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BULLETIN No. 8 INVESTIGATION PEAT BOGS PEAT INDUSTRY OF CANADA 1910-11 BT A. Anrep. OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1912 No. 151 ■, t i; AN ADA DEPART M K N 'I' < > F M I N K S MIMU BRANCH ll'iv. ItimtHT KiMiEHn. MiNiiii.H. V I' l.oH. 1.1,1) Dtrin MrM»rrH: BULLETIN h . 6 > INVESTIGATION PEAT BOGS PEAT INDUSTRY OF CANADA 1910-11 BDUOTHEQXTI! DE I'ECOIE ninECNMDVE DE MON'iit£AL A. Anrep. 187S4— IJ OTTAWA GOVKHNMIAT I'lUNTING 111 uKAl 1912 No. I.jl i,i:ttkh or TH.wsMrrTAr To l)K. KrdKNK HAANr.l.. Din-ctor of Miiifi* Uriinrh, Dopitrtiiifiit of \lin«'!«, • Mtnwii. SiK, I Im'h to Niihinit, liin-witli, ii rrport on tlir |Miit l>o({- iiinl P'""' iiuluNtry of Cuimila; dfuliiir spjMiiilly wit' li.- invoHtigtition of cprtiiin p«'«t lions in Ontario ami Manitohu, aiK a nunilMT of othi-r Ik>K'* in th«' last natni' i 'm'liminary examination tif ini'i'. Part I r»Morat on the Holland |M'at bog, ne...- Bradford, Ontario— as investigated .luring the autumn of lltltl; alHo detailed particulars of 11 bogs investigated, and a general l2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I'MiK Letter of tiar.brnittul Part 1 On the iimnufiiiturinKiit pi'iit ul the ( ii.virniii.r.i piai li.>i!. Alfnil. < >ntiirii., I'.MII Itotiiny (if Altreil ixal (m.k: illu^lrudil . Table I; Otilario ixai lMn;^<. eiiiiipanilivc !iniil.\ H-s (.f peal. Niiles rm -pecial applianri-^ for I hi' iiianufaeiure of |Mat fui'l l.ineiiln exiavaliiiK ».V!-liiii al lariihaiii. » 'I'hi' Ann p 1 xeavaiinn ->>leiii: ile.Miiption iif •■Diierinii < 'iin.-iirliuni, " Mcimvav: mechanieal i xtrin-iiiin <•! i^iiin- fruin |»-ai On the iiiipraiiiral.iiiiv iif ilryinK peal liy mean- of hcit air Talile II: lull i-iiiiieil in eva|x>ratin(! variou- i|uanlitie< of water Notes on >pliaKnuiii. iM'at Imi!-. ami the variou- um- to wliieh they are li.inK applieil.. The eaiNe of ileail .-phaKnuill l,ii(J-i . ,. ., i i (tn the iiiieioseopieal inve>tii!at ion of pi'at paper simples Iv l-.mii llaiiiiinil I Translation! ( 'anlhoanl Pastelioaril I'aht II — Investimiliiins (it ( anailian |)eat l)o)is ., Ontario — Holland ix'at Iiok: ileseripl ion of Talih' III: I'arliiular analyses of ixat from llollaml lioK Talile IV: Analyses iif peat from Ontario lioKs nenerally Manitolia - Lac ilu Himnel peat l.o)t: (leseription of Transiiiission " " < 'orduroy " " ■ H<>»wy * 'reek " " Hiee Lake Muil l-ake l.itter peat lioK . . ((I) I'eul litter (h) I'eat fuel Julius peat litter lioK ( 'oney Islunil I'eat Ixm < 'rozier Peat lion Fort Francis Peat lio(2 Table \': suinmary of the Manitolia |)eat lioKs investiuateil, lilll Peat Imiks of which pn liminary investigations were made WhileiiKiuth or Transcontinental marsh . Plum marsh Netley marsh < 'lamlebdye imirsh HiK (iras.s marsh ....... DoukIjls peat bog Mc( 'rear\ marsh , ■ ■ • ■ Oehri' Kiver. or Turtle marMh . Dauphin marsh Table VI: Summary of Manitoba peat buns preliminarily investinaied durinu the sdison of lilll. . 14 lit 17 IS 19 20 -JO 21 21 22 22 23 24 25 26 2A 28 29 30 :« 31 31 31 32 32 32 :{:t Peat Powdeh — Appendices 1, II. III. and IV — (I) Description, and detailed particulars of the peat iMiwder manufacturinu plant at Hack. Smaland. .Sweden, liy K. Nystriim. .lernkontorets Peat l-aininecr ill) .\ report on the manufacture of peal and peat powder at the Hack Peat liiiK, hy means of the Fkelund system, by Captain lOrnst Wallaren. Chief Knuineer. .Swedish (Government iieat invesliKation. Talde VII: Data of tests made with [x at iKiwder at Hack illl) Note on the operation of the Munktell-Kkelunil excavator on the Hiick peat boK. (IV) Report (abstract ) of discussion on |)eat powder, at .Stockholm 4i (V^ I'Atraets from Swedish nc\vsp;iper. on i>eat powder manufacture 49 :i4 46 Appendix VI ^Pable VIII: Summary records of the total amount of machine peat m;tnufactur(>d in SHcden. durinu liHKI I'ollowinK .V) Table l.\: Summarv r rd of the total amount of machine peat manufactured in Den- n,;,rk durir.fc- I'lill FoUiiwinir M) Index I.isT or Mines Hhani ii Pibiihtionm. SI Vll VIII Il.l.rsTRATIONS. Plaf II. III. IV V VI. • VII • VIII IX X XI • XII ' XIII • XIV • XV. ■ XVI. ' XVII. XVIII. XIX. I'holttfjraithtt. Panora-ni. vi.w .,f Alfr.,1 p,.at boK, sh.,wi„« ..,..av„,i„« ,„achi„r in operation ''"""■ plaTf:Irm"7*""""' "'^^"•" "' "*"' •"""«'■ "»•"'• ™"»-y "iding. and loadinK 1. ( han aclaphnc ralyculata (( •as.^amlra calyiulata) i.-Kriophorum anKUMifolium. Roth: (.W.X'S ' V. Varciniunt oxvrnppiiM- /.*»».«;/ «.««!,„ * (Leather ka}). -vaociniuni oxypocrus: (Small cranberry) -Jolytricuni|unip,.rinum: (Cup moa>,) -Leiluiii-latifolium: (/.aftrador /ea) -^arraicnnia purpurea with a flower: (I'itcker plant) -^rrarrnnia purpuna: (Pitrhr plant) -Kalniia Klaura: (Swamp laurel) -Kalinia angustifolia: (Sheep laurel) -Lincoln peat machine: general view showins it in -Ur. Wielanilt s peat in '^ ' .nerai view showmii it in actual operation on the fiei.i Wielandt peat machine. :.howinK spreadinR apparatu,.*. .. . Dramng. Kin. l.-tJeneral arranRement of the .\nr..p exiavating ma.hine Mapii. m. 16.5. 152. 157. l.W. 159.- 180.- 161- 162.- 163.- 164.- I.W.- - Holland peat Ihik, Ontario Kort Frances peat hoji, < )ntario.. -&i'n'iSi"„",.I'':ll''^i">'' '' •?;"• ^T '"^•'•'"Wcd in Ontario. iJU au Konnet peat bog, Manitoba - 1 ran>^mis^.i.>n peat boK. .Manitoba. -(•irduroj ;..r.t bog, Manitoba. .. -Hoguy C're. k p<.at 1m>(i. Manitoba. -Kiee Lake p.at bog. Manitoba.. -Mud Lake peat bog, Manitoba. -Litter peat bog, Manitoba. -Julius peat tog. .Manitoba . -Map showing lo.ation of p,.at bogs investigate,! in Manitoba. Knd. INVESTIGATION OF THE PEAT BOGS AND PEAT INDUSTRY OF CANADA. PART I. MANUFACTUHK. ON THE MANUFACTURING OF PEAT AT THE GOVERNMENT PEAT BOG, ALFRED, ONTARIO, 1910. ^4. Anrep. The delimitation of the hog, analyses of peat, and installation of the plant at Alfred has already been described in Bulletin No. 4, pages 14-18. The operations during the season of 1910 were as follows: a working area of 1,000 feet wide, by 3,125 feet long (about 72 acres) was laid out on the west half of lot 9, concession VII, Alfred township, Prescott county. During the previous year, the above area was drained on the cast side by a main ditch 3,125 feet long, which runs north and south from the road to the railway. This ditch was dug to the bottom, in order to keep the work- ing trench in a fairly dry condition. A second ditch, separated from the main ditch by 1,000 feet, was dug for a distance of 2,800 feet. This ditch is known as the "Parallel Ditch". On the north of the bog and at right angles to the ditches specified, another ditch was dug, which receives the water from the drained part of the field, and empties it into one of the concession ditches, or so-called water course ditches. Between the main and parallel, „t air .lri...l poaf with s.-v..n't!;r;:..;};:;;„;::r;,:!'::;,;;::^^ --• -hpi.,.,! a, th.. p.at ........1,.... loaded car d disconnected the cables ^n I , ,' ,1 . '"","'■" '"■'T'' '''^"'''' =' 'hird man spare time this „. .nn^ 'he t 'en s wis!!" 'V"'" *'"' ''"''' "'•"^^; I" '"^ sprca.linK out the peat in t he' field pn-ss '"" ""'" '"'"' ""M»l"ye,l for «athe;;;:i t'i^h "mi '"feV'- "?'";• ^'"- '"•"•■•• -••' -«"'<■: tw., 'I"he field pre; hoys l)ov 'x'hind a stripriiOO fTt'' lon'J' hV'Jf f'' t'""''', '" V'" "T'"'^''''^ "■""••''• '"^ving surface,,f th.fd;Ji^.fi li"«^ .,^ J:;,-;^;;;;^--^ r..;at ..« the stnp ..ntaining l.et.vven 7 to 8 toLs o" dl^lln.^^';!;;;.!''"' ""^ '^"^ ''">-^ -»' turning w s S t vou^^''C:''?, "P"" .^'''Vl-ather con.liti.lns. The (See Plates I and II ) " ^ ' ' ''*'" ■■'■''''''■'''' " '''■"t^ P'''" l.<)<»t> I'H.-ks. in sn^t^iX^iLral mi::^T!i;i^] ^\*'- "^^^'""•'' '* -'^ ^^-i^^d or cubes the finished fuel xvn !t / T ,000 l.ricks. From these small piles the railway cars on nort-rhleVr. iT ''"*' *'''''"" *" '^'' '''''^' •'""•^<' or to (S..e Plates III IV V VI ) ' '" '""' f"""''"*'''' ^"'- »'"■ PurP^^'- and Si=t^rp;lr?aKtl^^^^^^ ^""- ^'- ">'"""■ "^ ^'"-. The following amount was realized — ^24 ton, JJO'lr-'!:' to Public WoH \ •/ • IJay ( o. tor domestic use. ^^ by Mines Branch lor domestic use. 1 I v , ", " 'I'o I'uel Testing Plant ) sold at the bog. ^ ^ l)y Mines Hranch to (lermanv. 61 160 98 9 1424 1000 Total 794 tons, 1724 lbs. While the plant was in operation on: — Continuation of d (1) the following work was al.so carried vanls. • "^ ^"* ''"■•■''• '^■'"•■'' amounte.1 to 741 cubic (2) Levelling the surface of tlie ground— were ievelle( brush. bog. Two-thirds— about and cleared from tn^'s, 47 acres of trunks, and ■H (H) lOrcction of ImildinRs: peat shcil tor storiiK"' "• t of manufacturing jieat at .Alfred, Ontario, will lie prepared in separate report by Mr. B. V. Haanel, Chief of Fuel TestinR Division, .Mines Branch. BOTANY OK AI.KKKI) I'KAT H()(i. A number of i>hotograi)hs were taken of the different botanical plant- in the .\lfred i)eat bo)?, which show the constituent orKanic growths from which the peat has been formed. (See Plates VII to XVI). Sphagnum moss has been the chief factor in the formation of the Alfred peat bog. Well humified sphagnum intermixed with other plants; for instance, puhdriciim jiinipcrinitni, criophirum, and other acpiatic plants, jjroduces a fairly good fuel. Inasm^ich as sphagnum moss contains a very small amount of inorganic material — growing as it does (m watery ground containing little nourish- ment — it gives a comparatively small i)ercentage of ash when burned. Ontario F?at Bogs: Comparative Analyses of Peat. The following table gives the chemical composition of dry peat from the different l)ogs investigated in Ontario: — s o •c -2 s 8 S — 01 g I I et e J3 .e 09 B I ■5* ?i^;iiliiilii»siHSi|j|j|js = | i&'s,-: s?s k 1 p H f £ X h, a. C a i §g§l §i * cess i= = = --■^■| f. ^ •^ » ;? ■ * li ■- a z 3^ I £». c 5: laij ^ KO(| ijjii., < * >r X t C - t ! ill Ifli-I ili^|=f if = T f - S « i I g ?■= - ex r C - > ^.E-S.HaS v-=x' t .i = : - S '^ rn-«?;Cf,-,^^ l-iirc ir. 'ill Tuniint! lit i» Ml liliJi'k-, Kiivirnir int P'nt ipo(r, Mfri'il. {>>) Turning of peat l)lock^, govirnim nt p?'.fp.a,,.ul,inK.K.,v,.rnm,.„,,H,at 1«.K, «, .Alfred. Purr. IV. ('(} LiimliiiK of firy [M-ut iiit<> tliiiiipitiLr rnr^, pivi mtiM nt iM-nt Km;, Atfn-d. R^^^^^ Co Trannpiirta*!!)!! of prat I'nun the dryinn fM-Iil tu "-hnl^, lor >tackir.K or .xlupiirnt, Kovirnmcnt prat liojr. Alfred. Imt. \, f^tiuk ,.f ,«,„. K„v,Tn„Mnt |K.„t l,oK. Alfnd I'l M. \l (ij) Trian^uliir ^licil (or ntoriiKi' ii( drii il pi u>. Mil. 1 ( ■|i;itn,M-iliipliin- *';tly'ul;it:i ii-.t!*-* niilni r:ii5 riiiaTa ■■ \i.11ith4r hat. I i 1 !»7M— 2J I'IMK IX. i:n,.pli„ru,nar.«u>iif„liuni. I{,„h iMimlnir diiii'n. 1 ESfrfsz—!-'— nrr I'LMi: \. Vacciniuni (txy^■(»■l•u^*: (SrniiU rninhtrry.) BTT— BffW Bf! I'll IK \I I'lil.vtricurji jiiniixTinuMi > I 11/' «/.,.. ■■ I'lMK MI. l.rduiii lal ifdliuiii (Lilljrutiiir Ini.l m '■'^TK Xlll purpur,.. „i,„,.„.,„.,.r; ' ilclitr /ilunl. ) I'lvrK MV. MiTaccnnia purpurea: I /'i7i7i( /■ iilnnl. I K:il;iiia (flauca: I ■'<"■«»(,, I'll,:; I.) i i*i»rfB~ - ■*» I'HTK XVI. Kalinia anKU^Mfulia: NOTES ON SPECIAL I APPIIANCES FOR OF PEAT FUEL. THE MAMFACTIRE Lincoln Excuvatinfi System at Famham, Que. A Liii(-i>lii i'X(-:iv:iti)r fur (Hkk>>>K tl>'' l>*'''>t laitoiii.'itically. with ;iii iprovt'd spreading drvicf and with an Anrt'p piilpcr, was iiistaUrd and of I'.tIO on the Faridiani peat Ihi^, wliicli is tra- crniont railway, almut 10 inih's from Montri'al. Farnhaiu, wiiich histcd ahoiit two day-, I had >■(■ the peat phiiii ill operation for not iiiorr than trn'( vcrxi t wo 1 d th^ tiriiiK 1 by Ih During the opp hours. This was too short a time to olt'ain any (h'Hnitr linun'' I'atcrpilhir rollers, direetly on the on ■-urface of A platform rest inn the lioR. The excavator peat machine, nasoline eiiKiiic, and tlie peat foriniiiK ap|)aratus are .all mouuteil on tiie same platform. (See Plate No. Will. The excavator is placed on the long side of the platform, and parallel to its leiiKth. To regulate the depth of the working trench, it can Itc moved up and down. It digs a perpendicular ditch, alxiut one foot wiile. The excavated pe; t is conveyed l>y means of a l)cll elevator to the pulper; after the peat is thoroughly l)ulped, it is (h'livered into a receptacle ahout lo feet lonn, which is placed across the hack of the platform. In this receptacle is placed a dividing, endless screw, which evenly (listril)Utes the ])eat pulp to ttoth sides and spreads it on the surface of the hog, where it is formed ami cut. Tlie ol)ject of this peat plant, as well as all other jicat plants sup])lied with a mechanical excavator, is to replace hand labour as much as possible by machinery. From my observation and from the statement received from the assisting peat engineer, Mr. Carlsson, the ca])acity of the above-mentioned plant was between 20 and 2.") tons per day, employing a working staff of three men and one boy, and using about 30 gallons of gasolin" per day as fuel. This plant somewhat resembles the Dob.s(m's excavating and spread- ing device, both being supported by caterpillar rollers, travelling direct on the surface of the bog, and excavating a narrow trench alongside the working line, and spreading the peat pulp on the surface of the liog close to the plant. The Dobson's a|)paratus is quite adaptable on a well drained bog surface, which is strong enough to support the weight of the machine, wlien the peat mull is to be produced for briipu'tte manufacturing, but using the same method with improved construction for manufacturing air-tlried peat on a large scale, the principle employed is not correct. Machine peat fuel can not be produced from frozen peat, since such peat loses its cohesive properties; this is the case when a long working line is required. During the season the Lincoln machine will excavate about one foot in breadth; this trench would be exposed to frost the succeeding winter. Supposing that on each running foot of the 1-5 ft. wide drying fi<'ld iyiy pounds are dried, then the daily production of 2.T tons would reipiire perdaj' hr. V 2 000 55 or aljout 910 feet = 303 yards. If the peat takes only 30 days to dry, the length of " e field will be 30 times 303 = 9,090 yards, or more tliMii .-) inil,.^ 1,,,,^ |,|,^j '•<-"«i.l.r.-.Mv iMMKrr Thi'!''', •''nil''''' ".""""••. "i- -Irvii.K fi-M w.m.M 1 ;:„';; i""^-' ""- • i-i.n.i; .''',,',''; '7; ''•'' "•' ""• '"••■" '-«^ i..'.v; 111.. I.in.oln rx.jiViitor ,..n '"I'll h.,„l.| ,,,;;;'*];''';'; '""'I'"' I— I--.T.. ,1,.. ,„,„. ,f„,. '^ " >• P.'Ml .•Diitaiiiinir xjs „,.,• „ . • "" "'•'" "'"'>• 'I"' >iiiImc.. ^vorUl l,y m,,..|,in,.ry. ' ' "" "' """^""v '^•u, .,lvM.;taK,.o,J|y |,,. ''•>■'-.« fi..i.i, „.,,,,, , „...;";;:•::,";;;;;;:-,;;;;" ""■ """->-■' " »liK (;erman Type of Combined Excav '■^•rm.nu.-...nn.i„^;:;;:.i:;l:;;i.;''-!;-''K.^ ating and Spreading Machine. with ?i,;''T"''"r '^ ^'"''"'••■'1 ' • ''"',7 "Illy .)ii<' man. "ctk.Ml on till' .|,.v,.|- i»"|- .iiiil M.n.a.liriK .|,.vi,.,, " ''X.'avatc a tt '■•K'M .)t .{() loiis a' The Ekenberg VVet-Carboniz >ng Process. ■•«-•. lrT!M7i i \'l Mt \\ I!. I.irnnlp |M>;it iii;trl(itit' , inojKra'iM : r^iTfxif^^w.vt^sam \?mxwjcmBapvaics:. % »F '^9jr' '.-':."'lii!ir' I :"S' ■"^ -?:^si CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES MINBS BRANCH Hon. Robkkt Roobks, Ministkb; A. P. Low, LL.D., Dkputt MimsTBR; EuGENi Haanbl, Pr.D , DinCTOR. 1918 ; MINES iCH w LL.D., DspuTT Ministkr; I'lRBlTOR. ^I'^l" ^-rr-iS v-Mt: .'gtr-^rmtl I ■! t it'mmm/mmmmM/'Ji^^, FIG ■MHPP w ^^^ :r ^ ji^i ^^ ./ FIG. I.-GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE ANREP EXCAVATING MACHINE ANRE ?EP EXCAVATING MACHINE To accompany BuUmtin No. 8, " hvottigation of Pmat Boga and Pmat InJmtry of Canada. ' ' Roport No. 181. The Anrep Excavating System. Mr. A. Aiircp, Sr., of HclsinnborK, has lately invented a new (iiKRinjj and eonveyinp; apparatus for exeavatinR ju-at nieehanieally (See Fin. 1.) and in eoniiexic" with this, lie improved his maseeratiug mill: eahU' device for the transportation of tiie pulped peat to the spreading anil drying field, and (h'signed an improved spreadinK apparatus for forming the i)ulpe(i peat into uniform hrieks on the surface of the hog. The object of the new j)eat niachin<' is to increase the production, diminish the cost of labour, and to operate effectively on any kind of ])eat hop, whether firm or soft. The excavator consists essentially of the combination of a platform resting on three parallel rails on the surface of the boj;, an(l a l)ucket exca- vator mounted (m a carriage and movable on rails set oblicpiely across the back of tliis platform. The three rails carrying the jilatform run longi- tudinally with the trench, and are so placed that, the outside rail is about on the centre line of the trench, while the iiuiermost one is some distance beyond the inner edge. Tlie platform is i)rovided with a conveying trough extending in the patli of the traverser for taking uj) and conveying the excavated [)eat into a hoiip<'r. Through this hopi)er the raw jx'at is discharged info the p<'at mill, where it is thoroughly kneade.l. From the mill the homogeneous peat mass is c(mveyed. by means of a belt, through a ccmduit into the dumping cars, and hi these is transported by cable, on an endless track, to the spread- ing grounds. The new cable device is somewhat similar to the system used at .