CIHM

ICIVIH

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(Monographs)

(monographies)

I Ell

Canadian Inttiluta for Hiatortcal Microraproductlont / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductlona hittoriquai

Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes technique et bibllographiques

Th« Itwtttut* has atMmptad to obtain tha batt original
copy availabia tor filming, Faaturas ol ttiii copy wtiich
may be blblio(,rapt<ically unique, wtiich may altar any of
ttia Imagai in ttia raproductlon, or wtiict< may
significantly ctianga tlia uauai mathod ot filming ara
ctwcRad balow.

D
G
D

D
D
D

Colcuradcovan/
Cauvwture da cotitur

Cowrt danagad /
Couvartim •ndammiigaa

Covan nttorad and/or bminatad /
Couvaitura mtauite M/ou patHcuWa

Covar IMa miaaing / la una da couvattura manqua

Cokxirad mapa / Caitaa gaographlquaa an coulaur

Cokxiiad ink (La. aUwr tlian bkM or Mack) /
Encra da eoulaw (l,a. autra qua lilaua ou noiia)

Cokxirad platas and/or Huttrationa /
Planctw* at/ou iUustmtlont an coulaur

Bound with otiwr malarial /
Ralia avac d'autras documania

Only adttkxi available/
Saute adWon di^)onlUe

TIglM binding may cause sliadows or dMartkxi
along interior margin / La reliure serrae pout
causer de i'ombra ou da la diatorslon le long de
la marge IntMeure.

Blank leavea added during l ealuialkiii e may appear
wimin tlie text. Wlienever possible, ttiese liave
been omWed fram flmkig / II ae peul que caitaines
pages blancbaa ajoutaes ton (Tune reatauratkxi
appaiBlssent dana la texte, mais, kxaque cala Mm
pcaaUe, cee pages n'ont pas M Nmies.

L'Inatitut a mterofilm* la meillaur axamplaita qu'il lui a
Mt poasibia da aa procurar. Las d«talla da cat axam-
piaira qui sont paut-4tra uniquaa du point da vua blbli-
ographlqua, qui pauvent nwdlfiar una Image raproduita,
ou qui pauvant axigar una modifications dans la m«h-
oda nomtala da fllmaga sont indiquta ciHtossous.

r~j Cokxjiadpegee/Pagaedecouleur

Q Pagaa damaged / Pagae endommagaea

I I Pageeraetored and/or lamkialed/
' — ' Pagae reatauiaas et/ou peWcuMes

r^ Pagae dteok>u(ed,atalnad or foxed/
'— ' Pagae d«cok)r«es,tachataesaupk|uaes

pj Pagaa detached /Pegeadaiacl)«ea

r7 Showthrough/Tianaparance

I I Quality ot print vartea/

'—^ QualMkiagaladerimpraaskx)

I I Indudeesuppleitienl a ry material/
'—' CompianddumatarialauppMmantaiie

I I Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
' — ' slips, tissues, etc., have been refllmed to
enaura the beet pocalble Image / Lee pages
totalement ou partlallement obscurcles per un
leulHet d'errata, una pelure, etc., ont «t« filmaes
a nouveau de fa^on h obtanir la mellleure
image poesible.

I I Opposing pages with varying colouration or
' — ' discolourations are filmed twne to eneure the
best possible image / Les pages s'opposant
ayant das cotoratlans variables ou dee dacol-
orationa aont fllmaee deux lols afin dobtenlr la
meflleur Image possible.

AddMonal comments/
Commentaiies suppMmenlaiies:

Pegliutlon Is as follan > p. [30l]-312.

Thii item i< flhiMd at the rtduction ratio dueksd balaw/
C< daoHiMfit an f iinn -u tivii d> rMuctHMi mti^ui ci-desiaia.
10X 14X 1IX

12X

isx

»x

2RX

TIM aapv fUmad hars hM kaan n«rMuM« ihank*
10 MM aanaraaiiv •<:

HatlOMl Ubraxy of Canad*

L'aaamplaira fUm* lut ra»re4uii grtea * la

aroalUM:

Bibllothiqua natloiuaa du Canada

Tha inia«aa appaarlng hara ara tha baat quality
peaalbia conaMaring tha eondltion and laglbillty
e( tha original eapy and in liaaping with tho
tUmlng aantraat apaailiaatlena.

Original copia* in printad papar cowan ara film
baainnmg with tha front eo«ar and anding on
tha laat paga with a printad e» ilhutratad i«»Pra«-
alon. or tha back oovar whan appropriata. *M
other original copiaa ara lilmad baginning on ina
drat paga whh a printad or illuatratad Impraa-
•ian. and andIng an tho laat paga with a printad
or llluowatad Impraaaien.

Tha laat racordad fcama on aaeh microfleho
■haU eonuin tha »vinbol ^ ""••'""■ .SS...'
TINUBO"). Of tho symbol V (moaning END ).
whiehawar appliaa.

Mapa. plataa. charu. ate. may ba lilmad at
diffarant raduetion ratio*. Thoao too larg* je bo
ontiraly includad in ana axpoiura ara 'tlmad
baginning in tha uppar laft hand eomor. loft to
right and top to bottom, a* many framaa a*
raquirad. Tha (allowing diagram! illuanata tha

La* imagaa auivanta* ant dtt rapreduilai avac la
plua grand tain, campta tanu da la condition at
da la notioid do I'oaomplaira tilma, at an
aanlarmlid awaa laa aandliiana du aantrat da
nimaga.

