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EMIGRATION FIELDS OF THE
- WORLD.

CANADA.

INFORMATION FOE EMIGRANTS.

*J^zl^ -^-wJZ. "W.-

my^ -N.E,^-;^ ■

BEPRINTEI) FROM THE " WEEIUjY DISPATCH/

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LONDON:
PUBLISHED AT 139, FLEET-STREET.

^// 04

IQ^

CANADA.

USTi^'OKMATION FOR EMIGEANTfc'.

"If you are afraid of work dou't come to Canada j but, if
you are willing to labour, oven harder than in England, como
and welcome, for you will get plenty of work and good wages,
and have the chance of gaining a competency before you are ten
years older." Thus wrote an English artisan to some of his
old shop-mates in Manchester, and his advice was as thoroughly
sound and reliable as it was plain and straightforward. Canada
is essentially a land of labour as well as a land of promise. To
bo idle, means, in that country, to be poor, miserable and
despised. If a man really wishes to get on, he must work, and
ofttimes almost without ceasing. Many people do so in the
mother- country, yet can scarcely keep body and soul together,
and herein is to be found the great difference existing between
England and Canada,: for the more industrious, steady, and
persevering a man proves himself in any part of the Canadian
dominion, the more prosperous and independent will he speedily
become. No matter what his trade, if he will onljr determine
to do his utmost, to put the best leg forward, there will seldom be
any lack of remunerative employment for him. If, however, ho
belong to no particular trade or calling, or if ho bo unac-
customed to manual labour, let him stay at home. Canada ia
not the place for him. He is not wanted there. The same
advice is applicable also to clerks, book-keepers, shopmen, and
similar classes. Those who are most likely to succeed are per-
sons possessing a little capital ready for investment in land,
farmers, agricultural labourers, male and female servants, and
strong, healthy boys and girls over 15 years of ago. The
emigration of females occupying a higher grade than that of
domestic servants is not recommended^— at least, for the present.
Eligible emigrants seldom find anjr difficulty in procuring work
on arrival, especially if they are willing. to iproceed at once into
the lihinly-populated country districts, for in these the demand
for labour is^always large, and considerably in excess of the
supply, especially during the spring and summer months. Tho
emigrant must not be afraid of roughing it for a few months.
In a new country people have to learn to accommodate them-
selves to eiroumstances, if they desire to thrive and succeed.

ft\rt\/fi^^^^

W'^'W\^',:^i'

2 CANADA,

Canada proper is now divided into two provinces of enormous
extent — Ontario and Quebec— which, with the largo provinces
of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the recently
acquired Hudson's Bay Territory, form what is known as the
Canadian Dominion. At present we have to do with Ontario
and Quebec only, the other provinces being to be treated m a
separate article. The area of Canada (Ontario and Quebec) is
about 331,280 English square miles, the estimated population in
1869 being 3,316,134. It is essentially a rich forest country. The
uncleared portions are covered with a luxuriant growth of
pine and other timber, thus differing in this respect from a con-
siderable portion of the United States, where the leading cha-
racteristic feature is the abundance of prairie, or meadow land.
The task of clearing the land from timber and preparing it for
agricultural purposes constitutes the principal industry of the
colony, and is one in which almost any quantity of labour can
be absorbed. The soil is rich in minerals, especially copper,
lead, and iron ; but the mining industry has lately suffered con-
siderably from the effects of imprudence and incapacity.
Influenced by the wish to suddenly become rich, numbers of
people hastily embarked in mining enterprise without possessing
the necessai'y skill or capital. They thought they could dig up
copper and lead as easily as they could potatoes. The lesson has
not, however, been thrown away, and operations are now
conducted more cautiously and systematically. The most
important mineral product is petroleum, some 4,000 barrels of
which are refined weekly. Salt has recently been discovered at
Goderioh, in Ontario. Gypsum, or plaster of Paris, excellent
marble and good building stone, are found in large quantities
near the surface. The lakes, the largest in the world, abound
with fish, and the forests contain vast quantities of game. A.S
might be expected in a country so rich in natural resources,
manufacturing industry is extremely active, the colony contain-
ing numerous establishments devoted to the production of cloth,
linen, furniture, sawn timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper,
soap, cotton and woollen goods, steam engines and locomotives,
wooden ware of all descriptions, ships, agricultural implements,
clothing, &c. In all these manufacturing industries, good open-
ings are continually to be found for steady, persevering, and
reliable workers. Such people can always procure good wages
and constant employment.

