CIHM Microfiche Series (Monograplis) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Isl Canadian Inatltuta for HIatorleal I I / Inatltut Canadian da microraprodHCtiona Idatoriqiiaa ©1995 Tha Imtitutt hn anmipttd to obtain tha ban orifinal eopy anilabia for fHiiiint. Faatufaa of Hin eopv kAIcIi iMv ba bWiom^MeaHy i in lqua, oMcii imy aHar any of tha imaflaf hi tna rapiochicliuii, of wiuan nay ii«iiHiean1lv chanta tha uual nathTrl of flhiiint. an cnvcitso Dnow. r~^ Colound eovtn/ CoMn dMMiid/ Cowmwt inrfnmmnit Comrt rutertd and/or laminattd/ Couvarturt rattaurte at/ou paNieuMa D D p~[ CoMf tMa laMai/ D I La tHra da aomactura inanqHa Cartn |io|raphh|uai an aoulaur Coloorad ink (La. othar than Mua or Mack)/ Encra da aoidaiir (i.a. autra qua Maua ol/ Comprand un (dati indaa Titia on haadar takan from:/ La titra da I'an-ttta pronian l. ofinua/ titra da la linaiaon □ Titlapati P»«adatil □ Caption of inua/ Titra da < Additional commanti:/ Commantairai luppMmantairaK dtpart da la liitraiMn □ Maithaad/ Gtairiqua (piriodiquaal da la linaiion Paglnatlan ,i aa folloMi p. [S9]-C9. Thn itam it f Hfflad at tha raduction ratio diaekad balow/ Ca documant an fihn* au taui da rMuation indtqu* 10X r 14X ItX 22X 12X »x ItX x» 20X 2«x Th« copy fllmad hara ha* bMn raproducMl thanks to tha ganaroalty of: National Library of Canada L'axamplairs film* fut raproduit grlca i la ginirosit* da: Bibilothiqua nationala du Canada Tha Innagsa appaaring hars ara tha boat quality poaslbia consldsring tha condition and laglbllity of tha original copy and in lisaping with tha filming contract tpaciflcatlona. Laa imagsa sulvantaa ont M raproduitaa avac is plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la natteti da I'axamplaira fllmi, at an conformM avac las conditions du contrat da fiimaga. Original coplas In printsd papsr covars ara flimad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha laat pags with a printsd or lilustratad L.iprsa- slon, or ths bacic covar whan approprlata. All othar original copies ara flimad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or llluatratad Imp.ai. sion, and anding on tha laat pags with a primad or llluatratad Imprasslon. Laa axamplalras orlglnaux dont Is couvsrtura an papiar ast imprlmte sont fllmte an commandant par la pramlar plat at an tarmlnant soit par la darnitra paga qui comporta una smprsinta d'Impiaaalon ou d'lllustratlon, solt par la sscond plat, sslon Is cas. Tous Iss sutrss sxsmplslrss orlglnaux sont fllmte sn commsnfsnt par la pramMra pags qui comporta una smprsinta d'impraaalon ou dlllustration at an tarmlnant par la darnlira paga qui comporta una tails smprsinta. Ths Isst rscordsd frsms on sach microflcha shall contain tha symbol —»■ (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha symbol V Imsaning "END"), whichavar appllaa. Un daa aymbolas sulvants apparaltra sur la darnlira Imaga da chaqus microflchs. sslon Is cas: Is symbols — »- signlfia "A SUIVRE". la symbola ▼ aignlfia "FIN". Maps, pistss, chsrts. stc, may ba flimad at diffarsnt raductlon ratios. Thoss too larga to ba antiraly Includad In ona axposurs srs fllmsd beginning in ths uppsr Isft hand cornsr. Isft to right and top to bottom, as msny frames ss rsqulred. The following diagrams illustrats the method: Lea cartes, planches, tablsaux. stc. psuvent Mre fllmte i dea taux da rMuction diffirants. Lorsqus Is documsnt sst trop grsnd pour Mrs reproduit en un seul cllehi, II est film* A partir da I'angta auptriaur geuche, de gauche i drohe. et de haut en bes. sn prsnant la nombre d'Images ntesssalra. Lea diagrammee sulvants lllustrent la mMhoda. 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 ""ooeory woiution mr ouun (ANSI ond BO TEST CHAUT No. 2) I.I us ^ m Lb l^iu JUmm Lb 1.6 ^ x^ A?