Laa aaamplaira* ariginauii dont la eauvartura »n
papiar aat Imprimda com fllmas an eammancant
par la pramior plat at an tarmlnant aait par la
damiara paga qui eamporto una amprainia
d'Impraaalon au d'lHuatratlon. toit par la ucend
plat, talon lo aaa. Taua laa autraa uamplairat
ariginaua aont fUmda an aamman«ant par la
pramMra paga gui aamporta una amprainta
dimpraaalon ou d'llluatration ot an larminant par
la damidra page gui aemperta una talla

Un daa tymbalaa tuivanta apparaltra tur la
damidra imaga da ehaqua mieraficha. talon la
eaa: la tymbala -w tignilla "A tUIVRC". la
tymbola ▼ tignitla -nN".

Lat eartaa. planchat, ubiaaua. ate. pauvant dtra
filmda t daa ttua da rdduction di(<«ranu.
Lanqua la document oat trap grand pour dtto
roproduit on un loul elieha. il act (llmC * partir
da I'angia tupdriaur gaueha. da gaueha a araita.
at da haul an bat. an pranant la nombro
d-imagaa ndeattaira. Laa diagrammaa tutvantt
IHuatrant la mdthode.

1 2 3

"woeofv HMumoN m? oun

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laSJ Ea*l Uoin StrMt

Rochmtar. Nfm rork 14609 USA

(7t6) 4«I - 0300 - Ptwn

(71ft) 3«-S9a9-Fa>

■ULLITIN OF THI QEOLOaiOAL SOOIETV OF AMKRIOA
VOi. ia, rr. 301-318, n. ta

KNOYDAKT FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA

HENRY M. AMI

ROCHES ER

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY

Auoim, 1801

■w

HILL UUl. Mt

VIX. It. IN*, n. N

* ' '■-"• """ •^•«M "» tn. K>»i>.>t r.,.. ......

H'-Arm- l.ru»k, tnitionuh »Miniy, Nn«N Nvirflu

Kl'il HK L'.-MI

HUH StH*T*. .MxmiHT Ki.

*"""'« ' '"""'-" "'I''"" I'">'k ""'I M..)'.!,,,! ,„|„l. *,„I,.N,I.|, ,,,„„l,-. X,.„. B,,,„

"NOVOAIIT AND MOVOAUT fOllM»T10N« OF HOVA KOTIA

•UUtTIN or THI aiOlOOICAI. KICIITV Of AMIHICA
vol. , , „ »,.„,. n. N Au««.T ... .M.

KXOVKAKT KOKMATION (»K SOVA WirriA*

Hr MKNIIV M. Ml

( Hfiul UJw, Ihf StH-irlj) Oitrnih,,- t',V, //#»*)

i)<»\TKNTH

hilnaluriion l^"

Tvplnii an-a ,„„|„ ,||,„i«,|„„ ,',"[ *'

I. .i.l».l.,fMI|,irl«.i. 11.1 ll«vonl,n'.l'r,l,' ,■.'■.■.'. *1

'''*"'"'■"•'"» "I'l vl»».,>f,«rl.,ii.»rlli.r. ij

IM«„v,ry„ff,„l|.i„„llh..|rl„i..r,,r,.|»ll„n,,."; 1^

M-t.l„r« w,.,l„„ „f ,1... Kn,..v.|,rl ror.n.ll.m »l,m( >|rA^ l.'^^ ^

N..IK. ».„l f.,„„ ,.f ,!,„ Knoy.Ur '..r.n.ll,,,,, . . ??

B«rl.,»', ,l«,rl|.ll...i ..f v„l,„,|,. „,i, r,K,|| , . . J*

hll.«.Mt..l.,»l,. „„,„ „„| ,.,„,^, r.,|„|,„„ l,„||„to.l. .'.'.'.'.". s,„

rntli'liliiioiw ^'^

tNTHdlMJiTlON

While eng«g«| in m«' ing « ,.,.l«„„t..Mnil ».irv...v .,f the r.K.k fornm.
imn- ..r h,. i;,,,«r l'Hle„„.ie i., Nov., M,.„ti., «„.| „| „ „„.| j „„,„i,,

«.•.«! „t III. .li,|K««l |. ..„ previnuH rollBct.,,,- in tl... (i«,|™,ic«| Hur.

V- / l)«i.«rt.mM.t, the wriU-T Im, ,liH,«,ver«l what „,,,.e«r» to 1« ...fflcieiu

evi,U,;,ce f.,r the .leterinli.Hlion of the rooI-w,,,! h,.ri,on of . Nerlen of

.trutH which oceur m the we,U,rn eori.er of Anti„onish county, -xtend

iiiU) the au.iacent county of IMctou, Nova Wcotia .m-! «.,..,.„« prohahlv

not le.» th.,n 1,()«) feet in it, greatest tiev,lo|.inent. On;, .i tl.e h,»t

natural »ecti .ni. where thi, »erie« maj- he exaniinml and .lu.lit I to ml-

vantage occur- in the v.iiiey of ero,i,.„ thron.^h w..,oli flow. McAmw

brimk. A me.u..iro<l action recently nmle hj Mr High Fleicher, of the

Oeok.K,c« Survey o. Canaila, aiul citcl Ih-Iow, Kiv« a total thiclcne«

of 084 feet. 1 he «tr.ita in .lueslion ar^ ,!acnl In the I-owit or Ko-Devo-

" nn '""'"'"=''," "'"i- """"in fo8.il rumain, characteristic of the typical
Old Keil Sandiitone '' ■>! £"uro[,«.

