sextants, Quadrants, Garo< meters. Compasses, Binnacles, Sea Olii^w'«, Charts, Nauticiil Books, &c., and re))ttir8 WaU;hes, and Nautical InstrumenU. His goods' arc from th« btfl nakors, and hia work flnvclMi in every reepect. lIlUWXCTUnES OP BXLIPAX. 91 Mr. Cog8W«il is standard authority on true time, keeping Halifax, Iftoston, and Greenwich time by astronomical clocks, and having a transit "instrnment conveniently mounted on liis premLes for the rating of chrOk Dometers. He, like his predecessor, has had the rating ol the chronometers of the Canard Mail Steamers of the Bermuda and Newfoundland lines since their commencement, and for the general shipping of the port. He Las charge tlw of rMlwajr time. He has Tor years gratuitously signalled the tree time by which the tioon-day gton is fired at the Citadel, and for •evernH year^ made up the leather reports for the daily evening papers, with thernometrical and ^barometrical readings. Mr. Cogswell, as may be inferred from the above, has mnch professional *enthu8iasm as well&s skill in his vocation, aa4 perform- a very important service 'in the interest of the commercial worlds J. 3B. A7SriIi-S03*T— STOVES JLNI> SI11I»S» C-A.STIISrG«. ?bae- I, an«i itljililn rilliam f here much lession. Earo- c, am! biff* Mr. Wilson having previosaly been in the Hardware line at St. An- drew's, commenced business ift Halifax in 1867 at the present stand, 245 Hollis Street. He subsequently enlarged his warerooms into the adjoining store, No. 247. He deals wholesale end retail in his several lines. The Stove department embrares all the various stoves in common use, -among then ihe elevated oven wood^burning stove for the country trade, end coal burning cook stoves of the most approred patterns and established tPlMMfliliid, ln n^prrfenting the celebratei tnHnufactory of James Spear & Co., of Philallelphia, whose Anti-Clinker Ar^pis, Silver Mvon and other beautiful «Qd &3iotred patterns ef self-feeden 92 lfANOFACTDT(«:S Of HALIFAX^ I i enjoy a higti reputation. For heating qualities, ease of moiiageiBtetlf^ beauty of pattern, and the cheerfulness afforded by their illuminating ar'- rangement, they are not excelled by any in the market. He also represents the famous " Dubuque " base burner, which is anr acknowledged stan(fard soft coal 8elf-feed?ng stote, and in general use in the Western States, where soft coal is largely consumed, reproducing erery excellent feature of the Anthracite base-burner. These stores have stood the test in competition with the numerous candidates in theitline for popu- lar fa-/or. For this and • the Anthracite base-burwers Mr. Wilson has a large and increasing trade. Their admirahite feature* of economy, comfort And elegance comn:end them in a climate so largely dependent on artificial' warmth. Mr. Wilson aho deals lai'gely in Forcer and common House 'Pumps, and has on sale the American S ibmerged Pump, a non-freezing force pump, specially adopted to northern latitudes, simple in construction^ working at any depth, durable and cheap. Mr. Wilson is interested in the NortfrWest Arm Rolling Mfll, of which he is Secretary. It i» proposed to more this mill the present year to the Ticinity of the Three Mile House, at Bedford Basin, on the line of the In- tercolonial Railway, where a }arge property has been secured for the pur- ])03e, and the business is to be extended into the manufacture of nails, etc. Mr. W's tiiade extends east and west on the coast from Shtelburne to Cape Breton.- ^VATSCKN" GA.S riTTEK.S, ETC. Mr. John Watson, haring thoroughly mastered his trade in Glasgow, Scotland, came to Halifax in 1852, doing journeyman's work till 1856, when he set up business with Mr. John Donald. The firm of Donald & Watson was dissolved in 1870. Mr. William MycJrs, who had served hi* apprenticeship with Messrs. Donald & Watson, became associated with Mr. Watson in 1870^ when they opened the present establishment at 150 HoDi* Street, the premises having been purchased by, Mr. Watscn. Their leading line' of work is Gas Fittirtg, and' the mant>facture of Gas Fixtures, having ttweTl organized factory fer the purpose to supplement tiieir practical experience and skill. They carry quite r large stock of Chandeliers, Hall Lamps, Brackets, Portable, or Table Lamps, mostly of their own manufacture, and, to some extent, of English and American make. Their own warts, however, both in style and workmanship, will compare favorably with their imported goods, and reflect much credit for" their mechanism, while demonstrating the ability of home talent to supply goods fbr which foreign manufacture was formerly so largely depended on.- Besides staple articles it) this [line, they also manufacture to order, at tbv sliortcBt notice, designs for gas illumination fbr spccikl oceasiotirr HATTOFACTUKES OP HAIJTAX. ■03 They manufacture all kinds of Brass Steam and Water Fittings for •engineers and plumbers — as Water Taps ami Couplings, Oil Cups for Locomotive Engines, Steam Whistles, and the numerous articles entering 4nto this line, all .rhich are of the best quality. Among their work may b'9 ftiind Force Puraps for garden pirpo«es, some of the larger of which are -well adapted for extinguishing ace Ual fire in its earlier stage about -dwellings or warkshop«. One of thek specialties is th« manufacture »f Sleigh Bells, they being Alone, we believe, in this line, of whii^h they turn on,t a liirge quantity and in a great variety of styles, and the < ty streets and drive* in winter are enlirened with the merry jingle of their production'?. The first floor ot their eslablis!unent is occupied y their salesroor and ■oflSce. The second floor is devoted to storage, and (he l>ronzing and lacqering room. On the third "floor are the work-rooms, en taining six lathes and other small machinery, and on the up->er floor is j uced the fur- «itM«, which K set in a^ 1^ 1.1 r-*™^ = IIIIIM M. ill 1.6 i.25 i - 6" e ^> c^^ ^ /: ^ .?v /4 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIMTIR.N.V. 14SI0 (7U) 172-4503 1 ^ v> 'Hill 94 MANUFAOTURES OF HALIFAX. Tho bnginess is strictly legitimate and coaiined to first-cTass goods in> Etiglish, Swiss and American Watchss, Sterling Silver and Silver Plated Ware. Gold Jewellerj, Diamonds, etc., representing in every department the best manufactores and leading markets of Europe and America. The shop which is the largest of its kind in the city, is finely fitted np for tho reception «nd display of the full aad elegant stock of Silver War* and Neck Jewe'Iery, in which the purity of material is s»pplemented by the- finest workmanship. The Silversmith business is still one of the leading' specialties of this hoase, in which it holds almost a monopoly of the tradov The hoqse owes its large and growing success to its determination to deal oniy in first-class : nelius :n tho manufacture of gold, — almost wholly the product of the Nova Scotia mines, — into Rings, Chains, Brooches, Necklaces nnd other fine Jewellery, which he executes to order. He keeps a choice stock of precious gems ready ibr setting, and in this line bis art admirably asserfs ils^f. All kinds of silver ware are also made tourder, and considerable attenuon is paid to fine Hair work. At the Exhibition held in tui& city in 1869, preparatory to the London International Exhibition, Mr. Cornelius received u Diploma and First Prize for " best assortment of Jewellery roanufaetured aitd exhibited by him ;'* and at the IVoviacial Agricultural and Iiidu»trial Exhibition, in 1868, he rvoeived a Diploma and Prise for a collection of Jev/ellery "of pronounced Excellence and Workmanship." He keeps in stock a large and superior assortment of Jewellery from the best Eoslifthand American manafactnrets, aa well as of hit. own inakCn ' MANHPACTURSa OP HALIFAX. 95 and in solid and plnted SiWer Ware, he raprdsents the superior makes of England and the States, which, while they brilliantly set off kis display cases, afford a splendid demonstration of the perfeciion to which the work- ers in the precious metals have carried their art. Real Whiiby Jet is fully represented in an extensiire line of the most admirable finish ; and in Parian Marble Ware, in Busts, Vases, Stbtuettea and Groups, embracing copies of the works of the gr-eat masters of sculpture, and representing celebrated subjects, a choice collection of tho best material and workmanship of Continental Europe rnay be here seen His stock is also well supplied with a good assortment of English, Swiss, and American Watches and French Mantel Clocks* of exquisite design and finish, together with the more common time-keepers, so that he is able to answer every demand in this lire. Gold Penu and Pencils of the most popular makos, Filagree Silver work, and a miscellaneous list of small and elegant wares complete his catalogue. Particular attention is also paid to Watch Repairing and Job- bing, in which iie has a large busines.i, performed by skilful workmen. Mr. Cornelius's establishment is first-class and has a high ^«putatlon and large and excellent patronage. THE IjOBSTER b cjsin-ess -F. H. BA-KER. ■ t- This business, so favorably known in the United States, where some of the largest and most wealthy houses are engaged in it, has been but little prosecuted on the Nova Scotia coast until within the past few years, when it began to assume the proportions of an important and established indm- try, of which no^r F. II. Baher stands as the recognized head. Like most manufacturing enterprises this has snifered severely during the past two years from tho general depression in trade, but more especially from glutted markets, consequent upon the mad rush into the businest; by mea often with small capital and still less experience. In 1874 there were, run- ning on this coast, 56 factories for preserving lobsters in cans, but of these only 26 have survived tho panic, and of those thti are left eleven are held by Mr. Baker, so that nearly half of this important bu!>ine88 is entirely in hit bands ; and his past success affords the people who depend upon lobster fishing AS a m?.an>i of livelihood the best guarantee that it will be continued for years to come. Mr, Baker employs many handrwiis of hands in hit factories, among whom are a large number of wome'. and childreii, who otherwise, on tie coast remote from the great centr i of civiliisaiion, and where there are no agricultural resources, would be oni of employment, In all cases he pays his employes in cash — not goods — and giving no credit and asking none always lias his businciis where hti can handle and control it. He has pecu- Mar ideas of business equity, and the rights of his employi^s. He employe DO intemporate people — and instead of imporiicg from abroad skilled 96 MANUFACTURES OP HALIFAX. mechanics and foremen for his factories, as is the cnstom with most other paclcers — he educates the fishing population up to the positions ho requires them to fill, so that he employs none but native labor. As Mr. Baker is an American this policy is appreciated by his employes, who regard hinr. with respect, and repIA.lSrO FORTE, ETC. The name of Brockly has music in it, and is thoroughly identified with Piano Forte manufacture for three generations. The father of Thomas Brockly, the senior member of this firm, walked from his native Scotland to London, and served in the business with Messrs Broadwood, his fellow- countrymen, who, with a German, were among the earliest London Piano Forte manufacturers, and became a member of their firm. Thomas learned the trade with them, and after his father's death was foreman for about thirty years of the house of Broadwood & Stodari, whose establishment employed about two hundred workfmon. His sons and his throe brothers and their sons were also brought up in the business Thomas Brockly came to Halifax in 18.56 to engage with Mr. J. B. Phillips, the pioneer of Piano manufacture in Nova Scotia. The latter, on account of domestic affliction failed in his part of the arrangement, but, at his suggestion, Mr. Alfred W. Brockly, came oul from Londo.: in 1857, and shortly after joined his father, Thomas Brockly, together with Mr. John Misuner. They set up a very small establishment at the Corner of Di\ke am' Barrington Streets. Mr. Misener left in 1863 to join his brother in the Cabinet business, and in 1867 Mr. George Anderson, who had been in the employ of the fi;m almost from the beginning, was admitted a part- ner, making the present firm. Thor bubiness increasing, they in 1872 purchased and moved into the present store, 107 Granville Street, which was previously occupied as a wholesale and retail dry goods store, and one of the most artistically fin- ished shops in the city. The firat (wo flats are occupied by their salei rooms, and the upper stories by their factory, in which the senior member, now In his stventy-sixth year, has his comer, and with old time fidelity and punctuality pursues the routine of his trade. MANUFACTURES OP HALIFAX. 97 They manufacture Pianos of all styles, ranging in price from J200 to $1000, consisting of Cottage or upright Pianos, which on account of their compactness and ether advantages are becoming the prevailing style every- where, — and also square end grand Pianos, The square and grands have all the accessories used in Chickering's and Steinway's, and the cottage instruments embrace the straight scale with English action — the Over- strung or Trichord and the Patent Check Action. All the work except the keys and the action is done on the premises. While much lower ia price, it is universally admitted that in musical quality and flnieh, their in Btruments are not surpassed by any foreign manufacture. The best ma- terials are used in their constru(TANO FORTE M AN UF A.CTOK Y. Wif.MAiw WiM-iAMT and Henrt A. Lbverman started in business In 1859, in Upper Water Street, in the wood turning, jig sawing, fret and ornamental work. In 1871, these premises being burnt thoy moved their works to the present location on Carleton Street. Having secured the services of Mr. William Tjcverman, they turned their attention to ttio manufacture of Pianos, and enlarged thoir factory. William I^evciman commenced Piano work with 11. & J. Philips. The Rinior member came from Hamburg with pianos to sell, and shortly went Into thoir manutncture, being the first to produce a piano in the Province, Sir John Harvey, the Governor of the Province, honoring the enterprise by purchasing the first instrument. This was about thi.-ly yoarb ago, and with this flrn and their succes- sors, Mr. Leverman worked nt the trade until be went into the employ of 98 MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. 11 ! >* r, ft I fi Messrg. Williams & Levermnn as above stated. He is an Intelligent and thorough artisan, perfectly familiar with and capable of making, every portion of the instrument ; and to his knowledge and skill the success of the piano manufacture of this firm is cMefly attributable. Their works consist of two large frame buildings, the ontj in the rear containing the varions machinery, of lathes, jig saws, circular saws, wind- ing machine for covering wires, and other small machinery, operated by an eight horse-power steam engine. The first building is occupied with the manufacture and polishing of the cases and setting up of the instni- inents, every part of which is home manufacture except the keys and & portion of the action, which is a 8pe(-ial Kne of work, usually supplied to all piano manufacturers Over twenty workmen are unnally employed, embracing the most experienced and skilful in their several lines. Their Piano is the upright, or cottage style, which is now the prevail- ing manufacture with the best makers of England and the United States, and with the English Patent Check Action. In the essential qualities of resonant and liquid tone», together with strength and durability, and beauty of finish, the Pianos of this firm will not suffer by comparison with any imported instrument. The principal portions of the wood work are of native woods, which are superior for the purpose and better adapted to this climate than foreign woods. In the short time this factory has been in operation, nearly two hun- dred instruments have been made and sold. They are in the parlors of Halifax and have made their way into every county of the Province, and have been ordered from abroad. They have received the unanimous ap- probation of all purchasers, and the manufacturers confidently and with a just pride guarantee entire satisfaction as to every detail of their work. With such perfection in home production there is no need of locking abroad for a first-class piano. This firm also manufactures to order Furniture of the finest quality and in Turning and Sawing are ready to fill orders from house and stair builders. Their salesroom is at the comer of Prince and Granville Streets, where they have also American Cabinet Organs on sale, together with other mu sical merchandise. JAMES I>EMT»8T13R-T»LA.lsriNa 8A.8H: I'ACTOH.Y. MIUIj A.NI> At the north end, corner of King and North George Street*!, is located the extensive factory of Mr. Jamea Dempster. Mr. D., formerly a house builder, built this establishment in 1871. The main building is 100 r SO ^eet, and three stories in height. A large Planer and a small Planer, with other appropriate machinery, and storage for dressed lumber, occupy the first floor. The second floor is devoted to the various machinery employed in the tnanufacturo of the numerous specialitiei which enter into house finish, and MANUFACrVRES OP SALIPAX. 