-i^? J»rl Deportt. in ODfrio. Quebec, New Bn»«rick .ad Nora Scotia. R. W. Ells, LL.D., F.R.S.C. OftV MARL DEPOSITS IN ONTARIO. QUEBEC, NEW BRUNS- WICK AND NOVA SCOTIA." By R. W. Ens, LL.D., F.R.S.C. The Marl Deposits of Eastern Canada. The presence of shell-marl in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, a many widely separated points, has long been known and many localities where this material occurs have^been described ■n the Reports of the Geological Survey from a very early date. ""diS-l™^' ^ '='"*' ''*'"= "fibuted to this substance was for "sny years supposed to be confined to its use as a fert,luer for sc,ls lacking in calcareous matter, since it furnished a re dy kind of lime, easily applied, and showing good results in regard to the cultivation of certain crops whe«''its app i" a ion was carried out with proper judgment. Within the last few years, however, marl has been found to be especially adapted to the manufacture of the best grades of cement, when mixed with a proper proportion of clay Urge "^^'Z'" '"«"'"f'«='""ng establishments have been already estab- ««.„. hshed at several points and others are in proce s of construction more especially in the province of Ontario, vfere arge and valuable deposits of marl occur at many places. Among n^Z Tr n '"T""'"^ "" ^"^ *°"'' "' Moribank, a few miles north of Belleville, and at Strathcona. about five miles northwest of Napanee, where the nanufacture of high-grade Portland cement has been prosecuted on a large scale for several years The demand for marl deposits conveniently situated near to railway lines or other means of shipment has increased CnadZ"'""''"' '"' '^""'"'''" "' '"' °''^''"" °' "" «»"«i-' Survey of 6o Thi Ottawa Naturalmt. very largely. Enquiries are frequently made aa t.. Sourcnotiiw istcncc of thesc deposit!, and in order [June .Se ex- pre- fenMdon . .. ''■ ' ■" «•-*• -•' (Jrc- r, •■■.„r sent in a readily accnsible form such In.ormation as is available from the published reports of the Geological Survey, some of which are long out of print and others not convenient for reference, the present paper has been prepared. While It is not maintained that the subject has been exhaustively trrated, since the information relative to the occurrence of this substance in- creases from year to year as the scope of the Survey's operations is extended, the present paper will incorporate all available infor- mation on the subject in regard to its occurrence in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, taken from the published reports of the Geological Survey and from other sources of information, brought, down to the present time. Fiesh-water marl occurs usually in marshes and shallow lakes, and generally contains the shells of several species of fresh- water mollusks. In the Geology of Canada, 1863, a good descrip. "^^Sd"" ''°" ."' ""• "'°''* °'''«=<:>"en« «nd physical characters oriiin of this material is given, which may be here quoted. " Although belonging to the present geological period, this marl is not always of recent formation ; inasmuch as the beds of it are sometimes overiaid by peat, or by a soil supporting a growth of large trees. At other times however, the mari covers the bottom of shallow lakes or ponds, and is evidently in the process of depo- sition. It appears to be formed by the waters of springs highly charged with lime, which is at first held in solution as bicarbonate but is deposited when these waters come to the air. It is thus similar in its origin to the deposits of calcareous tufa, which occur in many places where such calcareous springs flow over earth rocks and vegetation, instead of falling into lakes or marshes.' The presence of carbonate of lime is a nece.ssary condition of the development of shells, and various species of niollusca abound in such waters. These by their remains, which often form h con- sidrable portion of the deposits, give to them the name of shell- mari, which is frequently applied. This substance is white and earthy in its aspect, and, unless mingled with clay, ii a nearly pure carbonate of lime, which from its finely divided state is well fidapted to serve as a dressing for such soils as are deficient in I9m] Ells— Marl Diposits. fti calcareous matter. When calcined, marl yields a nearly pure and very white lime, well adapted for mortar and for other uses. In many parts ot Vermont large quantities of lime are thus manu- factured. The marl '.a moulded in the shape of bricks liich are dried and burned in a kiln." '•When pure, marl may be used as a substitute for prepared chalk or whiting in cleaning metals and for similar purposes. In UHiofmari