Typical Ahka uxder DiscomioN

On ,heet-map nu.iber 34 of the series of Reological map. of Nov.
Scotia, i..ued by the Geological Survey of Canadr. in 18'J3, the^e i. rep-

• Publhhcd b, perraJuloii of IK. Ulrerlor or lh« U«olo.l,^ M,.„., „r,^ZZZ
XLlll-Uui.!.. anil.. Hoo. *«., Vol. w, •»(«) /.jq,.

Oiri

n u.

AWI-fcMi.vliAMT r»NII*TI<m »r nova MirriA

! .1""" "y ,'*"'•*'' '"""'• "" •'" ""' '" '•"- ■" "-"-y '"■"*

iiortli mill WMi.
Thi. .r«. 1. .Wrll..! „ •• |,,,,^, r>.v.,„|.„ " .,„ ,««., „„ ,. .,f „„
<M,.ml U,H.rt „f„„,.i„,I.^M.„|Hurv.y..fr.„».Uf„r|*«l, ||..r.,l,..

It",'' .! ; " ' """ "' '"" '"■■ i''""'-«-"'-" "-I-""". " i.. .1."

H. " . « U, tl,i. ,««c. .KTur. „«r II,. I.ri.l«. ..v.r M-Arr.. .,r.»,k,

J.-,T.. M..|)m,» ,1 l,r.-.k, Hu.n.h,..,... I.nn.k. M. Am.. I.r,-.k, KnuvUrt*
n -k CKiviUK Ih, ■„„„., ,„ „.„ f..„„„i.,„ .„..,,^,, v.,„,y b^K.k.
aiKl of .Ml. „f III, «„i,t(„.„,„„ hmiMihr. ,.r fMil.-y. l,r.M,k.

CoKTAcrr or H11.UMIAN «.vi> I)kv.>nu»i Hthat*

wl icl, !,», „.,i y„t I,™,, fully .IffrmiMwI. Ao..,r,li„„ ,„ Urn .li,„ a,„|
»trikr« iiiveii l.y Mr IIukIi Klplcli..r«ii.l \f I * i» 1 J. ! '
..i.«.i I. 1 1 / ■■ "*" ".'icii. rniKi ji. J. A. K..l>.irt.)ii th.- miiii iinI

j«ct«l t.> the «i„e ,.hy«ioal f.,„«. a,„| ,|i,tu,l,i„K Wncie. .i„ce thev
were .hinmM (,«, pUte 2«. flKure. 1 iin.l a) ^

The actual .lip „f the l)ev.,ni«ii ,tr,t« vary from 111 .leirre*. • Ml
.!««««., an.l th.«e.,f the Hllurinn from 7 .legre.^ " Z^ '^^Uh
l.Kal v»ri«tio„H in both. The „u„.l»r of ,«*?.Sil„ri»„ unT^.^be^.^
..I.U. erup .v.. ...«.,«, of »myK.l..lol.l„l trap 'pre-ent i„ the v , 2. , »"e
.lone much ,.,d,„„rl, th- rock, of the two ,«lln,e,.U.ry .erir^,. t t^
Cro I) "'"' "'" '"""" "-"""■"-•■*« of the .1 Jrict iJlp,

C;i.AMir..ATmN AND ViKw, or Vawoii. Writkk.
'IWhiMK the McArnw hr,H,k ar«, i„ ^ue-tlon, the conclu,.ion clte.1
l»lojrw«^«^J^y^,u,^ Fletcher bycorrelatin. th7r„e^Tl!

*ProDouDO«(l KrwIlKrt. '~

■ iMtMKiV iir '"llTlir .>M> AMTIIHiXIKH llirNTIM WO

ir. M. AMI— KNUYDAKT FOHMATlllN OK NOVA MtoTIA

the New PruiiKwuk etiuivnlent. in h\» ■' ReiH.rt of geologicul iurveyn
nml explomtion- in the cuntien of Ciuj-HlmrouKl,, AntigonUh. Picton.
toIche»'.T. uml llnlifiix from I8.S2 to IHm."

In thin Anniml KeiH,rt. 1S8B. ne,v «erieH, volume ii. un.ler the head of
F nevoniun," o„ |„,g.. 4i» P, Mr FleUl.er .le». ril.e. three distinct grou,«
or Devonian strata corre-pon.ling closely with those of New Brunswick
and gives the following table of equivalencies :

Nfir Bntnmriek
3. Miapeck group.

3. Upper K«,l glah, and nindatono
group.
. D«doxvlon«,Md,lone»ndCor,l.iti. 2. Ml.i,llegr.y«,nd.toneHiid«lmle

„ " ■ gniup.

