CIHM ICIVIH Microfiche Collection de Series microfiches (Monographs) (monographies) I Ell Canadian Inttiluta for Hiatortcal Microraproductlont / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductlona hittoriquai Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibllographiques Th« Itwtttut* has atMmptad to obtain tha batt original copy availabia tor filming, Faaturas ol ttiii copy wtiich may be blblio(,raptu(ed,atalnad or foxed/ '— ' Pagae d«cok)r«es,tachataesaupk|uaes pj Pagaa detached /Pegeadaiacl)«ea r7 Showthrough/Tianaparance I I Quality ot print vartea/ '—^ QualMkiagaladerimpraaskx) I I Indudeesuppleitienl a ry material/ '—' CompianddumatarialauppMmantaiie I I Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata ' — ' slips, tissues, etc., have been refllmed to enaura the beet pocalble Image / Lee pages totalement ou partlallement obscurcles per un leulHet d'errata, una pelure, etc., ont «t« filmaes a nouveau de fa^on h obtanir la mellleure image poesible. I I Opposing pages with varying colouration or ' — ' discolourations are filmed twne to eneure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant das cotoratlans variables ou dee dacol- orationa aont fllmaee deux lols afin dobtenlr la meflleur Image possible. [^ AddMonal comments/ Commentaiies suppMmenlaiies: Pegliutlon Is as follan > p. [30l]-312. Thii item i< flhiMd at the rtduction ratio dueksd balaw/ C< daoHiMfit an f iinn -u tivii d> rMuctHMi mti^ui ci-desiaia. 10X 14X 1IX 12X ax J isx »x 2RX TIM aapv fUmad hars hM kaan n«rMuM« ihank* 10 MM aanaraaiiv •<: HatlOMl Ubraxy of Canad* L'aaamplaira fUm* lut ra»re4uii grtea * la aroalUM: Bibllothiqua natloiuaa du Canada Tha inia«aa appaarlng hara ara tha baat quality peaalbia conaMaring tha eondltion and laglbillty e( tha original eapy and in liaaping with tho tUmlng aantraat apaailiaatlena. Original copia* in printad papar cowan ara film baainnmg with tha front eo«ar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad e» ilhutratad i«»Pra«- alon. or tha back oovar whan appropriata. *M other original copiaa ara lilmad baginning on ina drat paga whh a printad or illuatratad Impraa- •ian. and andIng an tho laat paga with a printad or llluowatad Impraaaien. Tha laat racordad fcama on aaeh microfleho ■haU eonuin tha »vinbol ^ ""••'""■ .SS...' TINUBO"). Of tho symbol V (moaning END ). whiehawar appliaa. Mapa. plataa. charu. ate. may ba lilmad at diffarant raduetion ratio*. Thoao too larg* je bo ontiraly includad in ana axpoiura ara 'tlmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand eomor. loft to right and top to bottom, a* many framaa a* raquirad. Tha (allowing diagram! illuanata tha La* imagaa auivanta* ant dtt rapreduilai avac la plua grand tain, campta tanu da la condition at da la notioid do I'oaomplaira tilma, at an aanlarmlid awaa laa aandliiana du aantrat da nimaga. Laa aaamplaira* ariginauii dont la eauvartura »n papiar aat Imprimda com fllmas an eammancant par la pramior plat at an tarmlnant aait par la damiara paga qui eamporto una amprainia d'Impraaalon au d'lHuatratlon. toit par la ucend plat, talon lo aaa. Taua laa autraa uamplairat