The climate of Canada differs materially from that of the
mother country, the winters being generally longer and colder;
but the weather is considerably drier, and therefore healthier,
than is the case here. A yewr's observation of the weather in
Canada showed 309 fine rlays and 56 of rain or snow in Quebec,
and 276 fine days, with 89 of rain or snow in Ontario. In
Quebec disease is comparatively unknown among the usual
population, except when caused by intemperance, inequality of
diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. "The

(

•*,

INFORMATION FOB EMiaSANTS.

extreme dryness of the air is shown," we are told, "b^jr the roof a
of ^ the houses, which are covered with tin, remaining so long
bright, and by a charge of powder remaining for weeks uncaked
in a gun.'* Nor are the long winters unfavourable to farming
operations; for although the period devoted to ploughing is
necessarily less than in Britain, yet the excellence of the snow
roads, by affording increased facilities for conveying produce to
market, drawing manure and hauling out wood from the forests,
more than compensates for the seeming disadvantage. In
Ontario the climate varies materially in different parts of tha
province, some portions being considerably warmer than others.
In these the gi*ape and the peach thrive in the open air withoivb
artificial aid. The extent of country comprised in the two pro-
vinces is so large that the climate in one place is unlike that in
another, even as the climate of Northern Britain differs from
that of the South. But, taken as a whole, Canada seems a
country, so far as climate is concerned, in every respect suitable
for the development of English energy, intelligence and capa-
bility.

But how about getting to Canada? The colony does net offer
free or assisted passages to emigrants. If they be too poor to
defray out of their own pockets the cost of the voyage, they
must look to the mother-country for assistance. Here, how-
ever, they will meet with very slender encouragement; but
there are several organisations, such as the British and Colonial
Immigration Fund, the East-end Family Emigration I'und, and
others of a similar nature, which during the season, that is,
from March to August, assist, so far as the funds at their
command will admit, poor labouring families to emigrate. We
shall endeavour to give a list of these next week. Emigration
societies, based on co-operative principles, have been started
successfully in the metropolis and various parts of the manufac-
turing districts, and these appear to be the best means of enabling
the poorer class of labourers to obtain the funds necessary to
defray the cost of emigrating. The proper mode of establishing
them will be found described in a small tract sold at a penny,
and written by the Eev. A. S. Herring, M.A., incumbent of
St. Paul's, Clerkenwell, and published by Partridge, Paternoster-
row. Poor-law guardians have the power of defraying the
passage expenses of emigrants who otherwise might become
chargeable to the parish, but these officials are generally most
unwilling to use the parish funds for such a purpose. During
1868, not more than thirty-two persons received this description
of parochial assistance. The cost of the passage is, however,
not large. By sailingship, from Liverpool, it is from ^83 15s, to
«84 10s., sometimes a little more. By steam-ship, from the same
place, it is £6 6s. Children under 8 are charged half price ;
infants, .£1 Is. From London the cost of a steam-boat voyage
is £6 10s. ; children under 8, half price. From Glasgow it is
less than from London or Liverpool. These prices refer to

CANADA.

Htnera^je accommodation only. If cabin or intermediate accom-
modation be prefon'ed, a higher rate is ebarged. In the selection
of TBssels great care is necessary, especially in the case of sailing
ships, incautious emigrants frcq.uontly finding themselves the
victims of misrepresentations respecting the quantity and
queJity of the food and accommodation provided. The steam>
ships most largely used are those connected with the "Allan
line," belonging to the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company,
the vessels of which leave Liverpool every Thursday, calling at
Londonderry on their way. The above-mentioned fares include
provisions, but emigrants have to provide their own bedding and
table necessaries, ^t should, however, be observed that tho
dietary scale is more liberal in the steamers than in the sailing
vessels. In winter the vessals proceed to Portland j in summer
to Quebec — the average length of passage to tho latter place
being, by sailing vessel, thirty-six days ; by steamer eleven or
twelve days. Emigrants should proceed to Canada about tho
end of March, so as to be in time to take advantage of the spring
and summer work, and to get settled before winter sets in.

If the female members of the emigrant's family are acquainted
with tho useful art of bread-making, so much the better. If
not, it is most desirable, nay, esssntial, that this knowledge
should be obtained as speedily as possible before leaving the
mother country. The females should also know something of
cooking, curing meat and making butter and chees<?, A little
practical acquaintance with knitting, dressmaking and tailoring
— «o far as the repairing of clothing is concerned — will also be
found an advantage, especially during the long winter evenings
in the country districts. All these things will largely assist in
keeping down the emigrant's domestic expenses, economy of
means being the great desideratum during the earlier months of
his residence in the colony. If suffering from ill-health, there
is great difficulty in procuring a passage, as ship-owners in-
variably refuse to take out persona not belonging to any emi-
grant family, likely, from bodily or mental infirmity, to be-
come permanently a charge on the colony, and such persons
are not allowed to land on any pretence whatever. Should
the emigrant die on the passage out, his effects have to
be delivered over by the captain of the vessel to the Collector
of Customs at the port of arrival, unless there be on board
some relative or other person entitled to take charge of the
same. The goods are afterwards accounted for by the Col-
lector of Customs to the British consular authorities, through
whom the value is handed over to the relatives in England
on their making application for the same to the English
Emigration Commissioners, 8, Park-street, Westminster. The
deaths at sea are, however, comparatively rare, especially on
board the steamboats, the passage being so short in duration,
and there being efficient medical attendance.

In the seleotioa of a proper vessel the emigrant will find him-

1 •

INIORMATION FOB EMIGRANTS. 6

Belf efficiently assisted by the various emigration officers
iippoiutetl by the English Governniont. Their names and
addresses are as follows : —

London (Office, 65, i'enchurch-street).— Staff Com. Forster,
R.N. Assistants :— Capt. Westbrook, E.N. ; Com. Barnard,
R.N. J Com. StandbriHge, R.N.