\lfred: except that it provides for the automatic lengthening or shortening of the tractional cable, with the shifting of the circular track, and with the advance f the excavator. The field press is very similar to Jacobson's; with the exeepti(m that ;' 's reversible. On the front of the frame are placed three heavy, wooden drums, with a tongue attached to the central one. Tliese drums are intended to level the surface of the l)og, as well as to be u.sed for turning the sjireading and forming ajiparatus. Hy i)ressing down th(? tongue, the back of the api)aratus is raised from tlie ground; and the whole spreading nuu-hine can easily be turned completely round and placed in position to work back over the field and spread the peat in the opposite direction. It is ]>rovi(h'd with a worm device, which spreads the peat nia^s eveidy in the l)ox. Behind the worm device, a largo wooden drum is placed across the frame for smoothing the surface of the spread ))eat. The long and slender knives which cut the peat easily, follow the surface, and do not tear up the edges ()f the spread peat bricks. This apparatus is connected to a cable, which follows the outside of the track as a means of actuating the cable alternately in both directions. .V loop and pulley arrangement with counterweight attached, auto- matically compensates the lengthening and shortening of the cable and keeps it at the proper tension. To operate this plant, a 40-45 H.P. electric motor is retiuired; or, if necessary, a locomotive boiler can be substituted. The stated production 18784—3 J I rapacity is from «i()-80 tons per day (ten hours' work), t'lnployinn iv workin staff of 10 men and 1 hoy. Division of hilniiir as follows:— 1 man, attcndinR to the excavator, 2 men, loadinR and couplinR on the cars. •2 men, uncoupling the cars and s|)readinj{ the peat in the field pr»'s 1 machinist, attending to tin- electric motor. 1 hoy, assisting the machinist l)y turning one end of the levers. 2 men, levelling and moving the tracks on the field. 2 men. h>velling and moving the tracks at the plant. This excavator will he seen in operation on the .Alfred peat hog durin the summer of 11)12. "Doering Consortium." Mkihankal KxrH.A(Ti().\ OF .Moi.sTruK FROM Pkat. In Hussia. a large company is heing orgjinized: the so-called "Doerin Consortium," .Moscow. They claim to have solved the process of extract ing the moisture content of raw peat drying apparatus as 80 per cent, then 6,480 B.T.U. are utilized per pound of fuel. Since 1 118 B T U PHTK XVIII. Dr. W it'landt'^ peat iiiuchine. 1S7S4 :!'. is tlif miiiiilily of licat iicci-siiry to r:\\>v one poiiiiil of wiiltr fmiii lid' F. to 212 and convert it to >ti'uin, tlitii tlic ;iinount of furl consiinuMl- /= il>s. t)4S() Tlic follow iliK talilr was calciilati'd for l,(HH) poiniils of raw peat of variod^* pcrci'ntani's of water rontent: TAHi-K 11. A. ». x. V. z. Nil (Mlt|IUl '< r, Ibx. »,*. tb*. 1 X-Z IIh. I W 10 Ill HX<.t Ii4 • NU I'd 'm2'2 77S i:i4 ss 70 m XK\ «67 ll.> 2IS «0 41) 444 5M IMi :!4s W) .w S.ltl 444 77 47!i 40 m liliT 333 47 till) 30 7(1 77S 322 3N 7411 20 Ml SS(I 111 IS S7(i 10 liows .•iearly that the peat can not l)e ilrie( econoniicallv hv artificial heat. NOTES ON SPHAGNUM, PEAT BOGS. AND THE VARIOUS USES TO WHICH iHEY ARE BEING APPLIED. TIIK ( AISK OF I)K.\1) s1MI.\(;MM HO(W. I'eat-meii have on several occasions hrouijht to my attention the fact that they have in their exjiericiice met with dead bogs without knowing the cause of them. The following description of siK'h hogs may. therefore, prove of interest. Frequently, there appears on the surface of a growing hog a special kind of hepatiea plant which i.-revents the sphagnum moss from further growth. Small holes are formed which are at times filled with water. .\s the water rises, smaller or larger parts of the surrounding siihagnum are disintegrated, and thus killed hy ih'grees. This also occurs where winter roads run through the hogs. Tlie roads usually kill the sphagnum on the surface and gradually form wi(h' and deej) channels tilled with water, whicli in time form cpiaggy groun 'If that poiiiis arc foriiii'il on the surfacf of tlir Ih>k; ami at tin»<'« thi'si- get so larRr as to form lakes of consideraM)' si/c. This can lie seen in sonic parts of tlic NewiiiKton l)o({, Ontario. It is ciiaractcristic of (oiaKK.V liolcs that tiic liottoiu is itsiiully fornietl of a loose mire or iniitl. (.*nniii(icnx Tidnkrifl', January, liMl, panes Hl-Sit. 'I'l r <|ut-ntipliiiunuiii iiton^, lias ln'i'n rai^rtl many tiiiicr.*. 'I'lic iiu|uir.\' liiir* u.Hiiiiily i*nilt'fi- iiiinl^. Siiii.iilic iiirii ir. Ilir parxr iiiilu-try ilu nut Bcriii to havr hail very inurli inntiili'nri' in till" ir..ult^ id tl.isc ixpiriiiiinti; anil tlii« lack nf inhliclinci' a« will \,r ^hnwn was will fiii.nli'il. 'I'll!' ciin^istcnfy iif peat ii ''Ui-li tliat. it ranrmt In' rxpi'i'li il tn iiiaki* ?«tri,nK uiiil liurahli- f-apiT witliuut ilii- riiiploy Micnt in it^ iiianufai'tiiri- of roniplicuti-il ami i-xtrn^ive iiiarliiniTy nrrr^sary for till' I'lraniiiK. hliarliinii, ami ilryinn of I'l' piai. This inaki-s thi' tiiishi'il proiliirt so inpi^nsivi' that it ran lianlly {'iiiii|h-ii' with ihr prirrs of thi- iiiatiTial now on tin- iiiarki't. .\t thr .MoN<.ktiiturforrininK iSwi'iii^-li Prat .Soi-icty) iiiuM'Uin is to In* founil a i-onsiilcralili- I'uUi rtion of iii'at pap< r saiiiplis fioiii ililTiri'nt plans. .'Siiiiii> film; ago si'viTal saiiiplrs iiiailr from Irish |Kat wrri' adiliil. < oiiiparison of thisr -ainpli's with those pri'vii usly t'oUrctiil. rausi'il an invi'stiitalion to lir maili': to asnrtain if thiy wi n inaili' of pivit. .Soiiii' of the ti'sts of till' striTKth of paprr lirri-aftri iiii-ntionril have iM'cn iiiailii a 'riling to thp AiiiiTiran stanilaril liy Dnninirr A. Skeppsteilt at the Munksjo paper-worka — to whom I am indi'litiil. anil lavi to thank, for valualile written information. Several histrriial ahstraits eoneerninK fi reiwn manufaeturiiiK have lieen taken from "< )stert .MiMirzeitsehrift." Herr Sehri'iher for iiianj years uave short 'eeounts of ihi ililTirent paper iiianufuetiirinK firms ami proecsses. < 'areftj note was maile of il 'nKth of tiiiie earh firm histeil hr fore ki irE into hankruptey, am! of the h..^ses entaileil in eaeh (!) 7'(j.i^-'w'ir(/. manuf.' ■'' at the .Munksjo paper works in ISiK). for experimental purposes, proveil to l»i very IiM.si'. s' i> .ztazeil, thin, anil Kotilen brown in I'olour, with liark stripes. Thin- ne: paper was also proili It hail a tensile strer.fitli of ahout 1.5 Knulish pounils, wei^heil ll>0 urams p^-r square meter, d wariO-;i2 mm. thii'k. Mtrrti.fftiinc itiit\tiiiittntn. The main part of tie- material eonsistt* of unhumified. perfeetly hyaline itflass-like) sphagnum moss. The leaves are iinfraetuii'd, anil show, oeeitsionally, distinet prres: hut with a dis.sidved (!la.s.s-i'lear sulistanee. The sterns are often quite lonK. ami extend right aeri ss the field of view at MO times enlarurment. The woody texture in tliesi; is whole, hut the hark iiia.v he lacking, ilowever, there is to he found perfeet. hark .strui'tures witii di.stir.ct retort shaprd ah.sorption eells. Kriophorum vaKinatiim appears in dark strips up to I centimetre long, 01 -0-8 mm. wide. This, at thi enhargement seems to consist of ha.st elements from leaf sheaths. It is also found wi*ii itrown striped hast threads, and I ■ twccn these h.valine (glass-like) epidermis cells; fine roots of earex occasionally occur. Fihres ol spruce, sphagnum s,>ores. and spruce pollen, are found in small quantities. It can rradily he se* n that pastehoaril of the ahove qualit.v cannot possess much strength. The h-aves and stems of the sphagnum mosses contain very little of the thrrail or hast elements which are requited for mar.ufacturing paper. The filtering capacity of the leaves is extremely small, and decreases as they disintegrate, l-h'en the stems which contain w*ood substance have a small (|uantity of fibre, 'i'he wihhI substance is composed of only a few eells ami thick la^'ers ol weak and short wocd cells with little substance. Inwardly the stem a.ssumes the texture of pith and outwardl.v rf bark (airbags. ) The binding elemci.fs in this case are the added wooden substances and erioplioruui. while the sphagnum can only be considereil as a 'iller, and as such, il is for most purposes un-iiilable. II .oliuununi ti.iin.l in itu' pfiptr i-. u.uhII> in tt .li.lnlrKml.a f..riii iin,l in lliiti .ii.l.' i. ulyui tli.' .»m.- ?» »... innry p.'n' mull with n lafK- .•l™.rp.i..n ...p,.. mv for ouhT \. 1. r...|.h ..(...rl,. m.iBV lim..! II. ..wn irig, I ,.r iimi.lgrr .«n.l r-l...-.-. it will. .liHwully. lli.' .IrvinK m ■- h v-ry .lUl,. ,ili •inil i-»Pfn»iv<'ii»in« 111 thi. niiHiuiiliit iirliliiuil lit;ii n-MUiriMl. .„, . . i \ .luily pr.Klurti<.n i.f 12 l..n- of pr.il »iili *• p. r r.ni Kpl.nKnuin nu .. wiml.l r..|U«r. wi I. n^ol I ii.ul liul HI. it *.i|tli» 10 14 liiii.,. iiii.rr Itiiin lf>.' dry |«i.l, H wtHil'l Im n *iry In r.in..w 51 ' I ' ... , .i,.iK- M„.t „f ih.' WBl.r liii. t.. !..■ r.n>r.n-.l l.v .irlitui..! Ii.'iit ... ..nly ii ».ry xiimll III |» I riiH IK'UI hut HI. II W'lBIl" I" H """""'""'""""""'* I"'"' " "■"■■•■""■ - n, t w il. r iliiilv. M.'«t .if 111.- WBI.T Im. I.. !..■ t.n...v.-.l l.v .irtitioi..! Ii-iit ... ..nly in .ry xiiii, m • in..'. I.. inir.a«' ll..' mii..l»r ..f . ylin<|.r». in.r...«ititf lli.> w.rkinK ,.n.l .r..li..n . mho-.- ■in.l r."|ulring.in .nLirii.' nl ..f -pu--. ll «ill I .n ihui -pl.uiinuin " i« l...r.lly .mtul.l. a. 1. 1 r '" '^7r^/'v!''w.nm." I.i...l.f"r', p,.p..r f.i.L.ry i. ..1....... »lr.;.«-. r „n.| , ..n-i-l, ..f .l.lT. r.^ni ihlikno-.-. (n.ii. ;i(l mm. I.i ..v.r i » mm. IIh' vkIkIiI "( ll"' tir.li... nl...f..-.l i .kWm. - i> MHI iiiam. |.r -.|uiir.' mi I. r iin.l inntiiin.-.. miDnlinn «.) tlii' ^lul.in.ni-. i»-u.'.l by 111.' lii'i' ry i-.m Miliimtiuiii mi.«" iin.l iW p.r .'.nl w.»i.ly i-iili-lAn.;.'. ,,.,,,. . i.,» ^.„, •I-Im. ...luuinui ..».. .'.in.i-i^ m.i.^lly i.f i.l.-^.lut.'ly unliumill.-.! I.yulinc l.av.'s ..f liilT-r-'nt vari.-li.-, Willi 11 ""I'll am-iinl "■' ""'"" '""■"• '''•''" ""' •""•l'-ti'»tur.' wliil.' III.' I.'i.v.-. an- u.n.rHllv wli.il.' Krii.plii.ruiii viiKiiiaUiiii i« 1. -'■ fi.'.tii.nl . i.i i .. \ "ill ll..' pr.'vi.,u» .a.... ll..' .pl.Munui.i ...... i-. liiil" .ii-.nl.uiat.-l, l.ut .,ii ...•.ount i.f tlir Urii- .luaiiliiv ..f a. .l.'.l «....! lil.i.-- il p.i.»».'««- Kr.al.r »lr.iinll.. ll is impo-il.l.' L. ■..;<• Ili.'>"'af m " .ZlH-ar.! will. II..' iiak.Kl .v.-; tlii- .'an I"' .li,lintfui-l..'.l "nly pd.r ml. r.,-. .,pi,' inv,, .«al.on_ It I. „„(..«i.rlhy ll'Ht Ih.' P»P<'r i" "( a linln y.llow lul.mr; |..r.iiin |Hal pap.r n alway- ..I a .lark "iTniay »<-''m '"'•" •'"■ "t'nvo .lain that Id.- r.-ult.- ..f tli<"«' to-N w.-r„ ,urr.-,.lul H..w.'V<'r, „«,„« I,, ihf (inat .apiLity wliiH. pi'al liu-. f..r nlw.rl.init wal.-r. an.l ll.c gn-at rxp..-.- "nia I-;. in i.m.>vinii Hi. «am. , tli.' .xpcriin. nis wire n..l ...nlinu.'.l. llii« pa«l.'l>oiir.l wii« iiianul.i.tur.Ml Huorilinit I.I I't It.'l.li'''" pnlint in ••'•'■lin- , , .^..i . Tli, pr.»'.— i- a.. f..ll..w»: ll"' raw inat i» .l.-an.-.!, Iir.t l.y milinK it in Hi.' i.ia.l.in.- will a «.^ak «.luli..n ..I al.<.h..l f..r niiiovinu llii' l.umu'i ..ul.Man.'.;; it i. lli.'p .li.int.Krai.'.l in -p.M.i,.ii> , I'tru.t.'.! ma.'liinr.. ami finally in ni.-t .a-.- I.l.;...'li...l. Tli- M.... Iiiim pr,...-,- it i. -laitii.'.l v.ry .liffi-'ull anil .■..»tly-i.iu.l. i....r.' «. lli.n in ll,.- .««• ..f w. .h1 1,1,.,-. ILn.-.- it '"'" '"•""I '«■ ilin't .XplmKniiiii m..«-<. .'V.-n with tin- a.l.lillnn i.f a large am.junl .,f «...mI lil.n-, .an n..l l>. if. M i.i.mitni.ally in llifl inanufai'turi' I.f p»p<-r. . , . ,, ... . . .l : i . .l..rL I'uMi-biiaril manufailuiiil l-y K.nKin.'.-r l.u.lwig 1-ran. in .\.liti.,iil M.i.rm.rk i- ■>' " ' 'f^; tfr.'v-l,r..wn i'..l..iir. an.l i.s -.1 s-v.-ral ll,i.'kn.-»M-s. 1 1,.- Il,inn.-.l r,,i,i My h:v\ a l.nMl.' -,'''"¥"' 4(1 l;ngli.-.li Ix-unilH. w.-ikI,.-.I 41)0 gram- iM-r M,»arr m.tri-. an.l wa, ,14 mi.i. tl.i.'k. I'a.t.l...ar.l ' ir> mill ifiick liii.l a l.nMili- siringlh of no Kngli-.li pimmlit. . , ■ ('■arl.n.i Tl,.- ,urfa.-.- i- myir-l will, minut.- lil.r-. wlii.l. ar- nol yijil.l.- to 'l;'\"»l'';|' ..yi- ll,.- <|uantllv of peat iwlil'.! ix. in compari-.n. tin- »ai i.-< in lii- I.in. .-for- pa»i.'l..>ar.l ,.w..y.-r. Z Austrian Tpliagnum moss is ,„.,r.. „n.-v.-„ than .1,.- Sw.-j i-h; ''y» •";;'••,, ''"■^'','i ami .'..nlaini. oih.r kin.ls of piat rrsiilu.-, Kriopliorum \ aginatiiin luaihir, ami ''''I'; "'»'"';, ,,,ri-x. It iiiH that iimnuiii.iuring was i-ontinu.-il ..ng. r. whi.li may la- s.'.-n P^'" >' ';■"'" ' app<-aram'o of lh« .-arill.oar.l an.l from tin- mi.rosiopi.' siru, lar.-. M>l„[gnum .-aY's. Immili.^l I . ^r a in .li-gi.-c. o.'.'ur in smalU-r parts; „„humllii;. pi.-.-.-s at. ..tl.n whol,- an. I.yahi..' <«l";^ 'I" ; sl?.ms a".- yity -hort ami in m„.,y instan.'.--; I hav f.-uml ih- l.ark stru.-tur.' "' "'•'"'; ' -piralsof th.- ahsorpli.a, .-.-Us may uU. I..- v.ry I'l.'arly m tu.'.l ami .'V. n ih.' spor.'s. f 1 pli 'Itnum "'"Ti'i.UH'.rum orrurs ,1, ,-„nsi.li-ral.le iimouni ami a.-Lmally may la- foumi as singl. lil.r.-s 1 ut n ri- ft. n s.-v..ral lii.r,-.-. arr gath.'r...l tog.'th.-r in a I at .-omparal n .l.v wnli- »!r.^.ik. H.'iwi'.'n tl". "ihr.s .,.-un I. I li« lil.ii-s an- l>i'.l.l.'.l in pulp.-.insi.stingof pith parti.'l.-s. .„.„„:„1„„ Th.. sphagnum ..losi .nay also in this ras.- la- .onsid.r.-.l ..nly as a lill.r, wtiili- la- '7' " "« p.at subs an.-.-.s, as lor inslam .■. iriorhoruni. In ath.-r, ami lari-x. .M.main i„or.- ..r l.-s.s of fibrous Iiiat.-rial, whi.h Vonl.il.u.i's ,0 tli.-s.r.-ngth of th- pap.r l.u.i.ps without -jtru.'tur.', nay ••""'■''_ whi.h, m..li.ul,t, originati-froiii p.at. Th.-s.- liav,- m. value, only making Hi.- pap.r dark an.l r. ml. r ing till- bl.-a.-liing more ilifti.ult. Ii l'(i.- ed lignite as fu.l. V. Thin pap.-r, manutaeturi-.l in (let..l>.'r, I8i)7. by the lirni. Kar A. /s,'h..rnei & ""TJlu Vienna, .'ontaim-d. ae.or.ling M prinl.'.l statements, 7.1 |«-r .-.-nt of p.-at It hail a t.n-il.- -ir.'ngth of 10 Knglish pounds, had a w.'ight .,f 10,i grams p.-r m.-in-, ami wash I.i i„i„ ll„ek. ' 1 krrna » 27 e.-nts. ll .....iposition as Ihe above, tli.' J Till i|uiinfil.v i m"«» i- iimxuli riilih IriiH" iiminlv "• nir. w hi> h iiic ii'-unllt il( '|> I'liniliil iiml I 'rk iii oiliHjr ll imtv lie iuiikiiI ihal llii' lonr Im- mil liiin (ulU liiiiiiirMil imp l»irlii lia iif «i, . un ruf. ■iml »liin liHiml Ihi' luyiT iif I iirk "ilrui I n' |< liti kioM lirHipliiiruK, (It .urn in » rtmnBlitiihlf ntii' unl. |i i- d.un.l ni«f(l> m liynlin. ipKliriiiir, kuv \ -liM|a'<| rill wuila. pnrllv tliit unil miiiii iiiiH 1 in >lrip< I li>' lihri'a Mv ul ri tir.,i>ni>li r<>lt -iripiil in ,i liiiiviliiilin li ■ lirci'tiiifl Hiili (ilttinly VNilili' kII H.tlU nl llir ■ mU TIk' :ii|ililii>ni>l wiHiilih lulinlunii i -iniiil in In' ■2^ jar li'iii, lull ii 'U't II ~ I., viiry in ililTiimi >»iiipti"-, •iinii'liiiii^ iHinii iiioH', An im .'nMili>ti>lilri|iiiiiiiitvii( piixiiiul •piii' laillrn, IhhiIii rlmrk. IcIlM-' III lllllnMI-, :»ftl| aihtflr, lini* r«M-l-« o( rJiri't i-* In III' fnunii Soiiir III til. iHipi'r I-. lolouiiil in iliffiTint ■.liiiilti. rili«li. liliM-^iri y, lirown nml v>ll..»- lii'uwn; till ixn lira! iiH'titiuniuri !'