many parts of the country it is commonly employed by the people for whitewashing their buildings. It has also been used for the production of carbonic acid gas in the manufacture of soda-water and other aerated waters in place of the pulverized chalk or marble dust which is generally employed. " Marl (!eposits are numerous in many of the lake bottoms throughout the province of Ontario. They are also found at Uinribution Various points in the province of Quebec, though, as a rule, such deposits are not so large as in the former province- Further east in New Brunswick this material also occurs at several points around the Bay de* Chaleurs, and also near the city of St. John, but the occurences are still less abundant than in Quebec, while in Nova Scotia shell marl, )■ so far as at present known is comparatively rare. It may, ho er, h remarked in connection with the maritime provinces ih many lakes which should naturally contain marl are supplied » of infusorial earth, this material being very which are scattered throughout the Cobe<) Nova Scotia, and also in the eastern por eluding the island of Cape Breton. In New i and valuable deposits of infusorial earth have i occur in the southern and east portions of If material has recently come into considerable dc large lake-deposits have been quite extensively - put being principally shipped to points in the Uniu The sjccessful manufacture ol Portland ceir.^n Ontario is destined apparently to utilize many of the r"i™.'' °f fresh-water marl found in the province, the proper admixtuie of the marl with certain propor,. These materials after mixing thoroughly are burned, h— suiting compound very finelj ground, the success of the . ' extensive deposits 'ndant in the lakes uin range in « province in- :-*w ick, also, large ig been known to nrovince. This nd jind several «ed, fhe oul- *«ates. ■ HH:h in Thi Ottawa Naturalist. (June b..ngr due to . very c.reful «ri.. of expriment. which have b«n earned on tor .ome years till the proper adju.tmeni of material, and the right degree of burnine and .ubsequent reduction to an a.mo«t impalpable powder hai been reached. Ontar'o. Among the largest deposit, of the marl. K,me of which have already been utilized on an extensive scale, may be mentioned the |Ue.iiH«« "'posit has b.en proved to be at least b s^ tV" " "' '"' """' *" ""•"■ •f"'"*" -- P""' of 'h lake .uXoJlTp.:;" "• "'"^ ""'■"" - " -xposealarge J^rz:;:- .'le^V""""!" "'' "'""• '"• '""" -" <" white ■-^ lake shews a large area of the marl, extending over some 700 acres, and ranging from five ,0 seven fe^t in depth The area could be readily drained so as to expose a large body of the material, bu, the distance from the town of Arnprior and r.i way communication ,s about eight miles. It is about the same distance to Glasgow station on the Canada Atlantic o«A°L '" "" '°"'"''"'' "' ^°^' '""•«' ''•PO»'*» are found in e« rl '°""««7,*"»« <=»«!» of lakes which extend south" east from Muskrat lake, near Cobd«. village. On on. of ,h«. igoj] Ells— Makl Deposits. I ) 6S known as Green lake, on lot i,, rangre IV »hn.., of the line of the Canadian Pacific railway the Ir^'f ""! ""'" .he,shore, of the lake, in one place wIZ; exposed ^.^nforfi"^ acres, and a depth of from five to twelve feet and ,1 , ' southeast shore of the lake over I slace of ten T •"" about the same thickness. On lot Vran« H ""'u ''""'"^ lake the mar. is found banked up ou'r'to fif e't n"eaT 1 'T" -ake. but - depth a:d^Lrofi-r:r:r„o:? ^-" Eni=™uL.k« On Emerald Ink. .i.^... c •. """nown. Ta»i,tam,» ■-"■eraia luce, about five mi es west of On.,.,:!,. "StiS narrows Lafc* T._: i . upimrka marl of unknown dUh J rconS;,^^^^^^^^^ " '''°"' "' bottom could not beLndonlundi^a'^^^^^^^^^^^^ 7,' '\' - -ake. of small si„ the amount of the marnrhere't^^f xice b^:z;r^r:- ------- - ..rmlned, may be mentioned. lot ,3, ranT V Tan'L cT i^ i-^ acre, and seven feet deep.; Ch^alk i.ke lotl , "d ? .stta^occrai;:? 'I- 't "• --ro/reih: ^^wh^i^^^rrr:------ Of .be lake. L extent u^krw^.C t?. ^ leTLtthrj -■: Er.™„„ places ; Eramosa branch of Gr«.„ ,■ "'"""=" "* ----township. Wellington Co.. Lxeotf^'ther": unknown but reported to be at least three feet thi k wi \ o^^:: -rcS--- ofe/co wh"'"'""" ""' '" Artemisia townshi" tjrey Co., where it occurs over an area nf .. 