ariginaua aont fUmda an aamman«ant par la pramMra paga gui aamporta una amprainta dimpraaalon ou d'llluatration ot an larminant par la damidra page gui aemperta una talla Un daa tymbalaa tuivanta apparaltra tur la damidra imaga da ehaqua mieraficha. talon la eaa: la tymbala -w tignilla "A tUIVRC". la tymbola ▼ tignitla -nN". Lat eartaa. planchat, ubiaaua. ate. pauvant dtra filmda t daa ttua da rdduction di(<«ranu. Lanqua la document oat trap grand pour dtto roproduit on un loul elieha. il act (llmC * partir da I'angia tupdriaur gaueha. da gaueha a araita. at da haul an bat. an pranant la nombro d-imagaa ndeattaira. Laa diagrammaa tutvantt IHuatrant la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 "woeofv HMumoN m? oun ItMU « ■ULLITIN OF THI QEOLOaiOAL SOOIETV OF AMKRIOA VOi. ia, rr. 301-318, n. ta KNOYDAKT FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA HENRY M. AMI ROCHES ER PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY Auoim, 1801 ■w HILL UUl. Mt VIX. It. IN*, n. N * ' '■-"• """ •^•«M "» tn. K>»i>.>t r.,.. ...... H'-Arm- l.ru»k, tnitionuh »Miniy, Nn«N Nvirflu Kl'il HK L'.-MI HUH StH*T*. .MxmiHT Ki. *"""'« ' '"""'-" "'I''"" I'">'k ""'I M..)'.!,,,! ,„|„l. *,„I,.N,I.|, ,,,„„l,-. X,.„. B,,,„ "NOVOAIIT AND MOVOAUT fOllM»T10N« OF HOVA KOTIA •UUtTIN or THI aiOlOOICAI. KICIITV Of AMIHICA vol. , , „ »,.„,. n. N Au««.T ... .M. KXOVKAKT KOKMATION (»K SOVA WirriA* Hr MKNIIV M. Ml ( Hfiul UJw, Ihf StH-irlj) Oitrnih,,- t',V, //#»*) i)<»\TKNTH hilnaluriion l^" Tvplnii an-a ,„„|„ ,||,„i«,|„„ ,',"[ *' I. .i.l».l.,fMI|,irl«.i. 11.1 ll«vonl,n'.l'r,l,' ,■.'■.■.'. *1 '''*"'"'■"•'"» "I'l vl»».,>f,«rl.,ii.»rlli.r. ij IM«„v,ry„ff,„l|.i„„llh..|rl„i..r,,r,.|»ll„n,,."; 1^ M-t.l„r« w,.,l„„ „f ,1... Kn,..v.|,rl ror.n.ll.m »l,m( >|rA^ l.'^^ ^ N..IK. ».„l f.,„„ ,.f ,!,„ Knoy.Ur '..r.n.ll,,,,, . . ?? B«rl.,»', ,l«,rl|.ll...i ..f v„l,„,|,. „,i, r,K,|| , . . J* hll.«.Mt..l.,»l,. „„,„ „„| ,.,„,^, r.,|„|,„„ l,„||„to.l. .'.'.'.'.". s,„ rntli'liliiioiw ^'^ tNTHdlMJiTlON While eng«g«| in m«' ing « ,.,.l«„„t..Mnil ».irv...v .,f the r.K.k fornm. imn- ..r h,. i;,,,«r l'Hle„„.ie i., Nov., M,.„ti., «„.| „| „ „„.| j „„,„i,, «.•.«! „t III. .li,|K««l |. ..„ previnuH rollBct.,,,- in tl... (i«,|™,ic«| Hur. V- / l)«i.«rt.mM.t, the wriU-T Im, ,liH,«,ver«l what „,,,.e«r» to 1« ...fflcieiu evi,U,;,ce f.,r the .leterinli.Hlion of the rooI-w,,,! h,.ri,on of . Nerlen of .trutH which oceur m the we,U,rn eori.er of Anti„onish county, -xtend iiiU) the au.iacent county of IMctou, Nova Wcotia .m-! «.,..,.„« prohahlv not le.» th.,n 1,()«) feet in it, greatest tiev,lo|.inent. On;, .i tl.e h,»t natural »ecti .ni. where thi, »erie« maj- he exaniinml and .lu.lit I to ml- vantage occur- in the v.iiiey of ero,i,.„ thron.^h w..,oli flow. McAmw brimk. A me.u..iro! £"uro[,«. Typical Ahka uxder DiscomioN On ,heet-map nu.iber 34 of the series of Reological map. of Nov. Scotia, i..ued by the Geological Survey of Canadr. in 18'J3, the^e i. rep- • Publhhcd b, perraJuloii of IK. Ulrerlor or lh« U«olo.l,^ M,.„., „r,^ZZZ XLlll-Uui.!.. anil.. Hoo. *«., Vol. w, •»(«) /.jq,. Oiri n u. AWI-fcMi.vliAMT r»NII*TI.v.,„|.