< i tliiliiliil "iiiiilili'-. Ill IK III imp, r 111 III! Wirlil'- lihiliiiiiin in I'liii-i ->liiiillv iidir lli> liitii Inruiiii' liitnkrupi mill lln' t»ir iiiIh T iiiunufiriiirtr.i alx, " :,,).'il ijiiiiinj; iln- »iiiiii. iinr VI. l-iMiilly 1 linvi' iil>ii •' vi'ati|{iit,,; I (HiiH r of Kniilinli iiiiihiiftti'iurt'. Tlic 'vunpli-^ iiriivnl I 1 ll' I'on-i-inl 111 a iM'rii-:- of i». iiril-. pii ily rnlnmiil iiml piiilly iiutiiiyix 'I I lin pii|M i i- Khipi' mil of thr NtnirKrcy-lirounrol' iiraf llii' Ailiin i'' iiapi i Kor iliia iitinin, ih InMilinu «iiiimK llmt lllr pmX'f »ii« llllinuf-ll'liii.'il fp.lll Ihr olll Iti.l ,,il frnill lM«t out of llll MliiM liiiM, I'liillil i„,|ly I.r I 1 III- <"i llowi'Vi-r, ili-..piii' .1 iiral invi'«liu;iri..n» ininli' liy iiir. I wa- uniiMi' in Iiml any (Hal nil in till' pniK-r Inuully iiil llii' suiiipli'- from iIh' .iiIh r iiianufaiiun t- inniainiil •■nii>iilt'r- .liiihlilii'a of -iiliimnuiii iiio"-. Ill Ini-l -iiiii.' VI Ki'talil. -ulitliin was ^ImMii Wianlin nml I ill Ion liliiei «i'ri pnm iinlly foiiinl iiin^iiiuintly ilnri' i'. nn p<«t. in ..r «» 111 It or tilirt If •.oini' of Ihc ilark. ••Iriiriuii i' "« liiinpi' nriKimiti' froiii inii iiiixnl pi-al. ii .tiuld only tuM In tin lolmii tru of lilt' paixr for llll' I. -1. llll- hiailinn I'lnt piipir in a fniuil ' Mi"»ii|i"- till alioM nnnlionril i'X|ii iiininin. -I'viral oilnr alliinpla Imvi' Invn iiuulc to iiiiinu- lac lute piai papi '. Iml tin v urr of li"li mii n i iiv tli iiianufariuiinK waa m v r i- miriiil pii»i tin' I'xpi'riiiii'nial ataiff. Till' lirat on nrorcl wii> in 17?;', wlnn 'i ( ^rinnn rli'rsyiiiiin .(.('. shaffir, "Dmior ilir I li Mi ~- »;i'lalirtliril iiml Wiliwi iahiii." khm an ii' ■ mint of an alliiiipt In inn ilaituri' paiar nut of |m ai InltNKIiinil I'm; ihia Hii« a livi'i|ui'aii n ill Swiili n. nunii'rmi'' iiiv -liKiitinni nf piiii wrn iiiinli ill iljlTi'rrnt part" of ilii' I'rovin.i' o' Siiiaiaml. This- »oik »a» rarni'il on viTy .iirrily anil it «a- "Upixi-iil tlial an Knjiliili- Kiinriian S\nili- lato Wtt" Inliinil it. Kri ipli..ruiii Imit" «i ri- looktil for; llir aullior of Ihi;. uriicl. waa al-o li-ki'd to invc«lii(Hti' aoini' Imhib in 'hr \ arnuiiio ili-trict. Aa tlif rraiilla « ■ ii' ili'iM'niliiit on tin' uiimunt nf irioplioiuni tlic lioita rnntainiil. I wiali to rifir you In miiiic of tin followiiiK innaliualiona. DurinK tlninvi'atiicaliona. ii ua-" Imli-a w, n 'Irilliil in iiiurfari n( .1 '.i|uari' iiii'tri-a. Soiiirtiiiii'a a lioli hoiiM Input ilnun in tlifrinlri' nf an irioplinruiii km. 1 1 ami llii' iltill «oul(l 1)1' tiiliil with . rioplinruiii ."Niiiiiiiiiii'a i, wnuM In- put ilovinon llir -nlii.f a km .11 an. I tiar II pa ' of it whii'li I'liiiiinul with i hi' drill Ditihra wiriduK inatiad. and fmiii tin .i' wall- ■• ' ' mna wrri' tttkin. whirh w.-n . for priiciiial riii'ona. not iiiori' tliiiii :• dii iiiiitri'a -i|iiari'. I'lii' liln. i. ir iiftrrw arils ■".'Oirtrd liy hand and uriKhid. .\ fiw rraultaarr kim n liilow . I'Koni.K I. \ loluitin of jaat, 4 lii'iiiiHlira M|uari' at thr iMittotii. wuh div idid m pn n - All noiii'i'nlilr tiliri - «rrc ii.aMirtiHl H.a larffully aa ponNilih'. and driiil in a drjiiK ovin. and tin' aitaulifd apliannuiii iiinsa diim' ana i" 1 di'ciiiiclri' aijuari' 1)8 7 uraiiiiiii'a. or ptr i uhir imtri'. II s7 kilnitraiiis. I'jidi hi'i'iari'-of 1 tiii'lri''a di'plli cnnl.iina Ii."*? Inns irinphniiiiii liliii'-. rKorii.r. II. Invi'"tinati'(l Ih' "atnc way a- i 0- ^tll'lii 2(1- tWciii llo-IOd I'lii Total IHI itraliiiiic" air-drii'd filim. IL'.i (I 04 277'0 Kraiiiiiirs air-dried filin-. .\ short tiiiii' :mn I)i Halli'"sy of till' Iri'ih (iiiiloKical Survey "laliil inn !■ II. . In tin- DiriTinr. II. V. Ki'ilizi'n. thai ihi- iiianufai'turi' nf piat paper «ii- iliwontinued 4 y. ars iwn Tliia » ill explain wliv (he aildiiinn of peat in the paper i" dnulitfui. ■'! Inf-etare = 2-47 aeres. 13 Ai'iuilinK ii. thi' •miu' luli'Ulittiixi. oiw IhcIiih '. witd i«i' im in • .ll ihi' fwiii limr on- I Siiiiin*. . m» .^ In I'miriit III I) lUciii unliiiiiiilKfl lil'n III .Wriii liiirr III Alli'Mi. tllirc tHI 1 10 (III lillK' 4 I iimiiiii" -> iiii-iti 7« i m II T (hI i'TII 2 iliiuinllll, 'lilt' ^uffiM-t' (»f The )M«if wiin (liilv rirli t;ti Krowinic rri<'>ph(iiuiit. It rnity Ih- nili'uiHiid th ^r «•»«- krM'il Hill pnHlurt «*5KriiiiinM'i nf li»' ri<>|ilH>ruMi, w> thai tin uvi tii|(i w ill In tl. liiTtiiri' 1* ♦" )irn-n 14 PART II. INVESTKiATIONS OF CANADIAN PEAT BOCS. The nii'lhoil of investigation has already hern described in liitUelins 1 and 4- ONTARIO. Description of the Holland Peat Bog. This bog is situated immodiatoly east of Bradford, in West and East (iwillinilmry and King townships, Sinuoe and York eounties, Ontario; and runs in a nortii and south direction (See Map No. 113), covering more or less of: — VI, township King. ' West (Jwilhmbury. .ot < 34-3.-> cons VI, 1 a 33-3.-> \i VII, n 2- 7 a I, it 3- 7 tt II, a 7-14 it III, a 12-lt) a IV, it 13-17 n V, a 17-18 a VI, ** 17-18 (< VII, t( 18-19 a VIII, t< 19-23 a I.\, (( 21-23 a X, a 22-24 (( XI, a 22-24 a XII, a 23-24 ti XIII, a 3-11 a I, (t 7-14 it II, a 11-14 u III, t( 14 if IV, it 8-1 () t( III, it l()-2() a II, a 22-40 ti 1, it 122-13.-) a 1, East Gwillimburv The total area covered by this l)og is approximately 14,041 acres. 01 this area: — 9,030 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, average depth of 3'-0' api)roxiinately . 4,025 acres have a depth of 5 feet to 10 feet, average deiith of 7'-0' approximatelv . 1,02.') acres have a depth of 10 feet to 1.') feet, average "lepth of ll'-O' approximately. iiOa acres have a depth of 1.') feet to 25 feet, average depth of 20'-0' approximately . The volume of the peat contained is: — 43,705,200 cub. yds. in an area wit It depth of less than 5 feet. 45,455,.-)37 cub. yds. " " 5 feet to 10 feet. 18,104,574 cub. yds. " " 10 feet to 15 feet. 16,326,933 cub. vds. " " 15 feet to 20 feet. 15 Tliiit i)()iti()u (if tlu' t)()g lyiuR between King and Uroad rreeks, and to the north of King ereek, on tlie eastern shore of the HoUand river, is very well suited for the manufacture of machine peat. It is well humified, has a satisfactory dei)th, and a level and smootli surface, and can lie worked aiong a line of about 1 inile lonn, each way. This part of the bog has a iiigher average depth than the rest, with a lower ash content, and a higher calorific value (See analyses Table III). The peat of the remainder of the eastern i)ortion of the bog, and that portion of the western ])art lying south of the ( Irand Trunk railway in the townshijis Kast and West ( ".willim- liury, is fairlv well humified, and with proper treatment, this part of the bog can" be utilized for the manufacture of peat fuel: as, howe\er, the average depth is not more tlum o feet, it would require a considerable area to produce a large output ; since it would necessitate frecpient moving of the machinery, and of the transport tit ion appliances; entail loss of time and labour, and consequently, increase c(msiderably the cost of the fuel. The southern part of the bog consists mainly of carex, and the remain.- of grasses, which to a certain extent— in some places— are int<'rmixed with sphagnum. In the northern part of the bog hypnum is occasionally found; while the bottom layer of the bog is intermixed with aquatic plants. Several lumdred feet on each side of the Holland river the bottom formation is from 1 to 2 feet deep, formed of mire, or mud, which is inter- mixed with shells, insects, see(ts, nuts, and sand, washed from the hard groiuid down the stream into the river. The northern part of the bog is shallow, and less decomposed. Very little of this i)art of the bog could be worked with machinery, but a portion could be utilized for domestic purposes by cutting the peat by hand; while the rem.iinder could be used for agricultural purposes. A thorough drainage of this bog will involve a large expenditure of money, on account of its low situaticm, and due to the fact that it is Hooded in the springtime; but considering the value of the land that could be re- covered, land which at im-sent is practically useless, or of a low value, and taking into account the inn Movement that would result to the surrouiuling farming land in onsequen. <■ of the drainage, the undertaking would event- ually be a paying projxisition. Six'cial areas for manufacturing jieat fuel i-oul"d be laid'out, and the surface of these drying fields could be (Irained by pumping the water from the main ditches into the river. This would involve extra expense. The surface of the outside edg(>s of the bog is absolutely tree from trees, and the peat is jjractically free from logs, roots, and stumps. Deducting the 1),0;J() acres with a depth of less than .") feet, and allowing for the decrease in dei)th through the drainage, we have left: - 4,02.'5 acres, with an average dejith of ai>proximately o feet. 1,02,") acres, with an average depth of ai)proximately !) feet. .506 acres, with an average deiith of approximately IS feet. Having a total volume of Gl,ti41,l»Sl cubic yards. Allowing that one cubic yard of the drained bog would furnisli 200 pounds of dry peat substance, "the total tonnage of dry substance available would be (),lV)4,l!)S tons of 2,000 pounds, or, 8,218,i)31 tons of peat fuel, having 2") i)er cent moisture. 16 TABLE III. Analyses of Peat. (Absolutely Dry.) li:i-5 U5 ' (i54 530 Voliitilc iiiiitlcr 59-5 63-2 634 i 64-3 59-6 M-8 6fiS Fixed carbon 21'2 24-6 230 23-5 231 20-2 , 24-2 Ash 19-3 12? 13« 12 2 17 3 15 2 8S Pliospliiirun 0050 0-69 Nitrogen 2-7 2-8 (•alr)rifi.- viilue H.T.T. per lb 7610 S3.t« SOXO K39() 77!M) 7930 S3X0 I 7980 82.50 8510 ()720 2fi-2 24-5 24- 1 18-5 101 10-5 10 5 28» Oli? 014 The content of ash in some ciiscs is very high; but in some part.- ol the hog this is not excessive, and the calorific value is sati.sfactory. The hog is very well situated both as regards shipping facilities am market, being only about 42 miles from Toronto. The (Jrand Trunk railway crosses the bog in the middle, while the Canadian Pacific railwa;, passes it (m the south suit . 17 1 1 i| 9 «> Z ■^ a •« « "3 ? < :?. X £. ^ X V >i ^ V 15 - yj "^i _ > = p^ .3 II ^N ■j; ■o -* C a ■5 itv«-jS S3?-7TT H Sf iv = 21 3^1 = 5 ^ § .1 Ill-Hi II I n '- "C * ^ ^ *= C ^• X X -Z X 5^- ;i' iSJi'S^'i -- =■£:•* "C-^.i ' - : '■ u - I. - t '• t '• c a, X '^ u. X X x_x X - S = .-? 3 3 5 i 2 f - "" 1 i u e - 1 ^ "5 ° J CQ 3 = 1 s I ® "f .s ".* SB f f I * I « > a S rr K S SI — — O « 3 X "5 -s jE 2 2' a: ?• ^ 'O 3S 3 ?i 3 u* S S i I 2 ,s— is ce-rS j - S = 3 GO S S S 5 K S «■ ~ -■ ^ 33 2 fee X s- js ■= ■c < 'r ~i S X £ :» 5 s 3 -1 £ s 1 » — c-i »i •5 :t rr — !! 5 r: ?t i X i 1- X -I i li — — X r- 5 c'l 12 s ~" — . = ■■ i' ^ 1 ^ X X ^ ' * ^"r - S !^ i s = .- i. > X ^ £ J 3 § £ S a a a ;j ;j i 18 MANITOBA.' Lac du Bonnet Peat Bog. This 1.0K is situat.Hl ah„.,t tiO milos east of Winnipeg, or 4 miles west T i,rK,.„T.nt M-initot)i east of the iirincipal meridian (bee Map S"l tT tl r nu m^t- of seetion 35, township 14, raiig.; 10, an.l ieiion 2,1ownship 15, ran^e 10. The total area covered by this hoR is "^'" ■ sir;:::^!^;' a'dih of l-ss than 5;-0;;, average cjepth 2;- 5;;. ,1'. aeres have a .lepth of U'ss than lO'-O',', average depth ;> A) . The volume of the peat ecmtained is:— ^„ , . , In an aiea :^h a depth'of less tlian .V-O", 701 ,800 .-uhu- yar.ls. " morethan.)'-fl , 5;i(),()00 .,. , , The t)eat in th.> middle part of the bog is fairly well humihed, but ^ it is ;»{ up bv .Utehes. unsystematieally laul out, it is not likely that ,t ea. he u^ed for the manufacture of machine peat tuel. . , ^, , . „^,, T e ea n the n-st of the area around the margin of the bog is verj .Inlh.w! Jnd h." vily overgrown with alder and spruce, intermixed, m som^ ^''^^i^;; tlle'SV'troS/dlSed the p..at will probably settle do.. AIM r iiu ■ "h 6 ■ . rage bogs s(>ttle; on account c with other aquatic plants. In some parts of the bog there are stum and trunks. Aiinb)sis of peat ((ihsolutely dry). Fixed carbon 250 percent. Volatile matter »f ;* ■^''" 1.4 " Nitrogen ^ . Phosphorus 5'ZJ ,. Carbon-hydrogen ratio *''*'^ The surface of the bog has bc:>n burned over, which accounts foi 1 fact that the content of ash is comparatively high, while the calorific va is satisfactory. By a systematic an acres. The above .irea has a depth of less than 5 feet. The volume of peat contained is; — In an area with a depth of less thanoM)", 10,048,888 cubic yards. This bog is mainly formed by sphagnum moss, intermixed witii carex, atiiiniic plants, leaves, spruce cones and needles, sticks, roots, and trimks. This bog is comiKiratively shallow, and the peat poorly humified, and of an inferior quality, hence it can be expect "d to yield only a very light fuel. However, it is not likely that this bog can be utilized and turnerl into machine peat by methods at present known. The surface of the bog is heavily wooded with spruce, i)oplar, alder, and other soft wood trees. If, however, the surface were cleared from wood, the above-mentioned liog could be utilized, and peat manufactured for domestic puri)oses, then we would have, allowing for the ilecrease in depth through drainage, 1,375 acres, with an average tlepth of approximately 3'-4", or 7,022,840 cubic yards of peat. Assuming that one cubic yard of the drained bog will furnish 20(Vpounds of drv peat substance, the total tonnage of dry substance available is 702,284 tons— of 2,000 poimds— or '.)3G,379 tons of peat fuel, with 2") per cent moisture. Analysis of pi at {absolutely dry). Volatile matter 56-8 per cent. Fi.xed carbon 24-2 Vsh 19-0 Xitrosen lO " Phosphorus 0-047 Fuel ratio, fixed carbon — volatile matter 0-43 H \ If the bog was thoroughly and systematically drained, the land could lie recovered and utilized for agricultural purposes; at present it is prac- tically valueless. The City of Winnipeg Power Construction railway passes tiirough liio middle of the bog. 20 Corduroy Peat Bog. Tlii-' l)()ij is situated nhout 14 miles from Point Dubois, Manitoba, ,;,M ..f the i.rineipal meridian (See Map No. 159), and eovers more or less uf -cctiou 25. townshii. 15. range 12. The total area eovere.l by this l,<.u is api.roximately 100 acres, with an iiveraRe depth of 4 feet. The voUnne of i>eat contahied is: — In an area with a (h-pth of 4 feet, t)4«»,037 euluc yards. Mlowinii; for the deerease in (h-ptli throu«h dramage, we have letl a total v..lume of :V.>2.()eat substanee avadable is .i2,2t>7 tons-of 2,000 pounds or 4H.023 tons of iieat fuel with 25 per eent moisture. Tlie peat is inaiidv formed of sphaRnum moss, intermixed with other aduati.- plants. It is"i)oorly humified ami is m)t suitable for the manu- facture of machine peat fuel, as the area is comparatively small and .shallow. Not much will be Kaine.l bv a systematic drainage, as the surnmndniK grouml is of rockv formatioii and couh! not be used for agricultural pur- lioses. This peat bog is, therefore, practically valueless. Boggy Creek Peat Bog. This hog is situated 12 miles from Point Dubois, Manitoi)a, e.ast of the princii)al meridian (See Maj) No. 11)0) ami covers more or less (.f: Section 24, township 15, range 12. 19 " 15 " 13. " 24 " 15 " 13 Sections 29-32, township 15, range 13. The total area covered by this bog is, ; . ;}<) " " more than 10 '" -o ■ The volume of the peat c(mtained is:— In an area with a dei)th of less than 5 feet, 1,372,.)92 cubic yards. ,-, to 10 feet, 5,021,709 cubic yards. More than 10 feet, 071,147 cubic yards. This bog is principallv formed by carex, and the remains of grasses ami aciuatie plants: in some parts eriophorum may be tountl. 1 le i)eat is fairly well humified, hence by thorough and careful drainage it would furnish a fairly good but light fuel. . In some parts of the bog the surface is heavily grown over w;1h yc.iing spruce and alders, and arouml the margin poi.lar and jack-i)ine occur. The so-called ' Boggy creek' runs through tins bog m a south ami north ' "^''Thebog is well situated as regards transportation facilities, since the middle part is traversed by the City of Winnipeg Construction railway. Deducting the 210 acres with a depth ..t less than o feet, and allovN- ing for the decrease in depth through the drainage, we have left:— 40t) acres with an average dei)th of, approximately, 5'-8^ 39 " " , ." ^-^ ■ with a total volume of 4,257,049 cubic yards ot peat. 21 AMsuiiiiiig tliJil out' culiii- yard of sucJi (Irfiiiicd liojj will fiinii^li 2(M) pounds of dry peat substanco, the total tonnanc of dry sul>stancc avaihililc is 4"2.'),7()o tons of 2,(H)(» poinuls, or ')()7,(U)7 tons of jx-at furl, with 2") jht I'cnt moisture. A mil lists of jtrtil iabsdhttclji ilrij.) No. 1 . Xo. 2. Volatile matter (ioO jjer cent 53() jx-r cent. Fixed carlion 2«)-7 " \Hi A.sh S-:i " 28(i Nitrogen 2") " Pho.sphorus OtiO " Calorific value: in calo- ries j)er gram 4So() in R.T.l'.per lb . . . H7'M) Fuel ratio, fixeil carl)on - volatile matter 0-41 •;}.") The content of ash is not excessi\f, and t!ie calorific value al)out satisfactory. Rice Lake Peat Bog. This bog is situated about 7.