1 acres, with . depth of a, leas, seven feet '"" " 66 The Ottawa Naturalist. [June Sri».tof«i Tp '" '•" township of Sebastopol, at the lower northwest ci«riju.e j„d of Qgg^ Lake, near the outlet, there is a large quantity of marl, the depth of which has not yet been proved, and it occurs also in several small lakes adjacent. Tr.is locality is about eight miles from the Canada Atlantic railway at Eg-anville. M«K.yL.i<. °" '''* s*""™ of Hemlock or MacKay lake in New "'* ""'"'■Edinburgh, Ottawa, marl has long been known to exist, extending over loo acres or more with a depth of at least five feet. The deposit is, however, largely covered with soil and forest growth, but has been locally used to some extent in the manufacture of white bricks. The localities mentioned for the province of Ontario do not profess to describe the occurrences of marl lor all portions of the area. Doubtless many deposits occur at various localities, the de- tails of which ha«e not yet reached this Department, but sufficient has been stated to show that the material exists over a great area and frequently in very large and economic quantities. w«t ■" the vicinity of the Ottawa river, on lot i8, range IV, H.«,k.tor, „gs, Hawksbury, there is a deposit the extent of which has not been definitely determined, but it is known to ex- tend over an area from five to ten acres, with a proved depth of 2 to 4 feet, and covered with peat for four feet. It has been locally used as a fertilizer by the settlers in the vicinity. Province of Quebec. In the province of Quebec, marl deposits, while not so widely distributed as in Ontario, are also found at points from the western limit to the peninsula of Gaspi. Artenteuii '" ""e township of Argenteuil, lot 3, range I., marl is .~rL«hute icaad occupying the basin of a lake, in depth from five to thirteen feet, overlaid by about nine feet of peat. The area of the overlying peat is about 33 acres. On the same lot, another peat-bog with an area of half a mile from east to west and a breadth of 1 50 yards occurs underlaid by marl which has a depth of 1 2 feet. The locality is not far from the line of the Canadian Pacific railway at Lachute. w.otworth Tp On lot aa, range VIII, Wentworth township, marl is Eafte Not ... l>Ee reported as occurrmg m the bed of Eagle Nest lake, which is a short distance south of i6-Island lake, the quantity, not igoa] Ells — Marl Deposits. 67 beinsr stated, but apparently considerable. The nearest shipping point to this place is the line of the Montford Colonization railway near the latter lake. It is also reported as occurring in a small lake on lot 5, range IV, Harrington township, but at present this locality is too far removed from railway communication to be practically available. v.udroiii 'n the seigneury of Vaudreuil, at Point Cavagnol on n^,Oiuw*'"'~''ie lower Ottawa, a bed of marl extends over at least twenty acres, the thickness being apparently from a foot to a foot and a half. It has been locally used to some extent as a fertilizer. Small deposits of excellent marl are also known to Moi.ire.1 exist in the vicinity of Montreal, as at Thornberry in the rear of Montreal mountain, and on the St. Pierre river, between Montreal and Lachine, which are overlaid in part by beds of peat. The extent of these deposits has not yet been definitely determined, but a company for the manufacture of cement has been established at Pointe Claire. Eutofth. '" "■* area east of the St. Lawrence river a small de- Si. Uwr.n« posj, ^f ^^^1 has besn long reported as occurring near the foot of Yamaska mountain, near the junction of the road to Granby, with that leading to St. Pie, the thickness of the material being slated to be one foot, and extending over about seven acres. St. Amund Ir, the township of St. Armand on lots 156 and 157, ibout one mile southeast of Phillipsburgh, it is also found in a small lake with a thickness of seven feet, and extending, as far as known, over thirty to forty acres. This locality is in close proxi- mity to the Phillipsburgh branch railway, and also to the shore of Missisquoi bay, through which the Chambly canal pusses. The deposit here rests upon a bed of marine shells. In the township Sunue«i of Stanstead it also occurs in a small lake bottom on lots four and five, ranges X and XI, with an area of »o acres and a reported thickness in places of 30 to 40 feet. This is within a short distance of the village o( Stanstead Plain, A small deposit of marl has recently been reported by Mr Obalski as occurring near the village of Beauport, a few miles east of Quebec city, and also at Lake a la Peinture in the township of Neigette, but the extent of these deposits is not stated. 