„ " .,„ ,««., „„ ,. .,f „„ I)kv.>nu»i Hthat* wl icl, !,», „.,i y„t I,™,, fully .IffrmiMwI. Ao..,r,li„„ ,„ Urn .li,„ a,„| »trikr« iiiveii l.y Mr IIukIi Klplcli..r«ii.l \f I * i» 1 J. ! ' ..i.«.i I. 1 1 / ■■ "*" ".'icii. rniKi ji. J. A. K..l>.irt.)ii th.- miiii iinI j«ct«l t.> the «i„e ,.hy«ioal f.,„«. a,„| ,|i,tu,l,i„K Wncie. .i„ce thev were .hinmM (,«, pUte 2«. flKure. 1 iin.l a) ^ The actual .lip „f the l)ev.,ni«ii ,tr,t« vary from 111 .leirre*. • Ml .!««««., an.l th.«e.,f the Hllurinn from 7 .legre.^ " Z^ '^^Uh l.Kal v»ri«tio„H in both. The „u„.l»r of ,«*?.Sil„ri»„ unT^.^be^.^ ..I.U. erup .v.. ...«.,«, of »myK.l..lol.l„l trap 'pre-ent i„ the v , 2. , »"e .lone much ,.,d,„„rl, th- rock, of the two ,«lln,e,.U.ry .erir^,. t t^ Cro I) "'"' "'" '"""" "-"""■"-•■*« of the .1 Jrict iJlp, C;i.AMir..ATmN AND ViKw, or Vawoii. Writkk. 'IWhiMK the McArnw hr,H,k ar«, i„ ^ue-tlon, the conclu,.ion clte.1 l»lojrw«^«^J^y^,u,^ Fletcher bycorrelatin. th7r„e^Tl! *ProDouDO«(l KrwIlKrt. '~ f- ■ iMtMKiV iir '"llTlir .>M> AMTIIHiXIKH llirNTIM WO am ir. M. AMI— KNUYDAKT FOHMATlllN OK NOVA MtoTIA the New PruiiKwuk etiuivnlent. in h\» ■' ReiH.rt of geologicul iurveyn nml explomtion- in the cuntien of Ciuj-HlmrouKl,, AntigonUh. Picton. toIche»'.T. uml llnlifiix from I8.S2 to IHm." In thin Anniml KeiH,rt. 1S8B. ne,v «erieH, volume ii. un.ler the head of F nevoniun," o„ |„,g.. 4i» P, Mr FleUl.er .le». ril.e. three distinct grou,« or Devonian strata corre-pon.ling closely with those of New Brunswick and gives the following table of equivalencies : Nfir Bntnmriek 3. Miapeck group. 3. Upper K«,l glah, and nindatono group. . D«doxvlon«,Md,lone»ndCor,l.iti. 2. Ml.i,llegr.y«,nd.toneHiid«lmle „ " ■ gniup. 1. Bloon«l,„ry conglomerate. 1. Lower Conglomerate group. After gii-ing the distribution of the above in Kova Scotia in general, the first reference to the age ..f the McArras Brook strata is then made on page 49 P, which reads a. follows: "The upjier rocks" (..^..the Upper Bo,l slate and sandstone group) ■ are found again near I'nion Kailway station, and also at McArras brook " On page 67 P Mr Fletcher quotes Dr Honeyn.an's * views on the age of u.ese rocks : 1 hey are certainly not I^wer Helderberg, and may there- fore be Devonian ; " and on page «8 P the same writer quotes Sir William Dawson t in which he regards them as " i-re-Carboniferous, although not separated from the Silurian." ** Mr Fle;c:,er 8coti(»n Inst. 8cl.. Tol 3 pp ii ua " ^ t Aoadi.n Geology, p. 516. line 4. ana 8»pplmn.nt to the .ame, p. 49. •'^ IlIHCOVKKY AND INTKHPHKTATION OF FOBHlrjf ,105 Mr J. A. Robert carried on s niiccemrul paleontologkal «ur\ey of the Silurian an well aa of the nevonian rooks of the reKion. The Silurian fowilB ol>taineecies recorded by J. W. Salter J. \V. Dawson, James Hall, K. Billings, and Dr H. Honeyman. From the Devonian strata Messrs Weston and Robert obtaine.1 what appeared to be series of obscure fishes, together with tracks and trails of some organism. These were not determined, however, until the writer undertook to submit the fish material to Mr A. Smith-Woodward, of the British Museum. Tl.e result of the study of the