^ miles from Point Dubois, Manitoba, east of the principal meridian. It is traversed at the south end of Rice lake by the Citv of Winnii)eg Construction railway, and covers more or less of :— Section 25, township 1.5, range 13, " 2ti, " 15, " 13. This bog has a very small area (See Maj) No. 1(51), consisting of a comi)aratively narrow strip surrounding the lake. The peat is poorly humified, ununiform in quality, and cannot be used fur the manufacture of ])eat fuel. Analyses of peal {abxolulely dry). No. 1. No. 2. Volatile matter 34-8 i)er cent 511 i)er cent. Fixed carbon !)1 " 17 1 Ash .5(il " 31-8 Nitrogen 1 -70 " 2-35 " Phosphorus 052 " 0()93 " Fuel ratio, fixed car- bon -volatile matter. . 20 " 0-33 " The above analyses show the high (luantity of ash. The peat is chieflv formed by sphagnum and wild rice, intermixed with carex and other at,uatic plants. Mud Lake Peat Bog. This bog is situated about 3 miles from Point Dubois, Manitoba, cast of the princii>al meridian 'See Map No. 102"), and covers more or less of:-- Section 28, township 15, range 14, " 33, " 15, " 14. The total .'ircn covered by tliix l>i>e i<. ;ii>]>n>xi!!iately, 139 acres, 18784-4 . 22 This area lias an av.-raKc- .U'l.th of '•> f«-«'t. Tlu- volume of lu'at .cn- ''^'"'i:p;!;i'SiHv'wc^rhui.ufi..a an.l unifonu m ....Uty and. with proper tn)rtnu-;.t;..an-l..- us.-.l forth, .nauufa.turo -' ,P-t fuel ou a .nu soule; hut the finbh.-.l pro.lu settl/ mi ai.. u 2 f....t. 'Allowing for th.- .U-on-as,. in 'l^'th through S.ii.K \ <• will hav m acT..s with an av.raKc drpth of, approx nateb , 7 "with a to.al voluii... of l..%4 «2» .ubic; yrr.ls. f "Pl^^C .t sub cubi.- var.1 ..f such drai.u.l bog will furnish 2(K) pounds 'f ;>."';, ''^f, stnnr.-; the total tonnage of ,lry p.at substance ">;"' "!'';;, ^ ,;^^^^;j'^;;, of 2 (KM) Douiuls or 208,(il7 tons ot peat fuel, with 2.> per eent '"""-'""• tJ s' r s priiu-ipaily formed bV sphagnum moss, '.'"d »'->•"•; P"^* earex nnv be found. th«' bottom layers are intermixed chiefl> wi h |.aJex a,;d-otlu.r m^itic plants, ami oceasionally stumps and roots may be found. Aiinliisix of imtt (absolutely ilnj). Fixed earbon 'f.?/? J'^r"'" Volatile matter ''•'IL Ash [[I « Nitrogen , ' ( "alorifie value in ealories p«-r gram ... 487U in B.T.I'. pl' tin- h(i|{ i.s, approxiinati-ly, 82 [•ri's. Of tliiH area: 40 I hav( (l(l)th of lews than 15 fci-t, (It'pth: Ulfcrt, acroH : f 42 acres have a arii e<|Uals 149 tl)s. of p4'a( litter, with 20'; liioisluie.— I'tom Supple- ment of the Swedish I'eat Society .lournal, No. .'). 1910. pane 'J2t), by Hjaliiiar yon Kcilizen. 18784-41 ■21 Tlii-> aiva lias a .l.l>lli ul m..r.' tli.ii. :. l.'.l. av.ninr .l.pili 10 IVfl. Till' v..luiit.'..f tlir prat .■Dlilain.'d IS.-- ,■ . .1 In Mil ana with a .l.plh of .n..rr tl.a.i .". Ir.t, »..!.. .U . .il.ir .vai , ,„.l , lav U nut tlV w.TkinK fi.M .•arHullv and w.,1. ,.n.,Mr "<■;'"; ,1, i! mrt .'.f tl,.. lH,tf ran !»• us.mI for tl.c n.anufarturr "t prat lu.'l. In -nu i.Mits ilic ^iirfic' of the l>o« is ttrown ovr witli yoinin si)rii(c. ' \ T . .0, has uL thorot.Khly .lrain.;.l. th.- ...... vm pro .aM M.tti. .lown ahout 2 f.Mt. All.min« for tl,.. .h.nra^.' .n .Lpth thro„Kh '"•"'olf:;;.;:: '■;;:;.„ .,v..ra«.. .l.,..!. of .pproxin.at..ly . f... wU.. a t..tal voh.mr of :i.U..{S7 .ul.w vanls of p.-at fu-i SupposU.K that ;•«'••"' > • "^ of M ,.h drain.! l.o« wUl furnish 2..n pounds o, dry ju.t -' -'';^; ' ^^ ^'' ,.,„ni,p of ,lrv prat sul.stanrr avadal.lr .s .{t.,l.V.t tons- of 2,(MK) poun.l „r 4S I7:i tons ..cat furl, with 2.^ p.T ('.'nt nioistur.'. This part of' th.- I.0K .> principally forin.-.l l.y sphaK.uun nu.s.. > ■■ Munii>s or ro..t> wcr.' found during ..nr dnllin« tor s;iinplfs. Analjisis of pint KihsDhitdi/ ilnj). Fixed .arhon (l.y ditTcnntr) 2i>-2 per o«'nt. Volatile matter ''^1 At*h ,, .^ „ Sulphur " *. .. NitroReii L ' ' C-ah)rifie value In ealories \nT ({ran.. aO.rt In H.T.r. perlh WiXI Fuel ratio, fixed earhou -volatile matter. 0-40 The e.mtent of ash is not exeessiv.-. and the eaU.rifie value is satis- ''"'*"-n,e whole l,oK is favoural.ly situate.l as reganls transportation and mar- ket heinu onlv 70 miles from \Vinnii)eK. , -I'kinu int.. .•onsi.h"rati..n tin- ahove-.m^ntione.! ,,eat liter and pe t fuel 1 .'.« we in.l that it .•..ntains tw.. kin.ls ..f material suitable for mam- ' {urinK uip es. If w.-ll humiti-.l peat fuel is t.. he lound in that part \ iU ha. I w.uhl e..nsi.l..r that in..r.. of the s.u,... k.n.l of l'"^^ "= •xist in the eastern .listriet ..f th.> Winnipeg river. "";^;.^''^,' >*»';', ,;\'- L .tions wouhl take a vrv h.ng time, as there is great dittieul y m locatiUK Kogs ..n .' . . .It ..f the pr..sent sparsely settl..! con.litu.ti -.t the .-..untry. Julius Peat Litter Boft. This l,oK is Mtuated ahout 1 mile west ..f Shelley, Manitol.a. east of th.. prmeipal me.idian. (See Map No. 104) and ...vers mon- or l.-ss of.^ Sections M-i'^. township 11, range 10, Sections 2-*. townshij) 12, range 10, Sections ft-U. township 12, range 10, Sections I.Vlti, township 12, range 10. The total area covered hy this l.og is, api)roximat.-ly , .1,890 a.r.s. *'^ 'illm am'sT.av.. a .lepth of less than .^ feet, av.'rage depth :V-8'' U}M acres have a 'lepth of le... than 10 fc.t, .average depth 7 -H. •m -icres hav.> a .l.'pth of mor.. than 10 feet average .lepth 1 1 -4 . 25 Tilt ViihlllH' III till' pi'Ml colitaiMnl is: - III itll iin-ii witli :i iliptli i>l' lf«i-. tli.'iii .') tict, .'iJ.'rfi.tCM ciiliif yanl- .•) to 1(1 f.ct, 2l,:»21»,;{:«t <(iliic ,v;iriiy!ir(ls The |M'!it locatiil :iniiiii(l tin- siii.ill |m)IIiI ^liowii on tin' map, ,iinl in tlif part of till' Im>k which is loi-atf I -.mtli of thi' ('anaiiiaii I'aritic railway (Specially the upper layers, i« foiiiparntivt'ly fni' from hiii • I uUI protluci' a fairly nour 'I"' 'l''''i l.'.t.')4 arrr- '.r|() It lilt. Kivr a poor pt'.at III with a depth of li's-* .") feel, ami er. than ill (liptli throiiuli draiiiani', we have left; - with an aver.ane depth of approximately :< feet, (| f,„.t. with a total volume of ;{2,»;")l,7.'»ti euliie yards. Assumiiiu that one eiiliie yard of hucIi hog will furnish I'JO jMiund- dry peat suWstanee, the total toiinaKe of dry peat litter siibstaiiee avaiiiihli' is l.ll.Vl.lO'itons of ■_',(KH) p.;uiids or 2, 448, SHI ton- of peat litter, wit li 20 per edit moisture. The peat is prineipally formed by sphiiniium moss, with 1 1 of that near the marjEiii of the lioK, when' it e,irex and other itpiatie plants. The surface of the southern part of the hou is heavily wooded with spruce, tamarack, po|tlars, alders, and other kinds of hushes. North of the Canadian I'acifii- railway the hojj; is less w led. except around the niarnin. The hog is comparatively free from roots and trunk*, and the i)ottom is (liictly clay, in some places marl, saiul, and rock are found. exception heavilv intermixed with Anah/Hifi of i>iiil litter {iihsoliitilij ilnj III. 1-0 per cent 0()2S " IV. ()().")7 per c( ut. water notably fa-ter than the other Nitrogen l*hos))horu.s Weight of water absorb- ed hy one ))art by weight of dry peat ... H 4! Sample marked IV soaks up three sanililes. The absorption capacity is about satisfactory. The middle jiart of this Ix.g is traversed by the Canadian Pacific railway. It is favourably siiuiited in regard to transportation facilities and market, being only some (>() miles east from Winnipeg. It is stated that the northern part of the bog is held under lease by the Peat Industries, i.imiled, Moiitr.'al. (iue,. and that this Company intends to erect, in l!tl2, an exten-ive peat litti-r plant. Coney Island Peat Bog. This bog is situated t)7 cubic yards 2ii Tin- jMiii I- fairlv wt!l hiinulU'il, iiml uniform in nuiility. ami cin Ix- uxitl for llu- niinufi" fiirc of |Mat I'lrl; hut as the tiog is comiiariitivcly snmll it ix not likely itint it .-oulil !)«■ i.rotitalily wnrkcti l.y mai himry that woulut one foot. AllowinK for \\-- (leerease in depth throuKh «lr iinii(£e, vi' have: 25 acres, with •■in average thpth of approximately Ofeei. wiili a loiaj volume of 2r2,(MM» eiihie yanU. oi such \i will furm-h '.'(K) ■ total toniiane of ilry pent siili-'iince l>()miils (ir :V2,2'i7 ions ,.i peat fuel, .\HsuminK that oni' iiil'ii' yiir> |M)unils of dry peat sulistanee, tli- avaihilile is 24.2IH) tons of 2,(MM» witli 2') per cent moisture. Tliis l)og is principally fornieti hy sphaRnum mo- in somi' carex anil acpi.alic plant- occur, and occasionall.N -^tump- and ■ ot lie fo\ind. The liottom of the hog is -and and rock. parts : inav Crozier IVat Bog. This lioR is situated aliout t» miles soutlisvest of Kort Francis, Ontaiio, in Crozier township, Itainy Hiver district, and covers more (*r less of - Sections .'>-S, Crozier township. The total area covered l>y this Im.k is, approximately, :{.V) acres, and the depth is more than 10 feet - average depth 14 fi'ct. The volume of the peat contained is:-- In an area with a depth of more than l(t feet, 8,002,yt).J I'unic yards. The peat is fairly free from humus and uniform in (piality, and with proper treatment it can he used for the manufacture of a j.. )d peat litter. After the hog is thonnighly diaini-d, the peat will prohahly settle down ahout 2 feet. Allowing for the decrease in d<'pth through draii'ing, we h.ive ;i.")5 acres, with a total volume of ti,!U2,22:i luhic yards of peat. Assuming that one cuhic yard of such drained hog will furnish 120 pounds of dry peat suhsttince, the" total tonnage of dry peat suhstance availahle is -U4,7.'W tons of 2,(MK) pounds— or r)18,201 tons of peat litter, with 20 per cent moisture. This hog is principally formed liy sphagnum moss, the hottom layers are intermixed with aciuatic plants and remains of carex. Fort Francis Peat Bog. This hog is situated ahout one mile west of Fort Francis, Ontario, in Mclrvine and Crozier townships, Hainy River district (See Map No. 16o; and covers more or less of: — Sections l<)-20, township Mclrvine, Rainy River district, Sections 29-30, Sections 24-25, township Croaier, Uainy River district. The total area covered hy this hog i.s, approximately, 1,700 acres. Of this area:— 929 acres have a depth of less than 5 feet, average than ■> fwt, • *M>'),1».J0 .-ulti'' \ nU. f) i«i 1(1 tVt I, 7,Wi tW.\ c\itii«- yiii'tis. •> " mtm- fliaii I') fit' l,4:W,7W> cubic vunU. Till' iM'iil i* lairlv wtU hiimificil . .x\ mnmlv fonwd l>v >*plinKiiiiiii ni.i-^-, iiilrrinix«'i:»li' pl'iiitt aii\> aiul licaviiv urown ov.-r with -"priKT and tain ira<>n! J fc<'t. Dr.iiirtinn th.- '.i-".! acrrs whn (U'l)th of alxHil :V-4", and allowiiiK for llir ilrcrcax. drainaftf, wr have h'tt , , , , i - .■ ^ ti'.tl acrt-s with an iivcranf dtptli ot approximately •> leet. ISO aere- witll an avet\(£e de|ifli of appro\iinMt"ly ^ leet, with a t(, ;1 ..hiiiie of tl.ii.s4,(t4t) rul-ie yard^ of peat. r-iipi»osiiin that one euhie VIM I ot sii.di drained i.oK will furnish 2(M) pound- ot dry \>*'Hi >ul.- ^tanee", the total t..nnai£e of dry \wt\\ siit.slanee avaihiMe :- litis. 4t)J U)!i>— tons peat fuel, with -"i («t e .iit inoi-lure ill prolialily settle have an average in depth throUKli I'lxed ciirlion. *'• lati'e nii.i ;( \ A-h. ,, , \itroa:en. . . . hie la e;dor«'s per Kraui. ■.»K<» J. ()2 4 S'7 1 d.') ;er 11) HlMO earl'on- vtisatile matter Mt i not exeessive, and the ealorifii Th isfactorv. In some parts of the Im)(? tlu- pt'at itselt is i. Ueca.sionally -tumps and trunks are to he found. The l>oR IS very advaiu ageously situai- i ' ■■ '•" and mariiet, heing only 1 mile from I'o-- ! i " ■ '■■ soath side by the Canadian Northern rail' .y, .! the Manitolia Peat Fuel Company, head . r'"- :■ .Some years ago this Compaiiv ererted a p' '< i-'. peat liiicpiettes, hut a few years later X\. '■.iii' • of the machinery was removed, and the re^^r Ir ■ i ., At intervals during the invest, Ration >t t! •> several reconnaissances were made of the follovwi., of the Province of Manitoba: — vaiii' about >at- d witll small routs. , • 'i:;«ping fa( ilitit-s .1 ; ,. versed on the I :■■ 'iiid<'r lease by ;.. >>'g. Manitoba. ■ e manufacture ■| . li down; part ! lie ruins. j;' :, ,!Td)ed above, rr . la (iifferi'iit part^ 28 — -2 i ^ ^ -3 ~ T— _C u r J ST— "E r r r; J- z; i i|iM? b ^ c u C ^ .^ s^ .^ >=>=>=a> --HuE-.z^r = 2 =' 1 =' 2 - =■ — 5 — ' 5 — ' 5 — * 3 II i S 1 si a ? llaialal — j; — — ^ "" ^ r c ■■* — ■" - ■" — '" — =a=-=a~=n = 3. - Q. = "5. s'a C '■='.!: >.':p: ■C '■u ' C 'Z ^ f? »« o t y: ^ 01 >. a -S 2 ' O B a i «c •mm s B CO S A. u; ?j CI i ? s ^ i^ ^ ;: ;? ^ — — — " ■ i(* i* -y^ ■— ■-" ^ 3 OS ^1 :< 3 ^ _ ^ 29 PEAT BOGS OF WHICH PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS WERE MADE. Whitemouth or Transcontinental Marsh. This lioR is sitiiiitcd cast of tlic priiicipal iiifridiaii, aliout 2 mile cnst of Whitciiiouth, M:iiiit(>l)M, and covers more or less of tnwnsliip 4-13, ninRt's 11-14 riic total area covitimI !>>• this lion i SU|)I >(>s('d to !)(• approximate 2(K),H00 acres, ruuuiiiK iii a north anl»ac This area covers more or less ol the north part of townships 10 and 11, ra)iges 12-18. South of the Transc(mtinentai railway the pre- 1 imiina irilv investigated part covers approxi- m ,it,.lv.; 45,0(M) acres. This area covers moi e or less of townships 1t-l(l, ranges 18-14. <)7.l)0() acres. The tot.al area preliminarily investigated covers ai)i)roximately North of the Canadian P.acific railway tiie l)eat is formed of carex, remains of grasses and acpiatic i)lants, slightly mixed with eri()i)iionim and I vpnum. The mi(hlle part of the hog is of a .■onsideral)le deptli. 1 he aver.-ige depth around the margin is ai)out 7 to 8 feet. Average dei)th of the middle part of the tiog is atiout 11 to 12 feet. A hirge area of tiie middle i)art of the hog is comparatively free trom I reel nearer the margin it is very heavily woo hea\ ily led with spruce, tamarack, alders, and poplars. Thi' surface ha uriied over si •veral times, which accou nts for the fact that the hog i> cinn- paratively -halli )W. The average del)tli is al)out 4 to .") feet. IntI le region sou til of the Transcontinental railway the |)eat i^ form if grasses and aquatic plants, and intermixed witli -mall hraiiches. This i)art of the hog is comparatively led. The average depth varies from 2 to .". feel. The bottom of the bog consists principally of a lompaif, blue clay; in ■ parts a sand bottom is found, rnder iiresent condition-, the bog described above cannot very wi of carex, remains o nio\s and undecomi)ose( -hallow and heavily wooi riployeil for the manufacture of i)eat f ,iel, or r even |)eat litter, f or I he that the peat i- t sufhcieiitiv humified for the former, and too ;io much luiniificti for tlic latter. This condition is caused l>.v the fact that the >urface of the tiog is flooded during most of the year, and the air has very iitth' opportunity to come in contact with the veKetai)le substance, whicii jirevents liuniification of the ])eat. However, if tiiij' enormous area were tiioroughly drained, liie peat in the middle of tlw rt-gion nortli of tlie Canadian Pacific railway would rapidly humify, and couldbe utilized for the manufacture of a fairly good (>eat fuel. .1 nali/xin. Fixed cartiou 2.j 7 [wr cent . Volatile matter 'iHM " Ash l-)4 Calorific value — Iti calories per gr:im.. . . 4510 In B.T.r. peril. 8110 Fuel ratio, fixed carbon — volatile matter 0-44 Such drainage would undoubtedly involve, under i)res(>nt unsettled conditions of the country, a great expenditure of money; but, considering the value of the land that would be recovered for agriciillural puri)oses. land which at present is practically valueless, ,.nd taking intu ai-count tln' improvement which would result in the surrounding f arm ingl;iii( I. consetjuenl ui)on this drainage, the undertaAiiig would eventually be a |)aying propo- sition. Plum Marsh. This marsh is situated ea.st of the principal meridian, about l\ miles xiuihwest of Whitemouth, Manitobii, and covers mure or jiss of townships 1(1-1 1, range 11. The total area covered by tliis marsh is, approximately. it.