9d which embrace r large Daniel's Planer for dressing Inmber, Circniar Saw^ two Jig Saws, Mortising Machine, Teanoning Machine, Moulding Machine^ Lathe, and several machines *>( the most approved make, used in the man> ulactare of Vecetian Blinds, wkich are remarkable for the perfection and rapidity of their work. The ariAsgement ot the maehincrj of this floor secures the greatest economy of time in the passage of the various parts o£ articles in process of manufacture frosi one machine to the other. The patting up and finishing department is on the third ftoor, together with the manufacture ot Trnnk woods. It supplies Mr. Robert Taylor^ Trunk Faetory, wliich annually requires a Tery large amount of lumber. Adjoining is a brick buildin|f, 75 x 2r feet, the front portion, of on»* story, used for the motive power, consisting of a 45 horse-power steam engine, and the rear, of three stories; the first of whicii is a steam-heated drying room, where all the lumber for manufacture ts ihoroughly prepared. The second floor is occunied for the manufacture of Totiacco packing boxes, and the third floor for the flnishiog up of Yctietian Shutters, gluing, etc. The establishment has constantly on kand « full stock of prepared Flooring and Lining, Doors, Sashes, Ftames, and Architraves, with a eomplete assortment of Mouldings, Venetian outsM^ and ins-'de Shutters,, Marble Panem Mantels, and the latest styles and patterns of house and chnrca fir'sh are furnished ro order. The manufactory ia under the superintendence of Mr. William HUlBian^ whose efficient organisation pervadas the establishment, and with the em- ployment of skilled workmen, givesentire satisfaction to house-builders and all others requiring its work. About thirty-three hands are employed on the average. The grounds about the manufhetory aflbrd abundant room for the piling of lumber, which embraces the best qualities found ;h ths forests of Nov* Scotia and New Brunswick. A coBstantly tncreasing patronage rewards the enterprise of the proprietor. DA-RTMOUTH R0I»E-'W0RK:8. <% Thr Rope Works at Dartmouth, established in 1868 by Wm. Stairs^ Son & Morrow, is the most extensive and complete in th e Dominion of CiBida. It is under the management of Mr. John F. Stairs, a member of the above mentioned Firm, and it is not too mach to say that the boldnesa of the enterprise is fully equalled by the consummate skill exihibited in thtt organijialion and daily working of the n-hole establishment. The Works form quite a village, and occupy a fine airy position abcat a mile north of the Dartmouth Ferry. The principal building is a fouiv Mtwtj brick structure 110x50 feet. When every one is at his post and th» ■tochinery all in operation the scene presented tofhemind, through eye and ••r, ii tho very ideid of activity. The foarth story contains six Draviag« iis; S'OO 8IANUPACTURBB OP HALIFAX. mnt Machines ; the third story forty Spinning Machines, and three Marline Machines with a capacity of three tons per dieno ; and in the second story are thirteen Rope Machines for making from six thcead up to twenty-four thread cordage. The Rope Walk stands in the Th^.r of this brick building. It is built of «vood, is 1,280 feet in le>igth, and for the most part two stories high. It turns out rope of all sorts and sises up to the huge 12 or 14 inch hawser. Adjoining are extensire buildings la which tari'ing and other preliminary processes are attended to. The Oajcum Factory occnp'ee a substantial two-story brick building, • €5x40 feet. On the upper floor the new stock Oakuna is prepared by a Picking Machine, and five Carding Machines. From these machines tlic Oahum rolls out rea^y for the caulker's use. On the first floor are a Clipper, a Washer, and three Pickers, capable of transforming two tons daily of Junk Oakum Into the marketable article. Great ■quantities of old Junk, obtained from England and elscwiiere, are thus worked into shape and fitted for the world's market. To supply the demand for Oakum a considerable quantity is imported from Russia. Hand-picked Oakum from the military prison at Melville Island, and from ether quarters, is also utiHzed liere. The boiler and engine occupy a two story brink building. The enginti as well as most of the machinery of the establishment, is from Todd and TJafferty, Patterson, Now Jersey, and is of 100 horse power. Two boilers having been found insufficient, they were supplemented by a large upright tubular boiler ; and a Corliss Engine of 200 horse power is to replace the one at present in use, to meet the increasing requirements of the Works. A two story shop is devoted solely to repairing and fitting the machinery of the .variou« departments of the establishment. There is rlso a wooden fitore house, 90x40 feet, wkere Russian Hemp, Russian Oakum and Manilla fire kept in stock. Still another large wooden building is used for storing the Oakum ready for market. The Managers take a deep personal interest in their employes, and do not belong to tite class that are satisfied if they get the largest amount of work for the least possible wages. They have erected a number of com- fortable cottages on the grounds, which are let to the operatives at a very moderate rent. The occupants of these cottages are furnished with coal from the stock of the establishment at the lowest prices. A building on the grounds serves as a school house on week days, and on Sundays as a .church. Thus the moral and religious as well as the physical requirements of the workn^en are attended to About 120 hands are usually employed jn the works. This enterprise, taken all in all, in ths extent of buildings And machinery, completeness of organization, quantity and quality of production, stands in the front rank of the mannfucturing establishments al the Dominion,— which it will worthily represent by its contribution ta ihe Ceateanial Exposition at Fbiladeljuhia. JiANtJrACTtrftES of EALWAt. lOl STARK MAJKXJTA.CTaTtlSa COMPANY. This enterprise which by reuson of the tnagnitade of its works ntid thcr c&tent of its inanufactares occupies a most conspicnoas place among tlie industries of Halifax, owes its origin to Mr. John Starr, Hardware Mer-- chant, who, with John Fort)e8, a j^acticnl and inVefltive machinist, as Su- perintendent, in 1864, commi^nced operations fn a small building, occupy- ing the central portion of the present works at Dartmouth, with a wa*cr power leased from " the Lake and River JTavigatfon Company." The machinei^' consisted of six nnN machines, shears, ap: engine lathe, and soYne tools for skate making, the business being started for the manu- facturie of a patent skate invented by Mr. I'orbos^ and of cut nails from imported sheet iron. It Was found necessary to enlarge the works and employ more capital year by year till 1^68, when the demand for skates so increased that Mr. Starr put the concern into a joint stock company whicn was then incorporated and organized with a capital of $60,000 and in- creased to $200,000 in 1874. Mr. Starr retamed a large portion of tho stock and the principal director as President of he Company till 1873. Mr Forbes remained the practical ra'anager of the works nnd continnes still in the same position. The growth of the enterprise requiring important enlargement of the works, extensive buildings were added to the original plant, and fully equipped with all the requisite raachir.dry, the whole length of the premi- ses being about 300 feet. The prlncipel building, 120 feet long and three stories high, exclusively occupied for Skate work The equipment wnd organization of this department are m'ost effectively adapted to rapid and perfect manutncture. All the parts pass through their respectite machines, many of which were made at the works, the higher grades passing through the nickel and silver electro plating room, before they are pat together and packed for the market. . The Skate is known as the Forbes Patent, or " Acme " Skate, which having undergone several Improvements at the inventor's hands, is rapidly taking precedence of all other Skates in the market. Such is its simplicity of mechanism, that by a single motion of a lever it is finally attached to the sole of the boot Its strength of material and beauty of style and finish are also great attractions. The demand is rapidly increasing year by year and orders flow in from the Dominion, the United States, England, the north of Europe ; and a recent call for them has come from Siberia I Tho works have a capacity of a hundred thousand pairs annually. A display casC; filled with specimens, some elaborately finished in nickel, silver and gold plating, will attract destrved attention at the Philadelphia Cen- tcnial. The works were previously established for Skate manufacture, but thej* have been extended to coarser hardware, such as ship and railroad spikes, bolts and nuts, scabbard joints for rails, and tlie construction of eonl an-^ 103 MANOIPACTURaS OF ttALlPAX. i! . 4: mineral cars, railway tracks and iron roofing;, to which one large bttUding ts devoted and for which it is equipped with heavy machinery. The steel scabbard, or clip rail jolr.t, is a leading article, and is ack^ tiowledged th>i best yet produced for making a strong continuous raiK It has been severely and successfully tested, and is ased largely upon tb« Intercolonial and Canada Railways. This joint was formerly made in England by a slow forging proceaa, but ia produced at these works bj a tingle machine designed by Mr. Forbes. Besides the fine Water-power there are two auxiliary steamengine8> aggregating 120 horse-poWef, to be used as occasion may require^ About one hundred hands are usually employed. The Board of Directors are^Thos. A^ Ritchie, President { Wm. J^ Stairs, Vice-Pres.; Allison Smith, Francis Parker, George R. Anderson. G. A. L. Crichton and J. C. Mackintosh j John T. Wyldo, Secretary, with Office No. 72 Bedford Row, Halifax. ajuE stjbbij ooivtPA.Tsr'i' of caj^a.t>a. (I.IMITE13.) Thb Donsiuio.] of Canada imported last year pig iron to the value ot tl,229,989, and railway bars, &c., to the value of $5,289,454. AH this money's worth is imported from the other side of the Atlantic, although in the " bowels o. the The house for the two blowing engines hat been completed, and the two blast furnaces have nearly reached the same position. These furnaces have « height of 63 feet and a diameter of 19 feet at the boshies and ft feet at th« hearth. Th<\y are expected to produce from 600 to 700 tons of metal pei^ Week. All the furnaces and all the proceasea are of the most approved and taiodem character' It would be difficult to give an adequate idea of (hi MANtJPACtWftEg OV nAttVAX, 109 extensive apparatus required to prodoce the remits at irhich the Company aim. The capital of the Company >s £500,000 sterling. The property con-* ■istfl of 99 square miles of freehold lands together with the mines, buildings/ &c. Extensive deposits of ore 1 ite been proved to exist over a rery wide area. The thickness of the ore deposits is found to be in some places 30/ 40, and even ISO feet. It is expected to find a niafket for the products of these works, first in the Maritime Provinces, and then in the Uppei* Provinces, and abroad. No doubt rolling mills and foundries will speedily spring up to operate on the products of the " Canada Steel Company's*' Works* The Mining department has been vigorously pushed on under th« charge of Messrs. Bryant,^>«an avetage of 300 miners being em ployed < too of th^sejare Cornishmen, and 180 were specially imported by the Com' pany. Twenty-one adits are being driven at the principal points along the Hue of the deposits. The quantity of ore already " sighted " is esti* Inated at over 300,000 tons. To carry the ore from the west minef it Martin's Brook to the fnma« ces at Londonderry, a tramway ot three f«et gauge, 2i miles long, hat been built and laid with steel rails ; and a branch line 9 miles long, ordi' nary gauge, connects the east mines at the base of Folly Mountain with thtf Intercolonial Railway at Debert Station and so itith the works at London' derry. The Canada Steel Company bids fair to be one of the great dete* loping corporations of the country. It deserves ctery encouragement that Governments^ locals or general, cMn extend to it. Their A^jents in Halifax are F. D. Corbett 4 Co. ^THE MA^^TLOAVER TOBACCO "^VOUKS, The extensive Tobacco works located at 111 Comwallis Street, arc owned &hd operated by Smith & Maefiaehlan-^the firm being composed of A. ft W< Smith, wholesale merchants in Buckingham S'reet, who haves the sale of the product of the Factory, and John MacLachlan, the ptacti« cal manager of the works. Mr. MacLachlan is a Scotchman, who came to this side the sea when 90 year's old. In 1849 he went to Peterabilrg, Vifginia, to study out the tobacco business in all its details, in the service of David Dunlop, fe conn' tryman of his and a manufactuter of considerable note. His first enterprise was the establishment of a small factory at Mirami* chi, whence he shortly removed to Prince Edward Island. In 186U hd came to Halifax, and with Messrs. Maeleaif A Campbell as partners, set up the business on a comparatively small scale at the present location. The, joccess of the entcrptlse has from time to time been indicated in the ex« tension of the works in buildings and machinery. On an average on* hundred and thirty operatives are employed, and some years the prodw;! bM reached 500,000 Ib8< 104 IIANUPACTURES OF HALIFAX* The establishment has the valuable experience of Mr. Thomas Grant) as foreman, who has seen twenty-three years service in the Petersburg fac- tories. Steam power is laid under heavy contribution in the operations of the establishment ; and all the machinery is of the most approved charac* ter and quality. The leading manufacture is Twist, Twelves and Navy Sixes, both Bright and Black, and the Mayflower and Plant Brands- This establish- ment was first in the Lower Provinces to undertake the manufacture of flat obacco to rival tlic American article, although some Twist bad for sev^ •ral yeafs been made by other parties. A sample package of the manufacture of this establishment, took the Gold Medal at the London International Exhibition in 1862; and aevcral years after another sample sent by another party without the knowledge of the manufacturers, was equally fortunate at the Dublin Exhibition. Its production has a wide and increasing market in and beyond the Maritime Provinces. Whvirever it has been fairly tried it has kept itn hold. It seems to meet the taSte of the patrons of the " weed " as successfully as could be desired. THE IsroVA. SCOTIA T033i?LCCO AVOltKIS, ■ 1 n ■J II .1 ■ ■ 1 1 ; ijn 1 f' inpk ' ^H ^ll ll^ The Nova Scotia Tobacco Works, situated in Maitland Street, a fe^ rods north of the Garrison Chapel, were established about twenty-flvo years ago, by Mr. Stuart Tremain. Mr. T. conducted the enterprise by himself and on his own account, with varied success for nearly twenty years. About five years ago the works, a''ter drifting for a time, were taken up by Mr. William Kandick and Mr. John Archibald, the latter as* suming charge of the factory, Mr. Archibald had had some years experi- ence elsewhere in the business ; but he found it impossible at first, on account of the kind of help at hand, to check the downward tendency of the patronage of the works, and for a year or two, neither the products nor the proceeds of the factory were very satisfactory ; but the steady hand of the preseht management, — an example of what management will do,— finally succeeded In turning the business into remunerative shape, so that now, under the eye of Mr. Archibald, assisted as foreman by Mr. R. J.' Land um, of Louisville, who learned his trade in "old Kentucky," the works show abundant signs of a well organized and lucrative business. The factory building, externally bears the mark of time ; but internally it is most conveniently arranged, and is furnished with all the necessary machinery and appliances for an extensive business. It occupies an area of 75 X 6.5 feet, and has three working floors, including the basemen c. The lower floor is occupied with the engine, hydralic pumps, pots, sbanifs, and all the material required for the shaping and compressing of the tobacco into plugs and then into boxes- The second flat presents a scene of metry fiaces and quick flngcs, where about a hundred Nova Scotia girls arc stem- ming the leaf and wrapping the " figs ;'^ while on the third or upper flat, is MANUFACTURES OF HALIFAX. lOS set ^ut a very elaborate and excellent arrangement for curing, drying, flavoriig and preparing the leaf for the processes through which it passes below. A fifteen horse-power 'jngine and a thirty horse-power boiler supply the steam and motive power. The works employ a hundred and seventy-five hands at busy times, and average a hundred and twenty-five. They make about a half dozen different styles — called twist, 12's, navy 4'a, b't and S's, and various styles of " mahogany " and bright tobaccoes. Their special- ties, the Dutferin for No. 1, nnd the Champion for No. 2, considering the short time they have tempted the market have made rapid strides toward a reputation. Their market embraces not only Nova Scotia, but New Brunswick, P. E. Island, and Newfoundland. Mr. Landrum, the manager, brings fifteen years experience to the work, having for ten years had charge of some of the largest establishments of the kind in his own countt-y. The raw material used is purchased for them at the planters' sales, directly from first hands, in the best markets of the United States ; and in the words of Mr. Archibald — " with our facilitiet> for buying and manufacturing, we can produce our brands in quantity, quality and in price, to make us qnite independent of competition." Their down town office is Wm. Kandick's, Seeton's wharf, ITppcr Water Street. Mr. Kandick is a Merchant of high standing end excellent reputation in business circles. BOUERT TAYLOR'S TRUNK FA.CTOTrSTi the Mr. Tat lor'8 active fcnterprise, es*abl?«i^ed (in 1871) a Trunk Fac- tory, at 269 Lockman Street Extension. It is charge of Manager Jerry Foley, who bad a long experience in that line of work in Boston. From time to time he revisits the factories abroad to keep up with the progrew of the trade. All the difTercut styles of trunks are here produced— from the simplest box, covered with leather-paper, to the elaborate travelling trunk in which fashion may bestow its various wardrobe and paraphernalia in appropriate and secnre compartments. Competent workmen are emplo(^ed and from the trunk woods furnished by oth^ factories, as strong and durable articles are made as can be found in any market. Valises and Travelling Bags of various styles, adapted to the Provin- cial trade, are also among the products of this establishment, and will bear comparison with similar goods of foreign manufacture. Mr> Taylor finds an unfailing market for the cheaper grades of trunks with his boot and shoo customers — trunks being largely used for packing the products of his Shoe Factory, and thus effecting a considerable SRving between seller and buyer, by dispensing with the old style shoe box. S3 lat, is 8 MINERALS AND MINES. if Halifax is the centre of very extensive and important mining interests, — for the Province of whic'a it is the head city is rich in nnder- ground wealth, almost beyond comparison. The plain unvarnished truth regarding these, sounds like hyperbole. The coal basins of Cape Breton, Fictou, and Cumberland are amon^ the richest in the world. But besides yoal there is gold, there is iron ore, there arc many other minerals more or less valuable. The three chief mineral productions of Nova Scotia, so far, t^re coal, gold, and iron. COAL. Long befol« the "Britons came over" to found Halifax on Chcbucto Bay, the French had discovered that Cape Breton was well stored with easily accessible bituminous coal. Mr. R. Bro'.vn, in his admira- ble " History of the Coal Fields and Coal Trade of Cape Bret-jn," says that the fi:-8t attetript at anything like regular mining, was made at Cow Bay in 1720, to supply fuel for the hosts nho were engage*', in building the great U iss of Louisburg. The New England colo- nists, keen, crafly, ente. prising '.hen as their posterity are nov*', dis- covered these valuable coal seams, and carried off many a shiplond ttf Boston and other promising markets), regardless of proclamations, treaties, and red tape. For years after the final conquest of Capo Breton, 30C0 tons were raised annually for the garrisons at Louisburg and Halifax. This ccst thb Government four shillings a ton, exclu- sive of implements and stores. Oencral Howe, Sir Samuel Fluyders, anc'. others applied in i764 for minin|||)eKSP8 in Cape Breton, offering* to pay very heavy royalties ; but the British Government continued its prohibitive policy. In spite of imperial orders a company, in 1765J, raiswl at Sydney 2,279 chaldrons, the larger portion of which they sold in Halifax. Large quantities of coal fell from the face of cliff!* exposed to the sea ; but people were tbrbtdden to utilize even this material, — though it was quite impossible to gtianl the whole coast, and prevent enterprising traders from helping themselves to what ytixii 3o temptingly available. In tho spring of 1770 a detachment of sol' dieiu was iient to Cow Bay, who seized 500 chaldrons of eokl dug by tresparisdru d'jring the preceding wintci . 