Liverpool (Office, btanley-buildings, Bath-street) .—Admiral
Kerr. Assistants : — Cora. Bourchier, R.N. ; Com. Geary, R.N. ;
Com. St. Aiibyn, R.N. ; Lieut. H. J. Edwards, I.N. ; Cem.
Hoblyn, R.N. ; Robert Evatt, Esq.

Capt. Stoll, R.N., Plymouth ; Capt. Mackenzie, R.N., Glasgow
and Greenock; Com. Gibbons, R.N., Cork, &c. ; Capt. Gough,
R.N., Londonderry.

These officers act under the immediate directions of the
Emigration Commissioners. The following is a sumra-iry
of their duties : — They procure and give gratuitously informa-
tion as to the s.iiJing of ships and means of accommodation for
emigrants ; and whenever applied to for that purpose, they see
that all agreements between shipowners, agents, or masters, and
intending emigrants are duly performed. They also see that
the provisions of the Passengers' Acts are strictly compliea
with, viz., that passenger- vessels are seaworthy, that they have
on board a sufficient supply of provisions, water, medicines, &c.,
and that they sail with proper punctuality. They attend per-
sonally at their offices on every week day, and afford gratuitously
all the assistance in their power to protect intending emigrants
against fraud and imposition, and to obtain redress where
oppression or injury has been practised on them.

When the emigrant has decided upon the vessel which is to
convey him to Canada, he ought at once to commence preparations
for departure. He should, however, take care lest, in the hurry
and confusion inevitable on such an occasion, he lose or part
with his contract ticket — that is, the receipt given on payment
of the passage money, because if the vessel is prevented by acci-
dent, or any other cause, from reaching its destination, or if
the emigrant be not landed at the place named in the contract
ticket, the production of the ticket is necessary to enable him to
procure the return of the passage money. As emigrants have
no legal claim for assistance out of the public funds of the
colony, they ought not to land without possessing a little money
— say a couple of pounds — ^in their pockets. The aid recently
extended to several of the East London and other artisan
emigrants from England was simply an act of philanthropy on
the part of the colonists.

Agricultural labourers are not recommended to take out cum-
brous implements, or, indeed, any at all, as there is not the least
difficulty in procuring these in Canada. Artisans and mechanics,
however, should take all their tools, except those of a bulky
character. As to furniture and iron-ware, the emigrant would
do well not to encumber himself with these. They only add to

C&KAOA.

^^^■■■BBj

the oxpenae and trouWe of the passage, and fetter his move-
ments. Clothing, boots and ehoes, and such like articles, form
the best kind of stores and have no duty to pay, being consi-
dered as personal luggage. Pius, tape, needles, sewing thread,
thimbles and similar items, should also bo taken, as they occupy
but little room, and will be frequently required. Articles oi:
female dress, such as gowns, bonnets, &c., are procurable in
Canada almost as cheaply as in England. A list of the various
articles in each box or trunk should be written out on paper
and placed under the lid, so that should the packages be opened
by the Canadian Custom-house officers, it may be taken out
without having to unpack the articles. This will prevent niuch
trouble, delay, and expense. If a couple or more long, narrow
])iecc3 of wood, about three-quarters of an inch thick, be
nailed to the bottom of the trunk, it will prevent it from
becoming damp with the wet floor. Eecollect, however, that
when once any luggage has been placed in the ship's hold, it
cannot be got at uuf il th« end of the voyage. The number and
character of the articles required during the passage depends
much on the kind of vessel in which the voyage is made. If it
be a sailing ship, a larger number will be requisite than on board
a steam-boat. The most essential for each adult emigrant are a
mattrass, costing 18d. ; pillow, 6d. ; blanket, a pint tin mug,
tin hook saucepan, tin tea-pot, tin bason, gallon water-can,
knife, fork, spoon, couple of towels and lib. of marine soap.
The latter costs 6d., and all the articles can be bought for about 10s.
With respect to going on board ship, the emigrant should
ascertain the exact time it leaves the dock, and take care to be
at tho shipping office at the time mentioned in the paper
of instructions. When on board, the emigrant should not
lose sight of his luggage until the vessel is safely out ^ of
the dock and actually sailing down the river— for the time
of departure is generajly selected by dock and river thieves
as being the best for their nefarious operations, the noise
and confusion consequent on the ship leaving its moor-
ings increasing the difficulties of detection. The emigrant
should also beware of dishonest lodging-house keepers, crimps,
slop-dealers, and others, who make a profitable market of
his inexperience, and do not hesitate to plunder him without
mercy. If not actually resident at the port of departure, he
should arrange so as to arrive therein a day or two before the
hour named for sailing, and, directly after his arrival, proceed
straight to the shipping office, where he will be directed to
suitable lodging places. On no account whatever should he listea
to strangers who may accost him in the street, or heed the
readily proffered advice of beer-shop keepers and lodging-house
keepers to remain on land to the last moment, on the plea of
there being " plenty of time." If it be necessary to purchase
all or any part of the outfit iramq^iately before the vessel leaves,
tbe emigrant must liike earo that he iis-^. cver^ article he pays