(MM) acres. The |)eat is formed of (arex, remain.s of grasses, and aquatic plants, ami i-' ..'f inconsiderable depth, the average varying from 2 to 4 U-i't. The surface of this marsh is heavily wooded with sprui'c. tamarack, alders, and poiilars. and a considerable area is Hooded during the greater part of the year. The material in this marsh is not suitable for the manufacture of peat fuel or peat litter, but after this area is properly drained the land will cv<'ntually be recovered for agricultural purposes. Netley Marsh. This marsh is situated east of the princii)al meridian, abou! I I miles from Netley, Manitoba, and covers more or less of townships i.j-it), raiige> 4-('>. The total area covered by this marsh is, approxiinately, 2."), 000 acres. The ])eat is |)rincipally formed of carex, grasses, and a(|uatii' plants, •Mui most of it is intermixed with siliceous shells, moUusk excretrients, shell fish, and mussels. This marsh is comparatively shallow, the average depth varying from 2 to .5 feet. A considerable portion of this area is thKuled for the greater part of the year and the surface is covered witli w.tter from I to 2 feet deep. When the wind blows from the north, from Lake Winnipeg, the surface is flooded to a depth of from 2 to 4 f<'et. At present, the nortli- I rn part of the bog -around the west, midille, and east channels — is used for hunting grounds; the southern i)art is utilized for growing hay. M Clandeboye Marsh. Tl»is miiisli is situated cast of the ])rincip:il nicriiliau, alumt 4 milos west vf Claixlcl.ov.'. or about !) milos from Selkirk, Manitoba, and rovers mori' or !.■- of t(i\vnsliii)s Ki-lti, range :'.. The total area eovered by this niar^ii is. approximately. 27 .(KM) acres. Tiie peat is forml'd |)rincipally of prairie uniss, carex and acpiatK plants, intermixed with shells. This marsh is vund the margin. .. ar«>und the margin. The fK-at is formed prim ipjdly ot (a rex and aquatic plants: hy|)num found (M-casionally; and it is heavily intermixed witi sh<'lls. mollusk excrements, and if the marsh, covering it with a and -ph..gnum an diatoBiaccDus. silicHous II form I he liottotn o slieil fish, which ayer from one to '((/l/.**! I' ixed carbon ; Volatile matter ^-^^ Ash ■*'>■;. Nitrogen ' "•' Ph(.>sphorus "•"^' Fuel ratio, hxed carbtm— volatile matter •) 28 per cent. Douglas Peat Bog. This bog is situated west of the principal meridian, al)out 13 miles cast of Brandon, or half a mile from Douglas, and covers more or less of townships '.!-ll, ranges lo-lT. The total area coveri'd by this bog is, Mpproxim:;tclv. i:5,(W)0 acres. . The peat is formed prin It is more like a large sloufjli and is very shallow, the average dej)th varyiiijE from 1 to 3 feet. To use this land prohtahly, it would have to he thoronnhly drained. At present some of the area is pracTi«-ally valueless ami some ot it is used as liay land. Ochre River, or Turtle Marsh. This marsh is situated west of tin principal meridian, south i>i Dauphin lake, or about ti miles uortheast of (>re or 1<-Sf< of township 24, ranges 1,") and 16. The total aica covered Iw this marsh is. approximately. !t,0(H) acres. The iwat is formed of ( arex. renuiins of prairtt' gras,s«-.. ii(|uatic plants, intermixee recovered and utilizeil for agricultural puri)oses. Dauphin Marsh. This marsh is situated west of the i)rincipal meridian and west of Dauphin lake, Manitoba, and covers more or less of townships 2r)-27. ranges 17-18. The total area covered I'v thi^ marsh is, ap|)roximately. ti.tKH) acres. The peat formjition is simitar •■■ Miat in the Ochre River marsh, In-inK composed of the same veget.-ition. The general conclusions ..irawu troin this preliminary investigation of fh*' peat U)gs described are, -fcit thc\ are either too shallow, or are com- posed of rwiterial unsuitablt tor the manufacture of peai fuel or peat litter. Hy draining thoroughly, however, these enormous areas can be cconomicallv recovered, and thus become valuable for use as agricultural I. an. I ^^:.!tJBEiS!mas.\ :VA TAHLK VI. Preliminarily Investijtated Peat Boftn in Manitoba during the year 1911. See Map No. 153. I.(X ALITY. Iht niiinr-i ,if — Appr*i\- iIh l(r»j£?s. inmtcly ToHn.ship HaiiKt'- fr)tiil :in'H. Kkmakk^. Ulilli'lrKiulh. 4-13 I'lllli) W 11 Nrll.y. , l.Vlti ( l.iri.li'lHiyr l.i-Ki liiu < ints^ rtmisli. 15 IS Douglas... . 9-1 1 MrCrciiry 20 I'l Ililiri' KlviT 24 Diiupliin 25-27 M-UK 1*7, (MM) l*rinripally foriiitd hy curvx jithI a4iuulir plant."*. IlK y.fKK) Principally fornir.I l.y r-.m-x ami ;u|uanr ftiant.-*. 4 ttK 2'), (MM) I'liiK ipully foiiiii>tl l.y tanx ami iu|uatii- plants. ^{K 27,(MM» iVincipaily fonni'd hy vtiTv\ ami aquatii plants. lOlIW r>(l.iMM) Principally foniuMi hy carcx ami a*|uai.. pl'ints. I5-I7\V Ki.OOO Principull>' formed !>> carcx and rrin^jun- of prjiiric irrass. M I5W 15-16\V il.CMHl Prinripally fdrnicd by carcx ami r— lIlain^ i>i prairi<- Kr:i>,-. I7-1SW (i.(HMl IVimipally mrnifii l»y carcx ami rciuain- of prairif nra». 'li.ta! areas = '2mAMiO •^fim^^-i-^im*iM:,,MhM» ;j4 APHKMJIX I I'KAI l'()\Vl)i;i'. Tin: I'Hn: lull \l ^^l 1\IT1 lllM. I'KAI l'll\M)l;ll AT 1! l.junKl'.v. 1 iir H.nk- jiri' .•.i'u.iird :ii thr Mink |inu l«iK, nciii Hack >1iiIloii. 12 km. -. ,•-.'-, • Km V lire liwni'il liy AkiiilioliiK.i liirf. unilcr tin- iimimK'iii'nl i.( I.iiulcnanl II l.kiiuiiil, whii liii> phinrRMl iin.l wcirknl •■m ilii' inrtliml. It i-(vi,|i'nt tlmi I TH » iMitliDil o( iimimfiKlunnK Willi >uiliilili- iimilimc-i> :inil i.laii^ i- in >in \, iMimnrpi rt.Tt.ilKmauallv. wliirh i^lll Iliac till' ri»ull»<.f till' i«'M>i.Mvi>n iicr:^^^^^^ n It I..- .l a» tiiuil ic.Hult>, -inii' tli.y ii.i (luulil will mipn.vi- Willi tin- applii ■ilmn nl fiirtlii i .xpericn.i' and iiiipri.v(iii"nls. Ai tin- prisint liiiir llir wurks liavi n.ii a ^uttl^lc•lll aiiiiiunt ul pow-cT for till' w.irk nihir im llif I>mi; or at tin- farii.ry: riinscnii-nlly wlnn they air ii iiprniliiiii at till' -mini- tiiiii . II i~ iiiipossilili i run ilii- plant at Its full .apuiity. Mimufiirliinwi 'if liiiir Miiliriul. I'liv Imik lia> an ana <•{ ll':"> lii :i tin nrs alur ilrainii.^. Tin huttiim i» uixiM.l of a til in ~an hijin iloni , iiarily by an Anr

inachim-.considerabledelayMn the work. ( )win(! toils heavy weiKht, IS to 20 Ions, supp.,rted on a c.inparativelv small ana, bleaks ami -ettlinns .H'eur, thus causinn diBieulties in track-layiiiK Neither can ail of the inat be diiK out. '.ul a consideiabie amount 1ms to be left, causint! :oss Hid inconvenience if the boitoiii of the bo'; is to be used a- a dryinit field. I his ma- chine can b isidered -iiiied for our bo(!s only in a few exceptional cases. 1 lie plant riquired eiuhf men fur diKninu and -pieadini! the peat. , Thi Miiriiull /•.Veil 111/.,. i> Placed at the boituiii of th" bo(j, and. like the >vedala macliine, i~ eoiiipo.sed ul ditujini: inailiine. miner, and conveyer ' ., . i- i Thi- diitkiiiiK machine has a larije capacity, but i eitain shut downs canmil be avoii ed, which, with the pivsinl airaiweineiits fi^i the transportation of the pulp -in the held, should make In avera«e capacity ;i,i-tOiiii tier Imur. The pruduction naturally depinds on the condilion of Ihc boK In a shalliiw bon moie fre.iueni iiiovinK of the machine is necessary, and the sliiiiips wliicli have lu be remuved \,\ the duatinii arm interfere with the excaviilinK, so tint a delinite Ijuure regarilint! the lapii iiv of the iiiai hine for differeni conditions cannot be uiven. .\t Hack, liow- evei Its averaiie pioductnm i- 40in' per hour, but ilurinu lliis year's tun certain ehances have been timnd to be advantaucais, anil when these are made a still (tri'ater produclnin can be counlcd on, Thi- excavator a- i ombimd bv Lieutenant Kl-eluml with the necessary appliences for the pulpmc and tran>|K.rtitioii ul tin- niw peat. i>, without doubt, the most praeticable system which so fai lias been Useil. .1.1 The pulped P' II is c .nveved to the iluii.piiini ears. runninK on a ixir.ablc track in-ar llie tienili and out into tliciivinn licld, .\l the excavatol . a sidinRand .-witch areprovlded foi the empl,\ cai- »lu.h are r. :i.iv lu b,. loaded. Kacli car holds abuui (l-r.lm' if lilled to the brim, but ii- ilic\ aie umeriillv loaded in a heap they nivc an average capacity of liii' Sinab, IikIiI casiiline motives take these lars to the drvinu licld, which has a width of 2,->0 metres, where the pi dumped on bulh sides of the track, and when the Icnitth of one rail has been covered with a sul- lieient amouni of vx'at, that sectiun uf track is moved .i metres to i!ie side. 1 hu-, when a new liii. i- Ml be started tin- new track is readv, wiili the exception of the curve connecting tin- -put wii i 1 1.1 spur at the trench. This, however, is dune in a few minules, after which the work is eoiilinind \ field pre- presse-. .siiii«iths, and cuts the peal in ■'strinK- " about I.') cm. square and with l.i ■ strings' ■ per 'table. ' Ilie pn-ss is run bv a HI H.I', electric motor with cable and wim inis ilruiii I Ml each -nle of the drvitiKliehl there an car- placdun tracks. On one cat tin' .aide wheel i.- placed on tl ther Ihe unit ir with the windinij drum. The peat is cut crossway- by hand with a mllmi; knife. Kacli excavalur with lieid piess is -aid tu ni|uire 7."> H.I'. ■ peal I- I Hen' follow- a (leseription of the machine as ii apix'ais afte other machinery, but this description .dmuld not be publi-hcd. ehanjris and combination- witl Note by H. Kkelund -iSSS-Aff" 35 Thr lnlxiurri'fiuiri'il ilurinK tin' auininrr pists of a pair cjf ttKkthcd rolls and can. acc(»rding to Mr. I-^kclund. handle frozen peat sutisfat-torily. .\ftcr passing through the coarse crusher the pt^at falls directly into a fine (-rusher. This consists tif two rapidly rotating steel discs studd(-d with steel pegs or teeth. Th(* disi-s n-volvc in opposite 'iircct ions and the pegs or teeth arcsoplaci-d as to travel in b(-t\vccneach other without inti-rference. Two such crushers arc at the present time instalh^d, but only om- is nquircd lor supplying t h(- powder furnace. In the line crusher the peat is fairly well disintegrated aft(-r whicii it passes to a fine r-cr(-(-n whi(di separates most of tlic fibre. The scnu-ned mat(-rial is conveyed into the furnace ruom by means (tf a In -It convey (-rand is then carried to the toj)of thi- furnii(-(- by means of a bucket 1 levator ' 'Here follows a d(-s(-ripti(»n of th( l.k(-lund. furnai-(-, whi(-h should not Ik- published.— Note l,y If. I n.iii Ihr. furmicr tli.- .Irii.l |)<.»i|rr |m»~.. I" ii tin.' mti .n wlirrr uIh.hI II> Mt' , mI' lMii.-li.ij 1,,»,|, r i. i.l>liiin.'.l. Ihr rijirt «.«■» to ii .n.irw .cr.-.ii, wh.rr iIm- lil.r.- iiiul lli. in.-,uHi. i.iiil.s • ru» m.I l>iirr» ..( iHiit iirr »ipiiml.-.l from niili i.thir Tli.' «rr ihr.iUKli th.i tirnt mill i- pHokcl dimlly int.) tmit". liut fr.im III.- «<.i";l I'lii.l ti..' Ihirili ilii- pulp i< iiKain - i.-.-n.-.l i.n n tin.- «.T.-.n iinil ii v.-i-y tin.- ix.wili-r ik iililHin.-il. I h.- .-.mro-r piirl i» I'll.- |>.i«.l'u/ nil.-. . In ..ril.-r l.i .l.-l.rmim- lli.- <-iipiii-ily .if Uk- turna.-.- llir..- .lilT.r.-nl I. -Ms w.n- run, fr.im lli.- I.'tli III till- l.")lli of AudUKl. Ilic ri-null« of wlii.-li an- nivi-n li.-l.iw. IliivinK no fa.-ilitv for w.-inliinK iIm- raw niali-rial at tli.- .rusli.-r, winipl.-^ w.-r.- lak.-n four tun.-. •r li.iu' from .-rui.li.-.l p<-ul enl.-rinK Hi'' furna.-.-. Tli.-».- »aii.pl.-H «.r.- lal.r ma.l.- into ii mn.-ral pl.sfr.im wliioh tin- av.-rii«<- m.iif.lur.- i-.ml.-nt wa» .l.-l.-rinini-»»<•»' iii-.i.-.- .., ....... - , - .•_■„, ii.k.n fr..m tin- iiiat.-rial not •i.-.-u«l.iiii.-.l lo workinn with v.i-t p.-at, ».i that .lurinK n..riiinl .■.in.liti.inH powilily l>.-tt.r r.-sulla .-.lul.l li.- .■»p<-<-li-.i II i" of Hpi-.ial import an.l- that ill.- f.-c,lin« In- .l.ini- uniformly, so that I'liual amounts o( p<-al pass |hioU(th Ih.- (urna.-.- p.-r liiiii- unit, an.l not irn-Bularly a.s s.im.-tim.-s happ<-np"-<• ■""" \V.-i(jlit of .Irii-il peat; finish.-.l ixiw.li-r if.T.'L' ku. Intinish.-.l .Iri.-d p.at' 1.145 k(j. Fil.r,- ulri<- kg. T.ilal 4.984 kK. _ \Vi-i(tht of pow.ler U.S..I for iriim tin- furna.-e I'-is b ' Weiuht of p.-at f.ir M 'rtind '111- furna.-e l.i.') KK. Th.- (inish.-.l pro.luct .-i.ntain.nl l.Mi' , or li"8 kit. iiioistun-, onl 4.:tOI) kn. .Iry sulistan.-.-. i|)win(il<)la.-k.)f p.iw.-ror,l\ tiv.. mills i-,,iiM lu- r-in at th,- sain.- timi-. s.. that only part iif Ih- peal was Kroun.l. an.l all that pasM-- suffi,ir-nt l.mi-inil ih.- iiiati-rial from two furna,-,-s. 37 At till' furniti'i' till' iNiW'ilir lontnimil 14' < iir 'Ul kn HittiT. iiml wi'IkIii'iI !i,(H(7 kn. Tin' ritw iiiulerial ciinlainiil Wn' , at S.OU kK "f wat^r ami wi'luliid ll.tlN) kg. TIlURt- WriKlit i>( wati'i I'vaporatml in thi> (urnaii'. 4,:tM ku. " adrrwiirilii, Xt kit. Hi'Bt xuppliiil to till' turnacr: — Hv (iiiiiliuntioii of till' powilir 7S2X4.ni() = :i,4tlfi,720 I'al. IH'ttt, l:tAx:i..100- V2.!Mt,al. Tiilal - .t.Kau.^'L'Oiai. TliUH the (uriiaci' liu« i'viir( piivn i i« nvail- nblr for llii' MiillU'* 14, tm kK. powilir iitiil :I4H kit liliri'. Till" ronHUinptiiin of powdrr™ 15 4' , of tlir iiniihiil priHiiirt. n-l .Vu. >. Saturiliiy, \uit \'i, fniiii ii in. to li p.m. Tiiiii^ 12 liouni. Aaalyiw. I < alurific I Moisturi'. Volatili' I'ijril Ar.li. powir of KITrt'livr 1 iimttiT. rarlmn. roiiilm»tilili'ii. Iii-at value. Kaw pi'iit . S3. 7 32 9 11-4 20 Cal. piT kK. Cal. per kg. M70 2070 Drieil (nal at lurnaci-. It) 3 FinUlii'il powilir 17'2 S6'3 22- 1 4 4 M60 4170 Powitor for firitiii 80 S3W 4030 Aftrr tin' run of AuKUst 12. tin- furnacr wii' charKi'd with tlii' raw piat di'ncriln il aljove. wliicli liail lii'i'n lift ovir from lust yiur and hail been frozin in tlic shriU. The wi'iKht of 1 cub. mitro of thin piat wa.i 436 kK., this pi'at was usi'il for thi' run ilurinK thr wholi' ninht iiml Saturday. Wi'iKht of drii'il peat: — Kinislii'd powiliT 7, .594 kiloKrains. Unfinislu'd p3'7''; or 7,713 kK. witir and wiiKhed I4.3n the furnace per 1,000 cal. Vsi'ful eff ' t of the f'lel = 79 .S%. The produi ;ion of the furnace per 24 hr.'^. = l.'),918 kK. powder and 144 Kk. fibre. UsinK, for C.riiiK, powder of the same fuel value as the finishiil ixiwiler, consumption was 'r '> kg. or ll-f^'~f of the finisiieil jxiwder J cub. iiieire of 'he powder produced (3 bags) wciKhcd 148 kK., spec, uravity O-jyi,.' 'Whi.'n the elTcct of the current of air is not taken into account and the evapon\'i(. ■ Hca: ^i the water is assumed to tie liOO cal n'his 13 the weight oi liKlitly packed powder. lor shipment the powder is pa.^ked hard hv shakinK.— N'.'te bv H. Kkelund. 18784—.'') VIoiuliiv . \iid- I5(ri>iii U 11.111. toll p.m. Tiiiif, it lirn. .18 r. ./ .Vu. .1. AniilyM* 1rim) pt'iil at furniH'i Kinii*!!!-"! |H'\vi|i.r l'o»«ltT fur lif iiiK Miiin'tin Vol.tiilr I: itU'r. :m II m It II I II 2 .Vi I 17 :; .VI- :t I i«iritir p<>» r u« lr«ti'. Thi- wijulil i.( I luli. MM irr ..( ruw petti ^ li.'S kii. %• inlil l>( iln.ii p.;ti - Kini-'...! (jiiwdcr - 7.121 ksf. I'nfiiu,lnil pi.^il' r - (MS ' Filiri; ulri.il , - 2M • Viiiclit ot p<)W(|ir (iir tirinit 7H.' kit. \Vi intit of pint fur >i:ir»t:in.i-. At llir fur lire the drii il piMit powilir roiii limil II -4' o or tfSO kg. wuIit uml wiinliiil 8,:i:iil kg. Thr rii« piiil mntiiri'il W^i <>i 4,712 kg. « u; uml wi'inhrd 12,I0S kg. ■ihns Hi ikIiI iif Hiitir i'Vii|Hiriilt'il in tlic funuiii Writtlit of wiitrri'ViifMirutril uftcrwarilM. , , 3,772 ku. 19 •■ Hint .suppliril to furniK'c: Hv .iiiiiliii^tiim i.f |)ii«(li'r,7N2 X 417U - .I.'IID.WO nil. I'liit.ISOX .t.VK) = .12,'), (KM) ■ Ti.liil = ■l,T.S,^,li40 lal. U.-rrfurc I kit- iif wiiirr lm» Im'iii i-viiinjiiilicl in 'he furnaii' p< r l,(KKIi'ul. I -i itnci imiri' <>r IcMi I'VMUtrriition ^ubM«'i|ut-ntly titki-** plnri* ni'i'iirilinK In tht* tiiifiMturf cttnffntn it( ttu- itiali*ritil. It wtiuhl iiniloulttcilly If*' itdviintii^ci-tfU^ to »ilfiH thi' ilrifil p*iHi|i*i to pft«« thrttuirli % Ions mnvryrr lii'liiri' it if put tlirniiKli till' iiiilli Juiltfinic fiotii titr rmultM itlitHini'il friiiit tlif ti'Mt run^, lA ton" nf piiHilrr hiiIi I^ IM' , inot^ture Mrn- iilitttiiii'il pi'f 'J4 liirtirr<, U"iii|i pfut -Vr , vtiiti'i. uiiil IM tiniM rritm tM-nt nf W > wiiti-r. ( 'lui^uiiipliiin i>( powiliT (nr III! lurniii'i' *i"> I!* , in tlii' fiixt iiim' luiil (K, nf llir priHliir'tiiin in tlir liillir Tin- fuinai'i' i*iM run with t«ii 12 hour Mhift.-.. V'.iifU -hift i>l 7 nu'ii anil '.' Imi\>. h^ fMlJiinrt: — I iiiiin itiul I lK>y limilinK p< , i>r Mt ki pi'r 'i4 Imuii in ail. With II priMlui'tinn III 1.^ tun'- pit 24 liour". Ilir prii r nf IhIkiui pir tun i-- .1 'X\ kr , Willi 21 tiinn priHlui'tinii tlir prill' i« 1' .'W kr. p<'i tun TuM furnai'i'N ran Im' run uillt (lir Maiiir --tatT, liy ii-plurin^ ''■!>>• with iiirii. 