flsb fauna has led the writer to conclude that instead of Upper Devonia i strata in the Mc Arras Brook, Upper Knoydart Brook, an.l Ui>per Vamev Brook exposures there occurs a series of strata of lowermost Devonian age, equivalent to the I^werOld Red sandstone of Britain orCornstoneof Knglaml. The high- est fossiliferous strata of the Silurian series adjacent are so remarkably similar in their lithologio and i>aleontologic or biologic characters to the lacies of the Silurian of western Europe-especially to the Silurian of the Ludlow type in Herefordshire, England-as to warrant a close rela- tionship to be instituted with the European equivalents: quite distinct from the Silurian succession as known in the Gasp^ peninsula, in the valley of the Saint Uwrence, on the island of Anticosti, and in the stole of New York or the province of Ontario to the south and west as art very fliit lying anil undieturbed, ihowinK that the phyeical diitturbancee and agenoiea to which the Silurian and Devonian iitrata have been Hubjevted which have dislocated and tilted their strata had di8a|>|>eared previime to the time when thaia Carboniferoua grite were laid down. Thiii ho- called " Millatone Grit " aeriee, which ii very doubtfully the equivalent of the true " Millatone grit " of England, waa designated by the writer as the WatvUU formation, on page 178 of the pai>er cited above, in order to separata it from other formations in the district. Fletcher's Section op the Knovdart Forhatiom At,osort P for 18HH. Measures concealed. On the left liank of the brook trap is in the eliff, while on the right bank there are indiuationa of red strat- ified Devonian rocks '. ... oO 1. Red, argillaceous shale, more or lees slaty, with coherent under- day full of rootlets, dip north 230 degrees angle 32 degrees (magnetic) , ;j 2. ' Red, argillaceous, slaty rock, not well seen 4 3. Red, broken, argillaceoos shale, with greenish and gray blordies. 4. Red shale, nearly alt concealed U 5. Red, very coherent, concretionary, calcareous rock at the mouth of a little brook from the eastward 1 6 6. Red, aivillaceous shale 7 6 7. More coherent, fli> <• Qreeniah anil mottled lentlci''jr linieatane from which Doctor Ami nhlalned the Hah remaini Hrrntpit, etcetera, Ural iient to Doctor Womlward (no. B) " « Reil, arglllai'eoiia and aillceoua rock with green banila and hlotch™ 20 Reildlah, a'.lered roi^k at the level of the road under the achool- honae. not well Been • * • • 20 (ireenlah, argillaceoiia flage and ahalea (no. 7) * " Iteil, HrgllliMWOtw ahale ** Ked and greeniah laililatone In two Uyera ■» » Reil, Hnslllaceone elwlea, with layera of more coherent rock, aoine of which contain rootlet* 17 Meaaurea concealeil • "* ® Bright red, aoft. argillueoiu ahale ; to the flrat bridge where the brook croeaea to the eaatward 4 -0 Red, argillaceoua ahale, with « few more coherent layera 31 (jreeniah, aoinewhat maaaive, antillaceoua and arenaceoiia rock (no. H) ; at the necond bridge wher« the brook rnna to the weatward. The urra, «p|>anintly w thick u ■! ITnion; imti rIho In Knoyitert brwik and iithcr atrnuna of the vicinity. It la