'J'he coal was sent to Hali' fUx for the use of tho troope. During the Revolutionary War coal waa dug by soldiers, and sent to Halifax under eonvoy of dtips-of-warr MINERALS AND MINKJi. 107 7655, they cliflW this onst, sol-* ■llali' cnal In the n'ords of Brown, "Alter the island had bec.i twenty-two years in tlie undisturbed possession of Great Britain, and surrounded by colonies requiring large supplies of fuel, the quantity raised in any single year, as fur as we can learn, never exce&ded 3000 chaldrons.'' When Cape IJreton was erected into a separate colony, under Governor Desbai-res, a somewhat better system was pursued. Dcs- jarres did all lie could to promote (he settlement of the island and the development of coal mining. The Government was still jealous of private enterprise. Not till 1788 were the Sydney Mines leased to a private individual, — the favored one being Thomas Moxley. Coal was at that time sold for lis. 6d. per ton. Prior to 1792 the Governor of Cape Breton was entitled to 8s. 6d. of the price of each ton for his own use. Moxley's lease was succeeded by Tremain & Stout's. In 1800 the Government resumed the working of the mines, the Attorney General being manager ! The works proved expensive and unprofit- able, and the revenue of the colony was extremely limited. In 1820 Cape Breton was annexed to Nova f^otia. It appears that the sales for several years had been about 8,000 tons, and the reverue from royslty £1,400. In 1823 the royalty was raised to 4?. 2d. per ton, ! ' fhe selling price was set down at 13s. 2d. per ton. The year 1825 marks an era in the mining history of Nova Scotia, George IV. t^ranted to his brother, the Duke r York, a lease of all tho ungranted mines and minerals in Nova Scotia for sixty years. The Duke transferred the lease to the " General Mining Association,'* then formed. The As.sociation expected immense wealth in copper, biit copper was sought in vain, and their Engineer directed their attention to the deposits of coal which abounded. The Sydney Mine s came into the As.socifttion*s possession in 1827, and in 1828 they pur- chased the .Mbion Mines, Fictcu. The General Mining Association paid a royai'y of £8000 sterling for the first 20,000 chaldrons sold every year, and Is. 7d. stg. for every additional chaldron. One fourth of the net profits were paid to the Duke of York's representatives. This arrangement continued with but little variation till 1858, when the Association gave up their claims to 0(7 mines and minerals except- ing coal within certain definite areas. Under the new arrangement the Albion Mines in Pictou County, and the Sydney Mines were operated with energy and success. Pre- vious to the discoveVy of vast coal beds in Pennsylvania, large quan- tities of coal were sold in the United States. The soft coal has not been able to hold its own against nntbracite. " Notwithstan«ling a reduction of four shillings per ton in the duty in 1847 and its total abolition in 1857 under the provisions of iho Reciprocity Treaty, the exports to the United States continued to ^eci.nc, the avcrngo sales 108 MINEBAI.S AND MINKS. iluring that period having reached only 15,400 tons per annum." Even this average would not have been reached only for the intro- duction of Lingan coal for gas works. The domestic market however developed for 10,000 tons in 1883 to 98,300 in 1857. Space will not permit us to give a detailed account of the long twenty years' struggle between tiie Legislature and the Mining Asso- ciation, — a struggle amicably settled in 1857 on the following terras : The (iovernment of Nova Scotia in c'jns'deration of obtaining the Association's surrender of all mines and minerals in the Province, except the coal mines already operated and certain ample areas in their vicinity, agreed to abolish the fixed rent of £3000, and the roy- alty on small coal, and to reduce the royalty on large coal 4f d a tou up to 250,000 tons, and 3^J. per ton on all over that amount, — to guarantee exemption from export duty on. coal shipped to foreign countries, and to confirm possession of all mines opened up to 1882. The monopoly of the General Minu'.g Association being thus hap- pily ended, there was much specul Uion in mining liceftses, leases, areas, &c. Tiie General Mining Association is still far in advance of any competitor. It leases areas covoriiig 31,000 acres and owns 13,358 acres. Tiiese contain coal estimated at 601,000,000 tons. The entire carboniferous aiea of the Maritime Provinces is very great, — being estimated as high as 18,000 square miles. Over 2000 square miles are known to cover workable scams and beds of coal. The Albion Mines are remarkable for the enormous thickness of the main seam, — thirty fekt six inches ! The Cumberland Coal Mines are of very groat valoe and .'re being developed with vigour and success. There are in all thirty collieries operated in Cumberland and Pictou Counties, and the Island of Capo Breton. These repi-esent a Capital of twelve million dollars. Much of this capital is for the present unfortunately non-productive. The total sales for 1875 amounted to' 706,705 tons, — a decline of 42,000 on the previous year, and a decline of 174,000 as compared Vtrit'a the sales of 1873. The United States market for Nova Scotia coal is now extremely limited and likely to continue so, at least while the duty of 75 cents per ton remains. The trade with the other Provinces is increasing, and what is needed is a brisk and steady home demand. It is hoped that the home and intcrprovincial tr8^'> will grow as the once lucrative trade with New York and New England declines. The trade with the West Indies also shows a heavy decline, — owing mainly to competition with Eng- lish coal. VTKIEltALS AND HIKES. 109 ^ Home Maiwrfactiires," we need hardly say, "^ould do more for the coal trade than any other stimulus that can be provided. We may note, for example, that it is estimated that the Steel Company »t Lnndoaderry alone is likely to require IQ0,QQQ tons of £oal per annuDi. GOLIX Gold bearing 'quartz was discovered at Old Tangier, Halifax Coun- ■ty, in May 1*66, by John G. Pulsiver. Actual mining was not seri- ouiily coramenoed till 1861. The amount raised in 1861 was $116,- 800. Tlie total from that year tiH the close of 1875, aggre^tes to ftic handsome some $4,829,600, — or very neatly one million {X)unds sterling. " Of this gross yield l(says Healherington) £97<,869:J was •derived from veiiiH9tufl[^ £12,5S1^ from alUvijil washings, and £5,89&{ from crashed cement. The largest declared aggregate yield in one year was £lOS,258 for 1667 ; the largest antwal yield of any separate district £57,617 for Waverley, in 1865 ; the largest annual yield of any single mine (nul i«vcluding a large amount known to have been •stolen) £S4,910 from the Tndor, at Waverley, in TS65 ; and the large«t bar ot gold ever cast was 12*0 ots. — £4800— in Ji-ne of the same year, from the same mine, then the prop^irty of Mr. Leopold Buerk- ner. The largest return in proportion to the woilcings is £100,000, ■from the Wellingt^tn Mine, the greater part of which was obtained from a 14 -inch vein, opened 180 feet in length to 570 foet in depth. The largest district yield u £t96,900 obtained at Sberbrooke, mostly within an area of 4'0 acres.'*' Over 5«K) men have been employed in the gold mines for the past 14 years, and their average earnings have amounted to nearly -S500 a year. This is l)etter per man than is afforded by the yield in Australia. There is no doubt that Gold Mining judiciously prosecu- ted in Nova Scotia will pay. It has been discredited, retarded, almost ruined, by speculators and " wi'.d-cat" companies. The wont in this respect is Aver, — 187S shewing a very decided improvement as com- pared with 1874. Several golld mining districts are within a lew miles of Halifax. IllON. Yery ridi doposits of iron ore in varioM? forms have been disco v- •«red in Cape Breton, Anttgonish, Pictov, Annapolir, Colchester and Cumberland. Vif^orous efforts are now put forth to devdop the ores at Londonderry, at Nictaux, and in two or three districts of Pictou. It is probable that the iron trade ot Nova Scotia will shortly become af ito qio«t im|K>rtant ia4uttri£i. Jn tlie /ear endia|; June 30^ no mNERALS ANZ> HIKESl 1875, the Dominion of Canada imported pig iron to the vafae of SI,- 229,989, and iron manufactures to the value of S5,289,454. This in- dicates the market that is open to iron manufacturers of Nova Soutia. OTHER MINERALS. Plaster has been largely exported" from Hants County and other sections of the Province. Freestone has been rfuarrieft mainly in Cumberland and Pictou. Salt springs have been discovered at Spring Hill, at Antigonish, and several other places. Efforts to utilize these springs have hitherto proved unsuccessfal. Other minerals, such as fire clay, lead, copj)er, manganese and barytes have been discovered, and the two latter have been found of some commercial value. The fijture manufacturing supremacy of Nova Sco*ia and the prosperity and greatness of Halifax are assured by the mineral wealth of the country and by the eommercial advantages of the eapital. aijBion mines. These Mines are among the richest of the coal ^posks of Pictou County — we may well say, — of America. They are situated in the beauti- ful valley of the East Ilivcr, close to thf thriving town of New Glasgow. Prof. Leslie says that the "beds are xxt^ extraordinary deposhs. They k^'m an exception to the phenomena of coal in all the Britiiih Provinciul coal regions. Nothing like them has been discovered in the Piovinces. The thickest bods of Cape Breton, East Coast, are never over twelve feet» and usually undler nine fbet, bu>t here we have one bed'— the main seam — thirty feet six inches thick, of which tweaty-four feet are good coal." Th» onormoHS quantity of coal hero pKesented can only be estimated properly by those who are used to the vast opera ;»ons of the grey asif of the authra- cite region where the regular thirty it scam yields at least 20,000,00a tons to the square mile. " Tho Halifax Company, Limited," purchased theso mines from the General Mining Assosiation in 187,3. Tber« are three j^its— the Forster„ Cage and Foord ])itB, tho two latter being worked and the last having; shafts of nearly nine hundred feet. These two pits can ship about 100,00(> tons annually, and, if the demand warranted, they could be made to yield 250,000 tons. The co?' is carried by rail some six miles and is shipped ut tlie Loading Ground, in Pictou Harbor, where there arc anaplo fncilities for the purpose. The Railway Ictween the pits and the Loading Grv>unU i» tho flrst built in British America. It is owned by the Company. The excellence of the coal is well established, — none in the Provmce- being equal to it for iron smelting purposes, owing to its comparativo free- dom from sulphur. It has been largely used i& New England and M MINERALS AND MINES. .111 treal for this r^arpose. The small or slack is employed in the Provinces for i)lacksmith purposes. This coal has been also extensively nsed for j^as making purposes, and previous to the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty was widely used in New England cities, — one gas company consuming 40.000 tons. It is still used to a considerable extent in New England for this purpose notwith- standing the heavy duty upon it ; and it is largely used in the Ilaliftix gas works. It is well adapted for generating steam and for all domestic heating purposes. These mines being sitnated near the line of the Inter- colonial Railway, the coal can be laid down in Halifax in winter, so that a supply cannot he cut off by closed navigatiou, — an advantage highly prized during several " hard " spring seasons. The analysis of tnis coal made at the Laboratory of King's College, Windsor, givt for the Foord Fit. Cage Pit. Moisture 1.48 Moisture 2.54 Volatile Combustible Matter. 24.28 Volatile Comhu*tiblo Matter. 20.48 Fixed Carbon 66.50 Fixed Carbon 68.50 Ash 7.74 Ash , 8.50 100.00 100.00 Mr. Geo. Buist of the Halifax Gas Works, reports its product as 7,800 feet of gas per ton of 2,240 pounds, with illuminating power of sixteen candles, aiiJ coke of very good quality. The reputation of these mines lias been abundantly established, and in resources and equipment they stand in the foremost rank. Messrs. S. Cunard & Co., Halifax, are Agents for the Halifax Company. OIjD SY3DNEY A.lSrr> X-INaAN MINES. These mines, situated in Cape Breton, are operated by the General Mining Association, Limited, of London, of which Messrs. Cunard and Morrow, of Halifax, are Agents. Sydney has been the scene of mining operations for over a century, and the establishment there now is one of the largest of the kind in the Dominion. There are several seams, only one of which, six feet thick, is at present worked. It is of such a quality that the superiority of " Sydney coal " for household, use has been long established. As a steam coal it compares favorably with the well known Hartley coal of Newcastle, its composition being very similar as shewn by the fol- lowing analysis : — Jfartley. . Sidney. Volatile Matter 36.16 Volatile Matter 3.1 82 Fixed Carbon 69 32 Fixed Carbon 6l.8ti Ash., 4.52 Ash.'. 4.32 100.00 100.00 -4 112 MINERALS AND HIKES. A mixtnre of Newcastle with Welsh coal was fonnd by experiment on H. M. Steamers to effect a saving of 14} per cent, in consumption of fuel, and 7i per cent, in efivctive horse-power of engines, which is an important comparative testimony to the value of the Sydney main seam, as a steam coal. About 100,000 tons of this coal are sold annually, the demand being almost entirely confined to the Provinces. The productive power of these mines is being increased by the sinking of new shafts, which will place the establishment on a footing of marked superiority in this respect. The shipping accommodations are nndergomg enlargement and improvement. A new wharf has been carried out into deep water for loading steamers and large vessels, and other arrangements are in prOt,rejs to facilitate ship* ment, which nrill be rompleted in the course of the present year. The Lingan Mines are not operated so extensively, but the equipment is adequate to the production of a large quantity, over 60,000 tons having been raised annually. This is all taken from one seam, although there are eight seams on the property, from 2i feet to 8| feet thick. The exclusive working of the seam at present opened, is due to the superior quality of the coal for gas making, for which purpose it has had for many years a well established reputation in the United States. It is also an excellent coal for household use, giving off heat freely and burning with a brilliant, cheerful flame, and leaving very little ash. At Bridgeport, a little distance to the south of the Lingan Mines, the 6. M. Association have another fine property, consisting of 1280 acres, underlaid throughout Ly several seems of coal, the sub-crops of three of which are on the area. One of the seams, eight feet thick and of excellent quality, was partially worked several years ago. It is well situated as to shipment. A railway of a couple of miles in either case, would connect it with Lingan harbor or with the Cape Breton, railway to Sydney. SPRING HILL. The other mining property of the O. M. Association is in Cumber- land County, Nova Scotia, consisting of four square miles, underlaid by several seams, two of which are respectively thirteen and eleven feet thick, and having their dip into the area. The eleven feet seam is worked by the Springhill Mining Company, and has obtained considerable reputation for ■team and house use. Railway communication is being provided between this locality and the sea-board by the Springhill and Parsboro' Railway, and on renewed activity in the coal trade this important district must command attention, as its position in relative to the United States, in comparison with other mining districts, gives it an important advantage. A.CA.DIA. COAIj COMi^A-lSrY. The Acadia Coal Company's Min'ng property is situated about two miles south-westerly of the town of New Glasgow, on the East River, about 8 miles fW>m the seaport of Pictoa. The Company was chartered in 1865, with a capital of $1,000,000. The work of mining has been putthed MINERALS AND VINES. 113 with praieewor'hy vigour. The Company's property coTera an area of 12 sqaare miles. The scams of coal found in it aggregate 72 feet in thickness, tho largest being about 36 feet ! The quality of the Acadia coal is very excellent. It has been tested for a great variety of purposec, and with the most satisfactory results. The chief Engineer of the British man-of-war steamer Duncan, testifies : " This coal burns quickly, gives a strong heat, produces very little clinker, the only residue being a fine white ?.sh, amoncting to 13 per cent, by weight. The amount cf smoke is moderate, which, if the furnace door be sligbtly opened, almost entirely disappears. It contAins 77 per cent, of carbon, which is only 7 per cent, less than the average of 37 different kinds of Welsh coal and 5 per cent, less than Newcastle coal. Being of a particu- larly hard nati.re it is not liable to make much small or dust, and is there- fore well calculated to stand the knocking about incidental to transship- ment, without deterioration." At least twenty millions of tons of this quality of coal are to be found in the Company's property. It has been largely used by steamers plying in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and elsewhere, and the testimony of engineers has been uniformly favourable. The same is true regarding the use of this coal on Hallways. The Acadia coal is used for household purposes over a wide extent of country. It is sent to Halifax over the Intercolonial Railway. Most of the product of the mine is sent over the Government Railway to Fisher's Grant and there supplied according to order. The " Acadia " is admirably equipped with all the best and most ap« proved appliances for securing the safety of life and pro])erty in Mines. The works have been remarkably free ftom accident The hands are kindly cared for, and adequate provision Ie made for their wants. For some years, af\er the completion cf Railway communication, this Com- pany took the first place among the Ficton County Companies as a pro- ducer and exporter of coal ; but the depression of the last two years has told severely on their operations. Last year the quantity sold was 66,000 tons. The "Report of the Department of Mines" ("page 35) says: " The large reductions of the sales from this colliery compared with those of late years, are stated to be due to the unwillingness of the owners to sell at rates lower than those which they had fixed as a mini- mum. Certainly no other reason is discernible, for the workings have never been of late years in so good a condition to do a large business, and the quality of the seam of coal worked is beyond dispute." Again : " The nut from tho coal of the Acadia seam is much sought after for house use, and answers admirably in tho Dubuque and other soft coal base-burners." The Agent in Halifax is Thomas Bolton, Bedfsrd Row. !?;"':- PUBLISHING AND BOOKSELLING. Vkry soon after the settlement of the city small pamphlets issued from the press. In 1829 .TosEPn IIowK published Halliburton's (" Sam Slick's") History of Nova Scotia, in 2 volumes, 8vo, —the most important enterprise in the publishing line up to that date. Much more recently Mr. James Barnes published a. History of Nova Scotia by Bf:AMiSH Murdoch, in three large 8 vo volumes. Nume- rous smaller works have issued from the local press, — the principal publishers for the last forty years being Messrs. A. & W. Mackin- LAY, — and their publications being mainly text books for schools. A History of Nova Scotia, in 1 vol., by Mr. Duncan Campbell, has been published by the author. Halifax is well supplied with Booksellers and Stationers. Messrs. A. & W. MacKinlay are the oldest, and they transact the largest vol- ume of business perhaps of any house in the same line in the Mari- time Provinces. Their issue of school books alone is an extensive business, requiring large capital. The British American Book and Tract Society deal exclusively in religious Books and Publications, and have a trade of some S30,000 a year. The Wesleyan Book room is also devoted mainly, though net exclusively, to religious literature. Mr. Gossip has been in the trade for many years, and deals in school books and standard literature. Mr. Buckley entered the field more recently and is vigorously developing a trade. Mr. Connolly i.s but new in the business. Miss Katzman's " Provincial Bookstore," Mr. G. E. Morton's News Agency, Mr. Z. S. Hall in Barrington Street, and Mr. S. Hall in Hollis Street eyhaust the list. Subjoined is a notice of the oldest firm mentioned above : -A.. tSfc Av. ma.ck:inil.a.y. This firm stands pre-eminent in the Bookselling and Stationery business, on account of the number of its y^ars, the enterpriso it has ftlways displayed, and the extent of its operations. The firm was origina- ted by Mr. Andrew Macliinlay, a 8a{;aciou8 Scotchman of more than ordinary literary and scientific attainnr?nts, and of good business habits. The two brothers, Andrew and William, continued in partnership till the death of the latter, in 1857. A. K. Mackinlay, son of the founder of the firm, became a partner in 1857, and since his father died, in 1867, ho has PUBLISHING AXD BOOKSELLING. 