'I'lii- uatfi'^ |M'r 24 liiiui will tlirn liri'oiiii' M ki. Ill fur a 'lU tiin« priHluctiin I Ml k pi'i ti» 'I'n tliin nlifiulil la- adili'il tnti'ti"*t ami aiiiiirtisiiti<>n nf tin* plant, p«iwrr, nil, liaM^. iiianaicriiirni. la&r^. in-uranri', i-tr. I l)sr. mux iir \ fUNT niNxl-riMi iir (ink «xr»y*'MK >m> rwu ri hmi B". pimiii i inu tiiiii r II. .VK) TUNS Htl.KtaLK PilWIlKK Mtfnufiaclurlnt of Ritw Malcrlnl Ihttu fur Ihi Ciiiruliltinrt. Till' plant nliall Itr aiii.irtiziMl in 20 yi'ai^: lii'nrc, tlir Ihik iiiunI I'nnlaiii I'n iukIi tiiatiTJal fur this pi'riiiil. I'll! I'Xi'avatiir piniluri's 40 I'liliir iiii'trrM p«-r linur, with in^l iim alrrail.v Mii'ntiiini'il. Till' avrriiKi' ilrptli I if till' liiitcafti'r ilruJninK is 2'-'^ iiii'IK'^, anil tlii'spi'i-ilir (cravity nf tin' iM'at I sui'li that 7 luliir iiirtirs- I tun iif pt'at with .')()' , iiiiiisturi'. Thr bun is wnrkiil 120 ilays, nixht III I la (In. Ill It arr iif sue cli a I ii>K riintains 2.'>,(MI' laliouT is availalilc (lutinK thr suiiitiirr. Durinu unfavnur.ilili' .suninii'rs thr prat (Iuk in tiir innnllt nf .\ukus1 iiitKlit nnt lirrninr suf- Ht'irntl.v iliird. hut in sarli rvrnt it may Iir Irft nn thr linjc during thr wintrr until thr fnllowinK iipnnK. wlirn. al ftrr a short timr, it i I 111' ttansfrrrrd In Ihr slirtls. TIh' \rarl>' piiMlurtinn of thr rxravatni-- ll.5,00t) ruliir iiirtrrf ( iiBT or I'HM Kii Thr liou. draini'd and survryril .. 43.U(Klki. ( tnr diiutinic marhinr, roiiiplrtr . . 25.(1110 " Trarks on tlir Ihik. sprradinu marhinr, rars, Kusoljnr loroiiiotivrs. rtr 25,000 " 4 shrds with arapai'ity of 7„«I0 lull, inrtirsrarhi . 40,000" I'owrr station, 7.1 H 1". laparity I.'S.OOO " Total = hiO.OOO InttTrst 4' ; , .\iii'iiii«ation .V , n' 'hr lioK- ... 4,050 4'; •■ 5', shrds: .'{,(«» " 4'; " 7' i ■' iiiai'hinrry 7.1.50 Korrinun's pay .7 iiinnths . 1,000 I'url for 111 itors, 7.1 II. I*., iniuiiini; :i ki! iwat :tO' , watri [nr H.l'. hour, ;tX7.ix24xl20 = ri4S tonsai :'. kr' 1,944 (iasolinr for:) loroiiiotivrs. .•).4(K) litrr> at 11 iirr JHH 2 rniiinr iliivrrs, 4 kr. [M'r day = s ki . iirr 24 hours OfiO < lil and supplies .500 Taxrs 500 In.suriinrr . , 5, .500 .Misrrilanr lu.s 1.202 Vrarly produrlion 1 Thr sIukIs at Hiirk ll,i(H)l) Ti.tm 2-2.0O0 kr. 1(1,400 tons with .Ml', watrr. flu- whnlr )K>rii>il. tliouidi it ilriTi-u.-i's Kr;uluiili.\ thriiiiKh t W.IHill kr. ■ullltril tn (>r I he s;inir (111 1 Interest is here i tlie nniortication. 'The Kuaranteeil fuel cnasuniptirtn of motor is till k a. soft piwil per etTeetive H.l*. \eiir. cnrresimnilinc to 1-2 ks. peat (:ill',, wiiterl; hence the finurr iihove is Ksi hiish.— i, N'otr b> H. Kkelunil. t 18784 •>i MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TKT CMA«T (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2| ^ APPLIED IN/HGE In '6S3 East Main Street f»och«ter, N««, rori. 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300- Phone C716) 288- 5989 - Fo» 40 Total Cost pih Ton. — Watir. Dry , 30'r 40% 50% j 1-70 k 1 45kr. 115 " 1-20 ki. 0-95 " 2-40 kr. 1-91 " 1-34 " SOOk.s. 2-60 kr. 1 215kr. , 4-30 kr 1 Total cost Other cost Total (round numbers) The I'owDEB Manitacturino. lyalafur llir Calciilalionn. T. J."'° ',"'■"'"■''* chargrd witli pt .t with 50' i water, producinu, pet 24 hours, 30 tons o( powder, iucl for the lurnaceE 12,, of the pnxluction. • J"*'? ''"""»<-'™ d'argcil with peat with 40',t watei, produeini; 42 tons of powder per 24 hours, with a fuel eince and living houses j4 OOOt * Stock house. 5, OOOt' Total 145,000 Interest 4';, amortization 5' i on buildings 44,000 ki 3 960 „ " *'-'c , , '' 7':f, on machinery 100,000 kr .....'.'.'.'.'..'. ll'ooo Management of the whole plant 5 000 Tajes for the factory ' jqq Insurance.. 50O Oil and miscellaneous. 1 040 Total 22,000 " Pciil uilh iO per cent water required. During 180 days ISO X 42 tons of powder are produced, of which 009 X 7,560 = 680 tons, are required for hrmg. thus leaving 6,880 tons of saleable peat powder containing \2% of water 680 tons of p».at powder contain 598 tons of dry sub.stance. Adding ,5% for fibre, 630 tons diy substanee »ter. From ) tons of is required, corre.sponding to 63,000 cub. metres peat mud, or 1 .050 tons with -0% of wa't th's- 31 tons of hbre suitable for bedding, and 21 tons of dried fibre arc obtained. 6, •According to apocifiraUons received tor the complete power plant of H.P. supplying the bog and the factorj- Ekelulld''"' """"' " ' ■ "■'' '' "''"*"' ^ *''* ^'' and 30,000 kr. to the factoor -H ■ ^ Tl"? P^i"^","' ">« ';''!,''«S?"'«','s ?.''«<','!'■; hut interest and smortiiation o( this is obtained ay rents, price of the stock house is 3,IKX) kr. , included in factory building account 25,000 kr. : hence the item 19,000 kr be omitted. — H.Ekelund. ' The should 41 powcler cDndiin fl.O.ij tons ,.f ,lrv ^ut..t,in .„ i .■ ., , Durinu 100(ia.v>. ;iO X 1(H) = .) (m inn- .,i >^ . . , m) ton., of prai p„w,l,,r rontain .',17 ton- of ,lrv i ^ ',';''' "■ '"'"-"uni: !;;■ , ,,( „-.,,,.,. ^;r '■'■ ""' '"^ ""-^ .->rn..,>on.i,n„ ?o :;!:;^;?,.;;^:",:;r . ;:;'i!;::f,:i:;,;^- ;;;-;■ ^^ =^ :--.r :.ry From this is olita: .1 20 tons ,,f •,',r,. „^, .r ■ . ' '"' "'"'■''"'■' iro... thts , o.,tain,..i 147 ton, o, ^'-^ -'IIm!!';,;';:.:;;;;;:^;;:;-^;;;;;;'-;;' p-;t -r,, ,,;„ ;;.;|- 8 mm, :i kr. per, lav each. 1 ciiKinc driver. 4 kr. pir 12 lirs 1 fon'man. 4 kr. pir 12 hrs Wa«i» per 24 lirs. = (i4 kronor. I '■■■"'" /I'M/.;'/', .,.■■»„>,,.., Wajjrs ti4 X isn I^ I0(KUton.sofp,.at4(r, wat.r to,-. al..ai, I,.,., w,|..,..., •..,.,,, M.'.-.Jt. ? X ?^ X ^ Tun "^v^ •"' ■ T'"'- '-' ~"""'^ <''^--'< -• -I k^ -■"•"' ) A i,j X -4 X I.HO^IK! tonsof pen :iir watc r forsn,..; n , i ., •-*- lnt..r,.st, amorti^ation,,.„.. '^"' x >■. ,HK, "" "^ ""^ ^'" """ "^ '"-'-' .1 kr . . ,,,« -•«" "■ I4.14:{ i'!'"'"",, kr. S-tK Hfarof liaKs •■ „ 40 .Miscrllancou.s ■■ ().()- Total kr ij. lo J'rm „/ i,r,,,li,cl..m ,.f >.„.;,; ,„„.,, ,,,■ ^„,,, ,y, ^. ^^(■'■m /(,,;/ .VI'; „f „;,i,'r.: Waxes fi4 X 100 ... K,. Intm-si, amortization, otc. '"•'< •..(W - P ini .ii s nr i.t^js -80 7.,SflO Total kr , ,, . 2,S,0S:i J'r"-'"", 10. i.! k,. Wear of l,aK.s „ ,„ ,. .Misccliancou.s tM»7 •• Total kr II 10 p.r i..n. Average cost per ton = ^hp' - 47 = !).,(.-, kr. As .saleable by-product is obtained— .329 tons of fibre 40' , water suitable i„r l,e.l,i,„.. 167 ** " .5o» - .. .. " The former is sold at 12 kr. .m.l the latter ai ,S kr, n r Urn Avcrci. . cost of peat poller p.T ton will be ''*'"" + „ ,7 , „ ,„, • !«2(1 ■ '''^■ in hi^r!^oul,^pwCi^!:hl^il;iS;;';,:;;;;l!;;:^ 'n,';';;™;"™:;,;;";:,';:'',!'* ..>ns_.f ,i,..,, ,;,,„. i,„ ,„,,.„ ,„„„„.,, nltogether .l,frcr,.nt prioe. when ,|„. til,ro ,- „ u'Z.lZ 1 1, - " .,.^1';', A^f^' ,''' ^'.r '"" ' "' """'■ '" «"• •"• pt«luctt„8 46kr pert„„ It sh„„l,l .,1 '""'"""•""''' ^..W) ;«'"•'•■ ^1" ».ll i.mer tl.e average pri«. ,,l rpults are „t,tume>l using po«,ler »,tl, 1.5 i^-r cent' n s ,1, nT, , 1 , , ,^ V,"' v"' '""'■'"- ■'■<^=">'"""^1 :'-l l-st tins report-lower the price cnn.siden.t.l.v,- N^,e hv 11 TaXn.! "■' ' ^^■'""■" "■""""■k- "'. .|„. exi of lit- f>f>w«'r plan' iitr th*' tutu: ■\'ii^thi\> 42 -»n< K»'«r'* PrtMiurlntii. Tl lWlilav> Pi iti f(ir '*t)irt.inir tn' (urnin'<-« iiM(iila\rt' riic piiwtr plant ii.r thi lioE 100 dav- Pim-th'" f.- r hrinir ^hf turr.'U'<- IKOtiar-*' ! 1(1(1 .lav- Til'- ?iii.'ai)t-- !>• It! r.Mimrc-^ P.at. (ill). Mctn- (H.S t.,n> p,00« " = 2.'t' , of tli«- peat ntuil txcaxattMl. In the almve lai.iilation mo^t ti(£un'< art- ^upptutl h.v I.iiut. H. Ekelund.' Tlie <'o.Im(I-' I have put at my own ?vtiri>ati(in, othcTwise the cost of production (iepond.<< iHrjicI> on liH-ai condition^, -*<» that a del ailed ^■^*ti^Iate of cost i-ould not he (jiven. Thi.-i calculation, however, is made under rather unfavourable circuiiistances and a new* plant erected with the cxpi ' asc>. ilie peat contains a consithrabl.v less amount of watci ihan I have used in my calculation •. I- urthcr it may he assumed that the effect of tli( furnaces wouht be increased by the h'njnhenintr of the drying conveyers, and reducinc the number of workmen by installing certain labour savintc machinery-. .As .so(>n iis possible test firing will be tnade to cttmpare the p*.*at pt)wder with coal, and as soon as rcsuits are obtained, a ;'(-port will be i.ssued. • i seems reasonable that very little in gained by dr.\ iiiK the powder to less than l.i'o water, and if so, the production of i he furnaces will be increa.sed and t he fuel consumption will be decreased considenibly. thu.- conlributinc to a imver price per ton of peat powder, .■^tockholni. "M-ptembcr 17, Kilt). » Vote h; M. Kkclutnl,- -.Ml fieuris Ki\en to .Mr. Xystruni have been verified by nie. ft fe AI'PI.NDIX II. A KKI'OHT ()\ nil M.\NIK.\( Tl UK (II |>|;\T \\|) |'|\r HACK im:at H()(i, t siNc iiii: i:ki:i,i- i,\\ \'n\\ |)| TIM, \ r 1 III: Captain Ernst Wallitren. I ( hi,! h:„,„n. , r. Sh; J,..h (i,„, ,„,„. ,„ /., „, /„,, ,,„j,„„,„ foll.minft r..,x,rt hrnwith Hul.mi.t,'.l ."Nurt.zat,,,,, :. I |,;,v,. m:ui, ,nv .•al,ulHti„n- ,n .1,,. .■-,..":[i;:!;;;.;:.:it',;t:",;;';:i;;i;'::r;?H:;:7r::r™:;,T'' 'v"""-/ ''>,'■'"" •■ '■•^- •■ i.nprov.„„.„ts hav,. I,,.,.,, ..... r n'"n;i,/l of „!, T,,, r''''; ' ''""'"''' """ ".'"" '"'IX"-'"". i.ictlKxIs. Tl,.. plani at If.rk nr ul . .s , . i ' . '""""'•"■""■'"»-' '- ■■....l...-v.l "ill, pr..vi..u- ..n..,i.ntoflatM,urf.,r.l„:|arK'7rn,lu!-.i,," ' " "■■"'■ ''•'l'"'-""^ - " 'I'-. " ^.'.^.H "';:.|i<'.",P"«-.l.'r isa splcTOli.l fu.'l f..r iHiiJrr-. ,■!.-, ami ,1 ,,f „r, 'm.iI ,„ ; , .• i plan,, „si„. 4 ,„ . „z , .1,,. ^i!; a; ;t"",:i^,JV;!n;:iL;/^;V;,;:i: j,;::,rt,:,',:,;:r;;:;- ;U';;; Aci'.inliiiK to my own iiivi'Mliitation. whiili • Data roH Caui lxtion nivi'n by thi anav moisturi' 2 Th.- prirr 8-.50 kr. in. lu.lis all .xp.nscs: lahiur, f,.r.n,an, rii-i of l)a)js,_fu..l, intiTcxt i.n capital, ixix'tid,.,!, ami workJnK lapitil' tcnanre /',, of the capital. In the nortli part of the l„m, >vhcri> the ohsolcic .-^viiiala ii.achin poat IS linhtcr anil stuinps arc nuijicnms. The piYxluetion from this part with a Munkl. II •naihi.v will he ,i„all.- low as lis tons per day as a sate estiniate. uree^ «ith inf. iriii^iiiDn K'-iii'-nt. ui^uraniv. taxes, wear li .'5',. aniDrtizatirin and main ha> iiecn ripcratinK. ' f'^' uliieli 1 nhall put aii ,I„r;l"7il'""i^*''"l''"''"T'"'"'"'' I'"'''"' '■""''"'""' -"'"'•.r '" Ihose „f th.^ Biiek p<.at 1h,k should, lurinR75work.nKdays.dieou, ahout 1S.4()0 ton.., f peat, W; watr, which amount i- m..'^— irv for ^Zr^VlT"^ 10,000 tons of peat pow.ler. ( i.nerally f.,r „,an,.fa,turinK raw "" . contain n^ an ?hi^^on,r.' "nl-"'' *}"' 'T"","""" ".'" "' "''■'• '" "P*--""- "' ''■»»' ••"' ">onth longer than the inontna may contuin k'ss tnun 40' ( wat*r. he oh.i!i'ie'',I''Lr,"nL7 t.-st niiuli' iif tlip (xnt (iirtorv (Srpf, .5 un.l 8i the amount .>f p.'iit rciuimj. nilculiiti'< 10,000 tons S.SOOtoHH 120 " 3«0 " 470 " 400 " lO.SUOtuns b,260ton» 40', Waler. \h',t Wutir. Dry sulj-tancc. Material require.l tor powder for firintJ fuinnee l.l.'iOtiins SOC tonn 680 tons Material fur liliie .iO ■ 3,1 •' ;)0 " Lose by combustion in tile turnaec 50 " 35 " 30 " Total 1,2.30 tons S70 tons 740 tons Thus 3110 ton« of the uiy aubstanee is fibre, whic'i can be sold for pi>at litt t, and, calculating on an average 25' ; water, .500 tons of peat litter is obtainic!. litlii- Pint Kcquiriil or /A. Suili:iii Huh I'litnl. Peat nquipd p.r elb. tivi' H.I', is calculated at 13 k«. for pi'at of 30', waler; 15 for pi'at of 40' , water. lUw l>inl R,- il... - A-l, 1 ,, 99 IJ u.ni- 1 3U p. Ill 2 OOo.in — « UO 11.111. 2 J flOOp m.—y Sjp.r.i. 9.S0p.tn.— '. '.OOn.in li ;; ti OOn.m.— « !«• p.m. • \.h> .■i> ralni- ( arlHin, ll,\ rlrnutii (l\.\Kfli. ' ^uli-tanif lilffd..' <»l. n.T.i 2.W. •">,24(1 2:.,71S.5Kr) 4(i..'lt:l lai (il 2 11. '.(17 .v< .•ill (1 IS.. "I !J II ■-'.IV' ;ii I 2.Sf .")ii T,.tal» 37,i|.'>S.88S (Kt.WH.OKl 4,701 47. 2'I2, 15(10 ,S,->,I2(1.6S(1 .Vi .j 2.1. OM .iOW r>« 2 l.7iHi II, 112(1. (172 S0,8,i7.21(l .Vid .'.I'j:! 4(i.!l.s7.!l'.l" -4 .".7 ;«(! (11(1 ,7/1 .-.IHIJ 4:i,'J,'i2.(^ ,7I'I .'1.022 ;)H,li44, '2 11(1.3 3-M (124 .11 10 608 1 32-84 81 33-7 21. (►So 22. li:i 20.84.") (il 1 l.<.«.")2 M-S r,Vi 1.WJ 2.8,5.475.804 ,...,s.'>fi,447 MS i:iO.S3.5 "1-"itiri< 1 III \ \ir r.. irv.|r..tr.i II, III.. iilUIIIUr -ul-lillM'i l«r ktt ll.l.l . 1 im:i \ * >HiM < i vm. 1 1.- w \ 1 1 i: I'l.w iii;n. \% nil M IMi^ Mil i'v^.-Kii mmii (ill nil. I iM-)iiNi. Mm. \\ r I ,11'.. 'I.illll iln.'il IMlWll.T liii.K .\llliiii-I Uliuili.l I lliHl: Uiiulll. Iiflll- M.lillil \\|.ii!lll ■•f ;in.|..ll,. 1 W.lKl.l III 4', p...- Iiim. Ikii!-. Illl-ll.'l<. l.ll.. t.ll^. 1.1,-. 1.1.-. 1 1- 'l,.l,ll ,|n,,l II, ill. 11. 1 I „i.. Siiu,Ih.| liu-lil,|. ..ul.'laii'. I.'i,*-, 37.04 1 117 •.' :.s .•.,43)i V.7XK 5, i:w | d.-'ai I I 31. Id 1 (17 •_• .•i4 ."1,230 H.nifl 4..S'*.! K.7'.a 32-84 Mill :! 42 3,242 », 4M 4,'JiSO H.ttM) 33-7 107 i2D) " .2«l 9.KVi ."..im.1 "."II.'' ,,:!.-.2 !l,ll:i4 .'i,!'.'.!'. ".Mil ;|.u.I«H 27,7x0. .^71! .■i0.m.'i..s;ii 112 ii.ii:i,"i mi 41,1111,010 74.0M".M< ,"ll.777,(KNl ICi.llls.HOO 1.1.224..M7 s.s.ti()4,l:ll ."ill, 7211, .SIS ..il.:ii;4.:i;il 47,772,;l,'.s s,-|, mill. 244 4l,H(ifi,4tll 7,i,:),i9,«:iO II. 4 H.42I nti 1 !2 ' 1 . lU.'i 111 2ll,ll.'ill 17 ii.:i j;i..s;i4 171 1 IV l,71K 1,". 2."i. 110(1 .'7'' 6-3 - 22, 4.V.' Hill 1 It 1,111. II 2:l..s.*s 1. lin c 22. Iss Hill 1 Ill l.slll Hi 2l,ii;:7 T'.l r 211, Mil- l.Vl 1 111 1,112 l:l 22, Mini 1 i:-. T' ls. sll Mill 1 I'.i l,ll.'i7 ■1 1 iii,si;7 ii'.i S.U .5..'i'>« .">.••;■" *3ltt ».»•• ".Ill, ■114,7117 .i,W,,Wli,.VSO l» ..■47 l:!i,:i:i.i I. mil *( Ir 211 111-. |1IT Iill-lii I 1.1.1-1. Iiirli-Ul , 7J1 S4 II '1 211, ...14 -is II .'.; ,-i7s 7s s 2.'i,il(i7 7'i II 21, s... SI 7 211, .Vil 711 'I l'i4, lii:i N( ; ^^ TABIF Ml. ''^^^fs |»wit Powder Fiutory at Back (Kkelunil's System made September 5-«. I«»10. \ I lit I ON UN 1 iiii\ M lisiASri: (ii iiii; DiiiiD M \1 1;II1AI.. INM V < ;HtHM» I'nV. |)| l< 1 K»r»Tivi: C'AUIHirH V*L1 E. Ti'l M h'.rtt' tivt. < AlJtHiri' V M 1 ■■ * '*'■ it.T r. ^H'l kit 1 INH ^ I'utt -uli-flttUT, .11 iKl- tll.lr A-l,. W.l. \ I llpy ..f|>iiit i , II \ Dry Ttuli-tarli't- -uli^'iiiiii-i' I i.l.-iiinci' "uli-liimf Ilrv iif 111! 1,1 III! j n( tin- >{r'>iitn Owiii-n. \'tn«i>n poMil.T |».«.|.r ••fclrii.l liii-'ilil"- MilltiTiill. and , treat- t mmi. I \.|) Uo. l.l>' t '\Loiiirw Vai.lk. I HI. p.r fcc. B.T.I 1.1.^. 1.1, I.I,- I.I,- % 5 1 1(1.1 4..VI7 .•i.r.'i jii aixi, :-.'4 47.44^),;(i« ..» 7 111.4:111 :i>>s i(i.s24 os« ! ii.4i» M jiis .^iw :i2-« M3 '> IIN 3,490 I 0,821 MJ •! :', (I 4 1 r. , , 4,2.7 17 4,(V44 7,ii(i:i 411,4:).',' I ,7 II 1,171 ,.'iUN 72.77V,:)7.5 Mil l."i,ii4(> 1,:1MI 17,(12S 7l.'i 17,77:1 7!tx Hi 7,^ .V.W -2M I Hi 4s.7iW..'Mt« >«7,77»,K.17 s:l II IH.s.a l.ll.', LM,247 »13 T2.im WH .'*:(» «-46 2«(« M4 ' ,W 74 t'TA M o1 M4 47.:i24,llHl <'|.1M.4!I!1 s-l » It^.O'. 1.2(11 l!'.'<;!r, (til) 2II.7.V. II ^ 4,27(1 7.l)>i5 I 4S.III1..",(I Mi,-.>i2,7WI ^.■. 2 |-, J 4,1711 7,522 44.«2:l,:iti2 Wi.;ii'2.(».'2 MS i:; .' 4,245 7.(141 :M,fl01.(i i:ill.li."i 'III till.' 2,111)2 llix l,v iri'itliiii'iii in ihr luniiuv. :! M .^ 4(10 11,72 .vue ,') 340 9,01 i4'W.t 1 VJ .'■,44(1 (1.71) 111 -,,4l(i i),7: 4 (HI ,1,.'!30 D..W 7'M 5,310 9, .is (H ,5,.M,? »,«* l-nHlH II \>>H I IlilM. Mil I I IIS \<'l Vai.l«. i«. , n.T.f. ^ rriHiivK CaiiHirii \ Ml t. Cai ppr k(. B.T.f. 'rrttiii)tr> ■iili»liin»'f ■ !« 1." •! ^■.r^^l i iM-rtvr < Mt-i(iri<; V»i SO »,«28 . S.I.Hl i l),2»i(S :>tt,7lM,u:i 44,071. km \uiriln-r I'n it-iit IN-t n nf nl nlllni'il n(,|ri.mt«. pirii t X:i|. Ill III.' Ill III.' 't»i| I.Xil I t'-i -ulHianri- pi r kg. M'l! . rtiw p -ii ilrml in iL. Ill rus pml. Ill ili'ti:(l fllilin I IS II I'l I'M ll I'l ^ ' r"w III II I'linl'l ' I.". I'll 11 II U tU .'i l.lt'i III II 11- II.. I'.r I r .■! I.. I.I.. I .'.KIO !!'■ "Vi.liix l,!i<;.V.'4'.' r.'Wi l.:ill il.-*»i l.ti« IT 1 IK) 1),720 A.IIWI 9, 171! 41,110,272 7'l,!H»i,l'Kl .VS I..W2 14 7 9 7 .'i l.:ie 7 2 411 D.flli 4.«W S.Wl 4»,UI>4.!)SJS X«.9!IO.!i:t) i'H HO l.WW ;j 7 li ■'< i,4ir li ,"i III (l,7l»3 S,t4)< (i.isi; 4S, 47s, 7111 s7.2l)l.f.K!l - i.non 1 1 11-7 II 1 l,.TJ7 r. 1 10 H,7.« S.IIS »,.l)7 i;i.OI«,770 .ss,:iiin,7>iil c_ i.tiiii i( 11 'S li li l,:i.*i 11 ,i % 9,.»» J, 03(1 IMHij 4.5,ll(lO,!ISO K2, OKI, 7114 2 1,.WI n 7 1 7 l,:;ii li .-. 10 9,iU8 S,0Z7 fl.ftW 40,703.819 7:i, 280,514 b* a II B-7 4 1 111 li 2 m I li.HUa Un •,!<• 30l,l>90,4.Vl .'>4.1.012.SI4 10,1 •1,03<1,,12II 5..')0I,74.'( I'.'.m t.11,1 'I.7H l,7iii| .II.'. :|,:«I7,9!)2 "..a.V4,:i>iii lo.:i.'.» i,.'.l> ii.vi.'. -•, M:i ■-'.i n :i,02s,t»ii rtjM.tM i:i,7iil :i,l5».wio .