1. Bloon«l,„ry conglomerate. 1. Lower Conglomerate group.

After gii-ing the distribution of the above in Kova Scotia in general,
the first reference to the age ..f the McArras Brook strata is then made
on page 49 P, which reads a. follows: "The upjier rocks" (..^..the
Upper Bo,l slate and sandstone group) ■ are found again near I'nion
Kailway station, and also at McArras brook "

On page 67 P Mr Fletcher quotes Dr Honeyn.an's * views on the age of
u.ese rocks : 1 hey are certainly not I^wer Helderberg, and may there-
fore be Devonian ; " and on page «8 P the same writer quotes Sir William
Dawson t in which he regards them as " i-re-Carboniferous, although not
separated from the Silurian." **

Mr Fle;c:,er <le.,cribe8 the strata on McArras brook as follows :
•■Goo<l exposures are also cut by McArras h„«k behind the massof .mv«laloid
at the shore, consisting of red, flinty, mlnu-eous, jointed «.nust«ne ands^Je often
concrel,„„»ry, inlerstratifle.! with greenish thick bedde<l and flaggy Ssto™

nt^shr^:,."'''"""''" "''•"'"'-'"■'•' ■'-" py"te.,.hebr„„rbeingrr;

" From the latter a rallection of fossils was made bv Mr W«.i„„ • •

figment, of plants and flsh teeth, no. certainly dttlfl^Xr:,?'!'!
tain interesting footprints, Prolkhnit,, mrhonurim." t

DiscovEHY or Foesirj and thkir Lnterpbrtation

Up to 1886 but little had been done with a view to determining the
exac geological hon.on to which this Devonian area belonged, the are!
n question having been generally dismissed with the statenient that
they w ere certa inly non-Silurian. In thit year Mr T. C. Weston and

*Tranii. NoTi>8coti(»n Inst. 8cl.. Tol 3 pp ii ua " ^

t Aoadi.n Geology, p. 516. line 4. ana 8»pplmn.nt to the .ame, p. 49.

•'^

IlIHCOVKKY AND INTKHPHKTATION OF FOBHlrjf ,105

Mr J. A. Robert carried on s niiccemrul paleontologkal «ur\ey of the
Silurian an well aa of the nevonian rooks of the reKion. The Silurian
fowilB ol>taine<l were »ul.niitte.l to a preliniiiiarv examination l.y the
writer in that year, and a lii<t of Home 1B<) upecioM of organic renmiim
was reconleil in the Silurinn formations of tlie Arisaig coast, refenil.le to
the various sululivisions A, B, B', C, I), ami I)' of Dr I). Honeyman. ns
adopted liy Mr Fletcher, excluslvo of the s|>ecies recorded by J. W. Salter
J. \V. Dawson, James Hall, K. Billings, and Dr H. Honeyman.

From the Devonian strata Messrs Weston and Robert obtaine.1 what
appeared to be series of obscure fishes, together with tracks and trails of
some organism. These were not determined, however, until the writer
undertook to submit the fish material to Mr A. Smith-Woodward, of the
British Museum. Tl.e result of the study of the flsb fauna has led the
writer to conclude that instead of Upper Devonia i strata in the Mc Arras
Brook, Upper Knoydart Brook, an.l Ui>per Vamev Brook exposures there
occurs a series of strata of lowermost Devonian age, equivalent to the
I^werOld Red sandstone of Britain orCornstoneof Knglaml. The high-
est fossiliferous strata of the Silurian series adjacent are so remarkably
similar in their lithologio and i>aleontologic or biologic characters to the
lacies of the Silurian of western Europe-especially to the Silurian of
the Ludlow type in Herefordshire, England-as to warrant a close rela-
tionship to be instituted with the European equivalents: quite distinct
from the Silurian succession as known in the Gasp^ peninsula, in the
valley of the Saint Uwrence, on the island of Anticosti, and in the stole
of New York or the province of Ontario to the south and west as <lefined
and described by Vanuxem, -Hall, I^gan, Billings, and other geologists
I his Ix)wer Devonian area is boundwl on the east hv the highest
member of the Silurian examined, the Stonehouae formation and on
the south by a range of hills which has been assigned to the Cambro-
Silurian (Ordovician) \,y Mr Fletcher.* From this series, however no
organic remains or definite paleontologic evidenre of any volue have as
yet been obtained upon which might be determined the precise position
of this older series in the Paleozoic succession. To the north and west
of this Devonian area are seen newer measures referable to three distinct
horizons of the Carboniferous system as developed in this portion of
Nova Scotia. These include—

(n) The so-called "Carboniferous Conglomerate "formation described
in the above report.t This series is presumably equivalent to the Bonn-
venture formation of Gasp^, and is doubtfully referred to it here

(&J T he " Carboniferous Limestone " se ries with its marls, sandstones,

• Annii.l Hsporl of the G«ologlc«l Sutlr.y of C«n«d» for ISM, pp. i; P ud 99 P

t Lo.. »»., ,„pr., pp. 71 P, M P. »„d V!, P, .„d on p.je 173 P of th. A„„u.l Report for ,m^;,.