not anpinwil that eltlier th« Inae or the anmnilt of the aeriea la here (dven." Namk and Fauna or thk Knoydart Formation The name " Knoydart formation " ia propoaed for the aeries of itrata of which the 684 feet recorded above conatitute a chnracteriatic section holdinfr a typical " Old Red Sandatone " fauna. Thia name ia given in order to l>e able to better designate the strata in question and separate them from other Paleoioic formations in that (lortion of eastern Canada where the sedimentation has a wonderfully close resemblance to Euro- pean types. This strikinf; reRenil)lance to the European succession is a feature which has been jxiinted out by Sir William Dawson, Salter, Billings, Honeyman, and other writers. The following species of fossils obtained from the atiove strata are provisionally recorded as characteristic of the Knoydart formation. These and other forms will, no doubt, sooner or later be found in other parts of Antigonish, in Piotou, and in other counties of eastern Canada along the Atlantic border ofthe continent. The fossil ostracoderms.which constitute a very primitive and early type of fishes, were identified by our friend Doctor A. Smith-Woodwar pointed or^na or apiuea, probably those of a ilah. The specimens are for the most part imperfectly preserved in a hard, compact, fine grained, and brecciated volcanic ash-bed, and are conse- quently difficult to identify and obtain. Barlow's Description or Volcanic Ash Rock With a view of ascertaining the exact nature of the rock materials in which the pteraspidians were preserved, microscopical sections were pre- XLIV— HutL. Groi.. Bwi. Am.. Vol. 12. IBOO 310 n. M. AMI— KNOYItAIIT FORMATION Of NOVA KOTIA pared and aulimitted to Doctor A. K. Itarlow, of the (ieoloxical Sarrey of C'aiiadii. He kindly uiidertk to dewrilw thmv, hiuI gave the follow- iiig intereatliiK note reganliiiK the turKi^eoun or voluaiilc origin of locality nundwr B, and number 44 of Mr H JKh Fletcher's Heotion : "The roi'knr Mi-Arru liniok Un lUrk Ktiijr to irm-nlih (ray thinly IwIiIfiI Kmy- wavke, wntheriny yellowlili or tmiwntth, nwliiir to the iln-omtHHiltiDn of the Imii orv. It ii* itiiiiiMimNl for the miMt |iart of AtiKuUr, mitmiitcular, end nmntltNl Kmilin of quarti aixl felilafiar fiiilmliliHl in a matrix uf l\w lanio niaterialn in a Hner italu of (llvialnn. t^lt'lte \n preaent, anti in Rome nertlnna In a rmthi't ahunilant (!om|M>- netlt of ihe Kroundniaaa. Ch'orite in ocfailonat platca and aniall H^lea of aericite la alao preaent. The rock ia pnilwhly of tnfat'eoua origin. Huiaii aaania or vcina of caldle and qnarta fraqiiently traverse the rock." t Palkontoimiic NnTKa and Kaunal Rm,atioi<» In reporting uimn the flah faunn from thia forniAtion, Doctor Hmith- Woodward writes: "The MuArrna Brook s|iecimeiis repreiient the base of the Itnn« " of Henrordihin, whtoh tnabiM KiologiMa to comUt* the ■traU with II iiiarkm. ilegrac of proximity to c«rt«int)r : " Tlw (till Rid HaiulilaiM " ol Htrariirdihlm wm Iddk lh«i«lil lo be IHHI-Ihwil- Ihmu, * hw IhMpiMntiirjr >|iarliu«iu nnljr hiivinf liMii Ihund wlini in llw railway ni'.llniii HMr IxKllmrjr, tli* Hrr, W. H. Hynimoihla (im giuirt .'