INTOBMATION rOB EMIGSAHTra. ?

for, and lo retam the came in kis own charge. It is unsafe to
trust the promisee of shopkeepers to send things so purchased
to the vessel. They might be delivered to the wrong person, or
even, perhaps, not forwarded at alL From fh'ot to last, the
emigrant will have to be continually on his guard against tho
dishonesty of others. It is very much to be desired that on,
Emigrants' Home could be established in each seaport, some-
thing after the manner of those formed for the use of oeameo*
80 that intending emigrants might procure cheap and decent
lodgings, and have their baggage taken core of, without being
exposed to the depredations of thieves and others who seem to
consider them as their lawful prey. Such institutions might, to
A considerable extent, be rendered self-supporting.

There is an interesting story current of a young American
lady, belonging to one of the Southern States, who, having been
reduced by tho late civil war from a state of wealth to one o?
poverty, courageously, if not altogether woman-like, obtained
possession of a five-acre field, which she planted and worke^i
herself, having no assistance except in the ploughing. Although
we should be sorry to behold females exchanging the labome of
the household for those of the farm, yet the sturdy spirit of selt-
reliance which animated the breast of this young American
woman was precisely the same as that which has led so many
settlers in the newer and lesser known countries of the world to
successively hew out a new and prosperous career, and ultimately
gain for themselves tho comforts and blessings of independence.
The Canadian emigrant must be prepared to exert himself to
the utmost in every possible way, and on every possible occasion.
The rule, so strongly insisted upon by many working men in
the mother couafey, to the effect that n't labourer or artisan
shall be allowed to work at any calling other than that to which
he has been accustomed, does not hold good in the colonies. In
Canada, Australia and elsewhere, free labour is the rule, in the
country at least, if not in the towns. In such places the more
generally useful a man renders himself the greater becomes his
money value. He is, in reality, master of the situation.

Tho great bulk of emigrants proceeding from England to Canada
may be roughly divided into two classes — those who possess a
little capital and those who have none. The former should bo
careful how they bring their money with them. If the sums

Possessed by them are not less than <£5, nos more than .£20 per
ead, the Emigration Commissioners La England will readily tako
care of and remit such sums, free of charjro, to the Canadian
Government immigration agents, who will Land the same over
to the owners on their arrival in the colony. But the Commis-
sioners do not engage to effect purchases of land, or otherwise
to invest or retain the money for the benefit of individuals, but
simply to instruct the Canadian Government agents to apply it
to tho immediate use of the people after their arrival, either in
the mode directed by the depositor, or, in the absdice o£ such

CAKADA.

agents

may
allowinsr

(lirecHons, in tho manner which the iranoiigration
deem most advantageous for the emigrants. By
their little capital to be taken care of in this manner,
emigrants are spared the risk of loss or robbery during the
voyage. Larger sums can be transmitted, at a merely nominal
charge, through any of the English banks hav: .g^agencies in
Canada, or the Canadian banks having agencies in England.
The Canadian currency differs somewhat from that of England.
It consists of a silver and copper coinage, the usual coins met
with being Canadian 20, 10 and 5 cent pieces of silver, and
one cent pieces of copper ; English shillings and sixpences,
which pass for 2J' and 12 cents respectively ; and United States^
half and quarter dollar, and ? 0, 5 and 3 cent pieces, of silver,
and one cent pieces, of copper or nickel. There are also copper
coins issued by the banks, which go by the name of " coppers,'*
the value of which ia a little less than the British halfpenny.
Gold coins are very rarely used, the bank-notes having almost
altogether superseded them. These notes are of various denomi-
nations, from one dollar to f.ve hundred and unwards. In Upper
Canada the EngiisQ sixpence is generally called in retail
dealings " one York shilling," or a shilling, thereby frequently
leading to mistakes on the part of new co:iiers.

On the emigrant vessel approaching Quebec it is boarded by
the Government immigration officer, who will readily inform
emigrants where to find work, the distance of the place where
it is obtainable, how to get there, cost of the journey, &c., and
furnish any other necessary details. Emigrants arriving by
steamer will land at Point Levi, where there ia also a Govern-
ment office. Emigrants should not listen to the opinions or
advice of persons hanging about the places of landing, whose
business it is to make profit out of them.. Many young females
and unprotected persons have been deceived and suffered from
acting on such advice. For the better protection and conve-
nience of Immigrants desiring to wash their clothes and obtain
information as to their future journey, ten porary accommoda-
tion has been provided at the Government Emigration Wharf,
Quebec, where they will be allowed to remain for a period not
exceeding forty-eight hours. Emigrants who go out to join
friends or relations already settled in the country should go at
once to their destination. Farm labourers will get plenty of
work in the farming districts. The Canadian immigration agents
will not assist anyone who loses his time by staying in the city,
unless detained by sickness or other good reason. Any offer of work
had better be at once accepted, even if the wages are not sa
much as the emigrant thought they would be, because until ha
gets into the ways of the country he is not of much use to tho
farmer, and has a great deal to learn. Any complaints of bad
treatment on the passage out should be made, upon landing,
to tho chief immigration agent, who will at once attend to
them. Newly arrived immigraats are frequently tempted bj"

INFORMATION FOB EMIURANTS.

the promise of high wages held out by agents from the United
States to leave Canada for the States. These promises should
not be entertained without much caution and inquiry.