115 been sole proprietor. The business has been conducted on the present site— 137 Granville Street,— for nearly 30 ye<»rfl. The great fire of 185» swept awny the old wooden stiop, but its place was soon re-occupied by the present spacious, handsonne, and substantia) structure. A. & W. Mackinlay deal entirely and very extensively in staple goodsv Their stock of stationery comprises the best that can be ootaincd in London, Edinburgh, and Paris. Of Blank Books, which they manufac. ture, they have a stock unsurpassed in variety and excellence. In 1862 they established a Bindery in connection with their Blank Books depart- ment. Their sets of books for . nks and mercantile establishments have given uniform satisfaction, and will compare favorably with any produced in Montreal, Toronto, New York, or Londou. In the smaller wares- pocket diaries, portmonnaies, inks, pencils, steel pens, &c., this house represents the best producers on both sides of the Atlantic. They are Agents for Mabie, Todd & Co.'s (New York) Gold Pens. They are also Agents for the Pt. Croix, N. S.. Paper Company. The trade of the house has gradually extended through all the Maritime Provinces, and its business standing and reputation continue as ever to be all that its revered and honoured founder could have wished. Upwards of 40 years ago the firm of A. & W. Mackinlay were engaged not only in importing text-books for the Schools of Nova Svotin, but in printing those that were in greatest demand, thus at the same time proving their own enterprising spirit, and benefiting the country by encouraging native industry. When some twenty odd years ago, under the advice of Drs. Dawson and Forrester, the Irish National Series was adopted fur tho Common Schools, Messrs. Mackinlay, with their wonted enterprise, had nearly the whole series stereotyped, and had them republished in Halifax, while rival booksellers contented themselves with importing them by tho dozen or the hundred fVom New York. Subsequently Messrs. Mackinlay became th& publishers of the Nova Scotm Series of Readers, and placed these books promptly and cheaply within reach of the peop'e. Chambers's Works and other standard publications have also been largely dealt in. But it is as publishers that the record of Messrs. Mackinlay is unique. Nearly all the books of any note produced in Nova Scotia bear the imprint of A. & W. Mackinlay. Among these publications are two Arithmetics, two Atlases, a History and Geography ot Nova Scotia, an En^lisb Grammar, a scries of Copy Books and a Writing Chart, several Music Books and Maps. Other publications, which space will not allow us ta enumerate, bear the imprint of this house. Their Map of Nova Scotia ia still out of sight the best and most reliable in the market. A Bronz» Modal was awarded for this Map mand of the past few years, a large patent double-cylinder press, specially built to print 5000 copies per hour, wts made to order by Mr. David Payne, of Otlej% Yorkshire, England. The average rate it which this press is worked is about 3500 impressions an hour, and by an ingenious apparatus, patented in Germany, the nnmber of sheets printed is accurately shown. It is worthy of mention that during the three years and a half the machine has been running, not a cent has been required for repairs of any kind. Besides these two printing machines on the ground floor, there are scverall small ones in the jobbing department, for doing light and handsome work. The proprietor of the Reporter was the fir.-^t to introduce into the Maritime Pro- vinces a folding macliine (one of Forsaith's), which is a great time and labor saver, folding from 2,500 to 3.500 papers per hour in four folds, and executing the work with far greater exactness than could hi done by hand. The facilities for doing book work at this office is shown by the fact that quite recently a good sized statistical pamphlet was set up in type, printed bound and delivered, within eight hours from the receipt of the niftuuscript- This branch of the business is under skilful management. The Citizen was started in November, 1863, by the late Hon. W. Garvie and Y.. M. McDonald. M. P. It commenced as a triweekly, with a weekly edition for country circulation. Owing to the literary ability and political sagacity of both partners it rapidly acquired a large circulation. When the subject of Confederation with the Upper Provinces was mooted it took the popular side in opposition, and its circulation was still further increased. Mr. Garvie withdrew to prosecute in London his studies for admission to the bar. Mr. McDonald continued the paper in the interest of the same political party until the " Better Terms " arrangement was made with the Dominion Jovcrnmcnt by Hon. Joseph Howe, whose course he supported, and, consequently, the Sir Joh« A. McDonald Government. In 1871 Mr. McDonald, having accepted the position of Collector of Customs at the port of Halifax, 3old The Citizen to E. N. Sharp, of St. John, who sold out in the course of r few months to the present proprietors — a joint stock company — supporters of the Re'brm party in the Dominion Parliament and of the present Local administration in Nova Scotia. Being determined to make the paper not only a good party organ, but a good newspaper as well, they spared no expense to tLf»t end, and have the satisfactbn of its becoming one of the most widely circulated journals in Nova Scotia. In April 1875, an evening daily edition was added to 'Hft^ others, and the paper is now published daily, tri-weekly and weekly. PtJBLlSHlSd AND fl<30KSELLlKG. 119 THE ACADIAN RECOlilDIlRi To the Acadian Recorder, belongs the liotlour of being by mtiny ycars the senior of any newspaper no\y published in the Maritime Provinces" It WHS established in 1813, the first numbcf being isoaed oti the 13th of January of that year. Messrs. Philip and Anthony Holland wefe thj ofiglnal pfopfietors. In the course of a few ycars one brother diet!, ani the other brother continued the publication until 1837, when Hugh W. BlacVadar, who had served his time in the old Journal office, and John English, who as boy and man had been connected with The Records nr..lcr the Hollands, boUght the estab li&hment and entered into a partnership which was only dissolved by thd death of Mr. English, in 1858. Mr. Bluckadar died in 18^3. During all this time The Recorder was issued weekly. The puhlicction tiien devolved upon the sons of Mr. Blackadar, by whom it is still conducted. Ic 1864 The Recorder was by them ch«*nged to a tri-weekly, and in 1868 it became daily. The latter two editions are now puhUshed, the weekly having been discontinued. Tlie editorial chair of The Recorder has been filled by some of the ablest writers of the land. The present Chief Justice Voung, the late John Young and Beamish Murdoch, and many others were either engaged upon it as editors or were regular contributors to Us columns. The letters of " Agricola," which revolutionized agriculture in Nova Scotia, and of " Mephiboseth Stepsure," the production of the late Rev. Dr. McCulloch, tind which exposed social vices and pointed odt social virtues with a mas« terly hand, — appeared in its columns ; and the political, moral, and scien- tific warfare of the day was carried on In its pages by able p'-'^s. Its files, which are v«ry rich with old-time lore and composition, nnd furnish an epitome of several generations, have been all preserved in nn unbroken series, and are to be seen at the office in Granville Street. So far as is known T/te Recorder never misled an issue when due. ff.v. but ave- lals THE MORNING HERALD. The Morninff Herald was first issued on the 14th Januai'y, 1875, having been established by a nomber of gentlemen who were desirous of having public aflPuirs discussed by a Journal untrammelled by eithef Government patronage or party pressure. It has from the first given an independent opposition to both the existing Dominion and Provincial administrationsi and has come to bo generally regarded tls the leading Liberal-Conservative newspaper of the Maritime Provinces. Its commercial and financial orti' cles, local intelligence and shipping reports, are supplied by editors specinllj' qualified for the various departments, and having correspondents in all the chief cities and towns of the Dominion, it has become invaluable as a first class commercial journal. Although only fifteen months old, its circulation is already large, and it is rapidly incr^Rsing. It is a " live " newspaper, and the position it has attained proves that there is always room for sueh papersi 120 PUBLISail^a A 'D BOOKSELLtKQ. Titl9 is the oddest of existing religioui newspapers in Halifax,— it hav» ing leached its 40th annual voltlme. It was originated by Messrs. Fer* guson and Nutting. Its presfint Editor nnd Proprietor is Mr. Stephen Selden The Messenger Is regarded as the organ o'i the Baptist denomi* nation. One of its chief contribujars is the Venerable Dr. Cramp of Acadia College. TTE1I3 I>R]03SPiYTBRIA.lsr ^VITISTESS. Titts is a weekly religious paper, now in its twentynint'a year. Its ))roprietor and publisher is Mr. James Barnes, and its Editor for the last eighteen or twenty years has been ReV. Robert Murray. It is held to repre* Bent the Views of thePresbyteridn denomination, which is the largest in th'.' Maritime Provinces of tlie Dominion. The Witnean in the course of twenty years has doubled its siite without increasing its price. It discusses poUti^ ral and moral questions from a non-partitan point of view, and pays special attention to the interests of public" fducation. THE A7VESJjEYA.lSr. Thb WeslbYAN is ih its twenty-eighth year. It is the official organ of Ihe Wesleyan Methodist Church, and its EJitor is elected by Conference! Its present Editor is Kevv A. W. >iicolM)ii, and under his management it has gnined niiich in sprightliness and popularity. From its official con* tiection it is necessarily to a very large extent ecclesiastical. THE CHTJHCIi: GKCROKICXiE. This is the yoan|^8t of th« tvli^'ioas newspapers, being now only iti its sixth yoar. It is strictly " Church of Engknd '* in its views and teach- ings, and very " high ** at that. Its Editor is very Rev. Dr. Gilpin. Tlie Bummaricii of news cannot fail to interest the clasa of readers for whom they are intended. The editorials are wi'ttfen with sciiolnrly ability. THE A^I..I:jIA.NCE JOXJRlSrAXi. Tttin Is the organ of the Temperance orders. It is issued weekly, and b edited by Mr. J. Parsons, an able and enthusiaetic Temperance man. Toa'peranc« papers have usually had but short and uncertain lives li Halt* Tax ; bat it i.s iioped tho Alliance Jouttud will prove a.i exception. THE MA.YFl*OTV^ER. ^ This jcamal is published firtnightly by the Editor, Mr. F. Baker. It Ih mainly literary and quite free ttom political or creed bias. Its publiifiation Is a sort of by-play on the part of the Editor who is extensively engaged in the Lobster business ; but hii clever, quaint, bold and unique style of treat Ing subjects has given the pubHcatioa an Importance which its large ci^ tiroalatloK demonstratea. PUBLISHING AND BOOKSELLING. 121 It Ition in It THu: isrovA. scotia. ntiNTiNa coMr»A.isrY. No department of industry has, perhaps, made such rapid strides in Halifax as Printing. Progress has been the motto and the grand aim of the age, and the practical Printer has certainly not lagged behind his fel- lows in the march of improvement. Printers still in the business can well remember when all the work of the office, from the placard to the news- paper, w:.d turned off by the Hand Press. They can as easily recall a period when there was no pai)er issued moro frequently than once a week. What do we now gee in Halifax ? Five daily papers all printed on Steam Presses, — and some of these presses capable of turning off 4000 copies per hour. Besides these offices, devoted mainly to tlie issue of the Daily Prc:s, there is, under the above name, a General Printing Office, well supplied with all the newest and most approved appliances of thT art. Here the Weekly Press and the Book and Job Trade find the means of I)rompt issue in the best available styles. Few persons in the Province but have seen some publication or other bearing the imprint of the " Nova Scotia Printing Company." The premises occupied by this Company are on the corner cf GranviUe and Sackville Sireets. The basement is used as a Press Room, and con- tains, besides boiler and engine, a Double Royal Wharfdalo Press, a Double Demy Adams, a Demy Wiiarfdale, and a Medium Degener. The whole department is superintended by Mr. Robert G. Smith, a partner in the Company. Tho next floor is divided info two sections, in the first of which Mr, H. W. Barncc, another member of the firm, attends to the business and the financial concerns of the Company. In the second section is the Job Department, under the management of Mr. G. J. Kline, a practical printer, and a member of the firm. In this section there are a- half and a quarter Medium Gordon Pre"8. The third story is devoted to Newspaper and Book Work, a department which is under the special care of Mr. R. L. Schwartz, a partner, and an txjierienccd printer, who has grown up with the growth of the business. The whole establishment is under the management of Mr. James Barnes, who has, in the course of over forty years, gone through ihe grades of apprentice, journeyman, and proprietor. He has printed and published some of the r-ost valual)le works issued in the Province, — such as Mur- doch's History of Nova Scotia, (3 vols., 8vo.), and Dr. Forrester's Teacher's Text Book: The " Nova Scotia Printing Company " was rormed six years ago. As en cr.pd spirit stores ; and the importer of British and foreign manufactured silk^ woollen, cotton, and linen goods, discontinued the sale of all perisha- ble articles, now to be had of the gtocer, the wine merchant, and the druggipt, and confined his operations 'strictly to the dry, imperishable goods, which inclnded, at this tinje, many kinds of hardware, tea, and oven dinigs in scl:d form. The merchandise of thi8 class oi importers was *henoeforward literally Dry Goods, and hence the appellation that has ever since clung to the business. Until within twenty-five or thirty years the dry goods business was carrried on cither by retail, or by retail and wholesale combined. The late firra of Messrs. W. & C. Murdoch were the first to inRugu» mate the system of selling by wholesale exclusively. They were sub- sequently followed hy Messrs. T. & E. Kgnnt, DurFUs & Co., Bkll, AwDBRBOK & Cc, (now Anderson, Billino & Co.), Dovll Sc Miller, Burns & Murray, Neai», White & Co., John McDon** ■Ald & Cc, and P. Power & Co. We mention these firms in order Hs they have graduated from the diilet-ent grades of the business, but they by no means exhaust the list of excellent dry goods firms in Halifax — occupying the long rows of elegant structures on each side 'of Granville Street, or thht ornament the conspicuous points of Harrington and Hollis. I.'he observer will readily see that the people of this Province, at laast, need not pass Halifax for anything in the " dry goods" line; bi t it \s a fact that this is done, and ufl^n with doubtful policy on the («rt of the buyer. Let us look first for the reason of this unsatisfactory state of matters, and possibly we may then be able to suggitjsi a remedy : — Not many years ago traders in Nova Scotia, P. E. Island, and in parts of New Brunswick, with scarcely an exception, purchw^r d their supplies of imported goods in Halifax. The conformation of Uie Nova Scotian peninsula is such that there is no spot in it twenty>five miles distant ftom an available shipping port > and all of its most considerable settlements have navigable waters at their very doorp. Here, then, is opportunity, other circumstances favoring, for the country traders to be their own importers ; and such, in fact, many of the best customers of Halifax have become. When one of these dealers — perhaps an. owner of shipping — found himself sufficiently ** fore-handed '' to make the venture, he began to Import for hiniself and for others in hid vicinity. With what advant. A.NDERS01Sr, BltiLINa «Sto CO. This house enjoys an honorable record of half a century, and is tbe worthy cotemporary of other prominent Dry Goods Houses which link the (Mist wttli the present Since it was established the trade has bccomo systematized and separated from other and quite foreign lines of traffic with which it was mixed. The late Honble. John IL Anderson, the founder, was brought up in the establishment of John A. Barry, Esq., one of the pioneers of the trade in Halifax, and was offered a partnership by him. He declined the offer, and at the ago of twenty-two years, set up for himself at Morchantan's Wharf, near H. M. Ordnance His first year's clear profit above all busi- ness and living expenses, was £800— a result in the estimate of those timcg eonsidoreu remarkably satisfactory. He shortly after purchased the present location of the house, 111 and 113 Granville Street, on which was a umall frame building of two tene- ments, in one of which he conducted his trade, and living overhead, as was the custom of the times then and for years after, tlic other tenement being simMarly occupied by Messrs. T. & E. Kenny, in the same business. This building was demolished fh 1054, and the present substantial granite ware- house of four stories erected in its place. Mr. Joseph Bell, no.