•son

H. M. AMI — KNOYDAKT IHtRMATION Of NOVA MtrriA

■nd marine lirowtonM and gypaum, dwignatad (in part at leant) by the
writer, aa the Hopmvell formation*

(0 The lo-called '' Millatone Grit " aeriee, for the moat |>art very fliit
lying anil undieturbed, ihowinK that the phyeical diitturbancee and
agenoiea to which the Silurian and Devonian iitrata have been Hubjevted
which have dislocated and tilted their strata had di8a|>|>eared previime
to the time when thaia Carboniferoua grite were laid down. Thiii ho-
called " Millatone Grit " aeriee, which ii very doubtfully the equivalent
of the true " Millatone grit " of England, waa designated by the writer
as the WatvUU formation, on page 178 of the pai>er cited above, in order
to separata it from other formations in the district.

Fletcher's Section op the Knovdart Forhatiom At,os<i McAkrah
Briwk

In 1897 Mr Fletcher made a careful remeoaurement of the rt'il marls,
HandatoneH, shales, and calcareous bands holding fish remains along the
valley of McArras brook, a copy of which was kindly furnislieil nie by
him with the sanction of Doctor Dawson, director of the Civologiciil
Survey. In order to give the reader more detailed infonnatiuii 4in the
succession of the strata in this bit of the " Old Red Sandstone " his
valuable section has been incorporated in this paper.

From the maas of trap near the mouth of McArnu brook the fuUuwiiiit is the
Het'tion ill ascending onler :

Feul. Iliuhuv

Amygdaloidsl trap, probably Ijower Ckrboniferous, as ileecriWii

in R«|>ort P for 18HH.
Measures concealed. On the left liank of the brook trap is in the
eliff, while on the right bank there are indiuationa of red strat-
ified Devonian rocks '. ... oO

1. Red, argillaceous shale, more or lees slaty, with coherent under-
day full of rootlets, dip north 230 degrees angle 32 degrees

(magnetic) , ;j

2. ' Red, argillaceous, slaty rock, not well seen 4

3. Red, broken, argillaceoos shale, with greenish and gray blordies.

4. Red shale, nearly alt concealed U

5. Red, very coherent, concretionary, calcareous rock at the mouth

of a little brook from the eastward 1 6

6. Red, aivillaceous shale 7 6

7. More coherent, fli><qty rocks, which may be called sandstone 1

8. Red, argillaceous shale 8

9. Red, coherent, somewhat sandy flags, In two layers 3

10. Red, argillaceous ahale, in part blotched with green 46

* Proc. and Tram. Nova Scotian Inat. Sci., rot. 10, pt. 2, Halifax, Ifloo, p. 177.

rLncHKtt'a hkltion of tm« knovdart ruRUATloN 307

23.

37.

_ , , ,. ■ . r"«t. Iinbi

uminiili anil reilaiili, cohorant, mlatoMMU Minilitona and <Ugi,

with foaiili (no. 1) 4 o

Kml, Knilllamulu ihala, with coherent laysn 32

Kftl, Kmewhat coherent, nuMive, ftrxlllftceoiu rook tt

Ke<l, coherent fliigB, conuining flih renMlm II *

Ked, KivillAceoUH ihiile A

Ureeni«h, CHhvreoiia UagM. from which Doctor Ami coliectad many
fiiMii Huh remains in 181)7. The upper part containi brolien

carbonixeii plants, flflh, etf'etera (no. 2) 2.

Red and Kreen, somewhat maasive, mottled, calcareous toclts, with
noilnlar, rounded, and oval spots and flsh remains, dip 230 de-
grees annte 2U degrees on fine long faces 7

Red, argillaceous sliale, with layers of more coherent concretion-

aryflags 5 o

Reti, micaceous flags 1 o

Red, somewhat cnimbly, argillaceens shale, forming Hne ledges

inthehrooli 2

Re<l, argillaceous shale, witli layen of fine, more coherent flags. 14 6
(ireenish, flinty, argillaceuus, and siliceous flags, micaceous and
sometimes spatte<l witli red, containing mucli carlxinaceous

matter and cut by veins of quartz (no. 3) 3

Greenish, coherent, massive, flne sandstone in two layers 4

Red and greenish mottled shale, in regular layers, more massive

toward the top, for the most part red 8

Reddisli, colierent Hags and argillaceous sliale 32

Red, crumbly, argillaceous shale, not well seen 11

Red, crumbly, argillaceous shale, with harder bands, not well

seen 10

Reii, argillaceous shale, with flaggy layers 17

Red, argillaceous shale, not well seen 26

Red, coherent, tliick bedded sandstone, in two layers, at a small

waterfall g

Red, coherent, argillaceous shale, with green layeraand blotchee. 6

Measures not well seen, but evidently chiefly red 6

(ireenish, arglllaceoua shale at the mouth of a little brook A'om
the westward (no. 4) ; from this the seeds and plants were ob-
tained by Doctor Ami in 1896. One coarse, rusty layer is full

of pyrites and plant remains 2 5

Measures concealed, probably greenish shales cut by quarti 'veins

and containing plants 3

Greenish quartzite or flne sandstone, over which the little brook

from the westward fells into the main stream at water level. . 3
Gray and greenish and red coherent argillaceous rock in three