Emigrants arriving at Quebec — which is reached before
Montreal— holding through tickets for their inland ^ transport,
and desiring to obtain information, may delay their journey for
that purpose, as the railway or steam-boat company to whom
they are addressed will take charge of their luggage until they
are ready to proceed. Passengers are entitled by the Imperial
Passengers' Act to be maintained on board, in the same manner
as during the passage, for 48 hours after arrival, unless
within that time the ship should quit the port in the prosecu-
tion of her voyage. As regards those bound to Quebec, the
Canadian Passengers' Act, 15 and 16 Vict., c. 86 [1852], im-
poses a penalty on the master who compels passengei^ to leave
before the expiration of 48 hours (except in cases where the
vessel has a mail contract), and provides that they shall be
landed free of expense; and between the hours of 6 in the
morning and 4 in the afternoon. The names of the Government
Immigration agents in Canada are as follows : — L. Stafford,

Esq., Old Custom House, Quebec; » Da y, Esq., Montreal;

W. J. Willis, Esq., Ottawa; J. M'Pherson, Esq., Kingston;
J. A. Donaldson, Esq., Toronto; R. H. Eae, Esq., Hamilton.
riC Once landed on Canadian shores the emigrant will naturally
be anxious to learn all he can respecting the home of his
adoption. The larger the amount of information possessed by
him on this point, the better will he be enabled to judge what
particular course he should pursue. One of the best and most
reliable works published on this subject is the " Canadian
Settler's Guide," published b;, Stanford, Charing-cross, price
5s. Many useful items of information may also be procured
from a small tract on "The Province of Ontario," issued by
authority of the Government of Ontario, and which can be
procured gratis of Mr. Dixon, Canadian Emigration Agent, 11,,
Adam-street, Adelphi, London, W.C. Regarded as a whole,
Canada may be considered as one of the most diversified
countries on the surface of the globe. Comprising the whole of
the vast district forming the basin of the SI Lawrence, it
includes almost every description of soil and climate found out-
side the tropics. The general notion that it is an intensely cold
and sterile country is one of the most absm'd mistakes imaginable, .
and arises from confused geographical notions and from the
false reports industr'ously circulated by the Hudson's Bay
Company, with the view of preventing the stream of emigration
arriving too near the vast territory so long preserved by them
in its normal state of savage wildness. The general healthiness
of the Canadian climate is shown by the fact that while in
England the annual number of deaths is 211 in every 10,000, in
Norway 181, in the United States 124, in Canada it does not exceed
08, an exceptionally low rate, even mak. og allowance for the con-

Ci^mikSiL

|H.*t

It t

tiniifcd influx of youngandliealthypopulfiyon. SpdfiMissof ilid pro-
vince of Quebec, an official report states : — " If the real excellence
of a climate depends upon the earth yielding in perfection ftnd
abundance the necessaries of life, or those which constitute tho
prinsipal articles of food for man and the domestic animals,
then Canada East may compare favourably with any part of tha
world. The steadiness and uniformity of the summer heat
causes all grains and fruits to mature well and with certainty.'*
The same authority informs us that — "In o country of such
vast extent as Upper Canada, the climate varies materially.
Throughout tho agricultural or settled part of it along the St.
Lawrence and the Lakes, and which extends from 50 to 100
miles in depth, the winter may be said to commence early in
December. Snow usually falls in sufficient quantities in the
eastern section of this range to afford good sleighing about the
middle of that month, and continues, with trifling exceptions,
until the middle of March. In the western section, although we
have occasionally heavy falls of snow, we are subject to frequent
thaws, and sleighing cannot be depended upon ex(^ept in th«
interior, at a distance from the lakes. On the cleared lands
the snow generally disappears about the middle of March, and
the sowing of seed for the spring crops begins early in April and
ends about the 10th of May. Eipe wild strawberries in abund-
ance may be had by the last of June, and green peas and new
potatoes are brought into market about the same time. In the
southern parts the harvest commences about the last of July,
and becomes general about the first week in August. The f^
sowing of wheat and ryo begins, and should end, in the month of
September, as grain cown at a later period seldom does well.
The weather during the fall months is generally remarkably
pleasant, except in November, during a part of which the climaiB
resembles that of England during the same period."