- Sheriff, was brought up in the business by Mr. Andeirsou, who afterwards set him up by himselfj and subsequently, ia 129 DRT GOODS BUSINESS. 1845, admittetl him to partnership ander the firm of Joseph Bell & Cbk^ Mr. Anderson giving him almost exclnsive charge and practically retiring from the business. This firm continued till 1852, when GreorgeR, Anderson, who had served with the firm, upon coming of age, was admitted to th& firm which then became Bell, Anderson & Co. In 1857 Mr. Anderson, senior, retired from the firm, which becamo Bell attvl Anderson, and this dissolving in 1868, George R. associated with him his younger brother, John W. Anderson, who shortly deceased, and Mr. Edward Billing, forming the house of Anderson, Billing k Co, Mr. Billing was lost, as were other well-remembered merchants of Hali fax, in the ill-fated steamship City of Boston on her outward passage from this city to England in 1870, and in 1871, Mr. Andrew B. Boak, who had grown up in the house, became associated. Tl^ warehouse which has so prominent a location, and in which the «4ioa8e ..c. The trade o1 this House extends to all parts of Nova Scotia, to Cape Breton, P. E. Island, New Brunswick and St. Pierre. Messrs. Doull and Miller are General Agents, and in this capacity dispose of a very extensive variety of goods that are not embraced in the category of " dry goods." They have Offices in London and in Manchester; a buyer is constantly employed in England, and a special buyer crosses the Atlantic twice a year. By these means the customers of this establishment are assured of the most suitable and available goods which the British markets can afford. The extensive connoctiofis and the high rtputation of the House are of great value in the transaction of their business as General Agents. DRY GOODS BUSINESS. 129 DXJFrxjs Aj>fiy CO. This firm occupies one of the most prominent and convenient sites in Halifax, at the corner of Granville Street and Buckingham Street. The premises are extensive ; the different flats are well lighted and spacious, and an air of comfort and prosperity pervades the whole building. The front is on Granville Street, and there is a rear entrance from HoUis Street for receiving and shipping goods. In the basement are found heavy goods such as grey cottons, cotton- yarn, sheetings, bed ticks, hessians, oil cloth iancies, jeans, winceys, flan- nels, &c. The ground floors affords a fine display of Scotch tweeds, West of Eng- land broadcloth, beavers, doeskins, carpets, homespuns, &c. The first floor is devoted to white cottons, fancy prints, muslins, men- noes, towels, hoop skirts, &c. The second floor contains a very large assortment ot tailors' fittings, braids, buttons, crapes, gentlemen's collars, ladies' cuffs and collars, table covers, and all the articles usually included in ' the comprehensive term, haberdashery. The millinery department is also complete. Indeed this floor presents ap almost bewildering abundance of goods, useful and ornamental, gathered from British and foreign manufac- turers, and displayed here to tempt the taste and try the sound judgment of the buyers ot the Maritime Provinces. The third floor, virtually a ready made clothing department, is very extensive and complete, — comprising black cloth sacque coats, walking coats, blue pilot reefers, overcoats, waterproofs, &e., &c., — all imported from London, except " overalls " which they manufacture at home. The arrangements of the establishment ai-e made with reference to com- fort, health and convenience. The whole place is heated by a furnace. Speaking tubes communicate from the Office with each ?tory. The House of " Duffus & Co.," was founded just fifty years ago. Its career has been one of distinguished and steady success, duo vo the sagacity, the unswerving integrity and blameless honesty of the founder, the late John Duffus, Esq., and his successors, —sons and nephew. The trade of the firm embraces the wide extent of the Maritime Provinces. They deal largely, as Agents, in goods outside of the regular dry goods trade. Goods, whether ordered for their own stock, or on. commission, are always selected with the greatest care in order to insure full satisfaction on the part of the purchasers. This House has long occupied a place in the ranks of the foremost business firms in Halifax, and it certainly shows no symptom ot decline either in stability or in " push " and enterprise. The great Gran- ville Street fire of 1859 destroyed the old building which was of wood ; but its pluoo was speedily taken by the present handsome and substantial struc- ture. Mr. Duffus gave up the retail business of No. 1 Granville Street, in 1842, to Charles Ilobson, the head of the present firm of C. Ilobson & Co. ■11 130 DRY aOODS BUSINESS. He however resatned a retail department In 1847 in connection with Mr. Eddy Tupper, as Duffus, Tapper & Co In 1861 the present firm became exclusively wholesale. We may mention in passing that Messrs. Murdoch gave up retail in 1845 ; Messrs. Kenny in 18.50 ; Messrs. DouU and Miller in 18ai?, and, as we have just stated, Messrs. DuiTus & Co. in 1661. T. on them. The shop itself is handsom» in a high degree, — airy, well lighteo, aid so disposed as to allow intending purchasers to examine the goods in all their qnaliiies. The establishment of Peter Grant & Co's., was originated by the Grant Brothers in 1863. They had had large experience in the Dry Goods trade and knew how to suit the public t&ste in town nnd country. Their success as wholesale and retail dMtlers has been ample. A glance at the establishment will interest and please the visitor, even should he have na notion to purchase " retail " or " wholesale ;" though, of course, visitors usually have an " eye to business." The " cellar " is devotad, as usual, to the heavier and coarser goods. There is a back door, opening on Hollvs Street, for receiving and delivering goods. On the first floor there is the very handsome ret \\ department already referred to, where you are snie to see all the " novelties of the sea son" fully represented at the earliest possible day. Silks, rich and rustlings Irish poplins, crapes, and lace goods many patterned, costly, and snowy-^ white, — umbrellas of all grades, parasols of all styles and qualities, gloves acd hosiery trom the best makers, — these are but some of the attracttoo% 132 DBY GOODS BUSINESS. that meet the eye on the firs: floor. In the Office, which is near the IloUia Street end of this floor, is a fire-proot safe on the most approved model. The front section of the second floor is devoted to the retail of mantles, stays, and millinery. The mantles are of the latest London and Paris styles, and are not easily to be surpassed '"jr elegance of make or richness of material. The assortment of shawls '' - varied and attractive; you find Paisley shawls, lace shawls, grenadin s! aws and tissue shawls. The de- partment of (jloves, hosiery and haberdashery in general meet you on the second floor in its wholesale aspects. One section of this floor is used as a packing room. The third floor extends in uninterrupted length and breadth from the front on Granville Street to the rear on Mollis Street. This is a wholesale department, and a better room would be looked for in vain for the display and selection of goods. Here are ample stores of dress goods, cloths, rib- bons, of all sorts, linens, towellings, Dundee goods, umbrellas, and water- proofs. The fourth floor is taken up with flannels, blankets, grey, w!:ite, and printed cottons and jeans. Of these goods they have a very large and su- perior stock. Then come toilet quilt's, and a finj assortment of ladies and gentlemen's hats. Of men's ready made clothing there is a large supply, and a sufficient variety to meet all demands. Taking this House, all in all, it mnk?.8 a most creditable display. Its goods are fresh and fashional 'e. The facilities for serving customers both in the wholesale and retail departments are all that could be desired. S. HOA/VA-RD .A-Iiri> SON. This House has fairly won the designation of "popular." The pro- prietors believe in advertising — in telling buyers far and near what wants they are prepared to supply— and upon what terms. The marked success of the firm crnld not have beea won so rapidly, if at all, without their spiri- ted and skill; ( system of advertising. Thei. t .I'.dsome freestone building, on the corner of Hollis and Prince's Streets, is Uself an eiFective notice to the public who are interested in dry goods, that there is here a candidate for the buyer's patronage. The build- ing is five stories high, and accommodates a wholesale as well as a retail department. It was erected some nine or ten years ago, and is as a matter of course provided with all the modern facilities and conveniences for receiving, exhibiting, storing, selling and delivering goods. In the basement, besides the heating apparatus, there is ample room for receiving packages, and for packing goods. On the first floor of the whole- sale department there are the clerks' offices and the private office. On the second floor there is the customary supply of fancy goods, gloves, ribbons, and the whole range of haberdashery. On the third floor there is a very «xten8ive stock of millinery — flowers, feathers, hats, bonnets, shawls, dress £Oods, parasols, umbxellas, &c This floor is extensive, airy, and light, -> DRY GOODS BUSINESS. 13^ preset! ring to the nnj)ractised cyo a ''wilderness" t' colonrs and forms, And to the more imaginative fancy suggesting a beautiful flower garden rich in summer bloom and autumnal tents. On the fourth floor there are the staple goods, cottons grey and prhited, calicoes, shirtings, flannels, cloths of all the requisite qualities and kinds, and an ample assortment of men's and boys' ready made clothing. Having tnus glanced at the who-lesalc department, let us pass into the retail. For visitors this is immensely the more attractive of the two. The shop is large, light, well ordered, and well attended. The eye is ctnacted by the nsaal display of seasonable and fashiop "ble goods, — new, newer, newest, — 'fresh from London and Paris. . There ere silks and satins of various qualities, — black, anc* in coloars to suit the tastes of the purchasers, — rich Irish poplins, crapes, muslins, new mourning goods, new dress materials, mantle velvets ; a most attractive display of ribbons and gloves. They offc* to the buyer genuine Honiton and Maltese lace sets. Their umbrellas and parasols are of the best and neatest styles. Wc ^-^ "nf^ of course, pretend to offer an exhaustive Catalogue of articles for saio, the space at our disposal in this notice being inadequate to the ennmeration of a tithe of such articles. But probably the most noteworthy featftre in the whole establishthent is the Millinery Show Room on the second floor. Here is an almost bewild- ering display of the most fashionable goods, — bonnets, head dresses, hats, shawls, mantles, children's clothing, &c. No wonder the daughters of fashion make haste to offer their devotions at this " shrine !" The firm, have an office in London. Mr. Howard resides in Eng- land, and pays personal attention to the selection of all goods needed in the establisliment. The best, the freshest, the most suitable to the market are thus as far as practicable secured, and upon the most favour- able terms. "W. rffc C. SILVER. OcrupTiN'o one of the finest sites, at the corner of the popular thor- oughfares of Hollis and George Streets, and looking upon its stately neigh- bors—the new Post Office, the Parliament House and Bank of Nova Scotia which make the locality an architectural centre,— stands the elegant four story warehouse of this old and enterprising firm, ranking among the, foremost business structures in the city. •The history of this house dates back to the year 1833, when it was fbunded by Mr. W. N. Silver, of Portsmouth, England, who, having served his time with a London silk mercer, came out to Halifax wien but 21 years of age to fill a situation as a book-keeper. His first dry goods ent^;r- prise covered the early years from 1813 to 1816, from which he retirjd to engage in other parsuits. Returning agtin to the trade in 1835 he had the assistance of his son, Mr William C. Silver, now present senior member of the firm, who from the first took a leading part in the management of the 134 DRt aooDs acsiNssg. business, and in 1840 joined hts father in partnership. Mr. ChaHes S. SllVO^« ^ younger son, subsequently betame associated in partnership till his ileath in the ill fated City of Boston in 1870. In the same year, Mr. W. N. Silrer, girandson of the founder^ and eldest son of the senior partner, was added to the firm. ' The enterprise which this firm displayed in being the first to adopt the Nova Scotia freestone to the pecaliar requirements of the dry goods tk-ade, And which was at ihat time, 1852, regarded as rash prodigality, proved an experiment of more value to the building art than profit to themselves. Baring the unforeseen effects arising from peculiarities of construction deemed roceooary at that time, tho walls became so defective in 1866 that they razdd them to the foundation-^old the material, and erected in improved stylo the present spacious and elegant building. The wholesale and retail business of the house has constantly grown in Yolamc. Twice a year its buyers cross the Atlantic to select its varied Bssortmcti t of goods in the great manufacturing centres of Great Britain^ while also purchasing from Canadian and American producers. Tlie stock \f thus complete in every branch. The wholesale rooms offer every newest style and make of goods for furnishing a first class retail shop in all the Various lines. The clothing department is continually replenished from English markets and domestic sources. The carpet rooms are well filled with carefully chosen patterns in Brussels, Tapestry, Three-Ply, Scutch and Unions ; while tiro stock of stair carpets, oil-cloths, crumb-cloths, and tible-cloths is vei'v superior, and in Damasks, Reps, Terry's and Btooche», its assortment is unsurpassed. At the height of the spring trade their warerooms present a picture of bustling activity. In the packing room the new goods of the season are being opened, or purchasers' parcels being packed-^in the carpet rooms ladies inspecti\ig the newest patterns and tho rich curtain stuffs'>^in the clothing room fishermen fitting themselves out for their summer work off the cold roasts of Nowfottndland-^and in the wholesale departments storekeepers from the country selecting their supplies for the season. An «ble staff of clerks, under personal supervision, enables the proprietors td httV'3 every detail thjiroughly carried out. Although, from '.he nature of the businetis the duties of the senior part* ner are necessarily heavy, yet Mr. W. C. Silver has found ample oppor- tunities to participate prominently in public afTa'.rs, being an active promo- ter in the aims of Church, Temperance, Edutjational, Agricultural and other kindred organieations. Ee is a director in the Halifax Blind Aay Inm and President of the Halifax School Association, and, as a business man, fills the position of Chairman of the Committee of the Chamber of Commerce upon Mines, Railways and Internal Trado> I 1 I c 8! a P fi OBOGEBIES, Tufe (irocery business at the present day embraces such a tarlef/ Of articles, both foreign and domestic, that it is a very difficult mattef to define its limits. It embraces all commodities coming under the; head of eatable as well as dfinkable, and many fhat almost defy claa> sifii'cation. The business is ever growing, and to keep pace with it* present requirements the grocer must be continually renewing hitf Stock, and adding to his list of commoERS01>r-FAMir.Y GROCERS. This wholesale and retail first class grocery establishment is sitd* ated at the corner ot Duke and Barrington Streets. It is under the proprietorship of C. Willoughby and Wm. Charles Anderson, both of whom, having served in the business with Mr. E. W. Sutcliffe, as succes- sors to the retail establishment of Messrs. Esson & Co., at the above named corner, took possession of the premises in 1866. Under their direction the premises were entirely renovated, modernized, and adapted to the requirements of a first class fomily supply store. Sue* cess attended them at the outset, hi ' by strict attention to business, selec* tion of choice goods and a study of the requirements of *hc trf 'o, the establishment has taken a place in the front rank in the city letai^ >!um, The premises occupy a large frontage on Barrington Stt v', ■'i^.Ui. extending over other premises on Duke Strjet, has large stt/r&j,-- w jr which is almost entirely filled with choice goods in all their variety, t article ot necessity or luxury which enters into ''amily consumption can be procured at this establishment. Tlie finer goods hie chiefly imported from England, while with green fruit in its season, to which they devote special attention, they nre regularly supplied through a Boston house. An inspection of their retail store with its rich and various display gives convincing proof of its abundant and excellent resources, and of the taste exhibited by the proprietors in the selection of their goods. Tho demands now made in the linos of family supply require a special aptitude in the caterer. The substantial " necessaries of life," of the bcjit quality procurable, are supplemented by a whole catalogue of tho finer groceries and delicacies which meet tho rcquiromcnts of the most fastidious, and are put up in the most artistic stylo. To gttnranteo the purity of their coffee, they grind on the promises, employing a steam engine jfbv the purpose, and GROCERIES. 137 Specimens in this line at the Provincial Exhibition in 1868 took a diploma for superior excellence. They also ueal in choice wines, French Brandies and other liquors of whose purity and excellence they can give the fullest assurance. Besides their large and growing city trade, whose requirements the establishment is able to meet in each and every particular, — they have for the past two yeara supplied the Canteen account of the Garrison, and their wholesale trade is constantly enlarging its circle of customers beyond the city limits. The firm has the elements of life, enterprise and good taste which have secured the house a marked success in the past, and render certain a more brilliant future. ries are 'oo, md E8SON- *fe CO.