..iim. ()«al. Hoc,, vol. IS, |i. 103, anil vol. 17, p. IIU) illMiivrnKl in th* lowaal bmlt llli* l«dliarx •lialM)or lliat rormatiiin mnialm ot naryitxua, Onrluu Punapla, and Otphi^ la|iait, toiathi'i witli lanp! nuinlwn of llix liml •hli>tdi of Am'iMinaapin." It i imimMible to reul over the HMocintion of forma in the atrata near I.«lbury, in Herefonlahire, without recoRniiing in them a fauna and horiion aimilar to that met with at MoArraa brook, in Antigoniah county, Nova Scotia. In 1843 Doctor Abraham Geaner ed • an " Old Red Sandatone " or Devonian Kroup, which he recogniied above Silurian beda . in aeveral imrta of the province, , . . conaiating of . , . " ■ bright red micaceoua iandKtone or congloraerBle, accompanied liy thin l>eda of red ahale anwer Old Red Sandstone of BrlUln. The ptenupidlan remains are snfflclent to prove tliat they belong lo the genns Pttnupii. Both dorsal and ventral shieldi are «o much lilie those of P. crouchii that if these Nova Scolisn fos- sils bad been fonnd In western England we should have referred them lo the latter species. Perhaps the rostral plate may prove to distingniah your form when it • Ptm, Oeol. Soc. London, IfUS, vol. 4, p«rtl, no, «6, p. 187. 313 H. M. AMI— KMOrnAlrr roHMATION or KOVA attlTIA l« m«|iM*l)r known. On* piM* of ilonal (hkM In niiin«*r|wn •ham Um Im- inMitaa nf Uw aappowd branHilnl pnorliM on •»» •lil>. " TtM (lolnM fhi«liiMitii In iho ci>lhrtian mnjr b* t^rphnlaifi^icm nnm, Iml M« nnorutin. Thma !■ kin |>rMml llw lri>lni! ihtrhmi MmrKimmi. •' Mom tnUmting U on* •iiinll ItaMpnnI '>r fkinM)i««u, with onMBMinl idmtl- i»l with UhU of l>. nngUnt.' In Uili tomU Uw rhMnhnn of the mlcMh Utyn nra Inrfar thnn In oor nrnc|iM ptal*. " On th« wholi, 1 nlionM plan lb* MrAmw Brook b*rii on th* am* borlun w th* Um*r Old R«a Manditomai-OonulonM of Ih* H*nfcn) diMrlrl of Rngtfi"! nbotcllMi CniicLPnom It majr thua h* ttMj oonoluded, with th* aridane* at huul, togcthar with th* Icnrnrd opinion of MeMr Arthur Smith-Woodward and R. H. Traquair, that w* hav* in Nora Scotia an ar«a oi lowar Daronian roolia which rapment wall in Amarioa tna lower imrtion of the Old Red Sand- •tone of Kurope. Thii latter •eria* of itrata, toRether with tha Devonian rock* proper, Sir l{n<)arick Mnrohiaon held to he the reault of "different ReoKraphicnl condition* of the ium« |>f rioft." Tlie aama (tatenient nil. y Iw uttered with all truth in North America. From the character of the •traU, it ia eriilent that lar>'*triiie depoaiU rere laid and aliallnw-water conilitioii* prevailed throuRhout the Knuydart area in Ro-Deviinian timee, and a lake aimiler to lake Orcndie, lake Caledonia, lak' jf l^rne, the Weleh lake, etcetera, of Great Britain, ao graphically de .ribed by Sir Archibald Gaikie, exiatad in Cknada, to which the name hike IStUm might ap|iropriat«l y 'te given. It may here be remarked that the Knoydart formation of Nova Scotia Bnda near equivalent in the Eo- Devonian atrate of the Campbellton for- mation in the Bale dee Chaleura region. To the lake in which QKanteiu (Pklyetmnaipu), OpAo/napu, /Vo(o<■■, 1, t.