•i.iin7,ii40 .•,,'■.!> :i, 017, 2:1s .•i,4:il,»2> u.iihi 2, .Ml, 24.1 4,.W2.241 ' H.>•7^ i.ri.i I!, ri." ' 1 '1112 :i,ii74 111,1111 I 2,1111:1 :i,.vr III, i;iii I, 111.' 2,7211 M112 l,l'»ll 2.1 '1 J4 11 I( K..'* H-7.'i ;u,.<79.41.1 I :!7, 4211, 947 !I2, IVI J.! 2lri liN.liil' I.«t4 Tt ' •Ur li-ii.'j 11 1.-- i.f will. I pi'r III. i.f fM-ii' |Ni^ ill r il.'M'il r^nKKX, Swcilcii, Nov. I'J, IfHlt. Ernst Wallilren, Cliict Kngiiu'tT. t'lii.-li CiiiMiiiiai lit I'lat Invi-linaliiiii. I.ars Joni.sun, .V^.'ii-tuiit Mn({iiiciT. of t in pi Wlll'J tl,<- , :ikr. I till' < fon^i fXT f( 1 .Skah r. "/ Ik. /•/„ (i I Thr l.n« ,|r,„„. ,| ,,„,, ■-".,,.1. ... ,|,^«,„„ „J 'f.i !■ Mi'ftnn nl I •1. I'lirf m( "••in-ixirijjti. I" HI l»mil, r |>Ih •^1 "H'ru,lu,h:„ Inl.n-.t v, ,,„ I,,-, ,„, ^ ml •iiiiiiit. ^tniirtitiiti In-Ill Int. Purr "1 ifiil (ihi ini»iriiri,„i ,.,,,1 iiii'mtu.-. <'i ..n I,' ■«iiir*r\ I'l/iOil k, .V'liiiii .'.V Kill .11 mill Il.-,.1MN( ,'»">kl ... •11 I'l.i mill I''iitfini- ilr I- ml fir i|„ (iiixiiiiii rii 'III HIM 1.10,1 iv - n n •T ll.'.l. "Ur :ihi| 1 1 ,i„,,,f, -' mm k - I miii l,-,ii I I'l- r'liinl ,tii ""'in., -J.Mmi, iiiii.n .f l« tm* I. I' n stun •>!■, Ill II,. 1" r ti.ii .,f |„ ill I "H-- -|«,1, (,: l.n-.ii I'MI ■l(ll> '"►■ '■•-'! |-'.>< I '•-' ■>/ Ihe l'l„ni. - Kiiililini; ,.(,.. -' furna.c.., n.nipl.i. ' irl iif t!„.,«,„,r|,l;,,„ ' '"' llf /Vix/lK '„„, I, I,,.,., I ' '"" 111 •'^llll, H, t."H:,';i,,;:^:;f;::; -••-]"■. liiini.v, .^■"m.Mnu,,,i.'ir,::::;.:;;';:':;,:,:;,:"''^^'«*' -N IIIHI I '■INI -'■. mm kr ■■".(Kill •■ lill.lKd, ■■ r.t;,i Ul.VlKHI I Hill .'.miij t,r ■•mi ■• I, IKK) •• I.KVi I,, 1 , t:*i ■■ \. "in .i'i;i,|„v,„t 4ltr ■ *■•■••""•■ ■'••'VlT1lfS-,,|„j,,„^|^r, of till. »„i .,,,,. „,„■ ^.;„,,,';; ^ -n -I i«.«,i.., „,,i, ,:,.; ,„ ,,.„,.,„ ,„ ^^ ^^^ _ ^^^ i'n.l li.v u.iim ,.|,.,.tri,. Zllr :' "' """ **■"" 'v "' •I'.T- .-in i,.. ,,.,„ , i ■ , •"p-iur,i,,,, i,.,;',.,!';;^, -"■•— 1-r.i. m,i„.,«.u, ™i,!",:' ,'■;;,:. r;':;;^',;"n Inf.;.vui.r,.,l,l,. .v,.ar,,l,,.,;,., ,1,,,,,,. , , , n>i,l,.r,l,l,. „„„ SKAHA, ,S«.Ki.«.v, .\„v ,0, 1,110 '"'■"'■ "'^"" '*'"' ^-" furn.„.f.>.. :,.(liiii ■ ll.i).-|ii .'l.lKlll Vl.lMI • I Til ■ 'Ki.lKKI ."l.lllNl ■• s:. iHiii Kr '■'111- -iii-^i ,11 • 46 Ntni: ON APPENDIX III. THi; (>jm;in of thi: minktki.l kkki.l nd i;.\< avatou ON THK HACK I'KAT HOC A. Anrep, Jr. The bottom of the Biick peat hoR is placcl by nature higher than the railway traek. It is smooth and hard, with an even slope, and is composed "of sind and gravel; consequently it can be cheaply and easily drained. The peat is verv uniformly decomposed and has an average depth of :i metres (about 10 feet) after draining. This bog is considered to be an excei)tional Swedish peat liog. On the bottom of this bog is placed a Munktell-Ekelund excavator ct)ml)ined with an Anrej) macerator, which are driven by an electric motor. As the .surface of the hog bottom is hard, smooth, and easily drained, the heavy excavator showed si.Msfactory results, and worked like all other known sand and clav excavators i)laced on hard and solid ground. The Kkelund excavator excavates a trench 25 feet wide, digs around stumps, roots, and trunks and gets rid of same. However, when the stumps are pulled and when the rails have to be moved for the excavator, the operation nmst be stopped. The scoops dig out each layer without inter- mixing the different layers of the peat bog. which is a most important point with bogs in which the different layers differ in (piality. It is only adaiJted for peat transported and sj)read by gasoliju' or other engines. Such a process gives unsatisfactory results because the peat lavers which ire left on the dryitig field by such a system give a very uiiuniform and rough product, which is ai)t to crumble by handling and conseejuentlv increase the cost of the dry fuel. Inasmuch as the excavator is placed on the bottom of the working trench, it is impossible to dam it up during the winter months; hence the walls of the trench are exposed to the frost, which is very injurious to the peat; except in a very few instances where it is of such a formation that it is able to withstand freezing. Therefore, in general, such a scheme of working would not be favour- able ill countries like Canada, Russia and northern Sweden, where climatic conditions have to be taken into serious consideration. If the bottom of the bog is formed by nature of blue clay, bleaching ground, or mud. anil is quite level and firm, it would still give an insuffici- ent bearing to the very heavy Ekeluiul excavator. APHKNDIX l\ . DISCISSION UN 1-l.Al I'oWUI.i; .\r ~li KHi'l.M Tlio fi)ll()\viii)r infiiiiiiatiou i^ ai)>irai ti-u frmii a ri))'iit uf th. IVcli- nolofjioal MrctinK lifl I«'«l ihf !|i>.'ii>*!i ri m: "I'lir |)rii.-.p< t-t- fur u»"H''(;itmK sfcain in (icnt'Mtl by UMtin I*]li'kurni'> pi-ut ptjwjcr.' (l<-.<-[i!.ril uiiiii-. \vli;it i irruTH^tam-r.^ Kkclunii'.- (M-at pl>>('rv<' lavouratilr." Tht- (•i)st of tiianufartiirin^ t-nv Ion nf pi 'at p< 1 Will T ic Hit ai tunc 4(»' f tiini>tuif wa^ ahnut -^ krdiior, 50 itrt- ' 1 krima = 27c'. , uim-ii tie ciiti- >i(l('rfil very low H.- «a.- --.iiu iii'-nl. !iu\vc\)"-, iiiat tlii' ^o^t in iztncfal ii manufat turin^r p''at pitwilcr (in till' oidinaiy Swnli-h piai Ix.i;- wciuM r\(ird the ali'ivr i-iisi In- :' kronnr piT tun. Hr ronsidrrrd that i\i ii if f hi^ wi r* tip- i :tv' . jiiily:inK ffilii tin ri-sult^ ulitaimil at tiir t'->t.-> p« ffnrtiittl tiy tlic Sti'alii HuiliT Siiciit> , ;i wnuli! >Till Uc alili :>< i .iiuixli in lui i '.aim- wii|i inal. Tlir-. u >ts Uaw till' fdlliiwinc rr-ul'. that I kiliinraii. of K.al «a> ■ qual in fui'I valiu- t able to roiiipt-tc with <-oaI Captain WallKn n -tatnl that Dr. .Ir l.axai > w.r-.-arboni/.int! toctho'l houIiI. ii: h than peat in a law stale. The leason for ihi- he e.^piained o, be, that a .i nam .luanlilyoi pi al iiurns up durinu dryiiiK. ami lakini! thi^ into r,,nsideralion n will be found ihai tlie peal in a |)owder foriii lias lost a" certain percent ate of it- calorilie value .n the naluril state. He also slated that the cost of tiianufuclure i.s considerably Inuhi r : liaii that tiveii by con- liollers, and that peat powdei, under the niosi f,avour:ib|e cir. urn- ttitici-, wcuilil rot i cmix'te with coal. II Captain Walluren proposed thai ihi- m -noii of !lie '1 echnolomcai iiieeiinj shouM ornaninc a coiimiittee and make a thorouuh test of both fuels. This proposi! w,i- defeated l.\ .i large ma- Mr, Alf. Larson, in :■ letter addii — id t,. ilc me Mr, .Vurep, dated November .'II, staled that aecordinK to the liirures ^iven b-. ( aptain Ualli-reii, ihcpner of I ;oi. of p,Mi powder i,- as follows: kronor. i'lre. Cost of tiianufaeiuritu! pi-al iXiwder on the Hmi K peat bon ■'< v) Cost of peal iiow.ler iiianufaeiured on an ordinary bou would e\ceed the above ^ uiiiount bv , , ' "i (¥ l-'reiRht and ileliveiy to the purclw-ei fioiii the factory, - U" I'rofit per Ion , . Total c )st per Ion of peat powdei 1 14 .Acordinu to C.iplain \Vall«ren s Maleiiiint. 1 ton it coal is e,|uai in caloiilic value to 1-4 lon.f of peat powder. Cost ot p the late .Mr .Vnri'p, .states: 'l was latelv in Dumfries. ,Sco.iaid, :ind Iiace -.vn the i,e io,a in operation f.r live days. I itni convinced that th.- carbonuiiiion of peai was not p.'rlormeo m a nrnctical and commercial manner, and that they have not succeeded m ,.xir:iclin|: the » .., , cconottneul y by P'-';-»""'- The w..t carboniiinK process was taken up n l which, without doubt, will at.ract Rieat attention. has demonstrated how to run a locomotive in the iiio>t March 12, 1912, Hj. v. Porat. meihanieiil enRineer """Th^'uh^ 7^ ^::^.';:c,'w;^.n St:,eksun.l atid Kimbo, retu ninR on the Rosl.^en's railway, —a distance of 10 Swedish iiiUes. a Swedish mile - 7 E.irIisi miles,) , i.- 1 \s t he patents of his inventions are not yet issued, no detjiled description can be oblain..ustion. .,. ., 1. , ' „ .\ s"nallfire was starte or oil for the purpose of iRnitinR the powdei. U s.K>n as the innition has taken placi' the lire can be iui tries Thf following tables jrivi iiifdriuuiinii r.-jianlinu 'he ;iir.ou' manufactured in f?\ve(ien and Denmark, \vlii<'ti m n' tdr i.iil\ uv. for which this infornuitiiiu c.inid he uittuined. It is hoped that next year statislies may lie ohtuiu' d relafmu: to tlu amount of peat manufactured in Hu^-.- Germany, Hollanil, and Xorwav H StOL'll Upsaj .S(mIc( Osteii Jonko Kroni Kulnl (iottit HIeki; Kristi Miilm Hiillit ( iottl Skaru Variii Orebr Viistii KoptM Ciallfl .hiTiitii Viisti'i Viistei NorrU Tl have c 11 ■'*» TABI.E ,VIfI. Table of Peat Manufactured in Sweden during 1«MW. This table is taken from the report submitted t.> th,. County. StcKkhotm Upmla Sodcrmanliind Oatcrgotland •lonkoping Kronoberg Kuliiiar Oottland Hli'kinge KrintianKtad MalmohuH Hallanda GotclKjrgBo Bohua. Skaraboiv V'armland (ireUnt Viutmanlftnd Kopparberg Ciafleborg Jamtiand Vajternorrland Vasterbottcn .Vc)rrlK)ttcn TOTAI. Avfragc peT 'netory. . . s::;i;;;,:^,^:;r';i,;-:-"-^ •" '«o«. >•>• ^^ptum waii«n.n. PiAT LnriK. Amount manufacturiid. Xo. of bales manufactured. Loo.ie peat . Average oriro pii bale of I'tAT FlKL. Amount manufactured. Average prir per ton. .Vc. of .\f.i Hiili'M. pluce.^ . I'lil ill each edunty. in eaeh eouniy. Ill K li.^t i ■ :i ■^..^t n Ki 20, MMI 1 ()'* 4M,.i47 4 4)«..'.2.) - 24.»(KI ■i 4li,(l.«l '('J :i 24.2(H) 4 (1.112(1 H 127, iM •) i:tO. .■i70 H l.Vi,7,31 •t iK». UNI UX :i 47.«7:i ,1 Mi.lW XT 2 22.222 •» m.iiss 10 1 2.W,2:i2 .■12, 22« H 2tH.4:t;i 2U.(NNI { |('t 2 :J!»,4X7 4 iM.OI.'l >i] 1 .SI,"/ 1 2.1)0(1 1 10 IS9,8«2 ; s i.i«,2;io 9 (1.5.S0O 1 i »<.'!. 327 ?!) 14 322, 6K4 14 isii.eoM .5 «8,«08 ' 6 7.'>,>(0() 4 25,4«5 .'. ■ !). too 5 S2, ua 122,12(1 s7 ;< lO.fiOO 1 2.(K)U 1 U(. 1 2.U0O 1 TO 4,000 :t.800 104 l,65:>,Ka 109 1,467. .525 LI. 020 n.4«.'! liavJd'y'liTwn' f, 'f,/,l' '"i^""''"'""-'"' /r '■"■"P''"''iv.-lv small. i,„t i..s ti„. U.i „,n.. ■nvc cioai (1 down Ti.. a tiiiu.'. I lie*, expeit to resume work in l!)|0. I'riee at i No. of nearest i places ! railway in ejicli I station. county.' Tons. ore Iti 7X ll-t 9.1 m 9J5 < 'o,»t of iii'f'g per ton. 1 2.5 17 09 .^.5 91 01 87 91 03 10 42 70 .■1.5 .1.««9 200 .5.I.V) 1 1 . '(99 700 .■!,.S4N I2.(i^,5 .'i.OHl 77ti .5,94!) :t,»7u :i,49.5 3.306 SO Kr. 5 II 9 (M) .It; 40 H2 20 :ii 07 06 Price at nearest rail May atation, Kr. (ire 11 to 10 9 10 10 11 10 10 II s 3.1 Hd 06 98 57 322 10 05 64,925 7 I 1 , 139 : ,S 82 98 I 18 101 I 9 is.jns IiuVf li ■en exeept,i,,„a[|y wet, several liirRe p,.at fuel plants 1 kronar=27 cents. 18784— 4.|i |i,l|-.H\ 1111|1.1)..11I|IU|I.1.( I , ■'•'•'I' •puniijji \]f»i>(|:,, 1^ •i-i 'tf.lwint] JO J.)ft(lin\ ■' ■\U|i pun "^ ftiij1trt y .i-M(mn\' *xi.ijn'I-'^ IVhTI— ' 5i~~"" ■iili:.H'< = (I> ' -■ n f|«^ fl t|t4 MM I ^ s. i ?5S>3 s:s ::9S ;. i *«:.'< Si V, ssss.; s sasass as a a , /•I- 1-1. i ■ ' j '". -r -fir ■?! •» *f t-i- t-jc^r. f- c 1. 1. 1. 1, 1. 1. ^ r^t-x I- I- i;.i- I -^ SK « r^ CI rr 1 - - rt S S C I- X r; -t- .; t^ t- J. X c vi r. - .c 'J X X I - ^ c ^ * ^ — f I re f •': -^ I- X r - t- - CI CI X c >: -1- ' SS-f -■ ^ ? r 4 : re ^ c ^ «r c? ciTi^rr^ ■ - I - — — -J T^. T' X i CI CI CI X r; — >: » ci -^ • j; -f "r y 1- x y. 3 — ci 3 f "; •— t CI ci ci Ci CI CI CI re re cc re PC re fc r U .-7 -X i- o- ■ a ,<■ S .n a K at 7 3 ' Vi -- rV ^ — •• W T 4 — ' T i — j| IJi 1 5i'2 111 5 n 5 ^.ilHlii s If § S:li?iii it r.S jS 2S33«;!S i : a * fi •J -jj s s I. f s ft X < X _t _x_x x j «M1 I II I I I ] I . U5 nitn ^ •fit "■ — -2 2 SS::22 — — re ^1 re "f^ieiTlTI eiTi*fr^ r? f re re « f I ^ 5: 51 z S S -^ « »fl ii? >:sei!S ei OaCTJ r?5^t£ •t X 3 S - r" ?g5?; 7 I : : : J: 5- I : ^ = -=:;£ .- .= - 3 .=■ i ? • ? •'T. 5.- — « ^ * . — i -. a -:^ •• S ti " C 1-:-^.-=: t-^ i- tf I i 5 2 5 5 - i-sJ? I I t ei «3 S S'-5': "ri s 3 ;« si is i'^.^ ■ 1 '-^ \ti %/t \fi ifi tfi j I. -. I, ^') l» dl ^ I — •?! ^ — »t • S^l ?? M ^1 1't X*'^ «8 MMWSeC-rtTX h W ._- iM -I » :^ ^ u? ^ S* Uj fi«2U ■■■■ •-■MM-ftfttct^xajo — ww s ^- 1^ j i I I I \ - - I y as I s^ 1 ^-tl- ■li \ -r. a. V a, 1 -^ 4 = ^ 2 i ia-^ fi-rE I I 3 - 1 I i 3 X ■ i-r a r r 3 ^ ■ i ■ 7 - = ^ a ti-^ = _ — = _ 2f 7 ; i ■ " ^ 3 ^ " ; X • ;'• r! r; ~ '' Z z * ! = i-' S - 5 ^r-r*": I ?e -r »ie -.e a: r; — — 1^ INDEX. »•«..«. Alfml pi'nt Inttf. ittmiuni luanufit' Mm*!, t<*ltl itmtl V •!• •■( p»*ii» aril*. < 'r ifpi-rnium'- tltiftiiK IMlo .\HMly»i», AKrfl pent Imik Kill ( illlM^ IN lit l'4.||; '* lirunnrr p»';it Im.k " * "nluniy |"'iii \»>u " I ■ti Kriim 1- IK !ii l«« llwlliinil pini U>K " .luliU" pint l"Ht " Kiilllnkll |M-tit t»i|[ " I.Ui ilu HollMI I '• l.iltir (Kill I"* " MlT-hll'U p<-i»I l«»u " Mud Ijiki' t»'ui l»«! „ Nt'Minictiin pt'ur U»u iM'»t imwiiiT. II, nk " I't-rtli nt-iil lnirf " Hiif Ijiki piiii Ikiu " Ucinili'uu (H'lti li'iv " Triiiii'nii'.i'iim i» iii Imik " V irtiinu Uiunl |»iil In'd Wi'lluinl |» III i">K " Wliiliiiniulti pi'H' Ihih Anri'pf'niMVtttmK »y«iiiii " pulpi'T itt*tjilli'il Hi Kartiliaiii " A., null- on up. mtii'ii 'if Muiiku il Kkiluml n, iniitur Apptnilii, I I'.iii pow.lir pluni ill lt:ii k II. Hi'iKirt i.n iiiunufiic'ui' .•( pint uiid P'-ii' l"i«'i"r iil Mm V. III. Ni.ii- iin cip. riiti.m ■.! Munkti ll-t-.liuliinil ■ «>avjit.i] IV 1)1-1 u^.-inn on p« 111 iKiw'lir ill .-liiiklioliii V •rriin.liitionoliirii.li- in .»li.rkii..||ii Xilimhlmli i \ I. riihl. .•( iH'iil iiiiiniifiiriurfil in Sn. ili n in iwm lli-nin.irk 111 l!ill» 4 17 1 ( 1 17 .11 .'1 JM 4. 17 4. 17 2H 17, ■jn l«. 17 i.'i « 17 IS *i Si. .'4 1. 17 Ti. ■m 4, 17 .!T. .ix 4. 17 21 4 17 Itl. 2H 4. 17 4. I" 41 :|4 i:i 47 IH 411 H Hack, piiil Ihik. uiHTiilion ol Munkti il-K.k' hiii'i < X' iiviiii " p«'at powiliT pliini ..I liiK (imnx inarch H<>(«.V Criik pial lio([ lii. iimilv-i'- iiri-jt. I'll- " ■• >pliiii£nuiii kiili'ii 111 HrunniT pint lioji, anaiv-i- " " arni, i-ti- •• " il iiiiiitfi' li,\ lin 111 411 .14. 4:i XI. :W -HI, •?,H 't IT m 4 1 - 1 < HI (anttiliiin ik iii lioK- < lunili'liiiyi' iiiar-li (limy I»lanoK Cnwirr pint Ixm. ana. i 14 11 :i:t \l . -*.i 211. JS 17. L'l) Duupliin iiiiin«h Di'iiil lx>K^. ili'xriplion of '*I)««TinK ( "on.'^orliimi." Hii-*- DoukIum pog ^ Larson, Al(., experiments by - Laval, Dr. dc, experiments by , Lincoln excavator installed at Farnhara ^2 ,3 Litter peat bog "' M „ ,. , 32, 33 McC reary marsh 27 Manitoba I'eat Fuel Co. ^ Mer-Bleu peat bog, analysis j^ - ^ " ■' area, etc o Moisture, extraction of from peat ,j jg Mud Lake peat bog " ' 46 Munktell-F".kelunil excavator Xetley marsh. :iO, 33 .Netiey mai Xewington peat bog, area, etc "i " " analysis •« " " lakes formed in „ V Nv>trom, K., peat powder plant at liiick Ontario peat bogs, analysis of peat in. Ochre River or Turtle marsh O 4 32, 33 I'eat bogs. Canadian, investigation of g " drying of ■ 5 " fuel, special appliances for manufacture of j, " Industries, Limited 22 " litter j0 " paper, manufacture of ')3 Peat p.u.-.-iiin on :il Si,,'> in Slii.klii.ini Afti.nl.hi.lri . jL statistic ,,( iiniiMini iiiunufiiciuii'.l ,u IVrtli p»'at l)<«(t. analyM> 4 Plum ,„ar-l, 30_ ,|^ B KicT I,uki' pent liiiK ,. 20 Kiindriiu ppat Ihi(j. ariul\r.if, - . ^ ■] " ari'a. I'l.- j- -liliannuiM kill'il in g H SiiliaKllilln 1I1II-- ., g T TransointiniMital iiiar^li. Sn- W liiiiiiiuiilli Tran^misainn pi'at I>ok UI .jo Turtle marsh. .See (ichn- Kivir ' V Vieliiria Kiiad ix'iit lull!, analy-si> 4 .■irca. t'te ] ij WallKren, ('apt. lOrn.^l, rep,.ri .Jii riiarmiai-lir.' ■>( piat anl !«■ it pnwijiT 43 Welland peat Ikjjj. analy-i.> 4 " " urea, ete. , , ]7 Wliiteinuulli i>r Trun.s'onlinenlal iiiar-^li 20, SU Wiolandt, Dr., peat iiiaeliiniry . . g 18784— (> mmmmimmmmmii O-l (AN AD A DKl'Airr.MKNT of M INKS MINES BRANCH Hun UoHKlU lidl.tH-, MiMlsIKK A I' I.OH |,I. 1). DtCliV MlNl-TKH; i-J .,K\E HWXEL. I'll I) iJlltK.-rnll. REPORTS AND MAPS OF ECONOMIC INTEREST MINES BRANCH i(r.i>i>urs Mining ('iiniliih.ii> (if III.- Kl.inclik. >iikc.ii, K.purt i.n li.v h'.iic.ni Hauinl. I'h.l).. i!HV.'. (Ir.'iil I,!iiiilsli(lr lit Irank. Alia. Id pint nn li\ I{. (, M. < '.iiin. 1! nml U. \\ Unuk M \ . I!)n:!. (Oui of print. Invi'-liuatiiin uf ilir .liiTrnni iliiiiii-tlii rinji' priM.^.-i-- fn- iln- llnm nf iri'ii nn--. ami iln niakini: of stirl, in ciixratiun in Kunipc. Iti-pori ui Spi , iai ( 'iiniini^.-lnn tiv Dr. llamii'I, I!)II4. lOiil uf print . HapjMiri (If la ( "oMiiiii--ion niiiiiiii(''( pour I'luilii r lo iii\rr.^ proci'-di'-^ rli .iro-thfrniiiiuc^ pour la ri'duriion ,li-i niincriii.- ili' fir rl la falinr-atmn -^it- t)\- inaaii' tonii irii' iiicasumnt'ni:* — liy Dr. HiiancI, 1II04 Liiiirstonr.