layers 3 q

Bed, argillaceous shale, with coherent Uyen. The top comes to
the foot of the falls in a gorge from which Mr Weston is sup-

posed to have obtained his flsh remains (no. 5) 12

Red, coherent, argillaceous shale, forming a little (all 15

308

H. M. AMI — KNOYOART FORMATION Of SOVA SCOTIA

r«*i. iiifliitfii

Itcil, rnheniiil ahilM, ronnlnf • lilxlwr bll W

Rrcl. inuilliu-nHM dIiiiIh, L'unliiliiInK (mtnlili l.lotchMi, liariler

hiyi'ix, milt ■initU niMiulM; bi the water lav»l of tin lower

■idi'iir the culvert kt the ahoreiiile ••' ••

H»<1, Binillai'eoiiB rock, with green Uyera anil blotchea, In clIITa

at the rtniil. illppinn 2;l.'i ileitreea angle :I2 ilenreea 30 I)

Ke<l anil green inoltle<l, arglllKceiiU" aliale, priiiclimlly red W

Mure ifiherent, reil, alliceotii anil a. 'Illai^eona rock, with a few

flail r«in*iiiB '<> <•

Qreeniah anil mottled lentlci''jr linieatane from which Doctor Ami

nhlalned the Hah remaini Hrrntpit, etcetera, Ural iient to Doctor

Womlward (no. B) " «

Reil, arglllai'eoiia and aillceoua rock with green banila and

hlotch™ 20

Reildlah, a'.lered roi^k at the level of the road under the achool-

honae. not well Been • * • • 20

(ireenlah, argillaceoiia flage and ahalea (no. 7) * "

Iteil, HrgllliMWOtw ahale **

Ked and greeniah laililatone In two Uyera ■» »

Reil, Hnslllaceone elwlea, with layera of more coherent rock, aoine

of which contain rootlet* 17

Meaaurea concealeil • "* ®

Bright red, aoft. argillueoiu ahale ; to the flrat bridge where the

brook croeaea to the eaatward 4 -0

Red, argillaceoua ahale, with « few more coherent layera 31

(jreeniah, aoinewhat maaaive, antillaceoua and arenaceoiia rock

(no. H) ; at the necond bridge wher« the brook rnna to the

weatward. The <iip now changed to 80 degreee, and thla layer

la concealeil for some diatance, bnt again appenra ho return to

the road farther aonth. Aaeuming that thla la the caae, the

aection ia continued beyond an foUowa 11

Red, argillaceous Mhale, with coherent layera 18

Greenish and dark-gray crumbly, argillaceoua rock 2

Greeniah and gmy, argillaceoua rock, the upper part greatly

altered ■» <•

Trap ■•

Red, Brgi'.laceous ahale, greatly altered <•

Measures concealed dip 250 degrees angle 23 degrees ; to a little

brook from the eastward ^

Red, argillaceous shale and thin flags, in whicli Ash renulna

were found (no. 9) !•*

Red, argillaceous ahale and flags -*3

Trap, thickness undefined, perhape 120

This trap begins about 550 yards above the main road. In

the brook west of the road there i' j. green flinty shale which

yielded no fossils.

Total thickness of the stratifled rocks in the section 68^^ 3

rM-S.\ or THK ruKMATIIIN

3UII

Mr Fletcher adds :

" Till" "wtlon la only uppraiiiiwts. It rapraMnto only * amall portion of >
urra, «p|>anintly w thick u ■! ITnion; imti rIho In Knoyitert brwik and iithcr
atrnuna of the vicinity. It la not anpinwil that eltlier th« Inae or the anmnilt of
the aeriea la here (dven."

Namk and Fauna or thk Knoydart Formation

The name " Knoydart formation " ia propoaed for the aeries of itrata
of which the 684 feet recorded above conatitute a chnracteriatic section
holdinfr a typical " Old Red Sandatone " fauna. Thia name ia given in
order to l>e able to better designate the strata in question and separate
them from other Paleoioic formations in that (lortion of eastern Canada
where the sedimentation has a wonderfully close resemblance to Euro-
pean types. This strikinf; reRenil)lance to the European succession is a
feature which has been jxiinted out by Sir William Dawson, Salter,
Billings, Honeyman, and other writers.

The following species of fossils obtained from the atiove strata are
provisionally recorded as characteristic of the Knoydart formation.
These and other forms will, no doubt, sooner or later be found in other
parts of Antigonish, in Piotou, and in other counties of eastern Canada
along the Atlantic border ofthe continent. The fossil ostracoderms.which
constitute a very primitive and early type of fishes, were identified by
our friend Doctor A. Smith-Woodwar<l,of the British Museum, and to him
is due the credit of identifying the fish fauna and indicating the precise
geological horizon to which to refer the beds, while the remains of
Pterygotus were submitted to and identified by Doctor Henry Woodward
when Keeper of the British Museum.

1. Pterygotua np.

2. Onchut murehuoni Agun\t,

3. Ptertupit ap. cf. PUraKpiti erouehii.

4. PaammfiMfiu ap. rf. PmmmoiUeuM nni;liciu Traquair.

5. Cefthatcupu ap. Probably a new apec-iea

0. IrftlhymdtchniifB itcadiensi» nobia. Iinprtfaalona made by a pair of shar|i>
pointed or^na or apiuea, probably those of a ilah.