- GROCERIES A.ND COMMIS- SION. In .ige and honor Mie house of Esson & Co., has a goodly record in the mercantile °"nalf> of Halifax. The founder was the late John Esson, who came to this city from Aberdeenshire, Scotland, about 1823, and served in the grocery business with his uncle, Adam Esson. Kc set up for himself about 1830 in a quiet snug little shop, since replaced by an improved erec- tion, at the corner of Duke and Barrington Streets, where C. & W. Anderson arc now located. He lived over his store as was the custom of the times, and by industrious application and thrift, he became prosperous in business, and by honorable dealing he secured the esteem and confidence of his fellow citizens. The first change was the admission to partnership of Hon. Robert Boak, who, entering his service in 1837, joined him in 1847, making the firm of John Esscii & Co. The business of thU firm rapidly increased, and in 18.')4 Mr. Boak retirod to assume the management of the house of Esson, Boak & Co., at West India Wharf, in which John Esson was senior partner until his death in 1863. It was from this firm that the pi^^sent house of Robert Boak t Sons, originated. The buginess of Esson, Bonk & Co., was exclusively West India trade, while the wholesale and retail grocery busi- ness was retained at the old stand by Mr. Esson, who associated with him James Parker, under the old style of John Esson & Co. From this firm Mr. Esson retired in 1861 and was succeeded by his son, Wm. Esson, who had grown up in the establishment, James Parker, and Alexander Stephen, forming the firm of Esson & Co. Mr. Tnrkor retired the following year, and Mr. Stephen withdrew in 1864, when Wm. E^son was joined by Alexander Anderson, who had been in the hjusofor thirteen years. George Esson, junr., was aflerwards admitted a partner, but owing to ill health subsequently retired from active participation in the business, svhich has since been conducteu by Wm. Esson and Alexander Anderson. John Esion, the founder of the house, is held in honored memory by the people of Halifnx for the virtues which distinguished him as a merchant and ft citizen, and the esteem in which ho was held by the community was 10 138 GROCERIES expressed in giving him a seat in the Provincial Farliani^nt in 1851, and continuing him tiiere by unprecedented majorities till his death in 18C3. He enjoyed the respect of all parties, and at his decease all united in eulogies upon his character, the Hon. Provincial Secretary remarking in the legislative proceedings upon his death, that " few men have ever passed from the halls of legislation leaving behind so few enemies and so many friends." Esson S' Co. continued the wholesale and retail business with some transactions in the commiMion line at the corner of Duke and Barrington Streets till 1868, when their enlarged business requiring better accommo- dations they removed x) their present quarters at the head of Central wharf, adjoining H. M. Ordnance, where the wharf and warehouse facilities are well adapted to their wholesale grocery and commission trade, the retail trade being discontinued upon their removal. They deal largely in West India goods — sugar, molasses, etc, — American goods— in flour, meal, beef, pork, beans, and rice, while in Canada and Pxince Edward Island produce they do a large commission business. They are agents for the old houses of Otard, Dupuy & Co., Cognac, and Ind, Coopc & Co., Burton-on-Tre'nt, also John Logan's Tanneries, Pictou. Their market is Halifax, the Pro* vince, P. E. Island, Newfoundland, and the north shore of New Bruns* wick. In active enterprise and fair dealing the firm maintaiiss its well established character. J. 8. MACIL.I5A.iq- ,Sfc CO. Tiiia house is one of the most substantial, vigorous and flourishing in Halifax. Mr. Maclean obtained his mercantile education in one of tho best houses in New York. He commenced business here in 1855 in the stand on Hollis Street, well known as " Jerusalem Warehouse." In 1857 he was joined by Mr. John B. Campbell, who retired in 1867, and died shortly after. Since Mr. Campbell's retirement tho business has been con- ducted by Mr.^aclean alone. The business of the house consists of a VholesAle grocery, commission^ and West India trade, in all which lines it docs a large and steadily increa^ sing business. In furnishing supplies and receiving consignments, it has acquired an extensive co ntry trade and is identified with the chief Indus* tries of the Province. Consignments of all ckises of goods are received, •nd disposed of to the best advantage. One of the specialties of the House is the importation oi Ton from Lon- don. A skilf-'l and trustworthy taster of the " fragrant herb " is constant- ly busy in Mr. Maclean's service selecting fur this market. Special paiiin and care have been rewarded bj succoss, as large salcj testify. These Tsas, on account of their suitableness to tho Nova Scotia market, are exceptionally i>opular. Mr. Maclean is Agent for the Teraperly lino of steamships doing n fV«ighting business botwcea |Ialifax and London, and is to a considerable extent interested in shipping. The busioess of iIm bouse extends through- OROCERlES. 139 Y)iil'llie tioWCr ^Provinces, and it has especially a goodlioM along the north shore of New Brnnswick, and Prince Edward Island. Besides attending to the business of his honse, whose career has been 'eminently successful and whose credit stands deservedly high, Mr. Maclean is President of the Bank of Nova Scotia, atid a Director inscveral local com- panies. He has been widely influential in connection with the Young Men's Christian Association and ot^er religious, benevolent and philan- thropic institntious. The success of the house is an illustration of the career which is open to enterprising and intelligent men who appreciate the demands of the time and place and ftvail themselves wisely of their oppor- tunities. ^nt' LcBO are kblo ^A.ME8 SCOTT-" AR]!«^Y A.ND ISTA-VY DEFOT." This is an old and well known first class grocery and wine establish- ment, with a tccord of nearly half a centnry. Like old wine it needs ^o bush. It was founded by Hugh Campbell, who came here from Glas- gow, Scotland, in 1833, and located the business at the present premises, 117 and 118 Granville Street, opposite H, M. Ordnance. Mr. James Scott, the present proprietor, commenced service wi^h Mr. Campbell ia 1838, and lit latter's decease in 1846, succeeded to the busi- tiess. He has thus a practical acquaintance of nearly forty years with the business, and he has gi'">R such attention to it, and exercised so s*""jwd a udgment of the wants and tastes of his large circle of patrons, that the n his' stock, together with the "choicest makes of cigars. Mr. Scott has always given special attention to the liquor and win« department, selecting his stock with the greatest care and with an adequate knowledge of the qualities required by his customers, and importing direct from tbs most reliublo Enropean hoases. It is this pains taking, excel- lent exercise of judgment in the snlectian of Iris stock.-^wlitch has com- mended this establishment to the favor of the army and navy, and so long maintained its enviable position. During the past thirty years Mr. S. hns had the pptronagc of the Qovernnrs Ok' the Province, the naval and military commanderS'iii-cUicf, the regimen- tal mcHscs, the naval and military authoritie'* at Bermuda, officers' messes of H. M. ships on this station, and the Cunard steamers. Ho has also been honored with the patronage of the representatives of British Royalty n the central position selected by him, — for it is as near as possible to the dividing line between '' north " and " south." Fronting on the thoroughfare of Water Street, at its rear is' the harbor with all the necessary fivcilities for receiving and shipping goods. Mr. Tobin rose to a position of political and social aa- weH as commercial influence by his talents, his suavity of temper, and nis great generosity. He died, universally regretted, in 1869. He had been for many years one of the representatives of Halifax in the Legislature, and his views on political economy invariably exercised great weight with' men of all parties. The business passed iuto the- hands of Mr. Tobin's nephew, Mr.-, Michael Dwyer, an active and energetic man, ])ossessed of many of the founder's best points, — who had been in the establishment from toy hood, and had become thoroughly initiated into all its ways. Th^ irmmr' consists of the two brothers, Michael and James Dwyer, uncer whosi management tlie high reputation of the house is successfully sus' ained. In one sense it was no easy task to be John Tobin's successors, for he had personal qiualities that charmed the most cautious and hard headed of cus^ toiners, and his place missed him sorely ; but the Brothers Dwyer have proved themselves worthy successors of a very worthy man, and their sue* cess was never a matter of doubt. As wholesale grocers they deal largely in all the varied qualities of teas,- in demand in this market. They import extensively from the West Indies all " West India goods," — and the reader knows what a list of important articles is contained under that term. They deal also in wines, brandies^ whiskey, &c., &c. Flour and breadstuffs of all sorts they import from the Upper Provin- ces and the United States. Their trade is strictly wholesale, and their dealings are extensive in the city, in the various centres of business- throughout the Province, in P. E. Island and in Newfoundland. We have not entered into detail as to the wide range of goods dealt in by this firm ; but Wv may lay in a word that no dealer need be afraid that bis order wili> be Fetarncd unfilledy however varied or extensive. "^ > ^ HAEDWARE, ETC. The Hardware trade is, in all civilized countries, of the very higli- -est importance. Strictly speaking it is the 'rade in articles made of iron, copper or brass such is locks, keys, anvils, shovels, axes, &c. It is commonly understood as embracing a very wide and varied range of articles, and the hardware merchant is expected to supply goods in the " hardware line " from a carpet tack to a ship's anchor. No house, large or small, can be built, no door hung on its hinges, no window glazed, no fire built, no dinner cooked, without " hardware.'' The lumberer's axe, the carpenter'* numerous tools, the farmer's impile- ments, — all come from the hardware store. The sadler^ the carriage builder, the undertaker, the cabinet maker, tl>e ship-builder, — aye, Und the mason and bricklayer, must look to the hardware merchant as his indispensable ally. The same may be asserted of all or almost all trades and modes of earning a living, from the fisherman and the poving sportsman to the blacksmith, the ship-carpenter, and the rail- way contractor. Halifax has a number of very substantial dealers in Hardware and Ship Chandlery, branches of trade which almost always go hand in hand. Tli enormous extent to which ship building has been devel- oped throughout the Province has called for ample supplies of ships' fittings, castings, rigging material, &c. The construction and main- tenance of Railways also tend greatly to increase certain lines of the hardware trade. The subjoined notices will fairly indicate the extent and the profitable character of this very important department of trrvde and commerce. E. A.1L.BRO JSz. CO.-I58TA:I3TjI8T£T:d 1841. The name of Albro has been long and honorably ossocidted with the hardware business of Halifax. In 1831, Edward Albro, the senior partner of tho existing houses, was admitted u member of the firm of John Albro & Co., then carrying on tho hardware business, in the stone building on Hollis Street, opposite the International Hotel. In 1840 a muro eligible stand in Hare's building, in the Market Square, was occupied. In the following year Mr. Joseph Wier was taken into partnership by Mr. Albro, under the firm of Edward Albro & Co. In course of a few years tho very valuable properties ot the head of Mitchell's wii>irf, and the corner of Hollis and Duke Streets, were purchased and occupied as branches of the business which still had its headquarters in tho Markc\'. Square. The branch at If Ui HARDWARE; Mitchell's Wharf was nnder the mana(;ement of Mr. Wier, under the fiin* cf L«?ward Albro & Co., while the Hollis Street branch was in the hands of James Wallace & Co., — afterwards Albro & Co., then Albro Son & Co., and row Albro & Sons. The firm of Edward Albro & Co., was dissolved o'i the 3l8t Dec , 1875, in consequence of Mr. Wier's protracted ill health. Mr. W. E. Wier who w--i8 admitted a partner in 1870 also retired at this, time. H. H. Fuller & Co. was another branch from the Albro stem, but a separatioc took place some years ago by the retirement »f Mr. Fuller. The premises at Mitehell'a Wharf, Water Street, are extensive and admirably suited both as to arrangements and location to meet the req^iire- roests of the hardware and ship-cha»dlery business. The warehouse i» stored with an immense supply of all the materials required in ship build- ing, — cordage, naval stores, cables, •ha'^ns, and anchors, &c. The floors, racks, and shelves, and show cases " groan " under the abundance and variety of goods. Here the miner will find vhat he needs, — slioveis, hammers, picks, lamps and lamp wick, &c ; so will the blacksmith, the farmer, the tinsmith, the householder, the carpenter, the carriage maker,, the undertaker, the lumberer, the ship builder, the fisherman and the sportsman, the painter, the locksmith, the sailor, the plumber, the machi- nist, and the engineer builder. Here are Walker's patent logs and sonnd- ing machine, — hand lines, long lines, and deep sea lines, Fairbanks' scales, and a full stock of all the articles, large and small, usually found in hard- ware and ship chandlery establishments. Let us now glance at their extensive and well stored establishment on the corner of Hollis and Duke Streets, and bearing the appropriate name of " Birmingham House." In the cellar is to be found bar iron of all sizes, steel and hoop iron. On the first floor is a splendid assortment of shelf goods and cutlery. On the second floor are nets, lines and twines of all sorts, and a large assortment of hollow ware, — also lead in pig, pipe and sheet, zinc, horse shoe sails, &c. The third floor presents an array of hollow ware» with capacity from half a gallon up to 50 gallons, — fuse for blasting, can-^ vas, &c. There is a fine display of farming implements ; carpenter's, blacksmith's and tinsmith's tools. The warehouse is a large stone building, Nos. 223 and 225, Hollis- Street- In the cellar are oils, whiting, and naral stores. On the first floor you find sheet iron of all sorts, tin plates, paints, putty, &c. The second floor is largely taken up with window glass of all sizes from 9 x 7 to 48 x 32 inches. The third floor is mainly devoted to cordage in ali varieties. The firm formerly owned a large Tannery, conducted by Mr Robert Albro, — situated at Turtle Grove — now occupied by Eraser, Oland & Co.„ Brewers. The cut nail manufactory (water power^ also located at Dart'^ mouth, south of Turtle Grove, is capable of turning out two tons of nails per day, a splendid article, for which the firm were awarded a First Prize at the Industrial Exhibition of Nova Scotia of L( 28. The machinecy is of th* very best descriptioa. » HARDWARE. 143 bhiAck: brothers .Sto co. 9 Tnis House, which takes rank with the foremost firms in Halifax, has a history nearly as old as the oldest Early in the present century it was customary for mercantile- cstahlishmcnts to issue copper half-pennies which served at the same time as public currency and as an advertisement for the business of the issuer. Coins of this description, dated 1816, and bearing the insirrnia of W. & S. Black, wholesale and retail hardware, — pliances for their easy handling. It has large doors by whicn teams have access to the premises from the street to depositor receive these goods, as well as those stored on the upper floors which are connected by ai; elevator. In the upper lofts, classified and arranged in du' order, are a full line of cordage, nets and lines, canvas, and paints, oils, and naval stores occupy the basement. Their stock is of the best manufacture, selected with the greatest care and with a full understanding of the demands of the trade. Messrs P. & B. are general agents for the Dominion of the celebrated Tarr and Wonson's Copper Paint, a preparation which has been coming into general use for several years, and been acknowledged by nil who have tested it as superior to any ether for vessels' bottoms, being a sure protec- tions against worms, grass and other injurions corrosive agencies. Its cheapness and the case of its application, together with its efficacy, com- 146 HARDWARE. mend it to vessel owners. They have also always on hand a TuH and com- plete stock of the superior canvas.'known as the Woodberry Cotton Dock. This young and enterprisinf; firm, with their thoroujih practical acquaintance with the trade and diligent application, can hardly fail to make their mark. Their trade is in all the ship building ports of the Province. ■WM. STAIRS, SON «Sc MORROAV. With solii s. ibility, the growth of many years, this House combines the energy, the enterprise and the progressive spirit characteristic of early manhood. It was originated by the old Glasgow firm of Kidstons before the commencement of the present century. The noble iron ship Rotenmth, which comes to Halifax twice a year heavily freighted with Glasgow goods, is the sole and stately survivor of a line of Packets established to connect the Scottish firm with its trans-Atlantic representative. Mr Wni. Stairs, a native of Haiifa.x, entered the services of the Scottish firm, and continued in it till, when the members of that firm retired to Scotland, he undertook the basinesn for himself, about sixty-five years ago To this day the house of Stairs, Son & Morro'v represents the eminent <" 'ow firm referred ', «nd the hoitaes in whtdt we live, exert an important influence on our minds «n(l bodies. Honest and intelligent workmanship upon a wise plan in connection with these structures makes all tlic difterence between comfort lind dsfcty and health on the one hand, and discomfort, disease, weakness, suffering, misery and premature death on the otiier. The character of the food we eat is not ot more vital importance to our physical and mental well being than thu 'quality of houses in which we live, and there is no "class of men in whose integrity and competence tKe city has a deeper inter- •est than in the Builders and Contractors. Much o? the wretchedness and vice that darken the air of large cities arises IVom the sort of buildings in which the people pass so latge a part of their time. The late John Brookfleld. C E., and Railway Contractor, established fiimjelf thoroughly in the confidence and esteem of tlte citizens of Halifax, lie was universally trusted, as an upright man and an eminently competent Workman. Wliat he undertook, he always performed honestt}^ and vrau^ His loss was deeply felt in the community, and his memory will long be therished with deep respect. His son, S. M. BrookHold, was associated with him during the construction of the extensive fortifications of Halifax tiarbor. They buili the new Provincial Building ; and also the new Military Hospital, wliich is perhaps the best of the kind in America. Ttie father died in 1876, and the son continued the business in Ms own name, and pruvcd himself not unworthy of his antecedents. He completed Fo:t MasBoy Church. — an architectural gem by the way. He also erected the private residences of Hon. S. L. Shannon, and Henry Hesulein, Ks(l^. The Young Men's Christian Association Building, the Masonic Hali> «nd numei'ous warehouses and buildings, lergo and small in the city^ have been ei-ectod by him. He contracts for buildings cf wood, brick, H:A.M-LEA.TIIER ^N^JD SHOE ITINDIlSrOS. The business of Mr. Fordham is another illustration of the tendency to classification in trade which is year by year becoming more prevalent. The manufacture of leather goods occupies so prominent a place in the domain of necessity as to open an ample field for the supply of the Sons of Crispin with all the materials requisite for their work. Mr. Fordham had a full apprenticeship as currier in London, where he learned the whole outside and inside of the trade, and afterwards served at it for some time in Canada