68 The Ottawa Naturalist. fjune G..P. In .he eastern par. of the province of Quebec marl has been reported as occurring on the south side of the S. Matane r.ver. The deposit extends over an area of 60 .0 70 acres and has a dep.h of one to two feet, and another depos'? occurs at the upper end of the lower Metis lake, the exteTo which has not been stated. substanc-'i" "'"f"'".^ "f Gasp* several important deposits of this substance are found, especially along the north sidTof the Bay "■^dlS™™ f,! ,t r" f" f """ •'•" ""'••"'hort distance from the line of railway running from Metapedia to Paspebiac. Among localities in this area may be m^Zned several lake bottoms lying to the north o, the'v^lage o" New N,. cri,.,. Carlisle and m a narrow valley about t» . miles distant from this place in all of which and around their margin he mar occurs with a depth of from one to six feet. Further „e!tT also found in lake bottoms a short distance north of ;he villa; N™R.ch™„>nd of New Richmond near the Great Cascapedia river B... L.k» and in what are known as the Blue lakes to the wes^ of that stream, the bottoms o. which are apparently filled Zth hou^h ,?""■ "' ''""' '"" "'^"' ""^^ ""' "«" ^«"=-i" d hough the quantity appears to be considerable. The latter place IS in the Irish settlement. "^ Anticosti. On Anticosti island deposits of excellent marl were reported by Mr. James Richardson from his exploration of this aL in .h/t ..T"k"""'^ " "'""'' "'''"'^' "P"™'"" P°'"'»- He states With the exception of such as were surrounded by peat, were more or less covered with it. Marl lake a, the northwest exlre- mity of the island near the West point lighthouse, .showed a deposit of about 90 acres, with a considerable thickness, which however was not definitely ascertained, and the brook which empties this lake carries down with it to the shore a lar« qnantity pf marl as a sediment where it was spread ou» along the beach for a considerable space." Another locality noted was about three miles west of South-west Point, where marl was observed along the bank of a brook and igol] Ells— Marl Deposits. 69 a n.i.el„,a„d it "as re 700 .T Ir' f ^ \""" "'""" "^'^ New Brunswick. B.yd,.ct.i.„„ 1° 'he province of New Brunswick shell n,=,i • CbarioKiver »,- _„ „., . """"»>»"cK sneii-fnarl in so rar a^. yet linown is rarely seen In ti,. portion around the Bay des Chaleur, it n I °''"'"° wni; r™:':n;L.rHa::rd:;tr:f r r ;d '^^' has been locally used to so.e extent as a f^rti'il" ^'"""' U.,„.L^e In 'he southern part of the province, marl occurs at en'ly is in 'h^redt^Cor JLTtJ^^^"' V''- --■ deposit apparently und^ri^tg^he'^^h;!! o7ThTl t 'II'^'"''^' "'^ apparently thickest at the two extrrmit ?"?,* ''"^'"' *>"' ■' where the depth of .he 4r71s i^^^/ i ' "P«'«"y 'he eastern, 'hi. deposit irassocafedwhoeirinlh'' '*" ^"'- '"?'"«" been found in tl- >ed of a smalHak. i h .T'"" P*" "'^'^ •"«» shawBrookon • i/ht LTklf' t' ^ot^lt'eT." ^"""^^ «""" Nova Scotia. haveir ^\T "° "'"""'^ °' 'P«"" "O""™- value area on the S:u h Mo'J t ""rir^t^C "'"'" '"^ """"'■" "' ^ village of KentvilleThVs has b^eeni^r" '^ ""^ ^°"""" ">« some years and has been o a lar^e !^fK ""'u "' ' ^"'"'"^ f"' of many of the lakes! especiaUv^^onrh "'"'"««''• The beds mountainsaswellasn portions of A T^^ "' ">* C-'hequid large deposits of infusoriauTrr as is aU f^"'"" "" «"«'*'"' l akes in east ern New Brunswick "*" *'"' ""™' joui;?rorT„f^^"^j^;^ir^^ Published at 0.r»w. r._.*. '^J.^^-o-N^tiralists' Club, Vol. XVI, (,904 Canaan near Kcntville, p7bi;;ieda7o;r.ars3A x-^r^r'" "^^^^^^^ Issued June 3rt. "''°*'-'"P'"-J"='"-: 'oforcism countrirs$? -5l