The specimens are for the most part imperfectly preserved in a hard,
compact, fine grained, and brecciated volcanic ash-bed, and are conse-
quently difficult to identify and obtain.

Barlow's Description or Volcanic Ash Rock

With a view of ascertaining the exact nature of the rock materials in
which the pteraspidians were preserved, microscopical sections were pre-

XLIV— HutL. Groi.. Bwi. Am.. Vol. 12. IBOO

310

n. M. AMI— KNOYItAIIT FORMATION Of NOVA KOTIA

pared and aulimitted to Doctor A. K. Itarlow, of the (ieoloxical Sarrey of
C'aiiadii. He kindly uiidert<M>k to dewrilw thmv, hiuI gave the follow-
iiig intereatliiK note reganliiiK the turKi^eoun or voluaiilc origin of locality
nundwr B, and number 44 of Mr H JKh Fletcher's Heotion :

"The roi'knr Mi-Arru liniok Un lUrk Ktiijr to irm-nlih (ray thinly IwIiIfiI Kmy-
wavke, wntheriny yellowlili or tmiwntth, nwliiir to the iln-omtHHiltiDn of the Imii
orv. It ii* itiiiiiMimNl for the miMt |iart of AtiKuUr, mitmiitcular, end nmntltNl Kmilin
of quarti aixl felilafiar fiiilmliliHl in a matrix uf l\w lanio niaterialn in a Hner italu
of (llvialnn. t^lt'lte \n preaent, anti in Rome nertlnna In a rmthi't ahunilant (!om|M>-
netlt of ihe Kroundniaaa. Ch'orite in ocfailonat platca and aniall H^lea of aericite
la alao preaent. The rock ia pnilwhly of tnfat'eoua origin. Huiaii aaania or vcina of
caldle and qnarta fraqiiently traverse the rock."

Palkontoimiic NnTKa and Kaunal Rm,atioi<»

In reporting uimn the flah faunn from thia forniAtion, Doctor Hmith-
Woodward writes: "The MuArrna Brook s|iecimeiis repreiient the base
of the I<ower OKI lied saiid8t4iMe of Hritain."

The presence of pteraspidiniis, cephalaspiillnns, and a(!anlhoilians, as
well as I'tcrynotua, as determined by Mr A. Hniith-\Voo<lward and Doctor
Henry Woodward, of the British Museum, would seem to indicate clearly
the presence of a fauna precisely similar in facies to that of the Hereford
be<ls, referable to the Tower Devonian (Old Red Sandstone) or Cornstone.

'ITie I'teraspis found in the tufaceous rock in the series of strata is one
which Mr WiKidward refers to as very closely allied In, if not actually
identical with, P. cmuchii of the English rocks.

Th» horiion indicate*) is low down in the Devonian and not far from
the summit of the Silurian. From the nature of the sediments, their
composition, origin, and general characters they appear to he much more
closely relate<l to European Devonian or Old Re 1 Sandstone strata tlian
to the usual lyiw of Nortli American Devonian, such as are met with in
synchronous western ei)i-continental formations.

Sir Archibald Geikie* points out the occurrence in Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick of the two divergent Devonian and Old Re<I Sandstone
types of Europe, but does not attempt to give any of the subdivisions
of the rocks of this system nor any of the fossil organic remains found
in them. The fauna of the Arbroath Hags or Uwer Old Red Sandstone
of Murchison is remarkably similar to that of the Knoydart formation.

In his "Geology. Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical," Sir Joseph
Prestwicht makes the following statement regarding the "Old Red

•Ten Book of Oeolosy, mm •dlllon, hook vi. part a, i.e. 3. <!h«p. 2, pur. !. p. am
f Chupler Yl. " Thp Iiovcmlnii ny.lcni : ■ Tlie Olil Red SundiloDe,' p. »'i"

PALROHTOUMIIC NIITiai AND rAI'IIAI. HKLATIONI

nil

8ani1>tnn« " of Henrordihin, whtoh tnabiM KiologiMa to comUt* the
■traU with II iiiarkm. ilegrac of proximity to c«rt«int)r :

" Tlw (till Rid HaiulilaiM " ol Htrariirdihlm wm Iddk lh«i«lil lo be IHHI-Ihwil-
Ihmu, * hw IhMpiMntiirjr >|iarliu«iu nnljr hiivinf liMii Ihund wlini in llw railway
ni'.llniii HMr IxKllmrjr, tli* Hrr, W. H. Hynimoihla (im giuirt .'..iim. ()«al. Hoc,,
vol. IS, |i. 103, anil vol. 17, p. IIU) illMiivrnKl in th* lowaal bmlt llli* l«dliarx
•lialM)or lliat rormatiiin mnialm ot naryitxua, Onrluu Punapla, and Otphi^
la|iait, toiathi'i witli lanp! nuinlwn of llix liml •hli>tdi of Am'iMinaapin."

It i imimMible to reul over the HMocintion of forma in the atrata near
I.«lbury, in Herefonlahire, without recoRniiing in them a fauna and
horiion aimilar to that met with at MoArraa brook, in Antigoniah
county, Nova Scotia.