and in the States. Comipij; to Halifax, he clerked for some time with Mr. James Stanford and Sv-t up his present business, at 132 Upper Water Street, in 1867^ which has constantly grown under his competent and attentive management. He deals in all the grades of English and domestic sole leather and receives and sells on consignment the product of Nova Scotia tanneries. He also carries a large stock of upper leather, of the best foreign and domestic makes, consisting of buff, peble grain and other grades, and repre- senting the finest manufacture of French waxed and patent calf, and French kid, and roans of all colors. lu his stock also the nmrtufacture of New Brunswick is represented iu patent and enamelled cowhide. He also keeps in stock Englisli fitted uppers, of the liest material and workmanship, also French caU fronts of superior make, which are afforded cheaper than the craft can manufacture them here, nnJ only await the orders of their customers to be bottomed and finished otV. His lasts are from Canada and Truro, which latter jilace furnishes his Ijcgs, while the New Bruiiswick factories supply his nails. Machine thread of all kinds, webbing, etc., make up the line of shoe findings, together with hiackmg, dressing and leather preservatives. Mr. Fordham's establishment not only supplies all the materials for the shoe making craft, but all the tools of tho trade, and the shoe maker may here equip himself with every appliance and material for putting himself and his customers on a suru and comfbrtabio footing. Mr. Fordham carries a large stock selected with groat care and finds «n iDcrcRsing market throughout the Proviace. II if' if- \}U. m 154 MISCELLANEOUS. BEIVJA^MI>r OODK:iN-MEItCItA.NT TAILOK Though the requirements of the multitude necessitate tlie manufacture of ready made clothing by large establishments employing hundreds of operatives, with the aid of the sewing machine which hns revolutionized the trade, and where garments are cut out a half dozen thicknesses from patterns, — there will always be in every city a large class who adhere to the ancient mode, and who will be content with notiiing short of selecting the material and leaving their measure for a lit made up in a cori-espoouing 8:yle of excellence. For the accommodation of this class of customers, Mr. Godkin holds himself in constant readiness. Although a Halifax boy, he went to the tailor's trade, at fourteen years of age, in Prince Edward Island, which he subsequeuily pursued in the best establishments of New York, Newark and Boston, and thence returning to Halifax and serving in one of the oldest and bctjt tailoring establishments in the city, was admitted to partnership. This was continued for five years, when he bought out the business in 18bS, and soon purchased the premises at 169 Hollis Street, which he fitted up and nio3tly occupies foi his tra''8 and work rooms. He thoroughly learned every detail of the bu9ine8s and has had twenty-seven years' expe- rience as a cutter. As has been intimated he does a first class merchant tailoring busfneas, employing ordinarily about thirty hands, compiising a cutter of long expe- rience and the highest reputation, several first class press men and the most competent seamstresses. None but first class work is allowed to go from the establishment, which has built up a fine business in exclusive custom work and to the batisfaction of patrons who des-ire and will have nothing but the best workmanship. His stock of cloths are all of his own importation and represent the best goods of West of England in broadcloths, (^oeskins, coatings, trouser- ings, tweeds, and the lighter Testings of Fre h manufacture from which the most fastidious cannot fail to make a 8a>.isfactory selection, while the efficiency and skill of the operatives will do the rest. Mr. Godkin probably does the largest custom tailoring business in the city, and under his personal care and intelligent judgment of goods it will not probably be more limited in the future. E. MORKIBON ^c CO. No position could be more favourably situated for the transaction of the hur.iness in which he is engaged than Mr. Morrison's. Hero he is, close to Dartmouth Ferry Wharf, the Market Slip, the Qreen Market, the Custom House, the Post Office. The Market Wharf, which ho occupies, is prob* ably the largest single wharf in the city,— and it is the moat central. It is ordinarily crowded with vessels loading or unloading, from all parts of the Province and from P. E. Island. It would be impossible to find in the city Miscellaneous. 155 lil)Uslev scene tTian is presented by this locality, especially on irarket days. Mr. Morrison commenced business some twenty years ago, in connection "^'ith the firm of T. & E. Kenny. Under Mr. Morrison's able management the business developed to its present independent and extensive proportions About six years ago he removed to the premises now occupied and ovrned Ijy him, and a more advantageous site he could not have chosen. As a General Commission Merchant, Mr. Morrison receives consign- 'mcnts of cargoes, especially from P. E. Island. The qtiantities of oatSj barley, potatoes, pork, and other kinds of protluce from "P. E. Island, dis- iposed of by him would be altnost tncredtble, unless one weve to witness also the scores of well laden vessels that in their season crowd this far-reaching «nd commodious wharf. Mr. Morrison makes a speciatHjr of Feed, of which his supplies are always ample, — such a." oats, chopped »ecd, corn, bran, shorts, middlings, &c. He deals largely in com meal and flour of all grades, consigned and importcowels of the earth, or from the untamed forest. But the peo- ple must have flour — must have bread; and much Halifax capital is engaged in bringing the pro;'uct8 of Ontario wheat fields within reach of Nova Sco- tia consumers. S. A. White & Co., deal more extensively in flour and corn meal than any other firm in Halifax, and it is in this capacity — as a flour merchant — that Mr. White is particularly noted. The firm of S. A. While & Co., was formed about thirtv years ago, bv Dr. Avery and Mr. White, — uncle and nephew, — the latter being from the outset sole manager, and ten years ago Dr. Avery retired and Mr. White became sole proprietor. They occupy the extensive premises in Upper Water Street, where M. & S. Tobin once conducted business, — including the whole of Tobin's Wharf, a stone warehouse, and five wooden warehouses. The progress of the firm from the first, till this hour, l;as been steady, and even rapid. No man's business reputation has stood higher than Mr. White's, his thirty years' record being without a stain, and his credit always standing first class. Prior to the nni')n of the Provinces the importations of flour were main* ly from the United States, but Ontario now furnishes by far the greater share. The corn and corn meal are still imported by Mr. White from Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York. For some yars he did a large business of grinding corn at Dartmouth and the North West Arm. Recently he has established first class steam mills at Hamilton's wharf, for grinding corn and salt. The mechanism for drying, cleaning, cooling, hoisting, grinding, sifting, &c., is most ingenious and complete. Steam power is made to do all the heavy work. The mills will dry and grind 50,000 bushels in the year, and yet fo perfect is the machinery that only three men are required to attend to the whole work ! The mills are in charge of m experienced 'miller, Mr. Graham, who had been for some years in the employ of Holmes and Blanc'iard, Boston. The salt mill does its work beatifiilly, rrusi 'ng the coarse West India salt into fitness ''or use on fish and meat, or grinding it for butter salt or for use at table. The same steam-power serves both sets of mills. Nothing can be prettier than the golden yellow of the newly ground corn, or the silvery hrigiitness and purity of the salt which has " i:one through the mill." The fact that these mills can be advantageously operated in Halifax is a good proof that there is scope here for an indefinite expansion of manufactnring industry and enterprise What is lacking is men with the pluck and sagacity and patriotism to begin ! Mr. White deals very extensively in West India goods, as well as in It p 160 MISCELLANEOUS. floor, corn, And grain. He transacts a large commission and general bns.- uess. Tea, sugar, molasses, &c., come within the scope of his operations. The products ot his mills and the goods from his war'^houses are sent to all parts of the Maritime Provinces, by sea and land. His kiln dried meal is in great demand, especially in the summer season, when ordinary meal might be destroyed by the heat. The estimation in which Mr. White is held as a business man is indi- cated to some extent by the fact that when the leading Bank of the city was threatened with difficulties he was elected one of the new Directors^ and he has been continued in the position ever since. WI21.L.I-A.M CROAVE - SERVING Mi^CUINES, ETC. The Sewing Machine is an important factor in our modern cirilization. Its invention has led to the growth of one of the great industries of the day — the manufacture and the use of the machines. There is no Sewing Machine Manufactory in Halifax, but there are numerous Agencies — each offering articles of varied quality to the public. Mr. Crowe, whose estab- lishment lis at 133 Barrington Street, nearly opposite St. Paul's Church, offers for sale the Raymond Sewing Machine, a Canadian production, which is highly commended by those who have tried it. The Factory is at Guelph, Ontario, and the production averages 500 per week. Mr. Crowe keeps a large stock of Sewing Machine needles, shuttles, bobbins, findings, oil, &c. He repairs machines, and hires machines by the day or the week. Ho sends needles by mail to any part of the country. Mr. Crowe imj s and deals in Berlin wools and all kinds of fancy goods and ladies' working material. He has the Agency for M M E Demorest's world-famous Patterns and " Monthly Magazine." Mr. C. commenced business in Halifax in 1868. His progress has been steady and sure. V 1 5 ti e THE WEST INDIA TRADE. Halifax has carried on a larger trade with the West Indies than any other port in Canada, and it is surpassed in this trade by very few ports in the United States. The entire exports of Nova Scotia to the West Indies for the year ending Sept. 30th, 1875, amounted to S2,51 1,314. Tlie imports from the West Indies to Nova Scotia were Sl,956,127. We cannot get official figures to indicate the precise proportion of the goods represented by these amounts that were ex- ported from or imported to Halifax, but we cannot be far wrong in saying that only a small share belongs to any other port. Halifax is or should be the headquarters of the fish trade of North America. The finest and most valuable fisheries in the world are within easy reach. Its market is supplied with abundance of fresh fish almost every day in the year. The coast, east and west, north and south, is one vast fishing ground. The inland waters teem with fisb. The prolific banks of Newfoundland and shores of Labrador are not very remote. It is somewhat surprising that, with all her unques- tionable facilities, Halifax is still without a " Fishing Fleet." This neglect is likely to be remedied, and the sooner the better. It is not creditable to Kova Scotia that so many of her hardy fishermen should have to seek a livelihood in the (iloucester Fleet instead of the " Halifax Fleet " which should be. The greater part of the fish exported from Halifax goes to the West Indies and consists chiefly of cod, hake, haddock, alewives, pol- lack and halibut, — all dried ; and of pickled salmon, herring, mack- erel and shad. The fatter grades of fish do not suit the West India market, and these are accordingly exported to the United States. The canning and exportation of lobsters is a branch of industry of comparatively recent origin, but it has already become important, — the export last year amounting in value to over a million dollars. The home consumption, especially of fresh fish — is very consider- at)lc. A better supplied fish market is not to be found in the wide world — and the fish, being mostly caught within the range of the Arctic current, are of the best quality. There were engaged in fishing in 1876 no fewer than 574 Nova Scotia vessels, the aggregate tonnage of which amounted to 22,112 tons. There were of boats employed 9,358. The number of men engaged in the work amounted to 23,S58. There reside in or near m 162 WKST INDIA Xr.ADE, Halifax 2,554 fishermen, owning 1841 boats, and 72 vessels. The total value of the ves?' 's, boats, nets, sSms, &c., used by the fishermen of *hc Province, amounts to $1,736,078. Total value of the fish caught,— if 5,5 74,.S92. Most of the f/sh brought to Halifax is sent to the West Indies. An jncreasing propci'lion is exported to the United States, while some ventures are made to the Mediterranean, to Mauritius, and to other far off ports. The West Indies however are emphatically the market for the Halifax fish trade, and Halifax should be the headcjuarters of the produLTS of the West Indies for the whole Dominion and for the New England States. It bears the aspect from its central position and its facilities for communication in all directions, of having been designed by Providence to collect the products of the northern seas for distribution in the sunny south, and to bring the luscious products of the south within esxsy reach of the people of the Dominion. Lum- pier and tsometimes potatoes and other vegetables are exported to the West Indies, and sugar, molasses, coffee, rum, salt, and fruit are the ordinary return cargoes. One of the necessities of the West India trade is more frequent communication. At present there is but a monthly mail between Halifax and Bermuda, St. Thomas, &c. There should at least be a weekly mail. If Halifax is true to her own interests there will be prompt attention paid to the subject of steam communication with the West Indies. Merchants and political economists are realizing the fact that the permanent prosperity of the city depends on the fishvjries and West India trade, if these (either, or both) should be diverted to Boston, or Portland, or Montreal, or to any other quarter, then will Halifax experioncc a fatal, an irrecoverable shock. The sagacity and enter prise of her merchants will surely save her from a peril which lunny regard as actually impending. The reader will gain a fuller idea of the West India trade, in con- nection with the fisheries, frv)m the following notices of leading firms : ROBERT UOA.K tSc^ HOIST. pROMiNBNT among West India and Commission Houses, stands the firm of Rohort Boak & Son, No. 99 and 107 Lo\YL'r Water Street. The principal founder ot the houitcs, the man to whose sagacity and bnsinesit tact its great success is princyally due,— is the Koben Bonk, Junr. Mr. Uoak couiincncod mercantilo lifti nearly fbrty years ago, with the lato John Esson, in tlio Grocery and West Indin !)u»iuos». lie becarao a meuibur of the firm of John Ksson & Co. in 1847. WEST INDIA TRADE. 16a The business increased steadily and rapidly, and in 1854 Messrs. Essoa and Boak with Mr. John Taylor, ander the firm of Essou, Boak & Co.^ commenced the West India trade on the present premises. In 1863 Mr- £s3on died, and the business was continued under the tirm of Boak and Taylor. Sliortly afterwards the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Bonk con- tinuing the business. In 1871 Mr. Robert B. Boak who had boon trained under his father's eye, was associated with him in the firm under the style of Robert Boak & Son. In 1875 the father retired and a youn^^cr son, Mr- John A. Boak, entered the firm which still retains the former name. Th^large and most valuable property occupied by the firm (owned by Hon. Robert Boak), extends nearly two hundred feet on the water front, with two commodioi a wharves and four large WDrcbcuses (one a a bonded warehouse), all three stories high. Two ol these warehouses arc one hundred feet in length by forty in width. The available floor room is. over 40,000 feet, and there is storage for 50,000 barrels. The steamer "George Shattuck " of the Halifax and St. Pierre line, has her berth at Boak'b wharf. In the West India trade the firm sail three swift and well equipped brigantines owned by themselves. A fourth will shortly be added to their fleet. When the buciness requires it they charter other vessels ; and thu& their communication with leading West India ports is frequent and remark- ably regular. Their outward bound vessels fl:e laden chicffy with dry fish„ pickled lisrring, mackerel, nlewives, smoked herring , salmon, shipping boards and siiingles, and potatoes in their season. The fat mackerel, th© best grades of herring, and fish oils are exported to the United States. Their vessels return from the West Indies well freighted wiih molasses,, sugar, salt, cotl'ce and other subtropreal produciions. This firm have admirable facilities for the prosecution of the General" Commission business, and it accordingly engaj^res their attention to a very large extent. They receive on consignment invoices of ham, beef, pork,, snip stores, and other goods from Boston and New York, and operate extensively in teai and other stapres, their transactions being comlucted with characttiristic promptitude and despatch. The membs-rj of the firn* have grown to their work, having been trained to utiderstaid every department of the business. They have inherited a wholesome ambition combined with energy and industry, and they thus afford tlio fullest assu- rance that the success already attained will be retained and duly improved- This firm occupy extcnsiiro premises on " Brcmncr's Whiirf," Lower Water Street, known a few years ago as the Old Boston Packet Wharf and tM^eupied in those tluys by the Lite B. Wier & Co. Since tiicn tlio dock* have been dredged and are now suitable for vessels of the largest claHR.. It continues still to be one of tito busiegt, as it is one of the most commO' dious wharves in Halifax. Tlio tmu was foimod on tho Ut April, L869, tor the prosecution of tho. If 11 164 WEST INDIA TRADE. West India and Comnaission business. It consists of Messrs. J. J. Bremner and W. H. Hart. Both have had the benefit of admirable training and of experience in business. Mr. Bremner was p partner in the firm of G. & A. Mitchell k Co. for about nine years — from 1856 to 1864 inclusive. On the dissolution of this firm at the end of 1864, he engaged in business by himself, until 1869 when, having purchased the wharf propertj now occu- pied by the firm, Mr. Hart became associated with him, Mr. Hart had bet a partner in the firm of R. J. and W. Hart from the first of March, t8i , till the 3l8t March, 1169. t is of course an immense advantage in the prosecution of a bflsincsg to 8t.ut with the benefit of capital and experience, as well as native sagacity and enterprise. It is no wonder therefore tfiat the record of the firm of Bremner and Hart is one of success aud widening influence. Their chief strength is devoted to the West India trade; the shipping of dry and pickled fish, the product of the British American Fisheries, to the We?t Indies, and the bringing home of retura cargoes consisting of sugar, molas- ses, coffee or salt. They also ship cargoes of lumber to the south«r and molasses are the most important Items of the return cargoes, and these articles are shipped to Montreal ("via Grand Trunk) and to Boston and New York. Owing to the extraordinary Ixtunty paid by the U. S. Government for the exportation of refined sugar, refining in Canada is not at present possible, and Halifax trade with Mon- treal is paralysed. The tendency of the sugar trade — outward and inward — is increasingly to co\.'centrate upon New York and Boston. Messrs. Bromnor and Hnrt prosecute an extensive commission business which sometimes embraces cargoes of flour. Their trade in fish enibraccs most of the leading American cities as far west as Cincinnati and Chicago. Among their cxportations are the largo spring Bank cod, mackerel, fat herrings, salmon, split herrings, and alewives. The American market for fish is steadily extending, and it is carefully utilized by this house. Men like Messrs. Bremner and Ha»t who widen the avenues of com- merce and are well versed in the principles as well as the practice of politi- cal economy, benefit not themselves merely but the whole community of which they are members. JOHN' TAlYIjOR «Sto CO, John Tatlof, the head of this firm, was » member of the firm of Eitson,, Beak & Co., and subsequently of the firm of Bonk and Taylor. Upon v'he dissolution of the latter firm he entered upon business by himself, on Tobin's Wharf. In 1871 the present firm was formed by the admission K>f G. 11. Taylor and W. A. Conrod,— the former a son of the founder. In 1873 the firm purchased "Taylor's Wharf "—then tlio Bermudian— one X)l the safest and most spacious in the city. They have commodious stores, a bonded wnreliouso, and all the conveniences and appliances requisite for the successflul conducting of xhoir oxtentire business. They own Ive briga mm WEsf tsmx iRAmi. 