A considerable portion of the boundary line between Canada
and the United States is formed by the St. Lawrence, and the
magnificent series of freshwater lakes, the largest in the world,
in which that river taken its rise. The extent of some of the
Canadian forests is almost incredible. In many places they re-
main literally unexplored. They are rich in game, the rivers
abounding with fish. A considerable quantity of forest timber
is exported, the most saleable descriptions being whito and
yellow pine, oak, ash, birch, walnut, butternut, maple, bass
wood and tamarac. The principal timber territories are those
abutting on the Ottawa, St. Maurice, Saguecay and Mad&-
waska rivers. The country north and east of Lake Huron also
contains vast quantiti«s of pine, spruce, cedar, birch andmaple.
With respect to the agricultural products of Canada, almost
everything grown in England can also be raised in the colony,
the chief difference between the two provinces being that
Ontario is mostly a wheat-growing, and Quebec a grazing asd
dairy country. Maize gTows luxuriantly in both proTiuoos. In

INTOEMATION FOR EMIGRANTS.

Quebec apples, poara and similar fruit are abundant. At
Montreal these are even yet more luxuriant, but tho best fruit
country is said to be the shores of Lake Erie and the western
portions of Ontario. Here grapes and peaches are cultivated
with the greatest ease. In some places hemp, flax and tobacco
are successfully produced, especially flax, upwards of sixty
C3utch mills being in full and profitable operation in
Ontario alone. The cultivation of wheat is largely followed,
the yield on virgin soil being sometimes as much as
SO bushels per acre. The general crop, however, averages from
,20 to 30 bushels, sometimes less, sometimes more, according to
the skill and labour bestowed. The average of oats per acre
is — Upper Canada, 34^ bushels ; Lower Canada, 22^ bushels.
The average of barley per acre is — Upper Canada, 27| bushels ;
Lower Canada, 23 bushels. In 1860 the total yield of Canada
was:— Wheat, 27,274,779 bushels-, barley, 5,103,636 bushels;
rye, 1,817,373 bushels; oats, 38 772,170 bushels; besides pro-
portionate quantities of other cei il and green produce, yet not
one-half the land in private hands is cultivated, to say nothing
of the many millions of acres of wild land remaining in the
hands of the Canadian Government. For many years to come
the preparation of the soil for cultivation must necessarily absorb
all the surplus labour which finds its way into Canada.

The principal cities are Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto,
London, Hamilton, and Kingston, the two former being in
Lower Canada. Many others are scattered through the colony.
Altheugh Montreal is no less than 580 miles from the entrance
of tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, vessels of 3,500 tons burden can,
during the summer time, reach even it more easily than they can
the port of London from the entrance to the Thames. Tho
principal cities abound in fine buildings, and contain numerous
places of worship. Toronto, situated on the shores of Lake
Ontario, contains upwai'ds of 65,000 inhabitants. The rapid
increase of population here is illustrated by the fact that
although in 1841 it contained only 14,249 souls, in 1851 the
number had increased to 30,775, and in 1861 to 44,821.
Though there is no State religion, every leading religfious
denomination in England is fully represented in Canada,
the numbers belonging to each creed in Ontario being, accordiuff
to the census of 1801, as follows : — Wesleyans and other Metho-
dists, 341,572: Church of England, 3U,565 ; Presbyterians,
303,384 ; Roman Catholics, 258,141 ; Baptists, 61,659 ; Luthe-
rans, 24,299 ; Congregationalists, 9,357 ; miscellaneous creeds,
60,718 ; of no religion, 17,373 ; no creed stated, 8,123 : total,
1,396,091. The system of education is wholly unsectarian, and
the poor man can procure for his children a far better schooling
than they could obtain in England. Out of 4,422 common
schools in Ontario, 3,838 are entirely free. In fact, in Canada
may be found successfully solved many of the social and poli-
tical problems which are causing 80 much discuLsion here.

CAHABA.

The turcloa* oj Siata and local taxation are comparatively-
light, while tho blessings and advantages of cheap postage,
1^^ cheap ncwspapewi, PaviMga banks, building societies, co-opera-

tive associations, railways, electric telegraphs, &c., are enjoyed
almost as fully an in the mother country, in eome cases more so.

The average rates of wages per day, without board, are, ac-
cording to the litest accounts, as subjoined:— Bookbinders jind
printers, 43. to 7b. ; blacksmitha, 4fl. to 63. ; bricklayers and
masons. So. to 6,15. ; curriers, Ss. to 4a,; CJMfpenterfl and joiners..
Gs. to 78. ; cabinetmakers, 5b. to 0fl. ; CQppers, 43. to 63. ;
carters (with horse and cart), 73. 6d. to 8b. ; common labourers,
33. to 4s. ; gardeners (in epriag time), Ss, to 68. ; millwrighta
and mechanics, 63. to 83. ; millers, 68. to 8s. ; painters and
glaziers, 5s. to 6s.; plasterers, Ss. to 63.; plumbers and glaziers,
5s. toGs. ; printers (compositors), Is. per 1,000; quarrymen,
3s. to 43. : ropemakers, 3s. 9d. to 43. 6d. ; shoemakers, 4s. to
Gs. ; sawyers, 4s. to 53. ; shipwrights, Gs. to 7s. ; stonecutters.
Gs. to 83. ; saddlers and harness-makers, 5s. to Gs, ; slaters and
shinglcrs, 43. 6d. to 53. 6d. ; tanners, 43. to 5s. ; tailors (gene-
rally piecework), 43. to 6s. ; tinsmiths, braziers, &c., 5a. to Gs. ;
wheelwrights, 63. to 7s. ; T^hitesmiths, 6s. to 8s. Per month,
with board and lodging :-^-Bakers, £2 lOs. to ^83 ; butchers,
£2 to ^3 4s. ; coachmen, 30s. to 45s. ; female cooks, 26s. to
35s. ; dairywomen, 25s. to SOs. ; farm labourers, 403. to GOs. ;
men servants, 35s. to 453. Milliners and dressmakers, 23. to 3s.
per day, with board and lodging. In many instances English
artisans, labourers, operatives, mechanics, and others can obtain
a considerably higher rate of wagctj. ^