-. anil the f.iiiic Indu-trvof Manitolia. I'riliiniiiarv Id port on-liv J. \V. Will-, 19().j. (Out of printl. ('!ii\fi and Siiali's of Manitoha* 'I'lifii Iiiihi.-trial N'.ihi. . i*ri'liriiiiiar\ Hi'iwiri or- h\- .1. W ■ Wi'll-i. HlOn. fOut of printl. Hvdraulii- ''■■lU'-nl^ ( Itiiw MaitriaN' in Manitolia Manufai-iuri and Tx-s of. l*r< iiniinar> Report on— fiy .,. \V. WclN. llKl.i. 'Out of print i. Mica: Il.s Orcurrrnrc, Kxploitation. an.l [">■ - hv Kritz Cirki'l. M.K . UtO." (hit of prin' : sec No. 1181. .\sl>('sto>: (t- Orcurri'iii'c. i:\pioiiaiion. and l-. ■» \>y Fritz ''irki i' \o. tiOi. Zinc U*'"' urccs of Hriti^ii < 'oluiiilua and tin' t "ondition- atYcrtiiifl: their K.xploitation. Hcpori of till' ('oiiiinis>ion appointed I.I invi'.-ticai.' Iiy V\ H IngalU l!Hl.i .Out 'if print 1. 'Experiment - made at Sault Sti-. .Marie, under (iovernment auspi< es, in the -iiiii'ltinK of ( 'ana- dian iron ores hy the electro-thrrmie pror'.s-. Vinul Ueport on -by Dr. Haanel, 1907. (Out of print 1 .Mines of the .'^ilver-Colialt Ores of the Colialt .listriet Their I're-ent and Prospective Output. Report on hy Dr. Haanel, 1W)7. Out of prim .. (iraphite: Its I'roperiii-. Ocurrene. . Hi linini:, .ind I -.■« Ii.\ Iritz Cirkel, !!MI7. .f Mmh- Uramli, I'.tl" S. .'J h..n<>r, l),|>..-it>..f Ihun.lrr lta\ ., Hi|»ir( on l..\ I' Hill., M K, .•:'. Iii.n Mrr I)fi>.»it,-. iilonu ili>' (iliii»;i aiuilM-i- >iili'' iiiiil (latifuiiu rivirs. HipiMl mi l..\ I'rilz Cirki I. < 'lit "f prwii .'4. Cin.nil Hcixirl en tin Miiiiin! iiml Mcliilliirniiiil Inilii^liii> nf Ciiiiiiilii. I'.K)? s, .'."> rill ruiii!>ii n On V ,>f ( iinmlii. Hi ixirl mi liy Dr. T I, Walki r ■.'ti •jlir Min.riil I'rmlu. lii^ii "t ( nnailii. IWMl. Annual Hi|>mi mi liy .lulin Mil-, i-li. HA. L'T. 111.' Minimi I'milmiion of Ciiiiaihi. IWW, I'nliininar.v Hiixirl li. :N. Siiniiiiar.v Itiixirt (if Minis Hrancli, I'.HIS. i( )ul ot print i. •>'i ( hrmui Iron < )r I'.itz (irki-l Supplriiirniar.\ Sicliiin; Kxpcriini-nt" with Cliriiniitc at Mr(;ill I ruvir^ily liy Dr .1 M I'lirtin. .id InviMiizatiimof thr I'lal Hii(!s anil I'lal ru.l ln.lu>lry ..f < anaila, I'.KW. Ilull.lin No. I liy Krik Nysiri.in, ami .\. .\nrip. .Ir., I'lal Kxpirt. :;i. I'niilu. linn iif Cfiiirnt in Canaila, II'IIS. Hullilinnn liy Juliii MiLii^li :i-'. Inv.stiKalimi .i( Klirtrir Shaft Furnaii, "^wiilin. Uiimit on l.y Dr. Ilaaml. 4j |-. .ti,,n lit Irnn and Stnl in Canaihi iliirinc tlw cali'nilar yiar- UHl" ami UHLS. Hull. tin oi. liy John McLiisU. 4:: l'r< .luitiiin of Cliriiiiiilf in Cana.la .liiiinn Ih.' lalmiiir yrars l!K)7 and IIMW. Mullrtin mi - liy .lolin Mil,iish 44 I'r.idui'tiiin iif AkIm'sIus in Cana.la during thi lal.'nilar y.ar-. 1907 an. I IWW. Hull. tin .m l,y J.ihn M.I.iish l.-| rrmlu.'tionofC.ial.C.iki.an.l I'lat in ( 'anaila .lurinj: tin- .alin.lar y.ar> 1!I07 and HtOH. Hulh- tin iin liy J.ihn M.I.ii-li. Hi I'rmlu.iion nf Natural (\:i> an.l I'.lr.il. 11111 in Cana.la durinu llir .al.'ndar yiai> 1WI7 an.l 1'."^. Hullitin on by .l.ilin Mrl.iisli 17 :ii.n (In- D.'iHi^itMif Van.DUV.r anil I'lxa.la i>lanil>. I{.p.irt .in liy lOinar I.in.l.'iiian. .Vi Hi.piirt .in 111.' Hiluniin.ius. iirOil-haliMif \.« Hrun>» i.k an.l N.iva S.-.iiia; alsci .in ih.' t )il- >hal.- In.lui-iry .if S.-.iilan.l liy Dr. U. W. i;il>. .VS. 111.. MiniTal rr.idurti.in .if Cana.la. IIMI7 and IIMIS. \nnual H.p.irl nn liy .l.ihn M.L.i>li. .VI I h.Mii.al Xnalys... .if . liy II. A. l-cviTin. Ch K.I .Shiiluli. ,,f ChaiKi'.s f.ir Cli.-iiii.-al ,\nalysis ami Assays .iJ Min.Tal I'rmlu.ti.in .it Cana.la. KHW. I'r.liiiiinary K.imn nn liy .hilin McLiisli. ii.'i. . ■•PP';"!"' Ml. Mf l,ai-.,ns I'aixr .m Dr. M. Kk.nli.r>:'s W.t-Carli.ini/iiii! I'ni,.,.ss: fr.mi l.'knisk Ti.lskrifl N.i I" D.'.'.'iiili.r ''i'', l!Ml.s iranslati.m liy Mr. .\. .\nri'p. .Ir.; : ,-n a traiislaiimi nf I.i.'ul, kk.'lun.fs I'anip! ' 'lU "I A Snhilinn .if th.' I'.'al I'r.ilii „ . ij,,,,,. ,l.'s,-,i ii„.i ihi' Kk.'lunil IV •ss fnr ifa.'tur.' ..I I'.at I'nwd.r. liy Haml.. .\. l.cy.rin. < li.l-. Hull.'lin Nn. 4 i'.\ A. A. .nd K.lilinn. .nlarsr' • '. '( )ul !■■'■ <' M.l'k.n/H' x:) \n inv..til!Mti..n "f iIm' ( ..:il- ..1 CmiimiIm with r-IT.-n. 1.. Il;..r 1:. -.ill., Mil- l;u:.]il|.-. >> ■"M- ,lu.i..|:.t Miliill rni\.-i-Mv uM.lTili. .iii'(;..rit\ ..itl„. I >.,iiirihin ' .. v.-nini. m l(.|».ii ..II l.s .1 li. I'..ri.r, 1-.,M.. ji S. li I, Dui'v . Ma-I.-. :;M.I ..111. r- \i,|, ! |-,,m1 \\„-liim!:iii.| <-..kini; 1.-'- \i.l II Hull, rand !<:>' I'rr..lii''.r T.-i- V..I III ApjMiiili\ 1 • ■,,;il Wa-liinilT' -■■■>i:.| 1 li;.;;r:,ii, - I •> .1 It I'.rl.r M, Cvp-iini l),p,.Ml- ..r ih. M.nnni. I'mmm-.- .1 ' ^mii.ta iii' Imi'M.- 'Im M.iii.liU'ii ■-htii.l- li.'IK.rt i.n l.> \V. 1 .1. hii.-..ii. M I I'm ..I iiiiiit H.V l>r...|u.'ti..n..t( .i.....!. l,ii,..,i h.^ l'r.-.li..i-. -i-i- aM.I .-i 1.. 1 -1 ni.i'iral Mai.ri.n- .Inrnm ill, lal.ii.lar \. ar I'.ilHi. Hull. 1111. .:i l..\ .!..I:m \1' I.M-h. ss. I'll.' Mill, ral I'r.i.lii. 11..J1 ..f ' ana. la, I'.'il". Aiiniia. li. (■" .mi I.> .1"Ii" M' !■' i-I^ ■ I\ ,.| I Ilia' .l.ll\ Ml. Ui'iirinl 1.1" l'ri>iil.nlial a.l'Ir.-s .irnv.n-.l l..l"M iK' V"" ri i'' il ■1:,. illlll. |l\ l>r, llaali'l. )I0. I'miiiilinii^ of ( '.iiii.r. 11' . ..11 l'A|il..-.i\ I's !IL'. Inv.-t.Kali'.n ..f till- l,vpln-iv.- lii'luMry in ili. I )..iiiiiii a ..I - aa i.la. ilHn i;-l»'ri ..n l'> Capi. Ariliur I )i'.r. 'I I <\alk.r IIKI. Til.' nuil.lm, ntal St.m. -"il'aiia.la l!.;."ii..n 1.% IV..!' -..v W \ \':>:k-. 102. MiniTal l'riiilurti..n .. ma. la. liiln. I'r.liiiunar> Ii.p..r1 ..n i.> .l..lin M'l..i-li III:!. Suni"inr.v Hipuri ..1 \liii.- Hraii< h. II'IH < Hi' "' V'"' '• 104. Calalotrui'.if l'i.l.li.ali..n- ..f Mm.- lirali'li . fn.in I'm:: •■■■ I'.lH. tai-iint- Tal.l' ^ -l < ..im n'- iinil l.l-t of Map-, .1.-, 110. Wr^^tirn I'or-n.n ..f •r..rl.i....k Ir.m 1 lo P.p.. -11- \imapol',- '-.'Uni.v. N,S Kull.nii No, 7 h.v llowilN |.r.'..li.i!.., M,>. . 111. DiamomI Drillinu: ai l''.ini Mai .- , < Im H"H. in. N.., << i.v -\. ' ■ l-mi" '''i 1>-. «iiu In!n.ilu.i..r.v l..v ,\. W li, Wil-on I'll I ' 114. I'ro.luHionofI .Mi.nl. I.iiu. , 1 lav l>n..i„.--. .-^1 ■l.i' aa.l '.Ui.t ,•^..1.. Ml.al Mai. ria - m < ■ana.ia. 1(110. Hiill.'lin on \,., 1 m . ana.la .l.iiin. Ui,' "al'n.lar x.ar l-.HI Hull, til Lv l-l." M,l..i-li. llli froilurtion of ( -..a! an.l ( '..k' in < ai.a'la .I'.iin,: lli.' "li.n.lar ;. -ar IHlu. Hilll.'liii on l.y lolm McLii^li. 1 17. ( .. ii.ral Su, ary .,f ,1„. Min.lal i'ro.lia: 1... m, i ana.la 'I'lnri: . I..- ■ : av via, Kill., Hall. • tin on liy .lolm M.■l..■i^ll US. Mi.a: l!,.i....urr.n.-.-. i;M.Io.'aii.i,.m.i I--, K.pon 'ii Lv ll'iirli -, ,1, -^. l,„ i.l. M .K. I4L'. .•>uiiiiiiary H. pori ..I Min. - Hraii. 1' I'HI 14:1. Thr Mimral Pro.lu.i am -i a.la. lUlH, \:m'i: ' H'P<'i- -> ''^ ■'"'"' M l."i

  • ..f Nala-I.kuai, -.i:,.. nav ."Mnu. (Jm. li. por. .m h> li.... '' Ma.- k<-nzi' Ial». rli.'Miii.ral IV, -111' n..,i..! (ana.la, l"ll. I'l. am ma: > H.p. •■ .'i I.., .1-m.i M. 1 ..-i-li lal. lnM.-ll.a,l'm,.f.l,"l''alB.'.-an,ll''ai i".|i,.l'A..fla,l:.ia. I'.il, M, lt..:Min V.., s N .\nri p, .Ir . \„TK-/.,.N of rmwuuuu.f ,- ■•< .ta,, ,.:d,..h_ ."a- nr.n;, ..,„ rir.^.. ..-11/ •■'■;™"';; " /,„oa";;-. .';. ,m. ,..,r.d:,;,„u.ah. U. ■.>,. D., ,..■.,. ., .l/--. ■■<,! /.■..,m„M',- iiri,^ .S(„/,,.,rs., .,„.( <..," 1.^4. Till l'tili/.iitii>n lit I'nil I'ui 1 for tin- I'miluition <>( I'uHi r. \»init ii ri^'inl (i[ c'«|>i'riiiii'iilr< riiii- iluciid lit till' I'ui'l TisiinK Siiitiim. otiiiwii, KtlU 11. Hi|Kirt on l>y It. !■'. Ilimnil, H.Sr. IN THE PHESR. x;j. An liivi'!»tiK»lion of the ( 'otiU «tf * 'uninlji wit)i n-frrfncc to tln-ir Kconnriiif (juulitii'^: m* <*on- tlurtctt u( .Mf-(iil) I'niv'i-r^ity under ihi- authority of till' Dotriinion ( iovi'rniiii nt. iii'itort on hv .1. H. I'ortir, II. .1. Durliy. und other* Vol. IV Vppcnilix II Hoiirr Tc?.ts iiiiil DhutniiiiN, liv H..I. Durliv. \ol. V- Appendix III t'roiluiir TeulM iind DiitKraiiiH, liv H. I. Durliy. \ol. VI-- .\ppendix IV Cokins Testw, l>y Kdicnr Slimclielil und .1. H. I'ortrr. .\pp<'ndix V Chi'inii'id TiKts, liy KilKar Stansllild. I.Vi. Kn-nrh 'i'ranslation: The TunK^^ten (Iri-K of ( 'anada. Ue|Kirt on t>.\' Dr. T. Fi. Walker, 1(17. IV't''" in Canada: Its Oeiurrenie, Kxploilation, l)ie->»lnK, anil I -ni'. Ueporl on liv A. W. ('..Wilson. 170. The Nickel Industrv: with Speiial Heferenie to the Sudhurv niiion, <>nt. Ueimrl on liv I'rof. A. I>. Colei'iian, I'li.D ISl. I'roduetion of fement. Lime, ( lay I'roduelx, Stone, and other .Struetural MateriaN in ( 'anada durinic the ealendar year lllll. Hulletin on liy .lohn .MeLeish IH'2. I'roduetion of Iron and J^tei'l in Canada during the calendar year 1011. Hulletin on- liy .lohn McLoish. IN.1. General Sumiiiary of the Mineral Production in Canada ilurinK the ealendar year Hill. Hulle- tin on— l>y ,li>hn MeLeish IWi. Freni'h tran.»lation: Inve^tiitation of the I'eat Hoic< and I'eat Industry of Canaila, V.W> 1(1: to which is app*-ndey A. .\nrep. (Second Kdition. enlarged). 197. French translation: Molyhdenuiii Ores of Canada, l.eport on l>y Dr. T. L. Walker. 19S. French translation: Peai and Linnite: Their Maaufacturi' and Ises in Europe- -liv Krik Nystrom, M.K., 190K. (Out of print). 199. Production of Copper. (!old, Lead. Nickel. Silver. Zinc, and Other Metals of ( 'anada. duriiin the calendar yiar 1911. Hulhtin on— liy .lohn Mcl.j'ish. 200. Thr Production of Coal and Coke in Canada duriuK the calendar year 1911. Hulletin on- liy .John McLeish. 201. The Mineral ProJluetion of Canada durinK the calendar year 1911. .Annual Heport on liy .John McLeish. 202. French translation: (Iraiihite: Its Properties, Occurrence, HefinintE, anf 2 i.mi S, f inros-it.n VI. Mayo town^liip. Husiiilut ciiiinty. dntiirio- •>> HowlU KKili^'tH', 1«W. M. M,iKn.t..n..lri.. Surv.y. V.rti.ul Int.n-ity; I..|. Ill, ll.an.l 11'. <'-:"<'■;''••" '^ „•*";' ''';'■'' iin.1 12. ( Mn.-. "ion \ 111. Mayo ln«n-hi|., Jli.MiiiU" r..uiily. I inlnrur l.y H<.«i-1^ trfi In II. , IIWU :t«. SumT <.( M.r Kl. u- IN .ii I!.*. ( .lou,.«i. r li.«n~lm>. r^irl.t.m ...unly, .u. Krik .\v-iroiii. iiml A. .\nri-|). ;i7. .-luryiy .>t .Vlfn.l IVi.i ».«. Alfml .,n.l i ' iLdyiiM t..wn»liip«, I'r.-rclt ,-,.uniy. Omario^ hy Krik NyslMiii, uml .V. Anr-i.y 1 rik Xy^tri.iM, anil A. .\nr.p 41. ."Jurvcy of Vi.lori.. Koail I'.al 1*-jii. H-xl.y and Car.l.n lo«n=hip«. Victoiia county, Ontario- by'Krik Nyairom anil .\. Aiir.p 4S. .\Ia«n.t.jinctric Map o( ir..n Crown ilain. at Klaan.-h riv.r. Van.-.>uv. r Islanil. H.C.-l.y Kinar l.initriiian 41'. Ma«mtornitric Map of W.M.rn St.-l Iron .-laiu.. at .S.hart. Vanrouv.-r i-laml. B.C.-by Einar Limlenian. 50. Vancouver island, B.C.— by Einar Lindonian. .11. Iron Mines, Texada island, B.C.-by E. H. Sh.pii. rd. C.E. .',2. Skct.h Map of Bog Iron Ore Ufposits. W.^st Arm. (^uatMrn. *Min.l, Van.-ouv.r island. H.f.- by L. Frank. .5:!. Iron Or.' Oirurrcnpcs. Ottawa anil Pontiai- Cirki'l. ,►4. Iron Or.' Oo.umnces Arit.nt.uil ii.unty, Qmhtir. l'K»^-l.v Tritz Cirkil. .57. The I'roductivr Chrome Iron Ore UiMriit of Quebec- by Kritz <;irkel. m. Magnetomelric Survey of the Br.,tol mine. Pontiue .ounty. Ijucber-b> Kmar I.iniliit.an 111. Topoin-aphieal Map of Bristol mine, Pontiac county, (Juebei— by Einar Li-..,. man. lA. Inilex Map of Nova .S<,otia: C.ypsura-by W. F. Jennison. M.E. Iw. Index Map of New Brunswick: C.yp»um-by W. F. Jennison. 1.(1. Map of Magdalen ixlands: Gypsum- by W. F. .I.nnison. 70. Magnetometric Survey of Northwest Arm Iron R-mge, Lak. Timagan.i, N.pi.-sing d.-triit, Ontario— by Einar Lindeman. 72. Brunner Peat Bog. Ontario— by .\. Anrep. 73. Komoka Peat Bog, OnVArio— by A. Anrep 74. Brockville Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. Anrep. 78. Rondeau Peat Bog, Ontario— by A, Anrep 76. Alfred Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. Anrep. 77. Alfred Peat Bofc, Ontario: Main Ditcb profile-by A. Anrep. 78. Map ol Aibeetoi Region, Province of Quebec, 19I0-by Frit. Cirkel, 86. Map .bowing general distribution of Serpentine in the Ea«em Town.hip.-by Friti Cirkel. 94. Map showing Cobalt. Gowganda, Shiningtrec, and Porcupine di.trict»-by E. H. Colo, B.Sc. ,15. (ien.^ral Map of Canada .^l.owmK Cal FiiM.. Aceo,npanym« report No. S:i-by Dr. .1. H. I'orter). .luntiis. (juebec. l'.H)H-l.y .1. White, anil Friu eo im (l.ii.ml Miip (.( <'..iil Ki.ltl« ..( N..VI. S-.,ih. ^hhI N. « llnihxwi.k. lArnmiiKinvini! Hr|«.rt N.I. n;1 liy Dr. .1. H. I'urt.ri. »7 < '.mTul Miip Nhowinn < '1.111 •■ iniTii\ Mi»l> i>( <'mii1 I'i.liU in HrilUh r.,liimliia. A.inmimiiyinu It. i»irl N.i h:| l.vDr. .1. I«. I'.irl.ri IW (i.n.Tiil Map.. r ''cull li. (1 in Vuk.m T.rriuiry t \c-. panvinii H. |«.rl N... s:i l.y Dr..). H. I'nrliri. lIHi. AuMin Urnok In.n It. ariiiit .li-lri.I, Hattiur-I l..»ii»liip. ( il..ui r^l.T loiinly, N.H. I>.v 1'.. I.inil.nian. KIT. Maun.l.iiniiri.' Surv.y. V, ili.al Inlin-il> ; Au-tin Hi....k In.n M.iiiini! Di-lnn l>y 1-: r.in.l.- iiiiin. lOS. Inil.x Map^liiiwinu Ir.m ll.iirinK Vniial Austin Imii.k l.y 1'.. I.imli iimii KK). Silion.*..! Diniiicn.l Drill lli.l.-< in Iri.n Or.' D.|«.-il-< al AuMin l.r.H.k l.y K. I.in.l. man 112. Skitcli plun showing (iioloKJ- "I I'uim Maiiiains.', Ont. l.y I'n.d-w.r A. C Ijinc ll:i. llollanil I'.il HoK, Dnlario— l.y A. Ann p. Il«-i:i7. Mitatii.ni.( Principal Min.M and Ociurnni'." in tli.' (Ju.l.i'.- Mica Area- l.y Huiih S. ill' Schiiii'l i:)il. Mictt. XhowinK I^.wition I'f Principal Min.i ami Occurr.nccs in the Ontario Mica Arca-l.y Hugh S. lie Schiiiiil. 110. Mien: Showing I)i-i'ril.ution i.l thi I'rin. Ipal Mica Occurrinc.'S in the Doinini-.n of Canaila- l.y Hugh ."<. di' Siliiiiid. 141. Torl.rook Iron licarints DiMri.l. Annai".li» county, N.S. l.y HowilU rnchi'llc, M Sc. l.V.>. Map Showing (he l^.calion of IN at llog> inv.Migalcd in Ontario— l.y A. Anrcp. l.-ilt. Map Showing the Location of I'lat Hogs iny< sligatid in Manitol.a- l.y .\. .Vnnp. 1.". Lac du Honmt IVat Hog, Ontario -l.y .V. Anrcp. I.M. Trunsniissiun Peat Hog, Manitol.a— l.y .\. .\nrcp. l.VJ. ("orduroy IVat Hog, Manitoba— l.y .\. .Vnnp. 100. Hoggy Creek Peat Uog, .Manitoba— by A. .\nrep, Ifil. Kice Lake Pi at Hog, Manitotm— by A. Annp. 102. Mud Uiki Peat Uog. .Manitoba- by A. Annp. 163. Litter Peat Bog, Manitoba— by .\. Anrcp. 164. Julius Peat Litter Bog, Manitoba— by A. Anrcp. 165. Fort Fran-is Peat Bog, Ontario— by A. Anrep. 188 Maanetometric Map of No. 3 mine, Lot 7, Concessions V and VI, McKim township, Sudbury district, Ont.— by E. Lindoman. (Accomoanymg Summary Report, 19U.J IN TBI rBtSB. 146 Distribution of Iron Ore Sands of the Iron Ore Deposits on the North Shore o( the Rivtr and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada— by Geo. C. Mackenzie. 147 Magnetic Iron Sand Deposits in Relation to Natashkwan harbour and Great Natashkwan river. Que. (Index Map)— by Geo. C. Mackenzie. 148. Natashkwan Magnetic Iron Sand Di posits, Saguenay county. Que.— by Geo. C. Mackenzie. IIW. Map showing Pyrites Mines and Prosp,' I'l'ii A I' i'..i.iM:i» 171 ( r, ikIiImI. Ililh. Iv I'll!. \ I" I n|. IlKin ,l,M»,„a«-..M..l .i Nor,.. immI La^lnntmli n, vi. n.i'N •■' >-">f^^<''<' <<"'" i:.-i. ITii, 177. I7^, IW Ulairt.iii Ir lun. . I... I 1, <'"n. I. U Ini l.lll.|clli:ili. IH^ U,.ln,..n. In.n ,ni„.. t-t IM,<-,n. I. lU„,,ml ,..»nMup, I",.. .1,, „,..!, ......,>..>„,. Us l.unr l.illilrlliall. .(■l:„rl.s ,„„,... I..., lll,C..M M,T„.l..r,.«n-l„P. M:.~n...-.Hm.>.o,., I. i:inur l,u,.l. - by l'r..(. \. I' < 'I' .,f C'MPH.r<;i'T..tTM! 1> l'r..f \ 1' ''..I'lii.Hi Nn. :; mill.' l.> I'l ■(. \ I' <'"l'tii.i'i- ,l.„«m«N,.„K,>uf^...l.H .„,|^..,.;.n:..^ !> l'...l V IV .Ml, „„.,,. I„„„„ ,,,«nMMP lM.rlH.r...ml, .•..uhiy. U.it l.^ l'"''r 1x7. St. in:in iss . U.k,.r „,in... r.,. IS, <•..... XVUI, -lu.iur ,..«„-! l'. - M,..,„u.U .mn-y. .'n,.- l.y K.nar l.iiiili iiiun. t.iwn-liip. Hil^lln|^r ciriniM . < Int. h;. l.iiiar I.inclrm.m. „,.. . ,„,„,l :.„.l ...nkin-- .r„n . .„• .1. p..i,. I,,;.. 1^. Wl K. -ul ,H , ' Mlh UMl .o«„-;„p. Ilii.-iiiiK!* 1 "Uiiiy , "Ml liy l.inar l.iniliiimn. , , ,. „ \ii i,„.> •; 1 in.l .'. '■,1'. \IM;iy'ito^\ri-liip, Il.|.-liiH!~ ' "iirilv, I '111. \i\ l.iTi;ir I.inili iiiiili. V,:. i;.„u,„, < i,.M-. .„,! s„,,i„ „- h,.n . ..•: •!■ '■;-"; '■■"; '"■ " '-■ ""' "• '■"""'■ ""•■" ' ilui' lla-iinir- loumy. ' '"' li\ li'iai- l.inili iiiiiii. ,.:,. ,.„. or.- .l,-p..M.-. I.o,< 10. 17, 1 IV < on. \ ...I VI. (•.rl..v ,...,..np. 11.- in., n.unu , ( )ril.- Iiy I'iimr I.inc|iiii:iii. ■ . I ,..1 i-.n. \ ■,i„l \1 li,ia.ia\ Uiwn.l.ip, Hii.liiiiss couiilN, IM. How I..iki Iron Orr (Iciwi-il.; l.oi :\. ' "n-. .\ .mil -m. ( (ill. liv l.iliar l.inclriiiah. \«i c-^-.=5a«^s*»- i *i wummmmmmmmm