16» jvhich are employed in the West India trade. They export to tlie West Indies dried and pickled fish. &c, and import .agar, molasses, coffee, sail and West India fruit in its season. This firm conduct an extensive commissfon business, for the prosecu- tion of which they hate all necessary facilities. They also fit out and sup- ply fishing vessels. Mr. Taylor has long been one of the prominent com- mercal and financial men of the city. The esteem of his fellow citizens tvas ahown by his election as one of the representatives of Halifax in the Legislative Assembly, *■. 1 UFYfAftDs of forty years ago C. West & Son commenced a purely West India business at the well known site of " West's Wharf "—the most northerly on Water Street.-adjoining Her Majesty's Dockyard. The business prospered and extended from year to year until at this moment tlie West property includes three wharves, ten stores, a large bonded warehouse and two offices Eight of " West's vessels " arc continually coming and going between Halifax and the West Indies, and other vessel? are charte.od as occasion requires. The firm of C. West & Son developed in course of years into the two Hrms of W. P. West & Co., and N. L. & J. T. West.-four brothers.-two m each firm. When N. L. West retired i -om the business, another brother, Agustus W. West, took his place. Mr. West, senior, the founder of the house, had six sons. One of these studied law and died some twenty years ago in his early prime. The other five engaged like their father, in a mer- cantile career, and they all met with well-earncd success. Their reputation always stood high ns men of stainless integrity and public spirit. One of the five brotht'rs,— J. T. West, died recently. The other two have retired from business— enjoying the guerdon of well directed enterprise. One only,— Aug tus W. West, remains at this moment in the business. How* ever, a younger generation of the family are ready to take the field. A view of t hese commodious wharves, these numerous and siincioua stores, these huge piles of dried codflsh.—the many busy hands loading or unload- ng vessels,— will enable one to realize better than pages of graphic writing, e extent and importamo of the trade between Halifax and the West Indies. Messrs. West f.lways confined themselves to the exportation of dried and pickled fish skid the importation of " West India goods"— princl' T)ally sugar and molassei. COMMERCIAL AGENCIES. \.> IIavino reviewed the several Industries, here it may not bajjnirr' teresting to refer to an instilution by which the trade of so many is to tt certain extent protected and facilitated. " The agency system'* ^»ad its origin with the merchanta themselves. Several prominent houses in New York city feeling the need ol a more thorough know* 4edge of their customers ; sent trusty agents to report the local opinion regarding their habits, mode of doing business, and financial standing. Gradually the work became appreciated, and at length the more stirring and enterprising of these employes, in the year 1842, Ibrmcd thcin -elves into an association oi partnership, which was the foundation of the commercial agency, and the firm ol thfe present house of Dun Barlow & Co., of N;. Y., or as they are in many cities known, Dun Wiman & Co. A few months later their vigorous rivals, Ihe McKillop & Sprague Co., started in the race. This agency is known in several cities by another style., viz : Jno. McKillop & Co. Shortly after the starting ot these the utility of the system had become «o well recognized as to appear to other competitors an inviting field, and the house of Bradstreet & Sons sprang into existence. The ramifications of these offices have been extended to almost every civilized community. The same spirit that has marked the extension of this network, has shown itself in making the system more reliable end, consequently^ more useful. Sonic eiglit years ago several of the prominent merchants of this city, feeling the need of one of these agencies, induced Dun Wiman & Oo. to open a branch ofBce here \ and shortly aflcr so doing the present Very efficient agent, Mr. William Iledley, was appointed. Mr. Hed- ley has, by his carefulness of the credit of the Nova Scotian mer- chant (at the same time having a watchful eye to the intervst of his customers) together with his shrewdness and amiability, gained for him*- self many warm friends and for the office a strong 8upp<3rt. On the first day of the present year the McKillop & Sprague Co. opened a branch ofHco in the city under the management of Mr. Jno. B. Graham^ who has had several years' experience in the business. Notwithstanding the many obstacles to be contended ngaiiist, he has, by energy and ability, gained for his firm some strong supporters and made a very excellent beginning. The success attending Mr. Gra* h«m'a " push," attention and keenness of observation wili be useful to COMMERCIAL AGENCIES. 167 I the community as well as profitable to the firm which he represents. Of late years we have heard in various Canadian cities complaints, loud and deep, oi the Commercial Agencies. Tlie power of the law and of the Legislature was to be invoked, and ruin was to be hurled on the heads of the " agents " to whom names by no means compli- mentary were at times applied. There may have been some foun- dation for these complaints. We do not'of course imagine that the system as conducted by any company is feultless. Like all human beings the managers and agents are liable to err. They may be at times imposed upon by crafty and dishonest representations. But, all in all, the body of information gathered by these men, and piaced within reach of the commercial community, is invaluable, and is now virtually indispensable. The healthy rivalry which now obtains be tween the Companies we have mentioned will go far to remove difficul ties and obviate the necessity for further legislative action. Public confidence in the Agencies has never been shaken. The motto of the Agencies is " not only to protect trade but to bring good men to- gether." The experience of every passing year shows the necessity of business men being possessed of full and reliable information about their cnstouiers The day may come, but it is still far far away, when business will be conducted wholly on the principle of "cash in hand." When that day comes, such Agencies as these may be dispensed with, but not till then. THE FUTURE OF HALIFAX. Halifax is advantageously situated for carrying on the trade of" Ihe Province of which it is the metropolis, and yet from various causes It has not arrived at that prominent position nature evidently designed it to occupy. The city has done much for all tlie rest of Nova Scotia ; her capital has built up communities east and west of her, which novf no longer depend on her for business facilities, but carry on a direct trade both inward and outward with other countries. The metropolis is proud of Yarmouth and its noble record of ship* ping ; of Sydney and Pictou with their rich surroundings of coals and other minerals ; of Truro, Amherst) and Londonderry with their rising energetic manufacturing and farming populations ; of Luncnburgj Liverpool, Shelburne and Lockeport, whose fishing industries and West India trading are gradually laying the foundation of ample for* tunes to their prosecutors ; of the gold mines of Sherbrooke and WaveiS ly ; the beauf iful towns of the Annapolis valley from the deserted ramparts of the ancient capital to the classic streets of Windsor and to the banks of the Avon spanned by its magnificent bridge ; of the lonely hills annercial metropolis of Canada. It requires no stretch of imagination to picture the daily entrance of a steam ferry loaded with passengera and freight not only bound for Canada, but for the great west beyond to which in return we will be able to offer the shortest and safest ocean route to the Old World. THE WEST INDIA TRADE, which is the life of our city, is capable of great expansion; there are many islands in the Windward and Leeward groups iis well as those under foreign flags which have not as yet been tested by our traders. In the near future these markets will be fully worked find the products of our fisheries, our factories, our mines, our forests ainl our farms will meet with a ready sale. South America opens up for our products a boundless field, while away across the great Atlantitr liic eoast line of two continents olFers many an inviting opening for eoimnercial enter- prise, which an fenlightenod coming generation will nut be slow to utilize. THE UNITED STATES TRADE Since the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, trade with the United State has fallen off to some extent, but still tin; connection is held and with more enlightened legislation which must in time clear away the ol)Sl ructions to a free international exchaiiije of products^ there will be a wonderful quickening of commercial relations. The 12 170 FUTURE OF HALIFAX. present export of Fish, Coals, West India goods, and other articles of commerce is but a tithe of what could be induced by the uimhrtck- ling of the fetters upon our products. One or jther of two courses of action in relation to the trade with the States will equally tend to build up Halifax, either unrestricted trade with our neighbours, or such a measure of protection to oar industries as shall lay a lasting foundation for internal production which will for ever make us inde- pendant of New England manufacturzs. II THE INTERCOLONIAL TRADE. From the peculiar position of Nova Scotia jutting out on the Atlantic, it would seem that our markets were rather outside than within the Dominion ; still the germs of Intercolonial commercial relations have already been planted and have borne some fruit. Other parts of Canada to a great extent produce articles of commerce simi- lar to those of Nova Scotia, so that our trade with them consists large- ly in the distribution of the products of other counties. Before the destruction of the sugar industry caused by bungling legislation at home and hot house rivalry abroad, Montreal was a good customer for the sugars and molasses imported by Halifax merchants from the West Indies. This branch of trade will no doubt revive and greatly increase so as to assist us in paying for our flour and other products of the farm and factory from Quebec and Ontario. Facilities for direct interchange of commodities are rapidly increasing, and both by steamer and railway we have direct freighting intercourse with the Westei'n Provinces, which must have a beneficial action on our rela- tions to the great west of Canada. NcwfoundUind ainl, Prince Edward Island have always been good customers to Halifax, and now that the coasting trade is being confined to Canadian steamers, shutting out the Americans from participating in our waters what we are denied in theirs, an enlargemeut of inter- course with these thriving provinces will surely follow in the wake ot improved steam connection. TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN, «&;c. Thk exports from Halifax to Britain have been growing every year, and a glance at the trade returns of 1875 shews a decided increase over any previous year. The ocean and th« forests are the main source of our export trade to the mother country, but in 1875 there was hW a good shew •>f other articles, such as apples, leather, furs, tobacco, preserved meats, skates, &c., which indicates a testing of PDTURB OP HALIFAX. 171 markets, and if any measure of success could be obtained a wide « expansion will be the result. French St. Peters gives a large direct trade which is annually increasing, as is also the connections with the Azores, Madeira, Mauri- tins, Bermudas, Portugal, and Spain, all of whom are customers more or less profitable and who are auxitns to perfect their relations with Halifax and other ports of Nova Scotia. JOt ol MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, &c. As we have already stated, the manufacturing industry of Halifiix and vicinity is largely in excess of what a superficial observer would suppose. In the production of furniture, pianos, clothing, boots and «hoes, hats and caps, rope, gunpowder, paper, skates, railway scab- bards and ties, spikes, nails, edge tools, copper paint, steam engines and machinery, tobacco, biscuits, wooden ware, brooms, biushes, «oaps ai;d randies and other articles, a large amount of capital is employed, giving fair returns. Push and energy will accomplish a great deal in extending the production of these articles. Measures are being taken by several manufacturers to grasp the home trade and these measures, backed up by low prices and good articles will be certainly successful, so that the future will witness great results to flow from a vigorous pushing of the industrial advantages of HaMfaz. Few cities can shew such noble charities, such literary facilities, such opportunities for recreation and pleasure as Halifax. Its asylums and hospitals, reading rooms and libraries, public gardens, parks and drives, are quite worthy to be coupled with its commercial, financial and manufacturing attainments; and in view of these it will be no violation of good taste to predict a prosperous future for this city whose prospects of advancement in all that pertains to a great commumty is certainly not surpassed in the Dominion of Canada. A glance at the Halifax of less than fifty years hence will not be in- appropriate as a conclusion to the business possibilities of the commer- cial and financial Metropolis of Nova Scotia. Call it a dream if you will, but it '• is not all a dream :'' — " Long y-ains of coals hourly arrive from Cumberland and Pictou, which are shot direct into the holds of the steam colliers moored at the loading piers near the head of Bedford Basin ; the Londonderry iron mines send a daily re- mittance of steel, pig iron, machinery and castings. Car loads of agri- cultural produce from Antigonish and Hants counties, of fruit from the Annapolis valley, of butter and cheese from Colchester and Cum- berland come in by every arriving train. Truro ships the products of her looms and woodeuware lUctories ; the potteries of E'msdale aud |i 172 FUTURE OF HALIFAX. Shubenacadio, the paper mills of Ellershouse, all fill up their quotas and give profitable employment to the shipping which throng the port, lying at the wharves and quays of the Harbor, Basin and North West Arm." And to what an extent the city has grown we can scarcely con- ceive. " The peninsula is completely covered with houses and build- ings of all kinds, the shores of the Arm are fringed with 1 uge facto- tories, conspicuous among which are three or four sugar refineries, at whose wharves the returning West Indiamen unload their cargoes of coarse sugar for refining, and a branch line of railway leaving the main line at the Three Mile House, passing around Point Pleasant and up the water sideftakes the refined article to the great provinces which stretch irom the old province ot Ontario to the; shores of the Pacific. " Steam colliers from Cape Breton compote with the coal trains and the suporior oals from veins opened between Sydney and Louisburg and si ed from the latter port to Halifax and all over the continent are enriching their owners, most of whom reside in the city in magnificent villas surrounding the pleasure grounds which were formerly called the North and South Common. "As the garrison had been wihdrawn a good many years ago, the barracks were sold for cotton factories which are now in iuU opera- tion. The Citadel Hill had the old fortress demolished and the for- mer moat having been cemented is now turned into a vast reservoir, water being pumped into it from the lakes, and forms the most perfect system of protection from fire ever enjoyed by any city on the conti- nent. " The city proper contains half a million of people, and the towns and villages in sight ot the reservoir two hundred thousand more. No less than one thousand fishing vessels are fitted out to proceed to the Bank and I^abrador Fisheries, and this industry is principally carried on from the ofiposite side of the harbor, where ten thousand fishermen with their families reside. Ten banks are in full operation having a capital of twenty millions of dollars. Active competition has driven out all the foreign Insurance companies and the several underwriters' association? have grown to such large proportions that branches have been oi)cned in the United States and other foreign countries where their security is appreciated. " The capital invested in the manufactories of Halifax is now fitly millions of dollars, and the energy displayed in pushing the trade into the East Indies, Cliina, Africa iind the continent would astonish the Rip Viin Winckles of the last century whose aons and grandsons have PUTUnS OF HALIFAX. 173 f lost all the old fogy notions which characterised the Halifax of their rhildhood. The merchants who move in and oat of the Chau.ber of Commerce building are line specimens of commercial probity All the world over those merchant prir-es are famed for unricrht deahng and honesty of purpose so that their word i. as good as tireir " As the city is overflowing the peninsula, bridges are projected over the harbor and from Point Pleasant to the west side of the arm which wdl be a great accommodation to the thousands of artizans who' reside outside the city limits. Truly Halifax has grown to be a great city, and some old persons who have early recollections oftbeplice are filled with astonishment at the wonderful rides taken in material advancement within fifty years." Without any great stretch of imagination this is the Halifax of less than half a century hence.