In 1843 Doctor Abraham Geaner <le«cri)>ed • an " Old Red Sandatone "
or Devonian Kroup, which he recogniied above Silurian beda .
in aeveral imrta of the province, , . . conaiating of . , . " ■
bright red micaceoua iandKtone or congloraerBle, accompanied liy thin
l>eda of red ahale an<l mariy clay, and in aome placea containing aeama
of flbroua gypaum." He adila : " Hitlierto no organic remain* have
been found in it." He recogniiea it at Advocate harbor and on the
Moose river, where it ia " aeen lying unconformably beneatli the Coal
Meaaurea."

Mr Fletcher claaaes the rocka of Advocate harlwr aa Devonian, lo that
the " Old Reil Sandstone or Devonian group " of Geaner must therefore
be clawed witli the rocks of Union and Riversdale, which, from the fauna
iind flora found in them, are referable to the Carboniferoui' xystem, and
from their position in the stratigraphic succession may be referable to the
Meso-CarlmniferouH. The gypsum-bearing strata of Gesner are likewise
aim Carboniferous and not Devonian.

In November, 1899, in a communication on a number of foesil Hshes
sent him Ijy the writer from various localities in Nova Scotia, in which
the geological horizon and precise affinities of the species sent were
doubtful, Mr Smith-VVoodwaril, the eminent authority on Paleoioic
fishes, gives the following notes on the specimens from McArras brook,
adding that they had been submitted by him to Doctor R. Traquair, of
Edinburgh :

•'Tlie ipecilnens from McArras brooli are ezttemely interesting, and tcpresent
the base of the I*>wer Old Red Sandstone of BrlUln. The ptenupidlan remains
are snfflclent to prove tliat they belong lo the genns Pttnupii. Both dorsal and
ventral shieldi are «o much lilie those of P. crouchii that if these Nova Scolisn fos-
sils bad been fonnd In western England we should have referred them lo the latter
species. Perhaps the rostral plate may prove to distingniah your form when it

• Ptm, Oeol. Soc. London, IfUS, vol. 4, p«rtl, no, «6, p. 187.

313

H. M. AMI— KMOrnAlrr roHMATION or KOVA attlTIA

l« m«|iM*l)r known. On* piM* of ilonal (hkM In niiin«*r|wn •ham Um Im-
inMitaa nf Uw aappowd branHilnl pnorliM on •»» •lil>.

" TtM (lolnM fhi«liiMitii In iho ci>lhrtian mnjr b* t^rphnlaifi^icm nnm, Iml M«
nnorutin. Thma !■ kin |>rMml llw lri>lni! ihtrhmi MmrKimmi.

•' Mom tnUmting U on* •iiinll ItaMpnnI '>r fkinM)i««u, with onMBMinl idmtl-
i»l with UhU of l>. nngUnt.' In Uili tomU Uw rhMnhnn of the mlcMh Utyn nra
Inrfar thnn In oor nrnc|iM ptal*.

" On th« wholi, 1 nlionM plan lb* MrAmw Brook b*rii on th* am* borlun w
th* Um*r Old R«a Manditomai-OonulonM of Ih* H*nfcn) diMrlrl of Rngtfi"!
nbotcllMi

CniicLPnom

It majr thua h* ttMj oonoluded, with th* aridane* at huul, togcthar
with th* Icnrnrd opinion of MeMr Arthur Smith-Woodward and R. H.
Traquair, that w* hav* in Nora Scotia an ar«a oi lowar Daronian roolia
which rapment wall in Amarioa tna lower imrtion of the Old Red Sand-
•tone of Kurope. Thii latter •eria* of itrata, toRether with tha Devonian
rock* proper, Sir l{n<)arick Mnrohiaon held to he the reault of "different
ReoKraphicnl condition* of the ium« |>f rioft." Tlie aama (tatenient nil. y
Iw uttered with all truth in North America. From the character of the
•traU, it ia eriilent that lar>'*triiie depoaiU rere laid and aliallnw-water
conilitioii* prevailed throuRhout the Knuydart area in Ro-Deviinian
timee, and a lake aimiler to lake Orcndie, lake Caledonia, lak' jf l^rne,
the Weleh lake, etcetera, of Great Britain, ao graphically de .ribed by
Sir Archibald Gaikie, exiatad in Cknada, to which the name hike IStUm
might ap|iropriat«l y 'te given.

It may here be remarked that the Knoydart formation of Nova Scotia
Bnda near equivalent in the Eo- Devonian atrate of the Campbellton for-
mation in the Bale dee Chaleura region. To the lake in which QKanteiu
(Pklyetmnaipu), OpAo/napu, /Vo(o<<u«, Qer,amnUiut. Acanihotta. Ofdara,
etcetera, once flouriahed in the Bay dee Chaleura region, the name " lake
Chaleur " ia auggeated.

It ia an intereeting tact to note that much contemporaneoaa volcanic
aah materiala conetitute the de|)oeita of both thcae ancient Paleoioic
lake baeina— " lake Pictou " and " lake Chaleur "

•am Tnqaalr, Ann. Ma*. KM. HItt, Mr. T, roL U, UM, p. n, ft. I, >■■, 1, t.