The average retail prices of provisions in February, I860,
were as follows : — Bacon, 6d. to 8d. per lb. ; beef (fresh or salt),
5d. to Gd. ; bread per 4 lbs., 4|d. to 5d.; ditto seconds, per
6 lbs., 9-1. ; fresh butter, Is. ; salt butter, 7d. to 8d. ; caudles, 7d. ;
English cheese. Is. 3d. ; ditto colonial, 8d. to lOd. ; coals pcF
ton, 2G3. to 323. ; coffee per lb., Is. to Is. 3d. ; egga Id. each ;
flour (best), per barrel of 196 lbs., 21s. to 25s. ; ditto seconds,
19s. to 22s. ; milk per quart, 3d. ; mutton per lb., 5d. to 6d. 5
oatmeal per cwt., 143. ; soap per lb., Sd. ; white sugar, 7id. to
8d. ; brown ditto, 4d. to 4id. ; potatoes per bushel, Is. 9d. to 2s. ;
rice per lb., 2id. , tea, 2s. to 4s. ; pork (salt or fresh), 4d. to 5d.
In most of the country districts prices are much lower. The
average retail prices of clothing at the same date were as fol-
lows : — Blankets per pair, 16s. to 283. ; btrong women's boets,
colonial make, 8s. to 10s. ; long boots, 10s. to 15s. ; stout calico
per yard, 8d. ; cotton for gowns, lOd. to Is. ; cloth for coats,
2s. 6d. to 43. ; flannel. Is. 6d. to 2s. ; fustian, 2s. 2d. to 28. lOd. ;
velveteen, 2s. 3d. ; ready-made clothing, about same prices as ia
England.

Among the most important Canadian industries are those
connected with the various fisheries. These latter are said to
be attracting much attention, and will prove a preliSc souirce

■■Hiil

INFOBMATION FOR EMIGRANTS.

01 wealth. They are inexhaustible, and are now suhject to a
regular system of licensing, and every endeavour is being made
to preserve them and encourage their increase. The province of
■Quebec possesses, in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, an
extent of coast of 1,000 miles, where the cod, herrin^p, mackerel,
salmon, and other fisheries are carried on successfully. Whalo
fishing is also carried on by vessels fitted out from the port of
Gaspe. The average season value of whale oil has been about
27,000 dols. The cod fishing is carried on along the whole shore of
Canada, the herring fishing principally at the Magdalen Islands,
in the Bay of Chaleurs, and on the coastof Labrador ;.th0 mackerel
fishing at the Magdalen Islands, along the coast of Gaspe, and
in the lower part of the River St. Lawrence. There are above
seventy salmon fishery rivers in the province of Quebec, which
the Government aro now fostering, with a view to enhance the
commerce in this valuable fish. The quantity of salmon taken
in the rivers of this province, and of whitefish and salmon-
trout in the lakes of the province of Ontario, has greatly increased
during the last few years. In the province of Ontario the
merchantable fish products derived from the lakes and rivers
consist chiefly of white fish, salmon, salmon-trout, eels, herring,
lake-trout, speckled-trout, sturgeon, pickerel, bass, mascalonge,
&c. Inferior kinds also abound in the smaller lakes, tribu-
taries and streams. The extensive area, great depth, clear cold
waters, abundant reeding banks, shoals and spawning grounds,
of the principal Canadian lakes, render the fish found therein
numerous, of good quality, and large size. Tracts of arable
land, bordering on some of the great lakes, are still at the dis-
posal of the Government for sale and settlement.

Another important and increasing industry is that of ship-
building. The number of steam and other vessels owned by
the provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the 1st July, 1867, was
1,909, of the value of ^7,427,7^:5, and employing 11,740 men.
The number of tons built in the two provinces in 1866 was
55,674. Experienced and steady shipwrights can always pro-
cure work in Canada. Sailmakers are in less request.

The great attraction of Canada in the eyes of the intending
emigrant is the system of making free grants of land. The
Ontario Government, anxious to promote the improvement of
the yet uncleared districts, have thrown open, upon the most
liberal terms, a number of townships, into any of which parties
may go and select for themselves the site of a future home.
Any person arrived at the age of 18 may obtain, gratis, a
hundred ac/es of land in the free grant districts. This offer is
made by the Government fo all persons, without distinction of
sex, so thaf a larg^ family, having several children in it at or
past 18 years of age, may take up a largo tract, and become,
m a few short years, when the land is cleared and improved,
joint possessors of a valuable and beautiful estate. The settle-
ment duties arc to have 13 acres on each grant of 100 acres

CANADA.

cleared and under crop, of wlilcb at least two acres are to be
cleared and cultivated annually for fire years ; to build a
habitable house, at least 16 feet by 20 feet in size;
and to reside on the land at least six months in each year.
In Ontario these lands are situated in the extensive district
between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, on Lake Huron. In
Quebec they are on the frontier line separating Canada from the
United States. In addition to theso free grants, several millions
of acres have been reserved for purchase by persons intending
to become bona fide settlers at a low price. In Ontario, with
the exception of 250,000 acres in the district ©f Algoma, which
are offered at 20 cents (lOd.) per acre, the uniform price is 70
cents (23. lid.) per acre, cash, or one dollar (43. Id.) if paid by
instalments. In the province of Quebec the price ranges from
20 cents (lOd.) per acre to 60 cents (23. 6d.), according to
locality.

The capital required to enable an emigrant family to settia
upon a free grant lot, or enter upon the occupation of the wild
lands of the Crown, has been variously estimated. It should bo
BuflGicient to support his family for the fii'st eighteen months,
until he can get a return from his land ; and, although much
will depend upon the parties themselves, in no case should it be
less than ^850 currency, or two hundred dollars. The cost of
clearing wild lands is about from 12 to 14 dollars (^2 9s. ta
^2 173. 2d.) per acre. The expense is, however, greater in the
remote districts, in consequence of the difficulty of procuring
labourers ; but this work is generally done by contract. The
only charge on land is a tax which seldom exceeds Id. per acre.
It is applied to local improvements alone, in which the person
taxed nas a direct interest. All minerals belong to the original
finder owning the land.

It must not, however, be forgotten that a life in the woods is
invariably one of severe toil and hardship. The labour of felling
trees and removing the stumps is one which fully tests the
strength and endurance of the settler. There is no time for
play, even for women or children. All have to put their shoulders
to the wheel, for it takes several years to make a farm ; but the
settler will find plenty of raw materials ready to hand ; timber
for building, fencing, firing and other purposes ; game for food,
skins for clothing or ornament, &c. Large quantities of sug^ar
are obtained from the sugar maple-tree. In some places wild
rice grows in great abundance. The best land is timbered with
oak, ash, elm, beech, bass-wood and sugar-maple. Over three
millions of acres have been taken up by three great associations,
the Canada Company, the British America Land Company,
and the Canadian Land and Emigration Company, who form
roads, prepare the soil for cultivation, and otherwise improve
the land, the difference between the sums obtained for parcels
of land thus improved, and that given for the same in its wild
state, constituting their source of profit. Emigrants with capital

mmm

INFORMATION FOE BMiaEANTS.

are strongly advised to procure, where possible, land which has
been partially cleared, so that they can commence farming
operations at once. All through the earlier settled portions of
Ontario, in the neighbourhood of all the principal towns, and in
the spaces between the great Lakes of Ontario, Erie and Huron,
there are many good cleared farms that can be purchased at
from 20 to 50 dollars per acre. These farms are generally of
100 to 200 acres each, and they will have from 40 to 80 acres
cleared. They have all buildings of some kind or other on
them, and the good or bad quality of the buildings partially
governs the price. The average run of good farms of 100 acres,
with 30 to 50 acres cleared, will be about .£500 sterling. There
are plenty of such locations to be bad within reach of churches,
schools, good roads, and often within half-a-day's drive of a
good town or village, near or through which one of the exten-
sive railways passes. Other places, with better buildings, and
situated in the most favoured localities, will be worth from
^500 to d£l,000 sterling, but either class of farms can be
easily obtained, and are well worth the money at the prices
mentioned.

The cost of erecting a substantial log-hut is estimated at ^5.
One significant fact in connection with the ownership of land in
Canada is, that such an individual as a tenant farmer is a com-
parative rarity. In Upper Canada alone there are more than
160,000 landowners. The direct taxes on these rarely exceed
3d. in the pound on the assessed value of their property, and
the fund so formed is devoted to the construction and main-
tenance of roads, schools, and similar local purposes. There
are no rents, no tithes, no poor-rates, no church-rates, no
stamp duties; in short, Canada is literally a land of freedom
in its most extended sense. The man who in England can
seldom rise beyond the grade of tenant farmer becomes in
Canada the substantial landed proprietor.

We might fill many columns with other details relating to
Canada, and yet be far from exhausting the subject. Enough has,
however, been given to show the nature and resources of this
important emigration field, and the advantages offered by it to
the intending settler, but we must again repeat that the essen-
tials of success are perseverance and hard work. Mr. White,
an inhabitant of Ontario, observes, in a recently published
lecture: — "Let me say frankly that if you go to Canada to-
morrow, or to the United States either, the chances are you may
be disappointed. Many a man leaves his home here and goes to
a new country, and imagines that he is going to pick up nuggets
in the streets. Many a man thinks that his condition is to be
bettered as by an act of magic the moment he puts his foot on
the soil. It will not be so. The condition of life in that country,
as in all other countries, but particularly a new country, is the
condition of hard work,'*

THE

?#■■

1-5

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